ALBERT R. MANN
LIBRARY

New York STATE COLLEGES
OF
AGRICULTURE AND HoME ECONOMICS

 

AT

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

 

 

 

 
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ersity Libra
708.M64

Key to the land mammals of northeastern
University of the State of New York

 

BULLETIN

OF THE

New York State Museum

FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL Director

No. 38 Vol. 8

October 1900

KEY TO THE LAND MAMMALS

OF

Northeastern North America

BY

GERRIT S, MILLER jr

ALBANY
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
1900
Hiymifaone Price 15 cents.
University of the State of New York

REGENTS

With years of election

1874 Anson Jupp Upson L.H.D. D.D. LL.D.
Chancellor, Glens Falls
1892 WiLLIaAM CroswELL Doane D.D. LL.D.
Vice-Chancellor, Albany

1873 Martin I. Townsenp M.A. LL.D. = - Troy

1877 CHauncEy M. Depew LL.D. - = - — New York
1877 CuarLes E. Fircu LL.B. M.A. L.H.D. = Rochester
1877 Orris H. Warren D.D. - = - - ~ Syracuse
1878 WHITELAW Rep LL.D. - a Si = New York
1881 Witutiam H. Watson M.A. M.D. - - — Utica
1881 Henry E. TuRNER - - - Sj Lowville
1883 St Crain McKetway L.H.D. Lt: D. D.C.L. — Brooklyn
1883 HamiLTon Harris Ph.D. LL.D. - - - Albany
1885 DanieL Beacu Ph.D. LL.D. - - = — Watkins
1888 CaRROLL E. SmitH LL.D. - = - - Syracuse
18g0 Puiny T. Sexron LL.D. - - ~ - — Palmyra
1890 T. GuiLrorp SmitH M.A. LL.D. C.E.  - - Buffalo
1893 Lewis A. Stimson B.A. M.D. - -— - — New York
1895 ALBERT VANDER VEER Ph.D. M.D. - — Albany

1895 CHARLES R. SKINNER M.A. LL.D.

Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio
1897 Gia S. Lorp M.A..LL.D.  - = - — Brooklyn
1897 TimotHy L. WooprurF M.A. Lieutenant-Governor, ex officio
1899 THEODORE RoosEvELT B.A. LL.D. Governor, ex officio
.1899 Joun T. McDonoucu LL.B. LL.D. Secretary of State, ex officio
1900 THomas A. Henprick M.A. LL.D, - = — Rochester

SECRETARY
Elected by regents

1g00 JAMES RussELL Parsons JR M.A.

DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS

1888 MeLtvit DewEey M.A State Lbrary and Home education
1890 JAMES RussELL Parsons jr M.A.

Administrative, College and High school depts
1890 FREDERICK J. H. MerRRILL Ph.D. State museum
University of the State of New York

 

BULLETIN

OF THE

New York State Museum

FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL Director

No. 38 Vol. 8

October 1900

KEY TO THE LAND MAMMALS

OF

Northeastern North America

BY

GERRIT S,. MILLER jr

ALBANY
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

1900
CONTENTS

PAGE

TMCHOCMCHON asc secpcwha side Se ceaye Beeches ars acsiaeaieibis tsisia a irercieee eis ose Sioa uae me wns eve See 61
TS LERZ ORES 5c selminic\ arora erage saadvigare wiadaiaiarosiataiaiernisies cairn aceveinve mypevemia RRR Oe MeN 61
VATELIG ZONES, ccacis ie daw eres oar meemvaeariteen wenis Secs deae case ees sae 62
FiudsS@nian: ZOne p.cvisietenerenite adigicclguiersicle rysla reise quem anes wees Ge vie re aleve 62
Canadian zon Camecc. semasreleicct scene dorteterselawes <eeeisie ei eeeene eck eee 62
TEANSILON ZONE conewws vste posseu dete demicied wicle eee Seewes veemes dees eee 62
Upper alistral 20ne..020.+ 2sceas neseovisegasenee wees eae eee Meee cee ee 62
Speciesvand Subspectesie sic.c,c.c..wa tte xn) jeteiaro caine Gin RRR ERS ZEEE RECS clc es 63
General! plat OF REY ts 2 c:cic'e Sak iascid ck Siow sistent aisintareiaejaiSiaheisieieisiins puckeawiele Geddes 63

SYM OPSISisiord o:aicroiateraiosd ssrercid) atoidie a uain'd Seieaei ease nats Seiduas se Sine eee careers OS
KEY TO THE LAND MAMMALS OF NORTH-
EASTERN NORTH AMERICA

INTRODUCTION

Originally outlined as part of my recently published Preliminary list of
the mammals of New York}, this “key” soon grew to the proportions of
an independent paper. As first planned it was intended to furnish a ready
means for finding—with the minimum of technical requirements—the
name of any wild mammal taken in New York. When the “key” was
separated from the “list” its scope was extended to include the entire
mammalian fauna of the Atlantic slope of North America north of the
southern boundary of the upper austral zone. At the same time the
whales and porpoises were omitted. It is thus practically a key to the
land mammals of the Atlantic division of the life zones represented in
New York state, since the upper austral zone is the southernmost of
these, and the arctic zone, florally at least, may almost be said to touch
the higher Adirondack peaks, Throughout I have endeavored to write
as non-technically as the subject will permit, that is to use no unex-
plained terms not to be found in a pocket dictionary.

Life zones

While the subject of life zones has been dealt with at considerable
length in the paper just referred to, a few words of definition are
necessary here. A life zone is simply an extended area over which the
fauna and flora are relatively homogeneous. As such areas are limited
chiefly by temperature, and their boundaries consequently determined by
isothermal lines, they normally assume the form of belts stretching from
east to west, or, to speak more exactly, arranged concentrically around
the poles. Therefore in passing from pole to equator a certain number
of these belts must be crossed. ‘The forms of the life zones are distorted
by irregularities in the surface of the earth with their accompanying
variations in temperature. In the northern hemisphere mountain chains

 

1 Bulletin of the New York state museum no, 29. Nov. 1899,
62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

carry the northern zones southward, and hot, dry'plains bend the southern
zones toward the north. Finally a zone may become locally broken into
islands, as when a cool mountain chain is interrupted by warm valleys
and plains, or cold swamps are scattered in hot lowlands. In North
America there are seven of these life areas, each characterized by the
predominance of a particular assemblage of animals and plants. Begin-
ning at the north they are the arctic zone, Hudsonian zone, Canadian
zone, transition zone, upper austral zone, lower austral zone and tropical
zone. The last two lie south of the region included within the scope of
this paper. The areas covered by the Atlantic divisions of the five others
are as follows:

Arctic zone. ‘Treeless northeastern coasts of Labrador and New-
foundland ; above timber line on the highest mountain peaks of New
England, and perhaps of the Adirondacks also.

Hudsonian zone. Wooded portions of Labrador, Newfoundland,
northern Ontario, northern and eastern Quebec and northern New
Brunswick ; region immediately below timber line on the mountains of
New England and New York and possibly in the highest southern
Alleghanies,

Canadian zone. Eastern Nova Scotia; the greater part of New
Brunswick; southern Quebec; eastern central Ontario; northern and
western Maine; the higher parts of New Hampshire, Vermont and
western Massachusetts; the Adirondacks, Catskills and higher parts
of the Alleghanies. é

Transition zone. Western Nova Scotia; eastern and southern
Maine; southern Ontario (except north shore of Lake Erie) ;" the greater
part of the lowlands of New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massa-
chusetts, Connecticut and Pennsylvania; the lower slopes of the
Alleghanies to their extreme southern limit.

Upper austral zone. North shore of Lake Erie in southern
Ontario; south shore of Lake Ontario, “lake region”, lower Hudson
valley and western end of Long Island in New York; southern Con-
necticut; lowlands of New Jersey, Delaware, eastern Pennsylvania,
eastern Maryland and northeastern Virginia; belt (extending northeast
and southwest) in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and
Georgia, covering the higher land east of the mountains.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 63

Species and subspecies

In this paper subspecies are treated as the component parts of species,
not, as is now too often the custom, as independent forms intergrading
with species. The relationship of species and subspecies is thus main-
tained exactly parallel with that between genus and subgenus or family
and subfamily.‘ The separate keys to the subspecies under each species
will help to emphasize this conception. I have attempted to apply a
system of English names that will coincide with this treatment of species
and subspecies, but in certain cases perfect adherence to this principle
has not been possible,

General plan of the key

Beginning with the definition of the class Mammalia, this paper
consists of a series of keys and definitions, interspersed with brief state-
ments of range, habitat and extent of groups. Keys are given under
each order to its families, under each family to its genera, under each
genus to its species and under each species to its subspecies. Suborders,
subfamilies and subgenera are not included in this scheme, but their
characters are referred to in the sections of the keys or elsewhere, and
their names are inserted in the synopsis placed before the “key” proper
(p. 65-76). Under each species and subspecies will be found references
to, 1) the first publication of the specific or subspecific name, 2) first use
of the binomial or trinomial combination, and 3) a recent monographic
paper in which the form is described in detail. Absence of the second
reference shows that the binomial or trinomial was used by the original
describer of the form, or that it is now for the first time published.
Absence of the third reference, in cases where the second and third are

 

1An example may make the matter more clear. Squirrels of the genus Sciurus occur
throughout the greater part of the wooded portion of the northern hemisphere. The species vary
much in form, and the variations tend to group themselves in such a way that the different groups
are recognizable as subgenera, all, however, falling within the definition of the genus Sciurus.
To the one of these groups of species containing the type species of the genus the name Sciurus
in a subgeneric sense is restricted. It happens that this subgenus Sciurus is confined to the
old world, and that within our limits the genus fs represented by the three subgenera Tamia-
sciurus, Neosciurus and Parasciurus. No one would on this account deny that the
genus Sciurus occurs in eastern North America. A species of this genus, Sciurus ludovici-
anus, is widely distributed in the southern United States. Individuals of this species vary con-
siderably in size and color, and the variations so group themselves that several subspecies are
recognizable, each restricted to a particular part of the range of the species, and all included within
the definition of the species. The one of these which was first named (that of the Mississippi
valley) and which consequently gives its name to the species as a whole, is not found east of the
Alleghanies, where itisreplaced byS. ludovicianus vicinus. Thespecies Sciurus ludo-
vicianus is nevertheless as truly a member of the fauna of the eastern United States as is the
genus Sciurus.
64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

not identical, shows that nothing of importance has been published on
the animal during the present phase of the study of North American
mammals, a period dating from 1889. The type locality of each form
is given in parenthesis after the first reference. The accented syllable of
all technical names is marked with an acute accent; and the derivation—
of each name is placed in parenthesis at the end of the diagnosis
(Lat..Latin, N. Lat.sNew Latin, Gk. Greek). All measurements are in
millimeters followed (in parenthesis) by an approximate equivalent in
inches and sixteenths.

As in the List of the mammals of New York, my aim is to present the
subject as it stands today rather than to attempt to reach final conclu-
sions. Numerous forms ace therefore admitted the status of which is still
in question. ‘Though this course has its disadvantages, it seems the one
least open to objection at the present time, when any revisionary work
would necessarily be imperfect.

The use of keys in botany and zoology is now too well understood to
require any special explanation. It must be remarked, however, that no
keys can be made by which single specimens of closely related sub-
species can be invariably named. Certain species even differ from each
other by characters that can not be set down in a single line of print. I
have endeavored to base keys and diagnoses on the most tangible
characters available; but where the way is hard for the specialist it
can not be made easy for the beginner.

Individuals aftected with albinism, melanism and other abnormalities
frequently occur in all species. Compared with the place they hold in
popular estimation their interest is slight. They should be carefully
guarded against as extremely liable to cause difficulty in identification.
Such individuals seem possessed of a peculiar faculty for bringing them-
selves to notice.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTIL AMERICA 65

SYNOPSIS'

Class MAMMALIA: mammals, p. 76
Subclass METATHERIA: marsupials, p. 76
Order MARSUPIALIA : marsupials, p. 77-78
Suborder POLYPROTODONTIA: polyprotodont marsupials
Family DIDELPHIDIDAE : opossums, p. 77-78
Genus Didelphis Linnaeus: p. 78
1 Didelphis virginiana Kerr: opossum, p. 78
Represented by:
Didelphis virginiana virginiana Kerr: northeastern
opossum, p. 78
Subclass EUTHERIA : placental mammals, p. 76
Order UNGULATA: hoofed mammals, p. 78
Suborder ARTIODACTYLA: even-toed hoofed mammals,
p. 78
Family BOVIDAE: cattle, p. 79
Genus Bison Hamilton Smith: p. 79

2 Bison bison (Linnaeus): American bison, p. 79
Represented by :
Bison bison bison (Linnaeus): American plains bison, p. 79
Family CERVIDAE: deer, p. 79
Genus Rangifer Hamilton Smith: p. 80

3 Rangifer caribou (Gmelin): woodland caribou, p. 80
4 Rangifer terraenovae Bangs: Newfoundland caribou, p. 81
5 Rangifer arcticus (Richardson) : barren ground caribou, p. 81

Genus Alces Jardine: p. 31
6 Alces americanus Jardine: eastern moose, p. 81

Genus Cervus Linnaeus: p. 82
7 Cervus canadensis (Erxleben): east American wapiti, p. 82

Genus Odocoileus Rafinesque: p. 82
8 Odocoileus americanus (Erxleben): Virginia deer, p. 82
Represented by:
Odocoileus americanus americanus (Erxleben):
southern Virginia deer, p. 83
Odocoileus americanus borealis Miller: northern
Virginia deer, p. 83

 

1The arrangement of the higher groups Is that adopted by Flower and Lydekker.
66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Order GLIRES: rodents, p. 83

Suborder SIMPLICIDENTATA,: true rodents, p. 84
Family SCIURIDAE : squirrels, p. 84

Genus Sciurus Linnaeus: p. 85

Subgenus Tamiasciurus Trouessart: p. 85

9 Sciurus hudsonicus Erxleben : red squirrel, p. 85
Represented by :
Sciurus hudsonicus hudsonicus Erxleben: Hudsonian
red squirrel, p. 86
Sciurus hudsonicus gymnicus Bangs: Canadian red
squirrel, p. 85
Sciurus hudsonicus loquax Bangs: southeastern red
squirrel, p. 86
Subgenus Neosciurus Trouessart: p. 85
1o Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin: gray squirrel, p. 86
Represented by :
Sciurus carolinensis carolinensis Gmelin: southeast-
er gray squirrel, p. 86
Sciurus carolinensis leucotis Gapper: northeastern
gray squirrel, p. 87
Subgenus Parasciurus Trouessart: p. 85
11 Sciurus ludovicianus Custis: fox squirrel, p. 87
Represented by:
Sciurus ludovicianus vicinus Bangs: northern fox
squirrel, p. 87
Genus Tamias Illiger: p. 88
12 Tamias striatus (Linnaeus): eastern chipmunk, p. 88
Represented by:
Tamias striatus striatus (Linnaeus): southeastern chip-
munk, p. 88
Tamias striatus lysteri (Richardson): northeastern chip-
munk, p. 88

Genus Arctomys: Schreber: p. 89
13 Arctomys monax (Linnaeus): woodchuck, p. 89
Represented by:
Arctomys monax monax (Linnaeus): southeastern wood-
chuck, p. 89
Arctomys monax canadensis (Kuhl): northeastern
woodchuck, p. 89
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 67

14 Arctomys ignavus Bangs: Labrador woodchuck, p. 89
Genus Sciuropterus F. Cuvier: p. go
15 Sciuropterus volans (Linnaeus): southern flying squirrel, p. go
Represented by:
Sciuropte rus volans volans (Linnaeus): southern fly-
ing squirrel, p. go
16 Sciuropterus sabrinus (Shaw): northern flying squirrel, p..go
Represented by:
Sciuropterus sabrinus sabrinus (Shaw): Hudsonian
flying squirrel, p. g1
Sciuropterus sabrinus macrotis Mearns: Canadian
flying squirrel, p. 91
Family CASTORIDAE : beavers, p. gt
Genus Castor Linnaeus: p. 35
17 Castor canadensis Kuhl: American beaver, p. 92
Represented by :
Castor canadensis canadensis Kuhl: northeastern

beaver, p. 92
Castor canadensis carolinensis Rhoads: southeast-
ern beaver, p. 92
Family MURIDAE:: mice, p. 92
Subfamily MURINAE: old world mice, p. 93
Genus Mus Linnaeus: p. 94
18 Mus musculus Linnaeus: house mouse, p. 94
tg Mus rattus Linnaeus: black rat, p. 95
20 Mus‘decumanus Pallas: house rat, p. 95
Subfamily CRICETINAE : new world mice, p. 93
Genus Reithrodontomys Giglioli: p. 95
21 Reithrodontomys lecontii (Audubon & Bachman) : harvest mouse
P- 95
Represented by:
Reithrodontomys lecontii impiger Bangs: Virginia
harvest mouse, p. 96
Genus Oryzomys Baird: p. 96
22 Oryzomys palustris (Harlan): ricefield mouse, p. 96
Represented by :
Oryzomys palustris palustris (Harlan): northern ricefield
mouse, p. 96
Genus Peromyscus Gloger: p. 96
Subgenus Peromyscus Gloger: p. 96
68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

23 Peromyscus canadensis (Miller): Canadian white-footed mouse,
P. 97
Represented by:
Peromyscus canadensis abietorum Bangs: Hudsonian
white-footed mouse, p. 97
Peromyscus canadensis canadensis (Miller) : Canadian
white-footed mouse, p. 97
Peromyscus canadensis nubiterrae (Rhoads) : Cloud-
land white-footed mouse, p. 98

24 Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque) : deer mouse, p. 98

25 Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner): Labrador white-footed
mouse, p. 98
Subfamily NEOTOMINAE : wood rats, p. 93
Genus Neotoma Say & Ord: p. 98
Subgenus Neotoma Say & Ord: p. 98
26 Neotoma pennsylvanica Stone: Allegheny cave rat, p. 99
Subfamily MICROTINAE : voles and lemmings, p. 93
Genus Synaptomys Baird: p. 99
Subgenus Synaptomys Baird: p 99
27 Synaptomys cooperi Baird: Cooper’s lemming, p. 100

28 Synaptomys fatuus Bangs: Bangs’s lemming, p. 100
Subgenus Mictomys True: p. 99

29 Synaptomys innuitus (True): True’s lemming, p. 100

30 Synaptomys sphagnicola Preble: Preble’s lemming, p. 100
Genus Dicrostonyx Gloger: p. 101

31 Dicrostonyx hudsonius (Pallas): Labrador lemming, p. ror
Genus Fiber Cuvier: p. ror

32 Fiber zibethicus (Linnaeus): muskrat, p. toz
Represented by:
Fiber zibethicus zibethicus (Linnaeus): northeastern
muskrat, p. 101
Fiber zibethicus aquilonius Bangs: Labrador muskrat,
pe. 102

33 Fiber obscurus Bangs: Newfoundland muskrat, p. 101
Genus Microtus Schrank: p. rox
Subgenus Pitymys McMurtrie: p. 102
34

35

37
38

39

40

“AI

43
44

45

KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 69

Microtus pinetorum (Le Conte): pine mouse, p. 103
Represented by;
Microtus pinetorum scalopsoides (Audubon and
Bachman): northern pine mouse, p. 103
Subgenus Microtus Schrank: p. 103

Microtus terraenovae Bangs: Newfoundland vole, p. 104

Microtus chrotorrhinus (Miller): rock vole, p, 104
Represented by :
Microtus chrotorrhinus chrotorrhinus (Miller):
southern rock vole, p. 104
Microtus chrotorrhinus ravus Bangs: Labrador rock
vole, p. 105

Microtus breweri (Baird): Muskeget island vole, p. ros
Microtus enixus Bangs: Hamilton inlet vole, p. 105

Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord) : field mouse, p. 105
Represented by:

Microtus pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus (Ord):
common eastern field mouse, p. 106

Microtus .pennsylvanicus labradorius Bailey:
Labrador field mouse, p. 106

Microtus pennsylvanicus fontigenus (Bangs): north-
ern field mouse, p. 107

Microtus pennsylvanicus acadicus Bangs: Acadian

field mouse, p. 107 j
Microtus nesophilus Bailey: Gull island mouse, p. 107
Genus Phenacomys Merriam: p. 108

Phenacomys celatus Merriam: large yellow-faced phenacomys,
p- 108

Phenacomys latimanus Merriam: small yellow-faced phenacomys,
p. 108
Genus Evotomys Coues: p. 10g

Evotomys ungava Bailey: ungava redbacked mouse, p. 109
Evotomys carolinensis Merriam: Carolina redbacked mouse,

p- 109
Evotomys proteus Bangs: variable redbacked mouse, p. 110
7O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

46 Evotomys gapperi (Vigors): common redbacked mouse, p. 110
Represented by:
Evotomys gapperi gapperi (Vigors): eastern redbacked
mouse, p. IIo
Evotomys gapperi ochraceus Miller: Mount Washing-
ton redbacked mouse, p. 111

47 Evotomys rhoadsi (Stone): New Jersey redbacked mouse, p. 111
Family DIPODIDIAE : jerboas, jumping mice etc. p. 111
Subfamily ZAPODINAE : jumping mice, p. 111
Genus Zapus Coues: p. 112

48 Zapus hudsonius (Zimmermann): meadow jumping mouse, p. 112

Represented by:

Zapus hudsonius hudsonius (Zimmermann): northern
meadow jumping mouse, p. 113

Zapus hudsonius americanus (Barton): southern meadow
jumping mouse, p. 112

Zapus hudsonius ladas Bangs: Labrador meadow jumping
mouse, p. 113

Genus Napaeozapus Preble: p. 113

49 Napaeozapus insignis Miller: woodland jumping mouse, p. 113
Represented by :
Napaeozapus insignis abietorum Preble: northern
woodland jumping mouse, p. 114
Napaeozapus insignis insignis Miller: southern
woodland jumping mouse, p. 114
Napaeozapus insignis roanensis Preble: mountain
woodland jumping mouse, p. 114
Family ERETHIZONTIDAE: American porcupines, p. 115 .
Genus Erethizon F. Cuvier: p. 115
50 Erethizon dorsatus (Linnaeus): Canadian porcupine, p. 115

Suborder DUPLICIDENTATA: hares and pikas, p. 84
Family LEPORIDAE: hares, p. 115

Genus Lepus Linnaeus: p. 115

Subgenus Lepus Linnaeus: p. 116

51 Lepus labradorius Miller: Labrador arctic hare, p. 116

52 Lepus bangsi (Rhoads): Newfoundland arctic hare, p, 116
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 71

53 Lepus americanus Erxleben: American varying hare, p. 116
Represented by:
Lepus americanus struthopus Bangs: Nova Scotia
varying hare, p. 117
Lepus americanus americanus Erxleben: northern
varying hare, p. 117
Lepus americanus virginianus (Harlan): southern
varying hare, p. 117
Subgenus Sylvilagus Gray: p. 116
34 Lepus floridanus Allen: cottontail, p. 118
Represented by:
Lepus floridanus transitionalis Bangs: northeastern
cottontail, p. 118
Lepus floridanus mearnsi (Allen): eastern prairie cotton-
tail, p. 118
Lepus floridanus mallurus (Thomas): southeastern cot-
tontail, p. 119
Order FERAE: flesh-eaters, p. 119
Suborder PINNIPEDIA : seals and their allies, p. 120
Family ROSMARIDAE: walruses, p. 120
Genus Rosmarus Scopoli: p. 120

ss Rosmarus rosmarus (Linnaeus): Atlantic walrus, p. 120
Family PHOCIDAE: earless seals, p. 121
Genus Cystophora Nilsson: p. 121

56 Cystophora cristata (Erxleben): hooded seal, p. 121
Genus Halichoerus Nilsson: p. 121

57 Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius): gray seal, p. 122
Genus Phoca Linnaeus: p. 122
Subgenus Pagophilus Gray: p. 122

58 Phoca groenlandica Fabricius: harp seal, p. 122
Subgenus Pusa Scopoli: p. 122

59 Phoca hispida Schreber: ringed seal, p. 123
Subgenus Phoca Linnaeus, p. 122

60 Phoca vitulina Linnaeus: harbor seal, p. 123
Suborder FISSIPEDIA: true carnivores, p. 120
Family FELIDAE: cats, p. 123
Genus Felis Linnaeus: p. 123
72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

61 Felis oregonensis Rafinesque: puma, p. 123
Represented by:
Felis oregonensis hippolestes Merriam: northern
puma, p. 124
Genus Lynx Kerr: p. 124
Subgenus Lynx Kerr: p. 125
62 Lynx canadensis Kerr: Canada lynx, p. 126
63 Lynx subsolanus Bangs: Newfoundland lynx, p. 125
Subgenus Cervaria Gray: p. 125
64 Lynx ruffus (Gueldenstaedt): bay lynx, p. 125
Represented by:
Lynx ruffus ruffus (Gueldenstaedt): northeastern bay lynx,
p- 125
65 Lynx gigas Bangs: Nova Scotia lynx, p. 126
Family CANIDAE: dogs, p. 126
Genus Canis Linnaeus: p. 126
66 Canis albus (J. Sabine): arctic wolf, p. 127
67 Canis occidentalis (Richardson): American wolf, p. 127
Genus Vulpes Richardson: p. 127

68 Vulpes lagopus (Linnaeus): arctic fox, p. 128
69 Vulpes fulvus (Desmarest): red fox, p. 128

Represented by:

Vulpes fulvus fulvus (Desmarest): southeastern red fox,
p. 128

Vulpes fulvus rubricatus Bangs: Nova Scotia red fox,
p. 128

7o Vulpes deletrix Bangs: Newfoundland red fox, p, 129
Genus Urocyon Baird: p. 129
71 Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Miiller): gray fox, p. 129
Represented by:
Urocyon cinereoargenteus cinereoargenteus
(Miller): eastern gray fox, p. 129
Family MUSTELIDAE: weasels, p. 129
Genus Lutra Brisson: p. 130
72 Lutra hudsonica (Desmarest): North American otter, p. 130
Kepresented by :
Lutra hudsonica hudsonica (Desmarest) : northeastern
otter, p. 130
Lutra hudsonica lataxina (F. Cuvier): southeastern
otter, p. 131
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 73

73 Lutra degener Bangs: Newfoundland otter, p. 131
Genus Gulo Storr: p. 131
74 Gulo luscus (Linnaeus) : wolverine, p. 131
Genus Mustela Linnaeus: p. 132
75 Mustela pennanti Erxleben: fisher, p. 132
Represented by:
Mustela pennanti pennanti Erxleben: eastern fisher,
P- 132
76 Mustela brumalis Bangs: north Labrador marten, p. 132
77 Mustela americana Turton :" eastern marten, p. 132
78 Mustela atrata Bangs: Newfoundland marten, p. 133
Genus Putorius Cuvier: p. 133
Subgenus Lutreola Wagner: p. 133
79 Putorius vison (Schreber): mink, p. 133
Represented by:
Putorius vison vison (Schreber); northeastern mink, p. 134
Putorius vison lutreocephalus (Harlan): southeastern
mink, p. 134

Subgenus Arctogale Kaup: p. 133
80 Putorius cicognanii (Bonaparte): brown weasel, p. 134
Represented by:
Putorius cicognanii cicognantii (Bonaparte): eastern
brown weasel, p. 135
81 Putorius occisor Bangs: slender-tailed weasel, p. 135
82 Putorius noveboracensis Emmons: New York weasel, p. 135
Represented by:
Putorius noveboracensis noveboracensis Em-
mons: white-bellied New York weasel, p. 136
Putorius noveboracensis notius Bangs:  yellow-
bellied New York weasel, p. 136
Genus Mephitis Cuvier: p. 136
83 Mephitis mephitica (Shaw): skunk, p. 136
Represented by:
Mephitis mephitica mephitica (Shaw): northeastern
skunk, p. 137
Mephitis mephitica scrutator Bangs: southeastern
skunk, p. 137
Family PROCYONIDAE : racoons, p. 137
Genus Procyon Storr: p. 137
74. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

84 Procyon lotor (Linnaeus): racoon, p. 137
Represented by:
Procyon lotor lotor (Linnaeus): northeastern racoon, p. 138
Family URSIDAE: bears, p. 138
Genus Thalarctos Gray: p. 138
85 Thalarctos maritimus (Phipps): polar bear, p. 139
Genus Ursus Linnaeus: p. 139
Subgenus Euarctos Gray: p. 139
86 Ursus americanus Pallas: black bear, p. 139
Represented by: *
Ursus americanus americanus Pallas: eastern black
bear, p. 139
Ursus americanus sornborgeri Bangs: Labrador black
bear, p. 139
Order INSECTIVORA: insect-eaters, p. 140
Family TALPIDAE: moles, p. 140
Subfamily TALPINAE : true moles, p. 140
Genus Scalops Cuvier: p. rat

87 Scalops aquaticus (Linnaeus): naked-tailed mole, p, 141
Represented by:
Scalops aquaticus aquaticus (Linnaeus): northern
naked-tailed mole, p. 141
Genus Parascalops True: p. 141
88 Parascalops breweri (Bachman): eastern hairy-tailed mole, p. 142
Genus Condylura Illiger: p. 140
89 Condylura cristata (Linnaeus): star-nosed mole, p. 141
Family SORICIDAE : shrews, p. 142
Genus Blarina Gray: p. 142
Subgenus Blarina Gray: p. 142
go Blarina brevicauda (Gray): large blarina, p. 142
Represented by:
Blarina brevicauda brevicauda (Gray): northern
large blarina, p. 143
Subgenus Cryptotis Pomel: p. 142
gt Blarina parva (Say): small blarina, p. 143
Represented by:
Blarina parva parva (Say): northern small blarina,
P- 143
Genus Sorex Linnaeus: p. 143
Subgenus Neosorex Baird: p. 143
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 75

92 Sorex albibarbis (Cope): eastern marsh shrew, p. 144
Subgenus Microsorex Baird: p. 143
93 Sorex hoyi Baird: Hoy’s shrew, p. 144
Subgenus Sorex Linnaeus: p. 143
94 Sorex macrurus Batchelder: big-tailed shrew, p. 144
95 Sorex richardsoni Bachman: Richardson’s shrew, p. 144
96 Sorex fumeus Miller: smoky shrew, p. 145
97 Sorex personatus I. Geoffroy: masked shrew: p. 145
Represented by:
Sorex personatus lesueuri (Duvernoy): southern masked
shrew, p. 146
Sorex personatus personatus I. Geoffroy: northern
masked shrew, p. 145
Sorex personatus miscix Bangs: Labrador masked shrew
p. 146
Order CHIROPTERA: bats, p. 146
Suborder MICROCHIROPTERA true bats, p. 146
Family VESPERTILIONIDAE : typical bats, p. 146
Subfamily VESPERTILIONINAE: simple-nosed typical
bats, p. 146
Genus Lasiurus Gray: p. 147
98 Lasiurus cinereus (Beauvois): hoary bat, p. 147
99 Lasiurus borealis (Miller): red bat, p. 147
Represented by:
Lasiurus borealis borealis (Miller): northern red bat,
p. 148
Genus Nycticeius Rafinesque: p. 148
1oo Nycticeius humeralis Rafinesque: Rafinesque’s bat, p. 148
Genus Myotis Kaup: p 148
tor Myotis subulatus (Say): Say’s bat, p. 149
Represented by:
Myotis subulatus subulatus (Say): eastern Say’s bat,
Pp. 149
1o2 Myotis lucifugus (Le Conte): little brown bat, p, rag
Represented by:
Myotis lucifugus lucifugus (Le Conte): eastern little
brown bat, p. 149
Genus Lasionycteris Peters: p. 149
103 Lasionycteris noctivagans (Le Conte): silvery bat, p. 149
Genus Pipistrellus Kaup: p. 150
76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

104 Pipistrellus subflavus (F. Cuvier): American pipistrelle, p. 15°
Represented by:
Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus (F. Cuvier): south-
eastern pipistrelle, p. 150
Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus Miller: northeast-
ern pipistrelle, p. 150
Genus Vespertilio Linnaeus: p. 151

105 Vespertilio fuscus Beauvois: big brown bat, p. 151
Represented by:
Vespertilio fuscus fuscus Beauvois: eastern big brown
bat, p. 151
KEY

Class Mammalia Mammals

Vertebrate (backboned) animals with four chambered heart, complete double
circulation, body partly or wholly covered with hair (rarely almost naked) ;
young nourished for a period after birth by milk; breathing accomplished by
means of luugs (Mammalia; Lat., a nipple).

The Mammalia are distributed over practically the whole surface of
the earth and throughout the oceans. They are absent however from
the most extreme arctic and antarctic regions. The class is divided into
three subclasses: 1) the Prototheria, in which the young are
hatched from eggs as in birds, confined to New Guinea, Australia, and
Tasmania; 2) the Metatheria, in which the young are born in a
very rudimentary condition and after birth carried for some time at-
tached to the nipples of the parent (usually in a special pouch of skin) ;
and 3) the Eutheria, in which the young are born perfectly formed.
While the Metatheria comprise the one order Marsupialia,a
single representative of which occurs within our limits, the Eutheria
are divided by Flower and Lydekker'’ into 9 orders. Of these 7 are ter-
restrial, and members of each are found in North America, Six come
within the scope of the present paper.

ORDERS

Female generally (always in North American species)
provided with an external pouch in which the young
are carried for sometime after birth,Metatheria
(in species found within our limits, tail prehensile,
teeth 50, hind foot with 5 toes, the innermost of
which is thumb-like and clawless) (opossums).... Marsupialia, p. 77

 

1 An introduction to the study of mammals living and extinct. 1891.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 77

Femalo without external pouch for carrying the young,
Eutheria (in species found within our limits,
tail never prehensile, teeth less than 50, innermost
toe of hind foot never thumb-like)
Fore limbs modified to serve as wings (bats)....-.... Chiroptera, p. 146
Fore limbs not modified to serve as wings
Toes armed with hoofs (bison, deer etc.).......--.. Ungulata, p. 78
Toes armed with claws
Front teeth chisel-shaped and separated from
grinding teeth by a wide space (gnawing
BMMM AIS) sae sare canatrsince Se sicioen cicteicieiae'eiuisinleiare Glires, p. 83
Front teeth not chisel-shaped, tooth row essen-
tially continuous
Brain large, well developed; in species found
within our limits, size large, length 300
(12) to 2400 (96), eyes well developed,
muzzle not greatly elongated (flesh-eaters) Ferae, p. 119
Brain small, not highly developed; in species
found within our limits, size small, length
under 250 (10), eyes small or rudiment-
ary, muzzle greatly elongated (moles,
SHTOWS, GUC: 2 smce acciecieceiane seid. ceiceie arene Insectivora, p. 140

Order Marsupialia A/arsupials

Two small separate bones projecting from front of pelvis; female repro-
-ductive organs double through greater part of their length ; young not attached.
to parent before birth by a complicated special organ (placenta) but born in a
very undeveloped condition and carried for some time in an external pouch
of skin in which are situated the nipples; brain very small and simple; in
North American species tail prehensile, teeth 50, hind foot with five toes, the
innermost of which is clawless and thumb-like. (Marsupidlia; Lat., a pouch)

The order Marsupialia reaches its greatest development in Aus-
tralia and the neighboring islands. Elsewhere it is confined to South
America and the warmer parts of North America, Eight families are
recognized, six of which are peculiar to the Australian region. The
other two are confined to America. One of them reaches our limits.

Family Didelphididae Opossums

Teeth 50; toes five, distinct, each provided with a well developed claw except
the first on bind foot, which is thumb-like and clawless. Tail long, prehensile,
mostly naked and scaly. (Didelphididae; genus Didelphis)
78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The family Didelphididae is peculiar to the warmer parts of
America. It contains about ro genera, all strictly tropical with the
exception of the following:

Genus Didelphis Linnaeus

1758 Didelphis Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed.10. 1:21. Type Didel-
phis marsupialis Linnaeus.

Size of a house cat; fur a mixture of short, fine, soft hairs and long coarse
bristles; pouch always well developed; fifth toe on hind foot markedly shorter
than second, third and fourth, which are subequal. (Didélphis; Gk., two
womb)

The genus Didelphis is peculiar to the warmer parts of America,
it contains three or four species, one of which reaches our limits.

Didelphis virginiana Kerr Common opossum
1792 Didelphis virginiana Kerr, Animal kingdom. 1: 193 (Virginia).

Blackish varied with grayish white; ears naked, leathery; tai! dark at base,
light at tip; total length 700 (274), tail vertebrae 28 (11), hind foot 57 (2).
(virginiana; N. Lat. Virginian)

The common opossum is abundant in woods and old fields throughout
the austral zones of the eastern United States. At the northern limit
of its range it is irregular in distribution. Notwithstanding the popular
misconceptions on the subject the process of reproduction in the
opossum is, with the exception of the one peculiarity common to the
members of the subclass Metatheria, precisely as in our other
mammals.

Order Ungulata oofed animals

Terrestrial, herbivorous or omnivorous animals with hoofed toes; front teeth

variable in form (sometimes wanting in upper jaw) but never long and with

chisel-like edges; cheek teeth with broad flat crowns for grindivg vegetable
matter. (Ungulata; Lat., a hoof)

The order Ungulata contains about a dozen families distributed
practically throughout the world outside of Australia and the neighbor-
ing islands. Four of these occur in America north of Panama, and two
have been found within our limits during historic times. The domestic
horse, cow, sheep, and pig are well known representatives of the order.
The North American members of the group belong to the suborder
Artiodactyla, in which an even number of toes (usually two) are
well developed in each foot.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 79

FAMILIES OF UNGULATA

Horns simple, hollow, permanent......--2 2-2. eee ee cee eee eee ee Bovidae
Horns branched, solid, periodically shed..........-.....--+8-----. Corvidae

Family Bovidae Cattle, bison, sheep, ete.
Horns permanent, consisting of a hollow sheath and solid bony core, canine
teeth never present. (Bédvidae; Genus Bos)

' The family Bovidae, containing the cattle, bison, sheep, true ante-
lopes, and their allies, is represented by about 30 genera, chiefly African
and Asiatic. Only one of the three genera occurring in America is con-
fined to the western hemisphere. A single genus has inhabited north,
eastern North America within historic times.

Genus Bison Hamilton Smith

1827 Bison Hamilton Smith, Griffith’s Cuvier, Animal kingdom. 5:373. Type
Bos bison Linnaeus.
Forehead convex, much broader than long; horns placed in front of highest
part of skull; head heavily clothed with long bushy hair. (Bison; Lat., a
bisou)

Two living members of this genus are known, one peculiar to eastern
Europe, the other to North America. The remains of several extinct
‘species have been found in various parts of North America.

Bison bison (Linnaeus) American bison

1758 [Bos], bison Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10. 1:72 (Texas).
1891 B [ison] bison Jordan, Manual of the vertebrate animals of the
northern United States. ed. 5, p. 337.
Horn core short (under 10 in. or 250 mm) very strongly curved, circumference
at base much greater than length along uppercurvature. (bison; Lat. a bison)
The American bison, which formerly ranged throughout central North
-America, east to Pennsylvania and central New York, is now practically
extinct, but the skulls and horn cores may be occasionally found in salt
‘licks and other places once frequented by the animals. Our animal was
the plains bison, B. bison bison, smaller and shorter horned than
the woodland bison, B. bison athabascae Rhoads,

Family Cervidae Deer and their allies

Horns solid, shed and renewed each year, usually much branched, though
occasionally (always in young) simple; canine teeth usually present in upper
jaw. (Cérvidae; genus Cervus)

The family Cervidae contains ro or more genera mostly of very
wide distribution or peculiar to the old world. At least three are con-
80 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

fined to America. Four of the five that occur in America north of
Panama have been found within our limits during historic times, and

three of these are still represented.

GENERA OF CERVIDAE

Horns present in both sexes; nose entirely hairy (caribou) Rangifer, p. 80
Horns normally present in males only; nose partly or en-
tirely naked
Horns broadly flattened; a small] naked space between
NOStTi]S (MOO8E) .. 20. we enee ene e ee eens womens ee eee Alces, p. 81
Horns not conspicuously flattened; muzzle entirely
naked.
Horns about 1530 (60) in length, fie circumference
at base about 200 (8) (wapiti) ...--.-.---.-..--.- Cervus, p. 82
Horns about 610 (24) in length, their circumference at
base about 115 (44) (deer) ....-..-...---...--.... Odocoileus, p. 83

Genus Rangifer Hamilton Smith

1827 Rangifer Hamilton Smith, Griffith’s Cuvier, Animal kingdom. 5: 304.
Type Cervus tarandus Linnaeus.

Horns long, much branched, usually flattened at tip; muzzle entirely hairy.
(Ran gifer; Old French, branch-bearer)

This génus, which includes the reindeer of the old world and the
caribou of America, is represented within our limits by three species.

SPECIES OF RANGIFER

Muzzle and region about eye dark ...... 2.222. .-2.--.---- R. caribou
Muzzle and region about eye conspiciously whitish
Size very large; antlers relatively short and heavy..R. terraenovae
Size small; antlers relatively long and light. ........ R. arcticus

Rangifer caribou (Gmelin) Woodland caribou

1788 [Cervus tarandus] y». caribou Gmelin, Systema naturae. ed. 13.
1:177. (Eastern Canada).
1853 Rangifer caribou Audubon and Bachman, Quadr. N. Am. 3: 111.
1898 Rangifertarandus caribou Lydekker, The deer of all lands, p. 42.
Genera] color tawny brown ; head and neck paler; front half of lower surface
of body dark; no white eye ring; a narrow white ring on leg above hoof; horns
large and heavy, the prongs mostly pointing upward. (c&ribou; Indian name)

The woodland caribou is abundant in the forested region of the
Hudsonian zone and uppermost part of the Canadian zone in eastern
Canada. It reaches the eastern United States in northern Maine only.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 81

Rangifer terraenovae Bangs Mewfoundland caribou

1896 Rangifer terraenovae Bangs, Preliminary description of the
Newfoundland caribou, Nov. 11, 1896. p. 2. (Codroy Newfoundland)

1898 Rangifer tarandus terraenovae Lydekker, The deer of al}
lands, p. 45.

General color drab; head and neck paler, the muzzle and a large patch
including eye conspicuously whitish ; legs whitish for some distance above hoofs;
horns large and heavy, the prongs mostly pointing forward and inward,
(terraendévae; N. Lat., of Newfoundland)

The Newfoundland caribou is confined to the island of Newfound-
land, from which it never crosses to the mainland. It is the largest
species of caribou of eastern North America.

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson) Barren ground caribou

1829 Cervus tarandus var.arcticus Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Ameri-
cana. 1: 241. (Barren grounds of arctic America)

1896 Rangifer arcticus Allen, Bull. Am. mus, nat. hist. 20 Nov. 1896.
8; 234.

1898 Rangifer tarandus arcticus Lydekker, The deer of all lands,
p. 47.

General color light brown; head and neck paler, the muzzle and a large patch
about eye conspicuously whitish; legs whitish for some distance above hoofs,
horns very long and slender, the prongs mostly pointing inward ; size small, the
Female scarcely larger than a sheep. (Arcticus; Lat., arctic)

The barren ground caribou occurs in the treeless arctic regions of
extreme northern America. Within our limits it is confined to the barrens
of Labrador.

Genus Alces Jardine
1835 Alces Jardine, The naturalists library, 21 (mammalia; deer, ante-
lope, camels, etc.): 125. Type Cervus alces Linnaeus.

Horns very greatly flattened and expanded; muzzle broad and elongated ; a small
naked spot between nostrils. (Alces; Lat., an elk)

The genus Alces, which contains the old world elk and the American
moose, the largest living members of the deer family, is represented by
one species within our limits.

Alces americanus Jardine astern moose
1835 Alces americanus Jardine, The naturalists library, 21(mammalia
deer, autelope, camels, etc.); 125. (Eastern Canada)
1898 Alees machlis Lydekker, The deer of all lands, p. 52. (part)

Dark brown, blackening on belly and paler on legs, shoulders and muzzle;
hight at shoulders about 2000 (6 ft) ; spread of antlers, 1700 (5 ft), circumference
of antler above bur, 215 (84). (americd4nus; N. Lat., American)

The moose is an inhabitant of forests in the Canadian zone and lower-

most edge of the Hudsonian zone. It is now exterminated in the east-
82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ern United States except in northern Maine, but is still found in the
adjoining British provinces.

Genus Cervus Linnaeus
1758 Cervus Linnaeus, Systema naturae. 1, ed.10. 1:66. Type Cer-

vus elaphus Linnaeus.
Horns large, curved mostly backward, the tines all directed forward; first
tine immediately above base ; hoofs broad, tail short. (Cérvus; Lat., a deer)
The genus Cervus is confined to the temperate parts of the north-
ern hemisphere. About half a dozen species are known, mostly peculiar
to the old world. Two are now recognized as occurring in America ;
one of these has only recently been exterminated within our limits.

Cervus canadensis (Erxleben) Last American wapiti

1777 [Cervus elapbus] canadensis Erxleben, Syst. regn. anim.
1:305, (Eastern Canada)

1822 Cervus canadensis Desmarest, Mammalgie. 2: 433.

1898 Cervus canadensis Lydekker, The deer of all lands, p. 94,

Reddish brown, paler in winter; hight at shoulder, 1530 (5 ft); horns 1530
(5 ft) in length, 200 (8) in circumference above basaltine. (canadénsis; N.
Lat., Canadian)

The east American wapiti is now extinct in the eastern United
States and eastern Canada,! where, however, its antlers are often found
in bogs and stream beds.

Genus Odocoileus Rafinesque

1832 Odocoileus Rafinesque, Atlantic journal. 1: 109. Type Odocéileus
speleus Rafinesque.

Horns small, curved forward, the tines all directed upward; first tine some
distance above base; hoofs narrow; tail rather long. (Odocdileus; Gk.,
tooth cave, Rafinesque’s specimen having come from a cavern deposit)

The genus Odocoileus (often knownas Cariacus or Dorce-
laphus) numerous members of which occur in the western United
States as well as in Mexico and South America, is represented within
our limits by one species only.

Odocoileus americanus (Erxleben) Virginia deer

General color in summer uniform reddish, in winter usually grayer and faintly
speckled; belly, inner side of legs, and under side of tail white. (ameri-
e4nus; N. Lat., American)

The Virginia deer occurs in all sufficiently extensive tracts of forest
throughout eastern North America from the south Atlantic states to the
warmer parts of the Canadian zone, It is divisible into two well marked
subspecies.

 

1 It is possible that the animal still occurs {n Quebec.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 83

SUBSPECIES OF ODOCOILEUS AMERICANUS

Size medium ; teeth relatively small (lower

row of cheek teeth 75 (3) in length);

gray winter coat not well developed.. O. americanus americanus
Size large ; teeth relatively large (lower

row of cheek teeth 85 (38) in length);

gray winter coat well developed...... O. americanus borealis

Odocoileus americanus americanus (Erxleben) Southern
Virginia deer
1777 [Cervus dama] americanus Erxleben, Syst. regn. anim. 1:312
(Virginia) ‘

Size medium; teeth small, the row of lower cheek teeth 75 (3) in length;
winter pelage not conspicuously grayer or coarser than summer pelage; horns slender,
540 (214) in length, 90 (34) in circumference at base. (americduus; N.
Lat., American)

The southern Virginia deer is an inhabitant of the austral zones. Its
range is not at present understood in detail; and it may eventually be
found that the animal does not enter our limits.

Odocoileus americanus borealis, subsp. nov.* orthern
Virginia deer
Cariacus virginianus Auct. (not Cervus virginianus Boddaert,
which is O. americanus americanus)
1898. Mazama americana Lydekker, The deer of all lands, p. 249. (part)
Size, large; teeth large, the row of lower cheek teeth 85 (334) in length;
winter pelage coarse, usually much tinged with gray, very different from summer
pelage; horns robust, 540 (214) in length, 120 (4%) in circumference at base.
(boredlis; Lat., northern)

The northern Virginia deer is an inhabitant of the Canadian zone. It
is abundant throughout northern New York, northern New England and
southeastern Canada. The limits of its range are not known.

Order Glires Rodents

Front teeth long, chisel shaped; cheek teeth broad, short, flat-crowned; a
wide toothless space between front teeth and cheek teeth. (Gli-res; Lat., a
dormouse)

 

1 Type, adult male (skin and skull) No. 4999, collection of E,A. and O. Bangs, Bucksport, Maine,
12 Dec. 1895. Collected by Alvah G. Dorr.

Some of the measurements of this specimen are as follows: total length, 1830 (6 ft); tail 280 (11
in.) (from fresh specimen by collector). Skull, greatest length 340 (133g), basal length, 310 (1244),
zygomatic breadth, 130 (5); length of upper tooth row, 83 (314); greatest width between outer sides
-of upper tooth row, 83 (314), lower tooth row, 83 (314).
84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The order Glires is essentially cosmopolitan. Its members may be-
recognized at a glance by their peculiar teeth, The group is usually
divided into 21 families,! nine of which occur in North America. Six of

these are found within our limits.

FAMILIES OF GLIRES

Upper front tceth four, the second pair minute and
placed directly behind the first (Lares, Du-
plicidentata) ...---...c.00 ceeeee eee eee Leporidae, p.115
Upper front teeth two. (Simplicidentata)
Tail very broad, flattened from above downward
(DEAVER) ie sn s:0c eisine ciemeeesioeeaeeernesses. Castoridae, p. 91
Tail rounded or flattened from side to side
Fur thickly sprinkled with stiff quills (por-
CUPINES) gece se inrnsaee sseseeasen.cisiedie nisin Erethizontidae, p. 115
Fur without quills
At least four well developed grinding teeth in
each jaw; tail bushy (squirrels, etc.).-.. Sciuridae, p. 84
Never more than three well developed grind-
ing teeth in each jaw; tail closely haired
Hind feet not greatly elongated (rats, mice
ClCH) site's ee cepiclndsawisievioa cine tates aaeciain Muridae, p. 92
Hind feet greatly elongated (jumping mice) Dipodidae, p.111

Family Sciuridae Sgzirrels

Upper front teeth two; upper cheek teeth four or five, lower cheek teeth four;
a well developed bony projection on skull above and behind eye socket (postor-
pital process); tail round, covered with long hairs which are usually so arranged
as to form a broad, flat brush. (Scitiridae; genus Sciurus)

The family Sciuridae is almost cosmopolitan in distribution. It is
a large group, containing 15 or 20 genera. In North America it is repre-
sented by seven genera, four of which occur within our limits.

GENERA OF SCIURIDAE

Sides with a densely furred membrane joining front
and hind legs (flying squirrels).........-...----. Sciuropterus, p. 90
Sides without membrane
Form stout and clumsy ; tail less than half as long
as body; top of skull nearly flat (woodchucks) Arctomys, p. 89
Form slender and gracefal; tail much more than
half as long as body; top of skull distinctly

rounded
Cheek pouches present; back .striped (chip-
MUNKS)eoacccesssss wees: Goemeseenics Tamias, p. 88
Cheek pouches absent; back (in our species)
without stripes (SQUILO]S )ioccsenneeecewmeses Sciurus » Dp. 85

 

1 Tullberg recognizes 27 families, but even this number is probably too small.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 85.

Genus Sciurus Linnaeus

1758 Sciurus Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10, 1: 63. Type Sciurus
vulgaris Linnaeus.
Tail very long and bushy, the hairs longest on the sides; ears well developed,
pointed, hairy; thumb with a rudimentary nail. (Scitiirus; Gk. shade tail)
The genus Sciurus, which is found in nearly all parts of the world
except Australia and the neighboring islands, is well represented in
North America, about 80 forms occurring north of Panama. Three
species are found within our limits.

SPECIES OF SCIURUS

Size small, hind foot less than 50 (2); back red (red
squirrels, subgenus Tamiasciurus)...........-. S. hudsonicus

Size medium or large, hind foot over 60 (2§); back not red
Ears whitish (gray squirrels, subgenns Neosciurus). 8. carolinensis
Ears rusty brown (fox squirrels, subgenus Parasciurus) S.ludovicianus

Sciurus hudsonicus (Erxleben) Red squirrel
Size small; back red, varying much in exact shade; belly white or gray, never
tawny in forms found within our limits. (hudsdénicus; N. Lat., Hudsonian)
The well known red squirrel occurs throughout the wooded parts of
northern North America, In different regions it has developed numer-
ous well marked local races, three of which occur in eastern North.
America, ;

SUBSPECIES OF SCIURUS HUDSONICUS

Hind foot about 44 (12); edge of tail reddish. S. hudsonicus gymnicus
Hind foot about 47 (14); edge of tail yellow-

ish or grayish
Belly in winter pelage gray......--..-.---. 8. hudsonicus hudsonicus
Belly always pure white. ...-...----.---------- S. hudsonicus loquax

Sciurus hudsonicus gymnicus Bangs Canadian red squirrel
1899 Sciurus hudsonicus gymnicus Bangs, Proc. New England zool.
club. 31 Mar. 1899. 1:28. (Greenville (near Moosehead lake) Maine)

Colors dark and rich; outer fringe of tail distinctly red; belly white in sum-
mer, dark gray in winter. Total length, 290 (114); tail vertebrae, 120 (43);
hind foot, 44 (12). (gymnicus; Lat., gymnastic)

The Canadian red squirrel inhabits the Canadian forests of eastern
North America, south to northern New York.
86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Sciurus hudsonicus hudsonicus (Erxleben) Hudsonian red squirrel

1777 [Sciurus vulgaris] ¢ hudsonicus Erxleben, Syst. regn. anim.
1: 416. (Hudson bay)

1894 Sciurus hudsonicus Allen, Bull. Am. mus. nat. hist. 7 Nov. 1894.
6: 325.

1898 Sciurus hudsonieus Allen, Bull. Am. mus. nat. hist. 22 July 1898.
10: 255.

Colors pale, outer fringe of tail yellowish or grayish, belly white in summer,
dark gray in winter. Total length, 310 (214); tail vertebrae, 118 (48) ; hind foot,
47 (14). (hudsénicus; N. Lat., Hudsonian)

The Hudsonian red squirrel is probably confined to the wooded
portions of the Labrador peninsula.

Sciurus hudsonicus loquax Bangs Southeastern red squirrel

1896 Sciurus hudsonicus loquax Bangs, Proc. biolog. soc. Washing-
ton. 28 Dec. 1896. 10:161. (Liberty Hill Ct.)

1898 Sciurus hudsonicus loquayx Allen, Bull. Am. mus. nat. hist.
28 July 1898. 10: 257.

Colors pale; outer fringe of tail yellowish; belly pure white at all seasons.
Total levgth, 315 (123); tail vertebrae, 130 (54); hind foot,47(1%). (lo6quax;
Lat., talkative) 2

The southeastern red squirrel occurs in the deciduous forests of the
transition and upper austral zones of the eastern United States.

Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin Gray sguirrel

Size medium; back gray, more or less tinged with yellowish; belly white,
occasionally blotched with rusty; ears whitish. (carolinénsis; N. Lat.,
Carolinian)

The gray squirrel is a wide ranging species, divisible into numerous
geographic races, two of which occur within our limits.

SUBSPECIES OF SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS
Hind foot about 60 (28); back
always strongly tinged with

rusty yellowish............... 8S. carolinensis carolinensis
Hind foot about 70 (2%); back
in winter pelage clear gray.... 8. carolinensis leucotis

‘
Sciurus carolinensis carolinensis Gmelin’ Southeastern gray
squirrel
1788 [Sciurus] carolinensis Gmelin, Systema naturae. ed. 13, 1 : 148.

1896 Sciurus carolinensis carolinensis Bangs, Proc. biolog. soc.
Washington. 28 Dec. 1896. 10: 153.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 87

Back dark yellowish rusty gray, never clear gray in any pelage. Total length,
455 (18); tail vertebrae, 205 (8); hind foot, 60 (28). (carolinénsis; N, Lat.,
Carolinian)

The southeastern gray squirrel inhabits the austral zones of the
eastern United States from New Jersey to northern Florida.

Sciurus carolinensis leucotis (Gapper) Moertheastern gray squirrel
1830 Sciurus leucotis Gapper, Zoological journal. 5: 206. (Region between
York and Lake Simcoe, Ontario)

1877 Sciurus carolinensis var. leucotis Allen, Monogr. N. Am.
rodentia, p. 706.

1896 Sciurus carolinensis leucotis Bangs, Proc. biolog. soc. Wash-
ington. 28 Dec. 1896. 10: 155.

Back clear silvery gray in winter pelage, often tinged with yellowish brown in
summer, belly occasionally with rusty blotches. Total length, 500 (192); tail
vertebrae, 220 (84); hind foot, 70 (2%). (leucétis; Gk., white ear)

The northeastern gray squirrel occurs in the deciduous forests of the
transition zone and lowermost part of the Canadian zone in Pennsylva-
nia, New York, New England and southeastern Canada. Wholly or
partly black individuals are often met with.

Sciurus ludovicianus Custis ox squirrel

Size medium; back always strongly tinged with rusty; belly never pure white
(varying from bright rust color torusty white; ears rusty). (ludoviciduus;
N. Lat., Louisianian)

The fox squirrel is confined to the forests of the austral zones and
lower edge of the transition zone of eastern North America. Its western
limit is not definitely known. Of the three or more races into which the
species is divisible, only the following occurs within our limits. Partly
or wholly black individuals are not uncommon.

Sciurus ludovicianus vicinus Bangs Vorthern fox squirrel
1896 Sciurus ludovicianus vicinus. Bangs, Proc. biolog. soe. Wash-
ington. 28 Dec. 1896, 10: 150. (White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia)

Back mixed black and rusty; belly varying from pale rust color to rusty
white; ears rusty. Total length, 590 (234); tail vertebrae, 270 (104); hind foot,
73 (24). (vicinus; Lat., neighboring)

The northern fox squirrel is an inhabitant of the forests of the transi-
tion zone and upper austral zone east of the Alleghanies. It formerly
occurred with considerable regularity as far north as central New York
and southern New England, but it is now fast approaching extinction,
specially in the northern part of its range. The western fox squirrel,
S. ludovicianus ludovicianus, occupies the same zones in
the region immediately west of the Alleghanies.
88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Genus Tamias Llliger

‘1811 Tamias Illiger, Prodr. syst. mamm. et. avium, p. 83. Type Sciurus
striatus Linnaeus.

Like Sciurus, but with less bushy tail, and with well developed cheek
pouches in which large quantities of food can be carried. The only known species
is conspicuously striped on the back, while none of our squirrels are so marked.
Upper cheek teeth four on each side, all well developed. (Tamias; Gk., a
steward)

The genus Tamias is represented by one species only, the well

known chipmunk of the eastern United States and southern Canada.

Tamias striatus (Linnaeus) Zastern chipmunk

Reddish brown or yellowish brown; back with five black stripes and two whitish
ones. (stridtus; Lat., striped)

The eastern chipmunk occurs throughout eastern North America from
the lower edge of the upper austral zone to the lower edge of the
Hudsonian zone. It is divisible into four geographic races, two of
which occur within our limits.

SUBSPECIES OF TAMIAS STRIATUS

Rump rich rufous brown... ...--- eee eee ee eee e ee T. striatus striatus
Rump pale, dull, yellowish brown...-.....---..---- T. striatus lysteri

Tamias striatus striatus (Linnaeus) Southeastern chipmunk

1758 ([Sciurus] striatus Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10. 1: 64. (South-
eastern United States)

1857 Tamias striatus Baird, 11th Smithsonian report, p. 35.

1886 Tamias striatus Merriam, American naturalist. Mar. 1886, 20: 242.
Colors dark and rich; yump warm rufous brown, or chestnut. Total length,

250 (94) ; tat] vertebrae, 90 (37s); hind foot, 33 (13). (stridtus; Lat., striped)
The southeastern chipmunk inhabits the old fields and open woods of

the upper austral zone. It is abundant from the lower Hudson valley

south to North Carolina.

Tamias striatus lysteri (Richardson) Mortheastern chipmunk

1829 Sciurus (Tamias) lysteri Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana. 1: 182.
(Penetanguishene, Ontario, Canada)
1886 Tamias striatus lysteri Merriam, American naturalist. Mar.
1886. 20: 242.
Color pale and dull, rump yellowish brown. Total length, 250 (93); tail
vertebrae, 95 (34); hind foot 26 (11). .
The northeastern chipmunk inhabits clearings, old fields and open
woods in the transition zone and lower part of the Canadian zone in the
region east of Lake Huron and the upper Mississippi valley. It is

abundant throughout the greater part of New York and New England.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 89

Genus Arctomys Schreber
1780 Arctomys Schreber, Siiugethiere. pl. 207.

Form stout and heavy; tail short, much less than balf as long as body,
densely covered with long, rather stiff hairs; upper cheek teeth five in each jaw,
each, except first, with two transverse grooves on crown. (Aretomys; Gk.,
bear mouse) i

The genus Arctomys occurs throughout the greater part of
northern North America, Asia and alpine Europe. It is represented
in North America by six or more species, two of which, the well known
woodchuck or ground-hog, and a little known animal from Labrador,
occur within our limits.

SPECLES OF ARCTOMYS

Fur much suffused with reddish and yellowish; skull long and

Narrow, Sm00th above scwwce sowescvesincasceseneceeee gence ss A. monax
Fur slightly suffused with reddish and yellowish; skull short

and broad, with a well developed median ridge over brain

CASO: asad Shccie,s oscee custwa Ganmesentee tees eaasicm eee ence A. ignavus

Arctomys monax (Linnaeus) Common woodchuck
1758 [Mus] monax Liunaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10.1:60. (Maryland)
1780 Arctomys monax Schreber, Singethiere. 4:737.

Grizzly gray, varied with chestnut, yellowish and blackish; under parts red-
dish; skull long and narrow, the top smooth. Total length, 460 (18); tail verte-
brae, 115 (44); hind foot, 75 (3). (Ménax; Lat., a bermit)

The common woodchuck is an abundant animal throughout the
Hudsonian, Canadian, transition and upper austral zones in eastern
North America from Labrador and Hudson bay south at least to Virginia.
Two races probably occur in this region, but their characters are not
well understood. The southern form is A. monax monax, the
northern A, monax canadensis (Erxleben) (See Allen, Bull. Am.
mus. nat. hist. 10 Nov. 1898. 10:456.) Partly or wholly black indi-
viduals are often met with.

Arctomys ignavus Bangs Ledrador woodchuck

1899 Aretomys ignavus Bangs, Proc. New England zool. club. 28 Feb.
1899. 1:13. (Black bay, Labrador)

Dark grizzly gray, little varied with yellowish and reddish; skull short and
- broad, the braincase developing a well marked median ridge in adult individuals.
Total length, 500 (192); tail vertebrae, 140 (54); hind foot, 80(3}). (igndvus;
Lat., inactive)

The Labrador woodchuck is at present known from Black bay, Labra-
-dor only.
go NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Genus Sciuropterus F. Cuvier

1855 Sciuropterus TF. Cuvier, Dents des mammiféres, p. 255. Type
Seciurus volans Linnaeus.

Squirrels with a broad furry membrane connecting front and hind leg of each.
side, but none between hind legs. (Sciurdépterus; Gk., squirrel wing)

The genus Sciuropterus is distributed throughout the greater
part of northern Europe, northern Asia and northern North America.
It contains a dozen or more species, several of which are American.
Two occur within our limits.

SPECIES OF SCIUROPTERUS

Total length about 280 (11); fur of belly dark at base.......-.. 3. sabrinus
Total length about 330 (9); fur of belly white to base..-....... 8S. volans

Sciuropterus volans (Linnaeus) Southern flying squirrel

1758 [Mus] volans Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10. 1:63. (Virginia)

1890 S[ciuropterus] volans Jordan, Manual of the vertebrate animals of
the northern United States. ed. 5. p. 324. a,

1896 Sciuropterus volans volans Bangs, Proc. biolog. soc. Washing-

ton. 28 Dec. 1896. 10:164.

Back drab, somewhat shaded with russet, not distinetly different in winter
aud summer; belly pure white to extreme base of hairs, Total length 230 (9);
tail vertebrae, 100 (4); hind foot, 30 (14). (vélaus; Lat., flying)

The southern flying squirrel occurs in woods, orchards, buildings, etc.,
in the transition zone and upper austral zone from New Hampshire and
southern Ontario to Georgia. It is divisible into two races; of which
the typical form alone, S. volans volans, occurs within our limits,

Sciuropterus sabrinus (Shaw) WVorthern flying squirrel

Back in winter glossy wood brown mixed with cinnamon, in summer sooty
drab; belly dirty white, the hairs darker at base. (sabrinus; N. Lat., Severn)

The northern flying squirrel occurs throughout the wooded portions
of eastern North America from the southern border of the Canadian
zone northward. It is abundant in the evergreen forests of central and
northern New York and New England, and in the Alleghanies. Two
subspecies occur within our limits.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA OI

SUBSPECIES OF SCIUROPTERUS SABRINUS
rs , e
Size large, hind foot over 40 (1vs); ear short and

DPOAG: cscs seed Se adeenatcceee toseed secs oseeds S.sabrinus sabrinus
Size medium, hind foot under 40 (ly) ; ear long
and narrow -...---.00---ees seen Science S.sabrinus macrotis

Sciuropterus sabrinus sabrinus (Shaw) Audsonian flying squirrel

1801 Sciurus sabrinus Shaw, Gen. zool. 1: 157. (Severn river, James bay)
1898 Sciuropterus sabrinus Mearns, Proc, U.S. nat. mus, 4 Nov. 1889.
21; 353.
Total length, 350 (133); tail vertebrae, 140 (54) ; hind foot, 42 (118); ear from
crown, 15 (). (sabrinus; N. Lat., Severn)
The Hudsonian flying squirrel is confined to the Hudsonian forests of
eastern and central Canada.

Sciuropterus sabrinus macrotis Mearns Canadian flying squirrel

1896 Sciuropterus sabrinus Bangs, Proc. biolog. soe. Washington.
28 Dee. 1896. 10: 162.

1898 Sciuropterus sabrinus macrotis Mearns, Proc. U.S. nat. mus.
4 Nov. 1898. 21: 353. (Catskill mts, N. Y.)

Total length, 280 (11); tail vertebrae, 125 (5); hind foot, 38 (14); ear from
crown, 20 (2). (macrotis; Gk., long eared)

The Canadian flying squirrel is abundant in the Canadian forests of
the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada.

Family Castoridae Beavers

Four broad, rootless cheek teeth in each jaw; angle of lower jaw rounded;
tail very broad, flattened from above downward, scaly ; sizelarge. (Castéridae;
genus Castor)

The family Castoridae is represented by a single living genus
common to the northern parts of both old and new worlds,

Genus Castor Linnaeus
1758 Castor Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10,1:58. Type Castor fiber

Linnaeus.
Feet four-toed; hind feet webbed; second toe of hind foot double-clawed.
(C4stor; Lat., a beaver)
One species of beaver occurs in North America. It is closely related
to that of the old world.
Qg2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Castor canadensis Kuhl American beaver

Flat space on top of skull between eye sockets distinctly longer than broad.
(canadénsis; N. Lat., Canadian)

The American beaver, which occurs throughout the wooded parts of
North America, is divisible into four or more races, two of which are
found within our limits.

SUBSPECIES OF CASTOR CANADENSIS

Scaly portion of tail more than twice as long

GS WIC sp cccetesscetvemsccs oadbec semeisic C., canadensis canadensis
Scaly portion of tail less than twice as long
ASP WAU Cocina Sacco Sesame nacnncimiaetcecicls C. canadensis carolinensis

Castor canadensis canadensis Kuhl Northeastern beaver

1820 Castor canadensis Kuhl, Beitrige zur zool. u. vergl. anat. p. 64.
(Eastern Canada)

1898 Castor canadensis Rhoads, Trans. Am. philos. soc. n. s. Oct.
1898. 19: 418.

Scaly portion of tail more than twice as long as wide; pelage long, full and soft.
Total length, 1100 (85); tail vertebrae, 410 (164); hind foot, 175 (63).
(canadénsis; N. Lat., Canadian)

The northeastern beaver was formerly an inhabitant of the wooded
banks of lakes and watercourses in the Hudsonian and Canadian zones of
eastern Canada and the northeastern United States. It has been exterm-
inated south of the Canadian border.

Castor canadensis carolinensis Rhoads Southeastern beaver

1898 Castor canadensis carolinensis Rhoads, Trans. Am. philos.
soc. n. s. Oct. 1898. 19: 420.

Scaly portion of tail less than twice as long as wide; pelage relatively short
and harsh. Total length, 1100 (35); hind foot, 180 (7). (carolinénsis; N.
Lat., Carolinian)

The southern beaver inhabits the austral zones of the eastern United
States. Its range is now restricted to the wilder foothills of the southern

Alleghanies.
Family Muridae ats, mice, ete.

Front teeth two; cheek teeth never more than threeineach jaw. In the species
that occur within our limits the fur is without spines or bristles, and the hind feet
and legs are never greatly elongated for jumping. (Mtiridae; genus Mus)

The family Muridae, which includes more than one third of the
existing rodents and a greater number of species than any other family
of mammals, is cosmopolitan in distribution. It probably contains more

than roo genera, many of which are American, rx occurring within our

limits. :
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 93

GENERA OF MURIDAE

‘Grinding teeth with tubercles arranged in three
transverse rows very distiuct in teeth of upper
jaw (subfamily Murinae, old world rats and
AMNIGE)i conisccs orote ccs qeneitedcenedeasiseuntwercas

Grinding teeth with tubercles arranged in two
rows, or without distinct tubercles of any kind
Crowns of grinding teeth with tubercles ar-
ranged in two rows (subfamily Criceti-
nae, American rats and mice)

Mus, p. 94

Upper front teeth grooved (harvest mice) R eithrodontomys, p. 95

Upper front teeth not grooved
Skull with a distinct ridge over eye-
socket; fur coarse; belly not pure
white; total length over 230 (9) (rice
Held MICE): ae seve wherow aceses seed cere
Skull without ridge over eye-socket ;
fur fine; belly pure white; total length
under 215 (84) (white-footed mice) -.
- Crowns of grinding teeth divided into loops,
or triangles formed by plates of hard en-
amel inclosing a softer substance (dentine)
Upper front teeth narrow, compressed,
the antero-posterior diameter of each
much greater than the transverse di-
ameter; body slender, tail always
long; eyes and ears large; belly white
(subfamily Neotominae, wood
rats and cave rats). -.-...---2..-----
‘Upper front teeth broad, the antero-pos-
terior diameter of each less than trans-
verse diameter; body clumsy; tail
usually short; eyes and ears small;
belly generally not white (subfamily
Microtinae, voles, Jemmings,

-souskrats etc.)
Lower front teeth short, the roots
terminating on inner side of grind-
ing teeth (lemmings)

Upper front teeth grooved; ears.

small but well formed; color
not changing to white in win-
ter; tail covered with short

Upper front teeth not grooved,
ears rudimentary; color white
in winter, tail with a brush of
stiff hairs nearly as long as
Ttself sicwasa soos exes es cae eeis

Oryzomys, p.96

Peromyscus, p. 96

Neotoma, p. 98

Synaptomys, p. 99

Dicrostonyx, p. 101
' O4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Lower front teeth long, their roots
extending under posterior grind-
ing tooth ito outer side of jaw

(voles) 2.2... 222+ eee eee eee eee eee
Tail flattened laterally (musk-
TAL) sucesenseseonescaceseeecs Fiber, p. 101
Tail round _
Grinding teeth without roots
(Provgs) ..------eeee eee eee Microtus, p. 102

Grinding teeth with roots
(provgs) in.adults

Grinding teeth heavy,
with sharp-pointed an-

gles; color never red.. Phenacomys, p. 108
Grinding teeth light, with
blunt angles; color usu-

ally red .....-.---.---- Evotomys, p. 109

Genus Mus Linnaeus
1758 Mus Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10.1: 59. Type Mus rattus
Liunaeus.

Front teeth without grooves; cheek teeth in upper jaw with tubercles of crown
arranged in three longitudinal rows; form slender; fail long, scaly, scant haired ;
fur coarse. (Lat., a mouse)

The genus Mus contains many old world species, but none native to
America. Four have been naturalized in the United States. One of
these, the roof rat, Mus alexandrinus (like the black rat but
brown with a yellowish white belly) is normally confined to the lower
austral zone. Twoofthe three others are well known within our limits.

SPECIES OF MUS
Total length under 200 (8) (mice) -.-...----------------- M. musculus
Total length over 300 (12) (rats)
Color bluish black ; tail more than halfof total length M. rattus
Color brownish; tailless than halfof total length.... M. decumanus

Mus musculus Linnaeus House mouse

1758 [Mus] museulus Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10. 1: 62. (Sweden)
Brownish gray, slightly paler below. Total length, 170 (62); tail vertebrae,
83 (38); hind foot, 17 (43). (mtseulus; Lat., a little mouse)
The house mouse is thoroughly established throughout the settled parts
of America. It is abundant in buildings and cultivated fields within
our limits, and is sometimes found in woods.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 95

Mus rattus Linnaeus Black rat

1758 [Mus] rattus Linnaeus, Systema naturae. cd.10.1:61. (Sweden)

Blue black, darker on the back, more slaty on the belly. Total length, 400
(15%); tail vertebrae, 215 (84); hind fvot, 37 (1%). (réttus; Lat., a rat)

The black rat was formerly widely spread in the eastern United
States. It is now rapidly disappearing before the larger and stronger
brown rat. This animal occurs still in central Massachusetts, but with
this exception I know of no localities where it is now found abundantly
in the northeastern United States.

Mus decumanus Pallas House rat

1778 Mus decumanus Pallas, Nov. sp. quadr. glir. ord. p. 91. (Russia)

Brownish above; grayish beneath ; tail scaly, clothed with short stiff hairs, not
distinctly bicolor. Total length, 400 (152); tail vertebrae, 180 (74); hind foot,
45 (12). (decumaénus; Lat., a tithe gatherer)

The house rat is abundant and well known throughout North
America.
Genus Reithrodontomys Giglioli
1873 Reithrodontomys Giglioli, Richer. intorn. alla distrib. geogr.
gener. p.60. Type Mus lecontii Aud. and Bach.

Like Peromyscus except that the face of each upper front tooth is marked
‘by & conspicuous longitudinal groove. (Reithrodéntomys; Gk., channel tooth
mouse)

The genus Reithrodontomys is confined to North America.
It reaches its greatest development in Mexico and the southwestern
United States, where it is represented by 15 or more forms. Only one
species occurs within our limits.

Reithrodontomys lecontii (Audobon and Bachman) Harvest mouse

1842 Mus lecontii Audobon and Bachman, Journ. Acad. nat. sci. Phila-
delphia. 8: 307. (Georgia)

1895 Reithrodontomys lecontii Allen, Bull. Am. mus. nat, hist. May
21, 1895, 7: 116.

Light brown above, varying much in exactshade; whitish beneath. (lecén-
tii; name from that of John LeConte)

The harvest mouse is common throughout the southeastern United
States. Three races are now recognized: R. lecontii dickinsoni
Rhoads from Florida; R. lecontii lecontii from the lower
austral zone, and the following:
96 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Reithrodontomys lecontii impiger Bangs Virginia harvest mouse

1898 Reithrodontomys lecontii impiger Bangs, Proc. biolog. soc.
Washington. 10 Aug. 1898. 12:167. (White Sulphur Springs, W. Va.)
Russet brown above, dull white beneath. Total length, 115 (44); tail ver-
tebrae, 51 (2); hind foot 9 (2). (impiger; Lat., quick)
The little known Virginia harvest mouse has been taken at White
Sulphur Springs W, Va. only. It probably occurs throughout the
southern part of the upper austral zone, east of the high Alleghanies.

Genus Oryzomys Baird

1857 Oryzomys Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 453. Type Mus palustris
Harlan.

Front teeth without grooves; cheek teeth with tubercles arranged in two
rows; skull distinctly ridged over eye sockets ; form slender; total length more

than 230 (9); taillong, scant haired; belly not white. (O ryzomys; Gk,, rice
mouse)

The genus Oryzomys is widely distributed in the warmer parts of
America. Many species are known, only one of which reaches the
upper austral zone of the eastern United States.

Oryzomys palustris (Harlan) Rice feld mouse

1837 Mus palustris Harlan, American jour. sci. 31 : 386. (Fast island,.
near Salem N. J.)
1857 Oryzomys palustris Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 459.

Dark brown above, paler below. Total length, 240 (94) ; tail vertebrae, 115
(44); hind foot, 30 (133.) (palustris; Lat., pertaining to a marsh)

The ricefield mouse is locally common in marshes throughout the
austral zones of the eastern United States, north to New Jersey. The
form which occurs within our limits is the typical subspecies,
O. palustris palustris. ‘Two others are found in Florida and a

fourth in Texas.
Genus Peromyscus Gloger

1842 Peromyseus Gloger, Gemeinn, Hand-u. hilfsbuch der naturgesch.
p.95. Type Peromyscus arboreus Gloger-Cricetus myoides
Gapper-Mus sylvaticus poveboracensis Fischer.

Front teeth without grooves, cheek teeth in upper jaw with tubercles arranged
in two longitudinal rows; shull smoothly rounded between eye sockets ; form slender.
Total length, (in our species) under 220 (8%); tail long, well furred, belly white,
(Peromyscus; Gk., little pocket mouse)

The genus Peromyscus, which contains nearly 100 species, is
confined to America. It reaches its greatest development in Mexico and
the western United States. Three species occur within our limits, all
members of the subgenus Peromyscus.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 97

SPECIES OF PEROMYSCUS

Tail about half of total length, ears large, colors
GULL OP Ligh basccc sine wasn tenes ciniedzaiweedeaew ee ea P. canadersis
Tail less than half of total length, ears moderate, colors
bright or dark
Tail slightly less than half of total length, color strongly

TUSSOD: sctiem oedee eeedee scene dete cemer tants ele P. leucopus
Tail considerably less than half of total length, color
dull, uot strongly russet.......-.--. .2e eee eee ee ee P. maniculatus

Peromyscus canadensis (Miller) Canadian white-footed mouse

Tail 452% to 60% of total length, with a conspicuous tuft of hair at tip; ears and
eyes large. Adults never reddish brown above (young bluish gray); belly hairs
always snowy white at tips. (canadénsis; N. Lat., Canadian)

This mouse is an inhabitant of the forests of the Canadian and Hud-
sonian zones of eastern America. It is divisible into four subspecies,
three of which occur within our limits.

SUBSPECIES OF PEROMYSCUS CANADENSIS

Adults very pale, grayish brown........---. P. canadensis abietorum

~ Adults not pale, grayish brown
Adults yellowish brown,...........----- P.canadensis canadensis
Adults dull brownish...-.....---..----- P.canadensis nubiterrae

Peromyscus canadensis abietorum Bangs udsonian white-
footed mouse

1896 Peromyscus canadensis abietorum Baugs, Proc. biolog. soc.
Washington. 9 Mar. 1896. 10:49. (Lake Edward, Quebec)

Adults pale grayish brown above, never fuscous or yellowish. Total length,
190 (74); tail vertebrae, 100 (4); hind foot, 21.5 (42). (abietédrum; Lat., of
the firs)

The Hudsonian white-footed mouse inhabits the spruce forests ot
Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. 1t probably occurs in north-
ern Maine. ,

Peromyscus canadensis canadensis Miller Canadian white-footed
© Mouse

1893 Sitomys americanus canadensis Miller, Proc. biolog. soc.
Washington. 20 June 1893. 8:55. (Peterboro, Madison co. N. Y.)

1896 Peromyscus canadensis Bangs, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington. 9
Mar. 1896. 10:49...

Adults dull yellowish brown above. Total length, 190 (73); tail veterbrae,
100 (4); bind foot, 21.5 (48). (ecanadénsis; N. Lat., Canadian)

The Canadian white-footed mouse inhabits the Canadian zone and
locally the cooler parts of the transition zone in the eastern United
States and Canada. It is a characteristic forest animal.
98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Peromyscus canadensis nubiterrae Rhoads Cloudland white-footed
Mouse
1896 Peromyscus leucopus nubiterrae Rhoads, Proc. acad. nat.
sci. Philadelphia. p.187. (Summit of Roan mountain, N. C.)
1897 Peromyscus canadensis nubiterrae Rhoads, Proc. acad. nat.
sci. Philadelphia. p. 213.

Adults dull brownish above. Total length, 170 (6%); tail vertebrae, 86 (34);
hind foot 21.5 (#8). (nubitérrae; N. Lat., of Cloudland)

This form of the Canadian white-footed mouse is confined to the
spruce forests of the high southern Alleghanies.

Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque) Deer mouse
1818 Musculus leucopus Rafinesque, Am. monthly magazine. 3: 446.
(Kentucky)
1895 Peromyscus leucopus Thomas, Ann. and mag. nat. hist. Feb. 1895.
ser. 6. 15: 192.

Tail 40% to 45 % of total length, with an inconspicuous tuft of hair al tip; ears
and eyes moderate ; adults chestnut brown above (young bluish gray); belly hairs
always suowy white at tips. Total length, 170 (64); tail vertebrae, 75 (3); hind
foot, 20 (#8). (Leticopus; Gk., white foot)

The deer mouse is abundant throughout the upper austral and transi-
tion zones, The race occurring in the former is true leucopus, that
of the transition zone has been separated as P. l. noveboracensis.
(See Miller, Proc. Boston soc, nat. hist. 28:22) The status of these
forms is not well understood.

Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner) Labrador deer mouse

1845 Hesperomys maniculatus Wagner, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir
naturgesch. 11, 1: 148. (Moravian settlements of Labrador)
1898 Peromyscus maniculatus Bangs, American naturalist. July
1898. 32:496.
Color about as in P. canadensis canadensis. Total length, 165
(64); tail vertebrae, 74 (3); hind foot, 20 (xs). (maniculd&tus; Lat., gloved)

The Labrador white-footed mouse is probably confined to the wooded
parts of the Hudsonian zone in Labrador. The species is very imper-
fectly known.

Genus Neotoma Say & Ord
1825 Neotoma Say & Ord. Jour. acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. v. 9, pt 2,
p. 346. Type Neotoma floridana Say & Ord.

Front teeth without grooves, narrow, compressed, much deeper than broad;
grinding teeth rooted, the flat crown divided by enamel folds into loops and
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 99

‘triangles; form slender; tail long and bairy; eyes and ears large; fur soft.
(Neétoma; Gk., new cutter)

The genus Neotoma is peculiar to America. Itreachesits greatest
development in Mexico and the southwestern United States, where
yo. or more forms occur. One species only is found in the eastern
United States north of the lower austral zone. This is a member of the
restricted subgenus N eotoma, in which the tail is round.

Neotoma pennsylvanica Stone Alleghany cave rat
1894 Neotoma pennsylvanica Stone, Proc. acad. vat. sci. Philadelphia.
p. 16. (South mountain, Cumberland co. Pa.)

Grayish above, white beneath, tail furry, sharply bicolor. Total length, 410
(164); tail vertebrae, 85 (78); hind foot, 42 (11). (pennsylvanica; N.
Lat., Pennsylvanian)

The Alleghany cave rat is common in caves and rocky woods through-
out the Alleghanies. Its northern range extends to the lower Hudson
valley. This is the common rat in Mammoth cave. Aside from the
character of its teeth, the cave rat differs from the house.rat in its larger
eyes and ears, long soft fur and more hairy tail, which is dark above
and white below, the two colors sharply defined.

Genus Synaptomys Baird

1857 Synaptomys Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 558. Type Synaptomys
cooperi Baird

Face of each upper front tooth with a distinet longitudinal groove, grinding teeth
without roots (prongs); skull small, not strongly angular; claws small, simple;
tail moderate (about as long as hind foot) covered with short hairs; color always
dark. (Synaptomys; Gk., connecting mouse)

The genus Synaptomys, containing the smallest and least special-
ized of the lemmings, has not been detected in the old world. It is
generally distributed throughout boreal North America. Eight species
are now recognized, four of which occur within our limits.

SPECIES OF SYNAPTOMYS

Mammae 6; crown of each lower cheek teeth with a small closed
triangle of enamel on outer side (subgenus Synap-

tomys)
Upper front teeth relatively broad and heavy .....-.....---.- S. cooperi
Upper front teeth relatively narrow and light .. .........--- S.fatuus

Mammae 8; crown of lower cheek teeth without closed triangles
of enamel on outer side (subgenus Mictomys)
Total length, 115.44) cnsic cisacicine sineicins sentiens Seicene cewess S. innuitus
Total length, 132 (S10)... . 2.200 cece ee teen ee cen ne ceeees S. sphagnicola
100 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Synaptomys cooperi Baird Coeger’s lemming
1857 Synaptomys cooperi Baird, Mamm. N. Am, p. 55%. (Probably
northern New Jersey or southern New York)
1896 Synaptomys cooperi Merriam, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington.
19 Mar. 1896. 10:58.

General appearance of a common meadow mouse, but tail very much shorter ;
color grizzled gray and yellowish brown thickly sprinkled with black; belly
soiled whitish. Total length, 120 (43); tail vertebrae, 18 (14); hind foot, 18
Ga). (eooperi; name from that of William Cooper)

Cooper’s lemming is locally common in cool bogs and marshy places
from Massachusetts to Virginia, west to Michigan and Indiana,

Synaptomys fatuus Bangs Bavgs’s lemming

1896 S ynaptomys fatuus Bangs, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington, 9 Mar.
1896. 10: 47. (Lake Edward, Quebec)

1896 Synaptomys fataus Merriam, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington. 19
Mar. 1896. 10:58

Like S. cooperi but with smaller front teeth and less heavily built anterior
part of skull. Total length, 120 (43); tail vertebrae, 21 ({); hind foot, 18
(it). (fituus; Lat., clumsy)

Bangs’s lemming is common in bogs and wet woods of the Hudsonian
zone and upper part of the Canadian zone from New Brunswick to the
north shore of Lake Superior, south to New Hampshire. A single
specimen has been recorded from the Catskills.

Synaptomys innuitus True 7Z7ri’s lemming

1894 Mictomys innuitus True, Diagnoses of new North American mam-
mals, 26 Ap. 1894. p. 3. Reprinted in Proc. U.S. nat. mus. 15 Nov. 1894.
17: 243. (Fort Chimo, Ungava, Labrador)

1896 Synaptomys innuitus Merriam, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington.
19 Mar. 1896. 10:61.

Like S. cooperi but smaller. Total length 115 (44); tail vertebrae, 17
(33); hind foot, 17 (13); greatest length of skull, 19 ($). (innvitus; N. Lat.,
Eskimo)

True’s lemming is at present known from northern Labrador only
(Fort Chimo and Hamilton inlet)

Synaptomys sphagnicola Preble Predle’s lemming
1899 Synaptomys sphagnicola Preble, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington.
29 May 1899. 13:43. (Fabyans, Coos co., New Hanipshire)

Like S. cooperi but larger. Total length, 132 (5%); tail vertebrae, 24
G8); hind foot, 20 (#4); greatest length of skull, 27 (1). (sphagnicola; N.
Lat., an inhabitant of sphagnum)

Preble’s lemming is at present known from the type specimen only,
taken in the Canadian forests near the foot of Mt Washington, New
Hampshire.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA IOI

Genus Dicrostonyx Gloger
1844 Dicrostonyx Gloger, Gemeinn. hand- u. hilfsbuch d. naturgesch.
1: xxxi, 97. Type Mus hudsonius, Pallas.

Face of each upper front tooth smooth, grinding teeth without roots (prongs),
skull large, heavily angular ; cars reduced to mere naked rims; claws very large;
in winter apparently double; tail very short with a Jong brush of stiff hairs; fur
turning white in winter. (Dierdstonyx; Gk., fork claw) .

The genus Dicrostonyx, containing the lemmings which turn
white in winter, is circumpolar in distribution. One or more forms occur
in northern Europe and Asia, The following species is found in Labra-
dor.

Dicrostonyx hudsonius Pallas Labrador lemming

1778 Mus hudsonius Pallas, Nov. spec. quadr. glir. ord. p. 203.
1897 Dicrostonyx hudsonius Bangs, Proc. biolog. soe. Washington.
11: 237.

In summer about the color of a Maltese cat, slightly varied with rusty; a
narrow black line down middle of back; in winter pure white. Total length,
150 (6); tail vertebrae, 21 (33); hind foot, 21 (48). (huds6nius; N. Lat.,
Hudsonian) ;

The range of the Labrador lemming is imperfectly known. The
animal occurs on the barrens of northern Labrador, south at least to

Hamilton inlet.
Genus Fiber Cuvier

1800 Fiber Cuvier, Legons d’anat. comp. 1, tab. 1. (Described in Tab.
elém. de Vhist. nat. des anim. 1798, p. 141) Type Castor zibethicus
Linnaeus.

Front teeth without grooves, broader than deep; grinding teeth with roots
(prongs), body short and thick; tail long, flattened laterally. (Fiber; Lat.,
a beaver)

The genus Fiber containing the well known muskrat, is peculiar to
America. Seven forms have been described, but their interrelationships

are very imperfectly understood. ‘Two species occur within our limits,

SPECIES OF FIBER

Upper lip yellowish brown, total length over 500 (19%)...-.. F. zibethicus
Upper lip white, total length under 500 (192)....---..----- F. obscurus

Fiber zibethicus Linnaeus Muskrat
Size usually large; hind foot generally about 80 (33%) color very vari-
able; upper lip yellowish brown. (zibéthicus; Lat.,a civet, in allusion to
the musky odor)
The muskrat occurs throughout North America south into the lower
austral zone. It is divisible into four or five races, two of which occur
within our limits.
102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

SUBSPECIES OF FIBER ZIBETHICUS

Hind foot about 80 (31%) ; color brown much

suffused with yellowish and reddish. ...-.. F. zibethicus zibethicus
Hind foot about 73 (24); color blackish

brown, little suffused with yellowish and

MOACISH wyoio.s) supsieds niece. ap cie-siesweierarsie Jabeiis F. zibethicus aquiionius

Fiber zibethicus zibethicus (Linnaeus) JVorthern muskrat

1766 [Castor] zibethicus Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 12. 1: 79.
(Eastern Canada)
1817 Fiber zibethicus Cuvier, Régne animal, 1: 192.

Rich dark brown above; sides and belly strongly tinged with rusty. Total
length, 600 (234); tail vertebrae, 267 (104) ; hind foot, 80 (810). (zibéthicus;
Lat., a civet, in allusion to the musky odor)

The northern muskrat is abundant in marshes and on the borders of
ponds and water courses throughout eastern North America, south at
least into the upper austral zone. In Louisiana it is replaced by another
race, F. z. rivalicius Bangs. In Labrador it gives way to the
following form.

Fiber zibethicus aquilonius Bangs JZadbrador muskrat
1899 Fiber zibethicus aquilonius Bangs, Proc. New England zool.
club. 28 Feb, 1899. 1:11.

Blackish brown above; sides and belly tinged with umber. Total length,
540 (21); tail vertebrae, 240 (93); hind foot, 73 (2%). (aquildénius; Lat.,
northern)

The Labrador muskrat is thus far known from Black bay, Labrador
only. It probably ranges throughout the Hudsonian zone of Labrador.

Fiber obscurus Bangs Newfoundland muskrat
1894 Fiber obscurus Bangs, Proce. biolog. soc. Washington. 15 Sep. 1894.
9: 133. (Codroy, Newfoundland)

Blackish brown above; sides and belly light grayish brown tinged with fawn
color; upper lip white. ‘Total length, 180 (19); tail vertebrae, 210 (8}); bind
foot, 70 (24). (obscurus; Lat., dark)

The Newfoundland muskrat is confined to the island of Newfound-
land.

Genus Microtus Schrank

1798 Microtus Schrank, Fauna boica. 1: 72. Type Mus arvalis Pallas.

Front teeth without grooves, not compressed, broader than deep: grinding
teeth without roots, (prongs); bony palate not ending in a thin-edged shelf behind ;
body stout and thick; tail short; ears just appearing above fur (color seldom
distinctly red). (Micrétus; Gk., small ear)

The genus Microtus is distributed throughout the boreal and
austral regions of the northern hemisphere. It probably contains one
hundred or more species, seven of which occur within our limits.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 103,

SPECIES OF MICROTUS
Fur dense and mole-like; claws on front feet long-
est (subgenus Pitymys).........--.....---- M. pinetorum, p.103
Fur not dense and mole-like; claws on hind feet
longest (subgenus Microtus)
Face or muzzle distinctly yellowish
Total length about 180 (6%); muzzle

patches pale..--.. ..---. eee. eee wees M.terraenovae, p. 104
Total length about 165 (6+); muzzle
patches. dATK. ccc... ccecisdiessseseees M. chrotorrhinus, p. 104

Face or muzzle not distinctly yellowish
Total length often over 200 (8); color
very palé.......-.... Sugita ateeee M. breweri, p. 105.
Total length seldom if ever reaching :
200 (8); color dark
Teeth weak; front teeth protruding
forward; the row of cheek teeth
less than } basal length of skull... M. enixus, p. 105
Teeth strong; front teeth not pro- ,
truding forward; the row of cheek
teeth more than } basal length of
skull
Skull not very broad (the com-
nion field mouse of the eastern
United States) ...-......-...- M. pennsylvanicus, p.105
Skull very broad (confined to
Great Gull island off the east-
ern end of Long Island, New
NOPk)cnsustases sceeesemtooms M. nesophilus, p.107

Microtus pinetorum (Le Conte) Fine mouse

Fur dense velvety and mole-like, eyes and ears very small, claws on front feet
longest; color of adults dull reddish brown; young slaty. (pinetédrum; Lat.,
of the pines)

The pine mouse inhabits dry sandy soil (usually in thickets and open
woods) in the austral zones and lower part of the transition zone of the
United States from the Atlantic coast west to Missouri and Indian terri-
tory. It is divisible into four or more subspecies, one of which occurs
within our limits.

Microtus pinetorum scalopsoides (Audubon & Bachman)
Northern pine mouse

1841 Arvicola sealopsoides Audubon & Bachman, Proc. acad. nat. sci.
Philadelphia. Oct. 1841. 1:97. (Long Island, New York)

1896 Microtus pinetorum scalopsoides Batchelder, Proc. Boston
soc. nat. hist. Oct. 1896, 27: 187. -

1900 Microtus pinetorum scalopsoides Bailey North American fauna.
6 June 1900. no. 17, p. 64.

Adults reddish brown, lighter than in the southeastern pine mouse (M. pine-

torum pinetorum) of the lower austral zone. Total length, 125 (5); tail
vertebrae, 22 (4); hind foot, 16 (&). (scalopséides; Gk., mole-like)
104 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The northern pine mouse inhabits the upper austral zone and lower
part of the transition zone east of the Alleghanies. It generally occurs
in colonies, which may be detected by the mole-like ridges thrown up by
the animals.

Microtus terraenovae Bangs Mew/foundland vole

1894 Arvicola terraenovae Bangs. Proc. biolog. soc. Washington. 27
July 1894. 9:129. (Codroy, Newfoundland)

1896 [Microtus] terraenovae Miller, North American fauna. 23 July
1896. no. 12, 66.

1900 Microtns terraenovae Bailey, North American fauna. 6 June
1900. no. 17, p. 25.

Above umber brown, slightly sprinkled with blackish hairs; below light gray ;
tail well haired, blackish above, light gray below; a pale dull tawny patch on
each side of muzzle at roots of whiskers. Total length, 180 (6%); tail vertebrae,
50 (2); hind foot, 24 (1). (terraendvae; N. Lat., of Newfoundland)

The Newfoundland vole is confined to the island of Newfoundland.

Microtus chrotorrhinus (Miller) Rock vole
Light brown above, thickly sprinkled with blackish hairs beneath; a conspic-
uous ochraceous pateh on each side of muzzle; hind foot about 21 (48).
(chrotorrhinus; Gk., color nose)
The rock vole inhabits heavy spruce woods and rock cavities in the
Hudsonian zone of eastern North America. Two well marked sub-
species are known, both of which occur within our limits,

SUBSPECIES OF MICROTUS CHROTORRHINUS

Muzzle patch dark tawny ochrace-
ous, confined to extremity of

WMUZZIS vccccs secwes sseeaa ce xe M. chrotorrhinus chrotorrhinus
Muzzle patch pale tawny ochrace-
ous, suffusing whole face-... M. echrotorrhinus ravus

Microtus chrotorrhinus chrotorrhinus (Miller) Southern rock vole

1894 Arvicola chrotorrhinus Miller, Proc. Boston soc. nat. hist. 24
Mar. 1894. 26:190. (Mt Washington, New Hampshire)

1896 Microtus chrotorrhinus Bangs, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington. 9
Mar. 1896. 10: 49.

1900 Microtus chrotorrbinus Bailey, North American fauna. 6 June
1900. no. 17, p. 58.

General color of upper parts umber brown; muzzle patches deep tawny oehra-
ceous strictly confined to sides of muzzle. Total length, 165 (64); tail vertebrae,
50 (2); hind foot, 20(133). (chrotorrhinus; Gk., color nose)

The southern rock vole is locally distributed in the Hudsonian zone
and in cold situations in the Canadian zone of Quebec, New Brunswick,
the White mountains, Adirondacks and Catskills.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 105

Microtus chrotorrhinus ravus Bangs Zabrador rock vole

1898 Microtus chrotorrhinus ravus Bangs, Proc. biolog. soc.
Washington. 16 Nov. 1898. 12:188. (Black bay, Labrador)

1900 Microtus chrotorrhinus ravus Bailey, North American fau-
na. June 1900. No, 17, p. 59.

General color of upper parts light umber brown; muzzle patches pale tawny
ochraceous spreading over whole face. Total length, 160 (64); tail vertebrae, 45
(14) ; hind foot, 22 (#4). (révus; Lat., yellow gray)

The Labrador rock vole is thus far known from Black bay, Labrador
only.

Microtus breweri (Baird) Muskeget island vole

1857 Arvicola breweri Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 525. (Muskeget island,

Massachusetts)

1896 Microtus breweri Miller, Proc. Boston soc. nat. hist. June 1896.
27: 15.

1900 Microtus breweri Bailey, North American fauna. 6 June 1900.
no. 17, p. 26.

Light gray, pure and whitish on belly, dull, tinged with wood brown and
sprinkled with blackish hairs on back; fur harsh and coarse. Total length, 195
(7%) ; tail vertebrae, 48 (1% ); hind foot, 24 (38). (bréweri; name from that
of Thomas Mayo Brewer)

The Muskeget island vole is peculiar to the island of Muskeget, off
Nantucket, Massachusetts.

Microtus enixus Bangs Hamilton inlet vole

1896 Microtus enixus Bangs, American naturalist. Dec. 1896. 30 : 1051.
(Hamilton inlet Labrador)

1900 Microtus enixus Bailey, North American fauna. 6 June 1900. no.
17, p. 24.

Upper parts dark umber brown, much sprinkled with black hairs; under parts
dark gray occasionally slightly washed with buffy, teeth very lightly built, the
Sront teeth slender and strongly projecting, the row of cheek teeth averaging less than
+ basal length of skull. Total length, 190 (74); tail vertebrae, 60 (28); hind
foot, 22 (4). (enixus; Lat., zealous)

The Hamilton inlet vole is abundant throughout northern Labrador.

Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord) Field mouse

Upper parts dark brown, much sprinkled with black; under parts gray, usually
washed with buffy; teeth strong, the front teeth heavy, not directed noticeably forward,
the row of cheek teeth averaging more than } basal length of skull; skull with long,
narrow braincase. (pennsylv4&nicus; N. Lat., Pennsylvanian)

This is the common field mouse abundant and well known throughout
-eastern North America from Labrador to North Carolina, and ranging
106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

far to the westward. Itis often erroneously called “ mole” or “ meadow
mole”. In the extensive territory which it inhabits the animal is differ-
entiated into several geographic races, four of which occur within our
limits.

SUBSPECIES OF MICROTUS PENNSYLVANICUS

Size large, total length of adult
males often over 185 (73).... M. pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus
Size medium or small, total length
of adult males seldom if ever
reaching 175 (6%)
Total length of adults mostly
under 140 (53) ...--....--. M. pennsylvanicus labradorius
Total length of adults mostly
over 140 (54) .........-...
General color clear light

0) 3 | ee M. pennsylvanicus fontigenus
General color brown tinged
with russet............- M. pennsylvanicus acadicus

Microtus pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus (Ord) Common eastern
Jield mouse

1815 Mus pennsylvanica Ord, Guthrie’s geography, Am. ed. 2. 2: 292.
(Near Philadelphia Pa.)

1895 [Microtus] pennsylvanicus Rhoads, American naturalist. Oct.
1895. 24: 940

1900 Microtus pennsylvanicus Bailey, North American fauna. 6
June 1900. no. 17, p. 16.

General color above dark brown, usually tinged with tawny, under parts light
gray often washed with buffy; skull rather narrow; fur not specially fine and
soft. Total length, 180 (62); tail vertebrae, 50 (2); bind foot, 21 (113)

The common eastern meadow mouse is abundant in fields and
marshes throughout the eastern United States and southern Canada
from well within the Canadian zone to the lower edge of the upper
austral zone.

Microtus pennsylvanicus labradorius Bailey Zabrador field mouse
1898 Microtus penusylvanicus labradorius Bailey, Proc. biolog.
soc. Washington. 30 Ap. 1898. 12: 88. (Fort Chimo, Ungava, Labrador)
1900 Microtus pennsylvanicus labradorius, Bailey, North
American fauna. 6 June 1900. no. 17, p. 22.
Dark brown above, whitish below; skull not very narrow. Total length, 138
Od); tail vertebrae, 38 (14); hind foot, 19 (4). (labradérius; N. Lat.,
Labradorean)
The Labrador field mouse inhabits the barrens of northern Labrador.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 107

Microtus pennsylvanicus fontigenus (Bangs) Northern field mouse

1896 Microtus fontigenus Bangs, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington. 9 Mar.
1896.p.48. (Lake Edward, Quebec)

1897 Microtus pennsylvanicus fontigenus Miller, Proc. Boston
soe. nat. hist. 30 Ap. 1897. 28:14.

1900 Microtus pennsylvanicus fontigenus Bailey, North Ameri-
can fauna. 6 June 1900. no. 17, p. 21.

Upper parts clear sepia brown without tawny tinge; under parts ligbt gray;
skull parrow. Total length, 140 (54); tail vertebrae, 40 (1%); hind foot, 20 (4).
(fontigenus; Lat., spring-born)

The northern field mouse inhabits fields, barrens and dry woods in the
Hudsonian zone of eastern North America from Quebec to the north

shore of Lake Superior.

Microtus pennsylvanicus acadicus Bangs Acadian field mouse

1897 Microtus pennsylvanicus acadicus Bangs, American nat-
uralist. Mar. 1897. 30:239. (Digby, Nova Scotia)

1900 Microtus pennsylvanicus acadicus Bailey, North American
fauna. 6 June 1900. no. 17, p. 19.

Upper parts varying from bister shaded with russet to almost clear russet ;
under parts dark gray; skull slender. Total length, 167 (62%); tail vertebrae,
45 (12); hind foot, 20 (4). (acadicus; N. Lat., Acadian)

The Acadian meadow mouse is confined to the fields, fresh water

marshes and forest glades of Nova Scotia.

Microtus nesophilus Bailey Gud island mouse
1898 Microtus insularis Bailey, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington. 12: 86.
(Great Gull island, Long Island, N. Y.) not Lemmus insularis
Nilsson.
1899 Microtus nesophilus Bailey, Science. n. s. 2 Dec. 1898, 8: 782.
1900 Microtus nesophilus Bailey, North American fauna, 6 June 1900.
no. 17, p. 26.

Upper parts dark brown, slightly darker than in average specimens of M.
pennsylvanicus; under parts dusky, washed with cinnamon; teeth as in
M. pennsylvanicus; skull with short broad braincase. Tail vertebrae,
29 (14); hind foot, 20 (4). (neséphilus ; Gk., island lover)

The Gull island mouse is confined to Great Gull island and Little Gull
island, off the eastern extremity of Long Island, New York. The species

is probably extinct.
108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Genus Phenacomys Merriam
1889 Phenacomys Merriam, North American fauna. 30 Oct. 1889. no. 2,
p. 28. Type Phenacomys intermedius Merriam.

Front teeth without grooves, broader than deep; grinding teeth rooted (pronged)
in adults, large and heary ; bony palate not ending in a thin-edged shelf behind ;
body short and thick; tail short; ears just appearing above fur; color never
distinctly red. (Phendcomys; Gk., impostor mouse)

So far as at present known the genus Phenacomys is peculiar to
North America. Six species are recognized, two of which occur within
our limits.

SPECIES OF PHENACOMYS

Total length about 150 (5); skull with adeep groove between

VCO CKCIS ria fee cei Hertel obese cavmetecedecaceSeeee P.celatus
Total length about 130 (54); skull without distinct groove
between eye sockets. .-.--. 2 ene enna e cece e cee cee eee eee P.latimanus

Phenacomys celatus Merriam Large yellow-faced phenacomys

1889 Phenacomys celatus Merriam, North American fauna, 30 Oct. 1889.
no, 2, p. 38. (Godbout, Quebec, Canada)

1897 Phenacomys f&ngava Miller, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington. 21 Ap.
1897, 11:84.

Yellowish brown above; whitish below; face suffused with reddish. Total
length, 150 (5%); tail vertebrae, 35 (13); hind foot, 20 (48). (celA&tus; Lat.,
secret)

The large yellow-faced phenacomys ranges throughout the Hud-
sonian zone in Labrador and eastern Canada, south to southeastern
Quebec. It has not yet been taken in Nova Scotia or the United
States.

Phenacomys latimanus Merriam Small yellow-faced phenacomys

1889 Phenacomys latimanus Merriam, North American fauna. 30 Oct.
1889. no. 2, p. 34. (Fort Chimo, Ungava, Labrador)

1897 Phenacomys latimanus Miller, Proc. biolog. soe. Washington. 21
Ap. 1897. 11: 83.

Colorasin P.celatus. Total length, 130 (54); tail vertebrae, 30 (14);
hind foot, 18 (73), (latimanus; Lat., broad hand)

The small yellow-faced phenacomys ranges from western Labrador to
the north shore of Lake Superior. It is apparently confined to barrens
and open places, seldom if ever entering the dense forests inhabited by
the red-backed mice.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA I0Q

Genus Evotomys Coues
1874 Evotomys Coues, Proc. acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. p. 186. Type Mus-
rutilus Pallas.

Frout teeth without grooves, broader than deep; grinding teeth rooted
(pronged) in adults, small and weak; bony palate ending in thin-edged
shelf behind ; body short and thick ; tail short, ears usually just appearing above
fur; color of back usually distinctly red. (Ev6tomys; Gk., well-eared mouse)

The genus Evotomys which occurs throughout the cooler part of
the northern hemisphere is represented in America by about 25 forms.
Five species occur within our limits.

SPECIES OF EVOTOMYS

-Red area on back fading insensibly into color of sides
Ears small, completely covered by the surrounding fur;

teeth small. sissies wsccsscacsewssewscwoseas cine eaese E.ungava

Ears large, appearing conspicuously above surrounding
fur; teéth very heavy sccesesccessseesssecceae ccicee . E. carolinensis

‘Red area on back sharply defined from color of sides

Tail considerably more than twice length of hind foot... E. proteus

Tail scarcely more than twice length of hind foot, or less
Hind foot about 19 (2); skuJl small; teeth light ...... E. gapperi
Hind foot about 21 (18); skull large; teeth heavy..... E. rhoadsi

Evotomys ungava Bailey Ungava red-backed mouse

1897 Evotomys ungava Bailey, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington. 13 May
1897. 11: 130. (Fort Chimo, Ungava, Labrador)

Ears very small, not projecting above fur; back dull brownish chestnut, fading
insensibly into buffy gray of sides; tail about twice as long as hind foot. Total
length, 135 (54); tail vertebrae, 40 (1s%) ; hind foot, 19(#). (ungava; N. Lat.,
Ungava)

The Ungava red-backed mouse is known from Ungava, Labrador only.

Evotomys carolinensis Merriam Carolina red-backed mouse
1888 Evotomys carolinensis Merriam, Amer. jour. sci. and arts. Dec.
1888. 36: 460. (Roan mountain, North Carolina)
1897 Evotomys carolinensis Bailey, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington. 13
May 1897. 11: 130.

Ears large, projecting conspicuously above fur; back dark chestnut fading in-
sensibly into bister of sides; tail about twice as long as hind foot. Total length,
150 (55); tail vertebrae, 45 (12); hind foot, 21 (4%). (Carolinénsis; N.

.Lat., Carolinian)

The Carolina red-backed mouse is confined to the boreal mountain
forests of the southern Alleghanies (Tennessee, North Carolina, West
Virginia and Virginia).
IIo NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Evotomys proteus Bangs Variable red-backed mouse
1897 Evotomys proteus Bangs, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington. 13 May
1897. 11:137. (Hamilton inlet, Labrador)

Ears large, projecting conspicuously above fur, back varying from slate color
and dark sepia to dull yellowish and bright chestnut, usually sharply marked off
from gray of sides; tail much more than twice as long as hind foot. Total length,
160 (64); tail vertebrae, 50 (2); hind foot, 21(42). (préteus; Lat.,a many formed
sea god)

The variable red-backed mouse has been taken in the stunted spruce
forest at Hamilton inlet, Labrador, only.

Evotomys gapperi (Vigors) Common red-backed mouse

Ears large, projecting conspicuously above fur; color of back sharply defined
from that of sides, tail about twice as long as hind foot. (gdpperi; name
from that of Dr Gapper)

The common red-backed mouse occurs in the forests of the boreal zone
and cooler parts of the transition zone throughout the greater part of
the northern United States and southern Canada. It is divisible into
six or more well marked geographic races, two of which are found within
our limits, In the northern part of its range brown individuals (E.
fuscodorsalis Allen) are of frequent occurrence.

SUBSPECIES OF EVOTOMYS GAPPERI

Back bright chestnut sprinkled with black hairs. E. gapperi gapperi
Back dull rusty rufous without sprinkling of black
DATS es. scececiscsadeien See teewiqeeeeeressisess E. gapperi ochraceus

Evotomys gapperi gapperi (Vigors) astern red-backed mouse

1830 Arvicola gapperi Vigors, Zool. jour. 5:204. (Region between York

and Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada)
1891 Evotomys gapperi Merriam, North American fauna. 30 July 1891.

no. 5, p. 119.
1897 Evotomys gapperi Bailey, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington. 13 May

1897. 11: 122.

Back bright chestnut, sprinkled with blackish hairs; sides bright buffy ochra-
ceous; belly gray washed with pale buff. Total length, 140 (54); tail verte-
brae, 40 (1x); bind foot, 18 (2). (gapperi; name from that of Dr Gapper)

The eastern red-backed mouse is abundant in the forests of the boreal
zone and cooler parts of the transition zone from Quebec to Pennsyl-
vania and from the Atlantic coast to Dakota.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA III

Evotomys gapperi ochraceus Miller, Mount Washington
red-backed mouse
1894 Evotomys gapperi ochraceus Miller, Proc. Boston soc, nat. hist.
24 Mar. 1894. 26: 193. (Mt Washington, New Hampshire)

1897 Evotomys gapperi ochraceus Bailey, Proc. biolog. soc.
Washington. 13 May 1897. 11: 124.

Back pale, dull, rusty rufous, without sprinkling of blackish hairs, sides buffy
elay color; belly dirty whitish. Total length, 150 (5%); tail vertebrae, 40 (1x8) ;
hind foot, 19 (?). (ochrdceus; Lat., ochraceous)

The Mt Washington red-backed mouse is so far as known confined to
the upper boreal zone of Mt Washington, New Hampshire.

Evotomys rhoadsi (Stone) Mew Jersey red-backed mouse

1893 Evotomys gapperi rhoadsi Stone, American naturalist. Jan.
1893. 27:54. (Mays Landing N. J.)

1897 Evotomys gapperi rhoadsi Bailey, Proc. biolog. soc. Washing-
ton. 13 May 1897. 11: 128.

Ears large, projecting conspicuously above fur; back dark chestnut, sharply
marked off from buffy gray of sides; skull and teeth much heavier than in E.
gapperi, in this respect resembling ‘E. carolinensis. Total length,
140 (53); tail vertebrae, 40 (11s); hind foot, 21 (13). (rho4dsi; name from that
of Samuel N. Rhoads)

The New Jersey red-backed mouse has thus far been found in the
cool bogs of southern New Jersey and southern New York only.

Family Dipodidae Jerboas and jumping mice

Front teeth two, compressed (in our genera each with a deep longitudinal groove
on front face); cheek teeth in upper jaw usually four on each side (three in
Napaeozapus); skull with a conspicuous aperture opening forward in
front of the eye socket; tail and hind legs elongated for jumping. (Dipédidae;
genus, Dipus)

The family Dipodidae is widely distributed through North Amer-
ica, Asia, Africa and eastern and northern Europe. Half a dozen or
more old world genera are now recognized, while only two are found in
America. The latter form the subfamily Zapodinae.

GENERA OF DIPODIDAE
-Asmall, probably useless_tooth in front of first well developed

grinder in upper jaw...... 2-22. cece ceene: connec eens Zapus
No ‘small tooth in front of first well developed grinder in
Upper jaw..--..---2-----e- ecarsiefer HSCEREM sieseeaeess ---- Napaeozapus
112 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Genus Zapus Coues

1873 Zapus Coues, Bull. U. S. geolog. surv. terr. ser. 2, no. 5, p. 253. Type
Dipus hudsonius Zimmermann.

Teeth 18; tail considerably longer than head and body; hind foot greatly
elongated, between one half and one third as long as head and body.
(Laipus; Gk.,-much foot)

The genus Zapus reaches its greatest development in boreal North
America. Several species are known, all North American but one, which
occurs in western China. Only one is found within our limits.

Zapus hudsonius (Zimmermann) Aeadow jumping mouse

Back and sides yellowish brown, the former heavily, the latter lightly sprinkled
with darker hairs; belly white, usually strongly tinged with yellowish, tail brown
to extreme tip. (hudséuius; N. Lat., Hudsonian)

The meadow jumping mouse is common in meadows, old fields and
open woods throughout eastern North America south to the northern
edge of the upper austral zone. It is divisible into several races, three
of which occur within our limits.

SUBSPECIES OF ZAPUS HUDSONIUS
Total length under 200 (8); hind foot less than

30; Clive) teismecvsisinsiem neice ae ticieuciiaed sisicia Z. hudsonius americanus
Total length over 215 (84); hind foot more
than 30 (1)
Total length about 220 (88). ...-..-----..---. Z. hudsonius hudsonius
Total length about 230 (94)........--.2-.-.-- Z. hudsonius ladas

Zapus hudsonius americanus (Barton) Southern meadow jumping
Mouse

1799 Meriones americanus Barton, Trans. Am, philos. soc. 4:115.
(Philadelphia Pa.)

1899 Zapushudsonius americanus Batchelder, Bull. New England
zool. club. 8 Feb. 1899. 1: 6.

1899 Zapus hudsonius americanus Preble, North American fauna.
8 Aug. 1899. no. 15, p. 19.

Back dusky brown faintly tinged with reddish buff, sides reddish buff, very
slightly grizzled. Total length, 190 (73); tail vertebrae, 115 (44); hind foot,
18 (14). (americdnus; N. Lat., American)

The southern meadow jumping mouse occurs throughout the upper
austral zone of the eastern United States from North Carolina north-
ward. In the transition zone it intergrades with the next race.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 113

Zapus hudsonius hudsonius (Zimmermann) Northern meadow
Jumping mouse

1780 Dipus hudsonius Zimmermann, Geogr. Gesch. 2:358. (Hudson

bay)

1873 Zapus hudsonius Coues, Bull. U. S. geolog. surv. terr. ser. 2, no. 5,
p. 254.

1899 Zapus hudsonias Preble, North American fauna. 8 Aug. 1899. no.
15, p. 15.

Back yellowish browu ; sides light grayish buff, slightly sprinkled with black.
Total length, 220 (83); tail vertebrae, 130 (54); hind foot, 31 (1%). (hud-
sénius; N. Lat., Hudsonian)

The northern meadow jumping mouse occurs throughout the Cana-
dian zone and lower part of the Hudsonian zone of eastern North Amer-
ica except in the area occupied by the following form.

Zapus hudsonius ladas Bangs Labrador meadow jumping mouse

1899 Zapus hudsonius ladas Bangs, Proc. New England zool. club.
28 Feb. 1899. 1:10. (Hamilton inlet, Labrador)

1899 Zapus hudsonius ladas Preble, North American fauna. 8 Aug.
1899. no. 15, p. 17. '

Back blackish; sides tawny ochraceous, conspicuously sprinkled with black.
Total length, 230 (94); tail vertebrae, 145 (52); hind foot, 32 (14). (ladas;
from name of a famous runner of Alexander the Great)

The Labrador meadow jumping mouse is at present known from
eastern Labrador only.

Genus Napaeozapus Preble

1899 Napaeozapus Preble, North American fauna. 8 Aug. 1899. no. 15, p. 33.
Type Zapus insignis Miller.
Teeth 16; otherwiseasin Zapus. (Napaeozadpus; Gk., woodland Zapus)
The genus Napaeozapus is peculiar to eastern North America,
where it is represented by one species only.

Napaeozapus insignis Miller Woodland jumping mouse

Back and sides yellowish brown, the former heavily, the latter scarcely,
sprinkled with black; belly always pure white; tail tipped with white. (in-
signis; Lat., distinguisbed)

The woodland jumping mouse is abundant in heavy woods (chiefly
near watercourses) throughout the Hudsonian and Canadian zones of
eastern North America. It also occurs sparingly in isolated cool lo-
calities in the upper edge of the transition zone. It is divisible into three

races.
II4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

SUBSPECIES OF NAPAEOZAPUS INSIGNIS
Total length about_250 (9%); hind foot about 33

(Use) scion Seitiiceeasmeacasenare cteioed ose N, insignis abietorum
Total length about 225 (8%); hind foot about 30
(1¥6)
Colors bright; hind foot usually more than 30
CURE) searsscicteeretdaigiesciste wise) wisislewrenloeie cases ances N. insignis insignis

Colors dull; hind foot usually less than 30 (1%s)..N. insignis roane nsis

Napaeozapus insignis abietorum (Preble) Audsonian woodland
jumping mouse
1899 Zapus (Napaeozapus) insignis abietorum Preble, North
American fauna. 8 Aug. 1899. no. 15, p. 36. (North shore of Lake
Superior)
Size very large; skull broad between eye sockets. Total length, 250 (9%);
tail vertebrae, 160 (6%). (abieté6rum; Lat., of the firs)
The northern woodland jumping mouse is confined to the Hudsonian
zone of eastern Canada.

Napaeozapus insignis insignis Miller (Vorthern woodland
Jumping mouse
1891 Zapus insignis Miller, American naturalist. Aug. 1891. 25: 472.
(Restigouche river, New Brunswick)

1899 Zapus (Napaeozapus) insignis Preble, North American fauna.
8 Aug. 1899. no. 15, p. 33.

Size medium; skull narrow between eye sockets; color bright. Total length,
235 (94); tail vertebrae, 145 (52); hind foot, 31 (1%). (insignis; Lat., dis-
tinguisbed)

The northern woodland jumping mouse is abundant throughout the
Canadian forests of the eastern United States and Canada.

Napaeozapus insignis roanensis (Preble) Afountain woodland
jumping mouse
1899 Zapus (Napaeozapus) insignis roauensis Preble, North
American fauna, 8 Aug. 1899. no. 15, p. 35. (Roan mountain, N. C.)

Size small; skull narrow between eye sockets; colors dull. Total length, 220
(82); tail vertebrae, 130 (54); hind foot, 30 (1%). (roanéusis; N. Lat.,
inhabiting Roan mountain)

The mountain woodland jumping mouse is at present known from
the evergreen forests of Roan mountain only. It probably occurs in the
Canadian zone throughout the southern Alleghanies.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA I15

Family Erethizontidae Mew world porcupines
Cheek teeth rooted; no thumb; fur mixed with long stiff quills, (Erethi-
zontidae; genus Erethizon)
The new world porcupines are represented by three genera, two of
which are tropical. The third occurs throughout the wooded portion of
boreal North America.

Genus Erethizon F. Cuvier
1825 Erethizon F. Cuvier, Dents des mammiferes, p. 256. Type Hystrix
dorsatus Linnaeus

Tail short, not prebensile; toes four in front, five behind. (Erethizon;
Gk., to irritate)

The genus Erethizon is confined to the northern parts of North
America. Two species are known, one of which occurs within our
limits.

Erethizon dorsatus (Linnaeus) Canada porcupine, “ hedgehog”
1758 Hystrix dorsatus Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10. 1:57. (Canada)

1822 Erethizon dorsatus F. Cuvier, Mém. du muséum Whist. nat.
Paris. 9: 432.

Blackish; quills whitish tipped. Total length, 700 (28); tail vertebrae, 200 (8)
hing foot, 90 (33). (dorsatus; Lat., large-backed)

The Canada porcupine occurs throughout the Canadian zone of north-
eastern North America wherever are still found sufficiently extensive
tracts of unbroken forest. It is chiefly arboreal in habits. The true
hedgehogs are very different animals (insectivores) confined to the old

world.
Family Leporidae Hares

Upper front teeth four, a large pair in front and a small pair immediately behind;
front legs short; hind Jegs elongated for jumping; tail very short or rudimen-
tary. (Lepéridae; genus Lepwus)

The family Le poridae, though nearly universally distributed out-
side of Australia and the neighboring islands, contains only two genera,
one of which is peculiar to the high mountains of southern Mexico.

Genus Lepus Linnaeus

1758 Lepus Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10. 1:57. Type Lepus
timidus, Linnaeus. :
Tail well developed; ears long and narrow; hind legs very long. (Lépus;
‘Lat., w hare)
The genus Lepus, the range of which is coincident with that of the
family, probably contains more than one hundred species. Four of these

occur in northeastern North America.
116 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

SPECIES OF LEPUS
Size small; bind foot under 115 (44); fur never turning
white in winter (cottontails, subgenus Sylvilagus) L. floridanus
Size medium or large; hind foot 125 (5) to 165 (64); fur in
American species generally turning white in winter
(hares, subgenus Le pus)
Total length usually less than 500 (19); fur nsually but
not always turning white in winter (varying hares).. L. americanus
Total length about 600 (234) or more; fur always turning
white in winter (arctic hares)
Hind foot, 145 (5%); ear from crown, 100 (4)....-...... L. labradorius
Hind foot, 165 (64); ear from crown, 85 (3§)...--...-- L. bangsi

Lepus labradorius Miller Labrador arctic hare

1896 Lepus arcticus bangsi Rhoads, Proc. acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia,
p. 365. (part)

1899 Lepus labradorius Miller, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington. (Fort
Chimo, Ungava, Labrador)

General color in summer light brown, turning to dusky bluish gray on sides
and to white on under parts; in winter pure white; ears always tipped with
black; tail snowy white. Total length, 600 (234); tail vertebrae, 55 (21s); hind
Soot, 145 (5%); ear fromcrown, roo(4). (labradérius; N.Lat., Labradorean)

The Labrador arctic hare is confined to the barren region of northern
Labrador, where it is abundant. Its range extends as far south as
Hamilton inlet.

Lepus bangsi (Rhoads) Newfoundland arctic hare
1896 Lepus areticus bangsi Rhoads, American naturalist. Mar. 1896.
30: 253. (part) (Codroy Newfoundland)
1896 Lepus arcticus bangsi Rhoads, Proc. aead. nat. sci. Philadelphia.
p. 365. (part)

General color in summer light brown, turning to dusky bluish gray on sides
and to white on under parts, in winter pure white; ears always tipped with black ;
tail suowy white. Total length, 600 (234); tail vertebrae, 65 (28) hind foot, 165
(63); ear from crown, 85 (38). (bitngsi; name from that of Outram Bangs)

The Newfoundland arctic hare is confined to the island of Newfound-

land.
Lepus americanus Erxleben American varying hare

Size medium (much less than that of the western jack rabbits, and northern
arctic hares); fur usually undergoing marked periodic changes, from brown
to white in antuma and from white to brown in spring; fail (in dark pelage),
dull yellowish or whitish beneath. (americdinus; N. Lat., American)

The American varying hare is a wide ranging species divisible into
numerous geographic races. Three of these occur in northeastern
North America.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA II7

SUBSPECIES OF LEPUS AMERICANUS

Hind foot small, about 127 (5) in length... L. americanus struthopus
Hind foot large, about 140 (54) in length
General color (in summer coat) light yel-
lowish brown or drab; ears conspicu-
ously rimmed with white........... L. americanus americanus
General color (in summer coat) russet or
rusty; ears inconspicuously rimmed
With White sissies svisie sos beemwe seems L. americanus virginianus.

Lepus americanus struthopus Bangs Nova Scotian hare
1898 Lepus americanus struthopus Bangs, Proc. biolog. soc. Wash-
ington. 24 Mar. 1898. 12:81. (Digby N.S.)

Hind foot small; color in summer dull tawny brown, (varying from raw umber to
bister) ; black-tipped hairs on back not numerons; ears dusky or black at tip;
borders of ears yellowish brown. Length, 470 (184); tail, 50 (2); hind foot, 127 (5).
(strathopus; Lat., small-footed)

The Nova Scotian hare, as its name implies, is confined to the prov-
ince of Nova Scotia, where it is exceedingly abundant.

Lepus americanus americanus Erxleben Vorthern varying hare

1777 Lepus am ericanus Erxleben, Syst. regn. anim. 1: 330.
1898 Lepus americanus americanus Bangs, Proc. biolog. soc.
Washington. 12:78.

Hind foot large ; color in summer pale tawny brown, (varying from hair brown
and drab to tawny clay color); black-tipped hairs on back numerous; ears dusky
at tips; borders of ears conspicuously white. Length, 470 (183); tail, 38 (14);
hind foot, 150 (6). (americanus; N., Lat., American)

The northern varying hare occupies the wooded portions of Labrador.
Its southern limit is not definitely known; but the animal does not reach
the northern border of the United States,

Lepus americanus virginianus (Harlan) Southern varying hare

1825 Lepus virginianus Harlan, FaunaAmericana, p. 196. (Blue moun-
tains of Pennsylvania)

1877 [Lepus americanus] var. virginianus Allen, Monogr. N. Am.
rodentia, p. 307.

1898 Lepus americanus virginianus Bangs, Proc. biolog. soc.
Washington. 12:79.

Hind foot large; color in summer bright rusty brown, (varying from russet to
deep rust color); black-tipped hairs on back numerous; ears dusky at tip; bor-
ders of ears very inconspicuously whitish. Length, 485 (19); tail, 50 (2); hind
foot, 140 (54). (virginidnus; N. Lat., Virginian)
118 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The southern varying hare inhabits the Canadian zone and cool,
damp situations in the transition zone of the eastern United States and
southeastern Canada. At the southern extremity of its range the animal
does not assume the white coat in winter.

Lepus floridanus Allen Coffontail

Size small; fur always dark; feet stout, well furred; tail conspicuously snowy
white beneath. (floriddanus; N. Lat., Floridian)

The cottontail like the varying hare is a wide ranging species. It is
divisible into even more local races than its larger relative. Only three
of these subspecies occur within our limits. The typical form,
Lepus floridanus floridanus, is confined to the peninsula

of Florida.
SUBSPECIES OF LEPUS FLORIDANUS

General color bright yellowish brown with
a strong admixture of black; a distinct
black spot between ears....---..----- L. floridanus transitionalis
General color pale yellowish brown with
very faint admixture of black; no
black spot between ears
Rump noticeably paler than back; hind

foot often over 100 (4) ...-......-.. L. floridanus mearnsii
Rump not noticeably paler than back;
hind foot generally under 100 (4) .... L. floridanus mallurus

Lepus floridanus transitionalis (Bangs) (Vortheastern cottontail

1895 Lepus sy]vaticus transitionalis Bangs, Proc. Boston soc. nat.
hist. 1894. 26: 405. 31 Jan. 1895 (Liberty Hill Ct.)

1899 Lepus floridanus transitionalis Allen, Bull. Am. mus. nat.
hist. 4 Mar. 1899. 12: 13.

Hair long, full and silky; color bright, chietly russet, wood brown and hazel;
back heavily sprinkled with black-tipped hairs; rump not noticeably paler than
back, a black spot between ears; ears thickly furred and with decided black mar-
gin on outer edge. Length, 430 (17); tail, 55 (24); hind foot, 95 (3%).
(transitionwlis; N. Lat., pertaining to the transition zone)

The northeastern cottontail inhabits the transition zone of southern
New England and eastern New York.

Lepus floridanus mearnsi Allen Zastern prairie cottontail

1894 Lepus sylvaticus mearnsi Allen, Bull. Am. mus. nat. hist. 6:171.
(Fort Snelling Minn.)

1895 Lepus sylvaticus mearnsi Bangs, Proc. Boston soc. nat. hist.
26: 406.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA I1Q

1899 Lepus floridanus mearnsi Allen, Bull. Am. mus. nat. hist.
4 Mar. 1899, 12:13.

Hair long, full and soft; color pale, chiefly wood brown and gray; back not
heavily sprinkled with black-tipped hairs; rump very noticeably paler than back,
no black spots between ears, ears thinly furred and without distinct black margins.
Length, 475 (182); tail, 65 (24); hind foot, 100 (4). (meArnsi; name from
that of Edgar A. Mearns)

The eastern prairie cottontail is a member of the eastern prairie fauna
of the transition and upper austral zones. It would therefore not come
within the scope of the present paper had it not recently extended its
range as far as Toronto, Ontario and central New York.

Lepus floridanus mallurus (Thomas) Southeastern cottontail

18387 Lepus sylvaticus Bachman, Jour. acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. 7:
403. Eastern United States. (Not Lepus borealis sylvaticus
Nilsson, 1832)

1895 Lepus sylvaticus Bangs, Proc. Boston soc. nat. hist. 26: 405.

1898 Lepus nuttalli mallurus Thomas, Ann, and mag. nat. hist. ser. 7,
2: 320. (Raleigh N. C.)

1899 Lepus floridanus mallurus Allen, Bull. Am. mus. nat. hist. 4
Mar. 1899. 12: 13.

Hair short and coarse; color dull, chiefly wood brown and cinnamon; back
not heavily sprinkled with black-tipped hairs; rump not noticeably paler than
back ; no black spot between ears ; ears rather thinly furred, and without distinct
dark margins. Length, 430 (17) ; tail, 55 (24); hind foot, 95 (32). (mallirus;
Gk., wool tail)

The southeastern cottontail is abundant through the austral zones of
the eastern United States. Its northern limit reaches the lower Hudson
valley.

Order Ferae lesh-eaters or carnivores

Canine teeth well developed; cheek teeth formed for cutting; frout teeth
small, in a row between the canines; toes provided with claws; brain large, well
developed ;.species occurring within our limits large or medium sized, the small-
est (weasels) about 300 (1 ft) in length ; eyes well developed ; fur not modified
for an underground life. (Férae; Lat., wild beasts)

The order F erae, containing the cats, dogs, bears, weasels, racoons,
etc., is distinguished among the groups of mammals occurring in North
America by the high development of the teeth for flesh-cutting. The
order is very generally distributed in the new world and in the old world
outside of Australia. It contains about a dozen families, six of which
are found in northeastern North America.
‘

120 i NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

FAMILIES OF FERAE

Limbs so highly modified for swimming as to be prac-
tically useless for walking (Pinnipedia; seals
and their allies)
Hind feet capable of turning forward under the body; a
large tusk on each side of upper jaw (walruses).. Rosmaridae, p. 120
Hind feet permanently directed backward; no tusks
( SCBIB) oisiese cicreis laren aisie iotoiore dare ly is lee Gini nisios ese rsieleisvestsie lols Phocidae, p. 121
Limbs normal (Fissipedia; the true carnivores)
Hind foot with four toes
Claws retractile into a sheath; muzzle broad and

short; teeth not more than 30 (cats)...---.-.-- Felidae, p. 123
Claws not retractile; muzzle narrow and long;
teeth 42 (dogs)......----. --- eee eee ee eee wees Canidae, p. 126

Hind foot with five toes
Entire sole not applied to ground in walking
(weasels, otters, martins etc.)......--....-.-- Mustelidae, p. 129
Entire sole applied to ground in walking
Size small or medium; tail well developed; teeth
36 to 40 (racoons, etC.)..-.-. ..---e ee eee eee Procyonidae, p. 137
Size very large, tail rudimentary; teeth 42 (bears) Ursidae, p. 138

Family Rosmaridae Walruses

Hind feet capable of turning forward under body; no external ears; a large
tusk growing downward from each side of upper jaw. (Rosmaéridae; genus
Rosmarus)

The family Rosmaridae contains the one genus Rosmarus.

Genus Rosmarus Scopoli
1777 Rosmarus Scopoli, Introd. hist. nat. p. 490. Type Trichechus

rosmarus Linnaeus.
Characters of the family. (Rosm4rus; anold name for the walrus first
used by Olaus Magnus in the 16th century)
The genus Rosmarus is represented by two species, one each in
the north Atlantic and north Pacific.

Rosmarus rosmarus (Linnaeus) Atlantic walrus

1766 Trichechus rosmarus Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 12. 1:49,
(North Atlantic ocean)

1880 Odobaenus rosmarus Allen, History of North American pinnipeds,
p. 23.

1894 Rosmarus rosmarus Rhoads, American naturalist. 28 : 523.

Characters as above; bristly nose pad narrow. (rosmdrus; an old name)

The Atlantic walrus, within our limits is now restricted to northern
-Labrador ; its range formerly extended much farther south.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA I2I

Family Phocidae arless seals

Hind feet directed permanently backward; no etxernalears; no tusks.
(Phécidae; genus Phoca)

The family Ph ocidae contains a dozen or more genera distributed

on practically all sea coasts. Four occur in North America, all of which
are represented within our limits.

GENERA OF PHOCIDAE
Teeth 30; snout of male developed into a conspicuous ‘‘ hood”

(subfamily Cystophorinae)..........2.. 2-02 e eee Cystophora
Teeth 34; snout not specially developed (subfamily Phocinae)
Braincase forming less than one third of length of skull.... Halichoerus
Braincase forming nearly oue half of length of skull
Cheek teeth large and strong; forehead high, arched.............. Phoca
Cheek teeth small and weak; forehead low, flat........... Erignathus

Genus Cystophora Nilsson
1820 Cystophora Nilsson, Skand. fauna. 1:382. Type-Cystophora
borealis Nilsson—Phoca cristata Erxleben.
Teeth 30 (only two front teeth in lower jaw); muzzle elongated, that of male
eapable of inflation. (Cystéphora; Gk., bladder-bearer)
The genus Cystophora is peculiar to the coasts and islands of
the North Atlantic, Only one species is known.

Cystophora cristata (Erxleben) Hooded seal

1777 [Phoca] cristata Erxleben, Syst. regn. anim. 1:590. (Greenland)

1837 Cystophora cristata Nilsson, Kongl. Vet. akad. Handl. Stock-
holm.

1880 Cystophora cristata Allen, History of North American pinnipeds,
p. 724.

1884 Cystophora cristata Merriam, Science. 5 Dec. 1884. 4:514.

Bluish black, lighter on sides and belly; back thickly sprinkled with irregular
whitish spots. Total length 2450 (7 ft) to 2800 (8 ft). (cristata; Lat.,
crested}

The hooded seal occurs on the northern coasts of western Europe
and eastern North America. In the latter country its southward range
extends about to Nova Scotia, though stragglers have been taken as far
south as Long Island.

Genus Halichoerus Nilsson
1820 Halichoerus Nilsson, Faun. Skand. 1:377. Type Halichoerus

griseus Nilsson—P hoca grypus Fabricius.
Teeth 34 (four front teeth in lower jaw); braincase very small, forming less
than one third length of skull. (Halichoérus; Gk., sea pig)
The genus Halichoerus is peculiar to the coasts and islands of
the North Atlantic. Only one species is known.
122 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius) Gray seal
1791 Phoea grypus Fabricius, Skriv. af Naturl. Selsk. 1: 167.
1887 Halichoerus grypus Nilsson, Kongl. Vet. akad. Handl. Stock-

holm.
1880 Halichoerus grypus Allen, History of North American pinnipeds.

p. 689.

Gray (silvery, ashy or dusky) with ill-defined dark spots. Total length 2450
(7 ft) to 3150 (9 ft). (grypus; Lat., hook-nosed)

The gray seal occurs on the northern coasts of western Europe and
eastern North America. Its southward range in America extends about
to Nova Scotia.

Genus Phoca Linnaeus
1758 Phoca Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10. 1:37. TypePhoeca vitu-
lina Linnaeus.

Teeth 34 (four front teeth in lower jaw); the cheek teeth large and strong, not
falling out with age ; braincase forming nearly one half of length of skull; fore-
head high, arched. (Phoca; Lat., a seal)

The genus Phoca is widely distributed on the coasts of the north-
ern hemisphere. About a half dozen species are known, three of which
occur within our limits.

SPECIES OF PHOCA
Male whitish with a black stripe crossing shoulder and
running back along sides (subgenus Pagophilus

(JEGY, Jes scare sieisice Gatetwies cee Sols Sis eee ede aeewcgcses, Py gro émlan ds oa

Male not white with black markings
First finger slightly longer than others; back generally
blackish with whitish spots (subgenus Pusa
SCopoli)- .- 222-2. eo. cee ene een ee ene te eee mene cee eee P. hispida
First finger not longer than others; back generally
light brown or gray with dark spots (subgenus
PH OiCA) arc are ciae viene se Seetee ese cas see ose teased: ts de P. vitulina

Phoca groenlandica Fabricius Harp seal
1776 Phoca groenlandica Fabricius, Miiller’s Zool. Dan. prodr., 8. (Coast

of Greenland)
1880 Phoeca groenlandica Allen, History of North American pinnipeds,

p. 630.

Male whitish, with black face, and a black stripe crossing shoulders and
extending backward alony sides. Female less distinctly marked. Total
length (male) about 1750 (5 ft), female smaller. (groenlandica; N. Lat.,
pertaining to Greenland)

The harp seal is a circumpolar species, confined to the icy northern
seas. In America its southward range extends to Newfoundland and

the Magdalen islands,
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 123

Phoca hispida Schreber Ringed seal
177%5 Phoca hispida Schreber, Siugethiere. 3: 312.
1880 Phoca foetida Allen, History of North American pinnipeds, p. 597.

First finger longest, the others successively decreasing in length. General color
blackish brown above, yellowish white below, the back with large oval whitish
spots; muzzle ard eye ring usually black. Total length (male) about 1750 (5 ft),
female smaller. (hispida; Lat., harsh) a

The ringed seal occurs on the Arctic coasts of both hemispheres. In
eastern North America its range extends to Labrador and Newfoundland.

Phoca vitulina Linnaeus Harbor seal

1758 [Phoca] vitulina Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed.10. 1:38. (Coast
of Europe)
1880 Phoca vitulina Allen, History of North American pinnipeds, p. 559.

Fingers not distinctly graduated; general color grayish or brownish; paler
below ; the back with dark spots, muzzle and eye ring usually yellowish. Total
length about 1750 (5 ft); female smaller. (vitulina; Lat., calf-like)

The harbor seal is peculiar to the north Atlantic. Its normal range in
North America extends about to Long Island, though individuals straggle
much farther south. It is frequently taken in rivers and lakes at some

distance from the sea.
Family Felidae Cats

Heel never applied to ground in walking ; claws sharp, compressed, retractile,
hind toes 4; teeth 28 or 30; head short, round. (Félida , genus Felis)

The well known cat family, though distributed throughout the
warmer parts of the world (Australia and neighboring islands excepted)
contains only a small number of genera. Two are all that are com-
monly recognized, but this number should probably be doubled. Two
only occur in America, both of which are found in the northeastern
United States.

GENERA OF FELIDAE

Tail long; teeth 30.....- fdsig SaislDee wis Seleie See wa Gad wee oe eeaseaisieee Felis
Tall Shorts tOCth 28. s..ssce oe sce e seen sees sees qanmes Me cels saicew sees Lynx

Genus Felis Linnaeus
1758 Felis Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10. 1:41. Type Felis catus
‘Linnaeus.
Form slender; tail long; teeth 30; no mane; ears not tufted; pupil of eye
when contracted a vertical slit. (Félis; Lat., a cat)
The range of the genus Felis is the same as that of the family.
Some so species are known, about a dozen of which occur in America
124 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

north of Panama. The following is the only wild! species found in
northeastern North America.

Felis oregonensis Rafinesque uma

Yellowish brown above, middle Jine of back darker; under parts whitish; feet
large and heavy. (oregonénsis; N. Lat., Oregonian)

While its typical subspecies F. oregonensis oregonensis
is confined to the northwest coast region, the puma occurs throughout
the wilder parts of North America south of the upper part of the Cana-
dian zone. It is divisible into several geographic races, one of which is
found within our limits.

Felis oregonensis hippolestes (Merriam) orthern puma

1897 Felis hippolestes Merriam, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington. 15 July
1897. 11:219. (Wind river mountains, Wy.)

1898 Felis oregonensis hippolestes Stone, Science. n. 8., 6 Jan.
1899. 9:35,

Total length, 2600 (84 ft); tail vertebrae, 930 (364); hind foot, 270 (10%).
(hippoléstes; Gk., horse thief)

The northern puma formerly occurred throughout the wooded portions
of the northeastern United States and southern Canada. It is now
exterminated except in the remotest districts. This isthe Felis con-
color of writers on the mammals of eastern North America. True
Felis concolor is, however, confined to South America. The
proper subspecific name for the puma of the northeastern United
States is still a matter of doubt. I use hippolestes provisionally
only.

Genus Lynx Kerr
1792 Lynx Kerr, Animal kingdom, 1, Systematic catalogue (inserted between
p. 32 and 33). Type Lynx vulgaris Kerr=Felis lynx Linnaeus.

Form robust; tail short; teeth 28, ears tufted; otherwise asin Felis.

The genus Lynx contains a dozen or more species, confined for the
most part to the middle and lower boreal regions of the northern hemi-
sphere. About a dozen species or races, the status of which is not yet
well understood, occur in North America. Four of these are found
within our limits.

 

1The house cat is often found ina half wild state,
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 125

SPECIES OF LYNX

iFeet very large; tail very short; fur long and loose; ear
tufts long; skull broad (subgenus Lynx)
Upper parts light (a mixture of dark brown and gray).... L. canadensis
Upper parts dark (a mixture of black and hazel) ...,...... L. subsolanus
‘Feet moderate; tail moderate; fur short and dense; ear
tufts short; skull narrow (subgenus Cervaria)
Color rich, with much black on upper parts: greatest length

Of Skull alot: 132: (52). reece meccine stew seen bee wedbeona sewer L. gigas
Color dull, little black on upper parts; greatest length of
SID sAV OMG T20 (42) a cacsievs.c wiacien ocicce ceiminsic et wuelaeiaomimecis L. ruffus

Lynx canadensis Kerr Canada lynx
1792 Lynx canadensis Kerr, Animal kingdom, 1, Systematic catalogue
(inserted between p. 32 and 33), no. 298. (Canada)

Back a grizzle of dark brown and light gray; belly dirty white; ear tufts
about 50 (2). Total length, 1000 (394); tail vertebrae, 100 (4); hind foot, 225
(8%); breadth of front foot about 80 (3x5). (canadénsis; N. Lat., Canadian)

The Canada lynx occurs in the forested region of “ the whole of boreal’
North America from Maine and northern New York to Alaska, but now
very rare and apparently becoming extirpated in the east.” —Bangs

Lynx subsolanus Bangs Newfoundland lynx
1897 Lynx subsolanus Bangs, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington, 16 Mar. 1897,
11: 49. (Codroy, Newfoundland)

Back a grizzle of black and hazel; belly pale yellowish brown with irregular
spots of black. Total length, 920 (36); tail vertebrae, 110 (44); hind foot, 220
(8%); breadth of front foot about 75 (3) (subsoldnus; Lat., under the east
wind, i. e. eastern)

The Newfoundland lynx is confined to the island of Newfoundland.

Lynx ruffus (Gueldenstaedt) Bay Iynx; wildcat

1776 Felis ruffus Gueldenstaedt, Novi. comment. acad. scient. Imp. Petro-
politanae. (1775), 20: 484. 1776.
1897 Lynx ruffus Rhoads, Proc. acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. p, 32.

Back yellowish gray tinged with rufous, much spotted and streaked with black;
belly whitish spotted with black; a brownish collaron throat. Total length 900
(354) ; tail vertebrae, 170 (6%); hind foot, 180 (74); breadth of front foot about
50 (2). (riffus; Lat., reddish)

The wildcat ranges from northern Georgia to the coast of Maine. It
is often common in comparatively thickly settled districts. The species
is divisible into numerous subspecies, of which the typical form only (L.
ruffus ruffus) occurs within our limits,
126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Lynx gigas Bangs ova Scotia lynx
1897 Lynx gigas Bangs, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington. 16 Mar, 1897.
11:50. (15 miles back of Bear river, Nova Scotia)

Back cinnamon rufus, much spotted and streaked with black; belly duil white,
spotted with black; a collar of cinnamon on throat. Total length, 1000 (39);
tail vertebrae, 180 (7); hind foot, 200 (8); breadth of front foot about 50 (2).
(gigas; Lat., a giant)

The Nova Scotia lynx is confined to the forested regions of the
peninsula of Nova Scotia.

Family Canidae Dogs

Heel never applied to the ground in walking, claws blunt, not compressed or
retractile; hind toes 4; teeth 42 or more; head generally long and narrow.
(Canidae; genus Canis)

The dog family is even more widely distributed than are the cats, since
some of its members reach the highest northern limits of mammalian
life. Like the cat family it contains a few genera only. Three of these
occur in North America, and all are found within our limits.

GENERA OF CANIDAE

Upper front teeth distinctly lobed; pupil of eye circular. ...-.......--- Canis
Upper front teeth without lobes; pupil of eye elliptic
Tail withont concealed mane and with abundant soft under-fur..... Vulpes
Tail with a concealed mane of stiff hairs and without soft fur...... Urocyon

Genus Canis Linnaeus

1758 Canis Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10,1:38. Type Canis famili-
aris Linnaeus.

Teeth 42, upper front teeth distinctly lobed; pupil ofeye circular, (CAnis
Lat., a dog)

This extensive genus may be considered as truly cosmopolitan. One
or more species occur in every part of the American continent from
Greenland to Patagonia and the Falkland isles; and similarly in the old
world, Europe, Africa and Asia, with most of the large islands adjacent,
and even Australia, have their wild dogs, though in the last case they
may belong to a feral race, introduced originally by man.—Flower &
Lydekker, A dozen or more species occur in North America, only two
of which are found within our limits.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN -NORTH AMERICA 127

SPECIES OF CANIS

Bur white in: winter ccs sactas aciiegammote na shaucde smicieiasineaicine'sies C. albus
Huralways dark ci... ooccaccccmdedtce cedemecwamecaiee aus C. occidentalis

Canis albus (J. Sabine) Arctic wolf

1823 Canis lupus albus J. Sabine, Franklin’s journal, appendix, p. 655.
(Fort Enterprise)
1898 Canis albus Bangs, American naturalist. July 1898. 32: 505.

Fur white in winter. (This animal is very slightly known. I have seen no
specimens, nor can I find reliable published measurements.) (albus; Lat.,
white)

The arctic wolf inhabits the barren arctic regions of America. Within
our limits it is confined to northern Labrador.

Canis occidentalis (Richardson) American wolf

1829 Canis lupus, occidentalis Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana.
1:60. (Northern North America)
1898 Canis occidentalis Bangs, American naturalist. July 1898. 32: 505.

Back brownish or blackish mixed with tawny; belly light tawny or dirty
whitish. Total length, 1465 (57); tail vertebrae, 405 (16); hind foot, 225 (9).
(occidentalis; Lat., western, i. e. inhabiting the western hemisphere)

The American wolf is now exterminated within our limits in all but
‘the wildest and most sparsely settled regions. The exact boundaries of
the animal’s range are unknown.

Genus Vulpes Richardson
1829 Vulpes Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana. 1:83-91. Based on
the American foxes.

Teeth 42; upper front teeth not lobed; pupil of eye elliptic; tail with a uni-
Form coat of long hair and an abundant soft under-fur. (Vtilpes; Lat., a fox)

The genus Vulpes contains a half dozen or more species, all of
which are peculiar to the northern hemisphere. Four or more occur in
North America. Three of these are found within our limits.

SPECIES OF VULPES

Ear rounded, searcely overtopping fur, color bluish gray in
summer, white in winter.......-----.-------+-- Secsinewideds V. lagopus
Ear pointed, long and conspicuous ; fur normally fulvous or
reddish at all seasons (occasionally black or gray)
Claws short, mostly hidden by the fur; color dark.........-... V. fulvus
Claws very long and conspicuous; color pale..-....----.----- V. deletrix
128 ' NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Vulpes lagopus (Linnaeus) Arctic fox

1758 [Canis] lagopus Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10. 1: 40 (Lapland)
1854 Vulpes lagopus Audubon and Bachman, Quadr. N. Am. 3: 89.

Fur dark bluish gray in summer, turning to pure white in winter; sooty black
individuals oceasionally found. Total length, 1100 (434); tail vertebrae, 350
(132); bind foot, 145 (52); ear, 45 (12). (lagépus; Gk., hare foot)

The arctic fox occurs in the arctic regions of both hemispheres.
It ranges throughout northern Labrador and on the coast occasionally
reaches James bay and the strait of Belle Isle.

Vulpes fulvus (Desmarest) Red fox

Reddish ; feet and ears blackish; tip of tail white; ear pointed, about 80 (34)
in length. The following color variations occur more commonly in the northern
part of the animal’s range than elsewbere. The cross fox, like the last but with
a dark half ring on back of neck crossed by a dark line aluvg middle of back.
The silver for entirely silver gray. The black fox entirely blackish. All of
these phases intergrade with each other and with the red phase. (fulvus;
Lat., vellowish)

The well known red fox ranges throughout the greater part of North
America south to the lower edge of the upper austral zone. Two sub-
species are known within our limits.

SUBSPECIES OF VULPES FULVUS
Upper parts tawny yellowish; total length, 1000

(B92) wcicistae- dese wetesitin denwwlioesebecaeesateeted muss Vv. fulvus fulvus
Upper parts bright rust color; total length, 1080
(AOD) cecewls smeces aedisuw Kecoete eee ate wee eaennis V. fulvus rubricatus

Vulpes fulvus fulvus (Desmarest) Southeastern red fox

1820 Canis fulvus Desmarest, Mammalogie. 1:203. (Virginia)
1842 Vulpes fulvus DeKay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia, p. 44.

Back tawny yellowish, never strongly rust color. Total length, 1000 (394);
tail vertebrae, 360 (14); hind foot, 150 (5%). (filvus; Lat., yellowish)

The southeastern red fox is common throughout the eastern United
States south to the lower edge of the upper austral zone, The northern
limits of range is not yet known.

Vulpes fulvus rubricatus Bangs ova Scotia red fox

1897 Vulpes pennsylvanica vafra Bangs, Proc. biolog. soc. Wash-
ington, p. 53. (not Canis vafer Leidy)
1898 Vulpes pennsylvanica rubricata Bangs, Science. n. s. 25
Feb. 1898. 7: 272. (Digby N. 8.)
Back bright rust color. Total length, 1080 (424); tail vertebrae, 400 (153);
hind foot, 160 (64). (rubricatus; Lat., reddened)

The Nova Scotia red fox is not at present known to occur outside of
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 12

the peninsula of Nova Scotia. The relationships of this race, the typical
form and the large form occurring in the Hudsonian zone of Ontario
and Quebec are not well understood,

Vulpes deletrix Bangs Mew/oundland red fox

1898 Vulpes deletrix Bangs, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington. 24 Mar. 1898,
12:36. (Bay St George, Newfoundland)

Like Vulpes fulvus, but hind foot proportionally rery large; claws long
and stout; color in red phase pale ocher yellow; black and silver gray phases
very common. Total length, 960 (372); tail vertebrae, 336 (13); hind foot, 160 (64).
(delétrix Lat., a destroyer)

The Newfoundland fox is confined to the island of Newfoundland.

Genus Urocyon Baird
1857 Urocyon, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p, 121. Type Canis virgini-
anus Erxleben=C. cinereoargenteus Miiller.

Teeth 42, upper front teeth not lobed; pupil of eye elliptic; tail with a con-
cealed mane of stiff hairs and no soft under-fur. (Uroc you ; Gk., tail dog)

Peculiar to the new world. Ranges from South America north to the
lower edge of the transition zone in the eastern United States. Several
species are known, two of which occur.in North America. Only one of
these is found within our limits.

Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Miiller) Gray fox
1776 Canis cinereoargenteus Miiller, Natursyst. Suppl. p. 29. (East-
ern United States) ?
1894 Urocyon cinereoargenteus Rboads. American naturalist. June
1894, 28 : 524.

Back a coarse grizzle of blackish and white, belly tawny; region about ears
tawny; a black line along back of tail. Total length, 900 (354); tail vertebrae,
260 (104); hind foot, 125 (5). (cinereoargénteus; Lat., gray-silvered)

The gray fox ranges throughout the southern United States from
Atlantic to Pacific. It is divisible into six or more geographic races.
The typical subspecies alone, Urocyon cinereoargenteus
cinereoargenteus, occurs within our limits. It is common in the
region east of the Alleghanies from Long Island and the lower Hudson

valley southward...
Family Mustelidae Weasels

Entire sole to heel not habitually applied to ground in walking; claws never
fully retractile; hind toes five; teeth 32 to 38; head variable inform. (Mus-
télidae; genus Mustela)

The family Mustelidae is distributed throughout both hemi-
spheres with the exception of the Australian region. It contains about
twenty genera, nine of which occur in North America, Five of these
are found within our limits.
130 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

GENERA OF MUSTELIDAE
Toes conspicuously webbed; the whole animal highly modified
for an aquatic Jife (otters) ..---. 22.2. eee eee eee ee eee eee Lutra, p. 180
Toes not conspicuously webbed; animal not specially modified
for an aquatie life

Teeth 38
Body stout; part of sole applied to ground in walking
CVO] VRID O) ices Fes Soe Seki haces eoseadeesatelbontien Gulo, p. 131
Body slender; only the toes applied to ground in
walking (martius and fishers)........---. .-------- Mustela, p. 132
Teeth 34
Tail closely furred; claws short (weasels)..--.-..---.- Putorius, p. 133
Tail bushy; claws long (skunk). .----. .----- +++ e+ -+-- Mephitis, p. 136

Genus Lutra Brisson
1756 Lutra Brisson, Regnum animale in classes 9 distributum. Type
Mustela lutra Linnaeus,

Teeth 36; feet short and rounded; toes welbed; claws small, curved, blunt;
head broad, flat; tail thick at base, tapering; fur short and dense. (Luitra;
Lat., an otter)

The genus Lutra is distributed throughout the greater part of the
world, north to the limit of tree growth. It is not found in, the Austral-
ian region. A dozen or more species are known, two of which occur
in eastern North America.

SPECIES OF LUTRA
Total length about 1100 (432); skull about 105 (4}).......- L. hudsonica
Total length about 995 (394); skull about 95 (3%)............- L. degener

Lutra hudsonica (Desmarest) orth American otter

Size large; total length about 1100 (433); greatest length of skull about
105 (44). (hudsonica; N. Lat., Hudsonian)

The North American otter inhabits marshes, lakes and watercourses
throughout the continent of North America from the extreme north at
least to the southern boundary of the United States. It is divisible into
four or more subspecies, two of which occur within our limits.

SUBSPECIES OF LUTRA HUDSONICA

General color dark; webs between toes densely

Walrad: below. ci vie ince sees seeeene ss L. hudsonica hudsonica
General color light; webs between toes sparsely
haired below...... .-----------.----------- L. hndsonica lataxina

Lutra hudsonica hudsonica (Desmarest) Mortheastern otter

1803 Mustela hudsouica Desmarest, Nouv. dict. @hist. nat. 13:384.
(Eastern Canada)

18381 Lutra hudsonica F, Cuvier, Suppl. Oeuvres de Buffon. 1: 194.

1898 Lutra hudsonica Rhoads, Trans. Am. philos. soc. n. s. Oct. 1898.
20: 424,
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA I31

Upper parts seal brown; under parts grayish brown; under surface of webs
between toes densely hairy. Total length, 1100 (43%); tail vertebrae, 420 (164);
hind foot, 120 (4%). (hudsdénica; N. Lat., Hudsonian)

The northeastern otter occurs throughout the less densely inhabited
portions of eastern North America from the lower edge of the transition
zone northward.

Lutra hudsonica lataxina (F. Cuvier) Southeastern otter

1823 Lutra lataxina F. Cuvier, Dict. des sei. nat. 27:242. (South
Carolina)

1898 Lutra hudsonica lataxina Rhoads, Trans. Am. philos. soc. n.s.
Oct. 1898. 20: 427.

Upper parts yellowish brown ; under parts light grayish brown; under surface
of webs between toes sparsely hairy. Total length, 1100 (432); tail vertebrae,
420 (164); bind foot, 125 (44). (lataxina; N. Lat., like the genus Latax)

The southeastern otter occupies the austral zones of the eastern
United States north of the peninsula of Florida, where it gives way to
the Florida otter, L. hudsonica vaga Bangs.

Lutra degener Bangs Newfoundland Otter
1898 Lutra degener Bangs, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington. 24 Mar. 1898.
12:35. (Bay St George, Newfoundland)
1898 Lutra degener Rhoads, Trans. Am. philos. soc. n. s. Oct. 1898
20: 433.
Size small, total length about 995 (394); greatest length of skull about 95
(34); hind foot about 112 (4%); color blackish. (dé gener; Lat., degenerate)

The Newfoundland otter is confined to the.island of Newfoundland.

Genus Gulo Storr
1780 Gulo Storr, Prodr. meth. mamm. p. 34. Type Ursus gulo Lin-
naeus. 3
Part of sole applied to ground in walking, body stout ; claws large, compressed,
curved; ears very short; tail short, bushy; teeth 38. (Gtlo; Lat., a
glutton)
The genus Gulo contains two species only, both inhabitants of the

northern hemisphere, G. gulo of the old world, and the following:

Gulo luscus (Linnaeus) Wolverine

1758 Ursus luscus, Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10. 1:47. (Hudson
bay)
1823 Gulo luscus J. Sabine, Franklin’s journal, p. 650.

Dark brown or blackish; a pale area on sides. Total length, 760 (30); tail
vertebrae, 200 (8); hind foot, 170 (62). (luiscus; Lat., one-eyed)

The wolverine inhabits the boreal forests of North America. Within
our limits it is now chiefly, if not wholly confined to Canada,
132 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Genus Mustela Linnaeus

1758 Mustela Liunaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10. 1:45. Type by elimina-
tion Mustela martes Linnaeus.

Only the toes applied to ground in walking ; body slender ; claws small, sharp,
partly retractile; ears short; tail long, not conspicuously bushy; teeth 38.
(Mustéla; Lat., a martin)

The genus Mustela occurs throughout the forested boreal regions
of the northern hemisphere. About a dozen species are known. Four
of the five American forms occur within our limits.

SPECIES OF MUSTELA

Length over 760 (30); ear low, rounded (Fisher) .......-..-.. M. pennanti
Length under 760 (30); ear high, pointed (Martin)
Greatest length of skull about 85 (38).....-...---..---...... M. brumalis
Greatest length of skull about 80 (34)
General] color light rich brown...-... Peridsmeens toseecs M. americana
General color deep chocolate brown...--. ..--..-.--.------- M. atrata

Mustela pennanti Erxleben /7sher
1777 Mustela pennanti Erxleben, Syst. regn. anim. 1: 470. (Eastern
Canada)

Dark brown or blackish, darker on under parts; no pale throat patch , vars low
and rounded. Total length, 890 (35); tail vertebrae, 355 (14); hind foot, 120
(42). (penndnti; name from that of Thomas Penpant)

The fisher occurs in the boreal forests of North America from Maine
and southern Labrador west to the Pacific coast. The typical subspecies
M.pennanti pennanti is the only geographic race found within
our limits.

Mustela brumalis Bangs JVorth Labrador martin

1898 Mustela brumalis Bangs. American naturalist. July 1s9x. 32: 502.
(Okak Labrador)
Dimensions of skull (the only part of the animal now kvown); ereatest length,
85 (38) ; width of muzzle across canines, 17.2 (33). (brumdAlis; Lat., wintery
northern)

The north Labrador martin is known from three skulls collected at
Okak Labrador.

Mustela americana Turton Eastern martin

1800 Mustela americana Turton, System of nature. 1:60. (Eastern
North America)

General color light rich brown, slightly paler on wnder parts; throat usually

with a light (tawny or whitish) patch; ears high pointed. Total length, 610 (24);
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 133

tail vertebrae, 205 (8); hind foot 90 (34). Skull: greatest length, 80 (34);
width of muzzle across cavines, 14 (fs). (Americdina; N. Lat., American)

The eastern pine martin inhabits the boreal forests of North America
from the Atlantic coast west at least to, the Rocky, mountains. On the
Pacific coast it is replaced by the closely related M. caurina Mer-
riam. It is still common in northern New England and northern New
York.

Mustela atrata Bangs Newfoundland martin
1897 Mustela atrata Bangs, American naturalist. Feb. 1897. 31: 162.
(Bay St George, Newfoundland).

General color deep chocolate and black; throat patch orange. Total length,
550 (17%); tail vertebrae, 185 (74); hind foot, 88 (24). (atrdta; Lat.,
wearing mourning) :

The Newfoundland martin is confined to the island of Newfoundland:

Genus Putorius Cuvier
1817 Putorius Cuvier, Régne animal. 1:147. Type Mustela putorius
Linnaeus.

Like Mustela, but teeth only 34. (Putdédrius; Lat., a bad odor)

The genus Putorius is widely distributed in Europe, Asia, Africa,
North America and South America. 50 or more forms will doubtless.
eventually be recognized. In America north of Panama, 22 are now
known to occur, and four of thése are found within our limits.

SPECIES OF PUTORIUS
Total length over 500 (20); (subgenus Lutreola
Wagner).....--.--..--- Pan eee eee cree ewes enews teens P. vison
Total length under 500 (20); toes without webs (sub-
genus Arctogale Kaup)
Tail forming about one fourth of total length..-.--..---.-- P. cicognanii
Tail formivg about one third of total length
Tail slender and closely haired, its black tip short

(about 60 (28) in male, 28 (14) in female)...........-...... P. occisor
Tail somewhat bushy, its black tip long (about
80 (34) in male, 50 (2) in female)...............P. nove boracensis

Putorius vison (Schreber) dink

Total length over 500 (20); color brown throughout varying much in
exact shade; chin usually spotted with white. (vison; derivation not
known)

The mink ranges throughout the greater part of North America north
of Mexico. It is divisible into half a dozen or more geographic races,
two of which occur within our limits.
134 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

SUBSPECIES OF PUTORIUS VISON
Total length under 600 (234); color blackish

DROW ss «. oes. 21055 opens se Seeiescis, cidssiSidw! ciate Selo siersaae Stee kite P. vison vison
Total length over 600 (234); color chestnut
DEOWG occ cG ee estcticne anise ciicece-eciceies P. vison lutreocephalus

Putorius vison vison (Schreber) Northeastern mink

1778 Mustela vison Schreber, Siiugethiere, 3: 463 (eastern Canada)
1896 Putorius vison Bangs, Proc. Bostou soc. nat. hist. 1896. 27: 3.

Color rich dark brown, often nearly black. Total length, 520 (204) ; tail verte-
brae, 185 (74); bind foot, 55 (2%).

The northeastern mink inhabits the border of watercourses in the
boreal forests of northern North America, south into the northern tier of
states, West of the Rocky mountains it is replaced by the larger P.
vison energumenos Bangs,

Putorius vison lutreocephalus (Harlan) Southeastern mink

1825 Mustela lutreocephala Harlan, Fauna americana, p. 63.
1896 Putorius vison lutreocephalus Bangs, Proc. Boston soc. nat.
hist. Ap. 1896. 27: 4.

Color dark chestnut brown, the tail darker. Total length, 635 (27); tail ver-
tebrae, 210 (84) ; hind foot, 70 (22). (lutreocéphalus; Lat.andGk.,, otter
head)

The southeastern mink inhabits the borders of watercourses in the
transition zone and upper austral zone of the eastern United States, from
central New York and the coast of Maine southward. In the lower
austral zone it is replaced by two nearly related forms, P. vison
vulgivagus Bangs, of the gulf coast, and P. vison lutensis
Bangs, of the south Atlantic coast.

Putorius cicognanii (Bonaparte) Small brown weasel

1838 Mustela cicognanii Bonaparte, Charlesworths magazine. Jan. 1838.
2:37. (Eastern United States)

1839 Putorius cicognanii Richardson, Zodlogy of Beechey’s voyage of
the blossom, p. 10*.

1896 Putorius cicognani Merriam, North American fauna. 30 June 1896.
no. 11, p. 10.

Color in summer dark brown above, pure white below, tail forming about
one fourth of total length, the terminal third black, winter coat pure white
except tip of tail, which remains black. Total length, male, 285 (114),
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 135

female, 225 (10); tail vertebrae, male, 77 (34), female, 69 (28); hind foot,
male, 37 (14), female, 30 (1%.) (cicogn4nii; name from that of Felice
Cicognani)

The small brown weasel inhabits woods and fields in the boreal and
transition zones throughout eastern North America from the limit of tree
growth south to Long Island and in the mountains probably much
farther. The change to the white winter coat always takes place. The form
occurring within our limits is the typical subspecies P. cicognanii
cicognanii. In northwestern British America and in Alaska this is
replaced respectively by P. cicognanii richardsoni (Bona-
parte) and P. cicognanii alascensis (Merriam).

Putorius occisor Bangs Svender-tailed weasel
1899 Putorius occisor Bangs, Proc. New England zodlogical club. 9 June
1899. 1:54. (Bucksport Me.)

Tail closely haired, forming neatly one third of total length, its black tip short
(about 60 (2%) in male, 30 (14) in female) and mostly confined to the terminal tuft
of hair; winter coat pure white except the black tip of tail and a slight wash
of pale yellow on belly; summer coat not known. Total length, male, 460 (18),
female, 350 (13%); tail vertebrae, male, 170 (6%), female, 115 (44); hind foot,
male, 50 (2), female, 36 (1%). (occisor; Lat., a slayer)

The slender-tailed weasel is at present very slightly known. It proba-
bly occurs in the forests of the Canadian zone from Maine to Manitoba.
Like the New York weasel, it is remarkable for the great difference in

size between the sexes.

Putorius noveboracensis Emmons Mew York weasel

Tail somewhat bushy, forming about one third of total length, its black tip long
(about 80 (34) in male, 50 (2) in female) and extending considerably beyond the
terminal tuft of hairs (often occupying nearly one half of tail); summer coat
brown above, white or yellow below; winter coat white (northern) or drab
(southern). Total length, male, 405 (16), female, 325 (122); tail vertebrae,
male, 140 (54), female, 108 (44); hind foot, male, 47 (14), female, 34 (14).
(noveboracénsis; N. Lat., pertaining to New York)

The New York weasel inhabits woods and fields in the transition and
upper austral zones throughout the eastern United States from Maine and
New York to North Carolina. The change to the white winter coat
always takes place in the northern part of the animal’s range; at the
south the change is to a drab coat. The latter is not well understood.

This species is divisible into two geographic races.
136 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

SUBSPECIES OF PUTORIUS NOVEBORACENSIS

‘Under parts white .....-....-.-- P. noveboracensis noveboracensis
Under parts yellow..-... 22. -2-- e222 se eeaee- P. noveboracensis notius

Putorius noveboracensis noveboracensis Emmons /Vizie-
bellied New York weasel
1840 Putorius noveboracensis Emmons, Report on the quadrupeds of
Massachusetts, p. 45. (Southern New York)

1896 Putorius noveboracensis Merriam, North American fauna. 30
* June 1896. no. 11, p.16. (part)

Under parts always pure white; winter coat white. (noveboracénsis;
N. Lat., pertaining to New York)

The white-bellied New York weasel occupies the range of the species
north of the upper austral zone.

Putorius noveboracensis notius Bangs Yedlow-bellied New
York weasel

1896 Putorius noveboracensis Merriam, North American fauna. 30
June 1896. no. 11, p. 16. (part)
1899 Putorius noveboracensis notius Baugs, Proc. New England
zoological club. 9 June 1899. 1:53. (Weaverville, Buncombe co. N. C.)
Under parts always pale yellow; wintercoatdrab. (notius; Lat., southern)
The yellow-bellied New York weasel is confined to the austral zones
of the eastern United States. The exact limits of its range are not
known.
Genus Mephitis Cuvier

1800 Mephitis Cuvier, Lecons d’anat. comp., 1, Tab. gen. des classes des
avim. (facing p.522). Based on “les Moufettes”. Described in Tab. elem.
d@ hist. nat. des anim. 1798. p. 116.

Part of sole applied to ground in walking; body stout; claws large, curved and
strong; ears short; tail very long and bushy; teeth 34; secretion of anal glands
(not urine as commonly supposed) so copious and offensive as to be the animal's chief
weapon of defense. (Mephitis; Lat., a bad odor)

The genus Mephitis is peculiar to America, where it is very gener-
ally distributed. It probably contains a dozen or more species, half of
which occur in North America. Only one is found within our limits.

Mephitis mephitica (Shaw) Common skunk
Black, with a white stripe on forehead; a white patch on nape; a white stripe
extending backward from nape patch for a varying distance on each side of
body; and a white tip to tail; tail slightly more than one third of total length, the
terminal brush tapering. (mephitieca; Lat., having a bad odor)
The common skunk inhabits both forests and cleared lands throughout
the greater part of eastern North America, It is divisible into two sub-
species.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 137

SUBSPECIES OF MEPHITIS MEPHITICA

Hind £00t; 83 (Sib) ios scene enc taresicmcieme:ecise sine ons M. mephitica mephitica
Hind foot: 65 (28) scisiaww cessinis see eee wecicce siemecen M. mephitica scrutator

Mephitis mephitica mephitica (Shaw) Wortheastern skunk

1792 Viverra mephitica Shaw, Museum Leverianum, p. 172. (North
America; name afterward restricted to the northern form)

1895 Mephitis mephitica Bangs, Proc. Boston soc. nat. hist. 31 July
1895. 26: 533.

1896 Mepbitis mephitica mephitica Bangs, Proc. biolog. soe. Wash-
ington. 28 Dec. 1896. 10: 140.

Total length, 650 (252); tail vertebrae, 165 (64); hind foot 83 (31%).
(mephitiea; Lat., having a bad odor)

The northeastern skunk inhabits the boreal zone of eastern North
America.

Mephitis mephitica scrutator Bangs Southeastern skunk
1896 Mephitis mephitica scrutator Bangs, Proc. biolog. soc. Wash-
ington. Dec. 1896. 10: 141. (Carterville, Acadia parish, La.)

Total length 590 (234); tail vertebrae, 210 (8+); hind foot, 65 (2%).
(scrutdtor; Lat., an examiner)

The southeastern skunk inhabits the austral zones of the eastern United
States. In the transition zone it gradually merges into M. mephitica
mephitica,

Family Procyonidae acoons

Whole sole to heel applied to ground in walking ; claws not retractile; hind toes
5; teeth 36 to 40; size medium; tail well developed. (Procyoénidae;
genus Procyon)

The Procyonidae are typically tropical American, though one
genus is oriental. Seven or eight genera are now usually placed in this
family, though the number is probably too great. Two of these occur
in the United States, and one is found within our limits.

i Genus Procyon Storr

1780 Procyon Storr, Prodr. meth. mamm. p. 35. Type Ursus lotor
Linnaeus.
Form stout; tail short, cylindric; head round; muzzle pointed; teeth 40.

(Procyon; Gk, false dog)

The genus Procyon ranges from tropical South America north
through Mexico about to the northern limit of the United States. It
-contains several species, only one of which occurs in North America,
138 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Procyon lotor (Linnaeus) Racoon

1758 [Ursus] lotor Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10. 1:48. (Eastern

United States)
1780 Procyon lotor Storr, ‘Prodr. meth. mamm.”

Yellowish brown, the hairs tipped with black; tail ringed with black; a black
area about eye. Total length, 830 (32%); tail vertebrae, 250 (9%); hind foot,
120 (43). (l6tor; Lat., one who washes)

The racoon occurs throughout the forested regions of North America
south of the lower edge of the boreal zone. The form found within
our limits is typical Procyon lotor lotor. In Florida this is
replaced by P. lotor elucus Bangs.

Family Ursidae Sears
Whole sole to heel applied to ground in walking; claws not retractile; hind
toes 5; teeth 40 to 42; size very large; tail rudimentary. (Ursidae; genus
Ursus)

The family Ursidae is widely distributed throughout both hemi-
spheres outside of Africa and Australia. Four genera are usually recog-
nized, but this number will doubtless be increased. Two occur in North
America and both of these are found within our limits.

GENERA OF URSIDAE

Head long and narrow; cheek teeth relatively small and weak ;

color always: White: os. 9<acecccseucnwaee eeiccies gesieind cow eciee Thalarctos
Head short and broad; cheek teeth relatively Jarge and strong;
COlOL NEVER WHILE cos ssawieictapere aiasicidente so o0 F's sRi weleeacseeersd oe eis Ursus

Genus Thalarctos Gray
1825 Thalarctos Gray, Annals of philosophy. n. s. July 1825. 10:62. Type
Ursus maritimus Linnaens. (Thalarctos polaris Gray)
Head long and narrow; cheek teeth small and weak relatively to size of
skull; color always white. (Thalarctos; Gk., sea bear)
The genus Thalarctos occurs in the polar regions of both eastern
and western hemispheres. Only one species is at present recognized.

Thalarctos maritimus (Phipps) /o/ar bear

1774 Ursus maritimus Phipps. A voyage toward the north pole, p. 185.
(Spitzbergen)

1899 Thalarctos maritimus Stejneger, Science. 15 Sep. 1899. 10: 378.
White at allseasons. Totallength, 2135 (7ft), (maritimus Lat., maritime)
The range of the polar bear in eastern North America extends as far

south on the Atlantic coast of Labrador as the strait of Belle Isle. The

animal is nowhere found far away from salt water.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA’ 139:

Genus Ursus Linnaeus

1758 Ursus Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed.10.1:47. Type Ursus arctos
Linnaeus.

Head short and broad; cheek teeth large and strong relatively to size of skull ;
color never white. (Ursus; Lat., a bear)

The distribution of the genus Ursus is essentially the same as that
of the family to which it belongs. The species are at present little
known; probably 30 or more forms will eventually be recognized.
About a dozen occur in North America, only one of which is certainly
known within our limits. It is a member of the subgenus Euarctos.

Ursus americanus Pallas Black bear

Front claws slightly if at all longer than the hiod ones; color black or
dark brown, the exact shade variable; length of skull under 350 (13%).
(americanus; N. Lat., American)

The black bear is widely distributed in North America from Mexico
and the gulf states northward. It is divisible into numerous geo-
graphic races, at least two of which occur within our limits.

SUBSPECIES OF URSUS AMERICANUS

Length of adult skull about 250 (9f).-...... U.americanus americanus
Length of adult skull about 200 (8)-......-.. U. americanus sornborgeri

Ursus americanus americanus Pallas Worthern black bear

1780 Ursus americanus Pallas, Spicilegia zoologica. fasc. 14, p. 5, (North
America)

1896 Ursus americanus Merriam, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington. 13 Ap.
1896. 10: 79.

Skull long aud narrow, its greatest length about 250 (9f). (americanus;
N. Lat., American)

The northern black bear is abundant throughout the wilder forested
parts of the boreal and transition zones of eastern North America, The
characters of the bear inhabiting the austral zones are not at present un-
derstood.

Ursus americanus sornborgeri Bangs Labrador black bear

1898 Ursus (Euarctos) americanus sornborgeri Bangs, Ameri-
can naturalist. July 1898. 32: 500. (Okak, Labrador)

Skull broad and short, its greatest length about 200 (8). (sornborgeri;
name from that of J. D. Sornborger)

The Labrador black bear, known only from the skull, is common
throughout Labrador north of the tree limit.

A large bear related to the grizzlies (perhaps Ursus richardsoni)
probably occurs on the barrens of interior Labrador. The species
has not yet been determined.
140 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Order Insectivora /nsect-eaters

Canine teeth present but usually not conspicuously developed ; cheek teeth
formed for chopping; toes provided with claws; brain small. (Species occur-
ring within our limits mostly very small, the largest seldom reaching 200 (8) in
length; eyes small or rudimentury ; fur distinctly modified for an underground life.)
(Insectivora; N. Lat., insect eaters)

The American insectivores are readily distinguished among the orders
of mammals occurring in North America by their small size, small or
rudimentary eyes, soft dense fur, many-pointed cheek teeth, and general
modification for an underground life. The order is widely distributed in
both hemispheres, but is absent in Australia; and in South America is at
present known from the extreme northwest only. Two of the nine fam-
ilies into which the order is usually divided occur in North America, and
both of these are found within our limits.

FAMILIES OF INSECTIVORA

Fore feet highly modified for digging ; external ear absent( moles).. Talpidae
Fore feet not modified for digging; external ear present (shrews)... Soricidae

Family Talpidae Jfoles

Body thick, stout and clumsy, without distinct neck; eyes rudimentary or
concealed ; no external ear; front feet very large, the nearly circular palm held edge-
wise; fur very soft and velvety. (Talpidae; from genus Tal pa)

Moles are found throughout the northern hemisphere except in the
extreme north, Eight or more genera are known, five of which occur in
North America. Three of these are found within our limits. They are
all members of the subfamily Talpinae.

GENERA OF TALPIDAE

Tip of muzzle with a fringe of fleshy projections; tail long-...-. Condylura
Tip of muzzle without fleshy projections; tail short.
Teeth 36; tail slender, nearly naked........--. 2 gieebiee) siseser seleews Scalops
Teeth 44; tail thick, very hairy .......---.. 2-2-2. .2.20.-. -- Parascalops

Genus Condylura Illiger
1811 Condylura Mlliger, Prodr. syst. mamm. et avium, p. 125. (Type
Sorex cristatus Linnaeus)
Teeth 44; nostrils at tip of conspicuously fringed muzzle; tail nearly as long as
body, densely haired. (Condyltra; Gk., knotted tail)

The genus Condylura is confined to eastern North America.
Only one species is known.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA I4I

Condylura cristata (Linnaeus) Star-nosed mole
1758 Sorex cristatus Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10. 1:53. (Penn-
sylvania)

1819 Condylura cristata Desmarest, Journal de physique. 89: 230.
1896 Condylura cristata True, Proc. U.S. national museum. 19: 78.

Dusky brown, paler and grayer below. Total length, 170 (6%); tail verte-
‘prae, 72 (24); hind foot, 27 (lvs). (eristd&ta; Lat., erested)

The star-nosed mole inhabits wet places in the boreal and transition
-zones of eastern North America, Its northward range is more extensive
than that of any other American species.

Genus Scalops Illiger
1811 Scalops Illiger, Prodr. syst. mamm. et avium, p. 126. Type Sorex
aquaticus Linnaeus. .

Teeth 36; nostrils on upper side of simple muzzle; tail short, not thickened,
nearly naked. (Sc&dlops; Gk., a mole)

The genus Scalops is confined to eastern North America. It con-
‘tains five or six forms whose interrelationships are not fully understood.
Only one of these occurs within our limits.

-Scalops aquaticus (Linnaeus) Waked-tailed mole

1758 Sorex aquaticus Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10. 1:53. (Easte
ern United States)

1825 Scalops aquaticus F. Cuvier, Dents des mammiféres, p. 251.

1896 Scalops aquaticus True, Proc. U.S. national museum. 19: 19.

Light, glossy slate-brown, often tinged with rusty; tail whitish. Total length,
162 (6%) ; tail vertebrae, 27 (1rs); hind fvot, 16.5 (%). (aqudticus; from Lat.,
aquatic)

The naked-tailed mole inhabits dry sandy soil in the eastern United
States and southern Canada from the northern limits of the transition
zone southward. The form found within our limits is the typical sub-
species, S. aquaticus aquaticus.

Genus Parascalops True

1894 Parascalops True, Diagnoses of new North American mammals.
26 Ap. 1894. p.2. (Reprinted: Proc. U. S. national museum. 15 Nov.
1894: 17: 242) TypeScalops breweri Bachman.

Teeth 44; nostrils on outer side of simple muzzle; tail short, thick, densely
chaired. (Parascadlops; Gk., near to the genus Scalops)

The genus Parascalops is confined to eastern North America.
‘Only one species is known.
142 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Parascalops breweri (Bachman) astern hairy-tailed mole

1844 Scalops breweri Bachman, Boston jour. nat. hist. 4: 32. (“Island
of Marthas Vineyard, Mass.” This doubtless an error.)

1895 Parascalops breweri True, Science. n. s. 25 Jan. 1895. 1: 101.

1896 Parascalops breweri True, Proc. U. S. national museum. 19: 68.

Dark lead-gray, seldom if ever tinged with rusty; tail dark. Total length,
147 (538); tail vertebrae, 30 (1%); hind foot, 19 (2). (bréweri; name from
that of Thomas Mayo Brewer)

The eastern hairy-tailed mole inhabits dry soil in the boreal and
transition zones of the eastern United States and southern Canada.

Family Soricidae Shrews

Body usually slender and mouse-like, with a distinct neck; eyes well devel-
oped but very small; a distinct external ear; front feet small, not specially
modified ; fur only moderately softanddense. (Soricidae; from genus Sorex):

The range of the family Soricidae is essentially the same as that
of the orderInsectivora. 10 or more genera are known, three of
which occur in North America. Two of these are found within our limits,
Shrews are small animals much like mice in general appearance but
readily distinguishable by their pointed snouts and small eyes.

GENERA OF SORICIDAE

Ears completely hidden by the fur; tail scarcely louger than head..Blarina
Ears distinctly visible; tail much longer than head.................. Sorex

Genus Blarina Gray
1838 Blarina Gray, Proc. zool. soc. London. (1837) p. 124. Type Sorex
talpoides Gapper=S. brevicaudus Say.

Ears very smail, completely hidden by the fur; body stout, somewhat mole-
like; tail scarccly longer than head. (Blarina; a coined word)

The genus Blarina is peculiar to America. All but one of the 23
known forms are North American or Central American. The exception,
B.thomasi Merriam, is the only known South American mem-
ber of the order _ Insectivora. Two species only are found within

our limits.
SPECIES OF BLARINA

Teeth 32; total length about 120 (4%) (subgenus Blarina).. B. brevicauda
Teeth 30; total length about 75 (3) (subgenus Cryptotis)........ B. parva

Blarina brevicauda (Say) Large dlarina

1823 Sorex brevicaudus Say, Long’s exped. to the Rocky mts. 1: 164.
(Near Blair Neb.)
1857 Blarina brevicauda Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 42.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 143

1895 Blarina brevicauda Merriam, North American fauna. 31 Dec. 1895
no. 10, p. 10.

Teeth 32; color sooty slate-brown above, more ashy below. Total length,
120, (4%); tail vertebrae, 25 (1); hind foot, 15 (3). (brevicdéuda; Lat.,
short tail)

The typical form of the large blarina, Blarina brevicauda
brevicaud a, is one of the most abundant mammals in dry woods and
old fields throughout eastern North America, from the lower edge of the
upper austral zone north into the borealzone. In the lower austral zone
of the southeastern United States it gives way to a smaller form, B. bre-
vicauda carolinensis (Bachman).

Blarina parva (Say) Smad/ blarina
1823 Sorex parvus Say, Long’s exped. to the Rocky mts. 1:164. (Near
Blair Neb.)
1895 Blarina parva Merriam, North American fauna. 31 Dec. 1895. no. 10,
p. 17.

Teeth 30; color brownish above, ashy below. Total length, 75 (3); tail ver-
tebrae, 15 (4%); hind foot, 10 (2). (parva; Lat., small)

The small blarina is common in meadows and old fields throughout
the upper austral and lower austral zones in the eastern United States.
Its range therefore extends north about to the southern border of
New York.

Genus Sorex Linnaeus
1758 Sorex Linnaeus, Systenja vaturae. ed. 10. 1:53. Type Sorex
araneus Linnaeus.

Ears well developed, generally appearing distinctly above the fur; body slender,
mouse-like; tail much longer than head. (Sérex; Lat., a field mouse)

The genus Sorex is very generally distributed throughout the
‘boreal portion of the northern hemisphere. It probably contains 75 or
more species. In America 42 forms are known; of these six occur

within our limits.
SPECIES OF SOREX
Total length over 140 (54); hind feet conspicuously fringed
(subgenus NeOSOTeCX)...-.- --- ene 2 eee ee ee eee cence ee S. albibarbis
‘Total length under 130 (54); hind feet not fringed
Fourth tooth in upper jaw exceedingly minute (almost in-
visible without aid of lens), closely wedged between

well developed third and fifth (subgenus Microsorex)........ S. hoyi
Fourth tooth in upper jaw well developed (subgenus
Sorex)
Tail vertebrae about 55 (215) -----. 2-2 e ee eee ee eee en ee ee S. macrurus

‘Tail vertebrae less than 50 (2)
Back conspicuously blackish........---..----- acct oes S.ricbardsoni
144 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Back not conspicuously blackish
Hind foot about 14 (a); general color smoky slate-

COLOE THTOUGHOUE co cwiceee en ecw ee ecie nee ecicie's seus te S. fumeus-
Hind foot about 12 (4); back clear brown, belly
WRIGISH GRAY, accicice cence aites eelege ssid Sees sinners S.personatus

Sorex albibarbis (Cope) astern marsh shrew
1862 Neosorex albibarbis Cope, Proc. acad. uat. sci. Philadelphia,.
p. 188. (Profile Jake, N. H.)
1892 Sorex albibarbis Merriam, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington. 7:25.
1895 Sorex albibarbis Miller, North American fauna. 31 Dec. 1895. no.
10, p. 46.

Upper parts blackish slate witha slight hoary cast; chin and throat grayish
white; rest of lower parts dusky. Total length, 155 (64); tail vertebrae, 70°
(2%); hind foot, 19 (4). (albiba&rbis; Lat., white beard)

The marsh shrew inhabits marshes and the banks of watercourses in the
boreal zone of eastern North America south in the mountains at least.

to Pennsylvania and probably farther.

Sorex hoyi Baird  oy’s shrew

1857 Sorex hoyi Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 32 (Racine Wis.)

1895 Sorex hoyi Miller, North American fauna. 31 Dec. 1895. no. 10, p. 43.
Upper parts sepia-brown; lower parts whitish gray usually washed with yel-

lowish on chest. Total length, 90 (3:%); tail vertebrae, 32 (1+); hind foot,

10 (8). (hoyi; name from that of P. R. Hoy)

Hoy’s shrew, a little known animal, inhabits open fields, plains and
clearings in the boreal zone and upper part of the transition zone from
British Columbia to Nova Scotia, south to Wisconsin and northern New

York.
Sorex macrurus Batchelder Big-tailed shrew
1896 Sorex macrurus Batchelder, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington. 8 Dec.
1896, 10:133. (Beedes, Essex co. N. Y.)

Upper parts blackish slaty, lower parts dark smoke gray. Total length, 125 (5) ;
tail vertebrae, 57 (2;)3 hind foot, 15 (6). (maerirus; Gk., big tail)

The big-tailed shrew is known from the eastern Adirondacks and the
Catskills only. Thus far only 10 specimens have been recorded.

Sorex richardsoni Bachman Richardson's shrew

1857 Sorex richardsoni Bachman, Jour. acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia.
7: 383. (Probably from plains of Saskatchewan)
1895 Sorex richardsoni Miller, North American fauna. 31 Dec. 1895. no.
10, p. 48.
Back very dark (almost blackish) brown, without slaty tinge; sides dull
yellowish brown; under parts grayish, washed with chestnut. Total lengthy.
KEY TO CAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 145

112 (48); tail vertebrae, 40 (lis); hind foot, 14 (at). (richardséni; name
from that of John Richardson)

Richardson’s shrew, an imperfectly known species, occurs in the boreal
zone of Saskatchewan, northern Minnesota, the north shore of Lake
Superior and in New Brunswick’.

Sorex fumeus Miller Smoky shrew
1895 Sorex fumeus Miller, North American fauna. no. 10, p. 50. (Peter-
boro, Madison co. N. Y.)

Smoky slate color, slightly paler below. Total length, 115 (44); tail verte-
brae, 45 (12); hind fuot, 14 (3). (ftimeus; Lat., smoky)

The smoky shrew inhabits the forests of the boreal zone and upper
part of the transition zone in eastern North America, south into the
southern Alleghanies.

Sorex personatus Geoffroy St Hilaire Maskea shrew

Clear brown (sepia or drab) above, whitish gray below. Total length, 90 (34)
to 110 (4:%); hind foot, 13 (32) or less. (person4&tus; Lat., masked)
The masked shrew occurs throughout the greater part of boreal North

America, and in cold situations even in the upper austral zone. It is
divisible into several races, three of which occur within our limits.

SUBSPECIES OF SOREX PERSONATUS

Total length about 95 (33) ..--.-..--.------ S... personatus lesueuri
Total length about 105 (44)
Back sepia brown at all seasons. .......--. S. personatus personatus
Back light (broccoli) brown in summer, drab
gray in winter ..........-..---....-....--. 8. personatus miscix

Sorex personatus personatus I. Geoffroy St Hilaire Northern
masked shrew

1827 Sorex personatus E. Geoffroy St Hilaire, Mem. du muséum, d’ bist.
nat. Paris. 15:122. (Eastern United States, probably New York)
1895 Sorex personatus Miller, North American fauna. 31 Dec. 1895. no.
10, p. 53.
Upper parts sepia brown; under parts whitish gray. Total length, 105 (4%) ;
tail vertebrae, 40 (Iv); bind foot, 12 (4). (persondtus; Lat., masked)
The northern masked shrew is abundant in a great variety of situations
throughout the transition zone and Canadian zone of the eastern United

States and eastern Canada,

 

1 For occurrence of Sorex richardsoni in New Brunswick see Cox, Canadian record of
science, Ap. 1896. 7: 117-18.
146 NEW YORE SUT ATE DIUSEUM 5

Sorex personatus lesueuri (Duvernoy) Southern masked shrew

1842 Amphisorex lesueuri Duvernoy, Magasin de zoologie, mamm.
Nov. 1848. p. 33. (Wabash river, Indiana)

1895 [Sorex personatus] Jesueuri Merriam, North American fauna. 31
Dee, 1895. no. 10, p. 61.

Color as in S. personatus personatus; size smaller. Total length,
90 (34); tail vertebrae, 33 (45); hind foot, 10.5 Gb. (lestieuri; name
from that of Lesueur)

The southern masked shrew is confined to the cool, boreal sphagnum
bogs of the upper austral zone. It is the smallest of our mammals, and
at present very rare in collections.

Sorex personatus miscix Bangs Labrador masked shrew
1899 Sorex personatus miscix Bangs, Proc. New England zool. club.
28 Feb. 1899. 1:15. (Black bay, Labrador)

Upper parts in winter drab gray, in summer very light (broecoli) brown 3
under parts pale gray. Total length, 102 (dis); tail vertebrae, 43 (13); hind
foot, 13 (33) (miscix; Lat., changeable)

The Labrador masked shrew is at present known from Black bay,

Labrador only.
Order Chiroptera Sats

Fore limbs greatly developed, the elongated fingers supporting a membrane by
means of which true flight is performed, (Chiroptera; Gk., hand-wings)

The bats, though most numerous in the tropics, are almost universally
distributed. The order contains two suborders, one the Me gachirop-
tera (flying foxes) peculiar to the old world, the other, the Micro-
chiroptera, (true bats) with the same range as the order. The
Microchiroptera are usually divided into five families, but this
number will probably be greatly increased. Only one family, the Ves-
pertilionidae, occurs in northeastern North America.

Family Vespertilionidae Zyfical bats

Tail included in membrane nearly or quite to tip; nose without leaf-like fleshy
outgrowths. (Vespertilidnidae; from geuus Vespertilio)

The family Vespertilionidae has essentially the same range as
the order Chiroptera. It contains many genera, 12 of which occur
in North America. Six are found within our limits; all of these are
members of the subfamily Vespertilioninae, or typical bats
with simple nostrils and separate ears.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 147

GENERA OF VESPERTILIONIDAE

Membrane between legs completely furred above.....-.-. Lasiurus, p.147
Membrane between legs not completely furred above
Fur blackish, frosted with white.......-........ Lasionycteris, p.149
Fur not blackish, frosted with white
Total length over 100 (4).....-.--..........-. Vespertilio, p. 151

Total length under 100 (4)
Individual hairs on back with three
distinct color bands................... Pipistrellus, p. 150
Individual hairs on back with less than
three distinct color bands ,
UWpper frout teeth 2..-............-- Nycticeins, p. 148
Upper front teeth 4..........02...02- 202 Myotis, p. 148

Genus Lasiurus Gray
1831 Lasiurus Gray, Zoological miscellany. no. 1, p. 38 (based on the
American hairy-tailed bats).

Teeth 32; only two front teeth in upper jaw between canines; back of mem-
‘brane between legs densely furred ; ears short andround. (Lasitrus; Gk., silk
tail)

The genus Lasiurus is peculiar to America, where it is repre-
sented by half a dozen or more species. Two of these occur within
‘our limits,

SPECIES OF LASIURUS
Total length 135 (54); general color hoary; rim of ear dark... L. cinereus
Total length 110 (44); general color reddish; rim of ear light... L. borealis

Lasiurus cinereus (Beauvois) Moeary dat
1796 Vespertilio linereus (Obvious misprint for cinereus) Beauvois,
Catalogue Peale’s museum. Philadelphia. p. 14. (Philadelphia Pa.)
1864 Lasiurus cinereus H. Allen, Monogr., bats N. Am. p. 21.
1897 Lasiurus cinereus Miller, North American fauna. 16 Oct. 1897. no.
13, p. 112.

General color a mixture of light yellowish brown, deep umber brown, and
white. Total length, 135 (53); tail vertebrae, 50 (2); forearm, 40 (28). (ciné-
reus; Lat., gray)

The hoary bat breeds throughout the forests of the boreal zone of
North America. In autumn and winter it migrates far to the southward

of its breeding range.

Lasiurus borealis (Miiller) ed bat
1776 Vespertilio borealis Miiller, Natursyst. suppl.-u. regist.-band.
p. 21. (New York)
1897 Lasiurus borealis Miller, North American fauna. 13 Oct. 1897. no.
13, p. 105.
148 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

General color varying from rufous red to yellowish gray; a white spot at
shoulder, sometimes connected with its fellow by a white chest band. Total
length, 110 (44); tail vertebrae, 50 (2); forearm, 40 (1i%3). (boredlis; Lat.,
northern)

The red bat occurs in a great variety of situations throughout most
of North America. It is divisible into several geographic races. The
typical form, L. borealis borealis is the only one that occurs
within our limits.

Genus Nycticeius Rafinesque .
1819 Nycticeius Rafinesque, Journal de physique. 88: 417. Type N. humer-
alis Rafinesque.

Teeth 30; only two front teeth in upper jaw between canines; back of mem-
brane between legs furred at extreme base only; ears short, obtusely pointed.
(Nycticéius; Gk., night being).

Nycticeius is peculiar to North America, though closely related to.
an old world genus (Scotophilus). It is represented by one species
only, a small but thickset bat with broad muzzle and blunt ears.

Nycticeius humeralis Rafinesque Rafinesgue’s bat

1818 VespertiJio humeralis Rafinesque, American monthly magazine. 3:
445. (Kentucky)

1819 Nycticeius humeralis Rafinesque, Journal de physique. 88 : 417.

1897 Nycticeius humeralis Miller, North American fauna. 16 Oct. 1897.

no. 13, p. 118.
Dull umber brown above, paler below. Total length 90 (34); tail vertebrae,
36 (lis); forearm, 36 (1). (humerdalis; Lat., humera))

Rafinesque’s bat inhabits the austral zones of the eastern United States.
At present it has not been found north of Carlisle Pa.

Genus Myotis Kaup
1829 Myotis Kaup, Skizzirte Eutw.-gesch. u. natiirl. syst. d. Europ. Thierw.
1:106. Type Vespertilio murinus Schreber=—V. myotis Bech-
stein.

Teeth 38; two pairs of front teeth in upper jaw between canines; back of
membrane between Jegs naked except at. extreme base. (Myotis; Gk.,
mouse car) 3

The genus Myotis is very widely distributed in both eastern and
western hemispheres. The species are still imperfectly known. In
North America 16 forms are known, but only two of these occur within
our limits. These are small delicately formed bats with slender muzzles
and narrow ears.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 149°

SPECIES OF MYOTIS

Ear, when laid forward, reaching considerably beyond tip of
MUZZ0 .o2:ccrads deen se eannssseisneeeies ecsardye seis aisiesd EPioiolen sete M, subulatus
Ear, when laid forward, reaching about to tip of muzzle...... M. lucifugus

Myotis subulatus (Say) Say’s dat
1823 ?Vespertilio subulatus Say, Long’s exped. to Rocky mts. 2:65,
(Arkansas river, near La Junta Col.)
1864 Vespertilio subulatus H. Allen, Monogr, bats. N. Am. p. 51.
(Eastern United States)
1897 Myotis subulatus Miller, North American fauna. 16 Oct. 1897. no.
18, p. 75.

Dall brown, slightly paler and more yellowish below; ear reaching considerably
beyond tip of nose when laid forward. Total length, 85 (38); tail vertebrae, 38
(13); forearm, 35 (18). (subuladtus; Lat., awl-shaped)

Say’s bat is locally common throughout eastern North America, south
into the upper austral zone, The details of its distribution are imper-
fectly known. The form found within our limits is M. subulatus

subulatus.

Myotis lucifugus (Le Conte) Little brown bat
1831 Vespertilio lucifugus Le Conte, Mc Murtries’s Cuvier, Animal king-

dom, 1, append. p. 431. (Soutbern Georgia)
1897 Myotis lucifugus Miller, North America fauna. 16 Oct. 1897. no. 13,

p. 59.

Dull brown, slightly paler and more yellowish below; ear reaching barely to
nostril when laid forward. Total levgth, 85 (3g); tail vertebrae, 38 (14); fore-
arm, 38 (14.) (lucifugus; Lat., light-fleeing)

The little brown bat is abundant throughout eastern North America,
south to the gulf coast. Within our limits it is represented by the
typical race, M. lucifugus lucifugus.

Genus Lasionycteris Peters
1865 Lasionycteris Peters, Monatsber. K. Preuss. akad. wissensch. Ber-
lin. p. 648. Type Vespertilio noctivagans Le Conte.
Teeth 36; two pairs of front teeth in upper jaw between canines; back of mem-
brane between legs furred to about middle. (Lasio nyct eris; Gk.,, silk bat)
The genus Lasionycteris is peculiar to North America. It

contains one species only.

Lasionycteris noctivagans (Le Conte) Silvery bat
1831 Vespertilio noetivagans Le Conte, MeMurtries’ Cuvier, Animal]

kingdom. June 1831. Append. p. 431. (Eastern United States)
1865 Lasionycteris noctivagans Peters, Monatsber. K. Preuss. akad,.

wissensch., Berlin. p. 648.
150 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1897 Lasionyeteris noctivagans Miller, North American fauna. 16
Oct. 1897. no. 13, v. 86.
Blackish, frosted with white. Total length, 100 (4); tail vertebrae, 40 (17s) ;
forearm, 40 (14s). (noctivagans; Lat., night wandering)
The silvery bat is a common species in eastern North America. It is
apparently most numerous in the boreal and transition zones.

Genus Pipistrellus Kaup

1829 Pipistrellus Kaup, Skizzirte Evtwick.-gesch. u. natiirl. syst. d.
Europ. Thierw. Th. 1, p. 98. Type Vespertilio pipistrellus.
Schreber.

Teeth 34; two pairs of front teeth in upper jaw between canines; back of
membrane between legs thinly haired on basal third. (Pipistréllus; N.
Lat., a pipistrelle)

The genus Pipistrellus is widely distributed in both old and
new worlds. It contains numerous species, only three of which are
American. One of these occurs within our limits.

Pipistrellus subflavus (F. Cuvier) American pipistrelle
Hairs on back with three distinct color bands. Total length, 85 (3%); tail verte-
brae, 40 (17); forearm, 35 (18).:(subfldévus; Lat., yellowish.)
The pipistrelle inhabits the eastern United States north to Lake
George, New York. It is one of the most abundant bats throughout
the austral zones. It is divisible into two subspecies.

SUBSPECIES OF PIPISTRELLUS SUBFLAVUS

General color light yellowish brown ..-.-....--- P. subflavus subflayus
General color drab brown....-...---2.----2- +--+ P. subflavus obscurus

Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus (F. Cuvier) Southeastern pipistrelle

1832 Vespertilio subflavus F. Cuvier, Nouv. Aun. mus. d’hist. nat.
Paris. p. 17. (Eastern United States, probably Georgia)

1897 Pipistrellus subflavus Miller, North American fauna. 16 Oct.
1897. no. 13, p. 90.

General color light yellowish brown, the individual hairs on back deep plum-
beous at base, yellowish brown at middle and dark brown at tip. (subfladvus:;:
Lat., yellowish)

The southeastern pipistrelle is very abundant throughout the austral
zones of the eastern United States, north to the lower Hudson valley.

Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus Miller Vortheastern pipistrelle

1897 Pipistrellus subflavus obseurus Miller, North American
fauna. 16 Oct. 1897. no. 13, p. 93. (Lake George, New York)

General color dull, pale, drab brown. (obsctirus; Lat., dusky)
The northeastern pipistrelle is at present known from one locality only,
Lake George, Warren co. N. Y.
KEY TO LAND MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA I5t

Genus Vespertilio Linnaeus
1758 Vespertilio Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10.1:31. Type V. muri-
nus, Linnaeus.

Teeth 32; two pairs of front teeth in upper jaw between canines; back of
membrane between legs naked except for a sprinkling of fine hairs on basal
fourth. (Vespertilio; Lat., a bat)

The genus Ves pertilio is widely distributed in both hemispheres,
but the species are very imperfectly known. Only one occurs in North
America. ;
Vespertilio fuscus Beauvois Big drown bat
1796 Vespertilio fuscus Beauvois, Catalogue Peale’s museum. Phila-

delphia. p. 18. (Philadelphia Pa.)
1897 Vespertilio fuseus Miller, North American fauna. 16 Oct. 1897.
no. 13, p. 96.

Sepia brown, paler below. Total length, 110 (48); tail vertebrae, 45 (12);
forearm, 45 (14). (fuscus; Lat., dark)

The big brown bat occurs throughout Mexico, the United States and
southern Canada north to the lower edge of the boreal zone. It is divisi-
ble into several races, of which the typical, V.fuscus fuscus, is
abundant in eastern North America.

CORRECTIONS

Corrections of the names of two of the mammals occurring in eastern
North America have been published’ too late to be inserted in the body
of this paper. They are as follows: *

The house rat (p.95) should be Mus norvegicus Erxleben, Syst.
regn. anim. p. 381. 1777.

The northeastern fox squirrel (p. 87) should be Sciurus ludovi-
cianus neglectus (Gray) (Macroxusneglectus Gray,
Ann, and Mag. nat. hist. 1867, 3d ser. 20: 425. Sciurus ludovi-
cianus neglectus Nelson, Proc. biolog. soc. Washington 31 Oct.

1900. 13: 170).

 

1Proc. biol. soc. Washington, 31 Oct. 1900. 13: 167, 169-70
INDEX

The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 62°
means page 62, beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e. about one

‘third of the way down.

-Alces, 81°-82?
Americanus, 81-82?
machlis, 81°-82%

Amphisorex lesueuri, 146’

Arctic zone, 62°

-Arctomys, 89
ignavus, 89°
monax, 89°

canadensis, 897
monax, 89’

_Artiodactyla, 78°

Arvicola breweri, 105*
chrotorrhinus, 104"
gapperi, 110°
scalopsoides, 103°-41
terraenovae, 104?

Austral zone, 62°

-Bat, 146°-51°
big brown, 151°
hoary, 147°
little brown, 149°
Rafinesque’s, 148°
red, 147°-48?
Say’s, 149°
silvery, 149°-50?
true, 146°
typical, 146*-51°
?Bear, 138*-39°
black, 189°
Labrador black, 1397
northern black, 139°
-polar, 138°

 

Synonyms are printed in italics.

Beaver, 91°-927
American, 92?
northeastern, 92°
southeastern, 92°

Bison, 79?

American, 79°
plains, 79°

Bison, 79*
bison, 79°

athabascae, 79°
bison, 79°

Blarina, large, 142°-43°
small, 143°

Blarina, 142°-43°
brevicauda, 142°-43*

brevicauda, 143?
carolinensis, 143°
parva, 143°
thomasi, 1427
Bos bison, 79°
Bovidae, 79?

Canadian zone, 62°
Canidae, 126?-297
Canis, 1267-275
albus, 127?
cinereoargenteus, 129°
fulvus, 1287
lagopus, 128'
lupus albus, 127°
occidentalis, 1274
occidentalis, 127¢
Cariacus, see Odocoileus
154 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Caribou, barren ground, 81°
Newfoundland, 81+
woodland, 807

Carnivores, 119'-39°

Castor, 91°-927
canadensis, 92%
canadensis, 92°

canadensis, 92?
carolinensis, 92°
gibethicus, 102?

Castoridae, 91°-927

Cats, 123°-26*

Cattle, 79?

Cervidae, 79°-83"

Cervus, 82?
canadensis, 82°
[dama] Americanus, 83°
[elaphus] canadensis, 82*
tarandus var. arcticus, 814

caribou, 80°
virginianus, 83°

Chipmunk, eastern, 88°
northeastern, 887
southeastern, 88°

Chiroptera, 146°-51°

Condylura, 140*-41°
cristata, 141+

Cottontail, 118°-19°
eastern prairie, 118°-19*
northeastern, 118°
southeastern, 119%

Cystophora, 121‘
cristata, 121°

Deer, 79°-837
northern Virginia, 83°
southern Virginia, 838°
Virginia, 82°-83"
Dicrostonyx, 101°
hudsonius, 101°
Didelphididae, 77°-78°
Didelphis, 78?
virginiana, 78*
Dipodidae, 111°-14°
Dipus hudsonius, 113?

 

Dogs, 126°-29'
Dorcelaphus, see Odocoileus

Erethizon, 115°
dorsatus, 115*
Erethizontidae, 115*
Euarctos, 139*
Eutheria, 76°
Evotomys, 109*-11°
carolinensis, 1097
fuscodorsalis, 110°
gapperi, 110*-11°
gapperi, 110°
gapperi, 110°
ochraceus, 111*
rhoadsi, 111¢
proteus, 110+
rhoadsi, 111+
ungava, 109°

Felidae, 123°-26*
Felis, 123%-24°
concolor, 124°
hippolestes, 124*
oregonensis, 124?
hippolestes, 124‘
oregonensis, 124?
ruffus, 1257
Ferae, 1197-39°
Fiber, 1015-2*
obscurus, 102°
zibethicus, 101°-2*
eibethicus, 102? _
aquilonius, 102°
rivalicius, 102*
zibethicus, 102?
Fisher, 132+
Flesh-eaters, 119’-39°
Fox, arctic, 128
flying, 146°
gray, 129%
Newfoundland red, 129
Nova Scotia red, 128°-29*
red, 128*-29
southeastern red, 128°

Glires, 83°-119°
Ground-hog, 89"
INDEX TO KEY

Gulo, 131°
ewo, 131"
luscus, 131°

Halichoerus, 121'-22°
grypus, 122!
Hare, 1157-19
American varying, 116°-18!
Labrador arctic, 116°
Newfoundland arctie, 116°
northern varying, 117°
Nova Scotian, 117°
southern varying, 1177-18!
Hedgehog, 115*
Hesperomys maniculatus, 98"
Hoofed animals, 787-837
Hudsonian zone, 62
Hystrix dorsatus, 115'

Insect-eaters, 140'-46*
Insectivora, 140*-46'

Jerboas, 111°-14°

Lasionycteris, 149'-50°
noctivagans, 149°-50°
Lasiurus, 147'-48°
borealis, 147°-487
borealis, 1488
cinereus, 147°
Lemming, Bangs’s, 100°
Cooper’s, 1004
Labrador, 101°
Preble’s, 100°
True’s, 100°
Leporidae, 1157-19*
Lepus, 115°-19°
americanus, 116*-18'
americanus, 117° -
americanus, 117°
struthopus, 117°
virginianus, 1177-18
arcticus bangsi, 116°, 116°
bangsi, 116°

 

TO LAND MAMMALS 155

Lepus (continued)
floridanus, 118’-19*
floridanus, 118*
mallurus, 119*
mearnsi, 118°-19*
transitionalis, 118°
labradorius, 116%
nuttalli matiurus, 119"
sylraticus, 119"
mearnsi, 1189-199
transitionalis, 118°
rirginianus, 117"
Life zones, 617-62°
Lutra, 130°-81°
degener, 131°
hudsonica, 130°-31!
hudsonicd,. 180°-31?
hudsonica, 1309-31?
lataxina, 131?
vaga, 131*
latarina, 187
Lynx, bay, 125°
Canada, 125°
Newfoundland, 125°
Nova Scotia, 126
Lynx, 1247-267
canadensis, 125°
gigas, 126*
ruffus, 1257
ruffus, 125°
subsolanus, 125°

Marsupialia, 77°-78°
Marsupials, 77°-78°
Martin, eastern, 132°-33?
Newfoundland, 133°
north Labrador, 132’
Mazama americana, 83°
Megachiroptera, 146°
Mephitis, 186°%-37'
mephitica, 136°-37°
mephitica, 187°
mephitica, 137?
mephitica, 137°
scrutator, 137*
Meriones americanus, 112°
156

Metatheria, 76°
Microchiroptera, 146°
Microtus, 102%-7°
breweri, 105°
chrotorrhinus, 104'-5?
chrotorrhinus, 1047
chrotorrhinus, 104°
ravus, 105%
enixus, 105°
fontigenus, 107+
insularis, 107°
nesophilus, 107°
pennsylvanicus, 105%-7°
pennsylvanicus, 106*
acadicus, 107*
fontigenus, 107*
labradorius, 106°
pennsylvanicus, 106°
pinetorum, 103°-4
scalopsoides, 103*-4"
terraenovae, 104'
Mictomys innuitus, 100°
Mink, 133°-34'
northeastern, 1342
southeastern, 134
Mole, 140-42?
eastern hairy-tailed, 142!
naked-tailed, 141°
star-nosed, 141*
Moose, eastern, $1*-82?
Mouse, 92°-111°
acadian field, 107!
Canadian white-footed, 97°-98°
Carolina redbacked, 109°
cloudland white-footed, US*
common eastern field, 106°
common redbacked, 110°%-11°
deer, 98°
eastern redbacked, 1107
field, 105°-7°
Gull island, 107°
harvest, 95%
house, 94°-95'
Ifudsonian white-footed, 97°
Hudsonian woodland jumping,
114°

 

 

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Mouse (continued)
jumping, 111°-14°
Labrador deer, 98°
Labrador ficld, 106
Labrador meadow jumping, 113'
meadow, 107°
meadow jumping, 112*-13°
Mount Washington redbacked,
111
mountain woodland
114°
New Jersey redbacked, 111*
northern field, 107*
northern meadow jumping, 113*
northern pine, 103°-4*
northern woodland
11
pine, 108°-4+
rice field, 96°
southern meadow jumping, 112°
ungava redbacked, 109°
variable redbacked, 110*
Virginia harvest, 96+
woodland jumping, 113°-14°
Muridae, 02°-111°
Mus, 94°-95°
alexandrinus, O47
decumanus, 95*
hidsonius, 101°
lecontii, 95°
qioner, 89%

jumping,

jumping,

musculus, 94°-95"
palustris, 96°
pennsylvanica, 106°
rattus, 957
rolans, 90!
Musculus leucopus, 984
Muskrat, 101°-2°
Labrador, 1025
Newfoundland, 102°
northern, 102°
Mustela, 132°-83'
americana, 132°-33°
atrata, 133°
brumalis, 1327
caurina, 133?
INDEX TO KEY

Mustela (continued)
cicognanii, 1848-35
hudsonica, 1380°-31*
lutreocephala, 134°
pennanti, 132

pennanti, 182°
vison, 1348

Mustelidae, 129%-375

Myotis, 1487-497
lucifugus, 149°

lucifugus, 149°
subulatus, 149%
subulatus, 149'

Napaeozapus, 113°-14°

insignis, 113°-14°
abietorum, 114°
insignis, 114°
roanensis, 114°

Neosciurus, 63°

Neosorex albibarbis, 144?

Neotoma, 98°-99°
pennsylvanica, 99?

Nycticeius, 148°
humeralis, 148°

Odobaenus rosmarus, 120°
Odocoileus, 820.837
americanus, 82°-837
americanus, 83°
borealis, 83°
Opossum, 77°-78°
common, 78*
Oryzomys, 96°
palustris, 96°
palustris, 96°
Otter, Newfoundland, 131°
North American, 130°%-31'
northeastern, 130°-31?
southeastern, 131°

Parascalops, 141°-428
breweri, 142%
Parasciurus, 63°
Peromyscus, 967-988
canadensis, 97°-98?
canadensis, 97°
abietorum, 97°

 

TO LAND MAMMALS 157

Peromyscus canadensis (continued)
canadensis, 977
nubiterrae, 98*

leucopus, 98*
noveboracensis, 98°
nubiterrae, 98*
maniculatus, 98°
Phenacomys, large
108°
small yellow-faced, 108’
Phenacomys, 108'
“celatus, 108°
latimanus, 1087
ungava, 108°
Phoea, 122-23
cristata, 121°
foelida, 123
groenlandica, 122?
grypus, 122*
hispida, 123+
vitulina, 123°
Phocidae, 121'-23°
Pipistrelle, American, 150*
northeastern, 150°
southeastern, 150’
Pipistrellus, 150*
subflavus, 150*
subflavus, 150°
obscurus, 150°
subflavus, 150°

Porcupine, Canada, 115*

new world, 115*

Procyon, 137%-38*

lotor, 138*
elucus, 138°
lotor, 138°

Procyonidae, 1387°-88%

Prototheria, 76°

Puma, 124?

northern, 124
Putorius, 133*-36°
cicognani, 134°
cicognanii, 1347-35*
alascensis, 135%
cicognanii, 135%
richardsoni, 135°

yellow-faced,
158 NEW YORK

Putorius (continued)
noveboracensis, 135°-36°
novcboracensis, 136%, 136"
notius, 1386"
noveboracensis, 136°

occisor, 135+

vison, 133°-34'

vison, 134°
energunenos, 134*
lutensis, 154°
lutreocephalus, 134°
vison, 134?
vulgivagus, 134°

Racoon, 137°-38°
Rangifer, 80'-S1°
arcticus, 81°
earibou, 807
tarandus areticus, 81*
caribou, 808
terracnovae, 81%
terraenovae, 81'
Rat, 92°-111°
Alleghany cave, 99?
black, 95?
house, 95*
roof, 947
Reindeer, 80°-81°
Reithrodontomys, 95°-9G"
lecontii, 95*-96?
dickinsoni, 95°
impiger, 96"
lecontii, 95°
Rodents, 83°-119°
Rosmaridae, 120°
Rosmarus, 120°
rosmarus, 120°

Scalops, 141°
aquaticus, 141°
breweri, 142%

Sciuridae, 84°-91°

Sciuropterus, 90'-91°
sabrinus, 907-91°
sabrinus, 913, 914

macrotis, 91*
sabrinus, 91?

 

STATE MUSEUM

Sciuropterus (continued)
volans, 90*
volans, 90°
scit rus, 63", So'-S7"
carolinensis, SG°-S7°
carolinensis, 8GC°-ST’, 87
carolinensis, 86-877
leucotis, 87°
hudsonicus, 81°-80"
hudsonicus, 86
gymnicus, 85°
hudsonicus, 86+
loquax, 8G!
leucotis, 87+
tysteri, SS
ludovicianus, 63°, ST
ludovicianus, ST?
vicinus, 63°, ST’
sabrinus, 91°
striatus, 88°
[vulgaris] hudsonicus, 86
Scotophilus, 148!
Seal, earless, 1211-235
gray, 122%
havbor, 123°
Wary, 122"
hooded, 121°
ringed, 123+
Sheep, 79°
Shrew, 1427-46!
big-tailed, 144°
eastern marsh, 1447
Hoy’s, 1444
Labrador masked, 146
masked, 145'-46°
northern masked, 145°
Richardson’s, 144-457
smoky, 1457
southern masked, 146+
Sifomys americanus canadensis, 9T8
Skunk, common, 1368-375
northeastern, 137?
southeastern, 137*
Sorex, 143°-46'
albibarbis, 144?
aquaticus, 1415
INDEX TO KEY

Sorex (continued)
brevicaudus, 142°-43°
cristatus, 141+
fumeus, 145°
hoyi, 144'
macrurus, 144°
parvus, 143*
personatus, 145'-46°
personatus, 1457

leseuri, 146*

miscix, 146°

personatus, 1457
richardsoni, 144°-45°

Soricidae, 142°-46*

Squirrel, 84°-91°
Canadian flying, 91*
Canadian red, 85°
fox, 87°
gray, 86°-87°
Hudsonian flying, 91?
Hudsonian red, 86*
northeastern gray, 87
northern flying, 907-91°
northern fox, 87°
red, 85°-86°
southeastern gray, 86°-87?
southeastern red, 86*
southern flying, 90*
western fox, 87°

Synaptomys, 99°-100°
cooperi, 100*
fatuus, 100°
innuitus, 100°
sphagnicola, 100°

Synopsis, 65-76

‘

Talpidae, 140°-42°

Talpinae, 140°

Tamias, 88'
striatus, 88° /
striatus, 88°

lysteri, 887
striatus, 88°

Tamiasciurus, 63°

TO

 

LAND MAMMALS 159
Thalarctos, 188°
maritimus, 138°
maritimus, 138°
palaris, 138°
Transition zone, 62°
Trichechus rosmarus, 1208

Ungulata, 787-837
Upper austral zone, 62°
Urocyon, 129"
cinereoargenteus, 129°
cinereoargenteus, 129°
Ursidae, 138'-39°
Ursus, 189%
americanus, 139%
americanus, 139°
americanus, 139°
sornborgeri, 1397
lotor, 188"
luscus, 181°
maritimus, 138°
richardsoni, 139°

Vespertilio, 151!
borealis, 147°-48?
fuscus, 151°

fuscus, 151°
humeralis, 148°
linereus, 147°
lucifugus, 149°
noctivagans, 149°-50?
subflavus, 150°
subulatus, 149?

Vespertilionidae, 146°-51°

Vespertilioninae, 146°

Viverra mephitica, 137°

Vole, Hamilton inlet, 105°
Labrador rock, 105*
Muskeget island, 105*
Newfoundland, 104°
rock, 104*-5®
southern rock, 104°

Vulpes, 127°%-29°
deletrix, 129°
fulvus, 128%-29*
160 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Vulpes (continued)
fulvus, 128"
fulvus, 128°
rubricatus, 128°-29*
lagopus, 128

pennsylvanica rubricata, 128°-29°

vafra, 128°-29+

Walrus, 120°
Atlantic, 120°
Wapiti, east American, 82!
Weasel, 129°-37°
New York, 135°-36°
slender-tailed, 185*
small brown, 1347-358

white-bellied New York, 186?
yellow-bellied New York, 136!

 

Wildcat, 1257

Wolf, American, 127'
aretic, 127?

Wolverine, 131°

Woodchuck, common, 89°
Labrador, 89°

Zapodinae, 111°
Zapus, 112'-13°
hudsonius, 112%-13°
hudsonius, 118?
americanus, 112*
hudsonius, 113*
ladas, 113°
insignis, 114°
abietorum, 114°
roanensis, 114°
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