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Library
LIBRARY
FLORICULTURE DEPARTMENT
“eT S'L UNIVERSITY
“W YORK
orsity Librar:
wUU.UI OU
vw
My garden, its plan and culturetogether
ii ii a
2 2 819 6
MB. OE.
sn.
187%
MY GARDEN.
LONDON:
kK. CLAY, SCNS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS,
BREAD STREET HILL.
MY GARDEN
ITS PLAN AND CULTURE
TOGETHER WITH
A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ITS
GEOLOGY, BOTANY, AND NATURAL HISTORY
BY
ALFRED SMEE, F.RS.
Fellow of the Loyal College of Surgeons of England ;
Fellow of the Chemical Society; Fellow of the Horticultural Society ;
Member of the Scientific und Fruit Committees of the Horticultural Society;
Medical Officer of the Bank of England ;
de, &e.
ILLUSTRATED WITH ONE THOUSAND THREE HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS
‘ .
MeydAa xai Oavpacra Ta épya cov, Kipte 6 Gcds 6 mavToKpaTwp.
REV. xv. 3.
SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND CORRECTED
LONDON
BELL AND DALDY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN
1872
Translation is reserved.|
ELIZABETH
WHO HAS EVER
PROMOTED MY STUDIES
SHARED MY ANXIETIES AND CARES
AND PARTICIPATED WITH ME IN THE DELIGHTS
OF
My Garden
THIS DISCOURSE IS DEDICATED
FAL =
3
iy
hs
BY HER
mS
<——
AFFECTIONATE HUSBAND
X
Ss HY
a ES
a
He AS
ATER
yarn 7
ye ES
x
LS
ALFRED SMEE
ty
Sir
SA Wa t
= yi b
NY
aol
~~ | Stace
Vign. 1.—The Rector’s Walk.
PREFACE,
“Tn the country ’tis true ye have woods, gardens, springs, and brooks
that may entertain the eye, but these are all mute, and there’s no edifica-
tion without discourse.” —Erasmus.
“THE purpose of this book is to discourse on “ My
Garden,” the more important plants growing in it, and
the manner in which they are cultivated. It also treats of
all objects appertaining to it.
My garden has been designed both for the purpose of
obtaining information and for practical uses, as my residence
in London is exclusively supplied with vegetals, fruit, and
flowers.
I have required, and received, assistance in all the depart-
ments of Nature which have come within the scope of my
discourse. From Dr. Gray, of the British Museum, the veteran
of natural history, I have ever received the kindest considera-
tion and aid, and especially on the present occasion on matters
connected with the land and fresh-water shells. Dr. Giinther,
also of the British Museum, has given me the fullest aid upon
questions appertaining to fresh-water fish. Mr.. Woodward
has rendered his valuable assistance on geological questions ;
and the gentlemen having charge of the numismatic and
ik
vili MY GARDEN.
archeological departments have kindly afforded me information
upon these subjects. Dr. Birch has kindly given me the
result of his extensive knowledge; and Mr. Herbert Grueber
has materially aided in the verification of references.
Sir Henry James, with his customary urbanity, has
obliged me by supplying from the Ordnance Survey Office
the geological map of the district as well as that of the
section of the London Basin. The geological section of my
garden was made for me by Mr. Alfred Tylor, of Shepley
House, Carshalton ; and the Map of the District was rectified
to the present time by Mr. Addy, the former Resident
Engineer to the Croydon Board of Works.
I have also to acknowledge the kindness of Dr. Hooker,
the Director of the Royal Gardens at Kew, who has supplied
me with plants and information on many botanical questions.
To Mr. Terry, of Peterborough House, Fulham, I have
been indebted over a series of years for a variety of plants
and also for illustrations for this work.
Mr. Addy has given me information upon his important
Roman and Anglo-Saxon discoveries at Beddington, and I am
also indebted to him for the accurate drawings with which
he has supplied me. From Mr. Flower, the distinguished
antiquary, I have also received important information
and aid.
Mrs. Jackson, of Carshalton, supplied the drawing of the
mill on the Wandle (plate 7), and Mrs. Horne, of Staines,
made from photographs the beautiful drawing of the road
which skirts my garden, and of the summer-house; the same
lady also designed the border for the Dedication.
Several of the drawings of aphides were executed by Mr.
Buckton, who is preparing a monograph on those creatures.
PREFACE. ix
Although a large majority of the drawings were executed
from objects procured directly from my garden, yet Dr.
Boisduval, the distinguished author of the “Essai sur I’Ento-
mologie Horticole,” gave me his permission to copy such
figures in his admirable work as were applicable to this
volume. Messrs. Blackie were also so kind as to permit
me to use several illustrations from the important treatise
of Mr. Curtis on “Insects injurious to the Farmer.”
My daughter Elizabeth Mary has rendered valuable assist-
ance by tracing back the historical subjects to their origin, in
Chapter I., and also by compiling and writing the Chapter on
the Gardens of Various Nations. I am also indebted to her
for the Analytical Index.
My son Alfred Hutchison rendered me much information
in the section upon Birds; and supplied the specimens for
the figures, and generally superintended their execution.
Without his general aid this book could not have been
produced.
The artistic drawings of the various views in “my garden”
were made by Mr. H. Robertson, and the faithful manner in
which Mr. Palmer has rendered them needs no commendation.
The drawings for many of the smaller vignettes were executed
by Mr. Holloway, and engraved by Mr. Harrison.
The general botanical drawings have been made and
engraved by Mr. Worthington Smith, the fungologist, who
not only drew and engraved one thousand of the woodcuts
from nature, but has also rendered frequent and valuable
botanical assistance.
During the preparation of this work many other dis-
tinguished friends have given me their help, which has been
acknowledged in the text.
x MY GARDEN.
Great as has been the aid which has been afforded to me,
considerable as has been the time and labour bestowed upon
this work in my leisure moments, long as has been the time
over a series of many years during which my observations
have extended, and notwithstanding that its preparation has
been a pleasure, as a labour of love, and a relaxation from
more serious duties,—yet it falls far short of that ideal per-
fection which I may conceive in my mind, but which I have
been unable to realize with my pen.
7, FINSBURY CIRCUS,
May 18, 1872.
Vign. I7.—Road bordering my Garden (Winter).
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
SITUATION OF MY GARDEN.—Beddington in the Celtic period—Beddington in the
Roman period.—Beddington in the Anglo-Saxon period.—Beddington in the
Medizeval period.—Beddington Church.—Wallington.—Beddington at’the present
HUM sg bode a a Se ee a ele ee Rapes == 16
CHAPTER II.
GEOLOGY OF MY GARDEN.—The River Wandle. . . . . . . . Pages 20—36
CHAPTER III.
GENERAL PLAN OF MY GARDEN. ......... .. . Pages 37—46
CHAPTER IV.
PRINCIPLES OF GARDENING. . . . . 1. 1 ee ee ee we Pages 47-55
CHAPTER V.
My GARDEN TOOLS. . .... +. ee ee ee . . . Pages 56—66
CHAPTER VI.
My FRAMES AND GLASS-HOUSES.—Ventilation of Glass-houses.—Warming of
Glass-houses. 2 1. 1 ee ee ew ee ee ee ew ww Pages 67—82
CHAPTER VII.
THE PROPAGATION OF PLANTS ........ . . . « Pages 83—91
CHAPTER VIII.
GARDEN VEGETALS.—Salad Plants.—Leguminous Plants.—Spinaceous Vegetals.—
The Cabbage Tribe.—Seakale, Asparagus, Artichokes, &c.—The Alliaceous Plants.
—Marrows and Pumpkins.—Culinary Roots and Tubers.—Herbs and Aromatic
Plants—Rhubarb. 2. 1 6 6 6 eee ee ee ew we. Pages 92—136
xii MY GARDEN.
CHAPTER IX.
My Fruit GARDEN.—The Apple.—The Medlar.—The Pear.—The Quince.-- The
Plum.—The Apricot.—The Peach and the Nectarine—Cherries——Currants,—
Gooseberries. — Strawberries. — Raspberries.—Grape Vines.—Melons. — Nuts.—
Walnuts.—Chestnuts.—Almonds.—Oranges and Lemons.—The Custard Apple.—
Figs.—-The Mulberry.—The Prickly Pear.—Anaspole Japonica, or Loquat.—The
Banana.—The Edible Passion-flower.—The Pomegranate.—Eugenia Ugni.—The
Cape Gooseberry.—The Cranberry.— The Cloudberry.— The Whortleberry.—
The Dewberry.—The Berberry. — The pena ae — The Stoneberry. — Pine
Apple . . : Bh anew: es : a . + « « Pages 137—209
CHAPTER X,
GENERAL FLOWER GARDEN.—Bulbous Plants.—Perennial Plants.—Bedding Plants.
—Annuals.—Biennials.—Greenhouse Plants.—Stove Plants . . Pages 210—267
CHAPTER XI.
SPECIAL FLOWER GARDEN, ETC.—The Rosaries.—Climbing Plants.—Orchids.—
Alpine Flowers.—Ornamental Grasses.—Weeds and Wild Plants.—The Alge.
—Mosses.—Lichens.—Liverworts.—Fungi.—My Ferneries.—Lycopods, or Club
Mosses.—Marsileas.—Selaginellas—Horse-tails . . . . . . Pages 268—408
CHAPTER XII.
My FOREST TREES—Shrubs. . . . . . . . eeu. . Pages 409—444
CHAPTER XIII.
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.—The Animalcules in the Water.—PolypiimWorms.—
Leeches.—Fresh-water Sponge.—Crustacea.—Fleas,—Parasites.—Entozoa.—Mites.
—Plant Mites, or. Red Spiders——Centipedes and Millipedes—The Garden
Insects : Hymenoptera ; Beetles, or Coleoptera ; Orthoptera ; Hemiptera ; Neu-
roptera ; Lepidoptera; Diptera—Slugs and Snails. coe Fishery.—Reptiles.—
My Garden Animals.—The Birds . . . . » +. « Pages 445—555
CHAPTER XIV.
THE CLIMATE AND SPRING FRosTs.—The Great Frost of May 1867. Pages 556—561
CHAPTER XV.
GARDENS OF VaRIOUS NATIONS . . . 2... . Pages 562—596
CALENDAR Se ee ew Pages 597-628
INDEX © we ee ee ee Pages 629-650
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATES.
PLATE
I.—VIEW OF THE PEAR-TREE WALK FROM THE VALLEY oF FERNS (Frént.). It shows
how particularly satisfying to the eye is a straight line in its proper place. This is the
longest straight line in the Garden, and extends parallel with the beautiful grove of
trees in Beddington Park. In early spring it is attractive, and in summer the arches
of roses are charming. It contrasts with the curved lines of other paths, and has the
merit of being the right design for the situation.
2.—PLAN OF THE GARDEN (2. 1).
3.—Map oF THE DistTRICT, 2 inches to the mile (J. 6).
4.-—SECTION OF THE STRATA OF THE LONDON BaSIN FROM NorTH TO SOUTH, FROM
East GRINSTEAD IN KENT TO BOLTON IN BEDFORDSHIRE (/. 21). The strata
consists of London clay, Lower Tertiary beds, chalk, Upper Greensand, Gault, Lower
Greensand ; and Wealden clay on the south, and Kimmeridge clay on the north, My
Garden is placed on the Lower Tertiary beds, a few feet above the chalk. The section
of the strata through the garden shows its position on a more enlarged scale on the
Lower Tertiary beds, and indicates the manner in which the chalk comes to the surface
to the south, and dips under the blue clay to the north.
5.—GEOLOGICAL Map OF THE DISTRICT (g. 21), showing the various strata on the surface,
and the contour lines of the hills. The scale is 4 miles to the inch.
6.—VIEW oF BEDPINGTON CHURCH (4. 19) as seen across Beddington Park, from the
north bank of the lake in my Garden. It shows the lake-like effect of the mill head.
47,—SCENE ON THE WANDLE (7. 27). The snuff-mill at Carshalton, in the occupation of
Mr. Ansell.
8.—A VIEW OF THE FERN GLEN AND GLEN Bower (7%. 40). This is traversed by a stream
which is crossed by a bridge. A specimen of a Lady-fern and of an Osmunda of the
largest size are shown on the left.
9.—ANOTHER VIEW OF THE FERN GLEN, LOOKING WEST (#. 40), showing the manner
in which an illuminated spot is seen through a dark vista, whereby a beautiful effect of
sunshine is secured.
10.— VALLEY OF FERNS (7. 42). This has a little stream through its centre, and at the
further end a raised seat which looks over the ferns, and commands a view of Bed-
dington Park. A Cedrus deodara is an object of beauty, and the ferns are screened
from cold winds, but not overshadowed with trees.
11.—THE CROQUET LAWN (#/. 38, 44). The plate does not do justice to the position, as it
rather depicts a game of croquet than a picturesquely situated croquet-ground.
12,—VIEW OF THE LARGE SUMMER-HOUSE (f. 44), wherein we receive our friends when
they visit the Garden. It is simply a thatched structure of the simplest description
xiv MY GARDEN.
PLATE
13.—VIEW OF THE REED BRIDGE, OVER THE CENTRAL STREAM, NEAR THE ALPINERY
(~. 44). It shows the value of the Reed as a picturesque plant.
14.—PAPER MILL AS SEEN FROM THE NorTH BANK OF THE LAKE (f. 44) in summer,
when the Conferva spiralis forms a scum on the surface of the water.
15.—VIEW OF THE MILL Tall. AT WALLINGTON BRINGE (/. 44).
16.—VIEW FROM THE SOUTH BANK ACROSS THE LAKE (f. 45). It shows the character
which an occasional tree of the Lombardy Poplar gives to a landscape. These trees
were nearly 100 feet high, but have been blown down since the picture was painted.
17.—VIEW GF THE RIVER IN BEDDINGTON PARK (2. 45) before the river was diverted
from its course. This view afforded the most beautiful picture of a babbling trout stream
in the vicinity of the metrepolis. It is a scene of the past, which has been preserved by
» photograph taken by my son,
18.—VIEW OF THE BACKWATER (2. 39), exhibiting the noble foliage of the Fetasites vul-
garis growing on the bank.
19.—INTERIOR OF THE GLASS FERNERY (J. 73) as seen immediately on entering the house,
looking towards the tropical end. On the right is depicted a remarkable specimen of
Adiantum cuneatum, and the little bird on the floor is one of those caught during severe
frost, and placed in the house to clear off the insects.
20,—EEL-TRAP AND BACKWATER (¢. 39), as seen from the front of the Vinery; the effect
produced by the Pampas grass is seen to the left.
21.—MoonLicHT SCENE (#. 410) presented by the landscape looking across the Jake in
August from the front of the Orchard House.
22,—VIEW FROM THE WILLOW BOWER IN WINTER (/. 628), looking towards
Beddington Park, when the ground was covered with snow. The weird old dead
trees have since been removed.
23.—LACHNUS SALIGNA, or Great Willow Aphis: (1) Winged; (2) Larva ; both magnified.
(3) A colony of aphides on trunk of willow, nat. size. (4) Two willow-trees, each
dying from aphis and fungus.
24.—PHYLLOXERA OF THE VINE: (1) Larva; (2) Winged; (3) Larva; (4) Pupa, show-
ing sucker: all magnified ; (5) Root of Vine attacked by the insect; (6) Leaf of
Vine, with Pouches containing the insects; (7) Phylloxera on the leaf. (8) Stac
BEETLE. (9) DEATH’s-HFAD MOTH.
VIGNETTES.
VIGNETTE
I.—The Rector’s Walkin Beddington Park ( 4. vii)
| VIGNETTE
XI.—Scene on the Wandle, near Mitcham (4. 55).
II.—Road bordering my Garden. View taken | XII.—Scene on the Wandle, near Beddington
in winter (f. x). Corner (. 56).
III,—Wallington Church, erected at the expense XIII.—Old Pigeon-house in Beddington Park
of N. Bridges, Esq. (. xx). (A. 66).
IV.—Beddington Church from the churchyard XIV.—Scene on the Wandle ( £. 67).
(1). , XV.—Carshalton High Street (4. 83).
V.—Beddington Hall in the olden time, before | XVI.—Old Font in Beddington Church (4. 92).
the fire (f. 19). | XVIT.—Scene on the Wandle (4. 136).
VI.—Windmill on Mitcham Common (4. 20). | XVIII.—Bridge over the Wandle at Carshalton
|
|
!
VII.—Interior of Beddington Hall (/. 36). (f. 137).
VIII.—King’s Head Inn, old posting-house, Mit- XIX.—View of Beddington Hall, near the Church
cham (. 37). (A. 209).
IX.—Carshalton Church (A. 46).
X.—View near Croydon (f. 47).
XX.—New Bridge over the Wandle (2871) in
Beddington Park (f. 210).
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
XV
VIGNETTE
XXI.—Summer-house in my Garden (A. 267).
XXITI.—Scene from Bridge in my Garden ( £. 268).
XXIII.—Scene on the Wandle (A. 409).
XXIV.—a. Crowberry,
an sunea®
a
99 9N
4
It.
12.
13-
. Sponge in chalk
. Fish-scale
Bilberry,
ARCH ZOLOGY.
. Flint instrument.
. Flint scraper.
. Flint worked stone.
. Roman house at Bed-
dington.
. Roman pottery.
Bronze bead.
Bronze instrument.
Roman coin.
Roman silver spoon.
Map of the Roman
road.
Anglo-Saxon urn.
Umbone of shield.
Saxon silver penny.
. Anglo-Saxon bead.
15.
16.
17.
Anglo-Saxon bronze
bracelet.
Penny of Edward IV.
Queen Elizabeth’s
Oak.
GEOLOGY.
. Flint cast of Cidaria.
. Lower Tertiary sand.
. Reigate sand.
fe ne en
. Foraminifera (recent).
. Fossil fish’s head.
. Tooth of Corax fal-
catus.
. Rhynchonella _plica-
tilis.
. Terebratula semiglo-
Osa.
. Galerites albo-galerus.
. Flint cast of Holaster
pillula.
. Pseudo Diadema vari-
olare.
. Belemnitella.
. Coniferous
wood on
flint.
u
2 Cl tparaeed se
Polypothecia).
‘en-
triculites radiatus).
Spondylus spinosus.
. Cast of Diadema in
flint.
in flint,
probably Acrogna-
thus or Aulolepis.
. Group of fossilized
shells.
. Anne Boleyn’s well.
Empetrum nigrum; x.
Vaccinium Myrtillus; c.
Common Heath, Arica Tetralix; v.
Dogberry, Cornus sanguinea (p. 444).
XXV.—Heron beside River (J. 445).
XXVI.—Portrait of Gyp (f. 555).
XXVII.—Scene on the Wandle (4. 556).
XXVIII.—Bridge over the Wandle ( /. 56r).
XXI1IX.—Bronze Celts found in Beddington Park—a.
Celt, 44 in. long ; B. Broken spearhead,
a
S
GARDEN TOOLS.
. Spade.
6 Urabe tool.
. Edging tool.
. Spud.
. Shovel.
. Fork.
. Ditto.
. Pickaxe.
« Hoe.
Dutch hoe.
. Rake.
. Wheelbarrow.
. Hand-barrow.
Axe.
. Bill-hook.
. Pruning-knife.
. Garden shears.
60. Grass-edgings shears.
. Budding-knife.
. Asparagus-knife.
. Grape-scissors.
. Lawn mowing ma-
chine.
. Trowel.
. Ditto.
. Steel trowel.
. Dibber.
. Waterpot.
. Improved waterpot.
. Syringe.
. Warner’s pump.
. Garden roller.
. Leaden label.
Tally.
. Circular label.
. Minimum and black
bulb thermometer.
. Mason’s hygrometer.
. Graduated tube.
FRAMES & GLASS
HOUSES.
80. Garden frame.
8x. Two-light frame.
82. Poor Man’s House.
83. End of Poor Man's
House.
VIGNETTE
34 in. long; c. Ornamental Celt, three-
quarter view, 34 in. long; p. Fragment
of Handle of Sword; £, Fragment of
Matrix or Mould; F, Ditto, 4} in. long,
perfect (f. 562).
drawn one-fourth the actual size, from
figures supplied by Mr. Flower.
XXX.—Mill on the Wandle (A. 596).
XXXI.—Scene on the Wandle (J. 597).
XXXII.—A winter view from the door of the Glass
Fernery (#. 628).
XX XIII.—Crypt beneath Wallington House (. 650).
FIGURES.
FIG. FIG.
39. Sewage-filtering appa- 84. Orchard House.
ratus. 85. Se
86. Door of Fernery.
GROUND-PLANS. 87. Vinery,
wou Bernilen 88. ela vessel for
4x. Alpinery. 89. Chass bell.
42. The Crystal Waterfall. go. Hand-light.
gi. Octangular ditto.
Cucumber House.
Saddle boiler.
Tubular boiler.
Boiler connected
with cistern.
. Tank pit.
Hot-water pipes.
. Ditto.
Single hot-waterpipe
‘Two-wick candle.
92.
93-
94.
95.
PROPAGATION OF
PLANTS.
Seeds.
Seeds germinating.
Sucker.
Layer.
Circumvallation.
Propagation by roots.
Propagation by
eaves.
Cuttings (Pink and
Geranium).
Vine eye.
Division of
(Primrose).
. Runner 1Straw-
berry).
. Propagation by
bulbs « Amaryllis).
Potato : showing pro-
pagation by divi-
sion of tuber.
Young ferns growing
fiom fronds.
Graft.
Tree covered with
grafts.
117@. Saddle graft.
1170, Cleft graft.
118, Inarching.
11g. Budding.
120. Old graft.
121. Mistletoe and Apple
cells.
122. Mushroom _ spores
germinating.
123. Mycelium.
10t.
102.
103.
104.
TO5.
106.
107.
108.
109
IIo. roots
113.
114.
IIs.
116.
FIG,
124.
125.
126,
127.
131.
139-
140.
. Cattell’s
All the figures are
VEGETALS.
Two forms of Water-
cress.
Salads — Mustard
and Rape.
Australian Cress.
. Curled Cress.
. Selected Paris Cos
Lettuce.
. Neapolitan Cabbage
Lettuce.
Curled Endive.
Chicory.
. Radishes.
. Turnip Radishes.
Salad Burnet.
. Corn Salad.
. Oxalis.
» Nasturtium.
Ivery’s Nonsuch
Celery.
Celeraic.
. Cucumber.
Cucumber, Female
and Male Flowers.
Alliance
Beet.
Dixon’s Early Pea.
Champion of Eng-
_land Pea.
. Pea, Veitch's Per-
fection.
Ne Plus Ultra Pea.
. Early Mazagan Bean
. Negro Bean.
. Scarlet Runuer.
» Spinach.
. NewZealandSpinach
. Silver Beet.
Sorrel.
Cabbage.
. Savoy.
Brussels Sprouts.
Kokl Rabi
% Enilon ets
60. Asparagus.
. Sea-kale.
. Artichoke.
. Underground Onion.
. Globe Tripoli Onion.
. Crystals in Onion.
Leek.
. Chives.
. Shallots.
. Garlic.
. Vegetal Marrow.
171. i
Pumpkin.
xvi MY GARDEN.
FIG FIG. FIG. : FIG.
oe Six Weeks’ Turnip. 243. American Newtown 308. Impératrice. 361 Chasselas Musqué.
173. French Horn Carrot.
174. Student Parsnip.
175. Jerusalem Arti-
choke,
176. Tuberous-rooted
Chervil.
177. Salsify.
178. Scorzonera.
179. Royal Ash-leaf Po-
tato.
180. Cells of diseased po-
tato.
181. Solanumesculentum.
182. Mint.
183. Pennyroyal. ‘
184, Peppermint.
185. Balm.
186. Sage.
187. Thyme.
188. Borage.
189. Marigold.
1go. Angelica.
1gt. Feverfew.
192. Woodroof.
193. Samphire.
194. Tarenaet
195. Rosemary.
196. Tobacco.
197. Sweet Basil.
198. Summer Savory.
199. Common Marjoram.
200. Knotted Marjoram.
zor. Tarragon.
202. Rue.
203. Chamomile.
204. Hyssop.
205. Horehound.
206. Parsley.
207. Chervil.
208. Fennel.
209. Barr’s Fennel.
210. Chili.
211. Solanum anthropo-
phagorum.
212. Ginger Plant.
213. Tomato.
214. Horse-radish.
215. Aconite.
216. Absinthe.
217+ ubarb.
218. Raphides of Rhubarb.
APPLES.
219. Standard AppleTree.
220. Boke Bowl Apple-
bush. .
221. Apple Espalier Tree.
222. Cordon Apple ‘Tree.
223. Empress Eugénie
Apple.
224. Juneating.
225. Early Suawberry.
226. Irish Peach.
227. Reine Jaune Hative.
228, Quarrenden.
209. Kerry Pippin.
230. Benoni.
231. Gravenstein.
232. Ribston Pippin,
233. King of the Pippins.
233¢. Pitmaston Pine-
apple.
234. Gienutak Gilliflower.
235. Melon Apple.
236. Cox’s Orange Pip-
pin.
237. Golden Pippin
238. Court of Wick.
239. Coe’s Golden Drop.
240. Court-pendu Plat.
241. Mannington’s Pear-
main.
242. Northern Spy.
Pippin.
244. Reinette of Canada.
245. Golden Harvey.
246. Early Nonpareil.
247. Old Nonpareil.
248. Braddick’s Non-
pareil.
249. Screveton’s Golden
Pippin.
250, Adams’ Pearmain.
251. Boston Russet.
252. Reinette Ananas.
253- Duke of Devon-
shire.
254. Sturmer Pippin
255. Ord's Apple.
256. Keswick Codlin.
257. Lord Suffield.
258. Emperor Alexander.
259. Cellini Pippin.
260. Hawthornden.
261. New Hawthornden.
262. Lord Derby.
263. Warner’s King.
264. Gloria Mundi.
265. Stirling Castle.
266. Winter Peach.
267. Blenheim Orange.
268. Gooseberry.
269. Wellington,
270, French Crab.
271. Siberian Crab.
MEDLAR.
272. Medlar.
PEARS,
273. Catillac Pear.
274. Uvedale’s St. Ger-
main. :
275. Doyenné d’Eté.
276. Citron des Carmes.
277. Jargonelle.
278. Beurré Giffard.
279. Williams’ Bon Chré-
tien.
280. Alexandra.
28x. Louise Bonne.
| 282, Thompson’s.
283. Marie Louise. v
284. Beurré de Capiau-
mont.
285. Beurré Clairgeau.
286. Doyenné de Comice.
287. Crasanne.
288. Beurré Superfin.
289. Beurré Diel.
z2go. Chaumontel.
291. Duchesse d’Angou-
léme.
292. Joséphine de Ma-
lines.
293. Glout Morceau.
294. Winter Nelis.
295. Huyshe'’s Victoria.
296. Beurré Rance.
297. Easter Beurré,
298. Benedictine.
209. Grit of Pear.
300, Pyramid on Quince.
got. Pear branches.
QUINCE.
302. ‘Portugal Quince.
303. Flower of Quince.
PLUMS,
304. Rivers’ Favourite.
305- Lawrence's Gage.
305. Green Gage.
307. Golden Drop.
og. Belgian Purple.
arn Prince Englebert.
311. Belle de Louvain,
312, Yellow Magnum
Bonum.
313. Gisborne.
314. Black Diamond.
315. Prince of Wales.
316. Washington Plum,
317@. Rochester Prolific
Damson.
3176. Bullace.
APRICOTS, PEACHES,
AND NECTARINES.
318. Moor-park Apricot,
319. Early Louise Peach.
320. Early Beatrice.
32x. Early Grosse Mig-
nonne.
322. Noblesse.
323. Bellegarde.
324. Late Admirable.
325. Peach buds.
326. Violette Hative.
327. Rivers’ Orange.
328. Rivers’ Seedling,
No. 23.
329. Rivers’ Seedling,
0. 93
330. Fan-shaped Peach-
tree.
331. The “Cordon Ob-
lique.”
CHERRIES.
332. Early Purple Gean
* Che ry.
rry.
333 Black Eagle.
334. Bigarreau Duke.
335. Morello.
336. October Cherry,
CURRANTS.
337: Black Currants.
338. White Currants.
339- Red Currants.
GOOSEBERRIES.
340. Early Sulphur
Gooseberry.
341. Red Warrington.
342. Broon Girl.
343. Smuggler (yellow).
344. Crown Bob.
345. Banksman.
STRAWBERRIES.
346. Black Prince.
347. Keen's Seedling.
348. British Queen.
349. Amateur.
350. Dr. Hogg.
351. Eleanor.
352. Eliza.
353. Perpetual Alpine.
354 Cells of ripe Straw-
berry.
RASPBERRIES.
355. Falstaff Red.
356. Yellow Autumn.
GRAPES,
357. Black Hamburgh,
358. Black Prince.
359 Trentham Black.
360. Ingram’s Prolific
Muscat.
362. White Frontignan.
363. Standish’s Citronelle.
364. Buckland’s Sweet-
water.
365. Lady Downe.
366. Waltham Seedling.
367. Black Monnukka.
368. Muscat of Alexan-
dria.
MELON.
369. Scarlet Melon.
NUTS.
370. Red Filbert.
37%» Cosford Nut.
372. Cob Nut.
373- Nut, male, and fe-
male flowers.
374. Walnut.
375. Sweet Chestnut.
376. Almond.
VARIOUS FRUITS.
377. Orange blossom.
378. Fig.
379- Mulberry.
380. Prickly Pear.
38x. Opuntia Rafflesqui-
ana.
382. Loquat.
383. Banana.
384. Passion-flower Fruit.
385. Passiflora macro-
carpa.
386. Pomegranate.
387. Eugenia ugni.
388. Cape Gooseberry.
389. American Cran-
berry.
390. Cloudberry (Rubus
Chamzmorus).
3902. Dewberry.
391. Berberry.
392. Elderberry.
393. Queen Pine-apple.
394. Pine-apple in flower.
FLOWERS.
BULBOUS PLANTS,
395. Snowdrop.
396. Crocus vernus.
397: Hyacinth.
398. Corbularia
cua.
399. Narcissus Jonquilla.
4oo. N. maximus.
4o1. N. incomparabilis.
4o2. N. poeticus.
403. N. Tazeita.
404. Fritillary.
405. Spring Srow-flake.
406. Summer Snow-fake.
407. Dog-tooth Violet.
408. Winter Aconite.
409. Garden Anemone.
410. Anemone vitifolia.
4tr. Anemone hepatica.
412. Ranunculus.
413. Parrot Tulip.
414. Common Garden
ulip.
4r4a. Single Van Thol
conspi-
ip.
415. Dielytra spectabilis,
416. Ixia.
417. Iris.
418. Gladiolus.
419. White Lily.
420. L. lancifolium.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. *
xvii
FIG.
421. L. auratum.
422. L. canadense flavum.
423. Tigridia pavonia.
424. Canna indica.
424a. Calla Aithiopica.
425. Tuberose.
426. Tritoma Uvaria.
427. Tritonia aurea.
PERENNIALS.
428. Russian Violet.
429. ee Yellow Vio-
et.
430. Heartsease.
431. Primrose.
432. Primula japonica.
432. Cowslip.
433 Polyanthus.
434. Lupin.
435. Christmas Rose.
436. Wallflower.
437: Doronicum caucasi-
cum.
437a. Double Daisy.
438. Variegated Lily of
the Valley.
439. White Pink.
440. Variegated Pink.
441. Glass funnel.
442. Carnations.
443. Picotees.
444. Large Snapdragon.
445- Variegated Colum-
bine.
446. Perennial Larkspur.
447. Eschscholtzia — cali-
fornica.
448. Pentstemon.
449. Herbaceous Phlox.
450. Hollyhock.
431. Dahlia.
432. Rudbeckia,
453- Helianthus decape-
talus.
453¢. Sea Holly.
454. Chinese Chrysanthe-
mum.
455. Japanese Chrysan-
themum.
456. Pompones.
457. Acanthus mollis.
458. Lobelia fulgens.
459- Double Pyrethrum.
460. Peony.
‘a BEDDING PLANTS.
461. Mrs. Pollock Gera-
nium (leaf).
462. Pelargonium.
462a. Pelargonium.
463. Calceolaria.
464. Lobelia.
465. Petunia.
466. Ageratum mexica-
num. :
467. Verbena.
468. Heliotrope.
469. Salvia patens.
470. Datura arborea.
471. Pyrethrum Parthe-
nium,
472. Coleus.
473. Amaranthus
folius.
74. Echeverja metallica.
474@. Echeveria san-
guinea.
475. Gazania.
salici-
ANNUALS.
476. Nemophila.
4762. Clarkia.
477. Early Sweet Pea.
FIG.
4774. Convolvulus major.
478. Coreopsis tinctoria.
478a. Venus’s Looking-
glass.
479. African Marigold,
orange double.
480. African Marigold,
single.
481. Zinnia elegans.
482. Stock.
483. Mignonette.
484. Lverlasting.
485. Sunflower.
486. Dianthus chinensis.
487. Phlox Drummondii.
488. Chilian Beet.
489. Indian Corn.
4go. French ‘Lasselled
Aster.
4gt. German Quilled
Aster.
402. Garden Scabious.
493. Convolvulus minor.
494. Sweet Sultan.
BIENNIALS.
495. Evening Primrose.
496. Castor Oil Plant.
497- Annual Larkspur.
498- Portulaca Thellu--
oe
499. Foxglove.
goo. Mimulus.
501. Horn Poppy.
soz. Canterbury Bell.
503. Sweet William.
GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
504. Camellia.
505. Azalea indica.
506. Epacris.
507. Erica.
508. Daphne indica. _
509. Franciscea latifolia.
soga. Tea-tree.
510, Lasiandra.
511. Balsam of Peru.
5z1a@. Camphor-tree.
512. Acacia longifolia.
5123. Fuchsia.
514. Metrosideros speci-
osus.
515. Mimosa.
516. Cineraria.
517. Impatiens Balsam-
ina.
sr7a. Cuscuta reflexa.
518. Rondeletia speciosa.’
519. Belladonna Lily.
520, Whitby Lily.
521. Cyclamen.
522. Mesembryanthe-
. mum.
523. Echinocactus tubi-
florus.
524. Cereus grandiflorus.
524a. Stapelia Plantii.
525. Cereus speciosissi-
mus.
526. Epiphyllum trunca-
tum.
. Primula sinensis.
528. Primula denticulata.
529. Dionza muscipula.
530. Darlingtonia califor-
nica.
531. Cephalotus follicu-
laris.
532. Aponogeton dysta-
chyon.
533. Vallisneria spiralis.
533@. Nymphxa-ceerulea.
STOVE PLANTS.
FIG.
534. Torenia asiatica.
535. ‘Tradescantia dis-
color.
536. Variegated Pine.
537. Begonia.
5374. Fittonia argyrea.
538. Begonia Rex.
539. Maranta zebrina.
540. Croton angusti-
folium.
54x. Alocacia metallica.
541@. Bertolonia macu-
lata.
542. Gloxinias. .
543. Pancratium zeylani-
cum.
544. Achimenes.
545. Caladium argyrites.
546. Eucharis amazonica.
547. Semaphore plant.
548. Gardenia florida.
549. Poinsettia pulcher-
rima.
ROSES.
550. Scotch Rose.
551. Persian Yellow
Rose.
552. Baroness Adolphe de
Rothschild.
552a. Duke of Edin-
burgh.
553. General Milorado-
witsch,
554. Clovis.
555. Madame Barriot.
555@. La France.
556. Centifolia rosea.
557. John Hopper.
557@. Marquise de Mort-
marte.
558. Princess Louise Vic-
toria.
559- Pyramid Rose-tree,
559@. China Rose.
560. Fairy Rose.
561. Souvenir de Mal-
maison.
562. White Noisette
ose. «
563. Yellow Banksian
Rose.
563@. Macartney’s Rose.
564. Gloire de Dijon.
565. Marshal Niel.
565@. MademoiselleMarie
Sisley.
566. Climbing Devonien-
sis.
567. Moss Rose.
568. Félicité Perpetuelle.
569. Dundee Rambler.
569@. Rosa canina.
5692. Rosa spinosissima,
CLIMBING PLANTS.
570. New Silver Edge
Ivy.
571. Gold Striped Ivy.
572. Old Silver Edge Ivy.
573- Elegantissima.
573@. Virginian Creeper.
574. Wild Rose-coloured
Convolvulus.
574a I. Horsfallia.
575. Glycine sinensis.
576. Lithospermum scan-
dens.
577- Sweet-scented Cle-
matis.
578. C. Jackmanni.
FIG.
579. C. lanuginosa.
580. Pale Clematis.
581. Lonicera fragrantis-
sima,
582, Early Dutch Honey-
suckle.
583. Late Dutch Honey-
suckle.
584. Japanese Honey-
suckle.
585. Jasminum nudi-
florum.
586. White Jasmine.
587. Cissus discolor.
588. Cobcea scandens
i variegata.
589. Tropzolum speci-
osuli,
sgo. Canary Creeper.
got. Gloriosa.
591@. Tacsonia Van Volx-
emii.
592. AMschynanthus.
593- Aristolochia _ brasi-
liensis.
594. Clianthus,
595- Passiflora Kerme-
sina.
596. Hoya carnosa.
597- Hoya bella.
597¢. Hoya campanulata.
598. Combretum purpu-
reum.
599. Clerodendrum splen-
dens.
600. C. Balfourii.
6ooa. Thunbergia alata.
Gor. Stephanotis flori-
bunda.
602. Mandevilla suaveo-
lens.
6o2@. Bougainvillea spe-
ciosum.
603. Stigmaphyllon cili-
atum.
6034. Hop.
604. Abutilon vexilla-
rium.
605. Thunbergia lauri-
folia.
606. Lapageria rosea.
607. Dipladenia amabilis.
6074. Calystegia pubes-
cens.
608. Allamanda Hender-
sonii.
ORCHIDS.
609. Orchis mascula.
610. Bee Orchid.
611. Fly Orchid.
612, Man Orchid.
613. Great Butterfly Or-
chid.
614. Orchis maculata.
615. Orchis incarnata.
616. Goodyera repens.
617. Sypnucanin Calce-
olus.
618. Dendrobium nobile.
6182. Disa grandiflora.
619. D. Pierardii.
620. Dendrobium.
620a. Lelia anceps.
621. Phalaenopsis grandi-
flora.
622. Vanda.
623. Oncidium papilio.
624. O. altissimum.
625. Oncidium flexuosum
626. O. Harrisii.
6262. O luridum
6262. O, ampliatum.
MY GARDEN.
Xviil
FIG. FIG. WEEDS AND WILD FIG. f
627. Mantisia saltatoria. 691. Linnza borealis, PLANTS. 816. FF ae hygrome-
FIG. a
628. Phajus grandiflora.
629. Cattleya Mossiz.
630. C. Skinneri.
6302. C. crispa. :
631, Maxillaria fimbriata.
632. Lycaste aromatica.
633. Cypripedium villo-
sum.
634. Brassia maculata.
635. Stanhopea.
636. Aérides crispum.
637. Ten species of Anzc-
tochilus.
638. Calanthe vestita.
638a. Tricopilia tortilis,
639. Odontoglossum.
grande.
640. O. Alexandriz.
641. O. Phalznopsis.
642. Miltonia.
643. Dove Orchid.
644. Angreecum sesqui-
pedale.
645. Masdevallia
Veitchii.
646. Vanilla.
647. Cxlogyne cristata.
648. N. Rafflesiana.
ALPINE PLANTS.
649. Saxifraga oppositi-
folia.
650. S. granulata.
651. Ditto (double).
652. S. intacta minor.
653. S. Geum.
654. S. pectinata.
655. S. bryoides.
656. S. aspera.
657. S. globifera.
658. S. czespitosa.
658. Saxifraga Hirculus.
659. Sedum anglicum,
660. S. Sieboldii.
661. S. Fabaria,
spectabile.
661. Sempervivum tecto-
Tum.
662, Sempervivum mon-
tanum,
663. S. californicum,
664. S. arachnoideum.
665. S. spinosum.
666. S. tabulzforme.
667. S. Bollii.
668. Echeveria secunda.
669. Pachyphytum brac-
teosum.
670. Cotyledon umbili-
cus.
671. Scilla sibirica.
672. Scilla bifolia.
673. Bulbocodium ver-
num.
674. Colchicum autum-
nale.
675. Anemone nemorosa.
676. Ditto (double).
677. Purple Anemone of
Italy.
678. A, apennina.
679. A. pulsatilla.
680, A. palmata.
681. Camassia esculenta,
682. Allium nutans.
683. Oxalis rosea.
684. Tulip from Italy.
685. Lily of the Field.
686. Iris nudicaulis,
687. Triteleia uniflora.
688. Erica herbacea.
689. Menziesia polifolia.
690. Alpine Rose.
or S.
692. Omphalodes verna.
693. Myosotis dissitiflora.
694. M. rupicola.
695. Veronica maritima,
696. Veronica repens.
697. Trillium grandiflo-
rum.
698. Maianthemum bifo-
ium.
699. Pinguicula vulgaris.
zoo, Parnassia palustris.
zor Silene acaulis.
zo2. S. alpestris.
703- Mazus pumilio.
704. Epimedium rubrum.
705. Helianthemum vul-
gare.
706. Thalictrum minus.
707. Alyssum alpestre.
708, Yellow Poppy.
7og. Dianthus chinensis.
710. D. fragrans.
qioa. Dianthus Czesius.
71x. Statice latifolia.
712. Alpine Snapdragon.
713. Linaria tristis.
714. A. Nove Zelandiz. :
715. Arenaria balearica.
716. Pentstemon glaber.
717. Aphyllanthes Mon-
speliensis.
718. Phlox divaricata.
719 Phlox Nelsonii.
720. Cheiranthus alpinus.
72x. Gentiana acaulis,
722, G. verna.
723. G. gelida.
724. Campanula persici-
folia.
725. Campanula coronata
alba.
726. C. rotundifolia.
727. C. hirsuta.
728. AbyssinianPrimrose,
729. Primula cortusoides.
730. P, villosa.
731. P. auricula.
7314. Soldanella alpina.
732. French Everlasting.
733- Geum montanum.
734. Draba beotica.
735. Aubrietia Cambelli.
736. Dodecatheon
Meadia.
737- Erigeron speciosus.
738. Genista sagittalis.
739. Polygala Chame-
buxus.
740. Linum flavum.
741. Solidago cambrica.
742. Trollius europzus.
742a. Gnaphalum leonto-
podium.
743. Vicia Cracca.
744. Rubus saxatilis.
745. Drosera rotundifolia.
746. Bog Bean.
747. Calla palustris.
748. Hippuris vulgaris.
GRASSES.
749. Briza maxima.
750. Anthoxanthum odo-
ratum.
751. Stipa pinnata.
752. Lagurus ovatus.
753. Water Grass.
754. Common Reed.
755. Variegated Grass.
750. Couch Grass.
757- Cock’s-foot Grass.
758. Carex pendula.
759. Ranunculus ficaria.
760. Caltha palustris.
761. Yellow Water Iris.
762. Bulrush.
763. Purple Loosestrife.
764. Figwort.
765. Flowering Rush.
766. Frog-bit.
767. Sveedwell.
768. Chrysanthemum
segetum.
769. Lysimachia num-
mularia.
77°. Spireea ulmaria.
771. Malva sylvestris.
772. Datura Stramonium.
773» Myosotis palustris.
774. Water Ranunculus.
7742. Sium angustifolium.
7740. Poisonous Roots of
Water _ Parsnip
(CEnanthe).
775. Chrysosplenium op-
-positifolium.
776. Ivy-leaved Duck-
weed.
777. Lesser Duckweed.
778. Callitriche.
779. Sagittaria sagitti-
folia.
780. Alisma Plantago.
781. Epilobium hirsutum.
782. Water Soldier.
783. Hydrocotile vulgare.
783¢. Damasonium stel-
latum.
784. Anacharis.
785. Bryonia dioica.
786. Solanum dulcamara.
787. Convolvulus arven-
SIS. e
788. Potentilla Anserina.
789. Arum maculatum.
790. Water Dock.
791. Lesser Dodder.
ALG.
792. Protococcus viridis.
793. Ditto, magnified.
794. Lyngbya muralis.
795. Ditto, magnified.
796. Nostoc commune.
797+ Conferva rivularis.
798. Ditto, magnified.
799. Conferva.
800. Cladophora crispata.
801. Batrachospermum
moniliforme,
802. Cladophora glome-
rata.
803. Draparnaldia glome-
rata.
804. Tetraspora lubrica.
805. Zygnema spiralis.
806. Conjugation of con-
fervee.
807. Closterium Leib-
leinii.
808. Epithemia turgida.
809. Surinella biscriata.
810. Cocconema lanceo-
latum.
811. Pinnularia major.
812. Cymeloplura solea.
813. Pleurosigma attenu-
atum.
814. Campylodiscus _ spi-
ralis
MOSSES AND
LICHENS.
815. Fontinalis antipyre-
tica.
817. Mnium undulatum.
8:8. Mnium cuspidatum.
819. Sphagnum acutifo-
lium.
820. Hypnum ruscifolium
8202. Hypnum splendens,
821. Ramalina fastigiata.
822. Physcia parietina.
823. Lecanora subfusca.
824. Marchantia.
FUNGI.
825. Torula cerevisiz.
826. Blue Mould.
827. Trametes gibbosa.
828. Agaricus euosmus.
829. Tubercularia vul-
garis.
830. Lycogala epiden-
rum.
830a. Agaricus Candolli-
anus.
831. Agaricus dissemina-
tus.
832. Peziza vesiculosa.
833. Mushroom.
834. Cells of Mushroom.
835. Champignon,
835@. Ergot of Rye.
836. Agaricus fascicularis.
837. Morel.
838. Morchella crassipes.
839. Giant Piff-ball.
840. Phallus impudicus.
841. Dacrymyces - stilla-
tus and spores.
842. AEcidium violz.
843. AEcidium cydoniz.
844. Potato Fungus.
844@. Peronospora_vicize
(magnified).
845. Lettuce Mould.
846. Acremonium.
847. Oidium Tuckeri.
848. Erysiphe Martii,
with spores.
8482. Polyporus squamo-
sus.
849. Sphzerotheca _pan-
nosa, with spores.
850. Coleosporium pin-
gue,
851. Cystopus candidus.
851. Coprinus atramen-
tarius.
852. Puccinia
arum.
853. Helminthosporium
pyrorum.
854. Siberian Crab
‘ungus.
854a, Tuber estivum.
855. Uredo filicum.
856. Oidium fructigenum.
857. Dry-rot.
857a. Trametes
lens.
858, Sarcina ventriculi.
859. Seprelegnen on
lychnide-
suaveo-
vum.
860. Ascomyces defor
mans,
FERNS AND THEIR
ALLIES.
861. Hymenophyllum
demissum.
862. Adiantum Capillus-
oo
863. Hymenophyllum
Tanbridcenee,
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. X1X
FIG. FIG. A FIG. FIG.
863. Hymenophyllum gig. Acrostichum crini- 969. Lilac. 1024. Pemphredon uni-
ilsoni. tum. i 970. Mock Orange. color.
864. Killarney Fern. g20. Platycerium alci- 971. Japan Quince. 1025. Rose-leafand Larva
865. Sporangia of ‘T. spe- corne. 972. Red Flowering of Rose Saw-fly.
ciosum. :
866. Asplenium germani-
cum.
867. Scolopendrium vul-
gare
868. Ceterach _officina-
rum.
869. Cystopteris mon-
tana.
870. Polypody.
8700. Oak Fern.
871. Parsley Fern.
872. Scalariform vessels
in Bracken.
873. Polystichum angu-
lare. : -
873a. Blechnum spicant.
874. Holly Fern.
875. L. Filix-mas.
876. Marsh Fern.
877. Athyrium Filix-
foemina.
878. Sporangia of O. re-
galis.
879. Moon Wort.
880. Adder’s Tongue.
88x. Osmunda gracilis.
882. QO. interrupta.
883. Cystopteris bulbi-
fera.
883¢. Pteris rotundifolia.
884. Pteris scaberula. —
884¢. Aspienium goldia-
num (var. pictum).
885. Lastreea Standishii.
886. Lomaria chilensis.
887. Struthiopteris ger-
manica,
887¢. Onychium sensibile.
888. Cyathea medullaris.
889. C. Schiedei. ‘
890. Alsophila australis.
891. Dicksonia squarrosa.
892. Dicksonia Barometz.
893. Tartarian Lamb.
894. Trichomanes Lusch-
natianum.
895. T. reniforme.
896. Hypolepis repens.
897. Cheilanthes elegans
8974. Onychium japoni-
cum.
898. Platyloma flexuosa.
899. Pteris tricolor.
goo. Davallia bullata.
gooa. Lindszea cultrata.
got. Adiantum reniforme.
922. A. Farleyense.
go3. A. cuneatum.
904. A fulvum.
905. Lomaria gibba.
go6. Blechnum orientale
907- Woodwardia _radi-
cans.
908. Doodia aspera.
gog. Asplenium.
gro. Bird’s-nest Fern.
gtoa. Camptosorus rhizo-
hyllus.
gtr. Actiniopteris radi-
ata.
g12. Didymochlzenalunu-
ata.
913. Nephrodium molle.
914. Oleandra articulata.
915. Polypodium verru-
cosum.
914 Polypodium filipes.
g17- Gymnogramna
chrysophylla.
g18. Meniscium simplex.
g20a. Platycerium grande.
921. Todea superba.
922. Sporangia of Tcdea.
g22e. Lygodium palma-
tum.
923. Lygodium scandens.
924. Anemia fraxinifolia.
925. Angiopteris evecta.
926. Marattia laxa.
927- Prothallus.
928. Lycopodium selago.
929. Nardoo plant.
930. Selaginella denticu-
lata.
931. S. Lyallii.
932. Equisetum sylvati-
cum.
TREES AND
SHRUBS.
933- Elm.
934- Black Italian Poplar.
934@. Lombardy Poplar.
935: Or Black Poplar.
935@. Aspen.
930. White Poplar.
937. Horse-chestnut.
938. Lime.
939. Last Oak of Birnam
Wood.
940. Turkey Oak at Ful-
ham, struck by
lightning.
941. White Willow.
942. Alder.
943. Mountain Ash.
944. Copper Beech.
944@. Pendulus Beech.
945. Birch.
946. Last Sycamore of
Birnam Wood.
947. Plane Tree.
948. Laburnum Blossom.
949- Arbutus unedo.
949%. Maidenhair tree.
950. Red May.
gst. Lemon Verbena.
gs2. Yew.
953. Holly.
953@. Tulip-tree.
954. Magnolia.
- 955. Catalpa.
956. Hardy Palm.
957- Cones of Picea no-
bilis.
958. Cedars of Lebanon
and Elm,
gs9. Cones of Cedar of
Lebanon.
g60. Wellingtonia gigan-
tea.
961. The ‘‘ Father of the
Forest.”
g61a. Cone of Welling-
tonia gigantea.
g62. ‘George Washing-
ton.”
g62e. Araucaria Impri-
cata.
963. Larch in Bedding-
ton Park.
964. Larch at Dunkeld.
964a, Cupressus semper-
virens.
965. Cupressus Lawsoni-
ana. ‘
966 Taxodium Disti-
chum.
967. Walnut-iree.
968. Laurel.
Currant.
973. Berberis dulcis.
974. Guelder Rose.
975. St. John’s Wort.
9754. Skimmia japonica.
976. Scarlet Rhododen-
dron.
977. Yellow Azalea.
978. Kalmia latifolia.
979. Andromeda speciosa
980. Venetian Sumach.
981. Bog Myrtle.
982. Myrtus communis.
983. Heather.
ANIMALCULES, etc.
984. Amoebas.
985. Monads.
986. Siagontherium
tenue.
987. Bursaria vernalis.
988. Stylonichia.
989. Vaginicola.
ggo-. Vorticella.
got. Melicerta ringens.
992. Hydra communis.
WORMS AND CRUS-
TACEA, Etc.
993- Earthor Lob Worm
994. Kresh-water Sponge
995. Fresh-water Shrimp
996. Woodlouse.
g997- Cyclops quadri-
cornis.
998. Ditto, side view.
999. Daphne Pulex.
roo. Parasite of the Ox.
ENTOZOA.
roor. Egg of Beef Tape-
worm,
zo0z. Beef Measles.
1003. Beef Tapeworm.
1004. Head of Beef ‘lape-
worm
Head of Tzenia
. solium.
1006. Pork Measles.
1007. Cysticercus cellu-
losus.
1008. Hydatid Tape-
worm.
toog. Hairworm.
Tos.
ACARI, SPIDERS, erc,
zoz0. Tyroglyphus
farinee.
tori. Red Spider.
1orz, Harvest Bug.
1013. Garden Spider.
1014. Web of the Ange-
lina labyrintheca.
1015. Centipedes.
1016. Millipedes.
INSECTS.
zo17. Working
Bee.
1018. Humble Bees.
zozg. Common Wasp and
Gnat.
1oz0. Wasp’s Nest.
rozt. Hornet’s Nest.
1022. Aphidius rapze.
1023. Colax dispar.
Honey
“1026. Tenthredo rosarum.
1026a, Pear-tree Saw-fly.
1027. Sirex gigas.
1028, Gall on Oak.
zo28a. Cynips terminalis.
1029. Red-breast’s Pin-
cushion.
rojo. Black Ant.
1031, Cockchafer.
1032. Rose Chafer.
1033- Balaninus nucum.
1034. Bruchus Pisi.
1035. Scolytus destructor.
1036. Anthonomus pomo-
rum,
1037. Wire-worm.
1038. Turnip Fly.
1039. Devil’s Coach-
horse.
to4o. Lady-bird.
1041. Cockroach.
1042. Earwig.
1043. Lygus solani and
Lygus umbella-
tarum.
1044. Pentatoma olea-
. ceum,
1045. Aphis vastator.
1046. Aphis Dianthi.
10462. Lettuce-root Aphis.
1047. A. rape and A.
floris rapee (Curtis).
1048 Aphides on potato-
leaf.
1049. Black Aphis.
1050. Plum Aphis.
1051. Pea Aphis.
ros2. American Blight.
1053. Currant-leaf with
Aphides.
z054. Aphis quercus.
ro54a@. Coccus vitis.
10544. Coccus Bromeliz.
1055. Coccus adonidum.
ros6. Lemon Coccus.
1057. Larva Thrips.
1058. Winged Thrips.
z059- Chrysopa perla.
1060. Larva of C. perla.
r060a, Caddis (larva).
10608. Caddis (perfect in-
sect).
1061. Caddis-worms.
1062. Fossil Cadbaits.
r0€3. Small Cadbaits.
1064. Pieris brassicee and
Pteromalus bras-
' sicee.
1065. Caterpillar of Goat
Moth.
1066. Apple-stem eaten
by Goat Moth.
1067. Caterpillar of Wood
Leopard Moth.
1068. Lackey Moth.
1069. Caterpillar, Eggs,
and Cocoon of
Lackey Moth.
to7o. Caterpillar of
Brown-tailed Moth
to71. Magpie Moth.
1072. Codlin Moth.
1073. Tortrix pruniana.
1074. Great Yellow Un-
derwing.
1075. Caterpillar of Noc-
* tua _(mamestra)
brassicae.
1076. N. exclamationis.
1077. Caterpillar of Hy-
bernia defoliaria.
MY GARDEN.
XxX
FIG. FIG. Ed T FIG. puia Dude ne Starti
trort. Kel Lrap. 1128. Tufte uck, 1164. arling.
4078: a et Ss troa. Lampern. r 11z9. Smew_ or Smee 1165. Bullfinch.
ea 1103. mie rd — 0 Duck ‘ = aa "
age in the Lam- 1130. Little Grebe. 1167. Goldfinc!
zon: Daddy Leng dlegr. pern. 1131. Sclavonian Grebe. 1168. Hawfinch.
ro80, Trichocera hiemalis a
ro&r. Celery affected with | 2104 ee 1132. wae x169. eee
1105. Dace. 1133. Land Rail. 1170. House Sparrow.
1082. cen Larve: r106. Stickleback. 1134. Moorhen. 1171. Chaffinch.
1083. Pear with Larva. 1107. Stickleback’s Nest. 1135. Moorhen’s Nest. 1172, Skylark.
1084. Onion Fly. 1136. Bald-faced Coot. 1173. Wagtail.
REPTILES. 1137- Heron. 1174. Blue Titmouse.
ND 1138. Woodcock. 1175. Greater Titmouse.
SLUGS A SNAILS. 1108. Frog. 1139. Common Snipe. 1176. Cole Titmouse.
1085. Black Slug. 1109. Toad. 1140. ee Snipe. 1177- Long-tailed Tit-
086. di 1141. Sandpiper. mouse.
, ar oe GARDEN ANIMALS. ntyae Peewit 1178. Golden-crested
1087. Helix Pomatia. zzr0. Squirrel. 1143. Partridge. ren.
1088, prdled Shells rrit. Hedgehog. 1144. sets aa * a Pelee Neiilen
1089. Zonites crystallinus, 1112. Mole. 1145. Wood Pigeon. 1180. Reed Warbler.
zogo. Succinea putris. 1113. Water Rat. 1146. owl : 1181. ce Warbler’s
regi. Limnzus Pereger. r1z4. Brown Rat 1147. San artin. est,
1092. River Limpet. oar Domestic Mouse. 1148. House Martin. 1182. Ditto.
1093. Planorbis vortex. rz16. Field Mouse. II4Q» Swallow. 1183. Blackcap.
1094. Cyclas cornea. 1117. Harvest Mouse. 1150. Swallow's Nest. 1184. Chiffchaff.
1095. Bithinia ventricosa. rrx18. Short-tailed Cam- 1151- Kingfisher. 1185. Nightingale.
1096, Valvata piscinalis. pagnol. 1152, Cuckoo. 1186. Stonechat.
+9. Shre’ 1153. Nuthatch. 1187. Wheatear.
ae W: af Uae 54. Wren 1188. Redbreast.
. 1154. = . eC .
FISH, Bre: vee Grete chee tee Wren’s Nest. 1189. Missel Thrush.
peek pieat. 1122. Weasel. 1150. Reeney 1Ig0. pels:
1098. Hish-tray. 1157. Wryneck. 1rgt. Redwing.
Hoe Figs 's; Quit | BIRDS, sre, | 58: Shrugd Woods | ngs, Song tah
Gnat; 2, Black 1123. Hooper Swan. 1159. Jay. 1194. Spotted Flycatcher.
Gnat; 3, Car- 1r24. Common Swan. 1160. Magpie. 1195. Kestrel.
shalron Cocktail ; z124a. Head of Swan. 1161. Jackdaw. a White Owl.
4b Emperor ; 5 I125. Wild Duck. 1162. Head of Crow, 1197. Effect of Frost on
Coachman ; 1126. Teal. 1163. Rook. Cherry Blossoms.
Cocky bowidhar 1127. Widgeon.
Vign. 117.—Wallington Church,
Plate 2.
Oakly Bowe-
GROUNDS
WALLINGTON
Om:
BEDDINGTON @ PAR
4 "
zal
Faw Forest-—-
foo
= =
aor
Seale of Feet.
5
f.
PLAN OF MY GARDEN.
Far Valley
Nightingale Bowe
4 Ly ado
Hy shoe
Vign, 1V.—Beddington Church.
MY GARDEN.
“Der Garten ist einfach, und man fiihlt gleich bei dem Eintritte, dass nicht ein
wissenschaftlicher Gartner, sondern ein fithlendes Herz den Plan gezeichnet, das
seiner selbst hier geniessen wollte. "—GOETHE, Leiden des S$ungen Werther's.
CHAPTER I.
SITUATION OF MY GARDEN.
Y garden (plate 2) is situated at Wallington Bridge, in the hamlet
M of Wallington, in the parish of Beddington, in the county of
Surrey (plate 3). According to the parish Ordnance map, this plot of
ground? consists of 7°925 acres of land and water.
The parish of Beddington, in Domesday Book written Beddintone
contains 3,951°OQI acres; and the hamlet of Wallington is situated in
the west side of the parish, and contains 823°089 acres.
I am informed by Dr. Farr that by the Census of 1871, not yet
published, the population of Beddington amounted to 1,499, and that of
Wallington to 1,335, making a total of the entire parish of Beddington
of 2,834.
BEDDINGTON IN THE CELTIC PERIOD.
4
Flint instruments are found cver the district, but not in great
numbers. Mr. J. Wickham Flower of Croydon has a very fine collection,
1 Plot 82, sheet xiii, 12,
B
2 MY GARDEN.
and is an authority on the subject. He lent me a specimen to figure
which was found at Croydon (fig. 1). He also found specimens of
scrapers at Haling Park (fig. 2), which he
regards as authentic. Mr. Cressingham
also picked up a Celtic worked stone on
the downs south of my garden (fig. 3).
In Beddington Park numerous bronze celts
hag been found (vig. xxix.), all proving that
ie ees was early inhabited.
Fic. «. Fic. 3.
BEDDINGTON IN THE ROMAN PERIOD.
The evidence of Roman occupancy is distinct, and has received
important confirmation by the discoveries made in the year 1871 by
Mr. Addy, the resident engineer of the Croydon Board of Works. The
foundations of one Roman house were exposed by workmen forming
an irrigation canal. Mr. Addy at once, from its mode of construction,
Fic. 4.—Roman House at Beddington.
knew it to be Roman, and carefully traced out the plan of the building,
He made the annexed sketch (fig. 4), which is minutely accurate. The
spot where the discovery was made is marked on the map (plate 3), on
BEDDINGTON IN THE ROMAN PERIOD. 3
the irrigation fields to the east of Beddington Park. The walls were
composed of, large flints, and flat Roman bricks set in mortar. The
bricks were from 14 to 2$ inches in thickness and 10 inches square.
Mr. Addy states, in a paper read before the Society of Antiquaries :
“ By reference to the plan, it will be seen that the buildings extend east
and west from the large central chamber, the walls of which are more
regular and thicker than any of the others, and probably this was the
principal apartment of the building. This.chamber was 16 feet by to.
At the east of this principal chamber was a rectangular apartment with
the remains of a hypocaust for warming the building. The supports
of the flooring of the hypocaust were clearly exposed, and are shown
accurately on the plan.”
To the north of this principal chamber a recess existed, and to the
west, outer and partition walls, of a rougher construction, were uncovered,
and are figured in the plan. The floor was paved with square bricks ;
but no trace of tesselated pavement was found.
The remains of the walls were 2 ft. below the surface of the ground ;
and the walls remaining were 1 ft. 9 in. from the foundation.
Amongst the débris were large quantities of plaster, marked in
coloured bands from } inch to 2 inches, chiefly of a crimson colour;
sometimes, however, the stripes were sepia-coloured, and occasionally
pieces were found coloured with yellow pigment. Large quantities of
portions of flue tiles were found, showing the action of fire.
Various specimens of pottery of different kinds were discovered,
and one piece, supposed by the learned to be
unique, was marked with inden-
= “| tations as though impressed by
Se nog ane tet shells (fig. 5). Only two coins were
‘ found in the building—one a
Roman coin, with Romulus and
Fic, 6.
Remus on the reverse, the other
a Saxon silver penny. A bronze bead (fig. 6)
was also discovered in the débris of the building. The foundations
of the Roman house are now covered; but we may hope that the
B2
4 MY GARDEN.
landowner, Mr. Beddington, may preserve them, that they may
show to our children and our children’s children the Roman occu-
pancy of this part of the country, especially as there is reason to
suppose that another Roman house existed, from many fragments of
Roman bricks and vessels being found at'a short distance from
the first building.
In the aébris of the Roman house was found an instrument (fig. 7)
the use of which no English antiquary could determine;
and no such thing is in the collection at the British Museum.
I forwarded a drawing of it to M. d’Agiout at Naples.
ie He consulted M. le commandeur Fiorelli, director, M. le
commandeur Minervini, and M. le chevalier Nicolini, secre-
tary, of the unrivalled Museum of Roman Antiquities. These
gentlemen, by a careful comparison with the small bronzes,
discovered that it agreed with a part of a game found at
Herculaneum, somewhat like the “Jeu de Marelle,” which
was much played by. the ancient Romans when they
m travelled, or when they were confined to the house. .The
zai | object found at Beddington was the large piece of the game,
Fic. 7, in the form designed for the use of travellers. It must be
regarded as a very interesting addition to the Roman objects found
in Great Britain.
On the irrigation fields the following Roman coins were found by
the workmen :—
1. Commodus (second brass) ; extremely corroded.
2. Constantine period. Obv. Head, to the right,- of Rome or Constantinople ;
Rev. Victory.
3. Constantine period. (Constantius?) Much
worn, ha
4. Constantine period (fig. 8). Obv. Head of He.
Rome, Urbs Roma; Rev. Romulus and Remus; \
Mint mark, T R (Treves), A
5. Allectus. Obv. Head of Allectus, to left, Fig. 8.
ALLECTUS; Rev. Galley, LAETITIA AUG, struck at Colchester,
6. A coin of Carausius? He reigned in Britain A.D. 287,
7 and 8. Roman coins not identified at present,
BEDDINGTON IN THE ROMAN PERIOD. 5
Besides these evidences of the residence of the Romans in the neigh-
bourhood, a silver spoon, now in the possession of Mr. Cressingham, was
found at Barrow Hedges, Carshalton
(fig. 9). Fragments of Roman glass
have been found at Wallington. Fur- Fic. 9.—Roman Spoons
ther south, at Woodcote, Roman remains have been described; and
still further, at Walton-on-the-Heath, Lysons records that the remains
of a Roman house were found in the year 1772.
Various antiquaries have considered the Roman town Noviomagus,
mentioned in the Itinerary of Antoninus, to have been situated at Wood-
cote, on the hills south of my garden. Camden assigns this situation to
it because he considers that the distances agree with the statements
in the Itinerary, and because it was described as the chief city of the
Regni, a people of Surrey. Dr. Gale also placed it in that position,
Gibson, Somner, Stillingfleet, Stukeley, and Baxter, on the other hand,
consider that Noviomagus was at Crayford, because that position is
in a straight line between Maidstone and London. Curiously enough,
Sir Thomas Eliot places this city at Chester, Lilly at Buckingham,
Lluyd at Guildford, and Talbot at Old Croydon. From these various
statements it is manifest that the site of this Roman city is unknown,
and I myself regard it as one of those problems which will never be
unravelled unless some fresh discovery be made.
The Roman road called Stane Street, extending from the sea-coast
to London, and thence by the Great Ermine Street to Scotland, through
Lincoln, is supposed to have passed through or near Beddington
parish, though no trace of it is now to be seen. It has been thought
to leave Sussex; it reappears at Ockley, where it is marked in
the Ordnance Survey map as running on the present turnpike road
for two miles and a half. Some persons think that Stane Street
passed north of Dorking, across Walton Heath, thence to Woodcote,
and from this latter place to Streatham. Mr. Standish informs me
that Stane Street is not mentioned in the Itinerary, nor does Richard
of Cirencester, the medizval authority on the subject, A.D. 1350
to 1400, allude to it. Sir Duffus Hardy, in his map of the Roman
6 MV GARDEN.
roads, which I have copied (fig. 10), marks it as known from Chichester
to Dorking, and supposititiously thence to Streatham. We may
assume that its position at Bed-
he j dington is now unknown, and that
! Witter ‘3 :
Meta Bushey any attempt to locate it is merely a
Ee | matter of conjecture. I have visited
ShanBOSSE lay Maiti
nepsenemec) Sua oon Woodcote Farm, which now belongs
‘| to J. P. Gassiot, Esq, V.P.R.S., and
use crag as there is evidently a ridge running from
eo Walton across his farm to Beddington,
AAO
which would be convenient for a road ;
go ae mie"| but at this moment there are no traces
ee ee . | of a road, nor did the old people re-
pCa: member that, in late years, any traces
of Roman antiquities had been found on that estate.
“The very generations of the dead
Are swept away, and tomb inherits tomb,
Until the memory of an age is fled,
And, buried, sinks beneath its offspring’s doom.”—ByYRon.
BEDDINGTON IN THE ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD.
The proofs of Anglo-Saxon occupancy of Beddington recently re-
ceived confirmation as conclusive as that afforded
of Roman occupancy; for on the irrigation grounds
Mr. Addy discovered in the earth over a raised
plot of ground (plate 3), about five hundred yards
from the Roman house, a number of Anglo-
Saxon urns and implements. Many skeletons
were found, the bones -of which were mostly
decomposed, except the skull and long bones. I
ascertained that the bodies were buried with the
head towards the west. On the same piece of
Fic. 12.— Gintone of Shield. a 7
Scale 7" toa foo «ground, and alternating with these skeletons, a
number of cinerary urns were discovered, filled with burnt ashes (fig. 11).
ad ; i
3
EN
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Q
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>
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OY
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Cae
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XY
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RSs RAN
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RYU’ | RY
Sir
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SN
SS IN
—
s
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==
yt)
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‘
4
i:
ay
8
Scale of Statute Miles.
Mile
q
Furlngs €
BEDDINGTON IN THE ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD. 7
Most of the urns were so fragile that they broke in the attempt
‘to remove them. There were also umbones of shields (fig. 12),
and knives. The finest umbone of shield found by Mr. Flower I
have figured, but the others were much corroded. The ground was
not only turned over for the purposes of the irrigation works, but was
further explored by Mr. Flower and myself; though doubtless many
more objects remain for future antiquaries to discover.
The annexed figure of an Anglo-Saxon penny (fig. 13) was found
on the irrigation works.
Fic. 14.
= = Full size.
Fic. 13.—Saxon Silver Penny.
Obv. EDELSTAN RE + TODR + ae :
Rev. EADMUND MOLEIECF + Fic. 15.—4 nat. size.
There are evidences that personal adornment was not forgotten
by the Anglo-Saxons, as a blue glass bead was discovered (fig. 14),
and also a bronze bracelet (fig. 15).
BEDDINGTON IN THE MEDIA‘VAL PERIOD.
The medieval history of Beddington is full of interesting matter.
This place is mentioned in Domesday Book as containing two manors,
one of which was held by Robert de Watevile of Richard de Tonebrige ;
and in later times his successors held it immediately of the king, by the
service of rendering annually to the sovereign a wooden crossbow. In
Domesday Book we find that there was at that time a church in this
manor, and two mills are mentioned which were rated at forty shillings,
equal to £120. In Richard the First's reign, the family of the De
Eys, or De Es, were in possession of this manor; and William de Eys
received from that sovereign ten shillings rent in Beddington. In 1205,
this family having become extinct, the manor fell into the king’s hands,
and, for a time, certain persons were entrusted with its custody; but
8 MY GARDEN.
by a deed made in 1245, Henry III. granted it _ Senne de Laik
(Lucas), who likewise held it by a cross-bow. At his death, his caughtes
Isabella inherited the lands, and on her decease, after some litigation,
her son Gatelier, or Gacelin, obtained possession of the property. From
the Gatelier or Gacelin family this manor passed next into that of the
Roges, and on that family becoming extinct in 1302 it again reverted
to the sovereign. That same year Edward I. granted it to Thomas
Corbet, who, some say, was his valet, and from him it passed successively,
by purchase, to the Morleys, Braytons, and Willoughbys. But as these
alienations were made without the king’s consent, the manor was seized
by Edward III. ; he, however, re-granted it afterwards to Sir William
Willoughby and his wife, although they were obliged to pay to the king
a fine of one hundred shillings annually. They were allowed to let this
manor in 1353 to William and Nicholas de Carru—as this family spelt:
their name at that time—at twenty marks per annum, on the agreement
that the manor was to revert to the said Willoughby and his wife on the
deaths of the tenants, And in 1360 the same Sir Wm. Willoughby
also had licence to alienate the fee simple to Nicholas de. Carru and
his heirs; the value of it being one hundred shillings perannum. Sir Wm.
Willoughby had but one daughter: she married Sir Thomas Huscarle,
Knt., proprietor of the other manor in Beddington ; and, on his death,
she contracted another marriage with N icholas de Carru. So that in the
reign of Edward III. the two manors in Beddington became united.
There is very little known about the manor of which Huscarle was the
last proprietor. It is reorded in Domesday Book, that Milo Crispin
Earl of Hereford held it, and that William son of Turold held it of him.
Two mills are also mentioned as being in it, of the value of thirty-five
shillings (£105). Itseems that so early as the reign of King John the
Huscarles possessed land in Beddington. The Carews, to whom the two
manors belonged, on the marriage of Nicholas de Carru with Lucy,
daughter of Sir William Willoughby, and widow of Sir Thomas Hus-
carle, are descended from one Otho, who came over to England in the
Conqueror’s time. The name of Carru was taken by one William, in
the reign of King Jolin, from a castle in Pembrokeshire called Carrio
BEDDINGTON IN THE MEDLEVAL PERIOD. 9
or Carru; the spelling of that name being changed to Carew in Henry
the Seventh’s reign. Their arms are, Or, three lions passant in pale
sable. The Carews can boast of several distinguished men belonging
to their family, among whom tanks the celebrated historian Giraldus,
commonly known by the addition of Cambrensis. Sir Nicholas Carew,
the first owner of Beddington, was also a personage of some impor-
tance, being not only one of the knights of the shire, but also the
Keeper of the Privy Seal in Edward the Third’s reign, as well as
one of the executors of that monarch’s will. Other houses with lands,
or small manors,—as they were sometimes called when belonging
to religious bodies,—had, at different times, become the property of
the Carews. Amongst these were the Fréres Manor, which formerly
belonged to the Hospital of St. Thomas, Southwark, and the Foresters
Manor. These came to the same family at a very early period.
The manor of Beddington continued in the Carew family until the
‘reign of Henry VIII., when Sir Nicholas Carew, Lieutenant of Calais,
Master of the Horse, and one of the Knights of the Garter, incurred
the displeasure of that puissant monarch, and, being attainted of high
treason, was beheaded on Tower Hill in 1539, and buried in St. Botolph,
Aldgate, All the lands at Beddington were then seized by the king,
who appointed Michael Stanhope keeper of the Manor-house. During
this time Henry VIII. is said to have frequently resided at the Manor-
house, and in 1541 he held a council there. Subsequently Walter Gorges
obtained, for his life, the Manor of Beddington from Henry, and in
the following reign the manor, mansion, and church with lands, were
granted to Thomas Lord Darcy of Chiche, in exchange for other lands
which Darcy had ceded to the king. From Queen Mary, in whose service
he was, Sir Francis Carew obtained restitution of all his father’s estates,
but he prudently did not rest satisfied with the mere grant of the queen,
but gave a sum of money to Darcy to cede the lands to him. It was
this Sir Francis Carew who rebuilt the mansion of which now the -great
hall alone remains. The great door of this hall has a curious ancient
lock very richly wrought, the keyhole of which is concealed by a shield
bearing the arms of England. Queen Elizabeth honoured Sir Francis
10 MY GARDEN.
Carew with her presence at Beddington in August 1599, and stayed
three days at the mansion: She paid another visit the following August.
The following quaint account by Sir Hugh Platt shows what pains
were taken to keep back cherries (a favourite fruit of that sovereign)
for her Majesty’s entertainment :—
“Here I will conclude with a conceit of that delicate knight, Sir Francis
Carew; who, for the better accomplishment of his royall entertainment of our
late Queen of happy memory, at his house at Beddingtori, led her Majesty to a
cherry tree, whose fruit he- had of purpose kept back from ripening, at the least
one month after all cherries had taken their farewell of England. This secret he
performed, by straining a tent or cover of canvas over the whole tree, and wetting
the same now and then with a scoop or horn, as the heat of the weather required ;
and so, by withholding the sun-beames from reflecting upon the berries, they grew
both great, and were very long before they had gotten their cherry colour: and
when he was assured of her Majesties comming, he removed the tent, and a
few sunny dayes brought them to their full maturity.”!
This Sir Francis Carew had a fine garden laid out at Beddington,
and it was he who was the first to cultivate orange-trees in England,
‘They are supposed to have been brought to this country by Sir Walter
Raleigh, who had married Sir Francis’s niece. In the Archeologia’is
an account of the orangery at Beddington, which I here subjoin:—
“Beddington Gardens, at present in the hands of the Duke of Norfolk but
belonging to the family of Carew, has in it the best orangery in England. The
orange and lemon trees there grow in the ground, and have done so near one
hundred years, as the gardener, an aged man, said he believed. There are a great
number of them, the house wherein they are being above two hundred feet long ;
they are most of them thirteen feet high, and very full of fruit, the gardener not
having taken off so many flowers this last summer as usually others do. He said,
he gathered off them at least ten thousand oranges this last year. The heir of
the family being but about five years of age, the trustees take care of the orangery,
and this year they built a new house over them. There are some myrtles growing
among them, but they look not well for want of trimming. The rest of the garden
is all out of order, the orangery being the gardener’s chief care ; but it is capable
of being made one of the best gardens in England, the soil being very agreeable,
and a clear silver stream running through it.”?
Sir Francis died unmarried on the 16th May, 1611, at the great age
of 81. He left all his estates to his nephew, Sir Nicholas Throckmorton,
1 “Garden of Eden,” by Sir Hugh Platt, part ii. p. 22. - London: 1660,
2 Archeologia, vol. xii, p. 182. London: 1796. :
BEDDINGTON IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD. II
who took the name and arms of Carew. Sir Walter Raleigh was
beheaded in Sir N. Throckmorton’s lifetime, and it was to him that
the widow, his sister, wrote the following curious letter, praying him
to allow the remains of her unfortunate husband to be buried in
Beddington Church. Whether the request was refused I know not; at
all events the body of Sir Walter Raleigh was buried in St. Margaret’s
Church, Westminster, while his head was sent to his son at West
Horsley in Surrey, where it was interred :—
“To my best b......
SUR NICHOLAS
CAREW, at
beddington.
“T DESIAR, good brother, that you will be plessed to let my berri the worthi
boddi of my nobell hosbar Sur Walter Ralegh in your chorche at beddington ; wher
I desiar to be berred. The lordes have geven me his ded boddi, though thoy denied
me his life. This nit hee shall be brought you with too or three of my men: let
me her presently, “FE. R. God hold me in
my wites,”?
The lands at Beddington remained in the same family until 1791,
when Sir Nicholas Hackett Carew, baronet, left them for life to his only
daughter, then at her death to the eldest son of John Fountain, Dean of
York, and if he had no son (which he had not) they were then entailed
by will on the eldest son of Richard Gee, Esq., of Orpington, Kent, who
took the name and arms of the Carews. Thus the lineal descent of the
Carew family has twice failed since their residence at Beddington.
BEDDINGTON CHURCH.
The parish church of Beddington adjoins the Hall. Aubrey, the
historian, considered that it was built in the reign of Richard II. By
Sir Nicholas Carru’s will, which was proved in 1390, he leaves a legacy
of £20 towards building the church at Beddington; by that, it may be
supposed that it was built about this period. A. church is, however,
mentioned in Domesday Book as existing at this place, and it is said
that there still exist some remains of the architecture of the eleventh
and twelfth centuries. The church was reckoned by Aubrey to be
1 Manning and Bray.
os MY GARDEN.
30 yards long and 11% yards in breadth. At the present time it
consists of a nave, chancel, and three aisles; and it has a fine massive
square tower at the west end. It seems that the chancel and one of
the aisles were built at the commencement of the fifteenth century, while
the tower, southern aisle, and porch at the southern door, towards the
latter part of the same century. In 1851 the Rector, the Rev. James
Hamilton, commenced the restoration of the church. In his time the
galleries and ugly large square pews were taken away; and still more
accommodation was afforded by the building of the extreme northern
aisle. Since then, the present Rector, the Rev. Alexander H. Bridges,
has continued, to a considerable extent, the good work of restoring
and embellishing this fine old church, by employing all the means which
the present knowledge of medieval art affords. He has had the
carving of the wooden roof much improved; and a new oak chancel-
screen has been constructed, similar to the old one which shuts off the
mortuary chapel on the southern side of the chancel. The east window
is of painted glass; the sides of it are filled with mosaics, which
represent the Twelve Apostles. Above the re-table,—which has also
been restored,—are five different Scriptural subjects in glass mosaics.
The centre one represents our Saviour in glory, with angels ministering,
and on either side are four other subjects: 1st, The Annunciation ; 2nd,
The Adoration ; 3rd, The Flight into Egypt; and 4th, Christ disputing
with the Doctors. The reredos is entirely new, and is also of mosaics.
The sedilia, with a piscina and credence, have been replaced, and the
sacrarium, with its steps, have been laid with English and foreign
marbles and serpentine. The old stalls and misereres, with the choir
seats, which are old and of oak, have also been most judiciously
restored. The organ is new, and is placed in the chancel, and has a
curiously painted oak screen. The nave and aisles have also, by the
munificence of the Rev. A. H. Bridges, aided by his parishioners, been
restored and embellished. The walls are coloured and decorated in
diaper, which gives a pleasing appearance. The west window is filled
_ with painted glass of modern date. Near the south door is placed the
font, which is an ancient square stone one, and has an inscription carved
BEDDINGTON CHURCH. 13
round it. At the southern entrance is an old porch, and a new lych-
gate made of oak has lately been added to the western side of the
church.
In this church are some curious old brasses and monuments, most
of which were erected to the memory of the Carews, the great owners
of lands in this parish. In the time of Aubrey and of Lysons, there
were many brasses extant in the chancel, where the Carews were
formerly interred before the building of the mortuary chapel. There
is still one large brass, quite perfect, in the chancel, with the figures of
Nicholas Carru and of Isabella his wife. The woman’s arms are two
lions passant. This Nicholas Carew died in 1432, and was the son of
that Carru who married Lucy Huscarle. On the adjoining stone are
brass figures of two other members of the Carew family ; they are, how-
ever, of much smaller size than the one above described. The chapel
situated at the south-east corner of the chancel was erected in the
sixteenth century. Sir Richard Carew, Lieutenant of Calais in the reigns
of Henry VII. and Henry VIII, was the first to be interred in it; it
is an altar tomb. Among the many other monuments in the chapel to
this family, the one most worthy of notice is that to Sir Francis Carew.
It is of black and Sienna marbles, supported by two Corinthian pillars ;
between these pillars lies the statue of a man in full armour, with a
long inscription showing that it is the resting-place of Sir Francis
Carew, and recording the fact of his having had the honour to entertain
his royal mistress at his house at Beddington. In the front part of this
monument are the figures of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, his wife, with
their five sons and: two daughters, all in a kneeling posture. Admiral
Sir Benjamin Hallowell, one of the heroes of the battle of the Nile,
is also buried in this chapel.
There is another ancient brass, which is placed in the north aisle
of the church; it is to a steward of Sir Nicholas Carew—Thomas
Greenhill was his name ; he was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford,
and died in 1633.
Sir Nicholas Carru, the founder of the family at Beddington, and
the husband of Lucy, daughter of Sir William Willoughby, directed
14 MY GARDEN,
by will that his body should be buried in Beddington Church, between
the grave of his brother John and the south door of the church. It
was that one who left the bequest of £20 towards the rebuilding of St.
Mary’s: he willed that four fit chaplains were to be found, one of whom
for ever, and others for five years, were to pray for his soul and all
Christian souls of the church at Beddington. He willed also that
thirteen torches and five tapers, each weighing six pounds at the most,
were to be provided for his funeral; these were afterwards to be
distributed at the discretion of the executors. The torches were to
be borne by thirteen poor men, who were all to have new clothes
for the occasion. This extraordinary will was proved at Croydon
in 1390.
The .advowson of St. Mary’s was given in 1159 to the Priory of
Bermondsey by Ingelram de Funteneys, or Fontibus, and Sibyl de
Watevile, sister of William de Watevile, and wife of Adam de Pirot;
and this grant was confirmed in the same year by Henry II., and later
by Edward III. In 1246 the same Priory recovered an annual pension
of 100 shillings payable to them out of this Rectory, as well as two
marks sterling in lieu of tithes. of land in the parish of Beddington.
After the dissolution of the monasteries the advowson of the church
was granted by Henry VIII. to the Carews, in which family it remained
until the year 1859.
The living of Beddington—which is a rectory situated in the
deanery of Ewell, and is in the diocese of Winchester—produces
at the present time about £1,250 a year. The advowson was sold by
the Carew family during the lifetime of the Rev. James Hamilton to
Mr. Raincock for £8,500. Shortly afterwards the Rev. James Hamilton
died, when the Rev. Dr. Marsh was appointed rector. During the life-
time of Dr. Marsh the advowson was again sold to Sir Henry Bridges
for £17,000, and on the death of Dr. Marsh, at the great age of 86, the
Rev. A. H. Bridges was appointed to the living,
There was also a sinecure benefice to the church, called a free
portion, the patronage of which was annexed to Huscarle’s manor. It
was valued in 1291 at 15 marks; two of them were paid, as already
BEDDINGTON CHURCA. 15
observed, to the Priory of Bermondsey. A commission having been
issued in 1473 by the Bishop of Winchester, to inquire into the nature
‘and profits of this portion, it was found that the clear profits were then
estimated at 40 shillings. This portion also passed later to the Carews,
and it appears to have consisted of the tithes of 200 acres of land
called Huscarle’s Fewde, situated on the north side of the church, with
a house and twenty acres of land on the southern side. This house
was the subject of a lawsuit in 1801. It seems that before 1703
the owners of the Beddington Estate had exchanged lands with the
rector, and from time to time had granted leases to him, reserving a
certain rent as well as certain other agreements. In 1753 the rector
refused to pay the rent, or to deliver to the patron the straw
according to the agreements of the lease, while another rector in 1801
not only refused to fulfil these obligations, but also refused to pay the
tithe of oats, another of the agreements of the lease; so the patron
filed a bill in Chancery against-him. The decree was given in favour
of the rector, but the patron recovered afterwards all his lands by
gaining an action which he brought against the rector, and for some
time there was no parsonage-house, the rectors being at the time
unable to find another. During the present century a parsonage-house
has been built adjoining the school.
There is one instance of great longevity recorded in the register of
this parish. William Stuart, or Old Scott, as he was more commonly
called, attained the great age of. one hundred and ten years and two
months. He was buried the 31st of January, 1704-5.
It appears that Beddington did not wholly escape the ravages of
the Plague. Eight persons are recorded to have died of it in 1594,
ten in 1603, and eleven in 1625.
WALLINGTON,
The early records of Wallington are wrapped in obscurity. Some
consider it to have formerly been a place of importance from the fact of
its giving its name, in the time of the Saxons, to the hundred. But
ie - MY GARDEN.
whether it was so or not is by no means clear. In Domesday Book it is
entered as Waleton, and it is there stated that the king held the manor
in demesne, and that it was rated at 412 in the time of Edward the
Confessor, and then at 410. Two mills at thirty shillings are also
mentioned in that book as being at this place.
Henry II. granted’certain lands at Wallington to Maurice de Creon,
to which Guy de la Val came into possession on his marriage with the
daughter; but later, being one of the barons who rebelled against King
John, he was deprived by that monarch of all his lands at Wallington,
and these were then granted to John Fitz-Lucy, who however forfeited
them by remaining in Normandy. The king then bestowed them on
Eustache de Courtnay. In Henry the Ejighth’s reign we find that the
Manor of Wallington had passed into the hands of Sir Nicholas Carew,
and after that nobleman was attainted of high treason, into those of
Sir Edward Dymock and Sir James Harrington. This last gentleman
alienated them to Sir Francis Carew, son of the one beheaded, and in
this family they remained until 1683, when a lease for the term of
five hundred years was made by Sir Nicholas Carew for the purpose
of raising a fortune for his younger sons. The lease was acquired in
1726 by Elizabeth Bridges, sister of William Bridges, M.P. for
Liskeard. Under her will it passed through successive ownerships to
various members of her family, and ultimately to William Bridges, Esq.,
who in 1781 became sole owner by a family arrangement. Under his
will it devolved eventually upon the late John Bridges, Esq., who,
dying in 1865, left it to his son, Nathaniel Bridges, Esq., the present
owner. The latter has recently bought up the nominal reversionary
interest vested in the representatives of the Carews, and has thus con-
verted the leasehold estate into one in fee simple.
In the year 1867, the present Lord of the Manor built the new
church at Wallington on a site which was also his gift, aided to
some extent by two anonymous donors. The chutch was conse-
crated on the 28th September, 1867, in the name of the Holy Trinity ;
and on the goth December following, the new district chapelry of
Wallington (embracing about 521 acres) was constituted by an order in
* WALLINGTON. 17
Council, and the incumbent of which ‘has sole and separate jurisdiction
therein for all ecclesiastical purposes. Shortly afterwards Mr. Bridges
built the parsonage-house, now occupied by the Rev. John Williams,
M.A., the first incumbent of the district, and he also persuaded the
Ecclesiastical Commissioners to grant a small permanent endowment to
the living, the advowson of which is vested in himself.
The Schools at Wallington were established about thirty-five years
ago, by the late Mr. John Bridges, there being then no parochial schools
either for Beddington or Wallington, and they were maintained by him
at his sole charge during his lifetime. His successor, the present owner,
continued this arrangement until the creation of the new district
chapelry, shortly after which a plan for enlarging the schoolrooms was
carried out through local subscriptions, and he thereupon made them
over by gift for the use of the district.
At Wallington House, lying immediately to the south of my garden,
an underground room was discovered a few years since, called familiarly
the Dungeon, which, from its finished workmanship, appears to have
belonged to a superior building of which there is no_ historical
account.
The old books also describe a Gothic chapel, the site of which has
been considered to be on the beautiful grounds of Mr. Graham, behind
the Brewery. On visiting this spot where the earth has been excavated,
I learnt that this year the ground had been deeply trenched. The men
found bricks, flints, and stones ; and below, extensive foundations of
former buildings. Tons of stone were piled together, and one piece
which was left unburied was evidently a stone of a window or door
of a first-class Gothic edifice. There were numerous other fragments
of tooled stones, which afford confirmatory evidence that this was
really the spot where the Gothic chapel was built. Manning wrote that
in his time the stonework of the windows was entire, that the east
window was stopped up, and that there was rich Gothic architecture
on each side of it. 5
Coins of Edward I., Henry III., James I. of Scotland, William III,
and Queen Elizabeth have been found at Beddington. Coins have also
Cc
18 MY GARDEN.
been found at So of William III. Charles II., George I, and
George II, In Mr. Jackson's garden at Car-
shalton was also found a penny of Edward IV.
(fig. 16). A token was issued from Beddington
Fic. 6.—Penny of Edward IV. in the seventeenth century, as stated by
Manning and Bray: ROBERT HILLER U—R. BEDINGTON IN SURREY
HIS HALFPENNY. .
Beddington, and the neighbouring grounds of Wallington House,
are celebrated for the magnificence of their trees. The elms, limes, and
horse-chestnuts are of extraordinary size, and there is a fine old larch
not far from the church, with alders in the low ground. There was,
a few years ago, an old oak called “Queen
Elizabeth’s oak” (fig. 17), which was ruthlessly
removed for the ugly mew watercourse, and
.carried to a timber-yard at Croydon. On
my north-east boundary is a bank of trees of
various kinds, which in autumn, when lit up
by the rays of the setting sun, are of striking
beauty, especially when contrasted with the
leaves of the white willow, which, glistening
like silver, add to the loveliness of a summer -
afternoon. I received with delight, on Lady-
day 1871, the intelligence that the learned
Rector, the Rev. A. H, Bridges, had become the possessor of these noble
trees, as I have full belief that he will continue to preserve that
Fic. 17.—Queen Elizabeth’s Oak,
which only time and taste, with a genial soil, could have produced.
The river running through the Park has within the last few
years been diverted from its ancient course into a new channel, and
the waterfall and old canal mentioned in many books have been
removed. From a photograph taken by my son of the bridge and
river as it formerly ran, I am enabled to give a view of the pastoral
scene which was presented from my garden, with the glorious row of
fine limes to the right, upon which Cicero, with his love for “ ordines
arborum” might have delighted to gaze (plate 17). At the present
o
x
&
a
WALLINGTON. 19
time workmen are employed to divert the river a second time, and a
stone bridge has been constructed. .
This Park was formerly a deer park,. but the deer were sold in
1852, and have not been replaced.
Not far from Beddington Church, opposite the Plough inn, in the
grounds of Mr. Watney, there exists a cave, of which many fabulous
tales are told’ in the neighbourhood. By the courtesy of Mr. Watney
I visited it with Mr. Addy. We found that it was an excavation in
the bed of sand overlying the chalk, and possibly was formerly used
for the purpose of defeating the Excise laws. Certainly there was no
evidence of its having been continued to Reigate, as some persons
would fain have us beliéve.
BEDDINGTON AT THE PRESENT TIME.
Beddington Church (vign. iv.) has been restored; and is not only a
pleasing object from my garden (plate 6), but the church with its church-
yard is one of the most picturesque near London. It has been supplied
with a melodious peal of bells, which record the sorrow and declare
the joy of the inhabitants: The village is rather a residence for the
rich than for the poor, though Beddington Hall is now used as the
Female Orphan Asylum. The tower of the church is seen through a
vista of trees from my garden, and then reflected from the transparent
waters of the lake, as though Nature ordained that so good an object
should be twice seen. The churchyard is overshaded by fine trees.
“Beneath those rugged elms, that yew-tree’s shade,
Where heaves the turf in many a mouldering heap,
Each in his narrow cell for ever laid,
The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep.”—GRay. ‘
Vignm V,—Beddington Hall before the Fire.
G2
Vign. VI.—View on Mitcham Common.
CHAPTER II.
GEOLOGY OF MY GARDEN.
HEN I first entered upon the land of my garden, I could not walk
across it; it was a kind of peaty bog. However, I lowered the
central brook, made a second stream parallel with the river, and another
crossing the garden at right angles. The ground in many places
has been turned over, as we find occasionally brick piers: In some
parts of the ground are beds of gravel of an inferior character, in
other parts gravel full of water is found immediately below the surface.
Below this is a layer of coarse flints, constituting a drift bed running
from Croydon. Some of these °°5 ‘ou. > 6
flints contain fossils, as though 2° 02 9
» they were washed out of the Fic. 19.
chalk (fig. 18). The whole is Oo 809,
covered with a poor exhausted Yo ao So
peat, which rhododendrons de-
Fic. 18.—Flint cast of 7 Fic. 20. - Sand,
Cidaria. test, and which not many plants enlarged ro diam.
like. Within the memory of many of my friends, the place was used
for bleaching and printing grounds, such as now exist on a similar
river between Amiens and the chalk downs on the road to Paris, On
the southern part of the garden a bed of sand exists, the last bed of
the Lower Tertiary series, This sand is extremely minute (fig. 19),
much finer than the Lower Green-sand at Reigate (fig. 20), a bed
below the chalk, of both which I have given figures. Notwithstanding
the fineness of the grains, the bed as a whole can be tunnelled,
as is actually the case in the cave on Mr. Watney’s property..
NOLONIGGdig 5 NOLIVWHSYVS
‘NHCUVD HOQOUELL NOLLOGS
youl Ue oy SETI ZL
WE
Mi!
eeerry Tay ass
a 3 ea
: ieee
yooh : ST1tH 3
“HLNOS OL HLYON'NISV@ NOGNOT @HE JO NOTLOAS
Ora
Plate 5. @
:
eggs Lp
5
tibee
1 >
CE
Cpper Greausand ard Gaus: E
iN
RE
Weald (lay...
E
SS
Seale = Four Miles to Ove fneh
REF
_ 2
GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE DISTRICT.
WS
LoweTerauary Sand s..
WSS
MeL
i 1
Mi
Doreadbort HAY...
|
AS
—
RS
A
“,
LL
:
e
GEOLOGY OF MY GARDEN. 21
Beyond this bed of sand in the south, the chalk comes to the
surface, and dips under my garden, not coming gear the surface again
till South Mimms and Hatfield, north of London. On the north of
my garden, blue clay and the whole series of Lower Tertiary beds of
clay and sand exist (plate 5).
Geologically speaking, we are at the very edge of the London Basin ;
a section of which, copied from the Geological Survey by the kindness
of Sir Henry James, is given in plate 4. Under London, as the centre
of the basin, we have a depth of about one hundred feet of these
Lower Tertiary beds, of which my bed of sand is the last: above these
we have another one hundred feet of blue clay. This is covered with
a bed of gravel, and finally with a layer of about sixteen feet of
waste earth, and occasionally of peat. These depths vary somewhat in
different localities; but, from an examination of the sections of many
London wells, these measurements may be taken as generally accurate.
The dip of the strata through my garden has been kindly drawn for
me by Mr. Alfred Tylor the geologist, and his section (plate 4) shows
how rapidly the different strata fall towards the Culvers, the property
of Mr. Gassiot, as they dip through the grounds of Shepley House, the
residence of Mr. Tylor.
To the south of us the chalk comes to the surface and rises to above
850 feet. The chalk consists of two layers, the upper chalk with flints,
and the lower chalk without flints. Flints occur in horizontal layers,
which may be traced for miles; these are crossed by veins more or less
perpendicular, like mineral veins in Cornwall. These vary from a hair's
breadth ‘to a foot in width. These cracks, like the layers of flints, run
for miles, and sometimes there is a dislocation of the flints where the
cracks occur, one side being higher than the other, as may be well
seen at the Sutton chalk-pit. These cracks are the underground rivers
or watercourses of the chalk; and whenever in sinking a well one of
these cracks is tapped, a valuable flow of water is secured. When, on
the contrary, only the solid chalk is pierced, a very small supply of
water is obtained. The existence of these fissures is of great value .
to mankind.
5 MY GARDEN.
The water issuing from these cracks is as clear as crystal, and
charged with carbonic acid. It has the temperature of 52°, which is
warm in winter, and delightfully cool to our senses in summer. It
contains sufficient saline and calcareous matter to make it palatable,
and hereafter I shall point out that these cracks give to us the
inestimable blessing of the River Wandle.
Tiere is abundant evidence to prove that chalk was formed at the
bottom of an ocean. Chalk consists, chemically, of carbonate of lime.
It is amorphous, and no power of the microscope reveals structure.
This is very curious, because chalk deposited by Clark’s process is
invariably crystalline.
Chalk appears to result chiefly from the decay of the lower animals,
and it is a most interesting discovery of modern times that another
deposit of chalk is now being formed at the bottom of the Atlantic
Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Innumerable foraminifera live in these
seas (fig. 22); these die and fall to the bottom, and it is now a
4 5 6 7 Fic. 22.~Foraminifera (recent).
qs oo x. Planorbulina Ungeriana. 4. Rotalia Beccarii.
Fic. 21.—Foraminifera (ancient). 2. Trilochulina tricarinata, 5. Nonionina turgida.
3. Globigerina bulloides,
universally recognized fact that by their decay a bed of chalk is being
formed for future ages. Corals, however, besides foraminifera, contribute
to the formation of chalk.
I asked Mr. Groves, who has great experience in microscopic objects,
to examine the chalk of our district to determine the foraminifera
which it contained. He discovered that little pockets in the flints
yielded the greater number, and from his investigations he found
many of the shells of the foraminifera to be in a fair state of pre-
servation. He found numerous forms of the Rotaline series (1, fig. 21)
GEOLOGY OF MY GARDEN. 23
textuluria (2), polymorphina (3), lagena (4), globigerina (5); and also
that nodosaria (6) was represented by many of its very beautiful
varieties. There are also, other forms of foraminifera much resembling
miniature ammonites and nautili (7).
The revelations of the microscope showing to us how chalk was
formed in times gone by, and how it is being formed by similar
creatures at the present time (fig.. 22), are certainly not the least
interesting results of modern science. :
The chalk in our district is not highly fossiliferous. The chalk-
diggers tell me, the deeper they go the less they find. Many old books
state that fish have been found fossilized in the chalk near Croydon.
Mr. Flower kindly ient me one (fig. 23) to figure, from Riddlesdown,
but they do noi appear to be very common. “Mr, Herbert Jackson, when
the cutting was made for the Sutton Railroad, watched the proceedings
and obtained several species: one was a tooth of a kind of shark
(fig. 24), called the Corax falcatus. Some bivalve shells were found,
such as the Rhynchonella plicatilis (fig. 25), and the Terebratula semi-
Slobosa (fig. 26).
Fic. 25.—Rhynchonella
plicatilis.
x CASS, | Fic. 24.—Tooth of Corax falcatus.
Fic. 23.—Fossil fish’s head, } real size.
Fic. 26. —Terebratula
semiglobosa.
All over the Downs curious things, known to the country people as
shepherd’s crowns, are found, which are different kinds of echini.
Two forms of one kind are found of Galerites albo-galerus (fig. 27) ;
J have also figured a flint cast of Holaster pillula (fig. 28), and a
specimen of Pseudo Diadema variolare (fig. 29). All these are varieties
of sea-urchins or echini, one species of which is constantly seen on
our sea-coasts, demonstrating the marine origin of chalk...
24 MY GARDEN.
Besides these traces of marine animals, the flints which we use in
the garden’ have frequently the stems of encrinites attached to theni,
Fic. 28.—Flint cast of
Depressed form. Normal form. Holaster pillula.
Fic. 27.—Galerites albo-galerus,
and the allies of cuttle-fish are to be found in the belemnitella (fig. 30).
Occasionally in the chalk is found fossil wood, probably of a coniferous
tree, so that-there must have been land on which the tree grew when
the chalk was being formed under water (fig. 31).
The beds of flint appear to have an animal origin, and the perse-
verance of Mr. Bowerbank proved to geologists at last that the greater
part were derived from sponges. A layer of animal matter seems
Fic, 29.—Pseudo Diadema
variolare.
Fic, 3r. — Canileroas wood on flint,
with piece enlarged, showing struc-
Figs'30.—Belemnitella. ture and the coniferous discs.
to have covered the bottom of the sea, and attracted to itself
silica or flint. Sometimes the flints extend for miles and miles in one
almost continuous agglomerated mass, at other times the flints are
more separated. One of these sponges, Polypothecia, from the interior
of a flint, is here shown (fig. 32); also Ventriculites radiatus (fig. 33).
Sometimes the sponge enveloped an echinus or bivalve shell, as
sponges do now—Spondylus spinosus (fig. 34) and Diadema (fig. 35).
Sometimes one sponge has been found to interpenetrate another,
and both have been silicified together. .Mr. Charles Tyler, of
Holloway, possesses a remarkable and intéresting collection of silicified
GEOLOGY OF MY GARDEN. 25
sponges, and also a collection of recent sponges as they now grow, and
every peculiarity which can be recognized in the present period can
be traced in their ancient fossil prototypes.
Fic. 35. —Cast of
» 33---S) i : :
Fic. 33 onge in Diadema in flint.
chalk (Ventricu-
lites radiatus).
Fic. 32.—Cup-shaped a
sponge (Polypothecia). Fic. 34.—Sporidylus
spinosus.
The law of thé déposit of silex on decomposing animal matter has
been extensively examinéd by my son, Mr. A. Hutchison Smee. Some
organic bodies appear to silicify with ease, others with difficulty. A
sponge throws down silex readily. He has been able to silicify a
blood-corpuscle so perfectly, that when incinerated and its animal
matter destroyed, it showed its structure. Bones do not appear to
throw down silex readily. His experiments require further examina-
tion before thé law of silicification can. be absolutely determined.
Beyond the chalk, to the south, a layer of sand comes to the surface
(plate 5), and beyond this again a thin layer of clay called the Gault,
which is of great importance, as this clay is impervious, and passing
underneath the chalk prevents the water from flowing out of the chalk
as certainly as though the whole bed of chalk were placed in a china
basin. This bed of clay determines the flow of the springs, and is
therefore geologically of much interest. Beyond this again is the Lower
Green-sand, a coarse sand much larger in the grain than that immedi-
ately above the chalk (fig. 20). Beyond this again is the Wealden clay,
a deep bed totally impervious to water, and which, at the Idiot Asylum
at Earlswood, was bored for 1,000 feet without yielding any water.
On the top of the last bed of sand over the chalk is a layer of flints
of somewhat different chemical character from those in the chalk, and
more ferruginous. This layer comes near to the surface at Carshalton,
26 MY GARDEN.
in the garden of Mr. Philpotts. I was kindly permitted to open the
ground, and found the bed of flints which Mr. Henry Lee minutely
examined, and portions of fish-scales were discovered. Mr. Lee had
preserved a beautiful scale, which he had found when Mr. Sims
resided at the spot: this he permitted me to figure (fig. 36), but I am
grieved to say it was lost in the act. The fish is supposed to be a
species of Acrognathus or Aulolepis. It is figured the natural size and
magnified ten diameters.
. &
Nat. size. }
Fic. 36.—Fish-scale in flint, probably
Acrognathus or Aulolepis.
Fic. 37.—Group of fossilized shells.
Above this bed, and higher up in the Lower Tertiary beds, 2 layer
of a dense mass of shells exists (fig. 37). It is to be seen at Lewisham,
and was cut across in making the Thames Tunnel Railroad. I am
informed that a layer of shells has been found in Paper Lane, Carshal-
ton, a spot where this bed might naturally be expected to be found.
THE RIVER WANDLE.
Through my garden a beautiful and celebrated trout stream runs,
called the River Wandle; its transparency has been recorded by Pope,
—“the blue transparent Vandalis appears.” The branch which runs
through the garden rises at Waddon, where it immediately turns a
flour mill; it is joined by a little stream which rises above Croydon,
and comes out at a culvert to the west of Croydon Church ; it then
passes to Beddington, driving a snuff mill, thence it runs through Bed-
dington Park to my garden, where it drives a paper mill; and, after
passing a short distance by the estate of Mr. Graham, joins another:
and larger stream at Shepley House, and becomes one river, which
THE RIVER WANDLE. 27
runs uninterruptedly over the blue clay, and empties itself into the
River Thames at Wandsworth.
The second branch rises by many springs almost entirely within a
radius of a mile south-west; one spring, indeed, rises on our eastern
boundary and traverses the garden to form the Central Brook, A
second rises near the mill, and discharges itself into the backwater.
One, yielding a very large supply of water, comes from the grounds
of Wallington House, and makes the Crystal Waterfall. Another large
spring rises in Carshalton Park, and, after traversing the grounds of
Mr. Philpotts, drives a water-wheel. Near Carshalton Church a great
body of water rises from the ground. One of these springs is sup-
posed by the villagers to have been caused by Anne Boleyn’s horse
making a hole in the ground, from which water has flowed ever since
(fig. 38, vign. ix.): another large stream rises from the ground in a pond
at Carshalton House. All these latter springs discharge their water
into two large ponds in front of
Carshalton Church; thence they
pass to a flour mill, thence to a
paper mill, and then, from a second
flour and snuff mill, to the grounds
of Shepley House, to unite with the Wag: seucA ne Boloyn's Well
Croydon branch.
The snuff mill, in the occupation of Mr. Ansell, is very picturesque,
and I am enabled to give a graphic view of it (plate 7) from the
pencil of Mrs. Jackson, of Beechwood Lodge, Carshalton.
The River Wandle depends upon springs for its water, and receives
but very little from immediate rainfall. The river may be discoloured
for a short time by heavy rain from road-washings, but the addition
to the water is but small.
The rationale of this phenomenon is interesting, as the rain which
falls upon the porous chalk to the south is immediately absorbed, and is
only given up slowly in the springs. In the hard impermeable chalks
of the south of France and Italy, the rainfall runs off in a desolating
mountain torrent; and when it ceases the water is lost, and the bed
28 MY GARDEN.
of the river is left almost dry. Here with our porous chalk the water
is retained, and is given off during the whole year.
Upon reference to the section of the strata of the London Basin
(plate 4), it will be observed that a layer of impervious clay exists
below the chalk, which comes to. the surface to the south of the chalk
hills on the north of Redhill and Reigate. In consequence of this
clay, the water is not discharged into the valley of the Darenth, but
is compelled to drain away to the north of the chalk. But then,
between my garden and North Mimms in Hertfordshire, it is again
covered with a layer of sands and clays for 100 feet, and over these
again by an impermeable layer of blue clay through which no water
, can rise. The water, therefore, is by compulsion restricted to flow
at the edge of these two sets of clay beds. Hence it rises about my
garden to form the River Wandle, and on the other side the London
Basin it also rises, at Watford to form the River Colne, and elsewhere
to form the River Lea. Between these two sets of springs, north
and south of the London Basin, water can be obtained by sinking
wells through the impermeable strata to the chalk.
Wallington Bridge is 934 feet above mean tide level of the
Thames; and as there are two or three mills above the garden with
a fall of four feet, it follows that the springs of the Wandle are more
than 100 feet above the level of the Thames. A reference to the contour
map, kindly prepared for me under the direction of Sir Henry James
at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton, will show. their height
and the relative position of the surrounding country.
Water flowing from the chalk strata invariably contains chalk or.
carbonate of lime in solution. Chalk by itself is extremely insoluble,
and one part is only soluble in 10,000 parts of water. It is, however,
very soluble in carbonic acid, and the water from the springs has
always carbonic acid by which the chalk is dissolved.
To remove the chalk from the water, Dr. Clark has invented an
ingenious process, thus getting rid of the excess of carbonic acid. This
he effects by adding a small quantity of lime-water sufficient to com-
bine with the excess of carbonic acid, and to form the two into
THE RIVER WANDLE, 29
chalk, which, being insoluble, falls as minute crystals to the bottom ;
and the chalk dissolved falling also with this newly-formed chalk, the
water is freed from this material. This process is followed upon a
large scale at Caterham and other waterworks, whereby hard water
is converted into soft: this is thought by some people to be of great
advantage in a town supply, but I cannot myself fully acknowledge
the value of this chemical process, preferring for many purposes the
water as it flows naturally from the earth.
In all chalk waters some saltpetre or other nitrates are invariably
found. ‘Some chemists consider this compound as a proof of pre-
vious sewage contamination, others consider that the nitrates arise
from nitrogen derived from the atmosphere, but all medical men agree
that the nitrates are unimportant in a sanitary point of view.
Three great chemists, Professor Hoffman, Professor Miller, and Pro-
fessor Graham, recommended that London should seek its water-supply
from the chalk. I/also have laboured in the same direction, and am
chairman of the South Essex Water-works, promoted for that object ;—
but great and trustworthy men, as Professor Frankland and Mr. Bateman,
have continually opposed this view. However, during the past year
a change has come over the opinions of many of its opponents. Dr.
Frankland points out that the best water now supplied to London
comes directly from the chalk, and Professor Tyndall has demonstra-
tively proved, by the electric lamp, that chalk water contains no solid
particles. He has shown that solid particles reflect light, and become
visible, when a ray of light passes through the water, and that all
other water contains an immeasurably greater number of particles
than chalk water flowing from the bowels of the earth.
Professor Odling has kindly made me a carefui analysis of the water
of the River Wandle: first, as it flowed through my garden; secondly,
as it flowed through the Central Brook, which is within 200 yards of
its source; and thirdly, at the Crystal Waterfall, near the spring at
Wallington House, of which the following is the result. He also
3} My son has recently found that the air contains as much nitrogen in combi-
nation as is found in nitrates in chalk water.
30 MY GARDEN.
added the analysis of the water obtained from the old and new wells
at Croydon.
+
ita: | Gee | Geer | coor | aaa
Grains per gallon.
“Total residue . ..... 20°30 20°51 22°75 22°14 21°98
Limetotal . . 2... .. 8°54 8°19 9°44 9°64 9°67 ©
= Carbonate of lime . . 15°34 14°64 16°87 17°21 17°26
Actual carbonate. . . . . | 12°41 12°83 13°00
Magnesia. ac OMA Sua” Sess as Oa Traces. Traces. Traces. o'16 Ors
Chlorine... ..... 1°24 1°36 1°30 1°22 1‘21
= Common salt ... . 2°04 2°24 2°14 2°03 2‘00
Sulphuric acid. . 2... 0°78 0°90 0°98 0°64 0°68
Nitrogen as nitric acid . . . O'217 0°215 0'227 o'021 o'018
Hy ammonia .. . 0°003 0000 0°002"} 0'002 0°003
3 organic matter . 0007 0°007 0008 0004 0°004
Degrees of hardness. . . . 16°'4 16°°5 17°'0 16°°4 16°'8
4, permanent hardness |. 3°'7" 3°55 45 30 3°5
The water from the Wandle flows from the chalk, but when the °
Board of Health was organized at Croydon it required large quantities
of water which would otherwise have passed to the river. The ab-
straction of this water was a matter of complaint by the millowners;
and a litigation ensued which ended in a judgment of the House of
‘Lords in the celebrated case of Chasemore v. Richards. The case
was so important, that I asked Mr. Risdon Bennett, the barrister, to
epitomize it for me, and he prepared the following statement :—
“By the case of Chasemore v. Richards, reported in 7 H. of L.
C. 349, in which the judgment of the Exchequer Chamber was affirmed,
the question of the right to subterranean waters was finally settled,
The facts were as follow. The plaintiff was the occupier of an ancient
mill on the River Wandle, and for more than sixty years before the
commencement of the action he and all the preceding occupiers of
the mill used and enjoyed, as of right, the flow of the river for the
purpose of working their mill. It also appeared that the River Wandle
THE RIVER WANDLE. 31
was and always had been supplied above the plaintiff’s mill, in part
by the water produced by the rainfall on a district many thousand
acres in extent, comprising the town of Croydon and its vicinity.
“The water of the rainfall sinks into the ground to various depths,
and then flows and percolates through the strata to the River Wandle,
part rising to the surface and part finding its way underground in
courses which continually vary. The defendant, who represented the
Local Board of Health of Croydon for the purposes of supplying
the town of Croydon with water and for other sanitary purposes, sank
a well in their own land in the town of Croydon and about a quarter
of a mile from the River Wandle, and pumped up large quantities
of water from their well for the supply of the town of Croydon, and
thereby diverted and abstracted underground water, but underground
water only, that otherwise would have flowed and found its way into
the River Wandle, and so to the plaintiff’s mill, and thereby sensibly
hindered the working of the plaintiff's mill.
“The question. was, could the plaintiff maintain an action for such
diversion and abstraction? The House of Lords, after consulting the
judges, decided not, and held that no right could be acquired to
subterranean water flowing or percolating in indefinite channels, and
that the rules of law applicable to surface waters do not apply to
subterranean streams. This case has been regarded as the leading
authority on questions of subterranean waters, and has been followed
ever since. The reasons for the decision of the House of Lords are well
and ably discussed in Mr. Gale’s work on Easements (Eighth Edition).”
The practical effect of this judgment is to allow any person well
versed in the geological features of a country to rob a river entirely
of its supply of spring water, and there does not appear to me that |
there would be any difficulty in depriving the Wandle of its water,
and making it flow down the valley of the Darenth, as this would be
a mere question of money and engineering skill.
The Wandle has also been the subject of other important litiga-
tion, for the Board of Health of Croydoa carried all the sewage of the
town into the river which passed through Beddington Park to my garden.
32 MY GARDEN.
The effluvium was noxious; the fish died; and foul’mud was de-
posited at the bottom of the river. It became a question whether I
should abandon my garden; but I determined otherwise, and com-
menced an agitation to stop the pollution of rivers. Communications
were made to the Privy Council; a series of bills in Chancery were
filed—nearly simultaneously by three separate landowners; and injunc-
tions were obtained restraining the Board of Health from polluting
the stream. The Croydon Board resisted the law till a committal
was signed to commit the members of the Board to prison. The
ratepayers were involved in great cost; but in the end the law proved
too strong—even for a board of health,—and so I was permitted to
enjoy my garden in peace.
When the law turned the sewage fairly out of the river, it was
placed upon the land; but then the irrigation scheme was so badly
carried out that a pestilential marsh was created, much admired by
snipes, but so little adapted for human beings that fever, especially
scarlet fever, raged throughout the district.
Lately the Croydon Board have carried on their works more
satisfactorily, by using a far greater quantity of land in relation to
the quantity of water; for the real difficulty of dealing with sewage
is the great quantity of water which it contains.
At the present time the sewage is filtered by a cleverly contrived
apparatus (fig. 39), designed by the
engineer to the Board of Works,
Mr. Latham, which separates all the
coarse solid particles, such as bottles,
re ated oh
SONU CTURE
PEE EEN See CONOR NT
Te :
ne
a
part iy a eN///-
stones, bricks, pieces of earthenware,
and leaves aqueous matter alone to
be distributed over the land. Mr.
Latham’s filter is self-acting, and
Ne y/7
et ES
Fic, 39. is perfect in its operation. The
figure shows the great revolving filter through which the water passes,
and also the clever arrangement by which all the solid matters are
carried away by a revolving screw. The motive power of the whole
BANS EE
THE RIVER WANDLE. < 33
is a turbine-wheel worked by the sewage itself. This is an hydraulic
apparatus not much employed in this country, though the celebrated
paper-mill at which the paper for the Bank of England notes is made
has been worked for years by a turbine.
It is probable that ultimately Croydon will be compelled to dis-
tribute the sewage over higher grounds, where the subsoil is more
porous, as the effluvium is now sometimes offensive.
The effect of land in absorbing the bad parts of sewage is very
remarkable. Professor Q@dling investigated the action on the Bed-
dington sewage grounds in November 1867. The sewage, amounting to
3,274,300 gallons, had been distributed over 30 acres of land for two
days. Professor Odling analysed samples of the affluent water taken
every quarter of an hour, of which.the following is a summary :—
Analysis of Sewage of Croydon, Nov. 24, 1867.
AFTER Puriri- | AFTER SUBSIDENCE,
Inncavon, | \TO THE LAND.
Grains per gallon.
Total solid residue. . . . ..... 26°180 25 °830
Mineral matter . . : se ohantyin Lan ye 25°025 24.°500
Volatile matter... 2... . Pa £7155 1°330
Chloride of sodium ........ 3°400 3°265
Prnvrin@eita gn ig. eR 8) as Gas ae ae 0'042 0'896"
Nitrogen asammonia. ....... 0°032 0°737
OXIdES: a ae oe Ge a 07419 ; o"coo
Organic matter . . 2... sss O'144 . O'F415
The River Wandle is not immediately affected even by heavy rain-
falls ; nevertheless, it has occasional risings. "In the year 1866 one of
my family returned from Wallington, saying that I should be much
astonished when I visited the garden, as indeed I was. Instead
of the usual peaceful flow of water: in the river, the rush was
largely increased ; the retaining walls of the backwater were under-
mined, and the earth was rapidly being washed away: so what was
the matter? “The Bourne was down.”
D
34 WY’ GARDEN.
The retaining walls were protected by fixing common hurdles
before them to break the power of the water. The gardener had
another: difficulty to contend with; for the greenhouse fires had been
put out by the water .rising in the ground and flowing into the fire-
place. I directed a man to visit the mill below us to tell them the
predicament we were in, and ask if. they would kindly draw their °
sluice-gates, The messenger, however, quickly returned, stating that
the sluice-gates were drawn to their utmost by night and by day.
It was manifest that something special had’ to be done to meet the
emergency, or all my plants would be lost. I immediately ordered the
pavement to be picked up, and a hole to be sunk near the fireplace
three or four feet below the level of the fire, and I ordered this to be
pumped dry several times a day. It was pointed out to the gardener
that the Bourne would not long be down, and that a little patience and
trouble would save our plants. The scheme was fully carried out.
the plants were preserved ; the hole was filled up; and we have had °
no repetition of the event up to this date.
Whenever water rises in a stratum in which fireplaces are fixed—
and it once occurred at the great Palm-house at Kew—we have only to
repeat this plan. It is a mere question of pumping power, to pump
away the water more quickly than it flows; a plan which is often
practised by our great engineers on a large scale. .
After protecting ourselves against the ravages of the Bourne, I
proceeded with Professor Attfield and Mr. Edward Easton to inves-
tigate the cause of the disaster. The Bourne rises amongst the Surrey
hills now and then, runs for a time, and again disappears for years,
It ran in the year 1854, and did not run again till the year 1866.
It rises at the top of the Caterham valley, and runs along its
whole length through corn-fields, where the very bed of the
stream is for years ploughed up and planted with corn. It then
runs through a channel which is made for it, and passes through
Croydon, and used to empty itself by a culvert close to Croydon
Old Church. I have a suspicion that it has been diverted from that
culvert to the general sewage system ; but if this be so, it is an
THE RIVER WANDLE. 35
engineering mistake to embarrass the irrigation system with this great
volume of water, which ought naturally to flow to the river.
We made a survey of the course of the river. In the Brighton
high-road, houses which would usually have been selected from
their dry situation by rheumatic gentlemen, had one or two feet of
clear bright water in their parlours, and their gardens were converted
‘into ponds. Proceeding up the Caterham valley, it was entirely
changed in character, being converted into a series of lakes. As an
unintentional caricature, notice boards appeared in the water itself,
announcing ‘that “this eligible land” was to be let for building, and
scaffold boards of commencing houses appeared. This water was ex-
isting as large ponds in situations where at this moment no water can’
be found within a hundred or more feet of the surface. Following:
‘the course of the Bourne, we at length came to a field where the water
oozed out of the grass, and this was literally the top of the river.
From our investigations it appeared to us that the Bourne arose
from a supersaturation of the chalk strata to a level: much higher’
than ordinary. The porous chalk acted as a sponge, and gave out
its water when over-saturated. It is a well-known fact that the
Bourne always rises when the rainfall exceeds a certain quantity
in a given time. Other theories have been started, such as under-
ground caverns or syphons; but they are mere fanciful creations, and
are not required for the explanation of the phenomenon.
Near Brighton, at Patcham, a similar river to the Bourne
occasionally rises, which runs down the London road by Preston, and
empties itself into the sea near the Chain Pier. This river assumed in
the autumn of 1852 very considerable dimensions. I am informed that
another similar intermittent river runs down the Lewes road ; but this
I have not myself seen.
When the Bourne rises, it is usually followed by pestilence, at
In 1852 a serious epidemic of fever occurred, possibly from
e ordinary water-level, and disturbance of the
Croydon.
an interference with th
level of the cesspools which abounded before the Board of Health
commenced their works.
36 MY GARDEN.
The drift bed, extending from Croydon to my garden, shows that at
a former period of the earth’s history a great volume of water passed
down the Wandle; and Mr. Tylor supposes there was a pluvial period
when not less than 300 inches of rain fell per annum, which washed the
flints from the chalk and carried them down the ancient river to form
this bed, which is a mile wide at Beddington Park.
The Wandle, taken as a whole, is the perfection of a river; its water
is as bright as crystal, and is purity itself. It does not overflow with
rain, nor is it deficient in.dry weather. It does not freeze in winter,
nor does it become very hot in summer. It has existed through all
historic times ; and as long as the chalk retains its porosity, and is pro-
tected by a bed of clay underneath and a bed of blue clay on that
portion of its upper surface which is most depressed, and as long as
rain falls upon the more elevated portion, so long will the water
continue to ooze from the earth by day and by night, by summer
and by winter, and to run its course as the River Wandle, and it
may thus exclaim in the words of the poet—
“Men may come and men may go; but I go on for ever.”
TENNYSON,
Vign. VI.—Interior of Beddington Hall.
Vign. VITI.—King’s Head Inn, Mitcham.
CHAPTER III,
GENERAL PLAN OF MY GARDEN.
“Hoc erat in votis; modus agri non ita magnus,
Hortus ubi, e tecto vicinus jugis aquz fons,
Et paulum silvz super his foret.,—-HORACE, Satira vi.
T is a common notion that gardens should be laid out for one
| general effect; but the result of such a plan is to produce a single
view, and the whole can be seen at a glance. This is, however, mono-
tonous, and my liking is to have many pictures; so that my visitors
have to walk a long way before they can see the many beautiful
views which my garden affords; and little spots of cultivated wildness,
or of special cultivation, are found where they are least expected.
In all my designs, I have tried to suggest to the mind that it
must be so; and even when my arrangements are most artificial,—
as when a walk doubles upon itself,—it looks that the arrangement
has been made because no-other plan was really practicable; and
when this idea is carried out, the garden looks natural. .
. Throughout my garden my vegetables, flowers, and fruit-trees are
blended together in one harmonious whole: a plot of carrots and a
row of flowering peas are beautiful objects in themselves, and hence
plots of vegetals and fruit-trees alternate with rosaries, ferneries
alpineries, and flower-beds.
Flower-beds in front of buildings are arranged as parallelograms
and then the whole looks harmonious. My Croquet-ground is a
parallelogram, because, as the hoops of the game are placed geo-
Plate 18.
| i
i
:
GENERAL PLAN OF THE GARDEN. 39
gate near Wallington Bridge, we pass parallel to the vinery by a
straight walk, which leads to the backwater, where the features of my
garden begin. On the right is a rustic view towards Wallington
Bridge, on the left is the fern glade, with its stream, banks of ferns,
and beautiful sward, whilst a bridge enables us to pass over to the back-
water (plates 18 and 20) and ‘gain the border of the lake.
At the top of the fern glade, we suddenly come upon the Fern
Glen, a spot full of artificial contrivances, formed in a useless corner,
where the gardeners delighted to put rubbish, and where stinging-
nettles grew luxuriantly six feet high. It is so hidden that many walk
round the garden without finding it.
The fern glen (fig. 40) is traversed by a larger brook, into which
flow one little brook which runs through the fernery, and another
which enters it from an opposite direction; it is crossed by steppinz-
1
Fic. 4o.—Fern Glen.
stones; and a path in ever-varying curves, and at an ever-varying
level, passes through the glen, emerging over the little brook by other
stepping-stones, in a rosary by the side of the lake.
Under a large willow is arranged a bower for shade from the
mid-day sun, where nightingales, sedge-warblers, and wrens delight to
dwell, and the babbling brook ‘runs every hour of the day, and all
the year round, making music of its own to soothe the nervous system
do MY GARDEN.
after the excitement of an overgrown city. The lower branches ot
the willow-tree are turned down, and over them are trained roses,
honeysuckle, and clematis, to cover the bower.
“ Quite overcanopied with lush woodbine,
With sweet musk-roses and with eglantine.”—-SHAKSPEARE.
It is not possible for the writer to describe the fern glen by words,
nor is it possible for the artist to delineate it with his pencil. It
has been designed to embarrass the eye and bewilder the mind;
and so well has it fulfilled this end, that visitors have observed that
it was a spot to be pictured by a fanciful imagination in their dreams,
but not actually to exist in the reality of nature. It forms many
pictures in various directions from the same spot, and Mr. Robertson
has made one representation looking towards the bower. (plate 8),
and a second from the stepping-stones, at the end of the glen, looking
backwards through a shady vista to its centre (plate 9), which is so
contrived that it is lit up by the sun:
“Sunshine in a shady place.”—-SPENSER.
The brook falls: into the backwater below the overfall, and trout
delight to visit it, and when disturbed to rush back to a place of
-shelter under the overfall. They may be watched for hours selecting
their food as it passes by. The stones of the brooks are covered with
insects, diatomes, and freshwater limpets. It truly may be said
that :
“He makes sweet music with the enamell’d stones,
Giving a gentle kiss to every sedge
He overtaketh in his pilgrimage,
And so by many winding nooks he strays
With willing sport to the wild ocean.”—SHAKSPEARE.
The land, as well as-the water of my fern glen, is well furnished.
As we enter it we see gigantic osmundas rearing their stiff and majestic
forms; enormous lady ferns gracefully showing their flowering feathery
forms, with the noble broad ferns expanding their curved fronds to
view. Every stump glistens with the golden-spored common poly-
_ pody, and’near every stone the triangular oak fern shows its fronds.
Cs
&
g
S
a
GENERAL PLAN OF THE GARDEN. 4I
Turning round, another view discloses alpine polypody, marsh fern,
beech fern, and oak fern. Cystopteris grows luxuriantly. The beau-
tiful A. Trichomanes and Adiantum nigrum are healthy, but to the
observing eye only do the Woodsias, the filmy ferns, and the Kil-
larney fern appear.
In one part I have attempted a mossery, and literally:
“ Here are cool mosses deep,
And through the moss the ivies creep,
And in the stream the long-leaved flowers weep,
And from the craggy ledge the poppy hangs in sleep."—TENNYSON.
The grass of Parnassus abundantly lends its aid to decorate so
lovely a spot, mosses of many kinds appear, and the Northern cloud-
berry and Rubus arcticus grace the scene with their presence. American
adiantums flourish, and a small pond shows the frog-bit, the water soldier,
and other aquatic plants. On emerging from the glen we have to
traverse little tiny mountains, such as children might make as toys,
but then they are lit up with the Alpine snapdragon, the lovely gentian,
primulas, and other Alpine plants, with sempervivums at the apices of
the stones, and many terrestrial orchids at their base. Here the “lily
of the field” expands its beautiful flowers in autumn with such effect
that “Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.”
A cranberry plantation is arranged on the slopes towards the stream,
so that the mind is led from this weak horticultural sham to the real
glorious natural scenery of Zermatt and the high Alps, where such
plants delight to grow.
We pass from the glen, and wonder how in so small a space and
short a time our minds could have been so bewildered by .so many
objects beautiful and curious to the eye, and by so many sounds
pleasing to the ear. We ‘then pass through a rosary to the borders
of the lake. Around this a walk is made, broken however at inter-
vals by trees to prevent a monotonous effect. This walk, running by
the border of the lake, presents a continual but ever-varied curve,
and leads on the east to the orchard-house. Along this walk, six feet
apart, splendid specimens of rose bushes are planted two feet from
42 MY GARDEN.
the path. In front of these there is a flower border full of pinks,
picotees, snapdragons, pentstemons, and behind the roses vegetables
and strawberries are grown.
By a little skilful planting and a turn in the walk, we come sud-
denly upon the orchard-house and Poor Man’s house, and also upon
the willow bower by the water, whereby a totally different scene is
presented to the eye (plate 22). Here we are perplexed by many
paths: one leads to the orchard-house, another path to the Poor
Man’s house, a third to the pear-tree walk, the fourth or apple-tree
* walk passes to the croquet-ground, and the original walk itself is con-
tinued. by the lake to the apparent boundary of the ground. Ouzr
eyes are again deceived, for, by a short turn, we find ourselves in a
little picturesque garden with a pretty summer-house covered in front
with roses, with a bower on a mound, and the entrance into the indoor
fernery, which is reached by a sunken walk. The view into Bed-
dington Park, from the door of the fernery (vign. xxi.), is very charming,
especially in winter, when the snow-covered trees and grass form a
striking contrast with the perpetual spring of the fernery, which is
figured in the winter scene at the end of the book. I have seen visitors
quite startled when they have come unexpectedly upon this garden.
From the summer-house garden we walk down the -pear-tree walk,
and glance at my two hundred kinds of pears on one side. Peep-
ing over the palings into Beddington Park, which offers pretty wood-
like scenéry with herds of cattle feeding on the herbage, we arrive at
the Valley of Ferns (plate 10). Really this valley so differs from any
other scene in the garden that its effect is striking. It is like a visit
to a. new: country. Through its: centre runs a pellucid, sparkling,
and bright stream, never freezing. in winter and deliciously cool in
summer :
“ That for itself a cooling covert makes
*Gainst the hot season.”—KEATS.
On each side of its banks our English and North American ferns
grow, encircled but not overshadowed by trees, as fine as they do in
their natural habitats. At the extreme end of the valley of ferns is
Ie.
Plate
GENERAL PLAN OF THE GARDEN. 43
a bower which commands the pear-tree walk (plate 1), the valley of
ferns with its brook, and a most charming view of Beddington Park.
“Here can I sit alone, unsecn of any,
And, to the nightingale’s complaining notes,
Tune my distresses, and record my woes.”’—SHAKSPEARE.
Adjoining the valley of ferns we have a miniature forest of ferns,
where large tree ferns are planted out in summer with good effect;
and thence crossing the brook by a stepping-stone, we arrive at our
outdoor exotic fernery. This is protected by stumps of trees, and is
so planted around that the force of cold winds is broken. Here
species of adiantums flourish, and stand severe winters. Here the
grand Lomaria chilensis shows its noble stiff foliage, so unlike that
of other ferns. Here the Woodwardia orientalis and W. radicans live
but do not thrive. Here the Cystopteris bulbifera grows like a weed,
and seems to emulate the Prussians by taking to itself the ground
Fic. 41.—Alpinery.
which should belong to its neighbour. The water ferns come next,
‘then the wall ferns, where Asplenium germanicum and Ceterach grow
as though they were at home; and then we examine the cave where
polypody covers the top, and scolopendium and other shade-loving
ferns live in the interior.
The Saxifrage garden next comes to view, disclosing on the oppo-
site bank the Sempervivum garden and Sedum garden, when we
arrive at the Alpinery (fig. 41). This is a mound raised at one part, sunk
at a second, and sloping to the water's edge at a third, so as to
44 MY GARDEN.
give each plant the position it loves. There are probably not less
than three or four hundred species of plants. There is scarce a
season in which some are not in flower, and mostly this mound is
laden with flowers of the choicest and loveliest description. Here
the flowers of the Alps luxuriate by the side of the flowers of the
Pyrenees; here the lovely anemones of Rome grow side by side
with the wild crocus of Switzerland; and here many a little gem which
is heedlessly passed by rustics as an inglorious weed, is cultivated,
and becomes a reminiscence of bygone visits to other places.
After examining the alpinery we look at the water-cress bed, where
this universally appreciated esculent grows in great perfection in pure
water; we look at our terrestrial orchids and violet garden, and come
| upon the Croquet-ground (plate 11). Our croquet-
ground has been selectéd for the partial shade which
noble elms afford from the sun in the afternoon, a
“time at which the game is usually played. The
croquet-ground itself is an oblong with rounded
corners. The scene from it, when either the roses.
or the phloxes are in blossom, is most delightful ;
and near it we have a rustic building (plate 12)
covered with thatch, used for refreshment when my friends favour
the garden by their presence.
By the side of the alpinery we have a picturesque bridge with
a specimen of Arundo donax, and fine examples of the English reed
(plate 13), and in the background abundance of foxgloves.
“ Foxglove and nightshade side by side—
Emblems of punishment and pride.”—Scort.
We return by the apple-tree walk to examine our system of cold
frames, where much of the horticultural work is performed; we return
by the border of the lake, which commands a view of the paper-
mill (plate 14) in the occupation of Mr. Manico; we then observe
the fish ladder and the eel trap, and cross the bottom of the lake by
a bridge to the mill tail (plate 15), where a totally different scene
presents itself to the eye. The water of the river coming from the
Plata «+
Plate 11.
Plate 12.
i:
|
rd
|
}
A
Plate 13.
Plate 15.
Plate 16.
healt
By
yin
ti
me
Plate 17.
GENERAL PLAN OF THE GARDEN. 45
mill partakes of the character of a rapid, and here the water rising
in the grounds of Wallington House flows into the river by the
Crystal Waterfall (fig. 42). The water falls over an edge of moss-grown
slate, looking more like a sheet of glass than of water. This peculiar
effect is due to the presence of chalk dissolved in carbonic acid,
and to the total absence of any solid particles, as is usual in chalk
waters coming from the depths of the earth. After travelling on
Fic. 42.—Tbe Crystal Waterfall.
the Continent I return to this little crystal waterfall as unrivalled for
its particular qualities. It is unfortunately at the boundary of my
garden, or I should embellish it with surroundings worthy of its
special loveliness.
Returning, we have fine views of the noble trees in the grounds
of Wallington House, which are as large as any in Europe. We
have a pleasant view of the garden from the south bank (plate 16),
and at the top of the lake a charming scene in the Park (plate 17)
“is presented to the eye, which, however, the ravages of the desolating
builder have of late years much impaired by altering the course of
the river. .
When I desire to make a design, I obtain the dimensions of the
ground over which my operations are to extend. A piece of actuarial
paper is then taken, which has faint blue cross lines ruled one-tenth
of an inch apart. Upon this paper my sketch is made over and over
46 MY GARDEN.
again till I am satisfied, when the design is carried out by the
gardener under my directions.
My garden presents a great variety of scenery compared with its
limited extent: two spots separated by a few feet present views which
differ widely. The true principle in the construction of a garden is
to obtain the utmost possible effect, by taking advantage of the leading
features of the landscape and the most striking natural objects. To
produce changing picturés much thought must be bestowed, but every-
one having an eye for the beautiful may utilize these points, and design
in his mind scenes which he can carry out with his hand, and ever
afterwards enjoy the contemplation of them.
“But, ere we stir the yet unbroken ground,
The various course of seasons must be found ;
The weather, and the setting of the winds,
The culture suiting to the several kinds
OF seeds and plants, and what will thrive and rise,
And what the genius of the soil denies.”—DRYDEN’S Georgics,
Vign. 1X,—Carshalton Church,
Vign, X.—View near Croydon.
CUAPTER TY,
PRINCIPLES OF GARDENING.
“Quare agite 0, proprios generatim discite cultus,
Agricolz, fructusque feros mollite colendo ;
Neu segnes jaceant terree.”—VIRGIL,
HERE are certain physiological principles which must be kept in
T mind by every gardener who desires to practise his art with
success. The plants which he cultivates are built up of cells, and each
plant is developed from a pre-existing cell or series of cells; and hence
it is not within the range of human power to make a plant from any
primary elements, and even did we know perfectly the elementary
substances of which a plant is composed, no person could put them
together to make a plant.
| Some persons do indeed believe that, under favourable circum-
stances, a plant may be formed of inorganic matter, but their belief
is founded upon unexplained phenomena connected with the lower class
of plants, and their speculafions rather partake of fancy than of fact.
Throughout the whole range of cultivated plants there is a unity of
design, a unity of obedience to ‘certain fixed laws, which has led some
minds to think that there is but one plant, which time and circum-
stances have modified into many varieties now separated as species.
Gardeners know as a fact that every plant is subject to variation
within certain limits; hence the origin of florist’s flowers. There are
more than a thousand varieties of camellias, a thousand varieties of
48 MY GARDEN.
pears and perhaps more of apples, and there are innumerable varieties
of all the kinds of plants which the gardener cultivates in his flower-
garden. Nevertheless, we cannot change one plant into another
though in practice it is sometimes extremely difficult to tell whether
a plant is a variety or a species. Good botanists differ widely on
this point in particular instances, some having a tendency to multiply
species, others to restrict them. Every seedling plant has an indi-
viduality of its own, as every human being presents some points of
difference, and the gardener selects. those which best suit his particular
purpose. If one plant cannot be changed, and never has been changed,
into another, then it follows that each species has at some time in
‘the world’s history been specifically created. I myself believe, and
most naturalists believe, that each species has been specifically created ;
but it is as easy to conceive that one organic structure should have
been in the beginning created, which had the power under certain
changed external circumstances of being developed into the tens of
thousands of plants which live over the whole surface of the globe.
Every plant is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in
combination, water as water, and certain mineral matters which are
interspersed throughout the entire structure of the plant. The carbon
is obtained from the carbonic’ acid which exists invariably in the
atmosphere; the compounds of nitrogen are derived from aqueous
solutions of ammonia or nitrates; and the earthy salts are also ab-
sorbed from solutions of matters contained in the ground.
The plant, to assimilate these matters to itself, must be acted
upon by the. physical forces of heat and light, in an atmosphere
having a proper quantity of water. No gafdener can succeed without
attending to all these points, as every species requires its own par-
ticular treatment.
All plants reduce’ their carbon compounds, as the woody fibre,
starch, gum, and sugar, by means of their leaves, from the air, and
derive the nitrogenized principles, as their, albumen, together with the
water and earthy salts, by means of their roots, from the ground. The
leaves, to perform properly their functions, require moisture in the
49
PRINCIPLES OF GARDENING.
atmosphere ; and the roots must be in contact with soil in a particular
physical condition. Some plants, as orchids and ferns, must be kept in
a moist atmosphere ; others, as cacti, like a drier condition. Some plants,
as vines, like a moist atmosphere whilst they are growing, and a drier
atmosphere whilst they are fruiting ; and in my garden there are many
contrivances for supplying water to the air of the glass-houses,
The amount of woody fibre, which may be reduced by leaves
from the carbonic acid of the atmosphere, has been determined by
Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert to’ be about 4,000 lbs. in weight in a
single year; and Professor Odling has computed the air over one
acre of land to contain 20,000 lbs. of carbon in a state of com-
bination as carbonic acid, which is present to the extent of about 24
per cent. ‘
The roots of a plant must have their own proper position.
The orchids or air-plants have their roots in the air, or merely
covered with moss. Some plants like peaty soil; others, as peach-
trees, require the closest loam. Fruit-trees in pots will not succeed
unless the soil is rammed with a mallet to make it close. The
Rumex aquaticus flourishes with its roots under water, whereas most
trees, and numerous plants, would perish if their roots were under
such conditions. The surface of a pot is favourable for the roots of
many plants; as they derive air, moisture,—and probably earthy salts,
—in such a situation. Brick rubbish is a very suitable material
for the roots of a great multitude of plants.
The three principal soils used in my garden are top spit loam from
commons, coarse sand, and fibrous peat,—which is entirely a vegetable
product. In these materials, alone or mixed together, the greater
number of all plants may be grown. At Florence I learnt that rotten
wood took the place ef peat for camellias and azaleas, and on trial
in this country I found it to succeed perfectly.
The supply of water to plants is necessary for vegetation. It is
mainly supplied by the root ; and for every grain of solid constituents
added to a plant it is found, by experiment, that about 250 grains of
water must pass through it. It is fatal to many plants to move
E
50 MY GARDEN.
them suddenly from a moist to a dry atmosphere, as the leaves
cannot adapt themselves at once to the changed conditions.
The fate of many plants depends upon the amount of water sup-
plied to the root. The health of an Erica cannot be maintained,
except by the most careful watering; many plants are killed by
being kept too dry or too wet, and the skill of a gardener is nowhere
more shown than in his capacity for successful watering?
Plants will not, however, live with air and water alone. They
must be supplied with nitrogenized compounds and mineral ingredients,
particularly phosphates and salts of potash. The quantity of potash
in the ashes of plants is large, but varying with each plant. In fir
it is about half a part per thousand; in elm it is 4, in vine-shoots
it ‘is 54, in fern it is 64, in bean-stalks it is 20, in wheat-straw it is
47, and in fumitory it is 79 parts in a thousand. In wine the potash
is frequently deposited as creami of tartar on the sides of the bottle.
Curiously enough, in sea-plants or plants growing near the sea, soda
takes the place of potash; and hence it is usual to salt asparagus and
sea-kale beds,—both of which plants grow near the sea.
Many plants contain silex, as the sugar cane, and various grass
stems ; and all plants of necessity require phosphates for their growth.
Some chemists suppose that most earths contain an ample supply. of
the chief mineral ingredients required for plants. This, no doubt, is
the case when top spit loam is used; otherwise the soil probably be-
comes at times exhausted gf its mineral constituents. It is a lament-
able fact that we have not yet sufficient knowledge of the exact mineral
constituents of the various species of plants, much less of the exact
quantity of salts which ought to be added to the soil.
It is curious that, although clay is so useful for the growth of
most plants, there is no instance of an organic body having aluminium
in its composition ; but clay performs an important part in retaining
various substances used by plants for food.
In the absence of more exact knowledge, the best mode of sup-
plying the necessary food to plants is to use the excreta of animals,
This contains all the changed matters of plants on which they have
PRINCIPLES OF GARDENING. 51
ted; and we thus return to the soil the mineral constituents which
the plants haye taken away, and the earth regains: that which has
been lost. -
We have employed the ashes of the burnt cuttings of trees over
our vine borders with good success: we have also used dissolved
bones for the same purpose. We have used ivory dust in large quan-
tities, beneficially. But care must be taken in buying bones, as I
once had some which killed every root which touched them, and
which had probably been mixed with noxious chemicals. Lime,
chalk, and brick rubbish have ever been found useful ingredients ;
and brick rubbish is one of the most valuable materials which can
be used,—as the delicate Alpine plant, the rapid-growing vine, and
the largest fruit-tree all delight to grow in it.
Nitrogenized matter must also be added to the soil. My garden
is naturally so poor that it will not return the seed sown, without
manure containing nitrogenized matter. Nitrogen, to a small extent,
may be obtained from the air; though, unquestionably, the plant
derives the greater part, if not the entire amount of its nitrogen from
the soil. It may be derived from ammonia, a compound of nitrogen
and hydrogen, and its salts; it may be derived from nitrates, com-
pounds of nitrogen and oxygen; and lastly, it may be obtained by
the direct absorption of nitrogenized animal or vegetable matter,
Vegetals are competent to take nitrogen directly from decom-
posing animal matter, which may be known by watering them with a
solution of putrid matter. I have known asparagus to be so watered,
but nothing could be more offensive than the. vegetal when placed
on the table. The cabbage tribe, which are gross feeders, are ‘also
offensive, and perhaps sometimes dangerous after having been so
treated. For this reason at my garden all putrid manures are strictly
forbidden ; and stable dung, in an ammoniacal state, exclusively used.
This is the best manure for a garden, and yields the finest flavoured
vegetals. As of necessity our garden is compelled to yield large
produce, so it is requisite to supply the ground with large quantities.
cf manure.
E 2
52 MY GARDEN.
Pi
Guano contains much ammonia with phosphates, as it is the drop-
pings of sea-birds, which have accumulated on barren rocks for ages.
We only employ it to a small extent, and then chiefly when we
desire large onions. Guano is injurious to strawberries, causing the
plants to run to leaf; and on the whole it had better be discarded
from the garden, in favour of good stable manure.
I have employed , woollen materials. When laid upon the surface
of a pot, containing a fruit-tree, it keeps the earth moist. After a
little time the roots form in it, and the whole becomes one tangled
mass of rootlets. The wool rots, and the roots then become exposed,
and are in the end destroyed by frost or drought.
When I saw this extraordinary result I forbade its use, but under
certain precautions no doubt it may occasionally be profitably
employed.
‘ There appears to be an exception with respect to epiphytic plants,
or plants without roots, which live on other plants. Take for example
the dodder, which lives on clover and heath plants. These plants,
however, twist round other plants, and hug them so closely, that the
cells of one species come in direct contact with the cells of another.
By this absolute contact of cells the salts are able to pass from one
plant to the other, according to Graham’s law of Dialysis. Professor
Graham worked out the law of Dialysis, and separated all bodies
into colloids and crystalloids.. The first—such as gum and starch—do
not readily pass through animal membranes. The second, or crystal-
loids—such as alkaline salts—pass through a layer of membrane imper-
vious to water, as though it had no existence.
By this means a rapidly growing epiphytic plant encircles with its
fatal embrace another plant, and pumps out by dialysis all its salts.
The close manner in which the epiphyte attaches itself is well seen
in a very curious plant brought from Chili by the missionaries, called
Cuscuta refiexa, which lives upon the ivy and many of our green-
house plants. A fine specimen was given to me by my friend Mr.
Terry, and it is most interesting to see how firmly it attaches itself
to the leaves and stems of other plants.
PRINCIPLES OF GARDENING. 53
These considerations must influence our minds in the growth of
orchidaceous plants, which grow in their native woods on living plants ;
and it has been a question with me, whether in our green-houses they
are supplied with their requisite earthy salts; the whole matter requires
to be experimentally worked out with care.
Notwithstanding our plants may have every material requisite
for their nutrition and growth, yet they must be under the influence
of physical forces. Every plant requires a definite degree of heat.
One plant requires for its successful cultivation a heat little short of
go” Fahr., which we can obtain artificially ; another plant lives at
the tops of the snow-clad mountains, where it freezes every night
in the year. Heat we can generate, cold we cannot regulate—or
rather we never have regulated it as yet, though we could as easily
circulate cold water as hot in our pipes. The learned Professor of
Botany at Florence told me, that he found it impossible to grow
Alpine plants in that city.
The changes which take place in the interior of plants are caused by
the action of light, which enables them to reduce the carbon products,—
such as gum, starch, and woody fibre,—from the carbonic acid of the
atmosphere. The regulation of the amount of light to various plants,
requires judgment and skill. Hard-wooded plants, as the peach and
nectarine, require the fullest exposure to light; and I do not like my
vines to have any shade. Some delicate plants like shade in the
hottest part of the day. This is accomplished, in this country, by a
light woven material to cover the glass; but at Paris by thin wooden
laths painted green and fastened together by wire, so that the whole
can be rolled up and taken away in autumn, when the intensity of
the light begins to be feeble. Sometimes we wash over the glass
with a pale blue tint to modify the warmer rays. In my garden all
materials for shading are avoided as much as possible, but plants
which do not bear a strong light are placed in a north aspect, exposed
to the light of the sky, but not to the direct rays of the sun,
Experiment and experience has taught me to use more light
even for ferns than has hitherto been considered beneficial, but then
$4 MY GARDEN.
the plants must be educated gradually to bear it. I have learnt a
lesson from observing lady-ferns growing in the full blaze of the
sun, and ceterach flourishing on Mount Vesuvius, and on the bare
rocks of the Apennines near Florence, under conditions which would
have led me to suspect that they would have been killed.
Light particularly develops the chlorophyl, or greea colouring
matter; and without light, vegetables are etiolated or made white.
Some culinary vegetables are only used in this white state, such as
sea-kale, celery, and endive, which are scarcely eatable when green,
from the powerful flavours they contain.
For the full perfection of all fruit, the fullest exposure to the rays
of the sun is necessary, and heat alone without light will not answer
the purpose. A ‘pear, peach, nectarine, or strawberry is worthless
unless grown under the action of light.
The solar light is constituted of various rays. The violet or
chemical rays, and the red or heat rays, are the two important rays for
the horticulturist. Out of doors the preponderance of one ray over
another is ever varying, as photographers well know; but, when we
interpose glass between the plant and the sun, we find it desirable
to choose glass with a slight green tint, as it is better that chemical
rays should fall upon the leaves of the plant, rather than heat rays.
It is natural to expect that the influence of electricity or mag-
netism on plants should be considerable. My experiments have been
negative upon this point, and we may say that nothing is definitely
known up to this time, though it is possible, and even probable, that
a plant placed under electric tension may have its power of leaf
evaporation increased.
Plants supplied with the necessary materials for growth, and placed
in a suitable temperature, and exposed to a proper amount of light,
do not grow continually. They grow, they rest; they grow, and rest
again. Rest is as necessary for plants as sleep is for man; but rest
does not mean stagnation, as changes are doubtless still taking place
in the internal economy of the plant necessary to its future welfare:
but however that may be, no gardener can be successful who does
PRINCIPLES OF GARDENING. 55
not know how and when to rest his plants. In tropical countries
plants rest by the drought which alternates with wet. All plants
require a season of rest, and it is probable that want of success in
their culture more frequently results from ignorance of this fact, and
of the peculiarity of their growth, than from any other causes.
In the cultivation of plants, we have different objects to cbtain.
We desire our lettuces and salad plants to be succulent and crisp,
and therefore we grow them as quickly as possible, to prevent the
development of woody fibre, which would cause them to be stringy.
Our forest trees we grow for woody fibre or timber; our potatoes
we grow principally for the starch they contain, and hence they must
be fully exposed to light; our flowering plants are cultivated for
blossom, which is obtained by affording the plant ample rest; but
the highest aim of the horticulturist is to obtain fruit of fine colour,
substance, form, and flavour, and this can only be accomplished after
the blossom is set by a skilful adaptation of light, heat, moisture,
and nourishment.
“T’ll take the showers as they fall,
I will not vex my bosom;
Enough, if at the end of all,
A little garden blossom.”—TENNYSON.
Vign. XT—Scene on the Wandle, near Mitcham.
Vign. X1I.—Wandle, near Beddington Corner.
CHAPTER V.
MY GARDEN TOOLS.
“Tum ferri rigor, atque argutae lamina serre ;
Nam primi cuneis scindebant fissile lignum :
Tum variz venere artes; labor omnia vicit
Improbus et duris urgens in rebus egestas.”—VIRGIL, Georgicon.
SKILLED gardener will do more with bad tools than an unskilled
A one with good tools ; nevertheless, it is desirable that the garden
should be supplied with the best mechanical appliances. In the division
of labour which now exists we are required rather to select tools than
to devise them; and the manufacturers of Sheffield tax their ingenuity
to invent, and their skill to construct, such as shall be serviceable to
the gardener and tempt him to buy.
Upon the question of tools, I have consulted Messrs. Spears and
Jackson of Sheffield, who advocate the employment of steel for the
construction of tools instead of weldings of steel and iron, as com-
monly used, because they say that flaws will sometimes occur in the
union of steel and iron, and the steel has to be decarbonized to a
certain amount to render it capable of being thoroughly blended with
the iron. Most of the tools in my garden are made entirely of steel,
and have been procured at their manufactory.
The one all-important garden tool is the spade (fig. 43). It should
be strongly made of steel, and so firmly fixed in the handle that it
shall not readily break. Some persons use spades made of steel and
iron, with the intention that the iron may wear and the steel remain,
GARDEN TOOLS. 57
so that a cutting edge may be always maintained. This device has
the merit of copying nature, as the rat’s tooth is constructed of bone
of two degrees of hardness, by which arrangement, as one part wears
more rapidly than the other, a sharp cutting edge always exists.
It is curious that most South Europeans use a spade with a long
handle, very dissimilar from our pattern. They get through a great
‘
ei
|
Fic. 43. Fic. 48.
deal of work with these long spades by using their hands alone, but,
as far as I know, this spade is never employed in this country.
There is a useful modification of a spade used for laying drain
pipes which we employ (fig. 44). Another tool is used for cutting
the edges of grass (fig. 45): for cutting off suckers, or digging out
long-rooted weeds we-have recourse to the spud (fig. 46), and, as a
companion to the spade, the shovel (fig. 47) is useful for the removal
of earth loosened by the spade or pickaxe.
For digging, the steel four-pronged digging fork (fig. 48) is also
used, and smaller forks (fig. 49)
are of great value to loosen the
earth in our flower borders; in fact
no other instrument should ever
be used for that purpose.
For gravelly soil we employ
the pickaxe (fig. 50), an instrument
pointed at one end and sharpened Fic. 49.
at the other, to cut roots. We also frequently use the mattock
58 MY GARDEN.
which is like a-pickaxe, but has a flattened transverse cutting edge
at one end, and at the other an edge set in the opposite direction,
and this is an instrument of great utility where large and strong
roots abound. We also frequently have to use a heavy pointed iron
bar for making holes in which it is desirable to insert stakes.
The hoe (fig. 51) is employed to destroy weeds and to let the air
and dews into the ground. The amount of crop very much depends
upon whether the hoe is hung up in thé shed or ‘employed on the
garden. It pays well to wear out the hoe by fair use. An instru-
ment called the Dutch hoe (fig. §2) is valuable in hot weather when
Fic. 53.
Fic. 52.
weeds grow fast, as a Jabourer can run it over the whole garden
in a few hours, when every weed may be cut down to perish in the
hot sun. Except for this purpose, it is an inferior instrument to the
common hoe.
We employ rakes (fig. 53) rather more for ornamental than for
Fic. gs.
really useful purposes, as undoubtedly for most crops the ground is
better left moderately rough, by which the roots are better aérated.
In a garden like mine, where alterations are constantly progressing,
GARDEN TOOLS. 59
a barrow is indispensable, and we find the common wooden form
is the best (fig. 54). For carrying our plants or fruit a hand-barrow
(fig. 55) is used, carried by two men, and it is pleasant to see the
joy of the children when it arrives laden with strawberries and the
other fruits of the season for the dinner-table.
Our large pots are carried by a chain placed round the pot and
attached to a pole over the shoulders of the men. As we have the
advantage of a lake, a punt’ is used to transport manure or plants
from one part of the garden to another.
In my garden, where robust forest trees are intermingled with
slender shrubs and tender plants, a variety of cutting instruments
must necessarily be used. For cutting down trees the axe (fig. 56)
is the chief instrument, and it is remarkable how’a tree of a hundred
years’ growth yields to a few strokes of the woodman’s axe, when
properly wielded. In private grounds the cross-cut saw takes its place ;
but we have neither necessity nor desire for the frequent use of these
implements. For the removal of the large branches we use chiefly a
pruning saw; for the removal of the smaller a chopper or bill-hook is
more handy (fig. 57); whilst for the pruning of mere shoots the gar-
dener always cuts with a pruning-knife (fig. 58). The various forms of
pruning shears are not approved, as they bruise the wood when unskil-
fully handled, and in this respect are inferior to a sharp knife ; although
garden shears (fig. 59) are almost constantly used for hedge-clipping.
60 MY GARDEN.
A special form of shears is also used for grass-edgings (fig. 60). A
particular form of knife is used for budding, the blade for making the
incision, and an ivory handle for raising the bark (fig. 61). A special form
of knife is made to cut asparagus (fig. 62), and a long pair of scissors
(fig. 63) is useful to thin the berries of overladen bunches of grapes
Ce
OS
Fic. 63.
For sharpening the cutting instruments we have a grindstone. We
Fic. 62.
sometimes cut the grass with a scythe, but prefer the mowing machine,
of which there are many kinds now in operation. The one at my
garden was made by Green (fig. 64), and has lasted satisfactorily for
Fic. €4. °
some years in constant work without any inconvenience. The grass
lawn is essentially an English feature, and a lawn may now be kept
by agood machine in a state worthy of its English reputation with
only a moderate amount of labour.
Fic. 65. - ‘ Fic. 67.
For the removal of small plants the trowel (fig. 65) is valuable,
as by it.the earth about the roots is removed with the plant. We
GARDEN TOOLS. 61
have a very strong trowel (fig. 66) made of steel, with a piece of
wood fixed on the steel for a handle. This is invaluable for the re-
moval of wild flowers and ferns, and no lover of his garden should
ever travel without it. I also always myself carry, in ferny countries,
a strong steel instrument made in the form of a cross (fig. 67),
and plants can be extracted by it from walls and stones with ease.
For planting, a dibber (fig. 68) is employed, and it is useful,
as the gardener forcibly drives the earth against the rootlets
of the plant, which much promotes the success of the opera-
tion. When trees or large bushes are removed, a wooden
rammer takes the place of the dibber, but really it is nothing
more than a large dibber to ram the earth against the small."
rootlets -of the tree. .
In every garden where there are many plant-houses the watering
becomes a serious business, and especially so if water has to be pro-
cured from a distance. At my garden water is abundant, and there-
fore we have only to consider the hydraulic contrivances which we
Fic. 70.
directly use for the purpose of watering the plants. We employ water-
pots of various sizes (fig. 69), and another form lately invented which
throws a fine jet of water over delicate plants (fig. 70). When we desire
Fic. 71.
that the water should dash against the plant and thoroughly wash the
leaves to remove foreign matters, we use syringes. Reed’s syringes
are excellent. We use, besides, one of a very useful form (fig. 71),
62 MY GARDEN,
an American invention, in which one tube works within another, and
it may be used by the gardener with any amount of force which may
be considered desirable. This latter has an india-rubber tube to be
placed in a pail of water, by which arrangement a large quantity of
water can be thrown in a short time. The orchard-house demands
large quantities of water, and requires more powerful machinery. At
my garden a Warner's pump (fig. 72) is used to water the orchard-
house. It throws large quantities of water. with such force, that no
aphis can withstand it, The use of the pump involves a consider-
able economy of labour, and is thoroughly to be commended. It
Fic. 73.
cannot be worked satisfactorily without two men to pump and
another to manage the hose, but all the trees in the orchard-house
can be thoroughly watered in a very short time.
In every garden a heavy roller is requisite (fig. 73). The frosts in
winter raise the walks and destroy them, and the droughts of summer
cause the loose stones to be separated from the paths. Under both
these circumstances a heavy garden roller is necessary; and in early
spring, when the worms have thrown up their casts, the grass is equally
benefited by a heavy rolling.
In laying out gardens rods of five feet and ten feet are useful, and
occasionally a square is a great help. A compass may be required
to determine aspect, though the position of the sun at twelve o'clock
always suffices to guide the gardener in this respect. Regularity of
rows is secured by the line and reel, and questions of magnitude are
GARDEN TOOLS. 63
determined by the measuring tape. Sometimes we have had to employ
a dumpy level to regulate the flow of water, and a spirit level must be
considered as indispensable in every gentleman's garden.
Besides all these ordinary gardener’s tools, I supply to my gardener
a sledge-hammer, common hammer, files, mallet, chisels, gimlets, screw-
drivers, pincers, wire-cutters, centre-bits, and plane. He also has the
use of glazier’s diamond, putty-knife, and materials for painting.
Slight repairs can thus be immediately effected without the waste of
time in having recourse to the village carpenter.
It is of very little profit to have a collection of trees without
having them carefully and enduringly labelled. The direct system
is to place the name on the tree. Various plans of writing on metal
have been suggested, but they last but for a short period. I have
tried a system of electrotype labels, but had some difficulty in getting
them made regularly. A system has been adopted of stereotype; but
at length I think that I have hit upon a plan to be ever hereafter
used. The names are set up in type in the ordinary way, when instead
of printing a sheet of paper a sheet of lead is indented by passing it
through the press. The sheet of names is then cut up by a pair of
scissors, the end is turned over, and a hole punched by the tool used
by shoemakers to punch button-holes. When the label is finished
Fic. 74.
it is attached to the tree by a copper wire (fig. 74), and there is liitle
fear but that these indented labels will endure from generation to
generation. Where we have not these indented labels,
numbers having reference to a book may take their place.
A simple plan of notation in use by horticulturists is |
figured by Thompson (fig. 75). It constitutes a tally,
which may be made by the gardener at once. I never Fic. 76.
used this plan myself, though I have often seen it adopted. When I
use numbers, which I hope totally to abandon, I use a circular piece
64 MY GARDEN.
of lead with a hole punched in it. This piece of lead (fig. 76) has the
number struck with steel punches, with the required numbers, and a
set of punches are ‘kept for this purpose. ;
At my garden, earthenware labels are very extensively in requisi-
tion, especially for ferns and Alpine plants. I find, however, that frost
frequently breaks them, a matter which the manufacturer should care-
fully consider. Wooden labels. rubbed over with white lead and written
upon with a lead pencil, answer perfectly well for ordinary crops
lasting not more than one season. None of these plans are without
their disadvantages, and for fruit-trees there is no better mode of
retaining in perpetuity the names of trees than by making a plan of
the garden and arranging the trees by. orders. The position of any tree
may always then be known, and even if one dies its place can be
left vacant, and the name of any other may be determined by its
relation to those around it. I always have used this plan myself.
Gardeners should always have a marking iron for branding the
initials of theif owner on all tools, that the ownership may at once be
recognized, and that they may not be removed by mistake by
casual workmen.
In the cultivation of all plants temperature is of primary import-
ance, and for the estimation of heat and cold thermometers come
to our aid. We have many thermometers, and every large plant-
house should have several placed in various situations. For rough
work, thermometers at about a shilling
a-piece suffice, provided good instru-
ments are at hand for comparison.
For exact observation a set of tested
Fic. 77. instruments must be employed. First,
it is necessary to have a minimum thermometer (fig. 77) placed an
inch or two above the grass to determine the lowest temperature of
vegetation at night. It is then equally important to learn the maxi-
mum heat of the sun, which is most conveniently done by a_ black
bulb thermometer placed zz vacuo in a glass tube (fig. 77). These
two thermometers inform us of the extreme cold of night and the
GARDEN TOOLS. 65
extreme power of the sun by day, but there are others to indicate
the highest and lowest temperature of the air. -These are placed
under protection of a little shed (fig.
78), so arranged that neither sun nor
rain can affect the instruments.
My scientific instruments were made
by Messrs. Thornthwaite of Newgate
Street.
Visitors are requested never to
touch these instruments; but, as
I well know the tendency of all
Englishmen to see with their fingers, two or three common thermo-
meters are placed on the stand to draw away their attention from
the real instruments of observation. Some years ago I designed a
thermometer to use with an electric current to determine at a distance
any deviation of limit of temperature in houses; thus a gardener may
have, in his bed-room, an instrument to show the temperature of every
plant-house. This was perfectly successful; but it has not been
employed at my garden. 2
The drying power of the air is estimated by the difference of
temperature shown between a dry and a wet bulb thermometer ; as the
greater the difference, the greater the dryness of the atmosphere. The
bulb is kept wet by a covering of silk, the end of which dips in dis-
tilled water. This contrivance is called Mason’s hygrometer, and i,
shown in the centre of our meteorological observatory (fig. 78).
It has always appeared to me advisable to determine the amount
of evaporation which takes place in a definite time, as that has an
important bearing upon vegetation. For this purpose I employ
a tube graduated to one-tenth of an inch (fig. 79), which shows
how much water evaporates per week. These evaporations are
calculated to lead to much valuable information, and are nearly
as important as thermometers. To determine the amount of
rain which falls week by week, we use a rain-gauge, the result of me. 99.
the observations of which is given in the calendar of my garden.
F
6 MY GARDEN.
We have a barometer at the garden: for horticultural purposes it
is nearly useless, as the influence of variation of: atmospheric pressure
on organic beings is unknown. When it suddenly varies to any great
extent, the gardener should then beware of storms; and make all
tight before the hurricane arrives, or his roofs may be taken off, as
mine have been, in a sudden squall.
The gardener ought ever to have at hand a pocket magnifying
glass to examine the leaves of his plants, as by its aid fungi and
insects may be detected, and their effects prevented.
When the gardener has all the tools which I have described, he
is possessed of all that can be reasonably required to conduct his
garden with success and profit.
“Strength may wield the ponderous spade,
May turn the clod, and wheel the compost home ;
But elegance, chief grace the garden shows
And most attractive, is the fair result
Of thought, the creature of a polished mind.”
COWPER’S The Garden.
Pign. XIII, Old Pigecn Heute, Peedirgten Park.
Vign. XIV.—Scene on the Wandle.
CHAPTER VI.
MY FRAMES AND GLASS-HOUSES.
“Th’ uplifted frame, compact at every joint,
And overiaid with clear, translucent glass,
It settles next upon the sloping mount,
Whose sharp declivity shoots off secure
From the dash’d pane the deluge as it falls.”—COWPER.
HE amount of vegetation which can be obtained in any glass
[ structure is strictly limited by the extent of surface of glass
exposed to the light ; hence, when we desire, in this climate, many
plants out of their natural season, or which grow in a warmer climate,
we must have a proportionately extensive amount of glass.
A great deal can be done with glass lights eight feet by four,
which may be conveniently arranged in groups of twos, threes, and
fours (fig. 80). The structure is very simply made. A strong stake
is driven into the ground at each of the four corners, and on the
Fic. 81.—Two-light Frame.
outside slabs of timber about 3-in. thick are nailed to these to form
the walls, and over the whole a wooden frame is placed to receive.
the lights.
68 MY GARDEN.
It is désivatite to ascertain the water-level or drainage before the
frame is made and the ground should be excavated to about three
inches of the highest level to which water ever rises. The excavated
earth should be thrown outside the structure, so that the whole is
firmly embedded in the ground, which preserves a uniform tempera-
ture in cold weather. Many desirable plants, such as azaleas,
can be well preserved in the coldest weather by simply covering the
lights with matting.
In these frames the cauliflower and lettuce plants are kept through
the .winter to be planted out in early spring. In winter, endive and
late cauliflower plants are preserved for use. In spring, strawberry
plants placed in them yield an abundant crop in May, after x ‘ich
tomatoes are planted for summer use. Melons and cucumbers are
also produced in abundance in them in summer. Delicate plants are
housed in them during the winter, and protected by them in the
spring and autunin; and large specimens of geraniums and fuchsias
attain the highest perfection of growth during the summer.
My surface of cold frames extends to no less than 1,600 superficial
feet of glass; and we have besides three or four two-light boxes
(fig. 81), eight feet by six, useful for hot-beds,—or, when turned to
the north or east, valuable for the protection of seeriling ferns, which
require to be shaded from scorching suns and blasting winds.
During the present season I have experimented on a frame of four
lights with a tank underneath for hot water ; and another frame heated
with a single pipe, the héating apparatus of which will require minute
and specific description. :
Another glass structure exists at my garden, which is really
nothing more than a large frame, sa constructed that the gardener can
get in and walk along. We call it the Poor Man's House (fig. 82),
because it is erected so cheaply and answers so efficiently. To con-
struct a Poor Man's House, a hole is sunk in the ground 2} feet wide
and 2} feet deep, and the earth so removed is placed at the back
‘of the house. If the water-level of the ground permitted, and drainage
could be procured, the whole interior of the house might be lowered
FRAMES AND GLASS-HOUSES. €9
two feet more; by which device the house would be well sunk in the
ground.
MY GARDEN.
_by the use of paraffin lights placed under a zinc trough filled with
water. This plan can only be commended to keep out frost if the
glass be covered at the same time with mats,
The orchard-house is a luxury where there are no walls. It has
never failed to give me a fair crop of fruit but once,—in 1869, when I
had but small produce. In that year orchard-houses failed throughout
ngland : but two trees, out of doors, gave me as large a proportionate
crop as the orchard-house. Orchard-houses have the drawback of.
requiring much labour in watering and syringing the trees, and
udgment in the extent to which ventilation and water should be
administered to secure the due flavour of the fruit. Where there are
walls, more fruit can be secured for the same labour; and the flavour
of the fruit and its capability of carriage are, on the average, better
secured on outside walls than in the interior of the orchard-house.
There is a glass-house in the Horticultural Society’s grounds, where
a railroad is laid from the house to the open air; the side of the
house is contrived so as to open, and the orchard-house trees are sup-
ported on a railroad truck, so that the whole can be wheeled into
the open air or back into the house in a few minutes,
Passing from the cold houses or glass sheds, my Fernery (fig. 85)
next demands description. It is about 80 feet long, and has about sixty
Dy LLG Til, LL
Lael Vp
Z ZL.
Fic, 85.—Fernery.
rafters. The glass faces the north, and the whole house being well
sunk in the ground, has very much the appearance of a long frame.
The door (fig. 86) is at the back of the house, on its southern aspect,
so that the northern side presents an uninterrupted surface of glass,
through which the light of heaven from a clear northern sky penetrates.
Plate 19.
FRAMES AND GLASS-HOUSES. 73
The southern side is chiefly made of boards covered with tarred as-
phalted felt, which is a bad conductor
eT gee ee
a
of heat and a great protection against
tost. In conformity with more ex-
tended experience of the value of light
to ferns I have placed some glass on "5
the southern side; but trees have been Poses Wags,
planted in front, so that in summer the h Ty at
ss &
leaves keep off the rays of the burn- a c
ing sun. In winter, however, when the Mie. bs—Dissr of Pemeny:
leaves have dropped, abundance of light. penetrates into. the house
through their naked branches, to the great benefit of the plants.
A stream of water runs through the fernery, which is dilated, at
one place, into a pond, and though the house is a mere roofing of glass
supported on posts, it is universally admired as a very beautiful place:
Mr. Robertson has wery faithfully rendered it in his drawing (plate 19).
The view of it is taken facing the west—the instant the house is entered ;
and the little bird in it is one of the poor frozen birds caught during
the snow and ice of winter, which luxuriated and cleared the house
of insects, but which flew away to its native haunts as soon as it could
find a hole through which it could escape.
In this house I desired to grow ferns from all parts of the world, that
they may be seen at a glance ; and thus I required a house varying in
temperature from the tropical to the temperate climates. It requires
much thought to obtain this result in any given house, especially where
currents of air and draughts are objectionable. The result has been
perfectly obtained on the first design, by raising the floor at the warmer
end, by placing more rows of hot-water pipes in the part of the house
between the door and the end desired to be warmer, and by preventing
the currents of hot air traversing the length of the roof by the inter-
position of screens of climbing plants. The transition in winter from
this lovely scene of ferns and flowers to the equally lovely scene outside
of frost and snow is enchanting. Plate 19 shows the beauty inside ;
the tailpiece of this book (vign. xxxi.) shows the aspect of the country
74 MY GARDEN.
and view which is presented the moment the threshold is crossed. To
obtain these effects they must be designed; and with me it is difficult
to decide which is the more enjoyable, to contrive the picture or to
contemplate it when made.
For the construction of the roof of the fernery, a deal plank was split
into three parts, each of which constituted a rafter, and on the edge a por-
tion was cut away to receive the glass. The rafters were not even planed
but had before glazing three coats of anti-corrosive paint. I place great
importance on this thorough painting before glazing. as it is a material
aid to the adhesion of the putty. After glazing, two more coats of
paint were used, as it is inconvenient to repaint a house full of plants.
The Fernery and Poor Man’s House are placed near together, and
heated with one saddle-boiler, and a third very small house is added
for propagating plants. This is warmed by a large iron tank placed:
by a flow and return pipe in connection with the boiler. By this plan
the hot-water system is supplied with a large quantity of water, and
thus the gardener has abundance of warm water at hand by which he
can water his plants without chilling them. The cistern must be filled
up once or twice a week, according to the demands made upon it.
We have at another part of the garden a second group of houses,
one a late vinery divided into two parts. In one portion the glass is
arranged in two pitches, as though it
were one-half the orchard-house
placed against a wall (fig. 87). The
second half of this vinery has a simple
' glass roof, like that of the fernery, but
this has a south-west aspect instead
of a north-west. Ventilation in the
two-pitched house is obtained by a
Fic. 87.—Vinery. ‘beard in front, and by two moveable
frames of glass at top. In the flat-roofed house ventilation is obtained
by openings in the back wall, about a foot below the glass. In
these houses we keep grapes till February. In this group of houses
we have a small cucumber-house, with a glass roof supported by
FRAMES AND GLASS-HOUSES. 75
walls, the aspect being due south, to catch every ray of sun in winter
and in front of this we have a frame in which we grow a few nice pines
every year, which add to the variety of our produce.
All my structures are of the simplest construction possible, and I
can most strongly recommend for all practical garden purposes glass-
roofed, shed-like structures. For the same cost they can be made
much larger, and can have their air more readily changed than any
other; they also require less combustion to maintain a similar amount
of heat when sunk in the ground, and can be more readily altered in
form when desired.
When glass-houses are attached to dwelling-houses, or are appen-
dages of drawing-rooms, they must ot necessity be architecturally con-
structed. In such houses the growth of the plants is of necessity
secondary to the general design of the house. In fact, for these houses
the majority of plants ought to be grown elsewhere, and placed in the
house when in their prime.
Besides our large glass-houses, Ward has taught us how to construct
miniature houses for delicate plants, and for the carriage of plants from
the distant parts of the world. A Ward’s case is essentially a glass
covering placed over a vessel containing suitable soil. At my garden
a single glass is placed over the lovely Tunbridge fern. In my drawing-
room Jod@a superba grows in a Wedgwood pan covered with a glass
shade. In my dining-room I have two cases which were made after
the pattern of Mr. Ward's in Wellclose Square, nearly thirty years ‘ago.
To grow plants successfully in a Ward’s case, we must have regard
to the quality of soil, the heat, the light, and the moisture of enclosed
air. The door should be opened occasionally for a short time, water
should be given with care, the powerful rays of the sun should be
avoided. Anyone who studies the philosophy of horticulture cannot
fail to succeed with a Ward’s case, for all plants delighting in a moist
atmosphere.
Of late years glass frames, called curates’ vineries, have been
employed, but they are incomparably inferior to the Poor Man’s
House. Square earthen vessels (fig. 88) have been made by Looker
MY GARDEN.
which are useful to imbed entirely in’ the earth, as the warmth of
the earth protects delicate plants. The larger structures with loose
pieces of glass for vineries are, however, of questionable utility, and
Fic. 88. LF 1G. 90.
Fic. 89. Fic. 91.
cannot be commended. For protection of plants in early spring the
French use cloches, or glass bells (fig. 89). In England a square iron-
framed glass is much employed (fig. 90), and in the West of England
an octangular ‘structure of glazed zinc bars (fig. 91) is much employed
by market-gardeners, and has been found useful at my garden.
Any gardener who has all the variety of frames and glass-houses
which we employ has only to use them with horticultural skill to
obtain satisfactory results.
VENTILATION OF GLASS-HOUSES.
The philosophy of ventilation, or change of air, in glass-houses is
fully considered in my garden, as the health of the plants in great
measure depends upon it. Firstly we rely upon the property of
diffusion, a power whereby one gas in contact with a second: diffuses
itself rapidly throughout the second. An example of this may be seen in
a soda-water bottle, which is full of carbonic acid. This gas, although
much heavier than the air, diffuses itself through the air in a few hours
against gravitation. In a greenhouse the intervals between the pieces
of glass and little holes in our woodwork play an important part in
enabling the foul air of the glass-house to escape.
Besides the property of diffusion, we take advantage of the difference
of density of hot and cold air. Hot air is light, cold air is heavy;
hence by admitting cold air at the bottom of the house and warming it,
it. becomes light, rises to the top, and escapes by any aperture. This
VENTILATION OF GLASS-HOUSES. 77
is easy in theory: but difficult in practice, as plants and all organic beings
when at rest can very ill bear the air in motion.
Whenever any portion of the air of a glass-house is cooled, it
becomes heavy, and falls; whenever it is heated, it becomes light, and
rises. In a cold night the pipes are at 100° Fahr., the glass down to
°
10°: consequently the air which touches the pipes expands, becomes
lighter, and rises rapidly ; the air which touches the glass cools,
becomes denser, and falls to the bottom of the house. In any large
greenhouse the descent of the chilled air in a cold night is apparent
to the senses.
From the weight of the cold air it is advisable that, as a general
principle, a considerable part of the heat should be applied as low as
possible. In a long house with excess of heat at one end the hot
air rises and travels along the roof; whilst the cold air falls and
returns by the floor to the source of heat, where it again ascends.
In making arrangements for the heating of any specified house,
the engineer should well consider all cooling surfaces, for he may be
sure that the cold air from all such situations will fall to the floors
as certainly as bullets would, if dropped. from a similar position.
In my Cucumber-house (fig. 92) and Melon pit, I let air into the
house in contact with the hot metal and warm water. This in effect
puts a pressure upon the air of the house,
‘and the vitiated air escapes through every
little crevice in the glass: this is a very
safe system in cold weather.
In all ventilating and heating arrange-
ments, it is essential that the air should
preserve its moisture, and my evaporators
are useful to determine this point. When Fic. 92.—Cucumber House.
we warm the air it becomes too drying, and we must add water.
and we do this at my garden by using open heated tanks of water,
and by employing iron troughs arranged at the top of the pipes.
On a cold night, the air when heated by the pipes rises to the
glass. It deposits aqueous vapour on the glass, and becomes drier.
78 MY GARDEN.
It then falls and becomes heated again, and the process is repeated
till the air becomes so dry as to be hurtful, and thousands of plants
are annually destroyed. This we avoid at my garden by continually
supplying to the air an amount of moisture judiciously adapted to
the peculiarity of the plants.
WARMING OF GLASS-HOUSES.
The simplest mode of obtaining artificial heat is by the use of
hot dung. The fresh dung from our stable is moistened with water and
turned over several times, for the sulphur and other coarser products
to be exhaled. Whenever leaves can be procured and mixed with
the dung, they moderate the heat and cause it to last for a much
longer period, and hence we use this mixture for our early potatoes,
When the frame is made up the first fiery blast is allowed to pass off,
and the gardener ascertains the proper time to plant by inserting a
stick into the materials of his hot-bed. The heat after a time abates,
when he uses a lining round the frame to maintain in early spring
the necessary temperature. Sometimes fermenting materials are used
in houses for forcing grapes in early spring, but I have never myself
so applied them.
Spent tan is employed, especially for the growth of pines. It
is particularly liable to facilitate the growth of the tan fungus, and,
therefore, we only employ it in our little pine-pit.
In all systems of warming by the combustion of coal, coke, wood,
oil, or naphtha, the heat developed bears a relation to the amount of
the matter consumed; hence all that an engineer can effect is to
regulate the application of the heat when generated. He cannot in
effect generate heat without a corresponding change of matter.
From the time of the Romans rooms have been heated with flues,
and within a few hundred yards of my garden they were employed nearly
two thousand years ago. By this plan the direct heat of a stove is
carried round the house in brick flues. This plan I have not uséd, as
modern science has directed us that it is better to have our fireplace for
WARMING OF GLASS-HOUSES. 79
the generation of the heat and to pass the heat to hot water, by which
it may be carried to any place and in any direction. we please.
In all systems for the circulation of warm water a boiler is
necessary. The principle upon which this should be constructed is
to afford so large a surface of metal to the fire that all the heat
generated should be transferred to the water. It is also desirable
that the capacity of the fireplace should be so large as to hold
enough fire for twelve hours’ consumption. All horticultural boilers
should be of the simplest construction. For moderate heating power:
a simple circular boiler has answered very well with us. Where a
larger boiler is required, we have found the saddle-boiler (fig. 93)
Fic 93. Fic. 94.
Fic. 95-
unexceptionable; and had I a large range of buildings to warm, I
should certainly have recourse to the Cornish boiler in preference to
any other. There’ are innumerable forms of tubular boilers, and
amongst them some complex boilers which some of the first horticul-
turists condemn, and which certainly I should never myself use where
a choice existed.
In all cases the water enters the bottom of the boiler by a pipe.
The water becomes heated, expands, rises to the top, and flows by
a second pipe from the top of the boiler (fig. 94). At my garden the
heated water is used in two methods,—one by causing it to flow in hot-
water pipes in the ordinary way, and by the second (fig. 95) connecting
80 MY GARDEN,
the pipes with a cistern of water. The warm water rises immediately
to the top of the cistern and the cold water passes to the stove. This
latter method, I believe, originated in my garden, and for the growth
of orchids and pine-apples should exclude other plans.
Two boilers are at work with me, one a saddle boiler heating the
fernery with three hundred feet of 4-inch pipes, the cutting-house with a
tank holding about two hundred gallons of water, and the Poor Man’s
House with about a hundred feet of 3-inch pipes. The second boiler
‘heats the cucumber-house with a tank holditig about two hundred
gallons, and the grapery is heated with about two hundred feet of
three 4-inch pipes, and a small pine-pit with about forty feet ot
4-inch pipes.
During last summer a portable boiler has been employed to heat
a tank for a melon-pit (fig. 96), where the mould (M) is placed on
Fic. ¢6.—Tank Pit.
boards (B) over the tank (T), and a current of air is allowed to play
over the water into a chamber from whence it rises to warm the
upper part of the pit covered with the light (L).
In the arrangement of pipes it is usual for the water to flow along
the top pipe and return by a lower pipe, as represented at fig. 94.
It has been proposed, however, to make the water flow by the lower
pipe, then through the higher, and rapidly descend to the bottom of
the boiler (fig. 97). This plan has been recorded as in use at Deptford,
and assuredly would be adopted by me, but that it is difficult to sink
the fireplaces sufficiently low at my garden.
At my pine-pit it is necessary to cause the water to circulate
below the level of the boiler, This is effected by causing the water
to flow into an open pipe, and then turn down to the desired level
WARMING OF GLASS-HOUSES. 81
(fig. 98). This plan should never be used unless it is imperatively
necessary, for the rule to be observed in arranging all hot-water pipes
=)
!
ie)
Fic. 97.
Fic. 98.
is for the water continually to rise till it has done its work, and then
to fall to the stove to be re-warmed.
At the highest part of the pipes a small cistern is generally
placed. At my garden, in my systems of warming I have cisterns
holding hundreds of gallons of water, so that the gardener has
always the command of warm water to water his plants.
Hitherto hot-water systems have always been arranged by a flow
and a return pipe; however, I conceived the idea of using a single
pipe arranged with a gradual rise. I have a frame heated with a
single pipe ; the hot water flows along the top of the pipe and returns
along its lower surface, thus having two currents in an opposite
direction traversing the pipe at the same time (fig. 99). The
VIG. 99-
circulation proves excellent and rapid, and answers most efficiently.
I can strongly recommend its adoption in every case where a single
pipe is competent to communicate sufficient heat.
In warming any house, it is desirable to have an excess rather
than a deficiency of heating surface, and the pipes should be placed
in those situations where the cold air can be immediately brought in
G
82. MY GARDEN.
contact with them. In my fern-house the distribution of heat is very
peculiar ; a great increase of heating surface is placed in one end of
the house: otherwise, as a general rule, the pipes are placed in the
ront of the lean-to houses, but in very large houses they require to
be distributed in several positions.
Our appliances for warming far exceed those in use at the time
when Evelyn wrote, who says: “If the season prove exceeding
piercing, which you may know by the freezing of a moistened cloth
set in your greenhouse, kindle some charcoal.”
During the past year, as a matter of experiment, paraffin oil
lamps have been employed to give warmth to keep out the frost. The
plan can be made to answer, but whenever this mode is adopted
it is desirable to place them under a zinc trough filled with
water, that moisture may be supplied to the air.
I have always feared an accident on a cold night, when I
might. lose all my plants; I therefore applied to Messrs. Field
of Lambeth to make me a number of large candles with two
wicks (fig. 100), to keep for any emergency. It is possible
that they may not be wanted for years, nevertheless no one
| ought to be without some means of keeping out frost, should
Fic. roo. any sudden failure of his hot-water apparatus occur. Messrs.
Field have also sent me some large flat night-lights, designed to
last for twelve hours,.and I do not doubt that one or two are
sufficient to keep the frost from a two- or three-light frame during
the coldest night.
The Spectator observes that a kitchen garden is a more pleasant
sight than the finest orangery or artificial greenhouse; but this does
not accord .with the ideas of the poet, who writes that
“Who loves a garden, loves a ‘greenhouse too.
Unconscious of a less propitious clime,
There blooms exotic beauty, warm and shug,
While the winds whistle, and the snows descend.”
COWPER.
Vign, XV.—Carshalton High Street.
CHAPTER VII.
THE PROPAGATION OF PLANTS.
“Then let the learned gard’ner mark with care
The kinds of stock, and what those kinds will bear ;
Explore the nature of each sev’ral tree,
And, known, improve with artful industry.”—DRYDEN, Georgics.
\ N YE propagate plants by all the well-known methods usually
practised. Many plants are exclusively raised from seed
(fig. 101), such as the majority of our vegetals. To secure proper
germination we take care that the seeds (fig. 102) are exposed to
Fic. ror.
x. Eschscholtzia californica. 5. Stellaria media. :
x. Corn blue-bottle Centau- 6. Sweet William (Dian-
rea cyanus). thus barbatus). is
3- Oxalis rosea. 7. Foxglove (Digitalis Fic. roz.—Seeds germinating.
4. Papaver somniferum purpurea). :
(opium poppy). 8. Saponaria calabrica.
warmth, moisture, and air, as without these three conditions combined
seeds will not germinate, and either cold, dryness, or exclusion of
oxygen will surely stop their growth.
After the seed has sprouted light is necessary, and care is required,
ucumber’ plants, as soon as they have
G 2
especially with melon and c
84 MY GARDEN.
sprouted, to place the young plants close to the glass, that they may
have the full effect of light. Every seedling is an individual, having
certain characteristics, deviating in some degree, and within certain
limits, from a fixity of type. By selecting seedlings having particular
characters, and again by continually selecting from their progeny, the
gardener obtains those deviations from the original type which are
known by the name of florists’ flowers,—or gardeners’ fruits.
A question has arisen whether selection alone is sufficient to pro-
cure new plants, or whether it is desirable to cross the seed of one
plant with the pollen of others. Mr. Rivers tries the latter plan
to improve our peaches and pears, and he crosses a plant having one
good property with the pollen of another having other desirable
qualities. On the other hand, I am assured by raisers of florists’
Fic. 103.—Sucker. Fic. 104.— Layer.
flowers, that it is generally better to rely upon sowing simply the seed
of good sorts and upon selecting from their produce. In the present
state of our knowledge we had better try both methods, when we
desire to raise new varieties. Many of the best varieties of fruits
are certainly natural sports.
Sometimes selected plants of high quality are again propagated
by seed, such as our choice varieties of peas and beans. More often,
however, we have to multiply the original plant: to such an extent
can this be done, that the delicious Jargonelle pear is supposed
to have been raised by the Romans, and handed down to us by a
continuous propagation,
Various methods are practised at my garden for the multiplication
THE PROPAGATION OF PLANTS. 85
of the parent plant, so that its properties are retained with its indivi-
dual peculiarities, defects, or excellences. First of all, we propagate
by suckers, as many trees—such as the elm, plum, and quince—throw
up other trees from their roots. It is only necessary to sever one
of these little trees (fig. 103, A) from its parent, to obtain another
of the same variety. Where suckers do not spontaneously arise, a
branch is layered in the earth and securely pegged down. This
after a time roots, and, when severed from the parent, forms a
duplicate tree of the same kind. We favour the production of roots
by partially cutting across the bough where it is laid in the earth
(fig. 104). There is a process much like layering, which is frequently
used on the Continent, and which is sometimes used by ourselves, called
circumvallation (fig. 105). A shoot of a living tree is placed through
Fic. 105.—Circumvallation. Fic. 106.—By Roots.
a pot which is filled with earth or cocoa-nut fibre: this is kept
continually moist till a mass of roots is formed, which causes the branch
to become a second tree. I generally place a piece of wire tightly
round the branch below the insertion into the pot, and gradually cut
away the stem, both of which operations appear to me to facilitate
the production of roots.
Lately I have been trying other methods of circumvallation. A
piece of gutta-percha tubing about eight inches long was slit down
and made to cover a branch; the slit was then closed with a
warm iron, and the bottom closed in the same way. The inside was
filled with cocoa-nut refuse and kept damp, when in a short time
86 MY GARDEN.
abundance of roots were produced. I am now wrapping a piece of
the waste edge of flannel round active shoots, and then encircling the
whole with a piece of sheet india-rubber, leaving the upper part open
to be watered every day. In both of the above cases I have strangulated
the shoot, below the part operated on, with a tight copper wire, to
stop the descending sap. But further experience is required before
the latter processes can be recommended.
Sometimes we obtain a plant from a root. The roots of the
root-work in my ferneries occasionally grow (fig. 106). Although this
is not a usual mode of multiplication, yet it may be at times
employed. The roots of a fig-tree often sprout.
Fic.'107.—Propagation by Leaves. Fic, 108.—Cuttings (Pink and Geranium),
We frequently propagate by leaves (fig. 107). The Hoya carnosa
may be propagated from a leaf. A leaf of a Gloxinia, if pegged on
the ground, would form many buds and give rise to as many plants, and
every plant would be identical in character with that of the parent
plant. Leaves of Echeveria placed in a pot of sand would also grow.
We multiply many plants by cuttings, such as pinks, geraniums,
tea-roses, poplar-trees, and cucumber plants. We cut them: at a joint
(fig. 108), or slip a shoot off the parent stem, as at such a point there
appear to be many dormant buds capable of becoming roots. The
cuttings are then inserted into a pot of sand, or, what is better, into
cocoa-nut refuse, In this material, kept moist and aided by gentle
warmth, a geranium cutting will make a good plant in two weeks,
Cuttings of poplars or laurels are inserted three or four inches in the
THE PROPAGATION OF PLANTS. 87
ground, and take longer time to root. Grape vines are generally
propagated by eyes (fig. tog). A plump bud is se-
lected with a piece of stem on each side. The eyes
start and make a strong vine. It is necessary to have a E
piece of the wood attached to the bud to ensure growth, prc. 109,—vine eye.
as I tried a vast number of buds without’ wood, of various trees, but not
one grew. We always shade cuttings from the direct heat of the sun’s
rays, and ensure that the air is saturated with moisture by covering
them with glass. As roots are formed we gradually admit more air and
Fic. r10.-- Division of Roots (Primrose). Fic. rcx.—Runner (Strawberry).
more light. Loddiges recommended that the end of the shoot should
be dipped in collodion; but I have found no advantage from the process.
We multiply some plants, as the polyanthus, phlox, and chrysan-
themum, by division (fig. 110), and others, as the strawberry, by runners
Fic. 113.—Potato.
Fic. 112.—By Bulbs (Amaryllis).
(fig. 111). Some plants are multiplied by bulbs, as the hyacinth,
amaryllis (fig. 112), shallot, garlic; and others by dividing the tuber,
as the potato (fig. 113) and yam.
All the above cases are multiplications of an individual plant
88 MY GARDEN.
with all its peculiarities. The multiplied hyacinth is white, blue, red,
single or double, as was its parent; and the leaf, stem, root, flower,
and fruit partake precisely of the same character as the original
plant produced from seed, which thus may probably be propagated
ad infinitum. Of late years it has been thought, by some good
gardeners, that the parent plant becomes old and that it wears out;
they cite the Ribston and Golden Pippins as an exemplification of
their theory. This is not my opinion; and as, in all probability,
the Jargonelle has been propagated from the time of the Romans in
the past, so may it be continued till that indefinite time when the
New Zealander in the future may be supposed to swallow up the
English as the Americans now do the Indians.
Some plants—as certain ferns, viz. many
aspleniums (fig. 114), the Cystopteris bulbifera,
the Woodwardia radicans—produce little bulbs
or plants on their fronds, from which we
readily propagate new plants.
Besides the above mode of reproducing the
Sie ~y individual plant in its entirety, we have. other
Fis. 114.—Young Ferns growing methods of partially propagating a plant;
that is to say, we may multiply the stems, the flower, and the fruit of
a plant whilst we have roots of a totally different species. We may
propagate the Jargonelle pear on the root of a common pear, or even
on the root of a hawthorn or quince. This process is in fact the same as
if a piece of skin of a black man were implanted in the body of a white
man—-which is quite possible. This mode of proceeding
is almost invariably followed in propagating the individuality
of fruits, and as an example the large majority of my pears
have the roots of the quince. The manner in which we
effect this mode of propagating is threefold,—by grafting,
by inarching, and by budding. There is one secret in all
these processes: this is, that the cambium of the graft or
bud must come in contact with the cambium (or new layer
of forming wood under the bark of the tree) to be worked. It is of
THE PROPAGATION OF PLANTS. 89
no avail if contact is made in any other way, as union only occurs when
the two layers of new wood or cambium come in absolute contact.
Grafting (fig. 115) is almost invariably practised in the propa-
gation of fruit-trees. In this case a shoot is cut from a tree
desired to be multiplied before the leaves appear, and a slanting cut
is made with a sharp knife. The tree to be grafted has a similar
cut made in the reverse direction. The two cut sur-
faces are then brought directly together, so that
both of the newly forming woody fibres come in con-
tact, when they are retained in their position by a
strip of bast mat. In England we then encircle the
graft with a lump of clay (fig. 116). On the Continent
grafting wax, composed of rosin, pitch, and tallow, is
employed: occasionally the graft is protected by a strip
of sheet india-rubber, which may eventually supersede
the other methods. When we have a tree, the fruit of
which is worthless, we put in two or three dozen grafts
at once, and, in the space of two or three years, it
becomes a bearing tree, giving a totally different
produce (fig. 116). Practically every fruit-trée bought
‘ —7T ed Fic. 117 a. Vic. 117 4. Fic. 118,— Inarching.
eh can Saddle Graft. Cleft Graft.
at a nursery has been grafted, so that the root and stem below the
graft produces a different fruit from the head; and care must be
taken that no shoot be allowed to grow below the graft, or we shall
get fruit that we do not desire.
There are other methods of grafting which we do not often employ,
90 MY GARDEN.
as they are only variations of mode and not of kind, such as saddle
grafting (fig. 117a@), where the graft is made to stride the stock; and
cleft grafting (fig. 1170), where the graft is cut to a wedge, and let into
a triangular hole cut in the stock. Occasionally we inarch trees.
For this operation two trees are brought together. The stock has
a slice cut off with a sharp knife, the other tree has a similar slice
cut from a branch, when the two surfaces are brought into exact
contact, care being taken that the two deposits of forming wood, or
cambium, are brought accurately together (fig. 118).
There is still another plan that may be employed for many trees—
as for pear-trees and rose-trees—and that is, a simple bud of one tree
desired to be propagated is inserted into a second. In this case it is
equally essential, as with grafting, that the two new layers of wood
should be in exact contact. Budding we perform after
Midsummer, as soon as the buds are perfected, and are full
and plump, and when the bark separates easily from the stem.
The stock has a T-shaped cut (fig. 119), made with a bud- °
ding knife (fig. 61); into this the bud is inserted by turning
back the bark in the angles of the T. The bud is kept in
its position by a piece of bast, when a union speedily takes
Meuag, Place, and the bud grows. The other parts of the tree are cut
away, and we obtain a tree having the roots and stem of the parent
plant, but with a head of the new variety we desire to propagate.
Mr. Murray pointed out in an interesting paper read before the
Horticultural Society, that whenever a graft is made, or a bud is inserted
‘ into a tree, the two cambiums alone unite; and that
though the cut surface of the woody fibre is after-
wards completely covered over by new wood, there is
always a dead portion remaining in the interior of
the tree, which never can be got rid of, but which
always remains as a permanent defect (fig. 120). I
have examined how the cells of one kind of tree, as the
Fic.120.—Chiswick, }size, Pear, are joined to those of another, as the quince.
A thin section under the microscope exhibits an exact conjunction of
THE PROPAGATION OF PLANTS. 91
different cells, and this is never better shown than in the case of the
mistletoe and apple, as the former lives on
the latter as though it were grafted, and forms
one continuous piece of wood (fig. 121),
We not only obtain the continuation of
any particular plant by grafting, but in certain
eases we influence its fertility, A. pear erafped PS 22M ond Apple Cells
on a quince becomes fruitful years before it would on its own stock.
An apple worked on Paradise stock has the fertility much improved in
the young state. Rivers has sought to improve the fertility of the
cherry-tree by working it on the mahebeb, and that of the filbert by
working it on the Corylus arborescens.
We propagate our cryptogamic plants in three or four ways, First
by spores which produce varieties within certain limits, like the
higher plants, as is the case with the spores of the mushroom, which
Mr. Smith for the first time has figured in the act of germinating
(fig. 122). Any definite variety of fungus may be propagated by the
Fic. 122 —Mushroom Spores germinating. . : 2
Fic. 123.—By Mycelium,
mycelium, whereby we secure perpetuation of the individuality of the
original (fig. 123). In the case of ferns we constantly secure the
multiplication by simple division. In the propagation of plants the
seasons should be regarded, and as a rule the period of commencing
growth is best adapted for the propagation of plants.
“Nec tibi tam prudens quisquam persuadeat auctor,
Tellurem Borea rigorem spirante moveri.
Rura gely tum claudit hiems ; nec semine jacto
Concretam patitur radicem affigere terra.”—VIRGIL, Georg. ii.
Vign. XVI.~Old Font in Beddington Church.
CHAPTER VIII.
GARDEN VEGETALS.
“ Mala copia quando
Egrum solicitat stomachum ; cum rapula plenus
Atque acidas mavult inultas.,—HORACE, Satira ii.
\ TITHOUT fresh vegetals the human body cannot be preserved
in health; and in long sea-voyages, for the want of lime-
juice, lemon-juice, or fresh vegetals, scurvy was formerly more terrible
than battle: as many sailors perished then from disease from want of
fresh vegetals, as are now lost by sending rotten vessels to sea to
obtain the money for which they are insured.
SALAD PLANTS.
A salad of some kind should be grown for every day in the year,
and this requires attention and care, as the summer's fiery blast or
the wintry chills may destroy the hopes of the gardener.
Of all salading plants the Water-cress (Vasturtium officinale) is
the most valuable. It is in use all the year round; it can be eaten
with every meal, its flavour is unexceptionable, its digestibility satis-
factory, it is warm and grateful to the stomach, and there are very
few persons to whom it is distasteful. It requires, however, special
care for its successful culture. It prefers the solid gravel bottom of
a stream, with pure spring water from the depths of the earth to run
over it. It may be planted at any time of the year by taking a
SALAD PLANTS. 93
handful of the plants and retaining them under water by a large
stone; the plant then speedily roots and spreads uniformly. About
four to six inches of: water suffices, Water-cresses like full exposure
to light, and dislike the shade of trees,
Whilst growing, water-cress should be continually freed fiom other
weeds, and duck-weed should be removed by a birch broom. When
it runs to seed, it should be cut down. In the dark cold weather of
November and December the plant is reduced to its smallest pro-
portions.
Frost injures the plant; nevertheless by moderate care water-
cresses may be procured for every day in the year. In severe frosts
my gardener very judiciously covers the plant with water, and so
protects it.
We note two varieties of water-cress, the green and the brown
(fig. 124): the latter is preferred in the market, though I prefer the
former, as being more delicate and hardier. By careful selection I
once had a very brown stock; but if the green variety is not care-
Fic. 125. Fic. 126.
Salads—Mustard and Rape.
Fic. 124.—Two forms of Water-cress.
fully destroyed, it speedily takes the place cf the brown entirely.
Water-cresses should be thoroughly cleansed before they are eaten,
and should never be used where the stream has any sewage con-
tamination. Water-cresses can be grown, although unsatisfactorily,
in a moist place without water.
Germinating Mustard (Szvapis alba, fig. 125) can be procured all
the year round by sowing the seed on a piece of wet flannel or on
moistened earth. It is used whilst only the seed-leaves exist, and is a
94 MY GARDEN.
warm condiment and a useful salading. For market purposes germi-
nating Rape-seed (Brassica Napus, var. oleifera, fig. 126) is used in the
same way, but it is so inferior to mustard that in private gardens it
should never be employed. MRape-seed is, however, cheaper than
mustard-seed, and hence it is employed: for the market.
The Australian cress is a fine salad. It is used when the plant
has five or six perfect leaves (fig. 127). It is particularly fine in early
spring, when grown in an orchard-house. It is strongly to be com-
mended, and it is not nearly so frequently grown as it ought to be.
Fic. r28.—Curled Cress.
The Curled Cress (Lepidium sativum, fig. 128) is also used for salad,
and is likewise good in early spring, especially when grown in the
orchard-house. We always grow a reasonable proportion. Where
water-cresses cannot be obtained, the American Cress (Barbarea precox)
may be grown; otherwise it may be dispensed with altogether, as an.
inferior salad plant. :
The Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is a highly important salad plant.
There are two general forms, the Cos and the Cabbage, with numerous
varieties, one merging into the other. For the early crop in spring
the Hammersmith Cabbage and Bath Cos are to be preferred, They
are sown from the middle to the end of August, and the young plants
are subsequently transplanted to a protected place, where they can
get all the light of the winter’s sun, and they are fit to cut in April
and beginning of May. These, however, are hardly so good as the
Paris Cos (fig. 129), which succeeds them, and which in my opinion is
SALAD PLANTS. 95
the finest of all the lettuces. The seed of this variety is sown in
November in a cold frame. When it has germinated, the lights are
taken off every fine day. At the end of February a portion is
planted out, and if severe frost kills them another portion takes
their place.
It is so important to have good seed that we always save our
own seed. I begged a little from a market gardener many years ago,
who had begged it of another many years previously, and the finest
lettuces have always been allowed to run to seed ever since: in this
Fic, 129.—Selected Paris Cos Lettuce. Fic. 130.—Neapolitan Cabbage Lettuce, } size.
way we have secured a fine stock. For successive crops seed is sown
again in January and February in the orchard-house, and these
sowings are followed up by others, so that we obtain lettuces nearly
till Christmas. ‘
In summer some persons like varieties of the cabbage lettuce,
and I have figured one from Mr. Terry's garden, the Neapolitan
Cabbage (fig. 130). There is also an enormous lettuce, called
Dixon’s Lettuce, which we sometimes grow, the leaves of which are
tender and excellent.
Lettuces are praised by Horace as easily digestible :—
“Nam lactuca innatat acri ;
Post vinum stomacho.”—HorRacE, Saéira iv. Book 2.
Lettuces should be grown in highly manured ground, and kept
watered at Midsummer. If the underground aphis attacks the root,
which it often does in. August, the plant withers and dies,
96 UY GARDEN.
All lettuces contain a principle allied to opium; for this reason
lettuces should be blanched, when less of the soporific principle is
produced. Gardeners handling lettuces all day become sleepy.
After the lettuce, and particularly for late autumn, winter, and early
spring use, the Endive (Czchorium Endtvia) is valuable. There are
numerous varieties, but we generally restrict our cultivation to the
narrow, green, curled (C. £. crispa), and broad Batavian varieties (Cicho-
rium .Endivia latifolia), of which I have figured the narrow-leaved
variety (fig. 131). We sow the seed in July, and transplant the young
plants into rich ground. After they have grown they are taken up with
a ball and placed in one of our cold frames, where they are blanched
for use. If not quite white, the plant is very bitter.
Fic. 131-—Curled Endive.
Fic, 132.—Chicory.
Allied to the endive we grow Chicory (Cichorium Intybus, fig. 132)
for salad. It is sown from March to June, as we desire large or small
roots. The roots are taken up in winter and planted in a warm cellar
or other dark place, when the young leaves which sprout are used*as
salading. It is indispensable that the leaves should be thoroughly
blanched, or they are so bitter as not to be fit for eating. The
number of leaves which a few roots will produce is surprising, but
chicory should rather be used to mix with other salad plants than
employed by itself. The French use the leaves under the term of
Barbe du Capucin, and it is sold in moderate quantites in Covent
Garden market, but not nearly to the extent it deserves. Every
London householder should, throughout the winter, have some roots ;
if they are kept in a dark cellar, either in a pot of sand or placed
SALAD PLANTS. 97
horizontally in sand, the leaves will sprout and afford a salad when-
ever required. Horace thus speaks of chicory :—
“Me pascunt olive
Me cichorea, levesque malvz.”—Ode 31, Book 1.
We must admit that the English do not understand the good
qualities of the Radish (Raphanus sativus). In France, go where you
will, you are sure to find.on the tables in the restaurants, during the
summer and winter months, a glass of water containing young, delicious
fresh radishes. Here, radishes are rarely seen except in spring, and then
they are so large and coarse that they can only be eaten by any
one with strong teeth and a vigorous digestion. We obtain our first
radishes in early spring, by sowing the seed in the same frames as
our early potatoes; afterwards, we obtain a crop in the orchard-
house. Following these, we get some out of doors, and in some
years, by sowing a few every week and by a proper application of the
water-pot, we have had radishes
till the autumn. There are many
varieties, some with long tap roots
(fig. 133, B), some turnip-shaped (fig.
134), and others are olive-shaped
(fig. 133, A); but the French break-
fast radish is, to my taste, by far
the finest of all the varieties. For
private gardens it is well to begin
with the early frame, then continue
White. Red.
2 . Red Olive. Wood's
throughout the summer with © the early frame. Fic: 734~Tormip
Fic Radishes Radishes, } diam,
i aR =; iy
olive-shaped and French breakfast ; 2 din,
but a few seeds of the red and-of the white turnip radishes may be
sown for use in spring. There is a late variety called the Black
Spanish, which comes into use in autumn ; and Mr. Robinson has lately
introduced from California a radish as large as a small beet-root.
Seed was sown in the Horticultural Gardens in August, and roots
were shown before the Committee in December, when they proved
to be tender and of excellent flavour.
H
93 MY GARDEN.
In some gardens—especially when the. owner has lived in France—
Burnet (Poterium Sanguis orba, fig. 135) is grown. It is a wild
plant of our district; the leaves are used in salads, and give to.
them a peculiar cucumber-like flavour. We grow the plant, but I do
not remember that we have ever made much use of it.
We have in our streams a plant called the Brooklime (Veronica
Beccabunga), which is sometimes eaten by those who cannot get any-
thing better. In Paris, large quantities of Corn Salad (Valerianella
olitoria, fig. 136), or Lamb’s-lettuce, are eaten. It is most disagreeable
Fic. 136.—Cora Salad.
Fic, 135.—Salad Burnet.
Fic. 137.—Onalis,
to me, and is in my opinion utterly worthless ; it should be exter-
minated from a garden as a useless weed. Some persons, however,
never like a salad without it,
One of my pretty glen plants, the Oralis Acetosella, or Shamrock
(fig. 137), is said to make a delicate salad. Its flowers are so beautiful
that it is one of the loveliest objects in spring. In some woods—as in
the Arncliffe woods in Yorkshire—it covers the ground, but with mei
is a delicate plant, from which we can only spare one or two leaves at a
time, to taste the exquisite acidulous flavour which it possesses.
In France, Dandelion leaves (Zaraxacum Dens Leonis) are much
employed as a salad, though they are but rarely used by Englishmen.
From the influx of foreigners during the siege of Paris, there was a sale
for it in Covent Garden market. Dr. Hogg procured for the Horti-
cultural Society some seed from plants which had been continuously
selected for five years, Specimens of the plants, with leaves of large
size and of mild flavour, were exhibited in 1871. Both Dr, Hogg and
SALAD PLANTS. 99
myself thought highly of this attempt to improve a native and
hardy plant; the Committee, however, as a whole, thought the matter
unworthy of their approbation. But it deserves to be followed out,
as it is possible to raise this weed from its wild condition and
bitter flavour to the rank of a useful and
culinary vegetable. Sometimes the leaves
are used when blanched, but we have not
yet adopted this plan.
In France the flowers of the Nasturtium
(Trope@olum, fig. 138) are added to salad.
They not only look pretty, but also impart
a peculiar and agreeable flavour to the salad.
Celery (Apium graveolens, fig. 139) is an
important salad plant, as it is in use from
Michaelmas to May. It can be procured
earlier ; but the Ist of October is quite soon
enough, considering how long it is in season,
The seed is planted early in February, in seed-
pans, in heat. As soon as the plant is suffi-
ciently high, it should be pricked out in rich,
highly manured soil, and then kept well
watered and protected from cold. About
Midsummer we remove these plants to
trenches highly manured, and about every
two weeks make successive plantings till the
middle of August. After it has made suff-
cient growth, the earth is gradually piled up
by several operations, in order to cover the ™* se ee ere ee
stalks and thoroughly to blanch them. In cold weather the green tops
should -be covered with straw, so as to protect them from frost. A
large quantity of celery ought always to be grown: it is a delicious
vegetal when stewed; it is useful to give a flavour to soups; but its
chief importance is its use as a salad during the winter months.
There are numerous gardeners’ varieties—each differing in flavour, in
H 2
100 MY GARDEN.
solidity of stem, and in tenderness. No kind is worth growing unless it
is solid, as a pithy stem is very disagreeable. We grow chiefly a kind
called Ivery’s Nonsuch, but add one or two other kinds every year from
the seedsmen’s catalogues. There are one or two dwarf kinds of great
excellence. There is a variety of celery with
a bulbous root, called Celeriac (fig. 140), much
used at Vienna and in other parts of the Con-
tinent, but little grown in this country. The
seed is sown like that of celery, and planted
out in rich ground. The bulbs are boiled, cut
into slices, and served with oil and vinegar.
It forms a very delicious salading for winter
use. The bulbs which I have observed in the
market-places abroad are much larger than those which have been
Fic. 140.—Celeriac, ps diam.
produced in my garden ; nevertheless some should invariably be grown.
In Scotland, celeriac forms no bulbs, and has only fibrous roots.
In some years the growth of celery is difficult on account of the
ravages of a leaf-eating grub (see Insects), which lives between the two
skins of the leaf and which causes the plant to rot. The only remedy
is to pick off the part of the leaf affected, taking care to remove
as leaf as possible.
Fic. 141.—Cucumber, } size.
Cucumbers (Cucumis sativa, fig. 141) form an article of salading
which we have all the year round. Even in winter we obtain
cucumbers when the sun vouchsafes to shine, but when it does not
appear for weeks our plants go to grief. For winter use we plant in
August, and prefer Rollison’s Telegraph. It is a little difficult to get
seeds of the true kind, and hence we frequently propagate by cuttings
or layers, as a shoot six inches long, cut off at a joint and placed in
cocoa-nut fibre, very freely roots, and soon makes a flowering and
fruiting plant. In the same way a layer may be made of a larger
shoot with perfect success.
o
SALAD PLANTS. IOI
About the beginning of May plants may be placed in cold frames
with hot dung underneath, and they will give fruit all the summer. At
the end of May certain kinds may be sown in highly manured ground
out of doors, but they have never succeeded well in my garden. I
have particularly observed this mode of cultivation at Sandy in
Bedfordshire, where hundreds of tons of cucumbers are produced
annually for market. Sandy is on the Greensand, which is a stratum
subsequent to the chalk. The-ground is highly manured, and patches
of cucumbers are surrounded by seeding onions, which give a slight
protection from the wind without producing any shade. In fine years
the produce is almost fabulous, The kinds we prefer indoors, for
flavour, are Sion House and the Telegraph, for both summer and
winter use. We sometimes grow, in summer, Pearson’s Long Gun;
occasionally changing these kinds for other varieties.
Cucumbers, pumpkins, and vegetal marrows have the male (B) and
female (A) flowers separate (fig. 142). It is indispensable to set melons,
Fic. 142.—Cucumber. : :
A, Female Flower ; B, Male Flower. Fic. 143.—Cattell’s Alliance Beet, 2 diam.
it is advisable to set vegetal marrows; but it is reckoned preferable
not to set cucumbers unless the seed is wanted for future growth.
A cucumber should have no seeds in its interior, or it is pithy and
not good to eat. Gardeners select varieties yielding but little seed,
and hence it is not easy to procure seed of the best sorts.
A small kind of cucumber, called a gherkin, is used for pickling,
but they do not grow readily. When we obtain a crop, they form
a most excellent pickle.
102 MY GARDEN.
Beet-root (Beta vulgaris, fig. 143) forms another invaluable winter
salading. “The root is independent of cold winters, as it is stored
before frost can destroy it. It is baked or thoroughly boiled till it
is tender, when it is sliced and served at table with vinegar and small
pieces of shallot. We grow it in ample quantities for use between
October and June, and for large families it is one of the most economical
and useful of plants. The seed is sown in rows a foot apart in May.
When the young plants are about four inches high, they are thinned to
about ten inches or a foot apart in the row, and they require no further
care than hoeing between the roots and keeping the plants free from
weeds till the beginning of November, when they are stored in any
convenient shed away from frost. There are many varieties. The
sugar beet is moderately good, but it is large and white. Henderson’s
pine-apple is good. Nutting’s is particularly well flavoured. Carter's
variety is very deep coloured. Cattell’s is also good.
‘As-beet-roots approach the size and character of mangold-wurzels
they are more earthy in flavour; hence the kinds which. yield small
roots are preferable. Beet-roots and mangold-wurzels of all kinds, when
grated and mixed with flour, make very fair bread, which~may be
advantageously used in times of scarcity.
LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.
The luxury of a garden is in no respect more felt than in its
production of leguminous plants, which can never be bought as fine
or got so fresh as when grown in our own garden. The Pea (Pisum
sativum) is a particularly fine vegetal, which may be procured in
favourable seasons, and under proper culture, from the end of May
till the beginning of November. We endeavour to- have them as
early as possible, but we do not always succeed, as early peas are
more easily obtained in the sandy soil near Grays in Essex than in
our soil and moister atmosphere. We seek to have them as fine as
possible, in which we constantly succeed, and we like to have them
as late as possible, in which we occasionally succeed.
The first crop is sown in November. The seeds germinate, and
LEGUMINOUS PLANTS, 103
the plants ought to stand the winter, as they will bear frost but not
much damp. These give fruit in May, but I have known the whole
crop to be cut off by a snow-storm when they have been in flower
in the month of April. The first pea which is sown goes in the trade
under many names, having little or no difference. Advertising seeds-
men always have a pea to be fit ten days earlier than any other, but the
22nd of May is the earliest date at which peas ever come to the London
market. Mr. Jackson of Grays, who has frequently sent the first peas to
market, sows a selected stock of Daniel O’Rourke. In the second week
Fic. 144.—Dixon’s Early Pea, } diam.
Fic. 145.—Champion of England Pea, } diam.
of November, we sow Dixon’s First and Best (fig. 144), or Sutton’s
Ringleader for autumn planting. For sowing in February we obtain
Daniel O’Rourke, which is better flavoured and rather more tendet
than the other varieties. All these sorts when they come to table are
like little round bullets, with but little flavour. The ripe seed is
round and smooth on the surface.
In February a really fine pea is sown—the Champion of England
(fig. 145). This should be sown every two or three weeks in succession,
It grows about five feet high in my soil, and if planted at the same
time as Daniel O’Rourke comes into bearing two or three weeks later.
In the beginning of March the finest of all peas is sown, called
Veitch’s Perfection (fig. 146). The haulm is from three to four feet
104 MY GARDEN.
high, and the pods are well filled with very large peas; but when
boiled, nothing can be compared with them for tenderness and flavour.
This variety comes in during the months of July and August.
Two or three sowings at intervals of about three weeks should be
made of this pea. In April another fine pea is sown to follow
Veitch’s Perfection, which is called Ne Plus Ultra: (fig. 147). It grows
six feet high and is an abundant bearer, the flavour, however, being
second to that of Veitch’s Perfection. By a succession of these we
obtain peas till November, if birds do not forestall us, or if fungus
does not attack the haulm.
Fic. 146.—Pea, Veitch’s Perfection, i diam.
Fic. 147.—Ne Plus Ultra Pea, } diam.
The Champion of England, Veitch’s Perfection, and Ne Plus Ultra
are called marrow or wrinkled peas, because the ripe seed is wrinkled
on the surface. Amongst the varieties of peas, the white wrinkled are
esteemed as having a finer flavour than the green wrinkled peas.
It is a good plan every year to try one or two additional kinds
selected from the seedsmen’s catalogues according to the plausibility.
of the recommendation, but on no account do we omit to grow
Daniel O’Rourke, Champion of England, Veitch’s Perfection, and Ne
LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 105
Plus Ultra. I must confess that the growth of these novelties is
generally attended with more vexation than profit.
My gardener sows peas in trenches, like celery, which is certainly
of great advantage in late peas, but is of doubtful benefit in earlier
crops. We have tried to raise peas in pots and to transplant them in
spring, but the experiment has always failed, as the peas so raised
are tender, and perish with the slightest frost. The small early peas
are sown more thickly than the larger or later ones, which may be
sown two to three inches apart. Besides the above peas, there is a
curious variety without the tough lining membrane of the shell,
which is éaten when cooked shell and all, as French beans are. It
is a mere curiosity, and unworthy of serious attention.
During winter we grow peas for their tops. A number are placed
in a pot and allowed to germinate in a warm house. The tops are
boiled, and used to flavour and colour soup. Peas are highly nutri-
tious when they are easily digested. Their ash contains a large pro-
portion of phosphates, and they require, therefore, rich soil, and one
of sufficient porosity for their roots to penetrate deeply to moisture.
Where a garden is of sufficient extent, it is desirable to plant a
single row by itself, as that yields the most produce: otherwise, if
planted in consecutive rows, there should be as great a distance
between the rows as the haulm is high ;—that is, peas growing four feet
high should be planted four feet apart, those six feet high should be
planted six feet apart. Tall peas should be staked as soon as they are
about four inches high, that the haulm may not be damaged before
it clings to the stick. Every part of the pea plant is useful. That
which man does not eat the horse and other animals will, and if peas
are shelled near stables there is a commotion amongst the horses,
as they can smell the delicious food, and will not be easy till
they obtain it.
Every one who visits the Continent must be struck with the
difference of flavour which the commonly cultivated foreign pea
has, and how inferior it is to our better varieties. It is, however,
preserved in enormous quantities in tin cases for winter use, and is
106 MY GARDEN.
employed in the preparation of extrées and soups. It is worth
consideration whether such an industry might not be profitably
undertaken in those parts of this country where land and labour
are moderate in price, and where our cultivated peas so far excel
the Continental varieties.
Birds at times shell peas to a large extent. A visit. of young
jackdaws on a Sunday, when our garden is quiet, will clear a row of
peas. The beautiful bullfinch is equally destructive. But the greatest
enemy to the pea is the pea fungus, which will be described hereafter,
The Bean (faba vulgaris, fig. 148) is a vegetal highly esteemed
by some persons, but it is inferior
to the pea, which it resembles in the
amount of nitrogenous matter in its
composition, and in the high pro-
portion of phosphates which is con-
tained in the ash. In Italy it appears
to be used even to a greater extent
than in England, although the dish
of beans and bacon is never omitted
from a feast in June in London.
Horace enjoyed them nearly two thousand years ago—
“© quando faba Pythagore cognata, simulque
Uncta satis pingui ponentur oluscula lardo?”—Satira vi.
Beans are sown about three inches apart in drills about three inches
deep, in the month of December, for the first crop of the next year.
These bear in June, and by successive sowings in January, February,
and March, the season may be maintained till autumn. We sow the
Mazagan (fig. 148) in December, and the Long Pod or Green Long
Pod in spring. There are many other varieties which we occasionally
grow, but these are the principal ones in use at my garden. A bean,
to my taste, should be quickly grown, and little larger than’a marrow-
fat pea to be in perfection, for if it be larger and harder there are not
many persons who can readily digest them. Beans are sometimes
LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 107
severely attacked by the Bean aphis, and also by some fungi.
Herodotus states that “Beans are sown in no part of Egypt, neither
will the inhabitants eat them, either boiled or raw; the priests will
not even look at this pulse, esteeming it exceedingly unclean.”
The Kidney-bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is an important garden
legume, of which we desire to prolong the crop as long as possible.
There are very many varieties, some having white seeds, others seeds
coloured; some being tall or running, others dwarf. The difference
in the bean itself does not warrant much trouble being taken in
Fic. 149.—Negro Bean, } size. Fic. 150,—Scarlet Runner, } size.
selecting the kind, and we may restrict our growth to two or three
varieties. The Newington Wonder and Dwarf Negro are good
coloured varieties; the latter especially forms fine regular symmictrical
pods, and is chiefly cultivated for the London market (fig. 149). We
sow our first crop out of doors the last week in April, and obtain
produce in the middle of July, and we sow two or three successive
crops. About the middle of July we make a final sowing in one of
the cold frames, generally in one where a crop of melons has been
108 MY GARDEN.
ripened. The plants are allowed to grow in the open air till the equi-
noctial gales occur, when the lights are used at night and during wet
days. Later in the season the frames are matted at night, and in
this way abundant produce is obtained till about the second week of
November, when generally a frost occurs sufficiently severe to pene-
trate the frame, notwithstanding its covering, and to kill the plant. The
length of time during which the plants last greatly depends upon
the attention of the gardener.
The Kidney-bean grows in any good garden soil. The seeds
should be planted in rows two feet apart, and the seeds about four
inches from each other. Every bean should be gathered as it is fit;
and as we use the pods in a green, immature state, the more we gather
the more we get, for a ripened pod exhausts and consequently kills
the plant. We sometimes have a few early forced beans from pits
placed in the cucumber-house, and where there is a hothouse it is
useful to have them in early spring.
Allied to the French bean, the Scarlet Runner (Phaseolus multiflorus,
fig. 150) is a great favourite with the poor, who train it over their cottages.
The scarlet runner is a perennial plant, though in this country I have
never seen it live the winter, nor have I ever preserved the roots
through the winter. There are several varieties, of which it is need-
less to take heed, as the common one suffices for all usual purposes.
It is planted, like French beans, in April, and yields its produce in
July, August, and September. The equinoctial gales have a hurtful
effect upon it; but when it is protected from the violence of these
gales, it will bear longer. Sometimes it is grown with us in rows
upon sticks; sometimes it is grown over three poles arranged as
a tripod, which allows more air and light. The latter is the prefer-
able method, though I am bound to say that we generally employ
the former. Market-gardeners usually do not employ sticks, but cut
the runner back to about three feet of the ground. It is a good plan
to make three sowings,—the first in the last week in April, the second
in the third week of May, and the third in the middle of June. When
we desire large and continued produce, it is of great consequence to
SPINACEOUS VEGETALS. 109
gather every single pod as it is fit for use. A very coarse variety has
been lately introduced, which, however, is not to be commended.
SPINACEOUS VEGETALS.
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) may be obtained nearly all the year,
except in the hot month of August and in the beginning of September.
There are two varieties; the round-seeded and prickly-seeded, The
round-seeded (fig. 151) is sown between the rows of peas, and gives
produce till the heat of summer causes it to run to flower, when it is
pulled up and given to the animals. We sow our first crop in
February, and repeat the sowing every month till June. The prickly-
seeded is sown in the middle of August, and again in September,
and these plants stand the winter.
Fic, 151.—Spinach, $ diam. Fic. 152,—New Zealand Spinach, } diam,
When common spinach cannot be procured, the New Zealand spinach
(Tetragonia expansa, fig. 152) comes to our aid. It is a plant which
was found by Captain Cook in the Pacific, and used by him to prevent
scurvy. We sow a few seeds in a pan in a hot-bed in April, and plant
out in May, when abundance of leaves are yielded in August and
September. It is not so much used as it ought to be.
We have occasionally used in summer the Spinach Beet (fig. 153),
which yields plenty of leaves and affords a good spinach in August
and September. At the Trossachs Hotel, in Scotand, the gardener
informed me that the spinach beet was the first vegetal to sprout
in spring in that country, and, for that reason, he found it a valuable
addition to the garden produce.
110 MY GARDEN.
We grow also two varieties of Sorrel (Rumer acetosa, fig. 154), the
narrow-leaved and the broad-leaved, which is much more esteemed in
Fic. 153.—Silver Beet, y, diam. Fic. eee diam.
France than in England. They are perennial plants of the Rhubarb
race, and may be propagated by dividing the root. They may also be
propagated by seed sown half an inch deep and the rows fifteen inches
apart. Sorrel likes a rich, good soil.
THE CABBAGE TRIBE.
The Cabbage tribe (Brassica oleracea capitata) are important, as in
one form or another they are in use all the year round. There are
many varieties of the common cabbage. The largest is the Drumhead,
chiefly used for cattle. The smallest is the Little Pixie or the Early
York. Intermediate sizes are to be obtained in the Cocoa-nut (fig. 155),
Enfield Market, Battersea, and Nonpareil. The red cabbage, although
used chiefly for'pickling, is a good culinary vegetal, and a partridge with
red cabbage is no bad dish for an epicure. We usually sow in January,
in the orchard-house, the seed of red cabbage and of one or two other
kinds of cabbages. We sow again in March, and again in August,
although the orchard-house-sown may take the place of the August-
sown ones.
We grow also a collard which is extremely hardy, and which has
been selected over a period of years; it is very difficult to seed, and
THE CABBAGE TRIBE. 111
forms numerous heads by way of sprouts: this variety is found useful
in early spring. Cabbages may be propagated by cuttings as well as
by seed. The Savoy (Brassica oleracea bullata major, fig. 156) is a
Fic. 155.—Cabbage, } diam. Fic. 156.—Savoy, $ diam.
hardy form of vegetal, but coarser than the common cabbage. It should
always be grown for winter use. We sow in March, plant out in July
and August, and have them in use between November and February. :
For winter use unquestionably, for a private garden, Brussels sprouts |.
(Brassica oleracea bullata gemmifera, fig. 157) are of more value than
any of the cabbage tribe. They are perfectly hardy, and withstand the
severest cold ; for this reason they should always be grown in quantity,
as they last from the beginning of October till late in spring. The
Brussels sprouts are so called because they throw up a stem about three
feet high with leaves all the way up. In the axils of these leaves
miniature savoys or sprouts are formed. It is curious that this
vegetal does not remain true in many other places than at Brussels,
although true seed may be obtained elsewhere. The produce is very
large, for the little heads make up in quantity what they want in size.
The head of the Brussels sprout is a poor cabbage-like development,
which may be eaten, but is not so good as the little sprout.
The seed of our first crop is sown in the orchard-house in February:
The main crop is sown at the end of March, in the open ground. The
plants of the first sowing are planted out in May.and June, as ground
is MY GARDEN.
can be spared, and plants of the second are planted in July. The
plants may be placed in rows two feet asunder and a foot apart.
In Scotland it is usual to sow the seed of Brussels sprouts in August
for a crop the succeeding year.
Fic, 157.— Brussels Sprouts, } diam.
Fic, 159.—Cauliflower, } diam.
Kohl Rabi (Brassica Carlo Rape caudo, fig. 1 58) is sometimes grown
at my garden for the cattle. Occasionally we have cooked it by way
of experiment, but it is, at best, an indifferent vegetal, The seed
is sown in February and planted out in May, when by autumn the
bulbs are fairly formed. It is particularly adapted for dry summers,
as the hotter and drier the summer, the finer the bulbs.
We always grow a limited amount of Kale (Brassica oleracea).
THE CABBAGE TRIBE. 113
It is very hardy, but inferior to Brussels sprouts. We have grown
at various times many kinds: the Cottagers’ kale, the Asparagus
kale, and other varieties; but all are inferior to Brussels sprouts.
There is one variety, the Variegated kale, which, if the seed can be
bought from a good stock, is a most beautiful vegetal for garnishing
in early spring, the leaves showing all the colours of the rainbow.
We sow the seed in March, and plant out as soon as we can obtain
ground in July, in rows two feet apart and eighteen inches from plant
to plant. In Scotland, the cottagers pride themselves on the beauty
of the leaf of their kale, which they obtain excessively curled.
We have generally Cauliflowers (Brassica oleracea) from June to
Christmas, sometimes even later. Our early crop is sown in the third
week of August. The young plants are transplanted in November to one
of our cold pits, where they are kept more dry than moist, and are
fully exposed to the air every fine day. In very severe winters many
plants perish, but in very warm ones they grow too freely. The plants
are transplanted out of doors in rich ground in February and March,
and give produce in June. The second crop is sown in the orchard-
house in January. A third crop is sown in the second week in March,
and for late autumn and early winter use we sow again in the third week
of May. In November all the plants are taken up, and placed in one of
our cold frames to protect them from frost, when they give produce till
Christmas or later. There are not many varieties of cauliflowers. For
sowing in August we use the Early London (fig. 159); for the other
sowings we generally grow the Walcheren. Near Naples they attain
such prodigious dimensions that three constitute a comfortable load
for a mule. With us, in favourable winters, young cauliflower plants
will stand under a wall without protection; it is a common practice to
winter them under hand lights, though we prefer the cold frame.
Veitch’s late cauliflower is a fine. variety, which,-if sown in August,
comes. in later than the Early London.
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) is a good vegetal in April and May
before cauliflowers come in, when a favourable season enables us to
get it, but a crop cannot be relied upon in bad winters, and it
I
114 MY GARDEN.
is inferior in texture, delicacy, and flavour to a well-grown cauli-
flower. In some winters not half-a-dozen plants survive. We plant
the Cape varieties about the second week in April, and the spring kinds
about the middle of May, and plant them out as we can spare room.
The varieties of Broccoli are legion, and therefore I usually buy half-a-
dozen kinds, in the hope that they may come in in succession, and
that some may prove hardier than others. In both these respects
we are frequently disappointed, as sometimes all come in together, at
others all perish. It has been noticed that broccoli plants exposed to
air and light in an open situation stand better than those planted in
a.sheltered garden. Chapell’s cream-colour, Knight’s protecting, and
Snow’s white are all good kinds which we always grow.
There is a variety of broccoli called sprouting broccoli, because little
broccoli sprout from the axils of the leaves, like the little heads which
form in a similar situation in Brussels sprouts. The seed is sown in the
middle of May, and the produce is obtained in April and May following.
All the cabbage tribe like a well-manured soil. They are gross
feeders, consequently putrid or coarse manures are to be avoided, as
they are apt to be absorbed by the plant, and give—especially if the
vegetal is not quite fresh—a most unpleasant flavour. Good stable
manure only should be used for any of the cabbage tribe.
SEA-KALE, ASPARAGUS, ARTICHOKES, ETC,
Although Sea-kale (Crambe maritima) and Asparagus (Asparagus
officinalis) are widely apart in their botanical characters, yet one takes
the place of the other upon the table. Sea-kale is in use from the
middle of December till about the middle of May, asparagus from the
third week of April till the middle of July; however, I forbid my
plants to be cut after the 1st of July.
Asparagus beds take much room. They should be made three feet
wide, deeply trenched, and very heavily manured, when they will stand
for many years. In each row sometimes three, sgmetimes four rows of
plants are set, but I have not observed much difference in the produce.
They should be two years old when planted in the bed. In winter, when
SEA-KALE, ASPARAGUS, ARTICHOKES, ETC. 115
the stalk has perished, we give a good coat of stable manure, and cover
with earth. In spring, about the middle of March, the earth is raked off
into the alley. The first shoots appear (fig. 160) about the
second week in April, but are then frequently frosted. The
shoots continue to appear, and come again after the first are
cut, till July, but too much cutting exhausts the bed. Aspa-
ragus is essentially the May vegetal, and enough should be
grown to have daily produce till peas come in season.
Foreigners fully appreciate asparagus, and in Italy wild
asparagus is frequently on table; its flavour is so intensified ;,, ¥,,
a Aspara;
as to be almost nauseous. In Paris enormous. heads are’ diam.
brought to market from (I have been told) the South of France, but
how it attains those immoderate proportions I am unaware, although
I have made particular inquiries upon this point. Many persons
salt their asparagus beds, but I have never done so to mine, and
yet they yield good produce. Asparagus, as sold in the London
market, is cut too young, because then it looks larger. In private
gardens it should always be cut with so much
green that a length of at least three inches
without any stringy matter is entirely eatable.
Sometimes, when I have been able to procure
roots from an old bed, I have forced it in
a frame over a gentle hot-bed, but it requires
all the light possible to give flavour. Forced
asparagus upon any scale is a luxury only
adapted for state feasts. There is perhaps
only one variety of asparagus; and it is very
doubtful if the so-called giant varieties present
any real differences.
As Sea-kale (fig. 161) is in use ovér many
months, it requires a proportionately large >,
plantation. It is propagated by seed, or more Fic, 161-—Sea kale, } size.
commonly by little offsets from the larger plants. The first crop we
obtain by taking up roots and placing them in a gentle hot-bed, care-
T2
116 MY GARDEN.
fully covered from the light, as this vegetal is disagreeable if not tho-
roughly blanched. Our later crops are obtained under sea-kale pots
by covering them with leaves and hot dung, beginning with about two
dozen pots at one end of the bed. As soon as the produce has been
cut the pots are removed row by row beyond the former, and the leaves:
and hot dung turned over also to the new plants, by which a succes-
sion is secured. A -sea-kale bed will last many years; and as it is
one of our natural wild plants, it is perfectly hardy. I never saw it
in use on the Continent, and foreigners at my table have often
expressed great curiosity at the sight of this vegetal.
We have trouble with Artichokes (Cynara Scolymus), as they are apt
to perish in winter in my garden. They should always be propagated
by offsets, as when raised from seed many
indifferent varieties are produced. The Globe
Artichoke (fig. 162) is the best variety to culti-
vate. The flower is the part used for cookery,
and should be employed young. In Italy they
come to table all the spring, but probably
they are brought from the extreme south.
I have grown Cardoons (Cyxara cardun-
Fic. see araaioke gaia culus), but never will again, as whether I have
tasted them from my own garden, or whether I have obtained them
abroad, they appear to be unworthy of cultivation. The blanched ribs
of the leaves are eaten, but are infinitely inferior to stewed celery.
“THE ALLIACEOUS PLANTS.
We grow four distinct crops of Onions (Adium Cepa). First of
all we have the underground onions (fig. 163), which are planted in
January, and yield their crop in June. A single tuber is planted,
which gives four or five new tubers. They are useful for ships going
abroad at that season of the year, but the tubers do not keep well,
and this crop may be dispensed with. The second crop is raised by
sowing seed from the middle to the end of August. The plants live
THE ALLIACEOUS PLANTS. 117
through the winter, afford young onions through the spring, and the
remainder being either thinned or transplanted into rich soil produce
Fic, 163.—Underground Onions, } diam.
q 1
Pig 284-—Globe Tips Ozion, 4 diam.
by August fine bulbs. These onions attain much larger size if the soil
between them is stirred, and small quantities of guano be given to them.
The best kinds for this purpose are the Flat and Globe Tripoli,
the Rocca, and Spanish onions. We have grown the Globe Tripoli
(fig. 164) nearly two pounds in weight, but at Naples they have
attained nearly four pounds in weight. The third or main crop is
sown in March, and when ripe is stored-for winter use. The Spanish
and blood-red are best for this crop. The fourth or last crop is
cultivated to produce little tubers for pickling. \
Our soil is not well adapted to produce little 4 |
|
onions, and we succeed but badly with them,
probably from its being too damp. The cells of
the skins of onions have crystals in them (fig.
165), which may be seen when examined under |
the microscope. We have occasionally had the pg, s65.—Crystals in Onion.
tree onion, a variety which produces little onions at the tops of stalks.
They are coarse and strong, and of no horticultural importance.
We always cultivate the Leek (Alum Porrum, fig. 166), which
is a choice vegetal in early spring. It is the hardiest of all the
hardy plants of the garden, standing the severest frost with impunity
118 MY GARDEN.
Books tell us how to grow large leeks, but what is to be done
with them when we have obtained them? Leeks for the table
should be about an inch in diameter, and about six inches long:
they are valuable in January, February, March, April, and beginning
of May, when other fresh vegetals are scarce. We sow the seed
broadcast in March, so as to have plenty of small leeks, rather
than a few which are larger. The sorts which we employ are the
‘London and Musselburgh, and they require no further trouble in their
cultivation than hoeing and weeding after having been sown.
Fic. 167.—Chives, Fic. 168.—Shallots,
diam. + diam.
Fic. 166.—Leek.
We have Chives (Allium Schenoprasum, fig. 167) in the garden,
to be used when onions fail; but as they never do fail, and as by
the system we adopt young onions are obtainable all the spring,
chives may be fairly dispensed with.
Shallots (Adium ascalonicum, fig. 168) are always carefully cultivated.
They are planted in drills six inches from each other, and the rows
a foot apart, at the same time in February as the potato onions are
planted ; they are ripe in July. Some are then taken up and stored
for winter use. Some are pickled, and the rest are retained to be
planted the next spring.
We grow a very limited amount of Garlic (Allium sativint, fig. 169).
THE ALLIACEOUS PLANTS. 119g
The Romans considered it injurious: “Allium torquet, adurit, enecat.”
(Pliny, lib, xxv. cap. 13.) Our Continental neighbours
use it to such an extent as to be offensive to the Eng-
lish, and enough to deter them for ever from using it in
cookery. Garlic is grown like shallots or potato onions. “
A most extraordinary idea is mentioned by Horace, ™% *9—Garlc
who speaks of garlic as a fit poison for anyone who has killed his
father :—
“Parentis olim si quis impia manu
Senile guttar fregerit,
Edat cicutis allium nocentius."—L£fode 3.
MARROWS AND PUMPKINS.
Marrows (Cucurbita ovifera, fig. 170) are of great use in August,
and when the hot weather dries up nearly every other
vegetal it makes the vegetal marrow plants thrive and
fruit. There are several varieties in cultivation; but one,
the Custard, although very pretty in appearance, we have
totally discarded, from its inferior quality at the table.
The seed is sown in cold frames in April, and allowed to
germinate slowly. At the end of May they may be
planted out with a barrow of manure, when they will
usefully cover any unsightly object. The more the marrows Fig. tya-Vegee
are cut the greater will be the produce, as a single fruit #49"
allowed to seed stops the produce of the
plant. If at the end of the season a few
are allowed to ripen, they will keep, and
may be used through the winter.
We grow Pumpkins (Cucurbita Pepo, fig,
: 171) rather more for the pleasure of. seeing
Fic. 17..—Pumpkin, ys diam. . < ie Se
them than for their intrinsic value. They
are used in apple-pies; but the pies are better with apples alone,
without the pumpkins. Pumpkin soup is extremely good, and can be
particularly commended. Pumpkins are grown in the same manner
as vegetal marrows. Neither our pumpkins nor vegetal marrows
ee MY GARDEN.
were attacked with disease till 1871, when they were visited by
aphides and fungi.
CULINARY ROOTS AND TUBERS.
We grow several crops of Turnips (Brassica Rapa, fig. 172). The
first crop is sown early in March, and successional sowings are made
till the middle of August. There are many varieties; we generally
prefer the American Strap Leaf and the White Stone, though some
prefer the Orange-jelly, which some again think objectionable on
Vic 172.—Six Weeks’
Turnip, } diam.
Fic. 173.—French Horn Carrot, } diam.
account of the yellow colour. Abroad, black-
skinned turnips and long turnips are sold at
every market-place. We sow the seed broad-
cast, and thin the young plants with the hoe
Turnips have many enemies. They are eaten
up by the fly, they are destroyed by aphides
and fungi, and they are also attacked by Fis 174—Student Parsnip, 2 size.
caterpillars. The turnip is a classical root praised by Horace, who
says— h .
“ Acria circtim
Rapula, lactuce, radices, qualia lassum
Pervellunt stomachum.”—Saéra viii.
Several. crops of Carrots (Daucus Carota) are grown. The first crop
is sown in a frame over a little hot dung in February, and comes
in in May and June, and it is the most delicious of all. In March
CULINARY ROOTS AND TUBERS. 121
a main crop is sown, and later other French Horn carrot seed
to be used in winter. There is no carrot at all to equal the French
Horn (fig. 173) in tenderness and flavour, when the seed can be pro-
cured true. The Altringham and the Long Surrey are stored for winter
use, but whenever the French Horn can be procured, all the large and
coarse sorts are better used forthe horse than for the gentleman's table.
The Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa, fig. 174) is invaluable for winter
and early spring use. In nutritive properties it is perhaps next to
the potato amongst the ‘ordinary culinary vegetals. We sow the
seed in February in shallow drills about a foot apart, and thin the
plants afterwards to twelve inches apart. The Student Selected Parsnip
is a fine flavoured variety, which we generally grow together with
the Hollow Crown. Parsnips are in the highest perfection in February
and March.
Jerusalem Artichokes (Helianthus tuberosus, fig. 175) are more appre-
ciated on the Continent than in England, where this very
useful root is too much neglected. The Artichoke is a
very hardy root, grows with very little trouble, and yields
good produce. It is useful in spring as a vegetal, and
makes besides capital soup. It is propagated from the
tubers, and a fresh plantation should be made annually of
the superfluous tubers. It flowers sometimes in this country,
but does not seed. A friend of mine grew some acres of
them, but could not sell them at market at all, so little are
they used. Although Londoners discard them, they are a
favourite food with pheasants, which show in this matter a
more refined taste. Fis. ros. Jeu
I bought a number of the roots of the Oxalis crenatain * 4am.
Paris, where they are sold in the Palais Royal, but in my garden they
did not form tubers.
The tuberous-rooted Chervil (Cherophyllum sativum, fig. 176) is
also commonly sold in the Palais Royal. Up to this time I have not
succeeded in its growth, as the roots have been too small for use. The
plants grow six feet high, and are ornamental. This year mine have
122 MY GARDEN.
freely seeded, and I hope to have better success. The seed should be
sown in August, as soon as ripe. The roots boiled are an excellent
vegetal.
Fic. 176.—Tuberous-rooted Chervil.
Fic. 177.—Salsify, } diam. Fic. 178.—Scorzonera, } diam.
Salsify (Zragopogon porrifolius, fig. 177) may be regarded as another
fancy vegetal. The roots are boiled, and as cooked by our neighbours
are excellent. The seed is sown in March, and, like parsnips, this
vegetal is in use all the winter.
Scorzonera (Scorzonera hispanica, fig. 178) is used in the same way
as ‘salsify, and is of no more importance, but is nevertheless an
excellent vegetal.
The Chinese Yam (Batatas edulis) is another vegetal which does
not give sufficient produce with me; but probably if more attention
had been paid to its cultivation it would have succeeded better. All
the varieties of sweet potatoes of the West Indies will grow during
the summer, but they form ‘no tubers. The Chinese Yam is a trailing
plant with a tuber which grows downwards. It is propagated by little
bulbs formed in the axils of the leaves, or by division of the tuber:
it requires very deep ground. The tubers are cooked like potatoes.
CULINARY ROOTS AND TUBERS. 123
The Potato (Solanum tuberosum, fig. 179), in our social system, is
really a field crop, from the vast areas cultivated and from the large
quantity consumed. Nevertheless we give it a moderate place in the
garden. We grow only two crops, and for both ei) yr ii,
have used a variety known under the name of @ i a .
Rivers’ Ash-leaf Kidney. Early in January
we place a number of tubers in a shallow pan
in the vinery, on earth, and let them sprout
Fic. 179.—Royal Ash-leaf Potato,
slowly ; they are then planted in a layer of t size.
nine inches of garden mould, placed over about two feet of leaves and
rotten dung to give a gentle and long-continued heat. These are fit
for the table about the middle of May, and last till the end of June,
a period at which a well-ripened new potato is a desideratum. For
our second crop the tubers are started in the same manner, and placed
out in rows two feet apart, and these come into use when the frame
crop is finished. The earth is drawn up to the haulm when the plant
is about six inches high, and that is all the cultivation which is re-
quired. The varieties of seedlings are now endless. By sowing the
seed of a good kind another good kind out of a certain number may
be fairly expected, and in selecting our kind we should be guided,
firstly, by its having a small haulm, as it then occupies little room;
secondly, by the solidity of the tuber; thirdly, by the weight of the
tuber; fourthly, by its flavour, and the absence of a sweet taste
fifthly, by its tuber being floury when cooked ; sixtkly, by the smooth-
ness of its surface, and shallowness of the eyes, so that when peeled
there is but little waste; and seventhly, by its productiveness.
Of late years the potato has been subject to disease, when
the haulm dies, the cells of the tuber lose their starch, and the cel-
lular tissue breaks down (fig. 180). From my observations I believe
the Aphis vastator, an aphis which has numerous synonyms, attacks
the leaves; the plant is then attacked with a parasite fungus called
the Pentspora infestans, after which the plant dies and the tuber rots.
Some good botanists consider that the fungus, and not the aphis, is the
cause of the malady, and others believe that neither aphis nor fungus
124 MY GARDEN.
has anything to do with the disease. I believe the aphis is the first
aggressor, and that the fungus follows (see Fungi and Insects).
In foreign countries the curious fruit of the Egg plant (Solanum
esculentum, fig. 181) is freely sold in the markets. In this country it is
Fic. 181.— Solanum escu‘entum.
Fic, 180.
seldom if ever used. The white variety is a peculiarly interesting and
curious plant, but the purple is more commonly employed as a vegetal.
HERBS AND AROMATIC PLANTS.
Several plants are grown for their aromatic properties, such as Mint
(Mentha), which contains an essential oil. The common Mint (fig. 182)
is propagated by division: it likes a loose soil. We never force it,
but if required early it can be raised by placing a pot full of roots
in a warm house. Its essential oil is used in medicine for flavouring.
We grow the Pennyroyal (fig, 183), but with us it is not a plant
which is ever used.
We cultivate the Peppermint (Wentha Piperita, fig. 184) as a curiosity,
but really have no use for it. Over our district it is grown in very large
quantities for medicinal purposes. It is distilled about the middle of |
August, and the essential oil produced is the finest in the world, and is
called oil of peppermint of Mitcham. When the distillation is being
carried on, the air is full of the odour. It is replanted every year, a
single shoot being dibbed in a hole, and many acres are cultivated
with this plant. Honey made in our district has a distinct flavour
HERBS AND AROMATIC PLANTS. 12
of peppermint. Its essential oil is useful as a warm cordial, and is
used with other remedies in diarrhoea.
We generally have a plant of Balm (Melissa officinalis, fig. 185).
It is occasionally used as balm tea, but is a plant of no importance
whatever.
Fic. 184.— Peppermint.
Fic. 182.— Mint.
Sage (Salvia officinalis, fig. 186) is used for cookery. There are two
or three varieties, but the common sage suffices for all practical purposes.
It is propagated either from seed or from cuttings, but it requires abun-
dance of light, or it is apt to perish in winter. It does not stand so well
in my garden as it does in many other apparently colder situations.
Fic. 187.—Thyme.
Fic. 186.—Sage.
Fic. 185,—Balm.
Thyme is another herb of universal cultivation. There is common
thyme (Ziymus vulgaris, fig. 187), which is propagated by seed, also
Lemon thyme (Z7hymus citriodorus) and Orange thyme. Lemon thyme
126 MY GARDEN.
is propagated by cuttings, and is the best variety. The crop should
be cut in summer, and hung up to dry for winter use.
We grow Borage (Borago officinalis, fig. 188) for two reasons: first
because it has a beautiful flower, and secondly because it imparts a
Fic. 138, —Borage. ig: sg. Miatigali
pleasant flavour to claret-cup, which is a very desirable drink in the
height of summer. It is propagated by seed, and when once in a
garden comes up spontaneously every year.
Marigolds (Calendula officinalis, fig. 189) are employed in broths and
soups, especially abroad, but I never
saw them so used. The plant is only
grown with us for its flower, but
the flowers are said to be dried and
sold as an article of commerce in
Holland. .
We do not grow either Aniseed
(Pimpinella Anisum), Coriander-seed
(Coriandrum sativum), or Caraway
(Carum Carui). Angelica (Archen-
gelica officinalis, fig. 190) is much
used in a crystallized state for confectionery, and there are very
few parties where it does not appear at table. The leaf-stalks are used
in spring when young and tender. The plant grows freely, and
is very handsome; but we never make use of it, as in fact only a
skilled confectioner can preserve it. It is propagated by seed, which
should be sown as soon as it is ripe, in August. It sows itself
spontaneously,
Fic. 190.—Angelica.
HERBS AND AROMATIC PLANTS. 127
In nearly every garden Feverfew (fig. 191) is grown: I have often
heard that persons ‘drink an infusion of the leaves, but I have no
experience of its value, and probably it may be discarded altogether.
The Woodruff (Asperula odorata, fig. 192) is a sweet-scented wild
plant which ought to be cultivated for the prettiness of its flower, for
its hay-like odour, and for the flavour which it imparts to claret-cup.
It grows well with me, but some time ago I nearly lost the whole,
as a stupid labourer was carefully picking it all out as a useless
Fic. 191.—Feverfew. Fic. 192,—Woodruff. Fic. 193.—Samphire.
weed. This is really one of the greatest difficulties with which a
cultivator of plants has to contend, as employés destroy the loveliest
plants, and only preserve some florist’s worthless monstrosity.
Samphire (Crithmum maritimum, fig. 193) is rarely grown in gardens,
although it appears to thrive well at Wallington. When planted, some
chalk was sunk in the ground and a little earth spread over, on which
the plants grow. It grows wild at Folkestone and on the cliffs of
Dover, where persons were formerly suspended by a rope to gather
it from the cliffs. Its leaves are pickled to be mixed with salads, to
impart to them its peculiar flavour.
“Half way down
Hangs one that gathers samphire—dreadful trade!”
SHAKSPEARE, Aizg Lear.
Our district is deservedly celebrated for its Lavender (Lavendula
spica, fig. 194) fields, which are so beautiful when in flower as to be
well worth the trouble of any lover of plants to visit from a considerable
distance. The peculiar effect of myriads of heads of lavender in flower
128 MY GARDEN.
can hardly be realized without being seen. The plant yields an essen-
tial oil, largely used in perfumery, and a considerable proportion of
that which is made in England is obtained from plants grown in our
locality. The flowers are gathered and distilled. The variety em-
ployed is propagated by division in spring. It yields some produce
the first year, it is in -its prime the second year, and is generally
Fic. 194.—Lavender.
Fic. 195.—Rosemary Fic. 196.—Tobacco.
destroyed the third year, as it is apt to die in winter. It requires con-
tinual change of ground, but is reported to be a most profitable crop.
‘*Here’s flowers for you:
Hot lavender, mints, savory, marjoram ;
The marigold, that goes to bed with the sun,
And with him rises weeping: these are flowers
Of middle summer, and, I think, they are given
To men of middle age.”—SHAKSPEARE, Winters Tale.
We also grow a Rosemary (Rosmarinus offi-inalis, fig. 195) plant,
which has a fine volatile oil, and is said to give thé particular flavour
to Narbonne honey, as the plants abound in that district, and the
bees collect the honey from their flowers.
“There’s rosemary : that’s for remembrance.”—SHAKSPEARE.
We grow a plant or two of Tobacco (Wicotiana, fig. 196), rather as
a handsome ornamental plant than for any use.
In most years Basil (Ocymum basilicum, fig. 197) is grown in my
garden. It is raised from seed in heat, and planted out. It is cut in
HERBS AND AROMATIC PLANTS. 129
summer, and dried for winter use. It is particularly said to be the right
herb to flavour turtle soup.
We grow both the Winter and Summer Savory. Winter Savory
(Satureia montana) isa perennial, and is propagated by cuttings. Sum-
Fic. 198.—Summer Savory.
Fic. 199.—Common Marjoram
Fic. 197.—Sweet Basil.
mer Savory (Satureia hortensis, fig. 198) is sown in April. Both kinds
may be used green, and should be cut and dried for winter use when
the flower is about to expand.
Marjoram (Origanum, fig. 199) isanother herb much used in cookery.
It is propagated by division. Knotted Marjoram (Origanwm Majorana,
fig. 200) is in this country an annual, and requires the seed to be
sown every spring.
We grow Tarragon (Artemisia Dracunculus, fig. 201), as the
aromatic leaves are used to flavour soups, and also to make tarragon
Fic. 2zo1.—T'arragon. Fic. 202.--Rue.
Fic. 200.—Knotted Marjoram.
vinegar. It is a perennial plant, propagated by division. It does not
stand well the cold of our winters, and therefore a new plantation
should be made every spring.
130 MY GARDEN.
There are various plants which are grown in nearly every garden,
which are, nevertheless, of but little use. Rue (Ruta graveolens, fig. 202)
isoneof these. It is said to be an acro-narcotic poison in quantity, but
is never used in medicine, and I do not know that any medical man has
prescribed it with any good effect. It is easily propagated by cuttings.
Shakspeare speaks of rue on several occasions :—
“Tl set a bank of rue, sour herb of grace.”
“For you there’s rosemary and rue: these keep
Seeming .and savour all the winter long.”
SHAKSPEARE, Winter’s Tale.
Chamomile (Axnthemis nobilis, fig. 203) is a plant which has been
used for a long period. It is grown by the acre around us, and the
flowers are gathered to be sold by the herbalists. It is a perennial,
and we grow a plant or two. Pereira considers it to be a useful
stomachic and tonic; he further states that flannel bags filled with the
flowers and soaked in hot water are useful topical agents, It is
doubtful whether the flowers add to the benefit of the hot water.
We have a plant of Hyssop (Ayssopus officinalis, fig. 204). It is
said to be occasionally used in cookery, and sometimes in medicine ;
Fic. 203.—Chamomile. Fic. ee Fic. 205,—Horehound.
but I believe that it is equally unimportant for either purpose. The
plant may be propagated by division.
Horehound (Marrubium vulgare, fig. 205) is grown with us. It is
a popular remedy for a cough, but is seldom or ever ordered by the
doctor. It is sold in the shops in a candied state, and is used as a
HERBS AND AROMATIC PLANTS. 131
domestic medicine by persons suffering from chronic pulmonary
affections.
Parsley (Petroselinum sativum, fig. 206) is a plant of large con-
sumption in a family. It was formerly used for garlands: ‘“ Apium
igitur inter coronarias herbas memorandum est.” A bed of con-
siderable size is required. Probably its chief use is for garnishing,
and then curled leaves are most appreciated. It is also used for
cooking, when the single-leaved variety is preferred; but Thompson
has pointed out that by using only the curled leaves all danger of
mistaking the fool's parsley (a poisonous plant) for it may be avoided.
The seed is sown in the end of February, and it runs to seed the
following year. There are many fine varieties, but I have generally
Fic. 206.—Parsley.
Fic. 208.—Fennel.
Fic. 207.—Chervil.
used Myatt’s garnishing. In winter sometimes the demand is great
and the supply very smatl, and therefore it is well to cover some
plants for winter use with hand-lights. Parsley was mentioned also
by Horace as used for garlands :-—
“Est in horto, :
Phylli, nectendis apium coronis.”—HORACE, ii. 367.
Pliny says that it is considered that parsley prevents persons from
becoming drunk, and that it confers a good odour upon the body :—
“Apium; hoc arceri ebrietatem bonumque corpori odorem conferre
aiunt.” (Pliny, book xix. chap. 8.)
K 2
132 MY GARDEN.
,
Chervil (Anthriscus Cerefolium, fig. 207) is another plant of the same
nature as parsley. The leaves are valuable to add to salads, or to
flavour soups. The seed does not keep well, and therefore should be
sown as soon as ripe. It likes a moist, shady situation. With me it
does not give much trouble, as it comes up annually in the same
place. If not sown as the seed falls, it may be sown at the same
time as parsley, and the seed should be but lightly covered with earth.
Only a small patch is required, =
Some persons like Fennel (Anethum feniculum, fig. 208) sauce to be
served with mackerel, but others think its favour is very disagréeable.
The seed is sown in March and covered lightly with. earth, and the
leaves only are used in cookery. A variety of fennel, growing near
Naples (fig. 209), has noble leaves, and-is very beautiful; it stands
Fic. 209.—Barr’s Fennel.
out.in classical situations with great effect. It has a kind of bulbous
root, which is blanched, and it is eaten like sea-kale or stewed celery.
Although I have tried it several times at Naples, the fennel flavour
was always disagreeable to me, and it is very inferior to our sea-
kale. The figure is from a fine variety which Mr. Barr showed at
the: Horticultural Society, with leaves of the greatest beauty.
We grow several of the hot Chilis and Capsicums, The Chili
Capsicum annuum, fig. 210) is especially valuable, as when we obtain a
good crop we make our own Cayenne pepper by beating the dry chilis
\
HERBS AND AROMATIC PLANTS. 133
in a pestle and mortar with a little salt. This is far superior to anything
which can be obtained at the shops; and it should therefore always
be grown in first-rate gardens. Chili vinegar is also made from them.
The cherry capsicum is a very beautiful plant, and very useful to add
to pickles. There is one fruit of this tribe of plants, the Solanum
anthropophagorum (fig. 211), which is used by savages to promote
the digestibility of human flesh.
I have often grown the Ginger plant (Zingiber officinale, fig. 212),
but, as it is not a gaudy plant, somehow or other it is rarely kept
till the second year. The root when dried is used for medicine and
cookery, and when green is preserved with sugar. The stems are
annual, and die down in autumn. For preserving, the roots are
Fic. 212.—Ginger Plant. Fic. 213.—Tomato, } diam.
Fic. 211.—Solanum anthropo-
phagorum.
preferable when not too woody or too strongly filled with the ginger
principle: it has occurred to me, that it might be possible to grow it
here, for that purpose, during the summer season. I have never tried
it, but certainly shall on the first opportunity. In the fernery or
cucumber-house it grows with the greatest facility, and puts forth an
abundance of its creeping rhizomes, so that there would be no
difficulty for any person to grow his own ginger.
We are particular about our Tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum,
fig. 213), which we grow in cold frames. They should be raised from
seed in February, and planted in the cold frames as soon as room can
be spared. A three-light frame will yield a large produce of fruit,
which is far superior in flavour to that imported from abroad, or to
134 MY GARDEN.
that grown against walls in this country. There are many varieties,
but I prefer, from trials which I have made, the large red sort. Tomato
' plants may be propagated by cuttings as well as from seed. The fruit
ripens in August, September, and October, and makes excellent sauce
for winter use. It is a capital vegetal when boiled, and a delicious
salad when cut in slices, flavoured with shallot, and eaten with vinegar
and pepper. Abroad it is used as a fruit, but it is not so employed
in this country.
Horse-radish (Cochlearia Armoracea, fig. 214) is a condimental vegetal,
the root of which, when scraped or made into sauce, is invariably
used in England with roast beef. To grow it fine we require rich,
Fic. 216.—Absinthe.
Fic. 215.—Aconite.
deeply trenched ground. The crowns are
planted about a foot below the surface,
and they form the stalks which are used.
The root of the Aconitum Napellus has
been mistaken for it with fatal results, for
this latter plant is most highly poisonous. I have figured it (fig.
Fic. 214.—Horse-radish, $ diam.
215); but I strongly recommend it to be eradicated from ordinary
gardens.
Absinthe (Artemisia absinthium, fig. 216) is now much used by the
RHUBARB. 135
French. Dr. Gros, in a letter to myself, states that on the Boule-
vards of Paris, between four and six o'clock, glasses of absinthe are
to be seen on every coffee-house table and at all wine-merchants’. The
workpeople frequently take absinthe. They make what they call es
tournées, each one wishing in his turn to treat his comrades. The middle
‘class and the army drink it more frequently mixed with water, though
the latter do not object to it pure, and the Parisian alcohol drinkers take
absinthe asa rule. Physiological experiments show that in small doses
absinthe causes giddiness, and epilepsy in larger. The mischief which
is now being done by this plant is incalculable, and I grow the plant
to point it out to my English friends, that they may never use so hurtful
a drug in this country.
RHUBARB.
Within this century Rhubarb (Rheum, fig. 217) has been introduced
as a substitute for fruit when it is scarce. It is a thoroughly English
plant, and very few foreigners have ever seen or heard of it. It is in use
from Christmas till May, when gooseberries come in, but it may be used
later, and for preserving purposes it is
better gathered in July and August. It
is a delicious vegetal in a tart, but it
owes its flavour to oxalic acid, which,
although grateful to the palate, is not
digestible. The acid exists in the plant
as superoxalate of potash, and may be
seen in the cells of the plant (fig. 218)
by the aid of the microscope. The plant
may be propagated by seed, but then
either a good or a bad variety may be
obtained. For this reason it is generally
propagated by division of the root from fe. 218.—Raphides of Rhubarb.
some approved variety.
The plant is grown for the stems of its leaves, and the first crop is
136 MY GARDEN.
obtained by taking up one or two large roots about the third week
in November; and placing them in the cucumber-house or cutting-house
for use at Christmas. My gardener has forced it by placing a few roots
in one of our warm springs and there covering them with a matting,
The next crop is obtained by covering the crown with straw, and the
last crop comes spontaneously in the open air. Rhubarb is much used:
in London for wine to be drunk as champagne at balls. It is, however,
not wholesome, and frequently disagrees with the stomach. Persons
should always be on their guard against rhubarb, and should not take
it if experience shows that it disagrees. It is much more wholesome
when young and forced, than when gathered in the open air later in
the season, as the oxalic acid is then not so largely developed. We
grow the Linnzus and the Victoria varieties.
Vien -X. VIT.~—Scene on the Wandle.
Vign. A VILI,—Bridge over the Wandle.
CHAPTER IX
MY FRUIT GARDEN.
“And many homely trees there were,
That peaches, coines, and apples bere,
Medlers, plummes, peeres, chesteinis,
Cherise, of whiche many one faine is.”’—CHAUCER.
\ , 7E are naturally led from the vegetal rhubarb; which under
certain circumstances is so useful a substitute for fruit, to
the consideration of our fruit garden ‘itself.
Although in this country we do not practically grow to any large
extent the oranges and lemons of the South of Europe, the delicious
custard apple of Madeira, the date of Syria, the penetrating-flavoured
vanilla of the West Indies, the lychia of China, or the banana of the
Tropics; yet, taking England on the whole, there is no country in
the world where the amount and variety of fine fruit are to be found
in such perfection as we have them in the gentleman’s garden of
England,—with his greenhouses and ordinary horticultural appliances.
THE APPLE.
Of all our fruits, the Apple is perhaps the most useful, and is
appreciated by birds and beasts as well as by man. My bullfinch loves
his slice of apple, my horse thanks me by many little signs for the
gift of an apple, and my cows delight to be offered one. The pigs,
the chickens, the geese, all run to seize the windfalls as they drop,
and sometimes the chickens get into the trees to procure the fruit.
138 MY GARDEN.
There are numerous varieties of apples. There is scarcely such
a thing as a totally bad apple unfit for any purpose. We grow in
my garden more than three hundred varieties, a number far beyond
what is required for ordinary purposes, and necessary only for expe-
rience and study. All these numerous kinds of apples are varieties
of one species, the Pyrus Malus. They are in fact varieties con-
fined within the limits of variation of one species. With all these
numerous varieties, of which at least fifteen hundred have been cata-
logued, and perhaps many times that number remain unnamed, no
new species have been formed. In some cases size has been deve-
loped, as in those of Lord Derby and Gloria Mundi; and in other
instances ether is formed, as in the case of the Ribston Pippin or
Nonpareil. There is also a variation in the colour of the skin, as in
the skin of Lord Derby, which is green; or in that of the Scarlet Non-
pareil, which is scarlet. Again, the texture varies, that of the Norfolk
Biffin being very hard and solid, that of the Newtown Pippin being
soft and delicate. Then there is a variety in the specific gravity of
the juice, of which the extremest limit known in density reaches a
specific gravity of 1091. Now it is worthy of note that although
thousands upon thousands of seedlings from all these varieties have
been under observation, yet all the varieties have been within a
certain limit of variation, and never have attained to the rank of a
new species.
Apples which are fine in texture and rich in flavour are selected
for the purposes of the table, of which the Irish Peach, the Ribston
Pippin, and the Golden Harvey are notable examples. Apples which
under the action of heat form a soft pulp and have a rich flavour are
chosen for culinary purposes, of which Cellini Pippin, Lord Suffield,
Blenheim Orange, and Dumelow’s Seedling are good examples.
There is yet a third class, which is used for cider, and which is
selected for the high specific gravity of the expressed juice ;—as the
denser the juice the better the cider. Some of the worst and some
of the choicest eating apples make fine cider; but it is the practice to
mix many kinds together.
THE APPLE. 139
In France apples are peeled and dried, when they are exported
to England under the name of Normandy pippins; these when
soaked and cooked make a delicious dish for early spring, when fruit
is scarce, and one which is far more wholesome than rhubarb, which
is so much used in this country.
In Switzerland vast quantities of apples are grown; nevertheless
the inhabitants are so frugal that they cut the sound portions from
the windfalls in slices, and suspend them from a thread till they
are dry, when they can be kept till winter; a practice which may well
be imitated by our country people.
Varieties of apples are obtained by sowing pips of the best kinds.
The pips are sown in drills, but they must be protected from the
mice. Very few of the trees which grow from the seeds give apples
positively bad and of no use, nevertheless not one in a thousand is
superior to those varieties which have preceded them. It must be
confessed that most of our fine apples have had an accidental origin,
and have been discovered by observation. I have myself raised many
seedlings, some of them of much promise, but certainly none up to this
time superior to those in ordinary use.
‘When we have a tree of a variety which we appreciate, it may be
multiplied by layering, when we obtain the same kind on its own root.
The same varicty may be also propagated by grafting, when we
obtain the same kind on a different stock.
“The mother plant admires the leaves unknown
Of alien trees, and apples not her own.”—DRYDEN, Georgics.
Apples are grafted on the common seedling apple stock, or on
the Paradise stock. The first stock I use for large trees and
standards, the latter for small bushes, The immense superiority
‘of the Paradise stock for small trees to ensure early bearing, may be
learnt from an experiment which I made some years ago of two trees of
the Juneating apple. One was grafted on the common stock, the other
on the Paradise stock, and both were planted side by side. The one
grafted on the Paradise stock has since that time yielded me annually
tie MY GARDEN.
a crop: whilst the one grafted on the common stock, although a much
larger tree, has not, up to the present time, yielded me a dozen apples
altogether. There is an immeasurable difference between the produce
of the Paradise and grafted seedling apple-trees during the early
part of their existence, though for permanent plantations the apple-
worked stock should be exclusively employed. My apple-trees worked
on Paradise stocks are grown as hollow bowls, a form which is more
congenial to the natural growth of the apple than the pyramidal form,
My apple bowls are sometimes literally covered with fine fruit. Each
apple gets an abundant supply of light and air, is finely coloured,
and has good flavour. When, however, we allow a tree to overbear,
it is crippled, and it will not bear again for one or two years till it
has recovered, My hollow bowl apple-trees are slightly pruned in
summer, and are cut as much as possible to one pattern in winter.
In practice it is a bad plan to mix trees worked on Paradise stocks
with trees worked on the common apple stock, as apples on the
latter grow far more rapidly than those on the former: hence it is
difficult, if not impossible, to have a plantation of the mixed trees
of uniform size and shape. Sometimes there are kinds which grow
too strongly on the Paradise stocks, yet upon the whole they can‘be
grown tolerably uniform, and should always be employed in gardens.
Occasionally I have had recourse to the practice of inarching (fig. 118),
with perfect success, and then, as by grafting, a particular kind of apple
is propagated on a stock of another variety. It is only required
under very special circumstances, and may be entirely superseded
by the process of grafting, The proper time for planting apple-
trees is the interval between October and March. When the trees
can be lifted and immediately replanted, the middle of October is
a very good time. If the trees have to be sent from a distance, the
middle or end of November is the best of all times; but if the roots
have been cut in the month of October, any time between October
and March will be satisfactory.
The pruning of apple-trees is simple. Standards need only have
their cross boughs cut out ; a Herefordshire magistrate, however, who
THE APPLE. oT
had large orchards, told me that the fruit was improved in quality
by thinning the boughs to let the light and air to the branches. The
hollow bowls on Paradise stocks require scarcely any pruning; but exu-
berant shoots should be plucked in midsummer and cut out in winter.
In some seasons,—and in some seasons only,—my apple-trees have
been affected with a blasting of the leaves. The disease appears with
a south-west wind, and especially when the winds blow strong and
cold, as they often do when the leaves are young and tender in
early summer. This disease especially attacks the Siberian Crab.
We have found the best remedy is to lift the trees and give them
some good top spit loam. An attack of this disease is damaging to
the tree not only in the season of the attack, but also to the
following crop. (See Fungi.)
Our apple-trees are growing in three forms. Some, as standards
(fig. 219), have a straight stock six feet high, on which the desired
Fic. 220.—Hollow Bowl Apple-bush.
Fic. 219.—Standard Apple.
kind is grafted and spreads out with branches, Standards are generally
grown in paddocks, and therefore ought to be so high that a horse or
cow cannot reach the fruit. In our garden we generally grow them
as bushes, or rather as hollow bowls (fig. 220). There is a third mode
of training which is also useful in a garden,—the espalier (fig. 221)
which occupies but little room. When air and light can act upon
every branch, an espalier grows very fine fruit. Upon the whole, I
greatly prefer the bush worked upon the Paradise stock wherever (as
142 MY GARDEN.
in my garden) many trees are grown upon a small extent of ground.
The French sometimes train a single stem close to the ground on a
Fic. 222.—Cordon Apple.
wire (fig. 222). I have tried the plan, but must regard it on the
whole as an idle vanity, unworthy of scientific horticulture.
A few of my apples are grown in pots, such as the Newtown Pippin,
the Northern Spy, and the Melon apples, which are from America,
The Mala Cala, an Italian apple, requires pot culture; and there is a
French apple called the Reinette Ananas, which, when cultivated
in pots, is exceedingly beautiful. Its form, size, and transparent
colour are so lovely that it resembles the plum rather than the apple,
A little tree covered with its lovely fruit in the orchard-house is a
most interesting sight.
Other apples grown in pots are the Empress Eugénie, fig. 223
(which seems to be a most beautiful and excellent
kind, although I have hardly had sufficient experience
to recommend it for general cultivation), Court-pendu,
Duvesne, Perle d’Angleterre, Reinette Petite Grise,
and Reinette de Madeira.
We have generally forced the Early Juneating in
a pot, and many times it has been shown as the
first apple of the season, both at the Horticultural and Botanical
Societies, at the end of May. he visitors have been amused and
a a2
Fic. 223.—Empress
Eugénie.t
astonished, but the editors of the gardening newspapers have properly
asked, “Cui bono?” To their inquiries I reply that it is an idle,
useless vanity, but many vanities which pass for pleasures are more
stupid. There is neither a secret nor a difficulty in obtaining “the
first apples of the season.” A tree of the White Juneating is potted
* All figures of apples are drawn one-third of their diameter.
THE APPLE. i>
in good top spit loam. The tree, when it has been in the pot for a
year, is placed in a greenhouse in the middle of December. It then
flowers in February, and its fruit ripens in May. To ensure success
liquid manure should be given when the flower expands, again when
the pips are forming, and lastly when the fruit is about to ripen.
Simple as all this looks, I cannot every year get the first apples of
the season, as much attention is required to ensure perfect success.
In autumn, the fruit should be gathered when the apples come
readily from the tree; and, as a matter of experience, to prevent
future shrivelling, apples should be left on the tree as late as they will
hang without dropping. I have observed that apples which readily
and prematurely drop, and which are usually called windfalls, are really
imperfect themselves, and have no pips, except indeed those which,
from the force of the wind, have been blown off with the adherent shoot.
When the apples are gathered, they should be kept in the dark at
a low temperature, with a slight current of air through the room.
All the apples should be placed on shelves, as far apart as is con-
venient, If they are placed on straw, an unpleasant flavour is trans-
mitted to the fruit; and if they are absolutely frozen, the texture of
the fruit is destroyed. It is a good plan thoroughly to destroy fungus
by sulphur fumes before apples are housed in any room for the
winter, and then several kinds will last till new apples are produced.
Fungus in apples imparts to them a most disagreeable taste, and of
the two evils it is certainly better for them to shrivel than to remain
plump and be full to the core with fungus growth. The one great
test of a well-kept apple is an absence of fungus, and this is best
secured by burning on a red-hot coal, once or twice a week in the apple-
room, a piece of sulphur as big as a pea. This we always practise now.
It has already been stated that my collection of apples comprisés
nearly three hundred varieties. It is neither advisable nor expedient,
however, to have so many kinds; but it is important to have both
dessert and kitchen apples for every day in the year.
Every garden ought to have at least thirty kinds of dessert apples,
so as to command a variety of flavour and a constant succession, The
144 MY GARDEN.
early apples: are only required to last a few days, and therefore a
bush will suffice; the later apples are required to last over months,
and for these large trees should be grown.
The first dessert apple which ripens in July is the White Juneating.
(fig. 224). Itis small, but it is always welcomed as the first apple of the
season. Following it quickly in succession is the Red Juneating or early
Red Margaret, which has red stripes on the side exposed to the sun ; it
is delicious, but lasts only a few days. The Ea‘ly Strawberry (fig. 225)
follows this in turn, but it is always a small apple. Again, there is
Fic. 224.—Juneating. Fic. 225.—Early Strawberry Fic. 226.—Irish Peach. =
i Apple. Fic, 227.—Reine Jaune
Hative.
an apple ripening about the middle of August which is elegant in form,
beautiful in colour, and excellent to the taste, the Irish Peach (fig.
226), which is the chief apple for a time, and gives way to one little
known in this country, but which ought to be more cultivated,—Reine
Jaune Hative (fig. 227). I have grown it in pots with great success,
Fic. 228.—Quarrenden Fic. 229.—Kerry Pippin. Fic. 230.—Benoni.
‘pple. Fic. 231.—Gravenstein.
and am now cultivating it as a ‘bush on the Paradise stock. About
the same time comes in the Red Astrachan, and also the Devonshire
Quarrenden (fig. 228). The latter is a great bearer, and its bright red
colour on the side towards the sun makes it a great favourite as a market
apple. At this season the Benoni (fig. 230) ripens; its odour is ex-
ceedingly fine and its appearance beautiful. It is an apple little
known, but deserves general growth.
THE APPLE, 145
September comes, and brings with it the Kerry Pippin (fig. 230),
which has a semi-transparent skin and a yellowish flesh, and also a
fine flavour. The Kerry Pippin is succeeded by Gravenstein (fig. 231),
which is another delicious apple for the season: towards the end of
the month the Ribston Pippin, King of the Pippins, and Pitmaston
Pineapple: Pippin give us their delicious fruit. The Ribston (fig. 232)
is one of the finest of all apples, and may be kept, if well ripened,
till the following June: it has a peculiar flavour, due to an ether,
which modern chemistry has been able to make in the laboratory.
Every garden should have one or two large standard trees of this
variety, as it is capricious in its bearing. The tree likes to grow in
rich deep loam: I have tried it on its own roots, but this plan appears
to have no advantage. The King of the Pippins (fig. 233) is a great
bearer, though it is an inferior apple: nevertheless a garden should have
<= Fic.233¢. —Pitmas- : ane
Fic. 233.—King of ‘the ton Pineapple, Fic. 2a, comen Gilli-
; Pippins. ower.
- Fic. 232.—Ribston Pippin.
one tree of this variety. The Pitmaston Pineapple (fig. 2332) is little
known, but I have found it second to none in cultivation. It is not
too large, is very sugary and highly flavoured, and is one of the best
of all apples. With me it frequently bears prodigiously ; but, when it
does so, I obtain no crop the next year. No garden should be without
this apple. 2
From the middle of October till the middle of November the Rib-
ston alone should be used. December gives us the Cornish Gilliflower,
one of the finest of all apples (fig. 234). It has a yellowish flesh,
and its flavour is most delicious; but the tree is so indifferent a
bearer near London, that we can never depend upon a crop, although
I have at least half-a-dozen trees. The mode of growth of this tree
is peculiar, as it ‘throws out long slim branches, and frequently it
L
146 MY GARDEN.
bears at the ends of the branches. It does not bear pruning, and
ought to be allowed to grow freely. Then the Melon apple (fig.
Fic. 237-—Gélden ?
Fic. ea Fic. ee Orange Pippin. Fic. a
235) comes into use, a fruit of delicate texture trom America, °
together with Cox’s Orange Pippin (fig. 236), an apple of the highest
quality, which should be grown in quantity, and the little Golden
Pippin (fig. 237) of ancient celebrity. Horticulturists. speak of this
apple as a fruit of the past, but in my garden it fruits freely on small
- Fic. 240.—Court-
Fic. 239.—Coe’s Plat. Fic. 241.—Manning-
Golden Drop. pendu Ea ton’s Pearmain. Fic. 242.—Northern Spy.
trees worked on the Paradise stock. The latter part of December
adds to our list the Court of Wick Pippin (fig. 238), Coe’s Golden
Drop (fig. 239), and Court-pendu Plat (fig. 240),—all valuable for
their property of keeping till spring.
About this time we have Mannington’s Pearmain (fig. 241), which
is a very fine apple; and the Northern Spy (fig. 242), which has the
rl: si Fic. 245.—Golden Fic. 246.—Early>
Fic. 243.—American Fic. 244.—Reinette of Harvey, Nonpareil. ,
Newtown Pippin, Canada.
delicate texture of other American apples. This apple attains to
great perfection and beauty in the orchard-house:
THE APPLE. 187
The Newtown Pippin (fig. 243) has not done well with me. When
grown in America the fruit has an incomparable etherial flavour, which
it never obtains in this climate. This apple is remarkable for having
black spots in the skin.
January produces the large Reinette du Canada (fig. 244), which
is generally a good bearer, and gives a large fine apple with excellent
flavour. The Golden Harvey (fig. 245),—a small apple,—ripens about
Fic. 247. Fic. 248. Meotffcn Pippa, Rig, a50—Adams’ Pear
Old Nonpareil. Braddick’s Nonpareil. main.
this time. The various Nonpareils, such as the Early Nonpareil
(fig. 246), which is a good bearer, are now fit for use. The Old
Nonpareil (fig. 247) is a very fine apple, below medium size, and
Braddick’s ‘Nonpareil (fig. 248) is also an apple of high excellence.
The Scarlet Nonpareil is another apple of great beauty and of high
quality, which should always be grown.
* ‘Screveton’s Golden Pippin (fig. 249) is a capital little apple for
spring use. Adams’ Pearmain (fig. 250) is another fine apple, well
deserving of cultivation, and the Boston Russet (fig. 251) is a late
apple of high excellence.
We also grow, on bush trees, the Reinette Ananas (fig. 252), for
its extreme beauty of form and transparent skin, which renders it an
-F es Fic. 253.—Duke of
1G. 251.— Boston Fic. 252.—Reinette Devonshire. Fic. 254.—Starmer
Russet. ‘Ananas. Pippin.
ornament to the dinner-table. They are not so beautiful when grown
out of doors as when grown in pots in the orchard-house.
L:2
148 MY GARDEN.
In February and March we have, besides, the Duke of Devonshire
(fig. 253), a new apple, hardly as yet come into extensive cultivation,
but one which is manifestly an important late apple of high flavour.
In April and May good apples are scarce, nevertheless the
. oturmer Pippin (fig. 254) is still in great ‘perfection ;
\ it keeps perfectly till June, and is a thoroughly good
j apple. Lastly, that too generally forgotten but ad-
‘ mirable apple, Ord’s apple (fig. 255), carries on our
Fic, a520r's dessert fruit till strawberries appear. Mr. Thompson
highly commended this apple; Mr. Barron recommends it, and
yet it is rarely to be obtained at any nursery-ground. I have
ordered it several times, and have had an apple-tree of another
kind sent to me (an unpardonable offence, always to be severely
censured). The Horticultural Society can supply grafts, and Mr.
Lee of Hammersmith has trees for disposal. It is-very desirable to
promote an extensive cultivation of this variety, which, however,
has the demerit of possessing neither beauty of form nor brightness
of colour to recommend it.
Out of my extensive collection, I cannot recommend more than
the above for universal cultivation ; but no garden should be without
all or the greater part of those which I have described,
The apples which should be cultivated in quantities are the
Devonshire Quarrenden, Ribston Pippin, Pitmaston Pineapple, Cox’s
Orange Pippin, Braddick’s Nonpareil, Old Nonpareil, Pearson's Plate,
Reinette du Canada, and Ord’s Apple. :
All the apples, from the Ribston Pippin downwards, may be
kept with care till June, and therefore I have recorded the period of
ripening somewhat in the order in which the above-described kinds
have been fit for use with us; but the time over which they may be
made to last will depend upon the care taken in their conservation,
as I have tasted most of the kinds, from the Ribston downwards,
in the month of May, and sometimes even in June.
Other dessert apples which are cultivated in my garden are the
Astrachan, which is a handsome, good apple, ripening in August ; Ash-
THE APPLE. 149
mead’s Kernel, a fine Gloucester apple, which ripens in November ;
Bess Pool; Cockle Pippin, a handsome apple, and a favourite with
some persons; Early Harvest, Summer Golden Pippin, and Early
Julien,—all ripening in August, but not required with those I have
recommended; Forfar Pippin, ripening in March, Hughes’ Golden
Pippin, Franklin’s Golden Pippin, Pitmaston’s Golden Pippin, Small’s
Golden Pippin,—all late keepers ; Keddleston Pippin, highly commended ;
“Margil, a good apple; Pitmaston Russet Nonpareil, Claygate, Bax-
ter’s, Grange’s, Hubbard’s, Herefordshire, and Lamb Abbey Pantmatnes:
—none of them presenting any very remarkable features; Prince
Albert and Victoria,—neither found as good as reputed; Reinette
Van Mons, upon which a decided opinion has not as yet been
formed; Spring Ribston, Pineapple Russet and Sykehouse Russet,
Sam Young, St. Sauveur and Golden Knob, Wyken Pippin and
Webb’s Russet,—all of which have more or less merit. Williams:
Favourite appears to be a fine’ apple. The Russian apples Cardinal,
Duke Constantine, Count Orloff, and Holcar Pippin have not yet
borne fruit. The American apples the Mother Apple and McClellan
are interesting, but these American apples, as already mentioned
in the case of the Newtown Pippin, when grown in this country are
destitute of that high etherial flavour which they attain in their native
habitats. We also grow Allen’s Everlasting and Ulmer’s Golden Rei-
nette, both of which are very late apples and keep well. We have
also many other kinds, which I have not thought it necessary to
- describe.
My experience shows that it is not necessary to grow any large
number of varieties of kitchen apples, though, as they are in request
for at least nine months out of the twelve, an abundance of fruit
should be stored for winter use.
The following list will probably suffice :—
Keswick Codlin. New Hawthornden. Stirling Castle.
Lord Suffield. Lord Derby. Gooseberry Pippin.
Alexander. Warner’s King. Wellington.
Cellini Pippin. Blenheim Orange. French Crab.
Hawthornden. Gloria Mundi. Siberian Crab.
150 MY GARDEN.
The Keswick Codlin (fig. 236) gives, when boiled or baked, a delicious
pulp, which has a flavour peculiar to itself and most agreeable. It is
one of our early cooking apples, and is immediately succeeded by
Lord Suffield (fig. 257), which attains a large size and is valuable
Fic. 256.—Keswick Collin. * Fic, 258.—Emperor Alexander
Fic. 257-—Lord Suffield.
for baking; it is also an abundant bearer, and no garden can
possibly dispense with it; it lasts till the end of November. Follow-
ing this, the Alexander or Emperor Alexander (fig. 258) is a hand-
some apple, which does not, however, bear well in my garden.
Fic, 260.
Fic. 259.—Cellini Pippin. Hawthornden, No. 1. Fic, 261.—New Hawthornden, No, 2.
The Cellini Pippin (fig. 259) is acid, and makes excellent apple sauce,
A peculiarity of this valuable fruit is that, in addition to the
fruitfulness of the trees, the apples are really good when cooked,
although only three-parts grown, and thus an overladen tree may be
thinned without any loss of fruit. When the
\ tree is laden with its brightly streaked fruit, it
4 is perfectly beautiful. The Hawthornden (fig.
| 260) is also a great bearer and a good cook-
ing apple, but the fruit does not keep long.
This is followed by the New Hawthornden
(fig. 261), also a good apple. Lord Derby (fig.
262) is an apple which attains great perfection in my garden:
Fic. 262.—Lord Derby.
THE APPLE. 151
It was raised by Whitham of Mr. Reddish in Yorkshire, and it has
generally commanded the first prize for size. In its dark green
colour and form it differs from most other apples, Warner’s King
(fig. 263) is another fine large apple, differing much in form from the
Fic. 263.—Warner’s King.
Fic, 264.—Gloria Mundi.
others described. Gloria Mundi (fig. 264) is another apple of enormous
dimensions, measuring sometimes as much as fourteen inches round.
The Stirling Castle (fig. 265) is reputed to be a fine apple: I have
only lately had a tree, and so cannot speak decidedly of its merits.
Fyc, 266.—Winter Peach. . "
Fic, 267.—Blenheim Orange. Fic. 268.— Gooseberry:
The Winter Peach (fig. 266) is a valuable late keeping apple. For
winter use there is no better apple than the Blenheim Orange (fig.
267). It is so good that it is considered by many persons to be a
dessert fruit. ‘Two or three trees may be beneficially
grown of this kind. For late spring use the Goose-
berry Pippin (fig. 268) is recommended ; it is valuable
from its acidity and from its keeping qualities.
Perhaps, however, the best of the late apples is the
Wellington (fig. 269), which keeps fairly till summer,
and more than one tree should be cultivated of this kind.
Fic. 269.—Wellington.
152 MY GARDEN.
The Winter Greening will keep till the second year; and the
French Crab (fig. 270), which we also cultivate, keeps
for two years.
It is indeed a glorious sight to look at our apple
bushes in full flower in the month of May; but as the
Wace rench Crab. performance is to the promise, so is the display of
the fruit in autumn to the blossom of spring.
“ And them amongst, some were of burnish’d Gold,
So made by Art, to beautify the rest,
Which did themselves amongst the Leaves enfold,
As lurking from the view of covetous Guest,
That the weak Boughs, with so rich load oppress’d,
Did bow adown, as over-burden’d.”—SPENSER, Fairy Queen,
Besides apple-trees, the Siberian Crab (Pyrus prunifolia, fig. 271)
is a tree of surpassing beauty, first when in blossom in the spring,
and a second time when in fruit in the late summer. It is so
great an ornament in the garden that I have at
least a dozen trees, and, in favourable seasons, the
produce is large, which I distribute amofgst my
friends; telling them not to despise so small an
apple, but to be thankful for the gift, which they
ought to preserve for winter use as one of their
Fic, 271.—Siberian Crab
most delicious conserves. The Scarlet Crab is even more hand-
some, but it is not so well flavoured. The American Crab is larger
and not so beautiful, but good for apple jelly. Both of these latter
should be grown in shrubberies, where fruitless trees would otherwise
take their place:
“Tall thriving trees confess’d the fruitful mold,
The redd’ning apple ripens here to gold.”— Popr’s Od.
Cider apples are not grown with us, and the cider which is used
is procured from Stephens ‘of Gloucester, who has favoured me with
the particulars of its manufacture on a large scale. It is supposed
that apples yielding the densest juice make the finest cider, and
THE APPLE. 153
Thompson gives the specific gravity of the juices of various apples,
of which the following afford the highest; I have not tried the
experiment myself :—
Siberian Harvey. . . » 1,091 Fox Whelp ... . . 1,076
Siberian Bitter-Sweet . . 1,091 Downton Pippin. . . . 1,080
Golden Harvey . . . . 1,085 Golden Pippin . . . . 1,078
Mr. Stephens states that practically they do not manufacture cider of
one variety of apple, but that at the proper season the crop is shaken
from the trees, and not gathered, The apples are piled in heaps in
the open yard until ripe, and when ripe are carefully picked over for the
finest cider, and the rotten ones put aside. They are then put through
a mill, which is a kind of grater. The pulp and juice run into a large
slate tank, whence the pulp is transferred into hair bags under a
press, when the liquid is again received by a slate tank. Thence it is
transferred to a tub, holding about 1,000 gallons, where it ferments. It
is then strained through filtering bags, and kept in casks. If not bright
it is fined with isinglass. It is racked from one cask to another to stop
fermentation, and finally is bottled in March and April. In the best
cider no sugar whatever is used; in the cheaper some is added. In
Devonshire sulphur is used to stop fermentation, but Mr. Stephens has
not employed it. Probably, however, the judicious use of sulphur, as
in the wine countries, would do much to improve the quality of cider
by restraining the fermentation. Bottled cider should be kept upright
and in a cool place.
“The fragrant stores, the wide-projected heaps
Of apples, which the lusty-handed year,
Innumerous, o’er the blushing orchard shakes.
A various spirit, fresh, delicious, keen,
Dwells in the gelid pores ; and, active, points
The piercing cider for the thirsty tongue.”
THOMSON’S Seasons,
154 MY GARDEN,
THE MEDLAR.
You'll be rotten ere you be half ripe, and that’s the right virtue of the medlar.”
SHAKSPEARE, King Henry V,
Medlars are very ornamental trees, They have grand striking
flowers in spring, Their large leaves and curious crooked mode of
growth always render them beautiful, and the colour of the leaves,
at their fall in autumn, is an additional attraction, Three kinds are
grown at my garden,—the Dutch, Nottingham, and Royal,
The Nottingham (fig. 272) is generally the favourite, as
yielding the best flavoured fruit. It is usual to graft
medlars on thorns. In my garden they do not fruit in wet
hiedaa soils, though, otherwise, they will perfectly succeed near
water. The fruit should be gathered when it easily separates. from
the tree, and should be kept in a dry place to prevent fungi.
Thompson states that it is a good plan to dip the stalk in salt
and water to prevent fungus, but this plan has not been tried at
Wallington. Now, I keep my fruit room free from fungus by the
moderate and judicious use of the fumes of burning sulphur,
THE PEAR,
“Insere Daphni piros: carpent tua poma nepotes.”
VirG. Bue., Ecl. iv. 50.
The Pear must be regarded as a luxury of high order ; for although
it is not of such general utility as the apple, yet as a dessert fruit it
lasts over so long a period, and is so much esteemed, that when upon
the table it is almost invariably preferred to the apple and to many
other fruits. My collection consists of about two hundred and
thirty different varieties. The Pear (Pyrus communis) grows wild in
England; in fact I see specimens of the wild pear in the hedgerows
between my garden and London. It is subject to many varieties, but
like the apple, though liable to. differences within the limit of variation, it
has never been changed into a form which any naturalist could mistake
THE PEAR, 155
for a new species. New varieties are obtained by sowing the pips of
fine kinds, and then selecting any of the produce which may happen to
show any desirable quality either as to its season of ripening, texture, or
flavour. Mr. Rivers is endeavouring to obtain new pears by crossing
varieties having particular qualities; but time only can show whether
success will attend his efforts,
In many cases, it is very difficult to tell whether a real cross has
been maintained, and whether the pollen of one plant absolutely
fertilizes the blossom of another. variety,
When a new variety has been obtained, it may be multiplied by
grafting, budding, or layering, the first plan being that most generally
in use,
It is much more difficult to procure a new and good kind of pear
than of apple or of many other kinds of fruits, for many’ conditions
are required to render it excellent. It must have a fine and distinct
etherial flavour. Its flesh must ‘undergo a change in the process of
ripening which renders’ the pulp soft, and it ought not to rot with
facility. Even in the list of those reputed to be excellent, in bad
seasons and under disadvantageous circumstances some pears never
ripen at all, others rot, and some are totally devoid of their normal
and peculiar flavour,
Before any person plants a standard pear-tree, he should be well
assured of the qualities of the variety he plants, especially as the
pear-tree assumes the dimensions of a forest tree, and does not bear
till it has attained some magnitude.. If a bad kind is selected, the
space is wasted for years, which is a serious matter.
Pomologists divide pears into three classes—perry pears, baking
_pears, and dessert pears, As I grow no perry pears, I shall dismiss
them, merely saying that they are unfit for a garden, but should be
grown as forest trees in fields, hedgerows, and orchards.
With respect to baking pears,—although all pears may be used
with more or less success for culinary purposes,——to my mind a large
pear, the Catillac (fig. 273), is the best; and to have it in greatest
_perfection it should be used as a compote de poire, when on its being
156 MY GARDEN.
cooked. it assumes a beautiful red colour. Another enormous pear,
the Bellissime d’Hiver or Uvedale's St. Germain
(fig. 274), is used in the same way. This pear is
shown in the Palais Royal at Paris or at Covent
Garden in London, to attract customers; ‘and
thirty shillings is sometimes demanded for a
single pear. When in its finest state, it is so hand-
some that it may be used as an ornament on
Fic. 273-—Catillac.! the dinner table, and as it is not eatable in an
uncooked state a single dish will last the entire winter.
Dessert pears are in use from the middle of July till May; though
it must, be admitted
that after January,
and sometimes after
Christmas, it is diffi-
cult to maintain a
supply in the highest
ae state of excellence.
D foane ai é Cit per canned :
oyenne te. itron de: se Although I grow
so many kinds of pears for the purpose of curiosity
and trial—and those which are grown have been
selected for their reputed excellence,—yet there are
certain sorts upon which reliance must be placed for
Fic. 274.—Uvedale’s .
St. Germain. the main crop.
The list that I recommend, consists of pears which ripen from
July till the middle of February. The first pear which ripens is
the Doyenné d’Eté (fig. 275), a small pear which is pleasant in flavour
and in use in. July, when the flavour of a pear is a novelty, and is
consequently ‘appreciated. The Citron des Carmes (fig. 276) follows
closely upon it, and when in perfection is more excellent. It lasts,
however, but a few days. Following closely upon these, the Jargonelle
(fig. 277) ripens, with its piquant etherial odour which modern chemistry
has imitated in the oil of Jargonelle pear; an ether, however, which is
* All pears are drawn one-third of their natural diameter.
THE PEAR. 157
not extracted from pears but from fusel oil, The pear drops sold at the
‘shops are flavoured exclusively with this oil. Some authorities con-
sider that this pear was mentioned by Pliny, and was introduced
into this country by the Romans. It attains great perfection at
Fic. 279.—Williams’
Bon Chrétien,
Fic. 277.—Jargonelle. Fic. 278.—Beurré
ieee Giffard,
Rotherhithe and Deptford; and I have tasted it, but not so good,
on the St. Gothard pass in Switzerland. This pear keeps but a few
days, and is succeeded by a modern pear called the Beurré Giffard
(fig. 278). It is excellent in some years, but is so little in cultivation
that I have never seen it in any other locality than at my garden.
The Beurré Giffard is’ succeeded in September by that ‘generally
well-known and largely cultivated favourite, Williams’ Bon Chrétien
(fig. 279), a noble full-sized pear, which requires to be kept a few
days after being ‘gathered, to enable it to attain the perfection of
texture and pleasant juicy flavour
which renders it so great a favourite.
It is a great bearer, and should
always be grown.
Between the time of the perfec-
tion of Williams’ Bon Chrétien and
Louise Bonne, the Alexandra (fig. 280)
proves useful, though it is hardly a
Fic. 281
Fic. 280.—Alexandra. Louise Bonne of Jersey.
pear of the highest excellence.
When Williams’ Bon Chrétien has passed away in September,
Louise Bonne of Jersey (fig. 281) is gratefully received. This one,
e
158 MY GARDEN.
taking it all in all, is the perfection of a pear. Its excellence. of
flavour, its hardiness, its constancy of bearing, its uniformity of
ripening, with its beauty of form and colour, together with its
texture and power of keeping a reasonable time, render. it one of the
most desirable of fruits.
About this time Thompson’s (fig. 282) ripens. It is of the
highest excellence, and should not
be omitted from any garden.
The Louise Bonne in its turn
gives place to- Marie Louise (fig.
283), the great gift of Van Mons to
the world. This is the best of
thousands of seedlings this dis-
Fig. 232—homps.n's. ete tinguished pomologist raised. All
gardeners contrive to keep their
Marie Louise as lonz as possible. Unfortunately, the blossoms of
this fruit very badly withstand the frosts of spring, and so the trees
seldom give a crop. _
November now arrives, and brings with it a pear—the Beurré de
Capiaumont (fig. 284)—which is hardy, and constantly gives a crop.
I think it a useful pear, but it is unsaleable in the market, and
is generally sold on the barrows in the streets.
After, or about the same time as the Beurré de Capiaumont,
the Beurré Clairgeau (fig. 285) ripens. Although a coarse pear, it
Fic. 284.—Beurré de Fic. 285.—Leuné Clai 5 yonn z f
Ca ilaunmane 5 unté Clairgeau. Fic. a te de Fig. -€7.—Crasanre.
is very handsome on the tree, and a great bearer. The tree
assumes the same form as one of the upright Lombard poplars. It
THE PEAR. 159
is certainly worth while to have a single tree, but it is at best a
second-rate pear.
The Doyenné de Comice (fig. 286) next follows. It is a pear of
the highest order. It is exquisitely delicious, and should be extensively
grown, and no other pear will be eaten as long as this excellent
variety lasts. I have only lately become acquainted with its high
merits, but as soon as I knew them I procured more trees.
This is followed by General Todleben, which is a
new pear, and still but little known. I have not
found it a good bearer, but the specimens which I
have tasted have been excellent.
The Crasanne (fig. 287) is remarkable for its long
‘stalk and globular form. It is a delicious juicy pear,
and is often grown against a wall.
Beurré Superfin (fig. 288) now comes into season,
‘and this is a very fine pear. This is followed by Beurré ee
Diel (fig. 289), a large pear, very unequal in its qualities; when it
is really fine, it is a superb pear. This, again, is followed by the
surpassing Chaumontel (fig. 290). In the Channel Islands it attains
the greatest perfection, and good specimens fetch 5/ a hundred.
At my garden they never attain a very large size, but in a neigh-
bouring garden, on a wall, I have known them to be grown. on an
Fic. 292.—Joséphine
de Maline,.
. Fic. 291.°
Bie .289:— Beure!Diel. Duchesse d’Angouléme.
old ‘tree of such a size and of such a flavour that they could not
‘readily be distinguished from the justly celebrated Jersey specimens.
The Duchesse d’Angouléme (fig. 291) is a large pear, extensively
160 MV GARDEN.
grown in France and imported into England: In this country it
bears, but has little flavour.
As we get late in the season,—as at the end of November and
beginning of December,—the order of ripening is more’ uncertain, but
still we have pears the fruit of which is of the highest order. Amongst
these late pears the Joséphine de Malines (fig. 292) ‘stands unrivalled.
It is so delicious that it surpasses the peach in
flavour, juiciness, texture, and in refreshing qualities,
Notwithstanding its general high character, I have
known it to be worthless, and in’ 1869 my speci-
mens were no better than raw turnips. __
The Glout Morceau (fig. 293) ripens about this
time. The fruit is better from a standard ‘than
from a wall tree, and specimens which were grown
at Peterborough House, Fulham, and kept till Feb-
ruary, were finer than any other pears which’ I have
Fic, 293-—Glout Morceau. ever tasted either in this country or in France.
About the middle of December a common-looking pear ripens,
which has so indifferent an appearance that some housekeepers refuse
to put it on their masters’ tables. ‘This is the Nelis d’Hiver (fig.. 294),
which is, in my opinion, one -of the finest of all the fruits of the earth,
and should always be cultivated.
The Ne Plus Meuris is a fine pear, but the blossom is constantly
destroyed by the spring frosts, and I
have had but little produce, although |
I have several trees. | Huyshe’s
Victoria (fig. 295), raised from the
Marie Louise, promises tq take a
ie high position amongst pears, but,
Fic. e94.—Winter
elis.
up to this time, it has not borne
Fic. 295. —Huyshe’s Victoria. well in my garden.
The Beurré Rance (fig. 296) is another fine late pear, which keeps
well till the spring. Passe Colmar has a peculiar flavour, and the
Easter Beurré (fig. 297) is useful for spring use. This variety is liable
THE PEAR. . 161
to the pear fungus, which makes it crack, and renders it useless for
food. There is one more pear strongly commended by Rivers,
the Passe Crasanne,. but I have no experience of it, as my trees
have not yet yielded fruit, and
therefore I must leave him respon-
sible for its high commendation.
I have been unable to obtain a
specimen to figure.
From my experience, the above
varieties form a collection which
is sufficient for the requirements of
Se 3 , Fi. 296. Fic. 297.
most families, and will give them Beurré Rance. Easter Beurré.
fruit for dessert for at least eight months in the year. There are
many other good pears which may be grown. Green Chisel’ripens in
August. Beurré Goubault is a constant bearer and a fair pear. Beurré
Bosc and Pois de Paradis are both good pears: the former does not
travel well. Beurré d’Amanlis is often recommended, but it is a hand-
some large pear utterly devoid of flavour. The Autumn Bergamot is
not to be despised in November, and the shy-bearing Gansel Bergamot
is very fine: we grow it double-worked. Durandeau is a charming
pear, but we never get many; and Beadnell’s Seedling, a pear raised
by a friend at Tottenham, is generally commended by pomologists; it,
however, speedily rots when gathered. The Vicar of Winkfield is
frequently a great bearer, and some years it is large and eatable
but no more can be said in its praise. Knight’s Monarch and
Broompark ‘are occasionally surpassingly fine, but the fruit of the former
constantly drops prematurely. Leon le Clerk is also excellent.
A pear called the Bezi Mai has been introduced into England
from France. It is a very handsome pear, but with me remains hard
till the next summer. From its good bearing qualities it may prove a
valuable kitchen pear.
The Napoleon pear has a distinct etherial flavour in its juice
The Beurré Van Mons is a delicious pear; the Dorothée Royale
Nouvelle is a fine pear. The America is worthless; the Nouveau
M
162 ° : MY GARDEN.
Poiteau is but middling, but the Nouvelle Fulvie is so exquisitely
delicious that its properties should be immediately more carefully
studied. Amongst the newest pears I have -lately added is the
Brockworth Park. Opinions differ as to its quality, and I have
not myself tasted it. I have tasted the Autumn Josephine,
which appears promising, and Powell's Premier,
which has merits. There is another very handsome ~
new pear, called the Benedictine (fig. 298); but our
great pomologist, Dr. Hogg, informs me that this
pear is only a variety of Brown Beurré. My trees
not having borne, I have been unable to test
the matter. All the later kinds of pear are more
or less capricious in their flavour and texture, as
well as in the precise time at which they ripen.
Benedictine. After Christmas the quantity of pears dwindles,
but this depends a great deal upon the thorough ripening of the
fruit in autumn. In the spring of 1870 I was in Italy, and we had
pears there till the beginning of May. The kind in use was the
“Epine d/Hiver.” It was juicy, and eatable in the absence of any
other fruit, but most assuredly would have been cast aside for any
of the kinds which I have recommended.
All pears in some seasons are apt to be gritty ; that is, have pieces
of hard woody tissue in their texture, which Quekett states to be
an aggregation of a number of cells composed
of a material called sclerogen (fig. 299), which
gives the hardness to the stone of the plum,
to the shell of the cocoa-nut, and to the ivory-
nut. It is a good object for the microscope.
At Wallington my pears are almost ex-
clusively grown on the quince stock, and are
Fic. 299.—Crit of Pear, magnified. worked close to the ground. Some few varie-
ties, such as Gansel’s Bergamot and Marie Louise, are worked upon a
pear which has itself been grafted upon the quince; and a very few,
such as Jargonelle and Ne Plus Meuris, are grown on the pear stock.
THE PEAR. 163
because they do not succeed well when they are grafted on, the quince.
I have seen pears grown on the common thorn, but I have none
such in my garden. My quince-rooted pear-trees are grown as
pyramids (fig. 300), all cut to one height, nine feet, and taking the:
general form of a “Jack in the Green,”
which used to delight the little boys and
girls on May-day.
The rule is to pinch the top shoots in
June, when the first shoots appear, and it
is a good plan to pinch back the young
shoots to about three leaves at the upper half
of the tree a few days before the shoots of
the lower half of the tree are touched,
because the upper shoots have a tendency fs so0.—Pyremid Fear on Quince
to grow much more strongly than those on the lower half. In
regulating the general form of the tree, great care is taken that the
upper branches do not overshadow the lower branches, as_ this
renders them fruitless. These lower branches should nearly touch the
ground, but some years ago I had a gardener who gave himself great
trouble to displease me by altogether removing many of the lowest
branches of my pear-trees, because in his opinion they were worthless
for the production of fruit.
In winter, when the exuberant shoots of the trees
are cut back, care should be taken not to cut off
the bearing spurs, which may be known by the size Ng,
of the fruiting buds, as the shoot buds are much
smaller, as will readily be seen by the annexed |
drawing (fig. 301). In winter, when all the trees are
cut to one height and form, they have a neat
appearance.
Wherever I have been on the Continent I have
Fic. 301.—Pear Branches.
noticed that the pyramid on the quince stock has
been the favourite form of tree for dessert pears, and the kinds which
I have observed in France and Italy are mostly those which are
M 2
esteemed inthis country, and which are cultivated at Wallington. I
have one tree planted as a cordon (fig. 222), that is, as a single rod
trained a few inches above the ground; but this I regard rather as
a fanciful conceit than a practically useful contrivance.
Pyramids about two feet in diameter form beautiful objects to
be placed along the side of the walk. My pear-tree walk is so
arranged; and it certainly presents a pretty. effect, both when the
trees are neatly trimmed in winter and when they are in flower, the
promise of spring, or laden with fruit, the performance of autumn.
Throughout Europe, pyramid dessert pears are arranged by the side
of paths. When pears are grown against walls, we train them as
though they were espaliers. It is desirable to grow the earliest, and
some of the latest, in this way. |
The trees should be planted in good top spit loam. If they grow
too luxuriantly, it is desirable to lift the tree in winter, and to Jessen
the fibrous roots. Dr. Hooker pointed out to me the bad effects of
leaving dead roots with fungus in the earth where trees are growing,
as they are apt to injure their growth, or kill them. This fact has
been overlooked by those who recommend frequent lifting of trees
and replantation in the same place.
After a year or two, manure is certainly advisable; which may be
either spread over the ground or lightly trenched in. Woollen material
has been tried in my garden by simply laying it on the ground around
the stem of the tree. The little rootlets so much like this material
that they form a complete interlacing, but when the wool is rotten
the rootlets are apt to perish, which is not desirable, and therefore
wool should be discarded as a manure. Where manure is necessary,
the best stable dung is preferable.
In the poor exhausted humus of the ground of Wallington, old
brick rubbish is very desirable ; the pieces of broken brick, the sulphate
of lime, carbonate of lime, and sand, mixed together, being favourable
to growth.
The pear pyramids, in the month of April are particularly lovely
when covered with their beautiful flowers, but let us not be deceived by
THE PEAR, 165
appearances, for experience here shows, the more the flower the
less the fruit. The fact is, that an enormous display of blossom is
very exhausting to the tree, and a tree with excess of blossom
generally has no fruit at all. When, however, there are but few
blossoms every one will set, and there will be a plentiful crop of
fruit. An undue crop of fruit also exhausts the tree, and prevents
the fruit itself from coming to perfection.
Upon these grounds the successful growth of pears in the open
ground depends upon the trees having a due balance of leaves, flowers,
and fruit, Too much growth and too many leaves give no fruit, too
many flowers prevent fruit, and too much fruit in one year prevents
the development of fruit in the succeeding year.
Gardeners grow pears on a quince stock in order to lessen the
intensity of the’ woody growth. In nature, a pear-tree is a large
forest tree; in cultivation, the pyramid is a mere bush or shrub. To
take advantage of the power of the quince stock and to lessen the
growth of the pear, we must be careful to prevent the pear stock
from reaching below the ground, or this will happen,—the pear
stock will send out roots, when the tree will no longer remain a
quince-rooted pear-bush, ‘but will become a pear-rootéd forest tree.
For some years I did not know how to deal with the graft, whether
to keep it above ground or place it below, till experience taught me
that all my beautiful pyramids might be spoilt if I did not take
care to prevent the pear roots from being formed, or, when formed, if
I did not quickly cut them off again.
At Wallington I have very few standard pear-trees, and such as
I have present no features for comment, as they have been rather tole-
rated than cultivated; but, wherever there is space, everyone ought to
cultivate a standard Louise Bonne, Jargonelle, Marie Louise, Beurré
de Capiaumont, Béurré Superfin, Glout Morceau, Doyenné de Comice,
Nelis d’Hiver, and Catillac.
To ensure a crop of fruit, protection in spring has been recom-
mended, but I doubt its efficacy. I once thought of trying an experi-
ment by covering my pyramids with crinolines. For this purpose
166 MY GARDEN.
I went to a large manufacturer, but could not agree upon a reasonable
price. On a sudden the vendor said, “I beg your pardon, sir, but
what possibly can be your object in wanting to buy so many crinolines ?”
“Yo cover my fruit-trees,” was the reply.. Whereupon the dismay of
the manufacturer was great, as he declared that their use for such an
object would cast a lasting ridicule upon the article, and injure its sale.
Many of the quince-worked pears I have planted in pots. Citron de
Carmes, Doyenné d’Eté, Joséphine de Malines, and the Chaumontel
I have successfully cultivated in this way in the orchard-house. Those
allowed to ripen in the house are generally very inferior in flavour
to those grown out of doors ; but if they are allowed to set their fruit
in the house, and the trees removed out of doors about the Ist of
June, a crop is secured, and their excellence is maintained.
Pot pear-trees require great care in watering, and a supply of liquid
manure at the times when the flower sets, when the pear first swells,
when the pips form, and when the fruit is perfecting itself. It is
also advantageous at these critical times to give manure water
twice a week.
If the pyramid is in thorough: condition, the young fruit will bear
moderate, but not excessive, frost in spring. The trees bore excessive
drought and heat very badly in 1870, and numbers of pears ceased to
grow therefrom. Perhaps the crop is most certainly secured by keeping
the ‘trees in a perfect balance of leaf, flower, and fruit, by judicious
moderate root-pruning or manuring. I have considered it desirable to
give to all my trees some phosphate of lime by throwing bone-dust
over the ground, and I apply a little stable manure to the surface
every year.
Mr. Thompson advised me to grow pear-trees on quince stocks as
espaliers, as he thought they would pay well. I never tried the
experiment, though the dictum of so great an authority deserves full
consideration.
The pear should be gathered when it comes easily from the tree.
It then should be placed in the fruit-room, each pear separate from the
others, and care must be taken to watch the fruit as it ripens, When
THE QUINCE. 167
about to ripen, it is not desirable to move it to any distance, as con-
cussion renders it liable to decay. Pears ought always to be moved
from the fruit-room in the garden to the house, and kept a few days,
so as to ripen before they have to be used. In the fruit-room the
same precautions against fungus, as have been already recommended
in the storing of apples, should be taken by burning sulphur.
It is essential that pears should be kept till ripe. They are in
perfection but a very short time, as immediately after they are fit for
use they rot. If used before they are fit, they are hard and worth-
less, Their juiciness is their great merit, to which the poet alludes
when he sings :—
“The juicy pear
Lies in a soft profusion, scattered round.”—THOMSON.
THE QUINCE,
Two kinds of Quince are grown with me, the common quince and
the Portugal (fig. 302). The latter is not only far larger, but is also a
better bearer and more finely flavoured. As this fruit is only required
for confections and to give a flavour to apple tarts, a single tree of the
Fic. 302.—Portugal Quince, Fic. 303.—Flower of Portugal
4, diam. Quince.
Portugal quince will suffice for a family. Although they like to gro
near water they do not succeed in very wet soil, and in that situation I
have had trees more than ten years without their showing even a single
flower. Trees may be readily propagated by layers or from suckers.
A tree laden with the large Portugal quince is very beautiful, and its
large, white, prominent flowers (fig. 303) are equally ornamental.
168 MV GARDEN.
THE PLUM.
“T will dance and eat plums at your wedding.”
SHAKSPEARE, Merry Wives of Windsor.
The Plum (Prunus domestica) is a useful fruit in its season. We
grow about seventy kinds, but there are innumerable varieties, some
named and some without names, which are in use. New varieties are
obtained by sowing the seeds uf approved kinds, and varieties are
propagated by budding the desired kind on a plum
stock. When a plum is on its own roots, it may
also be propagated by suckers.
Fic. 304.—Rivers’ Fic. 305.—Lawrence’s Fic. 306.—Green Gage. :
Early ‘Favourite.! Gage. : Fic. 307.—Golden Drop.
. Plum-trees do not grow well in my soil, and I have been compelled
to raise many of the trees and plant them in loam; nevertheless, we
always obtain sufficient for the use of the house. The first dessert
plum which we ripen is Rivers’ Early Favourite (fig. 304), which
is constantly fit for use about the third week in July, when grown
on a bush. The Early Mirabelle is a nice little plum, following close
upon it. "The Reine Claude Violette is a very beautiful fruit; it and
Kirke’s, both of which ripen in September, are fine purple plums.
The Orleans plum is excellent when ripe, and the Jefferson is very
fine. Lawrence’s Gage (fig. 305) is a fine plum resembling the Green
Gage. It ripens at the end of August. The Goliath, which is generally
abused, is better, when ripe and.well grown, than is reputed. The Green
Gage (fig. 306) is by common consent the king of plums, but then in this
couatry it is a bad bearer. When it does bear, the fruit is magnificent ;
and no garden should be without standard trees, which the cultivator
may be perfectly certain will bear some years, but not every year. Coe’s
* All the figures of plums are drawn one-half of their diameter.
THE PLUM. 169
Golden Drop (fig. 307) is a magnificent plum. It has the valuable
quality of keeping a long time after it has been gathered, especially
if wrapped up in paper and hung in the fruit-room. Ickworth’s Impé-
ratrice (fig. 308) is a delicious plum when ripened and quite shrivelled.
It is covered with the most exquisite purple bloom, and will keep
a long time in a dry fruit-room,
The Belgian Purple (fig. 309) is reputed to be a very fine early plum,
but although I have a tree, I cannot say that I am familiar enough with
it to be able to speak positively as to its merits.
Plums are especially adapted for culinary purposes, as they last from
Fic. 308. Fic. 309.—Belgian Fic. 310.—Prince Engle- Fic. 311.—Belle de
Impératrice, Purple. bert. Louvain.
" a
July till November. Rivers’ Prolific ripens in July. There is an early
sort grown in Kent, the name of which I could never learn, which is fit
for use about the same time. The Prince Englebert (fig. 310) is very
Fic. 313.—Gisborne. Fic. 315.—Prince of
W:
ales.
Fic. 312.—Yellow aes
agnum Bonum. Fic. 314.— Black Diamond
large, rich, and excellent, bears profusely, and is ripe in the middle
of August. The Belle de Louvain (fig. 311), which ripens a little
later, is a large, deep purple plum, and is hardy.
170 MY GARDEN.
The Yellow Magnum Bonun? (fig. 312) is a fine large plum, much
used for conserves, but it is apt to ferment unless carefully preserved. .
Gisborne (fig. 313) isa yellow plum which bears prodigiously every
season, no matter what may be the weather. It is a good culinary
plum which no garden should be without. The Diamond (fig. 314)
is very large and handsome, and ripens during the first week in
September.
The plum called the Prince of Wales (fig. 315) is a prodigious
bearer, rarely failing to give a crop, and that, too, after yielding a
crop in the preceding year more than is good for
the welfare of the tree. It should be grown in
every garden. Although the Washington Plum
(fig. 316) is generally esteemed as a kitchen plum,
yet it is really good enough for a dessert fruit.
The Wine Sour is a plum which ought to be
brought into common cultivation. It is a York-
shire variety, and it has been thought desirable to
Fic. 3x6 Washington
mar advise growers in the south to try more extensively
this kind. I have a tree, but it dees not thrive well; atid there is
an idea that this plum does not ripen out of Yorkshire.
We grow the common Damson, but with us it does not bear freely
On the other hand, a kind of damson supposed to have been raised by
the eminent antiquary Mr. C. Roach Smith, called the Rochester Cluster
Damson (fig. 3172), is invaluable for its productiveness. I learnt its
value from that gentleman, and it is curious to look at trees of this
variety laden with fruit, and compare
) them with the others having none. The
Cluster Damson is by far the best culinary
plum known. I grow also the
Bullace (Prunus insititia, fig.
Fic. 3274.—Rochester Prolific. 3176), which is valuable for con-
fectionery purposes, and comes in later than any other plum. "pices
We grow several kinds of plums in pots in the orchard-house, and
the produce is enormous. The flavour of the fruit, however, is greatly -
THE APRICOT. 71
deteriorated—so much so, that I doubt whether it is worth growing any
kind under glass except Coe’s Golden Drop. Perhaps the overbearing
of the tree is one cause, and that may be the reason why the flavour
of foreign plums is so indifferent compared with those grown in
England. A green-gage grown in a pot is intensely sweet, but has
none of that fine green-gage flavour to be found in fruit grown on a
bush.or standard.
My collection of plums are grown, some as standards, which do
best ; the remainder as bushes. The shoots of the latter are stopped
in June and pruned back in winter. Pruned trees have a tendency
to throw out long sappy shoots, which rob the tree and render
it unproductive. In some years we are troubled greatly with large
green aphides, which cover the under-side of the leaves so thickly
that not a pin can be placed between the creatures. I do not think
plum-trees like much pruning, as unpruned standards certainly do
better than those which are cut to any extent. Rivers recommends a
biennial lifting, but this is really a great undertaking when there are
a hundred or more large trees.
THE APRICOT.
The Apricot is a fruit of great excellence. In this country it
will not bear fruit as a standard, it requires a wall: but we have no
walls, therefore we are restricted to its cultivation in the orchard-house.
Again we are in a difficulty, as the apricot does not like artificial
cultivation, and is extremely difficult to force.
Several kinds of apricots have been tried out of doors, as bushes or
trees, but they have never yielded any fruit in my garden, although
they blossom in great.abundance: we may assume that in our climate
they will not bear out of doors.
In the orchard-house we have found the Peach Apricot to be as good
as any. The Moorpark Apricot, which is perhaps the richest of all,
has the peculiarity of losing branches without any assignable cause.
Large branches sometimes laden with fruit suddenly die, and hence
172 MY GARDEN.
the tree becomes unsightly and irregular, Out of doors the Early,
Kaisha, and Breda varieties are frequently grown.
I have had several orchard-house trees of more than one kind, and
the fruit we obtain is of. most exquisite flavour. An orchard-house
apricot, properly ripened, is very different from a wall-grown apricot, as
it is ripened throughout, and its flavour is a combination of those of
a preserve and afresh fruit. It is really one of the choicest fruits of
the earth. For culture in the orchard-house the tree should be planted
in stiff top spit loam and rammed as tight as possible. During growth
the tree requires abundance of air, and liquid manure ought to be given
at least twice a week. After the crop is ripe the tree
| ought to be moved out of the house, to fully perfect
the wood for the next year. In a history of Moor Park,
it is stated that Admiral Anson brought the Moorpark
Fic. arias 4 m .
park Apricot, Apricot (fig. 318) from the East, and that it was cultivated
1 diam.
at that park under Lancelot Brown, who was afterwards head gardener
at Windsor and at Hampton Court.
THE PEACH AND THE NECTARINE,
“The sunny wall
Presents the downy peach.”—-THOMSON.
Strange as it may seem, the Peach and Nectarine are one fruit. If
a peach kernel is sown, perhaps a peach, perhaps a nectarine may be
produced. Asa rule, most seedlings have some merit, and I have been
informed that in North America, where the cold in some winters destroys
the peach-trees, they plant kernels and obtain others in three years’
time, without grafting or without care as to their being special varieties.
In this country we are more particular, and only approved varieties
are cultivated, of which there are considerable numbers, Mr. Rivers has
been diligent in raising new seedlings, It is a great object to get
peaches early, as that prolongs the peach-producing period. His earliest
peaches are the Early Louise (fig. 319), and Early Beatrice (fig. 320);
which ripens about the middle of July. I have only this year ordered
PEACHES AND NECTARINES, 173
a tree of each variety, and so their merits have not been tested; but
the Early Louise is spoken of in the highest terms. The figures are
taken from specimens kindly sent me by Mr. Rivers.
The Victoria is another early peach; it has been very fine for some
years, but last year it was comparatively worthless. I grow also the Early
f Fic. 320-— ice.
Fic. 319.—Early Louise. * ® rae ParlyeHeattica
Alfred, but it has not as yet fruited. The Abec has fine large fruit, with
large ornamental flowers. The Grosse Mignonne (fig. 321) is highly
extolled by pomologists ; but peaches with down upon the skin are
not agreeable to me, as I think them greatly inferior to the Noblesse
(fig. 322), which is far more delicious in flavour. The George the Fourth
Fic. 321.—Early Grosse Fic. 322.—Noblesse. Fic. 323.—Bellegard.
ignonne.
Fic. 324.—Late Admirable.
is another most excellent -peach, but very liable to fungous growth.
The Bellegard (fig. 323) is a fine fruit, and the Late Admirable (fig. 324)
is a peach of the largest size, which ripens when all the other kinds
have passed away, and is, when thoroughly in. perfection, a fruit of
the highest order of merit.
In my orchard-house the peach-trees are grown as trained trees before
the glass, as bushes, and as standards. Nothing can be-more interesting
than to see one of my peach standards covered with its beautiful fruit,
and nothing can rival the quality of the fruit when it is so grown.
* All the figures of peaches and nectarines are drawn one-third of their diameter.
174 MY GARDEN.
The peach-trees, when planted for orchard-houses, are grown in pots
in good top spit loam with a little well-rotted manure; the earth is
rammed tightly in the pot, and is shifted by degrees to the largest-sized
pots. A portion of my trees every year are grown in the open air,
and the others are fruited in the orchard-house. The trees should
be watered with manure water at least twice a week;
too much or too little water utterly spoils the quality of the
fruit. When the fruit is gathered, it is a good plan to remove
the trees to the open air, to be refreshed by the dews, and
to obtain the light and air of heaven. When winter comes
water is withheld, and the pots are allowed to dry, never-
theless care is taken not to expose the roots to frost, and
for this purpose the pots are covered during the winter with
straw. In February the trees may be pruned. We find
three kinds of buds (fig. 325): one a large, plump, single
bud, which isa fruit bud ; another a small, long bud, which is
a shoot bud; and a third kind which is a triple bud; the
bud in the centre being the shoot bud, ahd the plump bud on each
side the blossom buds.
In cutting back the long shoots we cut to the triple bud, as the shoot
Fi. 325-
Peach Buds.
bud grows and the leaves nourish the fruit should it set. During the
growth of the peach plenty of air is required: in fact it is not of much
importance if one or two panes of glass are broken; it is much better
for apertures to exist by day and night than for the house to be
absolutely closed all night.
My experience leads me to conclude that a good mode of treating
peach and nectarine trees is to keep the trees in the orchard-house till
about the first week in June, when the fruit is set ; then to let it ripen
out of doors. The fruit, under these circumstances, is smaller, of a much
more intense colour, and of a far higher flavour. For the last two or
three years I have arranged more trees in the house than it is desirable
should remain, and have removed the surplus quantity outside to ripen..
This plan, from its perfect success, will be used to its utmost possible
extent on all future occasions. I would sooner have one fruit ripened.
NECTARINES. 157
out of doors than two ripened under glass, although we certainly
obtain house peaches of the highest excellence.
NECTARINES.
The Nectarine has been already stated to be identical with the
peach. The trees are grown in the same manner in all respects as the
peach-trees. We have grown Violette [Hative, Pitmaston’s Orange,
Elruge, and others, and I have figured two new seedlings kingly sent me
by Mr. Rivers. The nectarine is a most delicious fruit when thoroughly
Fic. 326.—Violette Fic. 327.—Rivers’ Fic. 328.—Rivers Seedling, Fic. 329.—Rivers’ Seedling,
Ative. z Oiange, No. 23. No. 93.
ripened, and it attains high perfection in the orchard-house if grown
as a standard, when the fruit is exposed to both light and air. The
fruit should hang upon the tree till the period at which it commences to
shrivel. The Violette HaAtive (fig. 326) is a capital variety. The
Orange nectarine (fig. 327) is very fine, and Rivers has raised several
good seedlings (figs. 328 and 329). We have other kinds, but it is
hardly worth recording their names.
The most usual manner of training apricot, peach, and nectarine trees,
conser
Fig. 330.—Fan-shaped Peach-tree,
enprren
Fic, 331.—The ‘‘ Cordon Oblique.
in this country, is to train them in the form of a fan (fig. 330), and
frequently between two dwarf trees a standard fan tree is grown, so that
176 MY GARDEN.
the whole wall is covered. The French horticulturists often grow
them in “cordon oblique,’—that is, a number of trees are planted
against a wall, about two feet apart, at an angle (fig. 331). I am assured
that this plan has failed in our village with apricot-trees, and I cannot
learn that it has succeeded well in our climate, though I have seen trees
so trained in France covered with fine fruit.
CHERRIES.
Cherry-trees do not thrive well in the soil and climate of my garden,
so what with the imperfection of the soil which causes the foliage to be-
come yellow, the spring frosts which injure the foliage in May, and the
birds which take the fruit the climate does not spoil, I have but little
personal knowledge of cherries. It is true. that I have planted some
thirty kinds of cherry-trees, but my experience is but limited, and certainly
a critical comparison between the different kinds is entirély out of the
question. Varieties are raised from seed, and propagated by grafting the
variety on a cherry stock. The Early Purple Gean
is very early (fig. 332), ripening in the orchard-house
in May. The Adams’ Crown is a good early cherry,
ripening at the end of June. The May Duke is a
good cherry, ripening in the early part of July.
The Black Eagle (fig. 333), and the Bigarreau Duke
(fig. 334), were shown in the highest perfection at
the Horticultural Gardens on May 3rd, 1871, but
the conditions under which they were forced were
Fic, 332.—Early Purple
Gean.*
not stated. The Bigarreau, May Duke, and Late Duke are also excel-
lent varieties.
The Morello (fig. 335) is a magnificent cherry, which attains the
highest perfection in our soil. It requires the protection of netting, or
the birds get all the fruit. We grow this sort on dwarf bushes,
which are pruned in to a reasonable size. This kind of cherry is
generally grown on a wall.
All the figures of cherries are drawn one-half of their diameter,
alte
CHERRIES. 5
In Kent a fine kitchen cherry is grown, called the Kentish cherry,
It is said that the trees are dying out, and are not so productive as they
formerly were. There is a very late cherry, ripe in October (fig. 336),
which Rivers states is never attacked by birds ; however, my birds are
Fic. 333.—Black
Eagle Cherry, Fic. 334. — Bigar-
shown May 3, reau Duke Cherry,
a at eos shown May 3, 1871, .
cultural are at Horticultural a : . 336.—Octob
Seas Gardens Fic. 335.—Morello Cherry. Fic. 336 fie ‘ober
not so complacent. It is desirable to have a single tree, for the sake
of a dish of fruit out of season. The cherry-tree likes a soil of rich
loam over chalk, which mine is not. In a garden it is necessary
to protect the fruit from birds, or they will take the greater part or
the whole of the crop.
CURRANTS.
Every garden grows black, white, and red currants. Black Currants
(fig. 337) grow well beside the water, and always like a moist, rich soil.
There appear to be several varieties which are superior to the common
wild one, or the common kind which ordinarily springs from seed. The
variety we cultivate I have not identified by name; it yields very large
berries. The black currant is easily propagated by cuttings, put in
the ground at any time from autumn to March ; in fact, if care be taken,
probably they can be struck at any time. There is a late variety
of black currant, which is very indifferent; I believe it is called the
Black Naples.
A new variety, called Lee’s Black Currant, is said to have great
merits. I have some trees, but have not yet seen the fruit ; the character
of the wood shows a vigorous growth.
Of Red and White Currants I have tried about sixteen kinds, but
N
178 MY GARDEN.
have long ceased to be particular about the varieties. The White Dutch
(fig. 338) is a good white currant. It may be forced with care, if well
established in a pot and placed early in the vinery. The berries are,
however, apt to drop, and but very few remain till ripe ; possibly because
in a vinery they are too hot, and have not sufficient air. The pruning
of the trees requires care, as the fruit is produced from little spurs,
so that the art of pruning consists in cutting away the new shoots
Fic. 337.—Black Cur-
rants.=
Fic, 338. White Currants. Fic. 339.—Red Currants.
and carefully leaving the spurs. I have grown currant-trees as bushes, as
pyramids, and as standards, but without any decided benefit. Pyramids
may be planted a foot apart, allowed to grow up about two feet and a
half, when a considerable number can be conveniently matted to give
fruit in November, or covered with nets to prevent the birds from
helping themselves too freely.
Of Red Currants, the Red Dutch (fig. 339) is a good kind. I have
grown Knight’s Sweet Currant, but never found it sweet, although grown
against the palings.
GOOSEBERRIES.
The Gooseberry is essentially an English fruit. It is cultivated but to
a small extent in countries south of England, but it is only in the north
of England where it is particularly an object of cultivation, and where
it attains its highest perfection. Numerous shows of Gooseberries °
* Figures of currants are drawn one-half the natural size.
GOOSEBERRIES. 17¢
¥
are held in the North, where size rather than quality is rewarded, and a
book is annually published detailing the varieties of gooseberries which
obtain prizes, and the weight to which each individual berry has attained.
Gooseberries are propagated by seed when new varieties are sought, and
the varieties are propagated in the easiest manner by cuttings or layers:
in fact, a shoot touching the ground often roots by itself. The tree is
best grown as a standard, with a stem about a foot high, from which
the boughs radiate in every direction. I have seen bushes trained
upon wire trellises, but this is a bad plan, as the fruit in early spring
is not protected by the leaves, and is apt to be injured by the frost.
The pruning of the gooseberry must be performed with scrupulous
care, as only the new wood bears. A reasonable amount of the old
and of the new wood must be cut out, to let air and sunshine into all
the parts of the bushes, and a due amount of new wood must be left,
from which the crop proceeds. When trees are grown to produce
exhibition fruit, only two or three of the same year’s shoots are left.
This plan I never practise, as the fruit should be tested by its qualities
for the table, and not by its magnitude and weight.
The Gooseberry is particularly liable to be affected by spring frosts,
as then nearly the entire crop of little berries drop. This happened in
1871, The bush is also liable to be attacked by the Currant moth,
but the birds have prevented this at my garden. Sometimes I have
known an Acarus, or species of red spider, severely to injure the trees
but this has not happened at my garden, as my trees, when properly
exposed to light, are pictures of health and of vigorous growth. The
trees like manure, and some should be given to the ground every year
I have grown more than a hundred varieties, but have not found it
worth while particularly to record their names, and if many varieties are
desired it is advisable to have recourse to the Manchester nurserymen.
Mr. Turner of Slough exhibited at the Horticultural Society a fine
collection of seventy varieties, and he has kindly supplied me with the
named fruit to figure. Of one of the finest varieties, but a very bad
bearer, called Companion, I was unable to find a berry anywhere, as
all had been killed by frost.
N 2
180 MY GARDEN.
The first gooseberry that ripens at my garden, in June, is a yellow
gooseberry, which is a great bearer and of medium size ; it is called the
Early Sulphur (fig. 340).
The Green-gage is another fresh-flavoured, early gooseberry ; and-of
the Red Warrington (fig. 341) there should always be many trees in a
garden, as it will last in perfection till the first or second week in
September, and is second to none in flavour. Rumbullion is also a
fine gooseberry. Of the large gooseberries, Broon Girl (fig. 342) is a
fine variety of the yellow kinds; Smuggler (fig. 343) is another fine
yellow variety ; Crown Bob (fig. 344) is also a good red variety. Banks-
man (fig. 345) is a large gréen gooseberry. With regard to goose-
Fic. 341-—Red
Warrington. Fic. 342.—Broon
Girl.
Fic. 345-—Banks:
man, A
Fre. 340. pany
Sulphur.
Fic. 343.—Smuggler Fic. 344.—Crown Bob.
(yellow).
berries it is desirable to have many trees of the Early Sulphur,
Green-gage, as well as of the Red Warrington, and then to add one
tree of many varieties of the red, white, green, and yellow sorts.
The gooseberry is especially: the cottager’s fruit; though those
accustomed to live at their country seats value much their gooseberries.
Fine fruit is rarely to be obtained in London, and not then unless the
markets are visited for that purpose. At least from one to two hundred
trees should be grown in every private garden.
’ All figures of gooseberries are drawn one-half the natural size,
STRAWBERRIES. 181
STRAWBERRIES.
There are but few persons who do not thoroughly enjoy well-
ripened Strawberries, fresh from the garden, with cream; nevertheless
there are some persons to whom, as a matter of peculiarity of habit,
a single strawberry is poisonous. As the latter are the exception, the
majority are to be provided for. We calculate on having strawberries
from the Ist of May till the middle of-July, and Alpine strawberries
in continuation till the frost destroys them. In Scotland, strawberries
begin to ripen a month after they have finished in England, but
they are destitute of flavour.
The varieties of strawberries are legion, and are obtained by sowing
seed and by selecting those which are finest. Particular varieties are
propagated by runners. The method we adopt is to fill a “sixty”
pot with loam and place a runner upon it, and keep it there with a
stone. In a short time the runner takes root, when it is shifted into
a larger pot, or planted out, as may be required.
For our first crop we plant about two hundred plants of Keen's
seedlings in “thirty-two ” pots in rich top spit loam, and carefully water
them throughout the summer to ensure good growth and abundance
of roots. During the winter the pots and roots are carefully protected
from frost. At the end of February the pots are plunged, about
_one-third of their depth, in the cold frames, keeping them sufficiently
apart to ensure the action of the sun upon the leaves. They are then
watered with manure water, and the fruit ripens about the Ist of
May, and lasts till strawberries ripen out of doors. This first crop
of strawberries is sometimes the best of all. Their perfume is pene-
trating, and the flavour intense; but then, if we desire either flavour
or odour, the plants ought not to be watered for two or three days
before the fruit is picked. This simple plan should be invariably
adopted in every garden, as the plants can be grown in the same
frame which was used to protect the cauliflowers from the frost: not
less than a hundred plants should be grown to secure a good supply
of fruit. We rarely force any plants, but the cold-frame strawberries
182 : MY GARDEN.
far surpass the earlier forced, or even the outdoor fruit; and they are
a great luxury during the month of May and the first week of June.
Out of doors we change the beds, according to circumstances, every
two or three years, and we generally keep each plant distinct in rows
two feet apart, and two feet distant in the row. About February the
whole bed should be covered with fresh long dung. The spring rains
thoroughly clean the straw and wash the manure into the ground,
and a good covering is left for the strawberries to ripen. It is
objectionable to manure the strawberries in winter, as then the straw
is thoroughly rotted before the fruiting season, and the wet during
the winter is apt to rot the plants. In spring, the young leaves push
through the straw, and are protected by it from frost.
One of the varieties of strawberries we grow is the Black Prince
(fig. 346), which ripens out of doors the first week of June. When ripe
it is a first-rate fruit. It is small but hardy, and in some years (as 1871)
Fic. 346.—Black Fic. 347——Keen's
Prince. eedling.
Fic. 348.—British Queen. Fic. 349—Amateur,
yields a greater crop and finer strawberry than any other kind. It
remains some time in fruit, and when larger strawberries succeed it is
useful for preserving. The plant is small, the leaves are peculiar, and it
is better to let it stand for some years in the bed. There is another
early strawberry, called the May Queen, which is unworthy of culti-
vation. Following the Black Prince, the great standard strawberry .
of gardens, the Keen’s Seedling (fig. 347), ripens. As a rule it yields
a larger crop than any other, but exceptionally in 1871 it yielded
none at all; the entire fruit having been destroyed by frost. The
Keen's Seedling is the strawberry for forcing, as well as for the main
crop, and therefore never should be dispensed with. Then follows
‘All figures of strawberries are drawn one-half the natural size.
STRAWBERRIES. 183
the British Queen (fig. 348), the most exquisitely flavoured strawberry
which exists. The plant is, however, very delicate in its constitution,
and likes a strong top spit loam, such as the soil of a wood cut
down and newly cultivated, when it attains its highest excellence.
My plants have been attacked in summer by a kind of Acarus, or
red spider (the exact species I have not determined), and with me they
are very difficult to grow.
A fine strawberry was exhibited last year at the Horticultural
Society, called the Amateur (fig. 349). It was so good that it was
immediately awarded a first-class certificate. It was raised by Mr.
Bradley, who had the good fortune to raise another variety, named
after the great pomologist, Dr. Hogg (fig. 350), which should always
be cultivated. Those who desire very large strawberries may grow
the Eleanor (fig. 351) ; and for a late strawberry the Elton must be
Fic. 350.--Dr. Hogg. Fic. 352.—Eliza
tap nee Fic. 351.—Eleanor.
grown. These should be the standard strawberries of a garden
to which may be added Rivers’ Seedling Eliza (fig. 352), which,
*however, with me has not been remarkable.
The above strawberries—especially the Black Prince, Keen’s
Seedling, British Queen, Dr. Hogg, and the Elton—should be stock
varieties in every garden: nevertheless many others have been grown
at my garden. Princess Alice Maude is a good strawberry; Sir J.
Paxton may be commended; Carolina Superba and the Crimson
Queen are both fine. The Filbert Pine and Myatt’s Pine are good ;
Nimrod is a useful variety. We have grown Dundas, Empress
Eugénie, Frogmore, Late Pine, Sir Charles Napier, Victoria, and
Wonderful. We have also tried Sir Harry, Prince of Wales, President,
Oscar, Canta de Paris, and Princess of Wales. I have had Hautbois
for years, but although I have tasted the fruit I never had a dish.
184 MY GARDEN.
Besides ‘these common varieties, we are very particular about our
growth of Alpine strawberries. I have grown many kinds, of which
there are two, one white and the other red, without runners, which are
commendable. .. These may be raised from seed early in spring in a seed
frame, and pricked out, when they fruit in the autumn of the same year.
But for Alpine strawberries we rely upon a variety the seed of which
I procured in Paris some years ago (fig. 353). Young plants are planted
out early in spring, when they bear immediately after the ordinary
Fic. 354.-—Cells of ripe
Strawberry.
Fic. 353.—Perpetual Alpine Strawberry.
strawberries, and last till autumn. They should be eaten with claret
and sugar, as is the custom in France. A few put into claret-
cup impart a very agreeeable flavour.
The strawberry fruit is built up of cells with brown central nucleus,
as Quekett has shown (fig. 354).
The strawberry likes good soil; so does the nettle: hence the
allusion of our poet when he says :—
“The strawberry grows underneath the nettle ;
And wholesome berries thrive and ripen best,
Neighbour’d by fruit of baser quality.”
SHAKSPEARE, King Henry V.
RASPBERRIES.
The wild fruits of the country have given to us various varieties
of raspberries valuable for our winter preserves. The Falstaff
(fig. 355) is a fine variety which we grow, and Red and Yellow Antwerp
are also tried kinds. To raise different varieties, seeds must be sown;
RASPBERRIES. 185
and in our garden, where birds abound, raspberries come up all over
the place. Particular varieties are propagated by suckers, The canes
which have fruited are cut down in autumn, and two or three of
the year’s growth are left to fruit the next year. Sometimes we
have tied these canes to sticks, and at other times we have tied
them to wires stretching between posts. There is an autumnal
Fic. 355.—Falstaff Red Raspberry. Fic. 356.—Yellow Autumn Raspberry.
raspberry (fig. 356) which gives us some years, though not invariably,
fruit as late as November. A dish of the autumn raspberries is
particularly grateful and refreshing ; but I never could find out how
to manage it so as to be sure of fruit. The autumn raspberries are
both yellow and red: I have figured th~ yellow.
We have Rivers’ cross between the Blackberry and Raspberry,
but it very seldom sets any fruit: I have only had a few berries,
which are of a dark colour and fair flavour, but not so good as either
the Blackberry or Raspberry. Its want of productiveness makes it
useless at present; nevertheless the experiment is quite worth further
trial. He has raised other varieties also, which are stated to be better ;
of these I have one or two which have not yet fruited.
The Raspberry is of great value in a household, and therefore
should be always freely grown. It grows wild plentifully near
Weybridge, but not so profusely as it does in Scotland, where it is
more common than the Blackberry.
GRAPE VINES.
At yarious times I have grown at my garden many kinds of
grapes, but for want of space the number has been gradually limited
to a few. The varieties in cultivation are innumerable, and a
186 MY GARDEN.
gentleman at Naples told me that he had more than two hundred
kinds in his garden. At Wallington we grow no outdoor vine. In
the orchard-house about eighteen varieties were tried, but failed. The
growth of the peach, nectarine, apricot, and fig is the especial object
of the orchard-house, and the treatment they like does not seem to
be agreeable to the vines, as very few bunches ever come to perfec-
tion. The vines in the orchard are continually attacked by the
Erisaphe or ofdium (see Fungi), and the crop rendered worthless,
In the Poor Man’s House we restrict our kinds to three, one vine
being a Sweetwater, a second the Black Prince, and the remainder
the Black Hamburgh.
The Poor Man’s House is situated on a bed of coarse, poor
gravel, but I planted the vines in it as an experiment. The
vines made hard, short-jointed wood. They were planted four feet
apart; and as the glass is ten feet long, each vine had forty square
feet of glass. Since they have been planted the vines have been
manured yearly with stable dung. They have had ivory dust
sprinkled over the ground, and the best top spit loam} from four
to six inches, has been placed at the top of the soil.
The colour of the grapes is perfect, the size of the bunches large;
the individual berries are also large, but the flavour is most intense;
in fact, I think that these grapes. are the best I have tasted anywhere.
In this house, which has 480 wuperfictal feet of glass, 204 bunches were
produced in 1871, of about 152 Ibs. in weight.
The house has only two 3-inch pipes, but the heat from them is
sufficient to start the vines by February 15, to flower them by April 5,
and to ripen the fruit from the Ist till the middle of July.
In the Grapery the vines are kept back to start as late as possible,
to ripen their grapes by the first week in September, when they
give fruit till the end of February. Here the vines were planted
in top spit loam with some brick rubbish, but this border has not
proved so good as the natural soil, as the loam was too heavy. I
intend to rectify this border by removing some of the heavier loam,
and by adding stable manure and brick rubbish, which I believe,
GRAPE VINES. 187
for all fruit trees and for many other plants, is the best material for
their healthy growth.
The kinds of grapes which, from my experience, should be grown,
are, first, the Black Hamburgh (fig. 357). This, upon the whole, is the
best of all grapes. It does not keep very late after being ripe, but
Fic. 357.—Black Hamburgh.
Fic. 359.—Trentham
Black.
Fic. 358.—Black Prince.
becomes thick in the pulp. The larger number of vines should always
be Black Hamburgh. A Sweetwater comes in a few days earlier
than a Black Hamburgh, and therefore one vine should be of this
kind. Standish has a Sweetwater which ‘is unusually early, but it has
not as yet fruited with me. One vine in every collection should be
the Black Prince (fig. 358), which, although it sometimes fails, is a nice
juicy grape. One vine also should be the Trentham Black (fig. 359),
which is also a juicy and refreshing grape, and, upon the whole, my
favourite black grape. There should be one vine of Ingram’s Prolific
‘Muscat (fig. 360). This grape is good and high-flavoured when it
has somewhat shrivelled, but not before. It is so prolific that at least
- three-fourths of the branches should be cut off the moment they appear.
This variety has not been much approved, and is again going out
All figures of grapes are drawn one-fifth the natural diameter.
188 MY GARDEN.
of cultivation. It has the peculiarity of having many seeds. One vine
should be grown of the Chasselas Musqué (fig. 361), which when fine
is one of the best of all grapes; sometimes, however, it splits and
rots, but sometimes we have had every berry perfect. There is no
known method of preventing this mischief, otherwise the grape would
be extensively grown. One vine may be grown of the Frontignan |
(fig. 362), which, although a small grape and consequently unpleasing
to most grape-growers, is a good grape when not over-cropped ; but
Fic. 360.—Ingram’s Prolific Muscat. Fic. 362.—White Frontignan.
Fic. 361.—Chasselas
Musqué.
a grape called Standish’s Citronelle (fig. 363) has been lately intro-
duced, of such surpassing excellence that it will doubtless take its
place. We have had it before the fruit committee of the Horticultural
Society, where it received the highest commendation. One vine may
be grown of Buckland’s Sweetwater (fig. 364), which produces large
bunches with enormous berries, with a thin watery juice, very refresh-
ing on a hot day of September. One vine may be grown of Snow's
Muscat Hamburgh. The berries of this are apt to shrink, but the
fruit when in good order is delicious. With regard to late grapes, there
is nothing to compare with Lady Downe’s Seedling (fig. 365). The:
vine breaks later than any other, and when the grape is ripe it
keeps later than any other. The figure is from a bunch which
was ripe at the end of August, and which was preserved in a_ bottle
of water till the first week of June, when the berries were still found .
GRAPE VINES, 189
to be good. Such a number of trees of Lady Downe’s should be
grown as will be equal to the demand for late grapes.
One more late grape is good, West’s St. Peter’s, which yields fruit
superior in quality to Lady Downe’s Seedling in some years, but
it is uncertain. .
Barbarossa is another late grape, having enormous bunches. I
have never grown it, and those which I have tasted have been.
poor in flavour: the vine is also a bad bearer,
A new grape of great beauty of torm and large size has been
Fic. 365.—Lady Downe.
Fic. 363.—Standish’s Citronelle.
Fic. 364.— Buckland’s Sweetwater.
raised by Mr. Paul, which he calls the Waltham Seedling (fig. 366),
and which appears robust in habit. It is too new a variety to speak
with any great confidence of its merits, but it has much to commend
it to our attention.
The Raisin de Calabre and Golden Hamburgh we grow, but intend
to discard; arid the Muscat St. Laurent we used to grow, but do
not now. It was a good grape, but not to be compared with Standish’s
Citronelle.
- The French have the highest opinion of the Chasselas of Fontaine-
bleau. It is a white grape with thin skin, but probably a great part
190 MY GARDEN.
sold in Paris do not grow at Fontainebleau, but further south ; for when
there has been an abundant supply quite ripe at Paris, there have been
none ripe at Fontainebleau when I have paid that place a visit.
Colonel Sykes introduced some kinds of grapes from the Deccan
in India, one of which is a very remarkable grape, called the Black
Monnukka (fig. 367), which deserves general cultivation. The bunches
attain eight or nine pounds in weight, and the berries are stoneless,’.
Fic. 366.—Waltham Seedling. Fic. 367. --Black Monnukka.
Mr. Barron, the superintendent of the Horticultural Society, called
my attention to its value, and he pointed out its stoneless character,
which rendered it a valuable grape to be used in confectionery:.
this grape I shall certainly grow.
We have on trial a General de la Marmora in a Looker’s vinery, but
no doubt a Poor Man’s House is far better than a contrivance of this
kind. There is no doubt that grapes may be obtained in any kind
of long, narrow frames. A narrow wooden frame with the ground
raised on each side would be the most convenient arrangement. ..
GRAPE VINES. 191
We grow several Muscat grapes, such as the Muscat of Alex-
andria (fig. 368), Canon Hall Muscat, Bowood Muscat, Tottenham
Park Muscat. The two first are the most
to be commended, but they demand a
house for themselves, with greater heat and
separate treatment. The Canon Hall Mus-
cat yields very large berries, but has a bad
trick of not setting its fruit well. I have
tried to set it by rubbing the pollen of
Black Hamburgh grapes over the flowers,
but it is difficult to tell whether the process
was really beneficial.
‘The list of grapes which has been de-
tailed is perhaps the best selection which
can be made for cultivation in a private
garden. Fic. 368.—Muscat of Alexandria.
We always get abundance from July till the end of February,
and our treatment is sufficiently simple.
When the vines break in spring, the attention of the gardener
is required. It is necessary then to attend to the hygrometric condi-
tion of the air by supplying large quantities of aqueous vapours ; this
is done by iron tanks which are placed upon the hot-water pipes,
_and rapidly evaporate. Some gardeners syringe their houses, but
I think that a mistake, as the proper amount of moisture can be
obtained without syringing. If syringing is practised at all, the wall
and paths of the house may be syringed, but not the plants.
At this stage of growth a draught is as fatal as it would be to a
new-born child, or to an elderly person, but, nevertheless, vines
should have abundance of air. This is best secured by the back
ventilators, so that there may be an interchange of air without a
current. It is a good plan to give a little artificial warmth every
night rom the time the vines start till the grapes are gathered. Of
course when cold weather sets in, a due amount of warmth must
be maintained by night and by day, but, as I do not force, I am
192 MY GARDEN.
only giving such instructions as may ensure grapes from July to the
next spring.
As the vines break, wood sufficient to cover the glass completely -
is left, and the shoots are kept stopped with the finger and thumb,
so that every single leaf gets the full blaze of the sun and light
upon it: every leaf which is shaded from the light is a damage to
the vine instead of a support.
During the period of growth, the eye of the gardener must be
vigilant to perceive oidium; and if he even suspect it, the pipes
should be dusted with the flour of sulphur, and this may even be
sprinkled over the vines.
As soon as the young grapes develop chemsdlves, the gardener
must immediately prevent an undue number of bunches, and in this
he must be guided by the size and age of the vines, remembering that
it is a better fault to have a few fine grapes than many which are
spoilt and uneatable.
But the gardener must carry his operations one stage further: he
must thin each bunch, and, as a rule, two-thirds of all which are pro-
duced should be removed. This should be done as early as possible,
before the young grapes exhaust the vine.
The moment the grapes begin to colour a drier state of air should
be commenced. We empty every day or. two one of our iron troughs,
so that by degrees we obtain a drier atmosphere, in which the grapes |
attain the highest perfection and obtain a condition of skin which
makes them keep better. When the grapes are quite ripe the gardener,
if he wants them for his master’s use, must take care that wasps,
mice, and birds do not devour them before they are gathered.
When the grapes are cut, the care of the gardener is not at an
end; the leaves must be protected till the vine is thoroughly ripened,
and till they drop of their own accord. One year I was furious
because a gardener I then employed tidied up the house, as he was
pleased to call it, and pulled off all the leaves: this little indiscretion
cost me two-thirds of the next year’s crop of grapes.
As soon as the wood is ripened, the vines may be pruned, I cut
GRAPE VINES. ies
them back to a single rod, but I take care that each branch is cut
back as near to the stem as possible, leaving one plump eye, for in
_ this eye is the germ of the future shoot, and the bunch of grapes for
next year. During the winter some gardeners delight in scraping
the bark and painting the rods with various compounds of sulphur,
soft soap, and lime. This rough treatment does much injury to the
vine, but no damage can be done by dusting over the rods with
flour of sulphur.
These instructions are simple, and are almost invariably successful
when actually practised; but if the gardener varies them ever so
little, a want of success will attend his efforts. Let the gardener
lower the temperature at night, expose the young wood to cold
draughts, leave overcrowded wood, too many bunches of grapes, or
the bunches unthinned,—let him keep the atmosphere too dry, or
make the air, while the grapes are ripening, too wet,—let him neglect
the mildew for a few days,—and all the labour which he does spend
will be labour lost.
The grape contains much potash, which shows itself in the tartrate
of potash which is deposited in wine; it also contains much phos-
phorus: hence it is necessary to supply these materials to the soil
Bone dust or ivory dust should be sprinkled over the surface, to be
washed into the ground during the rainy season. The burnt tops of
trees should be applied, but above all a good supply of stable dung
should be yearly given to the vine border. It is true that when a
vine gets into congenial soil no manure is required. The vast vine at
Hampton Court neither receives nor does it appear to require manure,
yet the vine-growers up the Rhine give their vines manure, and our
vines ripening their fruit in houses are improved by an annual dressing
of stable dung.
We follow what is called the Rod system, but this is not necessary,
as one vine can be made to cover almost any reasonable space
Nevertheless a large vine takes a long time to grow, and thus a
number of rods are, upon the whole, more convenient for the horti-
culturist, who desires quickly to obtain his produce.
O
194 ‘MY GARDEN.
Much attention has been given lately to preserve grapes after they
are cut. By removing the bunch with a branch and by placing the end
of the branch in a bottle of water in a dark room, grapes cut ‘in ..
October will last till june. In Italy they have grapes of the
preceding year as late as the month of May, but then the grapes
appear to be kept in baskets, and the stalks are withered and dried
up, and they certainly are not much to be commended.
Grape vines are propagated by pips, by which new varieties are
raised. To obtain new sorts the flower of. one kind is sometimes
set with the pollen of a second: in this way Standish’s fine new
grape was raised; in this way Snow’s Muscat Hamburgh was raised,
Probably, however, new kinds come mostly from the pips of former
choice varieties. Any variety may be propagated by cuttings, or from a
single bud with about half an inch of old wood: this is placed in a
pot, covered with earth, and kept in a warm house. It may also
be propagated by a young shoot torn out of the axil of a leaf and
placed in a pot. The propagation by a single eye is the favourite plan;
and if planted in heat in January and grown rapidly, it makes a
large vine before the end of the year.
Any variety of vine may be propagated by layers or by circum-
vallation, as the vine roots freely from any part of its shoots. It
even throws out roots spontaneously, under certain circumstances, into
the house, but I never could determine exactly what the conditions
are, which induce this phenomenon. Sometimes these roots have been
apparently traced to pressure on one part of the vines, but at other
times no assignable reason could be given.
Vines may be grafted, when we desire to change an established
vine to one of another character; or they may be inarched. Thompson
recommends whip-grafting for vines. Grafting and inarching must
be practised in spring, just as the vines are starting, and the shoots
will make a growth of ten or twelve feet in a single season. I have
seen both processes adopted with perfect success.
Our vines laden with their grapes are beautiful in autumn. The
turf-house, with its depending branches, is ever to be remembered when
MELONS. 195
once it has been seen, showing, as it does, what good results may be
obtained by such simple means.
“Arch’d over head with an embracing Vine,
Whose Bunches, hanging down, seem’d to entice
All passers by to taste their lushious Wine, .
And did themselves into their Hands incline,
As freely offering to be gathered :
Some deep empurpled as the Hyacint,
Some as the Rubin, laughing, sweetly red,
Some like fair Emeraudes, not yet well ripened.”—SPENSER.
MELONS.
Our Melons (Cucumis Melo) are always objects of particular culture,
and one or two hundred pounds’ weight’are grown in a favourable
season. The seed of the first crop is raised in March in the cucumber-
house, and is planted in April, when the fruit is obtained in June and
July. These are grown in the tank melon-pit, already described
(fig. 96). Other crops are planted in the cold frames, as they can be
spared, for they are not otherwise required after the new potatoes and
early strawberries are finished. A few barrow-loads of hot dung are
used along the centre of the frames to start the plants. To obtain suc-
cess with melons. they should be planted in rich top spit loam. When
the flowers appear and when the plants have attained considerable
growth, the female flower should be set by hand; for, although the hives
are close at hand, the bees visit the frames very sparingly. We leave no
more leaves on the plant than can be thoroughly sunned and aérated.
When the fruit is set and is fairly swelling, little or no water is given,
for water has the curious effect—as I have ascertained by the experiment
of allowing the roots of a melon to grow in a pan of water—of causing
the fruit to be arge but hollow in the centre, whereas if water is with-
held the fruit is solid to the centre, and much finer in quality.
To obtain flavour it is necessary that the leaves of the plant should
preserve their integrity till the fruit is ripened, which may be effected
by preserving the moisture of the atmosphere. by saucers of water. The
fruit should not be cut till quite ripe, and ought to be eaten immediately
O02
196 MY GARDEN.
afterwards: then it is wholesome. Sometimes we are terribly
troubled with the melon aphis, which appears by thousands, and
which causes the roots to rot. In July we usually get a visitation
of one species of red spider, but a moist atmosphere at night gene-
rally kills it. During the month of July, but not before nor after, the
growth of melons is difficult at my garden on account of this pest.
The varieties of melons are innumerable. Many prefer a green-fleshed
melon, such as the Golden Perfection or the Orion. I give a preference
myself to a netted melon with thin skin and pink
flesh (fig. 369), such as Williams’s Paradise Gem.
Turner's Gem is a nice melon, but it has a tendency
to crack, and then it becomes infected with fungus
and is unwholesome. The Beechwood and Bromham
Hall are also fine melons. There is a little melon
called Queen Anne’s Pocket Melon. I generally
grow several varieties every year, and save the seed of any one which
Proves particularly excellent. The white-fleshed melons are not agtee-
able to me, or much less so than the green or pink-fleshed ones.
The character of melons, probably from being seedlings, is constantly
Fic, 369.—Scarlet Melon,
4diam,
changing; the melon with a certain name to-day was not the same
some years back, and will not be the same some years hence; so
that, in choosing varieties, horticulturists must be guided from time to
time by the kinds of seed which are obtainable. In my tank melon-
pit, after the first crop was cut, a moderate amount of water was
given to the plants, which started them into fresh growth, and gave
a second crop of large fine melons.
No melon has been produced out of doors at my garden, and I
have failed, even in a frame, in growing the water-melon of South
Europe.
I strongly recommend growers of melons to use them before they get
fungus; and in times of cholera, if they cannot be obtained in a
growing state from healthy plants, to cast them away.
“Like melons, friends are to be found in plenty,
Of which not even one is good in twenty.”
NUTS. is
NUTS.
Several kinds of Nuts (Corylus Avellana) have been planted at Wal-
lington, but nothing in comparison with the long list published by Mr.
Webb of Calcot near Reading, who has made nuts an object of special
study. Varieties are raised from seed and selected for their superior
qualities, and are propagated by grafting on the common hazel, or by
planting suckers from the improved kind. Rivers, always on the
watch for improvements, has grafted many kinds on the tree-nut, the
Corylus arborescens. In 1870 his grafted trees were wonderfully fruitful,
but that season was an abundant year for nuts; therefore the question
cannot be considered as settled from that experience. At my
garden we grow the Red Filbert (fig. 370), the envelope of the kernel
ie ,
Fig. 370.—Red Filbert.t Fic. 371.— Cosford Nut. Fic. eel Wik.
of whichis covered with a red membrane. It is a nut of the highest
flavour, but it isa bad bearer. Again, we grow the Purple Filbert, the
colour of the leaves of the trees being that of the leaves of the
copper-coloured beech, or even darker. The tree itself is a great
ornament, and the nuts produced are fairly good. This
variety should only be grown for the ornamental foliage.
The Cosford (fig. 371) has a very thin shell ; it ripens
early, and, to my mind, it is one of the most excellent
of nuts; in fact, it is my favourite. The White Filbert
is good, and the Atlas bears in immense clusters.
The Kentish Cob (fig. 372) is large, with a full kernel.
This nut is the most valuable for spring use, and with
care will last more than a year. Fic
, f . 373--——-Nut, Male
All nuts have blossoms (fig. 37 3), of which the pale ener re
t All the figures of nuts are drawn one-half of their diameter.
198 MY GARDEN.
blossom is a catkin and the female a little red flower. They bear no
spurs like currant-trees, and in Kent the bushes are carefully thinned, *~-
so that light and air are admitted to every branch, but the little bearing
spurs are carefully preserved. Varieties which are called nuts have their
husk as long as, or not longer than, the enclosed nut ; filberts have their
husk longer than the nut. It is desirable to have trees of all the
sorts which are here mentioned, but I am uncertain how far other new
varieties can be commended.
WALNUTS.
Our district has been celebrated for its Walnuts (Fuglans regia, fig.
374) for many years. Carshalton Park abounds‘in fine walnut-trees.
Beddington Park and its estate had several, but many of
these have been cut down recently. We have one large
walnut-tree, and also:small trees of the Dwarf Prolific,
but they grow too rapidly with us to get much produce
every year, and besides we suffer from spring frosts. Walnuts
? are mostly raised from seed, but superior varieties are
IG. 374.
Walnut. = multiplied by inarching. There is one kind, called the
Walnut of St. Jean, that does not put forth its leaves till June,
and thus escapes all spring frosts.
CHESTNUTS.
We only grow one Sweet Chestnut-tree (Castanea vesca, fig. 375), nor
is a considerable difference in the fertility of
varieties, and also in the quality of their
PN perfection in this country. The Devonshire
"Fic. 375.—Sweet Chestnut, 4 dtam, Prolific and Downton are reputed the best kinds.
Chestnut-trees are largely grown in Italy, and the rotten wood is
used exclusively in the South of France and in Italy as a material in
which the camellia, azalea, and rhododendron are grown.
ous Biba
do I know of many trees in the district. There
produce. They do not every year come to: °—
ALMONDS. 160
ALMONDS.
Almond-trees (Amygdalus communis, fig. 376) are hardly grown in
this country otherwise than for ornament, on. account
of the remarkable beauty of their flower, which is
one of the earliest of all the spring blossoms.
The French nurserymen’s catalogues describe many
ares Fic. 376.—Almond and
varieties, and the flavour of the produce of all my section, } diam.
trees varies, but I have no faith in the names which have been
assigned to them.
I have observed that it is essential to have the wood of the tree
well ripened for it to have much flower. Even with abundance of flower
we have seldom any great amount of fruit.
In 1870 the almond-trees round London, including mine at Walling-
ton, were laden with fruit. We adopted the foreign plan of commen-
cing to use them for dessert as soon as the kernels were formed, and we
had abundance of fruit till winter. Our friends from France considered
them a great delicacy. Why there was so great a crop in so bad a
spring season was a puzzle to me, but as I was in Italy that spring
I could mot unravel it. In Florence I bought in the market green
almonds as early as the middle of April, but where they came from
I could not learn, but probably either from Sicily or Africa, as fruit
of the Loquat was sold at the same time. When almond-trees do
fruit in England, the produce is generally neglected, but, from the
mannet in which they were appreciated in 1870, the culture of this
fruit certainly deserves more attention, especially as the tree is most
ornamental in early spring, even if it produces no fruit. In our
village there is a fine almond-tree overhanging the road in the garden
of Mr. Mackenzie.
ORANGES AND LEMONS.
The varieties of Oranges (Citrus aurantium) are very numerous, but
they can hardly be said to be grown for fruit here, nor is it advisable,
when steamers bring oranges so rapidly from the South, where the trees
200 MY GARDEN.
flourish. I only grow one or two trees for the blossom (fig. 377),
which is the glory of bridal wreaths. We have a small Lemon-tree
(C. Limonum), and, really, this may be
grown more frequently where there is room,
for even in Italy as far south as Florence
I observed that the lemon-trees were pro-
tected in all the private gardens during win-
ter and up tothe month of May. Varieties
t & of oranges are raised from pips: though
Fic 377.— Orange blossom. trees may be freely raised in this way, they
require to be grafted from approved sorts to have eatable fruit, as not
one in a thousand seedlings may turn out good. Oranges may be
propagated by grafting or by circumvallation. The blossom of the
Otaheite Orange has a peculiar odour, which differs from the common
orange. I have already mentioned that in Sir Walter Raleigh's time
10,000 of this fruit were grown in a single year at Beddington Park
but it is doubtful whether its cultivation for its fruit is now desirable
in England.
THE CUSTARD APPLE.
Amongst curious fruits, I have tried to raise seeds from the delicious
Custard Apple. (Azona), which every winter is brought to Covent
Garden Market. The seeds have grown only this year. Mr. Rivers
has a tree, but it has not yet fruited.
FIGS.
The green Fig (Ficus Carica, fig. 378) is a delicious fruit,
of which there are endless varieties: some are very. small,
as the White Ischia; others very large, as the Figue d’Or.
Mr. Rivers has eighty-nine varieties in his catalogue. I
have had many kinds, which did well in the back of my
Fis. 378.—Fig, . + . :
“Gam.” vinery till the vines grew; the figs then ceased to bear,
and were removed, because the exhalations of the foliage of the
FIGS. oe
fig were not good for the grapes. In the vinery I found Brown
Turkey, or Lee’s Perpetual, excellent; White Ischia, though small,
delicious; White Marseilles, most luscious; Early Violet, small but
good. Upon the whole, I recommend for orchard-house cultivation
Lee’s Perpetual: this is now grown with me in the orchard-house, and
yields fine crops of its excellent fruit. The tree is trained under
the glass, and gives very little trouble; the only thing is to afford it
plenty of light. Up to this time I have never had a fig from an
outdoor tree, although they grow in great abundance on standards
at Worthing in Sussex. The best outdoor fig is the Black Brunswick,
although’ it is reputed not to force well, and I have planted a small
tree of this in a dry and warm part of the garden, in the hope
that it will gradually grow and bear fruit, as the old standard trees
do at Worthing. The propagation of the fig is very simple; every
little sucker, every cutting will grow, and it may be freely multiplied
by the process of circumvallation.
THE MULBERRY.
“ Ille salubres
Aéstates peraget, qui nigris prandia moris
Finiet, ante gravem que legerit arbore solem.”
Horace, Sativa iv. lib. ti.
Every garden used to have its Mulberry-tree (Morus nigra) : no one,
however, now plants a mulberry-tree. If our forefathers had not done
more for us than we are doing for our posterity, we should have been
utterly deprived of this delicious fruit. I have a mulberry-tree in my
orchard-house, where the fruit really ripens. Mr. Rivers tells
me that his orchard-house mulberries (fig. 379) are large ;
mine, however, have been small, but so sweet and delicious
as to be like another kind of fruit. I recommend everyone ova
-379--Mul-
who has an orchard-house to have a pot mulberry-tree ; bery}diam.
they will be no less astonished than gratified by the excellent quality
of the fruit.
202 MY GARDEN.
THE PRICKLY PEAR.
The Prickly Pear (fig. 380) is the fruit of the Opuntia, .but the fruit
of many Cacti is equally good; in particular, I may mention that
of Cactus spectosissimus, which I have often gathered and eaten in the
months of March and April,
when their red flesh is really
delicious. I have plants of
the Opuntia Raffiesquiana (fig.
381), which is reputed to be
perfectly hardy. It stood the
winter of 1870 in my neigh-
Fic. 38.—Prickly
: Fic. 381.—Opuntia Rafflesquiana. bourhood, when the tempera-
ture fell to zero. This plant must be carefully watched, as if it thrives
in this country it will give a fruit of a totally different ‘character
from that which we have before had.
ERYOBOTRYA JAPONICA, ANASPOLE JAPONICA, OR LOQUAT.
At my garden there is one tree of this species, which was given to
me by Sir James Tyler; its fruit (fig. 382) is much esteemed throughout
South Europe. My tree has not borne fruit
as yet. At Florence, Naples, and Rome it
is used for decorative purposes, from its noble
foliage. I have bought fruit in the market
, at’ Florence in April, have occasionally met
) with it in the shops of Covent Garden Mar-
ket, and have known it: to be sold by.
costermongers in the City of London. Its
taste does not commend itself, in my opinion,
Fic. 382.—Loquat.
to the extent to which some persons who -have travelled abroad
appreciate it. I have tasted fruit shown at the Fruit Committee of
the Horticultural Society from English hot-houses.
THE EDIBLE PASSION-FLOWER. 203
THE BANANA.
One kind only of Banana, the Musa Cavendishii (fig. 383), is grown
at my garden, but it has not yet fruited. This dwarf variety is the
easiest to fruit in this country, and I have seen it in great perfection
at Peterborough House, Fulham, and at other places. One fruit -was
shown lately by Mr. Sage, at the Horticultural Society, weighing
46 lbs. The plant likes bottom heat and rich soil. I have tasted in
this country the produce of the Abyssinian Banana, now so much
praised for the beauty of its leaves, both here and in Paris. Fine
specimens of the fruit have been grown by Mr. Cunliffe at Coulsdon.
My plant is grown in my vinery, which is evidently not sufficiently
warm for it.
Fic. 384.—Passion-flower Fruit,
4 diam.
Fic. 383.—Banana. ; Fic. 385.—Passiflora macrocarpa, } diam,
THE EDIBLE PASSION-FLOWER.
I grow the Passiflora edulis (fig. 384) in my fernery, where it fruits.
The fruit is about as big as a hen’s egg, and hard outside. The seeds
are enclosed in a pulpy mass, which -has a delicious flavour, and is much
enjoyed by West Indians. This plant can evidently be readily grown
in any warm house. There is another passion-flower which yields
enormous fruit, but it has not fruited with me, the Passiflora macro-
carpa (fig. 385), the pulp of which is also excellent.
204 MY GARDEN.
THE POMEGRANATE.
In this country the Pomegranate (Punica Gra-
natum) is grown for its flower, and not for its fruit,
| The first time I saw it on the tree, at Cette, it
greatly delighted me. The juice is particularly
refreshing, especially at times when the stomach
Fis. 386," Fomeeranate, cannot bear the pulp of other fruits, as, for instance,
after an attack of typhoid fever. Its large conspicuous fruit (fig. 386)
is very interesting, and leads us to exclaim with Thomson—
“Nor, on its slender twigs
Low bending, be the full pomegranate scorned.”
EUGENIA UGNI.
I planted many trees of the Eugenia ugni (fig. 387), which was said
to be hardy. However, every tree out of doors died. Those
which were protected yielded small berries of a pleasant
odour and somewhat of a turpentine taste. The general
verdict of those who have tasted the fruit is rather against
than for it, and in fact it has gone out of cultivation. It
may be propagated by seeds, and probably by cuttings,
pace. which I have never tried. The late Sir W. Dilke took
great pains to bring this fruit into general use.
THE CAPE GOOSEBERRY.
The Cape Gooseberry (Physalis edulis,
fig. 388) is another unimportant plant, the fruit
of which some people like. It may be easily
grown out of doors or in the orchard-house
during summer, or in the greenhouse during
Fic. 388.—Cape Gooseberry. Winter, and gives abundant fruit. It may
readily be raised from seed and propagated by cuttings.
THE CRANBERRY.
Ihave made great efforts to grow both the American and English
Cranberry (Oxycoccus), with very limited success, and I have pursued
THE CRANBERRY. 205
my experiments over several years. The American Cranberry (fig. 389)
is grown satisfactorily at Hastings; and at one
place, by arranging a platform over a river, and
occasionally flooding the plants. If the plants
are too wet they do not flourish, and if they are
too dry they do not succeed. Their growth was
recommended by Sir Joseph Banks. Not de-
spairing of ultimate success, I made three other
plantations in 1871. I am afraid the cold tem- ,
perature of our winter is a great difficulty. They 1% 38%—American Cranberry.
require peat soil. Up to this time I have not had a single dish
from their produce, and all my labour has bezn lost.
“Tt were long,
Too long, to tell th’ expedients and the shifts,
Which he that fights * % *
Devises, while he guards his tender trust ;
~ And oft at last in vain.”—-COWPER.
THE CLOUDBERRY.
There are two allied species of Cloudberries, the Rubus arcticus and
Rubus Chamemorus (fig. 390), which have been planted. The first lives,
but has not done well. Dr. Fergus, who recently
visited Norway, was so kind as to procure me a
large number of roots of the Norway Cloudberry, ‘78s ae
which has an historical interest, having been eaten ¥. is)
by Linnzus when suffering from fever. I have
made a deep plantation of peat, and over this I
have planted the roots in cocoa-nut refuse, but
my plants are getting on very badly. The Fes
figure is taken from a specimen Dr. Fergus ae ey ukubas
brought over. I have since found the plants on the mountains on
Don Side, and heard of it in other localities in Scotland. It is
worthy of an attempt to naturalize it in our gardens.
206 MY GARDEN.
WHORTLEBERRIES.
Whortleberries (Vaccinium Myrtillus) come up spontaneously in the
peat in my ferneries, but if they bear fruit the birds get it.
DEWBERRIES.
The extreme beauty of the Dewberry (Rudus cesius, fig. 390 a), as it
grows freely on the banks of the Lea and of the Thames,—especially
when the fruit is covered with its exquisite bloom,—makes me think
it ought to be cultivated where ground can be spared.
BERBERRIES.
We grow the Berberry (Berberis vulgaris, fig. 391), which makes
delicious preserves. Oddly enough, it blossoms well, but it hardly
ever sets its fruit;so that I very seldom get a crop.
THE ELDERBERRY.
We have three varieties of ‘Elderberries (Sambucus),—the white,
the black, and the scarlet. The black (S. zigra) is the more common,
and is generally used for wine—which, when mulled, is no bad drink
on a cold day, whilst carrying out the winter garden works; I often
use it with strips of toast, and the latter my robin always comes to
share with me. The white elderberry I have never tried for wine, but
I shall attempt it the first time I can get enough fruit. There is a
scarlet elderberry (S. racemosa, fig. 392), but it has not yet fruited at my
garden, although I have observed it to be a common plant in Scotland.
One pretty standard .flourishes in front of the Trossachs Hotel.
THE STONEBERRY AND PINE-APPLE. 207
THE STONEBERRY.
I am trying to grow the Stoneberry (Rubus savratilis), which is a
rare plant in England, but which is found occasionally in Scotland. I
have brought a number of plants from Scotland to ascertain whether
they can be rendered worthy of cultivation, but experience only can
decide the fact. They are growing freely.
PINE-APPLES.
We do not profess to grow Pine-apples (Bromelia Ananus); never-
theless by a little management we contrive to have a few of fine
flavour every year, by appropriating to their culture a frame with a
flue and return hot-water pipe. They like warm bottom heat, a humid
atmosphere, and abundance of light ; they are propagated by seed when
new varieties are sought, but for the usual growth they are multiplied
either by planting the crown or by suckers. We now plant suckers
in pots in the back of the melon-pit in spring: these root during the
summer, when they are in autumn removed to the small brick pit.
By management some gardeners obtain the largest-sized pines within
a year of planting the suckers; but we have
never succeeded in so short a period. During
winter but little water is given, but, as spring
commences, the tan-pit is made up, and they
are grown more rapidly. They require but
little care or trouble, except to maintain the
temperature of the pit so that it does not fall
much below 70°, and to keep the air moist.
There are various kinds of pines, but one
_variety from its keen penetrating flavour sur-
passes all,—namely, the Queen (fig. 393). Per-
Fic. 393-— Queen Pine-apple.
haps one pound of good Queen pine would
go as far in flavouring ices as half-a-dozen pounds of any other sort.
Where large pines are required, Providence or Trinidad pines must be
208 MY GARDEN.
grown, and for winter use the Black Jamaica is recommended. The
best soil for them is a mixture of top spit
loam, peat, and horse-droppings, with a little
sand. The plant should always be grown close
to the glass. The blossom of the pine is interest-
ing, as it flowers at each little compartment,
beginning from the bottom and continuing till
2
Fic. 394.—Pine-apple in flower. it reaches the crown (fig. 394).
+
At the present time there is a great scarcity of good fruits, and
it would be highly desirable that a far larger quantity should be
supplied to the large towns of England. Many gentlemen overworked
with the arduous duties of life would find relaxation and pleasure in
their leisure hours in planting orchards, in superintending the cultiva-
tion of their trees, and in the production of fruit. But the residents
of large towns cannot buy, neither can the producers sell, as both
parties are entirely in the hands of the middle man. The barrister,
the physician, and the merchant can apply their intelligence to the
growth of fruit, but cannot and will not attend to the sale of it,
An improved system of public market is required, which demands the
careful and immediate attention of the Legislature, that the people
may be fairly supplied with the fruits of the market. The learned
antiquary, Mr. Charles Roach Smith, has called attention in a pam-
phlet to the scarcity of fruit, and I hope that the details which
have been given of my experience will tend to diminish the want.
At the present time tens of thousands of a few kinds only of fruit-
trees might be grown with great advantage to the crowded population
of our large overgrown cities. I will name six constantly bearing fruit-
trees, the produce of which would be a gain to every householder in
the country,—be he rich or be he poor: Apples, Lord Suffield and
Wellington ; Pears, Louise Bonne for eating and Catillac for baking;
Plums, Gisborne and Rochester Cluster Damson. |
Tn concluding my remarks on fruit-trees, I must again observe,
that much is owing to art, little to the soil. My garden was selected
EFFECT OF ART. 2cg
for qualities other than that of pomological excellence, and it may
be said of it,—
“Leur maigre terrain,
Qui suffisait & peine & ’humble romarin,
Vit naftre a force dart, sur sa céte brilante,
Le melon savoureux, la figue succulente,
Et ces raisins ambrés qui parfument les airs ;
Et arbre aux pommes d’or, aux rameaux toujours verts.”
SSeS 55S —
Vign, X/X.—View of Beddington Hall, near the Church.
Vign, XX.—New Bridge in Beddington Park.
CHAPTER X.
GENERAL FLOWER GARDEN.
“In all places, then, and in all seasons,
Flowers expand their light and soul-like wings ;
Teaching us, by most persuasive reasons,
How akin they are to human things.’—LONGFELLOW.
E grow in the garden many kinds of flowers, and select as
many species of as many classes as we ‘can obtain at a
moderate cost; so that in each season, as far as climate may permit,
we have some blossoms to gladden our eyes with their perfect torms
or brilliant colours. In the general flower-garden we cultivate Bulbous
plants, so beautiful in early spring; Perennial plants, so useful because
they remain from year to year without renewal; Bedding plants, by
which we secure masses of bright flowers between June and October ;
Annual flowers, which come up in spring, blossom, and perish after
they have seeded; Biennial plants, which grow one year and flower the
second; Greenhouse plants, which require protection from frost, and
which give us flowers when the winter's blast has stopped outdoor
growth ; Hothouse plants, which require tropical temperature, both in
winter and summer, for their successful culture. Besides, we have
rosaries, alpineries, ferneries, and orchid beds, for the special cultivation
of particular classes of plants.
BULBOUS PLANTS.
The first flower which appears in early spring, and delights us after
the rest of plants during winter, is the Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis,
BULBOUS PLANTS, 211
fig. 395). It is constant as to the time of its appearance in the third
week in January, and shows its drooping head
immediately after the snow melts. In one year,
however, and in one year only, the snowdrops
appeared between Christmas and New Year's day.
Snowdrops are naturally single, but double ones
have been obtained by cultivation. It is only
necessary to plant the bulbs and then to leave |f
them alone, when the bulbs multiply year after Fic. 395—Snowdrop.
year. Quantities of snowdrops should be grown, as they light up the
bare ground in the ferneries, before the fronds spring forth.
The double variety of snowdrop is somewhat larger than the
single, but of the two I rather prefer the single, as being upon the
whole more pleasing to the eye.
A larger species of snowdrop (Galanthus plicatus) has been lately
introduced from the Crimea. The flower is somewhat larger, but the
leaves are much broader and coarser. It is scarcer than the common
species, and differs so little from it as hardly to be recognized with-
out close examination. Except as a mere curiosity it is a worthless
addition to the garden.
“ And in yon mingled wilderness of flowers
Fair-handed Spring unbosoms every grace :
Throws out the snowdrop and the crocus first.”
THOMSON’S Seasous.
Before the snowdrops have disappeared Crocuses come forth in
many varieties. The Cyocus versicolor is the
first ; quickly succeeding to this are the large
yellow, white, and blue varieties of C. vernus
(fig. 306). The bulbs last for years if planted
in a dry place, and if a little manure be yearly
spread over the surface. The ground dries and
the bulbs ripen in the summer, but, when the AW)
autumn rains moisten the ground they grow, Fic, 396.—Crocus vernus.
and in spring send forth their gorgeous flowers. Nothing can exceed
P2
212 MY GARDEN.
the effect of thousands of crocus flowers in blossom. at one time,
Crocuses are apt to be destroyed by mice, but I have found that early
planting is a partial preventive.
“Crocus, and hyacinth, with rich inlay,
*Broider’d the ground, more coloured than with stone
Of costliest emblem.”—MILTON.
The crocuses hardly disappear before Hyacinths (Hyacinthus orien-
talis, fig. 397) blossom. These may be grown in the same” way
as crocuses. For out of doors it is better to use|
the pot hyacinths of the previous year, which
flower with me, if left alone, many years. We
grow our pot hyacinths in a particular manner.
They are planted in a compost of loam, manure,
and sand, and then all the pots are placed to-
gether and covered with earth. This imitates
their natural condition; for when they are well
rooted, and the crown has risen about an inch
from the bulb—which in my soil takes place about
Christmas—they are taken out.
but full exposure to light, the
Fro. 6p inguin
Fic. 7oo—Parnassia palustris. oJorious Grass of Parnassus .
(Parnassia palustris, fig. 700) grows. This is a flower which should
be cultivated in quantity, and I have obtained basketfuls from
Whitby to grace my garden. It both flowers and seeds freely, but
it does not propagate well, and I am perpetually obliged to have
recourse to new importations.
The Silene acaulis (fig. 701) is highly spoken of by that able botanist
Mr. Backhouse, who describes it as adorning the crags of the Highland
and Welsh mountains, and as yielding solid carpets of pink, rose, or
Fic. 703.—Mazus pumilio.
Fic. 7o1.—Silene acaulis,
Fic. 702.—S. alpestris.
crimson flowers. I have never seen it in that situation, but we have
it on a moderate scale. The S. alpestris (fig. 702) is another desirable
alpine plant. The Mazus pumilio (fig. 703) is a great favourite of
mine, and it produces beautiful blue flowers in great quantities.
ALPINE FLOWERS. 321
The Epimediums are remarkable plants when in blossom in spring ;
a severe frost, however, at that time will destroy the flowers, and this
occurred in 1871. Wegrow three species of equal merit, but Epimedium
rubrum (fig. 704) shows their character as well as any.
The Helanthemum vulgare (fig. 705) does much to embellish an
alpinery. We grow several species, of which the one figured is a good
example. There are many florists’ varieties of the
plant.
Fic. 704.—Epimedium rubrum. rie a = Mallanthiemac alge Fic. 706.—Thalictrum minus.
The foliage of the Thalictrums is useful for the alpinery. When
I first saw one species at Zermatt, I mistook it for Maiden-hair, as
the leaf is similar to that of an adiantum. We cultivate two or
three species, but the 7. mdnus (fig. 706) is the best. The flower is
not attractive.
Amongst plants to be grown merely for their foliage, the Alyssum
alpestre (fig. 707) is curious from its stellate hairs. A variegated species
of Arabis is very showy, but it is apt to
extend itself over its neigh-
is. bours, so that unless restrained
i IN
Wl ce
4 ei) it is dangerous to the sur
yah
rounding plants.
Fic. 707.—Alyssum _al-
stre (leaf nat. size,
vad, stellate hairs en- Amongst the more showy
larged).
plants, the Yellow Poppy (Pa-
paver nudicaule, fig. 708) is conspicuous. The Fic. 708.—Yellow Poppy.
colour is very striking, and I know scarcely anything more astonishing
than to see the brilliant but delicate blossoms expand under the
fiercest blaze of the sun without showing the slightest injury.
Y
322 MY GARDEN.
The flowers of the varieties of Dianthus are highly ornamental, and
grow like weeds with me, scattering their seeds in all directions. We
have several species—all beautiful—producing a multitude of flowers,
Fic. 709.—Dianthus chinensis. Fic. 710.—D. fragrans. Fic. ine a.—Dianthus ee
D. chinensis (fig. 709) is a charming plant: D. fragrans (fig. 710) is also
very beautiful. D. cesius, or the Cheddar Pink (fig. 7102), is interesting.
The Statice latifolia (fig. 711) is a very desirable plant for the
alpinery; it is a native of Siberia, and flowers late in summer
and in autumn. It has branching panicles, with innumerable small
lavender blossoms, and is a fine, handsome, hardy perennial.
This, putes iStadine tail, Fic, 712.—Alpine Snapdragon. Fic. 713.—Linaria tristis.
Allied to the Statice, the Thrifts are useful, and particularly the
Alpine Thrift (Avmeria vulgaris), which is used for edging, but I
have not so employed it in my garden.
The Alpine Snapdragon (Linaria alpina, fig. 712) is a very valuable
rich plant, as it is in flower the greater part of the year, and seeds as
freely as any weed. There are also other snapdragons ; and amongst _
our own garden plants, the antirrhinums form a most important feature,
and have been already noticed. The Linaria tristis (fig. 713) is a
desirable acquisition.
ALPINE FLOWERS. 323
The Acena Nove Zelandice (fig. 714) is a very curious plant, which
grows freely with me. It sends up crimson spikes of flowers, growing
in sheets not above an inch in height.
There is a very small plant, called the Avenaria balearica (fig. 715)
which creeps over the stones, sending forth multitudes of small white
flowers.
The Pentstemon glabrum (fig. 716) has large blue
flowers, and is brought from the Rocky Mountains.
. : ae i . Fic. 716.— Pentstemon
Fic. 714.—A. Nove Zelandice. Fic. 715.—Arenaria balearica. glabrum.
The Aphyllanthes Monspeliensis (fig. 717) is unlike any other plant,
for it has a succession of single blue flowers at the top of a rush-like
stalk. It is not often grown, but its singular habit
cannot fail to attract attention, and the general
effect produced by the plant is very pleasing.
The Geum coccineum affords beautiful bright
scarlet flowers.
The Alyssum saxatile is rather a coarse plant,
but yet it has fine spikes of yellow flowers.
It is difficult to decide which is the most
beautiful of so large a number of lovely plants ;
: Fic. 717.—Aphyllanthes
nevertheless there are many that demand parti- MoiGnctcntis
cular attention. The Phloxes are showy and desirable plants. The
Phlox divaricata (fig. 718) is a most excellent, low-growing plant for
rock-work. Phlox Nelsonii (fig. 719) has clear white flowers, and is very
effective and lovely. Both of these plants are easily propagated by
cuttings.
Y 2
324 MY GARDEN.
The Alpine Wallflower (Cheiranthus alpinus, fig. 720) must never
be omitted from an alpinery, as its fine heads of yellow flowers make.a
Fic. 718.—Phlox divaricata. Fic. 719.—Phlox Nelsonii. Fic. 720.—Cheiranthus alpinus:
grand display in spring. It is always advisable to have many of these
plants, which are easily obtained by cuttings, and this is a species which
may be advantageously introduced into the general flower-garden.
The Lithospermum fruticosum is perhaps somewhat unduly extolled.
It derives its generic name from the flinty hardness of the stones of the
fruit. Its dark blue flowers are its chief attraction. On the chalk hills
near us a species of lithospermum grows wild, but we have not been
able to flower it in cultivation.
Amongst the alpine plants, the glorious Gentianas are some of the
special desiderata ; but all the species are difficult, and some it is almost
impossible to cultivate. The Gentiana acaulis (fig. 721) is the garden
Gentianella. It does well in some
places, but not in others, preferring
\ a solid ground of sandy or gravelly
loam, and requiring abundance of
light and air, It has never suc-
ceeded so well with me as I have
seen it in other places; never-
Fic. 72x.—Gentiana acaulis. theless it is a lovely plant. In- sic iim Govern
comparably superior to the last-mentioned species is the G. verna
(fig. 722). I have seen this in perfection at Zermatt. I have seen
it in large quantities on the St. Gothard Pass, and the few flowers
I obtain are but as the “dim shadow of glory” when compared with
ALPINE FLOWERS. 325
the blossoms which cover the plants in their natural habitats. They
should be planted against pieces of sandstone, as the delicate roots
penetrate deeply, and like continual moisture. The plant must not
be shaded or overcrowded by any other plant. With
all our care we cannot produce perfectly well-grown
plants, but can only hope to exhibit a specimen of
the flower. The two former species have single
blue flowers, but there are other species with spikes
of flowers, such as the G. gelida (fig. 723), which
we grow with little trouble. I have seen others of
the smaller kinds on the Alps, which are excessively
difficult to grow artificially, but the whole class of
Gentianas is so exquisitely beautiful that the horti-
culturist should endeavour to cultivate any that M"% 73—G- gelida.
he may be able to obtain. Some of the larger kinds, as G. gelida,
are not difficult to cultivate; and one, G. Pueumonanthe, grows wild
on some of the commons of Surrey.
Many species of Campanulas are grown in my alpineries, and yet
I do not know that there is one which I more appreciate than the
blue Hare-bell, which grows wild on the neighbouring commons, and
has even insinuated itself as a wild plant into my garden. (See Wild
Flowers.) Some species are tall growers, others creep upon the earth,
and again some are of an intermediate size; but all are lovely
C. pyramidalis is a fine species with blue flower, which was formerly
much used to decorate the interior
vf buildings, and by management
can be grown above four feet in
height. There is also a white
variety of it. Ci persicifolia (fig.
724), a fine species with large blue
flowers, of which there are several
florists’ varieties,—one of which, ,
; Fie. ti Campenni Fic. 725.—Campanula
var. coronata alba (fig. 725), is par- persicifolia, coronata alba.
ticularly beautiful,—is a great ornament to the alpincry. C. rotun-
326 MY GARDEN.
difolia, which grows about a foot high and has a blue flower, is also
a fine species. There is a white variety of it (fig. 726), which is
a desirable plant. C. hirsuta (fig. 727) is a creeping plant with hairy
leaves. C. garganica is a really valuable plant for the rockeries; and
there are many other species which it is desirable to grow in the
alpineries, but which I do not consider it requisite to describe. C.
speculum is also called Venus’s Looking-glass.
Fic. 726.—C. rotundifolia. Fic. 727-—C. hirsuta.
a 12h Fic. 728.—Abyssinian Primrose’
The Primulas are an extensive genus of plants, of which we grow
several species. I have tried Primula denticulata, but it has not
lived out of doors. I have also tried the Abyssinian Primrose (fig. 728),
but with what success I cannot as yet tell. The beautiful P. amena
cortusoides (fig. 729) likewise does not thrive well with me.
Fic. 730.—P. villosa. Fic. 731.—P. auricula.
Fic. 729.—Primula cortusoides.
Another species (fig. 730), the name of which has been determined
to be the Primula villosa, does well. I found it in quantity in the
month of May on the Italian side of the St, Gothard Pass, lighting
ALPINE FLOWERS. 327
up the granite rocks with great effect, as the foliage and flowers
were of singular grace. I brought over many plants, which appear to
do best on the alpinery a little below the ground line.
The P. auricua, from Switzerland (fig. 731), grows with us.
The florists’ varieties grow much better in Scotland than they do
in my garden. We have some varieties, but never attempt to grow
them in the perfection attained by those who make these plants
their special study.
The Soldanella alpina (fig. 7314) is a little gem in its way. It grows
naturally well protected by large stones, and is a lovely spring flower.
We grow a few plants of the Gnaphalium arenarium (fig. 732), the
French everlasting flower, of which the immortelles are made. It is
easily propagated by cuttings, but the plant has not thrived very well
with me, and has not given much blossom. Our moist atmosphere
in winter does not suit it.
Fic. 731 @.—Soldanella alpina. Fic. mee Everlasting. Fic. 733—Geum montanum.
The Lion’s-paw Cudweed (Guaphalium leontopodium, fig. 742a) is a
perennial species which grows at a considerable altitude on the Alps.
It is completely covered with white silky cotton. It is said that in
some parts of the Continent young ladies, on their betrothal, always
expect to receive, as one of their earliest presents, flowers of this
plant, as a proof of the activity of the gentleman, who must ascend
to a considerable height in order to procure it. The G. diotcum is
another interesting dwarf alpine species, having red flowers.
Amongst the general flowering plants which like air and light, the
Geums (as the G. montanum, fig. 733) are showy.
328 MY GARDEN.
That troublesome weed, the P. Avserina, has lovely flowers, but is
difficult to exterminate, and must on no account be admitted to the
alpinery. We have other varieties that are interesting. (See p. 343.)
All these flowering plants are better grown in an intermediate
position, than at the top or at the bottom of the alpine mound, as
thus the roots are neither too dry nor too wet.
' The Draba beotica (fig. 734) has somewhat the appearance of a
saxifrage, but its group of flowers is very dissimilar.
Fic. 735.—Aubrietia Campbelli. Fic. 736.—Dodecatheon Meadia.
The Aubrietia Campbelli (fig. 735) is of a brighter hue than other
flowers of its genus. Its colour is violet blue, and it blossoms in
great profusion in March.
The American Cowslip (Dodecatheon Meadia, fig. 736)
te should not be omitted from our flower-
ing alpine plants. Its erect stem,
crowned with flowers, is dissimilar
from other plants. It is perennial,
and only requires to remain un-
disturbed. There are varieties of this
flower.
Fic. 737.—Erigeron speciosus. Then we have Erigeron Roylei, or
Speciosus (fig. 737), which is a handsome species from
the Himalayas; it has a yellow, disc-like flower, with "*z8.5°""
purple rays.
The Genista sagittalis (fig. 738) produces abundance of yellow
flowers in summer, and is consequently valuable.
ALPINE FLOWERS. 329
The Polygala Chamebuxus (fig. 739) is an. evergreen species,
having yellow flowers, and is a very beautiful little shrub: it grows
very freely with me, and may be propagated by division.
Fic. aha ts Chamabuxus. Fic. 740.—Linum flavum. Fic. 742.—Solidago cambrica-
The Yellow Flax (Linum flavum, fig. 740), with bright yellow
flowers, is a lovely plant from Austria, which can easily be grown in
‘protected places. The Welsh Golden Rod (Solidago cambrica, fig. 741)
is the species of its genus best adapted for the alpineries, and has bright
yellow flowers. The Tvollius europaeus (fig. 742) has a very beautiful
Fis. 742.--Trollius europzeur. Fic. 742. @.—Gnaphalium leoutopodium, Fic. 743.—Vicia Cracea.
yellow, golden flower. When we desire a trailing plant, the Vicza
Cracca (fig. 743) grows freely, which from difference of character
intensifies the interest of the whole group.
On the slopes of the alpinery towards the brook grow the Cranberry,
the Stoneberry (Rubus saxatilis, fig. 744), the Berberry,
the Cloudberry, and many other bog plants. Near the
water we grow the Drosera rotundifolia (fig. 745), and >
the other English species, which I have imported by 244 5Rubus
saxatilis.
hundreds, but which never came up the second year. The D. rotundi-
330 MY GARDEN.
folia is found on Hampstead Heath, and I have seen it on Weybridge . "G
Common; but the way to get it with least
trouble is to watch Covent Garden Market, as
some rustic is sure, during the season, to bring for
sale bundles of these plants. It is one of the
curious fly-catching species ; the hairy leaf is covered
with some adhesive substance, on which any insect
which may venture to settle is entrapped. No
_. doubt this fly-catching apparatus performs a part
’ in the economy of the plant, but the philosophical
explanation is yet wanting ; I respect these singular
Fic. 745,~ Droserarotundi- Jants, I admire them, but I wonder at them.
Towards the edge of the water, the Bog Bean (Menyanthes tri-
foliata, fig. 746) is planted, which, although it does not grow wild
in my garden, is found in one of the fields in my occupation in the
neighbourhood.
/
Fic. 746.—Bog Bean.
Fic. 747.—Calla palustris. Fic. 748.—Hippuris vulgaris.
In the same artificial swamp we have the Calla palustris (fig. 747)
and the /7ippuris vulgaris (fig. 748). The former plant is rather tender ;
but the latter is very interesting and grows very fast, but is trouble-
some on account of its spreading properties.
The above list gives but a faint idea of all the flowers I cultivate
in my alpineries, but I am always losing some plants and adding
others. If I take a journey, it is seldom that I do not add one plant.
ALPINE FLOWERS. 331
If I walk the streets of London, there are very few days on which
I do not see some enticing little plant in the shops to add to my
collection. If I pay a visit to my friends, it is rare that there is not
something which they kindly spare. Nevertheless, heat or cold, wet
or drought, insects or moles, are constantly destroying some of the
plants which I already possess, and if left alone the strong would
overpower the weak, the tall would overshadow the dwarf, and the
more showy would be protected at. the expense of the modest and
unobtrusive: thus alpineries continually require watching, regulating,
and replenishing. An alpinery is a source of great enjoyment, and
may be cultivated upon the smallest or upon the largest scale. An
alpinery a foot square would hold several interesting and beautiful
plants, and an alpinery an acre in extent would scarcely suffice to
satisfy the demands of the earnest horticulturist, so between the two
the amateur must take his choice. Nothing in horticulture has ever
given me so much satisfaction for so little trouble as my alpinery,
which produces
“Flowers of all heavens, and lovelier than their names.”
TENNYSON.
ORNAMENTAL GRASSES.
Some of the grasses are so lovely that they cannot be altogether
omitted from the flower-border. The Briza media
grows wild in my field as a perennial grass. The
B. maxima (fig. 749), an annual grass, is valuable
for nosegays. The Pampas Grass is exceedingly
noble. It forms large tufts from two to three feet
across, and in the autumn sends up flower-spikes
six to eight feet high, A fine plant in good
condition will send up a large number of spikes
from five to eight feet high, but it has the great
‘disadvantage of not withstanding severe frost (see Fie. 749.—Briza maxima.
plate 20). Some of my plants which have attained the highest per-
fection have been so much injured by frost as to become unsightly,
332 MY GARDEN.
One or two plants should always be grown, and replaced if destroyed
by cold.
We have the Sweet-scented Vernal Grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum,
fig. 750). It has the peculiar odour which characterizes new hay.
Like all other scents, we find it reproduced in many plants of very
Fic. 750.—Anthoxanthum odoratum. Fic. 751.—Stipa pinnata. Fic. 752.—Lagurus ovatus.
different classes; and the same odour is noticed in the Woodruft
(Asperula odorata), and in the Tonka Bean (Dipterix odorata).
I have neglected for years the Stipa pinnata (fig. 751). It is a
very rare English grass of surpassing
beauty, and I shall certainly plant it
again this spring.
The Lagurus ovatus (fig. 752) is
another pretty grass, that is found
occasionally in England, and it should
always be grown in the garden. ‘There
are many other species of ornamental
grasses which may be grown here and
there, when there is sufficient space;
and at various times I have had many
species. One particularly must be
Fic. 753-—Water Grass. Fi: 754.—Common noticed, the Water Grass (fig. 753), which
is a striking ornament at the Backwater, at the edge of the stream.
The common Reed (Phragmites communis, fig. 754) grows to a
ORNAMENTAL GRASSES. 335
height of ten feet, and is surmounted by an ornamental flower. Its
underground stems extend themselves beneath the surface of the soil,
and I have known them to pass under a gravel walk and come up on
the other side. It is highly ornamental when planted in a suitable
place (see plate 13). In the lower part of the Thames there are acres
of this reed, and hurdles are made of it in Essex.
The Southern species (Avrundo donax) is more noble. It grows
freely on the coasts of the Mediterranean, in France and Italy, and
there attains such magnitude and strength that it is used for stakes
upon which to train vines. Although it there makes such stupendous
growth every year, in this country it does not grow beyond six or
seven feet in a season.
There is a fine species of grass in Ceylon, the Lemon Grass
(Andropogon schenanthus); it requires here a stove temperature in
winter or a greenhouse in summer. When its leaves are bruised,
it exhales the lemon perfume. It grows with me in the orchard-house
in the summer and in the fernery in the winter. This Lemon
Grass yields an essential oil, which is sold in large quantities for
the verbena scent. It is sometimes employed to flavour sugar, and
I am informed that an ounce of the oil of this grass will flavour at
least a ton of sugar.
We grow in the fernery an
exquisite form of a variegated
grass (Panicum variegatum, fig.
755). It does not like shade
in winter, and, indeed, without
abundance of light it speedily
dies. It is, however, very rich
in colour, and _ exceedingly
beautiful. .
The Couch Grass (fig. 756), Fic. 755.—Variegated Grass. Fic. 756.—Couch Grass.
which I shall mention again under the head of Weeds, is the
abomination of gardeners: we have it in small quantities.
The Cock’s-foot Grass (Dactylis glomerata, fig. 757) grows on the
334 MY GARDEN.
banks of our river. When in flower, the quantity of pollen which is
produced is prodigious. From five years of age till within the last
few years I suffered annually from hay fever, and could hardly venture
beyond the precincts of London when this grass was in flower, which
was generally between the roth and 2oth of June. The malady, how-
ever, suddenly left me, and I can now look with impunity at the
pollen which falls from the flower. Whilst the disease lasted, nothing
benefited me but opium, tobacco, and darkness,
There is a variety. of
‘this grass with coloured
leaves which has been
sometimes used for
edging.
The Carex pendula
(fig. 758) is a wild
plant, growing near
London. J remember,
Fic. 758.— Carex pendula. when a student, finding
it at Hampstead. It grows freely at Hornsey. It is a magnificent
plant, and is very showy. ‘The effect of the common sedge by the
side of our lake is fine, and is well shown in plate 16, where the
sedge between the eel-trap and the Overfall adds greatly to the
general effect.
WEEDS AND WILD PLANTS,
“ By the love
Of their wild blossoms our young footsteps first
Into her deep recesses are beguiled.”—Mrs, HEMANS.
Byron, speaking of the wild plants of Italy, says, “All thy weeds
are flowers ;” which may truly be said of those of my garden, for
many beautiful flowers come up spontaneously as weeds, without our
care, without our thought, and without our cultivation. The first
WEEDS AND IVILD PLANTS. 335
beautiful weed, which appears abundantly in spring, is the Ranunculus
jicaria (fig. 759). It has brilliant yellow blossoms and a shining leaf.
There is scarcely even a cultivated flower which is finer. After this the
Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris, fig. 760) comes up, and we preserve
it. The flower is most noble, and at a particular period of the year
Fic. sips Remntece ficaria, Fic: yoo, Calihia palnatais Fic. 76r.—Yellow Water Iris.
it is the special glory of the garden. There is a double variety of it
very beautiful, but not so beautiful as the natural blossom. Although
a wild plant, it should always be grown.
By the side of our lake the Yellow Water Iris (/ris pseud-acorus,
fig. 761) grows in great perfection. It was not at first an inhabitant
of my garden, though it grew abun-
dantly in the next field, but we have
it now in large quantities. A flower-
spike when gathered has the rare merit
of preserving its blossom for a con-
siderable period.
The Bulrush (fig. 762) also is a
plant imported from the next field.
Together with the Iris, it forms a
capital shelter for moor-fowl, which
now abound in the Jake.
Another wild flower, the Purple dete eae
: at Gs Fic. 763.—Purpl
Loosestrife (Lythrum Salicaria, fig. Toes,
763), contributes much to the beauty of all river-sides in midsummer.
It comes up naturally all over my grounds, and is perennial. It
forms heads of a purplish red, which are magnificent. We also
336 : MY GARDEN.
cultivate a variety of this plant called L. roseum; I observe, however,
that in a wild state each plant differs in the intensity and brilliancy
of its colour. River scenery would be shorn of half its interest if
deprived of this important wild plant. In particular, it contributes
its share to the wonderful colouring of the banks of the Thames
in summer.
Later in the season, the Figwort (Scrophularia nodosa, fig. 764)
flowers along the banks of the Wandle. It is a
singular and interesting wild plant.
We have imported from the valley of the Thames
the beautiful Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus, fig.
» 765), which grows sparingly all along the banks of the
Thames, and also along those of the Lea. It has not
yet flowered with me.
It is noteworthy that the charming White Water
Lily does not grow in my garden, and cannot be made
. to do so. Whether it is the quality of the water, or its
Fic. 764—Figwor Jow temperature in summer, I cannot tell. We have
tried the plant several times without success, and one of my neighbours
did the same during a series of years, but utterly failed to acclimatize
it. Neither have we the Yellow Water Lily in our streams.
Ny
; ! :
wei
Fic. 765.—Flowering Rush. Fic. 766.—Frog-bit. Fic. 767.—Speedwell.
The Frog-bit (Hydrocharis morsus-rane, fig. 766) is a charming plant
It was imported from the neighbouring common, and it grows and
flowers in a tiny pond. :
In carly spring a most lovely weed takes the liberty of coming up
WEEDS AND WILD PLANTS. 337
spontaneously in our alpineries and borders, the Speedwell (Veronica
chamedrys, fig. 767). Its flower soon drops when gathered, but it
blossoms to gladden our eyes when the nightingales delight our ears,
and when this flower appears we know that summer is at hand. It is
indeed a beauty amongst all the beauties of the garden. In the water,
the allied Veronica Beccabunga prospers.
Growing side by side with this lovely plant, the Ground Ivy
flourishes in great perfection. It is highly ornamental in its proper
position.
Immediately after this lowly creeping plant, the Ox-eye (Chrysan-
themum leucanthemum) throws up its brilliant white flowers, and looks
as if it had a right to assert itself and be quite satisfied with its
own appearance. In Scotland, the beautiful C. segetwm (fig. 768) is as
common as the C. leucanthemum is near London. I brought some
plants this autumn from that country, but whether
they will do in our climate time alone will show.
Fic. 768.—Chrysanthemuin.
segetum,
Fie. 769.—Lysimachia nummularia. Fics ee —Spbease whine:
During the summer the Moneywort (Lystmachia nummudlaria, fig.
769) puts forth blossoms along its creeping stems, making these look
as if they were covered with guineas. It is a universal favourite,
and may continually be seen hanging down from the window-sills in
London, where I always admire it. I have a variety of it, the leaves
of which are of a golden colour; when, however, the flowers come out,
there is no contrast between leaf and blossom, and it is in fact, like
many other florists’ flowers, an instance of nature deteriorated by art.
Z
338 MY GARDEN.
The odoriferous Meadow-sweet (Spirga ulmaria, fig. 770) comes
up wild over our garden and field, as though determined not to
“waste its sweetness in the desert air.” I carefully cultivate this
plant, and, when mixed with the allied pink species from Japan, it can
hardly be surpassed by the flowers of the garden.
Fic. 771-—Malva sylvestris.
Fic. 772.—Datura Stramonium.
Fine specimens of the Mallow plant (Malva sylvestris, fig. 771)
grow in our field. It is really a grand plant, but too large to intro-
duce into the garden, except in the most uncultivated parts.
The Achillea millefolium springs up on our lawn, but the mowing
machine effectually prevents it from flowering. I do not object to
= == Fic. 774 4.—Poisonous roots
Fic. 774.—Water Ranunculus. Fic. 7744¢.—Sium angustifolium. of Water Parsnip (GEnan-
the crocata),
its presence, but on the contrary rather approve of it. The grand
Datura Stramonium (fig. 772) grows occasionally. o
By the side of our brooks the true Forget-me-not (Myosotis palustris,
fig. 773), one of the most beautiful of all flowers, blossoms abundantly ;
WEEDS AND WILD PLANTS. 339
and in the water itself the Water Ranunculus (fig. 774), with its dark
green divided leaves, shows that Nature has a plant for every position.
In our water-cress beds the Sium angustifolium (fig. 774a) con-
stantly grows, but I have not permitted the dangerous, deadly Euanthe
crocata, or Water Parsnip (fig. 7744), to grow in my streams.
Buttercups and Daisies put to shame many a florists’ distortion ;
and in shady spots the Chrysosplenium oppositifolium (fig. 775) forms
patches of considerable beauty.
I have elsewhere alluded to the beautiful Brize media grass; also
to the Water grass and to the Reed, which grow in our brooks
oT
Fic. 775.—Chrysospleniuny Fic. 776.—Ivy-leaved Duckweed.
Te ositifgliuim. : Fic. 777.—Lesser Duckweed.
Those weeds already described, taken together, form a choice flower-
garden of themselves, ay, and contain species of greater beauty and of
greater variety than are to be found in some well-dug, well-hoed,
and well-raked artificial flower-gardens,—continually interfered with
by the gardener’s art.
Besides these exquisite flowering weeds, there are others, interesting
but unpretending. We have two Duckweeds
in our water,—the Lemna trisulca, or Ivy-leaved
Duckweed (fig. 776), and the Lemna minor,
or Lesser Duckweed (fig. 777). In the water
we have the beautifully foliaged Cadlitriche
(fig. 778), which, is always welcome in a trout
stream,—forming charming leafy grottoes, in
which the trout delight to dwell.
We have introduced into our waters one or two plants of the
Fic. 778.—Callitriche (in water’,
Z2
340 MY GARDEN.
Arrow-head plant (Sagittaria sagittifolia, fig. 779) from the Thames,
In the river above Oxford this plant is very troublesome, and some-
times encroaches to such an extent as to impede navigation, as it grows
completely across the river. The flower, however, is very beautiful,
and the whole plant so interesting as to be worthy of culture.
Another water-side plant, the A/sma Plantago (fig. 780), is fine in
its place, although not so beautiful as the Sagittaria. It comes up
spontaneously at the edge of my backwater.
Fic. 780.—Alisma Plantago. Fic. 781.—Epilobium hirsutum.
Along the whole of the banks of our river the Epilobium hirsutum
fig. 781) grows as plentifully as we will permit it. This is another
of those various plants that make the banks of the Thames more
beautiful than any cultivated flower-garden. It does not grow so
fine in my garden as it does on the banks of larger rivers, but looks
rather straggling and weedy; nevertheless a plant here and there is
ornamental.
I have in a little pond the Water Soldier
(fig. 782), a curious plant, which grows wild
in some of the ponds on Clapham and
Wandsworth Commons. In autumn little
bulb-like buds are formed, from which new
NS plants grow in the succeeding spring. I have
Fic. 782.—Water Soldier. also on the margin of the same pond the
Fydrocotyle vulgare (fig. 783), which grows freely on Mitcham
Common.
But now we have to speak of very troublesome weeds, which
WEEDS AND WILD PLANTS. 341
grow where they are not wanted, and which interfere more or less
seriously with horticulture. We are very much troubled with a lovely
plant called the Marchantia (see Liverworts), which springs up in my
artificial bogs and sandstone rocks, thereby destroying my bog plants.
Mr. Worthington Smith informs me that a very rare plant, Dama-
sonium stellatum (fig. 783a@), is found in pools on the commons near
my garden. I regret to say that I am not as yet acquainted with
the plant, although it has been thought desirable to give a figure of
it on his ‘authority.
Fic. 783.—Hydrocotyle vulgare. Fic. 783¢.—Damasonium stellatum. Fic. 784.—Anacharis.
We have as troublesome a plant, which lives in water, in the
Anacharis (fig. 784), or, as sometimes called, the Elodea canadensis, as
we have in the Marchantia, which lives on land. It is naturally a North
American plant, and was first seen in this country in 1842, but it has
now spread all over Great Britain and Ireland. It does not grow in
very deep water, and prefers water with manure. Mr. Thornthwaite
tried the experiment in one of my greenhouses of placing a weighed
portion in distilled water, in the river water—which then received the
sewage of Croydon,—and in a mixture of the two. In a short time
the growth of the plant in river water far exceeded that of the plant
placed in pure water, and that in the mixed waters had an intermediate
growth. This shows that an important effect of preventing the pollution
of ‘rivers would be to lessen the quantity of this most troublesome
plant. It is a trial of patience for a fisherman when his hooked
pike gets into this weed. I was informed by Professor Owen that
swans eagerly devoured the Avacharis; accordingly, acting upon his
ve MY GARDEN.
advice, I procured some, and found the statement to be correct. We
have now generally a good brood of young swans, which feed so:
greedily upon this weed, that but little remains in my water. The
female plant alone exists in this country, and the flower is shown in
the wood engraving.
Amongst the climbing plants we have the Bryony (Bryonia dioica,
fig. 785), a plant which, when old, has a root as large as two or three
parsnips. Its growth is particularly elegant,
and an occasional plant is welcome amongst
the shrubs,
Not so beautiful in growth, but having a
finer effect in fruit, the Nightshade (Solanum
Dulcamara, fig. 786) rears itself over the shrubs,
and produces its enticing scarlet bunches of
poisonous berries. It is so great an ornament
amongst shrubs, that I have not the heart to
Fic. 785.—Bryonia dioica. extirpate it.
We have two beautiful flowering plants which are great pests, as
they will make their appearance where they
are not wanted. One is the common Convol-
vulus, or Bindweed, which in my garden attains
the height of twenty feet in a single season,
and then sends forth its charming white flowers,
The best way to destroy it is constantly to
pull off its young shoots during spring and
summer. Doing this once or twice will not
Fic. 786.—Solanum Dulcamara.
hurt the plant, any more than we hurt our asparagus plants by
decapitating them; nevertheless, by perseverance the plant becomes
exhausted. The other climbing plant which is a great pest to us is the
Wild Hop, as it will pertinaciously grow over our hedges. It is very
beautiful, but destroys the hedge, and so we are obliged to treat it ‘as
we do the Wild Convolvulus.
We are also troubled in places with that most exquisite flower the
Lesser Bindweed (Convolwulus arvensis, fig. 787). This grows in the
WEEDS AND WILD PLANTS. 343
highest possible luxuriance on the neighbouring chalk downs, where it
attains a perfection unknown elsewhere. I love this weed for the
beauty of its blossom, as well as for the delicious odour which the
flower exhales, It does not, however, attain to so great a perfection
in my garden as it does on the chalk hills.
Growing amongst my Sempervivums is the lovely Potentilla Anserina
(fig. 788). The only mode of destroying it without disturbing our
plants is continually to strip it of its leaves. It is one of the most
beautiful of all the plants of its class, from the
brilliancy of its flowers and the colour of its leaves,
but yet amongst cultivated plants it must be
ranked as one of the most noxious of weeds.
Amongst other weeds which we should like
to entirely dispense with, although we have it to
Higs.787.<<-Conyolvulus atvensts, Fic. 788.—Potentilla Anserina. Fic. 789.—Arum maculatum.
a very limited extent, is the Couch grass (see Grasses). Every
portion of its root must be removed by turning over the ground
repeatedly in summer. At Naples the underground stems of this, or
of a species like it, form the chief food for the horses.
Groundsel and Chickweed trouble us, but a good gardener is always
cutting off their heads, and so we are upon the whole very free from
these weeds, considering that mine is a half-wild garden.
The Arum maculatum (fig. 789) is an interesting plant, that thrives
in our hedge-rows. I have attempted to introduce, but without suc-
cess, a small and curious species of arum from the shores of the
Mediterranean, where it is, in some places, so thick as literally to cover
the ground.
344 MY GARDEN.
By the side of the Backwater, we have a grand and glorious weed,
called the Petasites vulgaris. Johns speaks of it as the most pernicious
of weeds, but growing as it does with us, it is one of the grandest of
plants. The flowers come up in early spring, before the leaves, but
afterwards the foliage appears, having more the character of tropical
vegetation than that of a temperate region. The effect of the plant is
_ well shown in plate 18, which represents the
glorious mass of foliage that it exhibits in
summer. This plant must be introduced in
wild spots only where it can have abundance
of space and ample moisture.
Another fine foliaged plant is the Rumer
aquaticus (fig. 790), which attains a height of
six feet. We have a very fine specimen of
it growing in the river at the park fence,
which is remarkably handsome. The &. agua-
zicus, or Water Dock, is to be seen along the
Fic. 790.—Water Dock.
banks of the Thames, and it is one of those
plants which impart a special character to the scene.
The Gigantic Parsnip (feracleum giganteum) is a splendid plant
for effect, in suitable positions. I have it in the garden, but not of
the highest quality.
The Sow Thistle requires constant attention for its eradication, and
the Creeping Ranunculus is a troublesome weed. The beautiful Thistle
comes up in our fields, but the spade of the gardener always
prevents it from seeding: thereby I am so merciless as to deprive
my pet caged goldfinch—which continually enlivens me with its
cheerful song—of this its favourite dessert.
“Pro molli viola, pro purpureo narcisso
Carduus et spinis surgit paliurus acutis.”
VIRGIL, Bucolics.
Of course grass will grow, but, as before mentioned, we are
singularly free from troublesome weeds, thanks to the diligence of the
gardener. Weeds need not at all times be profitless; for raspberries,
WEEDS AND WILD PLANTS, 345
currants, and gooseberries come up from bird-dropped seeds. The ash
and horse-chestnut appear in a troublesome way from the same cause,
and the elderberry is a pest. I never have known, in my garden, an
apple, pear, or plum tree to spring up spontaneously, though seedling
peaches occasionally appear.
Amongst destructive weeds, I have seen the Dodder (Cuscuta
ehithymum, fig. 791) attack my cranberry plants,
but only on one occasion. I was too pleased to
have a specimen in the place to do it any
damage; but as I did not destroy the dodder,
the dodder killed my cranberry. It is a most
destructive plant to clover, killing patches of it
a yard in diameter. It has no roots, but lives
by sucking out by dialysis the juices of the — fc. 791.—Lesser Dodder.
plants on which it lives.
In glancing at our weeds, it will be seen how far the presence of
the river Wandle in the garden influences their growth, for the greater
part of those which I have figured naturally flourish on the banks
of a river or on ground adjacent to it.
THE ALG.
“Spawn, weeds, and filth, a leprous scum,
Made the running rivulet thick and dumb.”—SHELLEV.
We have many Alge in my garden, which are interesting, as they
represent the lowest types of vegetal life. On the
palings of the Park and on the trunks of the trees a
green dust is formed in winter, which is the Protococcus
viridis (fig. 792). It is composed of minute
cells, and a high magnifying power is required
to examine them satisfactorily. Fig. 793 Fic. 792—Proto-
coccus viridiss
A 5 Fic. 793.—Ditto, *
shows the plant magnified 600 times; for ~*°diam 6c0 diam.
when increased only 100 times (fig. 792) the green dust still only
appears to be composed of fine particles.
345 MY GARDEN.
Creeping over the ground, immediately after the frost has passed
away, we have a green mossy-looking growth (Lyngbya muralis),
composed of very delicate fibres, which when magnified 100 diameters
(fig. 794) appears simply to have transverse septa dividing the tubes,
but when further magnified to 300 diameters (fig. 795) discloses its
structure at every cell.
Fic. 794.—Lyngbya muralis,
x 100 diam.
Fic. 796.—Nostoc commune.
Fic. 795.—Ditto, X 300 diam.
Later in the season, upon the gravel-paths after rain, a curious
plant, called Mostoc commune, appears (fig. 796). It resembles a dark
green jelly, and has a structure under the microscope which the
engraving very well shows.
But the more important conferve live in the water, and exercise
an influence upon the state of the river. Early in spring the Conferva
rivularis (fig. 797) appears. When seen by the naked eye, it has delicate
STIS
Fic. 798.—Conferva rivularis, x roo diam.
Fic. 799.—Conferva, x 50 diam.
long wavy threads; but when magnified 100 diameters (fig. 798), every
thread is seen to be jointed, and has a cell ih the interior of every
division. The coarse conferva in fig. 799 shows well how fine the
filaments of C. rivularis are when compared with other species,
THE ALGZ. 347
By the sides of the brook a much coarser variety, called Cladophora
crispata, appears, which is frequently a troublesome pest where we
grow plants in pans of water in our greenhouses. The fibres are
visible to the naked eye, and are branched, and not continuous, as
those of C. vivularis are. Fig.
800 shows these fibres of the
natural size, and also when
magnified 100 diameters. In
our Central stream and in our
Backwater, in winter and in
early spring, we have numerous
specimens of the beautiful frog’s gic. ie ia eras nab site wndseseoudiaa
spawn conferva, the Batrachospermum montliforme (fig. 801), which
is figured the natural size, and also when it is magnified 100
diameters. It is a much-esteemed object for the microscope. It is
not a universal plant in streams, but enough grows in my garden to
supply all the microscopists in England. It adheres to the stones in
water about a foot deep.
RSE
ES 5 vIn
ERS
QQ RRS
SoCs
Fic. 802.—Cladophora
glomerata, nat. size
and x 100 diam.
& moo
Fic. 801.—Batrachospermum moniliforme, nat. size and x too diam.
Contrasting with this, which is of a dark colour, we observe here
and there small quantities of the most brilliant grass-green wavy
patches. This is the Cladophora glomerata (fig. 802), and a truly
magnificent microscopic object it is. The arrangement of its fibres
is barely visible to the eye; when, however, it is magnified 100 dia-
meters, it shows well its branched form, and when further enlarged
it exhibits its more intimate structure.
348 MY GARDEN.
A more beautiful plant, and one more rare, is the Draparnaldia
glomerata (fig. 803), which is remarkable in having a large central stem,
from which other stems branch. This is
also a superb microscopic object.
In March, bright green irregular patches
of vegetal structure rise to the top of the
water of the lake and of the Backwater.
When examined by the microscope with a
power of 100 diameters, they present to
F , view a number of cells. This is called the
iG. 803.—Draparnaldia glomerata,
a Tetraspora lubrica (fig. 804). At the bottom
of the river patches of bright green conferve are found. These, when
magnified by the microscope 100 diameters, show every filament to
be jointed ; and when further examined with a power of 400 diameters,
a beautiful spiral structure is brought to view. I have hitherto not
been able to discover any mode of permanently mounting this object,
as, strange to say, it invariably shrivels, and loses its beautiful spiral
Fic. 804.—Tetraspora lubrica, x roo diam. Fic. 805.- Zygnema spiralis (upper fig.
x 100 diam., lower fig. X 400 diam.).
structure. The name of this form is the Zygnema spiralis (fig. 805),
About July it suddenly takes a start; and grows with such rapidity
that I have drawn out associated filaments fifteen yards long. It
covers the surface of the water with a dense scum, as is shown in
plate 14. Thousands of water-insects and water-snails live in it.
The trout resort to it, and the ever active call-ducks amuse them-
selves all day long with ‘feeding on the creatures which live
upon it. Sometimes we remove tons upon tons, but this is a great
trouble and causes some annoyance, as when decomposing it smells
disagreeably. The miller tried to make it into paper, but it was
found that the fibre has no strength, When the September rains
THE DESMIDS. 349
come, it dies, breaks away, and passes down the river, to grow again
and run the same course next year.
There are other conferve in the river, such as the one magnified
50 diameters (fig. 799), but enough have been figured
to show generally the characters of this class of
vegetation. Towards autumn a curious process takes
place with the confervoid filaments; two parallel
fibres send out processes and unite together. This
is called conjugation (fig. 806), and has some sin-
gular effect upon the cells of the fibres themselves,
which results in a discharge of spores, from which
“ : Fic. 806.—Conjugation
the plant is reproduced the next year. The engraving of Confervas.
is taken from a drawing by the late eminent microscopist Mr.
Quekett.
After the Algz we have plants of much interest and great
microscopical beauty, called Desmids. These are not very numerous
in my garden, as they prefer little pools the temperature of which is
higher than in my streams; but we
have some six or seven species in small
quantities : the character of our water Fic. 807.—Closterium Leibleinii, x 150 diam
evidently does not suit them. Their use in the great scheme of
creation is unknown. I have given the figure of Closterium Leibleinii
(fig. 807) as an example of this kind of plant life.
After the Desmids there is an extraordinary group of plants called
Diatomes (figs. 808 to 814), of which systematic writers make many
genera, which literally abound in my garden. If we look one day
at our rippling brooks, the pebbles are as bright as the ornaments
in a well-kept drawing-room, but if we look a few days afterwards they
are covered apparently with dirt and slime. Not so, however; that
seeming dirt and slime is vegetal organism, replete with interest, and
is called a diatome. Some persons have considered these plants to
belong to the animal kingdom, so obscure is their purpose, but all
350 MY GARDEN.
diatomes agree in having a silicious skeleton. This skeleton has been
more observed than the organism itself, and there are many
microscopists who devote their time to the observation of the beautiful
marking on this silicious body. Mr. Miiller, a German, sells as an
Fic. 808.—Epithemia turgida, F1G. 80y.—Surinella biscriata,
- x 200 diam. X 200 diam.
Fic. 810.~Cocconema = Frc. 811.—Pinnularia
lanceolatum, x 200 diam: major, X 200 diam.
article of commerce a microscopic slide containing four hundred of
these silicious particles for four guineas, which is perhaps one of the
most marvellous feats in microscopical manipulation which has ever
been accomplished. Mr. William Thornthwaite has
particularly examined the diatomes in my garden,
and has noticed about fifty species.
Every season seems to have its
particular variety, which comes and
passes away with great rapidity. As
the plant life of these vegetals is
Fic. 812.—Cymelopleura Fic. 813.—Pleurosigma Fic. 814.—Campylodiscus spiralis,
solea, x 200 diam. attenuatum, x 200 diam. X 200 diam.
quite unknown, and as the cause for the variation in the form and
figure of the silex is equally unknown, the study of the diatomes
THE DIATOMES. 351
in-my streams would afford occupation for a long lifetime. At present
the microscopists are only upon the fringe of the subject. They
have not discovered the accurate and complete natural history of a
single diatome. These silicious plants have been so common in some
part of the world’s history that thick fossil beds of great extent have
been discovered which are one mass of them. At Richmond in America
there is a bed of these fossils twenty miles long and several feet in
depth. Polishing powders usually contain these silicious particles, and
guano is said to contain a large proportion. As there is reason to
suppose that some fish use them for food, I have caused the intes-
tines of young trout to be examined for them, but without success.
In the natural state they are more beautiful than in the dead skeleton
form which is so attractive to many members of the Microscopical
Societies. The Melosira varians looks like a number of hat-boxes
placed end to end. The Meridion circulare resembles a wheel with
its spokes. The Diatome vulgare resembles a flight of stairs. The
examination of the growing species in our little streams is replete
with interest.
MOSSES.
There are not many species of Moss in my garden, anoagh
between four and five hundred species are
found in Great Britain. We have, however, in
the river, growing abundantly in some situa-
tions, the Fontinalis antipyretica (fig. 815),
which contains so much silex that it is used
by the Laplanders to prevent their wooden
houses from burning.
The Funaria hygrometrica (fig. 816) grows
freely in my garden, and is an interesting
object.
Fic. 815.—Fontinalis antipyretica.
To observe this class of the lower plants
more attentively, a mossery has been planted in the Fern-glen; but an
unforeseen difficulty occurred which never could have been anticipated :
352 MY GARDEN.
blackbirds have found it out, and scratch up my mosses as badly as,
if not worse than, chickens.
One great favourite of mine, Mnzum undulatum (fig. 817), which is
as beautiful as any filmy fern, I grow under glass. I have figured
Fic. 818.— Mnium cuspidatum.
Fic. 816.—Funaria hygrometrica.
Fic. 817.—Mnium undulatum.
also another species, MW. cuspidatum (fig. 818), a little moss which
grows freely with us over rocks and stones, Sphagnum (fig. 819) does
not grow out of doors with me, although I have planted it again
and again. Ths is extensively used in the growth of our orchids.
Fic. 819.—Sphagnum acutifolium, Fic. 820.—Hypnum ruscifolium. Fic, 820, a—Hypnum splendens.
We have in our streams the Hypnum ruscifolium (fig. 820). It
grows completely under the water, and the specimen from which the
MOSSES. 353
drawing was made was taken from one of the sources of the Wandle
in Carshalton village. .
A very common Hypnum or Feather Moss creeps over our stones
and wood, and growing as it does in winter, when vegetation naturally
rests, affords us an object for admiration and study, when flowering
plants have ceased their growth.
We have also other common mosses, as Pottia truncata, Bryum
intermedium, Tortula muralis, Ceratodon purpureus, Hypnum serpens,
HI. rutabulum, and H. splendens (fig. 8204).
The experience gained in my mossery has convinced me that with
knowledge, skill, and attention, it is practicable, although difficult, to
establish such an appendage to the garden; and I trust that hereafter
no horticulturist will dispense with the mossery.
LICHENS.
The Lichens are a class of plants allied to the Algz on the one
hand, and to the Fungi on the other. I once thought that we had
only two or three species, but a lichenologist, the Rev. J. M. Crombie,
in a morning’s walk speedily discovered a dozen kinds. The lichens
have been supposed to live entirely upon the atmosphere, and to
derive no nutriment from the plants, stones, or sticks to which they
Fic, 822.—Physcia parietina. Fic. 823.-—Lecanora subfusca.
Fic. 821.—Ramalina fastigiata.
attach themselves; nevertheless, they appear to be very hurtful to
plants, and therefore I should imagine that they abstract some
nourishment from them. On the apple-trees we have at least two
species. The species which I have figured from miy garden are—Ra-
malina fastigiata (fig. 821), which grows on old trees; Physcia parietina
AA
354 MY GARDEN.
(fig. 822), which grows on fruit-trees in several places; and Lecanora
subfusca (fig. 823), which also grows on fruit-trees. Some species
are found on the walls and dead wood of the bridges. There is a
species which grows on the trunk of a large willow-tree, which in one
stage of growth appears as a Jarge white patch. It appears to grow
suddenly in mid-winter, when the pure white colour of the circular
patches is very striking and remarkable. On the hills above Heidel-
berg the trees are covered with lichens of large size; but wherever
lichens attacked the boughs of the trees they died: whether or no
this was caused by the lichens, I had not sufficient facts upon which
to form an opinion. My attempts to cultivate the lichens have not
at present been attended with success, either out of doors or under
glass. Six hundred and fifty-eight species live in England.
“ Retiring Lichen climbs the topmost stone,
And drinks the aérial solitude alone.”—DARWIN.
LIVERWORTS,
we Se. Fite I have already noticed the Marchantia
(fig. 824) amongst the garden weeds. The
M. polymorpha covers all the blocks of
sandstone out of doors as well as in the
: glass fernery. It is, however, a very beau-
8 tiful plant, especially when in fruit, and
would be much more highly esteemed if
Fic, 824.~Marchantia, we had not a great deal too much of it
for the due preservation of our other plants.
FUNGI.
“And agarics and fungi, with mildew and mould,
Started like mist from the wet ground cold ;
Pale, fleshy, as if the decaying dead
With a spirit of growth had been animated !”—SHELLEY.
A certain knowledge of Fungi is indispensable to the horticulturist,
and but few of’ us who cultivate plants have as much knowledge
FUNGI. 355
as we ought to have upon so important a point. There are nearly
3,000 species reputed to belong to Great Britain; so after making a
reasonable allowance for a multiplication of species, there remains a
larger number than the ordinary horticulturist can be expected
to master in detail. Some fungi are good articles of food, as the
mushroom, morel, and truffle, without which no. recherché dinner at the
present time can ever be said to be perfect: others are suspicious,
and none should ever be eaten unless the name and character of the
fungus is known. _ There is even reason to suppose that fungi ordinarily
eatable, sometimes, from some unknown reason, become poisonous. In
structure fungi are composed of interlacing longitudinal fibres, which
always grow from the end, and are divided by septa at right angles
to the axis. These cells never divide longitudinally; in fact, the
structure consists of closed tubes placed end to end. This structure
is called the mycelium. After a time, cells are developed at right
angles to the mycelium, and these produce spores, which generate
(fig. 122). This is the second method of propagation. Lastly, bodies
analogous to zoopores are formed, which have the power of moving
about and attaching themselves to a suitable material, when they
reproduce the species ; and this is the third mode of propagation.
The first fungus which is worthy of notice is the ordinary Yeast
fungus Torula cerevisie (fig. 825), which is present in all fermenting
liquors. It consists of cells which
propagate by other cells forming ane)
on their exterior. It is the active "Gp
organism in the production of
vinegar from sugar. It is probably oe Sse
only a condition of the next de-
scribed fungus. oo
The second fungus which it is Fi. 825 —Torula
cerevisize, mag- CS
nified. Fic. 826.— Blue Mould, magnifie
important to notice is the Pevz-
cillium glaucum, or Blue Mould (fig. 826), which covers most decaying
substances. It throws up at right angles to the mycelium heads
which are covered with spores.
AA
NO
356 MY GARDEN.
Our root-work is the #édus of numerous fungi. The Trametes
gibbosa (fig. 827), which grows from the stumps of old wood in our
ferneries, is an example of this. Another species, the Tarragon fungus
(Agaricus euosmus, fig. 828), grows in my garden. When first gathered
Fic. 827.—Trametes gibbosa.
ea in
Fie, Sel. —Agariens euaamua:
it smells like tarragon. It was particularly described by our veteran
fungologist, the Rev. Mr. Berkeley. Many other species grow on our
root-work. The smaller sticks often exhibit a beautiful small red
fungus called the Tudercularia vulgaris (fig. 829).
The curious order Myxogaster, which is regarded by some persons
as a connecting link between animal and vegetal bodies, is also found
represented by the Lycogala epidendrum (fig. 830), which shows itself
on the blocks of wood in the month of March. We have also the
Polyporus versicolor, the woody P. tomentarius, and the large P.
squamosus (fig. 848a). The Xylaria hypoxylon, the Coprinus micaceus,
Fic. 830.—Lycogala epidendrum
neces x 700 diam.).
Tiss fe Apasieye Gsseuianis
Ha Base Agasines Canitdlas,
the C. atramentarius (fig. 851@), and the Trametes gibbosa, with the
Agaricus spadiceus, and the rare Agaricus Candollianus (fig. 830a), grow
upon, or in the neighbourhood of, the root-works.
The Agaricus disseminatus (fig. 831), with its little forest of mush-
FUNGI. 357
rooms, is very remarkable, and may often be seen near decaying
roots.
Growing in our highly manured ground, we have the curious Peziza
vesiculosa (fig. 832). It has the singular property of shooting the spores
out of the cup like a puff of smoke, which the engraving illustrates.
We have other fungi growing in manured ground, of which
the Mushroom (Agaricus campestris, fig. 833) is a notable example. It
comes up from time to time in different places about our garden, but
I believe such developments have invariably an horticultural origin,
from some mushroom bed having been thrown into the garden : we
obtain the finest flavoured mushrooms from this source. The mush-
Fic. 834.—Cells of Mushroom
magnified,
Fic, 832.—Peziza vesiculosa, showing
dispersion of spores, and part of the
hymenium magnified roo diameters, “
showing spores emerging from the
asci. Fic. 833-—Mushroom.
room is composed of a multitude of elongated cells, as is shown under
the microscope (fig. 834). The cultivation of the mushroom is so
important in a culinary point of view, that no garden can be said to
be perfect if it does not yield a constant supply. We have never
had sufficient quantity from my garden; {yet when I attended to it in
London we were never without mushrooms. Nothing can be easier than
the culture of the mushroom if everything is rightly done, but any
deviation from the right course is sure to be followed by signal failure.
To grow mushrooms artificially, fresh horse-droppings must be
obtained from the stables. This material must be placed in covered
airy sheds till thoroughly dry. The dry droppings are then rammed
into a solid bed in any. convenient outhouse, which will cause the
material to heat. If the mass becomes too hot, it will be spoilt; but
if it does not exceed blood-heat, pieces of spawn which contain the
358 MY GARDEN.
mycelium of the mushroom, about the size of an egg, are inserted into
various parts of the bed. The mushroom bed must then be kept
perfectly dry for about six weeks, when, if all things have gone on
well, the mycelium, or long threads of the spawn, will have run
throughout the bed. During this period drought is absolutely
necessary for success, and the house containing the bed should be
kept at a temperature of about 60° Fahr. If, after the interval ot six
or seven weeks, the mushroom spawn has filled the material, the bed
should be gently syringed with lukewarm water; but if too much
water is given, the mycelium will rot. A few days after watering little
buttons are formed, which in a few hours expand into mushrooms. The
conditions above described must be strictly observed, for if one of them
is varied failure is certain. Some years ago I experimented upon the
growth of mushrooms, and soon attained to such perfection in their
cultivation that I was able to raise a crop of mushroom buttons in
a soup-plate placed in the wine-cellar. Some gardeners cover their
mushroom-beds with loam, but this is not necessary, and I have never
done so.
In the fields there are many varieties of mushrooms of varying
excellence, and likewise some cultivated varieties far surpass others,
so that any spawn which does not prove to be of the highest quality
should be discarded. Any known good variety may be propagated
to an indefinite extent by the mycelium (fig. 123), as other varieties
may appear by sowing the spores (fig. 122). The material called
mushroom spawn is usually made of horse-droppings formed into
masses shaped like bricks, through which the mycelium is allowed to
penetrate,
A mushroom-bed will last till the animal matter of which it is
composed is exhausted, therefore the duration of the bed must depend
upon the rate at which the mushrooms are developed. Warmth and
moisture cause the mushrooms to grow faster, and the bed to be
sooner exhausted.
“Pratensibus optima fungis
Natura est: aliis malé creditur.—HORACE, Satira iv,
FUNGI 359
Allied to the mushroom we -have a fungus called the Champignon
(Marasmius oreades, fig. 835). This grows. in ‘rings, and is reputed
to be excellent eating. Berkeley says that it
Nevertheless a woman and two children who
partook of some at Plymouth last year were @ \
seized fourteen hours afterwards with symp-
toms of poisoning: vomiting and purging
occurred, followed by delirium in the mother and convulsions in the
children. The children, aged six and thirteen, died three days after-
wards, but. the mother gradually recovered. Some of the fungi were
sent up to Mr. Worthington Smith, and that fungologist immediately
ate half-a-dozen, after having cooked them. Within an hour or two
the usual symptoms of poisoning came on, with burning of the throat,
irresistible depression of spirits and disordered stomach, which, fortunately
for him, gradually passed off without more serious consequences. For
years I have attempted to discover a test for the discrimination of
wholesome from poisonous fungi, but have utterly failed. One eminent
fungologist recommended me to apply the juice to my tongue, and if
found acrid to discard the fungus. If the fungus smells disagreeably, it
should be thrown aside. The fungophagists speak of tons of valuable
food being wasted through neglect of fungi as articles of diet ; but con-
sidering that the poisonous have to be distinguished from the wholesome
among very numerous species, I am of opinion that we are not justified
in urging people to eat fungi indiscriminately, and would rather recom-
mend them to confine their choice to the mushroom, morel, and truffle.
Even these do not at all times agree with every person. Mr. Worthing-
ton Smith annually attends the Hereford Fungus Festival, where earnest
fungologists have a fungus banquet, and therefore he must be regarded
as a promoter of fungus-eating. Nevertheless this eminent fungologist,
with his family, were nearly poisoned by eating another fungus, the
Agaricus fertilis, The cooked specimen scarcely weighed half an
ounce, and yet Mr. Smith, his wife, and child suffered severely through
it. Mr, Smith states that the gastronomic qualities were excellent, so
360 MY GARDEN.
that the senses of smell and taste afforded no indication of its poisonous
qualities. The symptoms which the poison produced were swimming
of the head, nausea, vomiting, and prostration. Deep but uneasy
sleep followed, and perfect recovery did not take place for ten days
or a fortnight.
The Ergot of Rye (fig. 8352), which is produced by another fungus
called the Claviceps purpurea, and which lives upon rye and other grasses,
exercises the most terrible effect on the human economy, by producing
a disease called ergotism, which has been fully described by Thompson
in his Lectures on Inflammation. A surgeon who is a frequent visitor
at my garden was continually advocating the use of fungi for food;
so when preparing this chapter I took the opportunity of writing to
him to ask distinctly whether he had ever partaken of any; and then
Fic. 837.—Morel.
Fic, 835 @.—Ergot of Rye.
I had a confession that he had not, and I earnestly warned him not
to recommend persons. ignorant of their nature to partake of them. I
go much further, and state that cheese infested with fungus is not
desirable, and that food, whether animal or vegetal, with fungus upon
it, especially when cholera is prevalent, should never be eaten.
In the Fern-house the Phallus impudicus (fig. 840) grows, and in
its decay gives rise to a very offensive odour, which fills the air of
the whole house. Agaricus fascicularis (fig. 836), a poisonous fungus,
bitter to the taste, also grows with it.
The Morel (Morchella esculenta, fig. 837) grows in my garden,
especially under large elm-trees. In some years we have had great
abundance, and in most: years we have some. It is highly esteemed
FUNGI. 361
in France, but is not much employed in this country, though I have
occasionally seen them for sale at Covent Garden Market.
Mr. Worthington Smith first pointed out
that the AMJorchella crassipes (fig. 838).was a
native of this country. This appears occa-
sionally in our garden.
The Truffle (Tuber e@estivum, fig. 8542)
is found abundantly at the “Oaks,” in the
next parish. It is a fungus which grows
underground under the shade of certain kinds
of trees, preference being given to the beech-
tree. It likes a stratum of loam lying
over chalk. It is found by persons who
specially devote their time to this object.
There are but few truffle-hunters in this ;
Fic. 838.—Morchella crassipes.
country ; nevertheless I found one after some
trouble, and persuaded him to take me out for a day’s hunt. He
had an active little dog, that was trained to find the truffle by scent ;
a bit of cheese was given to it whenever it found one. To train the
dog at first, a truffle was placed in an old shoe, and its food de-
pended on its finding out where it was. When we went out the dog
was told to hunt. It immediately ran backwards and forwards, and
as soon as it smelt the truffle, scratched the earth with its fore-paws,
when its master raised the soil and took it out. In two or three
hours we found about three pounds in weight, and during the
whole day the dog never made one single false point. The French
truffles (7. dztuminum) give oft a more poweful odour than the
English. At the Palais Royal they fetch fifteen francs a pound,
whereas our English tubers are sold for half-a-crown. They have
never been successfully grown in gardens, but it is said that in
France, by sowing the outside of truffles amongst evergreen oaks,
they have appeared.
The Giant Puff-ball (Lycoperdon giganteum, fig. 839) grows in my
garden and in its immediate vicinity. It attains an enormous size
362 MY GARDEN.
at some places, but not at my garden, and is said to be edible when
young. I have been assured that, cut in slices and fried, it is
excellent, but I have never tried it_myself.
Fic. 841.~Dacrymyces stillatus
and Sporophores, magnified.
eS
Fic. 839.—Giant Puff-ball.
Fic. 840.—Phallus impudicus
(Fruit x 7oo diam.).
I am not certain whether the Phallus impudicus (fig. 840) has ever
appeared in my garden, but I have seen it in quantities in the month
of August at the Kew pleasure-grounds. If cut in half, both parts
continue to grow in a damp atmosphere. When mature, it exhales
the most disturbingly offensive effluvium.
Some fungi dry up, and swell again when moistened by rain. This.
is the case with the Dacrymyces stillatus (fig. 841). One day I passed
one of my bridges, when no fungus was apparent. A little rain fell,
when on crossing the bridge a few minutes afterwards the woodwork
was found to be covered with this species of fungus.
Many species of fungi grow upon the living leaves of plants, and
do much injury to them. In early spring the leaves of our violets
are affected with a fungus called the Aicidium viola (fig. 842), which,
on examination, proves to consist of beautiful cups. At my garden
only a few leaves have been attacked by it, and I never knew
extensive damage to arise from it.
During the spring of 1871 an zcidium was noticed on one of our
Portugal quince trees, which had been some years in my garden.
It has been pronounced by Mr. Worthington Smith to be Acidium
cydoni@ (fig. 843), a species new to this country, though known to
foreign fungologists.
FUNGI. 363
One form of fungus has attracted much attention of late years, as
it has been represented to be the cause of the potato disease. From
my own observations I believe that an aphis invariably punctures the
leaf before the attack of the fungus. It is possible that the punctures
Be Se
| a
Fic. 842.—Aécidium vicle, Fic. 843.—/Ecidium cydoniz, FG. 844.—Potato Fungus,
nat. size and magnified. nat, size and magnified. magnified.
of the insect allow the zoospores of the fungus which have ciliz to
penetrate into the interior structure of the leaf, whence the mycelium
spreads into every part of the texture of the plant. The fungus appears
as a white powder to the eye, but, when examined by a microscope,
the white patch proves to be a forest of little branching stems
surmounted by oval bodies. It was called by Berkeley Botrytis
infestans, and now the genus is named Peronospora (fig. 844).
TP ate
Bf 7 ay
Wi. wy
“eG
VV OS
7 oe *
c \ Oo :
Sele
Fic. 846.—Acremonium,
magnified.
Fic. 844@.—Peronospora Fic. 845.—Lettuce Mould,
viciz, magnified. magnified.
Parsnips are attacked by another species of Peronospora, namely,
P. nivea ; onions by a third, called P. Schleideniana ; peas by P. vicie
(fig. 844@) ; lettuces by P. gangliformis (fig. 845); cabbages by P. para-
sitica ; and spinach by P. effusa.
My Yodee have sometimes been attacked by a microscopic fungus,
the Acremonium (fig. 846). It is a beautiful object under the microscope.
364 MY GARDEN.
The parts of the fronds which are attacked by this fungus die, and
the whole constitution of the plant is much injured.
At my garden, and over the entire neighbouring district, we have
had many attacks of the Oidium Tuckeri (fig. 847) wpon the leaves of
the vine and the berries of the grape.
Berkeley, and other learned fungologists,
consider it to be a form of Lrysiphe.
The mycelium overruns the vine-leaves
and encircles the grape berries, the fibres
interlacing over the surface. It flourishes
in the driest weather, and is not pro-
moted by wet, as some persons consider.
Fic. 847.--Oidium Tuckeri on Grapes, . .
nat, size and also magnified. The whole vine, when infested with it
out of doors, appears as if dusted with white powder. Every good
gardener should daily inspect his vines when growing in houses; for
if the fungus goes very far, nothing can save his crop of grapes.
My vines in the orchard-house are more attacked than those in the
turf-house and grapery. This fungus has done great damage in
Spain, Portugal, and Madeira; the great vine at Hampton Court
has also suffered from it. When the berries are attacked at an early
stage of growth, they drop; if later, they grow, but generally burst.
To destroy it the ‘moment it appears, a little flour of sulphur should
be sprinkled over the hot-water pipes, and gentle heat maintained at
night. In very severe cases sulphur may be carefully burnt ; but too
much will destroy every leaf. I have also burnt with good effect the
bi-sulphide of carbon in a spirit-lamp; it is, however, a powerful and
dangerous remedy, and requires great care not to use too much. To
destroy. this fungus we now sometimes use the bi-sulphide of lime,
which is a liquid, and can be carried about the house, or some
may be placed in a saucer; it is very effective for the destruction
of all fungi.
Sulphur on the pipes is an infallible cure, but if applied too early
it is of no use, if too late the grapes will surely be spoiled; if an
excess be employed, the black grapes will be colourless and flavour-
FUNGI. 365
less; and if a great excess is used, the leaves of the vines will
be damaged: therefore the application of sulphur requires judgment
and. skill.
Mr. Gassiot pointed out many years ago that the cost of the flour
of sulphur in vineyards would be more than the fee simple of the
estate on which the vines were grown.
Unlike the fungus attacks of the potato, beet, turnips, or cabbages,
I have never seen the grape-vine fungus preceded by the puncture
of any aphis, and perhaps it lives more upon the exterior of the
plant than on its inner structure.
Closely allied to the grape-vine fungus, we have various species of
the genus Erysiphe, attacking the hops and other plants. £. pose
or Martit (fig. 848) lives upon the leaves of peas, and is very trouble-
some to the gardener. It is only in the latter part of the year that
this pest is so destructive, and at my garden we suffer most severely
from the pea mildew in dry autumns, when the whole haulm looks
as though it were dusted over with fine chalk: when this occurs,
the cultivation of the pea is impossible, as there is no known remedy
for this disease.
Fic. 849.—Spherotheca pannosa,
Fic. 848.—Erysiphe Martii,
: with Spores magnified,
with Spores magnified.
Fic. 848 2.—Polyporus squamosus.
Although our rose-trees are generally the very picture of health,
yet they are occasionally stricken with blight, and the leaves look
as if they had been dusted over with flour. This species of fungus
is called the Spherotheca pannosa (fig. 849). The Rev. Mr. Berkeley
supposes it to be a condition of Cladosporium dendriticum.
In the year 1871 the hybrid perpetual rose-trees were much affected
by a red fungus (Colcosporium pingue, fig. 850). The leaves which
were attacked prematurely dropped. It was first observed at the end
366 MY GARDEN.
of May in Devonshire, and in my garden at the beginning of June;
it increased throughout the summer, and in September the trees were
in a terrible state.
Our cabbages, cauliflowers, shepherd’s purse, and other similar plants,
are sometimes attacked with spots of white rust (Cystopus candidus,
fig. 851) on the leaves, arranged in a circular manner. The mycelium
Resting spore.
Conidia.
Fic. 850.—Coleosporium pingue,
nat. size and magnified.
Fic. 851.—Cystop aescat didus, Fic. 851 a.—Coprinus atramentarius
nat. size and magnified.
creeps through the cellular tissue of the plants, and after a time gives
rise to zoospores or moving bodies to perpetuate the species. I believe
that in all these cases the plant is previously pierced by an aphis..
Our sweet-williams are frequently attacked on the upper surface of
the leaf with jet-black spots, which is a fungus called the Puccinia lych-
nidearum (fig. 852), This species also attacks other species of Lychnis.
Fic. 853.—Helmiuu..usporium Fic. 854.—Siberian Crab
Fic. 852.—Puccinia lychnidearum, i : i
iat Seems » pyrorum (x 700 diam.), Fungus (x 700 diam.).
The fruit-trees are subject to the attack of a black fungus, of
which we note particularly two .species, one the Helminthosporium
tyrorum (fig 853), which attacks sometimes the Louise Bonne pear,
and very frequently the Easter Beurré, causing the fruit to crack and
Prematurely rot; so that really it is a very important fungus to be
FUNGI. ; 367
noticed by the pomologist. This fungus is.described in Cooke’s “ Hand-
book of British Fungi” under the name of the Cladosporium dendriticum.
In my notice of the Siberian Crab, I mentioned how seriously the
trees were injured in some years, as in the season of 1871. This is
due to another fungus (fig. 854), allied to the A. pyrorum, but both
Mr. Broome and Mr. Worthington Smith incline to the opinion that
it is a species distinct from it. Mr. Smith writes to me that he
finds the spores of H. pyrorum measure. ‘0004” x ‘0008”, whilst those
of the Siberian Crab fungus measure ‘o004” x ‘o01”, The Rev. Mr.
Berkeley thought the two were identical, There appears to me to
be some little uncertainty about these fungi, which, as they are very
important, deserve further attention.
The Uvredo filicum (fig. 855) occasionally attacks our ferns. It
seems to prefer the Cystopteris fragilis when growing in our out-
door ferneries. It is of a yellow colour, lives on the fronds, and almost
gives them the appearance of golden ferns.
Fic. 855.—Uredo filicum
(spore X 700 diam.).
i
oN
. Fic. 856.—Oidium fructigenum,
Figs 854 oa a nat. size and magnified.
spore 250 dlam.}.
Our plums and apples are attacked by a fungus called the Oidium
fructigenum (fig. 856), which rapidly causes the decay of the fruit.
Millions of spores are given off, and it is curious that every fruit is
not affected when exposed to the mischief; but as they are not, it
seems as though some antecedent condition of the fruit was requisite to
enable the fungus to grow. At the Fruit Committee of the Horticultural
Society, late-kept apples and pears when cut open are often permeated
with fungus, which renders the taste most disagreeable, although the
outward appearance is good. For this reason I have directed my fruit-
room to be well cleaned at the end of September, and then to have
368 MY GARDEN.
sulphur burnt in it, so as thoroughly to destroy all fungus mycelium.
During the winter I burn with good result a piece of sulphur, the size
of a bean, sometimes daily and never less than twice a week. The Rev.
J. Davies, of Moor Court, near Hereford, in a vituperative article in
the Saturday Review, vol. xxxiv. page 195, states that “a drawback
‘is the smatch of sulphur which clings to the fruit.” Mr. Davies
either could not have employed the sulphur or he used it improperly.
Berkeley states that the black specks which are common on
apples, and occasionally multiplied so much as to make them unsale-
able, are due to a fungus of the genus Spilocza.
We do not escape the ravages of the Dry-rot, which is a fungus
(Merulius lacrymans, fig. 857). A moist, still atmosphere is most
favourable to its growth, and hence it is very destructive in cellars.
To prevent its ravages, wood is sometimes soaked in corrosive
sublimate or creosote, which is driven into the pores of the wood.
Fic. 857.—Dry-rot, with Spores a
magnified. Fic. 857 2.—Trametes suaveolens. Fic. 858.—Sarcina
ventriculi.
A current of air and free ventilation is an antidote to it. The vapour
of burnt sulphur, or a solution of the bi-sulphide of lime, may also be
used with advantage.
Our white willow trees (Sa/zr alba) have been destroyed by a
fungus, the mycelium of which spreads upwards from the root in
sheets as thick as writing-paper, between the newly forming wood or
cambium and the bark. At first the foliage of the tree becomes thinner,
but afterwards the bark peels off in sheets, the new wood splits into
irregular squares, and the tree perishes. The fungus itself has not been
seen, but Mr. W. Smith thinks it may possibly be Trametes suaveolens
(fig. 857a). The attached trees are also covered by the destructive
Willow Aphis, an instance of the conjoined attack of aphis and fungus.
- FUNGI. 369
Various fungi live upon animal bodies as well as upon vegetal.
Of the various fungi which attack man, the Sarcina ventriculi
(fig. 858) may be mentioned as an example.
But one fungus, called Saproleguia (fig. 859), is a great pest to us
in the fish breeding season. It attacks the ova, and completely
encrusts it, destroying the young trout inside. Some naturalists consider
it to be an alga, others a fungus; it is very destructive to the ova of
fish, and we find it necessary to remove every affected egg as soon as
possible.
Fic. 860.—Ascomyces deformans,
magnitied.
Fic. 859.—Saprolegnia on Ovum,.
nat. size, and x 20 diam.
The leaves of almond and peach. trees are often curled. and dis-
torted. According to my observations, this is due to an injury inflicted
by an aphis. The Rev. Mr. Berkeley, however, ascribes the result to a
fungus which I have reproduced from his “Outlines of British Fungo-
logy,” where he calls it the Ascomyces deformans or Ascosporium defor-
mans (fig. 860). Every year this distortion of leaves occurs in. my garden.
I have not seen this fungus myself, but doubtless it is another instance
of the association of aphis and fungus, so common in the garden,
MY FERNERIES.
It is always refreshing to walk from the set flower-garden—where,
as Delille says, everything is symmetrical—to the wild garden, where
everything is natural.
“Soin donc ces froids jardins, colifichet champétre,
Insipides réduits, dont Vinsipide maitre
Vous vante, en s’admirant, ses arbres bien peignés ;
Ses petits salons verts, bien tondus, bien soignés ;
BB
370 MY GARDEN. *
Son plan bien symétrique, ol, jamais solitaire,
Chaque allée a sa sceur, chaque berceau son frére ;
Ses sentiers, ennuyés d’obéir au cordeau,
Son parterre brodé, son maigre filet d’eau,
Ses buis tournés en globe, en pyramide, en vase,
Et ses petits bergers bien guindés sur leur base.
Laissez-le s'applaudir de son luxe mesquin ;
Je préfére un champ brut & son triste jardin."—Les Fardins..
For some years past Ferns and Ferneries have been much admired,
and have received great attention from amateur cultivators; and with
good reason, as their graceful forms are most attractive, their mode of
growth interesting, and the colour of their fronds enchanting. Ferns
should be grown by themselves, and not mixed with other plants, for
several reasons, the principal being the necessity of a special situation
for them, and their dislike to be interfered with. However, the
Rhododendron, and especially the scarlet varieties of it, may be planted
along with ferns as a fitting accompaniment; a climbing rose growing
wild, or a single-flowering scarlet thorn, may also be employed with
advantage. Before the fronds shoot out in spring I like to see the
ground, in large patches, covered with masses of primroses at one spot,
masses of snowdrops at another, masses of the wild oxalis at a third,
and at other places carpeted with the wild hyacinth. It is not usual
for me to mix these flowers together, as masses of colour, such as these
flowers afford in their native woods, give variety to the scenery of
the garden.
I have five outdoor ferneries and one indoor fernery. Asa general
rule, I think it advisable that they should be arranged below the
level of the ground, and in a spot capable of drainage, as a uniform
moisture to the roots is thus ensured. Ina natural state, wherever we
see ferns growing luxuriantly, there a bank of earth rises above them,
so that the roots derive continuous moisture from water percolating
through the soil. When this condition is reversed, and the ferns grow
on the top of a mound, they are apt to die from drought. Whenever
a stream of water can be introduced near the ferneries, it is desirable ;
ferns suffer no harm, but on the contrary derive great benefit, from
the roots being occasionally flooded for a few hours,
FERNERIES. 370
Experience has taught me that ferns like an abundance of light,
although it is necessary to screen them from cold winds. For this ;
reason I always contrive that a belt of trees, or of rootwork or rock-
work, shall surround my ferneries, and at. the same time that the light
of the sky may fall upon them from above without their being directly
exposed to the fiery rays of the sun.
My Fern Glade is placed on one bank of the Backwater, and is
screened from the sun by a row of nut-bushes to the south. Here
many of the larger varieties of lady-ferns, interspersed with poly-
‘stichums, broad ferns, mountain ferns, and scolopendriums, are grown.
The royal fern flourishes near the river, but it is advisable to keep
the crowns well above the water, as their roots like damp soil rather
than wet. In the driest spots we grow polypody (Polypodium vulgare),
and in the wettest the marsh fern (Lastrea Thelypteris).
The Fern Glen is a more elaborate artistic production, affording
many delightful little views, and growing fine ferns. The whole is
well sunk into the ground, with little rivulets running through, affording
one or two boggy places. It is protected on the north by a bank,
with a hedge interspersed with trees, and on the south by trees. A
large willow-tree (Salix alba) on the south-west shades the sun’s rays
but still there is ample sky light overhead, which I find so desirable
for the growth of all ferns. In this glen a very large Osmunda
regalis, from Ireland, with twelve crowns, shows
itself in great beauty. A lady-fern of largest
size stands forth in a similar manner. The
Oak, beech, and limestone polypodies, with the
P. hexagonopterum from North America, flourish.
The Adiantum cuneatum grows, but does not
stand the severest winters. The holly fern and
the rigid fern likewise grow here, with Athyrium
‘ s ays ‘ e Fic. 861.—Hymenophyllum °
frexile, Cystopteris fragilis, Asplenium tricho- demissum.
manes, A. Adiantum-nigrum, A. viride, A. Ruta-muraria, and A. septen-
trionale. The three English filmy ferns. grow under glass, and also’
one other, the Aymenophyllum demissum (fig. 861), from New Zealand.
BB2
372 " MY GARDEN.
The more delicate varieties of lady-ferns fringe the path, associated
with that delightful plant the sweet-scented gale; and here Blechnum
boreale also abounds.
My Fern Glen has given me so much pleasure, that I strongly
advise everyone who has a waste piece of land near his garden to make
a fern glen. It will be a pastime in the winter evenings to design it;
the construction of it—the transforming of the ideal conception of the
mind into a living reality—will afford much pleasure; many a country
trip in the woods will be required to furnish it ; and when furnished
it will afford a spot for contemplation and enjoyment, in which the
designer may fancy that the robins, warblers, and nightingales, which
never fail to dwell there, are pouring forth their gratitude for the
construction of such a delightful retreat.
My Valley of Ferns is another spot in which I greatly delight, It
has a stream through the centre, and it is well surrounded by trees,
Here two or three varieties of male ferns and of polystichums attain
their highest perfection. The magnificent struthiopteris raises its
graceful and delicate fronds in the early spring, and shows its finely-
coloured foliage when dying down in the early autumn.
In the heat, of summer the beauty of a great mass of ferny foliage,
such as this place affords, cannot be surpassed. The success of this
valley of ferns appears to be due to the protection afforded from cold
winds by surrounding trees, whilst the plants themselves luxuriate
ander light and sunshine, with free exposure to air without draught.
Near the Valley of Ferns we have a mass of artificial wall, on which
wall ferns flourish, especially the Adiantum Ruta-muraria, tA. ger-
manicum, and A, septentrionale; and here Ceterach grows as well as I
have seen it in Italy. We have also a cave for cave ferns, but I have
failed at this spot in growing either the Irish, Tunbridge, Wilson’s
filmy ferns, or the Todea pellucida. Near the cave, the rare Cystopteris
montana grows on a bank.
There is a spot devoted to Exotic ferns. There the North American
ferns flourish, and live through the severest winters. The Lomaria
chilensis is a grand fern, which never loses its leaves except in the
FERNERIES. 373
severest winters, and, for a wild fern, is unusually attractive in appear-
ance. The Cystopteris bulbifera grows in the most vigorous manner,
and, during the summer, most tropical ferns grow luxuriantly. The
Exotic. Fernery is well protected against every cold wind, but the sun
is allowed to shine upon the ferns, which ripens the fronds and enables
them the better to withstand the winter frosts. In this fernery the
Adiantum pedatum is a strikingly beautiful object.
The fifth fernery, which is connected with the Valley of Ferns and
with the Exotic Fernery, I call the Forest of Ferns, for in this place
we arrange the tree ferns during the summer months. It is formed by
an irregular dilatation of the Central brook, in which stand numerous
sections of the trunks of large elm-trees, with holes in their. centres,
into which the tree ferns are placed during the summer season. The
wood protects the roots of the plants from being over-dried, and
moreover it conceals the pot in which the plant is grown, This plan
of protecting the pot from the effects of the baking sun I learnt from
Dr. Hooker at “Kew, who places most of his pot plants in the great
Palm-house in an outer earthen vessel for the same object. The
beauty of a frond of an alsophila, many feet long when grown out of
doors, has to be seen to be appreciated. The tree ferns are planted
out the last week in May.
In my five outdoor ferneries I have three distinct classes of ferns
firstly, those which remain in the ground the entire year; secondly,
those which are bedded out during the summer; thirdly, those
which are placed out in their pots and taken back to the green-
houses in autumn. A very large proportion of all ferns which are
grown would be benefited by exposure to the pure air of heaven
during the months of June, July, August, and September.
At this moment I have nearly every British fern growing out of
doors, but I could never succeed in cultivating the Asplenium marinum
in that situation, This fern grows wild by the sea-coast as far north as
Aberdeen ; nevertheless I have never been able to grow one in any of my
outdoor ferneries. It is a remarkable fact that the Adiantum Capillus-
Veneris (fig. 862) has never proved to be hardy with me, although I
374 MY GARDEN.
have it now growing well in the Fern cave. I have seen it along the
Mediterranean coast beyond Mentone, but only in particular situations,
such as on a bed of sandstone, which is permeable by water: in this
situation the fronds were severely frosted in winter. I saw a plant
growing at the top of one of the churches at Genoa, at a time when all
the fountains in the city were frozen. I noticed it, again, to be plentiful
at Pompeii and at Herculaneum, and also in the ruins of Nero’s palace
at Rome. But nowhere was the maidenhair seen in such perfection as
in the ruined amphitheatre at Pozzuoli, near Naples. The underground
rooms and passages formerly used by the gladiators, and for the working
machinery of the amphitheatre (which is the most perfect of any now
A
\diant Fic, £53-— ymenophyllum Fic. 863 a-< Hymenophyilim
existing), form a series of caves, through the walls of which moisture
continually oozes, and here the maidenhair luxuriates in all its glory.
Some of the fronds were eighteen or more inches in length, and the
earthen walls were covered with sheets of this lovely fern, standing out
at right angles from the wall or hanging down from the roof. I must
confess that, when I beheld this great and glorious sight, I was more
impressed with it than with the thought that I was present on a spot
where dramas of blood were enacted centuries before. I speedily
collected a number of plants, to the no small disgust of the cicerone,
who could not do the amphitheatre at his usual gallop, and who
shrugged his shoulders at my utter want of taste in gathering useless
weeds. Some of these plants now grow at my garden in the Fern
cave. The adiantum is said to luxuriate in the orange groves in
Spain, in which country the fronds are used to make the syrup of
FERNERIES, 375
capillaire, a pleasant beverage drunk mixed with water in hot
weather.
We have three British Filmy ferns. The Hymenophyllum Tun-
bridgense (fig. 863 I have found abundantly at Tunbridge Wells and
in Sussex, and have had other plants from the Dart Moor: this and the
HT. Wilsoni (fig. 863a@), which is found in Devonshire and Scotland, both
grow well with me, but have to be planted in a particular manner. My plan
is to take the plant, place it on a bed of coarse sand with a little peat, and
sift fine dry sand between the fronds till it is completely embedded.
A watering-pot is then held five or six feet above the plant, so that
the water falls not only in quantity, but in considerable force, till
the whole of the sand is washed in. The plant is then covered with
a glass, and requires but little water. It grows out of doors perfectly
well under glass, but not unless so covered. I have had fine specimens,
which received the first prize both at the Botanic and Horticultural
Societies ; but the plants, after attaining a certain perfection, are
prone to die off.
The Irish Fern (7richomanes speciosum) has never succeeded with
me out of doors without glass, but grows when it has that protec-
tion. There are several varieties of it, but I
have one which was found by Mrs. Abel in
Yorkshire, where it had not been seen for a
hundred years previously. I have figured one of
the fronds (fig. 864), which that lady herself
gathered, and which is interesting on that account,
but it gives a very poor idea of the beauty of
this species. This plant is growing vigorously
with me, and it also grows well in Mrs. Abel’s
drawing-room. It has been found by Backhouse F!% 8+—Killarney Fern.
and others in Wales, and it possibly exists in other parts of England
but its most remarkable habitat is Killarney, whence it is called
the Killarney Fern. Mr. Cooper Forster, who has a great love for
filmy ferns, has a magnificent plant, which grows over a flint
stone in his drawing-room in the centre of London. In 1871
376 MY GARDEN.
one of my finer specimens was severely injured, and the gardener
states that it was attacked by rats, who used the fronds to construct
a nest. I wish the animals would have contented themselves with a
fern of less beauty. The sporangia of T. speciosum is
very interesting and distinct (fig. 865).
Of the British Aspleniums, although I never
could grow the A. marinum out of doors, it flourishes
in the indoor fernery. Plants of the A. trichomanes,
sii Poo es from Devonshire, grow luxuriantly in the Fern Glen.
A, viride grows in the same situation, between two blocks of sandstone.
In the Trossachs I met a collector with a splendid handful of A. viride,
the fronds of which far surpassed those of my plants, and which showed
the fern to be an exquisitely beautiful species. The A. Ruta-muraria
grows at Highgate, Hampton Court, and all over the country, either-
in mortar, or where a calcareous spring deposits its chalky matter
over the ground; I have gathered it in such a
situation near Whitby. Although common, it is
a difficult fern to grow, and I am constantly
obliged to renew it. The A. germanicum (fig. 866)
is very rare in England. Plants which were
brought for me from the Black Forest by Mrs.
_ SS Rennie have grown admirably; and I have also
a ae septentrionale, from plants which I have
brought from Edinburgh and from the St. Gothard Pass, on the
Italian side, but which I find rather difficult to grow. The A. Adian-
tum-nigrum I have found on the Addington Hills, but not lately.
It is a beautiful fern, and requires a spot constantly damp, though
not wet. The A. /anceolatum has been brought to me, by Mr. Gray,
from the Channel Islands, but I believe that I have never yet grown
it successfully out of doors. The A. fontanum is a charming fern.
It is difficult, if not impossible, to grow without the protection of a
glass frame.
The Hart’s-tongue Fern (Scolopendrium vulgare, fig. 867) 1 grow in
its natural state in such perfection that the fronds often reach two feet
FERNERIES. — 377
in length. It is a truly magnificent evergreen fern, but attains its
greatest perfection when a little protected from cold and damp to its
fronds. I have hundreds of the common variety, and numerous
examples of the different varieties which have been raised by
horticulturists. In my judgment the common fern is the most useful
for a garden, and upon the whole the most beautiful.
The Ceterach (fig. 868), an evergreen fern, grows as well upon my.
wall as it does in Italy. In that country it lives on the Apennines
and on Mount Vesuvius, in situations where one would suppose that
any living plant would be literally baked. It is, however, rather difficult
to establish, and, until well rooted, requires slight perpetual moisture,
though not too much.
d
Fic. 867.—Scolopendrium
vulgare.
Fic. 868.—Ceterach officinarum. Fic. 869.—Cystopteris montana.
The two Woodsias, W. dlvensis and W. alpina, are rare. The former
I grow in a sheltered cave between two pieces of sandstone, and the
latter amid pieces of sandstone in a little frame which is covered with
glass to protect it in winter. :
All the English varieties of Cystopteris which are deciduous grow
with me. I have found C. fragilis in Yorkshire, and it flourishes
with me. The variety called Déckeana, from the valley of the Dee,
is a good one, and so is C. regia, which requires a little shelter in
winter. The C. montana (fig. 869) is a magnificent fern, rarely grown ;
however, I have a fine plant, which is really beautiful when in per-
fection. It should be so situated that the roots are constantly moist,
but not wet.
378 "MY GARDEN.
It is impossible to have any successful fernery without abundance of
the common Polypody (Polypodium vulgare, fig. 870). The number of
hamperfuls which I have required and received from various friends is
surprising. It is evergreen, and is employed to grow over our stumps of
trees, on dry banks, and in various other situations. Its green leaves and
golden-coloured spores render it invaluable for ferneries. There is also a
beautiful variety called the P. cambricum, which, however, does not grow
so freely as the common Polypody; the Irish fern, another beautiful
variety ; and many others, which differ but little from the normal form.
The Beech Fern (P. Phegopteris) ‘requires a damp place, and is a fine
fern, though not equal to ‘the Oak Fern (P. Dryopteris, fig. 870a), which
is one of the finest of all. Both grow abundantly in Yorkshire and
Scotland, and I have many in my Fern Glen. The Limestone Fern
(P. Rébertianum) lias seeded in my orchard-house, and the plants give
fine fronds. The P. alpestve resembles a lady-fern, and the variety
P. flexile is a delicate fern, interesting to grow, but not at all showy.
Fic. 870.—Polypody (showing sori). Fic. 870a.—Oak Fern. Fic. 871.—Parsley Fern.
The Parsley Fern (Cryptogramma crispa, fig. 871), a deciduous fern, is
not easy to establish, probably because it is not removed with sufficient
roots from its natural situations. I found a single fine plant on Don
Side, but no other, showing how occasionally a species will grow away
from its neighbours. It thrives best amongst the wall ferns, low down,
so as always to have some moisture.
In all the ferneries the Hard Fern (Blechnum spicant, fig. 73a) is
cultivated. It grows in most woods, and generally sprouts up on the moors
both in Yorkshire and Scotland after the heather has been burnt, The
FERNERIES. 379
fronds are valuable for decoration in mid-winter. It grows and fructifies
with me in great Juxuriance.
Although the common Bracken (Preris aguilina) grows so profusely
that it is probably the most common fern in the world, yet it is difficult
to transplant. To my mind it is exquisitely
beautiful, and it lives in the back part of
our ferneries sheltered by trees. It has, how-
htt’ WWW
ever, a creeping rhizome, and will travel WW
a. ‘ ‘ TN
rapidly where it likes. It is difficult to NERS Rucccca(
establish, and equally difficult to eradicate, Fatt) gn
WSS
which is a disadvantage. The stems when
A
cut have a singular appearance, and abound ;
Fic. 872.—Scalariform vessels
in scalariform vessels (fig. 872). Drees
In our outdoor ferneries for large ferns we cannot dispense with the
Polystichums, which are evergreen, and should be largely grown. The
P. aculeatum and P. angulare are probably only varieties of the same
plant. The latter attains great size, and sends up fronds four feet high.
There are many varieties of this fern, some of which are extremely
beautiful. The variety of P. angulare proliferum has bulbils on the
axils.
a Sit eh
y x f
Fic. 873.—Polystichum Fic. 873¢.—Biechnum Fic. 874.—Holly Fern.
angulare. spicant.
In early spring it is interesting to observe the polystichums unfold
their fronds; for whilst the lastrzeas and many other ferns unfold their
fronds from within, those of the polystichums are unfolded from without
The young frond of the polystichum (fig. 873) is a very beautiful
object.
The Holly Fem (P. Lonchitis, fig. 874) is an evergreen fern of
380 MY GARDEN.
gteat beauty. It is not easy to cultivate, though I have seen it in great
perfection at the Rev. W. Macpherson’s manse in Don Side. It is
evergreen, and is a highly beautiful object when successfully grown.
Like the polystichums, the different species of
Lastrea, or Nephrodiums, are also indispensable.
The Lastrea Filix-mas (fig. 875) attains a large size
and a bold form, and, from its abundance, is well
adapted to make the foundation of a fernery, for
‘which purpose we use it. We grow several varieties,
of which the crested and small kinds are the most
Fic. 875.—L. Filix-mas. important.
The Mountain Fern (Lastrea montana), although it occurs in large
patches in Scotland, does not grow so freely in artificial cultivation. Its
fronds die down early in autumn. The Yorkshire Hard Fern (Lastrea
vigida) can only be obtained in small quantities, and therefore it is
adapted for single specimens and not for a great show. The same
scarceness of the Lastr@a cristata, or Norfolk Fern, forbids it to be
extensively used, although it is a beautiful fern. Another~one, the
Lastrea emula, is also not sufficiently common to be used for other
purposes than as specimens; but the ZL. dilatata, or Broad Fern, can
be obtained in any quantity, and is remark-
able for the manner in which the fronds are
curved, and the picturesque effect which it
presents in cultivation. Of this fern there
are many varieties, several of which we
grow.
The Marsh Fern (Lastrea Thelypteris, fig.
876) is of great beauty, and grows admirably
with me in wet places. The form of its
long fronds is elegant, and its colour en-
chanting. I grow it largely, and certainly
ice B oe arale Meta it deserves to be grown extensively. Its
rhizomes grow to the very edge of the water without injury to the
plant.
FERNERIES. “ 386
Of all ferns perhaps the Lady Fern (Athyrium Fiilix-femina, fig. 877)
is one which we grow for effect in the greatest profusion: not only
the large white and the red stalked varieties, but numerous kinds
and seedlings, are also cultivated in quantity. Lady-ferns like plenty
of moisture and abundance of
light, and then they are truly
beautiful, especially in seasons
when late frosts do not impair
the foliage. Frequently spots
attributed by gardeners to the
rays of the sun arise from the
action of cold, and I have g
known the hottest summers to | na
produce the greenest fronds. | Se OREN eer
Many of the varieties of lady-ferns so far deviate from the natural
type as hardly to be recognizable, and I point out to my visitors that
they are similar to the eccentric dresses which some ladies adopt
when they patronize a fancy ball, being not one whit less uncouth
and quite as extravagant.
One of the most important ornaments in our outdoor fernery is the
Osmunda regalis : I have a splendid specimen from Ireland, another good
one from Brentwood in Essex, and others from Devonshire. This fern
requires plenty of moisture, but does not like its crown to
be actually in the water; it requires also plenty of light.
Its spores do not appear to ripen with me out of
doors, though in the fern-house young plants readily
grow from the spores. I have figured the sporangia
(fig. 878). A variety called the O. vegalis cristata is a Fi. 878.—Sporan
splendid greenhouse fern, rivalling its parent. pore
There are two other interesting little species of ferns, which we
appear to have thoroughly acclimatized, the common Moon Wort
(Botrychium Lunaria, fig. 879) and the Adder’s Tongue (Ophioglossum
vulgatum, fig. 880). Both are deciduous and pretty, but much too
small to produce any striking effect.
382 ‘i MY GARDEN.
The number of Foreign ferns which may be thoroughly depended
upon to live out of doors during the winter, is small. There are
three Osmundas. The O. gracilis (fig. 881), which, grown out of doors
Fic. 880.—Adder’s Tongue.
Fic. 879.—Moon.Wort. Fic. 881.—Osmunda gracilis.
in full sunshine, looks like a ridiculous, diminutive, stiff plant of the
O. regalis, is drooping and more elegant when grown in a greenhouse.
The O. cénnamomea and the O. interrupta are also more beautiful when
grown in a greenhouse than when planted out of doors. The O. iuter-
rupta (fig. 882) is one of the most beautiful of all ferns when well
grown. The fertile fronds are green for the upper few inches, then
Pane x .. NS:
ass ine 4 ae oN
Fic. 883.—Cystopteris Fic. 883 ¢.—Pteris
bulbifera. rotundifolia.
Fic. 882.—O. interrupta.
the fructification appears, and, lastly, the remainder of the frond is
green. The outer, or non-fertile fronds, form a series of curved lines
FERNERIES. 383
surrounding the fertile. I have occasionally observed fronds of the
O. vegalis partaking somewhat of a similar character.
The Cystopteris bulbifera (fig. 883) is thoroughly acclimatized with
me. It multiplies by division, by spores, and by little bulbils formed in
the axils of the leaves. It is a fern which should be grown in quantity.
Of the Polypodiums, the P. hexragonopterum, a good companion
plant to the oak and beech fern, is well acclimatized. The P. Braunii
is perfectly hardy,
The Pteris scaberula (fig. 884) lives in my outdoor exotic fernery,
but has not flourished. It grows vigorously when planted out for the
summer, and is most elegant. I exhibited a plant treated in this way
at one of the meetings of the Horticultural Society, which delighted the
lovers of ferns, and which received the special certificate of the Society.
The common Pvreris serrulata has survived many years of intense
frost, and the P. rotundifolia (fig 883a@) is far more beautiful out of
doors than when grown in confinement, but yet will not stand the
severest winters.
id ~ B4
ys
A OS
plaK
AN
Fie. 884.—Pteris scaberula.
"Fie. 885;—Lassrea Standish
ee Gare
Of foreign Lastreas or Nephrodiums, ZL. curvata, L. Opaca or
L. varia, L. Sieboldii, and L. patens, all stand the severest winters ; and
of these L. curvata is particularly vigorous. There is a very fine plant
from Japan, L. Standisfiit (fig. 885), which will live out of doors, but
perhaps does better in a cold greenhouse.
The two Woodwardias, W. orientalis and W. radicans, have lived
with me many years, nevertheless the fronds have every winter been
cut down by frost. I do not doubt that in Devonshire and Cornwall
384 MY GARDEN.
they would do peceeth: well. The W. radicans is a truly noble fern,
which forms other little ferns at the end of its fronds.
The Doodia aspera (fig. 908) thrives, and the leaves are handsomer
than when it is grown in the indoor fernery, but severe frost ‘kills: it,
One or two other small species of doodia flourish well.
The Lomaria alpina, L. alpina major, and L. crinita grow in the
most satisfactory manner, and the L. chzlensis (fig. 886) is one of the
glories of the garden; its grand stiff leaves form a striking contrast
with the other ferns, and it is an important addition to our ferneries, In
the severest winters, as in that of 1870, its fronds were destroyed; but
ordinarily they remain the whole year. When the fronds are destroyed
in winter, fresh ones appear in spring,
Cry
Ss
S eA
<< ca)
Fic. 886.—Lomaria chilens’s.
Fic. 887.—Struthiopteris germanica. Fic, 8874. —Onychium sensibile.
One of the grandest of all hardy ferns is the Struthiopteris,
Two species are described by botanical writers, the S. germanica
(fig. 887) and the S. pennsylvanica. I cannot, however distinguish one
from the other, and probably both supposed different species are really
the same plant. The struthiopteris is one of the first ferns to come out
in spring, and one of the first to decay in autumn. Its general
form is that of a shuttlecock, from the centre of which the fertile
fronds appear. Notwithstanding this habit of growth, it has a
creeping rhizome, whereby a little forest is produced, of great beauty-
This fern grows three feet high, and must be regarded as one of the
FERNERIES. 385
>
great attractions of an outdoor fernery. I have many plants, and
many should always be grown.
Of all the acclimatized ferns, the Adiantums are remarkable for
their beauty. I havé already mentioned that the A. Capillus-Veneris
grows with some difficulty. I find that A. formosum stands the
hardest frosts, but throws up fronds only two or three inches high.
However, the North American variety, the A. pedatum, is a plant
of surpassing beauty; it throws up fronds about a foot high and
then forms a flat top. Out of doors, it is not only one of the most
beautiful of adiantums, but also one of the most lovely of all ferns.
I have many specimens, and no fernery can be perfect without several
of this splendid fern. It is not very commonly cultivated.
The Athyrium.or Asplenium goldianum, var. pictum (fig. 884), is a
very beautiful fern, but not of sufficient size to be of great importance ;
nevertheless single specimens are charming. The Nothochlena Maranta
is another excellent fern, which survives the hardest winters.
The Onychium sensibile (fig. 887a), the fronds of which turn brown
upon the slightest touch, or upon exposure to the rays of the sun, lives
as well in our climate as the common English ferns. We grow plants
of the Onychium japonicum (fig. 8972), which do not thrive so well out
of doors as some persons assert.
The Davallia Nove Zelaudie lives through most winters, and the
beautiful Zodea pellucida through some; but both 7. pellucida and
T. superba and the fine filmy fern Hymenophyllum demissum, live out
of doors with me if simply covered with a pane of glass.
The above list comprises nearly all the exotic ferns which can
be safely depended upon, and the acclimatization of foreign ferns
does not offer much prospect of large success.
There are numerous ferns which we plant out for the summer and
take back to our houses, like bedding plants, in autumn. This plan
admirably suits many tree ferns. In my forest of ferns I plant out
Cyathea medullaris, which forms superb fronds many feet long, and
which is much improved by this treatment.
The Woodwardias rejoice in their summer removal from the close
eC
486 MY GARDEN.
house to the pure air of heaven, and even the tropical Aypolepis
repens grows with great vigour in the summer months. The Platycerium
alcicorne, which is apt when in the house to be attacked by cocci
remains perfectly healthy in the Forest of Ferns; and Pzeris tremula,
Nephrodium molle, Pteris vespertilionis, and Todea africana, are much
improved by their summer visit to their natural atmosphere. It is
probable that most of the exotic ferns we cultivate would be benefited
by being out from the 1st of June till the ist of October, and it is
my intention to try every species in that position as I obtain plants.
Even the Indian fern Péeris argyrea does well in summer.
At my garden there is only one indoor fernery; but this, as I have
already explained, has every gradation of heat, from the temiperature
of the equator to the lowest in which ferns can grow. By this arrange-
ment we are enabled to have specimens of all the more important
species of ferns in the world, so arranged that they can be seen at a
glance (see plate 19). Experience, however, shows that every fern which
can live permanently out of doors, or which can be placed out during
the summer, flourishes better than when it grows under the artificial
conditions and atmosphere of a glass-house. In this glass-house some
ferns are grown in peat amongst blocks of sandstone, but the natural
temperature of the earth and the rivulet which flows through the
house is somewhat too low for vigorous growth. These conditions
lessen my power to grow ferns planted in the house itself ; and those
who construct fern-houses should remember that exotic ferns require
warm soil. Ferns are easily grown, but my collection once suffered great
damage from the treatment of a gardener who neglected the conditions
of healthy growth. Some ferns are grown in pots and in earthen pans,
so arranged as to make but little show, and the first impression
upon a glance inside the house is that the whole fernery is but a
fragment of wild natural scenery covered with glass,
Many ferns are grown in circular wire baskets and suspended from
the roof, or in baskets so shaped that they may hang against pillars
or the sides of the house.
The earth usually employed for the culture of our ferns in pots is
FERNERIES. 387
peat mixed with coarse sand and pieces of broken pots. The Sheppey
sand, although in our immediate district, is too fine for this purpose,
and we employ that which comes from the Lower Green-sand at Reigate,
or which may be obtained at Sandy in Bedfordshire, and which belongs
to an epoch of the earth’s history antecedent to the formation of the
chalk hills (see Geology). Probably feldspar grit from the cross courses
of Devonshire would be even preferable, as this material contains potash
in union with silex. I have never ventured directly to give potash
or any earthy salts to our ferns. Though potash is contained in the
ashes of ferns, the exact proportion in each species is not known.
My indoor fernery, although so simply constructed, is really
a lovely spot, and most of those who enter it for the first time are
startled at the general effect. The red tiles of the paths, and the
red passion-flowers, contrast with the green foliage on either side,
and ferns which I have carried to my garden in my pocket have
now grown so large that we sit under their shade as though they
were trees.
In this fernery nearly every rafter has a climbing plant, and one
or another of these is in blossom during the entire year. No Ovidian
idea of eternal spring can surpass the reality of this my fern-house,
Even when the country outside is arrayed with new leaves and covered
with flowers, this house would be pronounced beautiful; but when the
perfection of this eternal spring contrasts with the snow outside and with
the dull chills of wintry blasts, the transition from winter to summer, on
passing the threshold of this fernery, is most bewildering and enchanting.
What horticulturist, therefore, would ever be without a fernery? In
former years I have had every English fern growing at Finsbury
Circus, in the centre of London; therefore it must not be imagined
that it is necessary to go into the country for the purpose of having an
indoor fernery with all its concomitant graceful forms.
In indoor ferneries it is necessary to have at all times a moister
atmosphere than that which exists in orchard-houses or greenhouses.
I never grow ferns without open tanks of water, and troughs are placed
on the hot-water pipes. In my fernery I have also a miniature river
C € 2
388 MY GARDEN.
running through the house and expanding into a little lake, so that
an ample supply of aqueous vapour is supplied to the atmosphere.
Although a moist atmosphere is requisite for the growth of ferns,
a constantly wet atmosphere is not to be commended, for after ferns
have made their growth they are improved by having more air, more
light, and a drier air to ripen the fronds. It is desirable to give ferns a
thorough rest in November and December, when the weather is dark,
by lowering the temperature, by diminishing the aqueous vapour in
the atmosphere, and by lessening the supply of water to the roots.
The ferns which we cultivate in our ferneries, taking them in the
order described in the valuable manual of Sir W. J. Hooker and
Mr. Baker, illustrate many species and a considerable number of
genera. Perhaps this valuable and learned contribution to botanical
science would be more convenient, were the genera further divided.
We have grown Gleichenias, but the atmosphere of my house has
proved too close for them, as they require plenty of light and air.
They are very elegant ferns, and attain a large size. We have also
grown the G. Spelunca, the G. microphylla, and the G. flabellata. They
are difficult to propagate, as they do not bear interference with the
root, and are consequently rather expensive to purchase.
The great family of Polypodiacee supplies us with many species.
Of the Cyatheas, we have had the C. avdorea,a noble tree fern from
Jamaica, but my fernery proved too cold, and it died. Wonderful
specimens of this fern exist at Kew. The next beautiful tree fern,
the C. dealbata from New Zealand, is almost hardy, and delights to
be out of doors insummer. It is an exquisite fern, and is the most
desirable of all the tree ferns, as the silvery colour on the under side
of the fronds is particularly beautiful. The finest specimen I have
seen is at Backhouse’s, in York, but other large plants are occasionally
imported. The C. medullaris (fig. 888) is another noble fern, from
the Pacific Islands, with fronds from ten to fifteen feet long. Seedlings
of this fern attain a large size, and, as I have before mentioned, we
can sit under one plant of this species which was taken to the garden
afew years ago in my pocket. The Cyathea princeps, from Mexico,
FERNERIES. 89
is a lovely fern, but it has to be grown in the warmer part of the house
The C. Schiedet (fig. 889) is a very graceful fern; the under surface
of the fronds is of a lovely silvery lustre: it is a desirable acquisition
Fig. 888.—Cyathea medullaris. Fic. 889.—C. Schiedei.
The genus Alsophila yields us two species, the A. australis (fig. 890)
and A. capense, both of which do well in the outdoor ferneries in
summer time. The Onoclea sensibilis and Struthiopteris germanica
(fig. 887) we have excluded from the house altogether, as they grow
so much better out of decors.
The Dicksonia antarctica is a noble tree fern, nearly but not
quite hardy. It grows rapidly from spores, and in a few years makes
Fic. 891.—Dicksonia squarrosa.
a good trunk. Dr. Hooker pointed out to me the advisability of not
removing the dead fronds, but of allowing them to fall pendant over
the trunk, which gives a peculiar and picturesque appearance to the
whole plant. We grow also plants of the D. squarrosa (fig. 891).
Some species of Dicksonias are called by Kaulf Czbotium, and of
390 MY GARDEN.
these we grow D. Barometz (fig. 892), from Assam, which is also
called the Tartarian Lamb; this forms fine fronds, and is a splendid
fern. A fraud was practised by taking
the caudex of this fern and cutting
away all the fronds but four, which
were also cut a short distance from
their point of juncture with the caudex.
When this was turned up, its shape re-
sembled that of a lamb. It was then
reported to be a half vegetal and half
WOOO yan”
SMT \ {Ht Kae
WU
KASS
SITIN
Fic. 893.— Tartarian Lamb.
Fic, 892.—Dicksonia Barometz.
animal production, which ate. grass, It is well pictured in Evelyn’s
“Sylva,” and specimens of the “lamb” exist in the British Museum,
from one of which my illustration (fig. 893) is taken. We have also
D. fibrosa, which is considered to be a variety of D. antarctica.
We have attempted the culture of some of the Filmy ferns, but only
to a moderate extent, from the great difficulty of procuring specimens.
They require for their culture shade from the sun, ample light, and
a moist atmosphere, and they will not bear any change in the hygro-
metric state of the atmosphere. The temperature they require depends
on the country from which they come, but all which require artificial
heat ought to be covered with glass to ensure the equal hygrometric
state of the air. The Hymenophyllum demissum (fig. 861), from New
Zealand, is perhaps the most readily cultivated, especially if covered
with a bell-glass. We have also the AH. javanicum under the names of
HT, flexuosum and H. crispatum; H. ciliatum from tropical America ;
and also H. asplenioides, likewise from tropical America.
We grow two English Hymenophyllums, 4. Tunbridgense (fig. 863)
FERNERIES. 301
and H. Walsoni, in the fernery under the protection of glass. Mr.
Backhouse, of York, has one of the finest collections of filmy ferns,
and is most successful in their culture; his plants are so fine that
they are worth a journey to York to see. He grows many of them
in a cave lighted from the top with glass. At Kew there is a splendid
collection ; and the Rev. A. Johnson and Mr. Cooper Forster are also
cultivators of these truly fairy-like beauties in London itself.
Fic. 895.~-T. reniforme.
Fic. 894.—Trichomanes
Luschnatianum. Fic. 896.—Hypolepis repens.
Like the Hymenophyllum in the transparent character of the mem-
brane of the leaf, and requiring similar cultivation, we grow the 777-
chomanes speciosum (fig. 864), or Irish Bristle Fern, in the glass fernery.
It has been recently found in Wales, but I am assured that the spot
has been rifled. I have likewise a plant of the 7. Luschnatianum
(fig. 894), from the Organ mountains of Brazil, given to me by Mr,
Backhouse, who grows this fern, climbing on earthen tubes, in the
highest perfection. This beautiful fern is considered by Dr. Hooker
to be a variety of 7. radicans. I also grow the 7. pyxidiferum, from
South America. We have tried unsuccessfully the beautiful 7. reni-
forme (fig. 895), from New Zealand, probably from not having a suffi-
ciently strong plant with which to commence. These filmy ferns are
expensive to purchase and very difficult to grow; nevertheless their
exquisite beauty, which surpasses that of all other ferns, renders
392 MY GARDEN.
them most desirable plants to cultivate, and a horticulturist might
make himself very happy with a collection of these alone.
The genus Hypolepis affords us the grand H. repens (fig. 896), from
tropical America. It grows very freely, and the spores come up all over
the house, and therefore have to be exterminated, or in a short time we
should have a hypolepis-house instead of a general fernery. We have
also 7. tenuifolium, from Java, and H. distans, from New Zealand.
We have many Cheilanthes. They like air and light. We grow
C. lanuginosa, from Illinois; the C. lendigera, from Mexico, and the
C. argentea, from Japan ; C. spectabilis ; and C. elegans (fig. 897), which is
a beautiful fern. Our specimens of Onychium japonicum (fig. 8972)
grow more satisfactorily in a greenhouse, or in the outdoor ferneries,
Fic. 897.—Cheilanthes elegans.
Fic. 897 @.—Onychium japonicum. Fic. 898.—Platyloma flexuosa.
as also do those of the Parsley Fern (Cryptogramma crispa). The
Pellea rotundifolia, called by Smith the Platyloma rotundifolia, forms
more healthy fronds out of doors, but does not appear to stand
the severest winters. The Pellea or Platyloma flexuosa (fig. 898) has
fronds of a very peculiar green, and is a beautiful species to hang in
a basket, with its fronds drooping down.
The genus Pteris contains a large number of species, from all parts
of the world, of which we have many examples. Pveris cretica, from
Italy, survives many winters in this climate, as also does that pretty
FERNERIES. 393
but common fern from China, P. servulata, which stands the winter at
my garden. Although one of the commonest of all ferns, and so easily
multiplied by spores, it is beautiful, and is useful for decoration, or to
fill up gaps. There are crested varieties of this species, which are
pretty. P. tremula is a large fern from Australia, which thrives well
out of doors in summer, and is easily propagated. P. aguilina, which
grows all over the world, will live in the fernery as well as outside ;
if it were scarce, it would be esteemed a beautiful fern. The P. scabe-
ruda, from New Zealand, is a lovely one when finely grown; it likes
to be out of doors during the summer.
The P. argyrea, with a band of white over the frond, and P. ¢ricolor
(fig. 899)—varieties, according to Hooker, of P. quadriaurita—are
very desirable and beautiful, and are easily
grown. The. P. vespertilionis, also called
P. incisa or Litobrochia vesperiilionis, is
a very elegant fern, which attains a large
size, and will flourish out of doors during
the summer. P. Jongifolia is a distinct
fine fern with fronds three feet long. P.
SSS
Cer TITEL
umbrosa is a magnificent fern from Austra-
as
lia. The colour of the fronds is fine, and
it is grand in appearance. The fertile fronds Fic, 899-~ Pris triclr.
are four feet high, and are more slender than the barren, which
are about two feet high. The P. palmata, or Doryopteris nobilis,
from tropical America, is a fine bold fern, but is apt to die off if
it does not have careful treatment. The P. sagittifulia, from Rio
Janeiro, is another curious plant.
The Davallias are a beautiful genus of ferns, of which we grow
many species. Of these D. canariensis is said to have been cultivated
for upwards of a century and ahalf. It will not bear our winters out
of doors, but likes plenty of light and air, and even some sun. The
D. Nove Zelandi@ is another beautiful species, which barely lives out
of doors, but delights in air and full exposure in the summer months.
D. pyxidata is a stiff-fronded species, from Australia. Some of the
304 MY GARDEN.
Davallias—such as D. dullata (fig. 900), D. dissecta, D. Lindleyi, D.
pentaphylla, P. tenuifolia—are exquisite when planted in baskets, and
suspended from the roof. D. algina is also a small, interesting species.
No Cystopteris is grown in the fern-house, although four species are
grown in the open-air ferneries: namely, C. fragi/is, an English species ;
C. alpina, from Scotland ; C. dulbifera (fig. 883), from North America ;
and C. montana (fig. 869), from Scotland.
One Lindsza is grown with us, the ZL. cultrata (fig. 900@), from the
north of India.
The genus Adiantum has numerous species, some of which are
among the loveliest ornaments of the fern-house. Many species adorn
my fernery. A. reniforme (fig. 901), from Madeira, is a little difficult
to grow ; it probably requires more air and less moisture: its kidney-
shaped leaves are remarkable. A. trapeziforme, from tropical America,
Fic. gor.— Adiantum reniforme.
Fic. 900.—Davallia bullata.
Fic. gcoa.—Lindsawa cultrata.
has fine large fronds; it requires the warmest end of the house: this is
a fine fern, and cannot be dispensed with. A. cultratum is a desirable
variety : when the new fronds unfold, the edges are red. A. pentadac-
tylon is another desirable variety of this fern. A. zntermedium, from
tropical America, is also grown. A. formosum, from Australia and New
Zealand, is a bold-looking fern, and looks well as a large plant; it isa
fine and common fern for a greenhouse. A. macrophyllum, from Mexico,
has its fronds, when in the growing state, beautifully coloured with red.
A. Capillus-Veneris, although distributed all over the world, must never
be excluded from a fernery. A. concinnum is another rather common
FERNERIES. 395
fern of great beauty, and should always be grown. A. ‘enerum is
remarkable in giving to us a garden variety, which is perhaps the most
beautiful of all ferns, called A. Farleyense (fig. 902). Spores of
A. Farleyense do not reproduce the same plant,
and it does not thrive well when divided. Mr.
Smith, the Curator of Kew, recommended me
to grow it in strong loam, but I have only one
small plant, the merest shadow of the glorious
specimens which exist at Kew and at Messrs.
Veitch’s nursery.
The A. cuneatum (fig. 903) is a fern which
we grow, .and which is much used for table
decoration. It is a general favourite, and
though a native of Brazil, with me is as hardy
as the A. Capillus-Veneris (fig. 862), if not 76 92—Adiantum Farleyense-
more so. The A. fwlvum (fig. 904), as it unfolds its young fronds,
which are of a scarlet colour, is interesting, and it is easily propagated
from spores. A. Feez is an interesting variety, and is a very distinct
form of this genus ; we have a large plant of this species, which thrives
Fic. 903.—A. cuneatum, Fic. 904.—A, fulvum.
exceedingly well with me. The A. pedatum does not thrive so well in
the house as in the outdoor alpineries, where it is a splendid fern. A.
tinctum is delicate and beautiful in spring. A. luctdum, from the West
India Islands, is a desirable one, having fine fronds from nine to fifteen
inches long. A. curvatum is also a fine fern, which does well in my
fernery, but does not grow readily in all situations.
395 ‘ALY GARDEN.
Some of the Lomarias grow outside, and some in the indoor fernery
The ZL. gidba (fig. 905) is a beautiful miniature tree fern, highly
ornamental, but subject to thrip. It is a native of New Caledonia
therefore only requires moderate heat, and should be grown in every
fernery. ZL. attenuata is a handsome fern ; its rhizome may be made to
take the form of a tree fern, like ZL. gibba. L. Bankszi, from New
ie gore anata ggtiba Fic. gat atetia orientale.
Zealand, is a pretty miniature fern. ZL. Patersoni is a remarkable fern,
the fertile fronds of which are thin, and the barren ones broader.
L. gigantea is a distinct species from America. The L. spicani, L
minor, and L. alpina are grown out of doors.
The Blechnums are noble ferns, mostly of considerable size. B
brasiliense, also called B. corcovadense, easily grows from spores, and is
a fine fern. J. occidentale, from America, and B. orientale (fig. 906),
Fic. 907.—Woodwardia radicans. Fic. 908.—-Doudia aspera
from Australia, are noble ferns, and easily grown. &. nitidum, var.
contractum, is a fine fern. All the Blechnums have a red tint in their
young fronds,
Another genus, the Woodwardia, is distinguished by two splendid
species, Woodwardia radicans (fig. 907), from Madeira, which forms
FERNERIES. 397
little plants on the fronds, and W. orientalis, from Japan, which has
also numerous little plants on the fronds. Both live with me out of
doors, but the best plan is to place them out in summer only. The
W. radicans forms splendid fronds many feet in length.
We have the Doodia aspera (fig. 908), from Australia, which grows
like a small tree fern in the,outdoor fernery, indoor fernery, and in
Ward’s cases in my dining-room. The new fronds have a pink tinge,
and among hard-leaved ferns this variety is one of the more graceful.
The D. caudata, from Australia, is not important; it will live both in
the glass fernery and in the outdoor ferneries.
No less than 280 species of Aspleniums are described by systematic
writers ; of these we have a selection which thrive out of doors, and
a further selection for the indoor fernery. The English species—
A. Adiantum-nigrum, A. trichomanes, A. viride, A. fontanum, A. Ruta-
muvaria, A. septentrionale, A. germanicum—grow out. of doors, but not
A, marinum, which, curiously enough, does not object to a stove heat,
nor A. fontanum, nor A. lanceolatum, which like a greenhouse tempe-
rature. The A. Filix-femina (fig. 877), with its century of varieties,
ornaments our banks, glens, and glades, but in the house is apt to
get thrip. The A. fragrans, a variety ot A. australasicum, is rather
difficult to grow. The A. flabellifolium, from Australia, is a charming
species, having little plants at the ends of its long fronds; I have
had it for many successive years in my dining-room.
A. viviparum \ooks like parsley, and has numerous
young plants at the tip of the leaves. One of the
species has very curious scales, which are truly
lovely microscopic objects, one of which Mr. Smith
has figured from a plant growing in my drawing-
room (fig. 909): the little scales are shown on
Fic. 999.—Asplenium, with
: . characteristic scales.
the leaf, and also magnified twenty times. A. @iicsxosdany:
canariensé, a variety of A. premorsuim, is a nice fern. We have A.
uitidum ; and A. laceratum is of an elegant form. A. caudatum, from
Australia, is a very beautiful fern, with fronds about eighteen inches
long; it grows well when planted in the house. A. Belangeri is a
398 MY GARDEN.
handsome fern from the Malay Archipelago. A. macilentum, a variety
of A. auritum, is prettily veined. A. attenuatum is a fine stiff fern from
Queensland, and forms a handsome plant; whilst A. formosum is a
very graceful one. So is also A. flabellatum, a variety of A. rhizo-
phorum, from tropical America.
The fronds of A. macrophyllum are very dissimilar from those of any
species hitherto described; the plant hardly looks like a fern, and is
valuable on account of that dissimilarity, for the sake of contrast
A. falcatum is a graceful fern from Japan, which does better out of
doors than in the house. A. disfersum is a very desirable basket fern,
from tropical America, with fronds not exceeding nine inches in
length.
A. Serra is a firm, erect, and fine species from tropical America. A.
nidus, var. australasicum, or Bird’s-nest Fern (fig. 910), is a fine species
with large fleshy fronds arranged round a centre; it may be placed out
in summer. A. bulbiferum is a common fern, from New Zealand, which
likes outdoor treatment in summer.
Fic. 910.—Bird's-nest Fern. Fic. 910 2.—Camptosorus Fic. 911.—Actiniopteris
rhizophyllus. radiata.
The Scale Fern, A. Ceterach—or, as it is commonly called, Ceterach
oficinarum (fig. 868)—does not grow well in the house, but does per-
fectly well in the open ferneries, as has been already described.
There is a remarkable species, and the only one of a genus called
Actiniopteris, which exactly resembles a miniature palm-tree; this is
the Actiniopteris radiata (fig. 911), a native of India. I have a single
plant, and have been told that it likes plenty of light, and drought
at certain seasons of the year, when it is at rest.
FERNERIES. 399
The Scolopendrium of our English woods (fig. 867), with its curious
sports, varieties, and deformities, is a magnificent fern, which thrives
better out of doors than in the outdoor fernery. Another species,
S. rhizophyllum (fig. 910a)—or, as it is sometimes called, the Camptosorus
rhizophyllus, or Walking Leaf—is
an interesting fern from British
America, which forms a new plant
at the end of the frond.
The indoor fernery contains a
fine fern called the Didymochlena
lunulata (fig. 912), from tropical 4
America, which has metallic-looking Fic. ies Diayeelend lunolata.
fronds. The plant has the curious property, when not in health, of
dropping its pinnules, which gives it a woe-begone look.
The genus Aspidium yields us the noble A. aculeatum, which grows
all over the world. There are many varieties, of which A. prolzferuim
from Australia, is a most elegant fern, and will grow either out of
doors or in the fernery; it is frequently called Polystichum angulare
(fig. 873). The A. Lonchitis, or Holly Fern (fig. 874), from the High-
land mountains, is a beautiful fern for greenhouses or for cutdoor
ferneries. The A. falcatum, generally called Cyrtomium falcatum, is
a useful greenhouse fern, but hardly succeeds out of doors.
The Aspidium cortaceui, or Polypodium capense,as it is sometimes
called, is a fine hard fern with fronds from one to three feet long.
The genus Nephrodium, in which Hooker and Baker comprise all
the Lastree, is another very large genus, which affords us many
important species. The WV. Sceboldii, from Japan, is a fine fern, nearly
hardy if not quite. The MV. fatens is another fine fern, which readily
multiplies itself. This genus also gives to us the beautiful VW. Thely-
pteris (fig. 876), the JV. Oreopteris, called by Baker montanum, and the
noble Male Fern, or WV. Filix-mas (fig. 875), which has an extensive
geographical distribution, and presents many varieties; also the
N. cristatum, the N. spinulosum, with its varieties, and especially
NV. dilatatum, or Broad Fern, and the WV. @mulum, the Hay-scented or
400 MY GARDEN.
Bree’s Fern, all of which are grown in the outdoor fernery. The J. molle
(fig. 913) is very common in ferneries, and may be used in places where
more esteemed plants will not grow. JV. sanctum is a slender, tufted,
and most elegant fern, from the West Indies.
The Oleandra articulata (fig. 914), from the East Indies, is rather
a favourite with me.
Fic. 913 -~Nephrodium molle. Fic. 914-—Oleandra articulata.
Hooker and Baker have combined various genera into one large
genus, Polypodium, under which they have described 389 species
which have sori on the back of the fronds, which produce a fine effect.
The P. Phegopteris, or Beech Fern, grows better in the greenhouse or
in the open air than in the outdoor fernery. The P. hexagonopterum,
from Canada, does well in the outdoor ferneries, as does the Oak Fern
(P. Dryopteris); P. calcareum, or Robertianum, which flourishes in the
orchard-house, is considered to be a variety of this. The P. alpestre,
and its variety P. flerile, is like the lady-
fern; and the beautiful P. walgare, which
grows so abundantly over the country,
delights us with the golden sori at the
back of its fronds (fig. 870). P. Plumula
is a graceful fern. P. sguarrosum is a small
fern, with creeping rhizome and_ fronds
two or three inches long. The P. cverruco-
Fic. 915.—Polypodium verrucosum.
sum (fig. 915), from the Philippine Islands
is another beautiful species. The P. appendiculatum, with fronds about
two feet long, which when young are much tinged with red, is very
beautiful ; it is a native of the Eastern Himalayas. The P. Lycopodioides,
FERNERIES. 401
called also Phymatodes lycopodioides, is a good basket fern, as is also
the P. Liniatum. The Polypodium or Goniopholebium squamatum, from
the West Indies, is another good fern to suspend in a basket. The
Polypodium or Goniopholebium subauriculatum, with the fronds hanging
down from baskets, is very graceful; it comes from the Malaccas
The P. Retnwardtii is another basket fern, with fronds from two to
three feet long. The P. vefractum is a fine fern, with light trans-
parent fronds from one to two feet in length. The P. donceum, from
Mexico, has fronds from twelve to eighteen inches in length. The
P. Fortunei, from China, has barren fronds from two to three inches,
and fertile fronds from twelve to eighteen inches long.
The P. adnascens, from India, is a distinct fern. It has both barren
and fertile fronds; the fertile fronds are from six to twelve inches
long. The P. Gheisbreghtii, from South Mexico, has a very distinct and
remarkable character, and is hardly like a fern in appearance. P. repens
is another fern from Mexico. P. persicefolium is a fine basket fern,
with fronds three feet long. P. stigmaticum is a small fern from
Columbia, with fronds about three feet long.
The P. filipes (fig. 916) isa small and pretty species, which lives on the
trunks of tree ferns, or creeps up the trunks of trees.
P. Heracleum is a noble fern from Java and the
Philippine Islands. P. pzloselloides is a very small
and distinct species, which grows in a pan, and is
an interesting fern from the Himalayas. P. muse-
folium is exquisite in the nervation of its fronds,
which are from one to three feet long. It is a
native of the Malay Islands, and when well grown
é aalie Fic. 916.—Polypodium
is really a magnificent fern; however, it is apt to filipes,
die off if not grown with care. It should have abundance of light,
and the peat soil should be occasionally changed.
The Nothoclena are a pretty genus of ferns, having fronds mostly
small, and generally not exceeding a foot in length. The WV. xivea is a
very beautiful species from the Andes, which has the fronds completely
covered with white powder.
DD
402 MY GARDEN.
In the Silver and Gold ferns we have a group of lovely plants,
belonging to the Gymnogramme. One species is so far British that it
grows in Jersey. I have seen plenty on the shores of the Mediterranean,
but have not been successful with, and do not now possess, the plant.
The G. calomelamos, with white powder, is a fine species ; and its variety
G. chrysophylla, with golden powder (fig. 917), should always be grown.
In winter time these beautiful ferns from the West Indies require but
little water, and should be placed near the
light. I have large plants of these ferns
which are of surpassing beauty. Seedlings
come up freely, but vary in excellence.
Fic. 917.—Gymnogramma cbrysophylla. Fic. 918.—Meniscium simplex.
The genus Meniscium embraces but few species, of which we
have one, MV. simplex (fig. 918), which we grow in a basket. It is a
native of China.
Fic. 919.—Acrostichum crinitum, F1G. 920.— Platycerium alcicorne. Fic. 9202.—Platycerium grande.
The genus Acrostichum is an important one. The A. crinitum
(fig. 919), from the West Indies, is a very interesting and remarkable
plant, affording quite a contrast to delicate and graceful ferns: the
FERNERIES. 403
fronds are covered with hairs. The A. guercifolium is another most
interesting plant, with a frond like an oak-leaf.
The Stag-horn ferns, or Platyceriums, constitute a remarkable genus,
and help to diversify the aspect of a fernery. The P. alcicorne (fig.
920) is common, and will grow out of doors in the summer time, as it
comes from Australia. It likes light and air. When planted in a
suspended basket, young plants are formed at the apices of the roots
so that an immense aggregation of plants is the result. P. grande (fig.
920a) is a magnificent plant from Australia; it has become somewhat
scarce, but I do not know the reason. A fine specimen is a splendid
object. It multiplies from spores, and I have seen seedlings at the
Botanic Gardens at Florence, and I myself possess one obtained from
anursery. I have besides the P. ethiopicum, from the coast of Guinea.
In all the Platyceriums (and there are but five species known), the
barren fronds differ from the fertile, which resemble stag-horns. They
are all fine, interesting, and striking plants.
Another small genus, Osmunda, has only six species, of which we
grow three: one of them is O. regalis, with its diminutive from America,
O. gracilis (fig. 881); the other two are O. Claytoniana, also called
O. interrupta (fig. 882), and O. cinnamomea, both from Canada. We
prefer to grow all out of doors, though O. cinnamomea and O. Clay-
toniana are finer when grown in a cold house.
The Todea is another genus, containing only four species, but these
are of matchless beauty. TZ. darbara, or africana, as it is called by some,
from New Zealand, has a caudex of great size. There is a plant of
this species at the temperate house at Kew which weighs some hundred-
weights, and there is also one of large size at the Botanic Gardens at
Florence. My younger plants form finer fronds than even these large
and interesting plants.
The three other species, sometimes called Leptopteris, have filmy
membranous fronds. The 7. Aymenophylloides is a lovely fern, which
when old has a stem like a tree fern, from the top of which the fronds
spring forth in the most elegant manner. This fern is liable to be
attacked by fungi, and likes air and light, and even this forms its caudex
DD2
404 MY GARDEN.
very slowly. The Z. superba (fig. 921) is a splendid fern, which was
discovered by Captain Cook in New Zealand. It is also liable to be
attacked by a parasitic fungus. I have both these last-mentioned
todeas out of doors, under glass in my
drawing-room, and also in my fernery. The
I. Fraseri, the last species, is still a deside-
ratum with me. An illustra-
tion of a sporangia of a
todea is annexed.
There is one genus of
BLesog
Sy v i -
OF aiken aie a ferns (Lygodium) the mem
Fic. 921.—Todea superba. of Todea.
2 ra
and hence afford a remarkable contrast in habit to the others. The
bers of which are climbers,
L. palmatum (fig. 922a), from America, is a fine climbing species, which
lives out of doors in my garden. The L. scandens (fig. 923), from
South China, is another climbing species, which covers posts, and is
very graceful and elegant. We have also L. volubile, from Cuba. :
Fic. 923.—Lygodium scandens.
Fic. 922 24.—Lygodium palmatum. : Fic. 924.—Anemia fraxinifolia.
The Anemias, or Flowering ferns, are a very distinct genus, but are
perhaps more curious than beautiful, and do not prodice much effect
in a house. The A. fraxinifolia (fig. 924) shows the character of this
genus.
We have a small plant of the gigantic Angiopteris evecta (fig. 925),
from India, Japan, and Ceylon, which when in perfection has fronds
FERNERIES, 405
fifteen feet long. We have also a single small plant of Marattia
laxa (fig. 926), from the coast of Guinea, which is another gigantic
ern, having stiff fronds of similar magnitude.
Fic. 925.—Angiopteris evecta.
Fic. 926.—Marattia laxa.
Of the family of Ophioglossacee we have only the Ophioglossum
vulgatum (fig. 880), which grows freely out of doors, but not in the
house ; and of the genus Botrychium we have 2. simplex, from North
America, and B. Lunaria (fig. 879), a native of England.
The great botanist Linnzeus was only acquainted with 180 species of
ferns, so that more than twice as many are growing in my garden
than he had knowledge of.
In the cultivation of ferns, it is of primary importance that they
should never be allowed to become dry, and yet they ought not to be
unduly sodden with water at the roots, and I find that many of my
species have been lost from want of proper care. Almost all other plants
except ferns bear a drying, scorching sun, which renders the leaves
flabby in the daytime, but the damp of the midnight dews restores
them; nevertheless ferns require a uniform and constant moisture.
There is, however, no rule without an exception, for, as I have
before stated, I have seen ceterach growing in Italy on the dry
Apennines, when the fronds seemed as if they were half baked,
and yet the plant survived and flourished.
Asa general rule in the treatment of ferns, they like decomposing
but not rotten vegetal matter, moisture to the roots but not a soddened
soil, an atmosphere full of moisture but not water to the fronds, light
406 MY GARDEN.
without the burning rays of the sun, and fresh air but without draught.
Under these conditions they will attain to their highest perfection.
Ferns are propagated by division of the roots, from bulbs on the
leaves, and from spores. The method of raising ferns from spores is
very peculiar, and must be rightly practised to be successful. The
fronds of a fern—say of a lady-fern—are taken when the spores fall
spontaneously and freely, and those fronds should be selected which
have grown freely in the light and air in a warm place. The spores
are scattered over moist peat, interspersed with little
pieces of broken brick and sandstone, and the pan
is then covered with glass and kept in a shady
place till the spores commence to grow. When
a spore germinates, a filmy membrane appears,
called a prothallus (fig. 927), and resembling Mar-
chantia (fig. 824) in appearance. This sends down
Bik Hay Preemie, roots into the ground ; but besides forms two bodies,
one the nidus of the future plant, and another containing active
bodies, which come in contact with the nidus and fertilize it. The
bud, after having been fertilized, throws up little leaves, and becomes
a miniature plant, and the prothallus disappears. It has been
recommended, in order to destroy all living organic matter, that
the peat should be immersed in boiling water before sowing the
spores. No seedling has appeared out of doors in my garden.
LYCOPODS, OR CLUB MOSSES,
I have often planted the Club Mosses,
which are such interesting plants in moun-
tainous districts. I have had the Lycopodium
clavatum in quantity, but it never grew. On
the Welsh mountains this plant grows to a
length of many yards, and is a remarkable
Fic. 928—Lycopodium Selago. sight. The ZL. Selago (fig. 928) and another
species are now growing in my mossery.
FERNERIES. 407
MARSILEAS.
I have had two species of Marsileas in my fernery,—M/. quadrifolia,
a South European plant, and AZ. macropus, the Nardoo plant (fig. 929)
of the Australian explorers. Both require to be grown in a pan of
water, and flourish well during the summer, but there is some difficulty
in keeping them during the winter.
Fic. 930.—Sclaginella denticulata. Fic. 931.—S. Lyallii.
Fic. 929.—Nardoo plant.
SELAGINELLAS.
No fern-house can possibly be considered perfect without Selagi-
nellas. I have gathered the common S. denticulata (fig. 930) on both
sides of the Alps, and it lives through the hardest winters in my
outdoor fernery.
It affords us green foliage where we desire it, and is most easy of
cultivation, as it roots from the shoots as it grows. The S. brasiliensis
is a much smaller species, and S. apoda is a very dense-growing
one. The S. c@sia is a most lovely species, from China, but it dies
down in winter: its colour is a fine bluish green. Another climbing
species, S. ce@sia arborea, which is of more robust habit, is also exqui-
sitely beautiful when well grown. It also is apt to die in winter time.
The S. serpens is remarkable from changing the tint of its colour.
S. Schotti? is a coarse-growing species, but S. stolonifera is a beautiful
one, especially its white variety, and S. wmbrosa and S. densa
are thicker-growing species. S. Lyal/ii (fig. 931) is a desirable plant
40 MY GARDEN.
to cultivate. I have tried S. Willdenovit out of doors, but though it
survived some years‘ it ultimately perished. Lastly, S. circinalis is
interesting, as being imported in a dry state from America, under
the name of the Resurrection plant; it uncurls when moistened, but
as far as my experience goes does not come to life again. All these
plants grow in peat earth, and most of them are readily propagated
by division.
HORSE-TAILS.
The Equisetums, or Horse-tails, are an interesting class of
plants, as they contain so much silex as to
be capable of being used for polishing. Our
ground is remarkably free from these plants,
and we only find a few specimens of EZ. arvense,
I have tried to introduce £. sylvaticum (fig. 932)
into my ferneries, but without success. It is
a very graceful plant, and grows in woods, in
places where the oak and beech ferns luxuriate.
When an opportunity occurs, I shall again
Fic. 932.—Equisetum sylvaticum. endeavour to introduce it.
The delicate beauty of ferns and their allies is always enchanting,
but my available space does not permit me to describe all the beauties
my garden presents to view, nor all the various forms of each fern
which gladden the eyes of those who are capable of appreciating
their loveliness.
“For certes at my devise,
There is no place in Paradise
So good in for to dwell, or be,
As in that garden, thoughte me.”—CHAUCER.
Vign. XX1UII.—Scene on the Wandle.
CHAPTER XII.
MY FOREST TREES.
“Par ses fruits, par ses fleurs, par son beau vétement,
L’arbre est de nos jardins le plus bel ornement :
Pour mieux plaire & nos yeux combien il prend des formes!”
DELILLE, Les Yardins.
N LTHOUGH my garden does not contain extraordinary specimens
. of forest trees, yet in the district around us trees grow of a
magnitude and beauty almost unrivalled in Europe. First and
foremost, there are gigantic English Elms of many centuries’ growth,
in the upper branches of which rooks delight to build, and under their
shade the cattle protect themselves from the mid-day sun. In the
adjacent grounds of Wallington House a group of noble trees adorns
the landscape, which I never can view without delight; and on re-
turning from a tour on the Continent it is always a subject of remark
with me, that I have met with scarcely any trees of equal size, and ‘the
contrast between them and the comparative pigmies I have observed
abroad is very striking.
“There were elmes great and strong.”—-CHAUCER.
The roots of elm-trees run near the surface for long distances,
and not only exhaust the soil, but send up shoots to form other
trees. I prevent them from encroaching upon my croquet-ground
and flower-borders by periodically digging a trench about three feet
deep, and cross-cutting every root running in an unsuitable direction.
410 MY GARDEN.
There are many varieties of Elm, but the one cultivated about
Wallington is chiefly, if not entirely, the true English elm (fig. 933).
At some former period the elm appears to have been the favourite
tree. It is not much planted at the present time round London, as
of late years it has extensively died, and in our London parks has
been replaced by the plane-tree. The Weeping Elm, a variety of
the Scotch Elm (Udmus montana) has large leaves and _ horizontal
branches, drooping at their tips, well adapted to shade a seat, for
which purpose I have one planted near the entrance to my fernery.
The effect which a large Elm has upon the landscape is well seen
in the moonlight view (plate 21), where an old tree in Beddington
Park is conspicuous.
ee
Fic. 933-—Elm. FIG. 934.—Black Italian Poplar.
| Fic. pg Lombardy
Next to the Elm, the Black Italian Poplar (Populus monilifera, fig:
934) takes a prominent place. It grows perhaps the most rapidly of all
trees, and is a desirable one to shut out unsightly objects. Very tall trees
of this species grow on the south side of the tiver, and these now
overshadow the south-west part of my garden. The Black Italian Poplar
tree is not a favourite of mine, as the branches are long and strag-
gling; nevertheless, for the special object of rapidly covering buildings,
it has no equal, although it is late before it expands its leaves in spring,
A Lombardy poplar or two (Populus Jastigiata, fig. 9342) agreeably
varies a landscape. Its branches are upright, and it attains great height
Plate 21.
FOREST TREES. 4il
with but little width. It may be seen in the view of the Mill
(plate 14) overtopping the other trees, and it forms a prominent object
in plate 16. This latter tree, thirty-two yards in height, has been blown
down since the picture was painted from which the plate was engraved.
Beautiful as these. trees are interspersed amongst others, it is an abuse
of their peculiarities to plant them in rows by themselves, as then
their stiff, formal, upright growth is unpleasant to the eye. They
are readily propagated by cuttings.
On Mitcham Common a tree known by the name of the “ Big
Tree” is very picturesque. It is the Black Poplar (Populus nigra)
which flowers later than the Abele, and may be known by the warts
on the trunk (fig. 935).
Fic. 936.— White Poplar.,
Fic. 935.—Old B lack Poplar.
The Aspen (Populus tremula, fig, 9354) is grown more in Scotland
than here. It abounds at Loch Katrine, of which Sir W. Scott writes—
“And variable as the shade
By the light quivering aspen made.”
We have White Poplars (Populus alba),—“ Populus Alcide gratis-
sima” (VIRG. Bucol)—or Abele-trees (fig. 936), near us, which are
highly ornamental. The foliage is green on the upper side, but
white and downy on the lower, and it is perfectly fascinating when
fluttering in a summer's breeze. The white trunk of the tree forms
a fine object. A large tree grows a few feet from my garden, but
412 MY GARDEN.
it has been sadly injured by the cutting ordered by the road sur-
veyor, who about our district forbids any tree to encroach upon the
roadway. This tree in early spring produces so much cotton with
the seeds that the ground is covered with it, and therefore it does
not please tidy gardeners. It is, however, most. ornamental, both
when growing by itself—when its form is specially beautiful—and
when judiciously mixed with other trees. There is a variety called
acerifolia, of great beauty.
I have a tree or two of the Balsam Poplar (Populus balsamifera),
which has balsamic, gummy excretions about the buds, exhaling a
powerful odour; and also a Weeping Poplar, which is a variety of
a species of no great importance, but pretty amongst small trees or
shrubs. It is the earliest of all forest trees in coming into leaf.
Our district abounds in noble Horse-chestnut trees (Zsculus
Aippocastanum, fig. 937). Although the avenue of horse-chestnut trees
at Hampton Court is justly esteemed as one of the finest examples
of its kind in Europe, yet the full majesty of
each tree is rather spoilt by the trees having
been crowded together. When a single tree
is in flower, it presents one of the most
glorious sights of the vegetal kingdom. The
tree takes the general form of a gigantic
pyramid, and occasionally the branches hang
down for many yards, which give it a peculiar
and elegant appearance. In spring the tree
is covered with blossom, every flower being a
Fic. 937.—Horse-chestnut.
pyramid, and every floweret a model of
beauty. In Kensington Gardens there are a few trees of surpassing
beauty, yet I generally have given the preference to those in
Beddington Park. Within the last ten years some of the magnificent
trees in the Park have been cut down. Unfortunately, the fruit of
this stately tree is unfit for human food. Deer, however, are so fond
of it that they will stand on their hind legs to gather it, but for
most other animals it is too bitter to be palatable.
FOREST TREES. 413
I have one or two Red Horse-chestnut trees (sculus rubicunda),
from North America, which are of lower and slower growth than the
common horse-chestnut. The red chestnut is one of the most beautiful
trees which can be grown on a large lawn. It should stand by itself,
and its branches should touch the ground, when the peculiar glossy cha-
racter of the foliage, contrasting with pink blossoms, renders it highly
ornamental. There is a yellow horse-chestnut, which I grow, but it is
not particularly beautiful, and may be dispensed with, except when
there is ample room, and great variety needed.
The Lime may be seen in the highest perfection in Beddington
Park from my garden. It is called the Tilia europea (fig. 938),
or Linden-tree, and has been the theme of admiration of German
poets. The exquisite forms of some of the
Park specimens greatly adorn our landscape.
There was once a grand avenue of limes,
but many have been destroyed by the
builder since he invaded this charming spot.
The tracery of the branches of the Lime-
tree seen against a clear blue’ sky in
winter is highly elegant, and then I never
can look at it without delight. The odour
of the flower in summer is delicious. Two
fine lime-trees grow in the Bank of England
Fic. 938.—Lime.
before the windows of the parlour, in the
former churchyard of St. Christopher-le-Storks. The mats with
which we cover our plants in winter are made in Russia from its
inner bark, and gardeners use strips of this bark to tie up their
plants. Horace says that he was displeased to see garlands tied
with the inner bark of the linden: “Displicent nexz philyra
corone.” Herodotus says: “The Scythian divines take also the
leaves of the lime-tree, which, dividing into three parts, they twine
round their fingers; they then unbind it, and exercise the art to
which they pretend.” The aphides' which live upon it make so
much honeydew, that food is prepared for thousands of bees, wasps,
sa MY GARDEN.
ants, and other living creatures. We may all say with Landor—
“Oh, who upon earth could ever cut down a linden!”
There is a red-stalked variety, also of great beauty. I had a fine
young tree, but a former gardener—not imbued with the feeling
of Landor—much enraged me by cutting it down for a prop; and
when expostulated with, excused himself by saying that he had no
idea it was a beautiful tree; proving that eyes are useless without
understanding.
We have only one Oak (Quercus robur) in the place. Moderate-
sized ones exist in the neighbouring field, and smaller picturesque
old stumpy trees grow by the river side at Mr. Graham’s, close at
Fic. 939.—Last Oak of Birnam Wood.
Fic. 940.—Turkey Oak at Fulham, struck by
lightning.
hand. Oaks are not sufficiently numerous in our district to be
important, and therefore I have figured the last oak of Birnam
Wood (fig. 939).
“Till Birnam Wood shall come to Dunsinane.”—Macbeth.
I have one or two small Evergreen oaks (Quercus zlex), which
grow slowly, and for years may be used as tall shrubs. The Rev.
Mr. Bridges has a fine specimen in his grounds. I have no Cork-
tree (Quercus Suber)—which grows well at Fulham—nor do I know
of any specimen near at hand. Neither the Fulham oak, nor
the Turkey oak with its mossy acorns, nor the beautiful American
FOREST TRENS. 415
oak—with its large leaves, that turn scarlet in the autumn—play
any part in the adornment of my landscape.
I have given an illustration of the effect of lightning discharge,
which occurred in the spring of 1871, upon a Turkey oak growing in
the grounds of Peterborough House, Fulham (fig. 940). The electric
current passed down the tree and darted through the air to the iron
hurdles, at the base of which it made a hole in the ground. It appeared
to have passed through the newly forming wood, or cambium, and in
the act of passing from the tree to the earth separated the bark from
the tree. The bark is loosened all round, and a piece may be seen
lying at the base. I am curious to see how such an extensive injury
will affect the vitality of the tree, and I shall watch its career with
interest: I have seen the effects of many such electrical discharges on
trees, and this may be taken as a fair example of the damage which results.
It also teaches us to beware of standing under a tree in a thunderstorm.
A Willow-tree is always associated with rivers and wet places,
though persons who cultivate them say the best basket willows will not
flourish in very wet soil. There are numerous species,—from the small
procumbent one which lives on the tops of the mountains of Scotland,
and which we grow in the alpinery, to the great Salix alba which lives
on the banks of our rivers. Virgil has remarkedthe effect of situa-
tion on various kinds of trees, which well indicates that the truth of an
observation of nature, once correctly made, will last from generation to
generation :—
“Nec vero terre ferre omnes omnia possunt.
Fluminibus salices, crassisque paludibus alni
Nascuntur, steriles saxosis montibus orni;
Litora myrtetis letissima ; denique apertos
Bacchus amat colles, Aquilonem et frigora taxi.”
VIRGIL, Georgics.
We have several species. The White Willow (Safx alba, fig. 941)
is the most important, as it forms a forest tree, and is rapid in
its growth. In midsummer, when the sun shines, every zephyr turns
the leaves, when the silvery whiteness of their under surface contrasts
* Sept. 1872: this tree is now dead.
416 MY GARDEN.
with the deep green of the pine. In the south of France and in
Italy the olive is somewhat similar to the white willow-tree in the
colour of the leaves, but the latter tree is more graceful. Any piece
stuck in the ground will grow, and hence it is troublesome by taking
root where it is not wanted.
The Weeping Willow (Salix babylonica) is very elegant, but curiously
enough I never had one, nor are there many in the district. Its leaves
come out early in spring, and are apt to
be injured by frost. There is another
weeping willow (American Weeping Willow),
which has a finer and darker foliage, and a
far more moderate growth, and which is a
highly desirable plant to cultivate on lawns.
I have some, but they are rather crowded
from want of space. To grow this species
it must be grafted on a more vigorous
stock. We have several other species of
the numerous tribe of willows, of which that
Fics py. — White: Willow. one which is used in this country instead
of palm on the Sunday before Easter is perhaps one of the most
interesting: it is the Goat Willow (Sax caprea).
Herodotus, speaking of the Scythians, says: “They have amongst
them a great number who practise the art of divination: for this purpose
they use a number of willow twigs, in this manner. They bring large
bundles of these together, and having untied them, dispose them one by
one on the ground, each bundle at a distance from the rest. This done,
they pretend to foretell the future, during which they take up the
bundles separately, and tie them again together. This mode of divina-
tion is hereditary amongst them.”
Sometimes willows are used for hedges, for which purpose the Sa/zr
Kerksii is recommended by Scaling. This willow is bitter, and game
are said not to touch it. Several kinds are grown for basket work, as
S. triandra, but the varieties of S. purpurea are held in the highest
repute. The number of varieties appears to be legion, as the Duke
FOREST TREES. 417
of Bedford grows at Woburn Abbey above 350 different kinds. The
propagation of the willow by cuttings, and even of some species by
inserting large branches in the ground, is particularly easy.
Another notable river tree is the Alder (A/zus glutinosa, fig. 942).
It grows in the water, or on the banks beside the water in boggy
places; and some writers go so far as to
declare that it has a tendency to create a
swampy place. We use the alder freely
beside the water to hide the buildings of the
paper-mill, and in the adjoining park there
are some fine single trees of picturesque
appearance. We have also very fine speci-
mens of the Cut-leaved Alder.
The common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) Senses;
Fic. 942.—Alder.
grows so freely in my ground, that it must
be considered a weed and a nuisance, as seedlings continually come
up where they are not wanted, and, if not removed, grow so rapidly
as to stifle the surrounding shrubs. The ash is distinguished by the
bold and rugged outline of its branches; it is an imposing tree as
we see it in the valleys of Scotland. There is a weeping variety, which
is very useful to make an artificial covering. We have one on the
croquet-ground, with a seat underneath ; and close to Wallington Bridge
we have another, which forms a dark bower to protect us from the
fierce rays of the sun in the summer months. At the Zoological Gardens
of London the weeping ash is judiciously used to protect the visitors
at the entrance, and also the animals in the interior of the grounds.
It grows rapidly in good soil, but slowly in a dry place, and there
requires manure to develop it quickly.
Virgil, contrasting it with other trees, says of the ash :—
“Fraxinus in silvis pulcherrima, pinus in hortis,
Populus in fluviis, abies in montibus altis.”
One of the greatest ornaments of mountain scenery, the M ountain
Ash (Pyrus Aucuparia), is of a different genus from the common ash’
EE
418 MY GARDEN.
it does not thrive very well with me. Its great excellence consists in its
hardiness, and in the beauty of the clusters of scarlet berries (fig. 943)
with which the tree is covered in autumn. In Scotland it is one of the
greatest ornaments of the mountains ; but in
my garden it has not, up to the present time,
been of any importance. Formerly the rowan-
tree was an object of superstition. The berries
used to be tied round the necks of children
to preserve them from witchcraft, when the
following couplet was recited :—
“ Rowan tree and red thread
FiG. 943-—Mountain Ash. Drives the witches at their sped.”
From inquiries I made in Scotland this year, it appears that this
superstition no longer exists, and a forester, in answer to my interroga-
-tions, declared that the “schoolmaster had driven it away.” A similar
superstition exists to this day at Naples, where people of education and
position use charms of red coral for a similar purpose.
As we naturally associate the alder and the willow with water, so we
connect the Beech (fagus sylvatica) with a dry soil. The manner in
which: it clothes the hills at Marlow is a good example of its flourishing
in a dry chalky soil; and in the neighbouring parish of Carshalton a
grove of beeches exists in an equally dry spot. Notwithstanding that
the beech loves a dry soil, it grows freely immediately outside my
garden, and in a position where the roots of the tree are within a fvot
or two of the water-line. A grove of beeches is always beautiful, and
this tree contributes much to the beauty of the scene around us. The
beech-tree is readily propagated by seed. It then grows fast, attains a
large size, has a beautiful form, and the glossy green colour of the leaves
is very charming. The smooth bark tenipts the rustics to carve their
names upon it, from the idea that the inscription will enlarge with
the growth of the tree. The practice is ancient, as Virgil records
that lovers did the same, that their love might grow as the tree grew:
“Tenerisque meos incidere amores
Arboribus ; crescent illze, crescentes amores.”
FOREST TREES. 419
At “The Oaks,” in the next parish, formerly the seat of Lord
Derby, “J. B. 1778” is clearly visible on an aged beech-tree, cut by
the unfortunate General Burgoyne who built part: of the house nearly
one hundred years ago.
A remarkable variety, the Copper Beech (F. sylvatica purpurea,
fig. 944), reputed to have been found in a wood in Germany, is a
very striking object amongst other trees. One or two may with
great advantage be planted. Immediately adjoining my garden, there
are two beautiful trees, which I greatly admire. A single purple
beech is very handsome, but it does not grow freely in all situations.
A very fine single specimen grew so rapidly in the grounds of
Mr. Beadnell, at Tottenham, that it kept the air and light from the
house, so that he was ultimately compelled to cut it down. Specimens
of fine colour are multiplied by inarching.
Fic. 944.— Copper Beech. Fic. 944 @.—Pendulous Beech.
Fic. 945.—Birch.
I also have a very singular variety called the Pendulous Beech. It
is of a drooping habit; and if a shoot be artificially stretched out at
right angles, the branches grow downwards. One such tree in a suitable
spot is an object agreeable to the eye. Various specimens of beech
exhibit a variation in their habit. Some trees grow with their branches
erect, whilst in others they are more or less pendulous.
One of our more hardy trees—which grows well on the driest
soils, and yet by no means objects to a wet situation—is the Birch
(fig. 945), “the Lady of the Woods.” We have them to the south
E E 2
420 MY GARDEN.
of my garden, on a bed of sand, and to the north, on a wet, boggy
place ; but to see this tree in glorious perfection we must go to the
Trossachs, or to other parts of the Highlands of Scotland, where
its white bark and elegant drooping habit, contrasting with purple
heather, dark Scotch pine, and scarlet-berried mountain ash, make a
scene of the most charming beauty, in itself amply worth a journey
to the Highlands to contemplate. There are two varieties, Betula
alba, with smooth bark, and &. alba pendula, with knotted roughnesses
on the stem—growing naturally. There is also another variety, called
the Cut-leaf Birch, reputed to be very desirable for cultivation.
“Beorc is beautiful in its branches :
It rustles sweetly in its leafy summit,
Moved to and fro by the breath of heaven.”
Anglo-Saxon Poem on the Names of the Runes,
by HICKEs.
The name of the Mock Plane-tree (Acer pseudo-platanus) has been
given to the Sycamore, which is unfortunate, as it causes a confusion
between the sycamore and the plane trees. It grows freely with me
on the border of the lake, but it is
a tree not greatly to be admired,
especially as it is liable to have its
large leaves attacked in autumn
by an aphis, when they are subse-
quently disfigured by large black
fungus spots. The celebrated
Birnam Wood in Scotland has
Hees a. heads two of the original trees left,—one
a magnificent sycamore (fig. 946).
The sycamore has the merit of coming into leaf early, and of being
easily raised from seed. The sycamore is allied to the sugar maple,
and it is said, like that tree, to yield sugar from the sap; but of
this I cannot speak from my own experience. There are many other
species of maple which I do not grow, but the Japan Variegated
Maple and the American Maple, the leaves of which in autumn become
scarlet, are very desirable acquisitions.
FOREST TREES. 421
The Plane-tree (fig. 947) is sometimes confounded with the syca-
more, but it is really a very different tree, and belongs to a difterent
genus (Platanus). It is truly a noble tree. There are two species, P
ortentalis and P. occidentalis,—both very similar—but one has been
imported from Europe or
from the East of Asia, the
other from America. The
fruit—very unlike that ot
the sycamore- is globular,
and droops gracefully from
a long stalk. The plane is
now the fashionable tree of
the period, and is used ex-
tensively in all our London
Parks to replace the dying
elms. It abounds in the
gardens of our London “af
squares. A good example :
is to be seen in Cheapside, Piesoen— Planetree,
at the corner of Wood Street, and a grand tree of P. occidentalis exists
outside my garden, on ground in the occupation of Mr. Sheppey,
An enormous P. orientalis exists in the grounds of Mr. Hayes, in
Carshalton village, near running water. The Eastern may be known
from the Western tree by its leaves being more deeply cut. The plane
is a tree of the highest excellence where magnitude is required, but it
has the one great disadvantage of coming into leaf late in spring.
I have grown the Adlanthus glandulosa, which has large leaves with
from nine to eleven leaflets. Experiments have been tried to raise the
Bombyx cynthia on this tree, for its silk, but I believe up to this time
without success in England.
Amongst the most beautiful of ornamental trees, the Laburnum
stands pre-eminent for the beauty of its flowers, which hang in pendent
yellow blossoms so distinct and bright as to shine out and shed
their lustre across the garden. It is such a favourite of mine, that
422 MY GARDEN.
I have at least fifty trées. When planted beside a bright scarlet
thorn and a Guelder rose, the combination—especially if conjoined
with the flower of the medlar—is marvellous to behold. I have such a
group on my swan island; and when the season is favourable, and all
the trees blossom at the same time, the effect is more easily imagined
than described.
There are two kinds, the Cytisus Laburnum and the C. L. alpinum,
the English and Scotch laburnums ; the latter flowering later than
the former, and thus prolonging the laburnum blossoming season.
The one known as Waterer’s variety has blossoms a foot and a hale
long (fig. 948) ; of this I have one tree. The laburnum is a strikingly
. beautiful object in the Téte Noir Pass in
Switzerland, where I have seen it in flower
in June. In Scotland it is common. Though
our gardens are usually ornamented with its
brilliant pendent blossom, yet in some years
Fic. 948.—Laburnum Blossom. Fic. 949.—Arbutus unedo. Fic. 949 @.—Maidenhair Tree.
the flower-buds are frozen by a late spring frost, and in that case the
trees give little, and occasionally no blossom, and my garden is then
deprived of one of its greatest charms. The trees are readily raised
from the black seeds, which children are sometimes prone to eat, to
their own destruction, as they are intensely poisonous.
A lovely evergreen tree, Arbutus unedo (fig. 949), which grows
naturally in Ireland, and which produces fruit resembling strawberries,
succeeds well near London, but does not prosper in my garden, on
account of the frost severely injuring it.
FOREST TREES. 423
For the sake of the blossom I have been careful to adorn my
garden with various varieties of Thorn (Crategus). The common
Hawthorn (Crategus Oxyacantha) is perhaps as beautiful as any, though
many of its varieties cannot be dispensed with in any well-ordered
garden. The bright Single Scarlet (fig. 950) is
the finest of all, and I have many trees ‘of it.
The Double Pink is also desirable, and, though
far removed in beauty from the single, should
be grown,—though more sparingly. There is
one peculiar variety, the Glastonbury Thorn
(C. Oxyacantha precox), which flowers about \
Christmas, of which I have only recently pro- Mic aes
cured an example. The suburbs of London during the brief time the
thorn, laburnum, horse-chestnut, and lilac are in flower, are really a
paradise; and as this is frequently at Whitsuntide, the Whitsun
holiday is—to the bulk of the labouring population of this overgrown
city—the most delightful in the year. The thorn is extensively used
for hedging, and I have lately tried a novel mode of planting it.
Thorns are used about three feet high, and are planted in a double
row, crossing each other at an angle of 45°. The object is rapidly
to secure a dense, stiff hedge, as the branches interlace in every
direction. There are very many distinct species of thorn, many ot
which it is desirable to cultivate where there is room; I have some
four or five.
“The hawthorn whitens ; and the juicy groves
Put forth their buds, unfolding by degrees,
Till the whole leafy forest stands display’d,
In full Juxuriance, to the sighing gales.”
THOMSON’S Seasons.
There is a beautiful tree, called the Maidenhair Tree (Salisburia
adiantifolia, fig. 949@), which I ought to possess, but do not. The
leaves of this tree are formed like the Maidenhair Fern, and the whole
tree is exquisitely beautiful.
I find that Mongredien, in his excellent book on trees, states that
the Lemon-scented Verbena (Aloysia citriodora, fig. 951) will live out
424 MY GARDEN.
of doors, though sometimes cut to the ground by frost. This I shall
try next year, for the scent of the leaves is exquisite. No garden
should ever be without a plant, although it is now
the fashion amongst gardeners to discard it because :
it has been common. It is only by the more intelli-
gent cultivators of plants, who are above such silly
notions, that it is now grown. It is said to attain a
height of twenty feet in China.
Ihave sometimes used the Hornbeam (Carpinus
pe telah Betulus), but sparingly, and I have no large tree of
erbena. it. It grows wild to a great extent in Epping
Forest, and it is said to be much appreciated for firewood. It is
adapted to make hedges of protection.
The Acacia (Robinia Pseud-Acacia) is used to shut out low build-
ings. It grows with great rapidity when young, and has a blossom of
delicious scent. The wood is remarkably brittle, and breaks readily from
the force of the wind; this causes the trees to become ragged and un-
sightly. For this reason the tree, although extravagantly extolled by
Cobbett, is of but limited utility. “ Acacia—that consecrated and vene-
rable tree of the burning bush and of the tabernacle.” (STANLEY.)
The Yew-tree (Taxus baccata) is useful in a young state to plant
‘in moist places, and under shade,
where other trees will not grow,
and I use it advantageously for
that purpose. In Beddington
Churchyard there is a fine yew
(fig. 952), and upon the downs
about three miles south of my
garden it grows wild plentifully
and vigorously in the hedgerows,
where its dark foliage gives a
peculiar character to the landscape.
The Irish Yew (Taxus fastigiata),
or Upright Yew, is a stiff tree of upright growth, and is very useful
Fig. 952.—Yew.
FOREST TREES. 425
in a position suitable for a tree of that character. It is univer-
sally esteemed to be very beautiful, and we have several in my
garden. An old tree assumes the form of an inverted pyramid,
being broadest at the top.
On ahill south of the chalk downs the Box-tree (Buxus sempervirens)
grows wild, but I have never seen it so growing anywhere else. We
use it for edging the walks, as it bears any amount of clipping. Our
forefathers used to cut the tree into the form of birds or animals,
which occasionally may be seen in country villages. The best example
of clipped trees I ever saw was at the Pope’s garden attached to the
Vatican in Rome, where amongst other animals a cow with its horns is
marvellously rendered by clipping a tree. This horticultural extra-
vagance, though not to be admired, is interesting, as showing the extent
to which some trees may be clipped and deformed by ill-bestowed
patience and care.
“The suffering eye inverted nature sees,
Trees cut to statues, statues thick as trees.”—-PoPrE.
On the dry chalk downs to the south-east, the Juniper (Funiperus
communis) grows abundantly. It is remarkable for the brightness of.
the colour of the foliage. I have a plant or two. The Red Cedar
(Funiperus virginiana) is one of the largest trees
of the genus, but my soil and climate are not
adapted to it, and it speedily perishes.
In my immediate neighbourhood, at “The Elms,”
a large Holly (ler Aquifolium, fig. 953) exists upon
the lawn; but at my garden there are only a few
small trees of the variegated-leaved varieties, such
as the 1. Aguifolium ferox, or Hedgehog variety, —
which has the surface of the leaves spiny. There $f
are several other charming kinds, the leaves ot eS
which are silver or golden coloured; and though Fic. 953-—Holly.
we have not required them in my grounds, that is no reason why
they should not be freely grown by others, as they light up the
\.
wh
,
a
426 MY GARDEN.
garden with their brilliantly coloured leaves and ,berries in wintry
snow, when flowers are absent.
The Tulip-tree (Liriodendron tulipifera), which has fine flowers
(fig. 953@), I do not grow. .A noble tree exists at the garden of Shepley
House, and another at Wallington House.
Amongst all the flowering trees, the Magnolias (fig. 954) arethe
most remarkable. The Magnolia conspicua flowers with me in early
spring, and between my garden and London there are many of the
glorious Magnolia grandiflora trained over the sides of the houses
adorning them with noble flowers in summer.
The Catalpa (fig. 955) is a fine ornamental
tree, which should be in every garden, as it produces
its elegant spike of flowers in August, a time
when flowers are scarce. Everyone who has a fine
Catalpa is proud of it. It is rather tender; but a
large tree, now decaying; exists at Hampton Court
Fic. 953 @.—Tulip-tree. Fic. 954.—Magnolia, Fic. 955.—Catalpa.
Palace, said to have been planted by a Lady Mornington. There is a
fine tree in the grounds of Mr. Bristowe, at Clapham Common, which
flowers well, but is showing signs of decay. A moderate sized one
grows at Wallington House. The one at my garden is just beginning
to blossom.
The Prunus sinensis, whether fora pot tree or for outdoor growth,
is very desirable, and the curious Prunus triloba affords the most
glorious rose-coloured blossoms in the orchard-house in spring.
We have the Spindle-tree (Euonymus curopeus) overhanging my
FOREST TREES. 427
garden from the Park. The fruit is of a bright rose colour, and the
tree is a beautiful object in autumn.
I have not the Snowy Mespilus (A melanchier Botryapium), but it is
a most desirable tree, having abundance of snowy-white flowers.
The Snowdrop-tree (Halesia tetraptera) is little cultivated, although
it was introduced into this country, from South Carolina, more than a
hundred years ago. Its snowdrop-like flowers, which cover the tree,
make it a most interesting object for every garden.
There is only one Palra which lives out of doors in England,
the Chamerops excelsa (fig. 956). It stands
the severest frosts, and blossoms well in the
Regent’s Park. It grows very slowly in this
country, but being an endogenous plant it
forms an interesting variety, very different
from our ordinary trees. In my garden it
grows very slowly, and as far south as Rome
and Naples the larger trees are imported. Fic. eee Palm.
The various Coniferous plants require more space than my garden
can afford; nevertheless some interest attaches to the few we possess,
Even the common Scotch Fir (Pinus sylvestris) lends beauty to. the
landscape, with its dark green foliage, and when grown with other trees
the colour of the bark of the naked stem adds much to the picturesque
effect. We have four or five old trees about the place, which are
valuable additions. To view the Scotch pine in perfection, it should
be seen by the light of the setting sun, when its effect is magnificent.
The Pinus Pinaster, of which we have only small trees, is a noble pine.
Ihave tried P. éxsignis, which is remarkable for its grass-green colour,
but it has been killed by frost, although it flourishes at the top of
St. George’s Hill. I have not yet ascertained whether the P. Pinea,
or Stone Pine, which gives such a. peculiar character to Italian scenery,
will live at my garden.
Of all the Fir tribe, for lawn deccration none can surpass A dies
Pinsapo. It grows slowly, and is impatient of removal. I killed a
splendid tree by removing it. The Adies Douglasii is also a fine pine,
428 MY GARDEN.
of which I have examples; it attains a great height in California.
The flag-staff at Kew, which is 150 feet high, is an A. Douglasii.
A typical specimen may be seen on
St. George's Hill, Weybridge. JI have no
tree of Picea. pectinata, nor of the Silver
Fir; nor of P. nobilis, which is a really
noble species of pine (fig. 957); nor any
large tree of the common Spruce Fir
(Abies excelsa), which is adapted for large
plantations, and of which noble trees Fie. chines of Picea nobilis.
exist at Dunkeld, and also at Monnymusk, in Scotland.
Pines are mentioned by Herodotus as follows :—Crcesus “ sent to the
Lampracenes requiring them to set” Miltiades “at liberty ; threaten-
ing on-their refusal to destroy them like pines. They deliberated among
themselves concerning the meaning of this menace from Crcesus, which
greatly perplexed them; at length one of their elders explained it, by
informing them, that of all the trees the pine was the only one which,
once being cut down, shot out no more offsets, but totally perished.”
We have three kinds of Cedars,—the Cedrus atlantica, C. Libani, and
C. Deodara, but the most eminent botanists consider them as mere
varieties of the same
species. The C. Libani
is a very grand tree when
it has plenty of room.
The largest I ever saw
is at Enfield, supposed to
have been planted by Dr.
Uvedale soon after 1660.
Mr. Walford, however,
believes it to be still
Fic. 958.—Cedars of Lebanon and Elm.
older, and inclines to the
traditionary view that it was planted by Cardinal Wolsey. The Rev.
A. Bridges has three fine examples of this tree in the grounds attached
to his house at Beddington (fig. 958). I have figured two (a and 0),
FOREST TREES. 429
with a fine elm (4) between them. The following are the dimensions
of the three cedar trees :-—
I 2 3
FT. IN, FT. IN, FT, IN.
Circumference at ground . . . . . 26 0 27.0 27.0
four feet above . . . 17 8 16 2 17 6
Height of tree. . . . . . . «.,. 80 0 90 0 70 0
Greatest spread of branches . . . . 94 0 72 0 . 107 0
The figure of the cedar cones (fig. 959) is from the pencil of
Mrs. Jackson. The wood of the Cedar contains a volatile essential oil,
which has the curious property of
unsettling printers’ ink and making
it run. Some years ago a Bank &
of England note was offered to |
the cashiers with its printing dis-
turbed. Inquiries were set on &
foot, and it was traced to several Fic. 959.—Cones of Cedar of Lebanon.
individuals, who satisfactorily explained its custody and ‘possession.
It was then brought to me, when I suggested that the detectives should
inquire whether it had been kept in a cedar box; it was then dis-
covered that the last possessor had kept it in a new cedar box which
she had recently bought, and thus the mystery was solved.
The Himalayan variety, the C. Deodara, is now a great favourite,
and is generally planted at the present time, to the neglect of the
C. Libant. When young it is very graceful, and the ends of the
branches are pendulous. As it grows it raises the ends of its branches,
like C. Libanz. It is somewhat tender, and with me it is occasionally cut,
down by frost. Trees covered by snow have escaped, but those from
which the snow was blown died back. This variety is. apt to die when
about fifteen or sixteen years old. A friend of mine expressed an
opinion that this would be the case, arguing that a mountain variety
will not flourish in the plains; and though he planted with the greatest
care a number of the healthiest specimens he could procure, it is
a remarkable fact that many of his trees have died, as he predicted.
Where cedars are required, the C. Lzbanz, among large species, is.
430 MY GARDEN.
probably preferable. The effect of C. Deodara in a garden is well seen
in plate 10.
A gigantic tree, Wellingtonia gigantea, or Sequoia, has been in-
troduced from California so recently as the year 1854, which is now
being planted in every large garden, and does
very well in some. It seems to delight in a
soil where gold quartz exists, and then it attains
the prodigious beight of 400 feet, about the
same height as the top of the cross on the dome
of St. Paul’s Cathedral. It is a tree which
requires much light and air, with a damp soil;
and the proximity of other trees, even at a
' considerable distance, impairs its symmetry and
growth. I raised one from seed, which is now
ER sixteen feet high, and its girth at the ground
three feet; its growth is most symmetrical
Fic. 960.—Wellingtonia gigantea. and beautiful (fig. 960). Mr. Jackson, at Beech-
wood Lodge near my garden, has a good specimen.
A Wellingtonia was planted in the pleasure-grounds of Strathfield-
saye by her Grace the Duchess of Wellington in April 1857. In
January 1872 his Grace the Duke of Wellington had it measured,
when it was found to be 30 feet high, 8 feet 7 inches round the tank
at the ground, and 5 feet 4 inches in circumference four feet from the
ground. The diameter of the branches was 18 feet 6 inches.
Two other trees, which were used to decorate the supper-table on
the occasion of a ball at Apsley House, at which her Majesty and
the late Prince Consort were present, were planted in October 1865
near the monument to the late Duke of Wellington. One is now
18 feet 4 inches high, the other 17 feet 9 inches; the circumference of
the trunk at the base of the first being 3 feet 7 inches, of the second
4 feet, and the diameter of the branches 10 feet 6 inches and Io feet
respectively. As these ‘trees were properly planted, and have been
well cared for, they fairly exhibit the normal growth of the species
in this country. under favourable circumstances. Having also an
FOREST TREES. 430
historical interest, this record, which has been kindly supplied to me
by the Duke himself, will serve as a basis from which the rate of
growth of this noble tree may in future be determined.
A forest of Wellingtonias is situated in a small valley near the
head waters of San Antonio, in California. It contains ninety-three
trees about ten years old. The “Father of the Forest” (fig. 961),
perhaps the largest tree in the world, is thrown down, and is supposed
to have been 453 feet high and 40 feet in diameter. Its interior is hollow
and burnt, but the cavity is sufficiently large for a
man on horseback to ride inside. Mr. Townsend,
who visited this spot, kindly lent me a photograph
of this tree to figure. I have also illustrated part
of a tree called “George Washington,” which is
represented as a first-class tree 384 feet
4 de ” Fic. 961 a.—Cone of Fic. 96: ast G.
Fic. 961.—The “‘ Father of the Forest. Wellingtonia gigantea. Woe tapi
high (fig. 962). The form of my young trees is exquisitely symme-
trical; the branches for the first few years grow horizontally outwards,
but after a time they take an upward direction, and are not then
quite so beautiful. They propagate freely from cuttings, but trees
so procured are not so desirable as seedlings, which should invariably
be employed where a proprietor desires his posterity to see this tree
in perfection. The cones are very small (fig. 9612). .
The stiff, radiating branches of the Puzzle Monkey-tree (Araucaria
imbricata) give it a character so peculiar that it contrasts strongly with
every other tree in the garden, and gives a pleasing variety to the
scene. It is much more hardy when thoroughly exposed to the light
than when apparently protected by shrubs. It bears the snow on its
432 MY GARDEN.
stiff branches with impunity, but severe frost is apt to brown the leaves.
I have several plants, and had several others, which were killed through
moving. The first planted in this country is at Kew, but one of
the finest is in the garden of the late Mr. Tabor (fig. 9622), at Brent-
wood. In Chili, its native country, the cones are reported each to yield
two or three hundred seeds, and to be an important article of food for
the Indians, just as the seeds of the stone pine are an article of luxury
to the inhabitants of Italy. I have seen cones formed in this country.
In Beddington Park, near the church, are two fine Larch-trees
(Larix europea), which must be of considerable age (fig. 963). Several
Fic. 964 —Larch at Dunkeld.
———
Fic. 962@.—Araucaria imbricata. =
Fic. 963.—Larch in Beddington Park.
trees were imported from the Tyrol in 1738, and five were left at
Dunkeld. The two in Beddington Park are not so old as two now
growing at Dunkeld, nor as some growing at Paradise in Monnymusk
parish, Aberdeenshire. One of the first imported was kept in the
dining-room at Monnymusk House till too large, and then was planted
out in the avenue of beech-trees. This larch is not nearly so large as
those magnificent trees at Dunkeld, one of which is fifteen feet round
at three feet from the ground, and 96 feet high (fig. 964). The Larch
is a very beautiful tree in early spring, and has proved highly remu-
nerative to those who planted it fifty years ago, as it has been used
extensively for railway sleepers. Of late years it has become liable to
FOREST TREES. 433
disease; it has been attacked by aphides, and becomes unhealthy,
and the whole tree frequently dies. I have particularly observed that
in the Tyrol it grows on vertical sides of the mountain, one tree
above another, so that every part of each is thoroughly exposed to the
air and light of the sun. Whether in this country the trees do not
get their natural conditions, whether they have been planted amongst
the rotting roots of former larches infested with the mycelium of fungi,
or whether the seasons have been unpropitious, or what other causes
have been at work, does not appear to be thoroughly understood.
On the Apennines, the Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens, fig. 9642)
forms a conspicuous feature of the landscape, clothing the sterile sides
i Fic. 965.—Cupressus Lawsoniana. i ide
oe Lal aa ae a R Fic. 966.—Taxodium Distichum.
of the mountains to their bare tops. In the environs of Florence there
is a grand grove of cypresses, of large size; their dark foliage is well
adapted to give shade from the intense light of an Italian sky. We
do not grow the tree to any size. I have tried the Cupressus funebris,
from China, without success; but the Cupressus Lawsonziana (fig. 965),
which was introduced from California in 1852, grows rapidly with me,
nearly as fast as the Wellingtonia; it seems to like a soil which is
always moist, and its formis so fine that it is a desirable tree to
have in every garden.
The Deciduous Cypress (fig. 966) is to my mind a most elegant
FF
434 MY GARDEN.
tree: ‘the cut leaves are delicate when the foliage is green, but in,
autumn also the tints are fine. I have a tree of this species, which
I greatly admire, but there are two in the neighbouring garden
which are models of beauty, and which are the admiration of every
passer-by.
I planted a great many trees of Cryptomeria japonica, which
grow freely, but are liable to be so. much disfigured by frost as
to render them almost ineligible for a garden. A typical tree
may be seen on St. George’s Hill, which well exhibits its pyramidal
form.
The Arbor-Vite, or Thuja, is a perfectly hardy tree, well adapted,
for screens. There are other species, which I have not grown. I do
not know a more excellent tree for a lawn than the golden variety of
the Biota orientalis, or Chinese Arbor-Vit@. The brilliant colour of its
newly-formed branches is intense, and the general form of the tree is
extremely elegant.
There are many fruit-trees which are used as forest trees. The
Walnut (fig. 967), which abounds in Carshalton Park, is one. The
annexed figure is drawn from
a walnut-tree near Beddington
Hall. The Wild Cherry-tree
is extremely beautiful when
covered with its white flowers,
and in autumn its scarlet
leaves render it again very
Fic. ¢67.—Walnut-tree. attractive. The double varie-
ties are very charming, and are much prized.. The Pear-tree attains
majestic proportions, but is not handsome. The Siberian Crab-tree
is twice in the year a beautiful sight,—once when covered with its
lovely blossom, and again with its useful. fruit. The Elderberry-trees,
especially the scarlet variety, are all additions to our trees. The
Spanish Chestnut is a fine forest tree. Very large trees grow in
Carshalton Park. Its produce in the southern parts of Europe is
valuable, and it demands more attention in England than it has received.
FOREST TREES. 435
In any situation where it will grow, a tree or two of the Spanish
Chestnut should never be omitted.
Bounding the north-east side of my garden, and protecting it from
cold winds, a bank of trees exists, which is glorious when lit up by the
setting sun, and grand when reflected in the lake :—-
“Let lofty firs, and ashes cool,
My lowly banks o’erspread ;
And view, deep-bending in the pool,
Their shadows’ wat’ry bed !”—BuRNS.
It is composed of the elm, beech, horse-chestnut, willow, alder, birch,
poplar, ash, sycamore, and Scotch pine. The contrast of foliage
afforded by the various‘trees is picturesque, and the diverse tints which
the leaves assume in autumn is particularly fine. By the great
kindness of the Rev. A. H. Bridges, I have been permitted to use a
walk under this grove of trees, which skirts Beddington Park. It is
difficult to estimate the value of such a permission, which gives to my
garden the “ little wood beside the crystal stream” which Horace
desired, and which Milton described :—
“A pleasant grove,
With chant of tuneful birds resounding loud ;
Thither he bent his way, determined there
To rest at noon; and enter’d soon the shade
.High-roofed, and walks beneath, and alleys brown
That open’d in the midst a woody scene;
Nature’s own work it seem’d (Nature-taught Art),
And to a superstitious eye the haunt
Of wood-gods and wood-nymphs.”
There are many large trees in my neighbour’s grounds to the south-west
of the garden, which tower over the houses, and look like a forest.
One or two Lombardy poplars out-top the other trees, and break the
outline, adding materially to the picturesque effect,
“One impulse from a vernal wood
May teach you more of man,
Of moral evil and of good,
Than all the sages can.” |
WORDSWORTH, An Evening Scene.
FF 2
436 , MY GARDEN.
The Almond-tree (A mygdalus communis) is indispensable, on account
of the beauty of its flower in early spring, and valuable also for its
fruit (already described). The Double-blossomed Peach (A mygdalus
persica) is very fine, and, besides, yields edible fruit at the end of
October or in November. Mr. Fortune introduced some exquisitely
coloured varieties of flowering peaches; I have tried them, but they
have not succeeded in my soil and climate, although they are most
desirable spring blossoming trees.
SHRUBS.
No garden can dispense with shrubs, and perhaps for general utilit
the Laurel (Cerasus laurocerasus, fig. 968) has no peer. Its bright
green leaves are invaluable, especially as it will grow in almost
every situation, and even under the shade of
trees. When the wood is thoroughly ripened
it will stand any frost, but immature and sappy
shoots are frequently killed in winter. It is better
in a dry than in a wet situation, and, as was
pointed out by the great naturalist Gilbert White,
it stands severe winters better in a northern than
in a southern situation, where the snow is alter-
nately melted and frozen. We use it in many
places where an evergreen or a screen is needed. It may be easily
propagated -by cuttings planted in September. The leaves on distil-
lation yield prussic acid, and the laurel water is highly poisonous.
Where a very large shrub is required the Portugal Laurel (Cerasus
Lusitanica) may be employed. Girgov describes a Portugal laurel
which had a trunk eleven feet in circumference and was thirty feet
high, with a head fifty-four feet in diameter. This species has only
been employed at my garden with the same object as the common
laurel, but it does not submit to removal so well as that shrub.
Fic. 968.—Laurel.
I have had Bay-trees (Laurus nobilis), but they have been always
greatly injured by the peculiar climate of my garden.
SHRUBS. 437
There is considerable difficulty in growing the Laurustinus (Vz-
burnum Tinus), as the frost is apt to kill it. There were at one
time fine specimens of this kind of shrub at Hampton Court Gardens
which were killed by frost one severe winter; and at the Hazel Park,
in Bedfordshire, the shrubberies were much defaced by nearly the
whole of the laurustinuses being destroyed. It does not thrive in my
garden ; but its property of flowering in winter, and the delicate odour
of the flower, render it a very desirable addition to any garden in
which it will flourish.
Whether for shade, for hedges, or for the evergreen character of its
leaves, I have ever found the Privet (Ligustrum vulgare) to be useful,
from its hardiness. The dark purple berries are ornamental in winter.
There are several varieties of it which I do not grow,
I cannot say that the Blotch-leaved Aucuda Japonica is a great
favourite of mine, although it is abundant in every suburban garden,
and is perfectly hardy. Though introduced in the year 1783, it was
only within the last few years known to be bisexual, and that the female
plant only was propagated in this country. However, the male plant
has been at length introduced, and the blossoms of the female tree
may be fertilized, when it afterwards becomes covered with red berries.
I have readily obtained the red berries on trees flowering in the
orchard-house, but as yet I have not myself seen trees fertilized out
of doors, though, as they are usually covered with a profusion of
blossom, it is possible that at a future time we may see the outdoor
trees also covered with scarlet berries, if our climate is favourable
to the development of the fruit.
The Phillyreas, of which there are three species, are not much
grown in gardens,—not nearly so much as they deserve, for the foliage
is very fine, the tree is perfectly hardy, and the habit close and
admirably adapted for a screen, for which purpose I have used it ; it
may also be advantageously grown as a single tree.
For forming a screen the Snowberry (Symphoricarpus racemosus) is
very useful, as it will grow under trees, and may be easily transplanted.
When covered. with its large white berries, it is very ornamental.
438 AIY GARDEN.
The holly, box, and yew are trees which may be made to assume a
shrubby character, and which are also well adapted for screens.
The Black Nut (Corylus Avellana purpurea) is likewise a highly
ornamental tree, from its dark purple foliage, and it partakes of the
character of a shrub when young.
One of the loveliest amongst flowering shrubs, which we profusely
grow, is the Lilac, of which there are two species (Syringa vulgaris,
fig. 969, and S. ~ersica) and many varieties. Either:
kind would be a useful shrub, even if it had no
flowers, as from the abundance of its fibrous roots
it can be readily moved to any place where a large
shrub ‘is required, and the tree itself may be cut
about as the gardener pleases; but in addition to
these good qualities, the perfume of lilac is delicate,
ee ie Tilers and its flower most agreeable: hence we grow many
bushes, and several varieties. In Paris, and especially in the Tuileries
Gardens before the people in their madness destroyed them, the
lilac was trimmed to the form of a standard rose, with a globular
head, and in that shape it was well adapted to formal gardens. Of
the large lilac there are two varieties, lilac and white, and of the
Persian lilac many varieties, differing in the intensity of the colour of
their flowers. The lilac is readily forced. I have frequently had it for
table decoration on Christmas Day, but in Paris it can be obtained in
quantity in the middle of December. Wherever there is sufficient room,
lilac blossom should be secured throughout
the winter. For forcing, the plants should
be well established in pots, as they do not
succeed if removed directly from the open
border. Whilst growing they require abun-
dance of water. The flower of the forced
plant is even more deliciously scented than
the plant grown in the open border.
Fic. 970 —Mock Orange.
Another fine shrub is the Mock Orange (Philadelphus coronarius, fig.
970). The flower is creamy white, and has a smell like the blossom
SHRUBS. 439
of the orange. It is a great favourite of mine. I have also the
Philadelphus mexicanus, which has charming single white fleshy
flowers. It flowers freely in a pot with me, but I do not as yet know
whether it is hardy. If it is, it will be a truly beautiful species for
outdoor growth.
In ‘early spring the bright red blossoms of the Japan Quince
(Cydonia ‘japonica, fig. 971) are important. The tree does best when
trained against a wall, but we have several bush trees, which give us
their flowers in early spring, and are highly effective.
Another early flowering shrub is the Daphne Mezertum, which
flowers before the leaves appear, but it is not an important plant.
. Fic. & Quince. HiGidoyat—Redl Plbwering Cini Fic. 973-—Berberis dulcis.
Blossoming later than the last, we have the Red Flowering Currant
(Ribes sanguineum, fig. 972). There are several varieties, which are
useful accompaniments of the wall-flowers. It is an American shrub,
of easy cultivation and hardy, but last spring it received much damage
at my garden from the May and June frosts.
Still later, the Deutzsia gracilis gives us an abundance of white
flowers. This shrub, although hardy, is also a valuable plant for green-
house decoration, and many plants should be used, so that one after
another may adorn the conservatory.
For the spring the Berberis is useful. The Berberis dulcis (fig. 973)
has single yellow flowers, delightfully fragrant, which are followed by
black berries reputed to be eatable.
The Mahonia aquifolium is a plant with large dark leaves and
yellow blossom, which should never be absent from any garden.
‘
440 WY GARDEN.
In spring, one of the grandest flowers of my garden is the Guelder
Rose (Viburnum Obulus, var. sterile, fig 974). It grows very freely,
and the flowers are larger than I have ever seen elsewhere. When
n blossom, its large white flowers can be seen from one end of the
garden to the other.
For the summer, the Spirzeas are very desirable acquisitions. The
Meadow-sweet (Spir@a Ulmaria) is one of our elegant weeds. The
S. callosa from Japan is like a meadow-sweet with red flowers, and
always delights us with its elegant blossoms, It should be more
frequently grown.
_
Fic. 974.—Guelder Rose. Fic. 975.—St. John’s Wort. Fic. 975 2.—Skimmia japonica.
Towards the end of summer, the St. John’s Wort var tnik
calycinum, fig. 975) produces large yellow solitary flowers; and we
have other English hypericums in our alpinery,
There is one shrub, the Eglantine or Sweet Briar (Rosa rubigi-
nosa), which we grow for its triple attractions: firstly, for the beauty
of its blossoms in early spring; secondly, for the bright scarlet
berries produced in autumn; and thirdly, for the delicious fragrance
of its leaves, which is plentifully exhaled in its growing state
especially after a shower of rain.
The Eugenia ugni (fig. 387) will not live out of doors with us,
although, trusting in its reputation for hardihood, I lost at least a
dozen specimens. I do not think that either the Pomegranate or
the Loquat would live out of doors in my garden; at any rate, I have
not ventured to place them out. I have seen the Loquat growing
on a south wall at Weybridge, at the garden of Mr. Harrison.
SHRUBS. 441
Ihave not planted out the Skimmia japonica (fig. 975 a), although
it is quite hardy ; nor the [//icium religiosum, which I have several times
procured, and as often contrived to lose.
However beautiful other flowering shrubs may be, every garden
must possess its beds of American plants, comprising Rhododendrons,
The
Catawbiense are now very numerous, and fresh ones are continually
being added to the list.
scarlet and purple predominate.
Azaleas, and Kalmias. garden varieties of Rhododendron
The varieties of colour are numerous, but
Singularly enough, our peaty soil
appears to be poisonous to them, as they speedily die, though they
naturally live in another kind of peat or
fibrous loam, which we have to obtain from
The Scarlet
Rhododendron (fig. 976) and _ ferns
charmingly together, as the harmony of colour
Mitcham Common or elsewhere.
mix
between the scarlet flowers and the green
fronds in early spring is perfect. I have
rhododendrons in each fernery, but it re-
Fic. 976.—Scarlet Rhododendron.
quires skill to keep them alive, so pernicious
is our natural soil to them. The art of the florist is never shown
to greater advantage than in the production of varieties of rhodo-
dendrons, which are superb in the beauty of their form and in
the brilliancy of their colours, whereas the original plant has
flowers of a dingy purplish colour, not very attractive in my
opinion. I have never paid much attention to the names which
florists have assigned to their varieties, but Mr. Veitch has kindly
supplied me with the following list of kinds which he considers of
undeniable excellence, and which he recommends as the finest kinds
in cultivation :—
Blandyanum : reddish crimson. Michael Waterer: rosy scarlet.
Brayanum : rosy scarlet.
Concessum: rosy pink.
John Waterer: glowing crimson.
Joseph Whitworth: purple lake.
Madame Miolan Carvalho: pure white.
Minnie: bluish white.
Mrs. John Clutton: white,
Ochroleucum : pale yellow, very dwarf.
Grand Arab : brilliant crimson.
Broughtonianum : rosy red, early flowering.
442 : MY GARDEN.
The Alpine rose (R. Jerrugineum), which charms travellers so much
in summer during their excursions amongst the Alps, is a rhododendron
of a different species from the R. Catawébiense. It requires peaty soil,
and as its associations are so pleasing I grow it in my alpinery.
The Rhododendron arboreum grows well in greenhouses, but it
occupies so much room that I have never had a plant. The R. Pon-
“icum is a vigorous species on which the finer varieties are usually
grafted.
The Azalea is also a suitable congener with the Rhododendron.
The Yellow Azalea (Azalea Pontica, fig. 977) does pretty well with me,
Fic. 978.— Kalmia latifolia. Fic. 979.—Andromeda speciosa.
Fic. 977.—Yellow Azalea.
but the varieties of the A. vzscosa are specially liable to have their
young shoots and blossoms frozen by the May frosts, and are so tender
as practically to be useless in my garden. The following five are par-
ticularly recommended upon Mr. Veitch’s authority :—
Altaclarense: deep yellow. Prince Henry des Pays Bas: decp scarlet.
Julius Caesar: deep scarlet red. Viscocephala: sulphury white, finely
Ne Plus Ultra: bright orange scarlet. scented.
Amongst the rhododendrons and azaleas, a plant of the Allspice
(Calycanthus floridus) should always be placed. The flowers are
deliciously scented.
In the American bed the beautiful Kalmia latifolia (fig. 978)
should also always be planted. It requires a peaty soil, and does not
thrive with me. I have planted at least a dozen plants of them, of
which I do not think that more than one now survives.
SHRUBS. 443
The Periwinkles, or Vincas, are desirable shrubs for shady situations.
The larger variety (Vinca major) has bright blue flowers; and the
smaller, whether single or double, or whether having green or varie-
gated leaves, are exceedingly charming in spring.
The Andromeda speciosa (fig. 979) is very elegant when in flower
in the early spring, but I have not yet attempted to grow it.
I have not a plant of the Venetian Sumach (Aus cotinus, fig. 980).
It is a curious, interesting plant, and grows well at Wandsworth
Common, in the grounds of Mr. P. Rose, from whose beautiful shrub
the annéxed wood engraving has been drawn.
Fic. 980.—Venctian Sumach. Fic. 981.—Bog Myrtle.
In the damp places of the garden the aromatic Bog Myrtle (Myrica
Gale, fig. 981) grows. It abounds in Scotland in the Mosses, and in
Yorkshire they make gale beer of it. The leaves exhale a delicious
perfume, especially when bruised.
The Yuccas always form striking objects-for a garden. The Y,
gloriosa is by far the largest. It has a bad habit of throwing up its
wonderful spike of bell-like flowers so late-in autumn that it does not
come into full blossom before the frost destroys it. Nevertheless it
cannot be dispensed with on account of the distinct contrast to all other
plants which it presents. The Y. filamentosa flowers well with me.
The Myrtle (Myrtus communis, fig. 982) is a classical plant, which
flourishes in South European countries. According to Herodotus, the
444 MY GARDEN.
Persians made their invocations or prayers wearing a tiara encircled
generally with myrtle. And again Herodotus states, that “whilst the
Persians waited for the rising of the sun, they burned on the bridge all
manner of perfumes, and strewed the way with branches of myrtle.”
Among the ancients the myrtle was expressive of triumph and joy;
the hero wore the myrtle as a mark of victory; the bridegroom on
his bridal day; and friends presented each other with myrtle gar-
lands in the conviviality of the banquet. So greatly was this shrub
prized, that Venus is said to have been adorned with it when Paris
decided in her favour the prize of beauty, and for that reason it was
deemed odious by Juno and Minerva. At the festival of Bona Dea at
Rome myrtle was excluded, probably from this reason. The Myrtle
will hardly live near London. It may survive some winters, but is
generally killed by severe frost, so we must content
ourselves with using it for conservatory decoration
or protect it in the greenhouse during winter.
Besides all these trees and shrubs, we grow the
common Heather (Calluna vulgaris, fig. 983), one of
the finest of all plants; the Linnea borealis; the
Enpetrum nigrum, or Crowberry (A); the Erica
herbacea, which flowers with the snowdrop; Erica
Fic. 983.—Heather.
Letralix, or common Heath (c); the English and
American Cranberries, the Bilberry (B), the Dogberry (D), the Cloud-
berry, and the Stoneberry ; many of which I have described elsewhere.
“What should I tell you more of it?
There was so many trees yet,
That -I should all encombred bee
Ere I had reckoned every tree."—CHAUCER.
Vien, XX1V.—Crowberry. Bilberry. Heath,
Vign. XXV.—Heron by River.
CHAPTER XIII.
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.
“Go, from the creatures thy instructions take :
Learn from the birds what food the thickets yield ;
Learn from the beasts the physic of the field ;
Thy arts of building from the bee receive.”—POPE.
THE ANIMALCULES IN THE WATER.
HE water in the river and little streams abounds with animal-
ili cules: not that they are diffused, as frequently supposed,
throughout the water, for in the clear running part there are compara-
tively speaking none at all; the living creatures confine themselves
to the edges and bottoms of the stream, or attach themselves to
weeds, sticks, or stones.
The first living creature to be noticed, which exists in consi
quantities at times in our waters, is the
Ameba (fig. 984), an apparently shapeless
mass. Dr. Moxon, who has particularly
examined many of the animalcules which
dwell in the waters of my garden, remarks
that without muscles the amceba contracts,
without nerves it feels, without a mouth it ee
swallows, and with no stomach it digests Fic, 934.—Amoebz, magnified.
its food. The way in which the amceba encircles its prey, wraps itself
round it, and digests it, is certainly most remarkable; nevertheless I
think we have too imperfect an acquaintance with the internal structure
of this creature to build up theories as to its nature and organization.
446 MY GARDEN.
Our brooks also contain more minute creatures, called Monads
(fig. 985). They are chiefly found in stagnant corners in the lesser
streamlets.
We have likewise the Siagontherium tenue (fig. 986) and Bursaria
vernalis (fig. 987), both of which were considered to be polygastric
animals. Very little is known either of their struc-
ture or natural history, though we may conceal our
Fic. 986,—Siagon-
(EX * therium tenue,
magnified.
Fic. 985.—Monads, Fic. 987.—Bursaria vernalis,
magnified. magnified.
ignorance by the use of long and repulsive names.
A very active animalcule called Stylonichia (fig. 988), aie
which moves about in all directions, lives in the stagnant parts of our
streams.
Amongst other infusorial animalcules,
we have an interesting creature living
in a kind of pot, which is called the
Fic. 589.—Vaginicola, Fic. 990.—Vorticella,
magnified. magnified.
Vaginicola (fig. 989); but of all this family
none is more interesting and beautiful
FIG. 991.— Melicerta ringens,
than the Vorticella (fig. 990), which, as magnified.
seen under the microscope, comes up like a sky-rocket to seize on
its prey. It lives attached to the leaves of plants in the river.
POLYPI—WORMS. 447
Attached to our water weeds, we have that very beautiful and
interesting species of the Rotatoria, the Melicerta ringens (fig. 991).
Specimens from my garden have been the subject of a very interesting
paper by Dr. Moxon, read before the Linnzan Society. It builds a
case for itself with little bricks of particles of mud. It is a choice
subject for the microscope, and may be watched with interest for hours.
It can be easily kept in a bottle with a piece of water weed, such as
the water ranunculus. Microscopists amuse themselves by giving it
particles of different bright colours with which to construct its house
and by this plan they obtain a case of many colours.
POLYPI.
No more interesting creatures dwell in my garden than the Polyps,
of which we have two or three species, among them the Hydra viridis,
HY. communis (fig. 992), and A. fusca. The
tentacles of these creatures appear to have
some stinging or poisonous properties, as when
they touch an animalcule it becomes paralysed.
Formerly they were thought to be simply bags,
into which their prey was thrust and then
digested. Now the researches of modern zoolo- pe ee
gists have shown that polyps have a higher organization, and Dr. A.
Farre’s papers read before the Royal Society have contributed to our
knowledge of these interesting creatures.
WORMS.
There are several kinds of worms in my garden, and their quantity
appears to have visibly increased with the cultivation of the soil. The
Earth-worm, Lob-worm, or Dew-worm (Lumbricus terrestris) is found,
but not in such quantities as in the valley of the Thames, where gallons
are collected after rain as bait for barbel. This worm burrows many
feet under ground. It appears to eat vegetable mould, but during
the winter it drags leaves into its holes—for what purpose it is not
easy to tell.
448 MY GARDE.
When worms get into pots the plants are damaged, and to prevent
this the gardener stands his plants on ashes or on boards. The Earth
or Lob Worm (fig. 993) is
about eight inches in length,
is hermaphrodite (Nos. 2
and 3), and lays eggs (Nos.
4 and 5). At night, after
a fall of rain, it comes to the
a
CZ
7
QT r
M77
surface, but leaves the end of
Fic. 993—Earth or Lob Worm. its tail in its hole, and on
the slightest noise rapidly withdraws. If a grassplot is examined at
night, by the aid of a lantern, when the worms have come out, it is a
remarkable sight, as the grass is covered with them. By the action
of this creature so much earth is said to be brought to the surface of
the ground as completely to cover chalk laid upon it, after a few
years. Nevertheless, I rather doubt the explanation.
The Red Worm (Lumbricus minor) is also found in wet ground
under stones. It is from two to three inches in length, and fish are
particularly fond of it. We have also the Green Worm (Lumbricus
viridis), which is discarded by the angler, and which lives under stones.
In my garden there is great abundance of the Brandling (Lumbricus
fetidus). It is marked alternately red and yellow; it lives in manure
heaps, and has an unpleasant odour, which clings to the hands after
touching it. It is a favourite bait for perch.
LEECHES.
We have Leeches in our lake. Ihave not determined the species,
but one kind is possibly the Hirudo piscium.
FRESH-WATER SPONGE.
We have one fine species of Fresh-water Sponge, which grows upon
the wall near the flood-gates, and also on the walls of the mill; it is
CRUSTACEA. 449
called the Spongilla fluviatilis (fig. 994). It is composed of siliceous
spicule, in which the animal dwells, and when dry it very much
resembles the sponge we commonly use. It soon dies when removed
from the water.
Fic. 995.—Fresh-water Shrimp.
Fic. 994.—Fresh-water Sponge, Fic. 996.—Woodlouse.
magnified (showing spicules).
CRUSTACEA.
The Upper Wandle does not contain the Crayfish (A stacus fluviatilis),
which I have often caught in the New River, Lea River, and Thames,
in the latter of which they abound at and above Oxford. I have
placed many in our river, but they have, disappeared, which is another
failure in acclimatization. From this creature the Bisque soup of the
French is made.
One aquatic species of Crustacean is of great value to us, the
Fresh-water Shrimp (Gammarus fallax, fig. 995). It exists literally by
myriads at the bottom of the river under every stone, and affords
abundance of food for the trout, which are very fond of it.
Another Crustacean is terrestrial, and does us much mischief. It
is the Woodlouse (Oniscus asellus, fig. 996), of which there are
more than one species. It delights to sally forth by night to devour
the delicate parts of the plants in our glass-houses, and it is especially
annoying to notice the injury they do to the roots and young shoots of
our valuable orchids. The gardener traps them by cutting a potato
in half, scooping out a portion, and turning the cavity downwards, when
the creatures collect underneath, and can be taken and destroyed,
Perhaps, however, the best remedy for woodlice is the toad, which
eagerly devours them, and no good gardener is ever without his pet
toads, who thus do him much service.
To return to the water: there are many microscopic species of
Crustaceans, such as the Cyclops, which are supposed to afford fagd for
GG
450 MY GARDEN.
young trout. Belonging to this tribe, we have abundance of the
Cyclops quadricornis (figs. 997 and 998), which are interesting creatures
to watch in an aquarium. We have also the Daphnia Pulex (fig. 999),
which is common everywhere.
Fic. 997.—Cyclops quadricornis Fic. 998.—Ditto, side view,
= magnified. : magnified. Fic. 999.—Daphnia Pulex,
; magnified.
FLEAS.
There are many species of Fleas. One species infests the dog,
another the cat, and most birds have their particular flea; but of all
the many species it is remarkable that the one which lives upon the
mole, the Puler tale, has no eye. The larva of the Puder trritans,
the bite of which drives some persons almost mad, is propagated by
egg. The larve of the flea live upon filth or in the nests of birds,
According to Cuvier, in about ten days after birth they spin a silken
shell, and in another ten days emerge in a perfect state. - The fleas on
the creatures in our garden might alone constitute a long study.
PARASITES,
The remarkable book of Denny has taught us how
many Parasites there are upon our birds and animals,
and even upon man. Denny has pointed out that the
same species may live upon many birds. I have many
kinds in my collection, and have figured one as an
ie pd tains example, the Parasite of the Ox (fig. 1000); but species
of the Ox, mag- eis
nified. may be found on nearly every living creature, and on
some creatures more than one kind.
ENTOZOA. 451
ENTOZOA.
In considering the creatures inhabiting the garden, the Entozoa
must always be mentioned, as they live one life on vegetation, a second
life in different animals, and a third life in man: therefore, the present
life in the garden may become the future life in our bodies, in the form
either of tapeworms in our intestines, of the Tvichinia spiralis in our
muscles, of the #7/arza in our eyes, or of the Hydatids in our brain.
_ There is hardly a creature living in the garden which has not
its entozoa, and therefore I can only allude to the more important,
which are especially interesting to man himself.
Dr. Cobbold, a great authority on entozoa, has pointed out that one
of the tapeworms which infest man, the Tenia mediocanellata—known
also as the Beef Tapeworm, or Unarmed Tapeworm—is developed from
an egg. This egg (fig. 1001) is passed by man to the grass, where it
is swallowed by.the cow. The egg, on passing into the stomach, has
the exterior case dissolved by the gastric juice, when by means of six
piercers it passes to the flesh of the cow, where it grows and lives and
Fis. 1001.—Egg of
Beef Tapeworm,
magnified.
Fic. 1002.—Beef Measles. Fic. 1003.—Beef Tapeworm, magnified.
constitutes the so-called Measles (fig. 1002) ; a little sac in the flesh or
meat about the size of a hemp-seed, but more irregular in form. In this
sac the creature resides (fig. 1003), but is still immature, and
the flesh has to be eaten by man before it can be fully
perfected, when on passing into the stomach it becomes
the Beef Tapeworm (fig. 1004), having from a thousand —
to twelve hundred joints. All the joints beyond 450 are jicjer,
e Sees Tapeworm,
mature,.and capable of producing eggs. Each mature joint magnified
has been calculated to produce 45,000 eggs, and from a calculation
made on a joint in my cabinet 30,000 ova at least exist, which shows
the terrible fecundity of this tapeworm pest.
GG 2
452 MY GARDEN.
ass 7
Another Tapeworm, the Armed Tapeworm (Texia solium, fig. 1005),
produces eggs which when devoured by swine give rise to measly pork
(fig. 1006). When thisis eaten by man a perfect tapeworm arises, which
again passes eggs, to be again eaten by swine. If the eggs are taken
into the stomach of man, they give rise to Cysticerci (fig. 1007), or
measles, and if they travel to the brain they may cause fatal results.
The tapeworm of the dog lives in man as the Echinococcus, or
Hydatid tapeworm (fig. 1008). All the figures are from Cobbold.
Fic. 1005.—Head
of Tzenia solium,
magnified.
Fic. 1006.— Pork Measles, nat. size.
aa, the cysts ; 64, tapeworm
larvee.
Fic. 1008.—Hydatid’
Tapeworm, mag-
nified.
Fic. 1007.—Cysticercus cellulosus,
magnified.
The curious story of the tapeworms teaches us to eschew badly
cooked meat, and also to be careful that our animals do not eat the
eggs of the future tapeworms with their vegetal food. Dr. Cobbold
has pointed out the danger of allowing cattle to graze on sewage
grounds, where the eggs of tapeworms must of necessity be distributed.
I believe myself, from all I can learn (though up to this day I have
been unable to verify the fact as a matter of legal evidence), that
many beasts, and most sheep, become diseased on the sewage-grounds.
Nevertheless I hear that one ox was fed upon
the produce of the Romford sewage-grounds,
and when killed was found healthy. Upon
our present information we ought to beware
of sewage-fed cattle, if we desire to avoid
future tapeworms.
The outside life of many of the entozoa
is unknown: that of the Threadworm is of
this class.
Fic. 1009,—Hairworm.
In all our streams we have a curious worm, called the Gordius
ENTOZOA. 453
aquaticus (fig. 1009), or Hairworm. It lays eggs, which are supposed
to be devoured by insects and developed in their bodies.
It is impossible to describe all the entozoa which live in the nume-
rous creatures inhabiting my garden, and still more so to describe the
different states in which these creatures live, with their wanderings.
MITES.
We have numerous species of Mites in my garden, of which I have
many specimens in my microscopic cabinets. The Acarus domesticus
lives upon cheese, and the Tyroglyphus faring
(fig. 1010) upon flour. One species is parasitic
on man in a diseased state, namely the Sar-
coptes Scabiet, both of which I have seen in the
hospitals in London and in Paris, There are
many species which live upon animals; such
as the Mouse Mite (Myobia musculinus) on the
mouse; others upon birds, as the Sparrow
Fic. roro —Tyroglyphus arinz,
Mite. Some mites live upon other insects: enna
we constantly see one species of mite, the Gamasus coleoptratorum,
upon the great dor beetle: and in our streams there are many kinds
of mites. One species is terribly destructive to our cabinet insects,
namely the Zyroglyphus destructor.
PLANT MITES, OR RED SPIDERS,
Plant mites are a most terrible pest to the horticulturist. Although
so small, they come in vast armies and spin a thread on the under
surface of the leaves of plants, where they live and suck their juices.
After a time the leaves perish, the plant is injured, and ultimately dies.
The conditions generally favourable to the increase of these pests are
dryness of the atmosphere with scorching suns. In our plant-houses
we generally keep down the mites by ensuring a humid atmosphere, but
in July it is difficult with us to grow melons in our district, on account
of the number of: these creatures which take possession of our frames.
454 MY GARDEN.
Of late years I have used with good success open pans of water to
evaporate and moisten the air, and by gently syringing the frame with
warm water before closing it. for the night, water is also supplied to
the air. Plants cannot be cultivated if plant mites are not destroyed.
The different species of mite demand the attention of naturalists,
Not only do they attack the plants in our glass-houses, but I have.
seen an extensive plantation of gooseberry-trees belonging to a market
gardener at Fulham attacked by them, and the last year or two the
plants of the British Queen strawberry have been destroyed at my
garden by a visitation of plant mites. The common Red Spider
is called Gamasus telarius (fig. 1011).
One acarus delights to live amongst microscopic fungi, and under
the microscope looks like a rhinoceros trotting about in a jungle.
Fic. ro1t.—Red Siler,
magnified.
Ftc. 1012,—Harvest Bug, magnified.
Koch has published a work upon these creatures, with a vast number
of illustrations, but very few persons in this country are acquainted
with the specific differences of the plant acari.
Kikenmeister considers the Harvest Bug (Leptus autumnalis, fig.
1012) to be one of the grass mites. He states that it lives in dry
grass, in corn, and upon the gooseberry bushes, and also upon man in
July and the beginning of August. It is very troublesome to reapers.
I have not myself verified the species, but have engraved the figure
from Kiikenmeister. On my own gooseberry-bushes the acari have not
appeared, or at any rate have never been observed, although me trees
have been examined for that purpose.
SPIDERS. 455
SPIDERS.
Blackwall, in his valuable work on Spiders, has taught us how
numerous are the British spiders.
“The spider spreads her webs, whether she be
In poet’s tower, cellar, or barn, or tree.’—-SHELLEY.
The common Garden Spider (Epeira diadema, fig. 1013) delights us
with the perfect geometric web which it constructs.
It does a limited amount of good by destroying
flies, but not to such an extent as to be really im-
portant. In our glass-houses we have a consider-
able number of the Agelena labyrintheca, which :
constructs a large sheet of web (fig. 1014), at one 9 *"3j,nea™ Spider
corner of which it makes a circular den; into this it retires and
watches for its victim, upon which it pounces, carrying it to the den
to be devoured. It looks altogether a most infernal apparatus.
til
M
i
!
rh
U
y
Fic. 1014.—Web of Agelena labyrintheca.
In the spring we often see a Red Spider (Tvombidium Holovericum),
which attracts our attention from the brightness of its colours; and
also Hunting Spiders, which are remarkable for their extreme activity.
We sometimes see the Gossamer at Wallington, but not to be
compared with the quantity which may be observed on the Continent
in the autumn.
“Slow through the air
Gossamer floats, or stretch’d from blade to blade
The wavy network whitens all the field”—GILBERT WHITE.
All spiders are useful to the gardener, but certainly could not of
themselves entirely protect the garden from the ravages of insects.
456 MY GARDEN.
CENTIPEDES AND MILLIPEDES.
We often notice Centipedes and Millipedes, especially about our
potatoes and carrots. We have the Thirty-foot Centipede (Lithobius
Sorficatus, fig. 1015, No. 2),
which has a large head (fig.
1015, No. 3) and a powerful
pair of jaws; but I do not
remember to have ever seen
at my garden the Luminous
Centipede (Geophilus longicor-
Fic. 1015.—Centipedes. nis, fig. 1015, No. 1), which is
remarkable at certain times for leaving a train of fire in its track. I
have seen this phenomenon in London and in its vicinity, and have
caught the creature surrounded by its fire.
Many Millipedes abound in the garden, but I have not identi-
fied all of them. I have borrowed the picture from Curtis; it shows
species which we may expect
to find. No. 1, fig. 1016, re-
presents Fulus Londinensis ;
it has about 160 legs. Nos,
2 and 3 represent Blaniulus
guttatus, which has about 170
legs, and is about half an
inch long. No. 4 represents Fic. ro16,—Millipedes.
Fulus terrestris, or Earth Snake Millipede, No. 5 showing its an-
tenna magnified. Nos. 6 and 7 show the Polydesmus complanatus, or
Flattened Millipede. I am by no means certain as to the functions
these creatures perform in the general scheme of nature, although we
see so many of them in the garden. Boisduval states that L. Sorficatus
is a friend to the gardener, but further study is required to make
ourselves acquainted with the natural history of these creatures.
Koch has given figures of numerous species.
THE GARDEN INSECTS. 457
THE GARDEN INSECTS.
“Heat and cold, and wind and steam,
Moisture and drought, mice, worms, and swarming flies
Minute as dust, and numberless, oft work
Dire disappointment, that admits no cure,
And which no care can obviate.”—COWPER.
However perfect a garden a horticulturist may have ; however well
stocked it may be with the most delicious fruits, with the most beautiful
flowers, and with the choicest vegetals; however judicious may be the
arrangements of his greenhouses and of his horticultural appliances; yet
if the gardener be not acquainted with the habits of the insects which
dwell therein, and if he does not know what to protect and what to
destroy, his labour will frequently be lost, and he will be unable to
assign any reason for his failure.
Many atime have I seen a crop of melons and cucumbers destroyed
by aphides feeding unobserved on the under surface of the leaves ; many
a time have I seen crops destroyed by red spiders, and as often have
I known the coccus, when unrestrained, to kill plants.
Sometimes the grub of the cockchafer or of the wireworm has been
the offender in killing a plant by eating the roots. Sometimes grubs
live between the two layers of the leaf, others eat its soft parts,
and at other times greedy caterpillars devour the entire plant in a
succulent state.
Again, large trees are destroyed by the formidable caterpillar of
the goat moth, which perforates their trunks in all directions; and
the larve of beetles inflict great damage by devouring the new-
forming wood.
As a rule, gardeners do not grapple with insect pests sufficiently
early, and the master should be quick to detect insect ravages and bring
them under the notice of his gardener, so that he may adopt whatever
measures may be practicable to prevent mischief.
Above all, both master and gardener should know what to destroy
and what to preserve ; for lady-birds, the most useful of all insects, have
been killed as noxious, and ichneumons, the caterpillar-destroying help
458 MY GARDEN.
mates of the gardener, have frequently been destroyed upon the erro-
neous supposition that they were hurtful.
The number of kinds of insects which visit my garden is so vast
that it would be impossible to describe them, even if they were all
correctly named and classified by the scientific entomologist ; but as
all the insects of Great Britain are not up to the present time so
arranged, the gardener must content himself with obtaining a general
knowledge of the chief groups, distinguishing between those which are
useful, detrimental, or onamental.
“By myriads, forth at once,
Swarming they pour; of all the varied hues
Their beauty-beaming parent can disclose.
Ten thousand forms! ten thousand different tribes !
People the blaze."—THOMSON’S Seasons.
HYMENOPTERA.
The first great class of insects to which I must call attention is the
Hymenoptera, or Membranous-winged insects, such as bees, wasps,
and ichneumons. The perfect insect has four veined wings for flight, it
has jaws at the mouth, and. at the tail either a piercer or a sting. The
larve of some species resemble maggots, as those of the wasp; the
larvze of others resemble caterpillars, as those of the saw-flies,
' This class comprises some of the most useful, as well as some of
the most destructive insects which dwell in the garden. The most
important insect in my garden is probably the Honey
Bee (Apis mellifica, fig. 1017), which is directly useful
to the horticulturist in setting the flowers by bringing
the pollen of the pistils in contact with the stamens.
Ke sory —Working No one who values a crop of fruit ought to be without
Honey: Bes: his bees, which should be regarded as a necessary part
of his establishment, and kept for the express purpose of setting his
flowers, without any ulterior motive as to their production of honey.
I always keep three or four hives for this purpose alone. The honey
made by our bees in some years tastes so strongly of lavender and
peppermint as to impart to it the flavour of physic.
AYMENOPTERA. 459
De Candolle found that Narbonne honey owes its peculiar flavour to
the fact that the bees feed upon rosemary flowers. Bees are particularly
fond of alpine flowers, and delight to visit the sedums. Heather also
yields much honey to bees, and beekeepers in Yorkshire carry their
hives in a waggon to the moors when the heather blossoms, and return
with them to their residence when it is out of flower.
The hum of bees is exciting to the nervous system of some persons.
Gilbert White describes a boy who was a very Merops Apiaster. I
have known such a case, in a gentleman who is now an officer in the
army and passionately fond of music, who when a child was always in
search of bees, and generally had some in paper boxes in his pocket.
It is not a fitting place to consider the economy of a bee-hive, or
we should be led with Shakspeare to say :—
“So work the honey bees:
Creatures that by a rule of nature teach
The art of order to a peopled kingdom.”
SHAKSPEARE, Henry IV.
At mv garden the working bees (fig. 1017) kill the drones about the
third week in August, when the ground around the hives is literally
covered with their dead bodies.
The Humble-bees (Bombus terrestis, No.1; Bombus lucerum, No. 4,
fig. 1018) are of service to us,
and it is interesting to observe
them open the valve of the
flower of the snapdragon and
enter therein. Curtis states
that these bees damage the
flower by piercing it instead of
entering at its mouth. Al-
though we have abundance of
snapdragons and numerous Fic. 1018.—Humble-bees.
humble-bees, this observation has not bzen verified in my garden.
In our neighbourhood there are many solitary bees, which make
holes in a sand-bank, in which they deposit their young,
460 MY GARDEN.
The Common Wasp (Vespa vulgaris, fig. 1019, a) constantly has its
nest in our garden. In the year 1869 some epidemic disease appeared
to attack them, which greatly reduced their numbers. Wasps are upon
the whole very destructive in gardens, as they eat the thin-skinned
apples, the finer pears, and the wall fruit, together with the plums
and grapes. They are
besides annoying and
spiteful, as I have been
deliberately stung by a
wasp without the least
provocation upon my
part: for these reasons
we destroy wasps by
catching the large fe-
males, which appear in
early spring. When the
Fic. rorg.—a, Common Wasp ; a, ¢,/, sting of ditto. 6, Gnat ; :
¢, mouth of ditto. nests are discovered, in
July and August, they are usually destroyed by making a squib of
sulphur and gunpowder, which is introduced into the entrance of the
nests; after which the nest, which is then full of grubs, may be
dug out, and the grubs given to the poultry or be used as bait for
fish. Tar poured into the entrance-hole is destructive to a whole
colony, as no wasp can enter or emerge without being caught by this
substance. Wasps may also be trapped by placing sugar and water in
a bottle; being attracted by the sugar, they enter the bottle, but can-
not escape from it. Wasps may be poisoned by arsenic and sugar,
but pets are liable to be killed as well as wasps, and therefore this
poison had better be avoided. Wasps are not altogether an unmitigated
evil in a garden, as they act as scavengers to remove decaying animal
matter, and they also destroy aphides. The nest of the wasp is very
curious, being constructed of paper made by the creatures from the
fibre of trees. It consists of a series of horizontal groups of hexagonal
paper cells, arranged in tiers one cell thick, with the mouth down-
wards and one tier above another. The nest of the wasp therefore
HYMENOPTERA. 461
forms a striking contrast with that of the honey bee, which is made
of wax instead of paper, and the cells of which are arranged verti-
cally in tiers two cells thick.
Dr. Ormerod takes a great delight in wasps, which have been his
companions for many years. I have copied
one of his figures of the common wasp’s
nest (fig. 1020), in preference to giving a
figure from one of the specimens in my
own collection. The late Dr. Henslow, the
learned Professor of Botany at Cambridge,
also delighted in the observation of these
creatures, and forwarded many remarkable
Fic. 1020.—Wasp’s Nest.
specimens to the Kew Museum.
Wasps, like all other hymenopterous insects, sting with an apparatus
placed at the tail (fig. 1019, d, e, f), while two-winged insects bite
with an apparatus situated at the mouth (fig. 1019, ¢. When any
person is stung by a wasp, we at once apply a drop or two of harts-
horn; this is an infallible remedy, which immediately does its work.
For this reason no gardener should be without a bottle of ammonia,
or, as it is popularly called, hartshorn, during the fruit season.
Ammonia is equally effective if applied immediately to the stings of
bees, or to the bites of adders. Wasps sometimes attack the bee-
hives, which has been noticed by Shakspeare :—
“TInjurious wasps! to feed on such sweet honey,
And kill the bees, that yield it, with your stings.”
Hornets (Vespa crabro) visit my garden, but I do not know where
their nest is situated. They construct their nests in horizontal tiers, like
wasps, and generally in the holes of trees. Hornets are larger, heavier,
and more sluggish than wasps, and not so spiteful. On one occasion we
had a hornet’s nest in the eaves of a house in which we lived, but not a
single inmate was stung; on another occasion a nest existed opposite
the front door ; and Dr. Ormerod mentions the case of a countrywoman
who patronized hornets because they rid her room of flies, whilst she
was confined to bed. The presence of a hornet ina room may always be
known, and we often discover one even in the centre of London, by the
tone of the buzz, which is much deeper than that of the common
wasp. The nest I have figured (fig. 1021) is taken from my work
entitled “Instinct and Reason,” and the original nest belongs to the
British Museum. The Pendulous Wasp is also found on trees near
Croydon,
After bees, which are so directly beneficial to vegetation, and after
wasps, which are more or less injurious, we have among the Hymeno-
ptera the whole tribe of Ichneumons. These flies are indirectly of
great utility to the gardener, by destroying noxious insects. Some of
Fic. 1022. -Aphidius rapze
(magnified ro diam.).
= Fic. 1023.--Colax dispar
Fic. 1o2z1.—Hornet’s Nest (British Museum). (mageified 10 dia).
them are large (fig. 1064, No. 5), and deposit their eggs in the
largest caterpillars, while others are so minute, as the Aphidius rope (fig.
1022), that they can deposit their ova in the smallest aphides. The
creature in which the egg is deposited is eventually eaten up, and instead
of changing into a winged creature forms a case from which issues ‘
perfect ichneumon fly.
Again, there are some species which deposit their egg in the larve
of the ichneumons, which are preying upon a third creature; a truly
HYMENOPTERA. 463
curious phenomenon of nature. This parasite upon parasite is exem-
plified by the Colar dispar (fig. 1023).
It is impossible to overrate the importance of the great family of
Ichneumonide to the horticulturist. These winged insects deposit
their eggs, some in the caterpillar, others in the chrysalis. They then
turn into grubs, and devour the creatures in which they live, and thus
are good friends to the gardener by destroying his foes.
In my work on the Potato plant I have mentioned that there
is a set of hymenopterous insects which
seize upon aphides and carry them off to
their habitation to feed their own young
ones. The Pemphredon unicolor (fig. 1024)
is an example of this tribe.
The Saw-flies constitute another group
: seat es Fic, 1024.—Pemphredon unicolor
of hymenopterous insects injurious to the Spee Stier
garden. Their larve resemble caterpillars, and destroy the leaves of
many plants. The larve of Horn Tails bore the trunks of timber
trees. At my garden for several years, and especially in 1871,
we have been much troubled with the Rose Saw-fly (Hylotoma rosa,
fig. 1025). It devours the leaf of the rose-tree, leaving one mem-
Fic. 1025.—Rose-leaf and Larva Fic. 1026.—Tenthredo rosarum,
of Rose Saw-fly. magnified.
Fic. 1026@.— Pear-tree
Saw- fly.
brane of the leaf only. It appeared in such quantities in some
parts of the garden that every leaf on many trees was utterly de-
stroyed at midsummer. The Tenthredo rosarum (fig. 1026) is
represented by Boisduval to be very destructive to the rose; and the
Pear-tree Saw-fly (fig. 10262) sometimes inflicts much injury.
The larva of the genus Sirex, S. juvencus, has powerful mandibles,
464 MY GARDEN.
by which it can pierce the trunks of pine-trees, and it has been
known to gnaw through leaden bullets. I have not seen it in my
garden, though in other places
it has been known to be
highly destructive. The figure
is from the excellent book of
Kolliker, translated by West-
wood, and represents S. gigas
(fig. 1027).
Gall-insects are another ex-
tensive section of the Hymen-
optera. The species which
develops the nutgall (Cynips
Fic. 1027.—Sirex gigas. liguicola, fig. 1028), which is
used in the manufacture of writing ink, has within the last fifteen years
spread throughout England, and exists in my garden, especially in the
lower branches of the oak, or on the low oak bushes. The oak-apple
(C. terminalis, fig. 1028a) carried by some good people on King
Charles’s Day (the 29th of May) is caused by the larve of another
Fic. 1028.—Gall on Oak. Fic. 1028 2,.—Cynips terminalis. Fic. 1029.—Redbreast's
Pincushion.
hymenopterous gall-insect ; whilst the mossy excrescence on the rose
(Rhoditis rosea, fig. 1029) is another example of the effects of this
section of hymenopterous insects. All theSe excrescences are detri-
mental to the plant on which they live, and should be removed.
Ants exist in my garden, but they do us little or no harm, although
they sometimes locate themselves in our glass-houses. There are species
HYMENOPTERA. 465
and especially a black one, which are constant attendants upon
aphides, and feed upon the sugar which they excrete. Wherever ants
run over a plant, there aphides or cocci exist. The
: 7A
Fic. 1030.—Black Ant,
readily guides us to a knowledge of the existence ™* 9% an¢ masmifed.
Black Ant (fig. 1030) is so easily seen, and so
of aphides, that in familiar language I always call it my “aphis pointer,”
and no gardener should ever neglect the warning of the busy little
black ant.
BEETLES, OR COLEOPTERA,
In the division of insects, the second great class are the Coleoptera,
or Beetles, some of which are useful, whilst others are highly detri-
mental and destructive to vegetation. Coleopterous insects have two
thick horny coverings to the two filmy wings, which are folded. The
larvee of beetles are grubs having six tiny legs, of which a meal-
worm or wire-worm may serve as an example; these come from eggs,
hatch to larve, which change to pupz, and they in their turn are
transformed into the perfect creature.
The largest beetle we have in England is the Stag Beetle (Lucanus
cervus, pl. 24, fig. 8). It is so common that once, when some were wanted
for a comparative anatomist, a
reward of twopence a head was
offered for them, but they were
delivered in such quantities that
it was very soon found neces-
sary to withdraw the reward.
The larve feed on wood in a
state of incipient decay, and
certainly they may be regarded
as more ornamental than useful
as they fly across the garden
Fic. 1031.—Cockchafer: a, eggs; 6, c, d, larvat
in a summer's evening. é, perfect beetle,
One of the most destructive insects to a garden, both in the larva
and perfect state, is the Cockchafer (Melolontha vulgaris, fig. 1031). In
H H
466 MY GARDEN.
the grub state it eats the roots, and in the winged or perfect state it
devours the leaves of plants, so that, when plentiful, what the grub
leaves the cockchafer devours. This creature sometimes appears in
such numbers as to'constitute a plague, destroying all vegetation before
it. I have myself seen the roots of grass so destroyed by the grub
that the turf could have been rolled up; and Kirby and Spence have
recorded extraordinary instances of its voracity. It is supposed to be
five years in the ground before it assumes the perfect form.
Like the common cockchafer, the small June Bug (Péyllopertha
horticula) is common in my garden, and often very destructive.
The Rose :Chafer (Cetonia aurata, fig. 1032) is of so brilliant a
colour that really I do not think the garden perfect without a display
of its lovely colours shining
in the rose-bushes. Neverthe-
less they are bad gardeners;
and although I tolerate them.
in small quantities, yet they
are similar to cockchafers in
their destructive propensities,
No. 1 shows the perfect in-
sect; No. 2 the grub, which
resembles that of the cock-
chafer ; No. 3 the cocoon; and No. 4 the pupa.
Fic. 1032.— Rose Chafer.
We have also the Dung Beetle (Geotrapes stercorarius), but, as I
have observed elsewhere, not in large quantities, These beetles are of
limited use as scavengers in burying the dung. They are constantly
infected with a species of acarus.
“To hear the drowsy dorr come brushing by
With buzzing wing.”—WHITE.
I have never noticed the Glow-worm (Lampyris noctiluca) in my
garden, though in some years we frequently see it on Mitcham Common
as we return in the evening to London. The light of this interesting
creature is emitted from the two last segments of the tail, Glow-worms
may be kept in a tumbler with a root of grass, for observation, and
BEETLES, OR COLEOPTERA. 467
should be covered with a bit of gauze: the creatures climb up the grass
at night, and exhibit their light.
“The glow-worm shows the matin to be. near,
And ’gins to pale his ineffectual fire."—SHAKSPEARE, Hamlet.
“The chilling night-dews fall; away! retire!
For, see, the glow-worm lights her amorous fire.” WHITE.
A tribe of beetles called Weevils, which comprise a large number of
species, are detrimental to the garden. The larve are fleshy grubs
without Iegs, and the beetles themselves have a long snout. One
species, Balaninus nucum (fig. 1033), is in some years so numerous that
every nut is destroyed. The egg is deposited in the young nut, when
the grub eats up the kernel, and then bores a hole through the shell
to escape; it hides itself throughout the winter, and emerges the
next year as a perfect beetle. The figure shows the perfect beetle,
and the grub eating its way through the shell.
Fic. 1034.— Bruchus
pisi.
Fic. 1035.—Scolytus destructor.
Fic. 1033.—Balaninus nucum.
Another species of weevil, the Bruchus pisz (fig. 1034, a), destroys
our peas. The larva (4) lives in the seed, and in some years seed
peas (c) injured by it may be often seen in the shops.
The Otiorhynchus sulcatus isa common beetle, which has done much
damage to ferns at the South Kensington Museum, and the O. pzciges is
said much to damage young trees.
Another genus of weevils, the Scolytus, is perhaps the most
destructive of all beetles. The large elms for miles around London
have been destroyed by the Scolytus destructor, the larve of which
HH 2
468 MY GARDEN.
(fig. 1035) live in countless multitudes upon the cambium under the
outer bark.
The Anthonomus pomorum (fig. 1036) is another beetle
which has a great influence upon the produce of the
apple-trees. Its larvae devour the pistils, stamens, and
ovaries of the flowers in the month of May, and there p,, 1036 —Antho-
are very few gardens where this pest is not found. alee a
I have smelt the Musk Beetle (Avomia moschata), the fragrant scent
of which has been likened to a mixture of musk and attar of roses ;
but I have never seen a specimen in my garden. Some years ago,
in the course of a single afternoon, I saw hundreds of musk beetles
sunning themselves on the trunks of the willows growing on the
side of the old Croydon canal, upon the site of which the railroad
now runs.
My garden has been much infested with Wire-worms, the larve of
various species of the Elateride. They especially frequent grass
meadows, and as my garden was originally a grass meadow, I have been
proportionally tormented by them. The larve are supposed to live
five years underground before they assume the beetle form, and during
the whole of that time they
devour the roots of plants.
Rooks are their great natural
destroyers. I have found
upwards of a hundred of
these beetles in the crop of
a rook shot in the early
morning, before five o'clock.
The gardener may trap them
Fic. 1037.—Wire-worm. ° by placing slices of potato
in the ground, round which they will congregate, and from which they
may be taken and destroyed. Wire-worms are some of the very worst
pests which the gardener has to extirpate. There are many species,
but all are alike in the injury which they inflict upon the gardener.
This extremely destructive creature is allied in its general charac-
BEETLES, OR COLEOPTERA. 469
teristics to the fire beetle of the tropics, which carries its two beau-
tiful and curious lights in its thorax.
My figure is again taken, with the kind permission of Messrs, Blackie,
from the great work of Curtis, “On Insects injurious to the Farmer.”
Fig. 1037, Nos. 7, 8, and 9, shows the wire-worm ; the cylindrical form
being a striking characteristic. They are stated to live in this con-
dition for five years; they then assume the pupa form (No. Io), and
Nos, 2, 3, and 6 show them, magnified, in the perfect state.
The Asparagus Beetle (Crioceris asparagi) is an example of a nume-
rous genus, which sometimes is very injurious to the asparagus plants.
All gardens, and mine consequently included, are infested with a
beetle minute in size, but of great importance on account of the
damage which it effects. In common language it is called the Turnip
Fly, or Turnip Flea (fig. 1038), but by the scientific entomologist it
is designated as the Adtica
nemorum. The eggs (Nos. 4
and 5) are small; the maggots
(Nos. 8 and 9) burrow in the
leaf (No. 7); the cuticle then
withers and dies (No. 6), and
in about six days the maggots
turn into chrysalises (Nos. 10
and 11, magnified), which in
Fic. 1038.—Turnip Fly.
about two weeks change into
minute beetles (No. 1, magnified), of the size represented (Nos. 2 and 3).
The perfect insect, although so minute, is remarkable for its power
of jumping at least eighteen inches. The turnip fly is so terribly
destructive that, according to Curtis, the damage it did to the
turnip crop in one year, in Devonshire alone, was estimated at
100,000/, In the garden many a crop of turnips, cabbages, cauli-
flowers, and other allied plants, is totally destroyed in the seed-bed.
No certain mode of destroying this insect is yet known, but inactivity
of the plants certainly leads to their injury, and a rapid growth as
surely promotes their safety; hence it is of the utmost importance
a MY GARDEN.
for the horticulturist to sow his seeds at a period of the year when vege-
tation is active. JI have not myself watched these creatures minutely.
The Rove Beetles are very numerous, but are extremely repulsive
to most persons, and are also excessively ferocious. They are, however,
good friends to the gardener, as they devour earwigs and other
creatures. The one figured‘is the Staphylinus (Ocypus) olens (fig. 1039),
which is commonly called the Devil’s Coach-horse. Curtis says that the
larvee (No. 1) are as ferocious as the beetle (No. 2), and feed entirely
upon animal substances. There are no less than seven hundred British
species; but the gardener who is thoroughly in earnest in mastering
horticulture cannot afford the time necessary to make himself specially
acquainted with each kind of beetle.
Fic. 1040,—Lady-bird.
Fic. 1039.—Devil’s Coach-horse: 1, larva ; 2, beetle; oo iia
3, head magnified.
One of the benevolent beetles which do us much service is that
called the Lady-bird (fig. 1040) or the Béte a la Vierge (Coccinellide).
There are many species of them ; some having from two to twenty-two
spots on their wing-cases. Both larva (No. 1) and winged beetles (Nos. 2
and 3) live upon aphides, and devour vast quantities of them. In seasons
when the lady-birds increase in greater ratio than the aphides, as was
the case in 1869, they devour all before them, and then migrate in vast
armies to other parts. This is the origin of those great visitations of
lady-birds which periodically occur. Whenever we meet with a lady-bird
we place it in one of our glass-houses, and consider it a highly valuable
ally; the rapidity with which it can clear plants of aphides is truly
remarkable. Lady-birds in early spring are much prized by me.
The water in my garden contains a great many Water Beetles.
BEETLES, OR COLEOPTERA. 471
The Dytiscus marginalis, a great water beetle which abounds in ponds,
does not appear to live in my garden; at any rate I have never seen
it, though it exists in the grounds of Wallington House. The small
water beetles are exceedingly numerous, and six or more of them may
sometimes be found ona single stone under water in my Central brook,
and many more may be descried on a piece of wood in the river.
I believe that they are of no importance to the gardener.
‘ORTHOPTERA.
The Third order of insects are the Orthoptera, which comprise the
Cockroaches, Crickets, and Grasshoppers. They have jaws, two opaque
upper wings, and two larger thin wings. The larva, like that of the
ordinary cockroach, has no wings. All these creatures are injurious.
The Cockroach (Blatta orientalis, fig. 1041) is a tropical insect, and
loves the tropical temperature of our orchard-houses and cucumber-
houses. We generally see
this creature in the larva
state, but really, when it has
complete wings, it is far
from being so ugly a crea-
ture as it is generally con-
sidered to be. It hides Ree
itself by day, and prowls about by night to devour what it can find.
For the delicate shoots and fresh roots of orchids it has a particular
fancy. These creatures may be poisoned by a mixture of red lead,
treacle, and meal, or they may be trapped; but toads are their great
destroyers, and therefore they should always be kept where cock-
roaches abound.
There is an extraordinary creature called the Mole Cricket (Gryllo-
talpa vulgaris), which is common in Hampshire. It has a powerful
pair of fore-legs, formed like those of a mole, by means of which
it burrows underground. A single specimen was found by the station-
master at Hackbridge, and others have been placed in my field for
observation, but do not appear to have bred.
472 MY GARDEN.
Our plant-houses are visited by the Cricket, which sings us a
cheerful tune in its own peculiar way, that is both exciting and
pleasing to the mind. The horticulturist is irritated by the noise,
as he knows full well that Mr. Cricket sups after his song, and
perhaps selects the tenderest part of the choicest plant. Crickets
on the hearth may be joyous enough, but crickets in the plant-houses
are creatures of woe to the gardener. They may be poisoned like
cockroaches, and they may be also devoured by toads.
“ And crickets sing at th’ oven’s mouth
As the blither for their drouth.,.—SHAKSPEARE, Pericles.
Crickets liké the warmest part of the plant-house, just as they frequent
the crannies about the stove in the kitchen.
Out of doors Grasshoppers, of which there are perhaps twenty
species, are destructive to the farmer. They are allied to the locust, 4
and are equally destructive. In my garden we have but few. :
The Earwig (Forficula auricularis, fig. 1042) is
another creature which is hurtful in gardens. They
hide during the day, and come forth at night to.
feed upon fruit or the tender parts of flowers.
Fig. 1042.—Earwig. They may be trapped by providing a dark hole,
such as a scooped-out potato, in which they seek to hide.
HEMIPTERA.,
The Fourth order of insects, the Hemiptera, is divided by some
authors into Hemiptera and Homoptera, and comprises the Plant-lice
and the Mealy Bugs. They have a horny beak for suction, and the
perfect insect has four beautiful wings. The larva is like the perfect
insect, except that it has no wings. The whole order is the terror of
the gardener, as they live by sucking the juices of his plants, and
much of his success will depend upon the promptness and vigilance
with which he extirpates these pests.
The Lygus solani (fig. 1043, Nos. 2 and 3 magnified, No. 1 nat. size)
lives on the potato leaf; and the Lygus umbellatarum (fig. 1043, Nos. 4
and 5 natural size, and No. 6 magnified) lives on the Umbellatz.
HEMIPTERA, 473
The Pentatoma oleaceum (fig. 1044) is another plant-destroying
insect, which is often noticed on vegéetals.
The family of Aphides is injurious to the gardener. Some live
upon the leaves of plants, and suck their juices. Other kinds, as the
Oak Aphis, live on the trunks of trees, which they pierce, and suck
their juices. Some live upon the tops of young shoots, as the Rose
Fic. 1044.—Pentatoma
oleaceum.
Fic. 1043.—Lygus solani and Lygus umbellatarum.
Aphis; and others feed underground, and suck the roots of plants,
as one species which infest the lettuce. When aphides attack a plant,
it has a tendency to rot at the roots, and I have even known large
willow-trees to die down and rot after a severe attack by aphides.
Gardeners are generally too tardy in the destruction of these creatures ;
the instant they appear they should be killed with tobacco smoke.
Melon ‘and cucumber plants frequently perish from the attacks of
these creatures, as they remain unnoticed on the under surface of the
leaves.
The aphis exists in three states,—the larva, the pupa, and the winged
or perfect insect. It multiplies with extreme rapidity, and in the
winged state frequently appears in vast clouds, filling the air and
settling upon every object. Eggs are laid at the end of the year by
some species, and I have hatched eggs experimentally in warm houses,
to be sure that they were the eggs of aphides. It isa remarkable fact
that the females propagate to an unknown extent without impregna-
tion; and although I have kept myriads of the Aphis vastator for
observation, I have never seen either an egg or a male. We are in
the habit of looking to astronomy for numbers beyond the capacity of
474 MY GARDEN.
man to realize, but the multiplication of aphides affords a more
astounding illustration. A single aphis produces about ten every ten
days, and these again give birth to ten; therefore to represent the
number of the progeny of one of these creatures for the space of
one year, thirty-six figures placed in a row would be required. As
the distance in miles beween the earth and the sun is represented.
by only ten figures, and as seventeen figures would represent the
number of aphides required to form a line between the same bodies,
we may form a kind of indefinite vision of the immensity of the
power of multiplication possessed by aphides, and have a dim
idea of the rapid manner in which they can cover vegetation when
they appear.
I have in my cabinet about 150 species, and I have traced a single
‘species over sixty plants. Koch has given in his work 396 figures,
and Boisduval has noticed 163 species. Nevertheless there is con-
Fic. 1045.—-Aphis vastator, highly magnified.
siderable confusion about many of the names. The one which I
named A, vasiator was called by Curtis A. vag@,and both Mr. Curtis
and myself considered that it was the same species. By some
learned entomologists it was called, but I think wrongly, 4. rumicis,
and now some consider that it is A. dianthi. I have figured a drawing
of one of my own specimens from the “ Year-book of Facts” of 1850
(fig. 1045), A. dianthi in the larva state from a drawing kindly
made for me by Mr. Buckton (fig. 1046), and the A. rape of Curtis
(fig. 1047: No. 5 the winged insect, No. 7 the larva, and No. 8 natural
Bi Ge
eeeeeer
HEMIPTERA. 475
size). I have also figured from Curtis the A. floris rape (fig. 1047:
No. 1 the winged insect, No. 3 the larva, No. 4 natural size). The
Fi. 1046.—Aphis dianthi, Fic. 1046 tae
magnified.
A. vastator attacks
Fic. 1048.—Aphides on
Potato-leaf, nat. size.
phis.
Fic. 1047.—A. rapz and A. floris rape (Curtis).
a large number of plants, and is one of the
most destructive pests which can annoy the
gardener. It lives upon the under side of
the leaves, and I have counted a hundred insects
on a leaflet of the potato plant (fig. 1048).
The Black Aphis (A. rumicis,
fig. 1049) is considered to be A.
fabe, or Bean Aphis. It lives
upon the stalks of the broad
beans, near the top, and it is usual
to cut off their top so as to de-
stroy these creatures. ee ee
Our plum-trees are terribly infested by the Plum Aphis (Aya-
lopteris pruni, fig. 1050). The under side of the leaves are sometimes
so thickly covered with these creatures that the point of a pin cannot
be inserted between them. They are of a peculiar light grass-green,
and there are very few years in which they do not infest my trees.
Our peas are occasionally, but not often, attacked by the Pea.
Aphis (Siphonophora pisi, fig. 1051). In some years, in other localities,
476 MY GARDEN.
I have seen it in large quantities, and one year a vast colony alighted
in all the open courts of the Bank of England. It is a large handsome
species, with long legs, long antenne, and long joints to the legs.
Fic. 1052.—American Blight,
magnified.
Fic. roso.— Plum Aphis, magnified.
2
Fic. 1051.—Pea Aphis, magnified.
One of the more remarkable aphides, which attacks two or three
out of my large collection of apple-trees, is the American Blight
(Schizoneura lanuginosa, fig. 1052). It lives upon the stems of the
apple-trees, and when crushed stains linen like the cochineal: I
remember it ever since I was a child, because I incurred the wrath of
my nurse by staining my pinafores with its
blood. It was supposed to have been im-
ported from America, but Harris considers
that it was introduced to America on fruit-
trees from Europe. It is reputed to live on
the roots as well as on the stems, but I have
not myself verified this. It is very injurious
Fic. 1053. —Currant-leaf with Aphides. to the trees.
Some years, as in 1871, the currant-trees round London were
severely injured by the Currant Aphis, which lives on the under
side of the leaves and causes them to pucker (fig. 1053). In 1872
a second species attacked the tops of their shoots. Many of the trees
died. Sometimes the lettuces are destroyed by a root-feeding aphis
(Aucyla fuscicornis, fig. 1046a). Frequently the leaves of the carrot
are attacked by a species apt to escape notice. The vegetal marrows
were attacked in 1871 for the first time in my garden, on the under
HEMIPTERA. 47
side of the leaf; but the melons and cucumbers in the glass structures
are pretty constantly visited by this pest. Sometimes the leaves of
our cabbage plants are infested, but never in my garden to such an
extent as I have seen them elsewhere. I have noticed beet-root and
mangold extensively destroyed, but not at my garden. Grasses have
a peculiar aphis. Rose-trees are frequently injured by aphides, which
attack the young shoots. In some gardens honeysuckles are con-
stantly so severely attacked as to destroy their appearance, but
mine have not so suffered. Ivy is sometimes seriously injured. The
leaves of the apple-tree are often visited by a species totally different
from the American Blight, but it has never been seen at my garden,
The limes are constantly visited by such numbers that much honey
is produced for the bees and wasps ; the beech is also similarly infested.
We have had two or three large willows killed by thousands of a very
large kind of aphis, which Mr. Buckton has determined from my
specimens to be the Lachnus Saligna (plate 23, figs. 1-3), although it may
possibly be the A. salicis of Curtis, but not of Walker or Linnzus.
The oak has several species, including
the variety with long rostrum (fig.
1054), which lives in the cracks in the
oak bark; and the sycamores have
a very large species on their leaves,
which is followed by a black fungus. Fic. 1054.—Aphis Quercus, magnified.
I might cite many other examples, but I have mentioned enough to show
how formidable these creatures are, from the variety of plants which
they attack, and on account of the vast quantities which feed on a
single plant. It is a desideratum to have good figures of all these
creatures. I am well pleased that Mr. Buckton is undertaking this
task, as an accurate drawing from nature of any natural object is a
gift to the world, and a contribution to exact knowledge; for the
pencil can delineate what the pen is unable to describe. Good drawings
contribute much to compensate for the imperfection of words and
language.
Allied to the plant-lice, and equally destructive, we have the Cocci,
_of which the Cochineal insect, the coccus which lives on the cactus, is
an example. Cocci are especially the plagues of greenhouses, and
if allowed to multiply will speedily destroy a valuable collection.
These creatures, like the aphides or plant-lice, have a rostrum by
means of which they pierce the cuticle of the plant and suck its juices.
There are many species, but all are equally destructive. The vine is
sometimes attacked by the Vine Scale Insect (Coccus vitis, fig. 10542).
The orange is pretty constantly attacked by the C. hesperidum : in fact,
it requires continual care to keep this tree from their ravages. The
pine-apple is attacked by the C. Bromelie (fig. 10544). The Mealy
Bug (C. adonidum, fig. 1055) is very troublesome in the hot-house.
There is a group of these creatures which live under a shield, as the
Aspidiotus nerti, or Oleander Scale'‘Insect. In the year 1871, some of
the lemons imported to London were spotted over with green, as though
\\" y
hd I
Pe Meee ee Nein Tae cage
at certain parts they had not thoroughly ‘ripened: in the centre of
each of these spots there was a white covering, under which a coccus
(fig. 1056) resided. The lemons attacked were bitter and unfit for
use. The best plan to destroy cocci is to wash the pliant.
Of late years a formidable creature, allied to the aphis and coccus,
called the Phylloxera, has attacked the vine. It commenced in America,
passed to Ireland, has visited the neighbourhood of London, and
threatens most extensive damage in France. It has two forms—one
which lives on the leaves and stems, and another which lives on the roots
(plate 24, figs. 1—7.) Up to this time I have not seen this pest.
HEMIPTERA. 47
Thrips are another family of hemipterous insects which do much
damage, from their great numbers. Mr. Haliday has made a special
study of them, and has recorded his observations in the Entomological
Magazine. There would appear to be a large number of species,
as he has divided them into sixteen
genera. At my garden, ferns kept in
too warm an atmosphere specially
suffer from their ravages. Tobacco
Fic. 1057.—-Larva Thrips, magnified.
Fic. 1058.—Winged Thrips, magnified.
smoke appears to kill them, but a remedy is to place the plant out
of doors during the summer season. Fig. 1057 shows the larva
thrips, and fig. 1058 the thrips in the mature or winged state.
NEUROPTERA.
The Fifth order, Neuroptera, includes the Dragon-flies, Lace-wings,
and May-flies. These have jaws, four netted wings, and have no
sting. Most of the creatures comprised in this order are of service to
the gardener, and some are useful as providing food for our trout.
We have but few of the larger Dragon-flies as compared, for
instance, with the number. which inhabit Epping Forest. It is highly
interesting to watch them hawking for flies in the glades, and, when
tired, fixing themselves upon the top of a branch to repose for the
night. They are very voracious,and eat large quantities of flies.
We have not a great number of the small green Dragon-flies ; never-
theless some are to be observed near the lake every year.
Avery beautiful creature, called the Chrysopa perla (fig. 1059), with
green gauze wings and sparkling eyes, is very useful to the gardener
on account of the number of aphides it devours. The larva of this
creature (fig. 1060) is to be found on nearly every infested leaf.
480 MY GARDEN.
In a division of the order Neuroptera, and separated into the sub-
order Tricoptera, we have creatures of some importance to us, as they
afford abundant food for our trout. In the larva state (fig. 1060@) they
Fic. 1060.—Larva of C. perla.
Fic 1059.—Chrysopa perla.
live in the water, and are then called Caddis-worms; in the perfect
state (fig. 1060 4) they become winged creatures, and in both conditions
are eagerly devoured by trout. In the larva state they live in a
beautiful house, which they construct themselves of little bits of sticks,
shells, or other materials, which they select according to the force of
the stream in which they reside.
Fic. 10604.— Caddis (perfect insect). Fic. 1061.—Houses of Caddis-worms,
My daughter was so much interested in watching these creatures in
their strange houses, as they moved along the bottom of the little
streams, that a number were procured for more exact observation. The
caddis-worms were turned out of their dwellings, and each was placed
in a separate glass of water, with various materials suitable for the
construction of their house, when the nude creature immediately set
to work to make a new house (fig. 1061).
NEUROPTERA. 48t
By giving to each creature one kind of material alone, they
were unable to exercise any choice: hence Miss Smee was able to
compel the creature to make houses of a considerable variety of
objects. Beautiful cases were made of fragments of coloured glass
‘amethyst, cairngorm, cornelian, agate, onyx, coral, marble, shells, and
mother-of-pearl. When the little creatures were supplied with brass
shavings or gold and silver leaf, they were sorely puzzled, and with
the latter they could only make an irregular case. With coralline a
pretty basket-like case was constructed. With fragments of a tortoise-
shell comb one formed a case like a hedgehog. They were unable to
make cases at all of round beads, although they have been known to
use a cherry-stone. Neither could they succeed with slate, coal, brick
lead, or copper; and if supplied with chips of resinous wood, the
creatures were always destroyed.1
Fic. 1062.—Fossil Cadbaits (real size). Fic. 1063.—Small Cadbaits.
At some former geological epoch these caddis-worms were so
common, that in France hills are composed of their cases alone (fig.
y
1062). The winged insects fly over the water, and settle upon it.
“To sunny waters some
By fatal instinct fly ; where on the pool
They sportive wheel; or; sailing down the stream,
Are snatch’d immediate by the quick-eyed trout.”
THOMSON’S Seasons.
We have a vast number of species of these water-flies. One little
cadbait makes its case of small stones, and many may be seen in the
Central brook attached to a single pebble (fig. 1063). It is remarkable
however, that the true May-fly never appears on the Wandle.
: Intellectual Observer, No. 29, “On the Caddis-worm and its Houses.”
II
aes MY GARDEN.
LEPIDOPTERA.
‘The Sixth group comprises the Scale-covered winged insects, or
Lepidoptera, such as Butterflies and Moths. The perfect insects have
four wings covered with beautiful scales, arranged like the slates of a
house. The larve are caterpillars, having six true legs and four or
more pro-legs. In the perfect state the whole order are beautiful, and
‘probably do the gardener much good by setting his flowers; but in
the larva or caterpillar state all are more or less detrimental to the
horticulturist.
“ Luxurious, others make
The meads their choice, and visit every flower
And every latent herb.”—THomson’s Seasons.
A great pest in the garden is the caterpillar of the White Butterfly
(Pueris brassice), and that of Pieris napi, which live on the cabbages
and cauliflowers, and which
sometimes disgust us by being
served up with these vegetals
to the dinner-table. The fe-
male insect of Pieris brassice
(fig. 1064, No. 1) has two large
spots on the upper wings.
She lays her eggs (No. 2) on
various cruciferous garden
plants, and on the turnip and
horse-radish : the radish tuber,
watercress, and especially the
cabbage-stalk, are the prey of
the caterpillar (No. 3), which attains the length of 14 inches. The
caterpillars assume the chrysalis form (No. 4), and may be found
fixed by a silken thread on branches or palings, from which the
butterfly emerges. Curtis :states that the chrysalis is preyed upon .
by ‘a minute hymenopterous insect, the Pteromalus brassic@, and I
have figured his drawing (fig. 1064, No. 5, and magnified No. 6).
Fic. a —Pieris brassicze and Pteromalus brassice.
LEPIDOPTERA. 483
Hymenopterous insects are of great importance in destroying the
caterpillar pests of the garden,
The Hawthorn Butterfly (Pieris crategi) occasionally visits gardens,
and, according to Boisduval, is at times troublesome in all parts of
Europe, but if it has visited us it has not been observed. The caterpillar
of the great Tortoiseshell Butterfly is also said to live upon cherry and
plum trees, and sometimes it strips them entirely of their leaves :—
“La, tout papillon a des roses ;
Tout corps laissé, des tapis verts :
Toute abeille a des fleurs écloses ;
Et tout zéphire, des concerts."—JULES CANONGE.
We are troubled to a certain extent with the tree-destroying Goat
’ Moth (Cossus ligniperda). The caterpillar (fig. 1065) is a truly formidable
Fic. 1065.—Caterpillar of Goat Moth.
creature, with a pair of jaws of such power that it can eat and penetrate
into the hardest trees. It lives upon the woody
fibre, and is particularly partial to the willow. I
have known it to destroy cherry and apple trees. Its
presence may be known by an unpleasant odour, and
by a peculiar kind of sawdust-looking matter oozing
from the trunks of the trees. A short time ago I
saw one of my favourite apple-trees so attacked. I
immediately cut into this caterpillar’s gallery, which
I found penetrated to the heart of the tree. The
moth itself is three inches across the wings, and
is remarkable for the quantity of fat it contains, Hie cuesusheaheuen
which is apt to grease the paper of ecu i.
which it is placed. Fig. 1066 shows part of the trunk of an apple-tree
which was literally riddled by these creatures.
TI2,.
484 MY GARDEN.
The caterpillar of the Wood Leopard Moth (Zeuzera esculi, fig. 1067)
commits ravages similar to those of the goat moth, by boring into
the trees.
An important caterpillar to the gardener is that of the Lackey Moth
(Bombyx neustria). Some years it is common, though in others it is
hardly seen. The moth (fig. 1068) lays its eggs (fig. 1069, No. 1),
disposed in the form of a bracelet, round the branches of trees. The
caterpillars (fig. 1069, No. 2) live in a spun web, from which they dis-
tribute themselves over the trees. On a warm day in June colonies
Fic. 1068.—Lackey Moth.
\ ;
Fig. 1069.—Caterpillar, Eggs, and Cocoon of Lackey Moth,
congregate, two or three hundred together, on the sunny side of the
stems of trees, to expose their bodies to the sun, when the gardener
Should take the opportunity of destroying them. The moths—even
when the caterpillars have been plentiful—are not often seen. This
species is allied to the silkworm, and, like it, spins a cocoon (fig. 1069,
No. 3). Some years ago the caterpillars abounded on the pear-trees
'n the gardens north of London, and the last year or two they have
been slightly troublesome in my garden.
The caterpillars of the Vellow-tail Moth (Liparis auriflua), of
the Brown-tail Moth (Liparis chrysorrhea, fig. 1070), and of the
Gipsy Moth (Liparis dispar), are very destructive to the leaves of
trees. The White Willow Moth (Liparis salicis), an imitation of the
LEPIDOPTERA. 485
perfect creature of which is used by fly-fishers to catch trout in the
evening, is found in the garden.
The perfect male insect of the
Orgyia antigua is a winged moth,
| iy, but the female has no wings. The
Fic. 1070.—Caterpillar of Brown-tail Moth.
“ caterpillars live upon fruit and rose-
* trees, and they sometimes exist in
such numbers that they fall to the
«~~ ground by hundreds.
Fic. 1071.—Magpie Moth.
A very common insect in gardens is the large Magpie Moth (Abraxas
grossulariata, fig. 1071). Sometimes the caterpillars utterly destroy
all the leaves of the currant and gooseberry trees. The caterpillar
forms curious loops, and has black spots down the back. In my
garden it has fortunately never been at all numerous, but I have been
informed that it may be destroyed by the powder of hellebore. The
figure is from the excellent
book on British Moths by
Newman.
Our apples are at times
injured by a caterpillar
which lives in the interior
of the fruit, and which
causes it to ripen prema-
turely and to drop from the
tree. The caterpillar then
Fic. 1072.—Codlin Moth.
works its way out, when it undergoes its metamorphosis, and becomes
changed into a small moth, the Codlin Moth (Zortrix (carpocapsa)
pomonana, fig. 1072).
486 MY GARDEN.
Many other Tortrices infest our gardens, the study of which must be
left to the entomologist rather than pursued by the gardener. The
Tortrix pruniana (fig. 1073) is an example of this class,-which attacks
the plum-trees.
Fic. 1073.—Tortrix pruniana.
Fic. 1074.—Great Yellow Underwing.
The family of the Nocturide are so numerous that they have been
again divided. The Great Yellow Underwing (Tryphena pronuba, fig.
1074) is an abundant species, very troublesome to gardeners, devouring
many kinds of plants—especially cabbages, cauliflowers, and lettuces,
It is reported to live through winter, and to sally forth in spring to
renew its devastations. The figure, after Curtis, shows the moth
(No. 3), caterpillar (No. 1), and chrysalis (No. 2).
The caterpillar of the Moctua (mamestra) brassice@ (fig. 1075) is
abundant everywhere, and hardly any garden produce comes amiss to
it. It lives principally on cabbages and cauliflowers, and is a terrible
pest to the gardener.
= er
Fic. 1075.—Caterpillar of Noctua (mamestra)
brassicze.
Fic. 1076.—N_ exclamationis.
The Noctua (agrotis) exclamationis (fig. 1076) and WN. (agrotis)
segetum also visit the garden.
Amongst the Geometers there is a very common moth, Hydernia
LEPIDOPTERA. 487
defoliaria, the caterpillar of which (fig. 1077) lives in a large number of
forest and on most fruit trees. The caterpillar
of this section of moths is remarkable for the
curious form which it assumes in locomotion.
The caterpillar is very destructive to the leaves —-F'G, 1077.-—Caterpillar of
Hybernia defoliaria,
in May, and enters the ground to change to the chrysalis in June.
“Thus are my blossoms blasted in the bud,
And caterpillars eat my leaves away.”
SHAKSPEARE, Henry VI,
The hairy caterpillar of the Garden Tiger Moth (Chelonia caja) is
very voracious, and devours the lettuces and strawberries. The moth is
handsome, and the caterpillar characteristic, but in my garden it has
never done material damage.
The Death’s-head Moth (Acherontia atropos, plate 24, fig. 9) is not
common in this country ; nevertheless in the potato fields to the south
of my garden many specimens have been found. The caterpillar may
be known by its green colour, large size, and by a horn which it has
at its tail. The moth itself is the most gigantic of our English
Lepidoptera.
As a whole, my garden is not much infested with caterpillars. I
attribute this to the protection which is afforded to the birds. When
an entomologist, at my request, visited the garden on several occasions
to assist me in determining the species which dwelt therein, he left
in disgust, declaring that it was impossible to find insects where the
birds were so numerous and so carefully preserved. Lector, respice!
DIPTERA.
The Seventh order comprises the Diptera, or Two-winged flies. The
larve are maggots without feet, of which the gentle is a notable
example. Some act as scavengers, and are thus useful to mankind
others prey upon injurious insects, and so are of service. Many are
themselves directly hurtful to vegetation ; and a large number, as the
gnat and mosquito, are the very terror of mankind in fenny countries.
488 MY GARDEN.
The family of Syrphidz is very beneficial to the gardener, from the
extreme voracity, of the larve, which devour aphides. The larve
are constantly to be seen on leaves infested with aphides, when their
mode of seizing and sucking those creatures may be often observed.
Sceva pyrastri, engraved from Curtis (fig. 1078, No. 4), is a somewhat
large fly, with great eyes. The maggots (No. 5) are green, and change.
into the pupa state (No. 6) before they become the perfect fly. No. 7
represents Sceva ribesit, and No. 1 the winged creature of S. balteata,
No. 2 the maggot, and No. 3 the pupa.
Fic. 1078.——Sceeva balteata, S. pyrastri, and S. ribesii.
FiG. 1079.—Daddy Long.legs; 1, larva; 2, empty
case ; 3, perfect insect ; 4, eggs.
There is a very destructive family of two-winged insects, called
amiliarly Crane-flies or Daddy Long-legs (fig. 1079, No. 3), though
scientifically termed Tipule. The larve are very destructive ta many
vegetals, and also to the roots of dahlias in the flower-garden. The
larva of 7. oleracea (No. 1) isa maggot about an inch long, in a thick
jacket, but without feet. There are many species, of which I have
figured one of the larger from Curtis, 7. paludosa, as this will show
to the horticulturist the character of these destructive creatures when
they visit the garden. I believe the roots of our plants have been at
times a good deal injured by the larve of Daddy Long-legs.
There are certain small insects of the same family which live in
the fingers and toes of the malformed roots of cabbages, turnips, and
DIPTERA. 489
broccoli, and in all probability cause the plants to produce them. Fig
1080, No. 1, shows the small larva which lives in this deformity, No. 2
the same magnified; Nos, 3
and 4 represent the pupa, No. 5
the ‘winged insect in repose,
and No. 6 the creature in the
act of flying.
There are other gnats which
appear sometimes in little
clouds; and in the hot summer Fic. 1o80.—Trichocera hiemalis.
of 1870 many mosquitoes, the bites of which were very severe, visited
our neighbourhood, and probably located themselves on the Sewage
ground. At my garden some species constantly come out at dusk,
after the midges have tormented us in the day-time. Gnats, and all
other dipterous insects, have no sting at their tails like wasps, but bite
with their mouths (fig. 1019, 4, c).
“When the sun shines, let foolish gnats make sport,
But creep in crannies, when he hides his beams.”
SHAKSPEARE, Comedy of Errors.
The celery and parsnip—but particularly the former—have been most
seriously injured by the great Celery Fly (Tephritis onopordinis). The
larve live between the surfaces of the leaf (fig. 1081), and then eat the
3, 108 _—Celer affected with
ieseminag Came Fic. 1082.—Carrot Fly.
intermediate tissue, so that the leaf cannot perform its functions, and
thus the whole plant is damaged and is liable to rot. The only
remedy is to pluck off the diseased portion of the leaf.
490 MY GARDEN.
The larvee (fig. 1082, Nos. 1, 3, 4, and No. 2 magnified) of the
Carrot Fly (Psila rose) prey upon the roots of the carrot, which they
eat along, thus damaging its quality. It changes into a pupa (No.
5, and No. 6 magnified), and then into the perfect insect (No. 7,
and No. 8 magnified).
In the environs of London the young pears have been much at-
tacked by a small maggot (fig. 1083: A natural size, B magnified),
which lives upon the fruit in the early stage. They appear to stimulate
the growth of the young pear, which soon attains to a larger size than
its neighbours, but only to promote its premature decay, as the pear
drops about the last week in May. Sometimes all the pears on a tree
are destroyed by this pest. I think the best plan to get rid of them,
in small gardens, would be to collect and burn the overgrown pears
the last week in May. This maggot
has not yet attacked my garden so
much as it has others.
ji
Fic. 1083.—Pear with Larva. Fic. 1084.—Onion Fly.
Onions are sometimes destroyed by the Onion Fly (Anthomyia
ceparum, fig. 1084). The eggs are deposited on the onion close to the
earth, and the maggots eat their way to its heart. This fly has not,
however, been noticed in my garden.
The larve of the Holly-fly (Phytcmyza ilicts) eat the parenchyma
of the leaves of the holly, as the larve of the celery-fly do the leaves
of that plant.
“For oft, engender’d by. the hazy moth,
Myriads on myriads, insect armies waft
Keen in the poison’d breeze ; and wasteful eat
Through buds and bark, into the blacken’d core
Their eager way.”"—THOMSON’S Seasons.
SLUGS AND SNAILS. 49.
SLUGS AND SNAILS,
My garden, like all others, abounds in slugs and snails, which
delight to eat the choicest and rarest plants, and therefore it is the duty
of the gardener to exterminate them in those spots where only labour
and watchfulness secure to us
the pleasure of rearing beau-
tiful and foreign plants.
We have the Limax agrestis,
or Milky Slug. Fig. 1085, No.
I, represents the Arion ater,
or Black Slug, No. 2 the same
whilst moving, and No. 3 when
in repose. These creatures 7
multiply by eggs (No. 4), and Fic. 1085.— Black Slug.
have greatly increased in number since I first took possession of my
garden. They come out at night and in wet weather, when they should
be caught by the gardener. The horns of slugs and snails appear
to be highly sensitive, which has been well alluded to by our great
poet when he says that—
“Love’s feeling is more soft and sensible
Than are the tender horns of cockled snails.”
SHAKSPEARE, Love's Labour's Lost.
We have also abundance of the /elix aspersa, or common Garden
Snail, of which the thrushes
are so fond, The species is
propagated by eggs (fig. 1086,
No. 1), which hatch into small
snails (No. 2), grow (No. 3),
and finally attain the size of
No. 4. They are fond of living
in the crevices of walls, but as
we have no walls we are not
greatly troubled with, them.
On the chalk downs to the south of my garden, the large Helix
°F 1G. 1086. —Common Garden Snail.
492 MY GARDEN.
Pomatia (fig. 1087) is found in abundance, although it has not been
seen within it. This is the eatable Roman snail, and by some persons
is considered to have been an introduced species. It is the kind
which I have seen in the snail gardens of Eastern Switzerland. I
introduced a considerable number into the boundaries of my garden,
but I cannot yet tell whether they will live in my district. Iam informed
that to this day the workmen of Didcot collect them from the chalk
downs and eat them. This species, whether introduced or natural,
is now abundant on all the chalk downs of England.
We have the variously marked Girdled Shell (Aelix nemoralis,
fig. 1088), but not in large quantities. The outward appearance of
different specimens presents so much difference that I at first thought
Fic, 1090.—Succinea
putris.
Fic. 1089.—Zonites Fic. 10g1.-—-Limnzus
crystallinus. Pereger.
Fig. 1087.—Helix
there were several species, but Dr. Gray, the great authority, assured
me they were all the same: one naturalist has given seventy-seven
names to varieties of this species alone.
Of other Helicina, we have Zonites lucidus, a small species, and
Zonites crystallinus (fig. 1089), which lives amongst moss and leaves.
We have also Helix cantiana, or Kentish Snail, which lives in hedges
in Kent and Surrey, and some other counties; H. concinna, or Neat
Snail; and Helzx or Succinea putris (fig. 1090), the common Amber
Snail, which is abundant on the water iris in our lake, but of its natural
history I know little.
In the water of the lake we have great abundance of Limnai,
particularly of Lzmuaeus Pereger (fig. 1091) and ZL, Stagnalis. They
SLUGS AND SNAILS. 493
are of some importance, as they exist in great quantities, and form
an article of food to our trout. I have seen the bottom of the Back-
water literally covered with the dead shells, and I have known pints
of shells to pass through the pipe used to supply our fish-hatching
apparatus. The eggs may be seen in an aquarium on the glass, and
the little creatures, when first hatching, are interesting objects. They
can float upon the surface of the water as though that surface were a
solid body to which they could attach themselves.
In our Central stream, particularly in the Fern glen, there are plenty
of the common River Limpet (Azcylus fluviatilis, fig. 1092) adhering
to the stones where a rapid current of water passes over them.
Amongst our water weeds we have many of the Planorbis corneus,
or Horny Coil Shell, the P. carinatus, P. complanatus, P. vortex
(fig. 1093), and P. contortus. These creatures are of considerable im-
portance to us, affording food for the trout, and it is very amusing to
see the fish with tails out of water in the evening diving amongst the
water weeds to pick them out.
Fic. 1096.
i Vv: . . is -
Fie: 2092: ice Fic. 1094. Fic. 1095. alvata piscinalis.
River Limpet. Planorbis vortex. Cyclas cornea. Bithinia ventricosa.
The Cyclas cornea (fig. 1094), if it does not exist in my garden,
abounds in a turf-pit immediately outside in the grounds of Mr. Sheppey.
It has a bivalve shell.
We have two Bithinias, B. ventricosa (fig. 1095) and B. ¢entaculata,
both small creatures living in the water; and also Valvata piscinalis
(fig. 1096), another small water snail.
I had a fancy to acclimatize the Drezssena polymorpha, a very curious
creature introduced about fifty years ago into the Commercial Docks,
and supposed to have come from the Danube. It exists in the reservoirs
of the New River Company at Stoke Newington ; but the specimens
I placed in my water did not thrive, and I presume the trout devoured
them, as sticklebacks were seen to do so when placed with specimens in
a glass aquarium. Dr. J. E. Gray—from whom every English student
494 MY GARDEN.
of Zoological Science has during a period of more than half a century
obtained so much kind information and assistance whenever it was
needed, and who has thus enhanced the value of our national collection
at the British Museum—tells me that on the hills above us he has himself
found five other species of shells, namely H. pulchella, H. fasciolata, H.
virgata, H. ericetorum, and H. umbilicata.
e
MY FISHERY.
“Our plenteous streams a various race supply.”—POPE.
We have but few species of fish in the Wandle as it passes through
my garden, nevertheless the Trout and Eel make up in quality what
is wanting in variety. The Wandle has always been celebrated for its
fine Trout (Salmo fario, fig. 1097) and there are so many in the river
that probably it can be favourably compared with any trout stream in
Europe, as the quantity of fish it contains is only limited by the food
Fic. 1097.—Trout.
which it can afford them. The French Commissioners, when on a visit
to this country, were astonished at the number of fish which they saw,
and said it would be impossible in France to have a river so stocked,
as their countrymen would never rest till they had caught them. I am
afraid that Sir H. Davy magnified his piscatorial adventures in the
Saltzkammergut, as I certainly could not see so many fish there,
for an equal amount of water, as we possess.
Formerly we always considered that we had two varieties of trout
in the Wandle,—one shorter, with white flesh, which is in season in
May and June; a second longer, with large head but with red flesh,
which comes into season in July and August.
At the present time we have several varieties, and Dr. Giinther,
THE FISHERY. 495
the distinguished ichthyologist, has pointed out in the Catalogue of the
British Museum that there are not only outward, but structural differ-
ences amongst the trout in my water. He reports upon seven speci-
mens, from 9$ to 14 inches long, taken from my garden in the month
of March.
Incheslong. Ces. pyl. Vertebre. Inches long. Cas.pyl. Vertebra.
Male .. 14... 39. . 58 Female. . . 10 . . 47
Female . . 13... 41 . . 57 Male 2. 2. O8 « +s 49 2 = 57
Male .. Il .. 4! Male ... 12... St
Female . . 12. . 42 . . 58
Dr. Giinther adds: “It must be remembered that Mr. Smee
has introduced into this river numerous trout artificially bred from
ova which were received from numerous sources.”
Mr. Reynolds, whose family have lived in the district for nearly
a century, informs me that his grandfather placed some lake trout
in the stream, and also another variety of yellow trout, but he
could not remember whence the latter were procured. Mr. Reynolds
notes three varieties in the stream, and he believes that the yellow
variety was introduced from the Christchurch stream.
I have figured a large fish (fig. 1097) that was killed, with nearly a
cartload of others, by something supposed to be gas refuse, which
came down in the Croydon sewage.
The trout of the Wandle have ever held a high reputation for fine
flavour ; nevertheless I consider that the trout of the Darenth—which
rises partially from the same chalk downs as the Wandle, and enters the
Thames at Dartford—are even of better quality. Of late years the
trout have deteriorated im quality. Mr. F. Gould has particularly
noticed this. It arises probably from a diminution of the water in the
Upper Wandle and from the influence of the Anacharis, which causes
an accumulation of mud.
At my garden the trout do not live on fish, as they do in the
Thames or Colne, where there are millions of young fry and minnows.
Curiously enough, we have no minnows at all in our water: but in
spring, when the trout are very active, they may be occasionally seen
with another fish of their own species in their mouths.
406 MY GARDEN.
-In our water the trout spawn about the third week in January, and
continue to do so till the end of February or the first few days of
March. Below us, in the grounds of Shipley House, they are a few
days earlier. After having spawned, the fish distribute themselves over
the water, each taking up a station according to its fancy, where it
is always to be found, unless indeed it is taking an excursion for food
or for pleasure, when it returns again to the same place, so that each
individual trout is perfectly well known to the frequenters of my garden.
When a second trout seeks to secure a station already occupied, it is
amusing to see the one in possession rush at the intruder with open
mouth to chase it away. The trout at its station takes any food to its
mouth which may float down. the river, but sometimes it will not move
a foot out of the way to secure a tempting morsel. If disturbed, it
leisurely swims away a few yards ; and when all is again quiet, it returns
to its old quarters. In our river the chief food of the trout is the planor-
bis and limnzus, the fresh-water shrimp, and the caddis-worm ; it also
rises to the water-flies which settle on the water during the summer
months ; but it is not very particular about its food, as it has been seen
to pick a mutton-chop bone with as much relish as a dog would.
In the evening the trout wander up the streamlets searching for prey
in places where there is scarcely water to cover them, and return with
the velocity of lightning when disturbed.
Sometimes the trout attempt to hide themselves by thrusting their
heads into holes in the bank, unconscious that their tails are sticking out
and can be seen—a very dangerous position, as any person having an
evil intent has only to. put his hand quietly down to the hole and
tickle the fish till the head be secured, when the trout can be
thrown on the bank. This process is called trout tickling.
It is a wonderful sight to see the trout congregate to spawn on
shallow gravel beds over which there is a sharp stream of water.
Occasionally two or three trout go up one of the small streamlets and
make a little spawn-bed for themselves, but as a rule where one goes
all go, and so by their numbers they make a hill on the gravel of many
cartloads in extent. At the tail of this hill there is always a little.
THE FISHERY. 497
pool. Great have been the disputes as to whether the trout throw
up these gravel hills with their heads or with their tails: the head of
the fish, however, shows much abrasion. |
It was years before I could see the act of spawning performed with
my own eyes, as apparently it is quickly done, and then possibly most
commonly at night. However, one genial spring morning after a suc-
cession of cold nights, the fish gratified me by allowing me to see the
operation. I then saw distinctly the male fish chasing the female on the
spawn-bed, and the fish turning up the gravel at the tail of the spawn-
bed with their noses. When all the spawning is finished, some of the
male fish remain for two or more months at the tail of the spawn-bed,
and, as they chase away all strangers, I believe that they are watchmen,
playing the same part in the protection of the ova as the pugnacious
male sticklebacks undoubtedly do with respect to their nests.
The artificial breeding of fish, or Pisciculture, has been followed
more or less in this country for many years, and Mr. S. Gurney
practised it on the Wandle at the Culvers. Mr. Sheppey was also
successful ; and the Wandle Fishing Association below the Culvers
now raise about 15,000 trout annually.
The French Government, however, have of late years given an impetus
to the industry, and Professor Coste, who had charge of the subject, used
a gridiron of glass rods to support the ova in earthen vessels, over which
he allowed a current of water totrickle. I first learnt his process at the
College of France in 1859, and was highly delighted with the result.
The Professor was so obliging as to
give me specimens of young salmon
and trout, which I brought to England,
together with one of his boxes, in order
that I might make known his process
and use it in my garden, whence it
oO
has spread over the country. = ye
The apparatus is simple. It con- Fic. 1098.—Fish-tray.
_sists of an earthenware oblong box (fig. 1098) about four inches deep,
six inches wide, and fourteen inches long, with a little. spout. Inside
KK
498 "MY GARDEN.
this a wooden tray is supported about an inch below the surface; the
bottom of this wooden tray being composed of glass rods about one-
eighth of an inch apart. The breeding troughs are placed in a house
of the simplest construction, roofed with reed hurdles (fig. 1099).
A. set of these boxes is so
arranged one over the other that
the spouts out of which the
water runs are alternately right
and left, so that the water in
passing from one box to an-
other runs entirely over the
surface of the ova in each box.
It is necessary that the current
Hre:1099;--Fishi House: of water should be maintained
for the entire time requisite for the development of the ova.
To procure ova, fish must be caught during the spawning season.
The male fish are slimmer than the female. When ready for spawning
the females emit ova on the slightest pressure, and the males emit milt.
The ripe female is taken in the hand, and the spawn pressed out by
drawing the hand slowly, firmly, but gently from the head to the vent ;
and care should be taken that every single egg is emitted from the
fish, which can be told by the feel. The spawn should be received in
an earthen vessel, as a basin, containing just sufficient water to cover
it, and simultaneously the milt from a male fish should be mixed with
the ova, which then become fertilized. I generally begin with the milt
of a male, then proceed with the ova of a female, and then use the
milt, when males and females are equally abundant. In the early part
of the season ripe males are more abundant than ripe females, but at
the end of the season the females will be found ready, whilst the males
will be spent ; and I have known a considerable difficulty in obtaining
an adequate supply of milt.
The fertilized ova should be arranged on the glass gridirons in the
hatching boxes. Each box holds about two thousand eggs, and no
delay should ensue in causing the water to run over the ova.
THE FISHERY. 499
If all goes on well, in a few days two little black specks are visible,
which are the future eyes, and in due time the little fish breaks through
the tough membrane which has invested it. At that period each little
fish has a large bag attached to its stomach, which is called the umbilical
vesicle ; this is covered with bright blood-vessels, by which the material
contained in the bag, which is destined to nourish the young fish, is
gradually absorbed.
During the period required for hatching the eggs they should be
examined at least twice a week, and every egg which turns opaque
should be removed, or it is apt to be covered with a fungus (see Fungi,
fig. 859). The time required for the development of the egg is six
weeks, but it varies a little with the temperature, which it is always
desirable to keep down. On a warm day hundreds of young trout
will break through their covering, when they drop through the apertures
between the glass rods to the bottom of the vessel.
During the whole time of hatching the ova, they should be kept
nearly in the dark, for if exposed to the light the eggs become covered
with a confervoid growth, which destroys them. I did not succeed well
till I learnt this fact, but now there is no difficulty, and very little
trouble, in obtaining any number of young fish. Ina large hatch of
ova there are always some double fish, or Siamese twins. These live till
they lose the umbilical vesicle, when they die.
When the umbilical vesicle is absorbed, food must be taken by
the mouth, and really at this period there is practically considerable
difficulty, for they must be supplied with food, and that food must be
in motion. It is supposed that they live on the entomostraca: they
certainly do not live on the diatoms, as I have examined their stomachs
to ascertain the fact. Fine scraped meat may be given to them, or very
fine pounded liver, but I prefer at once to turn them loose. On every
fine day after they have been placed in our streams the little fish may
be seen in great activity, continually darting at something which no
doubt is food, but which is too small for the human eye to distin-
guish. I turn them into little streamlets which I clear of all living
things as far as possible, as a little trout is a dainty morsel, highly
K K 2
500 MY GARDEN.
prized by the miller’s-thumb, stickleback, or even by a trout of larger
dimensions.
When a number of small fish are thus turned out, they gradually
seem to drop down the stream, and may be traced for some hundred
yards. At the period of losing the umbilical vesicle the fish are delicate,
and I have known as many as two thousand fine young salmon-trout
die in a single night, from some cause which I could not satisfactorily
explain.
When it is desired to feed trout artificially till they attain a large
size, live fish are required. At Heidelberg, where there is a breeding
establishment on a slender stream at the ‘Wolfsgang, I saw great
quantities of white fish, which were procured by netting the river Neckar
below. The difficulty of obtaining a sufficient supply of such fish would
prevent me from making trout-feeding a profitable business, as it
appears to be at Heidelberg; for how could I possibly procure a
constant and cheap supply of live minnows, bleak, dace, or other fish
at my garden, where none now naturally exist? The kindness and
courtesy of the officials at the Huningue establishment of France
merit the warmest acknowledgments of pisciculturists, and I have to
return them my thanks for many boxes of spawn. The practical success
of this process is proved by the fact that many varieties of trout are now
found in my water which did not exist in the Wandle before I supplied
the river from ova sent to me by this establishment. It is understood
amongst the proprietors of the Wandle that fly-fishing should alone
be practised for catching trout. There are one or two pieces of waste
water, however, where the fish are sadly poached. It is not usual to
fish before the Ist of May or later than the end of August. In
some years the fish are hardly fit to eat in May, and in others become
so thin by the middle of August as to be unfit for food.
Fish out of season shrivel in cooking, are tasteless, and are some-
times actually poisonous, for which reason every black fish, when
caught by a rod and line, should be returned to the river.
Every fisherman has his peculiar notions as to the size and colour
of the flies he uses, and even of the sumber which he has on his line.
THE FISHERY. 501
For myself, I use only one fly at a time on the Wandle. As a rule, a
fly called a coachman (fig. 1100, No. 5) generally kills: it has white
wings, and the size should be proportionate to the light, smaller flies
being used in sunshine, larger in
twilight, and at dusk a very
large coachman may be tried.
Sometimes a fly the oppo-
site of this, with dark blue
wings, is good; but there is
a particular time in June when
the natural fly floats down the
water, and then it is necessary
that the artificial fly should do
the same, if the fisherman de-
sire fish. At all other times
the artificial fly may float
Fic. rxoo.—Flies: 1, Quill Gnat; 2, Black Gnat; 3, Car”
down the river a few inches abslien Cocktail ; 4, Emperor ; 5, Coachman; 6, Coch-y”
on: ue
below the surface.
There are times, however, when fish will not feed, and nothing can
induce them to feed, and this applies to all fresh-water fish, and also,
as far as my limited experience goes, to salt-water fish. When there
is no difference in the water itself, the desire for food by fish, as far
as I can judge, depends upon the qualities of the light; and trout,
jack, perch, chub, roach, and other fish, are amenable to its influence.
The condition of the water is always important, but this does not
so much affect the Upper Wandle, which requires very heavy rain to
discolour it at all. In other rivers the brightness in the colour of the
water is of primary importance to the angler.
“Now, when the first foul torrent of the brooks,
Swell’d with the vernal rains, is ebb’d away—
And, whitening, down their mossy-tinctur’d stream
Descends the billowy foam—now is the time,
While yet the dark brown water aids the guile,
To tempt the trout..—THOMSON’S Seasons,
502 MY GARDEN.
At sunset there isa moment when the whole river seems alive, and
all the trout come to the surface. This interesting occurrence takes
place every evening in summer, but more so on some evenings than
on others; and, as the fish come up at once, so they usually all go
down together, and the river becomes as silent as death. Our trout
do not much come out to feed before nine or ten in the morning,
and it is only during the very hottest nights that they continue
to feed till ten at night. Unless we rightly understand the ways of
the trout, we may say with Burns :—
“The trout within yon wimpling burn
Glides swift, a silver dart,
And safe beneath the shady thorn
Defies the angler’s art.”
As Grayling (Thymallus vulgaris) did not exist in the Wandle, I
determined to endeavour'to acclimatize it. At first I raised young
ones from ova, but still no fish were found in the river. Resolved
to give the experiment the fullest trial, I decided to introduce large fish
into the Wandle ; and Mr. Peach, of Derby, succeeded in catching nearly
twenty brace and in transferring them safely and in good condition to
our water. This was a very difficult and costly experiment ; but though
many of them lived for years, and resorted to gravel spawn-beds
in spring, at the present time not only have no young fish been
observed, but all the old fish except one or two have also disappeared.
Some undoubtedly went down the stream; but ardent followers of
Izaak Walton have been known to stand for hours together endeavouring
to catch and destroy these fish, which cost so much trouble and money
to place in the river. The destructive propensities of man are a great
impediment to acclimatization.
The utter failure of this experiment is the more remarkable, as a
similar trial was made upon the river Clyde, above Glasgow, and I have
been informed that now plenty of grayling exist where heretofore there
were none,
When I obtained the grayling, I took the opportunity of procuring
some Burbolts or Eel Pouts (Lota vulgaris). One was caught some time
THE FISHERY. 503
afterwards about a mile below my garden, which was sent to Mr. Frank
Buckland as an unheard-of monster, but directly he saw it he exclaimed,
“That is one of Smee’s fish!” The experiment of introducing this
fish, however, was a complete failure, as with the exception of that
solitary individual, no one ever saw a burbolt in-the Wandle.
Young Salmon-trout by thousands, and Char, have been reared and
placed in the Wandle at my garden, all of which were bred from ova
which the authorities of Huningue were kind enough to supply
me, but none of the mature fish have ever been seen.
The first young Salmon placed into any tributary of the Thames,
except varieties of trout, were placed in the tributaries of the Wandle
at my garden. Many thousands were distributed in my streams, and
also in some of those that run into the river Medway near Rochester.
I have heard that occasionally salmon have been captured in the last-
named river, but not in proportion to the numbers which have been bred.
I felt so much interested in the question of the breeding of salmon that
I made a journey to Hereford to observe the salmon fry on their
pilgrimage to the sea. It was an interesting sight: thousands upon
thousands of fish from four to six inches long were swimming down the
stream in a shoal, making the water alive in their passage, and catching
the flies as they passed. Anglers were ever on the watch for a shoal,
and many were caught at that time. Penalties are enacted against
the destroyers of these juvenile salmon, but I was informed on un-
deniable authority that the magistrates like them for breakfast, and
therefore were unable to judge accurately whether they were really
young salmon or the fry of some other fish. From the tens of thou-
sands which I saw in the act of migration to the sea, I should think
a very considerable number could be spared for the breakfast-table.
Next to the trout, the Eel (Amgudlla acutirostris) is our most
important fish.
“The silver eel in shining volumes roll’d.”
There are two distinct migrations of eels through my garden:
the one up the stream, of the smaller eels, in May, June, and July ;
the other, of larger eels, towards the sea, which chiefly occurs in
504 MY GARDEN.
July, August, and September, and even later. Eels when running up
are very pertinacious, and seem to be governed by an irrepressible
instinct. We then see them ascending the Tumbling Bay. Sometimes
the gardeners have found an eel on the path of the fernery, evidently
seeking the river. Sometimes, when they could not.ascend the Tumbling
Bay, they have been seen wriggling amongst the roses near. At
Twickenham I have seen quantities of young eels about three inches
in length trying to ascend a vertical moss-covered wall over which a
small shoot of water was flowing. These small cels in some places are
caught, pressed into shapes about two inches across and an inch
thick, the mass being sold for twopence, which is a scandalous
destruction of future food.
In the migration up stream we catch sparingly the larger eels in wire
baskets in which a bunch of red flowers or some red tape is fixed.
The great migration of eels down stream occurs with the first
discoloration of water in summer: whenever a thunderstorm breaks over
Croydon in summer, which discolours the water, we get abundance of
fine eels in the great eel-trap, especially if the night be hot.
An Eel-trap is probably an engine peculiar to this country. The
Huningue commissioners were not aware of its existence when they
favoured my garden with a visit. It is an important device, as it pro-
cures a large amount of human food which would otherwise be lost.
An eel-trap is really a sort of rough filter, which lets the water
through but retains the eels. The filter is constructed of bars of wood
about an inch and a half square nailed to a strong framework (fig.
1101), which is placed below the flood-gates and arranged at an angle,
so that the water is forcibly driven through when the gate is drawn: at
the farther end there is also a vertical grating about two feet high.
* Receipt fon Stewed Eels.—Take three pounds of eels after they are cleaned, cut
them in pieces about three inches long; flour them, and fry in lard or dripping until
half done ; have some stock ready, into which place the eels. Then mix together
two teaspoonfuls of curry-powder, one of anchovy, one of soy, and one of Windsor
or Reading sauce, one wine-glassful of port wine and a squeeze of lemon, and a little
cayenne to your taste. The stock should be flavoured with herbs and an onion, and
thickened. Stew for about twenty minutes.
THE FISHERY. 50s
When the gate is drawn, the water from the higher level of the mill-head
or lake rushes through to the lower level of the mill-tail, and the eels
are literally filtered out and remain in the trap.
It is presumed that the large eels run down to brackish water to
spawn, and it is supposed that they ultimately perish there, and never
return to their former haunts. The little eels swarm up the rivers by
millions, and when a colony is on its upward migration it is called on
the Thames the Eel Fair, in Somersetshire Eel Veres.
General view.
Longitudinal section.
Fic. rror.—Ecl-trap. Front.
Our eels are very excellent, and perhaps are trout-fed, as their
voracity for young fish is prodigious. I do not think that many live
in our water; at any rate we have no evidence of it; but I suppose
that they come from the waters between us and Croydon, and that
they pass through my garden in their up and down migrations.
Although eels are justly esteemed as a luxurious dish in England,
Scotchmen will not touch them on any account, and no doubt countless
tons are lost in European rivers which might with proper contrivances
be secured.
Eels can be tamed, but they are restless and impatient of confine-
Thad a little pet eel for a long time, which ultimately died of
ment.
a surfeit. In a state of nature they are very curious creatures, and
506 MY GARDEN.
formerly I was familiar with many of their habits by watching them
in the river Lea, where they used to abound. They delight to live
in holes in vertical banks against which the stream sets. They look
out to see what passes, when with the velocity of lightning they dart
out and seize their prey, and retire with it into their den. If an eel-
hole is found, the eel will generally, but not always, take a worm:
if it refuses, it pushes the worm out of its hole, but may be tried
another day. Sometimes the eel takes a promenade, and on warm
evenings roams over the shallows to catch the young fish. It always
returns to its home, where it may be visited over and over again, till
it is caught. An electrical state of the atmosphere makes eels very
lively and active.
The species caught at our garden is the sharp-nosed eel.
Herodotus states that the Nile also produces the eel, which was
sacred to that river.
The Lampern (Petromyzon fluviatilis, fig. 1102) visits my little
streams in January and February, but their object in coming is not
apparent. On warm days half a score or more amuse themselves
with making a hole in the gravel, but for what purpose I cannot ex-
plain. Sometimes they select a spot near a trout spawn-bed, and some-
AL
cits!
| 4
Fic. r102.—-Lampern. Fic. 1103.—Structure of Cartilage
in the Lampern.
times another spot. Their motions are very graceful, and if they swim
away for a short distance they return to the same hollow depression.
When in the act of making this depression, their agility, and the power
which they exhibit, are prodigious. They seize hold of a stone with their
mouth, which is formed like a sucker, and then by a violent wriggling
of the tail contrive to remove it, They may visit us for the purpose
THE FISHERY. 507
of spawning,—and this is highly probable—although I have never
seen any of their young. After a time they leave the river, but where
they go to I do not know; certain it is that no one has ever seen
a single lampern during the summer in the streams of my garden or
in other parts of the Wandle. Those which visit me are much smaller
than those found in the Thames, which are caught in considerable
quantities at Teddington and Hampton Weirs. They are sold to cod-
fishers as bait, but are excellent for human food when potted.
The anatomical character of the lampern is curious, as it has carti-
lage in the place of bones. Quekett has given a good illustration of
its structure (fig. 1103). It has seven
apertures on each side of the head,
through which it breathes, and hence
is often called Seven-eyes. By count-
ing these seven apertures with the eye
and ear, it is also often called by
the common people Nine-eyes.
We have the Bullhead (Cottus gobio, fig. 1104) in our little streams
in considerable quantities. They lie amongst the stones, and are very
voracious, devouring any young trout or ova which may come within
their reach. I have never observed any of their spawn-beds. I have
found these creatures in the trout-breeding boxes under circumstances
which made it a great puzzle how they could ever have entered them
Fic, 1105.—-Dace (from a drawing by Mr. Alfred).
The Dace (Leuciscus vulgaris, fig. 1105) inhabits the Wandle lower
down the stream, but on rare occasions a solitary one has been seen at
my garden. They are comparatively valueless in a trout-stream, and
should be carefully destroyed. A shoal of very large ones rose to the
surface at Mitcham, one of which I was able to secure.
508 MY GARDEN.
Throughout the Wandle there are plenty of Sticklebacks of the
species called by the learned the Half-armed Stickleback, or Gasterosteus
semiarmatus (fig. 1106). They are very pugnacious and amusing
creatures. They build a nest,
and protect it. Inthe middle
of May, I observed a stickle-
back evidently guarding a
circle of about two inches in
Fic. 1106.— Stickleback (from a drawing by Mr. Alfred). diameter, and chasite’ away
every other fish which came within his domain. On closer examina-
tion, I saw at the bottom of the water a small circular place about
two inches in diameter, made of fibre, but arranged level with the
bottom of the stream. Suspecting a nest, I very carefully raised this
material, when it proved to contain two parcels of eggs, which were
about the size of a large pin’s head. I immediately replaced the
Fic. 1107.—Stickleback’s Nest.
material as well as I could in its former place, but Mr. Stickleback was
not at all satisfied with my arrangement, and set to work diligently to
adjust it himself. He brought little bits of fibre and thrust them into
the mass, and re-arranged the larger fibres. One parcel of eggs pro-
truded: these he dragged away, and began to devour; but I took
possession of this mass, and placed them in a jar with water-plants,
where they soon after hatched into beautiful little fish. However, the
stickleback continued his work at the nest. Sometimes he would bring
a piece of fibre in his mouth, and with violence thrust it into the mass :
THE FISHERY. 509
then, at other times, he would drag his body with all his strength over
the mass to smooth it down. When he was perfectly satisfied with
what he had done he mounted guard, and rushed at any other fish
which came near him. This nest differs from that which the Rev. Mr
Wood describes as being made by the fifteen-spine stickleback, in that
it is merely a thin covering of fibres arranged over the ova placed in a
hollow at the bottom of the river. I watched the gentleman stickle-
back for many days, and sometimes disarranged the nest for the
pleasure of seeing him re-arrange it. Afterwards I found these nests by
scores, each protected by its guardian stickleback; and in the month
of May I can always delight my visitors by showing them a nest
presided over by the pugnacious little fish (fig. 1107).
Some years since I introduced many Tench (Tinca vulgaris) into
the river. They do not appear to have multiplied, and in fact we rarely
see one at all, so that in their case acclimatization has been a failure.
We have neither the pike, perch, pope, chub, roach, rudd, gudgeon
minnow, bleak, nor carp, though pike, perch, roach, and stone loach are
found in some parts of the river.
Goldfish like warm water. I have placed these creatures in the
fern-house, some in the little lake, where the water is about 50°, and
others in the tank at the warm end of the house. Those in the warm
water were very active and playful, and it greatly amused me to give
them a piece of biscuit held tightly between my fingers, when they
would nibble at it and fight for it and seize my fingers in play. How-
ever, the cats put an end to my amusement as well as to the gambols
of the fish, as they contrived to catch them in their claws, and after
a time not one was left. Goldfish deposit their spawn on water-weeds,
and I have successfully bred them by placing the spawn in contact
with such weeds: thus pisciculture may be practised in very small
vessels under the rays of the sun.
REPTILES.
At Wallington thete are no snakes; neither the Ringed Snake
(Tropidonotus natrix), the Viper (Pelias Berus), nor the Slow-worm
510 MY GARDEN.
(Anguis fragilis), have ever been seen at my garden; although the
ringed snake has been noticed on the Sewage grounds.
The Lacerta agilis, or Active Lizard, I have occasionally observed in
the saxifrage and sempervivum gardens. This lizard is very active,
and lives on all the commons round London. The L. agilis is
tameable, but neither so tameable nor so beautiful as the green lizard
of France and Italy, which I have never found in this country. I have
brought the latter home from the forest of Fontainebleau in France;
I have caught them in Pompeii, and have seen them by thousands on
the walls of Naples, and on the banks of the hedge-rows at the Cascina
at Florence, and on somé future occasion I hope to be able to intro-
duce a colony into my garden. A number were collected for that
purpose at Florence, but they contrived to escape, and great was my
Fic. 1108.—Frog. Fic. rr09.—Toad.
anxiety lest they should make their way into the bed-room of a young
lady ill with fever, who was so foolish as to be greatly afraid of them.
The Frog (Rana temporaria, fig. 1108) exists in moderate numbers
in my garden, though we see no tadpoles in any of our small streams,
but only in one little artificial pond. Their chief food is worms and
insects.
We have the Toad also (Bufo vulgaris, fig. 1109) in moderate
quantities, but it is a most welcome visitor to the garden. We catch
toads in numbers, and place them in the fernery and glass-houses,
where they eat innumerable insects and wood-lice.
I have often kept tame toads, and some have lived with me for
years,
“The toad, ugly and venomous,
Wears yet a precious jewel in his head.”—SHAKSPEARE.
REPTILES. SII
One winter, by some accident, a toad was sent up to London in
the hamper containing the vegetals for the house. Master Blanchet, the
cat, which always investigated the Wallington basket, was down upon
the toad in an instant, and by chance scratched out one of its eyes.
The poor toad, on being speedily rescued from the claws of the
cat, was placed in a Ward’s case in my dining-room, where it soon
became perfectly tame, and was fed upon black beetles specially caught
for that purpose. It is an interesting fact that this toad, deprived
of one eye, did not strike its prey so well as toads usually do. In
a natural state toads strike their prey with the rapidity of lightning ;
they fix their two eyes upon the insect, by which they appear to judge
of its exact distance, then they protrude the tongue with a velocity
almost too great for the eye to follow, and carry the creature into their
mouth. The toad, however, cannot reach its prey from so great a
distance as the chameleon, which, after it has ogled its victim, protrudes
a tongue six or eight inches long, using it as an organ of prehension.
It is well to teach children to love and pet toads, so that they may
be their garden allies.
My artist has copied the representations of the frog and of the
toad from the admirable figures of the Rev. J. G. Wood, who perhaps
has done more to promote a love of natural history amongst the multi-
tudes than any man now living.
I have tried to acclimatize the common Land Tortoise, but without
success. These creatures ramble far away in summer, and are lost.
They delight in yellow flowers, which they see and go after from a
considerable distance. One tortoise wandered away, and was killed
during the construction of the railroad a thousand yards off. I have
also tried to acclimatize the Water Tortoise, which is a flesh feeder-
Many have been imported into my garden, and as these creatures live
as far north as Germany there are reasonable hopes that I may ulti-
mately succeed, especially as some survived the severe winter of 1870,
Some of them have strayed to the road, where they have been captured
by boys, who are sad enemies to acclimatization. The water-tortoises
are very active, and on warm days come out of the water and sun
512 MY GARDEN.
themselves on the bank. When disturbed they dive rapidly, and con-
ceal themselves amongst the leaves and conferve at the bottom of
the river. These tortoises are now (1872) gradually disappearing.
Curiously enough, when at one time on a visit at Loch Lomond,
I found one evening a Hawksbill Turtle. It was nearly dead,
otherwise it would have been a fine creature to have introduced
at Wallington. How, this creature could have ascended the river
Clyde and got into the Lake was a problem ‘I was totally unable
to solve, although some of the same species are occasionally found
on the coast.
I have. been kindly supplied by Dr. Giinther with ova of the
Sirvedon pisciformis, or Fish. Lizard, which have hatched very satis-
factorily in pans in my Grapery. They grew to a certain size. and
then perished, probably from the want of proper food. Dr. Giinther
strongly recommends an ate to acclimatize them, as they are
esteemed to be good for food. Probably the water of our streams
is too cold for this South American curiosity.
MY GARDEN ANIMALS.
We generally keep one or two Dogs at the garden, and we have.
had some remarkable characters amongst them ;—none more so,”
however, than one called Jack. Jack lived wild in London, and!’ i
mounted guard with one of the police, accompanying him duriug the
night on his rounds. Jack was a general favourite, and got his
breakfast at one house and his dinner at another. When the children
and nursemaids were out he was always amongst them, and many a
child I have seen with its arms round Jack’s neck, hugging him with
all its might.
However, one day a cab-driver wantonly struck Jack with his whip:
Jack resented this indignity, and never allowed the man to come into
Finsbury Circus without attempting to tear him from his seat. Com-
plaints were made to the police, who suggested that we should take
possession of the dog, to save its life; but when we dia so, loud were
GARDEN ANIMALS. 513
the grumblings of the other friends of Jack, who did not approve of
this appropriation.
The morning after he was taken into the house he jumped from the
dining-room over ‘the area railings—a most prodigious leap. He was
then taken to Oxford by an undergraduate, and allowed to roam about,
when some bargemen, seeing a fine dog loose, endeavoured to capture
him in a net. Jack, however, pulled men and net into the river, whence
they escaped with difficulty.
When Jack was taken to Wallington by railroad, he returned by the
. catriage-road, and it was with some difficulty that he could be induced
to take up his abode in the garden.
One of his tricks was to decoy away my favourite sporting dog.
Where they went we never exactly knew, but they used to return in a
day or two with their jaws smeared with blood and hair, showing that
they had visited the rabbits and hares, and had well feasted upon them.
Jack was a terrible fellow, and used to visit all the lady dogs in the
neighbourhood. One day he went to a house where many dogs were
kept, and there was a great fight; Jack killed and maimed two or three
ieee but was at last overpowered and literally torn to pieces, and
‘nothing of him remained entire but his tail“~which we now possess,
“mounted on a stick, and which reminds us of the miserable end of
poor Jack.
We had another dog called Gyp, who* was also a remarkable
character. He never barked, but always bit upon a reasonable pro-
vocation being given. He never allowed any sack to be carried by
a stranger, but would go straight to him and lay hold of him by the
trousers till the sack was put down.
Once,:-when Gyp was on a visit to Finsbury Circus, the police one
‘night thought they. had discovered the track of a thief, and mounted
my garden wall. Gyp, however, would not allow them to enter, and
would have attacked them if he could have got upon the wall.
Gyp took great care that neither the pigs, ducks, geese, or chickens
ever took any of his food.
My sporting dog Sherry was just as amiable as Gyp was pugnacious.
, “LL
514 MY GARDEN.
He permitted the pigs to steal his food, and so kind was he to all the
creatures that cats, chickens, ducks, and geese were permitted to share
with him his food and house, and the man who fed him was obliged
to take care that this kind old dog had not his fair share taken
rom him.
In a garden situated as mine is, cats are indispensable. The cats
brought up in the garden are semi-wild in some respects, and yet often
docile. In this natural state the fur is most beautiful, and in much
finer perfection than that of the cats which dwell in our houses.
Sometimes my cats take to killing the moorhens; at others they.
delight.in killing the trout, when we are compelled to destroy them ;
and one cat demolished every one of my gold-fish. When gentlemen
are fishing, the cats are sure to be hidden close at hand; and when
the fish is landed, they pounce upon it and stealthily carry it away.
One evening—such was the impudence of one of my cats—on landing
a fish the cat started out of the hedge and dashed at the trout before .
it was taken “Off the line. However, I was as quick as the cat, and
swinging the fish round in a circle at the risk of breaking my rod, with
the cat following, I managed to get the fish a yard ahead, when I
gave the cat a good blow with my rod, and sent her scampering back
to the bushes.
The garden cats seem to have nearly exterminated the water vole
or water-rat; but the brown land rats come periodically in armies,
and then they are too much for the cats. One poor creature had her
ears torn to pieces by rats. After a battle with rats their consti-
tution appears to suffer, and they frequently die. I saw a cat spring
upon a mouse in a strawberry plant. She took it very carefully into
the open ground, where she released it, and when it had run three or
four yards again pounced upon it. She then took it up carefully as
though it were a kitten, and again laid it down. The poor little mouse —
looked up at the cat most imploringly, when the cat fondled it with her
paw, and brought it near to her. The mouse again ran away, and was
recaptured as before, when the cat appeared to have treated it too roughly
and to have injured it. She put the mouse down and watched it for
GARDEN ANIMALS. 545
a few minutes, when it was plain it could not run away. Upon this
she deliberately took the mouse by the head into her mouth, with
the tail sticking out, and champed it up as a man would a radish. It
is a curious problem .why such cruelty and pain should be permitted in
the general scheme of creation; for if a man had been as cruel to a cat
as the cat was to the mouse,.the man would have been sentenced by
the nearest magistrate to a very severe punishment for being an
inhuman monster.
The cats upon the whole, though they do us some mischief by
catching the fish and killing the birds, yet do us more service by killing
the rabbits, rats, and mice. The mice destroy the bees which fertilize
the flowers ; they also destroy the seed, and eat our bulbs. The field
swarmed with mice when I first made my garden, but now the cats
have caused a more reasonable balance of nature.
In a secluded corner there is the grave of a remarkable long-haired
white Angora cat, which lived with us thirteen years, and was quite a
character amongst cats. Every morning he watched me at breakfast,
and, if I did not attend to him as I fed myself, would draw my hand
to his mouth. One of his peculiarities was to decoy strange cats into
the house, when he would give them a terrible mauling. But his
history is too long to recount here. He died of old age, and a
slab bearing the name of “Blanchet” covers his remains.
“¢Well, Puss, (says man,) ‘and what can you
To benefit the public do?’
The Cat replies : ‘These teeth, these claws,
With vigilance shall serve the cause.
The mouse, destroy’d by my pursuit,
No longer shall your feasts pollute ;
Nor rats, from nightly ambuscade,
With wasteful teeth your stores invade.’”—Gay’s Fables.
Some years ago, when snow covered the ground for a considerable
time in London, the public were puzzled by marks in a straight line
in the snow. Some foolish persons considered that they were due to
Satanic agency, upon which a talented friend of mine, now deceased,
. could not resist the temptation of playing a practical joke. He wrote
LL 2
516 MY GARDEN:
a lucid and convincing letter to a newspaper, with fabulous quotations,
to prove that these marks were made by a Northern animal called
an Uniped. He confided to me the secret, and was convulsed with
laughter when he stated that he could not persuade those who had read
his letter that such an animal as an uniped never could have existed.
These aforesaid marks are made by Pussy, who in walking brings the
hind-foot into the hole in the snow where the fore-foot had been before.
I have observed horses to do the same on crossing the snow.
We very rarely have a visit from Squirrels (Scéurus vulgaris, fig.
1110), although they sometimes come to feast upon the beech-nuts,
They are easily tamed when young, and are charming companions ;
at times, however, they are apt to damage the curtains. I have had
at various times several as pets. They are hurtful in a garden, but
Fic. 1111.—Hedgehog.
Fic, rrr0o,—Squirrel.
delightful ornaments to a wood, for it is extremely pleasing to see
them skipping from tree to tree upon the interlacing branches.
“The squirrel, flippant, pert, and full of play."—CowPEr.
We have only once seen one Hedgehog (Evrinaceus europeus, fig. 1111)
in my grounds, though I have found the animal all round London.
These animals are carnivorous, and feed upon beetles. It is a restless
animal in confinement.
“ Hedgeliogs, which
Lie tumbling in my bare-foot way, and mount
Their pricks at my footfall.,—SHAKSPEARE, Zemfest.
Two species of Bats appear to reside with us, and delight us with
their flight in the evening. Why these interesting creatures should be
typical of the infernal regions is not easy to say, especially as they do
GARDEN ANIMALS. 517
us much good by killing gnats and other insects. We have not the
frugiverous bats in this country, specimens of which are to be seen in
the Zoological ‘Gardens, which astonish us by hanging themselves up
with one leg, wrapping their wings around them, and feeding with their
head downwards. Bats are most curious creatures, and many species
live in England. I have not accurately determined the two species that
visit my garden, but one is larger than the other. I believe them
to be the Common Bat (Scotophilus murinus) and the Great Bat
(Scotophilus noctiluca), but as I have never had one in my hand I cannot
speak with any certainty on the subject.
“Some war with rear mice for their leathern wings,
To make my small elves coats.”
SHAKSPEARE, Midsummer Night’s Dream.
The Mole (TZalpa europea, fig. 1112) frequents my garden rather
more plentifully than is desirable. It is a restless animal, living mostly
in the dark, but sometimes running on the surface of the ground, when
it may be caught, but it cannot be
kept long inconfinement. Although I
have had several, I never could tame
them, or even keep them alive many
hours. The mole has mere black tuber- x
Ss
cles, incapable of vision, in the place eee
of eyes. The mole would be an inestimable benefit, by devouring
wireworms and other noxious insects, did it not turn up the ground
and uproot valuable plants.
A few years ago a plausible article was written in favour of the
mole, and the author recommended that the creature should be pro-
tected. This paper was generally accepted by naturalists at the time,
but the mole is mischievous in gardens, and our practice is to catch
the animal whenever it visits us. After establishing a rare plant, it
is very vexatious for a mole to uproot it. There are a large number
of these creatures in Beddington Park, but a little streamlet separates
the park from the garden, which they must traverse to make an entry
The mole is caught by an iron trap, which is set in the run; it is
518 MY GARDEN.
necessary to rub the trap with another mole to ensure much success. A
great number were caught when I first had the garden, but now they
have materially decreased. ,
The skin of this creature may be used for cloaks, but from the
number required such a cloak is an expensive article, and costs about
twenty guineas,
Plutarch says, that the Egyptians rendered divine honours to the
mole on account of its blindness—darkness, according to them, being
more ancient than light; and it was always held sacred to Buh, who
was one of the most ancient Egyptian divinities.
“Pray you tread softly, that the blind mole may not
Hear a footfall.”—SHAKSPEARE, The Tempest.
“The blind mole casts
Copp’d hills towards heaven, to tell, the earth is wrong’d
By man’s oppression ; and the poor worm doth die for’t.”
SHAKSPEARE, /ericles.
The Water Rat, or Vole (Arvicola amphibia, fig. 1113), lives in my
garden. It is really not a rat, but a small species of beaver. It
makes holes for itself in the banks of streams, and thus is very mis-
chievous by undermining banks of rivers and canals. It is a vegetable
feeder, and the statement that it is in the habit of devouring fish is a
false charge. It sometimes does me damage by gnawing the roots
of the trees, and rarely a winter passes without an apple or a nut-tree
Fig. 1113.-—Water Rat. Fic. 1114.—Brown Rat.
having its roots cut within a few inches of the stem. We destroy the
vole by shooting it, but the cats appear to have nearly exterminated
them in my garden. When the vole takes to the water the air adheres
to the hair of the animal, and as it glides through the water below its
surface a silvery object is presented to view, which has puzzled many
persons, as in this respect it resembles the water shrew.
‘
GARDEN ANIMALS, 519
We have the Brown Rat (M/us decumanus, fig. 1114), a voracious
and ferocious brute, which has been introduced into this country, and
has extirpated our national Black Rat (us rattus).
“Curse me the British vermin, the rat !
I know not whether he came in the Hanover ship,
But I know that he lies and listens mute
In an ancient mansion’s crannies and holes.”—-TENNYSON.
It breeds in our place, and destroys our young chickens, injures our
cats, and eats our seeds and garden produce. A former gardener
stated that one of these creatures made a nest of a valuable specimen
of Irish fern. In autumn they occasionally visit us in colonies. They
may be poisoned by phosphoric rat paste; but if cats, or perhaps if
pigs, eat these poisoned rats, they are liable to be also destroyed.
Phosphoric rat paste is made by preparing a mixture of oatmeal in
hot water, and then stirring in some sticks of phosphorus, which melts
and becomes disseminated through the mixture. The rat mines with
facility, and hence we have great difficulty in preventing it from
going where it chooses. It hoards large stores of nuts, corn, and
other food.
We have never seen the Black Rat at my garden, although several
have been caught at Finsbury Circus, some of which were sent to the
Zoological Gardens. Rats are readily tamed. I have seen French
soldiers at reviews with pet rats on their shoulders. I had one which was
pleased to sit on a servant’s shoulder when he traversed London.
“A rat, a rat! clap to the door—
The cat comes bouncing on the floor :
Oh for the heart of Homer’s mice,
Or gods to save them in a trice.”—POPE.
We have the Common Mouse (A/us musculus, fig. 1115). It is a
pretty creature, but very mischievous, eating our seeds and bulbs.
When they are troublesome, if the cats do not destroy them, we trap
them. The phosphoric rat paste is very poisonous to them.
“The cat, with eyne of burning coal,
Now couches fore the mouse’s hole.”
The Field Mouse (Mus sylvatica, fig. 1116) used to exist in vast
520 MY GARDEN.
quantities, but the cats have materially lessened their numbers. I do
not know what injury they inflict upon us, as evidently they were far
more common before the garden was made.
Fic. 1115.—Domestic Mouse. Fic. 1116.—Field Mouse.
The curious little Harvest Mouse (A7us messorius, fig. 1117) exists
over our district, but is rarely seen except in August. It is the
smallest of all British quadrupeds, but I have been unable to observe
its natural history.
eee Wah ese -
Fic. 1118.—Short-tailed Campagnol.
Fic. 1117.—Harvest Mouse.
The Short-tailed Campagnol (Arvicola pratensis, fig. 1118) is occa-
sionally killed by the cats in our grounds, but beyond that I know
nothing of its haunts or habits.
We have many of the common Shrew Mouse (Sorex avraneus, fig.
1119) in our grounds. It is a curious fact that, though the cats kill
Fic. 1119.—Shrew Mouse. Fic. 1120.—Water Shrew.
this species, they do not devour it. It lives entirely upon insects and
worms, and therefore is a good ally to the gardener.
We occasionally see the Water Shrew (Sorex fodiens, fig. 1120) in
our streamlets. It is very shy, and therefore its habits are diffi-
GARDEN ANIMALS. 521
cult to observe. When it enters the water the air clings to its fur, and
hence when the sun shines it looks like a mass of glass in the water, and
the observer is greatly puzzled as to what it can be. Those who have
the opportunity of observing the crystal chalk-water streams should
carefully watch for this curious creature. From its extreme timidity,
and the rapidity with which it dives to the bottom, the observer must
remain perfectly motionless if he wishes to watch its actions.
We occasionally see the Stoat (A/ustela erminea, fig. 1121), but not
often. I have seen one in the act of killing a rabbit; a single bite at
the back of the head destroys its victim.
7
Fig. 1121.—Stoat.
Fic. 1122.—Weasel.
I believe we have also the Weasel (Mustela vulgaris, fig. 1122),
which, although killed by gamekeepers, is supposed to be of service
in destroying rats and mice. I cannot, however, speak from my own
knowledge as to its relative benefit or injury.
THE RABBIT.
We are fortunately not much troubled by Rabbits (Lepus cuniculus),
but occasionally a few have come from Beddington Park. When they
are numerous, the mischief they do is incalculable. I have been
informed that on one estate in Scotland the rabbits which are killed
and sold realize between 700/. and 800/,a year. In spring and summer
they eat the young shoots and flowers, but in early spring they commit
wholesale ravages on young trees, of the bark of which they appear
at that time to be very fond. When the sap commences to rise,
young shoots of trees are nutritious to animals endowed with teeth
competent to masticate them; and I have been informed that in
522 MY GARDEN.
America, when the animals hear the woodman’s axe, they run to get
their share of the small shoots when the tree falls. On one occasion
my cattle barked a number of walnut-trees ; so that it is necessary to
protect all young trees from cattle. The wild rabbit is capable of
being tamed, when it becomes one of the most interesting of pets.
We have not the Dormouse (Myorus avellanarius), though I have
often seen it at Tunbridge. It makes a curious nest, somewhat like
that of a bird, which is often disclosed to view when the leaves drop,
when nest and dormouse may be taken at the same time. They are
common throughout Kent, and are also said to be found a few miles
-below my garden. Those nests that I have found with the mouse
inside, appear to be completely closed, from which I infer that the
creature closes the aperture when it enters, and thus only a ball of
grass and leaves is exposed to view.
I do not think that the Otter lives in the valley of the Wandle
at the present time, though two large ones were killed in Carshalton
Park a few years since, one of which was stuffed and kept in Bed-
dington Hall.
THE BIRDS.
“T heard a thousand pleasant notes
While in a grove I sate reclined.”
WORDSWORTH.
A garden, however lovely it may be, is never complete unless it
is plentifully tenanted with birds; and every year it is a matter
of solicitude to me to know when the nightingale arrives, and how
many have taken up their abode in my garden. My son, who more
particularly notices the different species of birds, has observed about
104 in our garden; and in Brewer’s “Flora of Surrey,” the names
of 115 species are recorded. Of those which have been noticed in
or near my garden, some are rare or accidental visitors, others merely
pass over in their migrations or wanderings. Many come from the
south to spend the summer, some from the north to pass the winter,
and others live with us all the year.
THE BIRDS. 523
Our water is the resort of various water-birds. One winter,
during the cold weather, we had a visit from the Hooper Swan
(Cygnus ferus, fig. 1123). He alighted on the lake, and remained
peaceably on the same piece of water with the other swans, though
he kept at a respectful distance from them. When the period of
Fic. 1123.—Hooper Swan.
incubation came, the common swans would no longer tolerate his
presence, and drove him ignominiously from the lake.
“ Behold as with a gushing impulse heaving
That downy prow, and softly cleaving
The mirror of the crystal flood.”—WORDSWORTH.
On the island we have a swannery, where the Common Swans
(Cygnus olor, fig. 1124) build and rear their young. Sometimes they
have five, at others seven at a brood. When first hatched the old birds
continually guard their young, which at the slightest alarm run up
the back of the female swan, and are carried about by her.
“So doth the swan her downy cygnets save,
Keeping them prisoner underneath her wings.”
SHAKSPEARE.
On these occasions the male bird remains near at hand, and is
ready to fight all aggressors; and woe to any dog which shall come
within his reach. He does not, however, carry the young swans on his
back. I once knew a rat to build its nest in a hole near a swan’s
nest. The male bird having discovered it, thrust his beak into the
524 MY GARDEN.
hole, and each time brought out a young rat, which he crunched
with his powerful beak. My male swan (fig. 1124@) has a marking
on each side of the head of a bright pink colour, produced by coloured
feathers, which come after moulting, and last till the following July.
The young birds attain a fair size by Michaelmas, about which
time we usually catch them to be fattened. For this purpose they
are placed in a pen in the watercress brook and fed with biscuits
and corn—a rather expensive process, as at Norwich, where this plan
is followed out, the charge for fattening a swan is one sovereign.
The birds are often of great weight, and when killed require to be
kept two or three weeks to make them tender; they are then
xm, Was omy
pms Vs Bo GQ
pn SS
rN FN ay
Fic. r124a.—Head of Swa
Fic. 1124.—Common Swan.
roasted, when they taste somewhat like wild duck, and should be
eaten, like them, with lemon and cayenne pepper.
Before Christmas the old swans begin to drive their young, when,
if not pinioned—that is, having their wings amputated at the elbow-
joint—they will rise from the water, soaring aloft in the most grace-
ful manner, and visit some other locality. These flying swans are
a great ornament to the neighbourhood, for a flight of six or seven
is a fine sight.
I was advised to keep swans by Professor Owen, in order to
lessen the American water-weed (Axacharis), and this advice has
proved to be most excellent, as a pair of old swans with their
progeny devour and destroy a prodigious amount of this weed in
THE BIRDS. 525
the course of a year. Our swans are only fed in the spring, but it
is found to be a good plan to give them soaked biscuit from the
middle of January till May, as a female swan once died during the
period of nidification and incubation, possibly from inadequate food.
Mr. Frank Buckland, speaking of swans in relation to the destruc-
tion of the spawn of fish, says, “Found guilty.” As far, however,
as the destruction of trout spawn is concerned, I say, “Innocent,” as
T have no reason to suspect that my swans have ever touched the
trout spawn-beds.
“ The stately-sailing swan
Gives out his snowy plumage to the gale;
And arching proud his neck, with oary feet
Bears forward fierce, and guards his osier-isle,
Protective of his young.”—-THOMSON’S Seasons,
We keep a few white Call Ducks on the water, which are amusing
on account of their vivacity. The noise they make is astonishing,
and they are useful to decoy down wild duck, widgeon, and teal as
they pass over. Their bills are highly endowed with nerves, so that
Fic, 1126.—Teal.
Fic. 1125.—Wild Duck.
when they put their heads under water they can find and success-
fully extract every ovum from the spawn-bed. For this reason, wherever
trout are of importance ducks should be prevented from visiting the
water. It is the female bird whose noisy call apparently attracts and
decoys the wild bird. The note of the drake is less distinct—being
526 MY GARDEN.
more of a whistle,—especially in the breeding season, and is not unlike
the whistle of the widgeon. The young call-ducks which were reared
last year, were taught by the gardener to dive for their food. It is very
amusing to throw some bar-
ley into the lake and watch
them, dive, and feed under
the water. The parent birds,
however, have never been
noticed to dive: I am un-
certain whether this habit of
diving is natural, or has only
Fi. 1127.—Widgeon. been acquired by training.
During the winter season we have the Wild Duck (Anas Boschas,
fig. 1125), the Teal (Querquedula crecca, fig. 1126), the Widgeon (Anas
Penelope, fig. 1127), and the Tufted Duck (Fuligula cristata, fig. 1128).
_In January 1871, our gardener shot on the mill-head a female
Smew (Mergus albellus, fig. 1129). On the coast of Norfolk this bird is
Fic. 1128.—Tufted Duck. Fic. r129.—Smew or Smee Duck.
called the Smee Duck, but how it obtained our name I know not.
It is a remarkable fact that almost all the specimens of this bird
which have been shot in this country have been female or immature
birds, and it is probable that the adult males seldom visit our shores.
The adult male is an elegant and handsome bird. Although in
winter its plumage consists of only black and white, it is nevertheless
THE BIRDS. 527
very handsome and conspicuous, and would make a capital mark for the
gun of the sportsman. These birds are said to be very shy, rapid
and expert divers, and more impatient of cold than the duck tribe
generally. Little is known of the
time or the place of its breeding.
Fic. 1130.—Little Grebe, jth nat. size.
Fic, 1131.—Sclavonian Grebe, }th nat. size.
We have always the Little Grebe, or Dabchick (Podiccps minor
fig. 1130), on the water, although in limited numbers, which is curious,
as on another mill-head near Croydon they exist in great abun-
Fic. 1132.—Water Rail, }th nat. size. Fic. 1333.—Land Rail, ith nat. size.
dance. They dive for food, and are rather shy, so that I have
never been able, at my garden, to observe much of their natural
528 MY GARDEN.
history. They are more frequent in winter than in summer, and occa-
sionally breed with us. A specimen of the Sclavonian Grebe (Podiceps
cornutus, fig. 1131) has once been obtained from our water.
The Water Rail (Rallus aquaticus, fig. 1132) has been seen in
winter during the last few years; and the Land Rail (Crer pratensis,
fig. 1133) has been heard in the meadows in summer.
Moorhens (Gallinula chloropus, fig. 1134) exist in large numbers
on our water, and are a great ornament to the lake. They breed
freely with us, and sometimes construct their nests in the bulrushes
just above the water-line, and sometimes in the bushes ; and one which
Fic. 1135.—Moorhen’s Nest.
I have figured (fig. 1135) was made in a black-currant busi. It is
interesting to see the moorhen, when the little brood are hatched,
conducting them over the Jake, and showing them where food is to
be found. The swans quarrel with them, especially the male swan,
which cruelly kills the young ones when he can get at them. I once
saw a moorhen heroically defend her young brood. She assumed a
defiant attitude and flew at the swan, taking care to keep out of
reach of his bill. By this manceuvre the swan’s attention was diverted,
and the young birds, being much frightened, betook themselves, with
the exception of one which was cruelly crushed up by the swan and
killed, to safe quarters amongst the flags. If food be scarce, the
moorhens do some damage by eating the lettuces and cabbages ;
otherwise they feed exclusively upon the water-weeds. These birds,
from being seldom molested, become bold, and will walk about the
THE BIRDS. 529
lawns by the river-side during the day, but they always retain their
crafty and skulking habits. I have seen them take to the tops of the
highest trees, after my son has had two or three shots at them, or
else they will skulk in the hedge-rows, and not be seen again for
some days. It is said that these birds can submerge their bodies, just
keeping the top of their beak above water for breathing, thus eluding
observation.
The Bald-faced Coot (fulica atra, fig. 1136) has visited our water
the last two or three years, and two were shot as specimens;
otherwise it is desirable to retain them as call-birds.
Fic. 1136.—Bald-faced Coot, }th nat. size.
Wild Geese have been seen crossing over the garden, but have
never been known to settle.
The Heron (Ardea cinerea, fig. 1137) comes to our water, and,
though so elegant on the wing and so interesting to observe, is not
altogether a welcome visitor, especially as he delights to come at
night. The heron is most destructive to trout: he stands on the
shallows, and when a trout comes near him it is instantly transfixed
by the heron’s powerful beak. Many a large fish is thus destroyed,
besides those which are devoured, and hence they are doubly
destructive. If a person wants herons, he cannot have fish; “and
M M
530 MY GARDEN.
if fish are wanted, it is impossible for him to keep herons. It is
usual on the Upper Wandle to watch for the herons at night, and
shoot them. They are also frequently taken in rabbit traps.
There is no heronry around us, although they build on the tops
of the tallest trees. The nearest one to us that I have heard of is
at Cobham Park, near Gravesend; there is another at Claremont,
on the river Mole. Formerly they built at Wanstead, and I have
Fic. 1138.— Woodcock, }th nat. size: Fic. 1139.—Common Snipe, éth nat. sine.
seen a nest at Chigwell in Essex: probably our herons come from
Claremont. I have also heard of a heronry in Windsor Park. These
birds visit Beddington Park and the upper part of my water.
A bird supposed to be a Crane (Grus cinerea) appeared in the
Park every evening for fifteen or sixteen days, in February 1871,
but it was never absolutely authenticated.
Fic, 1z40.—Jack Snipe. fic. 1141.—Sandpiper.
The Woodcock (Scolopar rusticola, fig. 1138) visits the garden, and
two species of snipes: the Common Snipe (Scolopax gallinago, fig. 1139),
which is found abundantly on the Sewage grounds every winter;
THE BIRDS. 531
and the Jack Snipe (Scolopax gallinula, fig. 1140), which, though
fewer in number, is constantly flushed every winter. It is pleasant
to walk round our ferneries or rosaries during frost and snow and
put up a snipe.
The Summer Snipe, or common Sandpiper (Totanus hypoleucos,
fig. 1141), visits the garden sparingly every year. The Green Sandpiper
(Totanus Ochropus) has also been occasionally seen. The Whimbrel and
Curlew have been heard crossing over of an evening during their
Fic, 1142.—Peewit. Fic. 1143.—Partridge.
autumn migration. Gulls have not often been observed, and when
seen have generally been flying very high. The gull has once been
noticed by the gardener swimming in the mill-pond. The Peewit
(Vanellus cristatus, fig. 1142) visits the Sewage grounds; and my
gardener states that he has seen the Golden Plover (Charadrius
pluvialis) in winter in Beddington Park. A stray Partridge (Perdix
cinerea, fig. 1143) and Pheasant visit us now
and then, and one Quail has been seen in
one of our meadows. Partridges exist
in fair quantities on the downs, and
pheasants used formerly to be preserved
in the Park.
The Turtle Dove (Columba Turtur, fig.
1144) appears in the district plentifully in Fic. x144—Turtle Dove, {th nat. size
August, and the Stock Dove (Columba @nas), a very shy bird, also
frequents the neighbourhood.
“The stock-dove, unalarm’d,
Sits cooing in the pine-tree, nor suspends
His long love-ditty for my near approach.”—CowPrER.
MM 2
532 MY GARDEN.
The Wood Pigeon (Columba Palumbus, fig. 1145) lives with us all
the year round, and breeds every year in the trees bounding my garden
and throughout Beddington Park. At times they water at the central
brook, and then they come every day for that purpose. The wood
pigeon is an interesting bird. In the Tuileries Gardens at Paris
they used to sit, sometimes a dozen
or more, on the bare branches of
the trees. Whenever I went to Paris,
I always paid my respects to the
wild wood-pigeons, and bestowed
upon them some crumbs from my
breakfast-table. It was pleasing to
see, in the midst of a great city,
one of the wildest of birds coming
to call from the top of high trees
to take bread from the hand, and
Fic. 1145.—Wood Pigeon, 3th nat. size.
even from the lips, of man. But my son, who visited Paris in
December 1871, has informed me that all is now’ changed, and that he
did not see a single wood-pigeon in the Tuileries Gardens, although
he expressly looked for them. Whether this timid bird was driven
from Paris by the German bombardment, or was scared away by
the terrible conflagrations during the last days of the Commune,
or whether they were killed for food during the first siege, will pro-
bably never be known. I should like my garden all the better if
I could do the same there with the wood-pigeons as I used to do
n the Tuileries Gardens, for anyone may tame this wild and shy
bird by kindness and gentleness; but there are too many ruthless
destroyers of the feathered tribes around the district.
In the autumn of 1869 flocks of wood-pigeons, at intervals, in
numbers from ninety to five hundred, crossed my garden, generally
in the forenoon, and flew in a S.S.W. direction. On the 3rd January,
1870, probably six or seven thousand crossed from the north-east to
the south-west. The birds appeared tired, and. settled on some tall
elms, but after resting a short time they again took to wing. For
THE BIRDS. 533
some weeks after that time not a pigeon was to be seen in the neigh-
bourhood, but in the beginning of March they reappeared as usual.
“ Ring-dove beauteous, is the face
Of man so hateful, that his sight
Startles thee, in wild affright,
From beechen resting-place?”—Moir.
The Rock Dove (Columba Livia) builds in holes in rocks, but
I do not know whether it breeds near my garden. The rock
dove is the parent of the home pigeon, which is so useful for pigeon
telegraphy. Mr. Tegetmeier has stated that during the siege of
Paris about three hundred trained pigeons belonging to a Belgian
gentleman were sent by balloon from the capital, and were employed
to carry despatches from thence. The messages were set up in type
and photographed on collodion, so minutely that they could not be
deciphered by the unaided eyesight, but when placed under the micro-
scope they could be distinctly read and perfectly copied. These aérial
messengers baffled the military skill of the Germans, who in their turn
employed hawks to kill the pigeons, but, it is believed, with little or no
success. Before electro-telegraphy was discovered pigeons were exten-
sively employed for telegraphic purposes, and when I was a boy large
establishments existed not far from my home. I used to keep pigeons,
which returned over and over again, when sent away. It is believed by
some persons that pigeons possess an inherent power or instinct which
enables them to find their way home from very great distances ; but this
is not the fact. They require to be carefully trained, and taught the
way to their home by repeated journeys, which is done in the following
manner. A bird is selected with large brain, showing natural intelli-
gence, and with a finely formed wing with large broad feathers and
straight when expanded. Having selected a promising bird, he is taken
a short distance the first day; on the second the distance is doubled,
and so on from stage to stage till a distance of five hundred miles is
attained. A good bird will fly a hundred miles in one hour, and
forty-five miles an hour for eight consecutive hours, so the velocity
in long journeys is great. When making long flights pigeons rise to
534 MY GARDEN.
such an altitude that they are scarcely visible by the naked eye, and
therefore are safe from gun-shot. From the experience which the late
war has afforded, pigeons, though the emblems of peace, may become
useful accessories in war. For two thousand years the pigeon has been
used as a letter-carrier. Shakspeare alludes to the circumstance of
pigeons being thus employed :—
“ News, news from heaven 1
Marcus, the post is come.”
I have never seen the Goatsucker, or Nightjar (Caprimulgus euro-
peus), in or about my garden, although it appears a short distance from
it, where its silent flight towards night is a very interesting feature.
The Swift (Cypselus Apus, fig. 1146) abounds in our district. Its scream
Fic, 1146.—Swift.
is very pleasing as it dashes by, and nowhere is this observed more
in perfection than at Florence, where the continuous screams of birds
which fly past the window make such an impression on the ear as
never to be forgotten.
“To mark the swift in rapid giddy ring
Dash round the steeple, unsubdued of wing.”
GILBERT WHITE.
The Sand Martin (Hirundo riparia, fig. 1147) may be seen skim-
ming over the lake, but it does not breed near the garden. The
House Martin (Hirundo urbica, fig. 1148) is a constant visitor, and
is the most numerous of all the Hirundinz,
“As swift as swallow flies.°—SHAKSPEARE,
The Swallows (Hirundo rustica, fig. 1149) receive from us every
hospitality, and they build on the rafters of our large summer-house.
THE BIRDS. 535
Each year they occupy two nests (fig. 1150), and it is a curious fact
that if the nests are in a tolerable condition they are used over and
over again, although from the situation in which these nests are placed
it is difficult to believe that any other but the same birds, or their young
ones raised in the same spot, could by any possibility have found them
Fic. 1148.—House Martin.
In this summer-house we frequently have many visitors, when the
poor birds are somewhat scared; even then they contrive to feed their
young, though the old birds show timidity, and often sit upon the
railing outside for some little time before they can summon up
Fic. ri 49.— Swallow. Fic. 1150..—Swallow’s Nest.
courage to enter. However, the powerful instinct which prompts the
birds to feed their young at length prevails, when they sweep into the
house, and in an instant fly away again to obtain more food. The
young birds sleep away their time till the parents come to feed them,
when they take the food and sleep again.
“ A bird awakened in its nest
Gives a faint twitter of unrest,
Then smooths its plumes and sleeps again.”
LONGFELLOW.
536 MY GARDEN.
.
The Swallows leave their eggs many hours at a time, when the
eggs feel quite cold to the touch: nevertheless, the birds are hatched ,
in due time.
“ How fair the scene!
I wish I had as lovely a green
To paint my landscapes and my leaves!
How the swallows twitter under the eaves!
There now! there is one in her nest ;
I can just catch a glimpse of her head and breast,
And will sketch her thus in her quiet nook.”LONGFELLOW.
When the time of migration arrives, they appear to leave Europe
at the same time from all parts. One year, in October, I travelled
hastily to the Mediterranean after the swallows had left England,
and then found that they had also left France; but whence they
come and where they go, no one can precisely tell: probably Africa
is their winter dwelling-place. Herodotus says that swallows are
never known to be absent from Egypt.
The Kingfisher (A “edo Ispida, fig. 1151) is a bird with plumage of
great beauty, but it is of rapid flight and shy habits. It has bred in
our grounds, in holes in the bank of the
river, and generally in the burrows of the
water rat. The situation of its nest may
be known by the bones of fish which are
strewn about the orifice. It has a sharp
and shrill cry. Although destructive to
small fish, the kingfisher is always tolerated
Fic. 1151.—Kingfisher. for the beauty of its plumage. I have seen
it through the greenhouse windows sitting on our breeding boxes,
and in spring the birds have terrible combats for the mastery.
The merry Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus, fig. 1152), the “messenger of
spring,” visits our grounds every year, and frequents the high trees on
the north-east side of the garden. Some years ago I remember a sur-
prising number of young birds to have been bred at the Horse-shoe
Point on the river Lea, at Upper Clapton; and though more than a
dozen were shot, yet every day a great cuckoo might be seen being
THE BIRDS. 537
fed in the most affectionate manner by a very little bird, in the nest of
which it was reared. In the year 1871, a young cuckoo was caught at
my garden and placed in the Poor Man’s house. The foster-mother,
a sedge warbler, found it out, and came into the house and fed it
Fic. 1152,—-Cuckoo, 3th nat. size.
Fic. 1153.—Nuthatch,
regularly, till one day the cuckoo contrived to escape through a broken
pane of glass, and was no more seen. It was strange to see so small
a foster-mother rearing so large a foster-child, and to be seemingly so
fond of it.
“© blithe new-comer! I have heard,
I hear thee, and rejoice :
O cuckoo! shall I call thee bird,
Or but a wandering Voice ?”—WORDSWORTH.
Mr. Harting, in his charming book on “The Birds ot Shak-
speare,” states that the oldest sample of English secular music pre-
served amongst the Harleian MSS. (No. 978) thus notices the
cuckoo :—
“Murie sing, Cuccu ! (Merrily sing, Cuckoo!
Cuccu! cwiécu ! Cuckoo ! Cuckoo !
Well singes thu, Cuccu! Well singest thou, Cuckoo !
Ne swih thu naver nu.” Mayest thou never cease.)
The Nuthatch (Szita europea, fig. 1153) has been shot in Bed-
dington Park, but, owing to its active and shy habits, is not often seen.
This bird is able to traverse the trunks of trees, not only upwards,
538 MY GARDEN.
like'the Tree Creeper, but downwards, head first, as in fig. 1153. A
friend of my son, Mr. W. H. Power, has noticed this bird carry off
acorns from an evergreen oak, but what it did with them he was
never able to discover.
The Wren (Troglodytes vulgaris, fig. 1154) is one of our constant
residents, and endears itself to us by its song, and by its pretty little
ways. It delights to build in our summer-houses, and when we take
refreshment there, it is most amusing to see the little creature come to
feed its young ones, as it uses the most cunning devices to enter and
to leave unseen; it climbs up the rafters, and, having fed its young,
drops out of the nest and rapidly flies away. I have observed that this
Fic. .—Wren. 3
sap Fic. 1155.—Wren’s Nest.
bird, when it brings food to the nest, takes away all the droppings
of the young birds to a distance; but whether for sanitary purposes,
or to prevent the discovery of the nest, ] do not know. We have
always many wrens’ nests (fig. 1155) in the grounds,—some in our
summer-houses, some in trees, and one was built last year in an old
stump in such a situation that it was impossible to pass without touch-
ing it, and yet it was never found by any of our cats, nor do I remember
that the prying eyes of any of my young children friends ever saw
it till I pointed it out, and then they were delighted to gratify their
curiosity by putting in their little fingers to feel the eggs; and after
the young birds were hatched the children were in raptures when the
young birds mistook their finger for their mother, and opened their
mouths for food.
THE BIRDS. 539
The Creeper (Certhia familiaris, fig. 1156) runs over our trees in
search of insects, but I know little or nothing of its natural history.
Fic. 1156.—Creeper.
Fic. 1157.—Wryneck.
Last year the gardener found a young Wryneck (VYunx torquilla
fig. 1157). He placed it in the Poor Man’s house, where it soon dis-
covered an ant’snest. 1t devoured all the so-
called eggs in a few days, and then died.
Fic. £159.—Jay, }th nat. size.
Fic. 1138.—Spotted Woodpecker.
‘The handsome Green Woodpecker (Pzcws viridis) has been observed
only once, but the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker (Picus minor, fig. 1158)
has been seen on several occasions. One of the special peculiarities of
the green woodpecker is its very long tongue, which it uses as an organ
of prehension to take insects. In a street in Paris there were a few
years ago two tame birds placed in cages one above the other: it
amused me much to see the bird in the lower one craftily attemptnig,
540 MY GARDEN.
by means of its long tongue, to steal the food from the one in the
upper cage. The length of tongue reminded me of the chameleon,
though the woodpecker took its food slowly, and not with the rapid
dart of the chameleon. Why the Woodpecker should be called unlucky
is not very apparent; nevertheless the bard sings :—
“Teque nec levus vetet ire picus,
Nec vaga cornix.”—HORACE, Ode 27.
An occasional Jay (Corvus glandarius, fig. 1159) has been seen,
but they are more commonly resident in large woods, where they are
destructive to the eggs of birds.
Magpies (Pica caudata, fig.
1160) have been observed in
my grounds, but they are
scarce throughout the district.
They are charming, active
birds for pets. One which
used to breakfast with me
every morning was always
Bie. t60— Magpie. intent upon securing the
butter; and when I resided in the Bank of England, a pet I had
then used to get into the offices and hide the pens and upset the
ink. Another great amusement of his was to pull the dog’s tail when
he was asleep, and hop away before he could be caught.
Jackdaws (Corvus monedula,
fig. 1161) abound, and are
sometimes troublesome, as they
come in flocks when the gar-
deners are at dinner, and in a
few minutes devour a whole
crop of peas.
We have the Carrion Crow
(Corvus corone, fig. 1162). A few Fie: ee
Hooded Crows (Corvus cornix), formerly considered to be sacred to
THE BIRDS. 54l
Apollo, have been seen on two or three occasions. In the neighbouring
county of Kent they are very common, but do not breed.
There are rookeries, and abundance of Rooks (Corvus frugilegus,
fig. 1163), all around us. , There was once 'a large rookery on large trees
in Beddington Park—
“Towns aérial on the waving trees”—THOMSON’S Seasozs.
which have since been cut down. One summer evening I was greatly
amused by a little incident which disturbed the equanimity of the rooks.
Fic. 1162.—Head of Crow, }rd nat. size.
=
Fic, 1163.—Rook, }th nat. size.
A balloon passed over their nests, and the birds set up such a chatter
at its approach as was never before heard. When, however, in spite of
their protests, it still approached and swept directly over head, the birds
thought it prudent to retire, when they flew away in two great columns,
one to the north and the other to the south, and after wheeling in circles
returned to their quarters when the balloon had passed. If we could
but have understood their language, we should doubtless have heard
many speculations as to what that uncouth monster could have been.
The Starling (Sturnus vulgaris, fig. 1164) breeds in the stumps of
the old trees around us. In autumn they assemble, and migrate in
large flocks from the marshes on the Thames.
We have the Bullfinch (Pyrrhula vulgaris, fig. 1165). This bird
destroys the buds, but I do not think it has ever done us much harm.
It is a charming bird: the one I have at home, which has been
taught to pipe by an indefatigable German, delights me with his
rich melodious voice whenever I tell him to sing me his song.
542 MY GARDEN.
The Lesser Redpole (Fringilla Linota) comes to us in autumn. The
common Linnet (fringilla cannabina, fig. 1166) visits the garden in
scanty numbers. This is peculiarly the poor man’s bird. It appears to
Fic. 1164.—Starling. Fic. 1165.—Bullfinch.
be much excited when it “pours forth his song in gushes,” and I shall
ever remember the delight which a caged bird, kept by a neighbour,
afforded to me once when I was confined to bed for a few days.
“ Books !—’tis a dull and endless strife :
Come, hear the woodland linnet,
How sweet his music! On my life
There's more of wisdom in it.”—WorDsWoR'H.
Only one or two of the beautiful Goldfinches (Fringilla Carduelis,
fig. 1167) have been noticed. The Goldfinch has become much more
scarce in the southern counties of England than it used to be. I have
x
MAUS. Hg
ae ~ “7 4)
SV)
Fic. 1166.—Linnet. Fic. 1167.— Goldfinch.
formerly seen large flocks farther down, on the Brighton downs. One
of the great charms of the redpole and of the goldfinch is the manner
in which they use their feet as organs of prehension, holding the food
in their feet whilst they take it with their ‘beak.
THE BIRDS. 543
The Hawfinch (Fringilla Coccothraustes, fig. 1168) visits us and
probably occasionally breeds, An adult bird which was killed by
flying against the orchard-house, appeared from the state of its
plumage to have been nesting. The Greenfinch (Fringilla Chloris, fig.
1169) visits us in numbers. We have also at times the Mountain
Finch (Fringilla montefringilla), the Black-headed Bunting (Zmberiza
scheeniculus), and the Siskin (Carduelis
spinus). Ben Jonson says, “The finches’
carol.”
Fic. 1168.—Hawfinch, ith nat. size. ViG. 36) —Greenfinch.
The irrepressible House Sparrow (Fringilla domestica, fig. 1170)
occasionally comes in large flocks, and then leaves us again. They
do the garden little, if any, damage ; though they know the time for
feeding the poultry, when they always come down for their share.
Fic. 1170.—House Sparrow. Fic. 1171 —Chaffinch.
We have the Tree Sparrow (Fringilla montana) and the Chaffinch
(Fringilla celebs, fig. 1171). The chaffinch arrives in large numbers
in severe weather, but I cannot endorse the opinion of the Thurin-
gians, who consider it to be the best of all singing birds. We have
also at times the Yellow-hammer (Emberiza citrinella).
544 MY GARDEN.
There are abundance of Sky-larks (Alauda arvensis, fig. 1172)—
“gay lark of hope”—on the downs, but they rarely appear in our
garden, to rejoice us with their “heaven-gate” song.
“Soon as Aurora lights the dawn,
The lark, at early hour,
Carols forth the rosy morn
High from its heavenward tower.”—ANON.
The speciality of the lark is to sing when upon the wing, so that
another poet well observes :—
“Higher still, and higher,
From the earth thou springest :
Like a cloud of fire
The blue deep thou wingest,
And singing still dost soar, and soaring ever singest.”
SHELLEY.
Vast flocks of these birds cross over after snow, and fly in a south-
west direction. The winter of 1870-71 was especially remarkable for the
number and size of the flocks. The Wood-lark (A/auda arborea) has
been heard about the place, but I have never observed it, though I have
Fig, 1172,.—Skylark. Fic. 1173.—Wagtail.
heard its delightful note in the county, both at Richmond Park and at
Weybridge. Its rich, melodious, although by no means varied song,
is very exciting to some people, and there are Many persons in
London who are never without wood-larks, the song of which
greatly delights me as I traverse the London streets.
The Meadow Pipit (Anthus Pratensis) lives in our field. At least
three species of Wagtail frequent my garden. The Pied Wagtail
(Motacilla Yurrelli, fig. 1173) is our common species ; the Grey-bearded
THE BIRDS.
Wagtail (Motacilla Boarula) and Ray’s Wagtail (Motacilla Rayz) have
also been observed, but of these two latter I have no knowledge. The
pied wagtails sometimes build their nests and rear their young in our
garden; they are very ornamental, from their quick movements and
rapid mode of running after the flies and insects on which they feed.
Five species of Titmice grace the garden with their presence.
Sometimes they do good by destroying the insects, and sometimes
they do much harm by devouring the fruit. They are charming
birds,—particularly the Blue Titmice (Parus c@ruleus, fig. 1174), which
are most beautiful and interesting creatures. Twice a year they come
to the garden in flocks: once in the early spring, when they pick
Fic. 1174.—Blue Titmouse, }th nat. size. Fic. 1175.— Greater Titmouse.
out the blossom buds of the pear, and especially of the Doyenné
d@Eté; and again in the autumn, when the pears are full-grown, at
which time they make a little hole in the fruit : thereby exposing it to
the ravages of wasps or of other insects, or admitting the spores of
fungi which cause it to prematurely rot. In this way a flock of titmice
will destroy a large crop of fruit in two or three hours. In winter
they do incalculable good by destroying the eggs of insects, and, later
in the season, even the insects themselves. Regarding them simply
rom a utilitarian point of view, it is immaterial to me whether my
plant is destroyed by a caterpillar or by a titmouse, so when they
come as a devouring army my gardeners scare them away by firing
upon them and killing one or two; and as all creatures are greatly
terrified at the sight of the dead bodies of their own species, they
NWN
546 MY GARDEN.
generally decamp forthwith to other places where they are not so
cruelly treated.
We have also the Greater Titmouse (Parus major, fig. 1175), the
Cole Tit (Parus ater, fig. 1176), the Marsh Tit (Parus palustris),
and the Long-tailed Tit (Parus caudatus, fig. 1177). In the severe
winter of 1870-71, when many of the small birds perished from cold
and hunger, they were so pressed for food that they were readily
caught in a trap baited with a piece of fat bacon. Several titmice
Fic. 1177.—Long tailed Titmouse. Fic. 1178.—Golden-crested
Wren.
thus procured were placed by the gardener in the F ernery, where they
enjoyed the genial temperature, and soon made themselves very much at
home; they cleared every plant of aphis, coccus, or any other insect
they could find, and when I had my luncheon were quite ready to
share with me my frugal repast. But at the very earliest oppor-
tunity they proved themselves unthankful for the kindness shown
to them, and flew away through the first crack in the glass they
could find. The long-tailed titmouse is remarkable for the beauty
’ of its long nest, which is greatly prized by boys.
The Golden-crested Wren (Regulus cristatus, fig. 1178) visits us, but
I do not remember to have seen its suspended nest, which is generally
fixed in a fir-tree. It is the smallest of all birds, and towards autumn
congregates in the woods round London, at Weybridge, and also in Hert-
fordshire, where hundreds may frequently be observed flying from tree
to tree, picking out every insect and every insect’s egg they can find.
My garden is rich in Warblers. The Grasshopper Warbler (Sylvia
locustella) has been heard. The Sedge Warbler (Sylvia Phrag-
THE BIRDS. 547
mites, fig. 1179) constantly builds with us. This bird may be known
by its note, which is repeated over and over again, and conveys the
idea that it will never stop. It is a charming and right merry
Fic. 1179.—Sedge Warbler. Fic. 1180.—Reed Warbler.
summer bird. The Reed Warbler. (Sylvia arundinacea, fig. 1180)
constantly builds with us. This bird appears to be able to vary
the character of its nest, from its deep normal form (fig. 1181). to
‘he shape shown in fig. 1182. The latter nest was built in a
stiff bush (privet). Mr. W. H. Power has noticed the latter form
Fic. 1182.—Reed Warbler’s Nest.
Fic. 1181.—Reeg warbler’s Nest.
when the nest had been constructed in a lilac bush. He considers
that the deep pendulous form is constructed to prevent the eggs
being thrown out by the wind bending the slim, pliant reeds. The
Blackcap (Curruca atricapilla, fig. 1183) has a note of good quality.
NN 2
548 MY GARDEN.
Besides these, we have the Garden Warbler (Sylvia hortensis), the
Whitethroat (Curruca cinerea), the Lesser Whitethroat (Curruca
Fic. 1183.—Blackcap. Fic. 1184.—Chiff-chaff.
sylviella), the Wood Warbler (Sylvia sylvicola), the Willow Warbler
(Sylvia Trochilus), and the Chiff-chaff (Sylvia rufa, fig. 1184).
Lastly, above all the other warblers, and unquestionably superior in
song to any other feathered visitor of
my garden, the Nightingale (Pilomela
Luscinia, fig. 1185) charms us with its
sweet melody.
“Sweet bird, that shunn’st the noise of folly
Most musical, most melancholy,
Thee, chauntress, oft the woods among
I woo, to hear thy evening song.”
MILTON.
Fic. 1185.—Nightingale.
The neighbours tell me that before I occupied my garden the
nightingale was never known to visit the field, so doubtless the shrubs
and little trees which have been planted are an attraction.
“Where nightingales their love-sick ditty sing:
See, meads with purling streams, with flowers the ground,
The grottoes cool, with shady poplars crown’d !”
DRYDEN.
Nightingales arrive about the middle of April in each year. They
are not so common in the valley of the Wandle as they are in the
valley of the Darenth and in many parts of Essex. They are not
so plentiful at Florence as they are in England, but on the Lake of
THE BIRDS. 549
Belinzona their voices resound from every bush, and in the Eternal
City they are carefully tended in cages.
“O nightingale, that on yon blooming spray
Warblest at eve, when all the woods are still,
Thou with fresh hope the lover’s heart dost fill,
While the jolly Hours lead on propitious May.”—MILTon.
A pair of Stonechats (Saxicola rubicola, fig. 1186) roosted for
nearly a month on the bulrushes in the mill-head during the autumn
of 1870, but this bird is rather a resident on commons than among
Yt, te
ee Age ew
Fic. 1187.—Wheatear.
Fic. 1186.—Stonechat.
the shrubs of gardens. It may be known by its cry, which
resembles the noise of two stones being struck together. The Whinchat
(Saxicola rubetra) and the Wheatear (Saricola enanthe, fig. 1187),
although they have not been observed in ‘my garden, are to be
found in the neighbourhood, on Mitcham Common.
The Hedge Sparrow (Accentor modularis)
may be observed flitting about from bush
to bush; but from its quiet unobtrusive
manner, and the unpretending and sober
colour of its plumage, frequently escapes the
notice of the casual observer. ui
After the nightingale, there is no soft- ly
billed bird more charming than the Robin eae
(Erythaca rubecula, fig. 1188). I delight in the clear shrill of the
Redbreast, and love him most dearly, but I cannot convey my en-
thusiasm to other people, as few will admit that they care for the
note of this bird, although no one will deny that they admire his
550 MY GARDEN.
form and his action. Redbreasts breed with us, and are as familiar as
they are in most other gardens. One always accompanies me when
I am at work, and pounces upon the turned-up worm, and then sits
upon the nearest branch watching my operations, giving me at intervals
strophes of his high-pitched song.
“Here in safe covert, on the shallow snow,
And, sometimes, on a speck of visible earth,
Thé redbreast near me hopp’d.”—-WORDSWORTH.
One dear little robin used to perch upon the table while I lunched,
to receive his share of the bread-crumbs. Sometimes, in cold weather,
we catch a robin and place him in the Fernery to eat any insects
which may be there.
We never can have too many of the soft-billed birds in the garden,
and we rigidly protect their nests and eggs from all intruders.
Fic. 1189.—Missel Thrush. Fic. 1190.—Fieldfare.
Missel Thrushes (Zurdus viscivorus, fig. 1189) live around us, espe-
cially in the Park. The Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris, fig. 1190) visits
us in autumn. The Redwing (Turdus Jliaca, fig. 1191) has of late
years become much more numerous round London, and in some
winters visits our neighbourhood in considerable numbers.
The two birds which really, upon the whole, are the best songsters
which build in my garden, where they exist in large numbers, are the
Song Thrush (Zurdus musicus, fig. 1192) and the Blackbird (Lurdus
merula, fig. 1193).
THE BIRDS. 551
The song thrush sings from November till August. It is one of
our most joyous songsters, beginning to sing early in the morning
and continuing till late at night. The poet Browning, speaking of
this bird, says—
“The wise thrush
sings each song twice over,
Lest you should think he never could recapture
The first fine careless rapture.”
Fic. t192.—Song Thrush, }th nat. size.
Fic. 1191.—Redwing, }th nat. size.
The thrush builds constantly in my garden, and in early spring
prefers the Cedrus deodara, or some other evergreen tree. It
always lines its nest with mud, and thus differs from the blackbird—
“The ouzel-cock, so black of hue,
With orange-tawny bill” (SHAKSPEARE)—
which first lines its nest with mud, and over this places dried grass.
The poet Burns highly appreciated the note of this bird in January,
and who does not, when the sun shines on the snowdrop?
“ Sing on, sweet thrush, upon the leafless bough !
Sing on, sweet bird! I listen to thy strain ;
See, aged Winter, ’mid his surly reign,
At thy blithe carol clears his furrow’d brow.”—BURNS.
The blackbird has a far softer and more melodious note than the
thrush, but the note of the latter bird is more powerful and his song
Together they form a delightful harmony, but they
This country would be
more constant.
more commonly sing alone than together.
552 MY GARDEN.
shorn of half its pleasure if we were deprived of the notes of the
thrush and the blackbird.
“The mavis mild wi’ many a note
Sings drowsy day to rest.”—BURNS.
Fic. 1194.—Spotted Flycatcher.
Fic. 1193.—Blackbird, jth nat. size.
The Spotted Fly-catcher (Muscicapa Grisola, fig. 1194)—the last
bird of the summer to migrate, and the last to make its appearance
here—builds in the willow-trees on our islands. It hawks over the
Fic. t195.—Kestrel. Fic. 1196.—White Owl.
water, returns and settles on a bough, then hawks again, and so
on over and over again. It arrives about the second week in May.
The only birds of prey which have been noticed with us are
THE BIRDS. : 553
the Kestrel (Zinnunculus Falco, fig. 1195), the Sparrow Hawk (Falco
nisus), and the White Owl (Strix flammea, fig. 1196)—
“The ill-faced owl, Death’s dreadful messenger” (SPENSER) ;
or, as Shakspeare has it—
“The clamorous owl that nightly hoots :”
At Shepley House, in 1872, a pair bred in an old tree, and about
eighteen heads of ducklings were found in their nest.
The constant persecution of raptorial birds by gamekeepers has
terribly thinned this country of this family. It is probable that they
are useful in destroying diseased and maimed birds, and preventing
the overcrowding of species, and it is questionable whether the general
balance of nature can be disturbed with impunity by the caprice
of ignorant and prejudiced men.
In the woods on the hills, the Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus), the
Hobby (Falco subbuteo), and the Merlin (Falco e@salon), have been shot.
A splendid wild Cockatoo was unfortunately shot this year (1872)
in Beddington Park, possibly from Weybridge, where attempts have
been made to acclimatize the parrot tribes.
The following table has been prepared by my son, to show
about the time when the birds mentioned arrive at my garden: the
exact day varies in each year :—
Blackcap . : . March 30th. House Martin . : . April 16th.
Chiffchaff . : : . April 5th. Cuckoo. ; ‘ » 5) 18th.
Swallow . me OR & gp “6th Summer Snipe... » 22nd,
Sand Martin . ; - 5, 8th Sandpiper . 5 : Be age | it
Wryneck . ; ‘ oy, Oth. Swift . . 3 : . May toth.
Nightingale i ‘ » 9, 22th, Flycatcher . : ‘ -_ » 8th.
Sedge Warbler . 2 » 9, 5th Land Rail. i 4 « 93 25th:
Although birds delight us with their song, yet in my intercourse
with musical men I have found but few that have the power of
recording their notes. I therefore requested my brother, Mr. F.
Smee, to visit my garden and endeavour to take down the notes
of the birds as they sang. He reported that some of their musical
554 MY GARDEN.
phrases were in the minor key, and I have printed several of the
strophes as they were sung.
The Reed Warbler.
The Thrush.
pe GT TN
je Se ae Spice = q
fe === Pape
The Blackbird.
poppe oe] o—, ° —
a ee =]
Birds unknown.
“The birds their quire apply; airs, vernal airs,
Breathing the smell of field and grove, attune
The trembling leaves.”—MILTON,
THE BIRDS. 555
In large gardens it is difficult to collect friends together, or to call
the gardener. I find that this is best done by a garden cry, which
is essentially the cuckoo’s note. When employed in serious earnest,
it can be recognized nearly a mile off. I have tested it in the stillness
on the glaciers against the cry of the Alpine guides, but an Australian
lady on a visit to my garden declared the “Cowi, cowi” whch is so
essential to collect parties in Australian woods to be preferable, but
on this point we must make further trial.
The Garden Cry.
Heigh ho!
Gilbert White states that Owls hoot in B flat. Gardner, in his
curious work entitled “Music of Nature,” has recorded the notes
of many birds, and it will be observed that many strophes which
my brother has supplied are identical with those before given by
Gardner, which proves the truth of both observers. A garden without
birds is like a mansion without inhabitants ; and at all times, and
under most conditions of the nervous system, their song inspires a
oothing, melancholy joy.
“Harde is his heart that loveth nought
In May, whan all this mirth is wrought.”—CHAUCER,
Vign, XXV'1.—Portrait o1 Gyp.
CHAPTER XIV.
THE CLIMATE AND SPRING FROSTS.
“And hour by hour, when the air was still,
The vapours arose which have strength to kill:
At morn they were seen, at noon they were felt,
At night they were darkness no star could melt.”
SHELLEY.
HE Climate of my garden is peculiar. Water from the depths
of the earth flows to the surface, and runs through the little
streams at a higher temperature than the atmosphere in winter, and
at a lower in summer. This condition has a tendency in early winter to
prevent the plants from going to rest; in early spring it brings them
forward earlier than in other districts near London ; but when the sun
obtains more power in May and June, some districts are more forward
in their vegetation than ours are. In the coldest winters the frost
rarely penetrates to any depth on the north bank of the river, though
on the south bank it freezes as deeply as in other places. When
covered with snow, the earth is rarely frozen more than an inch in
depth. The thermometer frequently rises higher during the day and
falls lower at night than in other situations, a condition unfavourable
to vegetation.
Sometimes frosts occur in March, freezing spring flowers; at others
they destroy the peas in flower in April. May frosts, however, are
the especial terror of the gardener, and usually occur in the third week
of May. In the year 1867, an exceedingly severe frost occurred as late
THE CLIMATE AND SPRING FROSTS. 557
as the 23rd or 24th of May, of which I made a particular observation,
and recorded the result in the “ Gardeners’ Chronicle,” 1 which is perhaps
sufficiently interesting to repeat :—
THE GREAT MAY FROST OF 1867.
“During the last two nights a most destructive frost, considering:
the season of the year, has occurred, and I have been induced to
make a minute investigation in my own garden at Wallington to
ascertain the probable damage the country has sustained therefrom.
All trees, except the catalpa, the ash, and mulberry, are in full leaf, the
young shoots of which, especially of the latter, have suffered. Besides
these the young shoots of the walnut, yew, holly, and ivy, are much
damaged, and those of the laburnum slightly. The leaves of all other
trees have escaped. The oak frequently suffers from May frosts,
but this year, in my grounds, it is not injured, probably because
the leaves are forward and capable of resisting cold. A very large
crop of apples is destroyed, the fruit being completely frozen through.
The largest apples in my grounds are those of the Irish Peach,
some of which are larger than marbles. Some are saved, but many
are destroyed. The state of the crop varies from this condition to trees
now in flower of the Court-pendu Plat; and over a collection of about
300 distinct kinds, nearly all the young apples have perished. The
leaves of the Siberian Crab are damaged. Medlars appear secure,
and possibly quinces may not be destroyed where the fruit is not
set. Pears did not set well this year; and of those that did, very
few in a collection of over 200 kinds will come to perfection, nearly
all being killed. The crop of plums was unusually large, but hardly one .
is left of about fifty kinds. Curiously enough, the outdoor peaches,
nectarines, and almonds appear uninjured. Cherries also promised
an enormous crop, but of fifteen kinds every one, whether late or
early, appears to be utterly disorganized. The aspect of the Morello
cherries is particularly pitiable. Gooseberries have partially suffered
1 The “ Gardeners’ Chronicle,” June Ist, 1867.
558 MY GARDEN.
where exposed. All kinds of currants are uninjured where covered
by leaves, but where exposed are killed. Strawberries are in great
part ruined. The Black Prince, about half-grown, the Keen’s Seedling,
well formed, the British Queen, and the Alpine strawberries, have
been frozen; probably later flowerers, and later kinds not in flower,
have escaped. The first fruit of the raspberries is frozen, but the
blossoms and buds are uninjured. Figs, plums, peaches, nectarines,
apricots, apples, pears, and strawberries in the orchard-house are
safe, and strawberries now ripe in cold frames escaped injury. The
havoc in the vegetable garden has been equally great. French beans
and scarlet runners are destroyed. Perhaps, however, the latter may
shoot again. This is a misfortune which the cottager will especially
feel. Broad beans, November planted, which have withstood the
last winter, have their young pods frozen, and in some cases the stalks
are bent over as though broken. The spring-sown, now in flower,
are similarly damaged. Peas November-planted, and yielding their
first crop this day, show marks of frost, and young pods of Sangster’s
No. 1, spring-planted, are completely destroyed; Champions are also
injured in the haulm, but all later crops are safe. Potato plants,
from 14 feet high, with incipient tubers, to those of the first growth, are
completely destroyed, and also those grown in frames, and now
ripe, have had their leaves frozen, the glass having been removed.
The tubers in this case are perfect. The early cauliflowers some-
what flag, but lettuces and all other crops’ are safe. The curious
new vegetable, the Raphanus caudatus of Japan, has defied the
freezing blast. Inthe flower-garden, pelargoniums, fuchsias, heliotropes,
are destroyed in open spots; and dahlia roots, which withstood the
severe winter, and have since sprouted about a foot high, are cut
down like the potato-haulm. Azaleas in great beauty last Thursday,
and many kinds of English orchids in flower, have had their blooms
utterly destroyed. Alpine plants remain intact. Roses have remarkably
escaped ; even the tea-scented, the Noisette, and monthly roses show
no signs of damage. The hybrid perpetuals, now budding, and the
Scotch, commencing to flower, have not felt the cold. Of English ferns,
THE CLIMATE AND SPRING FROSTS. 55
9
the lady fern and mountain fern have suffered most severely, some
having been utterly ruined, and others more or less disfigured. The
brake fern, male fern, broad fern, shield fern, hard fern, and hart’s-
tongue, and some flowering ferns, have had some of the tops of their
fronds frested, and are consequently damaged for the season. On
the contrary, the oak, beech, and limestone fern, the holly fern, the
marsh fern, the hay-scented fern, the parsley fern, and all the
aspleniums, have stood their ground. Amongst foreign ferns, young
fronds of Aypolepis repens and of Woodwardia radicans and orientalis
have suffered; but North American ferns have entirely escaped, and
the frail and delicate fronds of Adiantum pedatum have not cared
for the vicissitudes between the Ist of March and the present time.
There is no outdoor vine on my premises, but in the neighbourhood
some had their young shoots utterly destroyed, some are par-
tially injured, and others have not suffered. The Chinese banana has
its leaves considerably frosted. I made a minute inspection on
Thursday evening, May 23, fearing mischief, but all was safe and
exhibited the glorious beauty of spring, but between this and Saturday
morning, May 25, this unprecedented damage was done. Gardeners
always dread May frosts. History and individual experience abound
in examples of damage, and therefore the present instance simply
stands out as one of intensity of degree and lateness of occurrence.
May frosts must be regarded as a phenomenon of nature unexplained
and philosophically unexplainable; but nevertheless to be acknow-
ledged, feared, and practically dealt with. All we can say is, that
the frosty blast of May has passed over Europe this year with unusual
severity, and doubtless will be hereafter described as ‘the great May
frost of 1867.’”
Very few years pass by without May frosts on two or three nights,
and sometimes the oaks in full leaf have their young shoots abso-
lutely frozen and destroyed. Sometimes the days are hot when
these frosts occur, and it is lamentable to see how much damage is
done. This may be ascertained by a careful examination of the
560 MY GARDEN.
flower, when the stamens and stigmas will be instantly observed to
be frozen and disorganized (fig. 1197). The regularity of the occur-
rence of these frosts is such as to lead to the conclusion that they
arise from some cause which we do not under-
stand. We may fairly anticipate their recurrence,
and gardeners should always watch for them, and
refrain from planting out delicate plants till they
have passed over.
In June summer fairly commences, and from
this time tropical plants will live and thrive out of
Pia. 1597 ect of Frost doors till the equinoctial gales bring our short
on Cherry Blossoms. (A. g
Unfrosted; 8. Frosted summer to its close. After these gales the weather
stamens and stigmas de-
stroyed.)
is usually lovely in the first half of October, when
night frosts occur, killing our kidney-beans and indicating that winter is
at hand. After these frosts the weather again is mild till the middle of
November, when sharp frosts pretty constantly occur ; after which, in
most years, the weather is mild till Christmas. The year 1871, however,
was an exception, there being severe frosts in December. In November
and the first half of December dripping fogs come on, which bathe
every blade of grass in moisture, which never dries while they last. This
is hurtful to vegetation, and when associated with frost is more injurious
to plants than a drier and a colder atmosphere. Violet leaves, for ex-
ample, rot when exposed to this moisture, but when sheltered by an
evergreen tree retain their perfect foliage.
When Christmas has passed, the days become brighter, the fogs
are dissipated, and the new year opens with the Christmas rose and
the naked-flowered jasmine. Within a few days snowdrops spring
up, followed by the crocus, and by the middle of March the bulbous
plants afford a blaze of beauty. Fruit-trees then display their bloom ;
‘almonds, apricots, and plums precede cherries, pears, and apples ; whilst
mulberries, walnuts, and elderberries bring up the rear.
Our fruit season commences in May with frame strawberries in
abundance, followed at the close of the month by forced apples and
pears as curiosities. Outdoor strawberries ripen in the beginning of
THE CLIMATE AND SPRING FROSTS. 561
June, cherries about the middle, and towards the end of the month
gooseberries and currants. In July our frames yield us melons, and
our Poor Man’s house grapes. At the end of the month the early
crops of pears, apples, and plums ripen, and the Orchard-house yields
us peaches, nectarines, and apricots. During May and June Nature
delights in activity, every tree, shrub, and plant growing with rapidity
and energy. This continues more or less, according to the species, when
vegetation comes to a remarkable standstill in August, but ripens its
wood for the fruit of the next year, and then we sow the endiot lettuces,
onions, and cauliflowers to stand the winter. The leaves begin to
drop in the middle of October, and the trees are bare by the end of
November. The mosses and lichens, following the saxifrages, continue
their growth throughout the winter. The snow-clad ground beside
the bright water of the river, and overhung by the beautiful tracery
of the leafless trees, affords a picture of another kind to gladden our
hearts and make us thankful for the glorious perfection of Nature,
which even amidst frost and snow is charming and beautiful.
oOo
Vign, XX1TX.—Bronze Celts found in Beddington Park.
CHAPTER XV.
GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS.
ORD BACON, the great philosopher of the sixteenth century,
L has shown his high appreciation for gardens by saying, that
“God Almighty first planted a garden, and indeed it is the purest
of human pleasures; it is the greatest refreshment to the spirits of
man, without which buildings and palaces are but gross handiworks.”
And we find that the same sentiment, though differently expressed, may
be traced in the writings of the most ancient authors. For we learn
from history that gardens have existed from the earliest times on record ;
although with different nations,—as with individuals,—the same pro-
found feeling for Nature does not prevail, neither does the same dis-
position to cultivate plots of ground for the growth of plants. More
especially can this be seen in the various manners which different
nations,—or even different individuals of the same nation,—have in
their mode of laying out gardens. “My Garden,” as previously
observed, was planted by myself; and though, like the great philo-
sopher I have just quoted, I have ever found it to be “the greatest
refreshment to the spirits,” yet, as well as for recreation, I have
formed mine also for study and produce:—“In lucem lucrum
ludum.”
Among the oldest gardens on record are those belonging to the
ancient Egyptians. These were often of considerable size, and were
generally irrigated by canals communicating with the Nile. In them,
beneath the shade of trees, large tanks or basins were placed; and,
GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. 563
not unfrequently, there were also large ponds on which the Egyptians
amused themselves by being rowed about in pleasure boats,—or with
their favourite pastime, by spearing the fish with which these pieces of
water were stocked. The ancient Egyptians used to lay out a part of
their gardens in walks shaded by trees planted in rows. The roots
of these trees were kept moist by the base of their stems being
banked round with earth, and thus the water was retained, as the
mound was made lower in the centre than at the circumference.
Whether the trees were clipped into forms or were allowed to grow
naturally, it is impossible to say with any certainty ; for what we know
about the gardens of this people of antiquity is mostly learnt from the
sculptures or paintings of Thebes. We certainly there find trees repre-
sented as growing in a free and natural manner, although against this,
again, trees are also depicted in very peculiar forms, leading one to
suppose that the Egyptians knew the “ars topiaria” long before
the Romans.
The different parts of their large gardens were severally allotted
to the vineyard, orchard, kitchen and flower-garden. In Rosellini’s
valuable work on the “Monuments of Egypt and of Nubia” is a very
interesting representation of an ancient Egyptian garden which must
have existed nearly 1500 years before the Christian era, as it is said
to have belonged to a military chief—from whose tomb at Thebes it is
copied—in the reign of Pharaoh Amenof II, the sixth king of the
eighteenth dynasty. Doubtless the plan of this garden may be taken
as an ideal of what were all the other large ones of that nation, Its
form is a large square, which is enclosed on all sides by jagged walls.
A river or canal flows on the right side; and this is shaded by an
avenue of trees. In the middle of this is a road which leads to the
principal entrance, beyond which is an outer gate, or rather a passage,
flanked with trees. Beyond this again is a little gate leading to the
vineyard which occupies the centre of the garden. Within the quad-
rangle are trees, such as date palms and sycamores, planted in regular
alternation, this being the custom in Egypt. Leading to and from this
vineyard are other small alleys, which are more especially intended
002
564 GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS.
for giving shade to the four tanks’ or basins placed opposite to each
other. These tanks or basins are surrounded by a turf border, and
near them tufts of papyrus are depicted as growing in regular order in
large vases. To the left of the vineyard are situated the tombs, near
which are two temples, surrounded at their base by a sort of balus-
trade. The deity who was said to preside over the ancient Egyptian
gardens was called Khem, and is supposed to answer to the Grecian
Pan. They were also under the protection of Ramo, a goddess
sometimes represented as an asp, and sometimes as having the body
of a human being and the head of that serpent, Near the temples in
this garden is the dwelling-house, which there is no need here to
describe.
The plan of this garden, although in the highest degree curious from
its having been formed more than three thousand years ago, must have
been very different from what our present notions and tastes would
require, No person who laid his garden out on the above-mentioned
plan would be considered, at the present time, an ardent lover of
nature; yet the ancient Egyptians are said to have been extremely
fond of plants and flowers, and cultivated all the varieties that they
could.obtain: so much so, indeed, that it is said they even exacted
contributions of rare and foreign plants from nations subjected by
them, Wreaths and chaplets were common among them; their bowls
of wine were commonly crowned with wreaths of flowers, and flowers
were placed on the table before the host. Indeed: at their entertain-
ments extravagant sums of money were not unfrequently expended
on flowers for decorations, Pliny tells us that it is to this nation
that we are indebted for the invention of artificial flowers, which
were known by the name of “ A®gyptie.” Probably much time was
spent by this people in the cool and shade of their gardens; their
“kiosks,” or summer-houses, seem by the representations of them on
the tombs to have been frequently of great size.
With the vines, figs and other trees grew. Rows of columns, some-
times painted, and which supported wooden rafters, divided the vineyard
into numerous avenues. The vines were either kept as low bushes or
GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. 565
formed into a series of bowers; but they do not appear to have been
ever trained, as in Italy, upon trees. In the sculptures of Thebes,
monkeys are represented in the fruit-trees handing down the figs to the
gardeners below; from the same source we see these animals refresh-
ing themselves for their labour, much to the annoyance of the men.
Though the ancient Egyptians paid such regard to the cultivation
of plants, yet at the present time but little love is shown for them
by that nation; trees and plants being principally grown merely for
the purposes of food, and but rarely for the ornamentation of grounds ;
indeed few timber-trees are now to be seen in that country. Some
of the richer inhabitants have gardens, yet they are indifferently kept
up, showing that no enthusiasm is manifested for them. There is one
at Schoobra, belonging to the Pacha, which is the most interesting of
all of them. Its situation is about four miles north of Cairo, and
it is approached by an avenue of mulberrry and acacia trees, which have
been recently planted. This garden is laid out in a formal manner,
the walks radiating from centres to different parts of the grounds.
Around a fountain is a covered corridor, with “kiosks” or summer-
houses projecting into the water. Near the palace is the “E Gebel,”
or “the Hill,” where there is another kiosk. This hill is ascended
on two of its sides by a flight of steps, and the summer-house
rises above a series of terraces planted with flowers and commands a
view of the whole garden, of the Nile, and of the hills in the distance.
But there is no considerable beauty in the arrangement of this garden,
neither is there any great variety of flowers growing in it. I have simply
mentioned it as showing the low ebb to which the cultivation of plants
has sunk in the same nation that in former times took so deep an
interest in them. And this leads one to infer that climate has not
so much effect on the art of gardening as has the disposition of the
people themselves. ,
Certain great nations of antiquity, such as Assyria, and more
especially Babylon, constructed their gardens on a stupendous scale.
These may be strictly termed architectural gardens, and, of all others,
present a complete antithesis to “My Garden.” In all their works
566 GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS.
those nations left an individuality and a grandeur not to be surpassed,
and this was also extended to the plan of their gardens. The one
stdhed to the palace at Babylon—which is considered to have been
formed by Nebuchadnezzar out of compliance to his queen Amytis,
who wished to possess elevated groves in imitation of the hills of her
native country, Ecbatana—may be considered as a type on a large
scale of what were the gardens of Nineveh, Persepolis, or the one
mentioned in the Book of Esther as belonging to King Ahasuerus.
These “Hanging Gardens” of Babylon, as they are called, were
contained in a square of four hundred feet, the base of which occupied.
four acres, and they were composed of several terraces, which rose one
above the other until the highest one overtopped the walls of the
city, these being more than three hundred feet high. The several
terraces were reached by flights of steps; and the terraces themselves
were each supported on large vaults built one upon another,
which were strengthened by a wall twenty-two feet thick; these
vaults were covered with flat stones sixteen feet long and four wide,
and upon them were placed rushes bound with a considerable quantity
of bitumen, upon which were placed two beds of burnt bricks covered
with sheets of solid lead to prevent leakage from the moisture of
the earth which was the uppermost layer. At the base of these
gardens flowed the Euphrates, or rather a canal issuing from that
river, and on the highest terrace was placed an aqueduct, the water
for which was pumped up from the river, so that there was no lack
of water for the plants. This upper terrace commanded an extensive
view of the city and of the surrounding country; and this, as well
as the others, was laid out in parterres, with flowers and shrubs,
and trees and fountains, and seats and banqueting-halls. In order
that large trees should thrive on these terraces, large hollow piers
were built and filled with mould, so as to enable the roots to have
sufficient earth and moisture.
Such is the account handed down to us of the “ Hanging Gardens ”
of Babylon, one of the greatest wonders of the world, and which
must have been constructed five or six hundred years before the
GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. 567
Christian era. Besides these royal gardens, it is surmised that
there were others on the banks of the Euphrates, where, beneath
the willow-trees, the Israelites sat down and wept. In a letter
which the prophet Jeremiah wrote to the captives at Babylon he
says: “Build ye houses, and dwell in them; and plant gardens,
and eat the fruit of them;” but I know not whether his sage advice
was attended to by them. At Nineveh we learn from good authorities
that gardens are considered to have been within the city walls, and
that private houses, which occupied the space between the great public
edifices, stood in the midst of gardens, some being of considerable
extent. The exact manner in which these were laid out cannot be
known, although we may infer that in that stiff and formal age
conventionality would be more studied than the beautiful freedom
of nature. In the vaults of the British Museum is a bas-relief which
evidently represents the gardens of one of the Assyrian kings. It
consists of trees, and in the centre a long walk leads upwards to an
altar, and at regular distances canals intersect the grounds. The date
of this garden must have been about 1200 B.c., Near to the above
mentioned bas-relief is another from the same country, and there-
fore of the same age; this shows vines, palms, and other trees, a
plant in bloom, and in the middle is a man with two dogs: and
on another stone is a representation of an Assyrian bower com-
posed of vines, in which sit the King Askarbebul and his queen
Thus we see that this belligerent nation—as were the Assyrians—
were not wholly devoid of love for nature, although our knowledge
of the extent to which it was carried must necessarily be very
meagre. Diodorus tells us of the garden that Semiramis—who lived,
it is said, B.c. 2182—made at the foot of the mountain Bagistan. He
gives the size of it as being twelve furlongs in compass ; according
to him, the whole of it was watered by a great fountain: towards
one of its sides were steep rocks, seventeen furlongs from the top
to the bottom. The fame of this garden was so great that
Alexander the Great, on his journey from Kelone to Nysza, went out
of his way in order to visit it. Observing a “great and high rock”
’
568 GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS:
near to Chaone, a city of Media, this remarkable woman Semiramis
made “another very great garden” in the very middle of it, and built
6
upon it “stately houses of pleasures ; whence,” says the ‘historian
just quoted, “she might both have a delightful prospect into the
garden, and view the army as it lay encamped below in the plain.”
Let us pass now from these formal gardens to those of another
nation, equally great with the nations above mentioned, and with whom
their history is intimately associated,—namely, the Jews. Among this
nation we find that the most profound love for Nature existed, as is
shown in their poetry and in the cultivation of gardens, which not
only were places of resort for conviviality, but which also were used
as places of interment, as places of devotion, as well as sometimes for
idolatrous worship. These gardens of Palestine were enclosures on the
suburbs of towns, and were surrounded by hedges of thorn or walls
of stone. To protect these enclosures from robbers or wild beasts
watch-towers or lodges were erected, in which was a keeper. In
the time of the Romans the gardens of Syria were celebrated for
their extreme fertility; in them grew various flowers and aromatic
plants, olives, fig-trees, nuts or walnuts, pomegranates, and numerous
other kinds of fruit-trees. In the kitchen garden many sorts of vegetals
were grown, among which may be named the cucumber, lettuce, endive,
mustard-plant, rue, garlic, and onions. The art of grafting appears
to have been known by the Hebrews, but, because the propagation
of mixed species was specially forbidden in the Book of Leviticus,
stringent laws were made in the Mishna against even the grafting
of trees on others of different kinds. The Hebrews seem also to
have been conversant with the propagation of plants by cuttings or
layers. Water was obtained for the gardens by means of channels
or conduits; these being supplied by streams in the vicinity.
Near to Bethlehem, “in the long vale of Urtas,” Solomon nearly
three thousand years ago “planted him vineyards, and made him
gardens and a ‘paradise,’ and planted trees in them of all kinds of
fruits, and made’him reservoirs of water to water therewith the wood
that bringeth forth trees.” These pools or reservoirs still remain.
GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. 569
The form of the garden was quadrangular, and Dean Stanley informs
us that it was probably here, “more than anywhere else, the wise
king cultivated his knowledge of trees, from the transplanted cedar
to the native hyssop.” In this garden of Solomon grew the
choicest and rarest of plants: “orchards of pomegranates with pleasant
fruits;” “camphire with spikenard;” also “saffron, calamus, and
cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense, myrrh and aloes, with all the
chief spices.”
Damascus has ever been celebrated for its gardens, which in the time
of Maundrell extended to more than thirty miles round. The same
authority also gives a curious description of their garden walls, “ which
are,” says he, “built of great pieces of earth, made in the fashion of
brick, and hardened in the sun. In their dimensions they are two
yards long each, and somewhat more than one broad, and half a yard
thick. Two rows of these placed edgeways one upon another make a
cheap, expeditious, and in this dry country endurable wall.” William
de Bouldesall, in the fourteenth century, wrote that he was much
astonished with the gardens about this place, which according to him
amounted to no less than 40,000, and many other authors speak of them
with admiration. Here, too, roses are largely cultivated for the making
of the celebrated attar of roses. Probably, “the old interpretation ”
of Nazareth, as “Flowery,” is derived from this village being, as Dean
Stanley terms it, “a rich and beautiful field in the midst of green hills,
abounding in gay flowers, in fig-trees, small gardens, hedges of the
prickly pear; and the dense rich grass affords an abundant pasture.”
At Jerusalem the wealthy citizens had their gardens without the
city walls; and they were very numerous, extending to the Mount
of Olives. With the exception of the rose gardens, which are said to
have existed in the days of the Prophets, none were allowed within the
city, on account of the unhealthy effect that was considered to be pro-
duced from the putrefaction of weeds and of other offensive substances.
The site of the garden of Gethsemane has given rise to dispute. Ina
modern garden enclosure there are eight aged olive-trees, which are
by some considered to have originally stood in the most memorable
570 GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS.
and holy of places. Others again doubt the fact, on the ground that
Josephus states in his History of the Jews that all the trees surround-
ing Jerusalem were cut down by the order of Titus during the siege
of the city.
The plain of Gennesar, or Gennesareth—or, as its name implies,.
the “Gardens of Princes”—is, according to Dean Stanley, “truly
the paradise or garden of Northern Palestine,”—so rich and fertile
is its valley. Many other parts in Palestine might be enumerated
for the gardens that are therein situated, but as my purpose is not
so much to describe the different ones separately as to show the
manner which the art of gardening was carried on by different nations,
—the differences of style in the formation of the several gardens, so
as to contrast them with “My Garden,”—I will therefore merely
add, before I pass on to speak of the parks of Central and Southern
Asia, that the gardens of balsams (which plants, Pliny tells us, only
grew in his time in two royal ones in Judzea) and the palm-groves
given by Antony to Cleopatra were at Jericho.
The paradises of the Persians have ever been celebrated, and have
been copied by various nations of the West. In these first parks grew.
various sorts of trees, among which the cypress may more especially be
named, on account of its being planted around the sacred precincts of
the temples; and on account of its form bearing a strong resemblance
to that of the flame of fire—after the doctrine of Zoroaster (Zerduscht)
became enforced. In the early part of the Persian history we find that
nation having a special predilection for the cultivation of plants, their
most puissant monarchs not thinking it beneath their dignity themselves
to plan their parks, and even to plant the trees and plants in them.
Xenophon shows this more particularly in his “ CEconomicus,” in the
following interesting account of a conversation which he there gives as
taking place between Cyrus the Younger, king of Persia, and Lysander
the Greek general, in the park belonging to the former personage at
Sardis: “When Lysander expressed his admiration of it, of the fine
trees, the regularity with which they were planted, how straight the rows
were of them, how elegantly all the rows of them formed angles with
GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. S71
one another, while many sweet odours attended on Lysander and Cyrus
as they walked about admiring all this, he said, ‘I look with astonish-
ment on all these trees on account of their beauty, but am still more
astonished at the art of him who measured out the ground, and arranged
them all for you.’ Cyrus on hearing this was delighted, and said, ‘It
was I, let me say, Lysander, that measured the ground and arranged all
the trees myself ; and these are some of them,’ he added, ‘that I planted
with my own hand.’ ”
These parks must sometimes have been very extensive, for the
same author mentions another through which flowed the river Mazander,
adjoining a palace of the same Cyrus at Celene—a city of Phrygia—
as being full of wild beasts which that monarch was accustomed to
hunt on horseback. Here also Cyrus once held a review of the Greeks,
the number of whom amounted to 11,000 heavy-armed troops, and
about 2,000 peltasts.
Not only were large trees grown in these Asiatic paradises, but
also flowers. For in another part of Xenophon’s “ CEconomicus,”
Socrates is represented to be instructing Clitobulus—the son of Crito,
a very rich man—on the management of a farm and household. “The
king of Persia,” says he, “in whatever provinces he resides, and where-
soever he travels, takes care that there may be gardens, such as are
called paradeisoi, stocked with everything good and valuable that
the soil will produce; and in these gardens he himself spends the
greatest part of his time, whenever the season of the year does not
prevent him.” From Pliny we learn that the trees were planted in
straight lines and regular figures, and that the borders of the walks
were filled with flowers and flowering shrubs. To Persia we owe
most of our beautiful flowers; in that country they come up, as it
were, spontaneously. It is, too, the home of roses. No wonder, then,
the literature of that country abounds in panegyrics to flowers, and
is replete even to satiety. The four paradises more especially
mentioned by the Persian poets were situated at Samarkand, in the
valley of Soghd, at the Ghiitah or plain of Damascus, the Shdabi-
Bowan near Kaléh Sofid in Tars, and in the glade of Mashdn
572 GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS.
at Hamadan. Another spot which Sir Henry Rawlinson tells us was
intimately associated with these paradises, was the vale of Khosran
Shh, situated about eight miles from Sirdarud, and which, according
to him, is a mass of groves and gardens.
But the art of gardening among the Persians at the present day,
as among the Egyptians, seems to be on the wane. No country has
greater advantages—no country possesses such a variety of beautiful,
showy, fragrant flowers indigenous to the soil. It is, however, for
the sake of coolness, and for the enjoyment of seclusion, and not
for the sake of studying the habits of the vegetal kingdom, that
gardens are kept in modern Persia. They generally consist of long
parallel walks shaded by even rows of planes and fruit-trees and
flowering shrubs, and in them are fountains and rills—these are
the great desiderata, the water for them being brought from great
distances at a considerable cost. Flowers of the most gaudy and
of the most fragrant description are of course in abundance in this
land of flowers. At Ispahan most of the citizens keep gardens, and
the environs of Tabriz comprise a great extent of them, the circuit
of which, in 1838, was calculated by Sir Henry Rawlinson to be no
less than thirty miles. A glowing description of the royal gardens
of Tackt-i-Kajer and of Negauristan at Teheran is given by Sir
Robert Ker Porter. He especially speaks with admiration of the
shaded and secluded walks, of the fountains, of the nightingales, and
last, but not least, of the loveliness and of the exquisite perfume
of the rose-trees, as well as of the other flowers and shrubs. In
Persia, he tells us, the gardens and courts are crowded with the
plants, and the rooms and baths literally strewed with flowers.
Enough has, I imagine, been said on the gardens of Persia to
enable the reader to contrast the differences of style between the
plan of “My Garden” with those of that country. He will also
see how the Asiatic paradises closely resembled the parks and
pleasure-grounds of England.
The Greeks, although they had an intimate knowledge of these
Persian paradises, did not themselves have gardens on anything
GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. 573
the like scale. Probably many of the Greeks—if not most of
them—had small gardens attached to their houses, in which were
grown such vegetals as were used at that time for the consumption
by the family. Yet of the early Greek gardens we have little or
no knowledge. The one described by Homer in his Odyssey must
have been a mere creation of this poet’s imagination. It was considered
to be of enormous extent, being made to stand on four acres of
land. Homer describes it as being surmounted by a hedge. In the
garden he places “tall flourishing trees,” “pears and pomegranates,
and apple-trees producing beautiful fruit, and sweet figs and flourish-
ing olives;” vines also grew there. The fruit-trees bloomed and
fruited throughout the year, having no period of rest. The beds
were laid out in order to the farthest part of the grounds, and
these also flourished throughout the year. Two fountains were also
in this garden of Alcinoiis. Aristophanes, who lived four hundred
years before our era, in his work the “ Aves,” speaks in one part of
”
“ sweet-smelling gardens ;” this passage appears to be the only place
where real flower-gardens of the Greeks are mentioned: perhaps this
is owing to the limited variety of flowers that the Greeks had. Still a
certain number were cultivated, such as roses, violets, narcissi, iris,
and a few other sorts, for chaplets and other decorations. Plutarch
tells us that roses and violets were grown beside leeks and onions,
thus displaying more fully the beauties of the flowers. A rose
plantation possessed by a man is spoken of by Demosthenes, but this
was probably kept for profit, and not for his own enjoyment.
At Athens, or rather at six stadia from that city, was situated the
Academia, or public garden. It was laid out by Cimon, and in it
grew plane and olive trees; statues and works of art were also inter-
spersed throughout the grounds. Plato, a great lover of nature, taught
in these grounds, as did later his followers, thence acquiring the name
of the Academic philosophers. Epicurus had a garden near to the
Academia, where he instilled his ideas into his followers. Other
philosophers and writers had also gardens.
If the ancient Greeks have not handed down to posterity accounts
574 GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS.
of brilliant flower-gardens, they inform us by their writings with what
care were kept their sacred groves. In them grew various kinds
of trees, even fruit-trees as well as ornamental and odoriferous plants,
With this people trees and plants were intimately associated with
their religion; and the gods were considered to be ever ready to
avenge any injury inflicted on the trees or shrubs sacred to them.
At Scillus, on the road from Lacedemon to Olympia, Xenophon tells
us, was the site of the temple of Diana; where there was “a grove of
cultivated trees beariag whatever fruits were eatable in the different
seasons,” Pausanias writes of a grove attached to the temple of Diana
where various fruit-trees were grown. The same author also describes
a grove attached to the temple of AXsculapius at Athens as being
“most beautifully planted with trees,” and which “is no less delectable
for the sweet smell which it exhales than for the pleasant spectacles
which it affords.” And Sophocles makes the grove of Colonos famous
in the Chorus of the “C£dipus Coloneus,” in which the following
words are put into the mouth of Antigone :—“ But this spot here is
consecrated, as one may certainly conclude, all full with the bay,
the olive, the vine, while within it dense flocks of winged nightingales
are singing sweetly.” Sacred groves were in other countries besides
Greece. Pindar sings the praises of the one at Pisa. Strabo gives
an account of the grove of Acanthus, which was situated above
Memphis at the base of the low Libyan hills. Then there was
another between the Nile and Abydos, which was sacred to Apollo.
Pliny the Elder speaks of a grove consecrated by the people ot
Latium to Diana, which was situated on a hill called Corne, near
to Tusculum. This grove, he says, existed from time immemorial,
and consisted of beeches, the foliage of which had the appearance
of being trimmed by art. And many other groves there were, among
which the Druidical ones hold a conspicuous place.
Let us now, however, see what knowledge the Romans had of
horticulture, and what the distinctive feature of their gardens was.
In a letter of Pliny the Younger is such a full and admirable descrip-
tion of his villa and garden at Tusculum, which was under one of
GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. 575
the Apennines, that I cannot do better than transcribe his own words
so far as they relate to the grounds, as this is a type of what the
better class of the gardens of this nation were at that period. The
house itself stood on a rise of ground and commanded a fine view
of the surrounding country, and it faced the south. Before a portico
which was in front of \the house “ is,” says Pliny, “a sort of terrace,
embellished with curious figures, and bounded with a box hedge,
from whence you descend by an easy slope, adorned with the repre-
sentation of divers animals in box, answering alternately to each
other, into a lawn overspread with the soft—I had almost said the
liquid—acanthus ; this is surrounded by a walk enclosed with tonsile
evergreens, shaped into a variety of forms. Beyond it is the gestatio,
laid out in the form of a circus, ornamented in the middle with box:
cut in numberless figures, together with a plantation of shrubs, pre-
vented by the shears from shooting up too high; the whole is fenced
in with a wall covered by box, rising by different ranges to the top.
On the outside of the wall lies a meadow that owes as many beauties
to nature as all I have been describing within does to art; at the
end of which are several other meadows and fields, interspersed
with thickets.” The hippodrome, which was. here merely a walk,
was encompassed on every side by plane-trees covered with ivy,
“so that while their heads flourish with their own foliage, their
bodies enjoy a borrowed verdure; and thus the ivy, twining round
the trunk and branches, spreads from tree to tree, and connects them
together. Between each plane-tree are planted box-trees, and behind
these, bay-trees, which blend their shade with that of the planes.
This plantation, forming a straight boundary on both sides of the
hippodrome, bends at the farther end into a semicircle, which, being
set round and sheltered with cypress-trees, varies the prospect, and
casts a deeper gloom; while the inward circular walks (for there
are several), enjoying an open exposure, are perfumed with roses, and
correct by a very pleasing contrast the coolness of the shade with
the warmth of the sun. Having passed through these several winding
alleys, you enter a straight walk which breaks out into a variety of
576 GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS.
others, divided by box hedges. In one place you have a little
meadow; in another the box is cut into a thousand different
forms,—sometimes into letters expressing the name of the master,
sometimes that of the artificer; whilst here and there little obelisks
rise intermixed alternately with fruit-trees; when, on a sudden, in
the midst of this elegant regularity, you are surprised with an imi-
tation of the negligent beauties of rural nature, in the centre of which
lies a spot surrounded with a knot of dwarf plane-trees. Beyond
there is a walk planted with the smooth and twining acanthus, where
the trees are also cut into a variety of names and shapes. At the
upper end is an alcove of white marble, shaded with vines, supported
by four small Carystian pillars. From this bench the water gushing
through several little pipes, as if it were pressed out by the weight
of the persons wha reposed themselves upon it, falls into a stone
cistern underneath, from whence it is received into a fine polished
marble basin, so artfully contrived that it is always full without ever
overflowing. Corresponding to this is a fountain which is incessantly
emptying and filling, for the water which it throws up to a great
height, falling back into it, is by means of two openings returned as
fast as it is received. Fronting the alcove (and which reflects as
great an ornament to it as it borrows from it) stands a summer-
house of exquisite marble, the doors whereof project and open into
a green enclosure; as from its upper and lower windows the eye is
presented with a variety of different verdures.” Adjoining this
summer-house was a little room in which Pliny was wont to lie on
a couch and fancy himself in a wood. In this place was also another
fountain, and “in different quarters are disposed several marble seats,
which,” continued Pliny, “serve, no less than the summer-house, as so
many reliefs after one is wearied with walking, Near each seat is a
little fountain; and throughout the whole hippodrome, several small
rills run murmuring along, wheresoever the hand of art thought
proper to conduct them, watering here and there different spots of
verdure, and in their progress refreshing the whole.”
From this account we find that the Roman gardens at that time
GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. 577
were essentially formal ones, and that they consisted of a sort of
terrace placed before the portico of the house, termed the xystws,
which was divided into flower-beds of various shapes bordered with
box ; and that rows of tall trees, generally the plane, were planted, and
there were alleys or walks enclosed by hedges trimmed into fanciful
forms—a gestatio, or avenue in which the Romans were wont to be
carried to and fro in a litter, and thus enjoy the air without fatigue
beneath the shade of trees; and a /ippodromus or circus, which was
generally—though not always, as in this case—used for horse exercise,
in which were several paths divided by box hedges and shaded by
large trees. Besides this, the Roman gardens frequently had other
flower-beds in other parts of the garden; sometimes these were raised
on terraces, on whose slopes were planted evergreens or creepers.
Then there was always a vineyard, an orchard, and a_ kitchen-
garden. And the villas had also generally attached to them enclosures
for preserving dormice and snails—for which the Romans had a great
partiality; and fish-ponds—some supplied with salt water, which was
not unfrequently brought from a considerable distance; and aviaries
and poultry-yards were also not excepted.
The barbarous custom of clipping and twisting trees and shrubs
into grotesque forms was much in vogue among the Romans, by
whom this “ars fopiaria,” as it was termed, was much admired ; the
gardeners even acquiring from it the name of “¢opiarius.” This ugly
fashion is said to have been introduced by C. Matius, a friend of
the Emperor Augustus. The covering of the stems of trees and of
stumps with ivy was also extensively practised among the Romans.
The gardens adjoining the golden palace of Nero were very dif-
ferently laid out to the formal one of Pliny. That monarch, who was
a great admirer of Eastern manners and customs, caused his grounds
to be laid out somewhat like the “paradises” of the Persians. Ir
them, says Tacitus, were lawns and lakes, groves and open spaces and
prospects combined,
It would be too tedious to enumerate the divers gardens of the
Romans, for many of the more wealthy citizens had numerous villas,
PP
578 GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS.
some with large grounds attached to them, whilst the dwelling-
houses of others were such magnificent buildings, that they some-
times covered more space than the grounds themselves, and whose
owners—as Lucullus—fell thereby under the chastisement of the
censors for having, as Pliny says, “more ground to sweep than to
plough.”
Besides the villa at Tusculum, Pliny had another situated at Lau-
rentinum, which was but a short distance from Rome, and was on
the sea-shore. To this a small garden was attached, consisting of
”
the xystus, “perfumed with violets,” the kitchen garden, a gestatio,
a vineyard, and fish-ponds. Pliny had, beside these, several other
villas, two of which were situated on the Lake Como, one being
called his tragic and the other his comic villa.
From the Elder Pliny we learn that pleasure-grounds, as well as
extensive fields and villas, existed in the city of Rome: and Cesar,
Pompey, Lucullus, and Sallust had gardens there. The one of Sallust
was on the Quirinal Hill, and was very extensive. Those belonging.
to the Emperors Caracalla and Geta were of still greater extent, com-
prising amongst others those of Sallust, Lucullus, Agrippa, and
Domitian. Besides Rome, many other towns under the Roman
occupancy had large grounds attached to the houses of the wealthy
citizens ; among the more noted was Baiz, which is on the Bay of
Naples, and which was the favourite place of resort for the Romans.
At Pompeii the houses had a kind of court called the peristylium,
which was surrounded by pillars. On the walls were paintings repre-
senting trees and birds, and other objects appertaining to a real
garden, In the middle of this court—which was open in the centre—
plants and shrubs were usually planted. Not unfrequently—as in the
case of the house of Meleager—it possessed also a beautiful fountain.
Besides these miniature gardens, some of the larger houses of Pompeii
had attached to them small cultivated plots of ground. The house
of Pansa had a garden of about 100 feet iong, and the one attached
to the villa of Diomedes was 111} feet square, in the centre of which
was a fountain, and a colonnade surrounded the whole.
GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. 579
But at a still earlier period of the Roman history, gardens, existed at
Rome. We read in Pliny that the kings used to amuse themselves by
working with their own hands in them, as did the Persian monarchs ;
and the same authority also informs us that before most of the
houses of the poorer citizens of Rome were little gardens, but
this pleasure was in later times denied to them by the necessity of
shutting out the robbers that infested the city. These were simply
little kitchen gardens, or Aorti, wherein were grown the vegetals for the
consumption of the family ; the keeping of them in proper order was
considered to be the province of the wife, and this, if neglected, drew
upon her the appellation of being “a bad and careless manager of her
family,” as she would thereby be obliged “to have recourse to the
shambles or herb-market.”
Conservatories and hothouses do not seem to have been known before
the Christian era, and for their construction thin plates of talc were
formerly used instead of glass. By this means the Emperor Tiberius
had cucumbers throughout the year, and roses—a very favourite flower
of the Romans—were also forced. This people appear to have been
very fond of flowers, which they frequently kept in pots in their
windows. Yet the number of varieties of plants with which they were
conversant appears to be very limited. Of all trees, the plane was
the special favourite : they were generally planted in rows. Sometimes
they carried their admiration for this kind of tree to such a ridiculous
extent that we read of wine being occasionally supplied to them
instead of water. But this inordinate love for the plane was not
confined to the Romans, for Herodotus writes that in Lydia Xerxes
“found a plane-tree so very beautiful, that he adorned it with chains
of gold, and assigned the guard of it to one of the Immortal
Band.”
Many fruit-trees were introduced into Italy by the Romans, among
which were cherries, pomegranates, figs, almonds, citrons, peaches, and
apricots. In the time of Pliny the Elder a physician of the name of
Antoninus Castor, who lived to be an hundred years old, kept a kind of
botanical or physic garden. Pliny visited this garden, and asserts that
PP 2
580 GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS.
in it were kept a vast number of plants, which Antoninus Castor
himself tended.
At the fall of the Roman Empire the art of gardening succumbed
also to the violence of the age; but it was, however, revived at a later
period by the monks, and still later a great stimulus was given to the
growth of plants by the Medici family, to whom many of the beautiful
gardens of Italy owe their origin. Those which belong to the purely
Italian style are architectural and geometric. These consist of ter-
races adorned with sculptures, and alleys of trees, and fountains and
cascades, and rich parterres of flower-beds filled with exquisite flowers.
Though the Italian gardens may be termed strictly formal, yet the house
and the grounds—designed as they frequently are by the same architect
—present such an harmonious whole, that instead of feeling the exzuz
and disgust so commonly experienced in formal gardens, the eye is
enchanted with all it takes in; for in them is no stiffness, only so
much of symmetry as accords with the genius of this classic land.
Sometimes a wall surrounds the garden, though frequently extensive
views are obtained from the terrace walks.
About the middle of the eighteenth century the English style
of gardening was introduced into Italy. Though many grounds have
been laid out in that manner, yet it has by no means super-
seded that of the pure Italian, which is so well adapted to be
placed before buildings, of which we have numerous examples in our
own country. Near to Florence, in a lovely valley among the
Apennines, is Pratolino, formerly a residence of the Grand Duke of
Tuscany, and this is a good specimen of an imitation of the park-
like grounds which are often to be met with in England. But
except in certain spots amongst the mountains—as in the instance
just mentioned—lawns, which the English so pride themselves on
possessing, or even grassy patches, are not to be found in ordinary
Italian pleasure-grounds, the climate being tco hot for their cultivation.
The owner of a villa in the north of Italy having much admired the
lawns he had seen in this country, took especial pains to have one
in his own grounds, But though he took all the precautions of
GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. 581
regularly watering the one he had made, and of protecting it from
the burning rays of the sun by a cloth stretched over the whole
of it, yet in the autumn, when I saw it, it presented a very brown
instead of a fresh green appearance.
Flowers are very highly prized in Italy, and many are the
gardens that are especially kept for the growth of them for sale.
The most astonishing of these are, to a native of a northern clime, the
camellia gardens. In them I have seen, at Florence, large trees many
feet high growing in the open air and laden with a profusion of
blossom. There are also numberless gardens, some in the north
but more in the south of Italy, wherein oranges and citrons are
grown.
Fain would I yield to the temptation of minutely describing
all the beautiful villas and gardens that abound in that glorious
clime, but from want of space my remarks must be confined to a
few only,—commencing with Florence, as there, perhaps more than
in any other part, are situated those of the most repute. There,
adjoining the Pitti Palace, is the Boboli garden that was planned in
the sixteenth century, in the time of Cosimo-I. It is in the Italian
style, and has terraces which extend up the slope of a hill which
rises immediately at the back of the palace. In other parts of the
garden are interspersed basins of water, vases, and arbours, and very
fine sculpture—the productions of Michael Angelo, Tacca, Giovanni,
Bologna, and of other eminent men. The Boboli is said to have been
a favourite place of resort of Michael Angelo, who was wont to come
hither to enjoy the beauty of the scene, and ponder on the great
works he contemplated in achieving. To the Cascine—the Hyde
Park of Florence—a passing word must be given, as it is beautifully
situated beside the Arno; here, amongst parterres of flowers and
long alleys of trees, may be daily seen the cream of Florentine
society.
The celebrated meetings of the Platonic academy instituted by
Lorenzo the Magnificent were held at the beautiful villa Careggi.
It was much frequented by the greatest of the Medici family, and
582 GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS.
it was there that he died. The grounds are laid out in terraces,
in brilliant parterres of flowers, and vases are interspersed in every
part. Lorenzo de Medici here grew exotic plants which he pro-
cured from the East. From this garden is obtained a splendid
view of the city, of the olive-trees, and of the Apennines beyond.
Another of the favourite residences of Lorenzo de Medici—who con-
tributed to a great extent to the rise of the art of gardening and
of horticulture throughout Italy—was situated also at a short distance
from Florence. At this “Villa Mozzi” is still shown the terrace where
that wonderful patron of learning delighted to walk and admire the
glorious view which it presents. At no great distance from these
is the villa of Palmieri, celebrated by the poet Boccaccio as the scene
of the curious story of a certain number of ladies having, during the
plague of 1348, here resorted and given themselves up to every
kind of pleasure, thereby endeavouring to drive the thought of
death from their minds. A high-flown description of this garden is
given in “Rienzi” in the chapter entitled “The Flowers amidst the
Tombs.” I will mention one more garden at Florence which belonged
to Prince Demidoff, and which is attached to the most magnificent of
villas. This garden is of considerable extent, and is kept up in a truly
regal style. A very large number of hothouses and conservatories, and
a splendid collection cf plants, especially of orchids, are here grown.
In one of the conservatories I saw a very pretty mode, which is
quite worthy of being copied, of arranging cut flowers. These were
placed in a saucer of water sunk deeply into rock-work. They were
then covered with a pan of water having a flat plate-glass bottom, so
that the flowers were seen through the water and the glass, and
appeared to be growing at the bottom of the water.
At Rome are also many beautiful villas and gardens. The Quirinal
Palace gardens are extensive, and when I had the pleasure of seeing them
they were well kept up. In them is a curious hydraulic apparatus
for playing an organ. This is not only to be seen in that garden,
for at Trascati, Belvidere, belonging to Prince Borghese, water is
employed for many curious devices, such as making the warbling of
GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. 583
birds;—making two organs to play,—starting up from invisible holes
and squirting persons in the face,—and dashing down terraces, besides
performing numerous other tricks. To these hydraulics the Italians
are very partial; from them other nations have learnt these ingenious
water tricks. They have been imitated by the Dutch: there are
also, as well as in other parts, very amusing examples in a garden
at Salzburg in the Tyrol.
The grounds adjoining the Villa Borghese are very much frequented
by the Romans, and certainly they had a lovely appearance when I saw
them one spring, when the park or uncultivated part was a rich parterre
of the exquisite purple anemone, which there springs up without the aid
of man. Other choice grounds at Rome, such as the Villa Doria and
the Pincio, might be cited as being pre-eminent for their loveliness.
Neither is Naples behindhand in her gardens. Near the one belong-
ing to Monsieur Dumontet is another, situated on the shores of the Bay,
in which, as in that belonging to Prince Demidoff, are grown a large
collection of plants. There are many other very beautiful ones.
Besides the gardens attached to villas, there are several botanica
ones; and the Italians can boast of being the first people in Europe to
establish purely scientific gardens. If we except the one of Antoninus
Castor, which can hardly claim for itself the appellation of being a
botanic garden, then the first in Europe was formed by a Tuscan noble
at Padua in the sixteenth century, and a few years later another was
Since that time
Those I have
established at Pisa under the auspices of the Medicis.
botanical gardens have extended throughout Italy.
seen at Venice and at Naples contain some highly interesting specimens
of trees and plants.
I cannot leave the gardens of Italy without saying one or two
words on a very pretty garden which a countryman of ours—Dr.
Bennett—has made at Mentone, and which, to use his own words, “Gs
hanging as it were on the flank of the mountain,” and faces the iovely
bay. A long, straight terrace entrance walk leads from the gate; on
each side of this, at regular intervals, are pillars of stone, to which are
attached creepers, to twine and form a canopy overhead. Ona marble
584 GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS.
slab beside the gate are inscribed some words of welcome, inviting you
to enter. This garden is tastefully arranged, and commands a splendid
view of the Mediterranean, as well as of the surrounding mountains,
In it the owner amuses himself during the winter and spring months in
acclimatizing various plants hitherto unknown in that locality.
And now I must speak of the characteristic features of the gardens
of another nation, which at one time were considered to be models of
perfection of taste, and hence were copied by other nations, especially
by England, in the beginning of the eighteenth century. I allude to
the Dutch gardens. These, though geometrically laid out, are very
different from those in Italy or in France. Yet some have considered
that Holland did but endeavour to imitate to some extent the formal
French gardens which were in vogue some hundreds of years back.
The chief peculiarities of a Dutch garden may be said to consist
in its being seen at one glance;—in the utmost symmetry being
observed in all its parts, betraying by its stiffness and artificiality
the whimsical devices of man rather than the beautiful luxuriance of
nature ;—in its trees being clipped sometimes into curious shapes and
figures, as was practised by the Romans of old whose gardens may
be compared to these ;—in its having long serpentine or straight
walks, generally ending in a studied vista view, sometimes crossing
each other at right angles, the centre of the point of intersection being
then formed into a parterre geometrically formed and filled with gaudy
flowers quite irrespective of arrangement of colour;—in the derceau
of lime-trees trimmed into shape and having at certain distances open-
ings or windows made in the foliage;—in the grassy banks and
mounds, which are all formed and kept in the most prim and artificial
manner ;—and lastly, in its containing canals or ditches,—filled with
water that is frequently stagnant,—which intersect most, if not every
garden. The Dutch have a special predilection for water, and employ
it to a great extent either for ornamentation as fountains, as moats
surrounding their grounds, or as canals intersecting them; and not
unfrequently in their gardens are found some curious examples of
conceits in hydraulics which they have learnt from the Italians, But
GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. 585
this ornamentation of water and grassy mounds has—in the wet,
humid, and flat country of Holland—a very unpleasing effect.
The best specimens of the Dutch style were the Royal Gardens at
Loo, which were laid out in the seventeenth century by William and
Mary, afterwards the sovereigns of this country. These were composed
of four gardens—the lower and upper, the king’s and the queen’s—be-
sides labyrinths. The one at Hague, which belonged-in the seventeenth
century to the Count de Nassau, which was a celebrated one, is now but
badly kept up. Most of the Dutch gardens of the present day combine
the English style with that of their own; yet there still exist in Holland
many specimens of that style which may be truly termed the purely
Dutch. Near Utrecht is a private garden, belonging to a merchant,
which, though somewhat narrow, extends to a considerable distance.
Tall and thick hedges of beech, hornbeam, and oak, cut into a variety
of shapes, are employed for the larger divisions of the grounds, whilst
the smaller are divided by hedges of yew and box. The ornaments in
this garden consist of grottoes and fountains, statues and busts, urns
and vases. There are, besides, the usual long derceau walk of beech,
with its windows, and several avenues of walks terminating in
vistas. Everything here—according to the Dutch system—has its
counterpart, so that where there is a pond, walk, statue, or group of
evergreens on the one side, there is the same to match it on the other.
The two ponds that are surrounded with old chestnut-trees are similar,
though much smaller, to the one in Bushey Park, and in the extremity
of the grounds is a large circular walk shaded with beech-trees, in the
centre of which is a piece of water. The usual adjuncts, as green-
houses and forcing-frames, also form a part of the garden.
The Dutch people of all classes are fond of cultivating plants. In
the environs of Rotterdam there are a series of little gardens belonging
to the tradesmen of the town. On the cultivation of them great care is
bestowed, and in them are grown fruit-trees, generally kept dwarfish,
and flowers. To each garden is attached a kind of garden, or summer-
house—termed ‘uin-huisjes or lust-hofs—and thither the proprietors
repair with their families on a Sunday afternoon, to enjoy the quietness
586 GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS.
and repose by the contemplation of Nature’s works. These remind us
of those little gardens, with their summer-houses, which some of the
tradespeople of the East of London possess at Lea Bridge..
If the Dutch cannot be said to have an innate taste in the laying
out of grounds, great credit is due to them for their knowledge of the
art of horticulture, more especially in that branch of it which apper-
tains to the growth of bulbous flowers. These at an early period
they procured from the East, and by great skill they have managed to
bring them to a perfection unequalled by any other nation. Haarlem
is the chief place for perfecting the different species of bulbs; and
not only do the Dutch cultivate them as a means of livelihood, but
from an exceedingly great love which they possess for these gaudy
flowers. In the seventeenth century the passion of this nation for
tulips was so great that it was known by the name of the tulipomania,
and, as may readily be understood, all the evils likely to attend
such a mania occurred. The. French author Dumas has very ably
shown this in a fictitious tale called the “Black Tulip.”
France claims to be the school of the geometric system of gardens.
Le Notre, the founder of this style, was a celebrated architect and
designer of gardens, and had previously, in his youth, studied painting
in the studio of Lebrun. His chef-d’euvre were the gardens of
Versailles, which were formed during the reign and under the auspices
of Louis XIV. The boldness and the grandeur of Le Noétre’s
designs prove him to have been gifted with a lofty genius. Truly
Versailles—previous to the construction of the Crystal Palace Gardens,
which were made a hundred years later—might have vied in its
magnificence with the “Hanging Gardens” of Babylon. How
different is it to the niggardly geometric Dutch gardens! Versailles,
as most of my readers are doubtless aware, consists of immense
terraces and parterres, and fountains of world-wide repute are
placed in different parts of the grounds. Unfortunately, most of
the trees near to the Palace are clipped into shape.
Gardens have ever been a passion among the French, and therefore,
as may be supposed, abound in their country. So early as the eighth
GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. 587
century, Charlemagne encouraged the art of gardening, and introduced
the best fruits into his kingdom; nevertheless that art does not
appear to have attained to anything like perfection until the seventeenth
century, when, as a brilliant comet, the genius of Le Nétre suddenly
burst forth. Ere this, however, Francis I. formed some _pleasure-
grounds at Fontainebleau, in imitation of those he had seen in Italy ;
these, from what we can gather, must have somewhat resembled the
one of Pliny at Tusculum. The terrace, at a later period, was made
by Le Notre, who also considerably altered the arrangements of the
grounds; and still later, the part which is now known as the English
garden was planned.
Shortly before the first Revolution, and towards the middle of the
last century, the English style of gardening became very fashionable in
France ; so much so, indeed, that many of the old geometric gardens
were even destroyed, and relaid out according to the new system.
Marie Antoinette caused the pretty grounds of the Petit Trianon
at Versailles to be so arranged.
No city perhaps possesses so many beautiful gardens, parks, and
promenades as Paris. The beautiful grounds adjoining the Tuileries
Palace were designed by Le Nétre. Sculpture and basins of water
with fountains, and a profusion of flowers, are here everywhere to
be seen. Here too in the summer months are rows of orange-trees,
perfuming the air with their flowers, reminding one of the redolence
of the orange gardens of Italy. Immediately adjoining the Palace
is the English garden, and this used to be kept railed off from the
public part during the residence of the Imperial family in this city.
A fine vista is obtained from the centre pavilion, along a broad straight
walk lined on each side by tall trees. Beyond this garden is the
Champs d’Elysée, in which, besides trees, are numerous parterres of
flowers, amidst which are fountains. Beyond this again, and past
the Arc de Triomphe, is the Bois de Boulogne, laid out by the
Emperor Napoleon III, and which, for the exquisite taste shown
in it, combining as it does the wildness of a wood and the high
cultivation of a flower garden, deserves at least a word of the highest
588 GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS.
praise ; the more so as our Government, by imitating its more culti-
vated parts, have greatly improved the parks of London.
The Park of Monceau, which is in reality more a garden than a
park, and the grounds of St. Cloud, are also very beautiful specimens
of French gardens, and many others might likewise be enumerated as
existing at Paris, which either owed their origin to, or were greatly
improved by, the Emperor Napoleon III. Among the more ancient
and celebrated ones, I will only mention those of La Malmaison,
laid out in the English style by the Empress Josephine; of Marly,
where it was once said that it never rained ; and the Jardin des Plantes,
so famous until the last unhappy war, not only as being the Zoolo-
gical Gardens of Paris, but also—until then—for the large collection
of orchids and other plants that were there grown.
Let us now turn to our own country, and see whether the
same deep feeling for Nature is, as a people, imbued in us as it is
in the French. In England the first rudiments of the knowledge
of horticulture were introduced by the Romans: most of which—
though the Saxons appear to have had herb-gardens—was lost amidst
the anarchy that ensued after the departure of the former people
from this isle. It was, however, resuscitated by the Normans.
In Domesday Book, one “apple-garden” is entered as being situated
at Nottingham, and the words forti and fortuli more than once
occur in that book. The vine must have been brought to this country
by the Romans: in the eighth century vineyards are spoken of by
Bede, and later, William of Malmesbury names Gloucestershire as
being the county where they were mostly cultivated. At Hatfield House
a part of the garden is called the Vinery to this day. In the twelfth
century, Alexander Necham, in his work “Naturis Rerum,” gives
names of various trees which he says ought to be grown in a
“nobilis hortus:” but unfortunately many of these could not possibly
have been acclimatized in this country at that time; so that much
reliable information as to the real state of horticulture in England at
this early period cannot be obtained from this work. According to him,
a flower-garden should be stocked with roses, lilies, sunflowers, violets,
GARDENS OF VARIOUS NAT. TONS. 589
poppies, and narcissus. The rose was from a very early time a
favourite flower of the English: in the ancient conveyances it was
a common occurrence to render annually one for quit-rent. The lily
too, we gather from other sources, was grown in 1276 in the Royal
Garden at Westminster. About the same time many kinds of fruits
were cultivated in this country, amongst which were cherries, mul-
berries, pears, apples, vines, quinces, medlars, gooseberries, strawberries,
raspberries, peaches, and almonds, as well as culinary vegetals, such
as cabbages, peas, beans, lettuces, rocket, mustard, and various kinds
of herbs, watercresses, hops, onions, garlic, leeks, and probably beets.
Still, there is very little known of the plans of the early English
gardens. Doubtless there was but little skill shown in them, though
one authority informs us that in the twelfth century beautiful gardéns
were attached to the houses of the citizens of London, but in what
their beauty consisted is by no means clear. Yet both Blenheim
and Woodstock existed at the same period. From the early English
illuminated MSS. large gardens are represented as being supplied
with a pond or well, and sometimes also,—though rarely,—with even
fountains and grottoes. In the “ Romaunt of the Rose,” Chaucer
describes a garden, which was a perfect square, and which
“ Enclosed was, and walled wele,
With hie walles embatailed,
Portrayed without, and well entayled
With many a riche portraiture.”
Possibly much of the descriptive part of it, and of the trees and
plants which are enumerated as growing in this imaginative garden,
was founded on fact. There was another and a real garden, of the
fourteenth century, in Holborn, belonging to the Earl of Lincoln,
by whom it was kept up for profit as well as for recreation. From
an account in the office of the Duchy of Lancaster the sum of
49 2s. 3d., equal at the present day to 4135, was raised during the
year for the sale of the surplus fruit. The only flowers that are
mentioned are roses, and what were sold of these amounted to
3s. 2d. The fruit-trees in this garden consisted of apples, pears
590 GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS.
large nuts, cherries, and vines, the cuttings of the latter being also
sold. Beans, onions, garlic, leeks, and a few other vegetals, were
also grown in this garden. It is mentioned that to replenish it
cuttings of some varieties of pear were purchased. A paling or fosse
enclosed the grounds, in which was a pond or vivary, containing
some pike.
But there is very little to be said about the gardens of England
until the reign of Henry VIII., when those at Nonesuch (whose
site is only a few miles from “My Garden”) and Hampton Court
were made. Nonesuch, as its name implies, was considered to be the
wonder of the age: on it no expense was spared. The grounds were
laid out in a formal style, and they comprised kitchen and pleasure
gardens, a wilderness, and small park. Dispersed in the pleasure
gardens were columns and pyramids of marble and fountains. This
place was, in the last century, relaid out in the modern style by
Kent. The finest grounds that were formed in Queen Elizabeth's
reign were at Hatfield and at Beddington, as has been already men-
tioned in the first chapter.
The same formal old English style of laying out gardens continued
until Charles the Second’s reign, notwithstanding that Lord Bacon
strongly protested in the time of James I. against the clipping
of trees, and “the making of knots or figures with divers coloured
earths, that they may be under the windows of the house on that
side on which the garden stands. They be,” continues he, “but toys:
you may see as good sights many times in tarts.” Judging from some
of the beds at the Horticultural Gardens and at Bethlehem Hospital,
this great philosopher has not to the present day succeeded in eradi-
cating this reprehensible custom.
On an invitation from Charles II., Le Nétre came over to this
country, and laid out the parks ot Greenwich and of St. James’s. He
also planted the Mall with an avenue of trees, and from this time to the
accession of William and Mary his style became general throughout
the country, when it was superseded by that of the extremely uncom-
mendable Dutch, and then not only did Hampion Court become con-
GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. 59
verted into an exact copy of a Dutch garden, but everywhere else this
style was imitated. But in the following reign Wise and Loudon
showed such skill in the planting of a gravel pit in Kensington
Gardens, as to gain from Addison the highest praise.
The style that is essentially English, and which has been copied to
a greater or less extent by every other European nation, has been
attributed to the writings of Pope and Addison. Not only did they
protest against the unseemly stiffness of the gardens which were then
in vogue in England, but they both attempted in their country retreats
—the one at Twickenham, the other at Bilton near Rugby—that
natural picturesqueness which, from its partaking of the “beautiful
wildness of nature,” is compared by Addison to the Pindaric manner
of composition; and to this class belongs “My Garden.” With
him, I can say that mine is “a confusion of kitchen and parterre,
orchard and flower garden,” that is ‘ mixt and interwoven” together.
As was his, so is “My Garden,” “a natural wilderness,” and “my
flowers grow up in several parts of the garden in the greatest luxu-
riancy and profusion.” With Pliny the Elder, I agree that gardens
should have their due meed of honour, and that things because they
are common are not for that reason to enjoy the less share of our
consideration ; so that, like Addison, “if I meet with any flower in
a field which pleases me, I give it a place in my garden.” By this
means there are flowers which some of my friends have singled out
as some of the greatest beauties of the place, and although they might
have been transplanted from under a common hedge, from a field,
from a wood, or from a mountain.
The first great designer—a man of truly poetic temperament—of this
picturesque style of landscape gardening, was Kent. In designing the
plans for laying out gardens he considered the genius of the place, and
endeavoured to improve and not to distort Nature. By him, and by
his successors, many of the old formal gardens were remodelled.
Though the writings of Pope and of Addison, and later of Thom-
son, caused such an immediate beneficial effect upon the designing of
gardens, yet it has been by some doubted whether they were the
592 GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS.
fountain-head whence our knowledge of this style was derived, for the
first idea of it is by some attributed to Milton, by others to Tasso.
Others, again, assert that it was in this manner that Nero caused his
garden at Rome to be laid out, and which he is said to have imi-
tated from the Persian paradises; whilst many suppose that the
Chinese first gave us the idea to copy in our gardens the various
beauties of natural scenery.
Certainly the Chinese are particularly skilful in producing various
scenic effects in their gardens. One of their ancient writers, Lieu-
tschen, says, “ The art of laying out gardens consists in an endeavour
to combine cheerfulness of aspect, luxuriance of growth, shade, solitude,
and repose, in such a manner, that the senses may be deluded by an
imitation of rural nature. Diversity, which is the main advantage of
free landscape, must, therefore, be sought in a judicious choice of soil,
an alternation of chains of hills and valleys, gorges, brooks, and lakes
covered with aquatic plants. Symmetry is wearying, and exuuz and
disgust will soon be excited in a garden where every part betrays
constraint and art.” And this is a good description of the gardens
of China, so that in the immediate vicinity of the main habitation
the grounds are made to coincide with the formality of it, and are
therefore geometrically laid out ; the Chinese considering that in such
a position wild scenery would be as unapt as a diamond set in lead ;
whereas rustic buildings are invariably placed amidst a wild and
ruggedly-formed country. Besides this, the Chinese are adepts in
magnifying the seeming dimensions of any piece of land which they
lay out, making thereby their gardens appear even considerably
larger than they are in reality: this is the case, for instance, in the
Imperial garden in the vicinity of Pekin, which has been computed
to be no less than twelve miles in circuit. These grounds are very
beautifully arranged, and they quite deserve the name of Yuen-ming-
yuen, or “the garden of perpetual brightness.” Of considerable extent
are also the Imperial grounds of Zhe-hol, or “the garden of innu-
merable trees.” Here are lakes, miniature mountains, rocks, and
choice cultivated spots, amongst which are interspersed numerous
GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. 593
buildings and pagodas, exhibiting the utmost diversity of scene, all
formed by the skill of man, who has obtained this by imitating the
beauties of Nature, instead of attempting to distort her. But this
nation is very partial to gardens. In Pekin over some of the houses
in the main streets are broad terraces covered with shrubs and flowers,
We read too that in Nagasaki, in Japan, most of the better class of
houses have gardens, but these, however small they may be, are said to
be laid out in the landscape style with rocks, miniature mountains, and
waterfalls. In the larger gardens in China are usually artificial lakes
or rivers, and fountains and cascades; in some of them, too, are scenes
of spring, of summer, and of winter, where are grown those plants that
are suitable to the season, from which these spots have derived their
name. Flowers are not scattered indiscriminately along the borders,
but are tastefully disposed according to their colour and growth;
and indeed the gardeners of this country show great skill, not only
in the arrangement of the different parts of a garden, but also in
the disposing of the plants and in the culture of the flowers. China
is everywhere highly cultivated ; even those parts which consist of bogs
and marshes this ingenious people bring into cultivation, by forming
on them rafts of bamboo, which they cover with earth, and on these
they are then enabled to produce vegetables. These rafts of bamboo
remind one of the so-called floating gardens of Mexico—formerly
sO numerous—and which were made by branches of willows, or of
any other similarly light and buoyant material, being plaited and
twisted together; this was covered by earth, or rather mud, obtained
from the lake Clavigero, on which these gardens floated. They are
said to have been made at the founding, or shortly afterwards, of the
city of Mexico, and were formerly numerous, as well as very productive.
Small huts were built on these rafts for the cultivators; and by means
of a boat these curious islands were moved wheresoever the owner
recuired.,
Near Canton are the celebrated Fa-tee gardens, where on a New
Year's day repair throngs of people to enjoy this holiday in the
“flowery land.” But I think sufficient has been said of the gardens
QQ
594 GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS.
of the Chinese to demonstrate how nearly—more nearly than those
of other nations, even more nearly than the one described by Addison
—the plan of “My Garden” agrees with the peculiar character of
those formed by this extraordinary people. I will therefore only
mention one more garden of this nation, the one at Macao, where
the great Portuguese poet Camoens studied nature, and reflected its
charms so accurately, and so enthusiastically, in the beautiful poem
of the “Lusiad.”__
In India rose-gardens are numerous. At Ghazeepoor, roses are
cultivated in vast fields of many hundred acres in extent. There are
also many other gardens, in which grow beautiful plants, to be found
throughout that country—a country so distinguished for its adoration
of Nature, as is testified by their sacred writings the “Vedas,” as well
as by their secular literature.
In Turkey, gardens also abound. Lady Mary Wortley Montague
has depicted them in glowing terms; but from other sources they. do
not appear to come up to that lady’s high-flown descriptions, although
their shade, and their sweet-scented and bright flowers, interspersed
among cascades and fountains, must make them very pleasant
resorts.
In Spain, too, they are very numerous and very beautiful. At
Madrid most of the wealthier classes have them, but in the south they
are much more general. Seville and Cadiz especially are noted for the
love its citizens have for flowers, and for the gardens which the majority
of them possess : in those towns the balconies, windows, and even roofs
of the houses are converted into parterres of flowers. On a rugged
eminence at Grenada, which is surrounded by pleasure-grounds, is the
Moorish Palace of the “Casa de l’Amar,” the gardens of which were
laid out by the Moors. They are arranged as terraces, ornamented with
statues and fountains, and cascades and lakes. But probably the most
ancient of the old Moorish gardens is “ Alcazar,” which is adorned with
fountains, and has parterres of evergreens and choice flowers. The walks
are paved with marble. Other celebrated gardens there are, among
which may be named the Escurial at Madrid, the Aranguez, and La
GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. 595
Granja or San Ildefonso—the Versailles of Spain—which Philip V., who
__ caused it to be laid out, is said to have exclaimed on beholding it: “It
has cost me three millions, but for three minutes I have been amused !”
And lastly, there are the gardens of the Alhambra, which were con-
sidered so very lovely; that a long inscription, placed at the entrance
of the one called the Lindaraxa, thus ends: “Where is there a garden
like unto this? Its verdure and its fragrance excel all others; and
its freshness is diffused far around.”
I cannot here refrain from saying a passing word of eulogium
on the very beautiful garden of Mr. Cook (the Viscount de Montserrat)
at Cintra in Portugal; for that gentleman has not cnly most
beautifully laid out his grounds, but, regardless of expense, has suc-
ceeded in extending the knowledge of horticulture in that country by
the acclimatization of new and rare shrubs and plants. In our own
country, one of the Scilly Islands has been converted into a sub-
tropical garden by the ability of Mr. Smith, formerly Member for one
of the divisions of Cornwall. There grows, in the open air, the gum-
tree, and, what is more particularly interesting, there is a geranium hedge
twenty feet long, which in 1862 was said to be ten feet high, and
whose bright pink flowers, when seen from the sea, present from a
considerable distance a strange yet beautiful appearance.
Many more examples I might bring forward, to show how every
nation has, in a greater or less degree, had gardens. Throughout
Germany they are to be found, likewise in Russia, Denmark, Poland,
Switzerland, and other countries. In the other hemisphere we find
them, in North and South America: and here I must mention
the Shakers’ gardens in New Lebanon, at New York, for in them are
grown the narcotic herbs for which they have a great reputation ; as
well as the garden at Rio Janeiro, which is kept up for the
cultivation of the cochineal insect. None of the other gardens of
the above-named countries offer, like those already described, any
peculiar characteristics in the mode in which they are laid out, but
comprise either one or a mixture of the styles of other countries; it
is consequently needless for me to enter into fuller details of them.
QQ2
506 GARDENS OF VARIOUS NATIONS.
For in this chapter I have endeavoured to show the various manners
which different nations have had, of laying out gardens, according
to the accounts which have been given to us, or to what I have myself
observed in Europe.
We see that the love for gardening, or for nature, is not dependent
either on a torrid, frigid, or temperate zone; but that in certain
nations, as in certain individuals of a nation, it is more innate than in
others ; and we further see, that the art of gardening, whilst advancing
in some nations, declines in others. But those persons who have ever
enjoyed the calm repose of a garden, have watched the growth and
habits of the various plants, delighted in the sweet music of the birds
which dwell therein, will feel that “we are instinctively led, amid the
everlasting change in nature, to feel the harmony of the wondrous
powers pervading all things. He who contemplates them with the eye
of the soul, feels the littleness of man amid the greatness of the ~
universe.”
Vign. XXX.—Mill on the Wandle,
Vign. \.V.X7.—Scene on the Wandle.
CALENDAR FOR THE YEAR 1871.
THE year 1870 closed on a Saturday amidst snow and frost.
My garden was covered deeply with snow, and scarce a trace of
vegetation was discernible. The Drumhead Cabbages were covered
over the top, showing a little green on one side. The Brussels
Sprouts and Sprouting Broccoli were only partially concealed; but
everything else was perfectly covered, and nothing but a uniform
surface of snow could be discerned.
It was very interesting to see the dark colour of the pure water
running down the central streamlet, with the white snow extending
to the very edge of the water.
The Orchard-house was coated with a thick deposit of snow, and
all my frames were very properly covered with straw and bast mats,
over which was a thick layer of snow. The houses warmed, as the
Cucumber-house and Fern-house, had no snow, but icicles from a
tew inches to two or three feet depended from the front lights. All
the doors had ice at their margins, so that it was difficult to open
them. ‘The cats had found out the warmth of the glass, and delighted
to sit upon it. .
It was pitiable to seé the poor birds, half stupid with cold and
starvation. The dear little robins attended closely upon the gardeners,
The starlings were so tame as to allow persons to approach quite
close, and the gardener picked up one and placed it in the Fernery,
where it forthwith began to look for insects and worms. It did not,
however, long survive.
598 MY GARDEN.
Our vinery was well supplied with grapes. Lady Downe’s and
West’s St. Peter's were scarcely in perfection. Ingram’s Prolific
Muscat and Snow’s Muscat Hamburgh were excellent; the Black
Hamburgh and Buckland’s Sweetwater were rather past; but White
Tokay, Canon Hall, Muscat of Alexandria, and Bowood Muscat were
perfectly good and hanging upon the trees.
In my Cucumber-house the cucumbers were in flower, but none
were ready for the knife—probably in consequence of the dulness
of the weather. In this house the Dove orchid (Peristeria alata)
was in flower, and one Epidendrum. The beautiful Butterfly orchid
(Oncidium Papilio) was nearly in flower.
In the Poor Man’s House every plant looked in high perfection.
An Azalea was in flower; the pretty yellow Coronella was in full
bloom, so were several Cyclamens, Geraniums, and a few Camellias ;
one of the Nasturtiums (Fire-ball) was in flower, the yellow Linum
Trigynum and Acacia armata were in bloom, which really looked
lovely, contrasting as they did with the white snow outside.
The Fernery was in all its glory. To pass the threshold was to
pass from the wintry blast to spring. Overhead were a Jasmine and
two species of Passion-flowers, the Passiflora Kermesina and Passiflora
princeps. Amongst other plants, a scarlet Eschynanthus and the
scarlet Epiphyllum truncatum adorned the house, whilst two species
of Cypripediums and two species of Calanthe were in the greatest
perfection. The rare Anectochylus Lowii was on the verge of
flowering.
The Fernery was all that could be desired; but, alas! the cat
had got in and devoured my pet gold-fish.
In the Cutting-house fine Rhubarb was to be found, and the Sea-
kale was growing in the sea-kale pots, well covered with heating
materials.
The Apple-house was well stored with many varieties of fine and
excellent apples, but there were scarcely any pears, and those of no
account.
Out of doors there was but one flower in blossom, namely, the
CALENDAR FOR THE YEAR 1871. 599
yellow F¥asminum nudiflorum growing over the summer-house; and
since it flowers under such trying circumstances, who would not
possess a plant of the Fasminum nudifiorum ?
Within the few days preceding the glass had dropped at night
to 8° Fahrenheit, or twenty-four degrees of frost.
I propose to give the principal occurrences in every week of the
year, which will serve as a guide to others having gardens in the
same relative position as my garden is placed.
The result must, however, only be received as a general indication,
as every year, from speciality of season, must necessarily differ.
“Then came old January, wrapped well
In many weeds to keep the cold away.”—SPENSER.
JANUARY 1—7.—FIRST WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 31°.1, being 5°.4 below the average: highest in
shade, 45°.9 ; lowest in shade, 19°.21.—My Garden : highest in shade, 50°; lowest in
shade, 9°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, not observed ; lowest on grass, not
observed. Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.07 inch.
The frost which ushered in the year gave way on Thursday the 4th, and by Saturday
morning a complete transformation scene had been enacted, as the face of the country
was converted from a white alpine snow scene to the ordinary winter verdure.
FLOWERS: Géass.—Oncidium papilio, Odontoglossum pulchellum. Dendrobium
moniliforme.
Out of doors.—Christmas rose. Violet. Jasminum nudiflorum.
FRUIT: Glass.—Grapes : Black Hamburgh ; Muscat of Alexandria.
Out of doors.--Apples : Cox’s Orange Pippin; Ribston; Braddick’s Nonpareil ;
Golden Drop ; Speckled Golden Reinette ; Pearson’s Plate.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Fine cauliflowers from cold frames. Sea-kale. Rhubarb.
Out of doors——Collards. Savoys. Brussels sprouts. Carrots. Parsnips. Onions.
Beet-root. Jerusalem artichokes. Horse-radish. Endive. Celery. Mustard.
GARDEN OPERATIONS.—On the 6th, frames which had been thickly matted for two
weeks were opened.
NATURAL HisToRY.—A Smew or Smee diving duck shot. Pigeons, Ducks, Teal,
Fieldfares, Starlings congregated, and were noticed migrating. Wren sang.
Many birds perished, and were found dead in the garden, and in other places
numbers were killed by cold and starvation.
600 MY GARDEN.
JANUARY 8—14.—SECOND WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 33°, being 3° below the average : highest in shade,
44°.8 ; lowest in shade, 18°.3,—My Garden : highest in shade, 50°; lowest in shade,
14°. Black bulb : highest in sunshine, 78°; lowest on grass,’ 12°. Weather, cold and
dull. Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.08 inch.
The weather during the week was cold and dull; on the r1th an inch of snow fell
in half an hour. A sudden rain occurred on the 13th, and on the 14th the sun was
bright and cheerful. On examining my outdoor exotic ferneries it was pitiable to
observe the destruction which had occurred, as all fronds, except those of the North
American species, were frosted. My beautiful plants of Lomaria chilensis, of which I
was very fond, my various Pterides, which had lived with me for many years, and my
various species of Adiantums, were cut to the ground. My alpine plants did not seem
to have suffered much. The strawberry plants had evidently suffered severely.
To our annoyance, the frost had frozen the water which had insinuated itself
between the panes of glass, and by its expansion had broken many panes.
FRUIT: Glass.—Black Hamburgh practically useless. Muscats.
Out of doors.—Apples : Blenheim Orange ; Pearson’s Plate; Golden Drop; Prince
Albert ;, Reinette du Canada; Lord Derby ; Wellington; Calville Blanche.
VEGETALS : G/ass.—Mustard. Rhubarb. Sea-kale, Endive.
Out of doors.—Celery. Celeraic (which was less frosted than the celery),
Jerusalem artichokes. Carrots. Parsnips. Turnips. Savoys. Collards. Beet-
roots, but no watercresses, which was a loss.
GARDEN OPERATIONS.—In the houses geranium cuttings made. Cucumber plants
struck from cuttings planted out. The trees in the Orchard-house were pruned,
and the plants in the Poor Man’s house and Fern-house sponged. Potatoes
planted in boxes to start very gradually, and at the end of the week trees were
planted out of doors, for the weather was too unfavourable before.
NaTURAL HIsToRY.—The trout were looking about for spawning-beds. Bullfinches
congregated. Tomtits found dead.
JANUARY 15—21.—THIRD WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 37°.1, being 0°.3 above the average : highest in
the shade, 46°.7; lowest in the shade, 30°.7.—My Garden: highest in shade, 50°;
lowest in shade, 29°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 80°; lowest on grass, 27°
Rainfall at Greenwich, 1.32 inches.
FLOWERS : Glass.—-Lilac.
Out of doors.—One snowdrop appeared.
FRUIT : Glass.—Grapes : Black Hamburgh (but past and spoiled) ; Muscat.
Out of doors.—Apples : Blenheim Orange; Golden Drop ; Prince Albert ; Pearson’s
Plate ; Boston Russet ; Ribston Pippin ; Wellington ; Calville Blanche. Pears:
Bellissime d’Hiver.
* The thermometer used for the lowest temperature is one w:
‘ ith a naked bulb with ;
covering the tube. (See for this and the black bulb thermometers HA SUN Se raaHated Nass tet
» fig.. 77.)
CALENDAR FOR THE VEAR 1871. 601
VEGETALS : Glass.—Sea-kale. Rhubarb. Endive, Mustard.
Out of doors.—Jerusalem artichokes. Beet. Carrots. Parsnips. Onions.
Turnips. Cabbage. Savoys. Collards. Brussels sprouts. Celery.
GARDEN OPERATIONS: G/ass.—Orchard-house trees pruned and tied. Cabbage,
on Brussels sprouts, red cabbage, and radish seeds sown in the Orchard-
ouse.
Out of doors.—Apple and plum trees pruned. Currant and gooseberry trees pruned.
Gooseberry trees manured. Hedges clipped. Grass and walks rolled.
NATURAL HIsTORY.—Wild geese passed over. Trout visited spawn-beds,
JANUARY 22—28—FOURTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 32°.4, being 5°.6 below the averagé ; highest in
shade, 46° ; lowest in shade, 25°.—My Garden : highest in shade, 46° ; lowest in shade,
23°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 87°; lowest on grass, 18°. Weather, frosty,
Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.54 inch.
The late continued frost had manifestly severely injured the Pampas grass. The
stems of the tea roses appeared to have been injured. All the broccoli were killed.
FLOWERS: Glass.—Passiflora Kermesina. PP. princeps. Poor Man’s house looked
charming, with its lilac, camellias, azaleas, &c.
Out of doors.—Ground covered with snow.
Fruit: Glass——Grapes : West’s St. Peter’s ; Muscat.
Out of doors.—Apples : Blenheim Orange ; Golden Drop ; Pearson’s Plate ; Boston
Russet ; Ribston Pippin ; Wellington.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Rhubarb. Sea-kale. Endive.
Out of doors—Jerusalem artichokes. Carrots. Parsnips. Turnips. Beet.
Onions. Leeks. Collards. Savoys. Brussels sprouts. Celery. Watercresses.
GARDEN OPERATIONS : Glass.—40o geranium cuttings planted in the first week were
potted. Ferns potted. Cabbage seed sown in Orchard-house.
Out of doors——Apple and pear trees pruned.
Natura. HtsTory.—All the cats died. They appeared to have been poisoned, but
the source was not traced. The birds were very tame, and six titmice, of three
or four species, as well as some robins, were caught in a wire rat-trap baited with
cooked meat, and were then turned loose into the fernery. The trout frequented
the situations for spawn-bed, but did not spawn.
'* And lastly came cold February,
Drawn of two fishes, for the season fitting,
Which through the flood before did softly slide
And swim away.”—SPENSER.
JANUARY 29—FEBRUARY 4.—FIFTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 32°.4, being 5°.6 below the average: highest in
shade, 46° ; lowest in shade, 24°.—My Garden : highest in shade, 49°; lowest in shade,
24°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 81°; lowest on grass, 21°. Weather, dark and
dull. Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.72 inch.
ba MY GARDEN.
During the week the weather has been dark and dull, with some rain ; frost lasted
till Wednesday the Ist.
FLOWERS: Glass.—Czlogyne cristata came into blossom with nine spikes of flower,
and formed a most beautiful plant. The Epiphyllum truncatum was in flower a
second time this winter.
Out of doors~—-The snowdrops during the week have abundantly appeared, but
besides that the only plants in flower were the Christmas rose and the Jasminium
nudiflorum.
FRUIT: Géass.—Grapes : West’s St. Peter’s and Muscat.
Out of doors—Apples: Ribston Pippin; Blenheim Orange; Pearson’s Plate ;
Prince Albert; Golden Drop; Wellington. Pears: Bellissime d’Hiver, for
stewing.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Sea-kale. Rhubarb. Mustard. Endive.
Out of doors.—Carrots. Parsnips. Beet. Jerusalem artichokes. Horse-radish,
Onions. Collards. Savoys. Leek. Celeraic. Celery. Watercress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS: G/ass.—Orchids potted and cleaned. Verbena cuttings
planted. Frame made up for potatoes.
Out of doors.—Seeds sown, Peas: Carter’s First Crop. Daniel O’Rourke, and
Champion of England. French Horn carrots. Olive-shaped radish. Ground
dug for potatoes and trenched for onions. Potato onions and shallots planted.
A new watercress bed made.
NATURAL HisToRY.—On Saturday, small flies out of doors. A perfect chorus of
robins and thrushes. The tomtits placed in the fernery had in a single week
effectually cleared every green fly and scale from the Fern-house. Lamperns
arrived in the Central brook.
FEBRUARY 5—11.—SIXTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 41°.6, being 2°.9 above the average : highest in
shade, 52°.2; lowest in shade, 25°\—My Garden: highest in shade, 54°; lowest in
shade, 26°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 103°; lowest on grass, 28°. Weather,
showery. Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.72 inch.
A great fall took place in the barometer, accompanied by wet on Friday and frost
on Saturday.
FLOWERS: Glass.—Phajus grandiflorus. Czar violet.
Out of doors—Female flower of nut. Crocus.
FRuIT: Glass.—Grapes : Muscat ; Lady Downe’s; West’s St. Peter’s,
Out of doors.—Apples : Reinette du Canada ; Blenheim Orange; Pearson’s Plate ;
Golden Drop; Old Nonpareil; Braddick’s Nonpareil ; Calville Blanche.
VEGETALS : Glass—Rhubarb. Sea-kale. Endive. Mustard.
Out of doors.—Carrots. Parsnips. Onions. Leeks. Collards. Savoys. Brussels
sprouts. Jerusalem artichokes. Celeraic. Celery.
GARDEN OPERATIONS: Glass.—Potted British ferns repotted. Orchard trees
pruned.
Out of doors.—Early potatoes planted. Broad beans sown. New plantations of
rhubarb made. New plantations of alpine strawberries made. Apple-trees,
gooseberry and currant bushes, and raspberry canes pruned.
NATURAL HISTORY.—Two tufted ducks shot.
. CALENDAR FOR THE VEAR 1871. 603
FEBRUARY 12—18.—SEVENTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 42°.7, being 4°.5 above the average; highest in
shade, 54.7 * lowest in shade, 26°, 5.—My Garden: highest in shade, 51°.5 ; lowest
2 ee ae , a aes bulb: highest in sunshine, 93°.5; lowest on grass, 29°.5.
FLOWERS : Glass.—Cymbidium sinense. Abutilon vexillarium.
Out of doors—Scilla siberica. Hepatica, red and blue. Allspice. Ranunculus
ficaria.
FRUIT : G/ass.—Grapes : Muscat ; Lady Downe’s Seedling ; West’s St. Peter’s,
Out of doors.—Apples: Reinette du Canada; Braddick’s Nonpareil ; Golden
Drop ; Old Nonpareil; Wellington ; Calville Blanche.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Sea-kale. Rhubarb. Mustard. ~
Out of doors.—Jerusalem artichokes. Parsnips. Beet. Savoys. Collards. Curled
kale. Brussels sprouts. Onions. Horse-radish. Watercresses. Celery. Celeraic.
GARDEN OPERATIONS: G/ass.—Potatoes planted in frames. Carrot-seed sown in
frame. Lilium lancifolium and auratum potted.
Out of doars.—New plantation of Jerusalem artichokes made. August-sown
onions planted out. Seeds sown: Parsnip.
The vines in Poor Man’s house started. Buds of trees generally swelling.
NATURAL HISTORY.—Frogs spawned. Lamperns now numerous. Bees appeared on
crocus and snowdrops. Abundance of gnats. 4,000 ova of trout placed in
breeding boxes. Thrushes, blackbirds, robins, chaffinches, skylarks, in full song.
FEBRUARY 19—25.—EIGHTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 43°.8, being 4°.8 above the average: highest in
shade, 54°.8 ; lowest in shade, 31°.9.—My Garden: highest in shade, 55°; lowest in
shade, 30°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 106°; lowest on grass, 29°, Weather,
fine and mild.
FLOWERS: Glass.—Thunbergia laurifolia. Thunbergia fragrans. Linum flavum.
Cineraria. ,
Out of doors—Saxifraga oppositifolia. Leucojum vernum. Russian violets in
extraordinary abundance. Primroses in full flower.
Fruit : Glass.—Grapes: Lady Downe’s.
Out of doors—Apples: Old Nonpareil; Braddick’s Nonpareil ; Ribston Pippin ;
Golden Drop ; Calville Blanche. ,
VEGETALS : Glass.—Sea-kale. Rhubarb. Mustard. Endive.
Out of doors.—Carrots. Parsnips. Beet. Jerusalem artichokes. Onions. Collards.
Savoys. Brussels sprouts. Curled kale. Celery. Celeraic. Watercress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS : G/ass.—Protection to roots of pot trees removed.
Out of doors.~—Old fronds removed from ferns in hardy ferneries. Young cauli-
flower plants were planted out of doors. A bed of old onions planted for early
use. Beans and peas sown December 17 showed themselves above ground,
NaturaL History.—Many gnats on the wing. Kingfishers chased each other
during the whole week.
604 MY GARDEN.
“ First sturdy March, with brows full sternly bent,
And in a bag all sorts of seeds ysame, °
Which on the earth he strowed as he went,
And filled her womb with fruitful hope of nourishment.”—Spenser.
FEBRUARY 26.—MARCH 4.—NINTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 45°.7, being 5°.6 above the average : highest in
shade, 64°.8 ; lowest in shade, 30.°1.—My Garden: highest in shade, 64°; lowest in
shade, 29°. Black bulb : highest in sunshine, 115°; lowest on grass, 24°. Weather,
fine. Rainfall at my garden, o inch ; at Greenwich, 0.11 inch.
FLOWERS : Glass.—Hyacinth. Passiflora ccelestina.
Out of doors.—Periwinkle. Hyacinths. Violets: Czar; Russian, in great per-
fection. Omphalodes verna. Scilla bifolia. Anemone apennina.
FRUIT : Glass.—Grapes : Lady Downe’s.
Out of doors.—Apples : Ribston Pippin ; Braddick’s Nonpareil ; Old Nonpareil ;
Golden Drop ; Wellington.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Sea-kale. Rhubarb. Mustard. Endive.
Out of doors.—Jerusalem artichokes, Carrots. Parsnips. Savoys. Collards.
Kale. Brussels sprouts. Leeks. Celery. Celeraic. Watercress. Horse- .
radish. ’
GARDEN OPERATIONS: G/éass.——Second crop of frame potatoes planted. Seeds
sowz. Kidney beans. Asters.
Out of doors.-—Seeds sown: Peas: Champion of England, Laxton’s Prolific, Levia-
than ; green Windsor beans ; olive-shaped radish; round spinach. Asparagus
bed forked down.
NATURAL HISTORY.—Yellow butterfly appeared. Male swan took to nest. Wire-
worms destructive to lettuces in frame. Trout finished spawning. Ova in
breeding-boxes showed eyes.
MARCH 5—11.—TENTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 46°.3, being 6° above the average : highest in the
shade, 57°.2 ; lowest in shade, 33°.7.—My Garden : highest in shade, 59°: lowest in
shade, 31°. Black bulb; highest in sunshine, rro° ; lowest on grass, 24°. Weather,
showery. Rainfall at my garden, 0.36 inch ; at Greenwich, 0.47 inch,
FLOWERS : G/ass.—Oncidium luridum. Calceolarias. Apricot trees.
Out of doors.—Adonis vernalis. Arabis grandiflora. Aubrietia deltoides. Draba
azoides. Double primrose. Daffodil. Wood anemone. Primula minima.
Dog’s-tooth violet. Small vinca, Petasites. Frond of Cystopteris fragilis
appeared,
FRUIT : Glass.—Grapes : Lady Downe’s Seedling.
Out of doors.—Apples: Braddick’s Nonpareil; Golden Drop; Old Nonpareil ;
Webb’s Russet ; Fearn’s Pippin ; Alfriston.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Sea-kale. Rhubarb. Mushrooms. Mustard. Cucumber.
Out of doors.—Jerusalem artichokes. Parsnips. Carrots. Onions. Beet. Collards.
Savoys. Brussels sprouts. Cottagers’ kale. Endive. Mustard. Cress.
Watercress. Celery. Celeraic.
CALENDAR FOR THE YEAR 1871. 605
GARDEN OPERATIONS : G/ass.—Seedling ferns potted and new cranberry bed made.
Out of doors.—Grass mown for the first time. First crop of peas staked. Roses
pruned. Box edging replanted. ‘Mossery planted. Seed sown: Radish.
NATURAL HISTORY.—Peacock butterfly appeared. Ova of Siredon pisciformis
hatched out.
MARCH 12—18.—ELEVENTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 41°.7, being the average : highest in shade, 59°.4;
lowest in shade, 28°.9.—My Garden: highest in shade, 56°; lowest in shade, 28°.
Black bulb : highest in sunshine, 101°; lowest on grass, 21°. Rainfall at my garden,
0.73 inch ; at Greenwich, 0.58 inch.
During the week a considerable change cccurred in the aspect of the garden. The
snowdrops and crocuses had finished their blossom, and were replaced by hyacinths
and daffodils, and fruit-trees commenced to flower.
FLOWERS: Glass-—Roses. The orchid-house was in its prime. The apricots,
peaches, and nectarines were in full bloom, and beneath their branches hyacinths
displayed their blossom. :
Out of doors.—Almond-trees. Gooseberry bushes in leaf and commencing to
blossom. Marsh marigold. Narcissus polyanthus. Chamebuxus. Aubrietia
greeca.
Fruit: Glass.—Grapes : Lady Downe’s finished.
Out of doors.—Apples: Lemon Pippin ; Golden Pippin; Boston Russet; Old
Nonpareil ; Alfriston. :
VEGETALS : Glass.—Sea-kale. Mushrooms. French beans. Mustard. Radishes.
Cucumbers.
Gut of doors.—Jerusalem artichokes. Parsnips. Onions. Carrots. Beet. Leek.
Brussels sprouts. Collards. Savoys. Kale. Celery. Celeraic. Watercress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS: G/ass.—Orchids cleaned and potted. Shoots of growing
vines tied. First crop of melons planted.
Out of doors.—Seeds sown: Onions ; leeks ; six-week turnips. Rose-trees,
pruning finished. Tea-roses planted. Clematis planted. Box-edging planted.
Second crop of peas earthed. Strawberry plants placed in heat.
NATURAL History.—Rooks busy with their nests. Male swan on nest. Cucumber
plants attacked by aphides. Red spider and mealy bug appeared in fernery.
Orchard-house full of bees. Many small flics.
MARCH 19—25-—TWELFTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 47°.1, being 4°.9 above the average: highest in
shade, 70°.9 ; lowest in shade, 30°.2.—My Garden : highest in shade, 71°; lowest in
shade, 32°. Black bulb : highest in sunshine, 131°.5 ; lowest on grass, 27°. Weather,
fine. Rainfall at my garden, 0.02 inch ; at Greenwich, 0.02 inch,
606 MY GARDEN. |
FLowers: Glass.—Dendrobium aggregatum. Maxillaria Harrisonii. Franciscea
latifolia, Orange trees. Deutzia gracilis. J Orchard-house.—Plum and apricot
flowers off, fruit set.
Out of doors.—Cherry. Peach, Nectarine and currant bushes. Oxalis acetosella.
Wild tulip of Italy. Wild anemone of Rome. Doronicum caucasicum. Orobus
vernus. Triteleia uniflora. Schivereckia podolica. Muscari.
FRuIT: Out of doors.—Apples : Ribston Pippin; Pearson’s Plate; Boston Russet ;
Winter Pearmain ; Golden Drop; Alfriston ; Kentish Fillbasket.
VEGETALS : G/ass.—French beans. Mushrooms. Cucumbers. Radishes. Mustard.
Curled Australian cress. Sea-kale.
Out of doors.—Jerusalem artichokes. Parsnips. Carrots. Onions. Beet. Brussels
sprouts. Collards. Kale. Watercress. Celery.
GARDEN OPERATIONS : Glass.—Fuchsia and rooted cuttings of roses potted. Seeds
sown» Melon and cucumber.
Out of doors.—Seeds sown: Carrots; Brussels sprouts; broccoli; savoy ; winter
savory ; sage and marjoram; thyme ; parsley. Second crop of celery.
Chicory. Mushroom bed made.
NATURAL HisToRY.—Water tortoise appeared for the first time. Many bees in
orchard-house. Brimstone and tortoiseshell butterflies were seen during the whole
week,
‘Next came fresh April, full of lustyhead,
And wanton as a kid whose horn new buds.”—SPENSER.
MARCH 26—APRIL 1.—THIRTEENTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 43°.8, being o°.2 above the average: highest in
shade, 67°.4 ; lowest in shade, 31°.2—My Garden: highest in shade, 67°; lowest in
shade, 30°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 132°; lowest on grass, 24°. Weather,
dry and cold. Rainfall at my garden, 0.03 inch; at Greenwich, 0.36 inch.
FLOWERS : Glass.—Dendrobium Pierardii. Lapageria rosea. Prunus triloba. Men-
tissia saltatoria.
Out of doors.—Pear-trees : St. Germain and Doyenné d@’Eté. Plum-trees, currant
and gooseberry bushes in full flower. Epimedium alpinum. Myosotis dissitiflora.
Fritillaria meleagris, Orobus vernus. N arcissus. Saxifraga palmata. Tulips.
The fronds of Cystopteris montana started, also those of Struthiopteris ger-
manica. Adiantum pedatum. Varieties of lady-ferns. Scolopendrium.
Fruit: Out of doors.—Apples: Boston Russet; Golden Drop: Sturmer Pippin;
Winter Pearmain ; Wellington; Gloria Mundi.
VEGETALS : G/ass—Mushrooms. French beans. Cucumbers. Radishes.
Out of doors.—Jerusalem artichokes. Parsnips. Carrots. Onions, Beet. Brussels
sprouts. Kale, Collards. Mustard. Curled, Australian, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS.—Rose cuttings placed in cutting-house from forced trees.
Second crop of cauliflower and cabbage planted. Sticks placed to second crop of
peas. Apple and pear trees grafted. Wild orchids planted. Seeds sown:
French Horn carrot ; Long-pod bean.
NATURAL HIsTORY.—Blackcap appeared March 30. Woodlarks noticed. Lamperns
still numerous and busy in Backwater,
CALENDAR FOR THE YEAR 1871. 607
APRIL 2—8.—FOURTEENTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 43°.1, being 2°.1 below the average : highest in
shade, 56°.7 ; lowest in shade, 29°.1.—My Garden: highest in shade, 58°; lowest in
shade, 25°. Black bulb : highest in sunshine, 133°.5 ; lowest on grass, 19°. Weather,
dry and cold. Rainfall at my garden, 0.03 inch ; at Greenwich, 0.01 inch.
A severe frost occurred on the night of Thursday, April 7, and Friday, April 8.
Many fronds of ferns were frozen :; those of lady-ferns were completely destroyed ; and
those of the royal fern were cut down. Many of the ostrich fern (Struchiopteris) were
killed, as well as many of the Cystopteris montana and the bracken. Asparagus shoots
fit for the first cutting were frosted. Cherry blossoms were frozen, and the little
apricots in the orchard-house were killed. All the alpine plants in flower were injured:
especially, the Epimediums, which were fine on Thursday, were killed by Saturday.
Whole sheets of flower of the beautiful Oxalis acetosella were frosted, and the plants of
Myosotis dissitiflora much damaged.
FLOWERS : Glass.—Grapes in Poor Man’s house. Rhynchospermum jasminioides.
Male blossoms of melons.
Out of doors.—Epimedium grandiflorum. E, rubrum.
FRUIT : Out of doors.—Apples : Old Nonpareil ; Boston Russet ; Sturmer Pippin ;
Wellington.
VEGETALS : Glass.—French beans. Mushrooms. Mustard and cress. Cucumbers.
Out of doors—Jerusalem artichokes. Sca-kale. Brussels sprouts. Kale. Carrots.
Parsnips. Beet. Onions. Leeks. Rhubarb, Radishes. Watercress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS.— Seeds sown: Peas: Champion of England, in succession.
Lettuces planted.
NATURAL HISTORY.—Trout ova in the breeding-boxes hatched April 5. A wild grey
goose visited the lake. House-martins noticed.
APRIL 9—15.—FIFTEENTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 48°.3, being 3°.2 above the average : highest in
shade, 66°.5; lowest in shade, 30°—My Garden, highest in shade, 68°; lowest in
shade, 26°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 136°.5 ; lowest on grass, 20°. Weather,
on the 15th half a gale. Rainfall at my garden, 0.26 inch ; at Greenwich, 0.36 inch.
The effects of the frosts of the preceding week were now apparent, and three-
quarters of the crop of gooseberries were found to have been frozen. The expanded
flowers of the fruit-trees were frozen, but those still in bud were not injured, Young
seedling plants of the cabbage tribe were killed. The flower buds of the laburnum
were much damaged. :
FLOWERS : Glass.—Chlorodendron Thomsoni. C. Balfouri. C.splendens. Passiflora
floribunda, Combretum purpureum.
Out of doors——Apples : Siberian Crab ; Irish Peach ; Nonsuch. Cherries, Plums,
and Pears in full blossom. Anemone Pulsatilla, A. hortensis. Alyssum saxatile.
Aubrietia purpurea. A. Campbelli. Ranunculus amplexicaulis. Saxifraga.
Gentiana acaulis. Cuckoo-flower. Ground ivy.
Fruit.—Apples : Golden Drop ; Sturmer Pippin ; Winter Pearmain ; Boston Russet ;
Old Nonpareil.
608 ALY GARDEN.
VEGETALS : Glass—Cucumbers. Mustard. Curled cress. Sea-kale.
Out of doors.—Parsnips. Carrots. Onions. Beet. Leeks. Brussels sprouts.
Kale. Rhubarb. Asparagus. Watercress. Radishes. Lettuce.
Every part of the river and brooks exposed to the rays of the sun was covered with
confervee and diatomes, and scum rose to the top of the water.
NATURAL HisTory.—The nightingale appeared on the 12th, but immediately dis-
appeared. Young thrushes and young robins were noticed.
APRIL 16—22.—SIXTEENTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 50°, being 3°.6 above the average : highest in -
shade, 62°.8; lowest in shade, 41°.3—My Garden, highest in shade, 63°; lowest in
shade, 41°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 122°.5 ; lowest on grass, 37°. Weather,
wet. Rainfall at my garden, 2.27 inches ; at Greenwich, 1.75 inches.
FLOWERS : G/ass.—Cattleya Skinneri. Dendrobium aduncum. Philadelphus mexi-
canus. P. speciosus.
Out of doors.—Phlox setacia. P. verna, P. divaricata. P. Nelsoni. P. subulata.
Gentiana verna. Commonand alpine wallflower. Trillium grandiflorum. Silene
acaulis. Iris pumila, Veronica saxatilis. Viola lutea major. Vinca minor,.
double red variety. Aster corymbosus. Bluebeils. Buttercups. Daisies.
Fruit : Glass.—None.
Out of doors.—Apples : Sturmer Pippin ; Old Nonpareil; Wellington.
VEGETALS : Glass—Cucumbers. Sea-kale.’ ‘Australian and Gurledycress.
Out of doors:—Asparagus. Parsnips. Carrots. Beet. Onions Rhubarb.
Brussels sprouts. Collard. Kale. Radishes. Lettuce. Sorrel. Chervil.
Watercress. ‘
GARDEN OPERATIONS : Géass.— Potting and cleaning orchids and ferns.
Out of doors.—Seeds sown: Radish ; lettuce ; savoys. Water-weed cut first time
on mill-head. :
The verdure was now in great beauty. Most trees, except the oak, ash, walnut,
black poplar, and the mulberry, had ‘their leaves about three-quarters expanded.
NATURAL HIsTORY.— House-martin appeared on April 16 ; cuckoo, April18 ; summer
snipe on 22nd. The nightingale was heard in the district, but not in my garden.
APRIL 23—29.—SEVENTEENTH WEEK. e
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 50°.7, being 2°.7 above the average : highest in
shade, 64°.9; lowest in shade, 42°.7——-My Garden: highest in shade, 65°; lowest in
shade, 37°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 140°; lowest on grass, 32°. Weather,
thunderstorm on the 27th. Rainfall at my garden, 0.58 inch ; at Greenwich, 0.80 inch.
FLOWERS : Glass.— Maxillaria firnbriata. Fuchsia.
Out of doors.—Trillium grandiflorum Anemone pratensis.’ Geum montanum.
Iris nudicaulis. Saxifraga granulata. Lithospermum prostratum. Strawberries:
Black Prince. Quince. Peas. Daphne Mezerium. Lilacs. Rhododendron.
Azalea. Horse-chestnut.
CALENDAR FOR THE YEAR 1871. 609
Fruit: Glass—None.
Out of doors.—Apples : Sturmer Pippin ; Wellington.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Cucumber. Curled and Australian cress. Mushrooms. Potatoes.
Out of doors.—Asparagus. Sea-kale. Parsnips. Carrots. Beet. Onions. Collard.
Kale. Brussels sprouts. Spinach. Radishes. Lettuce. Watercress. Chervil.
GARDEN OPERATIONS : Glass—Second crop of melons planted. Grapes thinned in
Poor Man’s house.
Out of doors.—Seeds sown: Peas; broad beans in succession; French beans ;
radishes ; Jettuce. Planted cauliflowers. Some ferns were removed from the
Orchard-house on the 29th to the outdoor ferneries.
The garden was in great perfection, and perhaps the most striking plants were the
marsh marigold and Gentiana acaulis. The apple blossom was now in all its beauty,
but the Court-pendu Plat trees were so far behind the other varieties as to appear
dead by their side. Cherry, plum, and pear trees were nearly out of blossom, and had
their fruit set. During the week the ferns had made great growth, and the oak-fern
was dazzling from the brightness of its fronds.
NATURAL HISTORY.—The young trout had lost the umbilical vesicle, and were very
active. Ducklings hatched, but the swans immediately spitefully killed them.
Two nightingales visited the garden April 27, but disappeared. Stickleback ova
hatched, and numerous sticklebacks’ nests were observed.
““Then came fair May, the fairest maid on ground,
Decked all with dainties of her season’s pride,
And throwing flow’rs out of her lap around.”—SreEnseEr.
APRIL 30—MAY 6.—EIGHTEENTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 49°.7, being 1° below the average; highest in
shade, 69°.9; lowest in shade, 36°.1.—My Garden : highest in shade, 66°.5 ; lowest in
shade, 33°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 146°; lowest on grass, 30°. Weather,
fine. Rainfall at my garden, 0.25 inch ; at Greenwich, 0.20 inch.
FLOWERS: Glass.—Lycaste aromatica. Oncidium altissimum.
Out of doors—White and scarlet thorn, Lily of the valley. Veronica gentianoides.
Dodecatheon integrifolium. Coronilla minima. Trollius europzus. Viola hirta.
Saxifraga granulata. S. pectinata. S$. pyramidalis. Linum austriacum.
Silene pendula. Epimedium diphyllum. The ground was strewed with the
cottony, down of the flowers of the poplar.
“Fruit: Glass.—None.
Out of doors—Apples : Sturmer Pippin ; Boston Russet ; Wellington.
VEGETALS: Glass.—Cucumbers. Sea-kale. Carrots. Potatoes (well ripened)
Australian cress. ‘
Out of doors-—Asparagus. Morels. Parsnips. Onions. Beet. Collards. Brussels
sprouts. Broccoli. Kale. Spinach. Chervil. Radish. Watercress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS : Glass.—First crop of melons set. Seeds sown: Third crop
of melons.
Out of doors.—Seeds sown: Gherkins ; Peas: Veitch’s Perfection, Ne Plus Ultra ;
broad beans, long-podded beans ; second crop of scarlet runners ; Negro French
beans; radish and lettuce in succession.
RR
‘
610 MY GARDEN.
NATURAL HistorY.—Nightingales appeared, but again disappeared. Young trout
in breeding-boxes well and active. Eels observed on their upward migration on
the fish-ladder.
** Cone, May, with all thy flowers,
Thy sweetly-scented thorn ;
Thy cooling ev’ning showers,
Thy fragrant breath at morn.”
Moore's Irish Melodies.
MAY 7—13.—NINETEENTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 47°.6, being 3°.8 below the average: highest in
the shade, 72°.9 ; lowest in shade, 34°.—My Garden: highest in shade, 71°.5; lowest
in shade, 32°, Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 104°; lowest on grass, 29°.5.
Weather, fine. Rainfall at my garden, 0.44 inch ; at Greenwich, 0.15 inch.
A thunderstorm occurred on May 9th, which formed suddenly, and was attended
with a rapid diminution of temperature.
FLOWERS : G/ass.— Passiflora edulis. Zonal pelargoniums.
Out of doors——Lupins. Laburnum. Guelder rose. Linum flavum. Orchis morio.
White butterfly orchid. Fly orchid. Erinus alpinus roseus. Erigeron speciosus.
Linum austriacum. Geum concinnum. Iris caucasica. Cerastium Biebersteini.
Centaurea montana. Antennaria hyperborea. Arenaria peploides. Pyrethrum.
Veronica saxatilis. Primula cortusoides. P. amcena. Alpine snapdragon.
Quinces, Raspberries and mulberries. Only one apple-tree remained in
blossom.
VEGETALS : Glass—Cucumbers. Carrots. Australian cress.
Out of doors——Asparagus. Spinach. Brussels sprouts. Collards. Kale. Beet.
Rhubarb. Onions. Lettuce. Radishes. Watercress. Chervil.
GARDEN OPERATIONS : Gass.— Bunches of grapes thinned out and tied. Many pot
fruits removed from Orchard-house.
Out of doors.—Seeds sown: Broccoli: Snow’s Winter White; Early Penzance.
Walcheren cauliflower, for Michaelmas crop; radish in succession ; lettuce.
Planted lettuce in succession.
NATURAL HISTORY.—Swifts appeared on the roth. Reed-warblers built in shrubs.
MAY 14—20.—TWENTIETH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 50°.1, being 2°.5 below the average : highest in
shade, 69°.8 ; lowest in shade, 36°.3.—My Garden: highest in shade, 71°; lowest in
shade, 31°.5. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 155°; lowest on grass, 29°.5.
Weather, fine. Rainfall at my garden, 0.3 inch; at Greenwich, 0.16 inch.
FLOWERS: G/ass——Dendrobium calcaratum. Stigmaphyllum ciliatum. Hoya
bella. Cattleya Mossize. Pelargoniums. Verbenas.
Out of doors.—Myosotis rupicola. M. palustris. Muscari comosum. Dryas
octopetala. Erodium. Saxifrages, various species. Lychnis viscaria. Borage.
Scotch briar. Broad beans.
CALENDAR FOR THE YEAR 1871. 611
FRUIT: Glass.—Strawberries. White currants.
Out of doors.—Apples : Sturmer Pippin ; Alfriston.
VEGETALS : Glass—Cucumbers. Mushrooms. Potatoes. Carrots.
Out of doors.—Cabbages. Collards. Kale. Asparagus, Beet. Spinach. Onions,
Lettuces. Radishes. Chervil. Australian, Curled, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS: Glass.—Second crop of melons earthed. Rose cuttings put in.
Out of doors.—Planted Brussels sprouts. Seeds sown: Turnips, lettuce, radish,
for succession.
Grapes in Poor Man’s house stoning. Young nuts appeared.
NATURAL HIsTORY.—Fly-catchers first seen. Cockchafers seen. Warblers had
nests. Bees swarmed.
MAY 21—27.—TWENTY-FIRST WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 56°.7, being 2.1 above the average: highest in
shade, 79°.5 ; lowest in shade, 38°.8—My Garden : highest in shade, 80°.5 : lowest in
shade, 36°.5. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 143°; lowest on grass, 33°. Weather,
fine. Rainfall at my garden, 0.32 inch ; at Greenwich, 0.22 inch.
FLOWERS : Glass.—Brassia verrucosa. Hoya carnosa.
Out of doors.—Weigelia rosea. Red horse-chestnut. Honeysuckle. Clematis.
Azurea grandiflora. Muscari comosum. Dianthus plumarius. Polygonum, sp,
Lychnis dioica rubra. Arum crinitum. Helianthemums. Erodium macradenium.
Allium nutans. Thalictrum aquilegifolium. Pentstemon ovatum. Astragalus
canadensis. Aquilegia vulgaris. Ajuga alpina. Gnaphalium arenarium.
Saxifraga aizoon. S.pennsylvanica. S.rosularis. S.geranaioides. S, tridentia.
S. serratifolia major. Dianthus cesius. Sweet-williams. Delphinium grandiflorum.
D. formosum. Scotch rose. Monthly rose. Rock rose. Guelder rose. Raspberry.
Mulberry. Elder flower.
FRUIT: Glass.—Strawberry and White Currants.
Out of doors—Apples : Sturmer Pippin ; Wellington.
VEGETALS : Glass—Cucumbers. Potatoes. Carrots.
Out of doors—Asparagus. Cabbage. Collard. Rhubarb. Beet. Spinach.
Onions. Radishes. Lettuce. Curled, Australian, and Water cress. Chervil.
GARDEN OPERATIONS: Glass.—Thinning peaches, nectarines, and plums, in Orchard-
house.
Out of doors—Geraniums bedded out. 250 exotic ferns bedded out. Pot hybrid
roses planted to fill up gaps. Echeverias and sempervivums planted. Seeds sown:
Lettuce ; radishes ; and Ne Plus Ultra peas.
NaTuRAL HisTorRy.—Aphides plentiful on currants, plums, melons, cucumbers, nut
bush leaves, also a few on roses. The young trout began to die in confinement,
but those turned into the rivulets were very active. Landrails seen on the 25th.
Jackdaws attacked the thrushes’ nests. Fungus appeared on the rose. Fungus
seen on under side of quince leaves, and on some pears. A great crop of nuts
now visible.
R.R 2
612 MV GARDEN.
“ And after her came jolly June, arrayed
All in green leaves, as he a player were.” —SPENSER.
MAY 28—JUNE 3.—TWENTY-SECOND WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 53°.9, being 2°.7 below the average : highest in
shade, 74°.6 ; lowest in shade, 40°.3.—My Garden: highest in shade, 72°; lowest in
shade, 34°.5. Black bulb : highest in sunshine, 144°; lowest on grass, 30°. Weather,
dry and cold. Rainfall at my garden, 0.1 inch ; at Greenwich, 0.1 inch.
FLOWERS : Glass.—Lycaste Barringtoni. Erianthemum aspersum.
Out of doors.—Erodium grandiflorum. Iberis carnosa. Helianthemum. Dianthus
suavis. Allium luteum flavum. Chelidonium grandiflorum. Musk plant.
Digitalis. Roses, yellow and hybrid perpetual. Climbing roses, various. Dog-rose.
Sweet pea. Dianthus fimbriatus. Medlar. Mulberry.
FRUIT : Glass.—Pine-apple : Queen. Strawberries.
Out of doors.—Strawberry : Black Prince, sparingly. Apples : Sturmer Pippin.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Cucumbers, Potatoes. Carrots.
Out of doors.—Asparagus. Cabbage. Collards. Beet. Onions, Horse-radish.
Radishes. Lettuce. Chervil. Australian, Curled, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS: Out of doors.—Planted cactiand mesembryanthemums. Seeds
sown: Radish ; lettuce. Hedges clipped. Pear and plum trees stopped.
NATURAL History.—Artificially hatched trout very active in small streams. During
the past week the effects of the Siberian crab fungus apparent, and the leaves
looked as though blasted by fire. Fungus also appeared on pear-trees, especially
on the Ne Plus Meuris.
JUNE 4—10.—TWENTY-THIRD WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 49°.9, being 7°.5 below the average : highest in,
shade, 66°.8 ; lowest in shade, 38°.7.—My Garden : highest in shade, 63°; lowest in
shade, 34°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 141°; lowest on grass, 28°.5. Weather,
fine and dry. Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.31 inch. Fires required in sitting-rooms
every day during the week, being the only time within my memory.
FLOWERS : Glass.—Mandevilla suaveolens.
Out of doors—Iris amcena. Iberis Tenoreana. Anthericum Liliago. Anthyllis
vulneraria. Allium ciliatum. Astragalus hypoglottis. Genista_saxatilis,
Gypsophila dubia. Linum narbonense. Helianthemum album. Yellow Poppy.
Walnut. Elder in full flower. Medlar and Mulberry still in flower.
FRUIT: Glass.—Pine-apple: Queen’s. Strawberries : Keen’s Seedling.
Out of doors.—Strawberries : Black Prince. Apples : Sturmer Pippin.
VEGETALS: Glass.—Cucumbers. Carrots. Potatoes.
Out of doors.—First dish of peas, those sown in December and January eoming
in together. Asparagus. Cabbage. Spinach. Beet. Radishes. Chervil.
Australian, Curled, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS : Glass.—-Grapes thinned in Vinery, and heat maintained night
and day. Fruit-trees in Orchard-house tied and stopped. Bed prepared for late
CALENDAR FOR THE YEAR 1871. 613
melons. Planted: Gherkins; main crop of Brussels sprouts; cauliflowers for
autumn use, and cabbages. Szeds sown: Ne Plus Ultra peas ; radishes; lettuce;
scarlet runners.
Out of doors.—Shoots of pear-trees stopped.
NATURAL HISTORY.—Bees swarmed. They formed two divisions, but ultimately
united and settled. Under side of plum leaves covered with green aphides.
A collection of twelve hardy ferns and a collection of six hardy ferns received
first prizes, at Horticultural Society.
JUNE 1r1—17.—TWENTY-FOURTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 59°.5, being 0°.7 above the average: highest in
shade, 77°.2 ; lowest in shade, 47°—My Garden: highest in shade, 78°; lowest in
shade, 46°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 154°; lowest on grass, 40°. Weather,
showery. Rainfall at my garden, 0.81 inch ; at Greenwich, 1.05 inches.
FLOWERS : Glass.—Cymbidium aloifolium.
Out of doors——Erigeron Villarsii. Helianthemum vulgare. Cynoglossum apen-
ninum. Dianthus neglectus. Silene alpestris. Allium glomeratum. Anthericum
Liliago. Aquilegia viscosa. Veronica aphylla. Helianthemum, double white.
Campanula mollis. Arenaria balearica. Liliumumbellatum. Achillea Clavenne,
Menziesia polifolia. Garden pinks in many varieties. Pyrethrums. Mignonette.
Late Dutch Honeysuckle in glorious perfection.
Fruit : Glass.—Citron des Carmes.
Out of doors-—Strawberries : Black Prince in abundance; Alpine ; Keen’s Seed-
lings, a few.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Frame Potatoes. Cucumbers. Carrots.
Out of doors—Peas : Daniel O’Rourke ; Carter’s first ; Dixon’searliest. Asparagus.
Cauliflower. Cabbage. Carrots. Onions. Spinach. Rhubarb. Radishes.
Lettuce. Chervil. Australian, Curled, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS: Seeds sown.—Radish and lettuce in succession; French
beans, scarlet runners in succession.
NATURAL History.—Swaltiows hatched in summer-house.
First prize received for twelve English ferns at Botanic Gardens, Regent’s Park.
JUNE 18—24.—TWENTY-FIFTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 56°.2, being 3°.8 below the average : highest in
shade, 72°.9 ; lowest in shade, 47°. 5.—My Garden: highest in shade, 72° ; lowest in
shade, 40°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 150°.5 ; lowest on grass, 35°. Weather,
severe, stormy during the week, with hailstones, doing considerable damage to the
roses and other flowers. Rainfall at Greenwich, 1.50 inches.
FLowERs : Glass.—Trichopilia tortilis.
Out of doors.—Echeveria secunda. Campanula pulla. C. persicifolia. C. linifolia.
C. rupestris, Primula cortusoides. Aquilegia vulgaris. Dianthus alpinus.
©xalis foribunda. Sempervivum calcareum.
614 MY GARDEN.
Fruit: Glass.—Pine-apples: Queen. Melons. Grapes : Sweetwater. Pears from
pots: Citron des Carmes (excellent): Doyenné d’Eté (small). ;
Out of doors.—Strawberries, chiefly Black Prince; Alpine. Currants, white and
red. Gooseberries. Cherries.
VEGETALS : Glass——Cucumbers. Potatoes. Carrots.
Out of doors.—Peas. Asparagus. Potatoes. Cauliflowers. Cabbage. Spinach.
Rhubarb. Chervil. Radishes. Lettuce. Australian, Curled, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS : Glass.—Several pot peach-trees removed from Orchard-house
to ripen their fruit outside, and to afford more air to those remaining inside.
Seeds sown : Radishes ; lettuces ; endive (first crop). Celery planted in trenches,
NATURAL HISTORY.—Young wryneck captured. Eels caught in trap.
“Then came hot July, boiling like to fire,
That all his garments he had cast away.” SPENSER.
JUNE 25—JULY 1.—TWENTY-SIXTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 56°.6, being 4°.8 below the average ; highest in
shade, 72°.2; lowest in shade, 40°—My Garden : highest in shade, 73°; lowest in
shade, 34°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 147°; lowest on grass, 32°. Rainfall
at Greenwich, 0.05 inch.
FLOWERS : Glass.—Torenia asiatica.
Out of doors.—Potentilla alchemilloides. Campanula mollis. Spanish Iris. Sedum
Fosterianum. S. Pallas. S. Andersoni. S. anglicum. Sempervivum calcara-
tum. Spanish Broom.
FRUIT : Glass.—Grapes : Sweetwater. Melons. Pears: Doyenné @Eté.
Out of doors.—Strawberries: several kinds. Raspberries. Currants, red and
white. Gooseberries. Cherries.
VEGETALS : Glass——Mushrooms. Cucumbers.
Out of doors—Peas: Champion of England. Potatoes. Turnips. Carrots.
Cauliflowers. Onions. Jerusalem artichokes. Lettuces. Radishes. Australian,
Curled, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS: Glass.—Planted: Melon plants for succession ; celery, after
first crop of peas; strawberry runners laid on pots; cauliflower plants for autumn
use, Seeds sown: Radishes in succession ; lettuce ; cress.
NATURAL HIsTory.—Young wryneck caught and placed in the Poor Man’s house,
where it attacked an ant’s nest and devoured its inmates, but after a few days
died.
JULY 2—8.—TWENTY-SEVENTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 60°.5, being 1°1 below the average: highest in
shade, 76°.5 ; lowest in shade, 48°.8.—My Garden: highest in shade, 76°; lowest
in shade, 40°, Black bulb : highest in sunshine, 147° ; lowest on grass, 38°. Weather,
fine. Rainfall at my garden, 0.96 inch; at Greenwich, 0.87 inch,
CALENDAR FOR THE YEAR 1871. 615
FLOWERS : Glass.~Epidendrum.
Out of doors—Carnations. Picotees, Campanula rapunculus. C. primula alba.
Grass of Parnassus. Dianthus pungens. Myosotis azoricus. Epilobium.
Dodonza. Gypsophila dubia. Coreopsis tenuifolia. Spireea palmata. S. japonica.
French beans. Scarlet runners. Lime-trees.
FRUIT : Glass.—Grapes : Sweetwater ; Black Hamburgh. Melons. Mulberries.
Out of doors—Strawberries, various kinds. Currants, red, white, and blacic.
Raspberries. Gooseberries, various kinds.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Cucumbers.
Out of doors Peas: Champion of England; Laxton. Broad beans. Carrots.
Cauliflowers. Cabbages. Turnips. Onions. Mushrooms. Jerusalem artichokes.
Radishes. Lettuce, Australian, Curled, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS.—Cucumbers in succession. Planted: Broccoli; borecole ;
celery ; and celeraic. Keen’s Seedling plants potted. Seeds sown : French Horn
carrots in succession ; radish ; lettuce ; Australian, Curled, and Water cress.
JULY 9—15.—TWENTY-EIGHTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 61°.7, being 0°.8 below the average : highest in
shade, 80°.6 ; lowest in shade, 49°—My Garden : highest in shade, 79°.5; lowest in
shade, 46°. Black bulb : highest in sunshine, 139°; lowest on grass, 40°.5. Weather,
showery. Rainfall at my garden, 1.22 inches; at Greenwich, 1.51 inches.
FLOWERS: Out of doors.—Clematis rubeola. Coreopsis tenuifolia. Trollius ameri-
canus. Herbaceous phlox. Pinks passing off.
Fruit : Glass—Melons. Mulberries. Grapes: Black Hamburgh. Pears: Jar-
gonelle, from pot trees.
Out of doors.—Strawberries: British Queen. Currants: red, white, and black.
Raspberries. Gooseberries, various kinds.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Cucumbers.
-Out of doors—Peas: Champion of England; Laxton’s. Broad beans. Cauli-
flowers. Cabbages. Carrots. Potatoes. Onions. Turnips. Rhubarb. Radishes.
Curled, Australian, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS: G/ass.—Potted pine-apples. Seed sown: French beans in
empty light, to be covered with glass in October ; endive ; collards ; cabbage ;
radishes and lettuce. P/azted: Broccoli; Brussels sprouts ; lettuce.
NATURAL HisTory.—Rose saw-flies disappeared. Soft-billed birds very active
in garden.
JULY 16—22—TWENTY-NINTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 65°.5, being 3°.8 above the average ; highest in
shade, 82°.6 ; lowest in shade, 54°—My Garden : highest in shade, 83°; lowest in
shade, 52°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 145°; lowest on grass, 50°. Rainfall
at Greenwich, 0.05 inch. :
616 MY GARDEN.
a
FLOWERS : Oxzt of doors—Geum chilense. Asterocephalus Webbianus. Geranium
pratense flore-pleno. Clematis Jackmanni.
Carnations and picotees had this week taken the place of the pinks. Roses
mostly out of blossom, and the blossom of the herbaceous phlox had taken
their place.
Fruit: Glass.—Grapes: Black Hamburgh. Mulberries. Melons.
Out of doors.—A few strawberries, but the crop suddenly ceased. Raspberries.
Currants: red, white, and black. Gooseberries: various. Apples: White and
red Juneating. Pears: Doyenné @’Eté,
VEGETALS : Glass.—Cucumbers.
Out of doors.—Peas. Potatoes. Broad beans. French beans. Scarlet runners.
Cauliflowers. Cabbages. Carrots. Marrows. Turnips. Onions. Rhubarb.
Lettuce. Radish. Curled, Australian, and Water cress.
Potato disease appeared on the 17th. -Red fungus on rose. Great masses of
Conferva spiralis covered the whole surface of the lake. Elms made a second shoot
of some inches. Pear and apple trees rapidly growing.
GARDEN OPERATIONS : Glass——Cucumber plants replanted in Cucumber-house.
Out of doors.—Planted: Broccoli sprouts ; broccoli; saveys ; collards ; cabbage,
and celery.
JULY 23—29.—THIRTIETH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 60°.4, being 1°.5 below the average: highest in
shade, 76°.6 ; lowest in shade, 51°.9.—My Garden : highest in shade, 83°; lowest in
shade, 45°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 154°; lowest on grass, 31°. Weather,
showery. Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.66 inch.
FLOWERS : Glass.—Qdontoglossum phalznopsis.
Out of doors—Dahlias. Hollyhocks. Campanula carpatica alba. Silene acaulis.
Scutellaria alpina. Herbaceous phloxes now in great perfection.
FRUIT : Glass.—Grapes: Black Hamburgh, Melons. Mulberries. Apricots. Figs:
Lee’s Perpetual.
Out of doors—Strawberries. Raspberries, Currants: red, white, and black.
Apples : White Juneating. Pears: Doyenné d’Eté. Plums: Rivers’ Prolific.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Cucumbers.
Out of doors.—Peas: Veitch’s Perfection. Potatoes: Rivers’ Ash Leaf. Broad
beans. Scarlet runners. French beans. Cauliflowers. Cabbages. Carrots.
Onions. Turnips. Globe artichokes. Radish. Curled, Australian, and Water
cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS: Out of doors—Planted: Broccoli; savoys, and Brussels
sprouts ; collards ; cabbages ; lettuces. Seeds sown: Turnip; radish; lettuce.
Elm-trees and pear-trees made a second growth. The shoots of many rose-trees |
citcumvallated.
CALENDAR FOR THE VEAR :8)4. 617
“The sixth was August, being rich array’d
In garment all of gold down to the ground.”—SPENSER.
JULY 30—AUGUST 5.—THIRTY-FIRST WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 60°.3, being 2°.1 below the average: highest in
shade, 80°.5 ; lowest in shade, 46°.8.—My Garden: highest in shade, 84°; lowest in
shade, 45°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 152°; lowest on grass, 39°. Weather,
fine. Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.23 inch.
FLOWERS: Out of doors——Geum pyrenaicum. Anemone sylvestris. Sempervivum
tabuleeforme. Orobus lathyroides. Veronica amcena.
FRUIT: Glass—Grapes: Black Hamburgh. Melons: various. Figs: Lee’s Per-
petual. Apricots. Peaches. Passiflora edulis.
Out of doors—Apples: White Juneating; Red Juneating; Kentish Codlin.
Pears: Doyenné dEté. Plums: Rivers’ Favourite. Strawberries: Alpine.
Gooseberries : various kinds. Currants: white, red, black. Raspberries : white
and red. Filberts. Cherries : Morello.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Cucumbers. Capsicums.
Out of doors—Peas : Ne Plus Ultra; Veitch’s Perfection. Beans: Green Long-
pod. French beans. Scarlet runners. Cauliflowers. Cabbage. Carrots.
Onions. Potatoes. Globe artichokes. Vegetal marrows. Lettuces. Curled,
Australian, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS: Out of doors.—Seed sown: Endive aid turnip. Collards
planted.
NATURAL HisTORY.—A young cuckoo captured and placed in Poor Man’s house,
where a little sedge-warbler visited it, and fed it for some time till it escaped.
AUGUST 6—12.—THIRTY-SECOND WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 68°.3, being 6°.2 above the average: highest in
shade, 88°.2; lowest in shade, 51°.9.—My Garden, highest in shade, 95°; lowest in
shade, 49°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 157°; lowest on grass, 44°. Weather,
fine. Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.00 inch.
FLoweErs: Glass.—Odontoglossum Lindleyané.
Out of doors—Platycodon grandiflorum. Lilium tigrinum. Gladiolus.
Fruit: Glass—Grapes: Black Hamburgh. Peaches. Figs: Lee’s Perpetual.
Apricots : Passiflora edulis. Melons.
Out of doors—Apples : Quarrenden ; Irish Peach. Pears: Beurré Giffard and
Jargonelle. Strawberries: Alpine. Currants : Red and White Dutch. Plums.
Cherries : Morello.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Cucumbers.
Out of doors.—Peas : Ne Plus Ultra; Veitch’s. Potatoes: Rivers’ Ash Leaf. Broad
beans. French beans. Scarlet beans. Cauliflowers. Cabbage. Carrots.
Onions. Lettuce. Curled, Australian, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS: Out of doors——Planted: Savoys, collard, and endive,
During the week the trees, to some extent, have lost their leaves, and assumed
their autumnal tints.
618 MY GARDEN.
AUGUST 13—19.—THIRTY-THIRD WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 67°.1, being 5°.8 above the average : highest in
shade, 89°.2; lowest in shade, 54°—My Garden: highest in shade, 91°: lowest in
shade, 48°. Black bulb : highest in sunshine, 151°; lowest on grass, 45°. Weather,
fine till end of the week. Rainfall at my garden, 0.16 inch ; at Greenwich, 0.69 inch.
FLOWERS.: G/ass.—Lassandria macrantha.
Out of doors —Lilium tigrinum. Platycodon chinensis. Tritonia aurea.
FRUIT: Glass.—Grapes. Pine-apple. Peaches. Nectarines. Figs. Passiflora
edulis.
Out of doors—Apples : Irish Peach; Early Strawberry. Pears: Beurré Giffard ;
Jatgonelle. Plums, Alpine Strawberries. Raspberries. Gooseberries. Currants:
red and white.
VEGETALS : Glass—Tomatoes. Cucumbers. Chilis. Capsicums.
Out of doors.—Peas: Ne Plus Ultra. Broad beans. French beans and Scarlet
runners. Cabbage. Cauliflowers. Carrots. Turnips. Onions. Lettuces.
Curled, Australian, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS.—Seeds sown: Spinach ; lettuce; onions—Flat Tripoli, Giant
Rocca, Globe, Tripoli, Spanish, Blood-red ; Curled and Australian cress. Endive
planted out. Celery earthed.
AUGUST 20—26.—_THIRTY-FOURTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 63°, being 2°.4 above the average: highest in
shade, 78°.7 ; lowest in shade, 50°.6,—My Garden: highest in shade, 81°; lowest in
shade, 43°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 143°; lowest on grass, 45°. Weather,
fine. Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.09 inch.
FLOWERS : G/ass.—Oncidium Harrisonianum. Stanhopea, sp.
Out of doors.—Sedum Fabaria. Echeveria metallica. Helenium Hooperii. Lobelia.
Lilium auratum.
FRUIT: G/ass.—Grapes : Black Hamburgh ; Sweetwater. Peaches Royal George ;
Noblesse ; Early Grosse Mignon. Nectarines: Rivers’ Orange ; White Roman ;
Magdalen. Figs: Lee’s Perpetual. Melons: Green flesh.
Out of doors—Apples: Quarrenden; Kerry Pippin; Duchess of Oldenburgh.
Pears: Beurré Giffard; Jargonelle. Plums: Orleans; Denniston; Victoria.
Gooseberries : Warrington. Currants: red. Strawberries: Alpine. Nuts: Red
Filberts. Raspberry : October red.
VEGETALS : Glass——Cucumbers. Tomatoes.
Out of doors—Peas: Ne Plus Ultra. Kidney beans ; Negro; Broad beans ;
Green Windsor ; Scarlet runners. Cabbage: Nonpareil. Cauliflower. Carrots:
French Horn. Onions: Globe; Tripoli. Turnips: Early Six Weeks. Vegeta!
marrows. Lettuces. Curled, Australian. and Water cress,
GARDEN OPERATIONS: Out of doors.—Sceds sown + Cauliflowers : Early London.
CALENDAR FOR THE YEAR 1871. 619
“Next him September marched, eke on foot ;
Yet was he heavy laden with the spoil
Of harvest's riches, which he made his boot.”—Srrnser.
AUGUST 27—SEPTEMBER 2.—THIRTY-FIFTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 64°, being 4°.6 above the average: highest in
shade, 82°; lowest in shade, 46°.1.—My Garden: highest in shade, 81°; lowest in
shade, 43°. Black bulb : highest in sunshine, 145°; lowest on grass, 41°. Rainfall at
Greenwich, 0.02 inch,
FLOWERS: Géass.—Oncidium Harrisonianum.
Out of doors :—Portulacas. Cactus. Nightshade. Lilium lancifolium rubrum,
Margyricarpus setosus. Helianthus decapetalus.
FRUIT: Glass——Grapes : Black Hamburgh ; Sweetwater. Peaches : Royal George ;
Noblesse; Royal Charlotte; Barrington. Nectarines : Rivers’ Orange; Magdalen,
Melons: James’s ; Cox’s Scarlet; Golden Gem; Scarlet Gem. Figs: Lee's
Perpetual.
Out of doors.—Apples : Benoni; Kerry Pippin; Quarrenden ; Whorle Pippin ; Lord
Suffield; Duchess of Oldenburgh; Kentish Codlin. Pears: Beurré Giffard ;
Jargonelle. Plums: Green Gage; Orleans; Goliath ; Coe’s Golden Drop; Jefferson;
Prince of Wales. Nuts: Red Filberts. Strawberries : Alpine. Currants: Red
Dutch. Gooseberries : Warrington. Peaches and Nectarines, from a wal].
VEGETALS : Glass.—Cucumbers. Tomatoes. Capsicums,
Out of doors.—Peas: Ne Plus Ultra. Broad beans; Green Windsor ; French
beans ; Negro; Scarletrunners. Cauliflowers. Cabbages : Nonpareil. Carrots:
French Horn. Turnips: Early Six Weeks. Onions: Tripoli. Potatoes: Rivers’
Royal Ash Leaf. Vegetal marrows. Globe artichokes. Lettuce. Watercress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS.—Planting geranium and verbena cuttings.
SEPTEMBER 3—9.—THIRTY-SIXTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 60°.5, being 2°.6 above the average: highest in
shade, 76°.3 ; lowest in shade, 46°.6.—My Garden : highest in shade, 81°: lowest in
shade, 45°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 141°; lowest on grass, 40°. Weather,
fine. Rainfall at my garden, 0.56 inch ; at Greenwich, 0.66 inch.
FLOWERS : Glass.—Aristolochia gigas.
Out of doors.—Vallota purpurea. Lilium lancifolium album.
Fruit: Glass.—Grapes : Black Hamburgh. Melons: Golden Perfection ; Scarlet
Gem. Peaches: Royal George; Noblesse. Nectarines : Rivers’ Orange ;
Violet HAtive.
Out of doors.—Peaches. Plums : Goliath ; Prince of Wales ; Green Gage; Black
Diamond; Victoria. Apples: Quarrenden; Kerry Pippin; Gravenstein ; Kentish
Codlin; Lord Suffield; Pratt’s Pudding. Pears : Jargonelle. Strawberries :
Alpine. Currants: Red Dutch,
GARDEN OPERATIONS : Out of doors.—Cuttings of geraniums and verbenas planted.
Collards planted. Onions taken up.
620 MY GARDEN.
SEPTEMBER r0—16.—THIRTY-SEVENTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 62°.6, being 5°.3 above the average: highest in
shade, 78°.6 ; lowest in shade, 52°.5.—My Garden: highest in shade, 79°; lowest in
shade, 49°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 140°; lowest on grass, 43°. Weather,
fine. Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.00 inch.
FLOWERS : G/ass.—Ipomcea Horsfalli.
FRUIT: Glass.—Grapes: Black Hamburgh; Chasselas Musqué. Pine-apple:
Queen. Melons: Scarlet Gem; Golden Perfection ; Peaches: Royal George ;
Noblesse. Nectarines: Rivers’? Orange; Pitmaston ; Violet HAtive.
Out of doors—Apples : Kerry Pippin; King of the Pippins; Ribston; Lord Suffield ;
Pratt’s Pudding. Pears: Williams’; Beurré Goubault. Plums: Gisborne;
Victoria; Green Gage. Gooseberries: Warrington. Strawberries: Alpine.
Filberts.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Tomatoes. Cucumbers.
Out of doors.—Peas: Ne Plus Ultra. French beans; Negro; Scarlet runners,
Cauliflowers. Cabbage: Early York. Turnips: Six Weeks. Carrots: French
Horn. Onions: Shallots. Lettuce. Curled, Australian, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS : G/ass.—Pot plants cleaned ready for the glass-houses.
Out of doors.—Apples, pears, and nuts gathered.
SEPTEMBER 17—23.—THIRTY-EIGHTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 53°.6, being 2°.4 below the average: highest in
shade, 67°.6; lowest in shade, 39°—-My Garden: highest in shade, 80°; lowest in
shade, 34°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 130°; lowest on grass, 30°. Weather,
fine. Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.10 inch.
FLOWERS : Glass.—Stanhopea.
Out of doors.—Aster.
FRuIT: Glass—Grapes: Black Hamburgh. Melons. Peaches: Late Admirable.
Out of doors.—Apples : Ribston Pippin ; Kerry Pippin ; King of the Pippins; Lord
Suffield ; Pratt's Pudding. Pears: Beurré Goubault; Williams’ Plums:
Victoria ; Yellow Magnum Bonum.
VEGETALS : Géass.—Tomatoes. Cucumbers.
Out of doors.—¥rench beans ; Scarlet runners. Cabbage. Cauliflowers. Carrots.
Onions. Lettuce. Curled and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS.—Apples and pears gathered. Cabbages planted. Lettuce
planted. Celery earthed.
SEPTEMBER 24—30.—THIRTY-NINTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 50°.2, being 4°.3 below the average: highest im
shade, 65°.6 ; lowest in shade, 41°.9.—My Garden : highest in shade, 66°; lowest in
shade, 41°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 115°; lowest on grass, 34°. Weather.
wet and stormy. Rainfall at my garden, 3.2 inches ; at Greenwich, 3.34 inches.
CALENDAR FOR THE VEAR 1871. 621
y
FRUIT: Glass—Grapes: Black Hamburgh; Chasselas Musqué. Peaches:
Admirable. Figs: Lee’s Perpetual. Melons.
Out of doors.—Apples: Ribston Pippin; Cox’s Orange Pippin; Kerry Pippin;
Royal Pearmain; Lord Suffield. Pears: Williams’ Bon Chrétien. Plums:
Golden Drop.
VEGETALS : G/ass.—Tomatoes. Cucumbers.
Out of doors.—French beans ; Scarlet runners. Cauliflowers. Cabbage. Carrots.
Onions. Lettuce. Curled, Australian, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS : Ferns and Climbers in house cleared.
Out of doors.—Onions stored. Crocus bulbs planted. Anemones planted. Apples
and pears gathered.
‘Then came October, full of merry glee ;
For yet his noule was totty of the must
Whiche he was treading in the wine-fat’s see.” —SPENSER.
OCTOBER 1—7.—FORTIETH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 51°9, being 1°.4 below the average: highest in
shade, 64°. 8; lowest in shade, 41°.5.—My Garden : highest in shade, 65°; lowest in
shade, 37°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 130°; lowest on grass, 34°. Rainfall
at Greenwich, 0.77 inch.
FRuIT: Glass.—Grapes: Black Hamburgh. Peach: Late Admirable. Figs: Lee’s
Perpetual.
Out of doors—Apples: Ribston Pippin; King of the Pippins; Kerry Pippin;
Royal Pearmain; Lord Suffield; Lord Grosvenor. Pears: Beurré Goubault ;
Alexandrina. Plums: Scarlet Magnum Bonum. Filberts.
VEGETALS: Glass—French beans. Tomatoes. Capsicums. Cucumbers.
Out of doors—Scarlet runners. Cabbages. Collards. Carrots. Cauliflowers.
Brussels sprouts. Onions. Celery. Curled, Australian, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS: G/ass.—Potting and housing ferns. Top-dressing rosaries.
On October 4th a collection of apples from my garden was exhibited at the Inter-
national Fruit Show at the Horticultural Society, for which an extra prize was awarded.
For the best collection of dessert apples mine secured the first prize for 60 dishes
of what was reported as “very fine fruit. For culinary apples, the second prize
was obtained for 50 dishes, which were reported “not to be quite so large as we
usually have them, but very good for the season.” The second prize was awarded for
dessert pears, the first having been obtained by MM. Baltet of Troyes. As all my fruit
was of my own growth, this test of the mode of horticulture, and the character of my
selections, was very satisfactory to me, competing as I did against the gardens of all
other European countries, and of all the large nurserymen of England.
OCTOBER 8—14.—FORTY-FIRST WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 45°.5, being 5°.9 below the average: highest in
shade, 59°.2 ; lowest in shade, 31°.2.—My Garden : highest in shade, 60°; lowest in
622 MY GARDEN.
shade, 29°. Black bulb : highest in sunshine, 130.5°; lowest on grass, 27° Rainfall
at Greenwich, 0.00 inch.
FLOWERS : Out of doors.—Aster multifiorus,
Fruit: Glass.—Grapes: Black Hamburgh; Chasselas Musqué. Peaches : Admirable.
Pine-apple : Queen. Figs: Lee’s Perpetual.
Out of doors—Apples: Ribston Pippins; King of Pippins ; Court of Wick ;
Golden Pippin. Pears: Louise Bonne; Autumn Bergamot. Plums: Rochester
Damson. Filberts.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Tomatoes, Capsicums. French beans. Cucumbers.
Out of doors.—Scarlet runners. Brussels sprouts. Collards. Cauliflowers.
Cabbage. Onions. Carrots. Spinach. Celery. Curled, Australian, and Water
cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS.—Cauliflower plants placed in frames to stand the winter.
Endive placed in frames for protection.
OCTOBER 15—21.—FORTY-SECOND WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 53°.5, being 4° above the average: highest in
shade, 68°.4 ; lowest in shade, 34°.5.—My garden : highest in shade, 61°.5 ; lowest in
shade, 30°. Black bulb : highest in sunshine, 132° ; lowest on grass, 27°. Rainfall at
my garden, not observed ; at Greenwich, 0.55 inch.
FLOWERS : Glass.—Echeveria metallica.
Out of doors.—Oxalis, sp. Chrysanthemums. Violets in abundance. Roses, fine
specimens cut. :
Fruit : Glass.—Grapes: Golden Hamburgh ; Black Hamburgh ; Chasselas Musqué.
Figs: Lee’s Perpetual. Pine-apple: Queen.
Out of doors-—Apples: Ribston Pippin ; King of Pippins ; Golden Pippin ; Court
of Wick ; Lord Suffield; Lord Derby. Pears: Beurré Clairgeau ; Beurré Super-
fin; Beurré d’Aremburg. Plums: Rochester Damson.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Tomatoes. Capsicums. Cucumbers. French beans.
Out of doors.— Scarlet runners. Brussels sprouts. Cabbage. Collard. Carrots.
Onions, Spinach. Celery. Beet. Curled, Australian, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS : Géass.—Lettuce seed sown in frame to stand the winter in
frames. :
Out of doors——Late apples and pears gathered. Rose-trees mulched with stable
manure. Pear-trees transplanted.
OCTOBER 22—28.—FORTY-THIRD WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 46°.9, being 1° below the average: highest in
shade, 58°.6 ; lowest in shade, 33°—My Garden: highest in shade, 70”; lowest in
shade, 29°. Black bulb : highest in sunshine, 154°; lowest on grass, 23°. Weather,
fine. Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.01 inch.
FLOWERS: Glass.—Erica,
Out of doors.—Lily of the field (Amaryllis lutea).
CALENDAR FOR THE VEAR 1871, 623
FRUIT 2 Glass.— Grapes : Black Hamburgh ; Golden Hamburgh ; Chasselas Musqué ;
White Frontignac. Pine-apple: Queen. Figs: Lee’s Perpetual.
Out of doors.—Apples : Ribston Pippin ; King of Pippins ; Golden Pippin ; Court
of Wick; Lord Suffield; New Hawthornden. Pears: Doyenné de Comice:
Beurré Van Mons; Van Mons Léon Le Clerc; America; Beurré Diel ; Beurré
Clairgeau ; Crasanne ; Dorothée Royale nouvelle ; Nouvelle Fulvie; Napoleon ;
Duchesse d’Angouléme ; Marie Louise.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Tomatoes. Capsicums. Cucumbers.
Out of doors.—Brussels sprouts. Cauliflowers. Collard. Cabbage. Carrots.
Onions. Spinach. Celery. Beet. Curled, Australian, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS: Géass.—Potting hyacinths.
Out of doors.—Lifting and transplanting pear-trees. Repotting and top-dressing
of peach, nectarine, apricot, apple, pear, plum, and mulberry trees in pots. Plum-
trees lifted and roots pruned. Celery earthed.
“* Next was Noveinber, he full gross and fat,
Asfedwithlard; * * * *
In planting eke he took no small delight.”—SrEnsEx.
OCTOBER 29—NOVEMBER 4.—FORTY-FOURTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 47°.3, being 0°.9 above the average : highest in
shade, 57°.8 ; lowest in shade, 41°.8.—My Garden : highest in shade, 59°; lowest in
shade, 32°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 100°; lowest on grass, 24°. Weather,
fine. Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.04 inch.
FLOWERS : Glass.— Cypripedium insigne.
Fruit: Géass—Grapes: Black Hamburgh; White Frontignac. Pine-apple:
Queen.
Out of doors.—Apples: Ribston Pippin; Cox’s Orange Pippin; Court of Wick;
New Hawthornden; Lord Derby. Pears: Beurré de Lamy; Beurré Superfin ;
Beurré Diel ; Nouveau Poiteau ; Beurré Clairgeau ; Crasanne.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Cucumber. Capsicum. ,
Out of doors——Scarlet runners. Cauliflower. Cabbage. Collards. Brussels
sprouts. Carrots. Artichokes. Spinach, Onions. Celery. Beet. Endive.
Curled, Australian, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS: Glass—Sea-kale placed in frames. Violets planted in
frames.
Out of doors.—Pear-trees lifted. Plum-tree roots pruned.
Naturat History.—Redwings first seen on October 31; fieldfares on November
2nd.
NOVEMBER 5—11.—FORTY-FIFTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 39°.2, being 5°.7 below the average ; highest in
shade, 50°; lowest in shade, 26’.4.—My Garden : highest in shade, 49°; lowest in
shade, 26°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 111°; lowest on grass, 20°. Weather,
fine, Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.03 inch.
624 MY GARDEN.
FLowers: Glass.—Cyclamens. Epacris.
Fruit : Glass—Grapes : Black Hamburgh ; Golden Hamburgh ; Chasselas Musqué.
Out of doors.—Apples : Ribston Pippin ; Cox’s Orange Pippin ; Court of Wick ;
Golden Pippin; New Hawthornden; Cellini Pippin. Pears: Dr. Trousseau ;
Doyenné Sieulle ; Van Mons Léon Le Clerc ; Beurré Diel ; Joséphine de Malines ;
Autumn Bergamot; Beurré Superfin.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Cucumbers. :
Out of doors.—Brussels sprouts. Cabbage. Collards. Carrots. Artichokes.
Spinach. Onions. Cauliflowers. Celery. Beet. Endive. Curled, Australian,
and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS: G/ass.—Rose cuttings potted. Pot roses housed.
Out of doors.—Rhubarb arranged for forcing. Pear-trees pruned. Pear-tree
orchard manured and dug.
NOVEMBER 12—18.—FORTY-SIXTH WEEK.
‘Mean temperature at Greenwich, 35°.3, being 7°.6 below the average ; highest in
shade, 51°; lowest in shade, 25°°0—-My Garden: highest in shade, 55°; lowest in
shade, 20°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 91°; lowest on grass, 15°. Weather,
snow-storm on 17th. Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.29 inch.
FLOWERS: G/ass.—Epacris. Camellias.
Fruit : Glass.—Grapes : Black Hamburgh ; Golden Hamburgh; Chasselas Musqué;
Frontignac. Pine-apple: Queen.
Out of doors.—Apples : Ribston Pippin ; King of Pippins ; Golden Pippin ; Court
of Wick; Syke House Russet; New Hawthornden. Pears: Chaumontelle;
Autumn Bergamot ; Joséphine de Malines ; Dr. Trousseau ; Gansell’s late Berga-
mot ; Huyshe’s Victoria ; Forelle ; Swan’s Egg.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Cucumbers.
Out of doors——Brussels sprouts. Collards. Carrots. Jerusalem artichokes.
Spinach. Turnips. Horse-radish. Onions. Celery. Beet. Endive. Curled,
Australian, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS : Glass,—Housing pot fruit-trees. Potting verbenas.
Out of doors.—Asparagus beds manured apd covered up. Apple-trees pruned.
NOVEMBER 19—25.—FORTY-SEVENTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 34°.3, being 7°.1 below the average: highest in
shade, 44°.2; lowest in shade, 20°.3—My Garden: highest in shade, 55°; lowest
in shade, 17°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 91°; lowest on grass, 10°. Rainfall
at Greenwich, 0.10 inch.
FLOWERS: G/ass.—Primula fimbriata alba. Peristeria alata.
Out of doors.—Violets : Czar.
FRUIT : Glass.—Grapes : Black Hamburgh ; Golden Hamburgh ; Chasselas Musqué ;
Buckland’s Sweetwater ; White Frontignas,
CALENDAR FOR THE YEAR 1871. 625
Out of doors.—Apples: Ribston Pippin; Golden Pippin; Court of Wick;
Pearson’s Plate ; Cornish Gilliflower ; New Hawthornden. Filberts. Pears:
Zéphirin Grégoire ; Joséphine de Malines ; Bergamotte Esperen ; Chaumontelle ;
Forelle.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Cucumber.
Out of doors.—Brussels sprouts. Collards. Spinach. Leeks. Artichokes. Carrots
Turnips. Onions, Red cabbage. Celery. Beet. Endive. Curled, Australian,
and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS.—Plunging pot fruit-trees and covering roots with straw.
Pruning apple-trees. Covering sea-kale roots. Collecting leaves. Forking flower-
border. Storing parsnips.
NatTuRaL HisTory.—Eight sea-gulls passed over towards the east. About thirty
wild ducks passed south.
“ And after him came next the chill December ;
Yet he, through merry feasting which he made,
And great bonfires, did not the cold remember.”—SPENsER.
NOVEMBER 26—DECEMBER 2.—FORTY-EIGHTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 36°.4, being 5°.2 below the average : highest in
Shade, 42°.9 ; lowest in shade, 28°.5.—My Garden : highest in shade, 49°; lowest in
shade, 24°.5. Black bulb : highest in sunshine, 70°; lowest on grass, 19°. Weather,
fine.—Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.12 inch.
FLOWERS: Glass.—Tropeolum : Fire-ball.
Fruit: Glass-—Grapes: Black Hamburgh; Muscat of Alexandria; Ingram’s
Muscat.
Out of doors.—Apples: Ribston Pippin ; Golden Pippin ; Golden Pearmain ;
Pearson’s Plate ; Court of Wick; New Hawthornden ; Cellini. Filberts. Pears ;
Glout Morceau ; Forelle.
VEGETALS : Glass—Cucumber. Mustard.
Out of doors—Brussels sprouts. Collards. Spinach. Leeks. Artichokes, Carrots
Turnips. Onions, Celery. Beet. Endive. Curled, Australian, and Water cress.
All deciduous trees had lost their leaves, the elm being the last.
GARDEN OPERATIONS.—Rhubarb taken up and housed for forcing. Carrots and
parsnips stored for winter.
DECEMBER 3—9.—FORTY-NINTH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 29°.8, being 12.1 below the average: highest in
shade, 39°.7 ; lowest in shade, 18°.6.—My Garden : highest in shade, 42°; lowest in
shade, 11°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 61°; lowest on grass, 9°. Weather,
frost. Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.04 inch.
FLOWERS: Glass.—Camellia fimbriata. Primula fimbriata rubra.
ss
626 MV GARDEN.
Fruit : Glass.—Grapes : Muscat of Alexandria ; White Tokay ; Ingram’s Muscat;
Black Hamburgh (last).
Out of doors.—Ribston Pippin; Cox’s Orange Pippin; Pearson’s Plate; Early
Nonpareil; Golden Pippin; Cellini; New Hawthornden. Filberts. Pears:
Glout Morceau ; Beurré Sterckmans ; Forelle ; Late Gansel’s Bergamot.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Cucumbers. Mustard. Chicory.
Out of doors-—Brussels sprouts. Cabbages. Collards. Spinach. Leeks. Carrots,
Onions. Turnips. Jerusalem artichokes. Parsnips. Celery. Beet. Endive.
Curled, Australian, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS: G/ass.—Cleaning plants.
Out of doors—Raking leaves. Wheeling manure.
DECEMBER 10—16.—FIFTIETH WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 39°.9, being 0°.6 below the average: highest in
shade, 47°.2 ; lowest in shade, 27°.2—My Garden: highest in shade, 49°; lowest in
shade, 21°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 85°; lowest on grass, 18°. Weather,
thaw on the 12th. Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.10 inch.
FLOWERS : Glass.—Epiphyllum truncatum. Epidendrum ciliare. Cypripedium bar-
batum, Pancratium.
FRUIT: Glass—Grapes: Muscat of Alexandria; Canon Hall Muscat; White
Tokay ; Ingram’s Muscat.
Out of doors.—Apples : Ribston Pippin ; Cox’s Orange Pippin; Pearson’s Plate ;
Early Nonpareil ; New Hawthornden; Cellini; Lord Derby. Nuts. Pears:
Beurré Sterckmans ; Glout Morceau.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Cucumbers. Mustard. Chicory.
Out of doors.— Brussels sprouts. Cabbages. Collards. Spinach. Leeks. Carrots,
Turnips. Parsnips. Jerusalem artichokes, Onions. Celery. Beet. Curled,
Australian, and Water cress. :
GARDEN OPERATIONS : Glass,—Cleaning plants. Mustard-seed sown.
Out of doors——Planting gooseberry and currant trees, Transplanting fruit-trees.
Digging.
DECEMBER 17—23.—FIFTY-FIRST WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 41°.6, being 2°.6 above the average : highest in
shade, 48°.8 ; lowest in shade, 35°.3—My Garden : highest in shade, 50°.5 ; lowest in
shade, 30°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 70°; lowest on grass, 24°. Weather,
wet and dull. Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.51 inch.
FLOWERS : G/ass.—Acacia vestita.
FRUIT : Glass.—Grapes : Muscat of Alexandria ; White Tokay; Ingram’s Muscat ;
Canon Hall Muscat.
Out of doors—Apples: Ribston Pippin ; Golden Pippin; Cellini; New Haw-
CALENDAR FOR THE YEAR 1871. 627
.thornden ; Court of Wick; Reinette Ananas; Cornish Gilliflower. Pears:
Joséphine de Malines.
VEGETALS : G/ass.—Cucumbers. Mustard. Sea-kale. Chicory.
Out of doors.—-Brussels sprouts. Cabbage. Collards. Spinach. Leeks. Arti-
chokes. Parsnips. Carrots. Turnips. Onions. Beet. Celery. Celeraic.
Endive. Curled, Australian, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS : Glass.—Parsley planted under glass. Mustard-seed sown.
Out of doors.—Seeds sown: First crop of peas. Early Mazagan bean. Digging
spare ground. Planting gooseberry, apple, and pear trees.
NATURAL HisToRY.—Redwings, missel thrushes, and common thrushes sang.
DECEMBER 24—30.—FIFTY-SECOND WEEK.
Mean temperature at Greenwich, 43°, being 5°.6 above the average: highest in
shade, 48°.4; lowest in shade, 36°.—My Garden: highest in shade, 49°; lowest: in
shade, 34°. Black bulb: highest in sunshine, 69°; lowest on grass, 25°. Weather,
mild and wet. Rainfall at Greenwich, 0.56 inch.
FLOWERS : Glass——Dendrobium moniliforme. Azalea alba, Epacris. Cinerarias.
Our of doors:—Helleborus niger. Jasminum nudiflorum.
FRUIT: Glass—Grapes: Canon Hall Muscat; Muscat of Alexandria; White
Tokay ; West’s St. Peter’s ; Lady Downe’s.
Out of doors—Apples: Mannington’s Pearmain; Old Nonpareil; Reinette
Ananas ; Golden Drop; Blenheim Orange; Wellington ; Petworth Nonpareil ;
Warner’s King.
VEGETALS : Glass.—Forced sea-kale. Mustard. Endive.
Out of doors.—Brussels sprouts. Collards. Savoys. Carrots. Leeks. Parsnips.
Turnips. Spinach. Artichokes. Onions. Beet. Celery. Celeraic. Corn
salad. Curled, Australian, and Water cress.
GARDEN OPERATIONS: G/ass.—Potting cinerarias. Sponging and cleaning plants.
Laying cucumber plants.
Out of doors.—Covering sca-kale. Pruning apple-trees. Digging between fruit-
trees. Digging flower-borders.
NATURAL HIsTORY.—Thrush, missel thrush, and robin sang.
THE year 1871, which commenced with frost and snow, ended with
rain and warmth.
In the Cucumber-house the Dove orchid was again in flower, and
the cucumber was ready for use.
The Vinery again had its Muscat grapes, Lady Downe’s Seedlings,
and West’s St. Peter’s.
5S 2
628 MY GARDEN.
The Poor Man’s house contributed the flowers of the azalea, of
cyclamens, geraniums, camellias, and of the epacris and acacia.
The Indoor Fernery was again glorious to look upon, and was
embellished by the Poinsettia, epiphyllum, passion-flower, and cypri-
pedium.
The Fruit-room was again stored with abundance of apples.
Out of doors, the Christmas rose and Yasminum nudiflorum
gladdened our eyes with their welcome flowers.
After all the changes of the seasons of 1871 the vegetation of the
garden, substantially in the same state at the end of the year as it was
at the beginning, was ready to undergo another cycle of changes for
the year 1872.
“Times do change and move continually,
So nothing here long standeth in one stay :
Wherefore this lower world who can deny
But to be subject still to mutability.”
—
&.
Vign, XXXI/,-Winter View from the door of the Glass Fernery.
Plate 22.
Plate 23.
ie
te
a)
z. Lachnus Saligna
x. Lachnus Saligna
(larva).
(winged insect).
4. Willow ‘Trees killed by Aphis and Fungus
Plate 24.
3. Phylloxera, larva (magn.).
4 ” pupa (do.)
+. Phylloxera, larva (magnified). 5: Root of Vine attacked
2. - winged insect (do.). by Phylloxera.
6. Leaf of Vine, with Pouches con-
taining the Insects.
7. Phyiloxera on Leaf.
. Stag Beetle.
A.
Abec peach, 173
Abel, Mrs., 375
Abele-trees, 412
Abies Douglasii, 427
excelsa, 428
Pinsapo, 427
Abraxas grossulariata,
8
Avcothe, its pernicious
effects, 134
Abutilon vexillarium, 290
Abyssinian banana, 203
primrose, 326
oe 2535 424
longifolia, 253
Acena Nove Zelandiz,
323 ‘
Acanthus mollis, 233
Acarus, 454
domesticus, 453
or red spider, 179, 183
Accentor modularis, 549
Acer pseudo-platanus, 420
Aceras anthropophora,
293
Acherontia atropos, 487
Achillea millifolium, 338
Achimenes, 264, 286
Acidalie rose, 275
Aconite, Winter, 215
Aconitum Napellus, 221
sometimes mistaken for
horse-radish, 134
Acrognathus, or Aulolepis,
a fossil, 26
Acrostichum crinitum, 402
quercifolium, 403
Actiniopteris radiata, 398
Active lizard, 510 -
Adams’ Crown cherry, 176
Pearmain apple, 147
Adder’s tongue, 381
Addy, Mr, 19
found Anglo-Saxon re-
mains,
his account of Roman
house, 2
Adiantum Capillus-Vene-
Tis, 373, 385, 394
concinnum, 394
cultratum, 394
cuneatum, 371, 395
curvatum, 395
Farleyense, 395
Feei, 395
furmosum, 385, 394
ulvum, 395
intermedium, 394
lucidum, ; 95
macrophyllum, 394
pedatum, 373, 385, 395
pentadactylon, 394
Adiantum reniforme, 394
tenerum, 395
tinctum, 395
trapeziforme, 394
Adiantums, 43, 385, 394
American, 41°
Advowson of St. Mary’s
Church, Beddington, ac-
count of, 14
Advowson of Wallington
Church, account of, 17
fEcidium cydoniz, 362
violze, 362
Aérides orchids, 300
crispum orchid, 300
Eschynanthus, 286
#sculus hippocastanum,
412
rubicunda, 413
African marigold, 241
Agaricus campestris, 357
disseminatus, 356
euosmus, 356
fascicularis, 360
fertilis, 359
spadiceus, 356
Ageratum mexicanum,
236
Ailanthus — glandulosa,
421
Alauda arborea, 544
arvensis, 544
Alba plena camellia, 250
Alcedo Ispida, 536
Alder, 417
Alexandra apple, 150
pear, 157
Alfred Colomb rose, 27:
ALG&, 345 i—
Batrachospermum mo-
niliforme, 347
Cladophora crispata, 347
glomerata, 347
Conferva rivularis, 346
Draparnaldia glomera-
ta, 348 3
Lyngbya muralis, 346
Nostoc commune, 346
Protococcus viridis, 345
Tetraspora lubrica, 348
Zygnema spiralis, 348
Alisma plantago, 340
Allamanda endersonil,
291 :
Allectus, Roman coin
found at Beddington, 4
Allen’s Everlasting apple,
14g
Alliaceous plants, 116
Allium ascalonicum, 118
Cepa, 116
nutans, 316
Porrum, 117
IN DEX.
Allium sativum, 118
Schcenoprasum, 118
Alliums, 316
Allspice, 442
Almond leaves, attacked
by aphis, 369
Almond-tree, 435
Almonds, growth of, 199
Alnus glutinosa, 417
Alocasia metallica, 263
Aloysia citriodora, 423
ALPINE FLOWERS, 305 :—
Abyssinian primrose,
326
Acena Nove Zelan-
dize, 323
Allium nutans, 316
Alliums, 316
Alpine rose, 318
snapdragon, 322
thrift, 322
wallflower, 324
Alyssum alpestre, 321
saxatile, 323
Amaryllis, 316
American cowslip, 328
Anemone apennina,
315
nemorosa, 314
palmata, 315
pulsatilla, 315
Anemones, 314
Antirrhinums, 322
AphylJanthes Monspeli-
ensis, 323
arachnoideum, 312
Arenaria balearica, 323
Armeria vulgaris, 322
Aubrietia © Campbelli,
328
berberry, 329
bluebells, 314
bog-bean, 330
Bulbocodium vernum,
314
butterwort, 320
Calla palustris, 330
Camassia esculenta, 315
Campanula _ coronata
alba, 325
garganica, 326
hirsuta, 326
persicifolia, 325
pyramidalis, 325
rotundifolia, 326
speculum, 326 _
Cheiranthus alpinus,
324
Cloudberry, 329
Colchicum autumnale,
314 os
Cotyledon umbilicus,
313
Alpine Flowers—contd.
cranberry, 329
Crocus luteus, 314
reticulatus, 314
sativus, 314
Dianthus, 322
chinensis, 322
fragrans, 322
Dodecatheon Meadia,
32!
Draba beotica, 328
Drosera rotundifolia,
ae "
Echeveria grandiflora,
313
metallica, 313
navicularis, 313
sanguinea, 313
secunda, 313
Echeverias, 313
Erica herbacea, 317
Erigeron Roylei (speci-
osus), 328
Epimediumrubrum, 321
Epimediums, 321
Forget-me-nots, 318
Galanthus plicatus, 314
Genista sagittalis, 329
Gentiana acaulis, 324
gelida, 325
neumonanthe, 325
verna, 324
Gentianas, 324
Geum concinneum, 323
Gnaphalium arenarium,
327
dioicum, 327
leontopodium, 327
Grass of Parnassus, 320
Great Crimean snow-
drop, 314
growth of, 321
hare-bell, 325
heather, common, 317
heaths, 317
Hehanthemum vulgare,
321
Hippuris vulgaris, 330
Iris, 317
attica, 317
nudicaulis, 317
rhoetica, 317
lily of the field, 316
Linaria alpina, 322
tristis, 322
Linnza borealis, 3x8
Linum flavum, 329
Lion’s paw cudweed,
32 :
Lithospermum fruti-
London prid
ndon pride, 309
Maranthemum _bifo-
lium, 319
Alpine Flowers—contd.
azus pumilio, 320
Menyanthes trifoliata,
330
Menziesia polifolia, 317
Myosotis — dissitiflora,
318
palustris, 319
rupicola, 319:
sylvatica, 318
Omphalodes verna, 318
Oxalidze, 316
Oxalis Acetosella, 316
rosea, 316
Pachyphytuin bracteo-
sum, 313
Papaver nudicaule, 321
Parnassia palustris, 320
Pasque-flower, 315
Pentstemon glaber, 323
Phlox divaricata, 323
Nelsonii, 323
Phloxes, 323
Pinguicula vulgaris,
320
Polygala Chamebuxus,
329
Potentilla Anserina, 327
Potentillas, 327
Primula amcena cortu-
soides, 326
auricula, 327
denticulata, 326
villosa, 326
Primulas, 326 ,
Rhododendron, or Al-
pine rose, 318
Rubus saxatilis 329
Saffron crocus, 314
Salix herbacea, 318
Saxifraga Aizéon, 310
aspera, 310
bryoides, 310
czespitosa, 310
Cotyledon, ve”. pyra-
midalis, 309
Geum, 309
globifera, 310
granulata (single and
double), 309
Hirculus, 310
hypnoides, 310
intacta minor, 309
Juniperina, 310
oppositifolia, 308
pectinata, 310
Saxifrages, 308
Scilla bifolia, 374
sibirica, 313
nutans, 314
Sedum anglicum, 310
Fabaria, 31x
Sieboldii, 31
Sedums, 310
630
INDEX.
Alpine Flowers—conid.
Sempervivum anoma-
Jum, 312
arachnoideum, 312
arboreum, 312 -
arenarium, 312
. Bollii, 312
californicum, 311
ciliare, 312
globiferum, 312
hirtum, 312
montanum, 311
Pittoni, 312
repens, 312
soboliferum, 312
spinosum, 312
tabulzforme, 312
tectorum, 311
Wulfenii. 312
Sempervivums, 311
Shamrock, 316
Silene acaulis, 320
alpestris, 320
Soldanella alpina, 327
Solidago cambrica. 329
Speedwells (Veronica),
319, bee,
Statice latifolia, 322
Sternbergia lutea, 326
Stoneberry, 329
Stonecrops, 310
Thalictrum minus, 321
Thalictrums, 321
Thrifts, 322
Trillium grandiflorum,
Le F
Triteleia ‘uniflora, 317
Trollius eurnpzeus, 329
Venus’s Looking-glass,
326
Veronica ameena, 319
aphylla, 319
candida, 319
Chameedrys, 319
maritima, 319
nummularia, 319
repens, 319
rupestre, 319
saxatilis, 319
spicata, 319
Teucrium, 319
virginica, 319
Vicia Cracca, 329
Wallflower, 324
Welsh golden rod, 329
yellow flax, 329
Poppy, 322
Alpine plants, 41, 305
why they cannot be
grown at Florence, 53
Alpine polypody, 41
strawberries, varieties
of, 181, 184
Alpineries, how construct-
ed, 305
Alpinery described, 43
Alps, flowers of, 44
Alsophila, 389
australis, 389
capense, 389
Altaclarense azalea, 442
Althzea rosea, 230
Altica nemorum, 469
Altringham carrot, 121
Alyssum alpestre, 321
saxatile, 323
Amaranthus
238
Amaryllis, 316
Belladonna, 255
formosissima, 256
propagated by bulbs, 87
Amateur strawberry, 183
Amber snail, common, 492
Amelanchier Botryapium,
427
salicifolius,
America pear, 161
American adiantums, 41
blight, 476
cowslip, 328
crab, 152
cranberry, 204
cress, 94
maple, 420
oak, 414
lants, 441
Berap Leaf turnip, 120
weeping willow, 416
Ampelopsis hederacea,
281
Amygdalus communis, 199
439
persica, 436
Anacharis, 314
Analysis of water of Cen-
tral Brook in my gar-
den, 30
of oid well at Croydon,
30
of Crystal Waterfall, 30
of new well at Croydon,
ie}
of river Wandle as it
flows through my gar-
den, 30
of sewage of ‘Croydon,
33
Anas Boschas, 526
Penelope, 526
Anaspole japonica, 202
Ancylus fluviatilis, 493
Andronieda speciosa, 443
Andropogon — schaenan-
thus, 333
Anemone, 215, 314
apennina, 315
coronaria, 215
hepatica, 216
nemorosa, 31
of Rome,where they are
grown, 44
palmata, 315
Pulsatilla, 315
vitifolia, 216
Anemia fraxinifolia, 404
Anemias, 404
Anethum Feeniculum, 132
Angelica, 126
Angelina labyrintheca, 455
Angiopteris erecta, 404
Anglo-Saxon blue glass}.
bead,
bronze bracelet, 7
cinerary urns. 6
implements, 6
knives, 7
remains at Beddington,
6
silver penny, 7
skeletons, 6
umbones of shields, 7
Angraecum sesquipedale
orchid, 302
Anguilla acutirostris, 503
Anguis fragilis, 510
Animal Kingdom, 445
Animals, entozoa of, 451
mites of, 453
ANIMALS OF THE GaR-
DEN :—
bats, 516
black rat, 519
brown rat, 519
cats, 514
common mouse, 519
shrew mouse, 520
dogs, 512
cormouse, 522
field mouse, 520
harvest mouse, 520
hedgehog, 516
Animals of the Garden—
continued.
mole, 517
rabbit, 52
short-tailed campagnol,
520
squirrel, 5:6
stoat, 521
water rat, or vole, 518
water shrew, 520
weasel, 521
ANIMALCULES IN THE
WATER AT My Gar-
DEN, 445 :—
Ameeba, 445
Bursalis vernalis, 446
Melicerta ringens, 447
Monads, 446
Rotatoria, 447
Siagontherium tenue,
44
Stylonichia, 446
Vaginicola, 446
Vorticella, 446
Aniseed, 126
Anne Boleyn’s well, 27
Annuals, how to grow, 240
ANNUALS, 240 :—
African marigold, 241
asters, 244
castor oil plant, 246
Chilian beet, 243
Convolvulus minor, 245
Coreopsis tinctoria, 241
Dianthus chinensis, 243
evening primrose, 245
everlastings, 242
giant sunflower, 242
indian corn, 244
larkspurs, 246
lupins, 245
mignonette, 242
nasturtium, 246
nemophilas, 240
Phlox Drummondii, 243
portulacas, 246
scabious, 245
sWeet-pea, 241
scarlet, 241
sweet sultan, 245
stocks, 242
Virginian, 240
Zinnia elegans, 242
Anona, 200
Anzctochilus argenteus,
262, 300
argenteus orchid, 300
pictus orchid, 30%
De wsonianus orchid, 301
Lowii orchid, 300
(macodes) petola_ or-
chid, 301
orchid, varieties of, 3:0,
BCL
ordiana orchid, 301
setaceus orchid, 301%
intermedius — orchid,
301
Veitchii orchid, 30r
xanthophyllus orchid,
301
Ansell, Mr., 27
Anson, Admiral, 172
Anthemis nobilis, 130
Anthomyia ceparum, 490
Anthonomus = pomorum,
68
4
Anthoxanthum odoratum,
332
Anthriscus cerefolium, 132
Anthus pratensis, 544
Antiquarian Society, 3
Antirrhinum majus, 228
Antirrhinums, 322
Antoninus, Itinerary of, 5
Ant, black, its use, 465
Ants, 464
Aphides, 473
attack larch-trees, 433
attack almond and
peach leaves, 369
cause potato disease,
475, &c. .
Aphis, American blight,
476
bean, 475
black, 475
currant, 476
dianthi, 474
fabze, 475
floris rapa, 475
graveolens, 9
Hyalopteris pruni, 475
lemon, 478
mellifica, 458
melon, 1
monspeliensis, 323
oak, 473
pea, 476
plum, 475
quercus, 477
rapa, 462, 474
rose, 473
YUMICIS, 474, 475
vastator, 123, 474
Aponogeton dystachyon,
260 ‘
Apple-tree Walk, 42, 44
Apple-trees. cells of, 91
destroyed by aphides,
476
diseases of, 141
forcing of, 142
grown as apple espalier,
14
as hollow bowls, x41
as standards, 141
in pots, 142
on a cordon, 142
growth of, 137
propagation of, 139
pruning of, 140
varieties of, how ob-
tained, 138
worked on Paradise
stock, gz
APPLES, 137 :—
Adams’ Pearmain, 147
Allen’s Everlasting, 149
Ashmead’s Kernel, 149
Astrachan, 149
Baxter's Pearmain, 149
Benoni, 144
Bess Pool, 149
Blenheim Orange, 138,
152
Boston Russet, 147
Braddick’s Nonpareil,
147, 148
Cardinal, 149
Cellini Pippin, 138, 150
Claygate Pearmain, 149
Cockle Pippin, 149
Coe’s Golden Drop, 146
Cornish Gilliflower, 145
Count Orloff. 149
Court-pendu, 142
Court-pendu Plat, 146
Court cf Wick Pippin,
146
Cox's Orange Pippin,
146, 148
Custard, growth of, 200
Devonshire — Quarren-
den, 144, 148
Downton Pippin, 153
Duke Constantine, 149
Duke of Devonshire,
14
Apples—continued.
umelow’s Seedling,
138
Duvesne, 142
Early Harvest, 149
Early Julien, 149
Early Juneating, 142
Early Nonpareil, 147
Early Red Margaret,
144
Early Strawberry, 124
Emperor Alexander,
150
Empress Eugénie, 142
Forfar Pippin, 149
Fox Whelp, 153
Franklin's Golden Pip-
pin, 149
French Crab, 152
Gloria Mundi, 138, 15x
Gloucester, 149
Golden Harvey, 138,
147, 153
Golden Knob, 149
Golden Pippin,
153 .
Gooseberry Pippin, 151
Grange’s Pearmain, 149
Gravenstein, 145
Hawthornden, 150
Herefordshire Pear-
main, 149
Holcar Pippin, 149
Hubbard’s Pearmain,
149
Hughes’ Golden Pip-
pin, 149
Irish Peach, 138, 144
Juneating, 139
Keddleston Fippin, 149
Kerry Pippin, 145
Keswick Codlin, 150
King of the Pippins,
145
Lamb Abbey Pearmain,
149
Lord Derby, 138, 150
Lord Suffield, 138. 150
Mala Cala, 142
Maunington’s Pear-
Margil, 149
McClellan, 149
Melon, 142, 146
Mother Apple, 149
New Hawthornden, 150
Newton Pippin, 138,
142, 146, 149
Norfolk Biff, 138
Normandy Pippin, 129
Northern Spy, 147, 146
Old Nonpareil, 147,
146,
148
Ora’s, 148
Pearson's Plate, 748
‘Perle d’Angleterre, 142
Pine-apple Russet, 149
Pitmasion’s Goiaen
Pippin, 149
Pine-apple, 145, 148
Pine - apple Pippin,
145 :
Russet Nonpareil,
149
Prince Albert, 149
Quarrenden, 144
Ked Astrachan, 144
Red Juneating, 144
Reine Jaune Hattve,
144
Reinette Ananas, 142,
147
de Madeira, 142
du Canada, 147, 148
Petite Grise, 142
Van Mons, 149
INDEX.
631
Apples—continued.
Ribston Pippin,
145, 148
St. Sauveur, 149
Sam Young, 149
Scarlet Crab, 152
Nonpareil, 138, 147
Screveton’s Golden
Pippin, 147
Siberian Bitter-Sweet,
253
i ) 152
arvey, 153
Small’s Chlden Pippin,
138,
14
Sire Ribston, 149
Stirling Castle, 151
Sturmer Pippin, 148
Summer Golden Pip-
pin, 149
Syk house Russet, 149
Ulmer's Golden Rein-
ette, 149
Victoria, 149
Warner's King, 151
Webb’s Russet, 149
Wellington, 151
White Juneating, 142,
144 i
Williams’ Favourite,
149 .
Winter Greening, 152
Peach, 151
Wyken Pippin, 149
Apples, cider, varieties
of, 138, 152
cooking, list of, 119
dessert, list of, 144, 149
different
138
fungus of, 367
how prevented, 143
storing of, 143
time for gathering of,
4300
Apricots, growth of, 171
reda, 172
Early Kaisha, 172
Moorpark, 171
Peach, 171
Apricot-trees, training of,
175 '
Asplenium trichomanes,
371
Aquatic plants, 4x
Aquilegia vulgaris, 229
Araucaria imbricata, 431
Arbor-Vitz, Chinese, 434
or Thuja, 434
Arbutus unedo, 422.
Archangelica officinalis,
126
Arch-Duchesse Augusta
camellia, 250
Ardea cinerea, 529
Arenaria balearica, 323
Arion ater, 491
Aristolochia gigas, 286
Armed tapeworm, 452
Armeria vulgaris, 322
Arms of the Carew
family, 9
Aromatic plants, 124
Aronia moschata, 468
Arrow-head plant, 340
Artemisia absinthium, 134
Dracunculus, 129
Artichokes, 116
Jerusalem, r2t
Arum maculatum, 343
Arundo donax, 44, 333
Arvicola pratensis, 520
Arvicula amphibia, 518
Ascomyces deformans,
369
in texture,
Ascosporium deformans,
6
399
Ash, common, 417
mountain, 417
weeping, 417
Ashes of burnt cutting of
trees used: for vine
borders, 51 ‘
Ashmead’s Kernel apple,
149
Asparagus, 114
beetle, 469
kale, 113
knife, 60
offensive if watered with
a solution of putrid
matter, 5r
officinalis, 114
the reason for salting
beds of, 50
Aspen, 411
Asperula odorata, 127, 332
Aspidiotus nerii, 478
Aspidium aculeatum, 399
coriaceum, 399
falcatum, 399
Lonchitis, 399
proliferum, 399
Aspidiums, 399
Asplenium Adiantum-ni-
grum, 371, 376, 397
attenuatum, 39
auritum, 398
australasicum, 397
Belangeri, 297
British, 376
bulbiferum, 398
canariense, 397
caudatum, 397
Ceterach, 398
dispersum, 398
falcatum, 398
Filix-foemina, 397
flabellatum, 308
flabellifolium, 397
fontanum, 376, 397
formosum, 398
fragrans, 397
germanicum, 43, 372,
378, 397 .
goldianum, var. pictum,
385
laceratum, 397
lanceolatum, 376, 397
macilentum, 398
macrophyllum, 398
marinum, 373, 375, 397
nidus, var. australasi-
cum, 398
nitidum, 397
premorsum, 397
thizophorum, 398
Ruta-muraria, 371, 372)
376, 397
septentrionale, 371, 372,
376, 397
serra, 398
Trichomanes, 376, 397
viride, 371, 376, 397
vivip1irum, 397
Aspleniums, 397
Assyrians, gardens of the,
SOF pein
Astacus fluviatilis, 449
Aster, 244
chinensis, 244
chrysanthemum-
flowered, 244
miniature, 244
peony-flowered,-244
pyramidal, 244
quilled, 244
Astrachan apple, 149
Athyrium, 385
Filix-foemina, 381
lexile, 371
Atlas nut, 197
Atmosphere for growing
plants,
Attfield, Professor, 34
Aubrey, the historian,
quoted, 11, 13
Aubrietia Campbelli, 328
Aucuba japonica, 437
Aurore du Matin rose,
27
Australian cress, 94
Austrian briar rose, 269
Autumn Bergamot pear,
161
Josephine pear, 162
Axe, 59
Azalea altaclarensis, 442
Cedo nulli, 251
Countess of Flanders,
251
Duc de Nassau, 251
eclatante, 151
extranei, 251
indica, 250
Iveryana, 251
Julius Cesar, 442
La Déesse, 251
Madame Dominique
Vervaene, 251
Madame Vervaene, 251
Ne Plus Ultra, 442
Pontica, 442
Prince Henry des Pays
Bas, 442
Roi d’Hollande, 251
Souvenir du _ Prince
Albert, 251
Stella, 251
Viscocephala, 442
viscosa, 442
yellow, 442
Azaleas, 250, 441
soils used for, 49
varieties of, 442
B.
Babylon, hanging gardens
of, 565
Backhouse, Messrs., 308,
320, 388, 391
Baker, Mr., 388, 399, 400
Baking pears, 155
Balaninus nucum, 467
Baldfaced coot, 529
Balm, 125
Balsam of Peru, 523
Balsam poplar, 412
Banana, Abyssinia, 203
growth of, 203 :
Banks, Sir Joseph, 204
Banksian Rose, 276
Banksman Gooseberry,
180
Barbarea pre@cox, 94
Barbarossa vine, 189
Barbe du Capucin, 96
Barometer,
Baron de Wassenaer rose,
278
Baroness Adolphe de
Rothschild rose, 271
Baronne de Noumont
rose, 275
Barr, Mr., 132, 213
Barrow, Mr., 190
Basil, 128
Bat, common, 517
great, 517,
Batatas edulis, r22
Bateman, Mr., 29
‘Bath Cos lettuce, 94
'Batrachospermum monili-
forme, 347
‘Bats, 516
Battersea cabbage, 110
Baxter, on the site of No-
viomagus,
Baxter’s Pearmain apple,
149
Bay-trees, 436
Bead, Anglo-Saxon, found
in Irrigation fields, 7
bronze, found amongst
Roman remains, 3
Beadnell’s Seedling pear,
161
Bealii camellia, 250
Bean, 106
aphis, 107, 475
bog, 330
Dwarf Negro, 107
French, 103
Green Long-pod, 106
kidney, 107
Long-pod, 106
Mazagan, 106
NewingtonWonder, 107
scarlet runner, 108
Bean-stalks, amount of
potash in ashes of, 50
Beans, propagated by
seeds, 84
Bed of sand, Lower Ter-
tiary series, described, 20
Bed, watercress, site of, 44
BEDDING PLantTs, 234 :—
Ageratum mexicanum,
236
Amaranthus salicifolius,
238
Brugmansia suavco-
lens, 238
calceolarias, 236
Coleus, 238
Datura arborea, 238
echeverias, 238
Gazania, 239
geraniums, varieties of,
234
golden pyrethrum, 238
heliotropes, 237
lobelias, 236
pelargoniums, varieties
of, 235
petunias, 236
salvias, 237
verbenas, 237
Beddington, account of
the two manors and
of their proprietors, 7
advowson and living of|
St. Mary’s, 14
ancient brasses and
other monuments, 13
Anglo-Saxon remains
found at, 6
at the present time, 14
case of longevity at, 15
Council held at Manor
House byHenryVIII.,
9.
coins found at, 3, 4, 7,
17
Celtic remains found
at, 3
description of St.Mary’s
Church, 11
extraordinary size of|
trees at, 13
Henry VIII. resided at
Manor House, 9
history of, in medizval
period, 7 :
House, built by Sir
Francis Carew,
Irrigation fields, 3, 6, 33
Mr., 4 P
My Garden in parish,
of, 1
Beddington, lawsuit about
parsonage house at,
14
parish of, x
number of acres in, x
Plague at, 15
population of, 1
present proprietor of, 16
Queen Elizabeth’s oak,
18
Rectors of, 12
Roman remains found
at, 2
Sewage-grounds, 33
story of the cherries,
10
token issued at,in seven-
teenth century, 13
visits of Queen Eliza-
beth to, 9
will of Sir Nicholas
Carew, of, 13, 14
Park, 198, 200
formerly stocked with
deer, 14
and Orangery, 1o
Beddintone, 1
Beds, flower,
ranged, 37
Bee, honey, 458
ms 459
orchid, 293, 317
Beech, 418
eopper, 418
pendulous, 419
purple, 419
Beech fern, 41,371,378,400
Beechwood melon, 196
Beef measles, how occa-
sioned, 45x
tapeworm, 451
Beet, Carter's variety, 102
Cattell’s, 102
Henderson’s pine-apple,
102
Nutting’s, roz
spinach, 109
sugar, 105
Beet-roots can be used for
bread, 102
Beetle, asparagus, 469
dung, 466
musk, 468
rove, 470
stag, 465
wire-worm, 468
Beetles, 465
mites of, 453
water, 470
Begonia, climbing, 262
rex, 262 fe
Begonias, 262
Belemnitella, allies of the
cuttle-fish found in them,
how ar-
.
24
Belgian Purple plum, 169
Belle de Louvain plum,
169
Bellegard peach, 173
Bellis perennis, 226
Bellissimé d’Hiver pear,
156
Benedictine pear, 162
Bennett, Mr. Risdon, 30
l’enoni apple, 144
Berberis, 439
Berberis dulcis, 439
Berberry, 329
Berkeley, Rev. Mr., 256
359, 363, 368, 369
Bermondsey, 14
Bess Pool apple, 149
Beta chilensis, 243
vulgaris, ro:
2
Béte de la Viérge (Coc-
' cinellide), 470
632
Betula alba, 420
alba pendula, 420
Bezi Mai pear, 161
Beurré d’Amanlis pear,
161
Bosc, 161
Clairgeau pear, 158
de Capiaumont pear,
158
Diel pear, 159
Easter, 160
Giffard pear, 157
Goubault, 161
Rance pear, 160
Superfin pear, 159 .
Van Mons pear, 162
BrennIaL Pants,
2473 E
Canterbury bell, 248
foxglove, 247
growth of, 247
horn poppy, 248
musk plant, 248
poppy, 248
sweet William, 248
Bigarreau cherry, 176
Bilberry, 444
Bill-hook, 59
Bills in Chancery, filed
against Croydon Board
of Health, 32
Bindweed, 342
lesser, 342
Biota orientalis, 434
Birch, 419
Birds, fleas of, 450
notes of, 553
table showing the dates
of their arrival, 553
Birps 1n My Garpen,
522 :—
Blackbird, 550
lackeap, 547, 553
bullfinch, a
chaffinch, 543
chiff-chaff, 548, 553
coot, bald-faced, 529
creeper, 539
crow, carrion, 540
hooded, 540
cuckoo, 536, 553
curlew, 531
crane, 530
dabchick, 527
dove, rock, 533
stock, 531
turtle, 53
duck, call, 525
tufted, 526
smew or Smee, 526
wild, 526
fieldfare, 550
flycatcher, 552
geese, wild, 529
goatsucker or nightjar,
534
goldfinch, 542
grebe, 528
greenfinch, 543
ull, 532
hhawfinch, 543
hawk, sparrow, 553
hedge-sparrow, 549
heron, 529
jackdaw, 540
ay, 540
estrel, £53
kingfisher, 536
land-rail, 528, 553
lark, 544
linnet, common, 542
magpie, 540
martin, house, 534, 553
sand, 534, 533
Birds in My Garden-
continued.
moorhen, 528°
nightingale, 548, 553
nightjar or goatsucker,
534
nuthatch, 537
owl, white, 553
partridge, 531
peewit, 531
pheasant, 531
pigeon, wood, 532
pipit, meadow, 544
plover, golden, 53
quail, 531
redpole, lesser, 542
redwing, 550 -
robin or redbreast, 549
rook, 541
sandpiper, 531, 553
green, 531 :
Sclavonian grebe, 528
skylark, 544
snipe, common, 530
jack, 531
summer, 531, 553
sparrow-hawk, 553
sparrow, house, 543
hedge, 549
tree, 543
spotted fly-catcher, 552
starling, 541
stonechat, 549
swallow, 534, 553
swan, common, 523
hooper, 523
swift, 534, 553
teal, 52
thrush, missel, 550
song, 550
tit, blue, 545
greater, 546
cole, 546
long-tailed, 546
marsh, 546
titmice, 545
tree-creeper, 537
turtle dove, 531
wagtail, grey-bearded,
5.
544
pied, 544
Ray's, 545
warbler, garden, 548
grasshopper, 546
reed, 547
sedge, 546, 553
wood, 548
water-rail, 528
wheatear, 549
whimbtel, 531
whinchat, 549
whitethrvat, 548
lesser, 548
widgeon, 526
woodcock, 530
woodlark, 544
woodpecker, 540
green, 539
lesser spotted, 539
wren, 538
golden-crested, 546
wryneck, 539, 553
yellow-hammer, 543
Pird’s-nest fern, 398
Bithinia tentaculata, 493
ventricosa, 493
Bivalve shells found in a
cutting near my garden,
23
Black ant, its use, 465
aphis, 475
Brunswick fig, 202
bulb thermometer, 64
currant, varieties of,
177
Eagle cherry, 176
Blackcap, 547, 553
Blanchet,
Blandyanum Rhododen-
Blaniulus guttatus, 456
Blechnum boreale, 372
Blechnums, 396
Blenheim orange apple,
Blue clay, exists on the
Rluebells, 314
Board of Health at Croy-
Bog bean, 330
Bombyx cyrthia, 421
Boston
49 | fd
Botanic Gardens, Edin-
Botrychium, 405
INDEX.
Black Hamburgh vine,
186
Ttalian poplar, 410
Jamaica pine-apple,
208
Monnukka vine, 190
Naples b‘ack-currant,
177
mut, 438
poplar, 417
Prince strawberry, 182
vine, 1
rat, 519
slug, 491
Spanish radish, 97
Blackbird, 550
songs of, 554
Black-skinned turnips,
120
Blackie, Messrs., 469
Blairii rose, 270
site of his
grave, 515
dron, 441
Blatta orientalis, 471
brasiliense, 396
corcovadense, 396
nitidum, var. contrac-
tum, 396
occidentale, 396
orientale, 396
Spicant, 378
138, 151
light, 365
American, 476
north of my garden, 21
mould, 355
. titmice, 545
don, means of, for dis-
posing of sewage, 32
proceedings against,
39. 31
myrtle, 443
Boisduval, Monsieur, 456,
463, 483
lucorum, 459
neustria, 484
terrestris, 459
Rorage, 126
Borago officinalis, 126
Russet apple,
burgh, 259, 260
Society of London, r42,
251, 252, 265, 375
lunaria, 381, 405
simplex, 405
Botrytis infestans, 363
Bourne river, account of,
Bewer in Fern Glen, 39
willow, site of, 39
where situated, 42
at entrance to Indoor
Fernery, 42
in Valley of Ferns, 43
Bowerbank, Mr., 24
Bowood, Muscat vine, 91
Box, 438
Box-tree, 425
Bracelet, bronze, found.
in Irrigation fields, 7.
Bracken, 479
Bracken, scalariform ves-
sels of, 379
Braddick’s Nonpareil ap-
le, 147, 148
‘Bradley. Mr., 183
Brandling, 448
Brasses, ancient, at St.
Mary’s Church, 13
Brassica Cario Rapz,
112
Napus, var. oleifera, 94
oleracea, 112, 113
bullata gemmifera,
rir
bullata major, 111
capitata, 110
Rapa, 120
Brassia maculata orchid,
299
Brayanum, Rhododen-
dron, 441
Braytons, family of the,
at Beddington, 8
Breda apricot, 172
Bree’s fern, 400
Brenchleyensis, 218
Brewer, Mr., 522
Brick rubbish used for
manuring plants, 51
Bridge across the Lake,
44
over Backwater, 39
Tustic, by side of al-
Pinery, 44
Bridges, Elizabeth, lease
demised by, 16
Sir Henry, 14
John, Esq., 16
established schools at
Wallington, 17
Nathaniel, Esq., pre-
sent lord of the manor,
16
Rev. A. H., present rec:
tor of St. Mary's, B:d-
dington, 12, 14, 18, 414,
428, 435
William, Esq., 16
Bristowe, Mr., 426
British orchids, varieties
of, 292
Queen strawberry, 183
Briza maxima, 331
media, 331, 339
Broad fern, 40, 371, 380,
399
Broccoli, 113
Chapell’s
lour, 114.
Knight’s Protecting,
114
Snow’s White, 114
sprouting, 114
Brockworth Park pear,
162
Bromelia Ananas, 207
Bromham Hall melon,
196
Bronze bead found in
Roman house, 3
Brooklime, 98
Broom, Mr. 367
Broompark pear, 161
Broon Girl gooseberry,
180
Cream - coe-
Broughtonianum rhodo-
dendron, 44x
Brown rat, 519
Turkey fig, zor
Brown-tail moth, 484
Browning,quotation from,
pst Se
Bruchus pisi, 467
Brugmansia suaveolens,
238
Brussels sprouts, rrz
Bryonia dioica, 342
Bryony, 342
Bryum intermedium, 35
Buckland, Mr. Frank,
503, 525
buckland’s Sweetwater
vine, 188
Buckton, Mr., 475
Budding, propagation of
plants by, 88, 90
Pedder eisuites 60
ufo vulgaris, 510
Bug, harvest, 454
res 466 ‘
Bulbocodium vernum, 314
Buisovs Prants,
210 :—
anemones, 215
cannas, 220
crocuses, 211
Crown Imperial, 214
daffodils, 213
Dielytra spectabilis, 217
dog-tooth violet, 215
Fritillaria, 214
gladiolus, 218
hepatica, 216
hyacinths, 212
jonquils, 213
lily, 219
monkshcod, 221
narcissus, 213
ranunculus, 216
snowdrop, 210
snowflake, spring, 214
summer, 215
tiger-flower, 220
Tritoma uvaria, 221
Tritonia aurea, 221
tuberose, 221
tulips, 217
- winter aconite, 215
Bulbous plants, how to
grow, 210
Bulbs, _ propagation
plants by, 87
Bullace plum, 170
Bullfinch, 541
Bullhead, 507
Bulrush, 335
Burbolts, placed in the
Wandle by myself, 502
Burnet, 98
Burns, quotations from,
219, 435, 502, 551, 552
ursaria vernalis, 446
Butomus umbellatus, 336
Buttercups, 339
Butterfly, hawthorn, 483
orchid, 317
tortoiseshell, 483
white, 482
Butterwort, 320
Buxus sempervirens, 425
Byron, quotation from, 6
of
Cc.
Cabbage, Battersea, rro
Cocoa-nut, 110
Collard, rro
Drumhead, rro
Early York, rro
Enfield Market, rr0
Little Pixie, rr0
Nonpareil, rro
red, 110
Cabbage, fungus of, 363,
366
lettuce, 94
rose, 270
tribe, rro
Nr ret
Cacti, growth of, 257
speciosissimus, vo2
Cadbaits, fossil, 481
Caddis-worms, 480
Caladium argyrites, 264
Caladiums, 264
Calanthe vestita orchid,
joo,
Calceolaria, 236
Calendar for the year
1871, 597—628
Calendula officinalis, 126
Caltha palustris, 335
Calycanthus floridus, 442
Call:ducks, s25
Calla palustris, 330
Callitriche, 339
luna vulgaris, 444
Camassia esculenta, 315
Cambrensis, sometimes
called Giraldus, one of
the Carews, 9
Camden on Noviomagus, 5
Augusta, 250
Camellia, alba plena, 250
Arch - Duchesse Au-
gusta, 250
Bealii, 250
Carlotta Papudoff, 250
caryophylloides, 250
Comte de Gomer, 250
Countess of Orkney, 250
Duchesse de Berri, 250
fimbriata, 249, 250
General Drouot, 250
japan, 249
avinia Magsi, 250
Mathatiana, 250
alba, 250
Princess Frederick Wil-
liam, 250 ‘
Queen of the Beauties,
250
reticulata flore-pleno,
250
saccoi nova, 250
Storyii, 250
Valtevaredo, 250
Camellias, 249
soils used for, 49
Camomile, 130
Campagnol, short-tailed,
520
Campanula garganica, 326
hirsuta, 326
medium, 248
persicifolia, 325
coronata alba, 325
pyramidalis, 325
rotundifolia, 325
speculum, aie
Campanulas, 325
Camphor-tree, 253
Camptosorus rhizophyl-
lum, 399
Campylodiscus _ spiralis,
350
Canary creeper, 28)
Candles used for waning
glass-houses, 82
Canna indica, 220
Cannas, 220
Canon Hall Muscat vine,
Tox
Canonge, Jules, quotation
from, 483
Canterbury bells, 248
Cape gooseberry, 204
Cape jasmine, 265
Caprimulgus — europzeus,
534.
Capsicum annuum, 132
Capsicums, 132
Carausius, Roman coin of,
found at Beddington, 4
INDEX.
633
Carbon as carbonie acid,
amount of over one acre
of land, 49
Carbonic ~ acid,
fhaeet with, 22
ardinal apple, 1
Cardoons, Hie" ai
Carduelis elegans, 542
Carew family, arms of, 9
at Beddington, 8
one of them beheaded
in’ Henry VIII.’s
reign, 9
rank the historian Gi-
raldus among them, 9
will of one of the, 14
Carew, Sir Francis, rebuilt
Manor-house, 8
Carex pendula, 333
Carlotta Papudoff camel-
lia, 250
Carnations, 227
Propagation of, 228
Carolina superba straw-
berry, 183
Carpinus betulus, 424
Carrion crow, 540
Carrot, Altringham, 121
fly, 490
French Horn, 121
Long Surrey, 121
Carrots, 120
euaatraltan, coins found at,
X
Park, 198
shells found in Paper
Lane at, 26
strata of, 25
Carter's variety of beet,
102
Carum carui, 126
Caryophylloides camellia,
250
Cast, flint, of Cidaria,
water
20
of Holaster pillula, 23
of Diadema in flint,
25
Castanea vesca, 198
Castor-oil plant, 246
Catalpa, 426
Caterham waterworks, 79
Caterpillars, various, 482
Catherine Guillot rose, 275
Catillac pear, 155
Cats, fleas of, 450
ill-treat the mice, 515
indispensable in a gar-
den, 514 .
kill the moorhens, trout,
and goldfish, 514
nearly exterminated the
water vole, 514
steal the trout, 574
suffer from the brown
rats, 514
tracks of, considered to
be those of a uniped,
516
Cattell’s beet, ro2 .
Cattleya Forbesii orchid,
299 F
labiata orchid, 298
Mossi orchid, 298
Skinneri orchid, 298 _
Cattelyas, orchids, varie-
ties of, 298
Cauliflower, EarlyLondon
113
Veitch’s Late, 113
Walcheren, 113
Ce 13
fungus of, 3
aye near *Beddinzton
Church, fabulous tales
Caraway seed, 126
about, 19
Cedar, curious properties
of its wood, 429
red, 425
Cedars, 428
spenien of one at
eddington, 42
of Lebanon, nr
Cedo nulli azalea, 251
Cedrus atlantica, 428
Deodara, 428, 429
Libani, 428, 429
Celery,
Ivery’s Nonsuch, 100
Celery fly, 489
Celeraic, 100
Celine Forestier rose, 275
Cellini Pippin apple, 138,
150
Cells of mistletoe and
apple, 91
of pear-tree joined to
the quince, go
of ripe strawberries, 184
Celtic remainsat Bedding-
ton, i
at Croydon, 2
at Haling Park, 2
flint instruments, 2
scrapers, 2
worked stone, 2
Census of 1871, population
of Beddington and Wal-
lington, according to, 1
Centaurea cyamus, pro-
pagated by seed, 83
moschata, 245
Centifolia rosea, 272
CENTIPEDES IN My Gar-
DEN, 456 :—
Blaniulus guttatus, 456
Julus Londivensis, 456
luminous, 456
thirty-foot, 456
Central brook in my gar-
den, analysis of water of,
30
Centre-bits, 62
Cephalotus follicularis, 259
Cerasus laurocerasus, 436
lusitanica, 436
Ceratodon purpureus, 353
Cereus, creeping, 257
grandiflorus, 257
midnight, 257
speciosissmus, 257
Certhia familiaris, 539
Ceterach, 43, 372
officinarum, 377, 398
Cetonia aurata, 4
Cherophyllum
121
Chaffinch, 543
Chalk, account of its for-
mation, 22
comes again to the sur-
face at Hatfield, 21
at South Mimms, 2t
at south part of gar-
den, 21
dips under my garden,
22
fissures in, account of, 21
fossil wood sometimes
found in it, 24
marine origin of, shown,
sativum,
23 :
pits of Sutton described,
2r
upper layer of, with
flints, 27
used = for
plants, 5.
waters, purity of, 29
Chamezrops excelsa, 427
Champignon, 359
manuring
Champion of England
pea, 103
Chancery, Bills in, filed
against the Croydon
Board of Health, 31
Chapel, Gothic, remains
of, 17
Chapell’s | Cream-colour
broccoli, 114
Chapelry of Wallington
constituted by order in
Council, 16, 17
Char bred in the Wandle
by myself, 503
Charadrius pluvialis, 531
Charles Lawson rose, 270
Lefebvre rose, 271
IIL., coins of, found at
Wallington, 18
Chasemore v. Richards,
judgment of the House
of Lords on, 30
Chasselas Musqué vine,
188
Chasselas of Fontaine-
bleau vine, 189
Chaucer, quotations from,
137, 222, 247, 267, 269,
408, 409, 444, 555
Chaumontel peur, 159
Cheilanthes, 392
argentea, 302
elegans, 392
lanuginosa, 392
lendigera, 392
spectabilis, 392
Cheiranthus alpinus, 324
cheiri, 226
Chelonia caja, 487
Chénedollé, —_ quotation
from, 268
Chénedollé rose, 270
Chervil, raz, 132
CHERRIRFS :—
Adam’s Crown, 176
Bigarreau Duke, 176
Black Eagle, 176
Early Purple Gean, 176
Kentish, 177
Late Duke, 176
May Duke, 176
Morello, 176
October, 177
Cherries, cooking, 176
dessert, 176
for Queen Elizabeth,
story of, 10
Cherry-tree, wild, 434
Cherry-trees, worked on
Mahebeh, gt
growth of, 176
new varieties, how ob-
tained, 176
propagation of, 176
Chestnut, Downton, 198
Devonshire Prolific, 198
Horse, 412
Spanish, 434
Chestnut wood, how used,
198
Chestnuts, 198
Chickweed, 343
Chicory, 96
Chiff-chaff, 548, 553
Chilian Beet, 243
Chilis, 132
used for making Cay-
enne pepper, 132
China rose, common, 275
roses, varieties of, 275
Chinese Arbor-Vitz, 434
chrysanthemums, 231
gardens of the, 592
orchid, varieties of, 296
yam, 122
Chisel, 63
hives, 118
Chopper, 59
Christmas rose, 225
Chrysanthemum indicum
231
leucanthemum, 337
Pompone, 232
segetum, 337
sinense, 231
Chrysanthemum-flowered
aster, 2.
Chrysanthemums, 231
propagated by division,
8
7 ‘
propagation of, 233
Chrysoma perla, 479
Chrysosplenium: oppositi-
fohum, 339
Church, St. Mary’s, Bed-
dington, 11, 12, 13, 14,
15
Holy Trinity, Walling-
ton, 16
Cibotium, 389
Cichorium Endivia, 96
crispa, 96
latifolia, 96
Intybus, 96
Cidaria, flint cast of, 20
Cider apples, 138
st and specific gravity
ol, oe
manufacture of, 153
Cineraria, 254
Cinerary urns, Anglo-
Saxon,
found cn _ Irrigation
grounds, 7
Circumvallation, propaga-
tion of plants by, 85
Cissus discolor, 284
Citron des Carmes pear,
156
Citrus aurantium, 199
Simonum, 200
Cladophora crispata, 347
glomerata, 347
Cladosporium
cum, 367
Clark, Dr., his process de-
scribed, 22, 2!
Claviceps purpurea, 360
Clay, blue, on the north of
my garden, 21
Claygate Pearmain apple,
dendriti-
14
Clete grafting, go
Clematis, hybrid, 282
Jackmanni, 282
lanuginosa, 282
sweet-scented, 282
vitalba, 282
Clerodendrum Balfourii,
289
splendens, 289
Clianthus Dampieri, 287
Climate and Spring
Frosts, 556
CLIMBERS, 279:—
Abutilon vexillarium,
299
fEschynanthus, 286
Allamanda Henderso-
nii, 291
Aristolochia gigas, 286
canary creeper, 285
Cissus discolor, 284
clematis, varieties of,
282
clerodendrums,varieties
of, 289 =
Clianthus Dampieri,287
climbir g begonia, 262
roses, 291
634
INDEX.
Climbers—continued.
climbing Devoniensis
Tose, 277 .
Cobcea scandens varie-
gata, 284
Combretum _ purpure-
um, 2 rads
convolvulus, varieties
of, 281
creeping fig, 285
Dipladenia amabilis,
291
gloriosa, 286 _
Glycine sinensis, 28
honeysuckle, varieties
of, 283
hop, 291
Hoyas, varieties of, 288
Ipomeeas, varieties of,
281
ivy, varieties of, 280
jasmine, varieties of,
283
Lapageria rosea, 291
Lithospermum scan-
dens, 282
Mandevilla suaveolens,
289
passifloras, varieties of,
207
Stephanotis floribunda,
209
Stigmaphyllon ciliatum,
290
‘9
Tacsonia Van Volxemii,
288
Bucanni, 238
thunbergias, varieties
of, 290
Traveller’s Joy, 282
tropzolums, varieties
of, 285
variegated-leaved vine,
290 :
Virginian creeper, 28
yam, 290
Clipping of trees, 425
practised by the Ro-
mans, 577
Closterium Leibleinii, 349
Cloth of gold rose, 275
Cloudberry, 205, 329, 444
northern, 41
Norway, 205
Clovis rose, 271
Club masses, 406
Cluster Damson plum, 170
Cobcea scandens varie-
gata, 284
Cobbold, Dr., 451
Cocci, 478
Coccinellide, 470
Cocconema lanceolatum,
350
Coccothraustes Chloris,
543
vulgaris, 543
Coccus adonidum, 478
Bromeliz, 478
hesperidum, 478
vitis, 478
Cochineal, 478
opuntia, 258
Cochlearia Armoracea, 134
Cockchafer, 465
Cockle Pippin apple, 149
Cockroach, 471
Cock’s-foot grass, 333
Cocoa-nut cabbage, 110
Codlin moth, 485
Czlogyne cristata orchid,
303
Coe’s Golden Drop apple,
146
plum, 169
Coffee plant, 252
Coins found at Bedding-
ton, 3, 4. 7s I7
at Carshalton, 13
at Wallington, 13
Roman, description of,
304
Saxon, description of,
357
Colax dispar, 463
Colchicum autumnale, 314
Cold frames, site of, 44
Coldwell, quotation from,
280
Cole tit, 546
Coleus, 238
Coleosporium pingue, 365
Coleoptera, 465
Collard cabbage, tro
Collodion sometimes used
for cuttings of plants; 87
Colne river, how formed,
2
Columba zenas, 531
Liria, 533
Turtur, 531
Columbine, 229
Combretum purpureum,
288
Commodus, Roman coin
found at Beddington, 4
Common bat, 517
china rose, 275
convolvulus, 342
hammer, 63
mouse, 519
reed, 332
white jasmine, 284
Companion gooseberry,
179
Compass, 62
Comte de Gomer camellia,
250
de Paris strawberry, 183
Comtesse de Murenais
rose, 278
Concessum_ rhododen-
dron, 441
Conclusion, 628
Cones of cedar of Le-
banon, 429
of Picea nobilis, 428
Conferva rivularis, 346
Confervze, conjugation of,
349
Coniferous plants, 427
wood on flint, 24
Conservatories, when first
known, 579
Constantius, Roman coin
of, found at Beddington,
Convallaria majalis, 226
Convolvulus, 282
arvensis, 342
common, or Bindweed,
342
Ipomeea Horsfallias, 281
Learii, 281
rubro cerulea, 28z
major, varieties of, 281
minor, 245
sepium, var. roseus, 281
wild, rose-coloured, 281
Corvus cornix, 540
Cook, Captain, 109, 404
Cook, Mr., 595
Cooke’s Handbook of
British Fungi, 367
Cooking apples, list of,149
varieties of, 137
Cooking cherries, 176
Coot, bald-faced, 529
Copper beech, 418
Coprinus atramentarius,
35
micaceus, 355
Corals contribute to the
formation of chalk, 22
Corax falcatus, a kind. of|
shark, tooth of, 23
Corbet, Thomas, Manor
of Beddington granted
»
Cordon oblique, 175
Coreopsis tinctoria, 242
Coriander-reed, 126
Coriandrum sativum, 126
Cork tree, 414
Corn blue-bottle, propa-
gated by seed, 83
Corn-salad, 98
Cornish Gilliflower apple,
145
Corvus corone, 540
frugilegus, 541
monedula, 540
Corylus arborescens, 197
used for working fil-
berts on, 91
Avellana, 197
purpurea, 438
Cos lettuce, 94
Cosford nut, 197
Cossus ligniperda, 483
Coste, Professor, 497
Coturnix vulgaris, 531
Cotyledon umbilicus, 313
Cottager’s kale, 113
Cottus gobio, 507
Couch grass, 333, 343
Council held by Henry
VIII. at Beddington
Manor House, 9
Count Orloff apple, 149
Countess of Flanders
azalea, 251
of Orkney camellia, 250
Cofipe d’Hébé rose, 270
Court of Wick Pippin
apple, 146
Courtnay, Eustache de,
lands at Wallington
granted to, 16
Court-pendu apple, 142
Plat apple, 146
Cowper, quotations from,
66, 67, 82, 205, 236, 240,
457) 53
Cowslip, 224
American, 328
Cox’s Orange Pippin
apple, 146—148
Crab, American, 152
scarlet, r52
Siberian, 152
‘ungus of, 36°
Cracks in the halk, ac-
count of, 21
Crambe maritima, 114
Cranberries, growth of,
204
plantation, where ar-
ranged, 4t
Cranberry, 329
American, 204, 444
English, 204, 444
Crane, 530
Crane-fhes, or Daddy
Long-legs, 488
Crasanne pear, 159
Cratzegus oxyacantha, 423
oxyacantha pracox, 423
Crawley, quotations from,
223
Crayfish, 449
Creon, Maurice de, held
Cress, American, 94
Australian, 94
curled, 94
Cressingham, Mr., 2, 5
lands at Wallington, 16 |.
Creeping cereus, 257
fig, 285
ranunculus, 344
willow, 318
Crex pratensis, 528
Cricket, 472
mole, 471
Crimson Queen straw-
berry, 183
Crioceris asparagi, 469
Crichmum maritimum, 127
C. Roach Smith, Mr., 170
Crocus luteus, 314
of Switzerland, 44
reticulatus, 314
sativus, 314
vernus, 211
versicolor, 211
wild, of Switzerland,
where grown, 44
Crocuses, 211
Crombie, Rev. J. M., 353
Croquet ground, 42, 44
form of, 37
plan of, 44
Cross-cut saw, 59
Croton, 263
variegatum angustifoli-
um, 263
Crow, carrion, 540
hooded, 540
Crowberry, 444
Crown Bob gooseberry,
180
Crown Imperial, 214
Croydon, analysis of sew-
age of, 33
another branch of the
Wandle rises at, 26
Board of Health, pro-
ceedings against, 30
manner of disposing of]
sewage, 32
Board of Works, En-
gineer to, 2
Celtic remains found
at, 2
drift, bed of, 20
new well at, analysis of
water of, 30
old well at, analysis of
water of, 30
pestilence usually at,
after the Bourne has
flowed, 35
sewage, where it must
ultimately be carried
to, 33
CRUSTACEA‘ IN My GarR-
DEN, 449
crayfish, 449
Cyclops, 449
quadricornis, 450
Daphne Pulex, 450
fresh-water shrimp, 449
woodlouse, 449
Cry, garden, 555
Cryptogramma crispa, 392
Cryptogrammic plants,
Propagation Of, 9x
ryptomeria japonica,
Crystal waterfall, 27 me
analysis of water of, 30
its site, 45
Crystals in onions, 117
Cuckoo, 536, 553
Cuculis canorus, 536
Cucumber house,
struction of, 77
plants propagated by
cuttings, 86
setting flowers of, ror
Cucumbers, roo
con-
Creeper, 539
Bollison's Telegraph,
100
Cucumbers—continued.
Pearson's Long Gun,
ror
Sion House, ror
Telegraph, 1or
Cucumis Melo, 195
sativa, 100
Cucurbita ovifera, i19
Pepo, 119
Cudweed, lion’s-paw, 327
Culinary roots, 120
plums, 169
Mr., of Coulsdon,
sy
Cunliffe,
203
Cupressus funebris, 433
Lawsoniana, 433
sempervirens, 433
Curates’ vineries, 75
Curled cress, 94
endive, 96
Curlew, 531
Currants, red, varieties of,
a7 Ses
white, varieties of, 177
Currant aphis, 476
moth, 179
red flowering, 439
black, varieties of, 177
black Naples, 177
Lee’s Black, 177
red Dutch, 178
white Dutch, 178
Currant-trees grown as
pyramids, 178
growth of, 177
propagation of, 177
pruning of, 178
Curruca atricapilla, 547
cinerea, 548
sylviella, 548
Curtis, Mr., 456, 459, 469,
47°; 474, 475
Cuscuta fe iky mum, 345
reflexa, 255
curious growth of, 52
Custard apple, 200
vegetal marrow, 119
Cut-leaf birch-tree, 420
Cuttings of plants shaded
from the sun, 87
propagation of plants
by, 86
Ys
Cuttle-fish, allies of, found
in the belemnitella, 24
Cuvier, 450
Cvatheas, 388
arborea, 383
dealbata, 388
medullaris, a 388
princeps, 3!
Scheideri, 389
Czar violet, 222
Cycads, 265
Cyclamens, 256
Cyclas cornea, 493
Cyclops, 449
quadricornis, 450
Cydonia japonica, 439
Coens ferus, 523
olor, 523
Cymelopleura solea, 350
Cynara cardunculus, 116
Scolymus, 136
Cypress, 433
deciduous, 433
Cypripedium — barbatum
orchid, 299
calceolus orchid, 294
caudatum orchid, 299
insigne orchid, 299
spectabile orchid, 294
villosum orchid, 292
Cypripediums, orchids,
varieties of, 299
Cypselus apus, 534
Cyrtomium falcatum, 399
INDEX.
635
Cysticerci, 452
Cystopteris, 41, 377, 394
alpina, 394
bulbifera, 43, 373, 383,
3
De eana, 377
fragilis, 367, 37%, 377,
394
montana, 372, 377, 394
regia, 377
of,
Cystopus candidus, 366
Cystisus laburnum, 422
alpinum, 422
D.
Dabchick, 527
Dace, 507
Dacrymyces stillatus, 362
Dactylis glomerata, 333
Daddy Long-legs or crane
flies, 48
8
Daffodil, hoop petticoat,
213
D'Agiout, Monsieur, 4
Dahlias, 230
propagation of, 230
Daisies, 226, 339
Damask roses, varietics
of, 270
Damson, Rochester Clus-
ter, 170
Dandelion leaves, 98
Daniel O'Rourke pea, 103
Dante, quotations from,
220, 234, 263, 268, 276
Daphne indica, 252
Mezerium, 439
Daphnia Pulex, 450
Darcy,
ton, 8
Darlingtonia californica,
259
Date palm, 265
Datura arborea, 238
propagation of, 238
stramonium, 338
Daucus carota, 120
Davallia alpina, 394
bullata, 394
canariensis, 393
dissecta, 394
Lindleyi, 394
Nove Zelandix, 385,
393
pentaphylla, 394
pyxidata, 393
tenuifolia, 394
Travallias, 393
Davy, Sir H., 494
Death’s-head moth, 487
De Candolle, Monsieur,
459.
Deciduous cypress, 433
Deer, formerly in Bed-
dington Park, rq
The Eys, family of, at
Beddington, 8
Delille, 370, 409
Delphinium Belladonna,
229 .
formosum, 229
Dendrobium nobile or-
chid, 296
Pierardii orchid, 296
Denmark, gardens of, 595
Denny, Mr., 450
Desmidium gyrans, 265
Desmids, 349
Closterium Leibleinii,
349 2
Dessert apples, list of, 144
149
Cystopteris, propagation
88
lord of Chiche,
held lands at Bedding-
Dessert apples, varieties
of, 137
cherries, 176
pears, 156
plums, 168
Deutzia gracilis, 439
Devil’s Coach-horse, 470
Devoniensis rose, 277
Devonshire Prolific chest-
nut, 198
Quemendes apple, 144,
B
4
Dewberries, growth of,
nae
ew-worm, 44!
Diadema, 24 i
Diamond, glazier's, 63
plum, 170
Dianthus, 248
barbatus, propagated by
seed, 83
chinensis, 243, 322
Hedwigii, 243
fragrans, 322
plumarius, 227
DIATOMEs, 349 '—
Campylodiscus spiralis,
350
Cocconema _lanceola-
tum, 350
Cymelopleurasolea, 350
Diatome vulgare, 351
Epithemia turgida, 350
Melosira varians, 351
Meridion circulare, 351
Pinnularia major, 350
Pleurosigma attenua-
tum, 350
Surinella biscriata, 350
Dibber, 61
Dicksonia antarctica, 389,
39° ;
Barometz, or Tartarian
Lamb, 390
Cibotium, 389
fibrosa, 390
squarrosa, 389
Dicksonias, 389
Didymochlzna lunulata,
3
Diglytra spectabilis, 217
Digitalis purpurea, 247
propagated by seed, 83
Diocese of Winchester,
Beddington living in it,
14
Dionza muscipula, 258
Dipladenia amabilis, 291
Diptera, 487
Dipterix ocorata, 332
Diseases of gooseberries,
179
of melons, 196
of strawberries, 183
of vines, 186, 192
Division, propagation of,
plants by, 87
Dixon’s early pea, 103
lettuce, 95 ~
Dock, water, 344
Dodder, 345
lesser, 345
Dodecatheon Meadia, 328
Dogberry, 444
Dogs at the Garden, cha-
racteristic features of,
512
fleas of, 450
tapeworm of, 452
Dog-tooth violet, 215
Dvomsday Book cited, 1,
7, 11, 16
Doodia aspera, 384, 397
caudata, 397
Dormouse, 522
Doronicum caucasicum,
226
velle pear, 161
436
Douglas, Mr., 229
chid, 302
rock, 533
stock, 531
turtle, 532
Downton chestnut, 198
Pippin apple, 153
159
dEté pear, 156
Dr. Hogg, 183
strawberry, 183
Draba beotica, 328
Dragon-flies, 479
34
Dreissena polymorpha,
the fossils in it, 20
Drosera dichotoma, 259
rotundifolia, 259, 329
Drumhead cabbage, 110
Dryden, quotations from,
46, 83. 139, 548
Dry-rot, a8
Duc de Nassau azalea,
251
Duchesse d’Angouléme
pear, 159
de Berri camellia, 250
Duck, call, 525
smew or Smee, 526
tufted, 526
wild, 526
Duckweed, ivy-leaved,
339
lesser, 33
Duckweeds, 339
Duke of Bedford, 416
Constantine apple, 149
of Devonshire apple
148
of ee rose, 271
Dumelow’s Seedling
apple, 138
Dundas strawberry, 183
Dung beetle, 466
Durandean pear, 161
hoe, 58
medlar, 154
Duvesne apple, 142
Dwarf Negro bean, 107
Prolific walnut, 198
Dymock, Sir Edward,
held lands at Wallington
16
Dytiscus marginalis, 471
E.
at, 25
Early Alfred peach, 173
Beatrice peach, 172
harvest apple, 149
Julien apple, 149
Juneating apple, 142
Kaisha apricot, 172
Louise peach, 172
Mirabelle plum, 168
Nonpareil apple, 147
Dorothée Royale Nou-
Double-blossomed peach,
Dove or Holy Ghost or-
Doyenné de Comice pear,
Draparnaldia glomerata,
493 5
Drift bed, account of,with
Dumontet, Monsieur, 583
Dundee Rambler rose, 278
Dutch, gardens of the, 584
Earlswood, Iuiot Asylum
Dutch honeysuckle, 283
London cauliflower, 113
Purple Gean cherry,176
Red Margaretapple,144
Early Strawberry apple,
144
Sulphur gooseberry, 180
Violet fig, 201
York cabbage, 110
Earth-snake millipede, 456
Earth-worm, 447
Earwig, 472
Easter Beurré pear, 160
Easton, Mr. Edward, 34
Echeveria grandiflora, 313
metallica, 239, 313
navicularis, 313
sanguinea, 313
secunda, 239, 313
Echeverias, 239, 313
nigpagated from leaves,
Echini, found on the
downs south of my gar-
den, 23
Echinocactus tubiflorus,
257
Echinococcus, or Hydatid
tape-worm, 452
Eclatante azalea, 251
Edwin Morren rose, 271
Eel pouts or burbolts,
placed in the Wandle
by myself, 502
,|_ sharp-nosed species, 506
Eels caught in wire bas-
kets, 504
how tamed, 505
receipt for cooking
them, 504
their favourite spots, 506
two migrations of, in the
Wandle, 503
Eel trap, description of,
504
general view, front, and
longitudinal section of,
2
505
where situated, 44
Edible passion-flower, 203
Edward I., coins of, found
at Beddington, 17
Edward IV., penny of,
found in a garden at
Carshalton, 18
Egg plant, 124
Eglantine, 440
Egyptians, gardens of the
ancient and modern, 562
Elaterida, 468
Elderberries, black, 206
scarlet, 206
white, 206
Elderberry, growth of,206
wine, 206
Eleanor strawberry, 183
Electricity or magnetism,
influence of, on plants, 54
Eliot, Sir Thomas, on the
site of Noviomagus, 5
Eliza Boelle rose, 271
Elizabeth, Queen, stayed
at Beddington, 9
Elm-tree, amount of pot-
ash in ashes of, 50
Elm-trees, propagated by
suckers, 85
English, 410
Scotch, 410
weeping, 410 |
Elodia canadensis, 341
Elruge nectarine, 175
Elton strawberry, 183
Emberiza citrinella, 543
?
150 7
Empetrum nigrum, 444
142
strawberry, 183
EmperorAlexandra apple,
Empress Eugénie apple,
Encrinites,stems of, found
attached to the flints of
my Garden, 24
Endive, 96
Enfield Market cabbage,
IIo
England, gardens of, from
the earliest times, 588
English cranberry, 204
ferns, 42
laburnums, 422
Entozoa, dangers of, 452
beef measles, how pro-
duced, 451
of animals, 452
of man, 451
of vegetation, 451
pork measles, 452
Entozoa 1N My Gar-
DEN, 451 :—
armed tapeworm, 452
cysticerci, 452
echinococcus or Hyda-
tid tapeworm, 452
Filaria, 451
hair-worm, 453
hydatids, 451
tapeworms, 457
fecundity of, 451
threadworm, 452
Trichinia spiralis, 451
unarmed or beet tape-
worm, 451
Epacris, 251
Epeira diadema, 455
Epidendrum orchid, 300
Epiobium hirsutum, 340
Epimedium rubrum, 321
Epimediums, varieties of,
325
Epine d’Hiver pear, 162
Epiphyllum truncatum,
258
Epithema turgida, 350
Equisetum arvense, 408
sylvaticum, 408
Erasmus, quoted, Pref.
vii. 268
Ergot of rye, how pro-
duced, 360
Erica, 25
herbacea, 317, 444
‘Tetralix, 444
Erigeron Roylei, 328
speciosus, 328
Erinaceu$ europzus, 516
Erisaphe or Uidium, 186
Erysiphe, 364
pisi or Martii, 365
Erythronium Dens canis,
215
Eseallonia californica, 229
Estate of Beddington, 15
Ether, Jargonelle pear,
15)
Eucharis amazonica, 264
Eugenia ugni, 440
growth of, 204
Euonymus europzus, 426
Eustache
de Courtnay
had lands at Waliington,
16
Evening primrose, 245
Evergreen oaks, 414
Everlasting pea, 233
Everlastings, 242
Exotic ferns, >7°
fernery, how arranged,
373 it
out-door, described,
43
Extractor of ferns, 61
Extranei azalea, 251
‘yes, prop3gation
plants by, 87
of
636
INDEX.
F.
Faba vulgaris, 106
Fagus sylvatica, 419
: sylvatica purpurea, 418
Fairy rose, 275
Falco nisus, 553
Falstaff, red raspberry,
184
Fan-shaped peach-tree,
175
Farr, Dr., z
Farre, Dr. A., 447
Feather moss, 353
Feathered hyacinths, 317
Felicité Perpetuelle rose,
278
Fennel, 132
Fergus, Dr., 205 .
Fern, amount of potash in
ashes of, 50
Cave, 372, 373
extractor, 61
Glade, description of, 38
its use, 371
varieties of ferns
growing in it, 371
Fern Glen, description of,
39,
its site, 371
various ferns growing
in it, 37%
Fern-trowel, 60
Ferneries, My, how con-
structed, 38, 39, 43,
369-373
situation for, 370
Fernery, Exotic, ferns
growing there, 373
how arranged, 373
Indoor, 386 :
atmosphere required,
387.
heating of, 73, 74
its construction, 72
plants grown in it,
3
Outdoor, described, 43
Ferns, cultivation of, 369
fungus of, 367
grown in baskets, 386
kind of earth used for
their growth, 386, 405
propagation of, 88, 406
treatment for, 370, 405
British, 42, 375
Exotic, 372
Filmy, 371, 390
Forest of, 43, 373
Flowering, 404
North American, 42
Valley of, its site, 372
Wall, where grown, 43
Water, where grown, 43
Ferns :—
Acrostichum, 402
crinitum, 402
quercifolium, 403
Actiniopteris radiata,
398
Adder’s tongue, 381
Adiantum, 385, 394
Capillus-Veneris, 373,
385, 394
concinnum, 394
cultratum, 394
cuneatum, 371, 395
curvatum, 395
Farleyense, 395
Feei, 395
formosum, 385, 394
fulvum, 395
intermedium, 394
lucidum, 395
macrophyllum, 394
Ferns—continued.
pedatum, 373, 385, 395
Adiantum pentadacty-
lon, 394
reniforme, 394
tenerum, 395
tinctum, 395
trapeziforme, 394
Alsophiia, 389
australis, 389
capense, 389
Anemia fraxinifolia, 404
Anemias, 404
Angioptcris erecta, 404
Aspidium aculeatum,
399
coriaceum, 399
falcatum, 399
Lonchitis, 399
proliferum, 399
Aspidiums, 399
Asplenium Adiantum-
nigrum, 371, 376, 397
attenuatum, 398
auritum, 398
australasicum, 397
Belangeri, 397
bulbiferum, 398
canariense, 397
caudatum, 397
Ceterach, 398
dispersum, 398
falcatum, 398
Filix-foemina, 397
flabellatum, 398
flabellifolium, 397
fontanum, 376. 397
formosum, 398
fragrans, 397
germanicum,
376, 397 3
goldianum, var. pic-
tum, 385
laceratum, 397
lanceolatum, 376, 397
macilentum, 398
macrophyllum, 398
marinum, 373, 376,397
nidus, var. australas-
ium, 398
nitidum, 397
preemorsum, 397
rhizophorum, 398
Ruta-muraria,
372)
371,
372) 376, 397
septentrionale, 371,
372, 376, 397
serra, 398
Trichomanes, 371,376,
397,
viride, 371, 376, 397
viviparum, 397
Aspleniums, 397
Athyriuin, 385
Filix-foemina, 381
flexile, 371
Beech, 371, 378, 400
Bird’s-nest, 398
Blechnum boreale, 372
brasiliense, 396
corcovadense, 396
nitidum, var. contrac-
tum,
orientale, 396
occidentale, 396
Spicant, 378
Blechnums, 396
Botrychium, 405
Lunaria, 381, 405
simplex, 405
Bracken, 379
Bree, 400
British aspleniums, 376
Broad, 371, 380, 399
‘Camptosorus rhizophyl-
lum, 399
| Ferns—continued.
Ceterach, 372, 377
officinarum, 377, 398
Cheilanthes, 392
argentea, 392
selegans, 392
lanuginosa, 392
lendigera, 392
spectabilis, 392
Cibotium Dicksonia,
389 .
Cryptogramma crispa,
2
Girlies arborea, 388
dealbata, 388
medullaris, 385, 388
rinceps, 389
Bcheider, 389
Cyatheas, 388
Cyrtomium falcatum,
399 >
Cystopteris, 377, 394
alpina, 394
bulbifera, 383, 394
Dickeana, 377
fragilis, 371, 377, 394
montana, 372, 377,
304
regia, 377
Davallia alpina, 394
bullata, 394
canariensis, 393
dissecta, 394
Lindleyi, 394
Nove Zelandiz, 385,
393
pentaphylla, 394
pyxidata, 393
tenuifolia, 393, 394
Davallias, 393.
Dicksonia “ antarctica,
389, 390
Barometz, 390
fibrosa, 390
squarrosa, 389
Didymochlena
lata, 399
Doodia aspera, 384, 397
caudata, 397
Gleichenia flabellata,
lvnu-
388
microphylla, 388
speluncee, 388
Gleichenias, 388
Gold, 4o2
Goniophlebium
matum, 401
subauriculatum, 4orx
Gymnogrammz, 402
calomelamos, 402
chrysophylla, 402
hart’s-tongue, 376
hay-scented, 399
Holly, 371, 379, 399
Hymenophyllum asple-
nioides, 390
ciliatum, 390
crispatum, 390
demissum, 371, 385,
390
flexuosum, 390
javanicum, 390
Tunbridgense, 375,
Wilsoni, 375s 39%
Hypolepis, 392
distans, 392
repens, 386, 392
tenuifolium, 392
Trish, 372, 375
bristle, 391
Killarney, 375
Lady, 321, 381
Lastraa azmula, 380
cristata, 380
curvata, 383
squa-
Ferns—continued.
Lastrza dilatata, 380
Filix-mas, 380
montana, 380
opaca, 383
pares a3
rigida,
Stebolde, 383
Standishii, 383
Thelypteris, 371, 380
varia, 383
Lastrzas, 380, 383
Leptopteris, 403
hymenophylloides,
_ 493
Limestone, 378
Lindza cultrata, 394
Litobrochia vespertili-
onis, 393
Lomaria alpina, 384,396
alpina major, 384
attenuata, 396
Banksii, 396
chilensis, 372, 384
crinita, 384
gibba, 396
gigantea, 396
minor, 396
Patersoni, 396
spicant, 396
Lomarias, 396
Lygodium, 404
palmatum, 404
scan‘lens, 404
volubile, 404
Maidenhair, 374
Male, 372, 399
Marattia laxa, 405
Marsh, 37:2, 380
Meniscium, 402
simplex, 402
Moon-wort, 38r
Mountain, 371, 380
Nephrodium, 399 ‘
zmulum, 399
cristatum, 399
dilatatum, 399
Filix-mas, 399
molle, 386, 400
Oreopteris (monta-
num), 399
patens, 399
sanctum, 400
Sieboldii, 399
spinulosum, 399
Thelypteris, 399
Nephrodiums, 380—383
Norfolk, 380
North American,
37%, 372
Nothochlena, 385, 4or
Marantz, 385
nivea, 401
Oak, 371, 378, 400
Oleandraarticulata, 400
Onociea sensibilis, 389
Onychium japonicum,
385, 392
sensibife, 385
Ophioglossiacez, 405
Ophioglossum _vulga-
tum, 381, 405
Osmunda, 403
cinnamomea, 382, 403
Claytoniana, 403
cilis, 382
interrupta, 382, 403
regalis, 371, 381, 382,
40:
42,
cristata, 38x
spectabilis, 403
Parsley fern, 378, 392
Pellea flexuosa, 392
rotundifolia, 392
Phymatodes lineatum,
401
Ferns—continued.
Phymatodes lycopodi-
oides, gor
Platycerium zthiopi-
cum, 403
alcicorne, 386, 403
grande, 403
Platyceriums, 403
Platyloma flexuosa, 392
rotundifolia, 392
Polypodiacez, 371, 378,
388, 400
Polypodium adnascens,
401
alpestre, 378, 400
appendiculatum, 400
Braunii, 383
ca!careum, 400
cambricum, 378
capense, 399
Dryopteris, 378, 400
filipes, gor
flexile, 378, 400
fortunei, 401
Gheisbreghtii, 401
Heracleum, 401
hexagonopterum,383,
400
hexaptera, 371
lineatum, 401
lonceum, 401
lycopodioides, 400
muszfolium, 4o1
ersiczfolium, 4or
hegopteris, 378, 400
piloselloides, gor
plumula, 400
refractum, gor
Reinwardtii, gor
repens, 401
Robertianum, 378,400
squamatum, 4or
squarrosum, 400
stigmaticum, 401
subauriculatum, 4or
verrucosum, 400
vulgare, 371, 378
vulgaris, 400
Polypody, 378
limestone, 371
Polystichumaculeatum,
379; 399
angulare, 379
proliferum, 379
Lonchitis, 379
Polystichums, 371, 372,
379,
Pteris, 392
aquilina, 379, 393
argyrea, 386, 393
cretica, 392
incisa, 393
longifolia, 393
palmata, 393
quadriaurita, 393
rotundifolia, 383
sagittifolia, 393
scaberula, 383, 393
serrulata, 383, 393
tremula, 386, 393
tricolor, 393
umbrosa, 393
vespertilionis, 386, 393
Royal fern, 371
Scale fern, 398
Scolopendrium, 399
rhizophyllum, 399
vulgare, 376
Scolopendnums, 373
Silver, 402
Stag-horn fern, 403
Struthiopteris, 372, 384
germanica, 384, $'
pennsylvanica, 384
Tartarian lamb, 390
Todea, 403
Ferns —continued.
Todea africana, 386, 4>
barbara, 403
Fraseri, 404
hymenophylloides,
403
pellucida, 372, 385
superba, 385, 404
Trichomanes Luschna-
thianum, 391
pyxidiferum, 391
radicans, 391
reniforme, 391
speciosum, 375, 376,
3er
Tunbridge, 372
Walking leaf, 399
Wilson’s filmy, 372
Woodsia alpina, 377
ilvensis, 377
Woodsias, 377
Woodwardia orientale,
397
oventalis; 383
radicans, 383, 396
Woodwardias, 383, 386,
396
Yorkshire Hard, 380
Feverfew, 127
Ficus Carica, 200
repens, 285
Field, Messrs., of Lam-
beth, 82
Field mouse, 520
aga 55° 5
ig, creeping, 285
Figs, Black Brunswick,
200
Brown Turkey, 201
Early Violet, 201
Figue d’Or, 200
Lee’s Perpetual, 202
White Ischia, 200
White Marseilles, 207
Fig-trees often sprout from
roots, 86
growth of, 200
Figue d’Or, 200
Figwort, 336
Filaria, 451
Filbert Pine strawberry,
183
varieties of, 197
worked on Corylus ar-
borescens, gt
Filberts, 197
Files, 62
Filmy ferns, 41, 371, 39°
British, 375
Fimbriata camellia, 250
Fiorelli, M. le Comman-
deur, 4
Fir, Scotch, 427
silver, 428
spruce, 428
Fir-tree, amount of potash
in ashes of, 50
Firs, 427 ;
Fish, artificial breeding
of, 497; 498
fee scales of, dis-
covered, 26
fossilized found in chalk
near Croydon, 23
fossilized head of, 23
in the Wandle, 494
killed by Croydon sew-
age, 495 :
ladder, where situated,
44
ova, fungus of, 369
Fis, 494 :—
bullhead, 507
char, 503
dace, 507
Vish—continued.
eel, 503
eel pouts, or burbolts,
502
gold fish, 509
grayling, 502
Tamperns, 506
salmon, 503
salmon-trout, 503
sticklebacks, 508
tench, 509
trout, 4
Fish-house* 492
Fishery, My, 494
Fissures in the chalk,
2r
Fitz-Lucy, John, lands at
Wallington granted to,
'
Flat Tripoli onion, 117
Flattened millipede, 456
Flax, yellow, 329
Flea, turnip, 409
Fleas in my garden, 450
Pulex irritans, 450
talpze, 450
Flies, artificial, for catch-
ing trout, 500
Flint beds, mostly derived
from sponges, 24
cast of Cidaria, 20
of Holaster pillula, 23
instruments found,
Flints, accounts of, where
they occur, size, &c., 21
Flints in my garden have
encrinites attached, 24
found in drift-bed, 20
in upper layer of chalk,
2
iz
Florence, soils used there
for certain plants, 49
Florists’ pansies, 223
Flower, Mr., 23
found umbone
Saxon shield, 7
Mr. J. Wickham, 1
Flower-beds, how ar-
ranged, 37
Flowering ferns, 404
rush, 336
Flower Garden, 210—345
Flowers, alpine, 305
of the Alps and Pyre-
nees, 44
Fly, carrot, 490
celery, 489
crane, 488
holly, 49°
onion, 49°
saw, 463
turnip, 469
Flycatcher, 553
spotted, 552
Fly-orchid, 293. 317
Fontinalis antipyretica,
of|
I
Fyraminifera, ancient, 22
recent, 22
their decay from beds
of chalk,22 |.
Forest of Ferns, its site,
43 373
Forest trees, 409
Forester’s Manor, 9
Forfar Pippin apple, 149
forticula auricularis, 472
Forget-me-nots, 318, 338
wood, 318
Fork, 57
Forster, Mr. Cooper, 375;
391
Fortune, Mr., 436
Fossil cadbaits, 481
fish found in chalk near
Croydon, 23
Foxw!
Eames and glass-houses,
INDEX.
Fossil fish’s head, 23
wood found sometimes
in the chalk, 24
Fossils found in drift-bed
running from Croydon,
20
Fountain, John, Dean of|
York, rz
Foxgloves, 44, 247
propagated by seed, 83
hela apple, 153 :
7
Frames, construction of,
67
how heated, 68, 78
plants grown in them,
68
France, gardens of, from
the earliest times, 586
Francis, Mr., 217
Franciscea Hopeana, 252
latifolia, 252
Frankland, Professor, 29
Franklin’s Golden Pippin
apple, 149
Fraxinus excelsior, 417
Frederick Soulie rose, 278
French bean, 108
Horn carrot, 12r
Crab apple, 152
Fréres Manor, belonged
to the Carews, 9
Fritillaria meleagris, 214
Fringilla coelebs, 543
Frog, 510
Frog-bit, 41, 336
Frogmore strawberry, 183
Frost, Great May, of 1867,
557
Fruit Garden, 137, 209
Fruit-market wanted, 208
Fuchsia fulgens, 253 _
triphylla flore coccineo,
253,
Fuchsias, 253
Fulica atra, 529
Fuligula cristata, 526
Fumitory, amount of po-
tash in, 50
Funaria hygrometrica, 352
Fungi, aphis contributing
towards the growth of,
363, 305 .
how to tell poisonous
varieties of, 359, 360
Funaii—
Ecidium cydoniz, 362
viol, 362 .
Agaricus disseminatus,
36
fascicularis, 360
fertilis, 359
spadiceus, 356
Ascomyces deformans,
309,
Ascosporium defor-
mans, 369
blue mould, 355
Botrytis infestans, 363
champignon, 359.
Cladosporium dendriti-
cum, 367
Claviceps purpurea, or
ergot of rye, 360.
Coleosporium pingue,
36:
S ‘4
Coprinusatramentar.us,
35
micaceus, 356
Cystopteris candidus,
66
oe
fragilis, 367.
Dacrymyces’ stillatus,
362
Fungi—continued.
dry-rot, 368
Erysiphe, 364
\Pisi, 365
giant puff-ball, 361
Helminthosporium py-
rorum, 366
Lychnis, 366
Lycogala epidendrum,
35
morel, 355, 360
mushroom 355; 357
Myxogastres, 356
Oidium — fructigenum,
367,
leucoconium, 365
Tuckeri, 364
Penispora infestans, 123
Peronospora effusa, 363
gangliformis, 363
nivea, 363
parasitica, 363
Schleideniana, 363
vicize, 363
633
Garden sedum, 43, 3¢5:
307 |
described, 43
sempervivum, 43, 305,
307
shears, 59
snails, 491
spider, 455
tiger moth, 487
toolsused at my garden,
56
vegetals, 92
violet, 222
site of, 44
warbler, 548
‘Garden of Eden,” ac-
count of keeping back
cherries for Queen Eliza-
beth in, ro
Gardenia florida, 265
Gardening, principles of,
47
GARDENS OF VARIOUS
Peziza vesiculosa, 357
Phallus impudicus, 362
Polyactis, 363
Polyporus versicolor.
356
potato, 363
Puccinia lychnidearum,
36
Saprolegnea, 369 !
Sarcina ventriculi, 368
Spherotheca pannosa,
365
Spiloczea, 368
Tarragon fungus, 356
Trametes gibbosa, 356
truffle, 355, 361
Tubercularia vulgaris,
56
Uredo filicum, 367
Xylaria hypoxylon, 356
yeast fungus, 355
Fungus festival at Here-
ford, 359
Fungus, preventive of, 364
Funteneys or Fontibus,14
G.
Galanthus nivalis, 210
plicatus, 213, 314 |
Gale, Dr., on Novioma-
S, 5
Mr, work on Ease-
ments, 31
Galerites albo-galerus, a
form of echini, 23
Gall on oak, 464
Gall-insects, 464
Gallinula chloropus, 528
Gamasus coleoptorum,453
telarius, 454
Game, part of a Roman,
discovered at Bedding-
ton, 4
Gammatus fallax, 449
Gansel Bergamot pear,
161
Garden Animals, My, 512
before a summer-house,
42
cry, 555, ;
different soils used in
my, 49
flower, 210, 345
fruit, 137, 209
insects, some useful,
others hurtful, 457
saxifrage, 43» 305: 397
Nations, 562 :—
of the Assyrians, 567
of Babylon, hanging,
565.
Botanic, of Edinburgh,
259, 260
of Camoens at Macao,
59:
of the Chinese, 592
of the Dutch, 584
of the ancient and
modern Egyptians, 562
of England, from the
earliest times, 588
of France, from the
earliest times, 586
of Germany, 595
of the ancient Greeks,
372
Hampton Court, 426,
437.
Horticultural, 176, 239
at Florence, 303
of India, 594
of Italy, 580
of King Ahasuerus, 566
of Nineveh, 567
of North and South
Asmerica, 595
of Palestine, ancient
and modern, 568
of Persepolis, 566
of the Persians, ancient
and modern, 570, 572
of Russia, Denmark,
Poland, Switzerland,
595
of the Pope, 425
of Portugal, 595
of Rio Janeiro, for
manufacturing cochi-
neal, 595
of the Romans, 574
in the Scilly Islands, 595
formed by Semiramis,
567
of the Shakers, 595
of Spain, 594
of Turkey, 594
Zoological, 417, 517
Garlic, 118
propagated by bulbs, 87
Garrulus glandarius, 540
Gassiot, J. P., Esq. 6,
307, 365 .
Gasterosteus semiarma-
tus, 508
Gatelier or Gacelin, holds
Beddington, 8
Gathering of pears, time
described, 43
for, 166
638
INDEX.
’
Gauge, rain, 65
Gault, a thin layer of clay,
where situated, 25
Gay, quotation from, 515
Gazania, 239 é
Gee, Richard, of Orping-
ton, took name of Carew,
Ir
Geese, wild, 529 :
General de Marmora vine,
1g0 7
Drouot camellia, 250
Miloradowitsch _ rose,
271
Todleben pear, 159
General Plan of My Gar-
den, 37
Genista sagittalis, 328
Gentiana acaulis, 324
gelida, 325
Pneumonanthe, 325
verna, 324
Gentianas, 324
Gentianella garden, 324
Gentians, 41, 324
Geological Survey, a sec-
tion of, given, 21
Geology of My Garden
20
Geometers, 486
Geophilus —_longicornis,
45
George I., coins of, found
at Wallington, 18
II. coins of, found at
Wallington, 18
IV. peach, 173
Globigerina bulloides, 22
Globigerina found in the
chalk of the district, 23
Gloire de Dijon rose,
277
Gloire des Mousseuses
rose, 278
Gloria Mundi apple, 138,
xgr
Gloriosa, 286
Gloucester apple, 149
Glout Morceau pear, 160
Glow-worm, 466
Gloxinia, — propagated
from a leaf, 86
Gloxinias, 263
Glycine sinensis, 281
Gnaphalium arenarium,
327
dicicum, 327
leontopodium, 327
Gnats, 48
Goat moth, 483
Goatsucker or Nightjar,
34
Goethe, quotation from, 1
Gold ferns, 402
Golden-crested wren, 546
Golden Hamburgh vine,
189
Harvey apple, 138, 147,
153.
Knob apple, 149
Perfection melon, 196
Pippin apple, 153, 146
propagation of, 88
plover, 53
Geotrapes —stercorarius,} _pyrethum, 238
4 Gold-fish, 509
Geranium, Mrs. Pollock,| spawn of, 509
235 Goldfinches, 542
Geraniums, _propagation| Goliath plum, 168
of, 86, 236 Goniophlebium squa-
varieties of, 235
Germany, gardens of, 595
Geum concinneum, 323
* Gherkin, ror
Giant Puff-ball, 361
sunflower, 242
Gibson on the site of
Noviomagus, 5
Gigantic parsnip, 344
Gilbert White, 436, 459
Gimlet, 63
Ginger plant, 133
matum, 401
subauriculatum, 4ot |
Goodyera repens orchid,
294 ;
Gooseberry bushes, train-
ing of, 179
diseases of, 179
growth of, 178
new varieties of, how
obtained, 179
propagation of, 179
pruning of, 179
ney, moth, 484 Gooseberry, Banksman,
Giraldus, commonly 180
called Cambrensis, a] Broon Girl, 180
Cape, 204
Carew, 9
Girdled shell, 492
Gisborne plum, 170
Glade of Ferns, descrip-
tion of, 38
Gladiolus, 218
Glass-bells or cloches, 76
Glass-houses, construc-
tion of, 67
cucumber-house, 74
fernery, 72
orchard-house, 70
Poor Man’s house, 68
ventilation of, 76
vineries, 74
warming of, 78, 82
Gis, pocket magnifying,
Glastonbury Thorn, 423
Glaucium flavum, 248
Glazier’s diamond, 63
Gleichenia flabellata, 388
microphylla, 388
spelunce, 388
Gleichenias, 388
Glen, Fern, description
| a es
Globe Tripoli onion, 117
Companion, 179
Crown Bob, 180
Early Sulphur, 180
Green-gage, 180
Pippin apple, 151
Red Warrington, 180
Rumbullion, 180
Smuggler, 180
Gordius aquaticus, 453
Gorges, Walter, obtained
Manor at Beddington, 8
Gossamer, 455
Gothic Chapel, remains
of, found at Wallington,
37
Graham, Mr., 414
grounds at Wallington,
17
Graham, Professor, law of}
Dialysis of, 52
Grafting, cleft, 90
manners of ' practising
it, 89
on, gr
Propagation of plants
by, 88
walle, go
Grand Arab rhododen-
dron, 441
Grange’s Pearmain apple,
149 :
Grape hyacinths, 317
scissors,
Grapes, preserving of, 194
Grape-vines, growth of,
185
fungus on, 364
propagated by eyes, 87
Grasses, ORNAMENTAL,
33r =
Arundo donax, 333
Briza maxima, 331
media, 331
Carex pendula, 334
Cock’s-foot, 333
Couch, 333. 343
common reed, 332
Lagurus ovatus, 332
Lemon, 333
Pampas, 331
Panicum variegatum,
333
of Parnassus, 41, 320
Stipa pinnata, 332
Sweet-scented Vernal,
332
Tonka bean, 332
Water, 532
Woodroof, 332
Grasshoppers, 472
warbler, 546
Grave of an Angola cat,
“Blanchet,” 5x5
Gravel, beds of, at my
garden, 20, 22
Gravenstein apple, 145
Gray, Dr. 492, 494,
Grayling, placed in the
Wandle by myself, 502
Great bat, 517
Butterfly orchid, 293
Crimean snowdrop, 314
Ermine Street, account
of, 5
Yellow Underwing, 486
Greater titmouse, 546
Grebe, Little, 527
Sclavonian, 528
Green Chisel pear, 161
Long Pod bean, 106
sandpiper, 53x
woodpecker, 539
Greenfinch, 543
Cran sags; gooseberry,
1
I
plum, 168
Green-sand, lower,account
of, 20
where situated, 25
GREENHOUSE PLanTs,
249 i—
acacia, 253
Amaryllis belladonna,
255...
formosissima, 256
Aponogeton dysta-
yon, 260
azaleas, 250
Balsam of Peru, 253
Belladonna lily, 255
cacti, 257
camellias, 249
camphor-tree, 2
Cephalotus follicularis,
259
Cereus grandiflorus, 257
Speciossimus, 257
Cineraria, 254
Cochineai opuntia, 258
coffee, 252
Greenhouse Plants—coz#.
Creeping cereus, 257
Cuscuta reflexa, 255
cyclamens, 256
Daphne indica, 252
Darlingtonia califor-
nica, 259
Drosera dichotoma, 259
rotundifolia, 259
Echinocactus tubiflorus,
257,
epacris, 251
epiphyllum truncatum,
258
ericas, 251
Franciscea Hopeana,
252
latifolia, 252
fuchsia, 25}
growth of, 219
Impatiens balsamina,
254
Jacobean lily, 256
Lasiandra, 252
Limnocharis Humbold-
tii, 260
mesembryanthemum,
25'
Metrosideros speciosus,
254
Midnight cereus, 257
Mimosa sensitiva, 254
Myrospermum Pereirz,
253
Nympheea czrulea, 260
oleander, 25x
Patula, 252
Primula denticulata,258
Nepauliensis, 258
sinensis, 258
Tice, 252
Rondeletia speciosa, 255
sugar-cane, 252
tea, 252
Thea bohea, 253
Vallisneria spiralis, 260
Vallota purpurea, 256
Venus’s Fly-trap, 258
Whitby lily, 256
Greenhouse, construction
of Poor Man’s, 68
Greeks, gardens of the,
572
Grey-bearded wagtail, 545
Grindstone, 60
Grosse Mignonne peach,
273
Ground ivy, 337
Groundsel, 343
Groves, Mr., microscopic
objects of, 22
sacred, 574
Grueber, Mr. H., Preface,
viii.
Grus cinerea, 530
Gryllotalpa vulgaris, 471
Guano sometimes used for
a manure for plants, 52
hurtful to strawberries,
52
Guelder rose, 422, 440
Guiraud, quotation from,
305
Gulls, 53
Gunnera scabra, 234
Ginther, Dr. 495, 512
Gumey, Mr. S., 497
Guy de la Val came into
Possession of lands at
allington, 16
Gymnogramma calomela-
mos, 402
chrysophylla, 4o2
Gymnogramme, 4o2
Gyp, characteristic fea-
H.
Habenaria Chlorantha,
293
Hair-worm, 453
Halesia tetraptera, 427
Haliday, Mr., 478
Haling Park, Celtic
scrapers found at, 2
Hamilton, Rev. J., a
former Rector of St.
Mary's, Beddington, 12
Hamlet of Wallington, si-
tuation of, r
Hammer, common, 63
sledge, 63
Hammersmith Cabbage
lettuce, 94
Hand-barrow, 59
Hanging gardens of
Babylon, 565
Hardy, Sir Duffus, map
of Roman roads, 5
Harebell, 325
Harleian MS., quotation
from, 537
Harrington, Sir James,
Bad lands at Wallington,
z
Harris, Mr., 476
Harting, Mr., 537
Hart’s-tongue fern, 376
Harvest bug, 454
mouse, 520
Hatfield, chalk appears at
surface at, 21
Haulf, Mr., 389
Hautbois strawberry, 183
Hawfinch, 543
Hawk, sparrow, 553
Hawksbill turtle, 512
Hawthorn, butterfly, 483
Hawthornden apple, 150
Hawthorns, 423
double pink, 423
single scarlet, 423
Hay-fever, remedy for,
334
Hay-scented fern, 399
Heartsease, 223
Heat and cold thermome-
ters, 64
eat required for the
growth of plants, 53
Heath, common, 444
Heather, 317, 444
Heaths, 317
Heating of frames, 68
of glass-houses, 78
of indoor fernery, 73, 74
of orchard-house, 71
of pine-pit, 80
of Poor Man’s house,70
Hedera helix, 280
Regneriana, 280
Hedgehog, 516
holly, 425
Hedge-sparrow, 549
Hedges made of thorns,
how planted, 423
made of willows, 416
Helianthemum vulgare,
321
Helianthus decapetalus,
231
tuberosus, 121
Helichrysum, 242
Helicina, 492
Heliotrope, 237
Jenny Lind, 237
Heliotropes, propagation
of, 237
Helix aspersa, 492
cantiana, 492
ture of the dog, 513
concinna, 492
ericetorum, 494
Helix fasciolata, 494
nemoralis, 492
or Succinea putris, 492
pomatia, 49r
pulchella, 494
umbilicata, 494
ata, 4
Helleborus deer 225
Helminthosporium pyro-
rum, 366, 367
Hemans, Mrs., quotation
from, 334
Hemiptera, 472
Henderson’s Pine-apple
beet, 102
Henry III, coins of,
found at Beddington,
17
VIII, resided and held
a Council at Bedding-
ton, 8
Henslow, late Dr., 461
Hepatica 216
angulosa, 216
Heracleum giganteum,
242, 344
Herbaceous phlox, 230
HerBs AND AROMATIC
PLANTS, 124 :—
absinthe, 134
angelica, 126
aniseed, 126
balm, 125
basil, 128
borage, 126
capsicums, 132
caraway, 126
chamomile, 130
chervil, 132
chilis, 132
coriander-seed, 126
fennel, 132
fever-few, 127
ginger, 133
orehound, 130
horse-radish, 134
hyssop, 130
lavender, 127
marigolds, 126 |
marjoram, varieties of,
129
mint, 124
parsley, 131
pennyroyal, 124
peppermint, 124
rosemary, 128
rue, 130
sage, 125
samphire, 127
savory, varieties of, 129
Solanum anthropopha-
gorum, 133
tarragon, 129
thyme, varieties of, 125
tobacco, 128
tomatoes, 133
woodroof, 127 .
Herefordshire Pearmain
apple, 149 |
Herodotus, cited, 416, 428,
443
Heron, 529
Hickes, quotation from,
420
Hiller, Robert, his half-
penny, 18
Hippuris vulgaris, 330
Hirundo piscium, 448
riparia, 534
rustica, 534
urbica, 534
Hoe, 58
Dutch, 58
Hogg, Dr., 98, 183
strawberry, 183
of, 23
Hollow
I2t
Holly, 425, 438
fern, 371, 379 399
fly, 499
hedgehog, 425
Hollyhocks, 230
propagation of, 230
Homoptera, 472
Honey-bee, he
Honeysuckle, 283
Early Dutch. 283
Japanese, 283
‘Late Dutch, 283
Lonicera _fragran-
tissima, 283
Honorine Jobert, 216
Hooded crow, 549
39T, 393, 399, 400
Sir
213
Hooper swan, 523
Hop, 291 -
wild, 342
Hops, fungus of, 365
120, 131, 201, 358, 540
Horehound, 130
Horn poppy, 248
Hornbeam, 424
Herne, Mrs.,
viii.
Hornets, 461
Horn-tails, 463
Horse-chestnut, 412
red, 413
Horse-radish, 134
Horse-tails, 408
176, 239
Holaster pillula, flint cast
Holcar Pippin apple, 149
rown parsnip,
Holy Trinity Church at
Wallingtan, account of,
I
Hooker, Dr.,164, 373, 389,
Hoop-petticoat daffodil,
Horace, quotations from,
37) 92, 95) 97, 106, 119,
Preface,
Horny Coil Shell snail, 493
Horticultural Gardens,
Hothouses,
known, 579
House, account of Roman,
at Florence, 303
Society, 142, 148,
183, 188, 190,
203, 213, 219,
a5 367 375s
179,
202,
229;
383,
47
paper read at, 90
when first
2
Fern, 72
Orchard, 42, 70
Poor Man’s, 42, 68
Summer, 42
House martin, 534, 553
sparrow, 543
Houses, 67
Hoya bella, 288
carnosa, 288
propagated from a
leaf, 86
imperialis, 288
Paxtoni, 288
Hoyas, 288
Hubbard’s Pearmain ap-
ple, 149 ee
Hughes’ Golden Pippin
apple, 149
Humble-bees, 459
Hunting spider, 455
Huscarle’s manor, 14
Fewde its situation, 15
Huyshe’s Victoria pear,
60
I
Hyacinths, 212
INDEX.
Hyacinths, feathered, 317
grape, 317
propagated by bulbs, 87
Hyacinthus orientalis, 212
Hyalopteris pruni, 475
Uybernia defoliaria, 487
Hybrid Bourbon roses,
varieties of, 270
China roses, varieties
of, 270
clematis, 282
Perpetual roses, varie-
ties of, 270, 272
Hydatids, 451
Hydra communis, 447
Fusca, 447
viridis, 447
Hydrocharis morsus-ranz
336
Hydrocotyle vulgare, 340
Hygrometer, Mason’s, 65
Hylotoma rosz, 463
Hymenophyllum aspleni-
oides, 390
ciliatum, 390
crispatum, 390
demissum, 371, 385, 39°
flexuosum, 390
javanicum, 390
Tunbridgense, 375, 300
Wilsoni, 375, 391
Hymenoptera, 458
Hypericum calycinum,
440
Hypocaust, 3
remains of one found at
Beddington, 3
Hypolepis, 392
distans, 392
repens, 386, 392
tenuifolium, 392
Hypnum ruscifolium, 352
rutabulum, 353
serpens, 353
splendens, 353
Hyssop, 130
Hyssopus officinalis, 130
I,
Ichneumons, 462
Ickworth’s Impératrice
plum, 169
Tle de Bourbon rose, va-
rieties of, 275
Tex aquifolium, 425
ferox, 425
Tllicium religiosum, 447
Impatiens Balsamina,
254
Implements, Anglo-
Saxon, found on Irriga-
tion grounds,6
Inarching, propagation of|
plants by, 88, 90
Incarnata orchis, 294
India, gardens of, 594
Indian corn, 244
Ingram’s Prolific Muscat,
187
Insects IN My Gar-
DEN, 457°
American blight, 476
Anthonomus pomorum,
468
ants, 465
aphides, 473
or cocci, 465
Aphis dianthi, 474
fabee, 475
floris rapz, 475
pea, 476
plum, 475
Insects in My Garden—
continued.
Aphis quercus, 477
rapa, 462, 474
rumicis, 474, 475
vastator, 474
Asparagus bectle, 469
Balaninus nucum, 467
Bean aphis, 475
Beetles, 465
Black ant, 465
aphis, 475 |
Blight, American, 476
Rrown-tail moth, 484
Bruchus pisi, 467
Butterflies, 482
Caddis-worms, 480
Carrot fly, 490
Celery fly, 488
Chrysoma perla, 479
Coccus adonidum, 478
Bromeliz, 478
hesperidum, 478
vitis, 478
Cochineal, 478
Cockchafer, 465
Cockroach, 471
Codlin moth, 485
Colax dispar, 463
Coleoptera, 465
Crane-flies, or Daddy
Long-legs, 488
Cricket, 471
Currant aphis, 476
Death’s-head moth,
487,
Devil's Coach - horse,
479
Diptera, 487
Dragon-flies, 479
Dung beetle, 466
Dytiscus marginalis,
71
Earwig, 472
Elateridz, 468
Gall, 464
Garden Tiger moth.
487
Geometers, 486
Gipsy Moth, 484
Glow-worm, 466
Gnats, 48
Goat moth, 483
Grasshoppers, 472
Great Yellow Under-
wing, 486
Hawthorn butterfly,
83
Hemiptera; 472
Holly-fly, 490
Homoptera, 472
Honey-bee, 458
Hornets, 462
Horn-tails, 463
Humble-bees, 459
Hyalopteris pruni, 475 |
Hybernia defoliaria,
487
Hymenoptera, 458
June bugs, 466
Lace-wings. 479
Lackey moth, 484
Lady-bird, 470
Lemon aphis, 478
Lepidoptera, 482
Lygus solani, 473
umbellatarum, 473
Magpie moth, 485
May-flies, 479, 48
Mealy bug, 472, 478
Membranous - winged,
Mifazes, 48
idges, 489
Mole utes, 47t
Mosquitoes, 489
Moths, 482
639
Insects in My Garden—
continued.
Musk beetle, 468
Neuroptera, 479
Noctua (agrotis)
clamationis, 486
egentisl segetum,
ex-
48
(mamestra) brassica,
86
4
oe 486
ak aphis, 473
Oleander Scale-insect,
478
Onion fly, 490
Orgyia antiqua, 485
Orthoptera, 471
Otiorhynchus
467
sulcatus, 467
Pca aphis, 476
Pemphredon unicolor,
picipes,
463
Pentatoma oleaceum,
473
Pieris brassicz, 482
crategi, 483
napi, 482
Plant-lice, 472
Plum aphis, 475
Pteromalus _ brassice,
482
Rose aphis, 473
chafer, 466
saw-fly, 463
Rove beetles, 470
Saw-flies, 463
Sczeva balteata, 488
ribesii, 488
pyrastri, 488
Schizoneura
nosa, 476
Scolytus, 467
destructor, 467
Siphonophora pisi, 476
Sirex gigas, 464
juvencus, 463
Stag beetle, 465
Syrphide, 488
Tenthredo rosarum,
463
Thrips, 478, 479
Tipulz oleracea, 488
paludosa, 488
Tortoiseshell butterfly,
483
Tortrix carpocapsa po-
monana, 485
pruniana, 486
Trichocera hiemalis,
489
Tricoptera, 480
Turnip flea, 469
lanugi-
fly, 469
Vine Scale, 478
White butterfly, 482
caterpillar, 482
White willow moth,
484
Wood Leopard moth,
484
Wasps, 460
Water beetles, 471
Weevils, 467
Wire-worm beetles,
463
Yellow-tail moth, 484
Insects, excrescences of
on the rose, oak, &c.,
464
of the garden, some
useful, others hurtful,
457
on plants, how to de-
stroy, 479.
640
Ipomeea Horsfalliz, 281
earii, 281
rubro-coerulea, 281
Iris, 218, 317
attica, 317
English, 218
germanica, 218
nudicaulis, 327
pseud-acorus, 335
theetica, 317
Spanish, 218
Yellow water, 335
Irish Bristle fern, 391
fern, 372, 375
Peach apple, £38, 144
yew,
Tron, marking, 64
Irrigation fields at Bed-
dington, Anglo-Saxon
remains found there, 6
Roman coins found
at, 4
Italy, gardens of, 580
Itinerary of Antoninus,
quoted, 5
Iveryana azalea, 251
Ivery’s Nonsuch celery,
100 7
Ivies, 279
Ivory dust, used for
manuring plants, 51
Avy, common, growth of,
279
Elegantissima, 280
Gold-striped, 280
Ground, 337
Hedera zgneriana,
260
Trish, or large-leaved,
280
New Silver-edge, 280
small or natural, 280
Txias, 218
i:
Jack, characteristic fea-
ture of the dog, 512
Jack snipe, 531
Jackdaws, 540
Jackson, Mr, coins found
in his garden, 18
Mrs., 27, 429 ; Preface,
viii.
Mr. Herbert, 103, 43:
found fossilized teh
in cutting of Sutton
Railway, 23
Jacobean lily, 256
James I.
coins of, found at Bed-
dington, 17
James, Sir Henry, 28
Geological Survey co-
pied by, 2
Japan quince, 439
Variegated maple, 420
Japanese chrysanthe-
mum, 232
of Scotland, | 7,
John Waterer rhododen-
dron, 441
Johns, Rev. A., 391
Jonquil, 213
Joseph Whitworth rho-
dodendron, 441
Joséphine de
ear, 160
uglans regia, 198
Julius Cesar azalea, 442
Julus Londinensis, 456
terrestris, 456
June bug, 466
Juneating apple, 139
Juniper, 425
Juniperus communis, 425
virginiana, 425
Malines
K.
Kale, 112
Asparagus, 113
Cottager’s, 113
Variegated, 113
Kalmia latifolia, 442
Kalmias, 441
Keats, quotation from, 42
Kedleston Pippin apple,
149
Keen’s Seedling’ straw-
berries, 181, 182
Kentish cherry, 177
cob nut, 197
snail, 492
Kerry Pippin apple, 145
Kestrel, 553
Keswick Codlin apple, 50
Kidney bean, 107
Killarney fern, 41, 375
King of the Puppins}
apple, 145
Kingdom, animal, 445
Kingfisher, 536
ay & Spence, Messrs
6
4
Kirke White, quotations
from, 223, 314
Knife, asparagus, 60
budding, 60
pruning, 50
putty, 63
Knight, Mr.,of Hailsham,
Sussex, 272
Knight’s Monarch pear,
161
Protecting brocoli, 114
Sweet currant, 178
Knotted majoram, 129
Kitchen apples, list of, r49
och, Herr, 454, 474
Kohl rabi, 112
Kolliker, Herr, 464
Kiikenmeister, Herr, 454
L.
La Déesse azalea, 251
honeysuckle, 283
Jargonelle pear, 156
ether, 156
propagation of, 84, 88
Jasmine, Cape, 265
common white, 284
Jasminum grandiflorum,
8,
284
nudiflorum, 283
Sambac, 284
ay, 540
aaa plum, 163
Jenny Lind heliotrope,
2
Jertsalem artichokes, 121
ohn Hopper rose, 272
La France rose, 271
Labels, 63
Laburnum, ger
seeds, poisonous, 422
English, 422
Scotch, 422
Waterer's variety, 422
Lace-wings, 479
Lacerta agilis, 5x0
Lackey moth, 484
Lactuca sativa, 94
Lady Downe's Seedling
poe
ady fern, 40, 371, 381
Lady of the Lake rose, 275
INDEX.
Lagena, found in chalk of
the district, 23
Lagurus ovatus, 332
Lake in my garden, 39
trout, in the Wandle,
95
Lamarque rose, 275
a4 fleurs jaunes rose, 275
Lamb Abbey Pearmain
apple, 149
mb’s lettuce, or corn
salad, 98
Lampern, 506
structure of cartilage
of, 507
Lampyris noctiluca, 4€6
Land tortoise, 511
Land-rail, 528, 553
Lanei rose, 278
Lapageria rosea, 291
Larch-trees, 432
attack-d by aphides, 433
Larix europza, 432
Larks, 544
| Larkspur, annual, 246
perennial, 229
Larva of various insects,
479—481
Lasiandra, 253
Lastraza emula, 380
cristata, 380
curvata, 383
dilatata, 380
Filix-mas, 380
montana, 380
Opaca, 383
patens, 383
rigida, 380
Sieboldhi, 383,
Standishii, 383
Thelypteris, 371, 380
varia, 383
Lastraas, 380—383
Late Admirable peach, 173
Duke cherry, 176
Dutch honeysuckle, 283
Pine strawberry, 183
Latham, Mr., Engineer to
the Board of Health at
Croydon, invention of, 32
Lathyrus latifolius, 233
ordoratus, 241
tuberosus, 233
Laurel 436
Portugal, 436
Laurels propagated by
cuttings, 86
Laurus camphora, 253
nobilis, 436
Laurustinus, 437
Lavender, 127
Lavendula spica, 127
Lavinia Maggi camellia,
250
Lawes & Gilbert, Messrs.,
49
Lawrence, the late Mrs.,
300
Lawrence’s Gage plum,
168
Layers,’ propagation of;
plants by, 85
Lea river, how formed,
28
ie of plants, functions
ol,
Propagation of plants
y, 86
Lecanora subfusca, 353
Lee, Mr. Henry, 26
Mr., of Hammersmith,
148
Lee's Black currant, 177
Perpetual fig, 2or
Leeches, 448
Ladybird, 470
in my garden, 448
Leek, 117
London, 118
Leguminous plants, 102
Lemna minor, 339
trisulca, 339
Lemon aphis, 478
grass, 333
scented verbena, 423
thyme, 125
tree, 200
Lepidoptera. 482
Lepidum sativum, 94
Leptopteris, 403
hymenophylloides, 403
Leptus autumnalis, 454
Lepus cuniculus, 521
Lesser bindweed, 342
dodder, 345
redpole, 542 "
spotted woodpecker, 539
whitethroat, 548
Letter of the widow of
Sir Walter Raleigh, 11
Lettuce, 94
Bath Cos, 94
Cabbage, 94
Cos, 94
Dixon’s, 95
Hammersmith Cab-
bage, 94 ;
Neapolitan Cabbage, 95
Paris Cos,
Lettuce-mould, 363
Leuciscus vulgaris, 507
Leucojum zstivum, 215
vernum, 214
Level, spirit, 63
Lice, plant, 472
Lichens, 353
Lecanora subfusca, 354
Physcia parietina, 353
Ramalina fastigiata,
353
Light required for the
growth of plants, 54
Ligustrum vulgare, 437
Lilac, 438
Persian, 438
Whitby, 256
Lilies, 21
of the field, 41, 316
Jacobean, 256
Martagon, 220
scarlet, 220
white, 219
white water, 219, 336
of the valley, 226
yellow water, 336
Lilium auratum, 219
canadense flavum, 219
candidum, 219
chalcedonicum, 220
lancifolium, 219
Martagon, 219
Lily, on the site of No-
viomagus, 5
Limax agrestis, 491
Lime, 413
bi-sulphide of, 368
used to destroy fun-
gus, 364
used for
plants, 57
Limestone fern, 378
Limnzi, 492
Limnzus, 205, 318, 405
Pereger, 492
Stagnalis, 492
Limnocharis Humboldtii,
260
Limpet, river, 493
Linaria alpina, 322
tristis, 322
Lindza cultrata, 394
Linden-tree, 413
manuring
Line and reel, 62
Linnzea borealis, 318, 444
Linnzan Society, 447
Linnzeus rhubarb, 136
Linnet, common, 542
Linota cannabina, 542
Linum flavum, 329
Lion’s-paw cudweed, 327
Liparis auriflua, 484
chrysorrhcea, 484
dispar, 484
salicis, 484
Liriodendron
426
Listera cordata orchid,294
Lithobius forficatus. 45
Lithospermum __frutico-
sum, 324
scandens, 282
Litobrochia vespertilionis,
393
Datle grebe, 527
Pixie cabbage, 110
Liverworts, 341
Marchantia _polymor-
_ Pha, 354
Living of Beddington, 14
of Wallington, account
of, 17
Lizard, active, 510
tulipifera,
sh, 512
Lluyd, on the site of No-
viomagus,
Lobel:a, Ze
fulgens, 233
syphilitica, 236
Lob-worm, 447
Lock to great door of halt
of Manor-house, account
of, 9
Loddiges, Messrs., 87
Lomaria alpina, 384, 396
alpina major, 384
attenuata, 396
Banksii, 396
chilensis, 43, 372, 384
ta, 384
gibba, 396
gigantea, 396
minor, 396
Patersoni, 396
spicant, 396
Lomarias, 396
Teeter poplar, 410
poplars, 435
London bases 28
my garden at the edge
of, 21
London leek, 118
pride, 309
kidney-leaved, 309
Long Pod bean, 106
Surrey carrot, 121
turnips, 120
Long-tailed tit, 546
Longevity, case of, at
Beddington, 15
Longfellow, quotations
from, 210, 266, 535, 536
Lonicera fragrantissima,
283
Looker, Messrs., 75
Loosestrife, purple, 335
Loquat, 202, 440
Lord of the Manor, Wal-
lington, 16
Lord Derby apple, 138,150
Suffield apple, 138, 150
Lota vulgaris, 502
Leuise Bonne of Jersey
pear, 15
Louise Marconia rose,
275
Lower Green-sand,spoken
of, 20
Lindley, Dr., 253
where situated, 25
INDEX
641
Lower Tertiary beds, ac-
count of, 26
of clay and sand exist
at my ‘garden, 2r
Lower Tertiary series,
account of, zo
«Lucanus cervus, 465
Lumbricus feetidus, 448
minor, 448
terrestris, 447
viridis, 448
Luminous centipede, 456
Lupins, 225, 245
propagation of, 225
J upinus polyphyllus, 225
Lycaste aromatica orchid,
299 .
Lychnis, 366
Lycogala epidendrum,
35 x
Lycoperdon giganteum,
6r
Lycopersicum —_esculen-
tum, 133°
Lycopodium clavatum,
6
40!
Selago, 406
Lycopods, 406
Lygodium, 404
palmatum, 404
scandens, 404
volubile, 404
Lygus solani, 473
* umbellatarum, 473
Lyngbya muralis, 346 |
Lysimachia nummularia,
Peers the historian,
quoted, 13
mentions remains of a
Roman house, 5
Lythrum roseum, 336
salicaria, 335
M.
Macao, garden of Camo-
ens, the Portuguese poet,
at, 504
Macartney roses, 276
Machine mowing, 60
Mackenzie, Mr., 199
Macpherson, Rev.
308, 380
Madame Barriot rose, 271
Dominique Vervaene
azalea, 251
Hardy rose, 270
2gras Si, Germains
rose, 270
Miolan-Carvalho
dodendron, 441
Plantier rose, 270
Vervaene azaleas, 251
Zoutman rose. 270
Magnetism or electricity,
its influence on plants, 54
Magnolia conspicua, 426
grandiflora, 426
Magnolias, 426
Magpie motn, 485
Magpies, 540
Mahebeb, used for work-
ing cherry-trees on, 91
Mahonia aquifolium, 439
Maidenrhair fern, 374
tree, 423
Marjoram, 129
knotted, 129
Mala Cala apple, 142
Malcoimia maritima, 240
Male ferns, 372, 399
Mallet. 63
Mallow plant, 338
Malva sylvestris. 338
Man, entozoa of, 451
”
rho-
Man orchids, 2 r
Mandevilla areviaene:
289
Mangold-wurzels, can be
used for bread, 102
Manico, Mr., 44 3
Manning and Bray cited,
Ir
Mannington’s
apple, 146
Manor House, built by
Sir Francis Carew, 9
Manor, lord of the, 16
Manors at Beddington,
account of, 7
of Huscarle, 14
at Wallington, account
of, 16
Mantisia saltatoria orchid,
Pearmain
29
Manure, the best kind for
a garden, 51, 52
Maple, American, 420
Japan variegated, «20
sugar, 420
Maranta fasciata, 262
micans, 262
regulis, 262
vittata, 262
Warsawiczii, 262
zebrina, 262
Marantas, 262
Maranthemum bifolium,
3r
Marasniu oreades, 359
Marattia laxa, 405
Marchantia, 341
Margii apple, 149
Marie Baumanu rose, 271
de Blois rose, 278
Louise pear, 153
Marigold, Marsh, 335
Marigolds, 126
‘|Marine origin of chalk
shown, 23
Marking-iron, 64
Marquise de Mortemart
rose, 27%
Marrows, 119
Marrubium vulgare, 130
Marsh, Dr., former Rector
of St. Mary’s, Bed-
dington, 14.
Marsh fern, 41, 380, 371
marigold, 335
orchid, 317
varieties of, 294
tit, 546
Marshal Niel rose, 277
Marsilea quadrifolia, 407
macropus, 407
Martin, nouse, 524, 553
sand, 534, 553,
Masdevallia Veitchii_or-
chid, 303
Mason's hygrometer, 65
Mathiola, 242
Mathotiana camellia, 250
alba camellia, 250
Mattock, 57
Maurice de Creon, had
lands at Wallington, 16
Maxillaria fimbriata or-
chid, 299
Harrisonii orchid, 299
Maxillarias, orchids, va-
rieties of, 29
Maximum thermometer,
6
May Duke cherry, 176
Queen strawberry, 182
red, 423
white, 423
May-flies, 479, 481
Mazagan bean, 106
Mazus pumilio, 320
McClellan apple, 149
Meadow pipit, 544
Meadow-sweet, 337, 440
Mealy bug, 472, 478
Measly pork, how occa-
sioned, 452
Medizeval history of Bed-
dington, 7
Medlar, Dutch, 154
Nottingham, 154
Royal, 154
Medlars, growth of, 154
storing of, 154
lime for gathering of,
154 4
Melicerta ringens, 447
Melissa officinalis, 125
Melolontha vulgaris, 465
Melon aphis, 196, 477
apple, 142, 146
Melon, Beechwood, 196
Bromham Hall, 196
Golden Perfection, 196
Orion, 196
Queen Anne’s Pocket,
I
Turner’s Gem, 196
Williams’ Paradise
Gem, 196
Melon-pit, ventilation of,
77
Melons, diseases of, 196
growth of, 195
propagation of, 195
Melosira varians, 351
Membranous-winged in-
sects, 458
Meniscium, 402
simplex, 4o2
Mentha, 124
piperita, 124
Menyanthes trifoliata, 330
Menziesia polifolia, 3£7
Mergus albellus, 526
Meridion circulare, 351
Merulius lacrymans, 368
Mesembryanthemum, 256
Mespilus, snowy, 427
Metrosideros speciosus,
254
Midges, 489
Midnight cereus, 257
Michael Waterer rhodo-
dendron, 441
Microscopic objects of
Mr. Groves, 22
Mignonette, 242
|Migration of starlings,
542
of swallows, 536
of wood pigeons, 532
Mildew, 355
Milky slug, 491
Mu..irepEs In My Gare
DEN, 456 :—
Blaninlus guttatus, 456
earth-snake, 456
flattened millipede, 456
Julus Loncinensis, 456
terrestris, 456 =
Polydesmus complana-
tus, 456
Mill, paper, at Carshal-
ton, 27
close to my garden, 26
view of, from Lake, 44
Miil-tail, 44
Mills at Wallington, ac-
counts of, 16
their number, 16
flour, at Carshalton, 27
mentioned in Dooms-
day Book as being at
Beddington, 7, 8
snuff, at Beddington, 26
TT
Milne, Rev. Mr., 308
Miltonia orchid, 302
Milton, quotations from,
212, 222, 225, 281, 435)
548, 549) 554,
Mimosa sengitiva, 254
Mimulus moschatus, 248
Minervini, M. le Com-
mandeur, 4
Miniature aster, 244
Minimum thermometer,
64
Minnie rhododendron, 441
Mint, 124
Miss Grey rose, 275
Missel thrushes, 550
Mistletoe, cells of, gt +
Mitcham famous for its
peppermint, 124
Mites, varieties of, 453
Acarus domesticus, 453
amasus coleoptrato-
TUM, 453
Mouse mite, 453
Myobia musculinus, 4532
Sarcoptes Scabiei, 453
Sparrow mite, 453
Tyroglyphus destructor,
453
farine, 453
of plants, 453
Red spider, 453
Mnium cuspidatum, 352
undulatum, 352
Mock plane-tree, 420
orange, 438
Moir, quotations from, 533
Mole, 517
cricket, 471
Moles, fleas of, 450
Monads, 445
Moneywort, 337
Mongredien, Mr., 423
Monkshood, 221
Montserrat, Viscount de,
595
Monuments in St. Mary’s
Church, Beddington, 13
Moon-wort, 381
Moore, quotations from,
316, 610
Mcorhens, 528
nests, 528
Moorpark apricot, 171
Morchella crassipes, 361
esculenta, 360
Morel!o cherry, 176
Morels, 360
orleys, family of the, at
Beddington, 8 Z
Mornington, Lady, 426
Morus nigra, 202
Mosquitoes, 489
Moss roses, varieties of,
277 Suite
Mossery, description of,
AL
MossEs, 351 :—
Bryum intermedium,
353
Cepatodon purpureus,
353
Club moss, 4c6
Feather moss, 353 |
Fontinalis antipyretica,
357 :
Funaria hygrometrica,
350" apes
Hypnum _ ruscifolium,
352
rutabulum, 353
serpens, 353
splendens, 353
Mnium cuspidatum,
352
Messes—contiited.
Mnium undulatum, 352
Pottia truncata, 353
Sphagnum acutiistum,
352 :
Tortula muralis, 353
Motacilla Boarula, 545
Rayi, 545
Yarrelli, 544
Moth, Brown-tail, 484
Codlin, 485
Currant, 179
Death’s-head, 487
Garden-tiger, 487
Gipsy, 484
Goat, 483
Lackey, 484
ie, 485
White willow, 484
Wood leopard. 484
Yellow-tail, 484
Mother apple, 149
Mountain ash, 417
fern, 380
ferns, 371
Mouse, coinmon, 519
common shrew, 520
field, 520
harvest, 520
mite, 453
Moxon, Dr., 445, 447
Mrs, Busauquet rose, 275
Mrs. John Clutton rhodo-
dendron, 441
Mrs. Pollock geranium,
235
Mulberry, growth of, 20r
Miller, Mr., 350
Murray, Mr., go
Mus messorius, 520
muscults, 519
sylvatica, 520
Musa Cavendishii, 203
Muscat grape-vines, 191
of Alexandria vine, 191
Bowood, ror
Canon Tall 19
Ingram’s Prolific, 187
St. Laurent vine, 189
Tottentam Park, ror
Muscicapa grisola, 552
Mushroom spawn, 358
spores germinating, 91
Mushrooms, cells of, 357
growth of, 357
propagation of, 358
Musk beetle, 468
plant, 248
Musselburgh leek, 118
Mustard, 93
Mustela erminea, 521
vulgaris, 521
My Alpineries, how con-
structed, 305
ferneries, 369
fishery, 494
forest trees, 409
fruit garden, 137
Garden, situation of, r
animals, 512
general pian of, 37
geology of. 20
toois, 56
glass-houses, 67
orchids, 192
Myatt’s garnishing pars-
ley, 131
Pine strawberry, 183
Mycelium, fungus propa-
gated by the, 91
Myobia musculinus, 453
Myosotis dissitiflora, 225,
318
palustris, 319, 338
sylvatica, 318
sylvestris, 225
642
INDEX.
Myosotis rupestris, 225
rupicola, 319
Myoxus avellanarus, 522
Myrica Gale, 443)
Myrospermum Pereirz,
253
Myrtle, 443
Bog, 443 :
Myrtus communis, 443
Myxogaster, 356
N.
Napoleon pear, 161
Narcissus, 213
bulbocodivum, 213
incomparabilis, 213
Juncifolius, 213
Jonquilla, 213
maximus, 213
minor, 213
orientalis, 214
poeticus, 214
Pseudo-Narcissus, 213
Nardoo plant, 407
Nasturtium, 99
officinale, 92
Nasturtiums, 246
Neapolitan Cabbage let-
tuce, 95
violets, 222
Nectarine, Elruge, 175
Orange, 17
Pitmaston’s Orange, 175
Rivers’ Seedling, 175
Violette Hative, 175
Nectarine-trees, growth of,
175 as
new varieties of, how
obtained, 172
propagation of, 172
training of, 175
Neat snail, 492
Nelis d’Hiver pear, 160
Nemophilas, 240 ‘
Nepenthes ampullacea
pitcher-plant, 303
distillatoria —_ pitcher-
plant, 303
levis pitcher-plant, 303
fflesiana _pitcher-
plant, 304
Nephrodium, 399
zmulum, 399
cristatum, 399
dilatatum, 399
Filix-mas, 399
Oreopteris (montanum),
399
patens, 399
molle, 386, 400
sanctum, 400
Sieboldii, 399
spinulosum, 399
Thelypteris, 399
Ne Plus Meuris pear,
I
Ne Plus Ultra pea, 104
azalea, 442
Nests of golden-crested
wren, 546
of hornets, 462
of moorhens, 528
of reed-warbler, 547
of rooks, 541
of sticklebacks, curious
construction of, 508
of swallows, 534
of thrushes, 551
of wasps, 461
of wrens, 538
Neuroptera, 479
New Hawthornden apple,
New Zealand spinach, ro9
Newington Wonder bean,
107
Newman, Mr., 485
Newtown Pippin apple,
138, 142, 146, 149
Nicolini, M.le Chevalier, 4
Nicotiana, 128
Nightingale, 548, 553
Nightjar or goatsucker,
534
Nightshade, 342
Nimrod strawberry, 183
Nineveh, gardens of, 565
Nitrogenized mattersome-
times required to be
‘added to soils, 5
Noctua (agrotis) exclama-
tionis, 486
(mamestra) _ brassicze,
486
(agrotis) segetum, 486
Noctuidz, 486
Noblesse peach, 173
Nodosaria, found in chalk
of the district, 23
Noisette roses, varieties
of, 275
Nonionin2 turgida, 22
Nonpareil cabbage, 110
apple, 138
Norfolk Biffin apple, 138
Norfolk fern, 380
Normandy Pippin apples,
139 :
North American ferns, 42,
72
Northern Spy apple, 142,
6
14
Norway cloudberry, 205
Nostoc commune, 346
Notes of various birds, 553
Nothochlzena, 40x
Marantz, 385
nivea, 401
Nottingham medlar, 154
Nouveau Poiteau pear,
16r
Nouvelle Fulvie pear,
162
Noviomagus, the position
of town considered, 5
supposed site of, 5
Nuthatch, 537
Nuts, growth of, 197
new varieties, how ob-
tained, 197
propagation of, 197
Nuts :~—
Atlas, 197
Cosford, 197
Kentish Cob, 197
Purple Filbert, 197
Red Filbert, 197
White Filbert, 197
Nutting’s beetroot, roz
Nymphza czrulea, 260
oO.
Oak, American, 414
evergreen, 414
Fulham, 414
of Queen Elizabeth at
Beddington, 18
Turkey, 414
Oak aphis, 473
fern, 40, 371, 378, 400
Oaks, 414
dimensions of one at
Beddington, 429
gallon, 464
Objects, microscopic, of
150
New Silver Edge ivy,
a8o
r. Groves, 22
I
Ochroleucum rhododen- Orchids—continued.
dron, 441
October cherry, 177
Ocymum basilicum, 128
Odling, Professor, 29, 49
Odontoglossum Alexan-
driz orchid, 307
grande orchid, 301
Phalzenopsis orchid, 301
pulchellum orchid,. 301
Odontoglossums, orchids,
varieties of, 301
Odour of pinks, how ob-
tained, 227
(Enothera biennis, 245
Oidium fructigenum, 367
leucoconium, 365 ~
Tuckeri, 364
Oleandra articulata, 400
Old Nonpareil apple, 147,
148
Old Scott, or W. Stuart,
the veterinarian, 15
Oleander, 251
Scale insect, 478
Omphalodes verna, 318
Oncidium altissimum or-
chid, 297
‘flexuosum orchid, 297
Harrisii orchid, 298
luridum orchid, 298
papilio orchid, 297
Onion, Flat Tripoli, 117
Globe Tripoli, 117
Rocca, 117
Spanish, 117
Onions, 116
crystals in, 117
fungus of, 363
Onion-fly, 4
Oniscus asellus, 449
Onoclea sensibilis, 389
Onychium japonicum,
385, 392
sensibile, 385
Ophioglossiacez, 405
Ophioglossum vulgatum,
381, 405 _
Ophrys apifera, 293
Muscifera, 293
Opium poppy, propagated
by seed, 83
Opuntia, 202
fflesquiana, 202
Orange, mock, 438
thyme, 125
Orange-jelly turnip, 120
Orangery at Beddington,
account of, to
Oranges, varieties of, 199
Orchard-house, construc-
tion of, 70
heating of, 71
plants grown in, 71
ventilation of, 71
watering of, 72
where situated, 42
Orchidaceous plants,
growth of, 53, 292
Orchids, _ terrestrial,
growth of, 44, 294
ORCHIDS, 41, 292!—
Aceras anthropophora,
293
Aérides, 3co
crispum, 300
Asbectochilus argen-
teus, 300
Pictus, jor
Dawsonianus, 301
Lowii, 300
(macodes) petola, 301
ordiana, 30r
setaceus, 3or
intermedius, 3or
Anzctochilus, yarieties
of, 300, 301
Veitchii, 30%
xanthophyllus, 30x
Angrzcum sesquipe-
dale, 302
Bee, 293, 317
Brassia maculata, 299
British, varieties of, 292
Butterfly, 317
Calanthe vesrita, 3co
Cattleya Forbesii, 29
labiata, 298
Mossiz, 298
Skinneri, 298
Cattleyas, varieties of,
298
Celogvne cristata, 303
Chinese, varieties 0’,
296
common, 292
Cypripediumbarbatum,
caleealis, 294
caudatum, 299
insigne. 299
spectabile, 294
Cypripediums, varieties
of, 299
villosum, 2:
Dendrobium nobile, 296
Pierardii, 296
Dove, or Holy Ghost,
o2
3
Epidendrum, 300
epiphytic, growth of,
294
Fly, 293, 317
Goodyera repens, 204
Great Butterfly, 293
Habenaria Chlorant
293
Incarnata, 294
Listera cordata, 294
Lycaste aromatica, 299
Maculata, 293
Man, 293. 317
Mantisia saltatoria, 298
Marsh, 317
varieties of, 294
Mascula, 292
Veitchii,
Masdevallia
B55
Maxillaria _fimbriata,
oD gs
Harrisonii, 299
Miltonias, 302
Maxillarias, varieties
of, 299
Odontogiossum Alexan-
driz, 301
grande, 301
Phalzenopsis, 301
pulchellum, 301
Odontoglossums, varie-
ties of, 302
Oncidium altissinum,
297
flexuosum, 297
Harrisii, 298
luridum, 298
Papilio, 297
Oncidiums, varieties of,
207
Opera Girls, 298
Ophrys apifera, 293
muscifera, 293
Peristeria alata, 302
Ebajus grandiflora, 298
Phalenopsis grandi-
flora, 296
Spotted, 317
pale, 293
Stanhopea, 300
Tricopilia tortilis, 302
Orchids—continued,
Vanda tricolor, 297
Vandas, yarieties of,
297
Vanilla, 303
aromatica, 303
Ord’s apple, 148
Orgyia antiqua, 485
Onganum, 129
majorana, 12
Orion melon, 76
Orleans plum, 168
Ormerod, Dr., 461
Ornamental grasses, 331
Orthoptera, 471
Oscar strawberry, 183
Osmunda, 403
cinnamomea, 382, 403
Claytoniana, 403
gracilis, 382
interrupta, 382, 403
tegalis, 381, 382, 377
403
cristata, 387
spectabilis, 403
Osmundas, 4q ~
Otiorhynchus picipes, 467
sulcatus, 467
Ova, how kept. previous
to being hatched, 499
of trout, 497
Over-fall, 40
Owen, Professor, 341, 534
Owl, white, 553
Ox, parasite of, 450
Oxalidze, 316
Oxalis Acetosella, 98, 316
crenata, 122
rosea, 316
propagated by seed,
gone
Ox-eye, 337
Oxycoccus, 204
P.
Pachyphytum _bracteo-
sum, 333
Palestine (ancient and
modern) gardens of, 568
Palm-date, 265
Palms, 265, 427
Pampas grass, 331 |
eeu zeylanicum,
263
Pancratiums, 263
Panicum variegatum, 333
Pansies, 223
Papaver nudicaule, 321
somniferum, propagated
by seed, 83
Paradise stock used for
working apple-trees on,
ar
Paradises of the Persians,
570
Paraffin-oil lamps, used
for warming glass-
houses, 82
Parasite of the ox, 450
Parasites in My Garden,
45°
Paris, Comte de, 294
Cos lettuce, 94
Parish of Beddi
Parker, Mr., of
‘on, T
ooting,
22
Parker's Yellow violet, 223
Parnassia palustris, 320
Parnassus, grass of, 41,320
Parrot tulips, 217
Parsley, 13
Myatt’s Garnishing, 131
Parsley fern, 378, 39a
INDEX.
Parsnip, rer
Hollow Crown, rer
Student Selected, rez
Parsnips, fungus of, 363
Parsonage-house at Bed-
dington, feud about, 15
part of a Roman house,
2
Partridge, 531
Parus ater, 546
czruleus, 545
caudatus, 546
major, 546
palustris, 546
Pasque-flower, 325
Passe Colmar pear, 160
Crasanne pear, 161
Passer domesticus, 543
montanus, 543
Passiflora Bellotti, 287
celestina, 287
caralea, 287
edulis, 203
Kermesina, 287
macrocarpa, 203, 287
princeps, 287
quadrangularis, 287
Passion-flowers, 487
edible, 203
Pastinaca sativa, r2t
Patcham, near Brighton,
where rises a river simi-
Jar to the Bourne, 35
Patula, 252
Paul, Messrs., 189, 258
Ricant rose, 270
Pea. 102
Champion of England,
103
Daniel O* Rourke, 103
Dixon's Early, 103
Everlasting, 233
Ne Plus Ultra, 104
Sutton’s Ringleader, 103
Sweet, 233
Veitch's Perfection, 103
Pea aphis, 476
fungus of, 363—365
mildew, 365
Peach, Mr., of Derby, so2
Peach-leaves attacked by
aphis, 369
Peach-trees, ‘growth of,
172
a varieties of, how ob-
tained, 172
propagation of, 172
pruning 0% 174
training of, 175
PEACHES :—
Abec, 173
Apricot, 175
Bellegard, 173
Early Alfred, 173
Beatrice, 172
Louise, 172
George the Fourth, 173
Grosse Mignonne, 173
Late Admirable, 173
Noblesse, 173
Victoria, 173
Pear-tree Walk, 42
description of, 38, 434
Pear-trees grafted on
quince stock, 91
grown in pots, 166
growth of, 154
new varieties of, how
obtained, 155
pyramids, 163
propagation of, 84, 155
pruning of, 163
Pears, baking 155
desert, 156
Pears, gathering of, 166
grit of, 162
perry, 155
sclerogen in, 162
storing of, 166
PEARS, 154 :—
Alexander, 157
America, 161
Autumn Bergamot, 161
Josephine, 162
Beadnell’s Seedling, 161
Rellissimé d’Hiver, 156
Benedictine, 162
Beurré d’Amaunilis, 161
Bose, 161
de Capiaumont, 158
Clairgeau, 158
Diel, 159
Giffard, 157
Goubalt, 161
ooo 160
Superfn, 15)
Van Mons, 26:
Bezi Mai, 161
Brockworth Park, 162
Broompark, 161
Catillac, 155
Chaumontel, 159, 166
Citron des Carmes, 156,
166
Crasanne, 159
Dorothée Royale Nou-
velle, 161
Doyenné de
159,165
@Eté, 156, 166
Duchesse d’Angouléme,
Comice,
159
Durandean, 161
Easter Beurré, 160
Epine d'Hiver, 162
Gansel Bergamot, 161
General Todleben, 159
Glout Morceau, 160,
165
Green Chisel, 16z
Huyshe’s Victoria, 160
Jargonelle, 156, 162, 165
Joséphine de Malines,
160,
, 166
Knight's Monarch, 161
Louise Bonne, 157, 165
of Jersey, 157
Marie Louise, 158, 162,
165
Napoleon. 161
Ne Plus Meuris, 160,162
Nelis d’Hiver, 160, 165
Nouveau Poiteau, 161
Nouvelle Fulvie, 162
Passe Colmar, 160
Passe Crasanne, 161
Pois de Paradis, 161
Powell’s Premier, 162
Prickly, 202
Thompson’s, 158 7
Uvedale’s St. Germain,
156
Viear of Winkfield, 16x
Williams’s Bon Chré-
tien, 157
Pearson's Long Gun cu-
cumber, ror
Plate apple, 148
Peat at my garden, 20, 27
Peewit, 531
Pelargoniums, 235
Pelius Berus, 509
Pellea flexuosa, 392
rotundifolia, 392
Pemphredon unicolor, 463
Pendl-lous beech, 419
Penicillium glaucum, 355
Penispora infestans, a fun-
643
Penny of Edward IV.
found at Carshalton, 18
Saxon, found on Irriga-
tion fields, 7
silver Saxon, found in
Roman house, 3
Pennyroyal, 124
Pentatoma oleaceum, 473
Pentstemon glaber, 229
Pentstemons, 42, 229
Peony, 234
Peony-flowered aster, 244
Peppermint, 124
extensively grown at
Mitcham, 124
Perdrix cinerea, 513
Pereira, Dr., 130, 253
Perennial plants, how to
grow, 222
PERENNIAL
222 —
acanthus mollis, 233
carnations, 227, 228
Christmas rose, 225
chrysanthemums, 231
columbine, 229
cowslips, 224
dahlias, 230
daisies, 226
Delphinium — Bella-
donna, 229
Doronicum caucasicum,
Pants,
226
Escallonica californica,
229
Everlasting peas, 233
Gunnera scabra, 234
heartsease, 223
Helianthus decapetalus,
231
hollyhocks, 230
Myosotis dissitiflora,225
rupestris, 225
sylvestris, 225
larkspurs, 229
perennial, 229
lilies of the valley, 226
Lobelia fulgens, 233
lupins, 225
pansies, 223
pentstemons, 229
peonies, 234
phloxes, 230
picotees, 227
pinks, 227
polyanthus, 224
primroses, 223
Primula japonica, 224
Pyrethrum carneum, 233
Rudbeckia, 231
snapdragons, 228
sweet peas, 233
violets, 222
wallflowers, 226
Peristeria alata orchid,302
Periwinkles, 443
Perle d’Angleterre apple,
142
Peronospora effusa, 363
gangliformis, 363
nivea, 363
parasitica, 363
Schleideniana, 363
vicize, 363
Perry pears, 155
Persepolis garden at, 566
Persian lilac, 438
Petasites vulgaris, 344
Peterborough House, Ful-
ham, 160, 203
Petromyzon fluviatilis, 506
Petroselinum sativum, 131
Petunia, 236
Peziza vesiculosa, 357
Phajus grandiflora orchid,
298
Phalenopsis grandiflora
orchid, 296
Phallus impudicus, 362
Phaseolus multiflorus, 108
vulgaris, 107
Pheasant, 531
Philadelphus coronarius,
438.
mexicanus,
Phillyreas, ae
Philomela Luscinia, 548
Philpotts, Mr., 26, 27
Phlox divaricata, 323
Drummondii, 243
herbaceous, 230
Nelsonii, 323
Phloxes, 323
propagation of, 87, 230
Phragmites communis, 332
Phylapentha _ horticula,
466
Phymatodes lycopodioi-
des, gor
Physalis edulis. 204
Physcia parietina, 353
Phytomyza ilicis, 490
Pica caudata, 540
Picea nobilis, 428
pectinata, 428
Pickaxe, 57
Picotees, 42, 227
Picus viridis, 539
minor, 539
Pied wagtail, 544
Pieris brassicae, 482
cratzgi, 483
napi, 452
Pigeons, how to train
them, 533
wood, 532
Pimpinella Anisum, 126
Pincers, 63
Pine, Scotch, 427
Stone, 427
Variegated, 262
Pines, 427
Pine-apple Russet apple,
149 ¢
Pine-apple, Black Jamai-
ca, 208
Providence, 207
cen 207
rinidad, 27
Pine-apples, growth of, 207
propagation of, 207
Pine-pit, heating of, 80
Pinguicula vulgaris, 320
Pinks, 42, 227, 246
odour of, new process to
obtain it, 227
propagation of, 86, 227
Pinnularia major, 350
Pinus insignis, 427
Pinaster, 427
Pinea, 427
sylvestris, 427
Pipit, meadow, 544
Pirot, Adam de, 14
PISCICULTURE :~—
fish-house, 498
fish-tray, 497
how practised, 497, 498
ova, how kept pre-
vious to being hatched,
Pisciculture—continued.
practised extensively in
France, 497
the time for turning
young trout into the
streams, 4
trout. how to feed when
first hatched, 499
Pisum sativum, roz
Pitcher-plants, 303
Nepenthes ampullacea,
303, s
distillatoria, 303
levis, 303
afflesiana, 304
Saracenias, 300
Pitmaston’s Golden Pip-
pin apple, 149
Orange nectarine, 175
Pine-apple apple, 148
Pine-apple Pippinapple,
145 :
Russet Nonpareilapple,
745
Pits, 67
Plan of Croquet-ground,
44
of my garden described,
87
Plane, 63
Plane-tree, 421
mock, 420
Planorbis carinatus, 493
complanatus, 493
contortus, 493
corneus, 493
vortex, 493
Planorbulina Ungeriana,
22
Plant-lice, 472
mites, 453
Plantation, _ cranberry,
how arranged, 41
Plants, Alliaceous, 116
Alpine, 42
cannot be grown at
Florence, the reason.
53
alternately require
growth and rest, 54
American, 441
amount of carbonic acid
given off, over one
acre of land, 49
Annual, 240
aquatic, 41
Aromatic, 124
atmosphere for, 48
Bedding, 234
Biennial, 247
Bulbous. 210
clay sometimes useful
for their growth, 50
climbing, 279
composition of, 48
derive the nitrogenized
principles and salts
from the ground, 48
epiphytic, salts of cell of
one plant pass into cell
of another, the reason
why, 52
exact mineral constitu-
ents of, 50
functions of leaves, 48
of roots of, 48
Greerhouse, 249
guano sometimes used
as a manure, 52
herbs, 124
Leguminous, 102
necessary food of. best
mode of supplyingit, 50
orchidaceous, growtlt
of, 49, 232
fungus of, 366
gus, 123
yellow rose, 269
Persians, ancient and
modern, gardens of the,
570
Pestilence usually at
Croydon | when the
Bourne rises, reason
why, 35
499
ova of trout, 497
perennial, 222
644 INDEX.
Plants—continned. Plums—continned. Pomegranate, growth of, | Primula villosa, 326 Propagation of plants by
Position of roots, 49 Prince of Wales, 170 204 vulgaris, 223 ie 83 3
principle of watering.| Reine Claude Violette Poinpones, 231 Primulas, 41, 326 y suckers, 3
Pond in mossery, 41 propagation of, 87, 224 by tubers, §
49, 50
propagation of, 83
reduce their
atmosphere, 48
require a
amount of water, 49
require different soils
their
according to
kind,
require
&e., 43
require
ral ingredients, 50
roots of, position of, 49
Salad, 92 7
sometimes require
shade, how accom-
plished, 53
silex contained in some,
5° 2
skill required in water-
ing, 49
Stove, 261
subject to certain varia-
tion, 47 i
the amount of woody
fibre of, in one year, 49
the best manure for, 5r,
52
the quantity of potash
in the ashes of dif-
ferent plants, so
the time required for
their growth varies, 55
uscd for salads, 92
Vegetal, 92-136
Wild, 334
Platanus, 421
occidentalis, 421
orientalis, 421
Platt, Sir Hugh, on cher-
Ties, quoted, ro
Platycerium zthiopicum
403
alcicorne, 386, 40
grande, 403
Platyceriums, 403
Platyloma flexuosa, 392
rotundifolia, 392
Pleurosigma attenuatum,
50
lum aphis, 475
Plum-trees grown in pots,
170
growth of, 168
new varieties of, how
obtained, 168
propagation of, 85, 168
pruning of, 171
Plums, cooking, 169
dessert, 168
fungus of, 367
Piums :—
Belgian Purple, 169
Belle de Louvain, 169
Bullace, 170
-Cluster Damson, 170
Coe's Golden Drop, 16,
Damson, 170
Diamond, 170
Early Mirabelle, 168
Gisborne, 170
Goliath, 168
Greengage, 168
Ickworth's Impératrice,
1
Jefferson, 168
Lawrence's Gage, 168
leans, 168
rince Englebert, 169
carbon
compounds from the
certain
eat and light,
nitrogenized
compounds, aud mine-
168
Rivers’ Early Favour-
ite, 168
Prolific, 169
Rochester Cluster Dam-
son, 770
Washington, 170
Wine Sour, 170
Yellow Magnum
Bonum, 170
Pocket magnifying-glass,
66
Poinsettia pulcherrima,
26 ”
Pois de Paradis pear, 161
Poland, gardens of, 595
Polyactis, 363
Polyanthus, 224
propagation of, 87, 224
vulgaris, 224
Polydesmus complana-
tus, 456 a
Polygala Chamzbuxus,
329
Polymorphina, found in
chalk of the district, 23
Potyrr IN THE WATER
Av wy GARDEN, 447:—
Hydra communis, 447
Fusea, 447
viridis, 447
Polypodiacez, 338
Polypodium adnascens,
401
alpestre, 378, 4c0
appendiculatum, 400
Braunii, 383
calcareum, 400
cambricum, 378
capense, 399
Dryopteris, 378, 400
filipes, 4ox
flexile, 378, 400
fortunei, 4or
Gheisbreghtii, gor
Heracleum, 401
hexagonopterum, 383,
400
hexaptera, 371
lineatum, gor
lonceum, 4or
lycopndioides, 400
muszefolium, gor
persicefolium, 40z
Phegopteris, 378, 400
puoselloides, 40x
plumula, 490
refractum, 40r
Reinwardtii, 4oz
repens, 401
Robertianum, 378, 400
squamatum, 4or
squarrosum, 400
stigmaticum, 40z
subauriculatum, qor
verrucosum, 400
| Yulgare, 372, 378
|. vulgaris, 400
. Polypediums, 400
Polypody, 43, 371, 378
alpine, 41
common variety of, 40
limestone, 371
Polyporus versicolor, 256
Polypothecia, cup-shaped
sponge, 24
Polystichum aculeatum,
379s 399
angulare, 379
Lonchitis, 379
proliferum, 379
Polystichums, 371,372,379
Pondiceps cornutus, 528
minor, 527
Poor Man’s House, con-
struction of, 68
heating of, 70
plants grown in it, 69
where situated, 42
Pope, quotations from, 152,
425, 445; 494, 519
Poplar, Balsam, 412
Black, 4x2
Italian, 420
L_-mbardy, 410, 435
Weeping, 412
White, 411
Poplar-trees, propagated
by cuttings, 86
Poppy, 243
bora, 248
opium, propagated by
seed, 83
yellow, 321
Population of Bedding-
ton, x
of Wallington, 1
Populus acerrifolia, 412
alba, 41x
balsamifera, 412
fastigata, 410
monolifera, 410
nigra, 411
tremnia, 411
Pork, measly, how occa-
sioned, 452
Portugal, a garden at Cin-
tra, 595
laurel, 436
quince, 167
Portnlacas, 246
Potash found in ashes of,
plants, 50
Potatoes, 123
destroyed by aphides,
123, 475
fungus, 363
FPropagated by tubers,
7
Rivers’ Ash-leafkidney,
123
Poientiila anserina, 327,
343
Potentillas, 327
Poteriun Sanguis orba, 98
Pot apple-trees, raz
currant-trees, 178
muiberry-trees, 201
pear-trees, 766
plums, 170
strawberry plants, 181
Pottery, Roman. 3
Pottia truncata, 353
Powell & Lealand, Messrs.
260
Poweil's Prémier pear,162
Power, Mr. W. H., 538,
S47,
Presiden: strawberry, 183
Prickly pear, 2c2
Prickly-seeded spinach,
109
Primrose, Abyssinian, 324
propagated by divisicn
of roots, 87
Primroses, 223
Primula amezna cortusoi-
des, 326
auricula, 327
denticulata, 258, 326
japonica, 224
epauliensis, 258
sinensis, 258
veris, 224
Prince Albert apple. 149
Princess
Princesse de
Principles of gardening,
Privet, 427
Propagation of apples, 139
Propagation of plants, 83
Englebert pln, 169
Henry des PaysPBas,442
Humbert rose, 271
of Wales plum, 170
strawberry, 183
Alice Maude
strawberry, 18
Frederick William ca-
mellia, 250
Louise Victoria rose,272
of Wales strawberry, 183
Lampballe
rose. 270
47
of carnations, 228
of cherries, 176
of China roses, 275
- of chrysanthemums, 233
of cryptogamic plants,
gr
of currants, 177
of dahlias, 23r
of Datura arborea, 238
of ferns. 88, 406
of geraniurms, 236
of Golden pippin, 88
of Goideu pyrethrum,
233
ot goaseberries, 179
of heliotropes, 237
of hollyhock, nae
of jargonelle pear, 88
of lupins, 225
of melons, 196
of moss-roses, 278
of mushrooms, 358
of nectarine-trees, 172
of Noisette rose-trees,
276
of nut-trees, 197
of peach-trees, 172
of pear-trees, 155
of phloxes, 230
of Westen se
of pine-apples, 20
of pinks, 227 y
of plants by runners, 87
of plum-trees, 168
of polyanthus plants,
224
of pyrethrum plants,
238
of quince-trees, 167
of raspberry-trees, 183
of Ribston pippin, 88
Of rose-trees, Hybrid
perpetuais, 272
Rose de Meanx, 269
Scotch. 269
of sirawbezry-plants,
18r
of verbenas, 237
of vines. 194
of violets, 223
of walnut-trees, 198
of Wellingtonias, 431
by budding, 88,
by bulbs, 3 ”
by circumvallation, 85
by cuttings, 86
by division, 87
by eyes, 87
hy grafting, 89
by inarching, 88
by layers, 85
by leaves, 86
by roots, 86
Punica
Purple beech, 419
Protococcus viridis, 345
Provence rose, 270
Providence pine-apple,207
Pruning knife, 59
Saw, 59
shears, 59
Pruning of roses. 274
Primus domestica, 168
insititia, 170
sinensis, 426
triloba, 426
Pseudo-Diadema _ vario-
aare, variety of echini, 23
Psila rose, 490
Pteris, 392
aquilina, 379, 393
argyrea, 386, 393
cretica, 392
Incisa, 393
longifolia, 393
palmata, 393
quadrianrita, 303
rotundifolia, 383
sagittifolia, 393
scaberula, 383, 303
serrulata, 383, 393
tremula, 386, 333
tricolor, 393
umbrosa, 393
vespertilionis, 386, 393
Pteromalus biassicze, 432
Puccinia lychnidearum,
366
3
Pulex irritans, 450
talpze, 450
Pump, Warner's, 62
Pumpkins, 119
setting flowers of, ror
Granatum, 204
Filbert nut, 197
loosestrife, 335
Putrid manures avoided,
reasons for, 52
Putty knife, 63
Puzzle monkey-tree, 43t
Pyramid aster, 244
currant-trees, 178
pear, 165
Pyrenees, flowers of, 44
Pyrethrum carneum, 233
golden, 238
Parthenium, 238
Pyrethrums, propagation
of, 238
Pyrckula vulgaris, 542
Pyras aucuparia, 417
communis, 154
Matus, 138
prunifolia, 152
Qa
Quail, 537
Queen
Arne’s Pocket
Meioa, 1
Queen Elizateth’s oak, 14
coins of, found at Bed:
dington, 17
visited Beddington, g
Queen of the Beauté
camelia, 250
Queen pine-apple, 207
Quekett, Mr. 184, 507
Quercus ilex, 414
robur, 414
suber, 414
Querquedula crecca. §2€
Quince, common, 167
eran 439
ortugal, 167
INDEX.
645.
Quince-trees, growth of,
167
propagation of, 85, 167
used to graft pear-trees
on,
Quotations, anonymous,
544 :
from Archzologia, 10
from Browning, 551
from Burns, 219, 433,
$02, 5ST, 552
from Byron, 6
from Chaucer, 137, 222,
247, 267, 269, 408, 409,
+ 555
from haneaons, 268
from Coldwell, 280
from Cowper, 66, 67,
82, 205, 236, 240, 457,
53
from Crawley, 223, 267
from Dante, 220, 234,
263, 268, 276
from Delille, 370, 409
from Dryden, 46, 83,
139, 548
from Erasmus, Preface,
vii, 268
from Gay, 515
from Gilbert White, 418,
4555 534
from Goethe, z
from Guirand, 305
fromHarleian MSS.,537
from Hemans, Mrs., 334
from Herodotus, 416,
428, 443
from Horace, 37, 92, 95;
97, 106, 119, 120, 131,
201, 358, 540
from Jules Canonge, 483
from Keats, 42
from Kirke White, 223,
3r4
from Longfellow, 2z0,
265, 535, 536
from Manning and Bray,
Ir
from Milton, 212, 222,
225, 281, 435, 548, 549,
554
from Moir, 533
from Moore, 316, 610
from Pope, 152, 425,
445) 494, 519
from Scott, 44, 224, 282,
309, 4tr
from Shakspeare, 40, 43,
127, 128, 130, 154, 168,
184, 213, 223, 228, 272,
279, 283, 414, 459, 461.
467, 472, 487, 489, 491,
$10, 516, 527, 518, 523,
534, 557, 553
from Sheliey, 213, 214,
221, 225, 292, 345,354)
455s 5445 55!
from Sir Hugh Platt,
Io
from Spenser, 40, 152,
195, 272, $53, 599,
Ty 45 s »
612, 614, 617, 610,
621, 623, 625
from Tennyson, 36, 41,
55) 251, 255, 331, 519
from Thomson, 153,167,
172, 204, 211, 216, 292,
423, 481, 482, 490, 501,
525, 541
from Virzil, 47, 56, 91,
131, 154, 344y 415» 417s,
418
from White, 466, 467
from Wordsworth, 435)
522, $23, 537) 542, 550
R,
Rabbit, 521
Radish, 97
Black Spanish, 07
Radish turnip, varieties of,
97,
Rail, land, 528, 553
water, 52.
Raiacock, Mr., ry |
In-gauge, 65
Raisin de Calabre vine,
189
Rake, 58
Raleigh, Siz Walter, 200
his widow’s letter, rz
supposed to have first
brought the orange-
tree to England, ro
Rats aquaticus, 528
Ramalina fastigiata, 353
Ramcock, Mr., advowson
of St. Mary’s sold to, 14
Rammer, 6t
Rana temporaria, 510
Ranunculus, 276
asiaticus, 216
creeping, 344
ficaria, 335
water, 339
Rapeseed, 94
Raphanus sativus, 97
Raspberry, Falstaff Red,
184
Red Antwerp, 184
Vellow Antwerp, 184
Yellow Autumn, 185
Raspberries, growth of,
184
new varieties of, how
obtained, 185
propagation of, 185
Rats, black, 519
brown, 519
water, 518
how to destroy, 519
Raymond de Laik, family
of, at Beddington, 8
Rav’s wagtail, 545
Red Antwerp raspberry,
2184
Astrachan apple, 144
cabbage, 110
cedar, 425
currants, varieties of, 177
Dutch currant, 178
Filbert nut, 197
flowering currant, 439
Juneating apple, 144
Knight's Sweet currant,
178
Margaret (early) apple,
144
spiders, 179.183.196, 455
how to prevent, 453;
455
Warrington gooseberry,
180
worm, 448
Redbreasts, 550
Redbreast’s pin-cushion,
464
Redpole, Lesser, 542
Redwing, 550
Reed, 339
common, 332
warbler, 547
nest of, 547
Reeds, English, 44
Regulus cristatus, 546
Reigate sand, 20
Reine Blanche rose, 278
Reinette Ananas apple,
142, 147
du Canada apple, 147,
148
Reinette Claude Violette
plum, 16
Jaune Hative apple, r44
de Madeira apple, 142
Petite Grise apple, 142
Van Mons appie, 149
Rennie, Mrs., 376
REPTILES IN MY GARDEN,
509 —
fish lizard, 512
frog, 510
hawksbill turtle, 512
land tortoise, 511
lizards, 510
ringed snake, 509
slow worm, 509
toad, 510
viper, 509
water tortoise, 511
Reseda odorata, 242
Reticulata _ flore-pleno
camellia, 250
Rev. H. H.
rose, 275
Réve d’Or rose, 275
Reynolds, Mr., 495
Rheum, 135
Rhododendron, or Alpine
rose, 318
arboreum, 442
Blandyanum, 441
Brayanum, 442
Broughtonianum, 441
Catawbiense, 441, 442
concessum, 441
ferrugineum, 318, 442
Grand Arab, 441
John Waterer, 441
Joseph Whitworth, 441
Madame Miolan Car-
valho, 441
Michael Waterer, 441
Minnie. 441
Mrs. John Clutton, 441
ochroleucum, 441
scarlet, 441
Rhododendrons, varieties
of, 441
Rhubarb, 135
Linnzus, 126
Victoria, 126
Rhus cotinus, 443
Rhynchonella plicatilis, a
kind of bivalve shell, 23
Ribes sanguineum, 430
Ribston Pippin apple, 138,
145, 148
propagation of, 88
Rice, 252
Richard de* Tonebrige.
family of, at Beddington,
Dombrain
7,
Richard of Cirencester,
cited, 5
Ricinus communis, 246
Riddlesdown, a fossilized
fish found at, 23
Ringed snake, 509
Rio Janeiro, a garden at,
for growth of cochineal,
595
River Bourne, account of,
Cine, how formed, 28
Lea, how formed, 28
limpet, 493
Wandle, analysis of, as
it flows through my
Garden, 30
a trout-stream,
course, 26
mean temperature of,
6
its
3!
sewage of Croydon
sent into it, 31
Rivers, Messrs., 71, 84,
91, 155, 172, 197, 200, 201
Rivers” Asteleat kidney
Heck 123
arly Favourite plum,
Boolif 1 ‘ 4
rolific plum, 1
Seedling ia coawe
berry, 183
Robert de Watevile, fa-
mily of, at Beddington, 7
Robertson, Mr. H. R.,
38, 40, 73
Robin, sso
Robinia Pseud-acacia, 424
Robinson, Mr., 97
Rocea onion, 117
Rochester Cluster dam-
son, 170
Rock dove, 533
od, 62
Roges, family of, at Bed-
dington, 8
Roi d’Hollande azalea,
251
Rolier, 62
Rollison’s Telegraph cu-
cumber, 100
Roman coins, 3, 4
eatable snail, 492
glass, fiagments of, 5
house at Beddington,
description of, 2
game, part of a, found
at Beddington, 4
pottery found at Bed-
dington, 3
remains at Barrow
Hedges, Carshalton,
5 .
at Beddington, 2
at Wallington, 5
Heath, 5
at Woodcote, 5
Roads, account_ of
Stane Street and Great
Ermine Street, 5
silver spoon found at
Barrow Hedges, 5
tiles, 3
town of Noviomagus,
sitnation of, 5
Romans, gardens of the,
574
Romford sewage-grounds,
52
Rondeletia speciosa, 255
Rookeries in Beddington
Park, 541
Rooks, 54
nests of, 541
Roots, culinary, 120
division of, 87
of plants, functions of,
48
position of, 49
propagation of plants
6
>
Rosa alba, varieties of,
270
rubiginosa. 440
Rosaries, description of,
41, 268
one by the side of the
Lake, and by Fern
Glen, 39. 41
Rose, Mrs. Bosanquet, 275
Mr. P., 443
Rose aphis, 473
chafer, 466
sawfly, 463
Rosemary, 128
Roses, blight of, 365
at Walton-on-the-|
Roses, growth of, 268
new varieties of, how
obtained, 272
propagation of the
China, 275
of the Hybrid Per-
petuais, 272
of the Moss, 278
of Noiseites, 276
of Rose de Meaux,
269
of the Scotch, 269
pruning of, 274
Roses :—
Acidalie, 275
Alfred Colomb, 271
Amadis, 278
Aurore du Matin, 277
Austrian Briars, 269
Bauksian, 276
Baron de Wassenaer,
273
Barcnne de Noumont,
275
Baroness Adolphe de
Rothschild, 271
Blairii, 270
Cabbage, 270
Catherine Guillot, 275
Celine Forestier, 275
Centifolia rosea, 271
Charies Lawson, 270
Charles Lefebvre, 271
Chénedolié, 270
China, varieties of, 275
Climbing Devoniensis,
277
Cloth of Gold, 275
Clovis, 27%
Comtesse de Murenais,
27)
Coipe d’Hébé, 270
Damask, varieties of,270
de Meaux, 269
Devoniensis, 277
Duke of Edinburgh.271
Dundee Rombler, 278
Edwin Morven, 271
Eliza Boelle, 272
Fairy, 275
Félicité Perpetueile, 278
Frederick Soulie, 278
General Milorado -
witsch, 271
Gloire de Dijon, 277
des Mousseuses, 278
Hybrid Bourbon, varie-
ties of, 270
China, vanities of,270
Perpetual, varieties
of, 270, 27:
Ile de Bourbon, varie=
ties of, 275
John Hopper, 272
Lady of the Lake, 275
La France, 271
Lamarque, 275
& fleurs jJaunes, 275
Lanei, 278
Louise Margottin, 275
Macartney, 276
Madame Barriot, 271
Hardy, 270
Legras St. Germains,
270
Plantier, 270
Zoutman, 270
Marie Baumann, 271
de Blois, 278
Marquise de Mort-
marte, 271
Marshal Niel, 277
Miss Gray, 275
fungus of, 365
grown as pyramids, 273
Moss, varieties of, 277
Mrs. Bosanquet, 475
INDEX,
646
inued. Salad Plants—continned. Sczeva ribesii, 483 Sempervivum montanum, Shrubs—continued.
Beige ode of,| cucumber, varieties of,|Scale fern, 398 gE Azalea pontica, 442
275 : 100 Scarlet crab, 152 Pittoni, 312 viscosa, 442
Paul Ricant. 270 curled cress, 94 lily, 220 repens, 312 azaleas, 441
Persian Yellow, 269
Prince Humbert. 271
Princess Louise Vic-
toria, 272
Princesse de Lamballe,
270
Provence. 270
Reine Blanche, 278 |
Rev. H. H. Dombrain,
275
Réve d’Or, 275
Rosa alba, varieties of.
270°
Rose de Meaux, 269
Scotch, 269
Solfaterre, 275
Souvenir de Malmaison,
275
Tea, 276
Triomphe de Rennes.
275
Unique de Provence,
27
Vicomtesse de Cazes,
27
Wells’s White, 278
White Bath, 278
Xavier Olibo, 271
Rosmarinus officinalis,
128
Rotalia Beccarii, 22
Rotaline series, numerous
forms of, found in chalk
of our district, 22
Rotatoria, 447
Round-seeded spinach,
109
Rove beetles, 470
Rowan-tree, 418
Royal fern, 371
medlar, 154
Society, 447
Rubus arcticus, 41, 205
cexsius, 206
chamzmorus, 205
saxatilis, 207, 329
Rudbeckia, 231
Rue, 130
Rumbullion gooseberry,
180
Rumex acetosa, 110
aquaticus, 344
Runners, propagation of
plants by, 87
Rush, flowering, 336
Russia, gardens of, 595
Russian violet, 222
Rust, 366
Ruta graveolens, 130
Ss.
snccal nova camellia, 250
Sacred groves, 574
Saddle-grafting, go
Sage, 125
Sagittaria sagittifolia, 340
SALAD PLanTs:—
American cress, 94
Australian cress, 94
beet-root, varieties of,
102
brooklime, 98
burnet, 98
celeraic, 100
ce ery, varieties of, 99
chicory, varieties of, 96
corn salad, or Lamb's
Lettuce, 98
dandelion leaves, 98
endive, varieties of, 96°
gherkin, ror .
lettuce, varieties of, 95
mustard, 93
nasturtium, 99
radish, varieties of, 79
rape-seed, 94
shamrock, 98
watercress, varieties of,
92 fo CAE
Salisburia adiantifolia,
423
Salix alba, 415
babylonica, 416
herbacea, 318
Kerksii, 416
piepurea, 416
triandra, 416
Salmo fario, 494 |
Salmon-trout, bred in the
andle, and placed
in the Medway, by
mvself, 503
als fy, 122
Salvia efficinalis, 125
patens, 237
Salvias, 237
Sam Young apple, 149
Sambucus, 206
racemosa, 206
Samphire, 127
Sand, beds of, at my gar-
den, 20, 21
Reigate, 20
Sand-martin, 534, 553
Sandpiper, 531, 553
common, 531
Sandpiper, green, 531
Saponaria calabrica, pro-
pagated by seed, 83
Saprolegnea, 369
Sarcina ventriculi, 368
Sarcoptes Scabiei, 453
Satureia hortensis, 129
montana, 129
Savory, summer, 129
winter, 129
Savoy, 111
Saw, cross-cut, 59
pruning, 59
Saw-flies, 463
Saxicola cenanthe, 549
rubetra, 549
rubicola, 549
Saxifraga Aizéon, 310
aspera, 310
bryoides, 310
czespito:a, 310
Cotyledon, var. pyra-
mydalis, 309
Geum, 309
globifera, 310
granulata, single and
double, 309
Hirculus, 310
hypnoides, 310
intacta minor, 309
Juniperina, 310
oppositifolia, 308
pectinata, 310
Saxifrage garden, 305,
BOT a
description of, 43
Saxifrages, 308
Saxon silver penny, found
in Roman house, 3
Scabiosa atro-purpureus,
245,
Scabious, 245
Sceeva balteata, 488
pyrastri, 488
Nonpareil apple, 138,
147
rhododendron, 441
runner bean, 108
sweet pea, 247
Scentless clematis,
Traveller’s Joy, 282
Schizoneura Januginosa,
476
Scilla bifolia, 314
nutans, 374
sibirica, 323
Scillas, 313
Scilly Islands, a garden
in the, 595
Scissors, grape, 60
Sciurus vulgaris, 516
Sclavonian grebe, 528
Scolopax gallinago, 530
rusticola, 530
Scolopendrium, 43, 399
rhizophylium, 399
vulgare, 376
Scolopendriums, 43. 371,
or
399
Scolytus, 467
destructor, 467
Scorzonera, 122
hispanica, 122
Scotch elm, 410
fir, 427
laburnum, 422
pine, 427
rose, 269
Scotophilus murinus, 517
noctula, 517
Scott, quotations from, 44.
224, 282, 309, 411
Scrapers, Celtic, found at
Beddington, 2
Screveton’s Golden Pip-
pin apple, 147
Screwdriver, 63
Scrofularia nodosa, 336
Scythe, 60
Sea-kale, 114
Sedge-warbler, 546, 553
Sedum anglicum, 310
fabaria, 311
Sieboldii, 311
Sedum garden, 305, 307
description of, 43
Sedums, 310
Seed, propagation
plants by, 83
Selaginella apodum, 407
brasiliense, 407
czesia,' 407
arborea, 407
circinalis, 408
densa, 407
denticulata, 407
Lyaltii, 407
Schottii, 407
serpens, 407
stolonifera, 407
umbrosa, 407
Willdenovii, 408
Selaginellas, 407
Semaphore plant, 265
Semiramis, gardens
formed by her, 567
empervivum anomalum,
312
arachnoideum, 312
arboreum, 312
srenarium, 332
Bollii, 312
californicum, gir
of
Sempervivum garden, 305
Sempervivums, 41, 311
Sensitive Plants, 254
Sewage, manner of dis-
Shade sometimes useful
53554
Shakers, garden of the,
595
Shakspeare, quotations
553
Shallots, 118
Shamrock, 98, 31
Shark, toot
23
Shears, garden, 59
Shelley, quotations from,
soboliferum, 312
spinosum, 312
tabuleforme, 312
tectorum, 311
Wulfenii, 312
equoia, 430
posing of it by Croy-
don, Board of Health,
32
grounds, Romford, 452
of Croydon, analysis
of, 33
kilied the trout in the
Wandle, 495
where it must ulti-
mately be carried to,
33 -
on the Beddington
sewage - grounds, its
amount, 33
sent by Croydon Board
of Health into Wan-
dle, 32
in the growth of plants,
from, 40, 43, 127, 128,
130, 154, 163, 184, 213,
223, 228, 272, 279, 283,
414, 459, 461, 467, 472,
487, 489, 491, 510, 516,
517, 518, 523, 534, S51,
propagated by bulbs, 87
of a kind of,
for grass-edgings, 60
pruning, 59
213, 214, 221, 225, 292,
345» 354) 455s 544, 556
Shells found at Lewis-
ham, 26
bivalve, found in a cut-
ting near my garden,
23
found in making the
the Thames Tunnel
Railroad, 26
found in Paper Laue,
Carshalton, 26
Shepherd’s crowns found
on the Downs north of
my garden, 23
purse, fungus of, 366
Sheppey, Mr., 421
“Sherry,” characteristic
feature of the dog, 513
Short-tailed campagnol,
520
Shovel, 57
Shrew-mouse,
520
water, 520
Shrimp, fresh-water, 449
common,
SHRuBS, 436 :—
Allspice, 442
Alpine rose, 442
ciliare, 3r2
glebifenim, 31a
irtum, 312
varieties of, 44
bay-trees, 436
Berberis, 439
dulcis, 439 _
Black nut, 438
Bog myrtle, 443
box, 438
Daphne Mezerium, 439
Deutzia gracilis, 439
eglantine, or sweet-
briar, 440
Eugenia ugni, 440
uelder rose, 440
holly, 438
Illicium religiosum, 44t
Japan quince, 439
Kalniia latifolia, 442
kalmias, 441, 442
laurel, 436
laurustinus, 437
pees 438
oquat, 440
Mahonia’
439
meadow-sweet, 440
mock orange, 438
myrtle, 443
. Periwinkles, or Vincas,
aquifolium,
443
Philadelphus mexica-
nus, 439
phillyreas, 437
Pomegranate, 446
Portugal laurel, 436
privet, 437
Red Flowering currant,
439
* Rhododendron, varieties
of, 441
Rhododendron arbo-
reum, 442
Catawbiense, 441,
442
ferruginett m, 442
Scarlet, 441
Skimmia japonica, 44t
snowberry, 437
spirzas, 440
St. John’s Wort, 440
Venetian sumach, 443
Vinca major, 443
Yellow azalea, 442
yew, 438
_yuccas, 443
Siagontherium tehue, 446
Siberian Bitter-sweet
apple, 153
crab-tree, 434
crabs, 152
fungus of, 367
Harvey apple, 154
Silene acaulis, 320
alpestris, 320
Silex, law of deposit of, off
decomposing animal mat-
ter, 25
Silica, 24
Silver ferns, 402
fir, 428
sim, ‘Mr, 26
Sinapis alba, 93
Sion House cucumber,
Siph 1 ia 8
iphonophora pisi, 4
Sir Charles Napier straw+
erry, 183
Sir Edward Dymock held
aes at Wallington.
Andromeda speciosa,
443 5 2
Aucuba japonica, 437
I
Sir Francis Carew ré
built Manor House, 9
[Sir H. Davy, 494
‘
INDEX.
647
Sir Harry strawberry, 18.
Sir Henry Bridges, 14 3
Sir Henry James, 28
Geological Survey,
copied by, 21
Sir Hugh Platt’s account
of keeping back cherries,
ro
Sir James Harrington,
held lands at Wallington,
16
Sir J. Paxton strawberry,
183
Sir J. Tyler, 202
Sir Nicholas Carew, first
owner of Beddington, 9
Sir Nicholas Throckmor-
ton, inherits the lands at
Beddington, ro
Sir W. Willoughby, held
lands at Beddington, 8
Sir Walter Raleigh, said
to have brought orange-
trees to Beddington, ro
Sir W. J. Hooker, 388
Siredon pisciformis, 5r2
Sirex gigas, 464
juvencus, 463
Sittus europza, 537
Situation of my garden, 1
Skeletons, Anglo-Saxon,
discovered on Irrigation
fields, 6.
Skimmia japonica, 441
Skylarks» 544
Sledge-hammer, 63
Slow-worm, 509
Slug. black, 49r
milky, 59
Slugs, 491
eggs of, 491
of the garden. 491 |
Small’s Golden Pippin
apple, 149
Smee, Mr. Alfred Hutch-
ison, 25, 227
Smee, Mr. F., 553
Smee or Smew duck, 526
Smith, Dr., 91
397+ 395.
Sruth? Mr., of Kew, 392,
305
Smith, C. Roach, 170
Smith, Mr., 595
Smith, Mr. Worthington,
359) 361) 362, 367, 397
Smuggler gooseberry, 180
Snails, eggs of, 49r
in the river, 492
SNAILS oF THE GARDEN,
492 i—
Bithinia _ tentaculata,
93
ventricosa, 493
common amber, 492
Cyclas cornea, 493
Dreissena polymorpha,
493
arden, 492
Girdled Shell, 492
Helix aspersa, 491
cantiana, 492
concinna, 492
ericetorum, 494
fasciolata, 494
nemoralis, 492
pomatia, 491
pulchella, 494
umbilicata, 494
virgata, 494
Horny Coil Shell, 493
Limnzi, 492
Limnzus Pereger, 492
Stagnalis, 492
Neat, 492
Snails—continued.
Planorbis carinatus, 493
complanatus, 493
contortus, 493
corneus, 493
vortex, 493
River limpet, 493
Roman eatable, 492
Valvata piscinalis, 493
Zonites crystallinus, 492
lucidus, 492
makes, none in my gar-
den, 509
oases 42, 228, 246
Alpine, 322, 41
Snipe, common, 530
Jack, 531
summer, 531, 553
Snowberry, 437
Snowdrop, Great Crimean,
314
Snowdrop-tree, 427
Snowdrops, 210
Snowflake, Spring, 214
Summer, 215
Snow’s Muscat Ham-
burgh vine, 188
White broccoli, 114
Snowy Mespilus, 427
Botanic, 142, 251, 252,
265, 375
Horticultural, 142, 148,
179, 183, 188, 190, 202,
203, 213, 219; 229, 252,
367, 375, 383, 478
Linnzan, 447
Society of Antiquaries, 3
Royal, 447
Soils in my garden, 49
some require nitrogen-
ized matter to be
added, sr :
used for camellias and
azaleasat Florence, 49
Solanum anthropephago-
rum, 133
dulcamara, 342
esculentum, 124
tuberosum, 123
Soldanella alpina, 327
Solfaterre rose, 275
Solidago cambrica. 329
Noviomagus, 5
Song thrush, 550
Songs of birds, 553
Sorex araneus, 520
fodiens, 520
Sorrel. 110
South Essex water-works,
29
South Minns, chalk ap-
pears at surface, 21
Souvenir de Malmaison
rose, 275
Souvenir de Prince Albert
azalea. 251
Sow-thistle, 344
Sowerby, Mr., 341
Spade, best kind of, 56
Spain, gardens of, 594
Spanish chestnuts, 434
onion, 117
Sparrow, hedge, 549
house, 543
mite, 453
tree, 543
Sparrow-hawk, 553
Spawn of gold-fish, 509
Spawning of trout, 496
how performed, 496
Spears and_ Jackson,
Messrs., of Sheffield, 56
Special flower garden, 268
Speedwells, 319, 337
Somuer, on the site of
Spenser, quotations from,
49, 182, 195, 272, 553, 590
6o1, 604,606,609,622, 614,
617, 619. 621, 623, 625
Spheerotheca pannosa, 365
Sphagnum — acutifolium,
352
Spider, Angelina labyrin-
theca, 455
garden, 455
gossamer, 455
hunting, 455
red, 183, 196, 453, 455
or Acarus, 179
_ how to prevent, 453
Spiders, 455
Spilocza, 368
Spinaceous vegetals, 109
Spinach, 109
beet, r09
fungus of, 363
New Zealand, 109
prickly-seeded, 1c9
round-seeded, 109
Spinacia oleracea, 109
Spindle-tree, 426
Spireea callosa, 440
ulmaria, 337; 440
Spirzeas, 337, 440
Spirit-level, 63
Spondylus spinosus, 24
Sponges, fresh-water, in
my garden, 448
silicified, 24
Spongilla fluviatilis, 449
Spoon, Roman, 5
Spores,
mushrooms by, 91
Spotted fly-catcher, 552
orchid, 37
pale orchid, 293
Snowflake, 214
Sprouting broccoli, 114
Spruce fir, 428
Spud, 57
Squirrels, 516
St. Jean walnut, 198
St. John’s wort, 440
St. Sauveur apple, 149
Stag:beetle, 465
Stag-horn ferns, 403
Stane Street, 5 :
Standish’s Citronelle vine,
188
er of Manor House, 8
Stanhopea orchid, 300
Stanley, cited, 424
Stapelia plantii, 257
Staphylinus (Ocypus)
oleus, 470
Starlings, 541
migration of, 541
Statice latifolia, 332
Stella azalea, 251
Stellaria media, propaga-
ted by seed, 83.
Stephanotis Aoribunda,
289
Stephens, Messrs., of
Gloucester, 152
Stepping-stones across the
brook into Forest of|
Ferns, 43
in Fern Glen, 39
Sternbergia lutea, 316
Sticklebacks, 508
nests, curious construc-
tion of, 5088
Stigmaphyllon ciliatum,
290 ;
Stillingfleet, on the site of
Noviomagus, 5
propagation of
Spring Ribston apple, 149
Standish, Mr., on site of|
Stane Street, account of, 5
Stanhope, Michael, keep-
Stipa pinnata, 332
Stirling Castle apple, 151
Stoat, 521
Stock dove, 531
Stocks, 242, 247
Stoneberry, 320, 444
growth of, 207
Stonechats, 549
Stonecrop, 310
common yellow, 310
Stone pine, 427.
Storing of pears, 166
Storyii camellia, 250
Stove plants, growth of,
261
Stove PLantTs :—
Achimenes, 264
Alocasia metallica, 263
Anzctochilus argen-
teus, 262
begonias, 262
caladiums, 264
Cape jasmine, 265
climbing begonia, 262
crotons, 263
Cuscuta reflexa, 266
Cycads, 265
gloxinias, 263
marantas, 262
palms, 265
pancratiums, 263
266
semaphore plant, 265
Torenia asiatica. 261
261 2
variegated pine, 262
STRAWBERRIES, 181 :—
184
Amateur 183
Black Prince, 182
British Queen, 183
Carolina superba, 183
Comte de Paris, 183
Crimson Queen, 183
Dr. Hogg, 183
Dundas, 183
Eleanor, 183
Elton, 18
Empress Pugénié. 183
Filbert Pine, 183
Frogmore, 183
Hautbois, 18:
182
Late Pine, 183
May Queen, 182
Myatt’s Pine, 183
Nimrod, 183
Oscar, 183
President, 183
Prince of Wales, 183
Princess Alice Maud,
183
Princess of Wales, 183
Rivers’ Seedling Eliza,
183
Sir Charles Napier, 183
Sir Harry, 183
Sir J. Paxton, 183
Victoria, 183
Wonderful, 183
Strawberry plants, cells
of, 184
diseases of, 183
forcing of, 181
growth of, 181
guano injurious to, 52
‘|Sturmer Pippin apple, 1
Desmidium gyrans, 265
Eucharis amazonica, 264
Poinsettia pulcherrima,
Tradescantia discolor,
alpine, varieties of,"181,
Keen's Seedlings, 181,
Strawberry plants, new
varieties of, how ob-
tained, 181
propagation of, 87, 181
Strix flammeea, 553
Struthiopteris, 372, 384
germanica, 384, 389
pennsylvanica, 384
Stuart, W., commonly
called Old Scott the
veterinarian, 15.
Student Selected parsnip,
r2I F
~Stukeley, on the site of
Noviomagus, 5
48
Sturnus vulgaris, 541 :
Stylonichia, 446
Succinea or Helix putris,
492
Suckers, propagation of
plants by, 85
Sugar, bect-root, 102
cane, 252
maple, 420
Sulphur, employed to de-
stroy fungus, 364
used to keep fruit, 368
Sumach, Venetian, 443
Summer Golden Pippin
apple, 149
savory, 129
snipe, 531) 553
snowflake, 215
Summer-house, garden,
its site, 42
near Croquet-ground,
44
one by Indoor Fernery,
42
Sunflower, giant, 242
Surinella biscriata, 350
Survey, Geological, a sec-
tion of, given, 21
Sutton chalk-pit, descrip-
tion of, 27
railroad, the, 2
fossilized fish found
in cutting of, 23
Sutton’s Ringleader pea,
103
Swallows, 534, 553
migration, of, 536
nests of, 534
Swan, common, 523
hooper, 523
Swannery in my garden,
523
Swans, fattened for eat-
ing, 524
Sweet Sultan, 245
Sweet Will am, 248
fungus of, 366
propagated by seed, 83
Sweet-briar, 440
Sweet-peas, 233
scarl.t, 241
Sweet-scented vernal
grass, 332
Sweetwater vine, 186
Swift, 534. 553
Switzerland, gardens of,
595
Sycamore, 420
Sykehouse Russet apple,
149
Sykes, Colonel, 190
Sylvia arundinacea, 547
hortensis, 548
locustella, 546
Phragmites, 546
sylvicola, 548
trochilus, 548
Symphoricarpus
mMOosus, 437
Syringe, 6r
race-
643
INDEX.
Syringia vulgaris, 438
persica, 438
Syrphidz, 488
aT,
Tabor, Mr., 432
Tacsonia Bucanni, 288
Van Volximi, 288
Tznia mediocanellata,
45t
Tagetes erecta, 241
Talbot, on the site of No-
viomogus, 5
Talpa europa, 517
‘Tape, measuring, 63
Tapeworm, armed, 452
beef, 451
hydatid, 452
unarmed, 451
Tapeworms, fecundity of,
451 t
Taraxacum Dens Leonis,
98
‘Tarragon, 129
fungus, 356
Tartarian lamb, 390
Taxus baccata, 424
fastigiata, 424
Tea-plant, 252
‘Tea-roses, 276 .
propagated by cuttings,
86
Teal, 526
‘Tegetmeier, Mr., 533
Temperature of water is-
stung from cracks in
the chalk, 22
mean, of the Wandle,
6.
3
Tench introduced into the
Wandle by myself, 509
Tennyson, quotations
from, 36, 41, 55, 251)
255, 331, 519
Tenthredo rosarum, 463
Tephritis onopordinis, 489
Terebratula semiglobosa,
23
Terry, Mr., 52, 255, 299,
300, 303
Tertiary beds, Lower, ac-
count of, 26
Tetragonia expansa, 109
Tetraspora lubrica, 348
Textularia, found in chalk
of the district, 23
Thalictrum minus, 327
Thalictrums, 321
Thea Bohea, 25
Thermometer, Black bulb,
65
dry bulb, 65
maximum, 64
minimum, 64
wet bulb, 65
Thermometers, 64
Thistie, 344
SOW. 344
Thompson,°Mr., 131, 148,
153
pear, 158
Thompson’s lectures on
inflammation, 360
Thomson, quoted, 153.
167, 172, 204, 211, 216,
292, 423, 481, 482, 490,
501, 525, 541
Thorn, Glastonbr-~v, 423
double pink, 423
hawthorn, 423
scarlet, 423
Thorn hedges, how
plant them, 423
'
Thorns, 423
to
Thornthwaite, Mr., 65,
342 .
Mr. W., 350
Threadworm, 452
Thrift, Alpine, 322
Thrifts, 322
Thrips, 478 ‘:
Throckmorton, Sir Nicho-
las, takes the. name of
Carew, 10
Thrushes, missel, 550
song, 550
songs of, 554
nests of, 551
Thunbergia alata, 290
aurantiaca, 290
fragrans, 290
laurifolia, 290
Thunbergias, 299
Thuja, 434 :
Thymallus vulgaris, 502
Thyme, 125
lemon, 125
orange, 125
Thymus citriodorus, 125
vulgaris, 125
Tiger-flower, 220
‘Tigridia pavonia, 220
Tillia europea, 413
‘Tipule, 483
oleracea, 488
paludosa, 488
Tinea vulgaris, 509
Tinnunculus falco, 553
Titanos hypoleucus, 531
Ochropus, 53:
Tit, Blue, 545
Cole, 546
Creates s(6
Long-tailed, 546
Marsh, 546
Titmice, 545
Toad, 510
Tobacco, 128
used for killing insects,
479
Todea, 403
africana, 386, 403
barbara, 403
Fraseri, 404
hymenophylloides, 403
pellucida, 372, 385
superba, 385, 404
Token, found at Bedding-
ton, I
Tomatoes, 133
Tonebrige, family of, at
Beddington, 7
Tonka Bean, 332 .
‘Tools, different kinds used
at the garden, 56
for cutting grass, 57
for laying drain-pipes,
S7’
Torenia asiatica, 261
Tortoise, land, 51x
water, 512
Tortoiseshell butterfly,
3
Tortrix carpocapsa pomo-
nana, 485
pruniana, 486
Tortula muralis, 353
Torula cerevisize, 355
Tottenham Park Muscat
vine, 191
Townsend, Mr., 431
Tradescantia discolor, 261
Tragopogon _ porrifolius,
122
Trametes gibbosa, 356
Trap, eel, wnere situated,
44
Traveller's Joy, 282
‘Tree snowdrop, 427
violets, 222
struck by lightning, 415
at Beddington, extra-
ordinary size of, 13
cedar, curious proper-
ties of its wood, 429
clipping of, 425
practised by the
Romans, 577,
in grounds of Walling-
ton House, 45
TREES, 409 :—
abele, 411
Abies Douglasii, 427
nobilis, 428
pectinata, 428
Pinsapo, 427
acacia, 424
Ailanthus glandulosa,
21
alder, 417
almond, 435
American maple, 420
oak, 414
weeping willow, 416
Arbor-Vite or ‘Thuja.
434
Arbutus unedo, 422
ash, 417
aspen, 41z
Balsam poplar, 412
beech, 418
Betula alva, 420
alba pendula, 420
birch, 419
Black [talian poplar,
410
Black poplar, 411
box, 425
Catalpa, 426
cedars, 428
of Lebanon, 428
Cedrus atlantica, 428
Deodara, 428, 429
Libani, 428, 429
Chamezrops excelsa, 427
Chinese Arbor-Vitz,
434
Copper beech, 419
cork, 414
Cryptomeria japonica,
434
Cupressus funebris, 433
Lawsoniana, 433
Cut-leaf birch, 420
cypress, 433
Deciduous, 433
Double Pink hawthorn,
423
elderberry, 434
elms, 410
English elms, 410
laburnum, 422
evergreen oaks, 414
Father of the Forest,
dimensions of, 432
firs, 427
Forest, 409
Fruit, 138-209
George Washington,
dimensions of, 431
Glastonbury thorn, 423
hawthorn, 423
holly, 425
hornbeam, 424
horse-chestnut, 412
Irish yew, 424
Japan Variegated ma-
ple, 420
juniper, 425
aburnum, 421
var. Waterer’s, 422
larch, 432
Lemon-scented ver-
bena, 423
Treez, account of one.
Trees—continued.
lime, 413
linden, 413
Lombardy poplars, 410,
435
magnolias, 426
maidenhair, 423
maple, 420
May, 423
Mock plane-tree, 420
mountain ash, 417
ere 414
palms, 427
peach, 436
“pear, 434
Pendulous beech, 419
Picea nobilis. 428
pectinata, 428
pines, 427:
Pinus insignis, 427
Pinaster, 427
orientalis, 421
Pranus sinensis, 426
triloba, 426
Purple beech, 419
puzzle monkey, 431
Red cedar, 425
horse-chestnuts, 413
rowan, 418
Salix Kerksii, 416
purpurea, 416
triandra, 416
Scarlet thorn, 422
Scotch elins, 410
Seatch fir, 427
laburnum, 422
pines, 427
Sequoia, 430
Siberian crab-tree, 434
Silver fir, 428
Single Scarlet haw-
thorn, 423
snowdrop, 427
Snowy Mespilus, 427
Spanish chestnut, 434
Spindle, 426
Spruce fir, 428
Stone pine, 427
Sugar maple, 420
Sycamore, 420
thorns, 423
tulip. 426
Turkey oak, 415
walnut, 434
Weeping ash, 417
elms, 470
poplar, 412
willow, 416
Wellingtonia gigantea,
430
White poplars, 411
White willow, 415
wild cherry, 434
willow, 415
yew, 424
Trentham Black vine, 187
Trichinia spiralis, 451
Trichocera hiemalis, 489
Trichomanes adiantum,
4
Luschnathianum, 39
pyxidiferum, 392
radicans, 391
reniforme, 391
speciosum, 375, 376,
nok.
Tricopilia tortilis orchid
02
ricoptera, 480
Trillium grandiflorum, 319
Trilochulma — tricarinzta,
7
22
Trinidad pine-apple, 207
‘Triomphe de Rennes rose,
275
Tureleia uniflora, 317
Tritoma Uvaria, 221
Tritonia aurea, 221
Troglodytes. vulgaris, 538
Trollius europzeus, 329
Tropzolum canarieuse,
285 -
edulis, 28%
Jarrattii, 285
speciosum, 285
Tropzolums, 99, 285
Tropidonotus matrix} 509
Trout, 494
artificial flies used for
catching then, 591
condition of the water
to catch them, sor
food of, 495, 495
plane, 422 habits of, 496
Platanus oceidentalis,| how to be fed when first
421 hatched, 499
in the Wandle, measure-
ments of, 495
of the Wandie of world-
wide repute, 495
on feeding them artifi-
cially, 500 - -*
ova of, 497
how kept previous to
being hatched, 499
period for their spawn-
ing in the Wandle, 495
spawning of, how per-
formed, 496
when in season in the
Wandle. 500
young, time for turning.
them into the streams,
499
Trowel, 60
fern, 60
Truffle-hunting, 362
Truffles, where found,
6x
Tryphiena pronuba, 486
Tuber zstivum, 36
Tubercularia vulgaris, 356.
Tuberose, 221
Tubers, 120
propagation of plant.
'Y: 97
Tufted duck, 526
Tulip-tree, 426
‘Tulipa Gesneriana, 217
Tulipo-mania, 217
Tulips, 217
Parrot. 217
Van Thol, 217
red and yellow, wild,
16
Tunbridge fern, 372
Turdus Iliaca, 550
merula, 550
muusicus, 550
Pilaris, 550
viscivorus, 550
Turkey, gardens of, 594
Turner, tr., of Slough,
off
17! $
Turner's Gem melon, 196
Turnip, American Strap
Leaf, 120
black-skinned, 120
long, 120
Orange jelly, 120
bas Stone, 120
‘urnip flea, 469
fly, 469 a
| radishes, varieties of, 97
Turnips, 120
Turtle-dove, 531
Turtle, hawksbill, 512
Twilled aster, 244
Tyler, Mr. Charles, 24
Sir James, 202
Tylor, Mr. 2x
Tyndall, Professor, 29
Tyroglyphus destructor,
s
453
farinz:, 453
U.
o
Ulmus montana, 410
Ulner’s Reinette apple,
349 .
Umbones of shields, An-\
ponent 7
narmed tapeworm, 451
Unique de Provence rose,
278
Uredo filicum, 367
Urns, Anglo-Saxon, found
on Irrigation grounds, 6
Uvedale, Dr., 428
Uvedale’s St. Germain
pear, 156
Vv.
Vaccinium myrtillus, 296
+ Vaginicola, 446
al, Guy de la, came in
. possession of lands at
Wallington, 16
Valerianella olitoria, 98
Valley of Ferns, its. site
and description, 42, 372
Vallisneria spiralis, 260
Vallota purpurea, 256
Valtevaredo camellia, 250
Valvata piscinalis, 493
Van Thol tulips, 217
Vandalis, name given by
Pope to the Wandle, 26
Vanda tricolor orchid, 297
Vandas, orchids, varieties
of, 297
Vanellus cristatus, 531
Vanilla orchid, 303
aromatica orchid, 303
Variegated kale, 113 .
pine, 262
‘Vegetals attacked by
aphis, 123
by a fungus, 123
sometimes dangerous if
watered with a solu-
tion of putrid matter
5r
VEGETALS :—
Alliaceous plants, 116
American cress, 94 -
artichokes, 116
asparagus, 154
Australian cress, 94
beans, varieties of, 106
beets, 102
broccoli, varieties of,113
brooklime, 98
Brussels sprouts, x11
burnet, 98
cabbages, varieties of,
110
cardoons, 116
carrots, varieties of, 120
cauliflowers, varieties
of, 113
celeraic, 100
celery, 99
chervil, r2t
chicory, 96
Chinese yam, 122
chives, 118
cucumbers, 100
culinary roots and tu-
bers, 120
Vegetals—continued.
curled cress, 94
Dandelisnss 98
egg plant, 12
Garden, 92
garlic, 118
herkins, ro2
Ferasalen artichokes,
r2r
kale, varieties of, 112
Kohl rabi, rra
leeks, varieties of, 117
Leguminous Plants, ro2
lettuces, varieties of, 94
mustard, 93 -
nasturtium, 99
onions, varieties of, 116
Oxalis crenata, 121
Parsnips, varieties of,
r2r
peas, varieties of, 102
potato, varieties of, 123
pumpkins, 119
radish, 97
rape seed, 94
Salad Plants, 92
salsify, 122
savoy, IIZ
scarlet runners, varie-
ties of, 108
scorzonera, 122
seakale, 114
shallots, 118
shamrock, 98
sorrel, varieties of, 110
spinaceous, x
spinach, varieties of, 109
turnips, 120
water-cress, 92
vegetal marrows, setting
flowers of, ror
varieties of, 119
Vegetation, entozoa of,
451
Veitch, Messrs., 249, 251,
304, 395) 441) 4420.
Veitch’s Late cauliflower,
113
Perfection pea, 103
Venetian sumach, 443
Ventilation of glass-house,
6
aq
of melon-pit, 77
of orchard-house, 72
Ventriculites radiatus, 24
Venus’s Fly-trap, 258
Looking-glass, 241
Verbena, 237
Lemon-scented, 423
new varieties, how ob-
tained, 237
propagation of, 237
Veronica ameena, 319
aphylla, 319
Beccabunga, 98, 337
candida. 319
Chamzedrys, 319) 337
maritima, 319
nummularia, 319
repens, 319
rupestre, 319
saxatilis, 319
spicata, 319
Teucrium, 319
virginica. 319
Vespa crabro, 462
vulgare, 460
Vibumum Tinus, 437
opulus, var, sterile, 440
Vicar of Winkfield pear,
16
Vicia Cracca, 329
Vicomtesse de Cazes rose,
276
Victoria apple, 149
INDEX.
Victoria peach, 173
rhubarb, 136
strawberry, 183
View of Beddington Park
from the entrance to In-
door Fernery, 42
Vinca major, 443
Vincas, 443
Vine Scale insect, 478
Vineries, construction of,
74
Curates’, 75
Vines, growth of, 185
diseases of, 186, 192
fungus of, 364
grape, propagated by
eyes, 87
new varieties, how ob-
tained, 194
propagation of, 194
pruning of, 192
shoots, amount of po-
tash in ashes of, 50
VINES, 185 :—
Barbarossa, 189
Black Hamburgh, 187
Prince, 186
Monnukka, 190
Bowood Muscat, 191
Buckland’s Sweetwater,
188
Canon Hall Muscat,
mgr
Chasselas Musqué, 188
Chasselas of Fontaine-
bleau, 189
General de Marmora,
190
Golden Hamburgh,
189
Ingram’s Prolific Mus-
cat, 187
Le RDwEEE Seedling,
x
Muscat of Alexandria,
IQL
se Laurent, 189
Raisin de Calabre,
189
Snow’s Muscat Ham-
burgh, 188
Standish’s Citronelle,
188
Sweetwater, 186, 187
Tottenham Park Mus-
cat, 191
Trentham Black. 187
Waltham = Seedling,
189
West’s St. Peter’s,
189 :
White =‘ Frontignan,
188
Viola cornuta, 223
odorata, 223
Violet, Czar, 222
Neapolitan, 222
Parker's Yellow, 223
Russian, 222
tree, 222
white, 222
yellow, 222
Violet garden, 44, 222 |
Violette HAtive Nectarine,
175
Violets, 222
propagation of, 223
Viper, 509 7
Virgil, quotations from,
47) 56, 9%, 137, 154) 344.
415, 417, 418
Virginian creeper, 281
stock, 240
Viscocephala, 442
UU
Visit of Queen Elizabeth
to Beddington, 10
Vole, water, 518
Vorticella, 446
Ww.
Waddon, a branch of the
Wandle rises at, 26
Wagtail, Grey-bearded,
545
Pied, 544
Ray’s, 545
Wagtails, 544
Walcheren cauliflower,
113
Walford, Mr., 428
alk, Pear-tree, descrip-
tion of, 38, 42
Apple-tree, 42
Walking leaf, 399
Wall ferns, where grown,
43
Wallflower, Alpine, 324
Wallflowers, 226, 246
Wallington, account of,
15
advowson of, 17.
Bridge, its situation, 1
its height above the
level of the Thames,
28
called _Waleton
Domesday Book, 16
church at, 16
district chapelry of, 16
early records of, 15
Gothic chapel,described
by Manning; its site,
17
hamlet of, z
House, part
ancient, 17
incumbent of the Holy
Trinity Church at, 17
living endowed_by the
Ecclesiastical Commis-
sioners, 17 |
manors at, and their
proprietors, 16
mills of, 16
number of acres of, 1
parsonage-house at, 17
population of, 1
Roman remains found
in
of very
at, 5
schools at, 17
Walnut, Dwarf Prolific,
198
St. Jean, 198
Walnuts, growth of, 198
propagation of, 198
Walnut-tree, 434
Waltham Seedling vine,
189
Wandle River, analysis
of, as it flows through
my Garden, 30
a trout
course, 26
caused by the cracks
in the chalk, 22
how formed, 28
sewage of Croydon
sent into it, 37
Warblers, 546
Garden, 548
Grasshopper, 546
Reed, 547
Reed, nests of, 547
songs of, 553
Sedge, 546, 553
Wood, 548
Ward’s cases, their use,
75
stream, its,
649
Warming of glass-houses,
70; 02
Washington Plum, 170
‘Wasp, common, 460
Wasps’ nests, curiously
formed, 461 :
Wamp, how destroyed,
460
stings of, howcured, 461
Water-beetles, 470
Water-cress, 92
bed, site of, 44;
Water dock, 344
ferns, where grown, 43
grass, 332, 339
ins, yellow, 33
lily, yellow, 336
white, 336
pot, 61
rail, 528
ranunculus, 339
rat or vole, 518
snails, 492
_ soldier, 41, 340
tortoise, 511
Waterfall, Crystal, analy-
sis of water of, 30 .
Watering plants in the
orchard-house, 72
principle of, 49, 50
‘Waters of chalk more pure
than other waters, 29
Waterworks of Caterham,
2
of South Essex, 2
Watevile, family of,
eddington, 7
Sibyl de, gave advow-
son of St. Mary’s to
Priory of Bermondsey,
14
William de, 14
Watney, Mr., cave in the
grounds of, 19, 20
Wealden clay, where si-
tuated, 25
Weasel, 521
Webb, Mr., of Calcot,
197
Webb's Russet apple, 149
Weeds and Wild Plants,
at
334 |
Weeping ash, 417
elm, 410
poplar, 412
willow-tree, 416
Weevils, 467
Well of Anne Boleyn, 27
new, at Croydon, ana-
lysis of water of, 30
old, at Croydon, analy-
sis of water of, 30
Wellington apple, 151
Duke and Duchess of,
ABO 8 See ‘
Wellingtonia gigantea,
30
dimensions of one at
Strathfieldsaye, 430
Wellingtonias, propaga-
tion of, 43r
Wells’ white rose, 278
Welsh golden rod, 329
West’s St. Peter's vine,
189
Wet bulb thermometer, 65
Wheat straw, amount of
potash in ashes of, 50
Wheatear, 549
Wheelbarrow, 59
Whimbrel, 531
inchat, 549
Whitby lily, 256
White, Gilbert, 466, 497
quotations from, 418,
455» 534
INDEX.
White Bath fose, 278
butterfly caterpillar,
482 .
currants, varieties of,
177
Dutch currant, 178
elderberry, 206
Filbert nut, 197
Frontignan vine, 188
Ischia fig, 200
White Juneating apple,
142,144 ~
lily, 2x
Marseilles fig, 201
owl, 553 3
oplars, 41x
tone turnip, 120
willow moth 484
__willow-tree, 475
Whitethroat, 548
- lesser, 548
Whortleberries,
of, 201
Widgeon, 526
Wild cherry-tree, 434
duck, 526
-growth
Wixp FLowers, 334 :—
Achillea millifolium,
338
Alisma plantago, 340
Anacharis, 341
Axrowhead plant, 340
Arum maculatum, 343
bindweed, 342
Briza media grass,
339
bryony, 342
bulrush, 335
buttercups, 339
Callitriche, 339
Chrysanthemum
canthemum, 337
sepetum, 337
Chrysosplenium opposi-
tifolium, 339
common convolvulus,
leu-
342
couch grass, 343
Wild Flowers—continued,
Creeping ranunculus,
344,
daisies, 339 .
Datura stramonium,
338
Dodder, 345
duckweed, 339
Epilobium hirsutum,
340
figwort, 336
Flowering rush, 336
forget-me-not, 338
frogbit, 336
Gigantic parsnip, 342
round ivy, 337
‘ydrocotyle vulgare,
'340
Ivy-leaved duckweed,
339
Lesser bindweed, 342
duckweed, 339
Lythrum roseum, 336
: mallow plant, 338
Marchantia, 341
Marsh Tmargold. 335
meadow-sweet, 337
moneywort, 337
nightshade, 342
ox-eye, 337 3
Petasites vulgaris,
344 .
Potentilla anserina, 343
urple loosestrife, 335
nunculus ficaria, 335
reed, 339
Rumex aquaticus, 344
sow-thistle, 344
speedwell, 337
eronica Beccabunga,
337
water-dock, 344
water-grass, 339
ranunculus, 339
soldier, 340
white water-lily, 336
wild hop,342 -
yellow water-iris, 335
yellow water-lily, 336
Wild geese, 529
rose-coloured convol-
vulus, 281
Will of Sir Nicholas
Carru, account of, 11
William III., coins of,
found at Beddington,
wy + i
-found at Wallington, 18
Williams’ Bon “Chrétien
pear, 157
Favourite apple, 149
Williams, Messrs., 286
Paradise Gem melon,
196
Rev. John, first and
present Incumbent of
Holy Trinity, Walling-
ton, 27
Willoughbys,familyof the,
at Beddington, 8
Willow bower, situation
of, 39, 42
Willow, creeping, 318
Willow-tree, 415
American weeping, 416
White, 415
Weeping, 416
Willows used for hedges,
a
ilson, Mr., 219
ilson’s filmy ferns,
372
Wine-sonr plum, 170
Winter aconite, 215
Greening apple, 152
Peach apple, 151
savory, 129
Wire-cutters, 63
Wire-worm beetle, 468 -
Wire-worms, 468
Wonderful strawberry,
183
Wood forget-me-not, 318
Leopard moth, 484
warbler, 548
Wood, Messrs., of Mares-
field, 270, 278
Wood, Rev. J. G., 511.
‘ Woodcock, 530
Woodcote Farm, 6
Wood-lark, 544
Woodlouse, 449
Woodpecker, green, 539
Lesser spotted, 539
Wood-pigeons, 532
Woodroof, 127
Woodruff, 332
Woodsia alpina, 377
ilvensis, 377.”
Woodsia ferns, 41
Woodsias, 377 ,
Woodwardia orientalis,
» 3830
orientale, 397
radicans, 43, 383, 396
Woodwardias, 383, 386,
396,
propagation of, 88
oodward, Mr., Preface,
vii. :
Woollen materials some-
times used for manure,
the reason of it, 52
Weoester, Mr., 309
Wordsworth, quotations
from, 435, 522, 523, 537
542, 550
Worms in My Gar
+ DEN :i—
brandling, 448
dew, 447
earth, 447
green, 443
lob, 447
red, 448
Wrens, 538
nests of, 538
Wrens, golden-crested,
546
nests of, 546
Wryneck, 539) 553
Wyken Pippin
149
apple,
Vign. XXXIIT,—Crypt beneath Wallington House.
\ .
xX.
Xavier Olibo rose, 271
Xylaria hypoxylon, 356
¥.
Yam, 290
Chinese, 122
propagated by tubers,
8
Yeast fungus, 355
Yellow Antwerp raspber-
Ties, 184
Autumn
zs
azalea, 442
flax, 329
Magnum Bonum plum,
170
POppy, 321
Yellow-hammer, 543
Yellow-tail moth, 484
Yew, 438
Irish, 424
Yew-tree, 424
Yorkshire Hard
80
ucca gloriosa, 443
Yuccas, 443
Yunx torquilla, 539
raspberry,
fern,
Z.
Zea Mays, 244
Zeuzera zescuh, 484
Zingiber officinale, 133
Zinnia elegans, 242
Zonites crystallinus, 492
lucidus, 492 :
Zoological Gardens, 243
417, 517
Zygnema spiralis, 348
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