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Cornell University Libra
SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAT, PETRA, AND

WADY ’ARABAH
Missing Page
SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA,

AND WADY ’ARABAH

BY

HENRY CHICHESTER HART
B.A., F.R.G.S., F.LS. =

London
PUBLISHED FOR

THE COMMITTEE OF THE PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND

BY
ALEXANDER P. WATT
2 PATERNOSTER SQUARE
1891

2
CON TT BN TS;

—_
CHAPTER I.
PAGE
INTRODUCTORY I
CHAPTER II.
’avON MUSA TO WADY LEBWEH 3
CHAPTER III.
WADY LEBWEH TO MOUNT SINAI 14
CHAPTER IV.
MOUNT SINAI TO ’AKABAH - at
CHAPTER V.
7AKABAH - 27
CHAPTER VI.
’AKABAH TO MOUNT HOR - 30
CHAPTER VII.
PETRA AND MOUNT HOR; WADIES HARUN (ABU KOSHEIBEH) AND MUSA; JEBEL ABU
KOSHEIBEH a

CHAPTER VIII.

wADY HARUN TO THE DEAD SEA e Fe
vi CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IX.
SOUTH END OF THE DEAD SEA

CHAPTER X.
GHOR ES SAFIEH TO GAZA

CHAPTER XI.

GAZA TO JAFFA

CHAPTER XII.

JERUSALEM

CHAPTER XIII.

.JERICHO AND NORTHERN GHOR

LIST OF SPECIES.

RANUNCULACEE ; MENISPERMACEZ -
BERBERIDES } PAPAVERACE® ; FUMARIACEZ , CRUCIFERE&
CAPPARIDE

RESEDACE# ; CISTINEA ; SILENEA

PARONYCHIACE# ; CERATOPHYLLE# ; MOLLUGINEZ ; TAMARISCINEZ
HYPERICINEE ; MALVACE# ; TILIACEA ; GERANIACEZ
ZYGOPHYLLEZ

RUTACEZ ; SIMARUBEZ ; TEREBINTHACEA - -
LEGUMINOSE  -

ROSACEA

LYTHRARIE ; CUCURBITACE ; FICOIDE , CRASSULACE
UMBELLIFER ; RUBIACE

DIPSACEA ; COMPOSITA

ERICACEZ ; PRIMULACE/ ; OLEACE# ; SALVADORACE# ; APOCYNE ; ASCLEPIADEE

PAGE
46

57

63

67

7O

79
80

82
83
85
86
87
88
89
g2
93
94
95
99
CONTENTS. vii

PAGE
GENTIANACEZ ; CONVOLVULACEE - 100
BORAGINEE - - 101
SOLANACEE ; SCROPHULARIACEE 3 102
OROBANCHACEZ ; ACANTHACE 103
GLOBULARIE ; VERBENACE ; LABIATA 104
PLUMBAGINEE 105
PLANTAGINEE ; CYNOCRAMBE ; SALSOLACE - 106
AMARANTACEA 107
POLYGONEZ ; NYCTAGINEE ; THYMELZACEE - 108
LORANTHACE ; EUPHORBIACEZ 109
URTICACEZ 3 CUPULIFERE 110
ARACEH ; PALME ; TYPHACEE Ill
IRIDACEA ; AMARYLLIDACEE ; COLCHICACE Tt2
LILIACE - : 113
ASPARAGACEZ ; JUNCACEE; CYPERACEAE 1I4
GRAMINEE : 115
CONIFERZ - 117
EQUISETACE# ; FILICES ; CHARACEZ ; MUSCI 118
HEPATICE - - 119
LICHENES : - 120

AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI AND GENERAL
REMARKS ON ITS BOTANY, AND THAT OF
THE DEAD SEA BASIN.

DESCRIPTION OF SINAI - 123
SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND REMARKS ON TABLE OF FLORA OF SINAI 125
TABULAR VIEW OF THE FLORA OF THE SINAITIC PENINSULA 128-144

LIST OF ORDERS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF THEIR SINAITIC SPECIES 145
DESERT FLORA 146
MEDITERRANEAN FLORA OF SINAI; PLATEAUX OR MONTANE FLORA OF SINAI, AND
GENERAL REMARKS . 149
SINAITIC SPECIES : 154
ON THE FLORA OF THE GHOR, OR VALLEY OF THE DEAD SEA - 156
viii CONTENTS.

TROPICAL FLORA OF THE DEAD SEA BASIN.

PAGE
MENISPERMACEZ } PARONYCHIEZ ; MALVACE ; TILIACEZ ; CAPPARIDE& ; SIMARUBEZ 159

MORINGE# ; LEGUMINOSZ ; CUCURBITACEZ ; FICOIDEZ ; COMPOSITE - 160

SALVADORACEH ; ASCLEPIADEZ ; BORAGINEA 161

SOLANACEA ; SALSOLACEZ } AMARANTACEA ; NYCTAGINEZ ; LORANTHACEZ ; EUPHOR-
BIACEA 162°

CYPERACEZ : - 163

ADDITIONS TO PALESTINE FLORA.

MENISPERMACEAE ; CRUCIFERZ ;} RESEDACEZ ; SILENEE 163
PARONYCHIEE ; TAMARISCINEZE ; ZYGOPHYLLEE& ; LEGUMINOS ; FICOIDEZ ; RUBIACEZ 164
DIPSACE& } COMPOSITE ; ASCLEPIADEE } GENTIANEZ ; SCROPHULARIACEZ —- 165
LABIATA ; PLANTAGINEE ; SALSOLACEZ ; AMARANTACEZ ; NYCTAGINE - 166

THYMELAACEZ# ; EUPHORBIACEZ ; SALICINE# ; TYPHACE# ; LILIACE# ; CYPERACEZ ;

GRAMINE ; EQUISETACEZ 167
CHARACEZ } MUSCI 168
HEPATICEE 170
LICHENES 172

INSECTA, ETC.

ARACHNIDA - 176
MYRIAPODA 177
COLEOPTERA 178
HYMENOPTERA 180
LEPIDOPTERA 181
DIPTERA 182
NEUROPTERA 182
ORTHOPTERA 182

RHYNCHOTA 183
CONTENTS. ix

MOLLUSCA.
PAGE
MOLLUSCA FROM ’AKABAH, RED SEA.
PTEROPODA } GASTEROPODA 189
CONCHIFERA 193
FROM ’AIN MOSA, GULF OF SUEZ.
GASTEROPODA 194
CONCHIFERA 195
FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN AT JAFFA - - 196
GASTEROPODA 200
CONCHIFERA - 201
LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA 202
REPTILIA.

ORDER OPHIDIA - 209
ORDER LACERTILIA - 210
AVES.

SPECIES OF BIRDS MET WITH IN THE WINTER MONTHS 215
SPECIES OF BIRDS WHICH VISIT THE PENINSULA 227

MAMMALIA.

SPECIES OF ANIMALS, ETC., MET WITH IN THE PENINSULA, WADY ”ARABAH, AND

SOUTHERN PALESTINE : 233-238
x CONTENTS.

MAPS.

ROUTE MAP

GEOLOGICAL MAP

PLATES.

PL. I—1, GALIUM PETRE; 2. DAPHNE LINEARIFOLIA

»» IL—IPHIONA SCABRA ,

3, IIL—GOMPHOCARPUS SINAICUS :

9» IV.—BOUCEROSIA AARONIS

»  V.—-LINARIA FLORIBUNDA :
»)  VI.—-LINDENBERGIA SINAICA

) VII.—LORANTHUS ACACLE

», VIII].—XIPHION PALASTINUM °
»» IX,—PANCRATIUM SICKEMBERGERI

» X.—INSECTA

Ke
Ke

ERRATA.

Page 95, delete ‘(Plate XVI., fig. 1].
» 100, for ‘ aavonis,’ vead ‘ Aaronis.’
» 100, delete ‘[Plate XVIL, figs. 1 to 8].’
» 108. Fora figure of ‘ Daphne,’ see opposite p. 95, an/e.
», 100, delete ‘[Plate XVI, fig. 2].’
4, 119, for ‘Encalypta,’ read ‘ Eucalypta.’
», 201, for ‘Mediterranean at Jaffa,’ read ‘ Red Sea.’

Srontispiece
to face p. 19

to face p. 95

96
100
100
102
103
109
112

I12

175

tos

» 202, The remark at the head of this page was written in 1884, and is now probably

incorrect.

sae
SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND
WADY ’ARABAH.

 

CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.

Ear.y in the summer of 1883 my friend Professor Hull, Director of the
Geological Survey of Ireland, proposed to me that I should accompany
him as a volunteer on a geological and surveying expedition to Sinai and
the Dead Sea, of which he was about to take the leadership under the
auspices of the Palestine Exploration Society.

With the main object of studying the botany of this region, and as far
as possible also other branches of its natural history, I accepted this
friendly offer. 1 was chiefly induced to do so by the assurance I received
from Professor Oliver, of Kew, that, whatever our Continental brethren
may have accomplished, few British botanists had as yet turned their
attention to Sinai. He at the same time promised his valuable assistance
in the determination of my specimens upon my return—a promise
since fulfilled in a manner which entitles him to my sincerest thanks.
Another welcome consideration which helped to determine me was that
of a grant of money from the Scientific Fund of the Royal Irish
Academy.

I feel bound to take this earliest opportunity of expressing my grateful
sense of the courtesy of the Rev. Canon Tristram, the well-known
authority on the Natural History of Palestine, who has helped me with

his advice before starting, and his scientific knowledge since my return.
I
2 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

To him the determination of my species of birds, as well as of land and
freshwater molluscs, is almost entirely due, and his recent work on the
‘Fauna and Flora of Western Palestine’ has been continually consulted
in preparing the present account.

To Dr. Gunther, F.R.S., and to Messrs. Waterhouse and Thomas, of
the British Museum, my thanks are due for the naming of other smaller
collections of mammals, reptiles, and beetles. Mr. Edgar Smith, of the
conchological department, has also been good enough to render me as
much assistance as his duties would permit, in searching for information
on the mollusc-fauna of the Red Sea.

To Mons. Edmond Boissier, the eminent Swiss botanist and author of
the invaluable ‘ Flora Orientalis,’ I desire to tender my warmest acknow-
ledgments. He has very kindly determined for me some of the more
intricate genera, which his unrivalled knowledge and extensive Oriental
herbarium enable him to deal with satisfactorily. Of Mons. Boissier’s
‘Flora Orientalis’ I have constantly availed myself in dealing with the
flora of Sinai. Botanists whose inclinations turn, as mine do, to the geo-
graphical distribution of plants, will find this work, which is now complete,
a perfect storehouse of information.

Reference must here be made to the ‘Ordnance Survey of Sinai,’
published in 1869, where much valuable information on the physical
features and natural history of the Peninsula will be found, especially in
the appendices of Mr. Wyatt. An interesting paper by Mr. Lowne, on
the Flora of Sinai, in the Journal of the Linnean Society for 1865, may
also be referred to; his nomenclature, however, differs widely from that
at present adopted. There is little other botanical literature available ;
Decaisne’s ‘Florula Sinaica,’ published in the Aznales des Sciences
Naturelles in 1836, in which many new species are described, is difficult
to obtain separately ; it is, however, very valuable, but the collections of
Schimper and others, distributed throughout the herbaria of Europe, and
duly recorded in Boissier’s ‘ Flora Orientalis,’ have nearly doubled
Decaisne’s original total.*

I must not omit to acknowledge the judicious and kindly guidance by
which (with the assistance of our most efficient interpreter and conductor,

* Since writing the above, Europe has lost one of her most famous botanists. Mons.
Boissier died in September, 1885.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 3

Bernard Heilpern) Professor Hull brought our travels to a safe con-
clusion. In a volume recently published by the Society, he has given
the public an account of our experiences, and to it, and its Appendix by
Major Kitchener, the reader may turn for fuller geological, geographical,
and other information relative to our explorations. To the other members
of our party, for their assiduity in obtaining specimens for me, I shall feel
for ever grateful.

In these pages, which owe their appearance to the liberality of the
same Society, I propose in the first place to give a running account of the
collections made in the order in which they were gathered, with such
extracts from my journal as may serve to illustrate them. Afterwards |
will enumerate in detail the various species which I have identified,
and conclude with an endeavour to give a full account and analysis
of the Flora of Sinai, or rather of the Sinaitic peninsula of Arabia
Petrzea.

By the kind permission of the Royal Irish Academy, the systematic
list of plants is reproduced here from their Transactions. The specimens
themselves are in the Herbaria of Kew and the British Museum.

CHAPTER II.
"AYUN MUSA TO WADY LEBWEH.

Havine left Suez on Saturday, November 10, 1883, we took up our
quarters till Monday at ’Aytin Miisa, the usual starting-place for Sinai.
A description of the gardens here, with the introduced plants found about
them, has been given by Mons. Barbey, in his recent volume ‘ Herborisa-
tions au Levant,’ who visited them at a more auspicious season. His
tour did not elsewhere cover the ground we visited till reaching Bir es
Seba.

At ’Aytin Masa my hopes fell to a low ebb. With the exception of a
couple of showy flowering shrubs (Lantana camera, Linn, and Cassia
bicapsulars, Linn.) in the gardens of date palm, bounded by prickly pear,
there appeared to be hardly a vestige of unwithered vegetable life. Closer
inspection, however, yielded dead flowers and ripe seed capsules of several

I—2
4 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

species, all of which were carefully preserved for comparison with sub-
sequent gatherings. One species, Ceratophyllum demersum, L., found
drifting in the gulf, and probably derived from the canal, was not met
with again. A prostrate prickly grass in the sandy stony flat between
the wells (Ayan Misa) of Moses and the gulf has been named for me by
Mons. Boissier, Sporobolus sprcatus, Vahl.

In these enclosures, and around their edges, were bushes of tamarisks
and ‘ghurkid,’ Tamarix nilotica, Ehr., T. articulata, Vahl. (?), and
Nitraria tridentata, Desf. The latter is a prickly, fleshy-leaved shrub
with small orange berries, greedily eaten by camels. It belongs to
the ‘bean-caper’ family (Zygophyllacez), well represented in the
desert.

From one of the wells numerous univalves, all of one species, Welanza
tuberculata, Mull., were obtained. The net produced nothing else except
the larve of a gnat. A chameleon (Chameleo vulgaris, Linn.) and a
small very nimble brown lizard (Zvemzas gutto-lineata) were captured close
by. The former was pointed out to me by a Bedawin on a stunted palm-
tree, else I should assuredly have passed it by, so closely did it resemble
the branch along which it clung.

The chief attraction at this oasis was in the birds, of which several
species were obtained. Amongst these were the white wagtail and the
willow-wren (Motactlla alba, Linn., and Phylloscopus rufus, Bechst.). A
buff-backed heron, Avdeola russata, Wagl., was seen but not shot : this is
the bird which does duty for the ‘ white ibis’ amongst visitors. A little
cock-tailed warbler with a song and habit of a wren, Drymoeca inquteta,
Rupp., as well as the blue-throated robin, Cyanecula ceruleculus, Pall.
(the one with the entirely blue throat), was shot here.

Across the sand to the shores of the gulf many kinds of sea shell
were gathered. A detailed account of these, as well as of those obtained
at ‘Akabah, will be given later on. Few specimens worth preserving
were met with, but they were for the most part identifiable. At the
water’s edge a stork gave me a long shot, and several dunlins were flying
about.

At evening the air was filled with the attractive notes of species of
cicada, and the quaint call of an owl (Athene meridionalis, Risso.), the
‘boomey ’ of the Arabs, was for the first time heard.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 5

Insect life was almost suspended, but a few small beetles (4desmza,
Acts), ants (Camponotus), and a spider or two, as well as a torpid scorpion,
were captured about here, and between this and WAdy Nasb.

Excepting at wells, met with at rare intervals, life of all kinds was
very scarce in this lower desert portion of Sinai. The appearance of a
bird within a quarter of a mile in these wastes was a signal for a general
call to arms amongst the gunners, and the gurgling sound of the Bedawin
camel-driver summoned his obstinate beast to kneel and let his rider dis-
mount and stalk a distant Egyptian vulture ora raven. These two birds,
Neophron percnopterus, Linn., and Corvus umbrinus, Hedend., were fre-
quently in sight, but rarely in range.

After a day or two, when my Bedawin lad, Khalil, had discovered
which of us two was master, I generally travelled on foot, letting my
camel-driver keep me in view till wanted. For this interesting and
faithful son of the desert I conceived a great liking. This feeling towards
the Arabs is very frequently indulged in by inexperienced travellers in
the East.

As fast as I made gatherings, I was able to deposit them on the back
of my admirable beast of burthen. For this purpose I had two sets of
camel bags and drying boards, as well as multifarious swinging gear ;
guns, spy-glass, water-bottle, shoulder-bag, spirit-cylinder, portfolios,
insect-box, e¢ hoc genus omne.

The country traversed was of gravel and sand, with occasional outcrops
of limestone. This limestone sand is sometimes finely and regularly
granulated, as near WaAdy Sudur, a condition not observed by us in other
parts of Sinai. The view of the Jebel Rahah mountains across the Gulf
of Suez was superb.

Our direction lay nearly parallel to this arm of the Red Sea, gradually
widening the distance between us and the coast-line. The sky was of a
brilliant blue, and the temperature rarely hot enough to make walking
disagreeable. The following plants were observed in Wady Sudur: Z2/a
myagroudes, Desf. ; Retama retam., Forsk.; Alhagt maurorum, D.C. ;
Acacia Seyal, Del.; Deverra tortuosa, Gertn.; Anabasis articulata,
Forsk.; Reaumuria vermicularis, Linn. (R. palestina, Borss.) , Fagonia
cretica, Linn., var. glutinosa et vars.; Evodium glaucophyllum, Att. ;
Citrullus colocynthis, Lehr.; Artemisia tudaica, Linn. ; Odontospermum
6 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

graveolens, S. Bip.; Gymnocarpus fruticosus, Pers.; Paronychia deser-
torum, Borss.; Erua javanica, Juss.; Heliotropium luteum, Porr. ;
Aristida obtusa, Del. Most of these are strictly desert species of con-
tinual occurrence in the lower parts of the peninsula, and will seldom again
be referred to. In Wady Sudur Farsetza Zigyptiaca, Turr., and Anabasis
setifera, Mog., were also obtained.

The Citrullus bore its ripe fruit, orange-coloured and about the size of
a billiard-ball, trailing on the gravel and sand in many places.*¥ The
felted A£rua was laden with tassels of wool, the remains of its withered
inflorescence ; the variety, with narrower leaves and more rigid habit,
occurred later on. Acacza Seyal was a revelation of spinousness whose
branches even the camel can only nibble with care. It is a low flat-topped
bush, often only 4 or 5 feet high, but with a trunk of considerable
thickness.

A Matthiola, probably JZ, arabica, Borss., occurred, and a large
cabbage-leaved sticky Hyoscyamus, //. mutecus, Linn., with showy yellow
and purple-veined flowers, was pointed out to me as the ‘Sekkaran,’
which the Arabs are said to inhale in their narghilis as an intoxicant.

The pretty little woolly Reaumuria, with its densely imbricated leaves,
was, after much searching, found in blow at last. A wiry, nearly leafless
Deverra was in full flower and seed, with a strong but not unpleasant
smell of fennel.

The marked characteristics of these desert plants soon become
familiar. They have usually a whitened appearance, which was perhaps
somewhat heightened at the season of my visit. This is due to woolli-
ness, or scaliness, or some other colouring integument, and is frequently
accompanied by heavy odours, succulent or glaucous foliage. Spines,
prickles, hooked or clinging hairs are also characteristic, and the whole
plant is not unfrequently found to be steeped in a strong viscid exuda-

* The Arabs use this species (the colocynth) as a purgative. A fruit is split into halves,
the seeds scooped out, and the two cavities filled with milk ; after allowing it to stand for
some time, the liquid, which has absorbed some of the active principle of the plant, is drunk
off. I refer my readers for further valuable information of this nature to an article in the
British Medical Journal of April 11, 1885, by my friend and companion, Dr. Gordon Hull.
I trust he will forgive me for correcting an error into which I unfortunately led him. The
plant which he speaks of ‘ with short succulent jointed segments’ as being very common and
used for sore eyes is not Zygophyllum, but Azadusts (Sa/sola) articulata.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 7

tion. Noteworthy instances of the above peculiarities will be given
farther on.

Of the Sinaitic mountains, no part was as yet visible; we were, how-
ever, gradually rising above sea-level, and with the cooler atmosphere
there was a steady increase also in the quantity of vegetation. A very
fragrant bushy Artemisia, A. santolina, Linn., had become frequent,
and is subsequently one of the most characteristic plants of the flat
wadies.

In Wady Sudur Cleome arabica, Linn.» Pennisetum dichotomum, Del.,
and Elionurus hirsutus, Vahl., were secured in good condition, except the
latter grass, which is so closely eaten by camels that it is hard to obtain
good specimens.

Anabasis articulata, Forsk., is a prevalent low-sized species ; its dried
twigs are always topped by a few scales, the remains of the floral enve-
lopes. These are occasionally a showy red or claret colour, and give a
brilliant effect, sometimes equalling that of red heather at a distance. It
is perhaps the commonest species throughout Sinai; Gymnocarpum frutt-
cosus, lorsk., however, is nearly as abundant. The Anabasis, whose
slenderer twigs are, I believe, all lost and withered at this season, accumu-
lates round its roots blown hillocks of sand a couple of feet high, favourite
hiding places for lizards, and burrowing ground for ants and the smaller
rodents. The Bedawin called this plant ‘ Erimth.’

The vegetation is scattered in tufts amongst the sand and gravel ;
except in the occasionally moistened wady beds these tufts are usually
isolated and often far apart.

On the 13th, at about 350 feet above sea-level, we entered a bed of
chalk intermixed with white marls strewed with chert, fossils, and selenite.
We reached Ghurundel by moonlight. Tamarisks and palms (Zamarix
nilotica, Pall.; Phenix dactylifera, Linn.) form here a pleasant grove ;
Zilla, Nitraria, and most of the species above mentioned, are plentiful.

At Wady Ghurundel (‘ Elim’)* I obtained some fresh species of birds.

* This wady must not be confounded with others of the same name in Sinai and Edom.
A notable instance of confusion occurs in the ninth chapter of the English translation of
Laborde’s ‘ Arabia Petrzea,’ 1836, where the translator quotes several pages of description of
the present wady from Burckhardt, to illustrate Laborde’s short and correct mention of Wady
Ghurundel, near Petra.
8 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

Of these Saxcola csabellina, Rupp. (Menetries’ Wheatear) was several
times seen and shot. The ‘Persian lark’ (Certhdlauda alaudipes, Desf.)
and the striolated bunting (Emberiza striolata, Licht.) were obtained, only
single specimens being as yet seen and secured of each. Ravens and
willow-wrens tenanted this wAdy.

The first large quadruped’s tracks were pointed out by the Arabs ;
they exclaimed ‘ dhaba’—that is to say, ‘ hyzena.’

Another lizard, Agama ruderata, Riv., and a skink, Sphenops capis-
tratus, Wagl., were captured here. The latter I found on kicking to
pieces an ant hill, the home of a species of Camponotus, C. pubescens.
The lizard was afterwards very common throughout Sinai to the Dead
Sea. He was easy to catch, and his comical habit of standing at bay
with his tail cocked and his disproportionately large jaws wide open was
instructive ; no doubt it terrified troops of smaller foes. Like most true
natives of the desert he was sand-coloured, though the tail had some dull
blackish rings. Another lizard, Hremzas guttata, was most difficult to
catch; by pelting him with handfuls of sand, which confuses and stops
his movements for an instant, combined with a sudden rush, it may be
done.

The rock here is a white cretaceous limestone. The bed of the wady
is cut deeply into marly deposits, leaving sheer mud-banks sometimes
8 feet high. The bed of this periodic stream was now perfectly dry.
From the appearance of these deposits, and those in other places, Professor
Hull considered there was evidence of a much greater rainfall in recent
times.

On the tamarisk branches a curious buff-coloured chrysalis-like appen-
dage was frequently observed. It was about the consistency of tough
paper, half an inch long, but more brittle, and proved to be the egg case
of a species of Mantis. A large black beetle, Przonotheca coronata, Oliv.,
was the only large insect found in Wady Ghurundel.

Several plants were here first met with; the most conspicuous was
a shrubby mignonette, Ochradenus baccatus, Del., thenceforward charac-
teristic of the lower desert wddies, and sometimes, where protected by
acacia trees from camels, 6 or 8 feet high.

Here or nearer to Wady Useit, I noticed for the first time a second
species of acacia, 4. ¢ortzlis, Hayne, less spiny and usually larger and
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 9

more upright than 4. Seyal, ZL. I met only these two acacias in the
peninsula, but I found a third and much finer one (A. deéa, R. Br.) at the
south end of the Dead Sea. A. xzlotica, Del., also occurs in Sinai.
A. tortils is commoner in the ’Arabah than elsewhere.

Other species were: Cucumis prophetarum, Linn.,; Polycarpea
Sragilis, Del. ; P. prostrata, Dene. ; Zygophyllum album, Linn. ; Fagonia
cretwa, Linn., var. arabica; Lithospermum callosum, Linn. ; Cressa cretica,
Linn. ; Euphorbia cornuta, Pers. ; Juncus maritimus, Linn., B arabicus ;
Tytha angustata, B. et C.; Cynodon dactylon, Pers.; Phragmites com-
munis, Linn., var. gigantea. This latter species, which reaches a height
of 10 or 12 feet with its erect plume of florescence, is a truly handsome
grass, It appears to have frequently done duty for Avundo Donax, L.,
in Sinai.

Many withered Chenopods occurred here, the identifiable species being
Sueda vermiculata, Forsk.; Atriplex leucoclada, Boiss., A. halimus,
Linn ; Anabasts setifera, Mog. ; and A. (Salsola) articulata, Forsk. At
Wady Useit occurred a little grove of date palms, some of them at least
40 feet high. There is only one other species, the doum palm (Ayphene
thebatca, Del.), in Sinai. It occurs near ’Akabah and at Tor.

From about Wady Sa’al small burrows, from the size of a small rabbit-
hole to the little perforation of a species of ant, Camponotus compressa,
Fab., become numerous. These belong chiefly to species of Acomys,
Gerbillus, and Psammomys, but it was some time before I succeeded in
capturing any of these animals. On several occasions I saw individuals
of the Gerbille genus of sand-rats. These animals usually burrowed in
the sand-hills accumulated about the stumps of anabasis and tamarisk ;
their abundance here was as nothing compared with their numbers in the
WaAdy ’Arabah later on. Jerboas were not seen in Sinai.

At night in the dinner tent our lights usually attracted a few nocturnal
insects, which I captured from time to time.

A hornet, Vespa orientalis, Linn., was the only insect frequently to be
seen in the day-time. Nature rests herself in the desert almost as
thoroughly as in an Arctic winter; in the latter case she sleeps during an
excessive cold, in the former she exhausts her strength during an extreme
heat. Nevertheless many late flowering plants still occasionally held
their petals, and it was not many days ere we gathered the first harbingers

2
10 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

of spring. Possibly these latter should be called hybernal. A few species,
as Cleome arabica, Linn., are in their prime at present for examination,
being in full flower and fruit. This Cleome is one of the most viscid
plants met with, taking many weeks to dry, and never shaking off the
adhering sand. It has small deep purple flowers and longish pods,

A. black snake, probably Zamenzs atrovirens, Shaw., var. carbonarius,
was killed here, but I was informed it was last seen with the cook.
Whether it subsequently passed under examination in the dinner tent I
cannot say, but I never succeeded in identifying it.

Desert larks representing three genera were obtained ; one of these,
Certhilauda, has been already mentioned. Other two, Ammomanes’
desertt, Licht., and Alauda tsabellina, Bonap., were also shot. The latter
is one of the most frequently met with of the true inhabitants of the
desert. The Persian lark (Certhilauda desertorum, Rupt.), a bird about
the size of our song-thrush, has a low sweet song, uttered while on the
ground, and not much stronger than or unlike our robin’s winter warble.
A large and handsome black and white chat (Saszcola monacha, Temn.)
was shot in Wady Hamr. Tracks of gazelles were here first observed.

At Wady Hamr we are crossing beds of a highly coloured red sand-
stone, which has replaced the white and black weathered limestone. The
black and white chats are more conspicuous amongst these rocks; when
at rest ona chalky surface dotted with fragments of chert these birds are
not quickly seen. The desert larks are, however, the most securely
assimilated to the soil. The females of some chats (¢.¢., S. monacha) are
more protectively coloured than the males.

The sandstone which we were now traversing is the regular inscription
rock of the desert, on which the Bedawin of all ages have delighted to air
their calligraphy, and not unfrequently impose upon travellers with their
rude tribe-marks. 7

Our direction was mainly south-east, and steadily rising. At the head
of Wady Hamr, about 1,300 feet above the sea-level, we obtained our
first view of the Sinaitic mountains. Jebel Serbal stood out, grand and
rugged, straight ahead of us, looking about one-half of his real distance
from us, so excessively clear was the atmosphere.

Leyssera capillifoha, D.C., was gathered here for the first time, and
the favourite camel grass, Efzonurus (Caelorachis) hirsuta, Vahl, was
gathered in flower.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY 'ARABAH. 11

Having left Wady Hamr, and crossed Sarbat el Jemel at a height of
about 1,700 feet above sea-level, we came out on a wide sandy plain,
Debbet er Ramleh, lying about 1,700 to 1,850 feet above sea-level. This
is the largest expanse of sand in Sinai, and covers about thirty square
miles. Some very interesting species were gathered here. The two
species of Polycarpea already mentioned, with the Cleome, abound.

Seetzenta ortentalis, Dene.; Ghinus lotoides, Linn. (not in flower) ;
Monsonia nivea, Dene.; Pancratium Sickembergert, A. et S.; Danthonia
Forskahlit, Linn. ; Aristida plumosa, Linn. ; and A. obtusa, Del. These
were all obtained in flower, and the white and perfect Pancratium was at
its best. It is a lovely flower, and I secured many bulbs here and else-
where. No leaves were yet in sight, but in some cases the petals had
fallen, and the seed pod was filling, showing that the leaves are certainly
not synanthous, though appearing soon after the flowers. Plants of this
species subsequently growing with me did not exhibit the remarkable
twisting described as characterizing their leaves. On this Pancratium,
which was first discovered by Sickemberger near Cairo, some interesting
remarks will be found in Barbey’s ‘ Herborisations,’ already mentioned.*

The Aristide, small glaucous grasses with long feathery awns, are
amongst the prettiest of desert forms.

At a lower level near this, Lyceum europeum, Linn., was plentiful, and
in full flower. It is visited by a small copper butterfly, the first of its
family met with, which is poorly represented in this dry region. T‘ormi-
cide and Acridiide (ants and locusts) are perhaps the most abundant
insects.

In Wady Nasb several fresh species occurred. Unrecognisable frag-
ments awoke my regrets at the season selected from time to time.

The following were determined: Morettza canescens, Bowss.; Astra-
galus steberit, D.C.,; A. trigonus (?), D.C. ,; Crotalaria egyptiaca, Bth. ;
and Convolvulus lanatus, Vahl.

These Astragals were quite withered, and simply well-rooted bunches
of strong sharp spines, 2 to 3 inches long, set closely round a stumpy stem ;
the spines being the hardened woody mid-rib of the pinnate leaves. The
only evidence of their past condition lay in the slight cicatrices in the .
spines marking the points of attachment of the fallen leaf-pinne. Of the

* Herborisations au Levant,’ par C. et W. Barbey (Lausanne, G. Bridel, 1882).
2-2
12 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

convolvulus, a handsome, erect, shrubby, felted species, with good-sized
reddish-purple petals, I obtained a couple of flowers.

Desert partridges were first heard here, but not yet obtained. Chats
and larks appeared to be pairing. A shrike, Landus fallax, Finsch., was
first seen and shot. Afterwards this became a familiar species. The
‘desert blackstart,’ Cercomela melanura, Temn., another very character-
istic and prevalent bird of Sinai, was also first met with and obtained here.
The chats were Saxzcola leucopygia, Brehm., and Menetries’ wheatear
already mentioned. The trumpeter bullfinch, Arythrospiza githaginea,
Licht., was shot here for me by Dr. Hull, who, as well as Mr. Reginald
Laurence, brought me specimens from time to time.

In Wady Nasb there is a well, and quite a goodly show of acacias,
chiefly of the species 4. ¢ortilis, Hayne., which was in flower sometimes,
and usually in leaf. The leaf segments of this species are larger and fewer
in number than in 4. Seyad, L., the pods are twisted, and the tree attains
a greater size. When old it is less and less spiny, while the reverse seems
to be the case in A. Seyal.

In this wady I gathered Malva rotundifolia, Linn., and Amarantus
sylvestris, Desf., by the well, both probably of human origin. The former
is cooked and eaten by the Bedawin. Lyctum europeum has flowers
either white or pinkish-purple. Other species met here first were:
Demia cordata, Br. ; Echtochtlon fruticosum, Desf. ; Lavandula coronopi-
folia, Potr.; Crozophora obligua, Vahl. (a perennial form of C. verbasct-
folta, Juss. ?); and Zizyphus spina-christt, W. The latter was not
native, and occurred in a miserable little enclosure by a Bedawin hut at
the well. It was less thorny than the native species afterwards gathered,
and the fruit somewhat larger, but Mr. Oliver refers it to the same
plant, no doubt slightly altered and improved by a rough system of culti-
vation.

As we are gradually increasing our elevation amongst the wAdies
derived from the precipitous escarpment of the Tih plateau (4,000 to
5,000 feet), so there are more remains of last summer’s vegetation—
later in flowering, perhaps, and less scorched than the same species
below.

Soon after leaving Wady Nasb we entered on plutonic formations, a red
porphyritic granite, which was thenceforth to accompany us upwards over
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY '’ARABAH. 13

a large extent of country. The increased quantity of acacias since we left
the limestone, and especially on the granite, is noteworthy. Perhaps its
ferocious spines require an admixture of silicon.

A locust and a cricket were taken in semi-torpid condition. Scorpions
similarly harmless were caught from time to time.

A larger species of lizard, with a handsome blue throat and pectoral,
was captured, Agama sinaztica, Heyden. The bright colour was all
below, and was no reproach upon the perfect assimilation of its upper
parts with the desert sandy hues. This lizard hid himself amongst
stones, and it was with difficulty I dislodged him from a hole which he
filled with his body and fortified with his distended and savage little
jaws.

Having crossed a high ridge of granite, Ras Siwig, at about 2,400
feet above sea-level, from whence Jebel Serbal looked magnificent, we
descended into a wady which yielded several new plants. Pancratium
Sickembergert, A. et C., was found in flower here also. A small bulb,
apparently an Allium, was brought to me by some Bedawin. It flowered
under Mr. Burbidge’s care at the College Botanic Gardens, and proved
to be A. sinatticum, Decne. These two bulbs and a Uropetalum
(U. erythreum, Debb.) are, 1 believe, the only ones which support life
in this desert. A few others occur, but at sufficient heights, usually
very considerable, to bring them into a different zone of plant life.

At the height of 2,200 to 2,400 feet above sea-level the following
species appeared: [phiona junipertfolia, Coss.; Sonchus spinosus, Del. ;
and a very fetid species, Ruta tuberculata, Forsk., was here first obtained
with its yellow flowers.

Major Kitchener brought me branches here of the first Capparis I had
seen, C. galeata, Fresen.

Lichens of two species at least occurred, one on the bark of acacia,
and the other on sandstone.

In Wady Khamileh desert partridges, Caccabzs Heyz, Temn., were
frequent, and some were shot. Two desert plants occurred in some
quantity, Lotononzs Leobordea, Linn., and Pulicaria undulata, D.C.
14 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

CHAPTER III.

WADY LEBWEH TO MOUNT SINAI.

STILL ascending gradually, up WAdy Lebweh, from 2,500 to 3,500 feet,
many interesting Sinai plants were gathered. Most of these are true
desert species, which reach about thus far, but they are mixed with others
of an intermediate elevation about corresponding to the Mediterranean
flora. From here come Glauctum arabicum, Fres.; Caylusea canescens,
St. Hil.; Cleome trinervia, Fres.; Fagonia myriacantha, Botss. ;
Tribulus terrestris, Linn.,; Peganum harmala, Linn.; Neurada pro-
cumbens, Linn. ,; Santolina fragrantissima, Forsk.; Artemisia herba-alba,
Asso. ; et var. laxiflora, Steb.; Anarrhinum pubescens, Frres,; Tricho-
desma africana, R. Lr.,; Helotropium undulatum, Vahl.; Gompho-
carpus stnaicus, Bowss.; Ballota undulata, Fres.; Teucrium polium,
Linn., B stnaicum,; Stachys affinis, Fres.; Primula boveana, Dene. ;
Acanthodium spicatum, Del.; Forskahlea tenacissima, Linn. ; Andrachne
aspera, Spr.; Asphodelus fistulosus, Linn.,; and others, the specimens
too bad to name. The labiates in the above group are characteristic of
the middle and upper zones of Sinai.

On the summit of Zibb el Baheir, at 3,890 feet, a point which all
travellers should climb for the sake of the really splendid view, Gypsophzla
vokejeka, Del.; Flelianthemum Lippu, Pers.; Iphiona montana, and a
Poa, P. sinatca, St. (°?), were gathered. A Psoralea occurs here
also, not found in a recognisable state. It may have been P. Aplicata,
Del.

Of the plants just enumerated several are peculiar to Sinai. Others,
believed endemic, I found later on Mount Hor in Edom.

In addition to the above it is to be remembered that the majority of
the earlier species met with occur throughout. The chief failures are
Cleome arabica, Linn., and Salsolacee (except Anabasis), which are
mostly confined to the lower plain. The variable but always pretty little
Fagonia is continually arresting the attention by some new deviation.
Sometimes it is glabrous, sometimes viscid, sometimes very leafy; at
others a bunch of twigs or thorns, trailing or sub-erect, while the flowers
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 15

vary much in size. In one form or another it is a very widespread
desert form which has received a number of segregational names. The
abnormal Meurada procumbens, with its curious flat prickly-edged capsule
nearly an inch in diameter, was in good condition, but scarce. Gompho-
carpus was in full flower and fruit; like Demza cordata, already gathered,
and now common, it has a sticky, staining, milky juice, very poisonous
according to the Bedawin. These two Asclepiads, and about five others
occurring in Sinai, point to the tropical element in its flora. Avtemzsza
herba-alba, Asso., in several well-marked forms, is henceforth one of the
most abundant and highly aromatic plants.

From Zibb el Baheir, which I ascended with Dr. Hull on Sunday,
November 16, we had a grand view of the whole mass of Jebel Misa
(Mount Sinai) and Jebel Katharina on the south-east, and of Serbal
nearer us to the southward. Down Wady Berah the foregoing labiates
and composites were prevalent in many places. A little further on is a
continuous grove of retem bushes, the first bit of almost luxuriant
though limited vegetation I had seen except close to the wells. This
wady, like most others, is flat, and about half a mile wide, with a slight
channel wandering from side to side, and marked by a line of gray-
green growth, no doubt fresh and delightful after the rain, which was
almost due.

Hares were seen once or twice. I saw one here first, a very long-
eared and long-legged whitey-gray animal with a little body (Lepus
stnaiticus, Flemp. et Ehr.). We was a perfect fiend to travel; no
animal ever got out of my sight so quickly. The little southern
owl hovered around our camp one or two evenings. A splendid pair
of griffon vultures afforded a nearer view here than elsewhere. The
Egyptian species is more approachable. Crows and ravens (C. corax
and C. umbrinus) were also tamer in this less frequently traversed route.
Indeed, the large birds generally seemed fully aware of the harmless nature
of Cairo powder. The lark, Alauda zsabellina, Bon., was the commonest of
the smaller species. White wagtails, Motacilla alba, Linn., were also very
frequent, continually hopping about our tents and camels, quite fearless of
man.

The two lizards of the Agama genus already mentioned, especially the
smaller (A. vuderata), were common. I kept some of these alive as far as
16 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

to Constantinople three months later, but the cold weather there killed
the last of them.

The mountains are of red porphyry intersected by numerous dykes
of trap. This is surely the proper country for a geologist to come to; no
annoying mantles of soil or vegetat’on conceal the rock masses; all is bare
and clear, and a good view reveals as much as a shire full of well-borings
and railway-cuttings,

The temperature became much colder, falling to within five or six
degrees of freezing-point at night, and we found it difficult to keep warm
enough in our tents,

Acacia bushes become rare or absent at about 3,500 feet elevation.
Acacias may be said to mark the vertical limits of the desert flora, as the
date-palm does its horizontal geographical distribution. The desert plants
which exceed this range upwards will be found to be mostly Mesopotamian
or Syrian species, and not confined to that belt which extends from the
Cape Verdes to Scinde.

In Wady es Sheikh some large tamarisk-bushes (ZL. nzloteca) occur,
about 15 feet in height. This plant has about the same upward limit as
that of the acacia. On these tamarisks were two butterflies, one of which,
Pyramets carduz, Linn., was obtained ; the other appeared to be a fritillary
(Argynnys).

The Wady es Sheikh is of considerable length, upwards of twenty
miles, running east at first, and then south to the base of the Jebel Misa
group. It lies high, 3,000 to 4,000 feet, and the chief plants in it are
Artemisia, Santolina, and Zilla, except on the northern sides at the base
of whatever shelter from the sun there may be. Here most of the plants
lately enumerated occurred still. Some appeared which were less common,
as Zygophyllum album, Linn.; Nitraria tridentata, Desf.; Atlhagt
maurorum, D.C.; Crozophora obliqua, Vahl.; Pancratium Sickembergert,
A. et S.; and the labiates and composites of Wadies Lebweh and Berah.
Gomphocarpus stnatcus, Borss., often arrested attention, shedding its
beautifully silky tufts of hair, ready to whisk the attached seeds about the
peninsular plains with every breath that blows. Pkhagnalon nitidum,
Fres.; Anabasts setifera, Mog.,; and Atriplex leucoclada, Botss., occurred
in WAdy Solaf, so that the Salsolacez only require favourable circum-
stances to appear in the upper country. In WaAdy Solaf, a smaller arm
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 17

of the Wady Sheikh, remarkable sections of marl deposits, many feet in
thickness, were examined. These no doubt represent the bed of a large
lake of the recent period cut through by streams which once contained a
steady supply. Examination of evidence of this nature will form an
interesting portion of Professor Hull’s results.

At Jebel Watiyeh a fine granite pass connects the eastern and
southern prolongation of Wady Sheikh. The summit of this I estimated
at 4,150 feet above sea-level. On it I obtained Deanthus scnaicus,
Bowss.; Buffonia multiceps, Dene.; Arenaria graveolens, Schreb. ;
Crategus sinatca, Boiss. ; Cotyledon umbilicus (?), Linn.,; Poa stnaica
(?), Sz. and most of the species of Zibb el Baheir. The withered
Psoralea (sp. ?) occurred also. The first two of these are peculiar to
Sinai. There was a well-marked difference here in the floras of the north
and south side of the peak, the Cotyledon and grass occurring only on the
north side, while the Artemisiz, Anabasis, and other ubiquitous desert
species prevailed on the other or southern face.

Laurence caught for me on this crag a locust (77yxalis unguiculata,
Linn.), resembling exactly the withered straw-coloured twigs and sand in
which he lived.

Further towards Wady Suweiriyeh grow Pyrethrum santalinoides,
D.C. ; Centaurea eryngoides, Lam.; Alkanna ortentalis, Botss. ; Litho-
spermum tenurflorum, Linn.; Sueda monoia, Forsk.; Piptatherum
multifiorum, Beauv.; and of rarer kinds, Echznops glaberrimus, D.C. ;
Iphiona montana, Vahl.; L. junipertfolia, Coss.; Anarrhinum pubescens,
Fres., Primula Boveana, Dene. ; and Teucrium sinatcum, Botss.

It was interesting to notice a form of Cotyledon umbilicus, Linn., the
only apparently native British dicotyledon I met with in Sinai. It has
been gathered here previously by Bové, according to Decaisne, who
recorded it under the present name. Unfortunately my specimens are in
too bad a condition to determine, consisting only of young leaves and a
withered stem. The root was tuberous. It is plentiful on Mount Hor,
and is not unlikely to be identical with the new form Dr. Schweinfurth
gathered on mountains between the Red Sea and the Nile Valley.*

Retama Retem., Forsk., is very common in these high-lying wadies.
It quite takes the place of acacia, and was now laden with its one-seeded

* Barbey, of. cit., p. 134.
18 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

capsules. It is very pretty and sweet when in flower. The varieties of
Anabasis articulata, whose bracts wither a showy red and rich claret
colour, are common here. This species is quite abnormal at this season,
having shed all its more slender twigs, and having more the habit of a
Zygophyllum. It was not till I reached Wady ’Arabah that it occurred
in its natural form.

Lepidopterous insects were more numerous in these cooler stations,
chiefly attracted by the tent lights at night. Of the earlier desert plants,
Reaumaria and Gymnocarpum are still abundant.

Several grasses, Cucurbitaceze and Zygophyllacee belong to lower
districts, but Fagonia ranges everywhere so far. Ruta tuberculata, with
its disgusting smell, is still to be met with.

At ’Ain Suweirtyeh, where we camped for the ascent of Mount Sinai,
there is a poor little garden containing pomegranates, palms, and nubk
(Zizyphus), apricots, and mallow. Gomphocarpus is abundant about this
well. It is one of the most remarkable species in Sinai.

I made the ascent of Jebel Misa and Jebel Katharina on November 20.
On the way to the convent of Mount Sinai occurred Centaurea scoparia,
Sieb.; Celsia parviftora, Dene. ; and Alkanna orientalis, Bows. At the
convent garden, where we dismissed our camels, are cypress, orange, figs,
olives, dates, and vines in cultivation. These I only saw over the garden
wall, for the delay in the convent was irksome since the whole thing was
to be done ina day. On the garden gate were suspended several dead
Egyptian vultures, which surprised me, as I thought the bird was too
much valued as a scavenger to be destroyed. Gomphocarpus occurred
again a little above the convent, which stands at 5,024 feet above sea-
level. The following were first met with here: Asperula sinaica, Dene. ;
Pulicaria crispa, Forsk.; Verbascum sinatticum, Bth.; Plantago arabica,
Boiss. ; Phlomis aurea, Dene.; Nepeta septem-crenata, Ehr.; Mentha
lavandulacea, Bowss.; Teucrium polium, L., var. sinaicum; Origanum
maru, Linn., B stnatcum,; Ficus pseudosycomorus, Dene. ; and Adiantum
capillus-venerts, Linn. A single tree stands near the spring, but I unfor-
tunately lost my leaves of it It was, I believe, Salzx sufsaf, Forsk.

At this height, about 5,500 feet, a couple of palms (across the valley),
Phenix dactylifera, Linn., and a tall cypress, Cupressus sempervirens,
Linn., var. pyramidalis, occur. The latter, which is not native, occurs a
little higher, in a conspicuous place familiar to all travellers.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 19

Cotyledon umbilicus, Linn.; Arenaria graveolens, Schreb.; Scirpus
holoschenus, Linn., Peganum harmala, Linn., Echinops glaberrimus,
D.C. ; Acanthodium spicatum, Sieb., and several mosses were gathered
on the ascent. On such occasions as these the Bedawin made wild
gestures and howls as I escaped from them into gullies and up cliffs:
One reason of this I found to be their horror of boots, which they think
most dangerous to the climber. At the second pyramid, that of Cephren,
at Cairo, where I stole a march and reached the summit alone, the Bedawin
who pursued me made frantic efforts to deprive me of my boots ere the
descent began. I need hardly say I valued the skin of my feet too highly
to obey.

In spite of the Bedawin, I followed the bent of my own botanical
inclinations, The mosses were the result of a detour from the beaten
track to a less open gully looking north. On or close to the summit,
7,320 feet, were Crategus sinaica, Botss.; Artemisia herba-alba, Asso. ;
Verbascum sinaiticum, Bth.,; Ruta tuberculata, Forsk. ; Peganum harmala,
Linn. ; Arenaria graveolens, Schreb.; Buffonta multiceps, Dene. ; Poa sp.
(P. stnactica?) ; and Ephedra alte, C. A. Mey., and others not recog-
nisable. The ascent to the summit from the convent occupied about two
hours.

The most striking feature in the aspect of the flora of the upper parts
of Jebel Masa, from the convent upwards, is the prevalence of the Labiate
and Scrophulariaceous families. Several fresh species had appeared,
some of these peculiar to Sinai, and others seen before were very abundant
here. As these orders increase, the Composite, abundant at intermediate
heights, diminish towards the upper zone. The fern and the mosses
illustrate the cooler atmosphere of the elevated region, though their
immediate existence depends on unfailing springs of water. Having
left our party here, I descended rapidly to the convent of Deir el ’Arbain,
about 1,700 feet below, in the bottom of the gorge between Jebel Misa
and Katharina. With a nimble Arab as guide we did this in half-an-hour.
At the convent I was transferred to another native. There was barely
daylight left in which to accomplish Jebel Katharina. 1 had arranged
that my camel should be in readiness here to bring me back to camp
at “Ain Suweiriyeh at night. A quarter of an hour after my arrival
the faithful Khalil appeared, and I started at once—1.30 p.m.—for the
summit.

32
20 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

At the monastery, or near it, were Bapleurum linearifolium, D.C.,
var. Schimperianum, Botss., Carum sp.?, Pterocephalus sanctus, Dene. ;
Veronica syrtaca, J. et S. (introduced) ; and Cedsza and Anarrhinum
already mentioned. Salix safsaf, Forsk., occurs here. During the
ascent most of the labiates and the hawthorn of Mount Sinai were met
with; but this mountain wore a far more wintry aspect than its lower
neighbour. A lack of running water renders it at all seasons more barren.
At the spring Mayan esh Shunnar, ‘fountain of the partridge,’ I made
another little gathering of mosses, in all from the two mountains ten
species, z.e.: Grimmia apocarpa, Linn. ;, G. leucophea, Grev. ; Gymnosto-
num rupestre, Schweg.; G. verticillatum, Tortula imermis, Mout. ;
Lucalypta vulgaris, Hedw.; Entosthodon templetont, Schweg.; Bryum
turbinatum, Hedw.; Hypnum velutinum, Linn.,; HH. rusctfolium, Neck.
These are all British species, with the exception of Zortula znermzs, which
occurs also on the Morocco mountain at 8,000 to 10,000 feet, and no doubt
elsewhere round the Mediterranean. One only in the list, Gymnostomum
rupestre, is sub-alpine in Great Britain. There are two other mosses also:
common British species, recorded from Mount Sinai by Decaisne.

The remainder of the ascent was over barren and perfectly unvegetated
rock. Nevertheless, within a few hundred feet of the summit I was
rewarded by finding the exquisite little Colchicum Stevent, ? Kth., of a
delicate pale lilac colour, sometimes white. It had no leaves, and bore
either one, two, or three flowers on the scape; usually only one. It
occurred again on the extreme summit, and I secured several bulbs.
Colchicum Steveni was gathered afterwards on Mount Hor, where the
flowers were very decidedly smaller. The Jebel Katharina plant may
prove to be specifically distinct. This Colchicum has been recorded from
the Palestine coast as far south as Joppa.

On the summit there was hardly any life. I obtained Buffonia
multiceps, Dene.; Arenaria graveolens, Sch.; Herniaria, sp.? (ZZ.
hemistemon?); Gypsophila hirsuta, Led.; and G. alpina, Boiss., and
fragments of an Astragal, perhaps 4. echinus, D.C. On the ascent I
gathered the root and leaves of a sedge looking like C. déstans, Linn.

The summit of Jebel Katharina, 8,536 feet, the highest in the penin-
sula, was very cold, barely above freezing-point. Its mean annual
temperature would perhaps about correspond with that of Edinburgh,
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 21

while Jebel Masa would be nearer that of London. It is a solid hump of
syenite with a lower shoulder joining it to a similar prominence about
half a mile away. The view was magnificent, including the whole coast-
line of Sinai from Suez to ’Akabah, except the portion intercepted by the
Umm Shomer range to the south, whose summit almost equals that of
Jebel Katharina. Jebel Misa looks a mere trifle, one of a fierce sea
of red pointed and serrated peaks and ridges.

The summit was reached at 3.15, left at 4, and the convent of Deir el
’Arbain regained at 5. A long camel ride through a wild gorge by moon-
light brought a memorable day to a close.

In the gorge I heard a deep clear strange note, which my Bedawin
called ‘héadod.’ It seemed to proceed from an owl, and may have been
Bubo ascalephus, the Egyptian eagle owl; but, much as my curiosity was
aroused, there was no means of gratifying it.

With the exception of a couple of chats (Saxzcola leucopygia, Br., and
S. lugens, Licht.),and the Egyptian vulture, no birds were seen. A single
coney (Hyvax syriacus, H. et Ehr.) showed himself for a few seconds on
the summit of Jebel Mtsa.

CHAPTER IV.
MOUNT SINAI TO ’AKABAH.

Our journeyings from Mount Sinai lay east of north to ’Akabah, skirting
and occasionally crossing corners of the Tih plateau.

Hares were occasionally seen of the little long-eared Sinaitic kind, and
gazelle tracks were very numerous in Wady Zelegah (Zolakah). The
lizards already mentioned are plentiful in this wady, and several geckos
were captured, which proved to be of two species. A snake, Zamenis
ventrimaculatus, was safely lodged in my spirit cylinder.

Wady Zelegah is a noble valley plain, about half a mile wide for
upwards of twenty miles, bounded by precipitous cliffs and mountains.
Several detours were made into the Tih cliffs on the left of our line of
march. The chief plants were—Glaucium arabicum, Fres.,; Capparis
22 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

galeata, Fres.; Cleome arabica, Linn. ,; Ruta tuberculata, Forsk. ; Odonto-
spermum graveolens, S. Bip.; Artemisia herba-alba, Asso., and vars. ;
Sonchus spinosus, Forsk.; Verbascum sinaiticum, Bth.; and for the first
time Moricandia dumosa, Botss.; Capparis spinosa, Linn. ; Iphiona scabra,
Detl., and [mperata cylindrica, Beauv.

Frequent bags of fossils were obtained zz sz¢u for the assistance of the
Geological Survey.

In birds, the white wagtail and the little cock-tailed wren-like warbler
(Drymeeca) were the most frequent. Desert larks and shrikes also
occurred at scattered intervals. A very small warbler, Sy/vza nana, was
shot amongst tamarisk bushes. The song of the Drymeeca is quite wren-
like, but less piercing.

The flora is that of the western side: Tamarix, Caylusea, Retama,
Ochradenus, Zilla, Santolina, Artemisia, A®rua, Ballota, Stachys, Lavan-
dula, Anabasis, of species already mentioned, predominate. Several of
the Mount Sinai groups of labiates were missing, as also two or three
of the Iphiona group of composites. The larger Capparis was very
frequent, growing on the most arid rocks above the wAdy flats, where
nothing else, except perhaps Lavandula coronoptfolia, Potr., appears
able to exist. Capparzs galeata is sometimes an erect shrub 6 or 8 feet
high, of a bright green, differing from the slender trailing blue-foliaged
species, C. spinosa, which often grows with it. The former was now in
fruit, the latter barren.

Camels delight in the larger grasses, in Ochradenus, Zilla, Nitraria,
Anabasis, and tamarisks.

At the head of WaAdy el ’Ain, a grove of tamarisks was plentifully
indued with an excrescence or exudation of grayish-white pilules of a
viscid substance, with a faint taste of nucatine. This is the so-called
‘manna of Sinai, which is, I believe, more plentifully obtained from
Alhagt maurorum, D.C. This gum is said to be due to the puncture of
a small insect.

Life became more plentiful. Three butterflies were observed: a pale
blue, a sulphur-yellow with brown under wings, and an admiral. Hornets
and a long-bodied insect darted about in a broiling sun. I obtained all
these except the sulphur-yellow butterfly.

In plants Sueda monotca, res., and for the first time the rare Lixaria
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 23

macilenta, Dene. This spring species was in flower, but the fugaceous
corolla falls at the slightest touch. Cleome droserifolia, Del., was also
here first obtained. A spring supported a stream that moistened the
soil for about a mile ere it gradually died a natural death. It led us the
way into an unexpected and magnificent fissure in the red granite, the
Wady el ’Ain. For five or six miles the gorge passes between sheer
cliffs of this richly-coloured rock, with a height varying from 500 to 800
feet, and from 10 to 50 yards wide. It is in some ways the most im-
pressive natural feature I have ever beheld. The floor is hard and level,
and as the sun rarely hits the base of the cleft, many plants remained
here in a fresher condition than elsewhere, and some new varieties were
found. I will mention the less common species procured in this remark-
able ‘Sik,’ or cleft, which has rarely been visited: Morzdcandia sinaica,
Botss. ; M. dumosa, Botss. ; Cleome droserifolia, Del. ; Capparis galeata,
fres., Abutilon fruticosum, G. et P.; Zygophyllum coccineum, Linn. ;
Tephrosia purpurea, Pers.; Pulicaria (Franceuria) crispa, Forsk. ;
Blumea (Erigeron) Bovet, D.C.; [phiona scabra, Del. ; Sonchus (Micro-
rhynchus) nudicaulis, Linn. ; Scrophularia desertt, Del. ; Linarta mactlenta,
Dene. , Lyctum arabicum, Schw.; Hyoscyamus aureus, Linn. ; H. mutt-
cum, Linn.,; Ballota Schimperiana, Bth.; Teucrium stnaicum, Botss. ;
Origanum maru, Linn., B sinaicum, Botss., Atriplex leucoclada, Botss. ;
Typha angustata, B. e C.; Cyperus levigatus, Linn., et var. junct-
forms; Panicum turgidum, Forsk.; Pennisetum adichotomum, Del. ;
Lmperata cylindrica, Beauv., and forms of Reseda prucnosa, Del. ; Fagonia
cretica, L., as well as other indeterminable remains. Several of the
above are peculiar to Sinai, and some mentioned here and elsewhere are.
now first included in its flora.

It was with misgivings we camped in this wady. Had a ‘seil’ like
the Rev. F. Holland’s memorable one at Feirdn visited us, we would have
assuredly had a bad time. But the expected rain did not yet arrive.

While we were encamped here we received notice of the arrival of
visitors for whom our ever-courteous chief prepared coffee. The party,
consisting of engineers, Colonel Colvile, I believe, and others, passed us
at speed on the opposite side of the narrow valley without a greeting.
Suspecting that this impetuous haste, and absence of that courtesy for
which Englishmen on their travels are so justly famous, arose from
24 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

ulterior motives, Professor Hull summoned a council of war, which re-
sulted in despatching our able conductor, Bernard Heilpern, with orders
to secure our entitled priority to the ‘Akabah Sheikh’s camels and
services. Bernard passed the fugitives in the night, and was entirely
successful.

It was long ere we got clear of this ever widening, slowly rising Wady
el ’Atttyeh, which wound through granite hills and lifted us out of Wady
el’Ain. Our height above sea-level varied between 2,500 and 3,000 feet.
Acacias are numerous, chiefly 4. seyal. This small tree, when not too
flat-topped, as is commonly the case, has at a little distance a close
resemblance to our hawthorn, with its gnarled and twisted stem and
rugged bark. The granite hills, usually capped with a stratum of sand-
stone, are barren inthe extreme. Demzacordata and Tephrosia purpurea
are the only noteworthy species.

Hey’s sand partridges were frequent, and good to eat. All seen as yet
were of the one species. They rarely fly until almost walked on, trusting
for escape to their close resemblance in colour to the shingle and rocks
they inhabit. Until they run, which they do with rapidity, they would
be most difficult to observe. Nevertheless they often betray themselves
by their sharp cry of alarm. The Bedawin then, swift, stealthy, and
barefooted, gets easily amongst them, for they seem more alarmed by a
noise than by the human figure. The Bedawin flint lock is, however,
slow and dignified in its performance, and usually affords abundant time
for escape from its uncertain discharge.

Rock-pigeons and martins (Columba Schimpert, Bp. ; Cotyle rupestris,
Scop.) were seen in Wady el ’Ain.

All about the caper is frequent. The Arabs eat the ripe red fruit and
seeds. I tasted it, but did not continue to eat it. The skin is like
mustard, and the seeds like black pepper.

In a marshy place at the head of Wady el ’Ain, amongst palms and
tamarisks, Typha angustata was 12 to 14 feet high; Erigeron Bovei 6 or
7 feet high, well branched and with many flowers, and Phragmites gigantea
was fully 15 feet high.

The pricklier plants, Acacias, Acanthodium, Gymnocarpum, etc., are
commoner, generally speaking, on the granite and sandstone than on the
limestone.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 245

In a very dirty well, Bir es Saura, near the base of Jebel ’Aradeh,
Chara hispida, Linn., occurred, and with it Juncus maritimus, Lam.,
B arabzcus.

On the summit of Jebel ’Arddeh there was no vegetation, and in the
limestone now lying above the sandstone numerous cretaceous fossils were
obtained. A single white butterfly (Pieris sp.) was the only living thing.
I estimated the height of this mountain 3,400 feet. It is about 1,300 feet
above the plain, and forms a most conspicuous object. Like others,
except those of granite, in this region, it is crumbling away and turning
to dust on all sides. The beds of chalk and flints are much disintegrated,
while all the outer surface of the lower limestone is on the move.

The only plants were Gymnocarpum, Reaumuria, Capparis, Acantho-
dium, Lavandula of the usual kinds.

We were here in a little known and unsurveyed region. Consequently
there was abundant work for the engineering section of our party. Very
few travellers had passed this way since Laborde’s time, and I was sorely
disappointed to find on the tableland we were now entering there was
little living vegetation, although abundant withered evidence of a sparse
but varied flora.

This tableland is called here Jebel Herteh, and is, properly speaking,
a portion of the Tih plateau, which becomes indefinite at its south-eastern
border. A fine oval plain, Wady Hessi, about three to five miles broad,
literally abounded in lizards, and here I killed another Zamenis, a sand-
coloured snake about 4 feet long. A large-headed Arachnid (Sparacis sp.)
was also very abundant, and seems to form food for some of the numerous
chats and Jarks. Small flocks of sparrows, Passer hispanzolensts, Temn.,
occurred here, while there was usually a raven or a vulture in sight.

This wady, now clad with withered scraps, is a favourite pasturing
place later on for the Bedawin flocks. I gathered here 7rzbulus alatus,
D.C. ; Anastatica hierochuntina, Linn. ; Zygophyllum dumosum, Borss. ;
Lotus lanuginosus, Linn.,; Ifloga spwata, Forsk ; Filago prostrata,
Parlat.; Linaria floribunda, Botss.; Verbascum sinuatum, Linn. ;
Heliotropium undulatum, Vahl.; Micromerta myrtifolia, Botss.; Plan-
tago ovata, Forsk.,; Panicum Tenerife, R. Br. ; and Arvstida cerulescens,
Desf. These had not been previously met with. Other interesting
species not recently seen were Farsetia egyptiaca, Turr.; Reseda prunosa,

4
26 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

Turr.; Polycarpea prostrata, Dene.; Heltanthemum Lippi, Pers. ;
Atractylis flava, Desf.; Zygophyllum ulbum, Linn., and others of com-
moner sorts.

In these depressions of the plateau, where water and soil are of more
frequent occurrence, there is an abundance of grayish scrub, short, thin,
and interrupted, and composed chiefly of Zygophyllum dumosum, Anabasts
(Salsola) articulata, Ephedra alte and Atriplices, Nitraria, Zilla, Retem,
and sometimes tamarisk.

Sonchus nudicaulis, Linn.; Daemia cordata, Br. ; Gomphocarpus and
Lindenbergia still occur.

I endeavoured to obtain the Arabic names of the commoner species,
and to confirm them from the mouths of two or more Bedawin. These
names so obtained rarely agree with those I find quoted in Forskahl,
Boissier, Tristram, and others. It is probable that every tribe has its own
plant-names.

An Arab informs me that ‘ boothum,’ a tree growing on Jebel Serbdl
and nowhere else, with a stony fruit, is used, its leaves being boiled asa
cure for rheumatism, an infirmity to which the Arabs are martyrs, I
suspect the plant to be Crategus aronia. Also that safsaf (Salix safsaf,
Forsk., or Populus euphratica, Linn.) is the wood in demand for charcoal
to colour their gunpowder. This they obtain in the valley between Jebel
Misa and Jebel Katharina as well as on the latter mountain. The pro-
portions of their gunpowder are—one part sulphur, four parts saltpetre,
and a little charcoal to colour.

Anastatica hierochuntina, Linn., ‘Kaf Maryam,’ or Rose of Jericho,
was first seen here, and becomes common to ’Akabah and northwards
to the Ghér es Safieh. Ephedra alte is the most characteristic and
abundant species. Acacias are almost absent. We were on a limestone
tableland with occasional outcrops of sandstone. Once on such an outcrop
a single shrub of Acacza seyal occurred. In exposed situations these
acacia bushes, formed like a table, with its single leg much nearer one side
than the middle, point with their overhanging part in the direction of the
prevailing wind. On reaching the granite pass into ’Akabah the acacias
again become abundant, but their absence above may be partly explained
by the exposed situation.

Camels eat even the milky asclepiads, as Dzemia, which is said to be
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 27

highly poisonous. Heliotropium arbainense, Fres., was first met with by
the Haj route from Cairo to 'Akabah, which we were now close to.

Those two especially nauseous species, Peganum and Ruta, are very
frequent. The smell of the former is like that of our hound’s tongue ; the
latter reminded me of some kind of wood-bug, which I collected in an evil
moment in the scaffolding of the Milan Cathedral. Cleome droserifolia,
Del., smells like a fox. Other species here are Walva rotundtfolia, Linn.,
Linaria macilenta, Dene. ; Deverra tortuosa, Gertn. , and Arua javanica,
SUss.

On November 29 we descended a magnificent gorge between granite
and limestone by the Haj road to ’Akabah, which takes its name
(Akabah, ‘steep descent’) from this entrance. The ever-varying peeps
of the gorgeously blue gulf of ’Akabah, shining in an intense sunlight, were
a most refreshing change from the desert. The rich purple colouring of
the lofty mountains of Midian formed a noble background.

CHAPTER V.
*AKABAH,

At ’Akabah we remained from November 29 to December 8. I increased
my collection here considerably. The flora displayed several fresh
species. Bird life was more plentiful, and a large collection of shells was
made on the beach. These, consisting of upwards of 200 species, including
those from Suez, I have had determined by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, and
amongst them are many which do not appear to have been admitted as
inhabitants of the Red Sea.

"Akabah, even at this season, was oppressively hot. A swim in the
sea, or rather a crawl amongst the coral reefs, about 3 feet below the
surface, was delightful. Farther out sharks abound.

The straggling Arab village lies at the south-eastern corner of the
plain which forms at once the head of the gulf and the southern end of
the Wady ’Arabah. This is the narrowest part of the wddy, being not
more than five or six miles across.

4—2
28 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

A very fine tree of Acacia tortilis, Hayne., stands close by. On the
coast are many clumps of the date palm, interspersed with a very few trees
of the doum palm (Ayphene thebaica, Del.), already noticed here by Mr.
Redhead. The doum palm, a native of tropical Africa, Nubia, and
Abyssinia, finds its northern limit at ’Akabah.

In the enclosures here I noticed nubk (Zizyphus), henna (Lawsonia),
palms, tamarinds ( Zamarindus indica, L.), pudding pipe (Cassza fistula ?),
figs, and several kinds of gourds. Most esculents were still invisible or in
a seedling state.

There is but one boat at ’Akabah. Laurence and I succeeded in hiring
this with a native fisherman, with two Arabs, nets and lines. There were
many flying fish (Exoccetus) about. We first rowed across the corner
of the gulf to the sandy beach, where the two Arabs landed, and
with a circular casting net captured some small fish (‘Akadi’ and
‘Sahadan’) for bait. With these and some loose stones, about a pound
weight each, we rowed out a few miles. The bait fish, broken in three, is
affixed to the hook and one of these stones is hitched to the linea little
above with a slip-knot. On reaching the bottom a couple of violent jerks
dismiss the sinker and let the line swing free. We caught fish rapidly,
‘hedjib, at Suez called ‘jar,’ ‘ gamar’ (a species of Chzetodon ?), and one
splendid red fish they called ‘ bossiah,’ without scales, and very good to
eat. We also hooked a shark, ‘ Zitani,’ about 5 feet long, who amused
us for a time and then carried off the line.

Before dismissing our Towarah Bedawin I had endeavoured to pump
them of what little information they possessed about the feral inhabitants
of Sinai. They knew of leopards on Serbél and Umm Shomer ; wolves in
Wady Lebweh and neighbourhood; hyzenas, ibexes, gazelles, hares, jerboas,
rats, and mice made up their total. Their sheep they say were imported
from Arabia; they have a few donkeys and camels; their goats are a
distinct breed, which they are especially proud of. Five kinds of snakes
they admitted, all of which were poisonous! The one | caught in Wady
Zelegah, Zamenzs ventrimaculatus, attains a full size of 5 or 6 feet. These
remarks I set down to be taken for what they are worth.

Dr. Hull captured a handsome little snake here, and handed it over
to me; it proved to be Zamenzs elegantisstmus, and is now in the British
Museum.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 29

The birds obtained at ’Akabah were: Cercomela melanura, Temn.;
Cyanecula cerulescens, Pall.; Argya sguamiceps, Rupp.; Motacilla alba,
Linn., M. flava, Linn.,; Pycnonotus xanthopygus, Hemp. et Ehr.; Lanius
Jallax, Finsch.; Passer hispaniolensis, Temn., Egialites astatica, Pall. ;
Lringotdes hypoleucos, Linn., and several larks and chats already mentioned.
Ravens, crows, martins, rock-pigeons and the little gull, Larus minutus,
L., were also observed. Vultures and English swallows were frequently
to be seen, the former usually of the Egyptian species.

Not many identifiable plants occurred here which had not been pre-
viously seen. These are: Cassta acutifolia, D.C.,; C. obovata, Coll.;
Onobrychts Ptolemaica, Del.; Tephrosia apollinea, Del.; Artemisia mono-
sperma, Del., Statice pruinosa, Linn.,;, Salvia desertt, Dene.; Loerhavia
plumbaginea, Cav.; Calligonum comosum, L’Her.; Atriplex crystallina,
Lhr., and Andropogon foveolatus, Del. A few other less common species
may also be mentioned : Lotononis Leobordea, Linn.; Tephrosia purpurea,
Pers.; Souchus spinosus, D.C.; Cucumis prophetarum, Linu.,; Linaria
macilenta, Dene.; Trichodesma africanum, R. Br.; Heliotropium arbainu-
ense, Fres. Forskahlea, Andrachne, Panicum, and others. Along the
shore in some places is a close growth of N2trara tridentata, Atriplex
leucoclada, Bowss.; A. halimus, Linn.; Juncus maritimus, Linn.,; var.
arabica, and others. Cvessa cretica is a characteristic species along the
shore on the saline flats.

Gathering shells where such an abundance of, to me, novel forms
occurred, was enthusiastically pursued. I shall not here deal with this
subject in any detail, but merely mention the principal genera met with.
These were mostly univalves, bivalves being scarcer in species, and
infinitely fewer in individuals. Great numbers of opercula of a Turbo,
pretty polished little hemispherical bodies retaining the spiral lines of
structure, pens of calamaries, and the delicate vitreous wingshells of
pteropods occurred, as well as a large variety of fragments of coral.
Conus, Cerithium, Strombus, Cypreea, Mitra, Triton amongst univalves ;
Arca, Pectunculus, Tridacna, Chama, and Venus amongst bivalves, were
the best represented genera. Drift shells are rarely disturbed, the tide
being apparently not above a foot in range at Akabah.
30 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

CHAPTER VI.
"AKABAH TO MOUNT HOR.

At ’Akabah we have left the Sinaitic peninsula; from here we turned
northwards up the Wady ’Arabah. Happily we had occasion henceforth
to travel more slowly, in order to give the surveying party time to keep
pace with us. I was thus enabled to make wide detours east and west out
of the ’Arabah, but my inclination lay chiefly eastwards into the precipitous
borderland of Edom.

In the Wady ’Arabah I saw gazelles several times ; Wady Menaiyeh,
on the west, may be mentioned as a good hunting-ground. These graceful
animals seemed more at home on the west side, abounding on the Judzan
wilderness, and all over the Tih plateau. Ibexes, on the other hand,
appeared more frequently on the higher mountain declivities of Edom, to
the east. Hyznas, judging from their tracks, must be plentiful ; once I
had a good view of one, and quickened his lolloping pace with a fusilade
from revolver and fowling-piece. At El Taba, on the east side, about
twenty-five miles north of ’Akabah, a fruitful, marshy place with a deep
spring, I saw perfectly fresh tracks of ‘nimr,’ or leopard, and subsequently,
at “Aydin Buweirideh, Laurence came on fresh remains of some beast
which had served apparently as a meal for these animals. A hare, the
Sinaitic species, was killed a few miles north of ’Akabah. A much larger
hare, L. egyptzacus, was seen several times on the eastern declivity of the
Tih. My frequent failure in bringing down game and specimens |
attributed partly to my having been unable to land English cartridges
or powder in Egypt, and being dependent on very worthless and very
expensive ones procured in Cairo. I would recommend all sporting
travellers to run any risk in smuggling sooner than let this occur to
them.

The Wady ’Arabah abounds in rodents. These animals appear to be
chiefly nocturnal in their habits, and are very seldom seen. The number
of holes and the abundance of their tracks is truly astonishing. Their
colours are usually in strict harmony with the desert, for the Wady ’Arabah
is some ten to thirteen miles across, and more correctly called a desert
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 31

than most parts of Sinai. Jerboas were seen a few times, and Gerbilles,
of which I trapped one, appear to be most numerous.

Birds increased in numbers and variety. From El] Taba north-
wards, about twenty-five miles from ’Akabah, a grove of acacias (chiefly
A. tortilis, Hayne.), and a little Zizyphus, stretches about ten miles
along the eastern edge of the ’Aratah. A smaller grove occurs nearer
‘Akabah, at the mouth of Wady el Ithm, where I first met with the
‘hopping-thrush.’ In the larger grove the handsome Loranthus acacia,
Zucc., abounds.

Several times I endeavoured to get a shot at a small bird here which
uttered a sharp little note, new to me, but I was unsuccessful. Mr.
Armstrong, who was with me that day, and is well skilled in Palestine
birds, recognised it, having also seen the bird, as the little Sunbird,
Cinnyris Osee. Subsequently, when I reached the Ghér, I obtained
several specimens and recognised the note at once. This species has not
been detected south of the Ghor, where it was first made known, like the
hopping-thrush, by Canon Tristram.

The Sunbird probably follows the Loranthus, to whose flowers it
appears attached. Its long bill reaches the base of the tubular flower,
searching for honey, and it thus probably secures their cross-fertilization.
One was shot in the Ghor in the act of doing so, its bill being covered
with the pollen of the Loranthus.*

The hopping-thrush (Avgya Sguamiceps) is a remarkably weak flier,
hardly leaving the ground except in tremendous jumps, which cause his
large fan-shaped tail to overbalance and almost overturn him as he makes
a pause. He is a most grotesque bird ; nevertheless the mournful cries
of one when I had shot his mate impressed me with a different feeling.

Palestine bulbuls were occasionally seen here also. Hooded chats,
Persian larks, and desert larks were frequent, and large flocks of sparrows
assembled about us in several places.

The floor of the wAdy is sometimes alive with geckos, lizards, and ants,
as well as numbers of long-winged males of a Persian species of white
ants, Hoeotermes vagans, fag., not yet able to fly, over which the hopping-
thrushes fall into inconceivable excitement.

* Since writing the above I find that Burton has seen the Sunbird, almost certainly this
species, about five degrees from this southwards, in Midian. ‘Land of Midian,’ vol. ii.
32 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

The first bee I met with was captured here, and small beetles are often
sacrificed to the good of science. I spare the reader the enumeration of
their scientific names, which will be given fully at the close.

At El Taba occurred a greensward of Cynodon dactylon, Linn. In or
near the grove already spoken of were Cocculus Leeba, D.C.; Fagonia
myrtacantha, Bowss.; Scrophularia deserti, Del.; Loranthus acacia, Zuce.;
Salsola fetida, Forsk.; Eragrostis cynosuroides, Retz., and common sorts.
In the open sandier wady, Glaucium arabicum, Fres., Gypsophila
Rokeeka, Del.; Monsonia nivea, Dene.; Microrhynchus nudicaults, Linn.;
L[phiona scabra, Del.; Crtrullus colocynthis,Schr.; Cleome drosertfolia, Del.;
Cucumis, Pancratium, Danthonia, Trichodesma, Andrachne, Forskahlea,
Anabasis, and Tamarisk form almost the whole vegetation.

In some places the wady is spanned by rolling wastes of sand dunes
10 to 12 feet high. These appear to have been formed around the bases
of clumps of tamarisk and anabasis, which is here very tall, 6 to 8 feet
high or more.

Ochradenus baccatus is very abundant, often overtopping the acacias
by whose protection from camels it thrives. Lycium europeum and one
or two grasses escape being cropped in the same manner, and grow to an
unwonted size.

On December 7 a long day’s climbing with Laurence brought us to
the head of Wady Ghurundel in Edom. This was at a height of about
1,800 feet above sea-level, six miles east from the ’Arabah. The
scenery on the way was superb. Huge blocks of red sandstone, 800 to
1,000 feet high, towered above us, sometimes sheer and tottering in broken
masses from the main cliffs behind. We passed a spring with a few date-
pals, and a little higher a large bulb with broad leaves (Urgznea scilla,
Steinh.?) first appeared and soon became abundant. It was not yet in
flower. Deanthus multipunctatus, Ser., Eryngium, sp.; Odontospermum
pygmaeus, Cav.; Cotula cinerea, Del.; Solanum nigrum, Linn. (var. moscha-
tum), Saturera cunetfolia, Ten., forma; Boerhavea verticillata, Desf.; Ficus
sycamorus, Linn.; Traganum nudatum, Del.; Aristida ciliata, Desf,
appeared for the first time. The Odontospermum (Astericus), which
occurred at a considerable height, was a little woody button representing
the hardened flower head, which was usually colitary and close to the
ground. This plant, like Anastatica, has hygrometric properties, and has
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 33

been put forward by Michon as the true Rose of Jericho of the travellers
of the Middle Ages. Anastatica hierochuntina will not, however, be
readily deprived of its claims.

Besides the above, which were all gathered farther on, some plants
of more limited range occurred: Moricandia dumosa, Botss.; Abutilon
Sruticosum, G. et P.; Varthamia montana, Vahl.; L[phiona scabra, Del.,;
Centaurea scoparia, Sieb.; Iphiona junipertfolra, Coss.; Ballota undulata,
Fres., and others already met with.

Judging from the abundance of its bur-like carpels lying in the dry
watercourses, Culligonum comosum is the most abundant shrub; it was now
in a withered condition. Several other bulbous species which occurred
here are as yet undetermined. A stiff scramble brought me back to the
’Arabah bya more northern valley. Amongst land shells, Helices of four
species were gathered in Wady Ghurundel.

 

CHAPTER VII.

PETRA AND MOUNT HOR; WADIES HARUN (ABU KOSHEIBEH) AND
MUSA; JEBEL ABU KOSHEIBEH.

Tu last valley has shown us some characteristic Sinaitic species extending
their range north-eastwards across the great valley of the ’Arabah. Several
more will appear in the group of localities now to be considered. Were I
to hazard a suggestion here, it would be that these plants, formerly
considered peculiar to Sinai, have had their origin more eastwards, and
have spread, like many other Arabian plants, in a westerly direction.

Owing to the greater moisture found in the upper part of some of the
valleys of the Edomitic escarpment, there is a greater variety of species
and a sprinkling of ferns, mosses, and lichens. These are mostly more
northern forms, spreading southwards at high levels.

We are now entering a district which Canon Tristram has somewhat
liberally included in Palestine. The flora has its own peculiar plants as
well as a large proportion of southern or Sinaitic species, and thus it adds

5
34 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

many to the Palestine flora. I will first speak of the wadies, and then of
Mount Hor and Petra. The latter places, I think, have not been botanized
previously to my visit, and are visited only with difficulty and expense,
owing to the cupidity and lawlessness of the sturdy beggars or Bedawin
who dwell there.

Irby and Mangles, Commanders in the Royal Navy, travelling in 1816-
1820, were the first Europeans who visited these regions in modern times.
Further on I will quote a few remarks from their most interesting volume,
since I find no other allusions to the vegetation of the ancient capital of
the Nabathzans.

The following plants not previously seen were gathered in Wady Abu

Kosheibeh (WAdy Harfin), and on the Jebel or peaked mountain which
stands in a commanding position across its head: Fumaria micrantha,
Lag.; Evodium hirtum, Forsk.; Poterium verrucosum (?), Ehr., Anvillea
Garcint, D.C.,; Carthamus glauca, M.B.; C. lanatus, Linn.; Globularia
arabica, J. et S.; Podonosma syriaca, Lab., Nerium oleander, Linn. ; Pen-
tatropus spiralis, Forsk.; Boucerosia, sp. nov.; Salvia egyptiaca, Linn. ;
Juniperus phenicea, Linn.; Bellevallia flexuosa, Lorss.; Asparagus
aphyllus, Linn.; Asphodelus ramosus, Linn.; Pennisetum cenchrordes,
Rich.; Chetlanthes odora, Sw., and Notholena lanuginosa, Desf. Of
these, Globularia, Podonosma, Boucerosia, Juniperus, and the two ferns
were obtained above the wddy amongst the cliffs of Jebel Abu Kosheibeh,
from about 3,000 to 3,500 feet above sea-level.

The Globularia is a pretty compact little shrub, with blue heads of
flowers and small entire leaves; the species here is the Arabian form,
G. arabica, perhaps hardly distinct from G. alypum, L., of the Mediter-
ranean.

The two Asclepiads, Boucerosia and Pentatropus, are both frequent ;
the latter is probably P. spzvalzs, but as it was not in flower, Mr. Oliver
would not speak positively. It occurred again at the Ghér, trailing over
acacias.

The Boucerosia may be 2. aucheriana, Dene., an insufficiently described
plant from Muscat in South-east Arabia, which is also the nearest known
habitat for the Pentatropus.

On Jebel Abu Kosheibeh were also gathered: Moricandia dumosa,
Borss.; Gomphocarpus stnaiticus, Botss.; Helianthemum Lippit, Pers.;
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 35

Cotyledon umbilicus (?), Linn.; Linarta macilenta, Dene.; Verbascum
stnuatum, Linn.; Phlomtis aurea., Dene., and Boerhavea verticillata, Potr.
Many desert species of Reaumuria, Ochradenus, Zygophyllum, Morettia,
Zilla, Acacia, Retama, Ruta, Ifloga, Lycium, Trichodesma, Forskahlea,
Asphodelus, Anabasis, Ephedra, and grasses already mentioned, occur also
in Wady Hartn, the name which the Bedawin invariably give this wady.

It will thus be seen that there is no appreciable break as yet in the
continuity of the Sinaitic flora as we travel up the Wady ’Arabah, but an
increase of species from eastwards and northwards.

The Wady Hartin is at first wide and arid, but after a few miles
vegetation rapidly increases with moister conditions. The flanks of the
Edomitic limestone plateau are better supplied with moisture than the
Sinaitic granite. Banks by the edge of this valley at a moderate elevation,
1,000 to 1,500 feet above sea-level, had a sparse coating of mosses and
other cryptogams. The mosses were chiefly of the Tortula genus, of
which five species were collected. Side by side with these grow the
desert species above mentioned in great luxuriance. Demia cordata, for
instance, climbed to a height of 10 or 12 feet in retem bushes; the
support being as well developed as the climbing plant. In the open
desert,, Deemia, as mentioned by Mr. Redhead, lies sprawling on the
ground, its several stems sometimes closely twisted into a thong towards
their extremity, so that all circulation is stopped, and the young shoots
are strangled. This is probably due to changed conditions having de-
prived it of its normal support, which it rarely finds in the desert, and
even seems there to have lost the power of utilizing. For I have seen it
strangling itself side by side with bushes of the very sort which here gave
it so much assistance. The desert plant was more plentifully milky, and
we have here seen at work agencies which are giving rise to a modified
form, in better harmony with its environment.

From the summit of Jebel Abu Kosheibeh, which I climbed with
Dr. Hull, an unusual sight was observed : a stream, small in size, but con-
taining a good body of water, rushing down the cliffs about half a mile to
the south-eastward. I could distinguish with my spy-glass the growth of
arundos and oleanders that fringed its banks, but unfortunately there was
no time to examine it more closely. Running water was once seen before
on Jebel Misa.

5—2
36 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

The juniper is a well-shaped bush or small tree, with a trunk some-
times a foot in diameter. It gives a considerable area of shade with its
dark close foliage. A large specimen occurs immediately below the
summit, and I could see it on all the highlands around, even at the summit
of Mount Hor, which looked but a little distance off.

On December 10 we made the ascent of Mount Hor, returning
to camp the same day by Petra. Our camp was fixed near the mouth of
Wady Harfin, Although having made an early start (4 a.m.), the visit
was necessarily a very hurried one. While waiting for a cloud to lift
from the summit of Mount Hor for the benefit of the theodolite party, I
had time, however, to make a good gathering of the bulbous plants, now
just showing their leaves, with which the upper part of this mountain
abounds.

The view from Mount Hor, whose height I estimated by aneroid at
4,400 feet, is a disappointing one, and bears no sort of comparison with
those from the Sinai peaks. This defect is due to the adjoining high and
monotonous tableland of Edom, which obscures one side of the horizon.
This tableland averages perhaps 5,000 feet in height in the eastern
neighbourhood of Mount Hor, and is composed of the unvarying and
unpicturesque white cretaceous limestone. It lowers northwards, and I
afterwards reached its outer edge. In some places it has quite a forest of
vegetation.

With regard to Mount Hor, Irby and Mangles write : ‘ Much juniper
grows on the mountain, almost to the very summit, and many flowering
plants, which we had not observed elsewhere ; most of them are thorny
and some are very beautiful.’

As Mount Sinai is a mountain of labiates, so Mount Hor is a mountain
of bulbs. The number of species and individuals of these orders respec-
tively vividly coloured my impression of the botanical features of each of
these sacred peaks. At the same time many of the Mount Sinai plants,
labiates included, occur on Mount Hor. On Mount Sinai I procured
bulbs of a single species, a total of three perhaps occurring. On Mount
Hor I gathered at least twenty sorts.

In the upper 1,000 feet of Mount Hor a considerable accession of
Mediterranean or more northern forms appear. A more interesting group
is that of plants which have been considered absolutely peculiar to Sinai.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’?ARABAH. 37

Both these lists, which I here append, would no doubt be swelled by

observations at a more seasonable visit.
Northern species ranging south to Mount Hor:

Dianthus multipunctatus, Ser.
? Geranium tuberosum, Linn.
Pistacia palestina, Boiss.

Rhamnus punctata, Boiss., var. barren (sp. nov. ?).

Paronychia argentea, Lam.
Bryonia syriaca, Boiss.
Galium canum, Reg.

Scrophularia heterophylla, Willd.

Sternbergia macrantha, Gay.
Colchicum montanum, Linn.

C. Steveni, Kunth. (also on Mount Sinai).

Urginea scilla, Sternih.
Bellevallia flexuosa, Boiss.
Asphodelus fistulosa, Linn.
Asparagus aphyllus, Linn.
A. acutifolius, Linn.
Arum, sp. (?).

Carex stenophylla, Vahl.

No doubt many of these occur on the Edomitic plateau, whose botany

is practically unknown.
Sinaitic species discovered on Mount Hor :

Moricandia dumosa, Boiss.
Pterocephalus sanctus, Dene.
Echinops glaberrimus, D.C.
Varthamia montana, Vahl.
Celsia parviflora, Decne.

Origanum maru, Linn., B sinaicum.

Phlomis aurea, Decne.
Teucrium sinaicum, Boiss.

These have been considered peculiar to Sinai.
included in the flora of Palestine.

They may now be
38 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

A consideration of the latter group is especially interesting when
considering the ancestral origin of the more local or endemic portion of
the Sinai flora ; and it also gives us a slight clue to the probable nature of
the flora of the little known region east and south-east of Mount Hor.
Judging from an appendix of species of plants collected by Burton’s
expedition to ‘The Land of Midian, the flora of the upper regions of
Sinai is more nearly allied to that of Edom to the north of east, than to
that of Midian in the south-east. The Gulf of ’Akabah has formed a
barrier in the latter case. :

Of the bulbous species, here as elsewhere, I can only enumerate a
portion. The bulk of those gathered were in leaf, and were brought
home to Mr. Burbidge, of the College Botanic Gardens in Dublin, under
whose care many retained life, but have not flowered.

The arboreal vegetation of Mount Hor was confined to the summit,
and consisted of a bladder-senna, Colutea aleppica, Lam., a turpentine tree,
Pistacia palestina, Borss.,and a juniper, Juniperus pheniea, Linn, Each
of these was about 10 or 12 feet high. The Rhamnus already mentioned
was very much stunted.

At Petra two new species were discovered, which will be described
subsequently. One was a Galium allied to G. jungermanniordes, Borss.,
and pronounced new by Mons. Boissier. It is alow straggling matted
species, with the habit of our Asperula cynanchica. It occurred in the
‘Sik.’ The other new species was a Daphne, an erect shrub 6 or 7 feet
high, with long linear leaves, reddish-brown berries, and small cream-
coloured flowers. The fibre is remarkably stringy and tough. The
Daphne is allied to D. acuminata and D. mucronata, but differs materially
from both these species. It occurred, in flower and fruit, on the slopes
of Mount Hor, about a mile from Petra, and again at intervals lower
down. The Boucerosia, already mentioned as being an undescribed
species, was found on Mount Hor in flower in several places.

Many unrecognised fragments of Umbellifers, Scrophulariaceous plants,
grasses, and others were noticed at Petra, and the botany will yield a good
harvest to anyone arriving at a proper season, and with sufficient leisure.
My time in Petra was somewhat under an hour!

The following piants, not previously met with, were gathered at Petra
and Mount Hor: Dzplotaxis pendula, D.C.; Ononts vaginalis, Vahl.,
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 39

Rubia peregrina, Linn.; Inula viscosa, Desf; Zollikoferia casintane,
Jaub.; Thymelea hirsuta, Linn.; Salsola rigida, Pall., S. inermis, Forsk.,
Nowa spinosissima, Mog.; Polygonum equisetiforme, J. et S.; Allium
stnatticum, Bowss., Asplentum ceterach, Linn.; Andropogon hirtus, Linn.,
in addition to those already mentioned as reaching here a southern limit,
and the Abu Kosheibeh plants, which also, as a rule, occur on Mount
Hor.

_ The majority of these additions occurred from about 3,000 feet to the
summit. I extract a few notes from my journal on this subject.

At 3,000 feet Oleander and tamarisk cease, Scilla abundant; at 3,450 feet
Thymelza (Passerina) first occurs ; at 3,750 feet numerous species occur,
as Pterocephalus, Globularia, Onosma, Juniperus, Ceterach, Cheilanthes,
Fagonia, Cotyledon, Capparis spinosa, Varthamia montana, Phlomis,
Ononis, Deverra, Moricandia dumosa, Rhamnus as I ascend; at or near
the summit (4,400 feet about) are Geranium, Colutea, Pistacia, Pennisetum
cenchroides, Hyoscyamus aureus, Noza, Poterium spinosum, Scilla, Malva,
Carex, Ephedra, Zollikoferia, Echinops, Verbascum sinuatum, Origanum,
Ajuga tridactylites, Arum, sp., Bryonia, Sternbergia, and Colchicum, of
species already mentioned.

Of WaAady Masa, in which Petra is situated, Irby and Mangles write:
‘Following this defile farther down, the river reappears, flowing
with considerable rapidity. Though the water is plentiful, it is with
difficulty that its course can be followed from the luxuriance of the
shrubs that surround it obstructing every track. Besides the oleander,
which is common to all the watercourses in the country, one may
recognise, among the plants which choke this valley, some which are
probably the descendants of those that adorned the gardens and supplied
the market of the capital of Arabia: the carob, fig, mulberry, ving and
pomegranate line the river side ; @ very beautiful spectes of aloe also grows
in this valley, bearing a flower of an orange hue shaded to scarlet; in
some instances it had upwards of one hundred blossoms in a bunch.’
Several of these were not observed by us. Of the aloe I can give no
information.

At Petra, 2,900 feet above sea-level by my aneroid, many of these and
others occurred; the most prominent were Phlomis, Ononis, Thymelza,
Rubia, Rhamnus, Pistacia, Inula, Sternbergia, Bellevallia, Rumex roseus,
40 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

Verbascum sinaiticum, Ficus sycamorus, and a stunted pinnate-leaved
shrub or small tree, perhaps a Fraxinus. The Ononis, very viscid, with
pretty yellow and claret-coloured veined flowers, was very abundant. So
also was Thymelza. Sternbergia (Colchicum) macrantha was glorious,
with flowers of golden yellow as large as a lemon.

Few observations on animal life were obtained in this hurried visit,
but these were all of interest.

Ibexes and gazelles were seen on Mount Hor, and a hare of the
Egyptian variety fled from Wady Hartin at our approach. Another,
seen at Petra, much lighter in colour, may have been the Nubian
form.

When climbing Jebel Abu Kosheibeh, a clear loud flute-like whistle
attracted my attention. The first few times I heard it I was fully
persuaded it was a signal to warn those rascally Petra Bedawin that
hated Christians were invading their domain. But I presently saw the
whistle belonged to a bird, which proved to be Tristram’s Grakle. This
species, originally discovered by Tristram about the Dead Sea, has since
been found in Sinai at Wady Feiran by Wyatt, who also met it at Petra.
All the time we were on this mountain several of these birds kept flying
around us, often displaying the orange spot on the wing as they hovered
close by. Their flight is very graceful, sometimes hovering butterfly-like,
sometimes swift and undulating in large curves like the chough. Grakles
were seen afterwards a little above Petra, and a flock of a dozen or
thereabouts circled round the summit of Mount Hor, disappearing and
reappearing from the corners of the red sandstone cliffs, and giving notice
of their presence with their melodious whistle. This is probably a
favourite breeding-place with these birds. It was not until I reached
the Dead Sea that I obtained a specimen.

At Petra also occurred the Palestine bulbul, and the rich musical cry o1
the fantail raven, Corvus affinis, Rupp., was almost incessant while we were
there. Nevertheless this bird hardly came nearer than two or three
hundred yards, and would be difficult to obtain. By its note and by its
size, and by its broad expanded tail seen on the wing, I was assured of the
species on referring to Canon Tristram’s work. This raven and the
grakle are two of that author's characteristic birds of the Dead Sea
basin.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 41

Hey’s sand-partridge, shrikes, and desert larks are also not unfrequent,
the latter lower down towards the ’Arabah.

To Laurence’s sharp sight I was indebted for two snakes, Zamenzs
Clhiffordit, Schleg., and Rhyncocalamus melanocephalus, Gunt. ‘The latter
species was believed peculiar to the Jordan Valley, where it was found by
Tristram, and forms as yet the single representative of the genus founded
for it by Dr. Gunther. The former has not hitherto been found outside
the African continent.

A centipede (Scolopendra) and a black millipede (Spirostreptus) four
or five inches long, but fortunately torpid, were captured here. The
latter seemed to be very common.

Wells, which I often searched with a net, yielded, as a rule, no life except
small leeches and the larve of gnats. Some handsome insects of the
grasshopper and cricket sorts were captured from time to time.

Up to this very few mollusca have been collected; Helix seetzent, Koch.,
and HY. candidissima, Drap , were found in one or two places in Sinai. The
latter was again met with in Wady Ghurundel in Edom, where I found
also HY. prophetarum, Bourg.; H. filia, Mouss., and the handsome species
HI. spiviplana, Okiv. On Mount Hor this last was frequent, and another
fine shell, Bulimus carneus, Pfr., was here first found. Most of these
became commoner down to the Ghér. At Petra, and in the ’Arabah, I
collected also Helix cespitum, Drap.,arare species. This scarcity of land
shells is paralleled on the eastern side of the Gulf of ’Akabah in the land
of Midian, where Captain Burton speaks of them as very rare, and
mentions that he only met with two species in four months, In its
natural history this little known country appears to be (judging from
Captain Burton’s work) almost identical with Sinai.
42 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

CHAPTER VIII.
wADY HARUN TO THE DEAD SEA.

Tne mouth of Wady Hartin into the ’Arabah is somewhat more than
half-way from ’Akabah to the Dead Sea. The watershed between the
Dead Sea and the Gulf of “Akabah is nearer to ’Akabah. We estimated
its lowest point at 660 feet above sea-level. It lies on the west side of
the ’Arabah. At the mouth of Wady Hardin the ’Arabah is at its widest,
being about thirteen miles across. The total distance from ’Akabah to
the Dead Sea is 112 miles.

My chief detour in this part of the ’Arabah was on the east side, up
along valley to the Edomitic plateau, with Mr. Armstrong. On this
occasion we returned to the ’Arabah by a more northern valley, Wady
Ghuweir, which, from the numerous remains of encampments, tribe-marks
(‘Wasm’), and the well-worn tracks, appeared to be a leading thorough-
fare into the Shobek country.

In this wady are several springs, appearing, as is frequently the case,
at the union of the sandstone and limestone formations. One of these
springs supported a jungle of reeds, with palms and some interesting
composite species of luxuriant growth. Tamarisks, acacias, and nubk
trees (Zizyphus) were in some profusion, and on each of these three
trees the parasite, Loranthus acacie, Zucc., with its handsome red
flowers, was a conspicuous ornament. It was seen only two or three
times on the tamarisk, oftener on the nubk, but much more usually
on the acacia. Clinging to the reeds was an Asclepiad, Cynanchum
acutum, Linn., whose range is more Mediterranean than the others met
with. Amongst them was the stately Saccharum egyptiacum, W., and
a shrubby composite, Pluchea dioscoridis, D.C., reached a height of 15 feet.
Its flowers were insignificant. A red-barked osier, Salix acmophylla,
Botss., and a poplar, Populus euphratica, Linn., which is perhaps the
willow of Babylon, occurred along the margin of the short-lived stream.
Other species collected were: Frucaria aleppica, Linn.,; Tribulus terres-
tris, Linu.,; Ficus carica, Linn.; Salsola tetragona, Del., and others less
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 43

noteworthy. A very fragrant savory, Satureza cunetfolia, Ten., and our
early acquaintance the ‘sekkaran,’ Fryoscyamus muticus, Linn., occurred.

At the head of this valley /unzperus phanicea was found to be the
tree visible from the ’Arabah on the white chalky plateau of Edom, and
growing abundantly. Burton found this tree luxuriant and abundant at
considerable heights in Midian three degrees farther south.

In this wady I gathered maiden-hair fern, the first I had seen
since leaving Jebel Misa. Caper (Cafparis spinosa), Lycium arabicum,
and Boerhavia verticillata also occurred. Bushes of nubk were sometimes
canopied with this latter trailing plant, with its pretty panicles of small
blueish flowers.

The Bedawin told me that with the juniper trees on Edom occur also
‘baldt,’ Quercus coccifera, Linn., and ‘arour,’ a thorn with a small sweet
fruit. This was, I believe, Rhus oxyacanthoides, Linn., which the above-
mentioned traveller found abundantly in Midian. I met it subsequently
in the Ghér.

In Wady Ghuweir I captured the first Batrachian I met with, Bufo
vireaes, Linn.,; running water, the rarest and pleasantest of sights in these
regions, was the source of this increased variety of life.

At the ’Arabah, abreast of the above valley, I examined some large
bushes of Calhgonum comosum, L. Her., a desolate, leafless, whitened,
scrubby species which often grows in shifting sand. Its roots are
beautifully adapted to secure its position. These are woody, springy, and
tough, very different from the brittle branches, and about a quarter of
an inch in diameter. Some of these are seven or eight yards in length,
perhaps much more, and beset with knobs at intervals, which are
serviceable in giving them a better grip. These excrescences may have
been due to insects, for I afterwards noticed that this plant was much
subject to galls; but whatever their origin, they served the purpose of the
flukes of an anchor to hold the bush in a sea of shifting sand.

There appears to be a great variety of gall-producing insects in the
desert. Almost every woody species is liable to knobs and swellings.
One of the most curious of these appendages was that frequently attached
to the common Salsola—a shapely little spurred and coloured excrescence
like a solidified flower of one of our commoner wild orchids.

A minute cruciferous annual, half an inch high, leafless and with a
6—2
44 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

silicle which formed almost the entire plant, was so fragile that it failed
to reach home. The silicle valves had separated, dehiscing from the base
upwards, one at either side of the septum.

In this part of the ’Arabah Pancratium Sickembergeri was frequently
gathered. At the spring of ‘Aytin Buweirideh, a little south of Wady
Ghuweir, I obtained many old friends. Populus euphratica attains here
good dimensions. No less than three running streams maintain a brief
but productive existence across the sands. I gathered here Prosopis
stephaniana, Willd.; Pulicaria arabica, D.C.; Statice pruinosa, Ltun.;
Artemisia monosperma, Del.; Sueda asphaltica, Botss.; Salsola fetida,
forsk., and many more.

Several bulbous species were obtained here. One of these, which has
flowered since my return, has been determined by Mr. Baker, Urgenea
undulata, Desf.

Further north, towards the Ghor, I collected Eremobium lineare, Del. ;
Monsonia nivea, Dene; Anastatica hierochuntina, Linn. (‘Rose of
Jericho’); Astragalus Forskahlit, Botss.; A. acinaciferus, Botss.; Rhamnus,
sp. (?); Carthamus glaucus, M.B.; Androcymbium palestinum, Baker.;
Allium Stnaiticum, Botss.; Aristida ciliata, Desf.; A. Plumosa, Linn.;
Panicum turgidum, Forsk., with the usual desert species.

The most noticeable feature’in the animal life in the northern half of
the ’Arabah has been already mentioned. I allude to the extraordinary
abundance of small holes and burrows in stone and gravelly sand. The
riddled surface reminded me forcibly of the lemming haunts of Discovery
Bay, in lat. 81° 45‘ north, where, however, all were due to one species,
with the exception of those of a larger rodent, the stoat, who preyed upon
the lemmings. One would expect to find acarnivorous rodent subsisting on
the abundant supplies here also, but none such has been as yet discovered.
The holes in Wady ’Arabah vary from small ant-holes and lizard caches to
those of rabbit-holes, and one or two fox-holes (?) were also observed.
Tracks of various sizes also abound. Jerboas, porcupine mice, gerbilles,
and sand-rats (Psammomys) are the groups represented, of which it is very
difficult to secure specimens during a hurried march like ours. Canon Tris-
tram, however, enumerates a considerable variety. One which I trapped
here, Gerb:llus erythrurus, Gr., was sand-coloured, and the size of a large
rat, and is now in the British Museum, It does not appear in Canon
To face page 44. PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND, Pt. XI.

 

GerBILLUS ErRYTHRURUS, GR.
PP. 44, 236.

 

A. ZAMENIS CLIFFORDII, SCHLEG, PP. 41, 210.
B, ZAMENIS ELEGANTISSIMUS, GUNTH. PP. 28, 209,
Scare, & NAT. SIZE.
 

 
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 45

Tristram’s work. This gerbille is a wide-spread desert form, from
Candahar to Algiers. The holes of this species, and some others, are
surrounded outside, besides being well supplied inside, with little heaps
of chopped fragments of plants, leaves, seeds, and other remnants of
vegetation. Ant-roads are also conspicuous, about an inch wide, and
firmly and smoothly pressed down.

Porcupine quills and decomposed remains of hedgehogs were several
times picked up in the north end of the ’Arabah.

At ’Ayfn Buweirideh sub-fossil shells were obtained in marl deposits
at about 1,400 feet above the level of the Dead Sea, or about 100 feet
above sea-level. Two of these, Melanza tuberculata, Mull. ; Melanopsis
Saulcyt, Bourg., have been figured by Professor Hull at page roo in his
work already referred to. I gathered besides these Melanopsis bucctnotdea,
Olv., and M. eremita, Trist. These are fluviatile or lacustrine species, and
are all found still living round the Dead Sea in various streams and
springs. The last-mentioned species is very rare, and I did not find
it alive, but Canon Tristram discovered it at the south-western Ghor.
These marls, in the opinion of geologists, are remaining deposits of an
ancient lake or inland sea, of which the Dead Sea is all that now
exists. From where we now stood to near the source of the Jordan, about
225 miles northwards, must have been a continuous sheet of water in
(geologically speaking) tolerably recent times.

Lower marls are very characteristic at an average level of 600 feet
above the present level of the Dead Sea. I searched these marls for
similar remains in many places, but always found them absolutely barren
in records of the past, and very rarely inhabited by any existing life,
vegetable or animal. Trunks of palms, floated to and then embedded
in these marls at the base of Jebel Usdum, form no exception; since
these may have been drifted thither in times which are as yesterday
compared with the ‘ middle marls.’. The upper marls are fairly vegetated
with the existing flora. The natural conclusion would be that the
ancient sea, at first harbouring fresh-water inhabitants, became reduced by
a long process of evaporation, or some other cause, to about a mean height
between its present and its earliest level, and that it was already so salt
that it was almost if not quite uninhabitable.

At this height, judging from the extent of the middle marls, the waters
46 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

must have remained stationary for a very considerable period, while most
of the upper marls became converted into the lower formation by a long
process of denudation. From the latter elevation to the present the subsi-
dence has no doubt been very recent, and is still continuing. The most
recent deposits of the Dead Sea are of course perfectly barren, except of
mixed drift, or where these have been converted into marshes or fertilized
by the few small fresh-water streams.

But I anticipate, in my anxiety to get down to the fertile Ghér es
Safieh.

At ’Ayfin Buweirideh a small flock of pintail grouse circled round
the wells, but I failed to obtain a specimen. Subsequently I recognised
the note, and obtained the bird, Pterocles senegalensis, Linn., at Bir es
Seba. Its call is very peculiar, recalling the strange utterance of the
Manx shearwater.

On the night of the 14th we were visited with a thunderstorm and a
tremendous downpour of rain. Rain had also fallen on December 3,
the day we left ’Akabah ; this was our total from Cairo to the Dead Sea.
The thunder on the 14th was grand, and continuous for about three-
quarters of an hour. Lightning flashed at about every five seconds.

CHAPTER IX.
SOUTH END OF THE DEAD SEA.

On December 16 we obtained our first view of the Dead Sea, and
descended to the plain at its southern extremity. The whole depression
in which the Dead Sea lies, 1,300 feet below sea-level at its surface, is
called the ‘ Ghér,’ or ‘Hollow.’ On the first night we camped in the
Ghor el Feifeh, and from the 17th to the 26th inclusive we were detained
at the Ghér es Safieh while waiting for means of transport from
Jerusalem.

This enforced delay in so unique a locality was to me a most fortunate
circumstance. Previous visitors do not appear to have obtained more than
a hurried peep at the Ghér es Safieh. The difficulties arise from the
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 47

hostile character of the adjoining tribes of Arabs, who are constantly
engaged in predatory warfare, the Ghdér es Safieh being very frequently
the scene of their conflicts. Our imaginations were kept excited by con-
tinual reports and warnings of those terrible Kerak Sheikhs, Huwaytats,
and others who were about to demolish us. I had also read and heard
much of the impossibility of doing any good exploring work where an
escort is always necessary, and where the Bedawin were bent on plunder-
ing unwary strangers. However, day after day I followed the bent of my
inclinations, frequently alone, climbing the eastern hills, searching the
jungles and marshes, and collecting birds and plants without ever receiving
the smallest annoyance.

The Ghér es Safieh, where we spent ten days, lies at the south-eastern
end of the Dead Sea, about 1,250 feet below the level of the Mediterranean.
It is watered by the Garahy River as the Feifeh is by the Tufileh, both
descending from the eastern highlands. Between these two oases there is
a strip of desert. Both these streams were well supplied with water during
our visit, and I understood from the Arabs that the Garahy at least was
unfailing. The latter is called also El Ahsi, Hessi, and Safi, and the Nahr
el Hussein. Smith’s ‘Ancient Atlas’ calls it the Brook Zered. It is dis-
tributed into numerous smaller watercourses for purposes of irrigation by
the cultivating Ghawarniheh Arabs, by whose tented village we were
encamped, There is another smaller village, called, I believe, El Feifeh,
of which we obtained a passing view.

The whole distance from the base of the sudden descent from the
barren white marls into the plain is about ten miles to the Dead Sea. The
Ghér es Safieh is about three to four miles wide. The upper Ghér of
El Feifeh is, as I have said, cut off from the lower by a strip of desert, an
unwatered patch of sand-dunes and Salsolacea. On the east the Ghér is
bounded by the highlands of Moab, and on the west by the briny, muddy,
barren bed of the Tufileh. Steep marl banks, a couple of hundred feet
high, enclose it on the south, while northwards it gradually becomes salter
and swampier, with a diminishing vegetation to the lifeless margin of the
Dead Sea.

On the Moab cliffs, as also on the Judean to the west, the lower
declivities are flanked in many places with saline white marls to an upper
limit of 650 feet. These marls are absolutely barren zm sz¢u, but they are
48 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

fast being washed down by aqueous denudation, and thus purified they
are scattered by irrigation over the Ghér. A minute beetle, of the
genus Galbel/a, was a slight exception to this barrenness, which is of course
interrupted in the beds and by the margins of the occasional watercourses.
This new species, whose description will subsequently be given, is most
nearly allied to G. deccarz, Gest., of Abyssinia.

The upper Ghér is byno means so fertile as that watered bythe larger and
more northern stream. The latter issues, with a south-westerly direction,
from a narrow cleft, or ‘sik,’ in the red sandstone, by which I penetrated
for a few miles into that desolate country. The river is here confined to
the base of the sharply cut cleft, and confers no fertility on the unaltered
marls above. This cleft is 50 to 150 feet in depth, or more, and the period
required for its formation must place the marls above at a high antiquity.
It should be borne in mind, however, that the water-supply is probably
now at its minimum, and the means of erosion were formerly much greater.
The bed of this stream was in places absolutely dangerous, from a curious
cause. The sides being vertical, there was no upward escape, and the bed
of the stream was so deeply clogged with the soft moving mass of silted
fine mud that, although there was not more than 18 inches of water, I was
compelled, and with difficulty, to retrace my course. As usual when any-
thing risky was attempted, my native deserted me. At its embouchure
from the cleft this remarkable stream passes through the lower gravel and
shingle deposits, which form the basement of the marls.

On this occasion, when crossing the marls above, I came suddenly
upon three ibexes. They whistled or snorted like Highland sheep. I let
fly ball-cartridge from my fowling-piece, but missed them. My shots
attracted some wild and villainous-looking mountaineers, who followed me
to camp that night, where I first became aware of their existence. They
could not make themselves understood, but I fancy wished to know if they
should hunt the ‘beden.’ Almost immediately after I lost sight of the
ibexes I came across some very interesting and rather extensive ruins of
apparently great antiquity. I brought the whoie of our party to the spot
the following day. The ruins will be found planned and described in Pro-
fessor Hull’s work, at page 121, and again in Major Kitchener’s Appendix
to the same, at page 216. I leave it to future explorers to identify this site
with the ancient Gomorrah,
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 49

The following observations were obtained from Sheikh Seyd, of the
Ghawarniheh, with regard to the Ghor:

‘Rain generally falls on about ten or twelve days of the year, usually
during December and January. Some years there is none. Much more
is seen on the highlands on either side, which does not reach the Ghér.

‘They grow wheat, barley, oats, dhourra (sorghum), indigo (one sort),
tobacco, and Indian corn.

‘Wheat, barley, and dhourra are sown in January; Indian corn in
March. Tobacco is sown in January. Indigo is sown in March. They
grow some white grapes on trellises. They do not know henna (Lawsonia).
Zukkum (Balanites) is common, but made no use of. Mallow is boiled
and eaten. Osher (Calotropis) is given to women when barren, or to pro-
cure milk, the milk of the bush being taken. Water-melons and cucumbers
are cultivated. Of the fruit of the Salvadora (arak) they make a sort of
treacle or sweet mixture. Never heard it called ‘“ Khardal”; Khardal
is mustard, but they have none.

‘They (the Ghawarniheh) mostly leave the Ghér and go up to the hill
country in the hottest weather. Snakes and insects are very bad and very
numerous in the Ghér at that season.’

My inquiries about Salvadora were made relative to its claims to being
the tree of the mustard-seed parable. I could get no corroboration from
these Bedawin of this view, first put forward by Irby and Mangles, who
are not, however, responsible for the statement that it is called ‘ Khardal’
(mustard), nor do they say, as has been misquoted, that they found the
‘Ghorneys’ using it as mustard. The theory has not, in fact, ‘a leg to
stand on.’

Mr. Merrill, U.S. Consul at Jerusalem, has kindly made inquiries for
me as to the origin of the seed sown by the Arabs. He informs me they
save it from year to year, but if they should run short they obtain
supplies from Jerusalem. It is to the Mediterranean sea-board west-
wards, therefore, we must look for the home of any suspicious weeds of
cultivation in the Ghér; and those which are not natives of this region
may perhaps be held less open to the question as to their being indigenous
in the Ghéor.

No sooner has the river Hessi issued from its unfruitful ravine than

7
50 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

the scene changes as if by magic. As it moistens the plain, an extensive
growth of bushy, low-sized trees almost covers the district.

In the upper Ghér these are densely tangled and matted, almost to the
exclusion of other growth, and afford shelter for multitudes of birds. In
the lower Ghdr the trees are more scattered, often, no doubt, in the more
peopled district, from being consumed for firing, and thinned to admit of
pasturage and cultivation. These trees are chiefly Acacias (three sorts),
Salvadora, Zizyphus, and Balanites. There is alsoa Rhamnus not un-
frequent, and Mr. Lowne mentions Moringa aptera. This latter writer
misquotes the authors (Irby and Mangles), whom he criticizes, when he
ascribes to them the remark that the oasis contained ‘an almost infinite
variety of shrubs and bushes.’ Their words are: ‘ The variety of bushes
and wild plants became very great,’ a phrase which is well within the
bounds of the reality.*

Of those trees the Salvadora is the most abundant, and usually occupies
a slightly lower region than the Acacias, It grows in clumps, several
stems arising together, branching at once, and all combining to form a
single tree. It is very leafy above, with small entire leathery leaves ;
below it displays a labyrinth of grayish branches. The flowers and fruit
are small and numerous. It attains a height of about 20 feet, a stray
branch reaching to 25 or 30 feet. The Balanites (Zukkum) is usually a
smaller tree, and was in full fruit. This is green and wrinkled, somewhat
like that of a walnut. The leaves are few and small. The Zizyphus
is the well-known sidr or thorn of the Arabs, the ‘dém’ when reaching
a large size. Its branches, strewed in lines along the ground, form the
fences to protect the grain from cattle.

As the plain slowly lowers to the Dead Sea, becoming at the same
time gradually moister, the vegetation changes. The above species
decrease in the number of individuals. Tamarisks, Osher, Salsolas,
Prosopis, and Atriplices take their place in abundance. Of these, the
Osher (Calotropis procera) is the most remarkable. It is somewhat
like a gigantic small-leaved cabbage bush, cactus-like, and with the
bark of a cork-tree—utterly strange-looking to European eyes. Its
fruit, the size of a large apple, is full of silk and air, and is probably

* I quote from Murray’s edition in the Colonial and Home Library, vol. iv., p. 108
ed. 1384.

’
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 51

to be identified with the ‘apples of the Dead Sea.’ The drawing of these
‘trees that beren fulle faire apples, and faire of colour to beholde,’ by
Sir John Maundeville, is by no means unlike the Osher. If the early
traveller's figure stands for any real thing, it is probably for this bush,
which here attains a remarkable size. Of it the writers already quoted
say : ‘We were here (Ghér es Safieh) surprised to see for the first time
the Osher plant, grown to the stature of a tree, its trunk measuring in
many instances 2 feet or more in circumference, and the boughs at least
15 feet in length, a size which far exceeded any we saw in Nubia; the
fruit also was larger and in greater quantity.’ This remark is interesting
in connection with Captain Burton’s, that the Osher in South Midian is
‘a tree, not a shrub’ (‘ Land of Midian,’ ii. 206), as though the plant was
more at home in the Eastern continent. The Castor-ocl (Ricinus com-
munts) is also very conspicuous and large (20 to 25 feet), chiefly in the same
localities as the Osher. Other bushes are the leafless Leptadenia pyro-
technica, and the poplar, Populus euphratica. All these were seen in the
Ghér el Feifeh also. A tree of the latter, about 50 feet high, near the
Dead Sea, is, I think, the largest tree in the whole Ghér. Oleanders
and Osiers are confined to the embouchures of the stream from the
mountains or farther up.

As we approach the Dead Sea, occasional swamps produced jungles of
various late grasses, chiefly Arundo Phragmites (P. gigantea, /. Gay.);
Erianthus Ravenne, P.de B., and [mperata cylindrica, P. de B., mixed
with several Cyperaceze, of which the most interesting were C. eleusznozdes,
Kunth., and sparingly, I believe, C. papyrus, Linn. Salter patches are
given up to Juncus maritimus and Evragrostzs cynosuroides, Retz. The
former (var. arabica) was from 4 to 7 feet high. Tamarisks, Suzedas,
Salsolas, Salicornia, and Atriplices are the last to fail. Tamarisk,
Salicornia herbacea, and Ruppia not in flower, probably R. sézralis,
L’ Her., were the very last; the former all along the inner margin, the
latter two where the mud of the sea is in union with that of the Tufileh
estuary. The latter two encroach downwards upon the forbidden area
here, from salt swamps to those which are too salt, as they do upwards in
our own country, from salt swamps up fresher estuaries until they meet
those which are too fresh.

A brief space, 50 yards or more, varying with the slope and the

7—2
52 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

fulness of the basin, is barren saline mud or sand. This foreshore is at
other seasons under water, and all which is liable to be submerged is
barren, except in the two instances above mentioned on the Tufileh
mud.

An interesting assemblage of sea plants is congregated around the
Dead Sea. These are Sonchus maritimus, Linn.; Inula crithmoides, Liun.;
Lotus tenutfolius, Rchb.(Lythrum hyssopifolium, Linn.); Salicornia herbacea,
Linn.; Salsole; Suede, Atriplices; Scirpus maritimus, Linn. ; Fimbristylis
dichotoma, Rottb.; Juncus maritimus, Linn., and Ruppia, sp. (?) (R. spirals,
L’Her. 2). Some of these at first sight will hardly fail to impress the
observer with the idea that the vegetation must recently have under-
gone distinct maritime conditions; but a little reflection will show that
the visits of aquatic birds, and the present suitability of the circumstances,
suffice to explain their presence. Moreover, the most conspicuous are of
the easily-diffused pappus-bearing composite.

Several of the most interesting species were obtained by penetrating
into the jungles in all directions. In the very heart of these, Cynanchum
acutum was abundant, trailing convolvulus-like about the reeds. These
jungles, and along the banks of the stream, were my best hunting
grounds.

The luxuriance of some familiar British aquatic plants may be alluded
to. The sea rush, as already mentioned, reaches 7 feet in height, Inula
crithmoides 4 to 7 feet, and Lycopus europzeus 5 to 6 feet in height, while
gigantic plants of Lythrum salicaria had reached a height of 14 feet.

One of my most interesting ‘finds’ was that of a handsome acacia,
A. leta, Br.,in the Ghér. This species has not been recorded north of
Syene (Assouan) in Upper Egypt, seven degrees farther south. There
were several trees of this very distinct species, which is much larger and
better furnished than the other acacias met with. An Arab to whom |
silently pointed out one of this species at once exclaimed ‘ Sont,’ and
proceeded to show me the difference in its leaves and fruit from that of a
Seyal, its neighbour. At ’Akabah an Arab called a large A. tortilis
‘Sunt.’ It is an Egyptian name, but never applied to the Seyal.

A few other remarkable species not noticed by previous botanists in
Palestine may be mentioned : Cocculus Leba, D.C.; Sclerocephalus arabicus,
Borss.; Zygophyllum simplex, Linn.; Indigofera pauctfolia, Del; Rhynchosta
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 53

minima, D.C.; Trianthema pentandra, Linn.,; Eclipta alba, Linn.; Penta-
tropis spiralis, R. Br.; Salsolacee (several); Digera arvensis, Forsk.;
Boerhavia verticillata, Poir.; B. repens, Linn.; Euphorbia egyptaca,
Boiss.; Cyperus eleustnoides, Kunth., and some others. Several of these
are distinctly tropical, and add to that most interesting group of those
plants already known to inhabit the ‘ sultry Ghér.’

I gathered altogether at the southern end of the Dead Sea about
225 identifiable species of flowering plants. The total there may reach
300. Many annuals and Mediterranean spring plants, especially of the
Leguminous and Cruciferous orders, were still in a young condition.

I defer a fuller analysis for the present, merely remarking that the
flora of the Ghér, a unique locality, is even more interesting, and that in
no mean degree, than it has hitherto been shown to be.

The Ghér has been visitel by two competent botanists, Messrs. B. T.
Lowne in 1864, and W. Amherst Hayne in 1872, both in Canon Tristram’s
company. These gentlemen have, however, hardly dealt with the oasis of
Es Safieh. Mr. Hayne’s essay, appended to Canon Tristram’s ‘ Land of
Moab,’ is only enough to make a botanist wish for more of it, while
Mr. Lowne’s valuable paper, published by the Linnean Society, deals with
the south-western extremity of the Ghér, two dry desert wadies whose
flora is the northern wave from Sinai and the ’Arabah.

Although devoid of life, the sandy beach of the Dead Sea mentioned
above was full of interest. On it were strewed salted remnants of a
variety of insects, beetles, spiders, locusts, and seeds which had been
floated from the Ghér by the rivers and promptly killed and cast ashore.
Several of these were identifiable, although of no value as specimens. A
better collection in the same place was that of shells. In some places
these were thickly strewn, and I went through these natural museums
with the greatest care, obtaining thus several varieties not previously
found in Palestine. Amongst these are Planorbis albus, Mull.; Limnea
peregra, Desf.; Physa contorta, Mich.; Achatina (Ctonella) brondels,
Bourg.; Ferrusacia thamnophila, Bourg., and a new species of Bulimus.

The tamarisks near this were inhabited by a species of ant. These
make their home, in parties of 20 or 30, in a sort of purse of vegetable
matter, made out of scraps triturated together and worked into a smooth
papery lining. The species is Polyrhachis seminiger, Mayr., belonging to
54 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

a tropical, chiefly Indian, genus. Multitudes of little fishes, Cyprenodon
dispar, Rupp., as mentioned by Tristram, were seen in the salt pools
close by.

Although my visit was too early for many species of plants, yet on my
first day in the Feifeh I found at once numerous kinds not seen in Sinai,
of which a good many were both in flower and fruit. These must flower
continuously, or with a very brief respite; others, chiefly European and
Mediterranean species, were rapidly advancing to the flowering stage
during our sojourn in the Ghor.

A good number of Sinai species occur in the Ghér. An effect of the
moister climate on some of the woolly desert plants was noticeable.
These became very perceptibly less so in the Ghér. Pulicaria undulata,
P. arabica, Tribulus terrestris, Verbascum sinuatum, may be instanced.
Possibly the salinity of the atmosphere assists in this ; the tendency of
plants to become glabrous by the seaside is familiar. On the other hand,
excessive dryness appears to provoke pubescence in plants, as well as
other striking qualities of pungent odours, gummy exudations, and con-
version of leaves to spines, all of which we may expect to find diminished
if the species can accommodate itself to moister conditions.

I have hitherto spoken almost entirely of the plants. The district is of
as great interest in other branches of natural history. Canon Tristram’s
various works have made this fact familiar. My prolonged stay at an
unusual season must indeed be my excuse for trespassing on a subject he
has made so peculiarly his own.

The Ghér swarmed with birds. About forty species were observed, of
which, with two or three exceptions, specimens were obtained. Some,
especially doves of two species, and bulbuls of the sort already met, were
extraordinarily abundant. The doves were the Indian collared turtle,
Turtur risortus, Linn., and a smaller beautifully bronzed species, 7.
senegalensis, Linn.

On the Dead Sea mud, redshanks, lapwings, and sandpipers flitted
and fed, but they were confined to those parts of the margin which were
tempered by fresh water. Snipe, water-rails, and ducks of British sorts
were frequently met with. Marsh sparrows in great flocks also kept near
the shore. Buntings and larks of three sorts were in vast numbers
throughout the stubbles of maize. The two desert partridges occurred
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 55

on the margins of the Ghér, where also the thick-knee was shot. Shrikes,
‘boomey’ owls, marsh harriers, buzzards, sparrowhawks, and kestrels
were all noted. The mellow, loud whistle of Tristram’s grakle frequently
caught the ear, as did also the excessively discordant craking note of the
Smyrna kingfisher. The beautiful little sunbird and the gaudy blue-
throated robin were about equally common, the former usually frequenting
those acacias which gave support to the handsome Loranthus. Several
other warblers were observed, but for most of these, as well as the swifts
and others, the season was too early. On the upper ground at the edge of
the Ghér several pairs of desert chats of two or three kinds might be
always studied, and the impression the Ghér gave me was that many
migratory species of Palestine who ought to travel south from the
Jerusalem plateau in winter found here a conveniently close and sufficiently
warm retreat, which they utilize in vast numbers.

Burrowing animals still gave evidence of their abundance. Traps set
for these were, | believe, appropriated by Bedawin lads, for I could never
rediscover them. The traps were strong, and I trust they snapped on
their meddlesome fingers. Jackals kept up their high-pitched scream
throughout the night. Bedawin, bantams, jackals, and jackasses have all
peculiarily high notes in the Ghér. They howl together in a shrill minor
key, chiefly when they ought to be asleep.

Fresh boar tracks were always visible; on one or two occasions I
heard the animals crashing in the jungle close ahead of me. Ibexes were
seen in the ravines close by.

There are many cattle scattered through the Ghér. These are chiefly
small pretty black animals with white faces, somewhat like the Highland
breed, while goat-like sheep and sheep-like goats, with ears hanging
6 inches below their snouts, are herded evening and morning. Donkeys
are more numerous than ponies; there are very few of the latter in the
possession of the much-molested and peaceful Ghawarniheh. .

The Bedawin supplied us with poor milk and very small eggs.

Insect life had as yet hardly awakened. About half a dozen species
of butterflies were observed, of which some were Ethiopian forms. Scor-
pions were still torpid. Molluscs, except fluviatile, were scarce, while
Batrachians and Reptilia might have been almost non-existent, with the
exception of the Lacertide.
56 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

A very nimble fresh-water or rather marsh crab was very abundant.
To this animal was due the multitude of burrows amongst the tufts of
Juncus maritimus near the Dead Sea. Twice I saw them disappear with
incredible swiftness into these holes, which were of various sizes, and of so
great a depth or length I could not usually dig them out. Several that I
did dig out were blind or empty, and at first these holes puzzled me
beyond measure. The total absence of tracks or pads leading to them
arrested my attention, while their widely different sizes, both in length
and diameter, suggested something altogether new. Those crabs I
obtained were by means of the Bedawin lads. The carapace of the
biggest was about 5 inches by 3. They are gray in the young state, but
attain a reddish tint when full grown. The species is Te/phusa (Potamo-
philon) fluviatilis, Savign. One was killed in our camp, showing that they
ramble at night away from water or marshy places. This crab extends
through Egypt to Algiers, and occurs also, I believe, farther east than
Palestine.

At the time of our visit the mean diurnal temperature was about 50°
Fahr. There is no universal check to vegetation in the Ghér. Acacias,
Osher, Castor-oil, Loranthus, Salvadora, species of Abutilon, Zizyphus, and
Balanites were bearing fruit and flower now in the coldest season in true
tropical fashion.

Before we left, the sun was just beginning to ‘braird the lea,’ and
there was a delicate hue of green perceptible across the ill-tilled soil.

The river, Seil Garahy, alias Hessi, was well filled with water, and on
several occasions we enjoyed a swim down the swift deep rushes at the
inner edge of the plain. Irby and Mangles, I think, found this river
dry on their return journey from Petra.

Before bidding farewell to the Ghér I should mention one striking
peculiarity in its flora. I allude to the great number of species compared
with the number of individuals. If those few gregarious kinds (chiefly
trees, grasses, and shrubs) already mentioned be eliminated, the remain-
ing sorts would very often depend on a few plants for their claim to a
place in the list. Hence a brief visit may give rise to many omissions.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 57

CHAPTER X.
GHOR ES SAFIEH TO GAZA.

On December 27 we finally struck tents and left our camp in the
Ghér es Safieh. As we passed westward near the south end of the
Dead Sea some interesting features were observed. The waters vary in
their surface level about 3 feet between the brief wet period and the
minimum level. During our visit they stood at a low level, and the drift
of timber and terrestrial shells showed an upper margin at a uniform height
in several places. Where the shore slopes very gradually, as in most
places round the southern end, this variation in depth is sufficient to leave a
wide space of foreshore uncovered. This was very noticeable during our
journey along the base of Jebel Usdum, at the south-west corner of the
Dead Sea. The water was there about 600 yards from the line of drift.
Inside this was the usually traversed track along the base of Jebel Usdum,
and above, about 7 vertical feet higher than the present high-water drift,
was an older well-marked margin, looking very recent and pointing to a
still continuing evaporation of its waters in excess of the supply.

Logs of palm-trees frequently marked these margins, and these were
seen embedded in a drifted position in the marls of Jebel Usdum as much
as 27 feet above the highest level now attained by the waters of the sea.
Palm-tree trunks were also seen along the river Tufileh in the Ghér el
Feifeh and lower about its estuary. These were probably, from their
appearance, torn out of its bed during a flood in a semi-fossilized condition.
Thus the subsidence of this sea has continued and is continuing, and earlier
deposits are being continually carried down to form more recent ones and
to fill up the cavity. Most parts of the Dead Sea south of the Lisdn are
very shallow. In two places, when looking for a swim, abreast of Jebel
Usdum and north from the Ghér es Safieh, I waded out several hundred
yards without getting water above my knees, and the water, like that at
the mouth of the Jordan at the other end, is usually turbid. The work
of reclamation steadily proceeds, and as the sea is known to be of very
considerable depth (200 fathoms) in other places there is abundant room

for the inflowing sediment.
8
58 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

Of Jebel Usdum I have given a description to Professor Hull, which has
appeared in his account of our expedition. It proved, as it looked, to be
of little botanical interest, and I should not have climbed it had I not seen
it stated in several places that it was inaccessible. The plants found on
its upper portion, 650 feet above the Dead Sea, were very few, the whole
being a bare flat with a slight central ridge of barren marl—the cap of
the central core of rock-salt. A couple of solitary tamarisks occurred and
several Salsolacee. The latter were Moza spinosissima, Mog.; Atriplex
alexandrina, Borss.; Salsola rigida, Pall, var. tenutfolia., S. tetragona,
Del.; S. fetida, Del., and S. inermis, Forsk. The‘ mountain of salt’ is,
in fact, well characterized by this order. Several of the above are
additions to the flora of Palestine. On the western slope a few desert
species of the ordinary and familiar types were collected, and these
gradually increased to the base at the Mahauwat Wady, whose flora has
been already the subject of a special paper by Mr. Lowne. This writer
gathered here, and in the neighbouring WaAdy of Zuweirah, eighty-two
flowering species, chiefly of the desert sorts. These are all, or almost all,
either Sinaitic or occur in the Wady ’Arabah.

Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Forsk., and Ochradenus baccatus, Del., grow to
a large size here. The latter was about 15 feet high, close to the Dead
Sea, at the confluence of these two wadies. Zzlla myagrotdes, Forsk., was
here in flower, bearing a pretty little blossom like our Cakile maritima.

During the ascent of Wady Zuweirah to the plain of South Judea
the following fresh species were collected: Modoceras canariense, R. Br.;
Enarthrocarpus lyratus, D.C.; Zollikoferia, sp. (2) (Z. stenocephala, Boiss.?);
Lithospermum tenuiflorum, Linn.; Heliotropium rotundifolium, Sied. ;
Ballota undulata, Fres.; Arnebia linearifoha, D.C., and Plantago
Loefflingit, Linn. A large bulb, Urginea Sczlla, Stein. (?), now only in
leaf, marks well the transition stage from the Ghér flora to that of the
Judzean wilderness. Desert species, as Fagonia, Zygophylla, Retama,
Acaciz, Resedacez, Cucumis, Microrhynchus, Demia, rua, Forskahlea,
and others were here for the most part taken leave of. These ascended
perhaps a third part of the climb, several ceasing at about the old
Saracenic Fort. Upwards, and on the Judean plain, a great change takes
place. We found ourselves ere long on rich land arousing itself to a
spring growth, although the most inclement season was not yet reached.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 59

The need of water is of course everywhere apparent. Withered remains
are scarcer than in the desert, and the ground is often bare for consider-
able spaces, or with a few early patches of species to be presently
mentioned. It becomes difficult to recall the existence of the contiguous
Ghér flora, with its perennial luxuriance. Hardlya bush and no trees are
observed to break the monotony. Travelling still westwards, evidences
of cultivation, that is to say of the soil being ‘ scratched’ and sown, appear.
Soon after Bir es Seb’a, two days from the Ghér, we find ourselves
amongst softly-swelling downs covered with sowers and ploughers, but
otherwise monotonous in aspect, as the cretaceous limestone formation
usually is.

The species first observed at the head of WAdy Zuweirah and upwards
to Bir es Seba were numerous, many of them spring Mediterranean
species just opening their flowers. The following were conspicuous :
Carrichtera Velle, D.C.; Biscutella Columne, Ten. ; Lnarthrocarpus
lyratus, Del. (?); Silene dichotoma, Ehr.; S. Hussoni, Botss.; Helian-
themum Kahiricum, Del.; Astragalus sanctus, Bowss., A, alexandrinus,
Lotss.; Evodium cicutarium, Linn.,; Senecio coronoptfolius, Del.; Scorzonera
lanata, M.B.; Calendula arvensis, Linn.; Achillea santolina, Linn.,
Anchusa Millert, Willd.; Cyclamen latifolium, Sibth.; Ajuga Iva, Schreb.;
Satureta cunetfolia, Ten.; Marrubium alysson, Linn.; Salvia verbenaca,
Linn.,; S. controversa, Ten.; S. egyptiaca, Linn.; Eremostachys lacintata,
Linn. (in leaf only); Paronychia argentea, Lam., and Urginea undulata,
Steinh. (°?). Several of these are pretty little bright-flowered yellow
and blue annuals.

We were now travelling on horseback, and I had no longer the same
facilities for botanizing. The pace was usually too fast. My method was
to keep well ahead till I reached some inviting point, and then dismount
and botanize, usually holding a rein across my arm. The result was

-that I was usually left far behind, or in hot pursuit of the party. Some-
times I lost my way altogether. It would have needed a botanical circus
rider to get on and off his horse with comfort as fast as new flowers
occurred.

Several mosses and lichens were gathered on this march. The mosses
were Zortula muralis, Linn.,; Bryum atropurpureum, W. et M., and a
Hepatica, Rzccza lamellosa, Radd:. The mosses are both British species.

3—2
60 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

In animal life, gazelles, mole-rats, Spalax typhlus, Pall., and sand-rats,
Psammomys obesus, Rupp., appeared to be the most abundant. I
captured examples of the latter two, which are now in the British
Museum.

The mole-rat, the Asiatic representative of the English mole, though
of a very different family, is a strangely ugly little animal with long
protuberant teeth. Mr. Armstrong showed me a ready way of obtaining
specimens, which at first sight appeared to be hopeless. His plan was to
watch the freshly up-lifted heaps of soil which are raised in line at short
intervals, and notice the direction the animal is burrowing in by the
relative freshness of the heaps. Soon a slight movement will be observed
in the freshest heap or beyond it, and on firing a charge into the ground
at once, the gun about a foot from a point a few inches ahead of the
moving place, the animal will be stunned, and may be at once dug out,
probably alive. I tried this plan twice successfully.

A. buff-coloured snake, about 3 feet long, Zamenzis atrovirens, Gray,
was killed in the neighbourhood of Tell Abu Hareireh. Geckos and
toads were also captured. A brown and gray fox (Vulpes nilotica, ?) was
seen near Bir es Seba. Laurence shot a fine wild cat (Felis maniculata,
Rupp.) ina gulley near Tell Abu Hareireh. It measured 2 feet 8 inches
from the tip of the nose to the tip of the tail, the tail itself being 1 foot.
It was of a grayish-brown colour, brindled with sandy brown across the
back and down the sides. The tip of the tail was ringed with black.
This is supposed to be the cat found embalmed in Egyptian monuments.
It is found along the Nile, and as far south as Abyssinia.

I spent as much time as I could in digging up bulbs. Of these there
were several identifiable species, as Xiphion palestinum, Baker., a dwarf
sweet iris, with large flowers in tints of buff and French gray. Colchicum
montanun, Linn., occurred in the greatest abundance, white or pale
mauve, and was very beautiful. Ovgzuea Scilla, Sternth., and Asphodelus
vamosus, Linn., were most abundant, increasing westwards to Gaza.
Bellevalha flexuosa, Bowss., and Ornithogalum umbellatum, Liun., also
frequently appeared.

About Bir es Seba the birds observed were cranes, black and white
storks, buzzards and kites, trumpeter bullfinches, pintail grouse, Greek
partridge, black-headed gulls and lapwings, as well as several desert
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 61

larks and chats. The technical names of these species will subsequently
be enumerated. The trumpeting of the crane was heard frequently,
usually at night.

At Tell el Milh, in a swamp, a flock of teal was flushed, and a number
of the black or Sardinian starlings came to roost in the rushes. Their
note is different from that of our species. A snipe handsomely marked
with white, as in flight, with a rich brown back, and showing vivid
green tints also on the upper surface, was unfortunately missed. It
uttered a peculiar quacking cry, and I had several good views of it.
There were three or four birds in the marsh, and I have no doubt it was
the painted snipe, Rhynchea capensis, Linn., which has not previously
been known to inhabit Palestine. It is a widely-spread species in
Africa,

The Cyclamen and the Colchicum are constantly exciting our admira-
tion. In the marsh just mentioned Spergularia marginata, Koch. ;
Cyperus longus, Linn., and C. levigatus, Linn., var. junciformis, were
collected.

A feature noticed by all travellers is the abundance of snails on the
small shrubs, chiefly on Anabasis articulata, Boiss. The commonest of
these was perhaps Helix Seetzenz, Koch., but I also gathered AZ. joppensis,
Rottb.; H. syriaca, Ehr.; H. protea, Zugl.; H. vestalis, Pass., H. tuber-
culosa, Conrad., H. candidissima, Drap.; FH. Boissiert, Charp., and FZ.
cavata, Mouss. 4H. cavata and H. Boissieri are the finest of these species
in size, the latter being a heavy solid-shelled sort. H. tuberculosa is
trochiform, or top-shaped. This species and his flattened brother, /7/.
ledevert, Pfr., gathered between Gaza and Jaffa, are both scarce. They
are the prettiest, being delicately mitred and foliated at the whorls.

The black-headed gulls, and no doubt others of the birds, subsist on
these molluscs.

Continual evidence of wild boars occurred, and some of our party had
the good luck to obtain a sight of a ‘sounder,’ or family party. They
seem to feed chiefly on the bulbs, of which some large kinds are mar-
vellously plentiful. An Urginea (probably U. undulata) was sought
after especially, so that it was with difficulty roots which they had not
mashed were obtained to bring home. It has since flowered, and in the
absence of leaves is doubtfully referred to this species by Mr. Baker.
62 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

Urginea Scilla covers the ground for miles, and grows sometimes to the
exclusion of everything else. It appears to be a scourge to the fellahin.
Great heaps of its bulbs, the size of a melon, are often met with, and lines
of its growth are commonly left to mark off each cultivator’s allotted space.
A sphodelus ramosus, Linn., is nearly as common. The brilliant anemone
(A. coronaria, Linn.), the ‘lily of the field, was picked in flower on the
last day of the year. The curious stringy Zhymelea hirsuta, whose ac-
quaintance I first made on the shores of Brindisi on the outward journey,
is profusely common. Between Bir es Seba and Gaza the species now in
growth are almost altogether of the Mediterranean type. A few desert
species occur, but chiefly of a Syrian or Mesopotamian character, as
Caylusea canescens, Deverra tortuosa, Alhagit maurorum, Peganum
harmala, Citrullus colocynthis, Artemisia herba-alba, and Anabasts
articulata.

The universal ‘rimth’ (Anabasis or Salsola) of the Sinai Bedawin
is called by the Doheriyeh Arabs ‘Shegar.’ It may be that the Arabs
put off inquiries from one whom they perceive to be unlearned in their
language with trivial and unmeaning terms; but the results of my short
experience would tend to show that little importance can be attached to
these local names. Different tribes and places yielded different terms, so
that on comparing my collection of Arab plant-names with those given
by several other writers, hardly two were identical, or even alike. In
the Serbal district of Sinai, WAdy Rimthi takes its name from the
Anabasis.

The soft note of the trumpeter bullfinch, rising and falling as if borne on
the wind, while the bird is concealed on the ground somewhere close by,
often arrested my attention. It was impossible to tell whether it was
ten yards or ten times that distance away.

Travelling west past Tell Abu Hareireh to Gaza, the following plants
occurred in addition to those mentioned already about Bir es Seba:
Maltcolmia pulchella, Boiss.; Matthiola humilis, D.C.; Alyssum Libyca,
Viw.; Erucaria microcarpa, Botss., Capsella byrsa-pastoris, Linn.; Poly-
carpon succulentum, Del.; Dianthus multipunctatus, Ser.; Silene rigidula,
S2bth.; Ononts serrata, Forsk.; Hypericum tetrapterum, Fres., forma;
Erodium hirtum, F.; Bupleurum linearifolium, D.C. (?); Carthamus
glaucus, M.B.; Thrincia tuberosa, D.C.,; Tolpis altissima, Pers.; Scorzonera
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 63

alexandrina, Bowss.; Mandragora officinarum, Linn.,; Withania somutfera,
Linn.; Echium plantagineum, Linn.; Lamium amplexicaule, Linn.;
Euphorbia exigua, Linn.; Paronychia nivea, D.C.; Andropogon hirtus,
Linn., and Poa annua, Linn.

 

CHAPTER XI.

GAZA TO JAFFA.

At Gaza we were kept a few days in quarantine by the Turkish autho-
rities. This was not because we were deemed infectious (the idea was
absurd), but to levy a tax on our purses. By the prompt interference
of Lord Dufferin, British Ambassador at Constantinople, to whom we
telegraphed, we were released in four days instead of being confined for
a fortnight.

This delay was to me most valuable, as it enabled me to sort my
rapidly-made collections of the last few days.

On our last day, having liberty to leave quarantine ground, I gathered
a good many species south of Gaza which I had not seen before. Many
of these belong to well-known Mediterranean types, but there is still
an important admixture of desert and Egyptian forms, belonging to a
somewhat more southern group.

Gardens of fruit trees, olive groves, and enclosures hedged by the
prickly pear (Opuntra vulgaris, Linn.) reached our camp from the inland
side. On the leeward we were hemmed in by high sandhills, the van-
guard of an ever-advancing column, driven westward by the prevailing
winds, which is gradually swallowing up Gaza, old and new, as well asa
long belt of coast north and south of it.

Some laborious journeys across this belt of sand, often three or
four miles broad, impress them vividly on my memory. They yielded
exceedingly few species, being as a rule completely barren. I may
mention Szlene succulenta, Forsk.; Scrophularia xanthoglossa, Bots. ;
Euphorbia terracina, Linn., which grew well out on the dunes.
64 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

These sands are effecting a steady and enormous change along the
coast. It is difficult to reach what is left of Ascalon, which remains on an
insulated patch of rocky ground by the sea, completely cut off inland.
Little of it is left unsmothered. Ashdod is undergoing the same fate.
Gaza retreats inland in front of the arenaceous sea, and it is only at
intervals, or by ascending some eminence which is rarely met with, that
one obtains even a view of the Mediterranean. This was to mea keen
disappointment, and I sighed for the reality of a cliff-girt coast like that’
of my home in north-western Donegal.

In and about the Gaza olive groves several birds familiar at home
abounded. Others occurred on the plain hard by. It was refreshing to
hear their well-known voices in this strange and inhospitableland. There
were English sparrows, swallows, buntings, goldfinches, black redstarts,
chaffinches, stonechats, willow-wrens and chiffchaffs, blackbirds, and
hooded crows. Other birds seen were Egyptian kites, buzzards (common
species), ‘boomey’ or little southern owl, red-breasted Cairo swallows,
pelicans, dunlins, calandra and crested larks, bulbuls, pied chats, and
Menetries’ wheatear.

At an estuary about four miles south of Gaza, and up a flat wady
leading to it, I obtained several good plants. This would be capital
ground to botanize at a later season. The following are the most in-
teresting: Brassica Tournefortit, Gou.,; Crategus azarolus, Linn.; Neurada
procumbens, Linn.,; Ceratonia siligua, Linn.; Astragalus aleppicus,
Boiss.; A. macrocarpus, D.C. (not in fruit); Medicago laciniata, All;
Ononis natrix, Linn., var. stenophylla; Anagyris fetida, Linn., Acacia
albtda, Del.; Prosopis stephaniana, Willd., Xanthium strumarium, Linn.;
Artemisia monosperma, Del.; Centaurea araneosa, Borss.; C. pallescens,
Del.; Atractylts prolifera, Borss., Linaria Helava, Forsk.; Anchusa
aegyptiaca, Lehm.; Prastum majus, Linn.; Andrachne aspera, Linn.;
Ficus sycomorus, Linn.,; Ricinus communis, Linn.; Boerhavia vertuillata,
Potr.; Plantago albicans, Linn.,; Euphorbia peploides, Gou., Emex spinosus,
Camp. ; Salsola inermts, Forsk.; Cyperus schenowdes, Griseb.; C. rotundus,
Linn.; Fimbristylis dichotoma, Rott., and Pennisetum cenchroides, Rich.
Some of these, as the castor-oil, the little anomalous desert Neurada, and
the tropical Boerhavia, point to the great heat of Gaza.

The trees about Gaza are chiefly date-palms, olives, sycamore fig,
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 65

caroub (Ceratonia) or locust-tree, and fig; a very handsome tamarisk
(TZ. articulata, Vahl.) reached a height of 30 or 4o feet, with bright
green foliage, very refreshing and home-like after the dull gray or
lifeless green of the desert. The olives are of enormous age. They
usually have unbranched trunks, 2 or 3 feet in height, then perhaps
divided, and at 7 or 8 feet the leafy canopy, browzed below to a level
height by cattle, begins. The average height of the tree is 20 to 25
or 30 feet. Old trees have often mere shells of their trunks remaining.
I measured the two largest I saw, a few miles north of Gaza ; their girth
was 18 and 20 feet respectively at 2 feet from the ground, a size which
was maintained, or very nearly so, till the trunk forked.

At Ascalon, which Laurence and I visited at a gallop just before dark,
I gathered Calycotome villosa, Linu., in the sands, a pretty yellow shrubby
pea-flower. Ascalon is a wilderness of shifting sands. The small space
of remaining earth is inhabited by a few Arabs, from whom I got my first
Jewish coins. Several pillars of marble and black granite lie about the
ruins of the crusading fort, but none are in position.

Frequently dogs with unmistakable traces of jackal parentage were
seen along here. I was assured it is by no means uncommon for
these animals to interbreed along this part of the Mediterranean
seaboard.

The chief crop showing was of lentils. I saw bean-stalks a foot and a
half high in the first week of January.

A few of the commonest British plants, as Capsella bursa-pastoris,
Silene inflata, Convolvulus arvensis, and Rumex obtusifolius, occur along
here.

A handsome tree introduced from the East is very common. It is the
Melia azederach, or Pride of India. It is deciduous, and was only bearing
fruit, as I saw it, along the enclosures or by the villages. Lyczum
europeum, Linn.;, Rubia Oliviert, A. Rich.; Ephedra alata, Dene.;
Asparagus aphyllus, Linn., and A. acutzfolius, Linu., are the larger plants,
which help to stop up the gaps in the prickly pear fences.

At Yebnah, and thence to Jaffa, Marcessus Tazette, Linn., was in flower.
Some damp low-lying patches were white with it. Other species were
Ruta graveolens, Linn., Erodium sp. (?) (2. bryontefolium, ?); Retama
vetam, Forsk. (in flower); Lithospermum callosum, Linn.,; LEchiochilon

9
66 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

Sruticosum, Desf. ,; Thymus capitatus, Linn.; Lavandula stechas, Linn.,
and Rhamnus punctata, Boiss. The Retem broom was in flower, very
pretty, white variegated with purple. I found it once previously in blow
in the desert.* Lawsonta alba, Linn. (henna) was seen several times,
but usually here (as at ‘Akabah) either in or on the verge of enclosures.
No doubt it remains from ancient gardens at Engedi, where it was, I
believe, abundant. It is native much farther east.

In the gardens next the hotel at Jaffa were some very interesting
plants. I did not learn their history, or who made the collection.
Some of the Sinaitic and Dead Sea plants were there—the handsome
trailing pea, Dolichos lablab, which I found in the Ghér, a widely culti-
vated plant in hot countries, but perhaps originally introduced from
India. The Sinaitic Gomphocarpos, a milky asclepiad with pods full of
silk, one of the most remarkable species in the peninsula, was here also ;
it differed, however, from the Sinaitic plant in being shrubby and about
6 feet high, while the desert plant averaged from a foot to a foot and a
half.

Ricinus communis (the castor-oil) ; Echaverias, Lavandula stoechas (the
handsome purple woolly lavender just mentioned), and quite a collection
of Acacias and Mimosas, with oranges, bananas, indiarubber trees, fan-
palms, Eucalyptus, Mesembryanthemums, and many others made up a
tropical garden which will well repay the traveller's visit. I was
peculiarly interested to see my Boucerosia from Mount Hor here, a cactus-
like plant, which seems to be a new species. Can it be, like the
Dolichos, an ancient weed of cultivation? When we let the mind go.
back to times of ancient civilization, to the traffic and merchandise of
pilgrims, monks, and Bedawin, of Israelites and Phcenicians, Pharaohs
and Ptolemys, Greeks and Romans, Turks and Crusaders, caravans and
ships laden with food, with gums, spices, fruits, and wares during the
whole history of mankind, we must reflect that many plants we now
view as inhabitants, especially those of any economic use, may have
hailed originally from remote sources. Speculations of this kind, at

* This is the Hebrew ‘rothem’ or ‘rotem,’ translated juniper in the Old Testament.
The same name (Retama) is applied to a species of a closely-allied genus, the Spartocytisus
nubigenus, of the middle zone of vegetation of the Peak of Teneriffe, as I learn from Mr.
Moseley’s ‘ Notes by a Naturalist on the ‘‘ Challenger,” ’ p. 5.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH, 67

once so uncertain and so unpalatable, had better perhaps not be indulged
in. They can only lead to doubt and discussion. Granted that the
‘osher’ is known by the Bedawin ‘ Doctrine of Signatures’ as a plant of
domestic value, may we not theorize as to whether wandering tribes
have not carried it from Midian or Nubia to Sinai? from Sinai to its far
northern home in the Ghér ? and so with many others.*

The gardens at Jaffa were fully supplied with its own brand of most
excellent oranges.

 

CHAPTER XIU.

JERUSALEM.

Between Ramleh (a few miles from Jaffa) and Jerusalem, during an
ascent of over 2,000 feet, many fresh species occurred. The chief change
in plant life lay in the great increase of low shrubby vegetation on the
limestone hills and terraces. I had little time to botanize, but with
hard galloping to make up for delays, I secured several sorts in condition
to be studied. An oak, Quercus coccifera, Linn., and the handsome large-
leafed arbutus in full flower, Avdutus andrachne, Liun., are two conspicuous
trees or bushes characteristic of the rocky regions above the plain of
Ramleh. A large daisy, Bellis sylvestris, Cyr., similar except in size to
our own Bellis perennis, was in flower. The handsome locust-tree,
usually here of only the stature of a bush from being cut for firing like the
others, is very frequent. Its rich dark green pinnate foliage is well
known to travellers in Southern Europe, where its pods are much used to
feed cattle. This is supposed to be the ‘locust’ of St. John. At Kirjath-
jearim a solitary date-palm occurs, and I was informed at Jerusalem that
near this a clump of native pines, Pzzus halepensts, Linn., exists. Maiden-
hair, ceterach, and the sweet Cheilanthes, were the ferns gathered,
chiefly amongst the limestone clefts above Babel Wad. A handsome sage,
Salvia triloba, I., was in flower, and several other labiates, as Phlomis, sp.(?);

4 Professor Drummond, speaking of the slave-hunting Arabs in ‘ Tropical Africa’ (p. 71,
éd. 1888), says: ‘ They plant the seeds of their favourite vegetables and fruits . . . the Arab
always carries seed with him... as if they meant to stay for ever.’

9—2
68 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

Micromeria barbata, B. et K.; M. myrtifolia, Boiss.; M. nervosa, Desf,
and Teucrium polium, Linn., were collected. A bryony, 2. syriaca, Botss.,
and a beautiful clematis with whitish green flowers, C. cirrhosa, Linn.,
trailed along the roadside walls near the villages. The leafless Ephedra
and Asparagus still help to increase the variety. The spiny-branched
Calycotome villosa, Linn., and Anagyris fetida, Linn., yellow pea-flowered
shrubs, are not uncommon. Other less important plants are: Leseda
alba, Linn.; Malcolmia crenulata, Botss.; Thlaspi perfoliatus, Linn.;
Lrodium moschatum, W.; Thelygonum cynocrambe, Linn.; Ononts natrix,
Linn.,; Inula viscosa, Botss.; Sherardia arvensts, Linn.,; Alkanna tinctoria,
Tausch., and Onosma syriaca, Lab. Most of these are common about
Jerusalem and Bethlehem.

The birds noted were almost entirely British species. Of these the
wheatear had not been seen before. Saxzcola lugens, Licht., and I think
S. Finschit, Heugl., were eastern chats not seen since leaving the Ghér,
but here not unfrequent.

While at Jerusalem we came in for an unusually heavy fall of snow,
lasting from 20th to 25th of January. There was therefore little to be
done in botany around the Holy City. Fortunately we had accomplished
our pilgrimage to Jericho before the snow set in, which gave me an
opportunity of comparing the northern with the southern Ghor, or hollow
of the Dead Sea.

About Jerusalem, but especially along the tiny aqueduct between the
Pools of Solomon and Bethlehem, some plants were in flower. Evrodium
malacoides, Linn.; E. gruinum, Linn.; Prstacra palestina, Botss.,; Sedum
sp. (S. altissimum, Potr.?); Tordylium brachycarpa, Boiss., Torilis
trichosperma, Spr.; T. leptophylla, Rich.; Pimpinella cretica, Potr.;
Galium judaicum, Boiss.; Pisum fuloum, S. et L.; Lathyrus blepharicarpus,
Botss.; Carduus argentatus, Linn.; Urospermum picroides, Desf.; Crepis
senectoides, Del.,; Anchusa Mullert, Willd; Onosma syriaca, Labd.;
Flyoscyamus aureus, Linn.,; Cyclamen latifolium, Sibth.; Plantago lagopus,
Linn.; Viscum cructatum, Linn.; Euphorbra aulacosperma, Boiss.; Gagea
reticulata, R.et C.; Agrostis verticillata, Willd., and Avena sterilis, Linn.;
as well as some common British plants, as Masturtium officinale, R. Br.;
Cerastium glomeratum, Thurll.; Geranium molle, Linn.; Torilis nodosa,
Gert.; Rubus discolor, W. et N.; Veronica anagallis, Linn., and V
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 69

Beccabunga, Linn., will serve to give botanists an idea of the species
occurring at this season.

Jerusalem, 2,400 feet above sea-level, falls within Boissier’s ‘ Plateaux ’
subdivision of the Oriental region. His ‘ Flora Orientalis ’ deals with the
countries from Greece to India in a width of about twenty degrees of
latitude north of the tropics; and he divides these into (1) Mediterranean,
(2) Middle Europe, (3) Oriental, and (4) Region du Dattier [or Desert].
The Oriental is subdivided into Plateaux, Aralo-Caspian, and Mesopota-
mian. In the first of these subdivisions of the Oriental region, Jerusalem
and Damascus and the districts around and above each of these cities are
placed.

The climate of Jerusalem is milder and more Mediterranean than
most parts of this sub-region. The date-palm, though not native nor
able to ripen its fruit, can exist, and grows to goodly dimensions, as
evidenced by one well-known tree. Others occur a little lower towards
Ramleh. Here and at Damascus, as I subsequently saw, the prickly pear
is naturalized. A ‘pipi’ tree, Cesalpinia Gilhesit, a highland species
from Buenos Ayres, was amongst the few cultivated species noticed ina
recognisable condition. It was in flower beneath the windows of the
Mediterranean Hotel.

From an intelligent resident at Jerusalem I obtained some informa-
tion of the vegetable products of its neighbourhood which may, I think,
be deemed reliable, and gives an idea of the climate.

‘Frost, though occurring annually for some nights, usually at the end
of January, rarely lasts throughout the day, and hardly penetrates the
soil [where there is any].

‘The sycamore fig, orange, mardarin orange, and lemon, which ripen
their fruit so well at Jaffa, will not-do so at Jerusalem.

‘ Apricots, tomatoes, grapes, figs (?), thrive better at Jerusalem than
Jaffa. Pomegranates and nectarines do fairly well at Jerusalem.

‘Bread melons [Artocarpus integrifolia, ?] and water melons, which
attain a weight of 20 to 30 pounds at Jaffa, will not ripen at Jerusalem.

‘A small plum, like a greengage, succeeds better at the elevated
station ; but strawberries, apples, and pears have all been unsuccessfully
tried.

‘Olives bear well about Jerusalem, especially after a winter of snow
70 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

and cold; each tree generally gives a good crop every second year. Hail
sometimes damages the fruit much.

‘Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is grown on the plains; its oil is used
for cooking purposes [and I suppose for adulterating the olive oil]. The
pulp is given to animals. It isa summer crop, like the dhourra [Sorghum],
after wheat and barley.’

Cupressus sempervirens, Linn., var. pyramidalis, the funereal cypress,
attains a great size in the esplanade between the mosques of Omar and
E] Aksa, but far finer trees were seen later at Smyrna. The ‘ Prince of
Wales tree,’ Pinus halepensis, Mill., pointed out by this name as the tree
the Prince camped under, is the finest tree near Jerusalem. It is about
50 feet high, and well furnished. Smaller ones occur at the Armenian
convent.

An interesting plant of Jerusalem is the red-berried mistletoe, Vzscum
cructatum, Linn., parasitic on olive-trees, and known elsewhere only in
southern Spain Mr. Armstrong, who was always willing (when his duties
permitted) to give me a helping hand, brought me specimens from the
Valley of Jehoshaphat.

During the snow at Jerusalem a gazelle was shot within a mile or two
of the city. This was, I believe, a very unusual occurrence. I saw the
animal immediately after its death.

CHAPTER XIII.
JERICHO AND NORTHERN GHOR.

On January 14 we went down to the Jordan Valley. Immediately
after leaving Mount Olivet I found abundance of Axdrocymbium
palestinum, Baker. (Erythrostictus, Boiss.), first seen in the ’Arabah
above the Ghér. It is a stemless white-flowered plant, small but leafy,
and with rather large flowers of no particular beauty. It belongs to the
Colchicacez. I mention it specially because Mons. Barbey states
that Roth found this plant close to Jerusalem, but that after careful
search he (Barbey) was unable to rediscover it. I am thus able to con-
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 71

firm Roth’s record. Mons. Barbey’s visit (April 3) was perhaps too late
for the species.

On descending even a slight distance to the east the climate at once
improves. Bethlehem and the neighbourhood of Solomon’s Pools are
distinctly milder than Jerusalem. We gradually travel from mid-winter
into spring. Several plants met with before as we climbed out of the Ghér
by Wady Zuweirah, are again in flower as we descend. Fumaria, Carrich-
tera, Biscutella, Malcolmia, Erucaria, may be quoted. Fresh forms occur, as
flypecoum procumbens, Linn.; Capsella procumbens, Linn.; Nesha panicu-
lata, Linn.; Hippocrepis unrsitiguosa, Linn.; Hymenocarpus circinnatus,
Linn., Astragalus callichrous, Bowss.; A. sanctus, Botss., var.; Trigonella
arabica, Del., Matricaria aurea, Botss.; Chrysanthemum coronarium,
Linn.,; Verontca syriaca, R. et S.; Arnebia cornuta, F. e N.; Asperugo
procumbens, Linn.,; Emex spinosus, Camp.; Muscari racemosum, Mull. ;
Lamarckia aurea, Mench., and others. These are mostly small bright-
coloured spring flowers. At about sea-level some desert species begin to
occur, as Zygophyllum album, Linn. (in flower); Prosopis Stephaniana,
Willd., Reseda pruinosa, Del.; Retama retam, Forsk.; Ochradenus
baccatus, Del., Tamarix gallica, Linn. var., and a few more of the
southern Ghér plants.

We are again amongst the marls, and before long those of the 600 feet
level, so conspicuous round the Dead Sea, can, as Professor Hull con-
cludes, be traced, but evidently far more completely denudated in this
moister and more fluviatile district. Lower marl-terraces occur, but
various searches failed to bring any more sub-fossil shells to light.
Canon Tristram has gathered at 250 feet in the marls near here shells
identical with those obtained by us at Ayin Buweirdeh.

The flora of this part of the Jordan Valley is to a certain extent a
repetition of that of the southern Ghér, but many of the interesting
species are missing, and others of more familiar types take their place.
Widespread European species are much more numerous. Common
British species of Draba, Capsella, Thlaspi, Nasturtium, Rubus, Heloscia-
dium, Malva, Galium, Veronica, Mentha, Solanum, Lythrum, Cichorium,
Verbena, Euphorbia being all met with, in about the total of five species
in the northern Ghér to one in the southern. Nor did the season at
Jericho appear to be more advanced than that at Es Safieh.
72, SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

Jericho and its neighbourhood have been amply described by many
able writers, and its botany has been well illustrated by Mons. Barbey
in his work already referred to. This latter visitor has not, however,
corrected one statement repeatedly made by various travellers, that of
the ancient palm grove, extending for several miles around Jericho, there
is no existing representative. There is one date-palm, 20 feet high, at
Gilgal.

Of the characteristic species of the southern Ghér growing here, I may
mention Zzzyphus spina-christi, Linn. ; Balanites egyptiaca, Del.; Loranthus
acacia, Zucc.; Calotropis procera, Willd., and Populus euphratica, Oliv., the
latter being abundant along the Jordan. This poplar is remarkable for
the extraordinary variety of shapes in its leaves, especially in young trees
and saplings. In full-grown trees, like the one described at the Ghér es
Safieh, they become more uniform ; ovate and slightly incised sometimes
at the base, or faintly lobed in a wavy fashion. No trees were seen near
Jericho in a mature condition. Tamarisk and the ‘zukkum,’ or false
balm of Gilead (Balanites), are very abundant here. An acacia near
Ain es Sultan was, I believe, 4. albzda, De/., gathered previously at Gaza.
It was a stunted bush, and our old friends the acacias of Sinai and Es
Safieh have all disappeared except the Prosopis Stephania, a small ragged
little shrub. This little ill-favoured acacia, which thrives best on saline
wet places, bears a very peculiar pod, swollen, solid, and irregular, and so
like a gall or deformity of some kind that it was not until opening it and
obtaining its seeds | could believe it to be a natural growth.

Bananas, oranges, and a few sugar-canes are cultivated in the Arab
gardens at Gilgal, the modern Jericho.

The ornithology of the Jericho district runs in parallel lines with the
botany. The European sorts are much commoner than in the Ghér es
Safieh, and the tropical and Asiatic forms generally less so. Only one
couple of sunbirds, and but a few of the ‘hopping-thrushes’ (Argya
squamiceps) were seen. Shrikes were few. The palm-dove and the
collared turtle were not scarce, but they were not as one to twenty
here compared with those of the more southern oasis. A few bulbuls
(Pycnonotus xanthopygus, FH. et Ehr.), pied chats, Saxicola lugens, Licht.,
and the desert blackstarts, Cercomela melanura, Temn., occurred.

On the other hand, English robins, jays, chaffinches and wheatears
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 73

were seen here, though not at the Ghér es Safieh. Blackbirds, wagtails,
and stonechats were commoner, and an unexpected northern visitant, a
redwing, Turdus tliacus, Linn., was shot at ’Aines Sultan. This bird has
not previously been obtained in Palestine, but it is likely that the wave
of unusually severe weather, about to be felt by us at Jerusalem, drove
many of its companions into the country.

The river Jordan was considerably swollen, and so muddy that a
plunge in its waters did not look inviting. However, Laurence and I
swam it and set foot on the other side of Jordan. It was about thirty
yards across, with a strong current, about enough to give equal drift and
headway toa swimmer. The water was too turbid for me to learn much
about its inhabitants. However I picked up two molluscs, a bivalve and
a univalve (Corbzcula Saulcyz, Bourg., and Melanopsis costata, Oliw.) on
the muddy edge of the stream.

We returned to Jerusalem by Marsaba, where we camped on the
night of the 16th—unhappily our last experience of ‘tenting,’ the most
enjoyable kind of Eastern life. Our intended expedition by Tiberias and
Merom through northern Palestine ending in Beirit was put a stop to
by heavy snow. Before dismissing Jericho I have to mention the species
gathered which were not previously met with: Ranunculus aszaticus, Linn.;
Matthiola oxyceras, D.C.; Saponaria vaccaria, Linn.; Silene palestina,
Botwss., Avenaria picta, Sibth., Rhus oxyacanthoides, Dum.; Ammt mazus,
Linn.; Aizoon hispanicum, Linn.; Ononts antiquorum, Linn.; Evax con-
tracta, Botss.; Amberboa Lippi, D.C.; Hedypnots cretica, Boztss.;
Hlagioseris, sp. (?) (Hl. galitea, Bowss. (?); Picris, sp.; Orobanche
egyptiaca, Pers.; Linaria albtfrons, Sibth.; L. micrantha, Cav.; Cuscuta,
sp. (?) (C. palestina, Botss. ?); Convolvulus siculus, Linn.; Vitex agnus-
castus, Linn.; Phalaris minor, Retz., Schismus marginatus, P. de B.;
Bromus madritensts, Linn.; Keleria phleordes, Pers. Of these the
Orobanche was a lovely bright blue species, and the Rhus a pretty red-
berried thorn very like the hawthorn, but with flattened berries and minute
flowers. This thorn has been found as far south as latitude 26° in Midian,
at about 4,000 feet above sea-level, by Captain Burton. The Ononis was
an erect shrub, about 5 or 6 feet high, with a few slender long spiny
branches and: some scattered flowers like those of our own restharrow.
The Ranunculus is so like Anemone coronaria (which occurred) that it

10
74 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

was not at first distinguished from it. -Both are of a gorgeous scarlet.
The Vitex was one of the very few northern representatives of the
tropical Verbenacee. It is a straggling shrub, with dull blue flowers
of no beauty, and, like many other Jericho plants, found all round the
Mediterranean.

Young fragments, chiefly of Crucifere, Leguminose, and Umbellifere,
were often picked, but for these orders the season was too little
advanced.

Grasses and bulbous plants were also often too young for determination.

On the way to Marsaba, a rough ride across many deep ravines, an
interesting effect of aspect was noticeable. A slight greenish hue showed
plainly on the hillsides with a northern aspect, while the others were as
yet completely barren. In those places where the heavy dews of night
are less rapidly dried up by the noonday sun, vegetation is no doubt
always more abundant, the effect of shade also being to assist the early
growth. An analogous effect was still more sharply defined in a different
way on steep slopes looking southwards. These presented the usual
monotonous barren chalky white appearance on riding upwards, where
the eye only caught the outstanding bosses and prominences of rock and
soil in the wady bed. It was difficult to recall this on looking back from
above in a commanding position. The numerous little depressions and
shaded hollows, with the first symptoms of incipient vegetation, gave a
faint green tint to the whole. The one rested the sight, the other was a
painful glare. It was about the difference between tinted and plain glass
spectacles.

At Marsaba there is a date-palm tied up and supported in the court-
yard of the convent, which the monks relate was planted by St. Saba
(a.D. 490). Without vouching for the truth of this statement, I was
interested to learn that it always bears a stoneless fruit. Of the truth of
the latter information I believe there is no doubt. This convent is
interesting to ornithologists as the place of the discovery of Tristram’s
Grakle, whose acquaintance I had first made at Mount Hor. There were
several about the convent during our visit.

On the 17th we reached Jerusalem. A week later we left for Beirtt,
where our party divided itself, Professor Hull and his son returning
homewards. Laurence and J, however, faced the snow and succeeded in
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 175

crossing Lebanon and Hermon by the admirable French road to
Damascus, visiting Baalbeck on the way. As I am not writing a volume
of travels I will bring this part of my subject toaclose. The snow lay
many feet deep on these mountains reaching to Damascus and Baalbeck,
so that I was unable to make any collections or observations of con-
sequence on the natural history of this country, which is, moreover, fairly
well made known by the researches of several eminent naturalists.

IO- 2
LIST OF SPECIES.
Missing Page
LIST OF SPECIES.

Nore.—An asterisk (*) is placed in front of the species which do not appear to have
been previously found in Palestine, about seventy in number, omitting mosses.

RANUNCULACE.

Clematis cirrhosa, Linn. Jericho, Ramleh, and Jerusalem. Also at
Smyrna.

Anemone coronaria, Linn. Tell Abu Hareireh and Gaza. In flower
last day of December.

‘Ranunculus asiaticus, Linn. Jericho. Flowering in middle of
January.

MENISPERMACEA.

Cocculus leeba, D.C., var. ‘approaches C. villosus, but petals entire,
fl. g’ (Oliver). Trailing over acacia trees (A. tortilis) in the Ghér el
Feifeh and es Safieh, but not common.

*C. leeba, D.C., var. fl. g. On ‘ Nubk’ (Zizyphus), on the east side
of the ’Arabah, near E] Taba. This plant, with a woody stem a quarter
of an inch in diameter, or more, and veined ovate-orbicular leaves, had a
very distinct appearance from the foregoing wiry climber, whose leaves
were smaller and narrower. I think it may be found that there are two
species occurring. Cocculus leceba ranges from tropical Arabia, Nubia,
and Abyssinia, to Egypt and to Sinai. An addition to the flora of Pales-
tine. The species appears in the ‘ Flora Orientalis,’ amongst the addenda
to the fourth volume.
80 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

BERBERIDE/.

Leontice leontopetalum, Linn. Leaves appearing between Medjel and
Jaffa in the beginning of January.

PAPAVERACE.

Glaucium arabicum, Fres. Sinai, from Wady Lebweh to WaAdy
Zelegah. Confined, so far as is known, to Sinai. Leaves only showing
in November.

fLypecoum procumbens, Linn. Khan el Ahmar, between Jericho and

Jerusalem.
FUMARIACE:.

Fumaria parviflora, Lam. Ramleh to Jerusalem; Jericho.
f. micrantha, Lag. Wady Zuweirah to Bir es Seba.
fF. capreolata, Linn. Gaza.

CRUCIFER.

Morettia canescens, Boiss. Jebel Abu Kosheibeh, near Mount Hor;
WaAdies Lebweh, Barak and es Sheikh; El Tabainthe ’Arabah. Recorded
from Arabia Petrzea (Boiss.), and east of Gilead (Tristram).

Matthiola incana, Linn. Coast at Jaffa. A garden escape (?).

*“M. humilis, D.C. Tell Abu Hareireh to Gaza. A rare species ;
known only from Egypt, about Alexandria and Rosetta. My specimens
were determined by Mons. Boissier. An addition to the flora of Pales-
tine.

M. oxyceras, D.C. Jericho.

Evemobtum lineare, Del. Wady ’Arabah and Wady Ghuweir ; Wady
Zuweirah.

Farsetia egyptiaca, Turr. Frequent in Sinai, and along the ’Arabah
to the Dead Sea.

Nasturtium officinale, R. Br. Bethlehem and Jericho.

*Szsymbrium erystmoides, Desf. Ghér es Safieh and Jericho. Has
been found in Sinai. A desert species, with a wide range east and west.
An addition to the flora of Palestine.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 8

Sisymbrium trio, Linn. In the same localities as the last.
Malcolmia pulthella, Boiss. From Tell Abu Hareireh westwards.

M. crenulata, Boiss. Bethlehem and Jericho; between Ramleh and
Jerusalem. These two pretty little annuals appear to be confined to
Syria and Palestine.

Alyssum campestre, Linn. Jericho.

A. (Koniga) libyca, Viv. Ghor es Safieh; Bir es Seba to Gaza;
Ramleh to Jerusalem.

Lrophila vulgaris, D.C. (Draba verna). Jerusalem to Jericho.

Notoceras canariense, R. Br. Ghor es Safieh; WaAdy Zuweirah ;
Jericho.

Anastatica hierochuntina, Linn.  Plentiful about ’Akabah, and above
it westwards by the Haj road, and south-west to Jebel Herteh ; Ghér es
Safieh.

Biscutella columne, Ten. Jericho; Wady Zuweirah to Bir es Seba.

Thlaspi perfoliatum, Linn. Jericho; Bethlehem; Ramleh to Jeru-
salem.

Lsatis (? sp.), L. aleppica, Scop. ? Bethlehem.

Capsella bursa-pastoris, Linn. Bir es Seba, Jericho, ete.

C. procumbens, Linn. Jericho.

Erucaria aleppica, Geert. Ghér es Safieh and north-east end of the
Wady ’Arabah.

LE. microcarpa, Boiss. Jericho; Ghér es Safieh; plain of S. Judza,
frequent.

Nesha paniculata, Linn. Jericho.

Moricandia sinaica, Boiss. WaAdy el Ain in Sinai.

M. dumosa, Boiss. Wady Zelegah to Wady el’Ain; Petra, Mount
Hor, Wady Ghurundel, and elsewhere east of the ’Arabah. Only known
previously from the Tih.

{ Diplotaxis harra, Forsk. Ghér es Safieh.

D. pendula, D.C. Petra and Ghér es Safieh. A very variable
species. This and the previous species have been thus distinguished
II
82. SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

among my specimens by M. Boissier. The names are, I believe,
synonymous ; but the Petra plants had the fruits much more decidedly
pendulous.

Brassica nigra, Linn, Gaza.

B.? sp., B. deflexa, Boiss. ? Bethlehem. Specimens insufficient.

B. Tournefortii, Gou. Gaza. [Several indeterminable Crucifers,
chiefly Brassicze, were brought home. |

Sinapis alba, Linn. Jericho.

S. arvensis, Linn. Tell Abu Hareireh to Gaza.

Carrichtera velle, D.C. Wady Zuweirah to Bir es Seba; Jericho.
This species has the peculiar habit of keeping its cotyledon attached even
while in flower.

*Enarthrocarpus lyratus, D.C. Bir es Seba to Gaza, in several places ;
at Jericho. Known from Greece, Lower and Middle Egypt. An addition
to the flora of Palestine.

E. ? sp. (probably Z. strangulatus, Boiss.), but specimens imperfect.
Wady Zuweirah to Bir es Seba.

Zilla myagroides, Forsk. Frequent in Sinaitic peninsula. In flower
the last week of December at the Ghér es Safieh.

CAPPARIDE.

Cleome arabica, Linn. Debbet er Ramleh, Wady Hamr, and Wady
Nasb, on the west side of Sinai, and at WAdy Zelegah, between Mount
Sinai and ’Akabah.

C. trinervia, Fres. WaAadies Berrah and Lebweh.

C. droserifolia, Del. Wady el’Ain; ’Akabah, ? Ghoér es Safieh. In
flower and fruit in November, as was C. arabica. C. trinervia was barely
showing its leaves. ‘Probably the same as C. quinquenervia, D.C.’
-Lowne..

Capparis spinosa, Linn., var. y egyptiaca, Boiss. Wadies Zelegah
and el Ain, etc. Much more glaucous and smaller (usually trailing) than
the following. In Wady el ’Ain, where the two occur together, they look
widely different. The type occurs about Jerusalem.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 83.

Capparts galeata, Fres. Cliffs above Wady Sarawat, and with the
last. This species is sometimes an erect bush. At the base of Jebel
’Araddah I measured one eight feet high.

RESEDACE,

Ochradenus baccatus, Del. Frequent in Sinai from Wady Ghurundel
(‘ Elim’) to the Dead Sea.

keseda pruinosa, Del.,=R. amblyocarpa, Fres.? Wady el ’Ain to
"Akabah, and thence along the ’Arabah to the Dead Sea.
&. alba, Linn. Jericho; Ramleh to Jerusalem.

RR. stenostachya, Boiss. ? Wady el ’Ain. Too young to be certain
about. :

Caylusea canescens, St. Hil. Frequent in Sinai, and thence to the
Dead Sea, along the ’Arabah. From the Ghér across to Bir es Seba in
two or three places. An addition to the flora of Palestine.

CISTINEA.

Cistus villosus, Linn. Medjel to Jaffa.

flelianthemum Lippit, Pers. Frequent in the upper parts of Sinai,
and along the edge of the Tih to ’Akabah; Mount Hor; Gaza. A
variety, with larger pedunculate flowers, occurs at Jebel Abu Kosheibeh.
A late summer flowerer, almost all dead in December.

FI, kahiricum, Del. Wady Zuweirah to Bir es Seba. A very early
flowerer, just appearing at the end of December.

SILENE.

Dianthus multipunctatus, Ser. Wady Ghurundel (Edom) and Mount
Hor; plain of Judea from Wady Zuweirah to Gaza. Not found so far
south previously.

D. sinaicus, Boiss. Mountains about Wady es Sheikh. Confined to
Sinai.

Saponaria vaccarta, Linn. Jericho.

II—2
84 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

Gypsophila rokejeka, Del. With Dianthus sinaicus at Zibb el Baheir
in Wady Lebweh; WAdy Berrah; Jebel Abu Kosheibeh; "Ayan Buweirdeh
in the ’Arabah.

G. (Saponaria) hirsuta, Lab., 8 alpina (Boiss.). Summit of Jebel
Katharina at 8,500 feet. One of the very few species of the higher
Mediterranean alps found in Sinai. This particular form is confined to
Lebanon, Hermon, Makmel, and the present station.

Silene dichotoma, Ehrh. Wady Zuweirah to Bir es Seba.
S. atocion, Murr. S. @gyptdaca, Linn. Ramleh to Jerusalem ;
Jericho.

*S. Hussont, Boiss. Between Bir es Seba and Tell Abu Hareireh.
Coming into flower at the end of December. Mons. Boissier, who named
this species for me, records it from a single locality, ‘Ouadi Sannour
deserti AX gyptiaco-Arabici.’ An addition to the flora of Palestine.

S. inflata, Sm. Gaza.
S. palestina, Boiss. Jericho.
*S. colorata, Poir. Jericho. Not included in the ‘ Flora Orientalis,’

but found in Crete, according to Nyman. An addition to the flora of
Palestine.

S. succulenta, Forsk. Sands at Gaza.

Buffonia multiceps, Decne, Near the summits of Jebel Katharina and
Jebel Masa; Zibb el Baheir at the head of Wady Lebweh. Confined to
Sinai.

Arenaria (Alsine) picta, Sibth. Jericho.

A. graveolens, Schreb. Summits of Jebel Masa and Jebel Katharina ;
top of Zibb el Baheir, in Wady Lebweh.

Stellaria media, Linn. Gaza.
Cerastium glomeratum, Thuill. Bethlehem.

Spergula pentandra, Linn. Jericho and Ghér es Safieh. Noticed
previously at Gaza.

Spergularia marginata (Koch.). Saline swamps at Tell el Milh
(Moladah).
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 85

PARONYCHIACE.

Polycarpea fragilis, Del. Frequent in the lower parts of Sinai, and
along the ’Arabah Valley to the Ghér es Safieh.

P. (Robbairea) prostrata, Dene. Same range as last, but less common.
At Jebel Usdum. Plentiful at Debbet er Ramleh, in Sinai.

*Polycarpon succulentum, Del. At Jericho, and between Tell Abu
Hareireh and Gaza. An addition to the Palestine flora.

Herniaria hemistemon, J. Gay. (?). Jericho. Too young to be
certain about.

*Paronychia nivea, D.C., = P. capitata, Lam., not Koch. About
Bir es Seba. Not included in the ‘Flora Orientalis,’ but found as far
east as Greece, according to Nyman. An addition to the flora of
Palestine.

P. argentea, Lam. Mount Hor. A variety of this species occurred
at a considerable elevation. Gaza; Jericho.

*P. desertorum, Boiss, ’Aytin Misa, near Suez; Wady Ghuweir, on the
east or Edomitic side of the ’Arabah. Perhaps only a form of P. arabica,
Linn. An addition to the flora of Palestine.

Gymnocarpum fruticosum, Linn. Common in Sinai and along the
’Arabah, especially in the Edomitic valleys.

*Sclerocephalus arabicus, Boiss. Ghér es Safieh. A desert species

found in Sinai. An addition to the flora of Palestine.

Pteranthus echinatus, Desf. Jericho.

CERATOPHYLLE.

Ceratophyllum demersum, Linn. Drifting in the Gulf of Suez at’Aydn

Misa.
MOLLUGINE~A.

Glinus lototdes, Linn. WaAadies Nasb and Sarawat. Not noticed

hitherto in Sinai.
TAMARISCINEA.

Tamarix gallica, Linn., var. uzlotica, Ehr., et 7: xtlotica, Ehrh.
Frequent in Sinai to the Dead Sea, and in the Jordan Valley. Var.
86 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

mannifera, Ehr., occurs also, as on the summit of Jebel Usdum and

Wady Zelegah.

*Tamarix articulata, Vahl. Between Ramleh and Jerusalem ; ? intro-
duced. A handsome tree about Gaza, thirty-five feet high, belongs, I
believe, to this species. An addition to the flora of Palestine.

Reaumuria palestina, Boiss. Common in Sinai. This form has
been recorded only from the Dead Sea, but probably, as suggested by
Lowne, it is identical with R. Azrtella, Jaub., R. vermiculata, Linn., the

name by which the Sinai plant has been collected. Flowers were obtained
in November.

HYPERICINE,

flypericum tetrapterum, Fr. forma. Between Gaza and Tell Abu
Hareireh. A small prostrate form, but not in flower.

MALVACE.

Malva rotundifolia, Linn. WaAadies Nasb and Sarawat; Jebel Masa ;

Petra ; very abundant about Tell el Milh and Bir es Seba. Eaten by the
Bedawin.

M., sylvestris, Linn. Jericho.
Abutilon muticum, Del. Ghér el Feifeh and Ghér es Safieh.

A. fruticosum, G. et P. (Szda denticulata, Fres.). WaAdy el ’Ain in
Sinai, and Wady Ghurundel in Edom.

TILIACE.

Corchorus trilocularis, Linn. Ghér es Safieh and Feifeh, frequent.

GERANIACE.

Geranium tuberosum, Linn. I gathered the tuberous roots of, I
believe, this species, like small flattened potatoes, on the summit of
Mount Hor.

G. molle, Linn. Bethlehem.

Erodium cicutarium, Linn. From the Ghér across Judea to Gaza,
and at Jericho.

E. moschatum, Linn. Jericho; Ramleh to Jerusalem.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 87

Evrodium gruinum, Boiss. Bethlehem.
£. laciniatum, Cav. Jericho.
£.. malacotdes, Linn. Jericho and Bethlehem.

E. hirvtum, Forsk. Frequent in Sinai; in the ’Arabah to the Ghér,
and in the Edomitic valleys; Tell Abu Hareireh to Gaza.

LE. glaucophyllum, Ait. Wadies Sudur and Ghurundel (Elim), on the
north-west side of Sinai.

E. (?) sp. bryoniefolium, Boiss.? Medjel to Jaffa.

Monsonia nivea, Decne. Debbet er Ramleh ; WAadies Lebweh and
Berak ; ’Aytin Buweirdeh and near the Ghér in the ’Arabah.

ZYGOPHYLLE.

Tribulus terrestris, Linn. Wadies Lebweh and Berak ; W. Ghuweir
in Edom; Ghér.

7. alatus, D.C. WaAdy el ’Attiyeh and Jebel Herteh.

Fagonia glutinosa, Del. Debbet er Ramleh; WaAdies Ghurundel
(Elim) and Sudur.

f. myriacantha, Boiss. Wadies Lebweh, es Sheikh, Harfin, and
’Arabah.

F. kahirica, Boiss. Ghér es Safieh.

fF. grandiflora, Boiss. Wady ’Arabah, near the Ghor.

F. arabica, Linn. Debbet er Ramleh to ’Akabah, common in Sinai.

F. cretica, Linn. var. Ghér es Safieh and Wady Ghuweir.

F. cretiea, Linn., ‘var. ramulis subteritis incano-puberalis,’ Oliver.
Wady el Ain and Jebel Usdum. As deserving of special distinction as
several of the above. Fresh varieties turn up in every wady, and it is
hopeless to endeavour to separate the numerous described varieties. It
would perhaps be preferable to follow Anderson in re-uniting them under

the general name. The above are Mons. Boissier’s determinations of my
specimens,

Zygophyllum dumosum, Boiss. Wady Hessi and Jebel Herteh to
’"Akabah.
88 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

*Zygophyllum simplex, Linn. Ghdor es Safieh. An addition to the
flora of Palestine.

Z. album, Linn. Wady Ghurundel (Elim) and elsewhere; very
frequent in Sinai and about the Dead Sea. Between Jerusalem and
Jericho at about sea-level.

Z. coccineum, Linn, WaAdy el Ain.
Seetzenta ortentalis, Dene. Debbet er Ramleh and Wady Hamr.

Peganum harmala, Linn, Wadies el ’Ain, es Sheikh, Berrah, and
Lebweh ; summit of Jebel Misa and Ghér es Safieh.

Nitraria tridentata, Desf. ‘Ain Misa, Wady Ghurundel (Elim),
Wady es Sheikh, ’Akabah, and by the Dead Sea.

RUTACE.
Ruta graveolens, Linn. (R. chalegfense, Linn.). Jericho; Medjel to
Jaffa.

R. (Haplophyllum) tuberculatum, Forsk. Wady Zelegah to Wady el
’Ain; ’Akabah ; frequent in Edomitic wadies; Ghér es Safieh. A hairy
form occurs at Wady Lebweh and Debbet er Ramleh. This plant has a
most sickening and persistent smell.

SIMARUBE.
Balanites egyptiaca, Del. Jericho, and Ghér es Safieh and Feifeh.

TEREBINTHACE.

Rhus oxyacanthoides, Dum. Several bushes between Jericho and the
Jordan, the ‘’Artr’ of Bedawin. Has much the appearance of our
hawthorn, but with inconspicuous flowers, and the red berries flattened.

Pistacia palestina, Boiss. Bethlehem; summit of Mount Hor, at an
estimated height of 4,400 feet. Not found so far south previously.

Zizyphus spina-christz, Linn. Wady Nasb; ’Akabah ; Wady Ghuweir.
Abundant about Jericho and in Ghér el Feifeh, and Ghér es Safieh.

Rhamnus punctata, Boiss., ? var. microphylla, Boiss. Medjel to Jaffa.
Barren.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 89

Rhamnus punctata, Boiss., and R. palestina, Boiss. ? Medjel to Jaffa.

R. sp., FR. oleotdes, Linn. ? In several places in a barren condition
in the Ghér es Safieh. Leaves small and deciduous. Shrub six to ten
feet high, and called by the Bedawin ‘ Seisaban.’

LEGUMINOS.

Anagyris fetida, Linn. Gaza; Ramleh to Jerusalem.

Crotalaria egyptiaca, Bth. Wadies Nasb and Sarawat.

Lupinus reticulatus, Desv. Between Ramleh and Jerusalem, and at
Ascalon, the eastern limits of the species.

L. termis, Forsk. About Medjel, Gaza and Jaffa. Cultivated.

Lotononts lebordea, Benth. (L. adichotoma, Del.) Wadies Lebweh,
Berrah, es Sheikh, and ’Arabah.

Calycotome villosa, Linn. Sand hills at Ascalon; Medjel; Ramleh
to Jerusalem.

Genista (Retama) retam, Forsk. Common throughout Sinai and
South Palestine. The juniper (‘rothem’) of the Bible.

Ononis antiguorum, Linn. ’Ain es Sultan, Jericho. An erect shrub;
with long stiff spiny branches, bearing scattered sessile flowers, four to
six feet high.

*O. campestris, Koch. (O. spinosa, Linn.) Gaza, prostrate or decum-
bent on the sands. Perhaps not specifically distinct from the last, but
widely so in habit. An addition to the flora of Palestine.

O. natrix, Linn., var. y stenophylla, Boiss. Gaza; Ramleh to
Jerusalem.

O. vaginalis, Vahl. From Petra to about 4,000 feet on Mount Hor.
Found hitherto only at Alexandria and in plains under Anti-Lebanon in
the Oriental region.

O. serrata, Forsk., var. major? Bir es Seba to Gaza in several
places.

Trigonella arabica, Del. Jericho.

Medicago denticulata, Willd. Ghér es Safieh; Wady Ghuweir.

12
go SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

Medicago laciniata, All. Between Bir es Seba and Tell Abu Hareireh ;
Gaza. This minute trefoil was in flower at the end of December.

flymenocarpus circinnatus, Linn. Jericho.

Lotus tenuifolius, Rchb., y uniflorus, Boiss. (L. corniculatus, var. L.)
Swamps in the Ghér es Safieh, near the Dead Sea.

L. lanuginosus, Linn. WaAdy el ’Atttyeh and Jebel Herteh.
L. lamprocarpus, Boiss. Ghor es Safieh and Jericho.
Hippocrepis unisiliguosa, Linn. var. Jericho.

Psoralea bituminosa, Linn. Ghor es Safieh.

P., ? sp., P. plicata, Del. ? Zibbel Baheir and Jebel Watiyeh; Jebel
Abu Kosheibeh.

Indigofera argentea, Linn. Ghér es Safieh and el Feifeh. Cultivated,
but now spontaneous.

*Z, pauctfolia, Del. Ghér es Safieh. Upper Egypt is its nearest
locality in Boissier’s ‘ Flora Orientalis,’ but Oliver enumerates it amongst
Captain Burton’s ‘Indian Plants.’ An addition to the flora of Pales-
tine.

Tephrosia, ? sp., TZ. purpurea, Pers. ? Wady el ’Attiyeh and Jebel
Herteh to ’Akabah. Apparently this species, but not in good condition.
Not mentioned in Boissier’s ‘ Flora Orientalis.’

T. apollinea, Del. ’Akabah ; WAdy el ’Ain.

*Colutea aleppica, Lam. Summit of Mount Hor. An addition to the
flora of Palestine. Probably this species, but specimens imperfect, owing
to season.

Astragalus macrocarpus, D.C.? A little south of Gaza. Not in
fruit.

A. callichrous, Boiss. Jericho.
A. alexandrinus, Boiss. Wady Zuweirah to Bir es Seba.

*A. acinaciferus, Boiss. On the marl banks by watercourses imme-
diately above the Ghér in the ’Arabah. An addition to the flora of
Palestine.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 91

Astragalus sieberi, D.C. Debbet er Ramleh ; Wadies Hamr, Berrah,
and Lebweh.

trigonus, D.C. ? Wadies Berrah and Lebweh.

. aleppicus, Boiss. Gaza. Not recorded so far south previously.
. Forskahlii, Boiss. Wady ’Arabah and Ghiér es Safieh.

. sanctus, Boiss. Wady Zuweirah to Bir es Seba.

Ss he

. sanctus, Boiss., var. stenophylla ? Jericho.
Onobrychus ptolemaica, Del. Wady Lebweh; ’Akabah.

Alhagi maurorum, D.C. ’Ayin Misa; Wadies el ’Ain, es Sheikh,
and Ghor es Safieh.

Vicia sativa, Linn., forma. About the Dead Sea.
V. palestina, Boiss. With the last.

Lathyrus blepharicarpus, Boiss. Bethlehem.
Pisum fulvum, S. et S. Gaza and Bethlehem.

*Rhynchosia minima, D.C. Ghér es Safieh, where it covered acacia
trees in one or two places by the river with canopies of pretty little
flowers. Not included in Boissier’s ‘ Flora Orientalis,’ nor found else-
where so far north of the tropics. ‘A common tropical plant in both
hemispheres,’ Hooker, Fl. Nigrit. R. schimperi has been lately found in
Midian by Burton.

Dolichos lablab, Linn. Ghér es Safieh in several places, especially
along the stream. Widely diffused in warm countries, where it is
commonly eaten.

Cassia obovata, Collad. ’Akabah. [C. bicapsularis, Linn. Cultivated
at “Ayfin Misa. |
C. acutifolia, Del. (C. lanceolata, Forsk.) ’Akabah. Kosseir and

Assouan in Upper Egypt are its nearest known localities. An addition
to the flora of Sinai.

Ceratonia siligua, Linn. First seen at Gaza; frequent northwards.
The Caroub, or St. John’s locust tree.

Prosopis stephaniana, Willd. Wady Ghuweir, Ghér es Safieh, Gaza,
and Jericho. Very abundant near the Dead Sea, and bearing its

monstrous-looking pods in January.
12—2
92 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

Acacia tortilis, Hayne. Debbet er Ramleh ; Wady Nasb; ’Akabah ;
east side of the ’Arabah at El Taba. Frequent in the Ghér, where,
though only ten or fifteen feet high, it has a thick trunk, and gives con-
siderable shade.

A. seyal, Del. Frequent in Sinai. Commoner than the last on the
west side, in the hotter sandy and arid places. Smaller and more fiercely
spiny than A. tortilis, and seldom more than six or seven feet high;
usually less, with a flat tabulated top. Leaves more finely pinnated, and
bark less red than in the last. Pods different.

A. aloida, Del. Sands at Gaza, close to the Quarantine ground ; also,
I think, this species at ’Ain es Sultan, Jericho. Perhaps not native.
Inhabits tropical Africa.

*A. leta, Br. Sparingly in the Ghér es Safieh. A handsome tree,
larger than the other species met with, 20 to 25 feet high. Leaflets
considerably larger and fewer, and pods very different from A. tortilis or
‘seyal.’ An Arab of the Ghér whom I questioned recognised it as
distinct, calling it ‘sunt,’ and pointed out its difference in leaves and pod
from the ‘seyal.’ There have been very confusing statements made about
the names, which arise from the Bedawin themselves. A Bedawin at
’Akabah called a remarkably fine specimen of A. tortilis by the Egyptian
term, ‘sont.’ A. lata has not been found hitherto nearer than Assouan,
seven degrees south, and is an important addition to the flora of Pales-
tine.

[N.B.—Many fragments of Medicago, etc., not yet in flower. Trefoils
had hardly appeared. |

ROSACE:.
Crategus sinaica, Boiss. Near the summit of Jebel Masa.
C., ? sp., C. azarolus, Linn. ? Near Gaza.

Rubus discolor, W. et N. (&. sanctus, Schreb.) Bethlehem and
Jericho.

Poterium verrucosum, Ehr.? Wady Ghuweir, Gaza. Not in
flower.

P. spinosum, Linn. Judea and northwards, common.

Neurada procumbens, Linn. Wady Lebweh, Gaza.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 93

LYTHRARIE.
Lythrum salicaria, Linn., var. tomentosum, D.C. Twelve to fourteen
feet high in the Ghér es Safieh.
L. hyssopifolium, Linn. Ghdr es Safieh and Jericho, in wet places.

[Zawsonia alba, Linn. Hedge-rows near Gaza. Cultivated at
"Akabah. Not native ?]

CUCURBITACE.

Cucumis prophetarum, Linn. Frequent in Sinai to ’Akabah, and
thence to the Dead Sea.

C. trigonus, Roxb. Ghér es Safieh. Several of this family cultivated
in the Ghéor.

Crtrullus colocynthis, Schr. Sinai, and thence to Ghér; near Bir es
Seba.

Bryonia syriaca, Boiss. Between Ramleh and Jerusalem. A bryony
occurred on the summit of Mount Hor; I believe, of this species ; but it
was not in flower.

B. multiflora, Boiss. Gaza.

FICOIDE.

Azzoon hispanicum, Linn. Jericho.
A. canartense, Linn. Ghér es Safieh ; Wady Masa.

* Trianthema pentandra, Linn. Ghor es Safieh. A native of Senegal,
Nubia and tropical Arabia, and found also in Afghanistan and Persia at
Bushire. An addition to the flora of Palestine. Has been found in
Midian by Captain Burton.

CRASSULACE.

Cotyledon umbthcus, Linn. ? Umbtlicus intermedius, Boiss. ? Jebel
Watiyeh and Zibb el Baheir, west of Mount Sinai. Plentiful on Mount
Hor, and on Jebel Abu Kosheibeh. Apparently the same species was
common about Bethlehem, but it was nowhere in determinable condition.
94 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

The root-stock was tuberous. Its leaves did not appear to differ from
those of our British species. Recorded by Decaisne under that name.

Ledum, ? sp., L. altissimum, Poir.? Solomon’s Pool, near Bethlehem.
Too young to name.
UMBELLIFER.
Eryngium, ? sp. Wady Ghurundel, east side of WAdy ’Arabah.
Too young to determine.
flelosciadium nodiflorum, Linn. Near Jericho.

Bupleurum linearifolium, D.C. Jebel Misa; apparently this species
also near Bir es Seba.

Deverra tortuosa, Desf. Frequent in Sinai, extending up the ’Arabah
to the Ghér, and across Judza to Gaza.

Pimpinella cretica, Poir. Bethlehem.

Torilis nodosa, Gert. Bethlehem.

Chetosciadium trichospermum, Linn. Bethlehem ; Jericho.
Caucalis leptophylla, Linn. Bethlehem.

Ammi majus, Linn. Jericho.

Carum, ? sp. Deir el ’Arbain, and near the convent on Jebel
Katharina.

Amsworthia trachycarpa, Boiss.

RUBIACE.

*Rubia peregrina, Linn.? Petra and stony slopes of Mount Hor, to
Wady Misa. The specimens were barren, but I thought unmistakable.
Unfortunately in the hurry of my visit to Petra, I omitted to preserve
specimens of this plant. An addition to the flora of Palestine.

R. Olivieri, A. Rich. Ramleh to Jerusalem; Gaza.

Sherardia arvensis, Linn. Ramleh to Jerusalem.

Galium sinaicum, Decne. Wady es Sheikh and Jebel Misa. Con-
fined to Sinai.

G. canum, Req. Petra and Mount Hor. Not found hitherto so

far south.
Parestine Exproration Funp. Prt.

 

Hanhart inp ,

W H.Fitch delet lith

GALIUM PETR4 ,n.sp. 2,DAPHNE LINEARIFOLIA.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 95

*Galium petre, sp. nov. hispidulum, caulibus diffusis elongatis 4-angu-
latis fragilibus plus minusve intricatis, foliis quaternis angusti linearibus
uninerviis rigidiusculis, cymis seepius paucifloris axillaribus terminalibusque,
folio 2-4 plo longioribus pedicellis gracilibus divaricatis hispidulis, fructu
(immaturo) pilis brevibus incurvis uncinatisve hispido. Hab. in Wady
Misa, apud Petram. Foliis 14-2 linee longis setiformibus, internodis
inferioribus 7-8 linez longis, verticillatis foliorum supremis approxi-
matis. ‘Affinis G. jungermannioides sed foliis quaternis nec senis, caule

?

ramisque elongatis nec pulvinatis..... E. Boissier. [Plate XVI.,
fig. 1. ]

G. aparine, Linn. Jericho and Gaza.

G. judaicum, Dene. Bethlehem. Confined to Palestine, from Lebanon
to Jerusalem.

DIPSACE.

* Pterocephalus sanctus, Dene. Jebel Mtisa; Deir el ’Arbain and Jebel
Katharina, Petra, and Mount Hor. An addition to the flora of Palestine.
Hitherto found only on Sinai.

COMPOSIT:.
Bellis sylvestris, Cyr. Rocky places about Bab el WaAd, between
Ramleh and Jerusalem.

Asteriscus pygmaeus, Coss. Abundant on the Edomite escarpment, at
the head of Wady Ghurundel ; Ghor es Safieh.

A. graveolens, Forsk. Frequent on Sinai.
Anvillea garcini, D.C. Wady Haran.
Inula crithmoides, Linn. Ghéor es Safieh, 4 to 7 feet high.

I. viscosa, Desf. WéAdies east of the ’Arabah; Ghér es Safieh ;
between Ramleh and Jerusalem.

L. dysenterica, Linn. Ghér es Safieh.

Pulicaria arabica, Cass. Ghér es Safieh; Aydin Buweirdeh in the
’Arabah.

P. (Francoeurta) crispa, Forsk. Jebel Mtisa; Wady el ’Ain; Ghér
es Safieh.
. 96 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

Pulicaria undulata, D.C. Throughout Sinai to the Dead Sea.

L[phiona junipertfolia, Cass. Frequent at about the mean elevation of
Sinai, as at Wady es Sheikh, etc.

I. scabva, D.C. WaAdies Zelegah and el ’Ain.

*Varthamia montana, Vahl. Wadies Lebweh, Berrah, and es Sheikh ;
Mount Hor. An addition to the flora of Palestine. Known previously
to my visit from Sinai only.

Pluchea dioscorides, D.C. WaAdy Ghuweir; Ghér es Safieh. A bushy
composite, 12 to 15 feet high, in Wady Ghuweir.

*Erigeron (Conyza) bovet, D.C. Wady el ’Ain and Ghér es Safieh.
Attaining the height of 10 feet in WAdy el’Ain amongst tamarisk bushes.
An addition to the flora of Palestine.

Phagnalon nitidum, Fres. Wadies Lebweh and es Sheikh.

Leyssera capillifolia, Willd. Frequent on Sinai and along the ’Arabah
to the Dead Sea.

Evax contracta, Boiss. Jericho.
£. anatolica, Boiss. Jebel Usdum.
fiulago prostrata, Parlat. WaAdy Hessi, south-west of ’Akabah.

Lflago spicata, Forsk. Along the Tih escarpment, in many places
between Sinai and 'Akabah ; Wady Harn.

*Eclipta alba, Linn. Ghér es Safieh. An addition to the flora of
Palestine. A tropical and sub-tropical species found in Egypt.

Xanthium strumarium, Linn. 2? Gaza.
Achillea santolina, Linn. WaAdy Zuweirah to Bir es Seba.

Anthems, ? sp. Unrecognisable young plants of this genus, and the
last, occurred at Jericho and elsewhere.

Matricaria aurea, Boiss. Jericho.

MM. auriculatum, Boiss. Ghior es Safieh.

Chrysanthemum coronartum, Linn. Jericho.

Pyrethrum santalinoides, D.C. Wady es Sheikh; Jebel Masa.
Cotula cinerea, Del. Wady Ghurundel (‘ Elim’).
PaLestine Expioratrion Funp Pr 2.

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FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 97

Artemisia monosperma, Del. Abundant at ’Akabah ; ’Aytin Buweirdeh
in the ’Arabah ; Gaza.

A, herba-alba, Asso., var. laxiflora, Wady es Sheikh.

A. herba-alba, Asso. Abundant with several varieties from Wady
Lebweh to WAdies Zelegah and el Ain, and cccurs between Bir es Seba

and Tell Abu Hareireh. At WAdy el Ain a variety, with densely
aggregated reddening flower-heads, occurs.

A. judaica, Linn. WaAdy Sudur. Several indeterminable Artemisiz
were gathered.

Santolina fragrantissima, Forsk. Abundant at a moderate elevation
in Sinai, but very scarce after ’Akabah.

Senecio vernalts, W.K. Gaza and Jericho.
S. coronopifolius, Desf. Ghér es Safieh, and across Judzea to Gaza,
Calendula arvensis, Linn. Wady Zuweirah to Gaza.

*Tripterts Vaillantzz, Dene. Petra and lower slopes of Mount Hor.
An addition to the flora of Palestine.

* Echinops glaberrimus, D.C. Wadies Lebweh, es Sheikh, and Hartin ;
Zibb el Baheir. Wa&dy Haran brings the range within Canon Tristram’s
limits allotted to Palestine, to which flora it is an addition. Hitherto
believed peculiar to Sinai.

Carduus argentatus, Linn. Bethlehem.

Atractylis flava, Desf. Wady Hessi, a little south of the Haj road,
near ’Akabah; at “Ain Misa.

A. prolifera, Boiss. Gaza.

Amberboa Lippu, D.C. Jericho; noted from the Tih desert, but not
from Palestine Proper previously.

A. crupinoides, Desf. Ghér es Safieh ; Jericho.

Centaurea sinaica, D.C. Wady Hessi; apparently this species, but
withered.

C. avaneosa, Boiss. Gaza; Medjel to Jaffa.
C. tberica, Trev. Ghor es Safieh.
C. pallescens, Del. Gaza.
13
98 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

Centaurea eryngoides, Lam. Zibbel Baheir; Jebel Misa; Mount Hor.

C. (Phaopappus) scoparia, Sieb. WaAdies Lebweh and es Sheikh ;
Jebel Misa.

Carthamus lanatus, Linn. WaAdy Hartin.
C. glaucus,M.B. WaAdy ‘Arabah; Bir es Seba to Tell Abu Hareireh.

Cichorium intybus, Linn. Jericho. In flower in the middle of
January.

fledypnots cretica, Linn. Jericho.
Tolpts altessima, Pers. Gaza and Tell Abu Hareireh.
Thrincia tuberosa, Linn. With the last. At a little distance closely

resembles our dandelion.
Flagioseris, ?sp. HH. galilea, Boiss.? Jericho. Pzcris,? sp. Jericho.
Urospermum picroides, Linn. Bethlehem.
*Scorzonera alexandrina, Boiss. Tell Abu Hareireh to Gaza. Specimens

determined by Mons. Boissier. Hitherto found only at Tunis, Algiers,
and Alexandria. An addition to the flora of Palestine.

S. lanata, M.B. With the last species, and about Bir es Seba.

*Sonchus maritimus, Linn. Sparingly near the Dead Sea in the Ghér
es Safieh. An addition to the flora of Palestine.

Zollikoferia, ? sp.. Z. casiniane, Jaub.? Apparently this species,
from Mount Hor and Ghér es Safieh. Recorded from Egypt and the
shores of the Red Sea at Kossni. An addition (if correct) to the flora
of Palestine.

Z. stenocephatla, Boiss., vel Z. arabica, Boiss. Specimens incomplete.
Wady Zuweirah. The first-mentioned form has been collected only in
Beloochistan.

Z. nudicaults, Linn. ’Akabah; WaAdy el Ain; Ghér es Safieh.
Z. spinosa, Forsk. Wadies Nasb and Lebweh ; ’Akabah.

*Crepis senectotdes, Del. Bethlehem, near Solomon’s Pool. The
localities known to Boissier are Alexandria, Cairo, and Sackara in Egypt.
An addition to the flora of Palestine.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 99

ERICACEA.

Arbutus andrachne, Linn. Limestone cliffs above Bab el Wad,
between Ramleh and Jerusalem.

PRIMULACE.
Anagallis arvensis, Linn. Jericho.
A. arvensis, Linn., var. cerulea. Jericho; Bethlehem.
A. latefolia, Linn.,=var. A. arvensis? Ghor es Safieh.
Lystmachia dubia, Ait. Ghér es Safieh, near the Dead Sea.

Cyclamen latifolium, Sibth. First seen near Bir es Seba; thence to
Jerusalem. Common.

Primula boveana, Dene. WaAdy es Sheikh. Not in flower.

OLEACE#:.

Olea europea, Linn. Olive-trees were measured a little north of
Gaza, having a circumference of 18 and 20 feet a couple of feet above
the ground. These were the largest and oldest trees seen. Schweinfurth
has suggested that this tree, perhaps the oldest cultivated, was originally
derived from the Nubian mountains, where he has found it native.

SALVADORACE.

Salvadora persica, Garcin. Ghér el Feifeh and es Safieh. Very
abundant, forming dense groves, and giving off a heavy smell, resembling
that of a monkey-house.. Found also in Sinai.

APOCYNE.

Nerium oleander, Linn. Wadies Misa, Harfin, Ghuweir, and
Ghurundel, in Edom ; and in the wadies of Moab leading to the Ghér el
Feifeh and es Safieh ; Jericho.

ASCLEPIADE.
Calotropis procera, Willd. Ghér el Feifeh and Safieh. Found also
in Sinai.
13—2
Too SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

*Pentatropus spiralis, Forsk. Ghér es Safieh anJ WaAady Hardin.
Muscat, in South-east Arabia, is the only habitat in the region in
Boissier’s ‘Flora Orientalis.’ A native of tropical countries and an
addition to the flora of Palestine.

Demia cordata, Br. Frequent in Sinai and along the ’Arabah to the
Dead Sea. In most of the Edomitic wAdies and about ’Akabah, as also
in the wadies on the west side of the ’Arabah. In Wady Hartin climbing
to 10 or 12 feet in height on Ochradenus.

Gomphocarpus sinaicus, Boiss. Wadies Lebweh and es Sheikh; ’Ain
Abu Zuweirah and Mount Sinai, near the convent; ’Akabah ; Jebel Abu
Kosheibeh. In cultivation in a garden at Jaffa.

Cynanchum acutum, Linn, Climbing over reeds at Aydin Buweirdeh
in Wady ’Arabah ; Wady Ghuweir; Ghér es Safieh ; by the Jordan, at
the pilgrims’ bathing-place. Only mentioned from the maritime districts
of Palestine by Tristram.

Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Forsk. Ghér el Feifeh and es Safieh sparingly ;
by the Dead Sea, at the northern end of Jebel Usdum.

*Boucerosta aavonis, sp. nov. Herba succulenta, 4-6 pollicaris, ramis
erectis parce ramosis rigidis 4-gonis angulis acutis remote tuberculato
dentatis, floribus livido-purpureis, corolla notata, limbo profunde 5-fido
lobis ovato-deltoideis intus glabris vel obsolete puberulis, coronz staminez
lobis interioribus oblongis obtusissimis incumbentibus, exterioribus bifidis
dentibus divaricatis, lobis interioribus paullo brevioribus. Fl. Dec.

Hab. In aridis saxosis locis, Montium Aaronis et ‘Abu Kosheibeh.’

Tota planta fere pallida-fusca, carnosx, aphylla, facie Stapelzde.

(Descriptiones specierum Boucerosie in ‘Flora Orientale’
minime sufficientes sunt.) Heec species ab eis videtur distincta.
[Plate XVII., figs. 1 to 8.]

GENTIANACE.
*Erythrea spicata, Pers. Ghér es Safieh. An addition to the flora of

Palestine.
CONVOLVULACE4.

Convolvulus lanatus, Vahl. Wady Nasb.

C. stculus, Linn, Jericho to Marsaba.
PaLestine Exprtoratrion Funw Pr.3.

 

Hanhart imp ;

GOMPHOCARPUS SINAICUS ,Borss

WHFitch del.
C HYitch lith.
PALESTINE ExpLoORatTion Funp Pr 4

 

; Hanhart
ces BOUCEROSIA AARONITG..tiss anhart, ump
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 101

Convolvulus arvensis, Linn. Gaza and Jericho. Several other inde-
terminable convolvuli from Sinai and Gaza.

Cressacretica, Linn. ’Ain Misa; Wady Ghurundel (Elim); ’Akabah ;
“Aytin Buweirdeh in the ’Arabah ; Ghér es Safieh.

Cuscuta, sp.,? C. palestina, Boiss. On mint at Jericho.

BORAGINEE.

Fleliotropium luteum, Poir. Wady Ghurundel (Elim), and other
wadies between that and Mount Sinai.

HT. rotundifolium, Boiss. Wadies Hartin and Zuweirah; about Bir
es Seba.

Hf. arbainense, Fres. From ’Akabah to the Ghér es Safieh in many
places.

HT, undulatum, Vahl. Wady Lebweh; WaAdy el ’Attiyeh to Jebel
Herteh ; Akabah.

Anchusa aggregata, Lehm. Gaza.

A. egyptiaca, Linn. Bethlehem and Gaza.

A. Millert, Willd. WaAady Zuweirah to Bir es Seba; Jericho and
Gaza.

Podonosma syriacum, Lab. Jebel Abu Kosheibeh and Mount Hor;
Jerusalem ; Bethlehem.

Onosma (? sp.), ? O. giganteum, Linn. Apparently this species, but
withered, on Mount Hor.

Echium plantagineum, Linn. \WaAdy Zuweirah to Gaza; Jaffa.

Arnebra cornuta, Ledeb. Jericho.

A. linearifolia, D.C. Wady Ziweirah to Bir es Seba.

Lithospermum tenutflorum, Linn. Wady Zuweirah to Bir es Seba;
Jericho.

L. callosum, Vahl. Gaza; Wady Ghurundel (Elim).
Alkanna tinctoria, Linn. Ramleh to Jerusalem, in several places.

A. orventats, Linn, Jebel Mtsa; Mount Hor and Jebel Abu
Kosheibeh ; Wady es Sheikh ; Jerusalem.
102 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

Asperugo procumbens, Linn. Jericho.

Trichodesma africanum, R. Br. Wadies Lebweh and es Sheikh;
‘Akabah to Wady Hartin; Ghéor es Safieh.

SOLANACE:.

Solanum nigrum, Linn. Gaza and Ghér es Safieh. Var. moschatum,
in Wady Ghurundel (Edom). Very variable.

S. coagulans, Forsk., S. sanctum, Linn. Ghér el Feifeh and es
Safieh.

Withania somuzfera, Linn. Tell Abu Hareireh, near Gaza.

Lycium europeum, Linn. Debbet er Ramleh and WaAdy Harfin,
abundant; ’Akabah, between Tell Abu Hareireh and Bir es Seba.

L. arabicum, Schwf. Wadies el Ain and Harfn.

Mandragora officitnarum, Linn. Tell Abu Hareireh to Gaza; Jericho;
near the Ghor.

Datura stramonium, Linn. Apparently this species, but not perfect,
at Gaza.

/1yoscyamus muticus, Linn. Wadies Sudur and el ’Ain; WaAdy
Ghuweir. The ‘sekkaran’ of the Arabs.

ff. aureus, Linn, WaAdy el’Ain; Mount Hor; Tell Abu Hareireh to

Gaza ; Jericho and Jerusalem.

SCROPHULARIACE.

Verbascum sinatticum, D.C. Jebel Misa; Wadies Zelegah and el
“Ain; Mount Hor.

V. sinuatum, Linn, ’Akabah; Jebel Herteh and Wady Hessi; Wady
’Arabah and Ghér es Safieh.

*Celsta parvifiora, Dene. Jebel Mtisa; Ghér es Safieh. Only known
from Jebel Katharina in Sinai. An addition to the flora of Palestine.

Anarrhinum pubescens, Fres. Deir el ’Arbain at Jebel Katharina ;
WaAdies Lebweh and es Sheikh. Confined to Sinai so far as known.

Linaria floribunda, Boiss. WaAdy el ’Attiyeh to Jebel Herteh, south-
west of ’Akabah. Not previously found in Sinai.
Ww.

PanestTine Exprorarion Funp Pi

 

ei ee Gis LINARIA FLORIBUNDA,

Hanhard amo,
Boiss i
PaLestineE ExpLoRATION Funp, Pu.6.

 

Hanhart imp.

‘H Fitch del.
CHRtch lith. LINDENBERGIA SINAICA,DcNE.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 103

Linaria elatine, Linn. Ghor es Safieh.

*Z. macilenta, Dene. WaAdy el’Ain; Akabah; Wady Harfin. The
last locality makes this rare species an addition to the flora of Palestine.

L. Hoelava, Forsk., sub Antirrhino, Jericho and Gaza.

L. micrantha, Cavan. Jericho. Noted in ‘Northern Plains’ in
Palestine.

L. albifrons, S. et Sm. Jericho.
Antirrhinum orontium, Linn. Ghor es Safieh ; Jericho.

*Scrophularia heterophylla, Willd., forma. Wady Mtisa, Petra, and
Mount Hor. Appears to be known only from Greece and its confines.
An addition to the flora of Palestine.

S. xanthoglossa, Boiss. Sands at Gaza.
S. deserti, Del. Wady el’Ain; El Taba, Wady ’Arabah.
S. variegata, M.B, ? Jericho.

S. cantina, Linn.? Gaza. And other indeterminable Scrophulariz
from Petra and elsewhere.

*Tindenbergia stnaica, Decne. Wady el ’Attiyeh to Jebel Herteh ;
Wady Ghuweir; Ghér es Safieh. An addition to the flora of Palestine.

Veronica anagallis, Linn. Jerusalem, Jericho, and Bethlehem.
V. beccabunga, Linn. Jerusalem.

V. syriaca, R. et S. Jericho; Deir el ’Arbain at Jebel Katharina, in
the monastery enclosure.

OROBANCHACE.

Orobanche (Phelipea) egyptica, Pers. On Cucurbitacez, near ’Ain es
Sultan, at Jericho. A very showy blue species, with the base of the
corolla yellow. In flower in January.

O. cernua, Loefl. Ghér es Safieh.

ACANTHACE:.

Blepharis edulis, F orsk., Acanuthodium spicatum, Del. Wadies Lebweh
and es Sheikh ; Ghér es Safieh.
104 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

GLOBULARIE:,

Globularia alypum, Linn., var. G. arabica, J. et Sp. Jebel Abu
Kosheibeh.

VERBENACE.
Lantana camera, Linn. Cultivated at Aydin Masa.
Verbena officinalis, Linn. Ghér es Safieh.

Vitex agnus-castus, Linn, Between Jericho and the Jordan.

LABIAT.
Lavandula stechas, Linn. Medjel to Jaffa.

L. coronopifolia, Poir. Wady Nasb to ’Akabah, frequent; waAdies
about Mount Hor.

Mentha sylvestris, Linn., B stenostachya, Boiss. Ghér es Safieh;
Jericho.

M. sylvestris, Linn., y ldavandulacea, Boiss. Jebel Misa; Deir el
’Arbain at Jebel Katharina. ‘

Lycopus europeus, Linn. Ghér es Safieh. Recorded from North
Palestine.

Origanum maru, Linn., B senazcum, Boiss. Jebel Misa; Mount
Hor.

O. maru, ? forma. Bethlehem.

Thymus capttatus, Linn. Between Medjel and Jaffa; Solomon’s
Pools.

Satureta cunetfolia, Ten.? Bir es Seba to Tell Abu Hareireh.
S. cunetfolia, forma. Wady Ghurundel (Edom).
Micromeria nervosa, Desf. Between Bab el Wad and Jerusalem.

*M. stnaica, Bth. Jebel Katharina. Rocky ledges above the Tufileh
river, near the Ghér. An addition to the flora of Palestine.

M. juliana, Linn., B myrttfolia, Boiss. Above Bab el Wad, between
Ramleh and Jerusalem.

M. serpyllifolia, M.B., B barbata, Boiss. Between Ramleh and
Jerusalem.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 105

Salvia triloba, Linn. Bab el Wad, between Ramleh and Jerusalem.

S. verbenacea, Linn. Frequent on the Judean plain, from Wady
Zuweirah to Gaza.

S. controversa, Ten. Bir es Seba to Gaza.
S. veridis, Linn. Jericho.

S. egyptiaca, Linn. Wady Hardin; Ghér es Safieh, and thence to
Gaza.

*S. desertt, Dene. ’Akabah; Wady Harfn. An addition to the flora
of Palestine.

Nepeta septemcrenata, Ehr. Jebel Mtisa; WaAdy es Sheikh.
Marrubium alysson, Linn, ? Specimens imperfect. Bir es Seba.

Stachys affinis, Fres. Wadies Lebweh, Berrah, and es Sheikh ;
frequent.

Lamium amplexicaule, Linn. Gaza; Jericho; Bir es Seba.

Ballota undulata, Fres. Wadies Lebweh, es Sheikh, and Ghurundel
(Edom). Bir es Seba to Tell Abu Hareireh.

B schimperi, D.C. Wady el ’Ain.
*Phlomts aurea, Decne. Jebel Misa; Mount Hor. Anaddition to the’
flora of Palestine.
Evremostachys lacintata, Linn. Bir es Seba to Tell Abu Hareireh.
Prastum majus, Linn. Gaza.
Ajuga wa, Schreb. Gaza; Wady Zuweirah to Bir es Seba; Jericho.
A. chia, Poir., 8 tridactylites. Jebel Katharina and Mount Hor.

Teucrium polium, Linn. Zibb el Baheir ; Wadies Lebweh, es Sheikh,
and el Ain; Jebel Misa and Jebel Katharina. A common labiate from
about 2,500 feet upwards.

*7. sinaicum, Boiss.. WaAdy el ‘Ain; Mount Hor and Petra. An
addition to the flora of Palestine.
PLUMBAGINE.
Statice thouint, Viv. Jericho.
S. pruinosa, Linn, ‘Aydin Buweirdeh in the ’Arabah,
14
106 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

PLANTAGINE.

Plantago albicans, Linn. WaAdy Sudur in Sinat; Gaza.

*P. Loeflingit, Linn. Jebel Usdum; Jericho. An addition to the flora
of Palestine.

P. ovata, Forsk. WaAdy Hessi in Sinai; Ghér es Safieh.
P. lagopus, Linn. Bethlehem; Jericho.
P. arabia, Boiss. Jebel Misa.

P. arenaria, W.K. Jericho.

CYNOCRAMBE:.

Cynocrambe prostrata, Gert., Thelygonum cynocrambe, Linn. Between
Ramleh and Jerusalem.

SALSOLACE.
Chenopodium album, Linn. Jericho.
C. murale, Linn. Gaza; Jericho; Ghér es Safieh.
Atriplex hastatum, Linn. Ghér es Safieh.
A. tataricum, Linn., ? forma. Ghor es Safieh.
A. patulum, Linn. Ghér es Safieh.

* 4, alexandrina, Boiss. Jebel Usdum; Jericho. Hitherto found only
in Tunis and Alexandria. An addition to the flora of Palestine.

A. crystallinum, Ehr. ’Akabah. A scarce Egyptian species, not
found elsewhere previously.

*A, leucocladum, Boiss. Wadies Ghurundel (Elim), es Sheikh, el
"Ain, etc.; ’Akabah; Ghér es Safieh; el Taba in the ’Arabah. An
addition to the flora of Palestine.

A. halimus, Linn. Wady el 'Ain; Ghér es Safieh.
Salicornia fruticosa, Linn, Gaza.
S. herbacea, Linn. Ghor es Safieh.

Suceda monotca, Forsk. WaAdy es Sheikh, ’Akabah; El Taba in the
’Arabah; Ghor es Safieh. Dries black.

S. asphaltica, Boiss. ’Ayin Buweirdeh in the ’Arabah.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 107

Sueda fruticosa, Linn., B brevifolia. Ghér es Safieh ; Jericho.
Traganum nudatum, Del. Wady Ghurundel, on the east side of the
’Arabah.

*Salsola inermis, Forsk. Jebel Usdum; Petra; Gaza. This species
has been found only near Alexandria, in Forskahl’s old locality. An
addition to the flora of Palestine.

S. tetragona, Del. Ghér es Safieh and Jebel Usdum; WaAady
Ghuweir in Edom.

*S. longifolia, Forsk. Jebel Usdum. Known only from Egypt,
where Forskahl originally discovered it. An addition to the flora of
Palestine.

*S. fetida, Del. Jebel Usdum; El Taba in the ’Arabah. An
addition to the flora of Palestine.

S. rigida, Pall. Mount Hor.

S. vigida, Pall., var. tenuzfolia, Boiss. Jebel Usdum.

Nowa spinosissima, Mog. Tell Abu Hareireh to Gaza; Jebel
Usdum ; Mount Hor, summit.

Anabasis aphylla, Linn. ? Wady Lebweh. Named doubtfully.

A. articulata, Forsk. The commonest plant throughout Sinai to the
Dead Sea. Less frequent from the Ghér to Gaza.

*4. setifera, Mog. ’Ayin Misa; Wadies Ghurundel (Elim), es
Sheikh and el ’Ain; Jebel Usdum; Tell Abu Hareireh to Gaza. An

addition to the flora of Palestine.
[N.B.—The species of the above order have been almost entirely

determined by M. Boissier. |
AMARANTACE.

Albersia blitum, Kunth. Ghér es Safieh: at a well in Wady Nasb.
Not native (?).

A. caudatus, Linn. Ghér es Safieh. Appeared amongst seeds
brought from there, and grown by Mr. Burbidge. ,

rua javanica, Juss. Frequent in Sinai, from WaAdy Sudur to
’Akabah ; Ghér es Safieh. Var. B dover, Welb., was also gathered, as in

Wady Lebweh.
14—2
108 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

*Digera arvensis, Forsk. Ghér es Safieh and Ghér el Feifeh.
D. alternifolia, Linn., an erect annual, is the only species in Boissier.
The plant of the Ghér is the decumbent perennial given in Forskahl’s
‘Flora Egyptiaco-Arabico,’ at p. 65. An addition to the flora of
Palestine.

POLYGONE.

Calligonum comosum, Her. Above ’Akabah, westward from the
Haj-road to Jebel Herteh. ‘Ayun Buweirdeh to the Ghér, and else-
where in the ’Arabah.

E-mex spinosus, Linn. Gaza and Jericho.
Rumex roseus, Linn. Jericho; Ghér es Safieh and Petra.

R. vesicartus, Linn.? Ghér es Safieh. These two species are (if
distinct) sometimes confounded.

RR. obtusifolius, Linn. Gaza.

Polygonum equisetiforme, S. et S. Frequent on the Edomitic side of
the ’Arabah, from Petra northwards ; Ghér es Safieh, and between Bir es
Seba and Gaza.

NYCTAGINE:.

Boerhaavia plumbaginea, Cav., forma, var. (?) incisa. ’Akabah.

*B. verticillata, Poir. Wady Hartin and Ghér es Safieh; between
Gaza and Tell Abu Hareireh. Fragments from Wadies Ghurundel and
Ghuweir appear to belong to this species, which is recorded only from
Muscat in South-east Arabia, in the Oriental region, by Boissier. It
occurs, however, in Nubia, Senegal and Abyssinia, according to Hooker's
‘Flora Nigritiana,’ which is a not unfrequent range for the desert plants.
An addition to the flora of Palestine.

_ *B. repens, Linn. Ghér es Safieh and Jericho. An Egyptian species
found in tropical Arabia, and from Morocco to India. An addition to the
flora of Palestine.

THYMELAACE.
* Daphne linearifoia, sp. nov. Fruticosa ramosa, ramulis tenuibus

rubellis, glabris foliosis, foliis linearibus acuminatis utrisque uninerviis
glabris sessilibus, floribus 10-15 brevissime pedicellatis capitatis terminali-
Pavéstine ExprokaTion Funp, Pu. 7.

 

W iH. Fitch del.
C H.Fitch lith.

Hanhart imp.
LORANTHUS ACACIA, Zu
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 109

bus sessilibus, pedicellis scabridulo hispidis, perigoniis dense et breviter
villosis pallido-flavis, lobis lanceolatis mucronatis, tubo 2~3 plo brevioribus,
bacca rubra-fusca,
Frutex 4-6 pedalis. Folia 14-2 pollicaris, 1 linea lata. Perigonium
sub anthese 2 lineas longum.
Hab. Petra et ad basim Montis Aaronis prope Petram, circa
2,800-3,400 pedes supra Mare Mediterraneum.
Affinis D. acuminata, Boiss., ‘ Flor. Orient.,’ vol. iv., pp. 104-108, et
D. mucronata, Royle., Ind. III., p. 322, tab. 81, sed distinguenda
presertim a foliis linearibus fere gramineis, et a floribus minutis
pallidis-flavis. [Plate XVI., fig. 2.]

Thymelea hirsuta, Linn. Mount Hor and Petra; Bir es Seba.
T.? sp. Tell Abu Hareireh.

LORANTHACE:.

Viscum cruciatum, Sieb. Near Jerusalem. Very like our mistletoe,
except in the berries, which are red.

Loranthus acacie, Zucc. Abundant on acacias and nubk (Zizyphus),
in a grove several miles in length on the east side of the ’Arabah, about
fifteen miles north of ’Akabah. In Wa&ady Ghuweir, on tamarisk and
nubk ; plentiful in Ghér el Feifeh and Ghér es Safieh and near Jericho,
on nubk. This species may be dependent on the visits of the sunbird for
the fertilization of its flowers. Specimens of this bird (Cinnyris Osez)
were obtained with their long bills dusted with the pollen of the tubular
flowers, which the bill is well fitted to probe. I may add that they usually
occur together, as at Jericho, Ghér es Safieh, and near El Taba. The
berries are red, cup-shaped and soft, with a single large hard seed.

EUPHORBIACE:,

*Euphorbia egyptiaca, Boiss. Ghér es Safieh. A tropical African
species, ranging from Egypt, Nubia and Abyssinia, to the Cape de Verdes,
and Senegal on the west, and Northern India on the east. An addition
to the flora of Palestine.

E. cornuta, Pers. Frequent in Sinai, especially on the western side.
Ilo SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

Euphorbia helioscopia, Linn. Jericho ; Gaza to Jaffa.

£. exigua, Linn. Apparently this species; but, although flowering,
the plants. were not an inch in height, and very difficult to detect. They
were probably seedlings. At Tell Abu Hareireh and Gaza.

£. aulacosperma, Boiss. Bethlehem.

E. peplus, Linn. Jericho.

E. peplordes, Gou. Gaza.

E. chamepeplus, Boiss., B stnaica, Boiss. Jericho.
E. terracina, Linn. Gaza.

£. paralias, Linn. Gaza.

Andrachne aspera, Spreng. Frequent in Sinai from Wady Lebweh
to ’Akabah, and along the 'Arabah to the Ghér; Gaza.

Crozophora obligua, Vahl. Wéadies Nasb, es Sheikh, and Ghér es
Safieh.

Mercurialis annua, Linn, Gaza; Jaffa; Jericho and Ghor es Safieh.

Ricinus communis, Linn. Ghér es Safieh; near Gaza, a little south-

wards.
URTICACE-.

Urtica dioica, Linn. Jericho.
U. urens, Linn. and U. prlulifera, Linn. Both were gathered, I

believe, at Gaza; but they were not in flower.
Parietaria (? sp.), ? P. gudaica, Linn. Jerusalem, ete.

Forskahha tenacissima, Linn. Frequent in Sinai. Plentiful at
’Akabah, and up the ’Arabah to the Ghér.

Ficus carica, Linn, Wady Ghuweir, a valley leading from north-
eastern ’Arabah to the Shobek country in Edom.

F. sycomorus, Linn. Gaza; Wady Ghurundel (Edom).

CUPULIFERA.

Quercus coccifera, Linn. Bab el WAd to Jerusalem, etc.

*Salix acmophylla, Boiss. (?) Wady Ghuweir; Ghér es Safieh, by
the Tufileh river. In the absence of inflorescence, Mr. Oliver would
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 111

not name the species positively. There seems, however, to be no doubt
about it. An addition to the flora of Palestine.

Populus euphratica, Oliv. ’Aytin Buweirdeh in the ’Arabah ; Ghér
es Safieh and el Feifeh; by the Jordan below Jericho. Leaves of
various shapes, from linear or linear lanceolate to broadly ovate, rhomboid,
sinuate, inciso-dentate, lobed, or quite entire. A single mature tree near
the Dead Sea is of considerable size, with uniform foliage. A bush of
this species (saf-saf), I believe, occurs near the spring on Jebel Misa;
but I unfortunately omitted to bring home a specimen. According to the
Arabs, who say it makes the best charcoal for gunpowder, it occurs in the
valley between Jebel Mfisa and Jebel Katharina, but is nearly all gone.

ARACEA.
Arum (? sp.), ? A. dioscoridis, Sibth. Gaza.
Arum (? sp.). Summit of Mount Hor.

Arisarum vulgare, Targ. Common about Gaza.

PALME.

Hyphene thebaica, Del. ‘Akabah. Found also in Sinai at Tér.
’Akabah is the northernmost limit of the range of this palm. No doubt,
in former times, it ranged through Sinai more abundantly, and perhaps to
the Dead Sea. It would be interesting to submit some sections of the
sub-fossil palms found in the Ghér to microscopical examination. Captain
Burton found this palm very frequent in Midian. Its headquarters are in
tropical Africa.

Phenix dactylifera, Linn. Frequent in Sinai and up the ’Arabah,
nearly to the Dead’Sea, but not occurring in the Ghér es Safieh; Wady
Ghuweir. A single well-grown tree at Er Riha or modern Jericho, in the
plain of the Jordan, seems to have escaped the observation of travellers.
A solitary tree in the convent at Mar Saba is said to bear a stoneless date.
The date-palms of Sinai are usually very poor specimens.

TYPHACE:.

* Typha angustata, B. et C. Wady Ghurundel (Elim); WaAdy el ’Ain
in two places. I feel sure I saw it in the Ghér, but omitted to preserve
specimens. An addition to the flora of Palestine.
112 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

IRIDACEZ.
Lyris (Xiphion) palestinum, Baker. Tell Abu Hareireh to Gaza; Gaza
to Jaffa, etc., common. Coming into flower the last week in December.
Flowers sweet-smelling.

AMARYLLIDACE.,

Sternbergia macrantha, Gay. Mount Hor, especially about the summit.
In flower early in December. A large showy yellow species.

Narcissus Tazette, Linn. Between Medjel and Jaffa. Coming into
flower in the first week of January.

Pancratium Sickenbergert, A. et S.. Debbet er Ramleh; WéaAdies
Lebweh and es Sheikh; in several places in the ’Arabah, from ’Akabah
to Aydin Buweirdeh. Flowering November and December, but without
leaves. A beautiful white-flowered species found elsewhere only in the
neighbouring Egyptian deserts. Numerous bulbs which I brought home
of this and other species failed to flower with Mr. Burbidge. The
requisite dry heat is difficult to supply.

COLCHICACE#.

Colchicum montanum, Linn. Abundant on the plain of Judea, from
the Ghor to Gaza; near the summit of Mount Hor. In flower the second
week of December. Flowers white or mauve.

C. Stevent, Kunth. I gathered flowers, which Mr. Oliver refers to
this species, on the summit of Jebel Katharina, 8,500-8,600 feet, on
November 19th; summit of Mount Hor, in flower December: roth.
Boissier gives maritime plains of Palestine, Cilicia, and Mersina for its
known geographical range. Flowers white or faintly lilac, and appearing
without leaves on Jebel Katharina, one, two or three to the scape. On
Mount Hor the flowers were decidedly smaller, and sprang from a leafy
shoot. The latter is normally the case in this species; and possibly the
Jebel Katharina plant is distinct, and belongs to the section of the genus
in which the flowers are autumnal, the leaves vernal.

Androcymbium (Erythrostictus) palestinum, Boiss. Wady ’Arabah,
and wadies leading into it near the Ghér; Gaza; from near Jerusalem to
Jericho; Ghér es Safieh. In flower December 13th, and afterwards.
Palestine ExpLoRation Funp .Pr.8&

 

WA Fitch del
CH Fitch lith Hanhart imp.

XIPHION PALASTINUM, Baxter
Patestine Expr ORATION Fuwp Pr.9

ees
aero

 

Hanhart imp,

W.HFitch del.
C.H-Fitch ~lith .

PANCRATIUM SICKEMBERGERT, Asth & Schwein
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 113

LILIACE:.

Gagea reticulata, Pall. Gaza; Bethlehem; Jericho; Jerusalem. In
flower January 4th.

Uropetalum erythreum, Webb. (?) Sinai and in the ’Arabah, frequent ;
withered, but I think this species.

Orutthogalum umbellatum, Linn. Tell Abu Hareireh to Gaza, and
at Gaza. Gaza to Jerusalem frequently.

Urginea scilla, Sternh. Abundant in Judea. Apparently this species
throughout Mount Hor and the Edomitic escarpment, at a moderate
elevation, from the Ghér es Safieh to Wady Ghurundel, but only in
leaf.

*U. undulata, Desf. This plant flowered since my return under Mr.
Burbidge’s care, and Mr. Baker refers it to the present species. These
bulbs were greedily sought after by wild boars. I found them sparingly
in the Wady ‘Arabah near the Ghér, and again at Bir es Seba, generally
only broken remains. An addition to the flora of Palestine.

Muscart racemosum, Linn. Jerusalem to Jericho; in flower in the
second week of January.

Bellevallia flexuosa, Boiss. WaAdies Ghuweir, Hartin, Misa, and Abu
Kosheibeh ; Tell Abu Hareireh ; Ghér es Safieh; Bethlehem, etc. A
white variety occurs near Bethlehem. Slightly sweet-scented. In flower
first week of December.

Asphodelus fistulosus, Linn. Wadies Lebweh and Ghuweir; Ghér es
Safieh ; Gaza and Jericho. In flower in the middle of December.

A. ramosus, Linn. Abundant in the Judzan plain, from Bir es Seba
to Gaza; about the Ghoér es Safieh, from a few hundred feet above the
level of the Dead Sea upwards. In some places nearly as abundant as
the squill. In flower the first week of January.

Allium sinatticum, Boiss. Wady Hartin and Mount Hor, ‘a very
rare species, with the alternate filaments bearing three distinct cusps, as
in A. ponum and A. sativum.’ Flowered in the Trinity College Botanic
Gardens, Dublin, since my return. Determined by Mr. Baker.

5
114 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

[N.B.—Bulbous plants of many other species in the four foregoing
orders were brought home, and are almost all growing. Only in a few
instances have they, however, thrown out flowers. |

ASPARAGACE.

Asparagus aphyllus, Linn. Jebel Abu Kosheibeh; Gaza; Ramleh
to Jerusalem. Recorded from Nazareth only.

A. acutifolius, Linn. Mount Hor; Mejdel to Jaffa. Recorded only
from Lower Lebanon.

JUNCACEZ.
Juncus subulatus, Forsk., J. multiflorus, Desf. Ghér es Safieh.

J. acutus, Linn. Gaza; a stunted form.

J. maritimus, Lam., B. arvabecus, A.B. Wadies Sudur, Ghurundel
(Elim), and el ’Ain; Akabah; in the ’Arabah and Ghor es Safieh. The
common form was seen also at Gaza and Ghér es Safieh. The desert
form acquires the whitened appearance characteristic of its flora, and is
very large.

CYPERACE.

* Cyperus levigatus, Linn, WaAdy el’Ain; Gaza. An addition to the
flora of Palestine.

C. distachyos, All.; C. levigatus, var. gunctformis, Cav. Tell Abu
Hareireh ; Gaza.

*C. eleusinoides, Kunth. Frequent on the margins of the Arundo
jungles, near the Dead Sea, in the Ghér es Safieh. Recorded only from
Afghanistan in the Oriental Region. A native of India, tropical Africa,
and Australia. An addition to the flora of Palestine.

C. papyrus, Linn. Mr. Oliver could not be positive about this species,
the specimens, owing to the season, being imperfect. The plant had not
attained the full size of the papyrus, but in the floral characteristics they
agree. The papyrus occurs at Lake Huleh, near Jaffa, and at Gennesaret ;
but not elsewhere indigenous nearer than Nubia. At Sicily it is believed
to be anciently introduced. It occurred in the Ghér sparingly with the

last species.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 115

Cyperus longus, Linn. Ghér es Safieh; Tell Abu Hareireh.

C. votundus, Linn. Ghér es Safieh ; Gaza.

C. schenotdes, Griseb. Gaza.

Scirpus holoschenus, Linn. Jebel Misa; WaAdy el ’Attiyeh to Jebel
Herteh. Not previously found in Sinai.

S. maritimus, Linn. Ghér es Safieh; very variable.

fimbristylis ferruginea, Linn. Ghéor es Safieh.

f. dichotoma, Rottb. Ghér es Safieh.

Carex divisa, Huds. Ghér es Safieh.

C. stenophylla, Wahl. ; 8. planzfolia, Boiss. Summit of Mount Hor;
from Wady Zuweirah to Bir es Seba and Tell Abu Hareireh. Not found
hitherto south of Gaza.

GRAMINE.

Panicum tenerife, Linn. WaAdies el ’Air, el ’Attiyeh, and ’Arabah ;
“Akabah.

P. colonum, Linn. Ghér es Safieh. Found hitherto at Sidon only
in Palestine.

P. repens, Linn. Gaza.

P. turgidum, Forsk. WaAdy el ’Ain, and in the ’Arabah; Wady
Zelegah ; ’Akabah.

*P,. molle, P. barbinode, Trin., forma. Jericho. Not included in
Boissier’s ‘ Flora Orientalis.’ An addition to the flora of Palestine.

* Pennisetum dichotomum, Forsk. Wdadies Nasb and el ’Ain; Debbet
er Ramleh; frequent in the ’Arabah. May be added to the flora of
Palestine.

P. cenchroides, Pers. WaAady Haran, and others leading into the
’‘Arabah from Edom; Wa4dy ’Arabah and Ghér es Safieh; Tell Abu
Hareireh to Gaza.

ILmperata cylindrica, P. de B. Wadies Zelegah and el ’Ain; Ghér es
Safieh. Mentioned by Canon Tristram from Gennesaret under synonym

I. aurundinacea, Cyr.
15—2
116 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

Saccharum aegyptiacum, Willd. Wady Ghuweir. Known from Sidon
and Beirit in Palestine.

Evrianthus ravenne, P. de B. Ghor es Safieh.

Sorghum halepense, Pers. Ghér es Safieh. [S. vulgare, P., culti-
vated. |

Andropogon foveolatus, Del. ’Akabah. Found in Egypt and S.E.
Arabia, only in the Oriental region.

A. annulatus, Forsk. Ghér es Safieh.

A, hirtus, Linn. Summit of Mount Hor; Tell Abu Hareireh ; Gaza.

Elionurus hirsutus, Vahl.; Celorachis hirsutus, Brongn. Common
in Sinai, and extending to the edge of the Ghor.

Phataris minor, Retz. Jericho.

Aristida cerulescens, Derf. Wady el ’Attiyeh.

A. ciliata, Desf. WAdies Ghurundel and ’Arabah ; Ghér es Safieh.

A. plumosa, Linn. Debbet er Ramleh ; Wady el ’Attiyeh; ’Akabah,
and along the ’Arabah to the Ghér. A most beautiful little grass, with
long feathery styles.

A, plumosa, Linn., B. Haussknechti ? In the ’Arabah near the Ghor.

A. obtusa, Del. WaAdies Nasb, Sudur, and Ghurundel (el ’Ain) ;
Debbet er Ramleh.

Piptatherum multiflorum, Beauv. WaAdy es Sheikh ; wadies on both
sides of the ’Arabah and in the main valley.

* Sporobolus spicatus, Vahl. ’Aytn Misa; near the mouth of a valley
a few miles south of Gaza, apparently this species. An addition to the
flora of Palestine. Not previously recorded north of Cairo, nor in Sinai
or Palestine.

* Agrostis vertuillata, Vill. Jericho, and near Bethlehem. An addition
to the flora of Palestine.

Polypogon monspeliense, Desf. WaAdy el’Ain; Ghér es Safieh.
Avena sterilts, Linn. Jebel Abu Kosheibeh; Bethlehem.

“Danthonia Forskahli, Vahl. Wady Nasb; Debbct er Ramleh ; Wady
’Arabah, near the Ghor.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH. 117

Cynodon dactylon, Pers. Ghér es Safieh; Tell Abu Hareireh ; Ramleh
to Jerusalem.
C. dactylon, var. WaAdy Ghurundel (Elim).

Phragmites communis, Trin. ; P. gigantea, J.Gay. Wadies Ghurundel
(Elim) and ei Ain; “Ayan Buweinieh . Wady Zelegah ; Ghér es Safieh.
This species appears to have been called Arundo donax by several writers,
especially in Sinai. In Wady el ’Ain this gigantic species reached a
height of 15 feet.

Lamarckia aurea, Moench. Jericho.
Koeleria phieoides, Vill. Jericho.
*Evagrostis peoides, P. de B. Ghor es Safieh. An addition to the
flora of Palestine.
*E. pilosa, Linn. Ghér es Safieh. An addition to the flora of
Palestine.
“FE. megastachya, Link. Ghér es Safieh. An addition to the flora of
Palestine.
£.. cynosurotdes, Retz. Abundant at Ain Taba, near E] Taba, in the
’Arabah ; Ghér es Safieh; Gaza.
Schismus marginatus, P. de B. Jericho.
Poa annua, Linn. Ghor es Safieh; Tell Abu Hareireh.
P. ? sp., P. stnaica, R. ? Zibb el Baheir and Jebel Watiyeh, in
Sinai.
Bromus madritensis, Linn. Jericho.

CONIFER.

Pinus halepensis, Mill. Jerusalem.

Juniperus phenicea, Linn. Jebel Abu Kosheibeh ; summit of Mount
Hor; plentiful along the brow of the Edomitic limestone escarpment east
of the ’Arabah, where it appears to be the main ingredient of a respectable
growth of trees. Doubtfully mentioned by Tristram from Lebanon, but
not elsewhere in Palestine. The present locality is in Boissier, partly.

Juniperus, (2?) sp. Bethlehem. Not in an identifiable condition.
118 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

Ephedra fragilis, Desf. \Wady’Arabah, between "Ayn Buweirdeh
and the Ghér ; Jericho; near Bab el WAd; Bethlehem, where specimens
were gathered with inflorescence.

£. elata, Dene. ’Aytin Buweirdeh, near the Ghér. Apparently this
species.

E. alte, C. A. Mey. Summit of Jebel Mtisa ; Wady Hessi and Jebel
Herteh.

EQUISETACEZ.

*Equisetum elongatum, Willd. Ghor es Safieh; Gaza. Five or six
feet high in the Ghér.

FILICES.

Ceterach offictnarum, Willd. Bab el Wad and Solomon’s Pools, in
Judzea ; Jebel Abu Kosheibeh and Mount Hor, in Edom.

Notholena lanuginosa, Desf. Wady Hartin and Jebel Abu Ko-
sheibeh.

Chetlanthes fragrans, Linn. Jebel Abu Kosheibeh and Mount Hor ;
Bethlehem and Bab el Wad.

Adiantum capillus-veneris, Linn. Jebel Misa; Bethlehem.

CHARACE.

*Chara hispida, Linn. ’Aydn Buweirdeh in the ’Arabah, and at Bir es
Saura in WAdy el ’Attiyeh.

MUSCI.1

Anisothecium (Dicranum) varium, Hedw. Gaza, barren.
Grimmia apocarpa, Linn. Jebel Mtisa, Jebel Katharina, barren.
G. leucophea, Grev. With the preceding, barren.

*G. trichophylla, Grev. Jericho; a few slender stems with very young
fruit.

*G. pulvinata, Linn. Jericho.
*G. crinita. Mount Hor; Wady Misa.

1 These mosses have been determined by Mr. William Mitten, F.L.S.
FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH, 119

Hymenostylium (Gymnostomum) rupestre, Schw. Jebel Masa, Jebel
Katharina, barren.

H. (Eucladium) verticillatum, B. et S., Werssra verticillata, Brid.
With the last, and barren.

* Tortula vinealis, Brid. Jericho, barren.

*T. unguiculata, H. et T. Gaza. <A few barren stems.

*T. vevoluta, H. et T. Gaza. Barren stems intermixed.
T. rurats, Linn. Jericho, with fruit; Bir es Seba; Jaffa. Piliferous.
T. membranifolia, Hook. Jericho; Edom, with old fruit.

*7. inermts, Mont. Jebel Mtisa and Wady Hartin.
T. ambigua, B. et S. Gaza; Mount Hor.

*T. (Trichostomum) rigidula, Hedw. Gaza, barren. Seems to be
this species.

T. (Trichostomum.) tophacea, Brid. Mount Hor, barren.

*T. (Trichostomum) nitida, Lindb. Same locality as last.

*Encalypta vulgaris, Hedw. Jebel Katharina and Mount Hor.
Entosthodon Templeton, Schw. Jebel Misa and Jebel Katharina.
Funaria hygrometrica, Linn. Hospital of St. John, ruins; Jerusalem.

*Bryum argenteum, Linn. Jericho.

*B. atropurpureum, W. et Mohr. Jaffa; Bir es Seba; Jericho.
Chiefly barren.

B. turbinatum, Hedw. Jebel Masa; Jebel Katharina. Some others
which will not revive are barren and uncertain.

Hypnum (Brachythecium) Ehrenbergit, Lorentz. Jericho.
HZ, velutinum, L. Jebel Misa and Jebel Katharina.
FHI. ruscifolium, Neck. Jebel Katharina.

HEPATIC.
*Fossombronia angulosa, Raddi. Gaza.

*Otiona aitonia, Corda. Jericho. Certainly of this genus, probably
this species.
120 SOME ACCOUNT OF THE

*Lunularia vulgaris. Hospital of St. John, Jerusalem.
*Riccia lamellosa, Raddi. Bir es Seba.

[N.B.—The majority of the above mosses and hepatice have not
been previously known to inhabit Sinai or Palestine. They are almost
invariably common Mediterranean species, the greater part being found
in Britain. Lorentz, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Berlin Academy,’ 1867,
enumerated twelve species of those collected by Ehrenberg, 1820-26, in
Egypt and Sinai; and Mons. Barbey, in his ‘ Herborization au Levant,’
Lausanne, 1882, gives a list of fifteen Palestine mosses and two hepatics,
chiefly from Beyrout. Seven of Lorentz’s and four of Barbey’s are in
my list. Decaisne, in the ‘ Flora Sinaica,’ also gives four mosses from
Sinai, of which two are not in my collection. Mr. Mitten was not aware
of any Palestine mosses except those of Lorentz, and I have been able
only to give the above further references. Altogether the total is forty-
three mosses and six hepaticze, but three of the mosses which Lorentz
described as new may, according to Mr. Mitten, be found to be not so if
good specimens were procured. Lorentz’s specimens were all barren.

LICHENES.!

Omphataria, sp.? Sterile and uncertain. Jebel Katharina, on rocks.

Ramatina crispatula, Ny]. Sterile. On the ground at Bir es Seba.
Distr. Canaries and N. Africa.

Cladonia pyxidata, L. Sterile, and but little evolute. On the ground
at Jericho. Cosmopolitan.

Lecanora (Squamaria) crassa, D.C. Sparingly fertile. Amongst
mosses on rocks in Wady Ghurundel (Edom). Distr. Europe, Africa,
and Australasia.

Lecanora (Sarcogyne) pruinosa, Sm. On rocks. Tih escarpment,
near WAady Zelegah. Distr. Europe, N America.

Endocarpon hepaticum, Ach. On the ground. Ghér es Safieh.
Distr. Europe, Africa, N. America.

1 Several species from Wady Hartin do not appear in the above list, for which I am
indebted to the Rev. James Crombie, F.L.S.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI

AND

GENERAL REMARKS ON ITS BOTANY, AND THAT
OF THE DEAD SEA BASIN.

16
 

   

    

   

 
AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAL

DESCRIPTION OF SINAI.

THE Peninsula of Sinai in the Red Sea extends from N. lat. 30° to
N, lat. 27° 4o’ and from E. long. 32° 39’ to E. long. 35°. ‘ The Red Sea
at its northern end divides into arms of unequal length. The eastern
and shorter of these is the Gulf of ’Akabah, the western and longer one
the Gulf of Suez, and the Peninsula of Sinai is the triangular promontory
which lies between them. The base of this triangle is a line about
150 miles long drawn from Suez at the head of the one gulf to Akabah
at the head of the other; its two sides measured from these points
respectively to its apex at Ras Muhammed, the southernmost point of the
promontory, are about 186 and 133 miles in length, and the area of the
peninsula thus defined is about 11,500 square miles, or, roughly speaking,
twice that of Yorkshire.’"

The north-eastern corner of this peninsula, ’Akabah, lies about half a
degree south of the north-western at Suez.

The northern boundary of Sinai, as thus defined, corresponds almost
exactly with the Haj route from Cairo, and cuts through the middle of
the plateau known as the Desert of the Tih. This elevated table-land,
which is very distinct from the rest of Sinai, extends with a gradually
increased elevation from the base of Sinai in a semicircular sweep to
about the middle of the peninsula, and breaks down in a series of lofty
and often inaccessible cliffs known as the Tih escarpment. The part of

1 ‘Ordnance Survey of Sinai,’ 1869, Part L, p. 18.
16—2
Missing Page
Missing Page
126 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

Nasturtium officinale, Rosa rubiginosa, Lamium amplexicaule, Scirpus
Holoscheenus, Schcenus nigricans, which would most easily fall under the
‘Mid-Europe’ division ; others, still fewer, as Echinospermum spino-
carpos, Paracaryum micranthum, Plantago ovata, belong to the ‘ Aralo-
Caspian,’ and a more considerable number, of which may be instanced
Matthiola oxyceras, Alsine picta, Holosteum liniflorum, Astragalus
bombycinis, Zozimia absynthifolia, Achillea santolina, A. -fragrantissima,
Kochia latifolia, belong to the Mesopotamian group. Most Mesopo-
tamian species, however, which range as far as Sinai have equal claims to
be regarded as Mediterranean, or, in some cases, as Desert ; and similarly
a large number of plants, several of which appear in Sinai, may be dis-
tributed with equal justice to a position in any of the four subdivisions of
the ‘ Oriental’ region, their real requirement being that of saline soil.

In the following tables, a few species recorded from the ‘ Tih plateau,’
or ‘ Arabia Petrza conterminous to Palestine,’ are included with a mark of
doubt, the locality being somewhere on the northern edge of the Peninsula,
but possibly lying outside the boundary.

An asterisk is appended to those names which do not appear in the
flora of Palestine list as given by Canon Tristram. A few probably
introduced plants are bracketed.

Those printed in italic characters are peculiar to Sinai, so far as at
present known. Eight species considered endemic have been found
beyond these limits, six by me and two by Burton, since their first
records in Boissier. The letters End. indicate the group to which the
peculiar species belong.

The groups to which I have referred the flora are Desert, Mediter-
ranean and Plateaux. The first two columns being devoted to the Desert
species, which predominate, although if the North African flora be all
regarded as Mediterranean, several of my Desert plants might be referred
to that section.

The first column is devoted to those Desert species whose range is
limited to the immediately adjoining countries of Palestine, Egypt and
Arabia Petrza (of which Sinai is a part), and in some cases the Syrian
desert. In many cases the plants of this column are almost as essentially
Sinaitic as the péculiar species.

The second column includes Desert species with a wider range. Too
REMARKS ON TABLE OF FLORA OF SINAI. 127

large a space would be occupied by contractions representing accuracy in
enumerating the lists of stations given by Boissier. I have therefore
only indicated the zendency of the distribution of the species. Thus E,
signifies that the species reaches Persia, Beloochistan, Scinde, Afghanistan,
or even India on the East ; W. stands for North Africa, Canaries or Cape
Verdes on the West ; and T. intimates that the plant is found either in or
on the edge of the Tropics, chiefly in Nubia, Abyssinia and Arabia,
Broadly speaking, E. generally stands for Persia and Beluchistan, and W.
for North-west Africa and islands.

The third column includes Mediterranean species. I have here again
endeavoured to tell something of the range of the plant by a system of
letters. Thus an asterisk stands for typical Mediterranean ; L. for local
Mediterranean, confined to a very limited portion of its coast; E. shows
that the species has a further wide range eastwards to Persia ; and W. that
the plant inhabits the western countries of the Mediterranean, sometimes
even reaching the Canaries, and thus illustrating the transition between
the Mediterranean and the Desert floras. The transition on the tropical
side is, however, more obvious.

The fourth column is the most difficult and uncertain one to deal with.
The elevation at which the plant appears on Sinai itself has been taken as
a first guide, but many Sinaitic species have a wide, vertical distribution,
and those which have, will be found more often to be of a Mesopotamian
or Syrian desert character, than either Mediterranean, Montane or
Plateaux. Most of the Plateaux or Mountain plants of Sinai, which are
properly so classed, reappear in the elevated parts of Persia (E.),a few in
Songaria, Turkestan and the Caucasus (N.E.), some more in the moun-
tains of Asia Minor, Taurus and the Lebanon range (N.), a very small
number in the North-western Mediterranean mountains (N.W.),"and the
Western Algeria or Morocco Plateaux (W.), and two or three in the
southern mountains of Nubia and Abyssinia (S.).

The last column is reserved for species too widespread to fall in line
elsewhere. Tp. signifies that they are chiefly of the temperate region of
the Eastern Hemisphere; Wm. is placed after plants of warm or
tropical countries, widely spread in the Old World; while W.W. gives a
further ‘ world-wide’ range to the Western Hemisphere,
128 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

TABULAR VIEW OF THE FLORA OF THE SINAITIC PENINSULA.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DESERT.

Sinaitic] mepIt, [PLATEAUX.| _“!DE

and ad-| Wide- SPREAD.

joining] spread.

regions.
Nigella deserti, Boiss. E. I
*(Papaver Decaisnei, Hochst.) E, 2
Reemeria orientalis, Boiss. E., N.E. 3
*Glaucium arabicum, Fres. .\ END. 4
Cocculus Lezba, DC. ne 5
*Morettia philceana, Del. ry 6
M. canescens, Boiss. 7
Matthiola arabica, Boiss. 8
M. oxyceras, DC. . E. 9
M. livida, Del. 3 10
Eremobium lineare, Del. E. II
Farsetia egyptiaca, Turr. E.,W. 12
*F, ovalis, Boiss. : E. 13
Nasturtium officinale, R. Br. w.w, 14
Sisymbrium Schimperi, Boiss. E. 15
(S. pannonicum, Jacq. var.) ar: 10
5. erysimoides, Desf. E.W.T. 17
(S. irio, Linn.) TP. wm. | 18
Malcolmia pulchella, DC. 19
M. africana, Linn. ; WM. 20
*M. aculeolata, Boiss. E. 21
Nasturtiopsis arabica, Boiss. 22
*Alyssum marginatum, Stend. | E. as
Al. homalocarpum, FM. END. 24
Clypeola microcarpa, Moris. E. 25
Notoceras canariense, R. Br. E.,W. 26
Anastatica plSrccuMnta,

Linn. . ‘ | E.W.T. a7
(Lepidium chalepense, Linn.) ), N, 28
(L. Draba, Linn.) . WM. 29
(Erucaria aleppica, Gertn.) ; LOC. 30
Hussonia uncata, Boiss. . Ww. 31
Schimpera arabica, Hochst. E, 32
Moricandia arvensis, Linn. = 33

 
TABULAR VIEW OF THE FLORA OF THE SINAITIC PENINSULA.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

129
DESERT.

inaitic ee

a Se apeace MEDIT, [PLATEAUX.| oo nap,

joining| spread.

regions,
Moricandia sinaica, Boiss E. 34
M. dumosa, Boiss. . * a5
*M. clavata, Boiss. Ww. 36
Diplotaxis Harra, Forsk. E, a7
D. acris, Forsk. * 38
Brassica Tournefortii, Gou. E. 39
(Sinapis arvensis, Linn, }e TP 40
Savignya egyptiaca, DC. el

var. . E. AI
Schouwia Schimperi, 5 et Sp.. * 42
? Enarthrocarpus strangulatus,

Boiss. 43
(Raphanus sativus, ‘Linn.) TP. A4
Zilla myagroides, Forsk. - 45
Cleome arabica, Linn. . Ww. 46
? *C, brachycarpa, Vahl. E. A7
C. trinervia, Fres. . * 48
C. droserifolia, Del. * 49
*C. chrysantha, Dene. T. 50
?*Mcerua uniflora, Vahl. Bi, Wi Te 51
Capparis spinosa, Linn. . * Ee 52
C. galeata, Fres. 53
Ochradenus baccatus, Del. E. 54
Reseda arabica. E.,W. 55
R. propinqua, R. Br. W. 56
*R. stenostachya, Boiss. . (8) Te 5
R. muricata, Presl.. * 58
R. pruinosa, Del. . 2 * 59
Oligomeris subulata, Del. E.,W. 60
Caylusea canescens, Linn. W. 61
*Helianthemum ese

Botss. END. 62
H. kahiricum, ‘Del. W. 63
H. Lippii, Linn, Tk 64
H. vesicarium, Boiss.  . ie 65
* Polygala spinescens, Dene. END. 66
* Dianthus stnaicus, Botss. END. 67

1 California and New Mexico.

17
130 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DESERT.

Sinaitic WIDE

and ad.| Wide- MEDIT. |/PLATEAUX. SPREAD.

joining | spread.

regions.
(Saponaria vaccaria, Linn.) Te 68
Gypsophila Rokejeka, Del. L., E. (?) 69
*G. elegans, MB. . ; N.E. 70
G. hirsuta, Lab. var. 8 N.,N.W. 71
Silene conoidea, Linn. * 2, 70
S. villosa, Forsk. ‘ Ww. 73
*S. arabica, Botss. . .| END. 74
*S. linearis, Dene. . .| END. 75
*S. leucophylla, Borss. END. 76
*S. Schimpertana, Botss. END. 77
Spergularia diandra, Guss. +2. 78
*Buffonia multiceps, Dene. END. 79
Alsine Meyeri, Boiss. N.,NE.,E. 80
A. picta, S. et Sm. var. y L.,E. 81
Arenaria graveolens, Sch. NW.N.NE. 82
Holosteum liniflorum, Stev. NE.,E. 83
Robbairea prostrata, Forsk. W.,E.,T. 84
Polycarpon arabicum, Boiss, = 85
P. succulentum, Del. * 86
Polycarpza fragilis, Del. Ww. 87
Herniaria cinerea, DC. . * E,W 88
H. hemistemon, J. Gay.. w. 89
Paronychia sinaica, Fres. ne 90
P. desertorum, Boiss. : E. QI
Gymnocarpum fruticosum, Pers. E.,W. 92
Sclerocephalus arabicus, Boiss. E,W. 93
Pteranthus echinatus, Desf. E.,W. 94
*Cometes abyssinica, R. Br. a 95
*Telephium spherospermum,

Boiss. ; * 96
Glinus lotoides, Linn. WM. 97
Portulaca oleracea, Linn. W.wW. 98
*Reaumuria hirtella, J. et Sp. | * 99
Tamarix gallica, Fl. Gr. var. . TP. wM. |100
T. articulata, Vahl. ; E.,W.,T IOI
Frankenia pulverulenta, Linn. TP, wM. |102
Frankenia hirsuta, Linn. y TP. 103
*FTypericum sinaicune, Flochst. END, 104

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABULAR VIEW OF THE FLORA OF THE SINAITIC PENINSULA. 131
DESERT.

Sinaitic se:

and ad.| Wide- MEDIT. |PLATEAUX. SPREAD.

joining | spread.

regions.
Malva rotundifolia, Linn. TP. {105
M. parviflora, Linn. 7p, 106
* Althea striata, DC. END. 107
A. rosea, Linn... it 108
Abutilon fruticosum, G. et P.. By Tt. 109
A. muticum, Del. . ET. 110
Hibiscus ovalifolius, Vahl. E: Ill
Erodium laciniatum, Cav. oi 112
E. hirtum, Forsk. W. 113
E. cicutarium, Linn. TP. |r14
E. bryonizfolium, Boiss. ? EB. 115
Monsonia nivea, Dene. w. 116
Tribulus terrestris, Linn. ae On rig
*T. bimucronatus, Viv. . ET, 118
T. alatus, Del. E.,T. 119
Fagonia glutinosa, Del. 2 . 120
F. kahirina, Boiss. . w. I21
E Bruguieri, DC, : E.,W. 122
*F. myriacantha, Borss. . END. 123
F. mollis, Del. = 124
F. arabica, Linn. . * P25
Zygophyllum dumosum, Boiss!  * 126
Z. simplex, Linn. . : : = 137
Z. album, Linn. fy 128
Z. coccineum, Linn. ET. 129
Z. decumbens, Del. * 130
Seetzenia orientalis, Dene. E. 131
Peganum Harmala, Linn. TP. WM. |132
Nitraria tridentata, Desf. W.,T 192
Ruta tuberculata, Forsk. Wig Ts 134
Pistacia terebinthus, Linn. Is 135
Zizyphus spina-christi, Linn. . E.,W.,T. 136
Rhamnus paleestina, Boiss. N. 13y
Moringa aptera, Geert. i 138
Crotalaria egyptiaca, Benth. . E. 139

1 Reappearing at the Cape of Good Hope.

2 Mons. Boissier’s discrimination of this genus is here followed.

Tt would, perhaps, be

safer to include these forms in one very variable sfecies, F. cretica, Linn., as Anderson does.

17—2
132 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DESERT.
Me Wide. | MEDI [PLATEAUX. a
joining | spread.
regions.
Lotononis dichotoma, Del. E.,W. 140
L. persica, J. et Sp. Bat 14!
Argyrolobium ees

Dene. : w. 142
Retama Retam., F orsk. . w. 143
Ononis sicula, Guss, Lis Es 144
(Trigonella foenum - greecum,

Linn.) * TLE 145
T. stellata, F orsk. w. 146
T. arabica, Del. . . 147
(Medicago tribuloides, Desv. ) . 148
M. laciniata, All. . ‘ E.,W. 149
(M. ciliaris, Willd.) * Ww. 150
(Melilotus messanensis, Linn.) "2, I51
(M. parviflora, Desf.) AO, 152
Lotus lanuginosus, Vent. * 153
L. arabicus, Linn. . : T.,W. 154
Hippocrepis cornigera, Boiss. . E., W. 155
Psoralea bituminosa, Linn. at a 156
? *Indigofera arabica, J. et Sp. T. 157
*Tephrosia apollinea, Del. ©: 158
*T. purpurea, Pers. T. 159
Colutea aleppica, Lam. . s. 160
Astragalus tribuloides, Del. (?) * 161
*A. pseudostella, Del. Les 162
*A. Schimper, Botss. END. 163
? *A. eremophilus, Boiss. E.,T. 164
A. tenuirugis, Boiss. Ww. 165
A. bombycinus, Boiss. E. 166
A. peregrinus, Vahl. Ww. 167
* A. Fresenit, Dene. END. 168
A. sparsus, Dene. . . 169
*A. acinaciferus, Botss. . END. 170
*A.Sieberi, DC. . * I7I
*A. trigonus, DC. . - 172
A. echinus, DC... N. 173
A. Forskahlei, Boiss. . at) ie 174
Onobrychis Ptolemaica, Del. .| * 175
TABULAR VIEW OF THE FLORA OF THE SINAITIC PENINSULA. 133

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DESERT.

Sinaitic eee

and ad.| Wide- MEDIT, |PLATEAUX. SPREAD.

joining | spread.

regions.
Alhagi Maurorum, DC.. : fi 176
Cassia obovata, Coll. . ; E,, W.,T. 177
*C. acutifolia, Del. ‘ ; E.,T. 178
Acacia nilotica, Del. . : T, 179
A. tortilis, Haym. . : : T.,W. 180
A. Seyal., Del. : : : T.,W. 181
* Crategus stnaica, Botss. END. 182
*Rosa rubiginosa, Linn. (var.) TP. |183
Poterium verrucosum, Ehr. . " 184
Neurada procumbens, Linn. . E.,W. 185
Cucumis prophetarum, Linn. . BT 186
Citrullus colocynthis, Linn! . Ws; Bayh 137
Mesembryanthemum Forskah-

lei, Hochst. ‘ 4) 188
Aizoon canariense, Linn. 1 é Wi, Big’ 189
Cotyledon umbilicus, Linn.

Var. ? . ! (?) TP. |190
*Bupleurum linearifolium, DC.

(y) . Z NE.,E. Ig!
Apium graveolens, Linn) TP. |192
(Ridolfia segetum, Moris.) . - 193
Deverra tortuosa, Desf. . 4 = 194
*D. trivadiata, Hochst. . : END. 195
Pimpinella cretica, Poir.B  . L. 196
Coriandrum sativum, Linn. . L. 197
Scandix pinnatifida, Vent... N.,NE., E. 198
Pycnocycla tomentosa, Dcne..| * 199
* Ferula sinaica, Botss. . , END. 200
Zozimia absynthifolia, Vent. . N.,NE.,E. 201
*Oldenlandia Schimperi : T, 202
Crucianella membranacea,

Boiss. ‘ : 1 o# 203
*C, ciliata, Lam. et ‘B : ‘ N. 204
*Galium sinaicum, Dene. . END. 205
(G. tricorne, With.)  . .. TP. [206
G. spurium, Linn. y . ‘ N.,NW.,E. 207
*G, Decaisnei, Boiss. . : ] N.,E.,S. '208

1 Found at the Cape of Good Hope.
134 AN ANALYSIS

OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DESERT,

Sinaitic DES

and ad.| Wide- MEDIT. |PLATEAUX. SPREAD.

joining | spread.

regions.
Callipeltis cucullaria, Linn. W.,N.,E 209
(Cephalaria syriaca, Sch.) * Es 210
*Scabtosa evemophila, Boiss. .| END. oy
Pterocephalus sanctus, Decne. . * 212
Erigeron Bovei, DC. i. 213
E. trilobum, Dene. ‘ . 214
Asteriscus pygmzus, C. et D. E.,W. 215
A. graveolens, Forsk. W. 216
*A. Schimpert, Boiss. END. 217
? Anvillza Garcini, Burm. E. 218
Inula viscosa, Linn. 219
*Pulicaria longifolia, Boiss. w. 220
P. undulata, Linn. . W.,T 221
Francoeuria crispa, Forsk. T., E.,W 222
Iphiona juniperifolia, Cass. . 223
*). seabra, DG. Ty, 224
Varthamia montana, Vahl. 225
*Phagnalon nitidum, Fres. E 226
Lasiopogon muscoides, Desf.! L.,E. 207
Leyssera capillifolia, Willd. W.,T 228
? Gymnarrhena micrantha,

Desf. d E.,W. 229
Ifloga spicata, F orsk.! E.,W. 230
? Achillea santolina, L. ? High a34
Santolina fragrantissima,

Forsk. 4°) * 232
* Anthems desert, Boiss. END. 235
*A. kahirica, Vis. mn 234
(Chrysanthemum counariian,

Linn.) * w. 235
Pyrethrum auriculatum, Boiss! * 236
*P. santalinoides, DC. END. 257
Brocchia cinerea, Del. 3 Wat 238
Artemisia monosperma, Del. . iL. 239
A. herba-alba, Asso. et vars. S.,Es 240
A. judaica, Linn. * 241
Senecio Decaisnei, DC. 1 E.,W. 242

1 Reappearing at the Cape of Good Hope.
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABULAR VIEW OF THE FLORA OF THE SINAITIC PENINSULA. 135
DESERT.
Sinaitic IDES
aad nae | MASS MEDIT. |PLATEAUX. SPREAD.
joining | spread.
regions.
Senecio coronopifolius, Desf. . Lo, 243
Calendula arvensis, Linn. TP. WM. |244
Tripteris Vaillantii, Dene. * 245
Echinops glaberrimus, DC. . * 246
Carduus pycnocephalus, Jacq. Y TP. WM. |247
Atractylis flava, Desf. . E.,W. 248
Onopodon ambiguum, Fres. .) (?) * 249
Phzeopappus scoparius, Sieb..|  * 250
Amberboa Lippii, Linn. Ww. 251
A. crupinoides, Desf. W.,T 252
Centaurea eryngoides, Lam. . N. ane
C. sinaica, DC. . 254
C. egyptiaca, Linn. ‘ f E. 255
Leontodon hispidulum, Del. E. 256
L. arabicum, Boiss. . 257
Picris cyanocarpa, Boiss. = 258
Urospermum picroides, Linn. . * FE. 259
Zollikoferia mucronata, Forsk. W.,E 260
? Z. tenuiloba, Boiss. * 261
Z. arabica, Boiss. . w. 262
Z. nudicaulis, Linn. Ww. 263
#7, fallax, |. et Sp. ET, 264
? Z. massavensis, Fres. . ts 265
*Z. glomerata, Cass. T.,E.,W 266
Z. spinosa, Forsk. . W.,E 267
Picridim tingitanum, Linn. T.,E.,W 268
Sonchus oleraceus, Linn. W.W. | |269
Lagoseris bifida, Vis. ss 270
Campanula dulcis, Dene. N. 271
Anagallis arvensis, Linn., a
CED < W.w. |272
* Primula Boveana, Dine. END. 27%
Salvadora persica, Geertn. E., W.,T. 274
*Periploca aphylla, Dene. E, 275
Solenostoma Argel., Del. T 276
Calotropis procera, Willd. E,,W., 7. 277
Deemia cordata, R. Br. E., W., T. 278
Gomphocarpus sinaicus, Boiss. * 279
136 AN ANALYSIS

OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DESERT.
Sinaitic WIDE-
vad ad.| Wide. | MEDI™ PLATEAUX| spreap,
joining | spread.
regions.
Leptadenia pyrotechnica,

Forsk. : E.,T. 280
* Boucerosia sinaica, Dene. END. 281
Erythreea ramosissima, Pers. . TP, {282
E. spicata, Pers. . TP. WM. |283
Convolvulus hystrix, Vahl. Eyre 284
C. lanatus, Vahl. * 285
C. arvensis, Linn. . w.w. |286
Cressa cretica, Linn. w.w. |287
Cuscuta arabica, Fres. * 288
Heliotropium luteum, Poir. w. 289
H. arbaniense, Fres. ET 290
H. undulatum, Vahl. w. 291
*H. persicum, Lam. : E.,T. 292
Anchusa hispida, Forsk. W.,T.,E 293
A. Milleri, Willd. * 204
*Echium longifolium, Del. (2?w.)T 295
*E, Rauwolfii, Del. e, 296
Echiochilon fruticosum, Desf. W.,T 297
Arnebia hispidissima, Spreng. BT. 298
A. cornuta, Ledeb. ‘ E.,NE, 299
A. Vinearifolia, DC. N.,E. 300
Lithospermum callosum, Vahl. W.,E 301
Alkanna orientalis, Bales: N.,E 302
Echinospermum _ spinocarpos,

Forsk. 3 N.,E. 303
*E. sinaicum, DC. E. 304
*Paracaryum ees

Boiss. S.,NE.,E. 305
P. rugulosum, DC. : ; NE.,E. 306
(Asperugo procumbens, Linn.) Te. 1307
Trichodesma africanum,

Linn.? E.,W. 308
Solanum nigrum, Linn, var. W.w. |309
Withania somnifera, Linn.? W.,E. * 310
Lycium europezeum, Linn. * Ww. au
L. arabicum, Schw. ‘TE: 312

1 Appearing again at the Cape of Good Hope.
TABULAR VIEW OF THE FLORA OF THE SINAITIC PENINSULA. 137

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DESERT.

ome Wide. | MEDI |PEATEAUX. oe

joining | spread.

regions.
Hyoscyamus pusillus, Linn. . S E.,NE. ets
H. muticus, Linn. . ‘ : E. 314
Verbascum sinaiticum, Bth. . N. 315
V. sinuatum, Linn. : : * rw. 316
*V. Schimperianum, Bows. . END. aly
Celsia parviflora, Dene. . ff O 318
*Anarrhinum pubescens, Fres. END. 319
Linaria floribunda, Boiss. ~| | 320
(L. spuria, Willd.) . : ‘ W.,B.* 321
L. egyptiaca, Linn. : : W. : 420
L. macilenta, Dene. : .; 42%
Scrophularia deserti, Del. ‘ E. 324
S. variegata, M.B. : N.,E. 325
Lindenbergia sinaica, Dene. | * 326
Veronica Anagallis, Linn... W.w. |327
V. Beccabunga, Linn. . ‘ TP, 1338
V. camplopoda, Boiss. . : NE., N.,E. 329
Phelipzea tubulosa, Schenk. . E. : 330
Blepharis edulis, Forsk. ‘ TB 331
Globularia arabica, J. et Sp. . i* 252
*Lavandula pubescens, Decne. Eye 333
L. coronopifolia, Poir, ... iT 334
Mentha sylvestris, Linn. (y, 6). Te. i335
Origanum Maru, Linn, B-.. ki 336
* Thymus decussatus, Bth. ‘ END. 937
*Micromeria sinaica, Bth. : S. 338
Salvia paleestina, Bth. . ‘ L.,E. 256
S. controversa, Ten. j : L. 340
S. egyptiaca, Linn. ; . E., W.,T. 341
*S. deserti, Dene. . ; ‘ i 342
*Nepeta septemcrenata, Ehr..) * 343
Stachys affinis, Fres. aye 344
Lamium amplexicaule, Linn. . TP. (345
Ballota undulata, Fres. . ; L. 346
*Otostegia Schimpert, Bth.  . END. 347
*O,. moluccoides, Vahl. . : S. 348
Leucas inflata, Bth. : : TEx 349
Phlomis aurea, Dcne. . ‘ * 350

18
38 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

 

DESERT.

 

Sinaitic
and ad-| Wide-
joining | spread.
regions.

MEDIT.

PLATEAUX.

WIDE-

SPREAD.

 

Ajuga chia, Poir. 8
*Teucrium leucocladum, Boiss.
T. sinaicum, Boiss.
Statice Thouini, Viv.

S. pruinosa, Linn. .
Plantago albicans, Linn.
*P. cylindrica, Forsk.

*P, amplexicaulis, Cav. .
P. ovata, Forsk.

P. ciliata, Desf.

P. arabica, Boiss. .

P. phzostoma, Boiss.

Beta maritima, Linn.
Chenopodium murale, Linn.
C. album, Linn.

Atriplex dimorphostegium, K.

et K.. ,
A. crystallinum, Ehr. .
A. leucocladum, Boiss.
A. halimus, Linn. .
A. farinosum, Forsk.
Chenolea arabica, Boiss.
Kochia muricata, Linn. .
K. latifolia, Fres.
Arthrocnemum glaucum, Del.
*Halocnemum _ strobilaceum,
Pall. .
Sueda MOneiea, Forse. .
S. vermiculata, Forsk.

*Schanginia baccata, Forsk. .

Traganum nudatum, Del.
Haloxylon articulatum, Cav.
Salsola tetragona, Del.

S. foetida, Del.

Anabasis articulata, Forsk.

A. setifera, Moq.

Halogeton alopecuroides, Del.
*(Amarantus caudatus, Linn.)

 

E.,W.
E.,W.
(?W)E.T

 

 

E.,N,
END.

W.,E., NE.

 

 

TP.
W.wW.
W.W.

TP.

351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365

366
367
368
369
379
371
372
373
374

375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386

 
TABULAR VIEW OF THE FLORA OF THE SINAITIC PENINSULA. 139

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DESERT.

Sinaitic wODEe

audads| wade MEDIT. |PLATEAUX. SPREAD.

joining | spread.

regions.
(Amarantus sylvestris, Desf.) . TP. |387
(Albersia blitum, Kunth.) . TP. |388
fErua javanica, Juss... , W.,E., T. 389
Calligonum comosum, L’ Her. W.,E. 390
Rumex dentatus, Linn. . ‘ E. 391
*R. vesicarius, Linn. . ‘ E.,W. 392
R. roseus, Linn. . ‘ L.,E. : 393
Atraphaxis spinosa, Linn. var. NE.,E. 394
Boerhavia plumbaginea, Cav.} WM. (395
B. verticillata, Poir. ¢ ‘ T.,E., W. 396
? Thymelza hirsuta, Linn... * 397
Euphorbia granulata, Forsk. . T.,E., W. 398
E. cornuta, Pers. . ; ; w. 399
(E. peplus, Linn.) . ‘ ‘ TP. (400
E. chamzpeplus, Boiss. : * 401
*F. obovata, Dene. . j .| END. 402
E. terracina, Linn. : . * w. 403
(E. helioscopia, Linn.) . : TP. |404
Andrachne aspera, Spr. . : T,.B: 405
Crozophora tinctoria, Linn. . 7k. 406
C. obliqua, Vahl. T.,E., W. 407
Parietaria alsinefolia, Del. E. 408
Forskahlea tenacissima, Linn. E.,W.,T. 409
Ficus pseudosycomorus, Dene,| * 410
Salix safsaf, Forsk. ‘ 7 4II
? *S. babylonica, Linn. . ‘ E 412
Populus euphratica, Oliv. ‘ (?) E. 413
*Haplophila ovalis, R. Br? . 414
*H. stipulacea, Forsk.2 , 415
Ruppia rostellata, Koch. a x 416
*Cymodocea rotundata, Ehr,? Ai?
*C, isoetifolia, Asch? . ‘ 418
*C, ciliata, Forsk.?. : 419
*Halodule uninervis, Forsk. 2) 420
*Hypheene Thebaica, Del. . T 421

1 Appears again at the Cape of Good Hope.
2 Seashore plants of Indian, Pacific, and Red Seas. Ruppia alone is found in the
Mediterranean also,
18—2
140 AN ANALYSIS

OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

 

 

 

 

 

DESERT.

Sinaitic ADE

and ad-| Wide- MEDIT. |PLATEAUX. SPREAD.

joining | spread.

regions.
Phoenix dactylifera, L’Hert. . T.,E., W. 422
*Typha angustata, B. et Ch. . WM. 1423
Pancratium Sickembergeri, A.

eS... ; : “ st) 424
Colchicum montanum, Linn. . W.,N., NE, 425
C. Steveni, Kunth. Le 426
C.. Kitch, KR. Ba. : L.,W. 427
Erythrostictus paleestinus,

Boiss. : : L, 428
Gagea reticulata, Pall. TP. (429
Allium sinaiticum, Boiss. * 430
A. stamineum, Boiss. ‘ N.,E. 431
*Uropetalum erythrezum,

Webb. ‘ sf) 432
Asphodelus  tenuifolius,

Cav. . é : ‘ WM. [433
*A. pendulinus, C. et D. Ww. 434
Asparagus stipularis, Forsk. . ‘ 435
Juncus effusus, Linn. W.w. [436
J. maritimus, Lam. (@) . TP. 1437
J. punctorius, Linn.? N.,S.,E. 438
*]. paniculatus, Hop. iy PE 439
J. bufonius, Linn. . W.W. 440
Cyperus levigatus, Linn. w.w. |441
C. distachyus, All. . =e 442
C. conglomeratus, R. et

rc ee T.,E., W 443
Scirpus holoschcenus, Linn. TP. 1444
S. maritimus, Linn. w.w. |445
Scheenus nigricans, Linn. TP. (446
? Carex divisa, Huds. TP. [447
C. distans, Linn. . TP. |448
Panicum teneriffe, Linn. E.,W. 449
P. turgidum, Forsk. T.,E. 450.
Setaria glauca, Linn. W.W. |451
? S, verticillata, Linn. ww. |452

 

? Found in Madagascar,

 

1 Found at the Cape of Good Hope.

 

 

 
TABULAR VIEW OF THE FLORA OF THE SINAITIC PENINSULA. 141

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DESERT.
Sinaitic | : WIDE-
aa | Chae MEDIT. |PLATEAUX, SPREAD.
joining | spread.
regions
Pennisetum dichotomum,

Forsk. ' : : E,W. 453
*P. elatum, Hochst. : .| END. 454
P. ciliare, Link} ; : E.,W.,T. 455
P. orientale, Rich. : N.,E., NE. 456
Imperata cylindrica, Linn. WM. (457
Saccharum egyptiacum, .

Will. . 2 TEs 458
Andropogon foveolatus, Del. 2 Tag lig WW 459
A. hirtus, Linn.) . ; ! T.,E., W. 460
A. distachyus, Linn... 5 * w. 461
Elionurus hirsutus, Vahl. : Taki : 462
Phalaris minor, Retz), EW, 463
Aristida ceerulescens, Desf.}, 2 T.,E., W. 464
A. pumila, Dene. . , : Ww. 465
*A. obtusa, Del.} W.,T 466
A. ciliata, Desf.4 . ; w.,T. 467
A. plumosa, Linn. . ‘ W. 468
*A. hirtigluma, Steud. T 469
?*A. acutiflora, Trim. . 4 W.,T. 470
*A. pungens, Desf. : é (?) NE. 471
Stipa barbata, Desf. : : E.,NE., N. 472
Piptatherum multiflorum,

Beauv. . : * w. 473
* Sporobolus spicatus, Vahl. . HT, ‘ 474
Agrostis verticillata, Vill. : Ww. 1475
Polypogon maritimum, Willd. TP. |476
P. monspeliense, Linn. . : w.w. (477
Trisetum lineare, Forsk. he 478
T. pumilum, Desf. . : ¢ L.,W., E. 479
(Avena sterilis, Linn.) . ; ER. 480
(A. barbata, Brot.) . w. * 481
*Danthonia Forskahlei, Vahl. W.,E. 482
Cynodon dactylon, Linn. ‘ w.w. |483
*Tetrapogon villosus, Desf. . T.,W., E. 484
(Eleusine indica, Linn.) . ‘ w.w. [485

1 Found at the Cape of Good Hope.
2 Found in Australia.
142 AN ANALYSIS

OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DESERT.
Sinaitic wpe
ea ade|| Ge MEDIT. |PLATEAUX. SPREAD.
joining spread.
regions.

Pappophorum brachstachyum,

J. et Sp. TW E 486
* Boissiera bromoides, Hochst. NE.,E., N. 487
Phragmites communis, Trim.

; ‘ : ‘ w.w. |488
Koeleria phleoides, Vill. TP. |489
*K. sinaica, Botss. (?) END. 490
Eragrostis pozoides, P. dé B. TP. |49Q1
/Eluropus littoralis, Willd. TP. WM. |492
Schismus arabicus, Nees. Lak; 493
*Poa sinaica, Steud. E.,NE. 494
*P. soongarica, Sch. E.,NE. 495
*Vulpia myuros, Gmel. . w.w. |496
Scleropoa memphitica, Spr. =E, 497
Bromus tectorium, Linn. TP. (498
B. madritensis, Linn. TP. |499
Brachpodium distachyum,

Linn. ‘ * EW. 500
AEgopyrum squarrosum, Roth. NE., E.,W. 501
(Lolium multiflorum, Gaud.) TP. |502
Lepturus incurvatus, Linn, TP. |503
Ephedra alte, C. A. M. te 504
*E. alata, Dene. ‘ E.,W.,NE. 505
Nothochleena lanuginosa,

Desf.1 * Ew. 506
Cheilanthes fragrans, Linn. * 507
Adiantum as - veneris,

Linn. . w.w. {508
Equisetum ramosum, Schl. w.w. |509

1 Reappears in Australia.
ANALYSIS OF ORDERS REPRESENTED IN THE SINAITIC PENINSULA. 143

ANALYSIS OF ORDERS REPRESENTED IN THE SINAITIC PENINSULA.

D.=DESERT, P.=PLATEAUX OR MONTANE, MED.=MEDITERRANEAN.

 

WIDE-

: : i ; . | P, | ENDEMIC.
ORDERS AND NO, OF GENERA SPECIES D. MED Or eer:

 

Papaveracez, 4
Menispermacez, 1
Cruciferze, 25
Capparidez, 3
Resedacez, 4

Cistinez, 1.
Polygalez, 1 .
Caryophyllez, 9
Paronychiez, 9 ;
Molluginez, 2 : ;
Portulacez, 1
<Tamariscinez, 2
Frankeniacez, 1. :
Hypericinee, 1. ,
Malvacez, 4 . ‘ ‘
Geraniacee, 2
Zygophyllez, 6
Rutaceez, 1. j ‘
Terebinthacez, 1
Rhamnee, 2 .
Moringee, 1 .
Leguminose, 19
Rosacez, 4 ‘
Cucurbitacez, 2. :
Ficoidez, 2. ; ,
Crassulacez, I ‘ ‘
Umbelliferze, 10
Rubiacez, 4 .
Dipsacez, 3 . ‘ : ‘
Composite, 37. , | 5
Campanulacee, 1 . 7 .
Primulacez, 2 : i ‘
Salvadoracee, 1 , . ,
Asclepiadee, 7. ‘
Gentianee, 1 : . .

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144 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

 

ORDERS AND NO. OF GENERA,

SPECIES.

MED.

ENDEMIC.

 

Convolvulacez, 3
Boraginez, 11
Solanacee, 4.
Scrophulariez, 7
Orobanchaceez, 1 .

Acanthacee, I : g. “aay

Globulariez, 1
Labiate, 15
Plumbaginez, 1
Plantaginee, 1
Salsolacez, 14
Amarantacee, 3
Polygonez, 3
Nyctaginez, 1

? Thymelzacez, 1
Euphorbiacee, 3
Urticacez, 3.
Salicinez, 2 . :
Hydrocharidez, 1 .
Potamee, 3
Palme, 2 2
Typhacez, 1 .
Amaryllidacez, 1
Colchicacez, 1
Liliacez, 5
Asparagacee, I
Juncacez, 1
Cyperacee, 4
Graminee, 35
Gnetacez, I .
Filices, 3
Equisetacee, 1
Characez, I .
Musci, 9

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No = SD
LIST OF ORDERS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF SPECIES. 145

LIST OF ORDERS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF THEIR

SINAITIC SPECIES.

Tamariscineze, Dipsaceze, Urticacez, Salicineze, Colchicaceze, and
Filices three each. Eleven orders have but two representatives, while

nineteen orders have but a single species appearing in Sinai. The
average is about seven and a half species per order.
Composite ... 58 Paronychiez ... Solanacee ... 6
Graminez « 55 Umbellifere .. Geraniacez
Leguminose... 43 Euphorbiacez Convolvulaceze
Cruciferze . 40 Resedaceze Polygonez
Salsolacezee ... 23 Capparidaceze Juncaceze
Labiatze | Rubiaceze Papaveracez...
Boraginee ... 20 Cyperaceze Cistineze
Caryophyllee 17 Malvaceze Rosacez icy te
Zygophyllez... 17 Asclepiadaceze Amarantaceze
(Musci) es Plantaginee ...
Scrophulariee 15 Liliaceze

In the foregoing list the following genera have no representatives in

Europe :

Cocculus.
Morettia.
Eremobium.
Nasturtiopis.
Anastatica.
Hussonia.
Schimpera.
Savignya.
Schouwia.
Zilla.
Meerua.
Ochradenus.
Oligomeris.
Caylusea.
Robbairea.
Polycarpzea.
Gymnocarpum.

Sclerocephalus.
Cometes.
Abutilon.
Seetzenia.
Moringa.
Crotalaria.
Lotononis.
Indigofera.
Tephrosia.
Cassia.
Acacia.
Neurada.
Citrullus.
Deverra.
Pycnocycla.
Zozimia.

Oldenlandia.

Anvillea.
Francoeuria.
Iphiona.
Varthamia.

Gymnarrhena.

Brocchia.
Tripteris.
Salvadora.
Solenostoma.
Calotropis.
Deemia.
Leptadenia.
Boucerosia.
Arnebia.
Echiochilon.
Paracaryum,
Trichodesma.

Lindenbergia.
Blepharis.
Otostegia.
Leucas.
Chenolea.
Tragonum.
Haloxylon.
Arua.
Haplophila.
Halodule.
Phoenix.
Hyphene.
Elionurus.
Pappophorum.
Boissiera.
fEgopyrum.

These form a little less than a quarter of the total number of genera
in the peninsula, deducting a few from that total of those included in
brackets, which are undoubtedly not native.

ig
146 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

If we omit from consideration the ubiquitous species (74) classed in
the last column, there will be found to be a very small proportion of
species common to Sinai and Europe, almost all of which belong, of
course, to the group classed as essentially Mediterranean. In round
numbers, the Sinaitic flora is almost exactly 500, of which less than a
third is common to Europe. Of this 150 species or thereabouts, at least
twenty have almost certainly been introduced by human agency from
Europe to Sinai, and a large proportion of the remainder are so wide-
spread as to afford now but slight clue to their original ‘centre of disper-
sion. We must, therefore, seek some other flora to help us to study that
of Sinai.

If the European flora was found to form any considerable portion of
that of Sinai, it would be probably in the Plateaux region, which is, how-
ever, conspicuously non-European, as will be presently seen.

DESERT FLORA.

If we consider the first column of Desert species, we shall find eight
peculiar to Sinai, of which several belong to a slightly more elevated
region than that which they must inhabit before they can extend their
range in existing circumstances across the low-lying desert strips which
isolate Sinai from neighbouring countries. They hardly, however, pertain
to the Plateaux region. Of the remainder, twenty-six do not reach
Egypt, but are confined to Sinai and the immediately adjacent parts of
Palestine and Arabia Petraa, as Edom, Judza, Midian or Mount Seir.
These may have originated in Sinai, and as yet, since its union to Africa,
spread no further west. I incline to think these are often of modern
development, due to a climate which has only arrived at its present
peculiarities since the glacial epoch. The rest of this column, abcut forty-
five in number, are species extending westwards to Egypt, but otherwise
localized either in Sinai only or as above, with the exception of a very few
occurring also in the Syrian Desert. Viewed in the above light of recent
development, and more especially in connection with the many forms to
which some genera, as Fagonia, Tamarix, Reseda, Reaumuria, Astragalus,
Zollikoferia, Salsolaceze, Andropogon, and others, are (to the confusion of
DESERT FLORA. 147

botanists) giving rise, this highly modified flora may yet conquer
still further the adverse environments with which it has to contend. We
have in these Desert regions the two main conditions for the evolution of
species according to received doctrines: (1) Abundance of unoccupied
space, and (2) Recent change in conditions of climate, involving variation
and a struggle for existence. Besides an extreme dryness of climate little
suited to vegetable growth, the vast numbers of rodents in the Desert must
operate largely to check an increase of plant-life; and it is in accordance
with modern views to suppose that the excessively obnoxious qualities of
smell, viscidity and prickliness so commonly met with may here be of real
protective value to their owners. A species which jerboas and sand-rats
found preferable to all others would speedily disappear. Those forms
which are ‘in harmony with their environment’ have, however, abundant
room to make use of, and it is often a matter of surprise a particular spot
is selected by a plant when areas with precisely similar conditions which
might be similarly occupied are devoid of growth.

With regard to the qualities above alluded to I may be here allowed a
few words, although this subject has no doubt been often gone into.
Dr. Anderson, in his excellent ‘ Florula Adenensis, already referred to,
has left little to be told. The more numerous flora of Sinai gives, how-
ever, wider groups of examples. One speedily comes to the conclusion
that a Desert plant will be either (1) Hoary or white, with woollzness, as
Morettia, Glinus, Farsetia, Reaumuria, Tribulus, Dianthus, Lotononis,
Neurada, Anvillaa, Odontospermum, Pulicaria, Verbascum, Stachys,
Teucrium, AZrua; (2) Glaucous, as Moricandia, Zilla, Nitraria, Capparis,
Microrhynchus, Pyrethrum; (3) Vzsczd, or gummy, as Cleome, Nepeta,
Pulicaria, Acacia, Alhagi, Hyoscyamus; (4) Hooking, or sticking with
hairs, as Trichodesma, Cleome, Andrachne, Forskahlea ; (5) Prickly or
spiny, as Zilla, Capparis, Nitraria, Acacia, Alhagi, Astragalus, Microrhyn-
chus, Sporobolus, Iphiona; (6) Strongly aromatic, as Deverra, Pyrethrum,
Achillea, Varthamia, and many labiates; (7) Mauseating, as Peganum,
Haplophyllum (Ruta), Cleome, Odontospermum ; (8) Whitened, as if
calcified (usually stems), as Scrophularia (edges of leaves), Astragalus,
Microrhynchus, Zollikoferia, Calligonum, Ephedra, Tamarix, Salsola ;
(9) Succulent, as Nitraria, Salsole, Zilla, Moricandia, Boucerosia, Reau-
muria. These qualities are often combined in various degrees, and all the

19—2
148 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

sets of examples might be easily increased. They seem to be the out-
come of extreme heat and dryness; the latter reduces the tissues and
develops spines, and appears also to be favourable to the growth of pubes-
cence in plants, Heat promotes the growth of glandular and odoriferous
essences, which a dry atmosphere will intensify ; while, no doubt, many
of these modifications are developed, or at least intensified in accordance
with the requirements of the species for purposes of protection from
enemies, or perpetuation of kind.

This flora, with these strongly-marked features, extends without
interruption from the Cape de Verde Islands and Senegal, across the
African and Libyan deserts to Egypt and Nubia, thence across Arabia,
the southern part of Mesopotamia and Southern Persia, throughout
Beloochistan, South Afghanistan, Scinde, and into the Punjaub. It thus
ranges along a belt of surface upwards of 5,000 miles in length from
east to west, thinning out at the eastern and western extremities, and
widest in the African Desert, where it extends over the space between
the tenth and thirty-seventh parallels of latitude. Continuity of repre-
sentative or identical flowering plants for so wide a range is without a
parallel elsewhere on the earth’s surface. The nearest approach to a
parallel lies in the circumpolar regions. In many cases the species is
identical throughout ; in others closely allied forms represent one another
in different countries along the belt. A few conspicuous plants may be
mentioned, which extend from the Cape de Verdes and Canaries to India:
Citrullus colocynthis, Aizoon canariense, Francoeuria crispa, Picridium
tingitanum, Trichodesma africanum, Sueda vermiculata, Atrua javanica,
Euphorbia granulata, Andropogon foveolatus and Aristida czerulescens.
This flora occupies, in fact, most of the area which was in Tertiary times
a sea-bottom extending from the Bay of Bengal to the Atlantic.!

On looking to the second column, where these widespread Desert
species are thrown together, an illustration of the central position of Sinai
with regard to this flora ranging so far east and west will be found.
There are 177 Desert species, with a wide range east, west, or south, or
in any two, or in all of these directions. Of these, 112 extend far east-
wards, 105 extend far westwards, and sixty have both directions ; so that

T See Wallace’s ‘Geog. Dist.,’ i., p. 286.
MEDITERRANEAN FLORA OF SINAI. 149

Sinai, standing somewhat nearer to the eastern extremity, has a very
slight preponderance of eastern Desert forms.

Uniformity such as this would tend to induce the belief that the con-
ditions had been long unaltered. But geology! teaches us that during the
glacial epoch much of the Sahara was a sea-bed, and with glaciers on
Lebanon, and probably perpetual snow on Mount Sinai, our flora, in
whatever form or quantity it existed, must have at that time held more
southern ground. Until we are better acquainted with the features of the
interior of Southern Arabia, it is premature to indulge in further speculation.

MEDITERRANEAN FLORA OF SINAI.

The next column, that of the Mediterranean species properly so called,
is chiefly remarkable for its limited numbers. In the widest sense in
which this term is used, this list would be increased by the addition of
several from my Plateaux and Desert groups. But of typical Mediter-
ranean species very few can stand the droughts of Sinai, or else have
become so modified thereby that they now rank as distinct forms. The
number of non-European genera already enumerated best illustrates the
wn-Mediterranean character of the flora. The proportion of this group to
the total is about one in six; to the Desert total about onein four. Here,
as inthe.last column, we are confronted with a majority of eastern plants.

PLATEAUX OR MONTANE FLORA OF SINAI, AND GENERAL REMARKS.

The Plateaux flora of Sinai is in some respects the most interesting.
The flora plants of the highest points are sometimes widespread Mediter-
ranean species, as Herniaria, Capparis, Poterium, and others; but the
majority are plants of the Persian and Syrian elevated regions, or of those
lying due north in Asia Minor and in the Taurus region. Of the alpine
Lebanon species very few occur ; a Caryophyllaceous species (Gypsophila
hirsuta, 8), an Astragal (A. echinus), and a Campanula (C. dulcis), are
the only representatives on Sinai. Gypsophila and an Arenaria (A.

1 See Lyell, ‘Principles of Geology,’ vol. i., p. 253; Wallace, ‘ Distribution of Animals,’
vol. i., p. 39.
150 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

graveolens) may be quoted as the only high-mountain plants of South-
eastern Europe which have found their way to Sinai. From the Nubian
and Abyssinian mountains we have Colutea, Gaillonia, Otostegia, and a
Micromeria ; while from east and north-east, chiefly in Persia, we meet
with such genera as Roemeria, Deverra, Zozimia, Arnebia, Alkanna,
Echinospermum, and Paracaryum, and a number of showy labiates and
scrophulariaceous species which often have here their western limit.

The Cryptogamic vegetation of Sinai is of a very widespread descrip-
tion, as is usually the case with these forms of life. The ferns maiden-
hair, Cheilanthus, and Nothochleena illustrate this, the latter two being
included in the list of Sinai plants on the authority of Oliver’s appendix
to the Ordnance Survey. The maidenhair every traveller has observed.
I did not myself meet the other two ferns until reaching Mount Hor,
which lies outside the peninsula. The Sinaitic mosses, with one excep-
tion, are all British. I refer the reader back to my notes on the spot for
further information on this subject.

In order to obtain a fuller insight into the character of the Sinaitic
flora it is necessary to introduce a few geological remarks.

It is rendered probable by many considerations, as Professor Hull has
pointed out, that in recent times a far wetter climate prevailed in Sinai—
a condition of things which was probably continuous throughout the
glacial period and subsequently. Without evidence on the spot, this
might have been deemed probable ; but such evidence is forthcoming,
and I refer the reader to Professor Hull’s work for fuller information.

In this period there were large lakes in Sinai; several of these dried-
up basins are very noticeable. Again, during some portion of Pliocene
times, and perhaps down to the earliest part of the glacial epoch, Sinai
was probably dissevered from Africa, and formd part of the Euro-Asiatic
continent. Evidence derived from raised beaches and their contents on
the shores of the Red Sea and the Mediterranean in several places has, |
believe, established this. I would refer the reader here to Issel’s ‘ Malaco-
logia del Mar Rosso,’ who draws this conclusion from a comparison of the
present and sub-fossil shells of the Mediterranean and Red Seas. Thus,
whatever flora (probably a more temperate one than the present) the
northern parts.of Africa supported were cut off at that period from enter-

ing Sinai by a direct route.
PLATEAUX OR MONTANE FLORA. 151

During the colder part of the glacial period, when Lebanon maintained
glaciers to about 4,000 feet below the summit, and the Jordan Valley was
most likely a series of lake-basins, all, including the Dead Sea, much
more extensive than at present, the climatic condition of Sinai must have
been about equivalent to that of the British Isles at the present period,
with an abundant rainfall, and the then alpine flora of Lebanon may
perhaps have extended to Sinai. It is reasonable to infer that Lebanon
has had a more plentiful alpine flora than the very few existing remnants
would seem to imply. Mountains in the Himalayan region at similar
altitudes and further south are far better stocked with Arctic species. Sir
Charles Lyell, commenting on this southern extension of the glacial
severity to Lebanon, first noticed by Sir Joseph Hooker, thinks it pro-
bable that it is referable to the earliest portion of the ‘great ice age,’ in
which case the Arctic species that must have once decked the upper
heights of Lebanon have had all the greater time to perish. Although
at present the snow never quite leaves the summits of Lebanon and
Hermon, the summer atmosphere is drier and warmer than an alpine
flora would thrive under; on the barren Sinaitic mountains this.is, of
course, still further the case.

At this period no doubt Sinai was abundantly vegetated. The more
temperate northern and north-eastern floras were pushed southwards by
the northern cold, their predecessors being either exterminated, so far
as Sinai is concerned, or, if allowed sufficient time, highly modified or
driven south in their turn along the adjoining continents. As milder
influences began to prevail more and more, Arabian forms crept in;
the connection of Sinai with that country across the Arabah watershed
remaining unsevered. Finally, when the glacial period mollified, and the
temperate forms retired upwards, the Arabian flora steadily advanced
northwards from the south of its peninsula, and overran the lower parts
of Sinai. With the elevation of the Sinaitic peninsula, and a gradual
more or less lagoon-divided connection with Africa, corresponded an
increased temperature, and Nubian and other African forms also spread
northwards, and finally eastwards. At the same period, and subsequently,
a great portion of the present flora of the Delta obtained its opportunity
for extending westwards, and hence the number of Arabian forms which
occur in Lower Egypt. This elevation must have continued until it
192 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

carried the bottom of the shallower parts of the Red Sea above the
surface, especially of those two arms which wash the sides of Sinai. The
uniformity of the Jowland floras on the opposite side of the Red Sea
drives me to the conclusion that there was at some period much more
continuous land tor the migration of species between Africa and Arabia
than there is at present, and in consequence of this community of species
being most observable amongst the so-called Desert forms, which are in
many cases, perhaps, of recent origin, and form, in fact, the existing
characteristic life, and because the older flora of more temperate times is
much. more distinct on both sides of the Red Sea, I imagine that this con-
tinuity of surface belongs to the more recent period. In speaking of this
community of flora, it is necessary to point out that a considerable portion,
perhaps a third part, of the Sinaitic Desert flora may be considered as
belonging specially to the neighbourhood of Sinai, almost confined, in
fact, to Arabia Petraea (which includes Sinai and South Palestine) and
Egypt. So that it seems fair to regard Sinai, or perhaps more properly
the Delta, as a centre of dispersion for a considerable number of Desert
forms. It is usually conceded that, at the close of the glacial period, the
temperature kept on increasing to a greater point of warmth than has
since prevailed. With sufficient atmospheric moisture, and sheets of
fresh water gradually diminishing, no doubt, with an increasing heat,
Sinai, open to southern visitors both from Africa and Arabia, must have
been well stocked with what we now consider tropical or sub-tropical
forms. In the Wady ’Arabah, for example, two large saline lakes, at
least, existed, and its sides were probably fringed throughout with such
woods as now exist in a reduced condition only in the Ghér es Safieh. In
the drier parts the progenitors or ancestral types of the present highly-
modified Desert forms spread rapidly. When I come to analyze the flora
of the Ghér es Safieh, these remarks will obtain greater force. It will be
seen that the majority of tropical forms surviving there on account of its
peculiar condition are Nubian, and have probably arrived thither by way
of the ’Arabah.

To illustrate the Arabian—for we may presume that most of the
Persian Sinaitic plants are also Arabian—character of the Sinaitic
Plateaux flora, I may mention that the following species, believed peculiar
to Sinai, were found by me on Mount Hor on the western skirts of the
PLATEAUX OR MONTANE FLORA. 153

great Arabian tableland: Pterocephalus sanctus, Varthamia montana,
Echinops glaberrimus, Phlomis aurea, and Teucrium sinaicum, all of
which are Plateaux or Montane species ; while Crucianella membranacea,
Picris cyanocarpa, and the form Mentha lavandulacea, also believed
peculiarly Sinaitic, have recently been discovered in Midian by Captain
Burton.

At the close of the cold period, which favoured the dispersion of these
species (and no doubt the formation of some of them), a warm post-glacial
time intervened, and gave the majority of the tropical plants of the Desert
oases (as of the Ghér and WAdy Feirdn) the means of spreading through-
out their present wide range, while at the same time it committed ravages
on whatever northern plants had reached Sinai during the ice age. The
dry parched forms which care not where or how they exist, so long as it is
a hot desert, need no further means of dispersal than a sandstorm, which
will whisk their seed-laden stems to inconceivable distances ; these, which
are really the dond-fide inhabitants of the Desert, are easily distributed by
the means now existing. There are Desert-birds who follow them, and
pick their seeds from place to place with as wide a range often as the
plants themselves. Many of these plants, again, as has been mentioned,
are extremely sticky, and furnished with hooked hairs, which attach them
to the skins of beasts who have to travel far for food. And there are the
mighty and dreaded storms of these wildernesses, sufficient in themselves,
where the whole surface shifts, to spread identical vegetation from end
to end of the sandy or dusty sea. Thus the time allowed for the wide
spread of these species will not, perhaps, in view of the many favourable
means, appear too scanty. In connection with this it would be necessary
to study how far the seeds of these Desert species which reach the
Canaries and Cape de Verdes are fit for transmission by the recognised
sources by which islands may be stocked.!

The present condition of Sinai, that of extreme drought, has no doubt
been intensified by the consumption of timber in historic times. The
Israelitish hosts and the Egyptian mining companies must have all con-
tributed to this unfortunate result, and the charcoal-burning Bedouins are
still engaged in carrying out the work of destruction upon the few remain-
ing groves of acacia, nubk, and tamarisk in Sinai.

1 See Wallace’s ‘Island Life,’ pp. 248-252.
20
154 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

In order to give a full idea of the relative distribution of the Sinaitic
flora over the world, I have compiled the following table. It must be
borne in mind, however, that this table gives equal value to all forms,
several of which can hardly be deemed worthy of specific rank.

The total number in my list is 509; of these seven species (414 to
420) are omitted, being of marine distribution, and fourteen other cosmo-
politan weeds may also be left out. These latter are chiefly weeds of
cultivation, and the number so dealt with might fairly be increased. I
have omitted Nasturtium officinale, Sisymbrium irio, Sinapis arvensis,
Malva rotundifolia, Portulaca oleracea, Convolvulus arvensis, Sonchus
oleraceus, Solanum nigrum, Chenopodium album, C. murale, Juncus
bufonius, Scirpus maritimus, Cynodon dactylon, and Eleusine indica.
The number of Sinaitic plants whose distribution is treated of is, there-
fore, 488. The localities are mainly from Boissier’s ‘ Flora Orientalis.’
My Midian authority is Oliver’s appendix to Captain Burton’s ‘ Land of
Midian,’ and Balfour’s appendix to the same author’s ‘Gold-mines of
Midian.’ For Aden I have used Dr. Anderson’s ‘ Florula Adenensis.’
The Cape de Verde list has been increased, as also has Madeira, from the
compilation in Hooker’s ‘ Flora Nigritiana.’ For Palestine, Canon Tris-
tram’s list is relied on; but, as I have already stated, Monsieur Boissier
is my main authority, Nyman’s ‘Conspectus’ being referred to when

necessary.

Species confined to Sinai... wate ive 43
Species confined to Sinai and Arabia Petreea, i in- 63
cluding southern borders of Palestine wi 30
Sinaitic species found in Palestine! ce ses Mas BOF

si 3 Egypt a ie oa vee (208
- a Persia... Pee — sxe 107
ss % North Africa axe w= 162
a - interior of North Africa ... ar 224
5 i Europe ... ws was | (GB
Sinaitic species found in local, arid or desert |
European stations, chiefly at Sicily, Cyprus, 158
Crete or Southern Spain alin viiee 25
Sinaitic species found in Afghanistan and Beloochistan ... 128
‘s a Syria 8 pes on oe 136

? The total Sinaitic species ranging beyond Arabia Petreea and South Palestine, here dealt
with, is therefore 425, 63 being endemic.
PLATEAUX OR MONTANE FLORA. 155

Sinaitic species found in Asia Minor ae ae a. ES
‘5 Midian ... 120
Sinaitic | species found in Arabia, excluding ‘Aden, “Muscat,
Midian and Arabia Petreea (=Arabia Trop., Arabia

Felix, Arabia Deserta) ae 79

Sinaitic species found east of Arabia, in Persia, India,
Afghanistan, Beloochistan and Mesopotamia wx BAG
Sinaitic species found in Aden (S.W. Arabia)... soe
Muscat (S.E. Arabia) ... oy

Sinaitic species “found in all Arabia, excluding Arabia
Petrzea, to which Sinai belongs de Gee wep. Shoe
Sinaitic species found in Mesopotamia se iss oe 93
a a India oh aes 74

Sinaitic species found in east of Arabia Petra, either in
Arabia, pee ee Afghanistan, Beloochistan or

lattia x5. ea 328
Sinaitic species found in T urkestan, Songaria, and countries
around the Caspian... sles sig aie wee “OK
Sinaitic species found in Nubia... sie a i |6
hs Abyssinia : ee 52
Sinaitic species found in Senegal, Senegambia and ‘tropical
Africa, «:. aes é ke ie, BS
Sinaitic species found in Cape de Verde Islands ... ax ‘36
5 ‘5 Madeira ... scare sis sa «26
i a Canaries ... ae nee.
- ‘6 Cape of Good Hope eek aw «= «ED
AZOFES sas ss a a is 6

Although I am averse to drawing conclusions from lists of figures, J
would point out that, considering how little we know of the botany of
Central Arabia, two of the above totals are interesting. Of the 425
Sinaitic species ranging beyond Arabia Petrzea, 191 are known to inhabit
Arabia at different parts, whether it be Aden, Midian, Muscat, Arabia
Felix, Yemen, or tropical Arabia. But of the same Sinaitic total there
are no less than 240 found east of Arabia in India, Persia, Afghanistan,
Beloochistan, or Mesopotamia. No doubt many of those fifty plants
not recorded from the intervening country do not skip the Arabian
peninsula.

If we omit the adjoining countries, Arabia on the east and south-east,
and Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia on the west and south-west, and com-
pare the numbers of plants common to Sinai, and those countries east of
Arabia on the one side, and west of Eastern Africa—that is to say, in the

20—2
156 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

north and north-west of Africa—with the Atlantic islands, on the other
side, we come on an unexpected result, the two totals being almost exactly
equal. The increased number of Mediterranean species westwards almost
exactly counterbalances the majority of eastern forms. Several of these
western forms are weeds of cultivation.

In concluding these remarks, I will observe that an analysis of the
distribution of the nearest allies to the endemic species. of Sinai does not
lead to any distinct result, these being sometimes Desert and sometimes
Plateaux. A good proportion, however, point to eastern and north-eastern
sources for the original home of the Sinai forms.

ON THE FLORA OF THE GHOR, OR VALLEY OF THE DEAD SEA.

I have already mentioned that I gathered about 225 sorts of flowering
plants at the south end of the Dead Sea. Many of these are not found
in Canon Tristram’s list, which contains, on the other hand, several I
did not meet with. Again, at the northern end of the Dead Sea, in the
neighbourhood of Jericho, a good many more species occurred, enough to
raise the total to at least 250. Here, and in other oases around this
barren sheet of water, Canon Tristram has found different southern
species, chiefly at Engedi and ‘Callirhoe.’ This group, enlarged by my
additions, may be regarded as an arm of the Desert flora thrust up the
Wady ’Arabah to its northern limit. The remainder of the Ghér plants
are chiefly Mediterranean species, often of a very local type, or ranging
east to Persia. Many widespread European species also occur, especially
at Jericho.

The past climatic conditions of Sinai have been already spoken of.
The tropical flora of the Ghér (which I will presently enumerate) pro-
bably dates from a time when Sinai had a richer flora than at present,
and when a continuous vegetation, similar to that at present in the
Ghér es Safieh, but probably of largely increased variety, extended from
Nubia and Arabia, most prominently, no doubt, along the valley of the
"Arabah.

Since this period the chain has been broken in various places, and
many forms now isolated in the Ghdér have their nearest habitat in Sinai,
while not a few are found no nearer than Nubia, Abyssinia, and tropical
ON THE FLORA OF THE GHOR. 157

Arabia. This local extermination is due almost entirely to drought.
There may or may not have been a warmer period since the glacial, but
with increased moisture and the present temperature the lower valleys of
Sinai and the ’Arabah would be quite capable of supporting all the hotter
plant-life of the Ghor.

Of the present ‘ Desert flora’ of the Ghér—I mean that which is
properly so called—there is little to say. These are species which require
no oases to exist in, and have no difficulty in spreading. It is a portion
of this group of plants that is dealt with by Mr. Lowne in his excellent
essay on the floras of the Ghuweirah and Mahauwat WaAdies at the south-
west end of the Dead Sea.

Canon Tristram, in dealing with this subject, travels back to miocene
times for a solution of the existence of Nubian and Ethiopian forms in
the Ghér. With all deference, I regret to find myself unable to agree
with him. Were his theory confined in its conclusions to Palestine—a
country with whose natural history no one is so familiar—I should hardly
venture to express an opinion; but when he derives this flora from
miocene times, we have Professor Forbes’ old theory served up afresh,
and the advent of our so-called ‘Spanish flora’ in Ireland is made syn-
chronous with that of the Ghér from its more southern home. Forbes’
theory dates the accession of the Spanish group of plants still lingering
in Kerry and Connemara, but at no intermediate points, to ante-glacial
times, when, it was suggested, there may have been continuous or contiguous
land from Kerry to Spain. But geologists have to meet facts, and I think
no botanist will now admit that these remnants of a southern flora, able,
and no more, to hold their own in the present mild Irish climate, could
have existed throughout the glacial period, when, in all probability, the
south-west of Ireland was submerged in a frozen sea for several hundred
feet below its present level. As I have always had a pet aversion to this
part of Professor Forbes’ theory (which I have seen recently more than
once quoted), so I feel compelled to disagree with Canon Tristram, who
looks on the tropical flora of the Ghér as a ‘northern outline’ dating from
miocene times, I have already alluded to the probable climatic condition
of the Jordan Valley during the glacial epoch. It seems to me quite
impossible that the more tropical portion of its now-existing life could
have then survived, supposing it to have arrived there previously. It
158 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

would be as reasonable to expect that the osher, the salvadora, and the
false balm of Gilead would now survive if they were planted out in the
south of Ergland. The Irish question alluded to above is difficult of
solution—Irish questions usually are—and whether we are helped by an
appeal to the Holy Land may be doubted.

Most of the species here alluded to may be readily found on reference
to my Sinai list, where the majority occur, and those plants which are there
marked as tropical, and occurring in Palestine, almost invariably occur in
the Ghor. A few others, however, have to be added which do not occur
in Sinai. In the following list I will put together the most remarkable
tropical species. They belong almost entirely to the Ethiopian region of
Wallace, as will be seen from their appended geographical distribution.
The list might easily be increased by the addition of several species found
in Nubia and Abyssinia, but which range northwards in other parts, as in
Persia or Africa, and whose headquarters may be regarded as doubtful.
I prefer to call especial attention to those which attain here an unex-
pectedly far northern limit. It will be seen that they are, almost without
an exception, natives of Nubia. With reference to Midian plants, I
shall give a brief analysis of Burton’s list. Of 163 species, all except
forty-one occur in Sinai, and of these forty-one, twenty-six occur in Pales-
tine (nine in the Ghér), and fifteen elsewhere. This illustrates the fact
that the Ghér has received Nubian species either by way of Aabia or
Sinai and Egypt, for most of these Midianitic non-Sinaitic species are
also Nubian. It serves also to show the community of species on opposite
sides of. the Red Sea. The remaining fifteen Midian plants not found in
Sinai or Palestine are chiefly tropical, or more southern than Sinai,
with endemic Arabian and a couple of north-eastern Plateaux species.
TROPICAL FLORA OF THE DEAD SEA BASIN. 159

TROPICAL FLORA OF THE DEAD SEA BASIN.

MENISPERMACE#.

Cocculus Leeba, D.C. A native of Cape de Verdes, Senegal, Sene-
gambia, Nubia, Upper Egypt and Abyssinia, occurring in Sinai and the
Wady ’Arabah to the Dead Sea.

PARONYCHIE.

Sclerocephalus arabicus, Boiss. Cape de Verdes, interior of North
Africa, extreme south of Persia and Muscat in South Arabia. Sinai and
Ghér es Safieh. A desert species.

MALVACE#.

Abutilon fruticosum, G. et P. Senegal, Nubia, Abyssinia, Arabia
(Aden and Midian), Scinde and Beloochistan. Sinai and in Edom, along
the ’Arabah to the Dead Sea.

A. muticum, Del. Cape de Verdes (Webb), Senegal, Nubia, Upper
Egypt, Arabia; Southern Persia, Afghanistan. Sinai and Ghér es Safieh.

TILIACEA.

Corchorus trilocularis, Linn. ‘Tropical Africa and Asia. Cape de
Verdes. Ghér es Safieh. Not found in Sinai.

CAPPARIDE.

Capparis Sodada, R. Br. Upper-Egypt, Nubia, Abyssinia, Southern
Persia and North-west India. Not found in Sinai, but occurs in Midian.
North-east end of the Dead Sea.

SIMARUBE.

Balanites agyptiaca, Del. Upper Egypt, Nubia, Abyssinia and
Arabia. Not found in Sinai. Ghér es Safieh and Jericho.
160 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

MORINGEA.

Moringa aptera, Gert. Upper Egypt, Nubia, Muscat and tropical
Arabia. Sinai and Ghér.

LEGUMINOS.

Rhynchosia minima, D.C. Tropics of both hemispheres and Cape de
Verdes. Not found in Sinai. Ghér es Safieh.

Indigofera pauifolia, Del. Upper Egypt, Senegal, Nubia and
Eastern India. Midian in Western Arabia by the Red Sea. Ghér es
Safieh,

Cassia obovata, Collad. Cape de Verdes and Senegal, Nubia, Abys-
sinia, Upper Egypt; Southern Persia and Beloochistan; Aden, Midian
and Arabia Felix, Scinde, ‘Jamaica and Texas.’ Sinai and Ghdr es
Safieh.

Prosopis spicigera, Linn. Scinde and tropical India ; Southern Persia
and Beloochistan ; Muscat in South-east Arabia. Ghér.

Acacia Seyal, Del. Upper Egypt, Senegal, Nubia, Abyssinia, Muscat
and Arabia Felix. Sinai and along the ’Arabah to the Ghér.

A. leta, R. Br. Upper Egypt, Nubia, Abyssinia and Arabia Felix.
Ghér es Safieh. Not found elsewhere north of the Soudan.

CUCURBITACE.

Cucumis prophetarum, Linn. Upper Egypt, Nubia; Muscat, Midian,
Aden and Arabia Felix; Scinde. Sinai and the Ghiér.

FICOIDE.

Trianthema pentandrum, Linn. Senegal, Nubia and Abyssinia ;
Midian and tropical Arabia ; Southern Persia, Afghanistan and Northern
India. Not found in Sinai. Ghér es Safieh.

COMPOSIT.

Erigeron Bovet, D.C. (sub Conyzé). Upper Egypt (?); Muscat and
Midian in Arabia ; Sinai and Ghér es Safieh.
TROPICAL FLORA OF THE DEAD SEA BASIN. 161

Pulicaria undulata, Linn. (sub /nuld). Middle and Upper Egypt,
Nubia and Senegal ; Midian. Sinai and Ghor es Safieh.

N.B.—Several other Nubian and Abyssinian Composite occur, but
they are usually widespread in Egypt and North Africa.

SALVADORACE.

Salvadora persica, Gertn. Middle and Upper Egypt, Nubia, Abys-
sinia, interior of Algeria and Central Africa ; Midian, Aden and tropical
Arabia ; North-west and tropical India. Sinai and Ghor es Safieh.

ASCEPIADE.

Solenostoma argel, Del. Upper Egypt and Nubia; Sinai and
Ghér.
Calotropis procera, Willd. Upper Egypt, Nubia, Abyssinia, sub-

tropical Algeria, and Senegal; Southern Persia and Afghanistan ;
Northern India, Midian. Sinai and Ghor.

Pentatropis sptrales, Forsk. Senegal, Nubia and Abyssinia; Mus-
cat and tropical Arabia. Wady ’Arabah and Ghér es Safieh.

Glossonema Boveanum, Decne. Upper Egypt, Nubia and Abyssinia ;
tropical Arabia. Eastern Ghér. Not found in Sinai,

Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Forsk. (sub Cynancho). Upper Egypt,
Nubia and Senegal; Southern Persia. Sinai and Ghér es Safieh.

N.B.—Demia cordata and Oxystelma alpina, Nubian species, also
occur, but they are found in Lower Egypt.

BORAGINE.

Heliotropium arbaniense, Fres. Upper Egypt and Nubia; Midian
and tropical Arabia; Sinai and Ghér es Safieh.

Trichodesma africanum, R. Br. Cape de Verdes, Senegal and Upper
Egypt; Beloochistan and Northern India; Midian and Muscat in Arabia.
Sinai and up the ’Arabah to Ghér es Safieh.

21
162 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

SOLANACE.

Solanum coagulans, Forsk. Upper Egypt, Nubia and Abyssinia ;
Southern Persia and Beloochistan; Midian and tropical Arabia. Not
found in Sinai. Ghér.

Lycium arabicum, Sch. Upper Egypt, Nubia; tropical Arabia ;
Northern India. Sinai and in the ’Arabah to the Ghér.

SALSOLACE#:.

Atriplex farinosum, Forsk. Upper Egypt and tropical Arabia. Sinai
and along the ’Arabah to the Ghér.

Sueda monowa, Forsk. Upper Egypt, Nubia and Abyssinia;
Midian and tropical Arabia; India. Sinai, ’Arabah, and Ghér es
Safieh.

Salsola fetida, Del. Middle and Upper Egypt, Nubia, Senegal ;
tropical Arabia ; Beloochistan and Northern India. Sinai, ’Arabah, and

Ghér es Safieh.
AMARANTACE.

Digera arvensis, Forsk. Nubia and Abyssinia; Arabia ; Afghanistan
and India. Ghér es Safieh. Not found in Sinai.

NYCTAGINE.

Boerhavia verticillata, Poir. Nubia, Abyssinia, and Senegal ;
Muscat in South-east Arabia. WaAdy ’Arabah and Ghér es Safieh. (Also

near Gaza.)
LORANTHACE.

Loranthus acacia, Zucc. Nubia, Abyssinia and Wady ’Arabah to the

Ghér.
EUPHORBIACE.

Euphorbia egyptiaca, Boiss. Middle and Upper Egypt, Nubia,
Abyssinia, tropical Africa, Senegal, Cape de Verdes; Northern India ;
Ghér es Safieh. Euphorbia granulata, Crozophora obligua, and An-
drachna aspera might also be quoted, but they have other outlying
northern habitats.
ADDITIONS TO FLORA OF PALESTINE. 163

CYPERACEA.

Cyperus eleusinoides, Kunth. Afghanistan; tropical Africa; India
and Australia. Ghér es Safieh.

N.B.—Several tropical grasses occur in the Ghér, but, like the
majority of the Compositz, they are too widespread to be illustrative.

 

The following is a list of species obtained by me in Palestine (includ-
ing Petra and Mount Hor), which are additions to its flora as given

by Canon Tristram. Except where otherwise stated, the species have
been determined by Mr. Oliver.

ADDITIONS TO PALESTINE FLORA.

MENISPERMACEZ.

Cocculus Leeba, D.C. Var. approaching C. vz//osus. Ghér el Feifeh
and es Safieh.
CRUCIFER/.

Matthiola humilis, D.C. Tell Abu Hareireh to Gaza. Known
only from Egypt in one or two places. Determined by Mons. Boissier.

Stsymbrium erystmoides, Desf. Ghér es Safieh and Jericho. A
widespread desert species.

Lnarthrocarpus lyratus, D.C. Bir es Seba to Gaza; Jericho.
Known from Greece, Lower and Middle Egypt.

RESEDACE.

Caylusea canescens, St. Hil. In Wady ’Arabah near the Dead Sea,
and between the Ghér and Bir es Seba. A desert species.

SILENEZ.

Stlene Hussoni, Boiss. Between Bir es Seba and Tell Abu Hareireh.
Named by Mons. Boissier, who has described it from its only other
locality, ‘WaAdy Sannour deserti A¢gyptiaco Arabici.’

S. colorata, Poir. Jericho. Not found east of Crete hitherto. Not
in Boissier’s ‘ Flora Orientalis.’ See Nyman’s ‘ Conspectus.’

a1—2
164 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

PARONYCHIE.

Polycarpon succulentum, Del. At Jericho and between Tell Abu
Hareireh and Gaza.

Paronychia nivea, D.C. Bir es Seba. Not in Boissier’s ‘ Flora
Orientalis.’ Found in Greece (Nyman), but no further east.

P. desertorum, Boiss. Wady Ghuweir, between Petra and the Ghor
in Edom. A desert species.

Sclerocephalus arabicus, Boiss. Ghér es Safieh. A desert species.

TAMARISCINE.

Tamarix articulata, Vahl. Between Ramleh and Jerusalem, intro-
duced (?).
ZYGOPHYLLEA.
Zygophyllum simplex, Linn, Ghor es Safieh.

LEGUMINOS.
Ononts campestris, Koch. Gaza.

Indigofera paucifolia, Del. Ghédr es Safieh. Known from Upper
Egypt and Midian.

Colutea aleppica, Lam. Summit of Mount Hor.

Astragalus acinaciferus, Boiss. Wa&dy ’Arabah immediately above
the Ghér.

Rhynchosia minima, D.C. Ghér es Safieh, A common tropical
species.

Acacia leta, Br. Ghér es Safieh. Also tropical.

FICOIDE:.
Trianthema pentandra, Linn. Ghér es Safieh.

RUBIACE.
Rubia peregrina, Linn. (?) Petra and rocky slopes of Mount Hor
above Petra.

Galium petra, n. sp. Petra.
ADDITIONS TO FLORA OF PALESTINE. 165

DIPSACEZ.
Pterocephalus sanctus, Dene. Petra and Mount Hor.

COMPOSIT#.

Varthamia montana, Vahl. Mount Hor.

Erygeron (Conyza) Bovet, D.C. Ghor es Safieh.

Eclipta alba, Linn. Ghér es Safieh.

Tripterts Vatllanti, Dcne. Petra and Mount Hor.

Echtnops glaberrimus, D.C. Wady Haran.

Scorzonera alexandrina, Boiss. Tell Abu Hareireh to Gaza.
Determined by Mons. Boissier. Known from Tunis, Algiers, and
Alexandria.

Sonchus maritimus, Linn. Ghor es Safieh by the edge of the Dead
Sea.

Zollikoferia Casiniane, Jaub. (?) Mount Hor and Ghér es Safieh,
but specimens incomplete. Known from Egypt and shores of Red
Sea.

Z. stenocephala, Boiss. (?) vel Z. arabica, Boiss. (?) Specimens
incomplete. WAdy Zuweirah.

Crepis senectordes, Del. Bethlehem, near Solomon’s Pools. Known
from Cairo, Alexandria and Sackara in Egypt.

ASCEPIADE.
Pentatropus spiralis, Forsk. Ghér es Safieh and Wady Hardin.
Not in flower. A tropical species.
Boucerosta Aaronis, x. sp. \Wady Hartn and Mount Hor.

GENTIANE.
Erythrea spicata, Pers. Ghér es Safieh.

SCROPHULARIACE#:.
Celsta parvifiora, Dene. Ghér es Safieh.

Linaria macilenta, Dene. Wady Hartin.
166 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

Scrophularia heterophylla, \Nilld., forma, Petra and Mount Hor.
Known only from Greece and its confines (?).

Lindenbergia sinaica, Dene. Wady Ghuweir and Ghér es Safieh.

LABIAT~.

Mucromeria sinaica, Bth. (?) Rocky ledge above the Tufileh River
near the Ghor.

Salvia desertt, Dene. Wady Haran.
Phlomis aurea, Dene. Mount Hor.

Teucrium stnatcum, Boiss. Mount Hor and Petra.

PLANTAGINE.
Plantago Loefflingit, Linn. Jericho.

SALSOLACE.
Atriplex alexandrinus, Boiss. Jebel Usdum; Jericho. Known only
from Tunis and Alexandria. Determined by Mons. Boissier.
A. leucocladum, Boiss. Ghor es Safieh. Determined by Mons.
Boissier.

Salsola inermis, Forsk. Jebel Usdum; Petra; Gaza. Known only
from Forskahl’s locality, near Alexandria. Determined by Mons.
Boissier.

S. longifolia, Forsk. Jebel Usdum. Known only from Egypt.

S. fetida, Del. Jebel Usdum.

Anabasts setifera, Mog. Jebel Usdum; Tell Abu Hareireh to
Gaza.

AMARANTACE:.

Digera arvensis, Forsk. Ghér es Safieh and Ghér el Feifeh. A
tropical species.

NYCTAGINE.

Boerhavia verticillata, Poir. Wa&dy Hartin and Ghér es Safieh.
Between Gaza and Tell Abu Hareireh. A tropical species.

LB. vepens, Linn. Ghor es Safieh and Jericho. Also tropical.
ADDITIONS TO FLORA OF PALESTINE. 167

THYMELAACE.
Daphne linearifolia, sp. nov. Petra.

EUPHORBIACE#.
Euphorbia egyptiaca, Boiss. Ghor es Safieh. A tropical species.

SALICINE.
Salix acmophylla, Boiss. WAdy Ghuweir and Ghiér es Safieh.

TYPHACE.
Typha angustata, B. et C. Ghér es Safieh ?

LILIACE:.

Urginea undulata, Desf. Wady ’Arabah, near the Ghéor, and at Bir

es Seba.
CYPERACE.

Cyperus levigatus, Linn. Gaza.
C. eleustnoides, Kunth. Ghéor es Safieh. A tropical species.

GRAMINE.

Panicum molle (P. barbinode, Trin.) Jericho. Not included in
‘Flora Orientalis.’

Pennisetum dichotomum, Forsk. Wady ’Arabah, near the Ghor.
Sporobolus spicatus, Vahl. Near Gaza?

Agrostis verticillata, Vill. Jericho and near Bethlehem.
Danthonia Forskahlia, Vahl. Wady ’Arabah, near the Ghér.
Eragrostis pogotdes, P. de B. Ghér es Safieh.

E. pilosa, Linn. Ghér es Safieh.

E. megastachya, Link. Ghér es Safieh.

EQUISETACEA.
Equisetum elongatum, Willd. Ghdér es Safieh and Gaza.
168 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

CHARACE.
Chara hispida, Linn. ’Aytin Buweirdeh, in the ’Arabah.

MUSCI.

In this group Mr. Oliver has kindly obtained for me the assistance of
Mr. William Mitten, A.L.S.

Mosses were very sparingly met with in Sinai, and only at great
elevations. A few occurred on Jebel Misa, from about 6,500 feet to the
summit (7,385 feet), under the shady rocks in a gully looking north. At
about the same height (6,500 feet) on Jebel Katharina there is a spring,
Mayau esh Shunnar (‘ Fountain of the partridge’), where several patches
were obtained, and a few more up the valley from here to the summit,
8,536 feet. No others were gathered in Sinai, nor until entering the
country of Edom on the east side of the ’Arabah at Wady Abu Kosheibeh
(«W. Haran’), and high up Mount Hor. Others were found in Palestine
at their cited localities. It is most probable that the Mount Hor district
would yield several more forms of musci, especially if visited about one
month later in the year than my hurried day there on December 9.
Almost immediately afterwards (December 12) heavy rain fell, which
would have produced an instantaneous effect on the expectant vegetation,
and perhaps most of all on the present group, throughout Sinai. On
these collections Mr. Mitten writes as follows :

‘Very little is yet known of the mosses of Palestine. Twelve species
were enumerated by Lorentz: “ Ueber die Moose die Hr. Ehrenberg in
den Jahren 1820-1826 in Aigypten, der Sinai-Halbinsel und Syrien
gesammelt. Aus den abhandlungen der Konig]. Akad. der Wissenschaf-
ten, Berlin, 1867.” Most of these were in a barren state, and belonged
to the same species as those collected by Mr. Hart, who gathered twenty-
seven and four Hepatic. The two collections together only raise the
number of species to thirty-two, of which several are, from the state of
the specimens, by no means certainly determined.

1. Antisothecium varium, Hedw. (Dicranum). Gaza, barren.

2. Grimmia apocarpa, Linn. Jebel Misa, Jebel Katharina, a barren

specimen without hair-pointed leaves.
ADDITIONS TO FLORA OF PALESTINE. 169

3. Grimmia leucophea, Grev. With the preceding, barren. This is
probably the same as G. s¢zaica (Hampe), enumerated by Lorentz, who
suspected his specimens to be a state of G. /eucophea.

4. G. trichophylla, Grev. Jericho, a few slender stems with very
young fruit.
5. G. pulvinata, Linn. Jericho, with old fruit.

6. G. crintta. Mount Hor, with old fruit. Edom. The barren
stems of this species seem to answer to the description given by Lorentz
of his “ Trichostomum Aronis,” p. 29, and to his figures of that moss,
T. V. His specimens being barren, the piliferous leaves surrounding the
fruit had not been developed. In this Grimmia the transformation is
considerable and rather abrupt.

7. Hymenostylium rupestre, Schweg. (Gymnostomum). Jebel Misa,
Jebel Katharina, barren.

8. 7. verticillatum (Encladium, B. et S.). Same locality as pre-
ceding, and in the same barren condition. It is also included in Lorentz’s
list.

9. Tortula vinealis, Brid. Jericho, barren.

10. TZ. rigidula, Hedw. (Trichostomum). Gaza, barren. Seems to
be this species.

11. Z. ungutculata. Gaza, a few barren stems.

12. 7. tophacea, Brid. (T7richostomum). Mount Hor, Edom. Quite
barren, as it is mentioned by Lorentz.

13. 7. uttida, Lindb. (Zrechostomum). Same locality as last.

14. 7. revoluta. Gaza, barren stems intermixed.

15. 7. muralis, L. Jericho, with fruit. Beersheba, Jaffa. All are
in the piliferous state, as were Lorentz’s specimens.

16. 7. membrantfolia, Hook. Jericho. Edom, with fruit, but old.
Lorentz had it from Bir Hummam (between Huleh and Gennesaret ?).

17. 7. inermts, Mont. Jebel Masa, with old fruit; also Edom, in a
smaller state.

18. 7. ambigua, B. et S. Gaza, Mount Hor. The specimens being
fairly complete, permit this to be determined. Lorentz enumerates

2
170 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

I. vigida barren, and T. rigida is by priority the name for this species as
defined by Hudson.

19. Eucalypta vulgaris, Hedw. Jebel Katharina. Mount Hor, with
old capsules.

20. Entosthodon Templetoni, Schweg. Jebel Misa, Jebel Katharina,
with old fruit.

21. Funaria hygrometrica, Linn. Jerusalem, Hospital of St. John’s
ruins, a fertile stem with Lunularia.

22. Bryum argenteum, Linn. Jericho, a few barren stems,

23. B. atropurpureum, Wet. et Mohr. Joppa, Beersheba, Jericho.
Nearly all barren, all without capsules.

24. B. turbinatum, Hedw. Jebel Mtisa, Jebel Katharina. Small
stems, with leaves which will not revive, all quite barren, and uncertain.

25. Hypuum Ehrenbergit, Lorentz. (Brachythecium). Jericho, a few
barren fragments. Lorentz’s specimens were also barren, and they come
from Syria. It seems to be a species very closely related to H. /utescens,
but with its branch-leaves not so attenuate. This species has not been
gathered since Lorentz’s time.

26. H. velutinum, L. Jebel Mtisa, Jebel Katharina. Very young
fruit is on the specimens, showing the rough seta.

27. £1. ruscifolium, Neck. Jebel Katharina, a small barren tuft with
leaves mostly small and deformed. Lorentz has this in his list, also
FZ. tenellum, as well as Amblystegium filicinum and A. serpens.

HEPATIC.

1. Fossombronta angulosa, Raddi. Gaza. A few very small stems
with young fruit, having the spores, as usual, smooth in this species.

2. Ottona Aitonia, Corda. Jericho. Some fragments, certainly of
this genus, may be this species. An African and Indian genus. This

species is found in Madeira and Socotra.

3. Lunularia vulgaris. Hospital of St. John’s, Jerusalem, with

gemme as usual,
ADDITIONS TO FLORA OF PALESTINE, 171

4. Rzccta lamellosa, Raddi. Beersheba. A few small fronds with the
white scales more prominent than in Raddi’s original specimens.’

In 1882 Mons. C. W. Barbey published a list of mosses in his
‘ Herborization au Levant,’ which includes fifteen species from Palestine,
chiefly from Beirtit, Hebron, and the neighbourhood of Jerusalem. Four
of these only are in my list. They are: Dzcranella varia, Funaria
hygrometrica, Rhynchostegium (Hypnum) rusciforme, and Trichostomum
niwtedum. 1 will take the liberty of enumerating the others, as Mons.
Barbey’s valuable work may not be always accessible in this country :

‘ Barbula cunetfolia, Diks. Beirtt.

B. levipila, Bridel. Solomon’s Pools, near Bethlehem.

B. murals, L. Hebron; and var. y. esteva. Jerusalem, etc.
B. ungurulata, Hedw., forma.  Beirtit.

B. subulata, Bridel., var. sudznermis. Hebron.

B. vineatts, Bridel. Hebron and Solomon’s Pools.

Funaria calcarea, Sch. Beirit.

Gymnostomum calcareum. N. et H., var. 8. drevtfohum. Nahr el
Kelb, Beirat.

Homalothecitum sericeum, Sch. Solomon’s Pools.
Rhyncostegium tenellum, Sch. Beirtt.
Trichostomum Barbula, Sch. Beirtt.’

Mons. Barbey also found two Hepatice near Beirtt, Anthoceras
levis, Willd., and Asterella hemispherica, P. Beauv.

Decaisne, in his ‘Florula Sinaica,’ 1834, records four mosses from
Mount Sinai, Hypnum aduncum, Linn., HH. rusciforme, Neck., Bryum
turbinatum, Sw., and Trichostomum aviculare, Beauv. Of these the first
and the last do not appear in my list. This seems to complete our know
ledge of Palestine and Sinaitic mosses, and gives a total of forty-three
mosses and six Hepatice. Of these, twelve mosses are from the Sinaitic
mountains, and probably three more of Lorentz, mentioned above, without

22—-2
172 AN ANALYSIS OF THE FLORA OF SINAI.

locality, are from here also; but in Mr. Mitten’s opinion these new mosses
of Lorentz ‘appear to have been barren, and if in better state might not
have been considered new.’ Almost all these species (Hypnum Ehren-
bergit and Ottona Attonia being excepted) are such as are everywhere
common, especially in the Mediterranean countries.

LICHENES.

The following have been determined by the Rev. James Crombie,
F.L.S., having been forwarded to him by Mr. Oliver, of Kew:

Omphalaria sp. ——(?) Sterile and uncertain. On rocks, Jebel
Katharina.

Ramalina crispatula, Nyl. Sterile. Bir es Seba, on the ground.
Distr. Canaries, North Africa.

Cladonia pyxidata, L. Sterile and but little evolute. On the ground,

Jericho. Distr. cosmopolitan.

Lecanora (Sguamaria) crassa, D.C.  Sparingly fertile. Amongst
mosses on rocks. Wady Ghurundel, Edom. Distr. Europe, Africa,
Australasia.

Lecanora (Sarcogyne) pruinosa, Sm. On rocks of the Tih escarp-
ment, near Wady Zelegah. Distr. Europe, N. America.

Endocarpon hepaticum, Ach. On the ground. Ghor es Safieh.
Distr. Europe, Africa, N. America.
INS CLA. Ere,
to face p.175, PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND.

 

BUMintem del. et ith.
1. Gabella Harti, Jars, 4, Caloptenus pilipes Jans. /. Belenois Lordaca, Wate,
2. Forficula Lucasi, Doha 6.Cyrtacanthacris ornatipes, Walk. 8.Teracolus chrysonome, Klug.
3. Heterogamia maris-mortin,/ans 6.Cyrtacanthacris notata Walk. 9. Teracolus phisadia, Godt.
INSECTA, ETC,

In the classes Arachnida, Myriopoda and Insecta, some small gatherings
were made from time to time. The season was so unsuitable for these
forms of life that there was very little material to work upon, and I feel
that an apology may be necessary for introducing such brief and frag-
mentary results. My excuse must be the desire to contribute, in however
small a degree, to the knowledge of the natural history of the district in
all its branches, and it will be found, I believe, that my entomological
captures are of interest. My specimens have been examined and deter-
mined with the utmost care by Mr. Oliver Janson, and I consider myself
fortunate in having secured the services of so painstaking a worker. For
the recommendation to him I am indebted to Mr. Waterhouse, of the
British Museum, who also kindly determined for me some of the species
mentioned, and for whose valuable advice I am very grateful.

In the preface to Canon Tristram’s ‘Survey of Western Palestine ’
will be found a general statement of the condition of our knowledge of
the Arachnid and Insect Fauna of Palestine. Such knowledge as is
available is merely fragmentary, nor does that author find enough material
to make any important deductions therefrom. He mentions that there
are five Ethiopian (Nubian) butterflies known from the Dead Sea. He
does not, however, give their names.

Amongst the butterflies of the family Pieridz, Wallace classes two
genera as being confined to the Ethiopian region. Of one of these,
Teracolus, | obtained two species in the Ghor. 7: phisadia, Godt., was
abundant. In the same family, Pzeres lordacea, Walk., known only from
176 INSECTA, ETC.

Harkeko (lat. 15°), in Upper Nubia, was also obtained in the Ghér. In
fact, my small collection from the Ghér exhibits in some cases very
decided Ethiopian affinities, and will, at least, suffice to show the de-
sirability of thorough investigation into the insect fauna of the Dead Sea
basin.

For further information I may refer my readers to Reiche and De
Saulcy’s papers on the Coleoptera collected by De Saulcy in the East,
Syria, etc.! On the beetles of Sinai, the appendix, by G. R. Crotch, on
the Coleoptera collected by the Ordnance Survey, at p. 263 in the ‘ Report,’
is the most important paper. Mr. F. Walker's papers on the insects col-
lected by J. K. Lord, ‘in Egypt, Arabia, and near the African shore of
the Red Sea,’ deal largely with Sinai. The Coleoptera and Hymenoptera
were published separately.2, The Diptera appeared in the Axtomologzst for
March, April, and July, 1871; the Lepidoptera in the same journal for
April, August, and September, 1870.

In the following list, except where otherwise stated, the species have
been determined by Mr. Oliver Janson.

ARACHNIDA.

SCORPIONID.
Androctonus (Linrus) quingue-striatus, Hemp. et Ehr. Jericho;
Sinai; Mount Hor. Seems to be the commonest species of scorpion.
Found in Egypt and Nubia to Dongola.

SOLPUGID~.

Galeodes araneoides (?), Linn. Salted remains of this species (or one
extremely near it) were picked up on the margin of the Dead Sea. Mr.
Waterhouse determined it to be a species of Solpugidee, and it agrees
with figures of the present well-known and savage spider. Found on
the Russian and. Asiatic steppes, and believed to inhabit Egypt and

Arabia.

1 “Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France,’ 1855, p. 561; 1856, p. 353; 1857, p. 169, and 1858,

Pp. 5:
2 ©A List of Hymenoptera collected by J. K. Lord, Esq.’ By Francis Walker, F.L.S.

London: W. Janson, 1871. ‘A List of Coleoptera,’ etc., ete.
ARACHNIDA, 177

ARANEIDZ.
Prosthesina, sp. Sinai.

Sparacis, sp. Very abundant on the portion south-west of ’Akabah, on
Jebel Herteh, and elsewhere on Sinai. These spiders, grotesque, large-
headed, sandy-coloured animals, were very nimble, and appeared to be in
great demand amongst the members of the chat family.

Several other spiders were brought from the Ghér, but were not in a
fit condition for examination.

ACARIDEA.

Flyalomma egyptium, Linn, Ghér es Safieh. ‘Said to be found
on the Land Tortoise. Known from Egypt and Barbary.’

Argas persicus, Fisch. (?) ‘The specimen is discoloured, and without
limbs, and cannot be identified with certainty.’ I found it parasitic on a
blackbird which I shot in the Ghoér es Safieh. Found in Persia and
Egypt.

MYRIAPODA.

CHILOPODA.

Scolopendra canidens, Newport. (?) ‘The specimen is very young,
and cannot be identified with certainty. Mount Hor. Known from

Egypt.
CHILOGNATHA.

Spivostreptus botte, Gerv. This repulsive-looking black milliped
appears to be common along the wadies leading to the ’Arabah from Edom.
A specimen at Mount Hor was about five inches long and of the
diameter of a lead pencil. Known from Tripoli, Egypt, Syria, and Abys-
sinia.

23
178 INSECTA, ETC.

INSECTA.

COLEOPTERA.

SCARABAIDA.

Ateuchus sacer, Linn. Found amongst the salted débris along the
Dead Sea shore. Named by Mr. Waterhouse.

Bubas bubalus, Oliv. Abundant about Gaza, where I used to watch
it conveying the droppings of animals below the surface, and substituting
for them the soil excavated from their long vertical burrows. Common
throughout the Mediterranean region.

Pachdema sinaitica, Crotch. ‘P. pilosa, Walk., is probably identical
with this species, its greater size (seven lines) being the only point men-
tioned in the description in which it differs. Although both names were
published in the same year (1871), I have no hesitation in adopting the
name given to it by Crotch in preference to that of Walker, the descrip-
tions of the latter author being almost useless for the purpose of identifi-
cation, besides many of the species being referred to wrong genera, and
in some instances to wrong families.’ Sinai only.

Oryctes nastcornts, Linn. Amongst the Dead Sea drift, Ghér es
Safieh. Named by Mr. Waterhouse. A Mediterranean beetle.

BUPRESTID.

Steraspis sqguamosa, Klug. Recorded by Walker from Mount Sinai,
Cairo, and Hor, Tamanib on the Red Sea shore of Africa. Found by me
in WAdy el Ain on acacia-trees. Named by Mr. Waterhouse. Found
in Syria and Egypt.

Galbella Hartz, O. Janson. 2. sf, This was the only living thing I
found in the intensely salt marls about 600 feet above the Dead Sea in
Ghér. Where the marls were cut through by occasional small sez/s there
was other life, but this little beetle inhabited the most arid and driest
portions of the white chalky soil. Its nearest relative (G. beccari) is
COLEOPTERA, 179

Abyssinian, and its occurrence here points to the Ethiopian element in
the life of the Ghér, as instanced in Teracolus amongst butterflies, and
perhaps Cyrtacanthacris amongst locusts.

TENEBRIONID.

Adesmia carinata, Sol. Sinai. Known from Persia. Not in
Walker’s or Crotch’s Sinai list.

Adesmia lacunosa, Klug. Jebel Watiyeh. Known from Cairo, and
other parts of Sinai. Named by Mr. Waterhouse.

Adesmia tenebrosa, Sol. With the last. There are about ten species
of this genus found in Sinai. Named by Mr. Waterhouse. The present
species is not in Walker’s or Crotch’s list. It is found in Persia.

Acts elevata, Sol. ’Ayin Misa. Found in Egypt. Named by Mr.
Waterhouse.

Prionotheca coronata, Oliv. Wady Ghurundel (‘ Elim’). Named by
Mr. Waterhouse. Found as far south as Nubia in lat. 15°.

Ocnera hispida, Fask. WaAdyel’Ain. Found also in Egypt. Named
by Mr. Waterhouse.

Mesotena punctipennis, Sol. Sinai. Not in Walker or Crotch.
Known from Egypt and Algeria. An allied species, M. oblonga, is
recorded by Crotch from Sinai.

Scleron orientale, Fab. WaAady el ’Ain. Not in Walker or Crotch.
It is known from Egypt, Syria, and India.

Himatismus villosus, Haag. Sinai. Known from Egypt. Not in
Walker’s or Crotch’s Sinai list of beetles.

COCCINELLID.

Epilachna chrysomelina, Fab. Wady Ghurundel, Edom, and Ghér
es Safieh. Known from Europe, Arabia, Persia, West and South

Africa.

23—2
180 INSECTA, ETC.

HYMENOPTERA.

APID.

Anthrophora nidulans, Fab. I dug this bee out of a burrow in a
sandy bank in the Wady ‘Arabah between Sinai and Palestine while
gathering bulbs. It is not included in Walker’s Sinai list. It inhabits
Southern Europe, Algeria, and Madeira. My visit was too early for the
vast majority of these insects.

VESPID.

Vespa ortentalis, Linn. This handsome hornet was the only con-
spicuous insect of the family that was frequently to be seen during the
winter months at Sinai. In some places, as about the well at WaAdy
Nasb, it was very abundant. Inhabits Southern Europe, Egypt, Arabia,
India.

The test of a species of Polistes apparently was found amongst the
Dead Sea drift.

DORYLIDA.

Dorylus juvenculus, Schnk. This swift, long-bodied wasp was several
times seen in Sinai. I captured one at the southern end of WAdy el Ain.
Inhabits Barbary and Tripoli. Not included in Walker’s list.

FORMICID:.

Camponotus compressa, Fab. This appears to be a very common
species of black ant in Sinai. Specimens from several ant heaps have
been referred to it by Mr. Janson. It is not included in Walker’s list.
Inhabits Syria, India, and China.

Aphenogaster structor, Latr. Wady ’Arabah and ’Ayin Masa. In-
habits Europe, Syria, and Palestine. Found at Cairo also by Mr. Lord.

(See Walker's list.)
Polyrhachis seminiger, May. These ants, in small parties, inhabited

little nests or pockets of vegetable matter agglutinated together, and
appended to the branches of the tamarisks close to the shore of the Dead
LEPIDOPTERA. 181

Sea. This genus is tropical, chiefly Indian, and no species was captured
by Mr. Lord according to Walker, so that this outlying station is very
interesting. Mr. Janson informs me that there was an unnamed specimen
of this ant in the British Museum.

LEPIDOPTERA.

NYMPHALID.

Pyramets carduz, Linn. WaAdy es Sheikh in Sinai, in a clump of
tamarisks. ‘ This well-known butterfly is found in nearly all parts of the
world except Australia, where it is replaced by the closely-allied P. Ker-
shawt, McCoy.’ Mr. Lord captured it at Cairo and in Upper Egypt.

PIERID.

Pieris (Belenots) lordacea, Walk. Ghér es Safieh at the south end of
the Dead Sea. Described from specimens collected by Mr. Lord at
Harkeko, on the African shore of the Red Sea, in lat. 15°. Mr. Walker
states that this butterfly belongs to the group of which P. mesentina,
Cram. (also an Ethiopian form) is the type, and has much affinity with
that species. The two were in company at Harkeko, and it will be
interesting to know if P. mesentina also occurs in the Ghér. A charac-
teristic example of the tropical conditions of the Ghér.

Teracolus phisadia, Godt. These butterflies were just emerging from
the pupa state, which were attached in great abundance to the twigs of a
species of Rhamnus by the edge of the river Hessi in the Ghér. Known
only from Aden and Abyssinia twenty degrees further south.

T. chrysonome, Klug. Ghér es Safieh, Known from Ambukohe in
Somali, fifteen degrees south of the Ghér. Wallace, in his ‘ Distribution
of Animals’ (ii., 478), states that two genera of Pieridae, of which the
present is one, are confined to the Ethiopian region. Teracolus is known
by about ten species from Madagascar, Arabia, and S. Africa. These
last three butterflies offer_satisfactory illustration of the view of the past
northern range of tropical forms along the Red Sea and the ’Arabah to the
Ghér, now interrupted by the aridity of the climate. None of these were
captured by Mr. Lord or myself in Sinai.
182 INSECTA, ETC.

CRAMBID:.

Stenopteryx hybridalis, Hub. Sinai. Ranges over the whole warm
world almost, except Australia.

N.B.—Species of Lasiocampide, Noctuide and Agrotis were also
captured in Sinai, but they were not in good condition. A very regularly
constructed caterpillar-case, made of small twigs and not unlike those of
the larvze of species of caddis-worm, was gathered in Wady Zelegah in
Sinai. It belonged to some species of Psyche.

DIPTERA.

HIPPOBOSCID.

fTippobosca camelina, Savign. This camel tick was frequently found
in Sinai. It is known from Egypt.

NEUROPTERA.

TERMITID-.

Folotermes vagans, Hag. These white ants (chiefly the males (?) )
appeared in some abundance in the ’Arabah in December, where they
were greedily devoured by the ‘hopping thrush, Avgya sguamiceps,
Rupp. The insect is known from Persia, and, with many other forms of
life, found on either side, east and west, of Arabia; no doubt inhabits also
that little-known desert region.

ORTHOPTERA.

FORFICULID.

Forficula lucast, Dohrn. In the Edomitic wAdies leading to the
’Arabah. Inhabits Syria and Egypt.

BLATTIDA.

Heterogamia marzs-mortut, O. Janson. 2. sp. Captured in the Ghér es
Safieh, being attracted to the tent lights at night. A light-coloured
yellowish-brown cockroach, with prettily reticulated wings.
ORTHOPTERA. 183

ACRIDITD.
Cyrtacanthacris ornatipes, Walk. In the Ghér es Safieh, at the
south end of the Dead Sea. ‘Described from a single specimen in the
collection of the British Museum, the locality of which was unknown.’

Cyrtacanthacris notata, Walk. Ghér es Safieh. ‘One specimen,
which appears to be merely a variety of this species, differs in its much
lighter colour and small size, the expanse of wings being only 16 lines.’
Inhabits Upper Egypt. This considerable genus of grasshoppers appears
to be mainly known from the tropical parts of America and Africa.

Acridium tataricum, Roes. Jericho. ‘Known from Asia Minor,
Europe, Africa.’

Caloptenus pilipes, O. Janson. 2. sp. Ghor es Safieh.

G@dipoda cerulans, Roes. Sinai. ‘Known from S. Europe, Egypt,
Asia Minor, Madeira, S. Africa.’

Edipoda insubrica, Savigny. Gaza. This locust inhabits S. Europe,
Syria, and Algeria.

Pecilocera bufonia, Klug. Wady Berrah in Sinai; also very con-
spicuous on the ‘ Osher’ (Calotropzs procera) in the Ghoér es Safieh. A
blackish purple, strong, uncanny-looking, locust-like insect, two or three
inches long, with small yellow spots. It is known from Egypt and
Syria.

Tryxalis unguiculata, Ramb. I captured this insect first on Jebel
Watiyeh in Sinai, and afterwards in the Ghér es Safieh. It closely re-:
sembled the dried twigs and straws which it lived amongst. ‘Known
from S. Europe, Syria, Nubia and N. India.’

RHYNCHOTA.

LYGAID.
Lygeus militarts, Stal. Frequent about Mount Hor and other parts
of Edom, in Arabia Petrzea. <A brightly-coloured red and black little

land bug.
= PYRRHOCORID.

Pyrrhocoris apterus, Geoff. Same locality as last. This little ‘ red
bug’ is found from England across Europe to Syria.
184 INSECTA, ETC.

The following descriptions are by Mr. Oliver Janson, with whom the
type specimens are deposited :

Galbella Hart?,O. Janson. Elongate-ovate, moderately convex, blue-
black, shining. Head convex, with a large shallow fovea in front, coarsely
and rather closely punctured, a small space just behind the fovea smooth ;
antenne strongly serrate from the fifth joint, joints 7-11 twice as broad as
long. Thorax coarsely punctured, the punctures closer and somewhat
confluent at the sides, slightly impressed near the anterior margin, the
basal margin bisinuate, posterior angles acute. Scutellum triangular,
smooth. Elytra four times as long as the thorax, strongly punctate-
striate, with alternate rows of simple punctures near the suture, the
outer disk with coarser confluent punctures, the interstices of which
form transverse ridges; base, sides, and apex confusedly punctured ;
humeral callus strong and smooth. Underside strongly punctured; meta-
sternum with a slight central carina; sides of the abdomen finely serrate.
Legs short, tibiz strongly dilated, the outer edge rounded and finely
serrate. Length, 6 mm., width 24 mm.

Closely allied to G. deccarz, Gest., but differs chiefly from that species
in the sculpture of its elytra and in having a distinct fovea on its head.

The present species is the fifth known of this interesting and peculiar
genus (originally referred by Westwood to the Eucnemide), the others
being vzolacea, Westw., from India; deccarz, Gestr., from Abyssinia ;
felix (Zanthe), Mars., from Cyprus ; and cerulea (oncomea), Saund., from
Siam.

Hleterogamia maris-mortut, O. Janson. 3. Pale testaceous, shining.
Head pale yellow in front, the base and eyes black ; antenne nearly as
long as the body, ferrugineous. Thorax transverse-elliptical, sparsely
punctured, slightly strigose at the base, the entire surface clothed with
sparse short rufous hairs, the anterior margin fringed with longer hairs,
the disk impressed on each side and marked in the centre with a some-
what anchor-shaped ferrugineous spot, the sides semi-pellucid and whitish.
Mesonotum uneven, impunctate, ferrugineous brown, with the margins
pale; scutellum black. Metanotum elevated in the centre, uneven, im-
punctate, sparsely pubescent, and with obscure brown spots. Elytra
pellucid, with numerous irregularly-disposed brown spots; costal area
RHYNCOTA. 185

whitish, the costa fringed with short rufous hairs. Wings pellucid, the
veins brown, abdominal margin white. Abdomen above finely strigose,
with a slight elevated median line, apex ferrugineous. Legs with sparse
rufous hairs ; tibial spines long, rufous-brown.

Length of the body, 14 mm.; length of elytra, 19 mm.; length of
thorax, 44 mm.; width of thorax, 7 mm.

Appears to be most nearly allied to 7. conspfersa, Brunn. (syrzaca,
Sauss. ).

Caloptenus pilipes, O. Janson. Robust, tawny brown. Head convex,
and mottled with lighter brown behind; vertex sub-elliptical, concave ;
face sparsely punctured, shining ; mouth, margins of the frontal costa and
sides of the face whitish; eyes luteous; antennz testaceous. Thorax
produced and broadly rounded behind ; the base and sides finely scabrose ;
the central carina well-marked and entire, the outer ones broken and
almost obsolete behind; with four transverse impressed lines, the first
close to the anterior margin, well-marked at the sides, but almost obsolete
on the disk, the second sinuous and only reaching a little beyond the outer
carine ; the third sinuous and extending nearly to the lateral margins ;
the fourth straight and of the same length as the third. Elytra pale
cinereous brown, the base, veins, and several obscure marks near the apex
darker. Wings pellucid and slightly tinged with purple, which is more
pronounced in certain lights; veins dark brown. Anterior and inter-
mediate legs testaceous, sparsely pubescent, underside and tarsi whitish ;
posterior femora very broad, clothed with fine white pubescence, outer side
pearly white, inner side red ; posterior tibize pubescent, bright yellow,
paler towards the base ; apex of spines black. Abdomen and underside
pale ferrugineous brown, shining, apex of the former pale cinereous ;
prosternal spine strong, rounded, obtuse at its apex.

Length of the body, 35 mm. ; length of elytra, 24 mm. ; length of the
posterior femora, 20 mm. ; length of the posterior tibize, 19 mm.

Allied to C. ¢estaceus, Walk.

24
MOLLUSCA,

24—2
MOLLUSCA.

MOLLUSCA FROM ’AKABAH, RED SEA.

The numbers after the species refer to Issel’s ‘Malacologia del Mar
Rosso.’ Where there is no number, the name McAndrew, Beke, or
Burton refer to the lists in these gentlemen’s works respectively, the
earliest alone being mentioned.

Where the species appears to be now first recorded, I have en-
deavoured to give its range from Reeve’s ‘Monographs,’ Kiener, or

Weinkauff.
PTEROPODA.

* Hyalea uncinnata, Raug. Atlantic.
» guadritentata, Lessur. (McAndrew).

GASTEROPODA.
Murex anguliferus, Lamk. (261). Also at ’Ayin Misa, Gulf of
Suez.

Fusus polygonoides, Lamk. (303). And at ’Aydin Misa.
Pleurotoma cingultfera, Lamk. (335).
Triton lampas, Linn. (283, ‘ raro’).

5  étrilineatus, Reeve. (McAndrew).

»  prlearis, Linn. (Milne in Beke).

vrubecula, Linn. (McAndrew).

”
Igo

MOLLUSCA.

Triton anus, Linn. (284).
»  aguatils, Reeve. (McAndrew).

* Ranella granifera, Lamk. Philippines.

= (Lampas) affinis, Brod. (McAndrew).

‘4 rhodostoma, Bech. Philippines.

Phos roseatus, Hinds. (McAndrew).

Nassa gemmulata, Lamk. (247).

* ,, sovdida, A. Adams. Philippines.

* ,, delicata, A. Adams. Philippines.

* ,, plebecula, Conrad.

Purpura serta, Lamk. (236 ‘ rara’).

Ricinula (Pentadactylus) ablolabris, Blainv. (McAndrew).
i fiscillum, Chemn. (McAndrew).

7 . spectrum, Reeve. (McAndrew).

*

ih (Purpura) tuberculata, Blainv. (241).
Coralliophila (Rhizochilus) costularzs, Blainv. (McAndrew).
ii ‘ exarata, Pease. (McAndrew).
i = madreporianus, A. Adams. (McAndrew).
Latirus (Turbinella) turritus, Linn. (McAndrew).
* Mitra variegata, Reeve.
* 4, cucumerina, Lamk. Pacific Islands.
* ,, digitalis, Chemnitz. Philippines.
* , filosa, Carpenter. Philippines.
* ,,  consanguinea, Reeve.
,  ostvidis, Linn. (McAndrew).
* | abbatis, Chemnitz. Philippines.
* ,,  modesta, Reeve. Philippines.
Columbella (Ricinula) mendicaria, Lank. (242).
fk, ligula, Duclos.
7 conspersa, Gask. (McAndrew).
MOLLUSCA FROM ’AKABAH, RED SEA. 191

* Columbella albinodulosa, Gask. Philippines.
albtna, Kiener. (McAndrew).

* Harpa minor, Rumph. Philippines.
* Cassis saburon, Lamk. Atlantic and Mediterranean.

”

»  torquata, Reeve. (231).
Natica mamilla, Linn. (457).
melanostoma, Gmel. (458).

marochiensts, Gmel. (McAndrew). Canaries.

”

”

Terebra crenulata, Linn. (260).
babylonica, Lamk. (McAndrew).
»  affints, Gray. (McAndrew).
* Solarium cingulum, Kiener. Sandwich Islands; Philippines ;
Japan.
Conus arenatus, Brug. (322). And at ’Ayin Masa.
nussatella, Linn, (McAndrew).

nigropunctatus, Sowerby.

”?

”

*

2)

»  tesselatus, Brug. (324).

* ,, generals, Linn. Ceylon.

* nanus, Brod. Lord Hood’s Island; Pacific.

”

,  viartus, Lamk. (McAndrew).
* | mustellinus (sulphuratus, Brug.). Philippines.
* Strombus auris-diane, Linn. Philippines.
gibberulus, Linn. (274). And at ’Aytin Masa.
Pe floridus, Lamk. (270).
- fusiformis, Sowerby. (273).
% plicatus, Lamk. (S. dentatus, Linn.). Philippines.

”

”

Cyprea turdus, Lamk. (196).
zsabella, Linn. (201).
»  evosa, Linn, (204).
* tabescens, Solander. Tahiti; Ceylon; Pacific.

”

”
192

MOLLUSCA.

* Cyprea gangrenosa, Dillwyn. China.
»  globulus, Linn. (Beke). East Indies.
. (Trivia) oryza, Lamk. (Pagenstecker in R. Kossman).
* Cerithium fenestratum, Sowerby.
ss lacteum, Philip. (McAndrew).
6 Kochi, Philip. (McAndrew).
a tuberosum, Fabr. (340). And at ’Aydn Masa.
4 moniliferum, Kiener. (352). s
(5 echinatum, Lamk. (McAndrew).
7 rostratum, Sowerby. (McAndrew).
Modulus tectum, Gmel. (Milne in Beke).
Turritella trisulcata, Lamk. (505).
Nerita polita, Linn. (517).
»  vumphit, Reclus. (Pagenstecker in Kossman).
Turbo margaritaceus, Linn. (Milne in Beke).
» Sp. (?) too young, and sf. (?) opercula.
Trochus erythreus, Brocchi. (534). And at ’Ayin Masa.
»  dentatus, Forsk. (528). ‘9
Clanculus Pharaonis, Linn. (542).
Forskahlea declivis, Forsk. (541). And at ’Aytin Masa.
* Omphalius carintferus, Bech.
Monodonta obscura, Wood. (McAndrew).
a % australis, Lamk.
Perrinea (Euchelus) stellata, A. Adams. (McAndrew).
Gena lutea, Linn. (McAndrew).
Cerithiopsts clathrata, A. Adams. (McAndrew).
Phorus (Triphorus) corrugatus, Reeve. (McAndrew).

Phasianella jaspidea, Reeve. (520, ‘non commune’). And at ’Ayfn

Masa.

* Subemarginula imbricata, A. Adams.
MOLLUSCA FROM ’AKABAH, RED SEA. 193

Flatiotis scutulum, Reeve. (McAndrew).
Hipponyx australis, Quoy. et Gaim.

* Patella variabilis, Krauss. Valparaiso, Reeve. This species was
determined by Mr. Edgar Smith of the British Museum.

Planaxis Savignyt, Desh. (481).
* Siphonaria cochleartformis, Reeve. China.
mn a lecanium, Philip.
Bulla ampulla, Linn. (413). And at ’Aytin Masa.
Atys (alicula) cylindrica, Chemnitz. (418).
i‘ »  succise, Ehr. (420). And at ’Aytn Misa.
* Bucctnulus solidulus, Linn.

* Janthina nitens, Manke. Mediterranean.

CONCHIFERA.

Tridacna elongata, Lamk. (93).
* ,  crocea, Lamk.
* Lima hians, Gmelin. Mediterranean and Atlantic.
Pinna, sp. (?) Too much damaged.
Pecten sanguinolentus, Gmel. (156, ‘raro’).
,,  4ividus, Lamk. (165).
Chama cornucopia, Reeve. (89). And at ’Ayfin Misa, Gulf of Suez.
® C. obligquata, Reeve. Philippines. And at ’Aytin Masa.

Spondylus, sp. Not named by Smith or Sowerby. Probably new,
but specimens worn.

Ostraa frons, Linn. (McAndrew).
* Arca (Barbatia) divaricata, Sowerby. Pacific Islands.
- ‘5 barbata, Linn. Mediterranean and Atlantic.
* |, (anomalocardia) scapha (?), Chemnitz (113).
* Pectunculus lineatus (2), Reeve. West Indies.
fe Siculus, Reeve. Sicily ; Mediterranean.

23
194

MULLUSCA.

Pectunculus pectiniformis, Lamk. (110). And at ’Aytin Misa.

* Cardita antiguata, Reeve. Ceylon.
,  vartegata, Brug. (96, ‘non commune ’).
Modiola (Perna) auriculata, Krauss. (McAndrew).
* Venus toreuma, Gould. Mangse Island.
(Chione) costellifera, Ad. et Reeve. (McAndrew).
,  veticulata, Linn. (47).
Circe arabica, Chemnitz. (53).
» lentiginosa, Chemnitz. (54).

= tumefacta, Sowerby.

”

”

* Artemis rubecundus, Philip.

* Cardium fragum, Linn.

Tellina scobinata, Linn. (34).

Paphia (Mesodesma) glabrata, Deshayes, (18).
Lucina dentifera, Jonas. (101).

Cytherea florida, Lamk. (63).

FROM AIN MUSA, GULF OF SUEZ.

GASTEROPODA.

Murex tribulus, Linn. (Smith in Burton). Eastern Seas.
Strombus tricornis, Lamk. (267).

‘ lineatus, Lamk.=S. fasciatus, Born. (McAndrew).
Ancillaria striolata, Sowerby. (McAndrew).
Pteroceras truncatus, Lamk. (Smith in Burton ; Kiener),

Conus quercinus, Linn. (330).
Cerithium ceruleum, Sowerby (346).
(Pivenella) Carllandi, Potiez. (355). Determined by E.

”

Smith,

* Nerita antiquata, Reclus. Philippines.
FROM AIN MUSA, GULF OF SUEZ, 195

Nerita albrcilla, Lian. (511).
* 4, stella, Chemnitz. Determined by E. Smith.
»  marmorata, Reeve. (McAndrew). Determined by E. Smith.
Pyrula paradistaca, Martini. (317).
Fissurella Ruppellit, Reeve. (551). Determined by E. Smith.

Marginella, sp. (?). Not named by Smith or Sowerby. Probably
new.

CONCHIFERA.

Vulsella spongiarum, Lamk. (146).
* Chama tostoma, Conrad. Sandwich Islands.
,  corrugata, Brod. Central America, Reeve.
Arca retusa, Lamk. (117).
» (Barbatia) fusca, Brug. (118).
* Circe abbreviata, Lamk.
, evocea, Gray. (72).
, pectinata, Linn. (67).
_Pectunculus arabica, H. Adams, (McAndrew.)
Mytilus variabilis, Issel. (128).
Plicatula ramosa, Lamk. (168).
* Avicula (Meleagrina) ala-perdicis, Reeve.
Mactra olorina, Philip. (13).
* MW. semisulcata, Desh.
Lucina semperiana, Krauss. (102).

* Diplodonta votundata, Turton. Atlantic and Mediterranean. Deter-
mined by 1. Smith.

25—2
196 MOLLUSCA,

FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN AT JAFFA.

Columbelle rustica, Linn. In enormous quantities, from which it is
difficult to find other sorts on the beach at Jaffa.

Mitra corniculata, Linn.
» ebenus, Lamk.
Conus mediterraneus, Brug. Common.

Pollia bicolor, Cantr. Not in Weinkauff’s list of European sea-shells,
unless a synonym.

Pollia Orbignyt, Payrandeau.
Nassa incrassata, Miiller.
»,  Cuvieri, Payrandeau (=. variadilis, Philip.).
Cerithium mediterraneum, Desh.
- scabvum, Olivier.

i levantinum, n. sp. Mr. Edgar Smith has kindly favoured
me with the following description :

Testa pyramidalis, subturrita, alba, nigro-fusco transversim punctata.
Anfract. 8 (?) superne concavi, ad latera convexiusculi, costis, longitudi-
nalibus lirisque spiralibus cancellati, striisque inter liras sculpti. Costz
circa II, mediocriter crasse, paucis hic illic ceteris majoribus. Lire
spirales nigro punctate, circa 4 in anfr.-penult., in ult. ad 8. Anfractus
ultimus ad latum sinistrum varice albo marginatus, prope aperturam leviter
ascendans. Apertura parva, ovata, inferne brevissime et oblique canali-
culata, intus alba, nigro punctata. Labrum varicosum, intus liratum ;
columella in medio leviter arcuata, superne lira intrante munita.-

This species is pyramidal, somewhat turreted, moderately solid, white,
and ornamented with series of transverse blackish dots upon the spiral
lire. The whorls are probably about eight in number, narrowly excavated
below the suture, then a little convex and sculptured with strongish longi-
tudinal ribs and spiral liree, between which are still finer stria. The ribs
are ten or eleven in number on the penultimate whorl, one or two of
which (varices) are white and larger than the rest. Of lirae there are four
FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN AT fAFFA. 197

on the upper volutions, the two central ones being most conspicuous, and
at the points of contact with the coste produce a nodulous appearance.
The two others, which are much less distinct, and in some specimens
almost obsolete, are situated above and below at the suture. The body-
whorl has about eight lire dotted with dark brown, and a conspicuous
white oblique varix on the left side opposite the labrum, near which it
ascends slightly. The aperture is small, ovate, white, exhibiting the
external dotting some distance from the margin, and terminates in a very
short oblique canal beneath. The columella is incurved at the middle,
covered with a thin callosity, and bears at the upper part a fine transverse
lire running some distance within the aperture. The labrum is white,
thickened exteriorly, and finely lirate within.
Length 12 millim., diam. 44, aperture 33 long, 2 wide.

This species has been kindly examined by the Marquis Monterosata,
to whom it is unknown as a Mediterranean form, and there does not
appear to be any species from that region sufficiently resembling it with
which a comparison can be made.

Besides the black dots already mentioned, other paler specks are dis-
cernible under a lens, irregularly scattered over the surface.

Trochus (Gibbula) adriatica, Philip.
Natica Josephinia, Risso.

Cyprea pulex, Solander.

Murex cristatus, Broc.

Bulla striata, Brug.

Pectunculus glycimerts, Linn. Forming the entire beach near
Gaza.

Tapes geographica, Chemn.
Arca (Barbatia) barbata, Linn.

The above species have been, except where otherwise stated, deter-
mined by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, of Russell Street, London. I am deeply
indebted to Mr. Edgar Smith, of the British Museum, for examining
several critical species, and for giving me references to several of the
works which I have made use of. Of these the earliest and most
198 MOLLUSCA.

important relating to the Red Sea mollusca is that or Professor Arthur
Issel, of Genoa, entitled, ‘Malacologia del Mar Rosso,’ Pisa, 1869. I
have taken this work as covering and including all previous researches
upon the subject. The monographs of Reeve, subsequent to 1869, have
been referred to, and the whole series has been searched for information
relative to the distribution of those species now first included in the
Red Sea fauna. Kiener’s works in the Conchylien Cabinet have been
also consulted.

Next to Issel’s, the most important memoir devoted to the con-
chology of the Red Sea is that of Mr. R. McAndrew ‘On Testaceous
Mollusca obtained in the Gulf of Suez,’ published in the Axnals and
Magazine of Natural History, Dec., 1870.

Pagenstecker’s account of the shells collected by Robe Kossman in
the Red Sea has been referred to.

No doubt other scattered papers exist. The above references have
been communicated to me by Mr. Smith.

In addition, in Burton’s ‘Land of Midian,’ vol. ii, pp. 119-121,
1879, will be found a list of shells (determined by the able concho-
logist of the British Museum) collected on the Midian shore. In Dr.
Beke’s ‘Sinai in Arabia,’ 1878, there is an appendix containing a list of
shells collected at ’Akabah, and determined by Mr. John Milne, F.G.S.
These have been gone through and summarized.

My lists from ’Akabah and’Aytin Masa contain 166 determined species,
and about half a dozen unnamed. Of these no less than fifty-six appear
to be additional to the fauna of the Red Sea as exhibited in the above-
mentioned works. Several of these will, perhaps, prove to be synonyms
for.other known Red Sea forms, but I have endeavoured, as far as lay in
my power, to avoid falling into this error. These additions are distin-
guished by a prefixed asterisk.

The extraordinary profusion and variety of life in the Red Sea is well-
known, and has been already commented upon. It is all the more
remarkable when contrasted and brought face to face with the barrenness
alongside—the poverty in all forms of terrestrial existence which its coasts
exhibit.

The continuity of shallow seas and margins of continents in high
temperatures and somewhat similar latitudes no doubt explains the
FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN AT FAFFA. 199

enormous range of the marine species inhabiting the eastern hemi-
sphere. ‘The majority of the shells of the Red Sea are found also in the
Pacific.

Many shells which are found on Samoa and Tahiti occur at ’Akabah.
This at first seems strange when we consider the almost complete differ-
ence which exists between the fauna of the opposite coasts of the Atlantic,
but the above consideration explains it to a certain extent.

The extreme dissimilarity between the faunas of the Red Sea and the
Mediterranean has been a subject of careful consideration by Issel in the
first part of his work already quoted. He finds eighteen species of mol-
luscs common to both seas, and thirty which are equivalent to each other,
or may be regarded as recent deviations from a parent stock. From a
comparison of the fossilized raised beach deposits of either seas he finds
that these seas were united in the Pliocene and Miocene times, and con-
tained a common fauna. If we accept this conclusion, which is probably
correct, we may view this ancient fauna as much more nearly related to
that now existing in the Pacific than that in the Mediterranean ;
decreased temperature during glacial times and since has rendered the
latter sea unfit for Pacific, warm-sea animals, which have, in the main,
long become extinct there.

At the same time, the hardier Atlantic forms will have continually
pressed eastwards, and exterminated the lingering pre-glacial types. A
later union of post-glacial or glacial times between the two seas is believed
to have taken place, but this was, no doubt, of a shallow nature over a
wide sandy flat, and insufficient for any considerable interchange of life.
Those few common species (to which I have several to add) may not
unlikely date their advent to the Mediterranean from this most recent
geological period. And no doubt the Suez Canal is even now assisting
in this process. Some of my additions (Hyalea, Ianthina) are of a
nature which would enable them readily to pass from one sea to the other
by this existing means.

My list contains the following species known to exist in the Mediter-
ranean, but not before taken in the Red Sea:

FTyalea uncinnata, Brug.
Cassts saburon, Lamk.

lanthina nitens, Meuke.
200 MOLLUSCA.

Lima hians, Gm.

Arca barbata, Linn.

Pectunculus siculus, Reeve.

Diplodonta rotundata, Turton.

In addition to these the following three occur in McAndrew’s paper :
Volvula acuminata, Brug.; Pecten varius, Linn., and Radula inflata,
Chemn., found by him at Suez, and stated there to occur in the Mediter-
ranean. Pecten pes-felis, Linn., a Mediterranean species also, was found,
according to Milne, by Dr. Beke at’Akabah. These eleven species, added
to Issel’s eighteen, give twenty-nine shells common to the Mediterranean
and Red Seas. It is probable also that Natica asellus and N. marochiensis,
one or both, occur in the Mediterranean, since they are found at the
Canary Islands, and also in the Red Sea. Neither are, however, included
in my edition of Weinkauff (1873).

I have extracted from the lists in Burton and Beke’s writings respec-
tively the names of the species which do not appear either in Issel or
McAndrew, and I have appended a note of their distribution as far as
given in Reeve or Kiener.

GASTEROPODA.

Conus textile, Linn. (Burton and Beke). Ceylon; Society Islands.
»  Aebreus, Linn. (Burton). Ceylon.
,, ceylanensis, Hwass. (Burton). Ceylon; Philippines.
» monile, (Beke). Ceylon.
» pennacens=C. omaria, Reeve. (Beke). Ceylon.
Terebra dimidiata, Linn. (Burton). Philippines.
r (Lmpages) cerulescens, Lamk. (Burton). Philippines.
5 i nubeculata. (Beke).
Murex inflatus, Lamk.=M. ramosus, Reeve. (Burton). Eastern
Seas.
Nassa coronata, Lamk. (Burton). Madagascar.
Harpa solida, A. Adams. (Burton).
FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN AT fAFFA. 201

Triton maculosus, Reeve. (Burton). Philippines.

Solarium perspectivum, Linn. (Burton). Amboyna; Australia.

Cyprea scurra, Chemn. (Burton). Staines Island, Pacific.

Cerithium nodulosum, Brug. (Beke). India and Moluccas.

Trochus (Polydonta) sanguinolentus, Chemn. (Burton).

Ricinula Mori. (Beke). (? R. Morus, Lamk.) Lord Hood's
Island.

CONCHIFERA.

Tellina staurella, Lamk. (Burton). Philippines.

Cardium leucostoma, Boiss. (Burton). Singapore.

Tridacna gigas, Kinn. (Burton). Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Mactra decora. (Beke).

Pecten pes-felis, Linn. (Beke). Mediterranean.

Arca antiquata. (Beke).

Pectunculus paucipictus. (Beke).

Venus crispata. (Beke).

Cytherea blanda. (Beke).

The fact that each collector, even though working on the beach alone,
returns with additional species, shows that there is no reason to consider
we have as yet arrived at the total. Mr. McAndrew remarks that up to
the very last he never returned without having added several species to
his collection. The following numbers represent the known species from

the Red Sea:

Issel... ies oes ies ve ea sax O40
McAndrew, not in Isse wi hs sib sen B55
Burton, not in Issel or McAndrew ... ies eu. PEG
Beke, not in Issel, McAndrew or Burton ... oe 15
Hart, not in any above va wes si ie 36

 

Total Red Sea molluscs ee ee 1. 1082

The species in this total, common to the Mediterranean and Red Sea,

form a percentage of less than three.
26
202 MOLLUSCA.

In addition to the above total, Mr. McAndrew collected a number of
species, which are as yet undescribed, from the Gulf of Suez. These
are being dealt with in the current numbers of the Axnals and Magazine
of Natural History.

LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA.

These have been kindly named for me, with the exception of half-a-
dozen, by Canon Tristram. The other six I have had determined by
Mr. G. B. Sowerby.

Sinai is poorly supplied with molluscs, and it was not till I reached
Petra and crossed the ’Arabah watershed that any variety appeared.

A good gathering was made amongst drift shells on the margin of the
Dead Sea, a little east of the swampy embouchure of the Tufileh river.
All were dead and beached, but often in good preservation, being killed
the instant they reach the salt sea. These may, I think, be all safely
referred to the Ghér es Safieh. The stream comes from the mountains
and over rocks immediately into the Ghér, where it has a quiet course of
a few miles. The shells I speak of are too fragile to have travelled,
except a very short distance, and are accompanied by other Ghér de-
posits.

Succinea elegans, Risso. This species (determined by Mr. Sowerby)
was very abundant in a dead state in the drift on the south-western edge
of the Dead Sea. Canon Tristram does not mention this species as
having been found in Palestine.

Felix joppensts, Roth. Ghér es Safieh and Judzan plain west of the
Ghér. In the Wady ’Arabah, between ’Aytin Buweirdeh and the Ghér.
Canon Tristram writes me, ‘ Probably only a variety of H. ceespitum,
Drap.’ It is much larger. It is in his list, but without locality.

FZ. syriaca, Ehr. Gaza.

H. cespitum, Drap. Petraand Wady ’Arabah, near the Ghér. Found
in the north of Palestine near the coast.

FH. hierochuntina, Roth. By the Jordan, below Jericho.
To face page 203. PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND, Pt. XII.

  

G
ACHATINA BRONDELI, Boura.
P. 204.
H. TUBERCULOSA, CONRA. H. TUBERCULOSA, CONRA. Hevix LEDERER), PFr
Sipe View. P. 208. Dorsat View. P. 203. P. 203,

 

CeRITHIUM LEVANTINUM, SP. Nov.
Hart, PAcest. Exp. Funpb, 1891.

  

    

c P. 196.
HELIX SPIRIPLANA, OLIV. M
7208: TELPHUSA FLUVIATILIS, SAVIGN.
PP. 56, 210.
F
FERRUSACIA THAMNOPHILA, BOUuRG. Butimus Harti, Sp. Nov.
P, 204. Harr, Pat. Exp. Funp, 1891. Pp, 204. E

CorBICULA SAULCY!, Bourg.
P. 205.

‘gs
LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA. 203

Helix protea, Ziegl. Plain of Judza, at Bir es Seba, Tell el Milh, etc. ;
Gaza. Very variable in colouration.

f7, vestalts, Parr. Gaza.

HZ. tuberculosa, Conrad. First found by Professor Hull, and again in
two different places by me in the plain of Judzea, between Tell el Milh
and Tell Abu Hareireh. A very peculiar trochiform species, with the
whorls prettily striated and mitred, giving a spirally laminated appearance.
Canon Tristram speaks of it as very rare, and ‘the most peculiar and in-
teresting Helix in Palestine.’

FT, Ledereri, Pfr. Yebnah, between Gaza and Jaffa. Similarly marked
as the last, but thoroughly depressed instead of trochiform.

FZ. Seetzeni, Koch. WaAdy’Arabah; Sinai, at Wady Barak ; abundant
in Judzea, often covering the stems of Anabasis.

HI. candidissima, Drap., var. minuta. Sinai, near “Akabah; Wady
Ghurundel, in Edom; Jordan; Bir es Seba.

FH. prophetarum, Bourg. Wady Ghurundel, Edom ; Wady ’Arabah.

fT. Botsstert, Charp. Judea. A large solid species thinly distributed
on rich land between Bir es Seba and Gaza.

Hf. filia, Mouss. WaAdy ’Arabah, in several places; WaAdy Ghurundel,
in Edom; Ghér es Safieh. Canon Tristram found it ‘extremely scarce,
only in a few localities near the Dead Sea.’

FZ, spiriplana, Oliv. Jebel Abu Kosheibeh and Mount Hor; Wady
Ghurundel, in Edom; and between Jericho and Marsaba. Jerusalem, at
the ruins of St. John’s Hospital. (=. guttata, Bourg.)

HZ. cavata, Mouss. Bir es Seba and Tell el Milh (Moladah) ; Gaza.

H. Olivieri, Feruss. Jericho, by the Jordan ; Ghér es Safieh, abun-
dant dead amongst drift on the shore of the Dead Sea. Has not, I
think, been gathered in Palestine before.

Helix betica, Rossm. Drift on the shore of the Gulf of ’Akabah.
Derived from the Midianitish side.

Bulimus cadmeus, Pfr. Dead Sea drift ; Wady Ghurundel, and else-
where in the ’Arabah to ’Akabah.
26—2
REPTILIA.
REPTILI] A;

ORDER OPHIDIA.

The following have been determined by Dr. Gunther :

Rhyncocalamus melanocephalus, Gunther. This little snake was cap-
tured by Laurence at Petra. The genus, which was founded by Dr.
Gunther for this species, contains as yet no other representative, and it was
believed peculiar to the Jordan Valley. As in other instances, the WAdy
’Arabah, or the wadies leading to it, extends the range of the Jordanic
forms of life. According to Wallace, with the exception of three American
species, the small family of Oligodontide, to which this genus belongs, is
confined to India, China, Japan, and the neighbouring islands.

Zaments ventrimaculatus, Gray. 1 shot an individual of this species
in WAdy Zelegah, in Sinai. This snake ranges from Egypt to Belooch-

istan.

Z. atrovirens, Shaw. A snake of this species was killed on the
plains of Southern Judea. It is common in Southern Europe and
Palestine. The black variety, 2. carbonartus, was, I believe, killed
during our march in Sinai, in Wady Nasb, but it was unfortunately
destroyed.

Z. elegantissimus, Gunther. This prettily-marked little snake was
captured at ’Akabah. It was described first by Dr. Gunther from a
specimen brought from Midian in lat. 26° 30’ in 1878. Its distribution is,

27
Missing Page
Missing Page
210 REPTILIA.

therefore, so far as is known, confined to the eastern shores of the Red
Sea.

Zamenis Cliffordit, Schleg. Slopes of Mount Hor. Known from
Egypt, Algiers, and West Africa.

Celopeltis lacertina, Wagl. Jebel Herteh, in Sinai. This snake is a
native of North and West Africa, according to Wallace; North Africa,
Arabia, and Persia, according to Gresham. It is the only one of the
genus.

ORDER LACERTILIA.

Acanthodactylus boskianus, Dand. Sinai and ’Arabah.
Gongylus ocellatus, Forsk. Sinai, ’Arabah, and Ghér ; common.

Sphenops capistratus, Wagl. Wady Ghurundel, on the western side
of Sinai. I found this skink hidden in an ant hill of Camponotus.

Ptyodactylus Hasselguistit, Schneid. I first caught this gecko in WAdy
Zelegah, in Sinai. It became frequent afterwards in the ’Arabah and the
Ghér.

Stenodactylus guttatus, Cuv. Sinai.

Agama stnaiticus, Heyden. Sinai, at low levels, and ’Akabah. A
handsome blue-throated lizard.

Agama ruderatus, Oliv. Very common throughout Sinai and Wady
*Arabah to the Dead Sea.

Evemias guttata. ’Akabah, Sinai.
E. gutto-lineata. Ghér.
Chameleo vulgaris, Dand. Sinai, at "Ayn Masa.

In the Amphibia, Rana esculenta, Linn., and. Bufo viridis, Laur.,
were both brought home; the latter from Wady Ghuweir, and the former
from the Ghér. At Jericho, these frogs kept up an extraordinary din
throughout the night. I may mention here that in the Ghér, at the south
end of the Dead Sea, abundance of land, or rather marsh, crabs occur of
ORDER LACERTILIA. air

the species Ze/phusa fluviatilis. They are not confined to the water, for
one was killed foraging in our camp, and I saw them amongst the rushes
escaping with marvellous celerity. 1 brought home a number which
the Bedawin children caught~for me. They are now in the British
» Museum.

Tristram mentions that there were fresh-water crabs at ‘Ain Jidy
(Engedi); they were probably the same species. These crabs chiefly
appear to resort to deep holes, which they excavate among the rushes
above the margin of the Dead Sea. Here thev lie concealed during the
day, coming forth at dusk. When alarmed, they escape to concealment
with great swiftness. This species is found in Egypt, North Africa, and
eastwards to Persia.

27—2
AVES.
AVES.

Tue following birds were observed in Sinai, Arabia Petrzea, and South
Palestine from November to February. Those whose names have a + pre-
fixed were kindly identified for me by Canon Tristram, from specimens
brought home. For fuller information the reader should consult Canon
Tristram’s work, and also Mr. Wyatt’s appendix to the ‘ Ordnance Survey
of Sinai.’

tZurdus tliacus, Linn. Redwing. I shota redwing at ’Ain es Sultan,
Jericho, on January 15. Not obtained, I believe, in Palestine previously.

+7. merula, Linn. Blackbird. I saw several, and shot one in the
latter half of December in the Ghér es Safieh. Blackbirds were seen also
at Gaza in the following month.

tSaxzcola monacha, Temn. Hooded chat. In Wady Nasb and Wady
el Hamr in Sinai, I obtained this species, and again in the ’Arabah at
’Ain el Taba, where there were several birds, mostly males. I also met
it near Tell el Milh in the Judzean wilderness. Canon Tristram iden-
tied four specimens amongst my collection. This species is found
elsewhere in Egypt and Nubia.

+S. zsabellina, Rupp. Menetries wheatear. I obtained several speci-
mens of this bird in Sinai, the ’Arabah, and near Bir es Seba. It was
frequently in company with the hooded chat. A Mesopotamian species
ranging from North-east Africa to China.

S. mesta, Licht. Tristram’s chat. About four miles south-west of
Bir es Seba I fell in with a few chats I had not previously seen. They
had a most peculiar call, a sort of exclamation in two strangely unlike
notes, which differed from that of any other bird I have heard. They
216 AVES.

were very wary, and kept well out of range of Cairo gunpowder. They
seemed to be about the size of the hooded chat, but presented more varied
colouring, without white. From my notes, Canon Tristram refers these
birds to this species. Found from the Sahara to Arabia.

Saxtcola enanthe, Linn. Wheatear. Ramlehand Jericho. A spring
visitant to Sinai.

S. leucopygia, Brehm. White rumpedchat. Frequently seen in Sinai,
as in Wady es Sheikh and elsewhere, and in Wady Ghuweir in Edom.
I shot several specimens. This bird has a very sweet, but weak, low,
murmuring song, to which I often listened with pleasure. It is found
elsewhere in the deserts of Sahara, Nubia, and Arabia. S. deucocephala,
Brehm., a form of this species was also seen, I believe, at ’Akabah.

S. lugens, Licht. Pied chat. Met with in the desert and in the
Ghér, but more common about Jerusalem. S. Fuschzz’, Hengl.; was also
seen about Jerusalem and at Bab el Wad. These two chats are both
natives of Arabia, Egypt, and Algeria, but their headquarters are, accord-
ing to Canon Tristram, in Palestine. |

tCercomela melanura,Temn. Desert blackstart. One of the frequent
species all through Sinai to Ghér, and at Jericho. Found in Arabia,
Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia.

tPratincola rubtcola, Linn. Stone chat. This species was not’ un-
frequent in the Ghér es Safieh, near the Dead Sea. Mr. Holland met
with it in Sinai, Ramleh, and Jericho.

tRuticilla tithys, Linn. Black redstart. I obtained this bird at Jeru-
salem, where it was frequent, as also at Gaza. Mr. Wyatt found it
common in the upper part of Sinai.

tCyanecula cerulcculus, Pall. Blue-throated warbler. Frequent at
’Aytn Mfisa, and again at ’Akabah, at both which places I obtained
specimens. I shot it again in the Ghor, where it was common. This
species was very tame.

‘Erithacus rubecula, Linn. Robin. Between Ramleh and Jerusalem,
and in the Ghér at Jericho.

Sylvia nana, Hemp. et Ehr. Pigmy warbler. Wady Zelegah, north-
eastern escarpment of the Tih, amongst tamarisk bushes; Wady ’Arabah
AVES. 207

at El Taba; Ghér es Safieh. I obtained two specimens, one at Wady
Zelegah, and one in the Ghér. A desert species found in Sahara,
Turkestan, Scinde, and South Persia.

tPhylloscopus rufus, Bechst. Chiff-chaff. Frequent at wells in Sinai ;
once it uttered its summer note at Aytin Misa, in November, in a broken
but unmistakable fashion.

tP. trochilus, Linn. Willow wren. Also frequent throughout Sinai.
Both these were often shot, and appeared to be the only warblers of any
frequency.

tArgya squamiceps, Rupp. ‘Hopping thrush. From ’Akabah in
several places wherever groves of acacia occurred along the ’Arabah to
the Dead Sea. Abundant at the Ghér es Safieh, and not unfrequent at
Jericho. Some of these birds appeared to be mated in the beginning of
December. On shooting one I saw, on two occasions, another perch on
an acacia bush and utter a peculiarly piteous cry for a considerable time.
But as they always go in small flocks, it may have been a purely social
regret. Canon Tristram believed this bird to be confined to the Dead
Sea, mentioning, however, that it was said to be found near ’Akabah, and
in the Hedjaz. El Taba is the best bird ground in the ’Arabah ; here
there were many seen.

tDrymeca gracilis, Licht. Plentiful in the Ghér es Safieh. Ranges
from North-east Africa to Asia Minor and India.

D. inguieta, Rupp. Frequent throughout Sinai, chiefly on the eastern
side, in low bushes of tamarisk in dry, stony wddies, hopping, hiding,
cocking its tail, and concealing itself with great dexterity. Confined to
Sinai and Palestine.

Parus major, Linn. Ox-eye tit. Between Jerusalem and Jaffa.

Motacilla alba, Linn. White wagtail. From Alexandria and Cairo
to the Ghér and Jaffa this bird was frequently met with. In the desert of
Sinai it is the commonest and the tamest species in winter, fearlessly
hopping amongst the tents and camels.

M. flava, Linn. Yellow wagtail. Several of these were observed at
’"Akabah along the shore. Mr. Wyatt records this species from the same

locality as belonging to var. cenereo-capillus, Savi.
28
218 AVES.

Motacilla sulphurea, Bechst. Gray wagtail. Not unfrequent in the
Ghér es Safieh. Mr. Wyatt met this bird in Sinai.

? Anthus trivialis, Linn. I believe this was the pipit which occurred
in the Ghér. Unfortunately my specimen was too bad for determina-
tion.

tPycnonotus xanthopygus, Hemp. et Ehr. ’Akabah; El Taba and Wady
Ghuweir on the ’Arabah; Petra; very abundant in the Ghér es Safieh ;
at Gaza and Jericho. Inthe Upper Ghér el Feifeh every bush of salva-
dora (which forms dense groves) contained these birds. I have never
seen any birds, not in flocks, so numerous. They had some soft, sweet,
trilling notes, but were not, I presume, in proper song. This bird is
found outside Palestine and Sinai in Northern Syria. Captain Burton
met it to the southern limit of his travels in Midian in lat. 26° 30’ (‘ Land
of Midian,’ ii. 185), so that it is perhaps tolerably wide-spread in Arabia.
Mr. Wyatt found the bulbul in W4dy Feiran in Sinai.

tLanius fallax, Finsch. Frequent in Sinai, and up the ’Arabah to the
Ghér. Gaza. Found in Nubia, Abyssinia, and eastwards in Persia and
Beloochistan.

ffTirundo Savigniz, Streph. In great abundance between Gaza and
Ascalon, and about Medjel along the coast. For some miles these birds
flew about and beside our horses, coming within arm’s length, and dis-
playing the showy under-colour, which is continued to the tail, and seems
to be almost the only distinction from the common swallow. It seemed
somewhat larger than 4. rustica, of which a small number occurred
intermixed. Mr. Sharpe informs me that he does not consider it distinct ;
but besides its colouration, it is non-migratory, and confined to Egypt
and Palestine. Also seen in Sinai by Mr. Wyatt. It may perhaps,
therefore, be regarded as only a climatic variety.

H. rustica, Linn. ’Akabah, on the confines of Sinai, and along the
coast from Gaza to Jaffa.

Cotile rupestris, Scop. Ghér es Safieh.

C. obsoleta, Cap. I saw this species at Wady Nasb, and also, I|
believe, in WAdy el Ain, Its pale back and very square tail were dis-
AVES. 219

tinctly noticed. It is a desert species, found in Nubia; also Arabia and
Persia.

tCrnnyris Osea, Bonap. Mr. Armstrong, who was with me at El
Taba, near “Akabah, saw a pair of these birds amongst the acacia bushes
so abundant along the east side of the ’Arabah near that place. I myself
heard a note there which | afterwards recognised as belonging to this
species at the Ghér. It is interesting to extend the range of this bird
nearly to ’Akabah, along the same valley southward as the hopping-
thrush, and points out the direction perhaps by which the ancestral species
originally spread to Palestine to habitats now almost isolated by changed
circumstances. The sunbird delights in the long tubular flowers of the
showy Loranthus acacie, which perhaps requires its visits for cross-
fertilization. A specimen shot by Dr. Hull in the Ghér es Safieh had its
beak covered with the pollen. At El] Taba the loranthus is abundant, as
also at the Ghér; and at the latter place acacia trees, tenanted by this
parasite, were more favoured by these birds, which were seen to probe
their flowers. The sunbird was seen at Jericho; and Dr. Port, of Beirat,
informed me that they had visited his garden more than one year, and
had on one occasion nested there. Beirit to ’Akabah would define its
limited range, so far as yet known. Burton, however, saw sunbirds—
almost certainly this species—scattered throughout Midian, especially in
the Hisma country, in latitude 27°.

Carduelis elegans, Steph. Goldfinch. Frequent in the open country
near Jerusalem, Gaza, and Jaffa.

tPasser hispaniolensis, Temn. Marsh-sparrow. First seen at Wady
Hessi and ’Akabah. In large flocks along Wady ’Arabah ind at the
Ghér.

P. domesticus, Linn. Common sparrow. Alexandria, Gaza, and other
towns. In large flocks in the desert a day’s ride east of Gaza.

P. moabiticus, Tristram. Tristram’s sparrow. I saw this species on
more than one occasion in small flocks close to the edge of the Dead
Sea. I never succeeded in getting a shot ; but from its small size, I felt
sure I was looking at this most local species, which I was familiar with
from Canon Tristram’s account in the ‘ Land of Israel.’ It seemed fond

28—2
220 AVES.

of the saline and filthy mud, and hopped amongst the calcined tamarisk
bushes on the outermost limits of vegetation below our camp. This
Passer has not been found beyond the Ghéor.

Fringilla celebs, Linn. Chaffinch. Gaza, and in the Ghér at Jericho ;
also between Jerusalem and Bab el Wad. A few scattered birds. Mr.
Wyatt obtained chaffinches in Sinai.

tCarpodacus sinarticus, Licht. Sinaitic rose-finch. A single specimen
of this beautiful little bird was shot by Dr. Hull from a flock of marsh-
sparrows in the Wady ’Arabah. The rose-finch is confined to Sinai and
‘South Palestine.

Erythospiza githaginea, Licht. I obtained this bird in Wady Nasb.
Subsequently in Judea, south of Bir es Seba, I heard a curious, low,
ventriloquizing note, rising and falling, and with a faint resemblance to
our yellowhammer’s cry, which I have reason to believe belonged to this
species. I could not get a shot at it. My Bedawin called it ‘thyur. A
desert species, ranging from the Canaries to Scinde.

tEmberiza miliaria, Linn. Common bunting. Frequent amongst the
dhoura fields in the Ghér es Safieh, and in the Judzean wilderness, follow-
ing the sowers.

+E. striolata, Licht. In the Wady ’Arabah, and at Wady Ghurundel
in Sinai. A desert species, found from Morocco to North-west India.

_Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. Starling. Between Jerusalem and Jericho
in vast flocks.

S. unicolor, Temn. Sardinian starling. The ‘black starling’ came
to roost in some numbers in the marsh at Tell Abu Hareireh the night
we were encamped there. Subsequently I saw a few near Ramleh, at the
western base of the Jerusalem plateau.

tAmydrus Tristramit, Sclater. Tristram’s grakle. Small flocks of this
species were met with at Jebel Abu Kosheibeh, and in the wady below it
leading into the ’Arabah, about halfway between the Ghér and ’Akabah.
A few were seen at Petra, and a flock kept circling round the summit of
Mount Hor all the time I was botanizing there. At first, while expecting
to be molested by the Bedawin, Dr. Hull and I believed this bird’s clear
whistle was a signal amongst the mountaineers. I obtained a specimen
AVES. 221

at the Ghér es Safieh. This bird is only known from one or two localities
in Sinai, and from the Dead Sea neighbourhood. Its nearest allies are
found in East Africa.

Garrulus atricapillus, Isid. East and west of Jerusalem. Frequent
in olive trees.

Corvus cornix, Linn. Abundant about Gaza along the shore, and at
Ascalon. Plentiful at Cairo.

C. affints, Rupp. Fantail raven. Though I failed to obtain this
species, | have no doubt it was the bird of Petra. It was very wild, and
the clear musical cry mentioned by Canon Tristram had attracted my
attention. I saw it first on the slopes of Mount Hor, about halfway
between Petra and the summit. There were about half a dozen birds.
This is an Abyssinian species, which has elsewhere been found only at
the Dead Sea by Tristram, and the present link in its range is therefore
important.

C. umbrinus, Hedenb. Frequent all through Sinai.

C. covax, Linn. Often seen in Palestine, and on one or two occasions
I felt sure, from its superior size, that I saw it in Sinai.

C. frugilegus, Linn. (C. agricola, Trist.?) I met a small flock of
rooks, and shot one in the Ghor.

+Certhilauda alaudipes, Desf. ‘Persian lark.’ I obtained this species
first at Wady Hamr, afterwards on Jebel Herteh, and several times along
the ’Arabah WAady. It uttered a low sweet song while on the ground. |
saw it frequently in Sinai in the more northern part of the peninsula,
and at "Akabah. Ranges through sandy deserts from North Africa to
Scinde.

Galertta cristata, Linn. Crested lark. I saw this species on both
corners of the Sinaitic peninsula at Suez and ’Akabah. Also at the Ghar,
and in the Judzan wilderness.

tAlauda tsabellina, Bonap. Isabelline lark. I met this species
frequently in Sinai and the ’Arabah, and obtained at least half a dozen
specimens. Confined to Sinaitic, Egyptian, and Sahara deserts, and
extending like many other forms of life up the ’Arabah to the Dead
Sea.
222 AVES.

Alauda arvensis, Linn. (A. cantarella, Bp. ?) In large flocks in the
Ghér and the Judean wilderness, following the sowers.

tAmmomanes deserti, Licht. Obtained frequently in Sinai and the
’*Arabah, and perhaps the most constantly met with species in the barest
desert. Occurred also between Tell el Milh and Bir es Seba. Usually
from two to five together, with a feeble, plaintive little song. A desert
species ranging through the Sahara to Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia, and
eastwards to Scinde.

Melanocorypha calandra, Linn. Calandra lark. Abundant between
Gaza and Jaffa.

Caprimulgus tamaricis, Tristram. Several times I detected the
unmistakable flight of a goat-sucker quickly disappearing amongst the
nubk bushes in the Ghér, but never succeeded in getting a shot. Canon
Tristram’s Survey enables me to state the species.

Picus syriacus, Hemp. et Ehr. Mr. Armstrong observed this species
amongst the olive-trees a little north of Gaza.

Halcyon smyrnensis, Linn. Smyrna kingfisher. I saw this handsome
species several times in the Ghdér; and on one occasion shot one, but
could not discover it amongst reeds. Dr. Hull was more successful, and
secured a splendid specimen. This kingfisher has an excessively loud
and discordant, almost human cry, which it utters both at rest and on the
wing. This species is Indian, ranging from China to Western Asia, and
finding here its western limit.

tAthene meridionalis, Risso. Southern little owl. I saw this bird
first at ’Akabah, where it was the object of persecution of several chats.
Has been seen in Sinai. Subsequently at Gaza it was our constant
companion amongst the sycamore trees in the quarantine ground. At
Jericho also I both heard and saw it. Found in the Mediterranean
countries and eastward to Afghanistan.

? Bubo ascalaphus, Savigny. A cry was heard on the wing in the
wady leading to Es Sheikh from Dein el ’Arbain on Jebel Katharina,
which my Bedawin called the hoddod. It was, I believe, that of an owl,
and not unlike the deep coo-like note of the snowy owl, but more musical.
AVES. 223

The Arab believed it to be a bird, and I think it is probable it was this
species.

Gyps fulvus, Gmel. Griffon vulture. his bird was, I believe, seen
occasionally at considerable distances ; but on one or two occasions in
Wady Lebweh and in the ’Arabah, in lonely precipitous ravines, I came
on it at unawares, and had full view of its noble proportions and stately
flight. In Wady Haran several gathered to the carcase of one of our
camels.

Neophron percnopterus, Linn. Egyptian vulture. Hardly a day
occurred on which this bird was not in view in our journey through Sinai,
but especially on the African side of the peninsula.

Circus eruginosus, Linn. Frequent in the Ghor.

Buteo ferox, Gmel. Saw one in the Ghér. Has been obtained in
Sinai by Mr. Holland.

Aguila chrysaetus, Linn. Golden eagle. From the summit of Jebel
Abu Kosheibeh, one of the Mount Hor group, I disturbed a splendid
pair of these eagles. They had permitted me to approach within a few
yards, when, on looking over the cliff, they rose from immediately
beneath me.

Milous regats, Linn. Kite. Frequent in Southern Palestine from
Gaza along the coast, and in the Judzean wilderness.

_ Falco tinnunculus, Linn. Kestrel. The kestrel was first seen in
Wady Ghuweir on the east side of the ’Arabah wady, between Petra and
the Ghér. At the Ghér it was very frequent.

Accipiter nisus, Linn. Sparrowhawk. Not unfrequent in the Ghér.
A single bird of this species was the only living inhabitant on the summit
of Jebel Usdum which J actually saw. Feathers of a dove were, however,
close by, where he had probably struck his prey.

Pelecanus crispus, Bruch. Dalmatian pelican. A pelican gave me
capital ball-practice in a muddy estuary about four miles south of Gaza ;
but it only afforded me another of repeated instances of the utter useless-
ness of firing ball-cartridge from a fowling-piece, especially if backed by
Cairo gunpowder.
224 AVES.

Ardeola russata, Wagl. This species was seen several times by
the railway between Cairo and Suez, where it was pointed out to me as

the ‘Ibis.’ I met with it again at “Aydn Misa at the north-western
extremity of the Sinaitic peninsula.

Ciconta alba, Bech. White stork. I saw a single stork on the shore
below ’Aytin Masa at the north-western end of the Sinai peninsula.

Later on a small party remained in sight for some time near Bir es
Seba.

Anas crecca, Linn. Teal. A small flock of teal was sprung by me

at Tell Abu Hareireh from a marshy pond. Mr. Wyatt has obtained
teal in Sinai.

Fuligula fertna, Linn. Pochard. On two occasions I disturbed
these birds while botanizing round the margin of the Dead Sea. They
did not rise actually from the water, but from a deep stagnant salt pool
about a hundred yards from its margin.

Columba Schimperi, Bp. The rock pigeon (I presume this form, for
it never came within range) was seen first in the caves of Mokkattam,
near Cairo. Subsequently we put several to flight from the cliffs of

Wady el ’Ain; and I met with it again between Jericho and ’Ain
Sultan.

Turtur risortus, Linn. Collared turtle-dove. Very abundant in the
Ghér es Safieh, and afforded us continual sport and capital eating. At
roosting time we were generally able to procure a few brace amongst

the nubk-trees (Zzzyphus spina-christc). An Asiatic bird outside Pales-
tine. :

+7. senegalensts, Linn. Palm turtle-dove. This beautifully tinted bird
was not so common as the last species, although plentiful. My experience
of their relative abundance differs from that of Canon Tristram.

+Pterocles senegalus, Linn. Pintail sand-grouse. This species was
first met with at Ayin Buweirdeh, about a day’s march south along the
’Arabah from the Ghér. Afterwards it was frequent about Bir es Seba
in Judea. Its odd cry, uttered on the wing, half coo, half croak, reminded
me of that of the Manx shearwater. An African bird outside Palestine.
Found in the deserts of Africa, Arabia, and Mesopotamia.
AVES. 225

Caccabts chukar, G. R. Gray. Seen in the Wady ’Arabah and in
some numbers south of Bir es Seba in Judeea. A bird of this species was

tame about and in the house at the resting-place at Stora between Beirit
and Baalbeck.

C. Heyz, Temm. Hey’s partridge. First met with in Wady Nasb,
and thence throughout Sinai to the Ghér. On the west side of the
’Arabah it was especially abundant. Rather dry eating, and much smaller
than the last species. Confined to Nubia, Egypt, and Sinai, and reaching
the Dead Sea by the ’Arabah.

Coturnix communis, Bosm. Quails were seen by me in the Ghér.
Mr. Holland obtained quails in Sinai.

Rallus aguaticus, Linn. Water rail. One was obtained close to the
Dead Sea in a salt pool.

Grus communis, Bechst. Crane. At Tell el Milh (Moladah) a con-
siderable flock of cranes was met with; they were extremely shy. For
the next two marches, close to Gaza, their trumpeting was not unfre-
quently heard at night. Mr. Wyatt found cranes constantly at Tor in
Sinai.

CGedicnemus scolopax, Gmel. Thick-knee. One of these birds was
brought to me by an Arab, who had shot it close to the Ghér in the
’Arabah.

+4 gialites astatica, Pall. Caspian plover. Several of these, of which
one was shot, was feeding along the shores of the Gulf of ’Akabah.

Vanellus cristatus, Meyer. Lapwing. Single birds were seen several
times in the Ghér ; large flocks occurred on the Judzean plain.

Gallinago media, Leach. Snipe. Several were seen in the Ghér.

Rhynchea capensis, Linn. Painted snipe. From the notes I took on
the spot and the descriptions and figures I have since consulted, I have
no hesitation in referring to this species the snipes occurring in the salt
swamps at Tell Abu Hareireh, a few miles east from Gaza. There were
three or four birds, but unfortunately I failed to shoot one, although I
obtained the chance. One would rise from the rushes and, after a short
flight near the ground, pitch himself into the mud again and commence a

29
226 AVES.

peculiar quacking cry. The colouring, which looked very gay with green,
brown, and white, seen from above on the wing, was observed closely, and
corresponded unmistakably with this species. This bird is known through-
out Egypt to Nubia, but has not been previously noticed in Palestine.

Tringa alpina, Linn. Dunlin. Coast at Gaza and Aydin Misa.

+tTringoides hypoleucus, Linn. Sandpiper. At ’Akabah and on the
shores of the Dead Sea.

Totanus ochropus, Linn. Green sandpiper. Dead Sea shore. This
species and the last, in small parties, ran wading along the muddy edge
of the Salt Sea at the swampy ground caused by the Feifeh stream.
They waded right into the salt water, where I followed and shot them.
Mr. Wyatt met these birds at Tér in Sinai.

T. calidris, Linn. Seen several times in the Ghér and at Tell Abu
Hareireh.

Sterna minuta, Linn. I saw this species at Port Said and again near
Gaza.

Larus ridibundus, Linn. A few were met with in the Judzan desert,
where they forage after the multitudinous helices found there. Seen at
Tor by Mr. Wyatt.

L. minutus, L. ’Akabah.

The foregoing account will serve to show the species likely tobe met
with in the winter months, the time usually selected for an Eastern tour
of this description. Several other species which could not be identified
were met with, and perhaps it may be thought I have included too many
species which were not actually obtained, but of these many were British
and familiar birds, and the rest usually unmistakable. Moreover, many
birds were obtained which were not brought home, sometimes owing to
their bulk, but usually for the reason which eventually lost me all my
specimens, their not being skinned. I had no one to help me in this
respect, and I found it hard enough to get requisite sleep after each day’s
work, when my botanical collections were sorted, without attending suffi-
ciently to my other gatherings. 1 depended, therefore, on carbolic acid,
which I used without extracting the entrails, and the result was unfor-
tunate. In connection with the ornithology of this district, a valuable
AVES, 227

paper by Mr. Wyatt, appended to the ‘Ordnance Survey of Sinai, 18609,’
should be consulted, and, taken in connection with the great work of
Canon Tristram, leaves little to be discovered. There are, however,
parts of Sinai hardly visited even still, and the Wady ’Arabah, upwards
of a hundred miles in length and hardly known to naturalists, has not yet
been explored at the best season. This wddy is the most interesting
ground by far, except, perhaps, the Ghdér es Safieh. All the desert
species of Sinai may, I believe, be obtained there, and several of the most
interesting Dead Sea species. Desert larks and chats, of about ten
species, occurred in this wady. Hey’s partridge, Tristram’s grakle,
Palestine bulbuls, hopping thrushes, sunbirds, fantail ravens, rose-finches,
and others, some of them of extreme rarity and interest in geographical
distribution, were observed either in this valley or some of its system
close by. As with the plants, so with the birds, this valley has afforded
a low-lying highway, easily traversed in bygone times when the climate
was moister and vegetation more luxuriant, from Sinai, Egypt and the
hill valley on the one side; from the Hedjaz and Happy Araby on
the other, to the rich oases around the Dead Sea. Their descendants—
sometimes modified, sometimes unchanged, and sometimes there alone
surviving—still remain in favoured spots, and chiefly in the southern
Ghér. The rodents tell the same history, a history which still stands in
need of much detail before it can be thoroughly dealt with.

About a third of the above list of species are British, chiefly summer
migrants here, and occurring in Sinai and Palestine as winter visitants.
The remainder of the Sinai birds will include the most interesting portion
of the group, the desert birds of Sinai, and of these I give a separate
list. They are probably all residents. One or two which have been
obtained only on the confines of Sinai are included in brackets. Those
few which are not mentioned in the foregoing account are taken from
Mr. Wyatt’s list above mentioned. The total number of species of birds
which visit the peninsula may be probably estimated at a hundred.

Saxicola monacha, Temm.

S. desertz, Temm.

S. leucopygia, Brehm. (et S. leucocephala, Brehm.).
S. lugens, Licht.

29—2
Missing Page
Missing Page
230

AVES,

Aucs acuta, Linn.

Mergus serrator, Linn.
Phalacrocorax carbo, Linn.
Larus gelastes, Licht.

L. melanocephalus, Natt.
MAMMALIA.
 

a eee

ah samt CO ON i el Bec 3

ee

Wo Sw bitates “outed
MAMMALIA.

Hyrax syriacus, Hemp. et Ehr. Coney. Seen only on the summit
of Jebel Miisa, but occurs in warrens amongst boulders in several places
amongst the Sinaitic mountains. This peculiar little animal, which
belongs to the only genus of the order called after it, and placed next the
elephants, is the sole representative found outside the African continent,
where two or three other species of hyrax are found. It is the shaphan,
or ‘coney,’ of the Bible, the daman, or wabar, of the Arabs, and probably
the ashkoko of Ethiopia. See Cassell’s Nat. Hist., ii. 292; article by
Messrs. Boyd Dawkins and Oakley. See also Tristram’s Nat. Hist. of
Bible, and Wyatt’s Ord. Survey of Sinai, App. For earlier notices, see
Laborde’s ‘Arabia Petrzea’; and for the views of ancient writers, and
an excellent general account, I would refer the reader to a too little
known work— Harris’s ‘ Natural History of the Bible,’ 1824. The coney
is found from Ethiopia and Arabia to Arabia Petraeea and Lebanon.
Captain Burton obtained it in Midian on Jebel el Shan, latitude 27° 30’.

Sus scrofa, Linn, Boars were actually seen by our party only near
Bir es Seba, where their fresh traces were also very abundant. In the
reedy jungles south of the Dead Sea, although I heard these animals
crashing in front of me once or twice, and came frequently on the ‘spoor’
of old and young in the mud, which I followed into the thickest parts, I
never obtained a shot. In the bare Judzan plain between the Ghor and
Gaza, where there is rarely cover or hiding-place, these animals abound
on account of the plentiful supply of bulbs on which they feed. Bulbs of
Urginea (Scilla), and especially U. undulata, Desf., are much esteemed ;

30
234 MAMMALIA.

and of the latter I found it difficult to obtain a root which was not
mashed. No traces of boars were seen in the WaAdy ’Arabah. The
Palestine wild boar belongs to the European, and not to the Indian, form.
Found throughout Europe to Syria.

Gazella dorcas, Linn. Gazelles were not seen in Sinai, but their
tracks were occasionally met with. They did not abound, however, till
reaching Wady Zelegah, and other wadies skirting the Tih plateau. In
Wady ’Arabah gazelles were frequently seen in parties of from three to
seven, and chiefly on the western side. On the Judean plain from Bir
es Seba to Gaza these graceful animals were much more common, wilder,
and in larger herds. At Jerusalem I saw one which was killed during
the snow within a mile of the Holy City in the middle of January. They
very rarely occur so close to the town. The Dorcas gazelle is found in
Syria, Arabia, Egypt, and Algiers.

Capra beden, Wagn. Ibex. Good heads of the Syrian ibex were
obtained from the Arabs in different parts of the peninsula, but it was
not until reaching the Wady ’Arabah that the animal was met with alive.
They were first seen on the plateau below the summit of Mount Hor,
and again on the verge of the marls at the south-east of the Ghér, about
600 feet above the level of the Dead Sea. In the latter place I had an
excellent view of three at about a hundred yards’ distance. They uttered
a whistling snort like that of Highland sheep when they perceived me,
and went off at by no means a rapid pace, although I urged them on
with a round of shots, including ball-cartridge and ‘swandrop.’ The
‘beden’ is found in Egypt and Arabia Petreea. No other wild ruminants,
whether sheep or antelope, could be heard of from the Arabs, either of
Sinai or ’Akabah, or along the ’Arabah. They say their goats are an
indigenous race, but that their sheep come from eastwards.

Lepus sinaiticus, Hemp. et Ehr. Sinaitic hare. First seen in Wady
Berrah, and easily recognised by its long ears, legs, and small body.
Along the eastern Tih escarpment it was often met with, and obtained in
the Wady ‘Arabah. It appeared to me to be possessed of greater speed
than any other hare I have met with, and travelled at an altogether
marvellous rate. Nevertheless, it is very stupid, and allows itself (like
MAMMALIA. 235

the Arctic hare) to be followed, and obtained by the clumsy weapons of
the natives. After its first flight it appears, when again approached, to
regard its enemy with less concern, and thus enables the Arabs to secure
it, who usually require several discharges of their musket at short
distances and stationary objects. Apparently confined to Sinai and the
’Arabah, but will probably be found in Arabia.

Lepus egyptius, Geoffr. Egyptian hare. This species was not unfre-
quent on both sides of the ’Arabah, where the embouchures of mountain
wadies afforded more vegetation. It was seen at Wady Hartin, and on the
declivities abreast of Wady Hardin, on the opposite side of the ’Arabah,
in frequency. The Egyptian hare approaches our own hare in size.

Fystrix cristata, Linn. Porcupine. Quills were picked up between
the ’Arabah watershed and the Dead Sea in several places, and at the
Dead Sea at both the northern and southern extremities. Captain
Burton obtained similar evidence of the porcupine, commonly in Midian
on the east side of the Red Sea to latitude 26° 30’. These were pro-
bably the same species, but Canon Tristram thinks the Asiatic species
(ZZ. hirsutirostris) may occur. It is stated to have been obtained near
Jerusalem. The porcupine is found throughout the Mediterranean region
to Syria and Western Arabia.

Acomys, sp. ? Porcupine mice. Species of this desert genus of
rodents appear to abound in the ’Arabah, but none were obtained.
Three forms—A. aimidiatus, Rupp.; A. cahirrhinus, Geoff.; and A.
russatus, Wagn.—have been taken in Sinai, all of which extend along
the “Arabah to the Ghér. They are very abundant in some of these
forms in the “Arabah. Even on the barren summit of Jebel Usdum, a
most desolate and parched eminence of salt, chalk, and dust, I found
their burrows. In Sinai these were also observed in the higher wadies,
but in no such abundance. The first of these species is found in Nubia,
Egypt, and Arabia Petrzea; the second is Egyptian. Mr. Wyatt obtained
these three mice about the convent of Mount Sinai, where also Mr.
Holland obtained a species of dormouse, MZyoxus guercinus.

Mus bactrianus, Blyth. Sandy mouse. This species is very abundant
30—2
236 MAMMALIA.

in the Ghér es Safieh. A wire-trap in my tent at night caught specimens
almost as fast as it was set. The Arab village or encampment of the
Ghawarhineh tribe was close by, which accounts for their abundance.
My specimens were determined by Mr. Thomas of the British Museum.

Gerbillus erythrurus, Gr. Desert rat. I trapped this species in the
Wady ’Arabah at our camp on December 11th, south of ’Aytin Buweirdeh.
Mr. Thomas, who named my specimens, informs me that it ranges from
Candahar, through Persia, Asia Minor, and Arabia to Algiers. It does
not appear to have been taken before in Palestine or Sinai, and is not
in Canon Tristram’s fauna. This species (or G. pygargus ?) was also
seen in Sinai, where its holes and tracks are not unfrequent. In the
’Arabah the burrows of the gerbilles and porcupine mice, forming centres
of innumerable radiating lines of tracks, and often surrounded and partially
filled with chopped vegetable matter, are most notable.

Psammomys obesus, Rupp. A specimen of this rat was obtained near
Bir es Seba, and identified by Mr. Thomas. Canon Tristram has noticed
its abundance in the plains of South Judea. Its burrows, and not very
rarely the animal, are everywhere to be seen from Tell el Milh to Gaza.
It is found also in the deserts of Northern Africa.

Spalax typhlus, Pall. Mole-rat. This animal is abundant from Bir
es Seba westwards, about Gaza, and for several miles south of that place.
The mole-rat is found in South-eastern Europe and Asia as far as
the Caucasus, and appears somewhat unexpectedly so far south as Gaza
at sea-level. My specimens from Judza are now in the British
Museum.

tDipus egyptius, Licht. Jerboa. The jerboa was seen several times
in the Wady ’Arabah, always just disappearing, and usually at the close of
daylight. This species is found in North African deserts and south to
Nubia; also in Arabia and South-western Asia generally.

Felis pardus, Linn, Leopard. Fresh tracks of the leopard or ‘nimr’
of the Arabs were met with at Ain el Taba, a little north of ’Akabah.
This spring is a favourite watering-place for beasts of various kinds. At
MAMMALIA. 237

’Aytin Buweirdeh, farther north in the ’Arabah, Mr. Laurence came upon
fresh remains of some animal, with plentiful tracks of this carnivore
around it. The Sinai Bedawin stated that the ‘nimr’ is found only on
Jebel Serbal and the Shaumer.

felis maniculata, Rupp. Mr. Laurence shot a fine specimen of this
wild cat near Tell Abu Hareireh in Southern Judza, between Gaza and
Bir es Seba. Our Cairo dragoman pronounced it to be the ‘ Nile wild
cat.’ It measured from tip of nose to tip of tail 2 feet 8 inches, of which
the tail measured 1 foot. The animal was grayish brown above, faintly
brindled across the back and down the sides with fulvous brown, the belly
fawn-colour and barred or mottled with sooty black. The tip of the tail
was black, with two or three rings of black near the tip. This is the cat
found embalmed in Egyptian monuments. It ranges through Egypt and
up the Nile to Abyssinia.

flyena striata, Schreb. On the western side of the ’Arabah the
striped hyzena appears to be plentiful. I had a shot at one here, and
saw their tracks in several places. In Sinai hyzena tracks were seen and
recognised by the Arabs frequently.

Canis aureus, Linn. Very abundant in the Ghér and at Gaza, but not
heard or seen in Sinai. Sometimes the dogs seen along the coast from
Gaza to Jaffa are strongly tainted with jackal. The bushy hanging tail
and slouching gait, with pointed ears and long snout, indicated the
parentage of these animals; and I was informed that the village dogs and
jackals frequently interbreed. On Lebanon, in deep snow, between 4,000
and 5,000 feet above sea-level, I saw jackals with many ravens gorging
on the carcase of a dead camel. Here also I saw the only wolf (Canis
lupus) met with during the tour, though tracks were said to belong to
this species in Wady Hartin at the base of Mount Hor. Burton saw a
wolf in Midian.

Vulpes nilotica, Rupp.? Fox-burrows were met with in the ’Arabah,
probably belonging to this species. The Sinaitic Bedawin were acquainted
with foxes in Sinai. In the Ordnance Survey two other species of fox
(Canis famelicus, Rupp. and C. saddar, Ehr.) are given which were
238 MAMMALIA.

trapped in Sinai. The former of these is distinct from the true ‘ fennec
fox’ (C. zerda, Gm.) known all over Africa. It is the fennec fox of Nubia
described by Ruppell.

Erinaceus brachydactylus, Wagn. Hedgehog. Twice in the ’Arabah
I picked up the dried ‘ pelts’ of this animal. This species is common in
Palestine and Southern Egypt; it is no doubt the hedgehog found in
Midian by Captain Burton on the east side of the Red Sea in latitude
26° 30’. It is common in Palestine and Egypt, and most likely occurs in
Sinai.
INDEX.

 

A
ABUTILON fruticosum, 23, 33, 86, 131, 159
r muticum, 86, 131, 159

Abyssinian plants, Nubian and, 150
Acacia, 58
»  albida, 64, 72, 92
»  balanites, 50
»» groves of, 153
»,  hilotica, 9, 133
» _ leeta, 9, 52, 56, 92, 160, 164
»  Salvadora, 50
” seyal, 5, 6, 9, 12, 15, 24, 26, 35,
92, 133, 160
Acacia tortilis, 8, 9, 12, 28, 29, 30, 52, 79,
92, 133
Acacia zizyphus, 50
Acanthodactylus boskianus, 210
Acanthodium, 24, 25
‘5 spicatum, 14, 19, 25
Accipiter nisus, 223
Achatina (cionella) brondeli, 53, 204
Achillea santolina, 59, 134, 196
Acis elevata, 179
Acomys, 235
»  cahirrhinus, 235
4 dimidiatus, 235
” Tussatus, 235
Acridium tataricum, 183
Adesmia, 5, 15

Pe carinata, 179
3 lacunosa, 179
5 tenebrosa, 179

Adiantum capillus-veneris, 18, 118, 142
ARgialitis asiatica, 29, 225
»» fluviatilis, 229

A¥gopyrum squarrosum, 142
£luropus littoralis, 142
firua, 6, 22, 58

y» javanica, 6, 27, 107, 139
Agama ruderata, 8, 15

5  ruderatus, 210

 

Agama sinaitica, 13
»  Sinaiticus, 210
Agrotis, 182
Agrostis, verticillata, 68, 116, 141, 167
Ainsworthia trachycarpa, 94
Aizoon canariense, 93, 133
»  hispanicum, 73, 93
Ajuga chia, 105, 138
9 IVa, 59, 105
»,  tridactylites, 39
Akadi, 28
Alauda arvensis (A. cantarella), 222
»  isabellina, 10, 15, 221, 228
Albersia blitum, 107, 139
»  caudatus, 107
Alcedo ispida, 229
Alhagi maurorun, 5, 16, 22, 62, 91, 133
Alkanna orientalis, 17, 18, 101, 136
3 tinctoria, 68, 1o1
Alium sinaiticum, 13, 39, 44, 113, 140
»  stamineum, 140
Alsine Meyeri, 130
» -—Picta, 130
Althzea rosea, 131
»  Striata, 131
Alyssum campestre, 81
9 homalocarpum, 128
‘i libyca, 62
»»  (Koniga) libyca, 81
55 marginatum, 128
Amarantus caudatus, 138
55 sylvestris, 12, 139
Amberboa crupinoides, 97, 135
” Lippii, 73, 97, 135
Ambystegium filicinum, 170
6 serpens, 170
Ammi majus, 73, 94
Ammomanes deserti, 10, 222, 228
Ammoperdix Heyi, 228
Amydrus Tristramii, 220, 228
Anabasis, 7, 17, 22, 35
240 FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI,

Anabasis aphylla, 107
a articulata, 5, 7, 9, 10, 17, 18, 35,
62, 138
Anabasis setifera, 6, 9, 16, 17, 18, 22, 26, 32,
107, 138, 166
‘Anagallis arvenis, 99, 135
7 latifolia, 99
Anagyris foetida, 63, 64, 68, 89
Analysis of the flora of Sinai, 123
‘3 orders represented in the Sinaitic
Peninsula, 143, 144
Anarrhinum, 20
Pa pubescens, 14, 17, 102, 137
Anas erecca, 224
Anastatica hierochuntina, 25, 26, 33, 44, 81,
128
Anchusa egyptiaca, 64, 101
99 aggregata, 101
99 hispida, 136
a Milleri, 59, 68, 101, 136-
Ancillaria striolata, 194
Andrachne, 29, 32
ey aspera, 14, 64, I10, 139, 162
Androctonus (Linrus) quinque-striatus, 17
Androcymbium (Erythrostictus) palestinum,
44, 70, 112
Andropogon annulatus, 116
distachyus, 141
3 foveolatus, 29, 116, 141
3 hirtus, 39, 63, 116, 141
Anemone coronaria, 62, 73, 79
Anisothecium (Dicranum) varium, 118, 168
Anthemis, 96
+H deserti, 134
a kahirica, 134
Anthoceras lavis, 171
Anthrophora nidulans, 180
Anthus aquaticus, 229
campestris, 229
»  trivialis, 218
Antirrhinum orontium, 103
Anvillza garcini, 34, 95, 134
Aphzenogaster structor, 180
Apium graveolens, 133
Aquila Bonellii, 228
»  chrysaetus, 223
Arabian flora, advance of, 151, 153
Arachnid (Sparacis), 25
Arbutus andrachne, 67, 99
Arca, 29
» antiquata, 201
», barbata, 193, 197, 200
» divaricata, 193
» fusca, 195
retusa, 195
scapha, 193

”

”

 

PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH.

Ardeola russata, 4, 224
Arenaria graveolens, 17, 19, 20, 130
” picta, 73 84
Argas persicus, 177
Argya squamiceps, 29, 31, 72, 182, 217,
22
Argynnys, 16
Argyrolobium uniflorum, 132
Arisarum vulgare, 111
Aristida acutiflora, 141
»,  Ciliata, 32, 44, 116, 141
ceerulescens, 25, 116, 141
»  hirtigluma, 141
obtusa, 6, 11, 116, 141
»»  plumosa, 11, 111, 140, 141
» pumila, 141
») | pungens, 141
Arnebia cornuta, 71, 101, 136
»  hispidissima, 136
»»  linearifolia, 58, 136
Artemis rubecundus, 194
Artemisia, 22
95 herba-alba, 14, 15, 19, 22, 62, 97,
134
Artemisia judaica, 5, 16, 134
»»  _Monosperma, 29, 44, 64, 97; 134
3 santolina, 7
Arthrocnemum glaucum, 138
Artocarpus integrifolia, 69
Arum, 37, 39
»  dioscorides, 68, 111
Arundo donax, 9
» phragmites (P. gigantea), 51
Asclepiad, boucerosia, 34
2 pentatropus, 34
Asparagus acutifolius, 37, 65, 114
aphyllus, 34, 37, 65, 68, 114
te stipularis, 140
Asperugo procumbens, 71, 102, 136
Asperula sinaica, 18
Asphodelus fistulosa, 37
i fistulosis, 14
3 fistulosus, 113
is pendulinus, 140
3 ramosus, 34, 35, 60, 62, 113
r tenuifolius, 140
Asplenium ceterach, 39
Asterella hemispheerica, 171
Astericus, 32
Asteriscus graveolens, 84, 95, 134
” pygmeus, 95, 134
i Schimperi, 134
Astragal (A. echinus), 20
Astragalus acinaciferus, 44, 90, 132, 164
54 aleppicus, 64, 91
55 alexandrinus, 59, 90
Astragalus bombycinus, 132

- callichrous, 71, 90
‘3 echinus, 132

3 eremophilus, 132

43 Forskahlii, 44, 91, 132
5 Fresenii, 132

55 macrocarpus, 64, 9o
3 peregrinus, 132

5 pseudostella, 132

” sanctus, 59, 71, 91
‘4 Schimperi, 132

i Sieberi, 11, 91, 132
55 Sparsus, 132

7% tenuirugis, 132

5 tribuloides, 132

trigonus, I1, 91, 132
Ateuchus sacer, 178
Athene mericionalis, 4, 222
Atractylis flava, 26, 97, 135
in prolifera, 64, 97
Atraphaxis spinosa, 139
Atriplex alexandrina, 58, 106
alexandrinus, 166
crystallina, 29
crystallinum, 106, 138
$3 dimorphostegium, 138
5 farinosum, 138, 162
halimus, 9, 29, 106, 138
hastatum, 106
» leucoclada, 9, 16, 23, 29, 5!
leucocladum, 106, 138, 166
45 patulum, 106
tataricum, 106
Atriplices, 26, 52
Atys (Alicula) cylindrica, 193
5 9 succise, 193
Aucs acuta, 230
Authors quoted, 198
Avena barbata, 141
5,  Sterilis, 68, 116, 141
Avicula ala-perdicis, 195

B

Balanites zegyptiaca, 72, 88, 159
Ballota Schimperiana, 22, 23
» undulata, 14, 33, 58, 105, 137
Bapleurum linearifolium, 20
Barbula cuneifolia, 171
leevipila, 171
muralis, 171
subulata, 171
unguiculata, 171
vinealis, 171
Batrachians, 55
Bellevallia flexuosa, 34, 37, 60, 113

 

INDEX. : 241

Bellis sylvestris, 67, 97
Beta maritima, 138
Biscutella, 71
columne, 59, 81
Blepharis edulis, 103, 137
Blumea (Erigeron) Bovei, 23
Boerhavia plumbaginea, 29, 108, 139
33 repens, 53, 108, 166
» _ verticillata, 32, 35, 43, 53, 64,
108, 139, 162, 166
Boissiera bromoides, 142
Bollata Schimperi, 105
Botany of Central Arabia, 155
Boucerosia, 66
- Aaronis, 100, 165
4 sinaica, 136
Sp. Nov., 34, 38
Brachpodium distachyum, 142
Brassica deflexa, 82
43 nigra, 82
»,  Tournefortii, 64, 82, 129
Brocchia cinerea, 134
Bromus madritensis, 73, 117, 142
»  tectorium, 142
Bryonia multiflora, 93
» — SyFiaca, 37, 39, 68, 93
Bryum argenteum, 119, 170
») atropurpureum, 59, 119, 170
»  turbinatum, 20, 119, 170, 171
Bubas bubalus, 178
Bubo ascalaphus, 21, 222
Buccinulus solidulus, 193
Buffonia multiceps, 17, 19, 20, 84, 130
Bufo viridis, 43, 210
Bulimus, 53

ss cadmeus, 203
a carneus, 41
‘4 halepensis, 204

5 Harti, 204
Bulla ampulla, 193
»  Striata, 197
Bupleurum linearifolium, 62, 94, 133
Buteo. ferox, 223

Cc

Caccabis chukar, 225

” Heyi, 13, 225
Calandrella deserti, 228
Calendula arvensis, 59, 97, 135
Calligonum comosum, 29, 33, 43, 108, 139
Callipeltis cucullaria, 134
Caloptenus pilipes, 183, 185
Calotropis procera, 50, 72, 99, 135, 161
Calycotome villosa, 63, 65, 68, 69
Campanotus compressa, 9, 180

31
242 FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH.

Campanula dulcis, 135
Camponotus pubescens, 8
Canis aureus, 237
» famelicus, 237
», lupus, 237
» Sabbar, 237
»  zerda, 237
Gerpens galeata, 13, 18, 21, 22, 23, 25, 83,

129
Capparis Sodada, 159
»  Spinosa, 22, 39, 43, 82, 129
Capra beden, 234
Caprimulgus tamaricis, 222
Capsella, 71
>  byrsa-pastoris, 62, 65, 71, 81
5» procumbens, 71, 81
Cardita antiquata, 194
»  Varlegata, 194
Cardium fragum, 194
55 leucostoma, 201
Carduelis elegans, 219
Carduus argentatus, 68, 97
‘3 pycnocephalus, 135
Carex, 39
»  distans, 140
»  divisa, 115, 140
»  Stenophylla, 37, 115
Carpodacus sinaiticus, 220, 228
Carrichtera, 71
i vellze, 59, 82
Carthamus glauca, 34
5 glaucus, 44, 62, 98
35 lanatus, 34, 98
Carum, 94
Cassia acutifolia, 29, 91, 133
»  bicapsularis, 3
» fistula, 28
»  obovata, 29, 91, 133, 160
Cassis saburon, 191, 199
»  torquata, 191
Caucalis leptophylla, 94
Caylusea, 22
ss canescens, 14, 62, 83, 129, 163
Celsia, 20
» parviflora, 18, 20, 37, 102, 137, 165
Centaurea eegyptiaca, 135
3 araneosa, 64, 97
i iberica, 97
55 pallescens, 64, 97
35 scoparia, 18, 33, 98
sinaica, 97, 135
Cephalaria syriaca, 134
Cerastium glomeratum, 68, 84
Ceratonia, 65
5 siliqua, 64, 91

 

Ceratophyllum demersum, 4, 35
Cercomela melanura, 12, 29, 72,
228
Cerithiopsis clathrata, 192
Cerithium, 29
_ ceruleum, 194
7 Caillandi, 194
- echinatum, 192
35 fenestratum, 192
55 Kochi, 192
55 lacteum, 192
rr levantinum, 196
55 mediterraneum, 196
3 moniliferum, 192
ee nodulosum, 201
es rostratum, 192
3 scabrum, 196
tuberosum, 192
Certhilauda alaudipes, 8, 221, 228
4 desertorum, 10
Ceterach, 39, 67
5 officinarum, 118
Cheetosciadium trichospermum, 94
Chama, 29
» cornucopia, 193
»  CoOrrugata, 195
» lostoma, 195
»  Obliguata, 193
Chameeleo vulgaris, 4, 210
Chara hispida, 25, 118, 168
Charadrius Leschenalii, 229
Cheilanthes, 39, 67
fragrans, 118, 142
» odora, 34
Chenolea arabica, 138
Chenopodium album, 106, 138
5 murale, 106, 138
Chrysanthemum coronarium, 71, 96, 134
Cichorium, 71
5 intybus, 98
Ciconia alba, 224
Cinereo-capillus, 217
Cinnyris Osez, 31, 219, 228
Circe abbreviata, 195
», arabica, 194
» crocea, 195
» lentiginosa, 194
», pectinata, 195
», tumefacta, 194
Circus zeruginosus, 223
Cistus villosus, 83
Citrullus, 6
»  colocynthis, 32, 62, I
Cladonia pyxidata, 120, 172 Aone
Clanculus Pharaonis, 192
Clematis cirrhosa, 68, 79

216,
INDEX.

Cleome arabica, 7, 10, 14, 22, 82, 129
»  brachycarpa, 129
»  Chrysantha, 129
» -droserifolia, 23, 27, 82, 129
trinervia, 14, 82, T29
Climate of Sinai, Professor Hull on the, 150
Clypeola microcarpa, 128
Cocculus Leseba, 32, 52, 79, 128, 159, 163
Ceesalpinia Gilliesii, 69
Ccelopeltis lacertina, 210
Ccelorachis hirsutus, 116
Colchicum, 61

5 distans, 20

59 montanum, 37, 70, 112, 140
5 Ritchii, 140

5 Steveni, 20, 37, 112, 140

Columba Schimperi, 24, 224
Columbella albina, 191

s albinodulosa, 191

3 conspersa, 190

43 ligula, 190 ere

A (Ricinula) mendicaria, 190

7 rustica, 195
Colutea, 39
»  aleppica, 38, 90, 132, 164
Cometes abyssinica, 130
Composite, 19
Conus, 29
»  arenatus, I9gI
»  ceylanensis, 200
»  generalis, 191
»  hebreeus, 200
»  Mediterraneus, 195
»  monile, 195
»  Mussatella, 191
»  mustellinus, 191
»  hanus, 191
»  Nigropunctatus, 191
»»  pennacens, 191
»  quercinus, 194
.  tesselatus, 191
» textile, 191
vicarius, 191
Convolvulus arvensis, 63, 101, 136
- hystrix, 136
ms lanatus, I1, 100, 136
‘i siculus, 73, 100
Coralliophila (Rhizochilus) costularis, 190
exarata, 190
madreporianus,

bid ”
” ”
190
Corbicula Saulcyi, 73, 205
% syriaca, 205
Corchotrus trilocularis, 86, 159
Coriandrum sativum, 133
Corvus affinis, 40, 221, 228

 

243

Corvus corax, 15, 221

”
”

”

cornix, 221
frugilegus, 221
umbrinus, 5, 15, 221

Cotile rupestris, 218
Cotula cinerea, 32, 96
Coturnix communis, 225
Cotyle obsoleta, 218, 228

”

4)

palustris, 228
rupestris, 24

Cotyledon, 39

”

umbilicus, 17, 19, 35, 93, 133

Crateegus aronia, 26

”
29

azarolus, 64, 92
sinaica, 17, 19, 92, 133

Crepis senecioides, 68, 98, 165

Cressa cretica, 9, 29, 1or, 136

Critullus colocynthis, 5

Crotalaria egyptiaca, 11, 89, 131
Crozophora obliqua, 12, 16, 110, 139, 162

”

tinctoria, 139

Crucianella ciliata, 133

”

membranacea, 133

Cuculus canorus, 229

Cucumis,

”

160

58
prophetarum, 9, 29, 32, 93, 133,

Cucumis trigonus, 93
Cucurbitacez, 18
Cupressus pyramidalis, 70

”

sempervirens, 18, 70
d 3

Cuscuta, 73

Bs

”

arabica, 136
palestina, 73, 101

Cyanecula czeruleculus, 4, 29, 216
Cyclamen, 61

”

latifolium, 59, 61, 68, 99

Cymodocea ciliata, 139

oPd

”

isoetifolia, 139
rotundata, 139

Cynanchum acutum, 42, 52, 100
Cynocrambe prostrata, 106
Cynodon dactylon, 9, 32, 117, 141
Cyperacea, 51

oP

”

eleusinoides, 51
papyrus, 51

Cyperus conglomeratus, 140

”
”
”
2”
”
”

”

distachyus, 114, 140
eleusinoides, 53, 114, 163, 167
levigatus, 23, 61, 114, 140, 167
longus, 61, 115

papyrus, 114

rotundus, 64, 115

schcenoides, 64, 115

Cyprzea, 29

”

erosa, 191
31—2
244 FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH.

Cypreea gangrenosa, 192
»  globulus, 192
» Isabella, 191
» (Trivia) oryza, 192
»  pulex, 197
»» -scurra, 201
3,  tabescens, 191
turdus, 191
Cyprinodon dispar, 54
Cypselus affinis, 229
Cyrtacanthacris notata, 183
ornatipes, 183
Cytheraza blanda, 201
3 florida, 194

D
Deemia, 26, 35, 58
»  cordata, 12, 15, 24, 26, 100, 135, 161
Danthonia, 32
0 Forskahlii, 11, 116, 141, 167
Daphne acuminata, 38
»  linearifolia, 108, 167
9 mucronata, 38
Datura stramonium, 102
Dead Sea Basin, Tropical Flora of, 159
Dead Sea Valley, Flora of the, 156
Delta, Flora of the, 151
Description of Sinai, 123
Desert birds, 153
» flora, 146
» Plants, 147
4» Species, 146, 148, 153
Deverra, 6, 39
»  tortuosa, 5, 27, 62, 94, 133
»  triradiata, 133
Dianthus multipunctatus, 32, 37, 62, 83
rr sinaicus, 17, 83, 84, 129
Dicranella varia, 171
Digera arvensis, 53, 108, 162, 166
Diplodonta rotundata, 195, 200
Diplotaxis acris, 129
oe harra, 81, 129
5 pendula, 38, 81
Dipus zgypticus, 236
Dolichos lablab, 66, 91
Dorylus juvenculus, 180

Draba, 71
Drymeeca, 22
ss gracilis, 217
re inquieta, 4, 217, 228

E
Echaverias, 66
Echinops, 39

5 glaberrimus, 17, 19, 37, 97, 135,
165

 

Echinospermum sinaicum, 136
spinocarpos, 136
Echiochilon fruticosum, 12, 65, 136
Echium longifolium, 136
»,  plantagineum, 63, 101
“i Rauwolfii, 136
Eclipta, 165
» alba, 53, 96
Egretta gazctta, 229
Eleusine indica, 141
Elionurus (Ccelorachis) hirsuta, to
9 hirsutus, 7, 116, 141
Emberiza miliaria, 220
a striolata, 8, 220, 228
Emex spinosus, 64, 71, 108
Enarthrocarpus lyratus, 58, 59, 82, 163
7 strangulatus, 82, 129
Endocarpon hepaticum, 120, 172
Entosthodon Templetoni, 20, 119, 170
Ephedra, 39
rs alata, 65, 68, 142
‘3 alte, 19, 26, 35, 118, 142
3 elata, 118
fragilis, 118
Epilachna chrysomelina, 179
Equisetum elongatum, 118, 167
4 ramosum, 142
Eragrostis cynosuroides, 32, 51, 117
‘f megastachya, 117, 167
4 pilosia, 117, 167
i pozoides, 117, 142, 167
Eremias guttata, 8, 210
4 gutto- lineata, 4, 210
Eremobium lineare, 44, 80, 128
Eremostachys laciniata, 59, 105
Erianthus ravenne, 51, 116
Erigeron Bovei, 24, 134, 160
- (Conyza) Bovei, 96
‘5 trilobum, 134
Erinaceus brachydactylus, 237
Erithacus rubecula, 216
Erodium bryonizefolium, 65, 87, 131
5 cicutarium, 59, 86, 131
¥3 glaucophyllum, 5, 87
45 gruinum, 68, 87
» hirtum, 35, 62, 87, 131
i laciniatum, 87, 131
i malacoides, 68, 87
moschatum, 68, 86
Erophila vulgaris, 81
Erucaria, 71
‘i aleppica, 42, 81, 128
+3 microcarpa, 62, 81
Erygeron, 165
Eryngium, 32, 94
Erythrea ramosissima, 136
INDEX.

Erythraea spicata, 100, 136, 165
Erythrospiza githaginea, 12, 220, 228
Erythrostictus paleestinus, 140
Eucalypta vulgaris, 20, 119, t70
Eucalyptus, 66
Euphorbia, 71
3 egyptiaca, 53, 109, 162, 167
r aulacosperma, 68, 71, 110
3 chameepeplus, 110, 139
” cornuta, 9, 109, 139
45 exigua, 63, IT0
Pe granulata, 139, 162
55 helioscopia, 110, 139
Pr obovata, 139
8 paralias, 110
+ peploides, 64, 110
3 peplus, r10, 139
terracina, 63, II0, 139
Evax ‘anatolica, 96
5 contracta, 73, 96
Exoccetus, 28

F
Fagonia, 14, 18, 58
5 arabica, 87, 131
3 Bruguieri, 131
cretica, 5, 9, 18, 23, 87
glutinosa, 87, 131
a grandiflora, 87
kahirica, 87
5 kahirina, 131
i mollis, 131
myricantha, 14, 32, 39, 87, 131
Falco lanarius, 228
5 tinnunculus, 223
Farsetia egyptiaca, 6, 25, 80, 128
»  ovalis, 128
Faunas of the Red Sea and Mediterranean,
199
Felis maniculata, 60, 237
9) pardus, 236
Ferns, 150
Ferrusacia thamnophila, 53, 204
Ferula sinaica, 133
Ficus carica, 42, 110
» pseudosycomorus, 18, 139
»  sycomorus, 32, 40, 64, 110
Filago prostrata, 25, 96
Fimbristylis dichotoma, 52, 64, 115
ferruginea, 115
Fissurella Ruppellii, 195
Flora of the Ghor es Safieh, 152
Flora of the Ghér or Valley of the Dead Sea,
156

 

245

Flora of Sinai, Remarks on table of, 125
Flora of the Sinaitic Peninsula, Tabular view
of the, 128-144
Flora, Spanish, 157
Floras, Lowland, 152
Forficula Lucasi, 182
Forskahlea, 22, 35, 58
declivis, 192
re tenacissima, 110, 139
Fossombronia angulosa, 119, 170
Francoeuria crispa, 134
Frankenia hirsuta, 130
5 pulverulenta, 130
Fraxinus, 40
Fresh-water and Land Mollusca, 202
Fringilla ccelebs, 220
Fuligula ferina, 224
Fumaria, 71
35 capreolata, 80
i micrantha, 34, 80
parviflora, 80
Funaria calcarea, 171
»  hygrometrica, 119, 170, 171
Fusus polygonoides, 1&9

”

G
Gagea reticulata, 68, 113, 140
Galbella, 48
5 Beccari, 48
Py Harti, 178, 184
Galeodes araneoides, 176
Galerita arenicola, 229
3 cristata, 221
Galium, 71
= aparine, 95
»  canum, 37, 94
45 Decaisnei, 133
3 judaicum, 68, 71, 95
” petre, 95, 164
a5 sinaicum, 94, 133
5 spurium, 133
tricorne, 133
Gallinago media, 225
Garrulus atricapillus, 221
Gazella dorcas, 234
Gena lutea, 192
Genista (Retama) retam, 89
Geranium, 39
3 molle, 68, 86
” tuberosum, 37, 39, 86
Gerbillus erythrurus, 44, 236
» _ pygargus, 236
Ghér, Flora of the, 156, 157
Glacial period, 150, 153, 157
246 FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH.

Glaciers on Lebanon, 149
Glaucium arabicum, 14, 21, 32, 80, 128
Glinus lotoides, 11, 85, 130
Globularia, 39
” alypum, 104
‘3 arabica, 34, 137
Glossonema Boveanum, 161
Gomphocarpus, 15, 18, 26, 66
5 sinaicus, 14, 15, 16, 18, 34,
100, 135
Gongylus ocellatus, 210
Grimmia apocarpa, 20, 118, 168
a crinita, 118, 169
4 leucophea, 20, 118, 169
5 pulvinata, 118, 169
or trichophylla, 118, 169
Grus communis, 225
Gullium, 38
Gymnarrhena micrantha, 134
Gymnocarpum, 18
3 fruticosus, 7, 85, 130
Gymnocarpus fruticosus, 6, 24, 25
Gymnostomum calcareum, 171
or rupestre, 20
ve verticillatum, 20
Gyps fulvus, 223
Gypsophila alpina, 20
45 elegans, 130
‘5 hirsuta, 20, 84, 130
és Rokejeka, 14, 32, 84, 130

H
Hagioseris, 73, 98
Halcyon Smyrnensis, 222
Haliotis scutulum, 193
Halocnemum strobilaceum, 138
Halodule uninervis, 139
Halogeton alopecuroides, 138
Haloxylon articulatum, 138
Haplophila ovalis, 139
” stipulacea, 139
Harpa minor, 191
»  solida, 200
Hedypnois cretica, 73, 98
+ galilzea, 73
Helianthemum kahiricum, 59, 83, 129
” Lippii, 14, 26, 34, 83, 129
ventosum, 129

a3

3 vesicarium, 129
Helices, 33
Heliotropium arbainense, 27, 29, 101, 136,
161

Heliotropium luteum, 6, 101, 136
persicum, 136

3 rotundifolium, 58, ror

a undulatum, 14, 25, 101, 136

pad

 

Helix bztica, 203
»  Boissieri, 61, 203
»  candidissima, 41, 61, 203
9»  cCavata, 61, 203
», ceespitum, 41, 202
»  filia, 41, 203
» hierochuntina, 202
»  joppensis, 61, 202
»  Ledereri, 61, 203
» Olivieri, 203
+ prophetarum, 41, 203
protea, 61, 203
5,  Tustica, 218
» seetzenl, 41, 61, 203
» Splriplana, 41, 203
4»  $ytlaca, 61, 202
y, tuberculosa, 61, 203
»  vVestalis, 61, 203
Helosciadium, 71
es nodiflorum, 94
Henna (Lawsonia), 49
Herba alba, 17, 21
Herniaria cinerea, 130
‘4 (H. hemistemon), 20, 85, 130
Heterogamia maris-mortui, 182, 184
Hibiscus ovalifolius, 131
Himatismus villosus, 179
Hippobosca camelina, 182
Hippocrepis cornigera, 132
5 unisiliquosa, 71, 90
Hipponyx australis, 193
Hirundo Savignii, 218
i urbica, 229
Holosteum liniflorum, 130
Holotermes vagans, 31, 182
Homalothecium sericeum, 171
Hussonia uncata, 128
Hyeena striata, 237
Hyaleea quadritentata, 189
3 uncinnata, 189, 199
Hyalomma egyptium, 177
Hymenocarpus circinnatus, 71, 90
Hymenostylium rupestre, 169
at (Gymnostomum)
119
Hymenostylium (Eucladium) verticillatum
I1g, 169
Hyoscyamus aureus, 23, 39, 68, 102
5 muticum, 23
i muticus, 6, 43, 102, 137
a pusillus, 137
Hypecoum procumbens, 71, 80
Hypericum sinaicum, 130
3 tetrapterum, 62, 86
Hyphene thebaica, 9, 28, 111, 139
Hypnum aduncun, 171

rupestre,

>
INDEX. 247

Hypnum (Brachythecium) Ehrenbergii, 119
rf Ehrenbergii, 170
‘i ruscifolium, 20, 119, 170
Fe rusciforme, 171
5 tenellum, 170
5 velutinum, 20, 119, 170
Hyrax syriacus, 21, 233
Hystrix cristata, 235
»  hirsutirostris, 235

I

Janthina nitens, 193, 199
Ifloga, 35
” spicata, 25, 96, 134
Imperata cylindrica, 22, 23, 51, 115, 141
Indigofera arabica, 132
” argentea, go
“3 paucifolia, 52, 90, 160, 164
Insecta, etc., 175
Inula crithmoides, 52, 95
», dysenterica, 95
» Maritimus, 114
0, viscosa, 39) 68, 95, 134
Iphiona juniperifolia, 13, 17, 33, 96, 134
» Montana, 14, 17
_» _, scabra, 22, 23, 32, 33, 96, 134
Iris (Xiphion) palzstinum, 112
Isatis, 81
»,  aleppica, 81

Juncus acutus, 114
»  bufonius, 140
» effusus, 140
»»  Maritimus, 9, 29, 51, 52, 56, 140
» paniculatus, 140
),  punctorius, 140
+  subulatus, 114
Juniperus, 117
” phoenicea, 34, 38, 43, 117

K oo
Khardal, 49
Kochia latifolia, 138
5»  muricata, 138
Koeleria phleoides, 73, 117, 142
5 sinaica, 142

L
Labiate, 19
Lacertide, 55
Lagoseris bifida, 135
Lakes, saline, 152

 

Lamarckia aurea, 71, 117
Lamium amplexicaule, 63, 105, 137
Land and Fresh-water Mollusca, 202
Lanicus collurio, 229
»  excubitor, 229
» rufus, 229
Lanius fallax, 12, 29, 218, 228
Lantana camera, 3, 104
Larus gelastes, 229
»» Melanocephalus, 230
»  Minutus, 29, 226
»  ‘idibundus, 226
Lasiocampide, 182
Lasiopogon muscoides, 134
Lathyrus blepharicarpus, 68, g1
Latirus (Turbinella) turritus, 190
Lavandula, 25
o coronopifolia, 12, 22, 104, 137
‘i pubescens, 137
‘5 stoechas, 66, 104
Lawsonia alba, 66, 93
Lebanon, Glaciers on, 149, 151
5 Snow on, 151
‘5 species, Alpine, 149
Lecanora (Squamaria) crassa, 120, 172
5 (Sarcogyne) pruinosa, 120, 172
Ledum, 94
Leontice leontopetalum, 80
Leontodon arabicum, 135, 136
a hispidulum, 135
Lepidium chalepense, 128
55 Draba, 128
Leptadenia pyrotechnica, 51, 58, 100, 136,
161
Lepturus incurvatus, 142
Lepus egyptiacus, 30
»  egyptius, 235
»  Sinaiticus, 15, 234
Leucas inflata, 137
Leyssera capillifolia, 10, 96, 134
Lima hians, 193, 200
Limnea peregra, 53, 204
Linaria zgyptiaca, 137
»  albifrons, 73, 103
»  @latine, 103
» floribunda, 25, 102, 137
»  Hoelava, 64, 103
»  Macilenta, 22, 23, 27, 29, 35, 103,
137, 165
»  Iicrantha, 73, 103
»»  Spuria, 137
Lindenbergia, 26
5 sinaica, 103, 137, 166
List of orders arranged according to the
__ number of their Sinaitic species, 145
Lithospermum callosum, 9, 65, 101, 136
248 FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH.

Lithospermum tenuiflorum, 17, 58, ror
Lolium multiflorum, 142
Loranthus, 55, 56
ee acaciz, 31, 32, 42, 72, 109, 162
Lotononis dichotoma, 132
8 Leobordea, 13, 29, 89
$3 persica, 132
Lotus arabicus, 132
», lamprocarpus, go
lanuginosus, 25, go, 132
5, tenuifolius, 52, go
Lucina dentifera, 194
»»  semperiana, 195
Lunularia vulgaris, 120, 170
Lupinus reticulatus, 89
»  termis, 89
Lycium arabicum, 23, 43, 102, 162
9 europxum, II, 12, 32, 35, 65, 102,
136
Lycopus europzeus, 52, 104
Lygeeus militaris, 183
Lysimachia dubia, 99
Lythrum, 71
43 hyssopifolium, 52, 93
ss salicaria, 52, 93

”

M

Machetes pugnax, 229
Mactra decora, 201
olorina, 195
»  semisulcata, 195

Malcolmia, 71
aculeolata, 128
africana, 128
crenulata, 68, 81

5 pulchella, 62, 68, 81, 128
Malva, 39, 71
parviflora, 131
rotundifolia, 12, 27, 86, 131

» sylvestris, 86

Mandragora officinarum, 63, 102
Marginella, 195
Marrubium alysson, 59, 105
Matricaria aurea, 71, 96

‘i auriculatum, 96
Matthiola arabica, 6, 128
humilis, 62, 80, 163
incana, 80

3 livida, 128

9 oxyceras, 73, 80, 128
Medicago ciliaris, 132
denticulata, 89
laciniata, 64, 90, 132

3 tribuloides, 132
Mediterranean Flora of Sinai, 149

”

”
a

”

”

”

”
”

"”
”

 

Melania tuberculata, 4, 45, 204
Melanocorypha calandra, 222
Melanopsis buccinoidea, 45, 204
costata, 73, 205
5 eremita, 45, 205
5 procerosa, 205
53 Saulcyi, 45, 204
Melia azaderach, 65
Melilotus messanensis, 132
» parviflora, 132
Mentha, 71
5,  lavandulacea, 18
» sylvestris, 104, 137
Mercurialis annua, 110
Mergus serrator, 229
Merops apiaster, 229
Mesembryanthemum Forskahlei, 133
Mesembryanthemums, 66
Mesotena punctipennis, 179
Micromeria barbata, 68
juliana, 104
myrtifolia, 25, 68
nervosa, 68, 104
serpyllifolia, 104
sinaica, 104, 137, 166
Microrhynchus, 58
nudicaulis, 32
Midian plants, 158
Milvus zegyptius, 228
» nigrans, 228
»  Tegalis, 223
Minosa, 66
Miocene times, 157
Mitra, 29
»,  abbatis, 190
»» consanguinea, 190
corniculata, 195
» cucumerina, 100
» digitalis, 190
»  ebenus, 195
»  filosa, 190
»  Mmodesta, 190
5, osiridis, 190
variegata, 190
Modiolo auriculata, 194
Modulus tectum, 192
Meerua uniflora, 129
Mollusca fluviatile, 55
3 from ’Akabah, Red Sea, 189
Monodonta australis, 192
3 obscura, 192°
Monsonia nivea, 11, 32, 44, 87, 131
Morettia, 35
» canescens, 11, 80, 128
»  philewana, 128
Moricandia arvensis, 128

a
INDEX.

Moricandia clavata, 129
” dumosa, 22, 23, 33 34, 37) 39:
81, 129
7 sinaica, 23, 81, 129
Moringa aptera, 50, 131, 160
Mosses, Palestine, 171
»  Sinaitic, 150, 171
Motacilla alba, 4, 15, 29, 217
» flava, 29, 217
e Rayi, 229
»  sulphurea, 218
Mount Hor, plants, 153
Murex anguliferus, 189
»  cristatus, 197
»  inflatus, 200
»  tribulus, 194
Mus bactrianus, 235
Muscari racemosum, 71, 113
Myoxus quercinus, 235
Mytilus variabilis, 195

N

Narcissus Tazette, 65, 112
Nassa coronata, 200
» Cuvieri, 196
» delicata, 190
» gemmulata, 190
» incrassata, 196
» plebecula, 190
sordida, 190
Nasturtiopsis arabica, 128
Nasturtium, 71
officinale, 68, 71 80, 128
Natica Josephinia, 197
»» mamilla, 191
»» marochiensis, 191
», melanostoma, 191
Neophron percnopterus, 5, 233
Nepeta septem-crenata, 18, 105, 137
Nerita albicilla, 195
»» antiquata, 194
» marmorata, 195
», polita, 192
» Rumphii, 192
», stella, 195
Neritina fluviatilis, 205
ii Michouxii, 205
Nerium oleander, 34, 99
Neslia paniculata, 71, 81
Neurada procumbens, 14, 15, 64, 92, 133
Nigella deserti, 128
Nitraria, 22, 88, 131
» tridentata, 4,
Nowa, 39
»  Spinosissima, 39, 58, 107

16, 29

 

249

Noctuide, 182

Nothochloena lanuginosa, 142
Notholeena lanuginosa, 34, 118
Notoceras canariense, 58, 81, 128
Nubian and Abyssinian plants, 150
Nubk, Groves of, 153

O

Ochradenus, 22
” baccatus, 8, 32, 35) 58, 71, 33,
129
Ocnera hispida, 179
Odontospermum graveolens, 5, 22
” pygmeus, 32
CEdicnemus scolopax, 225
CEdipoda ceerulans, 183
insubrica, 183
Oldenlandia Schimperi, 133
Olea europea, 99
Oligomeris subulata, 129
Omphalaria, 120, 172
Omphalius cariniferus, 192
Onobrychis Ptolemaica, 29, 91, 132
Ononis, 40
» antiquorum, 73, 89
» campestris, 89, 164
»  natrix, 64, 68, 89
» serrata, 62, 89
»  Sicula, 132
vaginalis, 38, 89
Onopodon ambiguum, 135

Onosma, 39
5 giganteum, ror
“3 syriaca, 68

Opuntra vulgaris, 63
Origanum, 39
” maru, 18, 23, 37) 104, 137
53 maru, P forma, 104
Ornithogalum umbillatum, 60, 113
Orobanche egyptiaca, 73
5 (Phelipzea) eegyptica, 103
3 cernua, 103
Oryctes nasicornis, 178
Osher (Calotropis), 49
Ostreea frons, 193
Otiona Aitonia, 119, 170
Otostegia Schimperi, 137
Pe moluccoides, 137
Oxystelma alpina, 161

P

Pachdema sinaitica, 178
Palestine Flora, Additions to, 163

32
250 FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH.

Palestine mosses, 171

Pancratium Sickembergeri, 11, 13, 16, 44,
112, 140

Panicum, 29
9 barbinode, 115, 167

3 colonum, 115
i molle, 115, 167
3 repens, 115

9 teneriffee, 25, 29, 115, 140
turgidum, 23, 44, T15, 140
Papaver Decaisnel, 128
Paphia glabrata, 194
Pappophorum brachstachyum, 142
Paracaryum micranthum, 136
3 rugulosum, 136
Parietaria alsinefolia, 139
3 judaica, 110
Paronychia argentea, 37, 59, 85
5 capitata, 85
3 desertorum, 6, 85, 130, 164
5 nivea, 63, 85, 164
‘5 sinaica, 130
Parus major, 217
Passer domesticus, 219
5, hispaniolensis, 25, 29, 219, 228
5, moabiticus, 219
Patella variabilis, 193
Pecten lividus, 193
»  pes-felis, 200, 201
»  sanguinolentus, 193
5) varius, 200
Pectunculus, 29
arabica, 195
glycimeris, 197
" lineatus, 193
paucipictus, 201
pectiniformis, 194
siculus, 193, 200
Peganum, 27
45 harmala, 14, 19, 62, 88, 131
Pelecanus crispus, 223
Pennisetum cenchroides, 34, 39, 64, 115
ciliare, 141
dichotomum, 7, 23, I15, 141,

167
Pennisetum elatum, 141
‘y orientale, 141
Pentatropis spiralis, 34, 53, 100, 161, 165
Periploca aphylla, 135
Perrinea stellata, 192
Persia plants, 150
Pheeopappus scoparius, 135
Phagnalon nitidum, 16, 96, 134
Phalacrocorax carbo, 229
Phalaris minor, 73, 116, 141
Phasianella jaspidea, 192

 

Phasmoptynx capensis, 229
Phelipzea tubulosa, 137
Phlomis aurea, 18, 35, 37, 105, 137, 166
Phoenix dactylifera, 7, 18, 111, 140
Phorus corrugatus, 192
Phos roseatus, 190
Phragmites communis, 9, 117, 142
Pe gigantea, 24, 117
Phylloscopus rufus, 4, 217
os trochilus, 217

Physa cortorta, 53, 204
Picridium tingitanum, 135
Picris, 73

y» cyanocarpa, 135
Picus syriacus, 222
Pieris (Belenois) lordacea, 181

» Mmesentina, 181
Pimpinella cretica, 68, 94, 133
Pinna, 193
Pinus halepensis, 67,'70, 117
Piptatherum multiflorum, 17, 116, 141
Pistacia, 39

»  paleestina, 37, 38, 68, 88

95 terebinthus, 131
Pisum fulvum, 68, 91
Planaxis Savignyi, 193
Planorbis albus, 53, 204

3 piscinarum, 204
Plantago albicans, 64, 106, 138
5 amplexicaulis, 138

43 arabica, 18, 106, 138

2 arenaria, 106
5 ciliata, 138
. cylindrica, 138
5 lagopus, 68, 106
i Loefflingii, 58, 106, 166
3 ovata, 25, 106, 138
phzeostoma, 1 38
Plants, flowering, 156.
Plateaux, or Montane, Flora of Sinai,
149
Pleurotoma cingulifera, 189
Plicatula ramosa, 195
Pliocene times, 150
Pluchea dioscorides, 42, 96
Poa annua, 63, 117
» Sinaica, 14, 17, 19, 117, 142
»» soongarica, 142
Podonosma syriaca, 34, 101
Peecilocera bufonia, 183
Polistes, 180
Pollia bicolor, 196
»  Orbignyi, 196
Polycarpzea fragilis, 9, 85, 130
5 prostrata, 9, 26
3 (Robbairea) prostrata, 85
INDEX,

Polycarpon arabicum, 130
i succulentum, 62, 85, 130, 164
Polygala spinescens, 129
Polygonum equisetiforme, 39, 108
Polypogon maritimum, 141
monspeliense, 116, 141
Poly thachis seminiger, 53, 180
Populus euphratica, 26, 42,°44, 51, 72, 111,
139
Portulaca oleracea, 130
Poterium spinosum, 39, 92
4 verrucosum, 34, 92, 133
-Prassium majus, 64, 105
Pratincola rubicola, 216
Primula Boveana, 14, 17, 99, 135
Prionotheca coronata, 8, 179
Prosopis spicigera, 160
»  _Stephaniana, 44, 64, 71, 72, 91
Prosthesina, 177
Psammomys, 44
iy obesus, 60, 236
Psoralea, 14, 17
‘3 bituminosa, go, 132
=e plicata, 14, 90
Pteranthus echinatus, 85, 130
Pterocephalus sanctus, 20, 37, 95, 134, 165
Pteroceras truncatus, 194
Pterocles coronatus, 228, 229
is senegalensis, 46
r senegalus, 224
Ptyodactylus Hasselquistii, 210
Pulicaria arabica, 44, 54, 95
»  Ccrispa, 18
»  (Francoeuria) crispa, 23, 95
» longifolia, 134
” undulata, 13, 54, 95, 134; 161
Pupa Saulcyi, 204
Purpura serta, 190
Pycnocycla tomentosa, 133
Pycnonotus xanthopygus, 29, 72, 218
Pyrameis cardui, 15, 181
5 Kershawi, 181
Pyrethrum auriculatum, 134
santalinoides, 17, 96, 134
Pyrrhocoris apterus, 183
Pyrula paradisiaca, 195

Q

Quercus coccifera, 43, 67, 110

R
Radula inflata, 200
Rallus aquaticus, 225
Ramalina crispatula, 120, 172

 

251

Ramnus palestina, 131
Rana esculenta, 210
Ranella (Lampas) affinis, 190
»  granifera, 190
», thodostoma, 190
Ranunculus asiaticus, 73, 79
Raphanus sativus, 129
Reaumuria, 6, 18, 25

9 hirtella, 86, 130
5 paleestina, 86
i vermicularis, 5, 35

vermiculata, 86
Red Sea, shells of the, 199
5 species from the, 201
Reptilia, 55
Reseda alba, 68, 83
»  amblyocarpa, 83
» arabica, 129
»»  muricata, 129
»  propinqua, 129
»  pruinosa, 23, 25, 71, 83, 129
stenostachya, 83, 129
Resedacez, 58
Retem, 26
Retama, 22, 35, 58
»  Tetam, 5, 17, 65, 66, 71, 132
Rhamnus, 39
a oleoides, 44, 50, 89
% punctata, 37, 39, 43, 66, 88, 89
Rhus oxyacanthoides, 43, 73, 88
Rhyncostegium tenellum, 171
Rhynchcea capensis, 61, 225
Rhynchosia minima, 52, 91, 160, 164
Rhynchostegium (Hypnum) rusciforme, 171
Rhyncocalamus melanocephalus, 41, 209
Riccia lamellosa, 59, 120, 171
Ricinula (Pentadactylus) ablolabris, 190
3 ij fiscillum, 190
»  Morio, 201
»  (Pentadactylus) spectrum, 190
», (Purpura) tuberculata, 190
Ricinus communis, 51, 64, 66, 110
Ridolfia segetum, 133
Robbairea prostrata, 130
Roemeria orientalis, 128
Rosa rubiginosa, 133
Rubia Olivieri, 65, 94
» peregrina, 39, 94, 164
Rubus, 71
», discolor, 68, 92
Rumex dentatus, 139
»  oObtusifolius, 65, 108
» - Toseus, 39, 108, 139
»  vesicarius, 108, 139
Ruppia, 51, 52
»  rostellata, 139

32—2
252 FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI

Ruppia spiralis, 51, 52
Ruta, 27

» graveolens, 65, 38

», tuberculata, 13, 18,

131
Ruta (Haplophyllum) tuberculatum, 88
Ruticilla phoenicura, 229
»  tithys, 216

19, 21, 27, 35,

5

Saccharum egyptiacum, 42, 116, 141
Sahadan, 28
Sahara a sea-bed, 149
Salicornia, 51
43 fruticosa, 106
35 herbacea, 51, 52, 106
Saline lakes, 152
Salix acmophylla, 42, 110, 167
», babylonica, 139
5, safsaf, 18, 20, 26, 27, 139
Salsola foetida, 32, 44, 52, 58, 107; 138, 162,
166
Salsola inermis, 39, 58, 64, 107, 166
» longifolia, 107, 166
» Tigida, 39, 58, 107°
»  tenuifolia, 58
»,  tetragona, 42, 51, 58, 107, 138
Salsolaceze, 47, 53, 58
Salvadora (Arak), 49
” persica, 99, 135, 161
Salvia zgyptiaca, 34, 59, 105, 137
»  controversa, 59, 105, 137
»  deserti, 29, 105, 137, 166
»  paleestina, 137
», triloba, 67, 105
»  verbenaca, 59, 105
viridis, 105
Santolina fragrantissima, 14, 16, 22, 97, 134
Saponaria vaccaria, 73, 83, 130
Satureia cunefolia, 32, 43, 59
3 forma, 104
Savignya zegyptiaca, 129
Saxicola amphileuca, 229
»  deserti, 227
»  eurymeleena, 229
Finschii, 68, 216
isabellina, 8, 215
leucocephala, 216, 227
leucopygia, 12, 21, 216
lugens, 21, 68, 72, 216, 227
3 meesta, 215
tnonacha, 10, 215, 227
cenanthe, 216
Scabiosa eremophila, 134
Scandix pinnatifida, 133

”

 

PETRA AND WADY ARABAH.

Schanginia baccata, 138
Schimpera arabica, 128
Schismus arabicus, 142
i marginatus, 73, 117
Schcenus nigricans, 140
Schouwia Schimperi, 129
Scilla, 39
Scirpus holoschcenus, 19, 115, 140
»»  Maritimus, 52, 115, 140
Sclerocephalus arabicus, 52, 85, 130, 159,
164
Scleron orientale, 179
Scleropoa memphitica, 142
Scolopendra canidens, 177
_ centipede, 41
Scorzonera alexandrina, 62, 98, 165
i lanata, 59, 98
Scrophulariacze, 19, 38
Scrophularia canina, 103
3 deserti, 23, 32, 103. 137
heterophylla, 37, 103, 166
% variegata, 103, 137
zanthoglossa, 63, 103
Sedum altissimum, 68
Seetzenia orientalis, 11, 88, 131
Senecio coronopifolius, 59) 97, 135
»  Decaisnei, 134
yy vernalis, 97
Serinus meridionalis, 229
Sesamum indicum, 70
Setaria glauca, 140
»  Verticillata, 140
Shaphan (the daman or wabar of the Arabs),
233

. Sherardia arvensis, 68, 94

Silene zegyptiaca, 84
y» arabica, 130
», atocion, 84
»  colorata, 84, 163
»» conoidea, 130
»,  dichtoma, 59, 84
»  Hussoni, 59, 163, 184
» inflata, 65, 84
»  leucophylla, 130
» linearis, 130
»  paleestina, 73, 84
»  Tigidula, 62
», Schimperiana, 130
»  succulenta, 63, 84
villosa, 130
Sinai, description of, 123
» dried-up lakes in, 150
» Mediterranean flora of, 149
», Plateaux, or Montane, Flora of, 149
»  Wegetation in, 151
Sinaitic flora, Distribution of, 154
INDEX,

Sinaitic mosses, 171
» Peninsula, Analysis of orders repre-
sented in the, 143, 144
» «Species, 145, 154
Sinapis alba, 82
» arvensis, 82, 129
Siphonaria cochleariformis, 193

3 lecanium, 193
Sisymbrium erysimoides, 80, 128, 163

35 irio, 81, 128

. pannonicum, 128

5 Schimperi, 128

Solanum, 71

5 coagulans, 102, 162

i nigrum, 32, 102, 136
Solarium cingulum, 191

i perspectivum, 201
Solenostoma argel, 135, 161
Sonchus maritimus, 52, 98, 165

4 nudicaulis, 26

»  (Microrhynchus) nudicaulis, 23

»  oleraceus, 135
3: Spinosus, 13, 22, 29
Sorghum, 70

55 halepense, 116
Sources of information, 125
Spalax typhlus, 60, 236
Spanish flora, 157
Sparacis, 177
Spergula pentandra, 84
Spergularia diandra, 130
3 marginata, 61, 84
Sphznops capistratus, 8, 210
Spirostreptus botte, 177
5 millipede, 41
Spondylus, 193
Sporobolus spicatus, 4, 116, 141, 167
Stachys, 22
i affinis, 14, 22, 105, 137
Statice pruinosa, 29, 44, 105, 138
»  Thouini, 105, 138
Stellaria media, 84
Stenodactylus guttatus, 210
-Stenopteryx hybridalis, 182
Steraspis squamosa, 178
Sterna minuta, 226
Sternbergia macrantha, 37, 39, 40, 112
Stipa barbata, 141
Strombus, 29
i auris-dianz, 19t
3 floridus, 191

5 fusiformis, 191
i gibberulus, 191
- lineatus, 194
4) plicatus, 191

” tricornis, 194

 

253

Sturnus unicolor, 220
» vulgaris, 220
Suzeda asphaltica, 44, 106
»  fruticosa, 107
»  monoica, 17, 22, 106, 138, 162
» vermiculata, 9, 138
Sueedas, 51
Sub-fossil shells, 150
Subemarginula imbricata, 192
Succinea elegans, 202
Sus scrofa, 233
Sylvia Bonellii, 229
»  deserti, 228
», Melanocephala, 229
nana, 22, 216, 228
»  Ruepellii, 229
sarda, 228

T

Table of Flora of Sinai, Remarks on, 125
Tabular view of the Flora of the Sinaitic
Peninsula, 128-144
Tamarindus indica, 28
Tamarisk, 32
»- _ articulata, 65
5 Groves of, 153
Tamarix, 22
articulata, 4, 86, 130, 164
gallica, 71, 85, 130
mannifera, 86
nilotica, 4, 7, 15, 16, 22, 85
Tapes geographica, 197
Tellina scobinata, 194
»  staurella, 201
Telephium sphzrospermum, 130
Telphusa fluviatilis, 211
ss (Potamophilon) fluviatilis, 56
Tephrosia, 90
i apollinea, 29, 90, 132
” purpurea, 23, 24, 29, 132
Teracolus chrysonome, 181
43 phisadia, 181
Terebra affinis, 191
»  babylonica, 191
ceerulescens, 200
3 crenulata, 191
dimidiata, 200
nubeculata, 200
Tetrapogon villosum, 141
Teucrium leucocladum, 138
af polium, 14, 68, 105
‘i sinaicum, 17, 18, 23, 37, 105, 138,
166
Thelygonum cynocrambe, 68, 106
Thlaspi, 71
254 FAUNA AND FLORA OF SINAI, PETRA, AND WADY ’ARABAH.

Thlaspi perfoliatum, 81
»  perfoliatus, 68, 71
Thrincia tuberosa, 62, 98
Thymelza, 40
35 hirsuta, 39, 109, 139
%9 passerina, 39, 40
Thymus capitatus, 66, 104
»  decussatus, 137
Tolpis altissima, 62, 98
Tordylium brachycarpa, 68
Torilis leptophylla, 68
» nodosa, 68, 94
»,  trichosperma, 68
Tortula, 35
»  ambigua, 119, 169
»  imermis, 20, 119, 169
»  membranifolia, 119, 169
»  Muralis, 59, 169
»  hitida, 119, 169
»  revoluta, 119, 169
»  Tigida, 170
»  (Trichostomum) rigidula, 119, 169
~ ruralis, 119
os tophacea, 119, 169
9 unguiculata, 119, 169
»  vinealis, 119, 169
Totanus calidris, 226
» glottis, 229
ochropus, 226
Traganum nudatum, 32, 107, 138
Trianthema pentandra, 53) 93, 164

%5 pentandrum, 160
Tribulus alatus, 25, 87, 131
2 bimucronatus, 131

<5 terrestris, 14, 42, 54, 87, 131
Trichodesma, 32, 35

7 africana, 14
“a africanum, 29, 102, 136, 161
Trichostomum aviculare, 171
on barbula, 171
9 nitidum, 171
Tridacna, 29
+5 crocea, 193
5 elongata, 193
gigas, 201
Trigonella arabica, 71, 89, 132
3 foenum-greecum, 132
9 stellata, 132

Tringa alpina, 226

»  minuta, 229
Tringoides hypoleucus, 29, 226
Tripteris Vaillantii, 97, 135, 165
Trisetum lineare, 141

‘4 pumilum, 141
Tristram’s Grakle, 40
Triton, 29

 

Triton anus, 190
» aquatilus, 190
»  lampas, 189
»» maculosus, 201
»»  Pilearis, 189
»,  rubecula, 189
trilineatus, 189
Trochus adriatica, 197
dentatus, 192
7 erythraus, 192
»  sanguinolentus, 201
Tropical Flora of the Dead Sea Basin, 159
Tryxalis unguiculata, 17, 183
Turbo margaritaceus, 192
» 8p: 192
Turdus iliacus, 73, 215
»  merula, 215
Turritella trisulcata, 192
Turtor risorius, 54, 224
Turtus senegalensis, 54, 224
Typha angustata, 9, 23, 24, III, 140, 167

U

Umbilicus intermedius, 93
Upupa epops, 229
Urginea scilla, 32, 37, 58, 60, 62, 113, 233
” undulata, 44, 59, 61, 113, 167, 233

Uropetalum erythreum, 13, 113, 140
Urospermum picroides, 68, 98, 110, 135
Urtica pilulifera, 110

»»  -urens, TIO

Vv
Vanellus cristatus, 225
‘9 gregarius, 229

Varthamia montana, 33, 37, 96, 134, 165
Venus, 29 |
»  costellifera, 194
»  crispata, 201
»  Teticulata, 194
vr toreuma, 194
Verbascum Schimperianum, 137
i sinaiticum, 18, 19, 22, 25, 40, 102,
137
Verbascum sinuatum, 25, 39, 54, 102, 137
Verbena, 71, 74
4% officinalis, 104
Veronica, 52, 71
‘3 anagallis, 68, 103, 137
” beccabunga, 69, 103, 137

i camplopoda, 137
a syrlaca, 20
Vespa orientalis, 9, 180 ‘

Vicia paleestina, 91, 103
»» Sativa, or
INDEX. 255

Viscum cruciatum, 68, 70, 109
Vitex agnus- castus, 73, 74, 104
Volvula acuminata, 200
Vulpes nilotica, 60, 237
Vulpia myuros, 142

Vulsella spongiarum, 195

Ww
Withania somnifera, 62, 102, 136

x

Xanthium strumarium, 64, 96
Xiphion palestinum, 60

Z

Zamenis atrovirens, 10, 60, 209
53 carbonarius, 209
+35 Cliffordii, 41, 210
»  elegantissimus, 28, 209
»  ventrimaculatus, 21, 25, 28, 209
Zilla, 22
» myagroides, 5, 16, 22, 26, 58, 82, 129
» Nitraria, 7, 35

 

Zitani, 28
Zizyphus, 18, 25, 42, 50
5 (Henna) 28, 30
5 spina-christi, 12, 72, 79, 88, 131
Zollikoferia, 39, 58, 98
‘3 arabica, 135
5 casinianz, 39, 165
i fallax, 135
‘i glomerata, 135
3 massavensis, 135
” mucronata, 135
3 nudicaulis, 98, 135
3 spinosa, 98, 135
” stenocephala, 58, 98, 165
tenuiloba, 135
Zozimia absynthifolia, 133
Zukkum (Balanites), 49, 50
Zygophylla, 58
Zygophyllum, 18
$4 album, 9, 16, 26, 71, 88, 131
. coccineum, 23, 35, 88, 131
35 decumbens, 131
43 dumosum, 25, 26, 87, 131
5 simplex, 52, 58, 88, 131, 164

THE END.

 

BILLING AND SONS, PRINTERS, GUILDFORD,
 

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