New York

State College of Agriculture

Ai Gornell University
Ithaca, N.Y.

Library
Corneil University Library

The American reformed horse book, a treat
THE

AMERICAN REFORMED
HORSE BOOK.

A TREATISE ON THE

CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, AND CURE

OF ALL THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE, INCLUDING
EVERY DISEAS£ PECULIAR TO AMERICA.

ALSO EMBRACING FULL INFORMATION un

BREEDING, REARING, AND MANAGEMENT.

DESIGNED FOR POPULAR USE

By Pror. GEO. H. DADD, V.S.,

Late Prof. of Anatomy and Physiology in the Veterinary Institute of (eters
Author of the “ Anatomy and Physiology of the Horse,” etc.

BLEGANTLY ILLUSTRATED.

 

NEW YORK:

ORANGE JUDD COMPANY

315 FOURTH AVE.
1920
 

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by

R. W. CARROLL & CO.,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the
Southern District of Ohio.

 

£14.50 4-

Printro me U. S. AL
 

 

 

 

 

PREPAG Ey

 

MERICANS rank high in the estimation of the scientific
world for their genius and industry in the great work of
intellectual, moral, and scientific improvements. See what has
occurred in the arts of printing, electrotyping, ete. The eloquence
of the great literary magicians of the New World, the honored
graduates of free institutions and free schools, no sooner falls from
their lips than the phonographist transfers it to paper, the nimble
fingers of the compositor puts it into “ form ;” next the “ battery ”
deposits on the face of the type a more durable coating of copper,
and “ Hoe’s press” sends off “ impressions” with almost magical
vapidity. No less surprising are the wonderful feats performed
by American mechanics, in the construction of fast yachts and
steamers, which often pluck a laurel from the so-called “ Mistress
of the Sea ;” and old “Uncle John” gives us due credit for per-
fecting a race of fast trotters that can beat the world of horse-
flesh.

Improvements in every department of Science and Art are con-
stantly treading on the heels of improvement; yet, as regards the
science of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, America seems almost
the last among civilized nations to put her shoulder to the wheel.
What can be the reason? Her youth may be offered as a plea
for excuses. The daughter of the Old World has not yet, in this
department, arrived at years of discretion ; she is yet in her teens.
Her sons have borne the heat and burden of the day in establish-
ing their liberty, in founding cities, extending commerce, and in
taming the wild face of soil, by uprooting the giant oak, and in
clearing away the forest, so that the husbandman, with plow and
harrow in hand, might follow on, and next impregnate mother

(ii)
PREFACE.

earth with germs for fructification, which, in the day of the har-
vest thereof, might be gathered and garnered tor the benefit of
man and the inferior orders of creation.

And long ere the woodman’s ax ceases to vibrate its clear.
stroke-noies in the ears of the new settlers, a giant enterprise is
in contemplation. Space and distance must be comparatively an-
nihilated; the iron horse, with his lungs of steel and breath of
steam, must have his highway and byway, and the result is, the
choice spirits of progression have been earnestly engaged in dot-
ting a vast surface of United States Territory with a magnificent
net-work of railway and telegraphic wire; and various other en-
terprises, with which the reader is familiar, have so occupied tha
American mind, that the Science of Life, as it applies to animals,
has been almost at a stand-still.

In the prosecution of these objects, so essential as they hav
proved in the economy of an infant republic, it is not surpris-
ing that our science should fail to receive attention, and that
America should be in the rear of the veterinary squadrons of
the Old World; yet, notwithstanding this seeming indifference,
veterinary science does, in some parts of this country, occupy as
high a platform as that which obtained in England, about seventy
years ago, when the Apostle of Mercy, St. BEt, first landed oa
British soil.

The se:ence which we here advocate is as valuable and chari-
table to nature’s menials, for the purpose of ministering to their
paysical wants, relieving their aches and pains, and of prolong-
ing their lives, as that practiced on the more noble of created life ;
and, at the present day, testimony can be produced going to show
that among us can be found “ good Samaritans ” who are alway’
ready to minister to the wants of the inferior orders of creation—
a work as acceptable to the God of Nature, and as creditable te
manhood, as when the welfare of one of us is concerned. Anda
should we estimate the science in exact ratio to the value and use-
fulness of the legion host of domestic animals that have been
reared in this country, and those which, without regard to cost,
have been imported, to whose welfare it directly contributes, the
reader will readily perceive that it is entitled to the consideration
and support of a nation of husbandmen.

It must be borne in mind that a knowledge of the principles
of veterinary medicine can not be acquired without diligent study
PREFACE. v

and cluse application. It is only the property of the industrious
and devoted student.

In order to acquire the necessary tact, skill, and experience for
the practice of our art, some of the shining lights—the carly dis-
ciples—have spent the May-day of their existence in solving its
problems, and, when near its close, have declared, with a modesty
indicative of true genius, that their education was yet incomplete.

Such testimony goes to show that there is no republican nor
royal road to veterinary knowledge. In fact, after a man has
perseveringly pursued the routine studies of the most popular col-
legiate institutions, he may still be found “ wanting.”

Let us contemplate for a moment the superior advantages which
human practitioners have over our craftsmen, both as regards
their scientific qualifications and the superior means at their com-
mand for ascertaining the character, location, and intensity of the
various maladies peculiar to the human race. For example, the
practitioner of human medicine, if he has been a faithful and in-
dustrious student, enters upon the active duties of his profession,
having acquired a valuable fund of knowledge of anatomy, phys-
inlogy, pathology, and other necessary branches of study ; and,
having disciplined his mind in the regular school, and in that of
experience, he is expected to be able to rejoice in the possession of
a well-trained mind, which enables him to understand and inter-
pret the physiological laws which preserve health and life in the
constitution of organized beings; also to comprehend the why and
wherefore of disease; to be able to institute sanitary and other reg-
ulations, and to select suitable medicinal preparations, in view of
necting the various indications of each and every form of disease.
And when a man becomes the subject of sickness, and the doctor
is called upon to exercise his skill, the latter receives valuable aid,
in view of making a correct diagnosis, from the patient and his
friends. Each can be questioned, and their responses throw con-
siderable light on the history and nature of the malady. Now,
as regards the latter advantages, they have no parallel with the
men of our craft. Our patients are deprived of the power of
speech, and we can only judge of the state of their health, and
the nature of’ their maladies, by signs revealed or elicited through
physical exploration. We have other difficulties to encounter of
no less magnitude. For example, our patients are often located
in situations unfit for a well animal to reside in, and they do not
v1 PREFACE.

always receive that attention from their owners which the urgency
of the case demands. In fact, the good nursing, kind attention,
etc., which often proves of so much value in the restoration from
sickness of one of our race, is often denied the inferior creature ;
and other matters, too numerous to menticn at the present time,,
tend to show the advantages which our brethren of a sister science
have over us, and how necessary and important it is that a prac-,
titioner of our art should be thorough master of his profession,
It is a lamentable fact that the great majority of our husband-
men have not hitherto realized that the superstructure of veterin-
ary science rests on the same intelligent basis as that of human
medicine ; but such is really the case. In the language of the la-
mented PERCIVALL, we are assured that “ whether we prescribe for
a man, horse, or any animal, the laws of the animal economy are
the same; all require the same treatment,” that is to say, the
propositions for restoration are all founded on the same intelligent
basis,

The importance, therefore, of educating men for the profession,
and of furnishing reliable works for study, is very evident; and
the necessity is further illustrated in the daily experience of those
persons who, as a matter of necessity, are obliged to do the best
they can for the sick and dying of their flocks and herds, having
no knowledge of those advantages which a thorough course of
training affords. Such persons must, necessarily, feel that they are
groping in darkness, and when a ray of light does flit across their
medical path, it only serves to make them better acquainted with
their own want of skill. Persons thus circumstanced, unable to
procure the services of a good veterinary surgeon, in consequence
of a scarcity of the “genuine material,” are often compelled to
assume the responsibility and risk of medical attendant; and, no
doubt, they prescribe with good intention and honesty of purpose,
ibut disease and death has the vantage of them, for they know not
the modes of pathological warfare, nor are they acquainted with
means best calculated to insure a favorable issue; and they will]
certainly hail, as a great blessing, any and every effort to im.
prove our veterinary literature, and thus diffuse knowledge sa
sadly needed.

It is well known that prior to the introduction of a rational
system of veterinary medicine in the mother country, millions of
domestic animals were annually sacrificed at the shrine of igno-
PREFACE, wi.

rance; but science came to the rescue, and now some of the dis-
ciples of St, BEL, CoLEMAN, their co-workers and kindred spirits,
can, by the aid of their vast materia medica, their anesthetic
agents, scalpel, etc., accomplish unheard of wonders. We are
now working to dispel the awful cloud of ignorance and super-
stition which has too long lingered around the stable and barn.
We aim to i!luminate the dark spots that have existed for many
hundreds or years, and to obliterate the false theories that have
been handed dewn to us by the Egyptians and Arabians, and the
modern jugglers of this science.

There never was a period in the history of the United States
when the services of educated veterinarians were so much needed
as at the present time; for the live stock of this country do not
enjoy immunity from those pestiferous epizodtic maladies which
have formerly operated as a withering simoom on the enterprise
of British husbandmen in the breeding and raising of live stock.
For example: the people of the Western States complain that a
disease occasionally makes its appearance among cattle, to which
they have applied the name of “ trembles,” or “milk sickness,”
and it has so scourged both the superior and inferior orders of
creation, that the former have often abandoned the old homestead,
in view of seeking a location where there seemed to be some pros-
pect of enjoying immunity from the pestilential scourge. A con-
tagious and infectious disease often prevails among swine, carry-
ing them off by hundreds and by thousands, yet many of us are in
the dark regarding its cause, nature, and treatment. Typhoid
affections, puerperal fever, apoplexy, and dropsy of the brain are
just as prevalent here as in England. Miscarriage or abortion is
fearfully on the increase. Diseases of climatic origin are more
rife in this country than in England. This is, perhaps, owing to
the diversity which exists in the climatic temperature of our vast
territory, and to our various faulty modes of management. In fact,
there is scarcely any disease known to veterinarians of the Old
World but that has prevailed in the New.

We must have reliable text-books and educated surgeons, in
order to understand the nature and treatment of the diseases in-
cidental to domestic animals. It is not only a matter of national,
but of individual, policy and interest ; and should we view the
matter with the eyes of business men, we shall see that such en<

terprise must surely pay.
vil REPLACE,

Persons who have paid any attention to the rise and progress
of veterinary science in this country, are painfully aware of its
great imperfections, and the author’s object in preparing this work
is to endeavor to lessen and remove them, by giving the reader
the benefit of an experience which extends through a period of
twenty-five years.

Tn view of furnishing reliable ‘formation, and of showing how
little of medicine is required for the treatment of various forms
of discase, a number of cases, recorded in the author’s note-book,
are introduced in various parts of the work. These cases may,
perhaps, also give the unprejudiced reader juster views of the
relations of nature and art to diseases; for it is a notorious fact
that very many well-instructed persons of all classes have hith-
erto exercised a blind faith in the medical art for the cure of dis-
ease, when it is a fact well known to those who practice rational
medicine that Nature possesses vastly greater powers than Art in
curing diseases. What is here meant by nature, is the conserva-
tive power inherent in the living body. For a better understand-
ing of this subject, the reader is referred to the works of Sir Joun
Forses, OLttver W. Houmes, and Professor BicEnow.

In view of aiding nature in the cure of disease, the author has
introduced to the reader’s attention a new class of remedies, viz. :
Fluid Extracts of a sanative character. They have proved more
safe and efficacious in the practice of rational medicine than all
the other heroic arms of physic.

These remedies have been carefully tested for several years by
the author, and those students who have, from time to tinie, placed
themselves under his instruction, and the result has been very
satisfactory ; otherwise, they would not be recommended in this
work.

Finally, the author feels it due to himself to state that the
almost constant occupation of his time, professionally, has given
him less opportunity than he desired for the production of this
work, yet he entertains a hope that he has not labored in vain;
and thus this mite is cast into the common treasury of Veterinary
Science.

G. H. D.
i

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i
AT
es SS mY

5 3 a

 

CONTENTS.

SECTION I.—Tue Causszs or DISEASE.
(Page 19-39.)

Remarks on Veterinary Science, and the Relation it bears to Social Scienca
: Veterinary Science ; how to inaugurate it—-What Benefits have we derived
from its Study—Inflammation ; its Nature and Treatment.

SECTION JI.—Drseases or THE Eye.
(Page 40-57.)

Amaurosis, or Glass Eye (Gutta Serena)—Foreign bodies within the Eye
lids—Specks, or film on the eye, known as Opacily of the Cornea --Cataract—
‘Worm in the Eye—Ophthalmia—Treatment of Inflammation—Purulent
Ophthalmia— Specific Ophthalmia. -

SECTION ITI.—Distraszs of THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.
(Page 58-85.)

Abscess within the Substance of the Brain—Hydrocephalus, or Dropsy of
the Brain—Stomach Staggers—Apoplexy, or Cerebral Hemorrhage—Apo-
plexy of Spine, or Spinal Hemorrhage, producing Paraphlegia—Epilepsy, or
Fits—Tetanus—Vertigo—Acute or General Disease of the Brain, known as
Encephalitis—Sleepy Staggers—Cerebral Meningitis—Chorea, or Stringhalt.

SECTION IV.—D1staseEs or THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND
ORGANS.

(Page 86-186.)

Importance of Ventilating Stables— Brief Exposition and Description of
the Function of the Lungs—Spasm of the muscles of the Glottis and Epi-
glottis—Laryngitis (suppurative and inflammatory)—Croup—Chronic Cough
—Roaring—Polypus—Bronchocele—Influenza, or epizootic catarrh—Pneu-
monia, or Inflammation of the Lungs, including Typhoid Affections, Pleur:
isy, and Dropsy of the Chest.

(ix)
z CONTENTS.

HKUTION V.—Denrition AND DIET.
(Page 127-146.)

The Horse’s Age as shown by his Teeth—On the Diet of Horses—The
effects of various kinds of Food—As regards the quantity of Food required
—As regairs charges in Diet—Conclusion.

SECTION VI.—GLaNpDERS AND Farcy.
(Page 147-159.)

Glanders—GlJanders can be communicated to Man—Contagiousness of
Clanders—Svspected Glanders—How came the Disease to be called Glan-

ders ?—Diagnostic Symptom of Glanders—Treatment of Glanders—Farey
(Disease of the Absorbents).

SECTION VII.—Diseases oF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.
(Page 160-222.) ;

Lampas—Spontaneous Salivation—Bots—Inflammation of Stomach—Rup-
ture of Stomach —Gorged, or over-distended Stomach—Meteorization—Flat-
ulent Colic—Spasmodic Colic—Inflammation of the Peritoneum—Ascitis—
Inflammation of the Intestines—Strangulation of Intestines — Wounds
penetrating the Abdominal Cavity—Splenic Apoplexy—Functional Disease
of the Liver—Pancreas ; its Function—Parasites which affect the Intestines.

SECTION VIII.—DisEases oF THE URINARY ORGANS.
(Page 223-237.)

Inflammation of the Kidneys—Inflammation of the Bladder—Stone in the
Bladder—Suppression of the Urine—Retention of the Urine—Diabetes, or
Profuse Stalling—Rupture of the Bladder—Albuminous Urine—Hematuria,
or Bloody Urine.

SECTION IX.—SurGicaL OPERATIONS.
(Page 239-273.)

Of Surgical Operations and the various Restraints it is sometimes necessary
to place the Horse under for their performance—Casting—Slinging—Cas-
tration—French method of Castration—Castration by Ligature—Lithotomy
—Tracheotomy—Csophagotomy—Neurotomy—Mode of Performing Neu-
rotomy—Periosteo'omy~— Division of the Flexor Tendons—Amputations—
Amputation of the Penis—Amputation of the Tail—Nicking—Firing—Blis-
tering—Ammoniacal Blister—Rowelling—Setons—Abstraction of Blood, or
Bieeding—Division of the Temporal Artery—Bleeding by the Palate—
Bleeding by the Toe—Phlebotomy—Bleeding by the Jugular Vein.
CONTENTS OF EQUINE DEPARTMENT. xi

SECTION X.—DiIsEAsEs OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES.
(Page 274-301 )

Itch and Mange-—Lice on Animals—Grease and Scratches—Surfeit—Drop-
sical Limbs—Scarlatina—Ringworm—Prurigo—Poll-evil—Fistulous Withers
—Warts on the Skin—Purpura Hemorrhagica—Out of condition—Hide-
bound— Herpes,

SECTION XI.—BREEDING, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME,
(Page 302-318.)

Breeding—The Principles of Breeding—In-and-in Breeding—Permanent
Varieties—Animals become Parents too early—Objections to In-and-in
Breeding answered—The Advantage of In-and-in Breeding—The Importance
of Studying Anatomy and Physiology.

SECTION XII.—LAMENESS FROM VARIOUS CAUSES.
(Page 319-885.)

Curbs—Elbow Tumor—Capped Hock—Varix, or Bog Spavin—Atrophy,
or Wasting of Muscles—Thorough-pin—Navicular Disease, or Lameness—
Pleuro-dynia — Acute Rheumatism — Chronic Rhbeumatism—Ring-bone—
Splint—Spavin—Osteo Poresis—Curvature of the Spine—Hoof.bound—
Laminitis—Sand-crack—Quarter-crack—Navicular Thritis—Stifle Out—Con-
traction of the Hoof—Bowed Legs—Corns—Lameness.

SECTION XIII.—Horsz MANAGEMENT, ETO.
(Page 387-415.)

Prolapsus Ani—Hemorrhoids, or Piles—Pricking and Nicking Horses’
Tails—Docking Horses—Anemia—The Use and Abuse of the Curry-comb
—Horses and Cattle should have a supply of Pure Water—Galled Back—
The Heart—The quantity of Blood contained in a Horse’s Body—Rapidity
of the Circulation—The transfusion of Blood—Management of the Horses
put in the Stable—Strangles,

 
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THEORY AND PRACTICE

OF

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

 

SECTION I.
ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE.

Bumangs on VETERINARY SCIENCE, AND THE RELATION IT BEARS TO Soctsl
Sorence—Verertnary Science; How To InavauRATE 1r—WuHat BeEnerite
HAVE WE DERIVED FROM ITs StuDY—INFLAMMATION; ITS NATURE AND TREAT
MENT.

YANO explain the cause or causes of disease occurring among
_L. domestic animals is an herculean undertaking, when ex-
pounded by the theory and faulty logic as applied to the ancient
method of reasoning on “ false facts ;” but, thanks to the genial
spirit of progression and improvement, we are enabled to throw
some light on the subject. We have been taught to believe that
many of the causes of disease are invisible and mysterious; but
this is not the fact. We are in possession of evidence going to
show, very conclusively, that the causes of disease may be classi-
fied very distinctly and intelligently under two heads, viz.: PRE-
DisPosINe and ExcrtTine ; yet this classification is not offered by
the author as absolute, but is a more convenient arrangement
than any other to study the multifarious conditions which people
believe are remotely or immediately concerned in the production
of disease. For example, many interesting and valuable facts are
on record, going to show that the peculiar properties, characters,

and qualities of the parent—whether good or bad, healthy or dis-
(19)
26 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

eased, external or internal—are transmitted to the offspring; or
in common phraseology, are predisposing and hereditary.

“ Among horses and cattle, we find, as in the human subject,
ample illustration of the hereditary tendency of external form,
disposition, habit, and disease. The parent transfers to its off-
spring size, shape, and general conformation similar to its own;
and the aphorism, ‘like produces like,’ is as applicable to faulty
and disproportioned as to beautiful and symmetrical form, to dis
eased and debilitated as to healthy and vigorous constitution, to
gentle and tractable as to fiery and indomitable disposition. The
size, weight, genera] appearance, expression of countenance, fleet-
ness, and temper of the horse are all hereditary. Many illustra-
tions might be given of particular families being remarkable,
during several generations, for good or bad points, as for well a)
ill-formed head ; for high and well-developed or for low and weak
withers; for fine, strong, and well-turned, or for coarse, weah,
and ill-formed limbs. Peculiarities of color often extend through
many generations, and are so constant in their transmission aa
sometimes to form one of the distinctive characteristics of a ract,
Indeed, most breeds of horses have a prevailing color, to which
there are few exceptions. The heavy horses of Lincolnshire, foe
example, are generally of black; the Cleveland, bay; and the
wild horses of the plains of Eastern Siberia, dun. Particulae
markings, also—as white spots on various parts of the body, star
and blazes on the face, one or more white feet or legs—often con-
tinue for many generations, and are peculiar to certain families,

“There are some maladies in which it is comparatively easy to
trace the connection between conformation and disease. In the
horse, certain sorts of limbs notoriously predispose to certain dis-
eases. Thus, bone spavins are most usually seen where there is
a disproportion in the size of the limb above and below the hock;
curbs, where tlie os calcis is sma]] and the hock straight; strains
of the tendons of the fore-leg, where the limb is round and the
tendons and ligaments confined at the knee; and navicular dis-
ease, where the chest is narrow and the toes turned out. Among
horses so formed, these diseases are unusually common, and are
developed by causes which would be quite inadequate to produce
them in animals of more perfect conformation. But it appears to
us that internal and constitutional hereditary diseases also depend
upon the altered conformation or texture of the parts specially

‘
ON THE CAUSE? OF DISEASE. 21

affected, or of some disturbance of the relation which should subsist
between the different constituents of these parts. This abnormal
state of the internal parts is seldom within the limits of our means
of observation or investigation ; but its existing in animals having
an hereditary predisposition to disease can not, we think, be doubted,
as we shall now endeavor to show. The ground of our reasoning
rests chiefly on the analogy which subsists, in all respects, between
external and internal parts. The same law which regulates the
hereditary transmission of form, texture, and relation of external
and visible parts, also operates with equal force in regard to the
form, texture, and relations betwixt the component parts of inter-
nal, and, it may be, inaccessible to ordinary powers of investiga-
tion. Then if, as we have shown, external hereditary diseases,
such as lamenesses, are traceable to external hereditary peculiari-
ties of conformation, we do not think it pushing our analogy too
far in asserting that, in like manner, internal hereditary diseases
must, in great part at least, depend upon some inherent hereditary
veculiarity of the internal parts affected.”

The common disease known as bone spavin is inherent, or de-
pendent on predisposition, as related above; for the author never
knew a horse to be the subject of this malady unless he had faulty
hocks; or, in other words, in so far as the conformation of the
parts were concerned, predisposition was evident. The same re-
marks apply to ringbone. LHither the pasterns are too upright,
thereby causing jar and concussion, or they slant unnaturally,
aud the consequence is, strain of the ligamentary structures, end-
ing often in ringbone and other osseous diseases.

Ample evidence can be adduced to show that various diseases
of the eye are hereditary. The tendency to ophthalmia shows it-
self in a peculiar conformation of the eye, and parts in the vicinity
of it. Periodical ophthalmia is notoriously hereditary, and usually
ends in cataract.

Colic, also, can be traced to inherent tendencies; for animals
subject to flatulent colic are known to have a morbid appetite;
they have, also, a large, roomy abdomen, which gives them an
ungainly appearance. Yet it is true that diseases may occur
accidentally, without the intervention of predisposition ; but pre-
disposition exists in almost all cases, and it only requires some
anatomical and physiological knowledge on the part of husband-
men to detect it.
22 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

F. Dun, a lecturer in the Edinburgh Veterinary College, tells us
that diarrhea and colic are, to a certain extent, hereditary, “‘ inas-
much as they are very prone to attack horses of particular form
and constitution, as those with narrow loins, large flat sides, and
of what is generally termed a washy appearance. If such animala
be overworked, (especially soon after being fed,) if their food be
suddenly changed, or if they be allowed an unusual quantity of
fluid, they are almost certain to be attacked either by purging or
colic. The tendency to these diseases appears, in such cases, to
depend on a want of adjustment among the different organs of the
body ; a want of balance among the different functions of diges-
tion, circulation, and respiration.

“Many farm-horses, as well as others without much breeding
are remarkable for consuming large quantities of food, for soft
and flabby muscular systems, and for round limbs containing ap
unusual proportion of cellular tissue. These characters are no-
toriously hereditary, of which indubitable evidence is afforded by
their existence in many different individuals of the same stock,
and their long continuance, even under the bc st management and
most efficient systems of breeding. Such characters indicate pro-
clivity to certain diseases, as swelled legs, weed, and grease. If
horses of this description stand long, the circulation of the blood
through the limbs is retarded; for, as the contraction of the mus-
cles which materially aid circulation are wanting, the blood in the
veins rises with difficulty against its own gravity, while the soft
and lax condition of the venous coats, and of the muscles in con-
tact with them, permits the passage of the fluid parts of the blood,
giving rise tc a serous effusion, which is soft, and pits on pressure.
This anasarcous condition, although troublesome, and frequently
recurring, is easily removed by friction, exercise, or a little physic,
and does not unfit the animal for ordinary work.

“ But the same conformation and constitution which induce sim-
ple swelled legs also give rise to the more serious affection known
as weed, or a shot of grease. ‘This consists in a disturbance of the
balance which naturally subsists between the waste of the system
and the supply of new material to repair that waste. Food is as-
similated in larger quantity than the wants of the system require;
the chyle so formed accumulates in the absorbent vessels and
glands, which become, in consequence, irritated and inflamed.
That pavt of the absorbent system situated in the hinder extremi-
ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 23

ties is usually the principal seat of the disease. The animal sud-
denly becomes lame; the inguinal and other glands in the groin
become enlarged and very painful, and the swelling and pain
gradually extend downward along the course of the absorbents,
while the limb becomes a great deal larger than its natural size,
There is, at the same time, a good deal of constitutional fever,
with a full and bounding pulse. The swelling of the leg is, in
the first instance, inflammatory, being hot and tender, and the
skin, over the part affected, hard and tense. Such swellings may,
by judicious treatment, be removed; but, in cases of a chronic
character, or where the same limb has been previously affected,
lymph is effused, forming hard and nodulous, and even diffuse
swellings, which often cause lameness, by interfering with the mo-
tions of the joints or tendons. These indurated swellings must
be carefully distinguished from the serous effusions above noticed,
which, although giving the animal an unsightly appearance, do
not materially impair his usefulness.

“ Grease consists in a morbid condition of the sebaceous glands
of the horse’s heels and fetlocks. It occurs in various degrees of
mtensity ; sometimes as a mere scurfy itchiness of the skin about
the fetlocks, more commonly of the hind extremities; sometimes
attended with much inflammation, causing great heat, pain, and
swelling, and an ichorous fetid discharge; sometimes causing fall-
ing off of the hair about the heels, and the formation of deep
cracks and fissures; and sometimes becoming so violent and in-
veterate as to cause eversion of the sebaceous glands, formation
of granulations, and secretion of pus, constituting the loathsome
complaint termed the grapes. There are few diseases better de-
serving the epithet of hereditary than grease, and few in which
the hereditary nature can be more easily discovered and traced.
Almost every practitioner can bring to his recollection cases show-
ing the tendenvy of this disease to descend from parent to off-
spring. A friend of mine, some years ago, purchased a valuable
four-year old entire horse, adapted for agricultural purposes.
When bought, he appeared perfectly sound, and his limbs were
nearly black, well-formed, and fine; within a short time, how-
ever, they became thick and greasy. And, although the mares
to which he was put were perfectly free from such faults, the prog-
eny have shown, in every case where they can be traced, unmis-

evidence of their inheriting the greasy diathesis of their
24 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

sire. They have all been found liable to swelled legs when they
stand idle for a few days; most of them have been the subjects of
repeated attacks of weed; all are affected, particularly in spring,
with scurfiness of the skin of the hind extremities and excessive
itchiness, and losv, at a very early age, their flatness and smooth-
ness of limb. The faults occur, to a greater or less degree, in all
the stock of this horse, by many different mares, and are dis-
tinctiy traceable to the third generation. But, although yrease
is undoubtedly hereditary, and is, therefore, readily induced by
comparatively simple causes, still it is frequently caused, and is
always aggravited, by neglect of cleanliness; and of this there is
ample evidence in the fact that it is most common in foul and
badly-managed :tables, and where no pains are taken to keep the
horses’ feet and legs clean and dry.”

The scrofulous predisposition is very marked in certain breeds
of horses; it occasions rickets, softening, deformity, and various
forms of disease in the bones, as, for example, big head, big jaw,
ete. The same author, just quoted, says in reference to scrofula:

“From their weak and unsound constitution, horses of a sercf-
alous diathesis are unusually prone to glanders and farcy-—two
forms of a disease peculiar (at least as an original disease) to the
equine species. As has been already remarked, it is characterized
by a specific unhealthy inflammation, identical in all important
characteristics with the syphilitic inflammation in man. From the
dire and loathsome nature of glanders, and the terror in which it
is held, animals affected by it are never used for breeding, so that
we have little opportunity of judging of its hereditary nature.
There is no evidence (so far as I know) which proves it to be di-
rectly hereditary,* but there is no doubt that the progeny of a
glanderous horse would exhibit an unusually strong tendency to
the disease. Its ordinary predisposing causes are, many of them,
hereditary ; it is very prone to attack animals of a weak o1 vitiated
constitution. It is emphatically the disease which cuts - all
horses that have had their vital energies reduced below the
healthy standard, either by inherent or acquired causes. Glan-

 

* “Though I am not aware of any facts proving glanders to be congenital, yet
I think there is every probabili y that such is the case; for it is notorious thet
syphilis, the analagous discase in the human subject, is congenital, and 3ftea
eppears at birth in the children of women affected by that disease.”
ON THE UAUSES OF DISEASE, 2d

ders is, also, sometimes caused by inoculation; is frequently pro-
duced in healthy subjects by mismanagement, as by insufficient
food, want of shelter, and overwork; and often supervenes on
bad attacks of influenza, strangles, diabetes, and other diseasea
which debilitate the systera, or impair the integrity of any of its
more iniportant parts. These causes appear to possess the power
of engendering in the constitution of a horse a peculiar poison,
which, as it reproduces itself, and spreads to all parts of the body,
gives rise to the characteristic symptoms of glanders, caustng,
sooner or later, a breaking up of the system, and a fatal prostra-
tion of the vital powers. This poison produces in the blood ab-
normal changes, which vitiate that fluid, and unfit it for healthy
nutrition.* From the irritant action of the morbid fluids passing
through them, the lymphatic glands and vessels become inflamed,
and lymph is deposited. This, however, being of an unhealthy
nature, soon runs on to softening, which extends to the skin over-
lying the part, and ulcerating farcy-buds are formed. On the
surface of the more vascular mucous membranes effusions of tu-
bercular matter are also poured out; these take on an unhealthy
inflammation, and degenerate into chancrous ulcers, which may
generally be seen on the mucous membrane of the nostrils in most
bad cases of glanders.

“ These are the most common scrofulous diseases of horses; but
an animal of the scrofulous diathesis, besides being specially sub-
ject to these, is little able to withstand ordinary morbific causes,
and hence is also unusually liable to many ordinary diseases; in
such a subject, too, disease is very apt to be severe and complicated,
and to be acted on tardily and imperfectly by all remedies.”

Having now furnished the reader with a few valuable facts
bearing on hereditary predisposition, we shall briefly discourse

 

*“ A comparison of the two subjoined analyses will chow the great differenos
im composition between the blood of healthy and of glanderous horses—a differ.
ence consisting chiefly in a diminution of the red corpuscules, and a propor
tional increase of the fibrine and albumen. :

 

 

 

Blood of Healthy Horse. Y-lood of @apderous Hores.
a. a.
804.76. 842, Be
2.41 Ce. 8.7
117.13. 68.90 .. swe. = 44.28
113
eu } casamnceernmentesees 16D cccsersscreeeenmens (ET
6. 6.88

 

 

Simon's Animal Ohe ow, ov Dr. Day, vou =. 84-9.
26 DADD’S VETERINARY SURGERY AND MEDICINE.

in reference to some of the exciting causes which in general pro-
duce those diseases to which the horse, by virtue of his constitu-
tion, is liable. The following quotation, brief and pointed, will
be found pertinent:

“By far the casiest and best mode of curing diseascs of animals
is to keep the diseases and the cattle separate. With cattle, as
with ourselves, disease is caused, in most instances, by an excess
of carefulness or of carelessness. Too much and too rich food is
as injurious as too little and too poor. Perhaps fewer diseases,
in proportion to the numbers treated in each way, spring from
privation than from surfeit. Too little as well as too great
exposure to extremes of heat and cold has a tendency to create
disease; in the one case it causes disease, in the other it renders
man or animal more liable to it. Let a wealthy and a warm-
hearted man own and take charge of a favorite animal, and the
chances are that it will be ‘killed with kindness;’ if it is tended,
in part, by a hireling, the equilibrium may be restored. In our
experience—no very limited one, by the way—care is more needed
among cattle than cures; and all the diseases which came under
our treatment sprang from the want of judicious care. Has a
cow a cough, has she the hoven, has she the red-water, or the
puerperal fever? it is from overeare—too much warmth or too
much feed. Is she mangy, lousy, hide-bound, or affected with
horn-ail? the chances are that she has been neglected. Of course
there are very many exceptions to this and to every other general
rule. But this is our experience. Let few farmers, however,
feed their animals less than they now do, or give them more airy
lodgings than they now do, because the greater number of the
cattle in this country suffer from privation and exposure to the
inclemencics of the weather rather than from pampering. But
animals, as well as men, will, with the best care we can bestow
on them, become sick at times. Our judgment is often at fault
when our intentions are tne best. Sometimes our back is turned,
or our eyes are not opened sufficiently wide. At all events, our
stock will become sick, some of them; and recourse must be had
to medical remedies,”

It is usual to classify causes; yet, for all practical purposes, it is
only necessary for us to know that exciting causes are those from
which disease most directly springs. For example, suppose that in
the act of shoeing a horse a nail is driven in a wrong direction,
ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 2?

enters the sensitive tissues of the foot, and lameness occurs; the
nail, in this event, may be classed as a special or mechanical
exciting cause; and, under the same head, we class poisons and
injuries of all sorts.

When horses become the subjects of glanders, or farcy, by being
exposed to the maladies, they are then said to have taken it either
by infection or contagion, and the cause is said to be specifi.
The terms infection and contagion are now used as synonymous,
and, undoubtedly, if reference be had to the etymology of the
. Words, the arrangement is currect. Coming now to plain matter
of fact, the exciting cause of disease is that which, when taken
into the body, or applied outwardly, is followed by disease or
derangement.

The exciting causes of disease may, therefore, be summed up
thus: Debility, induced by bad management, exposure, unwhole-
some food; plethora, brought on by over-feeding and want of
exercise; overdosing animals with improper medicines and
poisons ; overtaxing the muscular powers of the animal, and the
breathing of an impure atmosphere,

A great proportion of the diseases occurring among horses and
cattle in the Western States is due to the fact that they are not
properly housed at night, and the food that they often gather in
their exposed situations lacks the nitrogenous and nutritious
matter for the manufacture of good, healthy blood and strong
muscles.

Disease sometimes, however, occurs when no exciting nor any
other cause appears; yet, with the exception of those maladies
supposed to be produced by miasmatic influences, it is probable
that the cause, in such cases, has not been discovered. Finally,
it may be said that the causes of disease among animals are within
their bodies as well as around and about them.

Veterinary Science, and the relation it bears to Social Science.—
The necessity which exists for the services of educated Veteri-
nary Surgeons throughout the United States, and in cavalry regi-
ments of the United States army, is evident to every thinking
man; yet, prior to the advent of our late national troubles, it
was found almost impossible to interest the right kind of men,
so that they might use their influence for the purpose of direct-
ing the attention of the General Government to the value and
28 DADD'S VETERINAKY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

importance of veterinary science; but the probability is tha Con-
gress will soon legislate on the subject, and before long we may
expect to hear of the appointment of a Veterinary Surgeon and
Assistant Surgeon to each cavalry regiment.

There exists no earthly reason why our profession should not
rank as high in America as in England and France. The great
losses which are continually occuring among army horses is a
monstrous and growing evil, and, in view of preventing unneces-
sary diseases and premature deaths, the Government must organ-
ize a veterinary corps.

It is very important that our science should attract the notio:
of legislators; for it bears a very intimate relation with social
science, inasmuch as men and animals are subject to similiar
diseases, which are communicable one to the other, and which
often arise spontaneously, and are transmitted from first to second.
For example, there is a disease which often occurs among cattle,
known as “Anthrax.” It is a malignant disease, and many
persons have lost their lives by absorbing the virulent “ anthrax
poisons” from the carcasses of dead animals.

A cutaneous disease often occurs among the bovine species,
known as “ring-worm,” which affects the hands and arms of
some persons who attend such animals.

It is asserted, also, that the vesicular murrain, which at times
prevails among cows, gives rise to the development of a virus
which is often squeezed into the milk-pail, and produces very bad
effects on children when fed on the same.

It has been discovered that the little vesicles found in measled
pork are tape-worms, in a certain stage of development, and if
not destroyed by thoroughly cooking the infected meat, may
develop the dangerous parasite in the human intestines,

That awful disease known as virulent “ glanders” (spontaneous
in some horses) has destroyed many of our race. A small por-
tion of the glandered matter coming in contact with an abraded
or absorbing spot on any part of a man’s body, will surely cause
him to die the most horrible of all deaths; and the same remarks
apply to the disease known as “ malignant farcy.”

We might enumerate many other forms of disease which are
communicable from the superior orders of animality to the in-
ferior, and vice versd, but the above must suffice, in view of
attracting attention to the value and importance of the subject
ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 28

iu 1egard to the origin of diseases, it is known to the profession
that the diseases of men and animals are often due to similar
causes ; that the evils of domestication, which operate to develop
disease in animals, are as notorious as the evils of civilization,
which induces unnecessary diseases and premature death among
members of the human family; therfore, our science does bear
an intimate relation to social science, and it appears to us that no
scientific mind can fail to appreciate the advantages to be derived
from a more extended knowledge of the fundamental principles
of veterinary science.

Let the husbandmen and stock-raisers of this country put their
shoulders to the wheel, in view of establishing veterinary schools
and colleges throughout the length and breadth of our immense
agricultural domain, and soon we can boast of having a class of
veterinary surgeons, educated on American soil, conversant with
the diseases incidental to the live stock of America. In that event,
we can do our own doctoring, without foreign interference.

We are not disposed to find fault, nor scold about the itinerant
veterinary practice which prevails throughout the United States,
for we are aware that all try to do the best they can for the relief
of the inferior orders of creation. The fault is not with the prac.
titioners, but with the people, who have failed to furnish the
means of education.

Resume.—Since writing the above, the “ Trichina”’ disease has
made its appearance in Berlin, creating a terrible consternation
among the consumers of pork. The disease in its symptoms some-
what resembles cholera, but on making post-mortem examina-
tions, there was soon discovered in the flesh of some persons an
immense number of smal] microscopic parasites ; these were traced
back to the flesh of the hog, where they were discovered in the
form of chrysali imbedded in a little shell of lime; these, on being
subjected to a slight degree of heat, speedily brought forth myriads
of small parasites, of various forms and sizes, a dozen of which
were frequently found in a piece of tissue as large as a pin’s head.
The process of incubation was discovered to have been produced
in the intestines of those who had eaten the pork, by the animal
warmth of the stomach. Thus freed from their shells, the creat-
ures make their way through the walls of the intestines in every
direction, choosing the hard and fleshy tissues especially, and none
of them have yet peen found in the blood. Most remarksble t
x” DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

relate, the “Trichina” is said to have come from the “field
mouse,” which the hog, by eating, introduces into his system, from
whence it is introduced into the system of man. A few yeara
ago, a number of persons in London were very seriously affected
with vomiting and dysentery after partaking of sausages, the
meat of which was found to be in a putrid state. Liebig, the
great chemist, informs us that “several hundred cases are known
in which death has occurred from the use of bad sausages in @
state of putrefaction.” This kind of testimony might be multi-
plied to an indefinite length, but what has been written must
suffice. The reader can not fail to perceive that, in the study of
comparative anatomy and physiology, a wide field for investiga-
tion and research is before us, which will amply repay the devoted
student, and be the means of accomplishing much good.

Veterinary Science—How to Inaugurate it— What Benefits have
we derived from its Study?—Shortly after the commencement of
our late national struggle, the author was consulted in reference
to the most feasible plan of inaugurating Veterinary Science, se
that it might be made available for the restoration of sick, lame,
aud otherwise disabled horses in the Government service, which
drew forth the following reply: Up to the present period there
exists no law authorizing the employment of regularly-educated
veterinary surgeons; therefore any rational plan calculated to
ameliorate the condition of army horses, or to prevent the many
unnecessary cases of disease and premature deaths which are now
constantly occurring, or to guard against the great pecuniary
losses which the Government and people of this country have
been compelled to submit to in the condemnation and forced sales
of deteriorated horses, can not, as I understand the matter, be
considered by the powers that be until Congress shall legislate
upon the subject. 1 now propose to inform the reader how to
render the knowledge we possess available.

In the first place, I should follow the systems of instructions
and the organizations of the veterinary schools of London, Ed-
inburgh, Alfort, and Saumur, and prepare suitable text-books
adapted to the wants of a nation of people who have never given
the subject that attention which its importance demands,

In the selectior. uf pupils, I favor the plan of General McClellan,
which is as follows: “ The pupils for the veterinary school might
ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 81

be selected from among the best recruits; indeed, it is not im-
probable that the advantages of such an institution would induce
excellent men to enlist for the purpose of availing themselves of
its benefits. Should such be found to be the results, it would be
well to require them to enlist for longer than the usual time, as a
compensation for the time spent at school.” Cavalry officers,
farriers, or blacksmiths should be permitted to attend lectures on
anatomy, physiology, and the obvious diseases and lameness of
horses.

In cases of emergency, a competent veterinarian should be
employed in each regiment, whose duty it should be to select an
intelligent farrier from each company, and instruct such person,
in a brief and practical manner, on the management of cavalry
horses in camps, the prevention of diseases, and the most rational]
methed of treating diseases incidental to camp life.

Should it be found impossible to secure the services of a suf-
ficient nmaber of competent veterinarians for the above purpose,
let those who have shown themselves qualified, by an examination
before a medical board, march from camp to camp, give instruc-
tions, sce that the sick and disabled are separated from healthy
animals, and that the former be placed in a covered hospital, and
then issue special regulations for the use of mounted troops in
garrison und in the field, for the purpose of guarding against the
consequences of ignorance and abuse of the animal machine.

It would be advisable to establish a veterinary professorship at
West Point, and there locate the National School. The Govern-
ment has there a very fine French model of the horse, a skeleton,
and various preparations of morbid anatomy, etc., which, together
with other material available, will furnish al! that is necessary
for the purposes of veterinary tuition. It would also be advis-
able for the Chief Veterinary Surgeon to issue to his subordinates
such orders as shall secure proper sanitary regulations in camp.
The horses should be as well cared for as the troops, for in cav-
alry and artillery service, the success of a campaign, or attack
and defense, depends much on the health and efficiency of horses.
It should be the business of some members of the veterinary
vorps to station themselves at accessible points, and there erect
temporary hospitals for the reception of sick and lame horses,
where the latter shall receive the benefits of a rational system of
medication and nursing, whereby, in their restoration to useful-
be DADD & VETERINARY SURGERY AND MEDICINE.

ness Liany millions of dollars might he saved to the Government
in a short time. I contend that the condemnation and ruinous
sale of sick and lame horses is a wanton waste of property, end
it would be just as rational, if rational at al’ to sacrifice, neglect
or abandon sick or disabled soldiers simply ecause they are not
in fit condition for present duty.

Importance of Veterinary Education.—The importance cf edu-
cating men for the scientific practice of Veterinary Medicine and
Surgery is self-evident, and is further illustrated by the daily
experience of those persons whom, as a matter of necessity, have
been obliged to prescribe for the sick and dying of their flocka
and herds, at the sume time, having no knowledge of those advant-
ages which a thorough course of training affords, must necessarily
feel that they are yroping in comparative darkness, and when a
ray of medical light does flit across their path, it often serves to
make them better acquainted with their own want of skill. Per-
sons thus circumstanced, unable to procure the services of veteri-
nary surgeons, in consequence of a scarcity of the “genuine
material,” are often called upon to assume the responsibilities of
medical practitioners; and they, no doubt, prescribe with good
intention and honesty of purpose, but disease and death have the
vantage of them, for the disease 1s not often rightly diaguosed,
nor are they acquainted with the means of securing a favorable
issue ; and they will hail, as a great blessing, every attempt made
for the purpose of diffusing a knowledge of Veterinary Science,

We all know that there is greater need for scientific qualifica-
tion on the part of those who propuse to practice on brutes than
in tne case of a practitioner of human medicine; and if a special
vourse of study and qualification, obtained under the guidance of
xompetent teachers at college or elsewhere, be essentially neces-
sary in the one case, surely they can not ve dispensed with in the
ther. Now, it is well known that prior to the introduction of a
rational system of veterinary medicine in the mother country,
millions of domestic animals were annually sacrificed at the
shrine of ignorance; but science came to the rescue, and now the
disciples of St. Bet, CoLEMAN, their co-workers (the founders of
the science in England), and kindred spirits, can, by aid of thetz
vast materia medica—their anesthetic agents, their scalpel, apd
other appliances—accomplish unheard of wonders.
UN THE CAUSES UF DISEASE.

The Samaritans of our craft haves ‘ved we problems en which
she fundamental! principles of physiology and pathology are
founded ; they have, to a certain extent, dispelled the awful cloud
of ignorance and empiricism which had reigned in the British
Isles. They have succeeded in illuminating the dense and dark
spets that have existed in horse and cattle practice since the ad-
vent of the ancient Egyptians, up to that period which introdnoed
a new erainourart. They have done more than this: our crafts-
men have often robbed death of some of its victims, and have
succeeded in blunting the keen edge of many an epizodtic sword ;
and thus they have succeeded in stealing a march on the grim
monarch of epizodtic destiny. Their weapons were often such as
were wielded by JENNER, the benefactor of our race. Our efforts
may not always be successful, but as our veterinary fathers have
accomplished much, we ought not to despair.

The field of enterprise in the United States is composed cf vir-
gin soil, and the “bridegroom of promise” hath not yet put on
the complete mantle of fertility ; so that there is a splendid chance
for the teachers and graduates of American schools to distinguish
themselves and earn the laurel of fame.

The husbandmen of this country have also suffered inimense
losses by the death of valuable animals, and since the landing of
the Pilgrims on Plymouth Rock, up to this very moment, death
hath ren riot in the camping-ground of horses and cattle, and
seople have scarcely been informed of the “why or wherefore.”
The legion host of “itinerant” practitioners which necessity and
sircumstances have created, remain remarkably silent and non-
committal ; and probably this is the best course they can pursue,
for, if “ignorance is bliss,” and that pays well, it would be de
eidedly nnbusiness-like in them to assume wisdom which might
aot pay.

There never was a period in the history of this country when
the services of educated veterinary surgeons were so much needed
1 at the present time. The live stock of “ Young America” do
aut enjoy immunity from those pestiferous epizodtic maladies
which have iu former years operated as a “ withering simoom” on
British husbandry. For example, a dreadful malady known as
dleuro-pneumonia has made sad havoc among live stock in Mas-
sachusetts, and the terrible alarm there created in consequence, is
keenly felt, not onlv in that State, but in many others. In some

a
34 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

of the Western States, a malady known as ‘ milk-sickness,” on
trembles, afflicting both man and beast, sometimes prevails, at-
tended with such disastrous results that many farmers have often
been compelled to abandon the old homestead in view of sevking
a location where there was some prospect of enjoying iramupity
from the pest.

Hog cholera, or pleuro-pneumonia, ‘among swine) has iften
slain its millions and tens of millions. Contagious yphus pre
vails, and puerperal fever has carried off hundreds cf thousapiis
of our best stock. Apoplexy, softening of the brain, dropsy of
the brain, are just as prevalent here as in England. Abortion,
or miscarriage, is fearfully on the increase. Diseases of climate
and spontaneous origin are constantly occurring. In fact, to
shorten a lengthy story, there is scarcely any disease known ts
the veterinarians of the Old World that has not prevailed in the
New. The mere mention of these matters should at once arouse
stock-owners to a sense of duty to themselves and their domestie
animals.

We must have educated veterinary surgeons for the treatment
of diseases peculiar to the live stock of this country. It is a mat-
ter of national policy, a work of benevolence; and should we
take a business view of the affair, it is a cert and dollar enter-
prise that will surely pay.

We want schools and colleges in this country, where the young
men of America can acquire a republicca veterinary education
so that in the era before us, the people in this country can employ
the graduates of their own schools, endowed and fostered by thein
own enterprise and industry. Some persons have an idea that
Veterinary science can only be acquired under the banner of roy-
alty, but this is a great mistake, I am aware that the people of
this country have been so absorbed in promoting its growth and
developing its resources, that there has been but little chance for
great scientific achievement in our calling, yet within the pae
few years some of the most learned of our profession, educated
under the auspices of royalty and aristocracy, have been amazed
at the contributions to science furnished by a few devoted men in
this -ountry that never saw the inside of an European college.

As a national affair, therefore, it should be the pride of evere
American citizen fo put his shoulder to the wheel for tne purpose
just indicated, for the enterprise will snrelv redound to the hone
ON THE CAUS#S OF DISEASE. 36

and glory of the nation. The science which we are laboring te
render popular is vast and boundless as the ocean ; and although
it has been explored by many distinguished scholars, it is capable
of unfolding new truths, and when the united intellect of intelli-
gent Americans shall be brought to bear upon it, will advance
with a rapidity truly astonishing. What the American people
have accomplished, during the past few years, in rendering other
sciences popular, is proof positive of what shall occur when the
eurrent of investigation is directed to the science of veterinary
medicine and physiology.

In the absence of educated veterinary surgeons throughout the
country, it is of vast importance that stock-owners generally
should study, as far as they can, the diseases to which their prop-
erty is subject, and acquire a knowledge of, at least, the ordinary
remedies. By doing so, thousands of dollars’ worth of valuable
horses, cattle, and swine may be annually saved to the country,
and the intense misery which these poor brutes suffer frequently
be relieved. It is our object in this work to simplify the science
so that it may be acquired, to a very useful extent, by any intel-
ligent man. If we shall succeed in enabling stock-owners to
practice the healing art on their dumb but faithful companions,
we shall feel that we have done a good work.

Inflammation ; Its Nature and Treatment.—Inflammation is said
‘o consist of pain, he-t, and redness. It is usually considered as
an enemy to the patient; and we have been taught to subdue it
by means of bleeding and purging, at all hazards; and some
practitioners, when they undertake the job, generally succeed,
get they lose the patient for their pains.

Some writers have made inflammation cut up all manner of
yranks. It is now sanative in healing a wound or injury, in
repairing damages which occur in various parts of the animal
economy ; and in the same paragraph the writers declare that in-
fammation is the cause of nearly all the deaths that occur. This
is sheer nonsense, and will not stand the test of Jogic, nor the
daily experience of that practitioner who deals in fact, and does
his own thinking, independently of the dictum of some of the
schools, and the ancient method of reasoning on false facts. A
distinguished medical reformer, writing on this subject, says
“ Numerous hypotheses or opinions respecting the true natnre o!
% DADD'S VETEKINARY MEDICINE AND SURGEBb..

inflammation have for ages been advanced, and, for a time, eus
tained ; but even at the present day the various doctrines appear
to be considered altogether problematical.”

We often hear, in common parlance, that, “if inflammation seta
in, the horse will die.” Now, the very reverse of this is the case;
for, while inflammation lasts, there is strength, vitality, and aug-
mented action, though there may be much pain. This should bye
interpreted as the warning voice of Nature, to apprise us of 2 loss
of equilibrium in the circulation of the blood, or some deranged
condition of the system; and we should heed the warning and
array ourselves on the side of Nature, in view of promoting a full
and free cizcelation of tne blood over the system, so that there
shall be no excess anywhere; and the derangement, wherever it
exists, must next command our attention.

While inflammation and pain exists, there is hope. Take, for
example, inflammation of the intestines. While that stage lasta,
the animal is not in danger; but so soon as inflammation and
pain ceases, (often accomplished through the means of bleeding
and narcotism,) we then open up a new page of pathology. In
the course of a few hours the animal dies. Of what—inflamma-
tion? No. He dies of mortification, or gangrene of the bowels,
Therefore death was not caused by inflammation.

So in regard to phrenitis (inflammation of the brain). A cer-
tain amount of pain and activity in the parts are observable; the
inflammation may now be attacked after the true Sangrado fash-
ion; the inflammation is subdued, but still the animal is no bet-
ter. He dies, Of what does he die? Not of inflammation, for
the autopsy reveals, very often, softening of the brain, and duid
is found within the lateral ventricles. Softening of the brain ia
equivalent to gangrene (death of a part). Then, again, horses
cun not be said to die of inflammation when the practitioner de
clares that he heroically subdued it some time previous to the
death of the animal.

There is no proof that bleeding has any directly beneficial
infuence over the course of inflammations, either external .: :n-
ternal, Surgeons never bleed now in external inflammation ; and
educated and liberal physicians have given up all arguments in
favor of the practice for internal inflammation. Goon, in his
“Study of Medicine,” seems to have given us some definite in-
frrmation regarding the effect of blood-letting in inflammation,
ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 37

which should agree with the sentiments of all men desiring to see
veterinary science joined in the march of improvement which is
aow progressing in almost every other department of science and
industry. “The immediate effect of profuse and repeated bleed-
ing is exhaustion. While this exhaustion continues there ‘s a
diminution of action of every kind, and hence an imposing ap-
pearance of relief’ to the symptoms of disease; but it no sooner
tukes piace than an instinctive effort is made by the vis medica-
trix natura to remedy the evil hereby produced, and to restore the
system to its former balance of power. This balance is called a
rallying, or reaction of the living principle. The arteries con-
tract to adapt themselves to the measure of blood that remains;
the sensorial organ is roused to the secretion of a large proportion
ot nervous power to supply the inordinate drain that takes place.
During the general commotion, all is in a state of temporary
hurry and urgency, and, for the most part, irregularity of action.
white the instinctive effort is proceeding. And hence, no sooner
is the immediate effect of prostration and exhaustion overcome
than the heart palpitates, the pulse beats forcibly with a jerking
bound, the head throbs, and the eyes flash fire. Now, it often hap-
pens that these concurrent signs are mistaken for proofs of latent
or increased vigor, instead of being proofs of accelerated action ;
and action, too, that adds as largely to the exhaustion as the de
pletion that produced it; and the unhappy patient is bled a
second, a third, and even a fourth time,* till no reaction follows,
at which time it is strangely supposed that the plethora or inflam-
matory diatheses is subdued and lulled into a calm, because the
patient has been so far and fatally drained of the living principle
that there is no longer any rallying or reactive power remaining,
and gives up the ghost, in a few hours, to the treatment instead of
the disease.” This is the case with thousands and tens of thou.
sands of valuable animals that annually die in this country, in

 

* My attention was recently called to a valuable stallion, which had lately
been brought from Nova Scotia. He was attacked with what the attending
would-be physician called “founder,” but which was a pure case of acute rheu-
matism. In three different bleedings, forty-two pounds of blood had been ab-
stracted! and I found the patient so weak and prostrated that he was scarcely
able to stand. It seems to me that every man having the least spark of charity
for so noble an animal as a horse, should discountenance such outrageous treat
ment as this.
38 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

conse uence of our misguided notions of inflammation, anc ou
want of knowledge of a suitable remedy to treat it. But a
brighter day is dawning, and the antiquated notions of disease
and its treatment are fast giving way to a more rational and suc
cessful system ; and the day is not far distant when blood-letting
for the cure of inflammation will be entirely abandoned.

It is very gratifying to the author to be able to record that
many of the progressiv2 medical writers of the present day are
on the right side of Nature, teaching us that “she is ever busy,
by the silent operation of her own forces, in the cure of disease ;”
and they are inaugurating a very great and desirable revolution
ia the theory and practice of human as well as veterinary mei-
cine.

Nature of Inflammation.—The physical characteristics of ja-
flammation are, as I have just written, redness, heat, pain, and
sometimes swelling. It is, and always was physiologically, oper-
ating for the good of humanity and the inferior orders of creation.
Its curative power none can dispute. We see it, in the form ofa
biush, on the cheek of offended humanity. Friction, injuries,
poisons and disease, etc., excite Nature to hoist the symbol of dis
tress—inflammation. She calls loudly for help, but she does not
always get it; and instead of acknowledging her autocracy, and
furnishing what she wants to use in her own way, viz.: the water,
pil, and wine of the ancient Samaritans, we offer fire, knife, and
poison.

Inflammation being an exalted condition of local arterial cir-
culation, it can only be excited by some menta] emotion, injury,
loss of function, or by what is known as disease, in parts adjacent
or remote from its seat. ence, al! diseases of an acute charac-
ter are preceded and accompanied, to a certain stage or period, by
inflammation. Hence, also, according to ancient usage and the
dictum of alma mater, we are constrained to talk and write as
though inflammation was the great evil or disease which required
our services; and thus we coquette with Nature by means of
sharp-edged tools, while the actual disease steals 1 march on us,
and we lose the patient in consequence of our want of knowledge.

Treatment of Inflammation.—Inflammation be .g more or lesa
active, according to the intensity of the disease f which it is e
ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. $b

forerunner, or rather an indication, and being accompanied by
pain, it becomes our duty merely to restore the equilibrium of the
circulation. This removes the inflammation, and promotes a fret
and ful circulation of the blood all over the system, zo that there
thall be no excess (inflammation) anywhere. This is what we
call subduing the inflammation, with this difference, however,
that we resort to natural means and sanative medication instead
of using the fleam and cathartics. The means are warmth, moist-
are, stimulants, and friction ; and clothing to the extremities and
te parts of the boly that are cold; and cold applications to part:
that are unnaturally hot. One of the best equalizers of the cir-
culation is the “ Roman bath,” the vapor bath, and wet packing.
Should the inflammation exist internally, then give plenty of
warm water, emolient drinks, and emolient enemas, and keep up
a physiological action and heat on the surface of the body by
means of friction and warm clothing. In this simple way the
airculation of the blood is equalized, or, in other words, the in-
&smmation is “ cured ;” and, at the same time, this treatment may
eave the disease as well as the inflammation.

 
 

 

 

SECTION II.

DISEASES OF THE EYE.

#mauRosis, or GLass Eye (Gutta SeRENA)—ForeIGN BopiEs WITHIN THE Erp
LID8-—SPECKS, OR FiLM ON THE EYE, KNOWN As OPACITY OF THE CORNEA—
Cararact—WoRM IN THE EYE—OPHTHALMIA—TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION—
PurcLent OPHTHALMIA—SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA.

Amavrosis (“Giass EvYE”—Gutra SERENA.)

MAUROSIS is known to most men as “ glass eye.” Physi-
cians, however, have named the disease gutta serena. The
abnormal condition, which consists in dilatation of the pupil, un-
influenced by light or darkness, is occasioned by paralysis of the
optic nerve and its ultimate expansion.

Cuuses.—Some horses, of an excitable, nervous temperament,
often become the subjects of dilated pupil, without any assignable
cause ; while that form of amaurosis occurring among plethoric
subjects, or those whose digestive organs are deranged or occupied
by a large quantity of undigested food, (they, the subjects border-
ing on that state known as stomach staggers,) can easily be ex-
plained on the well-known law of sympathy.

We may, however, with propriety, assign a cause for its occur:
rence in the eyes of nervous, excitable horses; for this very con:
dition of the nervous system, which gives rise to the excitability,
perhaps goes to show that the brain is actually diseased, either in
function or structure. Animals subject to this affection are gen-
erally of a “bony,” spare, muscular development, and have wiry
sinews, thin tapering ears, delicate lips and nostrils, diminution
in the quantity of the hair in the mane and tail, but remarkable
for compactness of texture. We generally find, under ordinary
circumstances, the black color preponderates in nervous horses

over the various shades of equine coloring-matter found in the
(40)
DISEASES OF THE EYE. 4)

hair, eyes, ete. I had a case of this kind, and the owner s state-
ment was as follows: The animal (mare) had been in his 5 ossex-
sion about five years. She had four successive attacks of blindness,
waich had never been treated by a certified surgeon, and it was
concluded that she must have a periodical attack in spite of all
effoi ts to prevent it. Now, this is what we call a case of idio-
pathic periodical amaurosis, and if it does not owe its origin to
some hereditary idiosyncracy, it is the result of an abnormal con-
ditior of the brain.

When our attention shall be called to a case of this character,
we must bear in mind the fact that this animal survived four
periodical attacks of the same malady, and performed the ordinary
duties of a horse, in the intervals of health, with far-seeing eyes,
and without the aid of science; and this goes to show that this
condition of the nervous structure of the eyes of some horses, as
well as many other diseases incidental to them, are often “ self-
limited,” and the subjects will recover, if carefully nursed and
left unembarrassed by “ poisonous drugs.” This opinion is in-
dorsed by some of the most distinguished surgeons of the present
day. I have no desire to try to saddle the reader with any pecu-
iar notions of medication emanating from my own fancy or
brains. I am not offering sensible people a mirror of my own
reflection, but I wish to present the truth in that mirror, so that
they may see it and judge for themselves. Excessive medication
is a quicksand which we must try to avoid. Thousands of well-
meaning medical aspirants have actually committed professional
suicide by clinging to the absurd theory of medication as prac-
ticed in bygone days. The lancet, and many of the heroic medi-
cines which our predecessors placed great confidence in, and in
their writings have urged us to use, are now almost discarded.
It is not because an essential change has taken place in the nature
of equine maladies, but because we have greater faith in Nature as
our curative agent, and have become better acquainted with inat-
omy, pathology, and physiology.

But to resume the subject of amaurosis. If from the history
of the case, we have reason to believe that it is of a pericdical
character, and if it be the sequel to, or an accompaniment of,
some hereditary affection, we may be sure that the malady will
exist for a certain length of time in spite of all we may do. In
such cases, all that is necessary is to have the animal comfortably
DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

_vused, fed on a light, laxative diet, and pay careful attention to
the condition of the secretory and excretory functions of the
Nedy.

That form of amaurosis occasioned by a deranged condition of
the digest*ve organs, plethora, or over-distension of the same, will
cease so soon as the cause is removed, and may be considered as
x sympathetic affection.

What that cause is we must endeavor to decide on py careful]
examinatiun, and then frame our plan of treatment in accordance
wit the indications to be fulfilled.

Should we consult authorities on amaurosis, we shall find that
much diversity of opinion exists. Youatr, who is quoted in
this country by some persons as high authority, has mistaken the
disease, or else has strangely distorted facts. He contends thi
“the treatment of amaurosis is quite as difficult as that of catsr
ract.” Now, every one knows that cataract occurring among
horses is notoriously incurable; and PERCIVALL writes, “ A rian
must be able to perform miracles ere he cures cataract.”

Now, I contend that amaurosis, or dilatation of the pupil, is nct
of itself a disease, but the symptom of one; hence, between cate:
ract—a disease resting trom altered structure of the eye—am
amaurosis there ex.s18 no analogy. Whenever altered structure
exists in the mechanism of the eye, then we have an incurable cas,

Mr. Spooner, the reviser of Youatr’s work on the horse, aie
sures us that amaurosis is often connected with diseased liver,
thus controverting Youatr’s theory of incurability ; for animals
often recover from very severe attacks of liver disease.

I have called the attention of our readers to the opinions of
YouatTt, PERCIVALL, and SpoonER merely to show the import-
ance of exercising our own reasoning faculties. We must not
place too much confidence in mere book authority, no matter how
high the source, unless experience and intelligence indcrses t*-
theory or facts in the case,

£} 2culative and false theories are only surface deep. ‘Viiey uecu
nct tae eye of the philosopher, nor the mental genius of a Web-
ster, in order to discover their flimsy texture and develop the
truth, Those who propose to do their own thinking have the
ability to judge between right and wrong. Let us commit ‘eo
memory all matters which appear as facts, and forget the rest.

Amaurosis can be artificially produced by administering a fe
DISEASES OF THE EYE. 43

foves of extract of belladonna, and this amaurotic state of the
pupil is also observed during etherization, and disappears so soon
as the animal is restore. to consciousness.

PrRcivaLL informs us that amaurosis may proceed from some
abnormal condition of the optic nerve or brain, which may prove,
as he says, the iast link of a series of marked phenomena, origi
nating in some remote part of the body, operating sympathetically
un the nervous system, and, through it, extending to the eye,
Cases are occasionally met with which may be termed symptomatic
amaurosis, occasioned by congestion, tumors, or hydrocephalus.

Symtomatic amaurosis may follow cranial fracture, and, con-
sequently, depression. In such cases, the skill of the surgeon is
salled into requisition to trephine the uninjured region of the
skull, in order to elevate the depressed and fractured parts. The
potent remedy is the removal of the pressure. Amaurosis is oc-
casionally associated with anemia. Now, anemia is a condition
of the body which indicates a loss of the circulating fluid, either
of quantity or quality. The remedy for this condition is carbo-
naceous food, mineral and vegetable tonics. Preparaticns of iron
and golden seal are the best remedial agents.

Symptoms.—I shall now turn the reader’s attention, for a mo-
ment, to some of the symptoms aitending the amaurotic condition.
The head of the patient is elevated, and he is known, in popular
language, as a “star-gazer.” His ears are kept in constant mo-
tion, one turned backward and the other forward, in quick suc-
cession, to catch the sound of approaching vehicles, so that he
may have timely notice of their whereabouts. When started,
and while walking, the fore-feet are raised from the ground to an
unnecessary height. This is probably done for the purpose of
sounding the ground, and, at the same time, of avoiding obstacles
which may lie in the road; for the sight is defective, and the
animal must depend more on the senses of hearing and feeling.

Should such an animal be attached to a vehicle and left alone
in the street, we shall observe that when an omnibus or heavy-
loaded wagon approaches him he becomes restless, and exhibita
signs of fear, Such are the principal symptoms which usually
acconipany defective sight, or total paralysis of the optic nerve,
producing amaurosis. :

Treatment.—Sy mp thetic amaurosis should be treated by means
of antisvasmodics and Ji«ratives. One ounce of tincture of asse
44 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

fetida may be given every morning, and in the evening, onc ounce
of the fluid extract of sassafras. So soon as the animal regaina
hie natural vision, the medicine may be discontinued.

ForeIGcN BopIEs WITHIN THE EYELIDS.

When foreign bodies, such as small particles of hay or dirt, ge
within the eyelids, they create great pain and uneasiness, and if
allowed to remain there, produce a very grave form of disease,
often ending in disorganization and total blindness. Shouid any
thing of the kind be discovered, it may be removed by raising
the upper or depressing the lower lids; then introduce and cx-
plore the eyeball by means of a camel’s hair pencil, to which the
foreign body will usually adhere, when it is easily brought away.
The parts should then be sponged with lukewarm water. After
the lapse of a few hours, should the membranes of the eye anu
lids appear much reddened, use the following:

No. 1. Rose water ..ccccsccesecccsccccccsscsese 4 OZ
Fluid extract of gelseminum........... 2 dr.

Put the patient on a diet of sloppy bran mash, and place him

where the rays of sunlight shall not affect the eye.

FILMs oR SPECKS ON THE EYE, KNOWN AS OPACITY
OF THE CORNEA.

Opacity of the cornea sometimes results from injuries ; at otbera
they are symptomatic, and accompany other diseases. They are
of very common occurrence in the various stages of influenza and
other catarrhal affections, and sometimes a distinct speck will
remain long after the disease which gave rise to it has disappeared
The author remembers many cases in which the sight has been
completely destroyed by using substances of a corrosive or stimu-
lating character. The proper mode of treatment is to bathe the
eye occasionally with a portion of the following lotion:

No. 2 Fluid extract of bloodroot...........06. » 1 oz.
WA LOT | cnaice arate Setscex'ereie Sec oude Sie aie arate vye 8 02.
Mix. :

Give the patient one ounce, morning and evening, of fluid
extract of phytolacca decandra (poke-root). This acts as az
alterative, and will expedite the cure.
DISEASES OF THE EYER 45

CATARACT.

Cataract in the horse is usually the result of previous attacks
of disease. It consists of opacity of the crystalline lens, or the
capsule of the same. The disease is incurable, because if an opera-
tion was performed for the breaking-up or depression of tin
cataract, such as is practiced in human medicine, vision would
still be as imperfect as ever without the aid of magnifying glasses,
which would be a great inconvenience to the horse, and scarcely
of any practical service.

Worm iN THE EYE.

Smal] parasites are occasionally observed in the eyes of horses,
They float about in the watery humor, often for a great length of
time, without appearing to do any mischief; yet, being a foreign
body, they are, to say the least, injurious. The author has never
sven but one case of worm in the eye, and that occurred in a
horse, the property of a resident of Chicago. The animal was
kept on exhibition for the inspection of the curious, and was the
svource of considerable profit to the owner. It is possible that
such worm might be extracted by a surgical operation. A writer
in the “ Veterinary Review ” thus alludes to this affection :

“Tt may also be here noticed that there is a disease which fre-
quently affects the eyes of horses in India, but which, as far as I
know, has never been observed in Europe. A worm, which, from
the description I have received from different people, may be
eompared to the common ascaris, is generated in the anterior
chamber, and can at times be distinguished swimming about, with
apparently great vigor, in the aqueous humor. It produces a
great deal of irritation and inflammation, the effects of which
ultimately destroy the organ. The natives of India cure the
disease by making an incision through the cornea, and extracting
the worm. Though I have never had an opportunity of examin-
ing-an eye affected with this curious disease, the circumstantial
accounts, from several accurate observers, leave no doubt in my
mind of its existence; and the fact accords with what is known
to take place regarding the formation of worms, not only in the
human body, but more particularly in the liver, lungs, brain, and
other orga~: of the inferior animals.”
38 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

OPHTHALMIA, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE EyE,
(SOMETIMES CALLED ‘' HOOKS.”’)

This is a very common affection, yet a most painful one, an.
van not well be mistaken. The animal keeps the eyelids closed
T: ey are more or less swollen, and the internal surface of the same
ippears very red. There is an unnatural flow of tears running
down the cheeks. The haw, or nictitating membrane, is swollen
and very vascular. This condition of the haw is known to some
persons as the hooks, and serves as an excuse for the performance
of a barbarous operation, not sanctioned by science or common
sense, viz.: amputation of the haw, which only aggravates the
disease, and deprives the horse of a useful appendage to the organs
of vision.

In the early stage of this disease, and wheu scalding tears rua
copiously over the cheeks, we denominate it catarrhal ophthalmiu,
The disease is not of a very serious nature, but often becomes sa
in consequence of the outrageous treatment practiced, such as
bleeding, purging, and the local application of lunar caustic.
The proper mode of treatment is to keep the patient on a light
diet, and occasionally bathe the region of the eye with an infusion
of poppies or hops; sometimes with tepid or cold water, as the casa
may seem to indicate, according to the rational judgment of the
owner of the afflicted animal. It is the very best application thet
can be made, and is much more scientific, according to the dictum
of the God of Nature, than many of the agents heretofore used.
The fact is, many indications of disease designated as inflamma.
tion are curable only through the intervention of time and a
tational expectancy. Don’t do any violence to nature in the
use of destructive or poisonous agents, and should the case be
curable, it will terminate favorably under this treatment. Ac-
cording to the dictum of the schools of veterinary medicine,
inflammation of the eye. as well as inflammatory action of other
parts of the body, has to be treated heroically, which system of
teatment kills mcre than it ever cures. As the subject of inflam-
tiation is a very important one, worthy the attention and con-
sideration of American husbandmen, I here introduce an article
from the pen of A. 8, Copeman, who was formerly associated
with me in «conducting the “Veterinary Institute of Boston,”
Massachusette :
DISEASES OF THE EYE. 47

TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION,

“Tt must be admitted by all who contemplate the actual state
of medical practice at the present day, that the use of bloud-let-
ting aod of other antiphlogistic remedies, has, within a recent
period, greatly declined. According to Youatt and PERcIVALL,
each remedies, and more especially blood-letting, were formerly
tighly successful in arresting diseases, in the treatment of which
we now know they not only fail, but are even highly injurious.
The inference has been drawn from these supposed facts, that in-
flammation itself is no longer the same; that its type has altered
from an inflammatory to a typhoid character. In short, it seems
to have been the opinion of certain writers that an advanced
knowledge of physiology and pathology has had little influence
in producing this great revolution in our treatment, but that the
constitutions of animals are fundamentally altered, and that medi-
cal men were as right in bleeding thirty years ago as they are
correct in now abstaining from it. In opposition to these views,
it will be my endeavor to show, Ist, That little reliance can be
j'laced on the experience of those who, like Brain, PercrvaLt,
and YouATY, were unacquainted with both histology and organic
chemistry, and, per consequence, the nature of inflammations ;
2d, That inflammation is the same now as it has ever been; 3d,
That the principles on which blood-letting and antiphlogistic
remedies have hitherto been practiced are fallacious, and opposed
to pathology; 4th, That an inflammation once established can
uot be cut short, and that the object of judicious medical practice
is to conduct it to a favorable termination ; 5th, That all positive
knowledge of the experience of the past, as well as the more ex-

-act observations of the present day, alike establish the truth of
the preceding propositions as guides for the future.

ist J'roposrtion.— That little reliance can be placed on the ex-
perience of those who, like BLAIN, PERCIVALL, and Youatt, were
unacqurinted with histology, and, per consequence, the nature of
ti Vlammations.

Inflammation, for many years, was generally recognized, espe-
cally in external parts, by the existence of pain, heat, redness,
aad swelling, and in internal parts by fever, accompanied by
pain and impeded function of the organ affected. In fact, groups
of symptoms, in accordance with the nosological systems of the day,
48 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

cousti 1 ed inflammation. But the school of morbid anatomy,
by showing that inflammation was a diseased condition of a part,
e.tirely overthrew the errors and confusion inherent in all such
nosological systems ; while more recent histological research, by
exhibiting to us that inflammation is, in truth, a disease of nutri-
tion, governed by the same laws that determine growth and waste
of the tissues, has united physiology and pathology into ous
science, and has removed our present knowledge still further from
the traditional errors of the past. Now, if it could be shown that
the group of symptoms formerly called inflammation always in-
duced the same morbid lesions, former experience might sti!l he
useful to us. But we contend that this is what clinical observa-
tion proves to be impossible. Such are the contradictory state-
ments and the confusion resulting from the ur acquaintance of the
past race of practitioners with a correct diaguosis and pathology
that no confidence whatever can be placed in their impressions
as to what cases were benefited by bleeding. Meclicine is not a
scientific art, which is dependent for its principles on the study
of a commentary on the older writers. What they thought and
what they said are not, and ought not, in a question of this kind,
to be our guide as to what was or is. On the contmry, it is the
book of Nature, which is open to all, that we ought to study; and
why should we read it through the eyes of past sages, when the
light of science was comparatively feeble and imperfect, instead
of bringing all our improved modern appliances and advanced
knowledge to elucidate her meaning ?

2p Prop.—That inflammation is the same now as it has ever
been.

The essential nature of inflammation has been already alluded
to, viz.: a series of changes in the function of a part, terminating
in exudation or effusion of lymph. Now, what proof is there
that any of these necessary changes have, of late years, undergone
any modification? Ifa healthy animal receives a blow, or any
other injury, are the resulting phenomena, in these days, in any
way different from those which took place in the days of YouaT1
and PercrvatL? Were the effects which followed wounds in
1830 different from those which resulted from similar injuries in
1860? This has not yet beer shown. Again: if a healthy horse,
nowadays, be exposed to wet and cold, and be seized with an
inflammation of the lung or peura, is not the lung hepatized ip
DISEASES OF THE EYE. 49

the one case ? and does not effusion follow in the other, in exactly
the same way as formerly? But what should this asserted change
in the nature and character of inflammation lead us to infer? It
is said that inflammation and its results are entirely changed
within the last thirty years. Itis, then, argued that horses, in all
parts of the world, since the days of Buarin, Youarr, and PER-
CIVALL, have become so debilitated and deteriorated ; that their
constitutions have been so altered for the worse ; that, attacked
by the same lesion, and to the same extent, there is no longer the
same reaction. If so, where is the evidence of this?

For my own part, I have earnestly sought for but can not dis-
cover a shadow of evidence for such a belief. Moreover, I have
a most lively remembrance of all the facts and circumstances con-
nected with the bleeding of hundreds of patients, thirty years ago,
when I first commenced the study of veterinary medicine, and my
impression is, that not the slightest difference exists between the
character of inflammation now and what it was then.

3p Prop.—That the principles on which blood-letting and anti-
phlogistic remedies have hitherto been practiced are fallacious and
opposed to pathology.

Large and early bleeding have been practiced, under the idea
that, by diminishing the amount of circulating fluid, 1st, the
materus morbi in the blood would be diminished ; 2d, less blood
would flow to the inflamed parts ; 3d, the increased quantity of
blood in the part would be lessened ; 4th, the character of the
pulse was the proper index to the amount of blood that ought to
be drawn. Let us examine a few of these principles of practice.
The increased throbbing and circulation of blood in an inflamed
part may be shown not to be the cause of inflammation, but the
result of it, and that the idea of so-called determination of blood
to inflamed parts is fallacious. Now, if we attend to what takes
place in the finger from a thorn entering the skin and remain-
ing unextracted, we find the irritating body first acts upon the
cellular constitutents—the nerves and blood-vessels of the part ;
then comes on the congestion and exudation, and, lastly, follows
the throbbing, which is the evidence of so-called determination,
and result of the inflammation, and not a cause of it. The blood,
in this case, instead of being sent by a vis a tergo, is, in fack
drawn by a vis a fronte, and, as we shall endeavor to show, for
the most important purposes. But why should Nature, in cases

4
5O LADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

of inflan.mation, draw an increased amount of blood toward the
part? She does so, it scems to us, in obedience to one of her
wisest laws, but one which has been too much ignored by medical
practitioners. It must be obvious, however, that an inflamma-
tion having occurred, the great work now to be accomplished is
the removal of the exudation—to eliminate from the injured part
either directly by discharge externally, or by passage into thr
blood, to be finally excreted through the emuncturies. In all
such cases, the blood is not sent or determined, but drawn to the
part, in consequence of the increased actions going on in them;
in short, it is absolutely imperative that the part in which these
changes go on should receive more blood than in health. But,
hitherto, medical practitioners have supposed that this phenome-
non is injurious, and ought to be checked by blood-letting and
antiphlogistics, The rapid flow of blood, which is so necessary,
they have sought to diminish, and the increased amount in the
neighborhood of the part which is 30 essential for the restoration
to health, it has been their object to destroy. In doing so, we
argue they act in opposition to sound theory, and, as we shal.
afterward attempt to show, good practice, also.

The inconsistency of the theraupeutical rules on this head will
become more manifest when we remember that it is necessary, in
the opinion of many medical practitioners, not only to weaken
the pulse when it is strong, but to strengthen it when it has been
made weak. Now, although it is obviously good practice to sup-
port the strength when the calls upon the nutritive functions
have exhausted the economy, it is injurious to diminish, by blood-
letting, the nutritive processes themselves, when they are busily
engaged in operating on the exudation and eliminating the mor-
bid products. In short, the phenomena of fever and excitability
accumpanying inflammation have been wrongly interpreted, and
danger is to be apprehended from them, not directly, but from
the subsequent exhaustion which all great exertions of the animal
economy produce. In themselves, these exertions are sanatite,
and indicate the struggle which the economy is engaged in when
attempting to get rid of the diseased processes ; and whenever we
lessen the vital powers at such a critical juncture, we diminish
the chances of that struggle terminating favorably. This propo
sition seems to be universally admitted in the case of essential
fevers, and its truth ought to be accepted equally in inflammat'on
DISEASES OF THE EYE. 5,,

{t has been argued, however, that the immediate effect uf blood-
ietting justifies the practice. But, assuming it is yranted that
in some cases the pain is for a time relieved by bleeding, and
that in pneumonia the respiration temporarily becomes more free,
at what a cost are those advantages obtained, should the patient
be so weakened as to be unable to rally! Even if he does rally,
a large bleeding almost always prolongs the disease. Of course,
we are now speaking of a true pneumonia, and not of that com-
bination of symptoms commonly called a chill, or lung fever.

4tH Prop.—That an inflammation once established can not be
cut short, and that the object of judicious medical practice is ta
conduct it to a favorable termination.

There was a time when it was supposed that the progress of
influenza, distemper, and many other specific fevers which are now
generally allowed to run their natural course, could be arrested by
medical interference. But with regard to them has been estab-
lished the principles, first, of prevention, and, second, when this
fails, of simply conducting them to a favorable termination.

It appears to me that the same rule ought to hold with regard
t.. internal inflammations, and tnat this will be admitted when it
is made apparent, not only that every inflammation, once formed,
rins through a definite course, but what that course is. This I
now proceed shortly to consider. Ifa violent blow or injury has
been received, a greater or less amount of exudation is infiltrated
among the contused and torn tissues, which undergo disintegra-
tion, is absorbed and excreted from the economy ; if not, it col-
lects, in the form of a fluid, and constitutes an abscess. The
s:ries of changes here referred to have always been found to be
best perfected in animals of vigorous constitutions, while in the
weak, pvor, and broken-down they proceed slowly, or not at all.
Surely, it can not be maintained that in cases similar to the above,
we can favor the reparative processess by blood-letting and low-
ering the strength of the economy ?

But in internal inflammations, say of the lungs or intestines,
are the processes different? Certainly not. But because the pro-
cesses by which Nature relieves herself have been hid from view,
physicians have supposed that instead of treating the inflamed
parts, as the surgeon does, he ought to attack the general symp-
toms which result from the lesion. In cases of fracture and con-
tnaion there are also febrile syraptoms, increased pulse, and = nn:
62 DADD'S VETERINARY SURGERY AND MEDICINE.

but does the surgeon imagine that callous will form better, or an
abscess be resolved or reach maturity sooner, by general blond-
letting and antiphlogistics? Experience teaches him otherwise;
and in the same manner it may be most reasonably argued that
such treatment can not favor the natural termination of interna]
inflammations.

6TH T’rop.—That all positive knowledge of the experience of the
past, as well as the more exact observation of the present day, altke
establish the truth of the preceding propositions as guides for tha
future.

Before it is possible, however, to determine with exactitude the
value of any practice, it is essential to ascertain the natural dura-
tion of the disease we propose to treat. Fortunately, we have
now some data which will enable us to arrive at this information
with regard to many diseases. We have seen many severe case¢
of pneumonia submitted te homepathic remedies—-that no rea
sonable medical man can suppose to be any thing else than inert—-
vet most of these cases got well, and, I think, may be considered
as excellent studies of the disease left entirely to Nature. Many
years’ experience and close observation have convinced me thay
uncomplicated pneumonia, especially in young and vigorous con -
stitutions, almost always gets well, if, instead of being lowered,
the vital powers are supported, and the excretion of effete pro-
ducts assisted. Itis in exactly these cases, however, that we were
formerly enjoined to bleed most copiously, and that our systematic
works even now direct us to draw blood largely, in consequence
of the supposed imminent danger of suppuration destroying the
texture of the lung. Such danger is altogether i:lusory, and the
destruction to lung tissucs, so far from being prevented, is far
more likely to be produced by the practice. Ja fact, the only
cures in which it occurs are in the aged or enfeeLfed constitutions
in which nutrients, and not antiphlogistics, are the remedies indy
cated. We can, however, readily understanu now blood-letting
practiced early, and in young and vigorous constitutions, does les,
harm, or, to use a common expressiun, 1s “ borne better,” thea
when the disease is advanced, or the patient weak, and this be
cause then the vital powers are less affected oy it. But that at
cures the greater number of animals attacked, or shortens the
duration of the disease, is disproved by every fact with whicu we
are acquainted. Before ciusing we have a few words tc ofter ow
VISEASES OF THE EYE. 5a

mercurials.’ The confident belief in their power of causing ab-
sorption of lymph, by operating on the blood, is not only opposed
to sound theory, but, like blood-letting, is not supported by ex
perience, which has been so confidently appealed to in their favor.
I can not, ther2fore, resist the conclusion that the principles which
led t. an antiphlogistic practice in inflammation were erroneous,
and a:e no longer in harmony with the existing state of pathology.
1 think it has been further shown, that in recent times our success
in treatment has been great just in proportion as we have aban-
doned ‘heroic remedies,’ and directed our attention to furthering
the natural progress of the disease.

Internal inflammations are cured, not by bleeding and drugs,
but by a natural process as distinct and definite as the process of
normal nutrition. What we may do by our interference, may
either aid, promote, and even accelerate, this natural tendency to
get well, or it may very seriously impair and retard, and even
altogether stop, that salutary process. If, then, this view of the
nature of the means by which inflammation is resolved in internal
organs be correct, it is not unreasonable to assume that a very de-
pressed state of vital power is unfavorable tu the healing process,

Indeed, if you watch those cases in which nothing at all has
been done, or in which nothing has been done to lower the vital
powers, you will find that the mere inflammatory process itself,
especially in an organ so important as the lung, depresses the
strength of the patient each day more and more. You will per-
ceive, then, that, according to these views, there are strong @ priort
reasons in favor of the policy of upholding our patients, even in
the earliest stages of acute diseases, by such food as may be best
suited to their digestive organs, such as is most readily assimi-
lated, and calls for the least effort, the smallest expenditure of
vital force for its primary digestion—nutritive matters, tea,
sweetened milk, ete., and also alcohol, which is directly absorbed
and tends to keep up the heat of the body.

If, then, it has been satisfactorily shown, in consequence of our
tlvanced knowledge of diagnosis and pathology, that an anti-
phlogistic practice is opposed to the cure of diseases, it follows that
many of the principles which have hitherto guided us in their
treatment must be considerably modified. That medical practice
has undergone a great revolution during the last fifteen years, ig
a fact already so well established that it can be no longer denied
\

64 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

In my discourse on inflammation, reference was made to the
views held by the ‘ neuro-pathologists.’ Now, nervous pathology
has been in medicine the ‘great scape-goat’ upon which more
professional sins have been heaped than any other. ‘Nervous
exhaustion,’ nervous irritation, etc., are a few of the many terms
with which we seek to cloak our ignorance of the real nature of
many disorders. the intimate nature of which is bevond our ken,
Many accomplished practitioners still maintain that abnormal
vital phenomena may be, end are likely to be, occasioned by
dynamic aberrations alone, and that such phenomena are cor-
rectly designated as functional disease. We can not concur in
this opinion. W)-at is called force of every description is con-
nected with, if not dependent on, changes in the atoms of matter
Force is the hypothetic agent which underlies the phenomena of
material change; and to affirm that dynamic modifications cf vital
function may exist without alteration of material organization, is
to ignore the fundamental principles of philosophic physiology.
All diseases, therefore, in our opinion, is organic, even mental
and nervous diseases of every kind and form. Not a thrill of
sensation can occur, not a flashing thought or a passing fecling
can take place, without changes in the living organism ; much lese
ean diseased sensation, thought, or feeling occur without such
vhanges—changes which we are not able to detect, and which we
may never be able to demonstrate, but which we are, nevertheless,
certain of. For, whether we adopt the theory that the states and
things which we call heat, electricity, vitality, ete., are distinct
entities of what is called ‘imponderable’ matter, or the far mere
probable theory that they are only phenomena belonging te
ordinary ponderable matter, an atom or a cell, charged with
electricity or heat, or in a state of chemical activity, is essentially
in-a different condition to a cell or an atom in chemical or elec-
trical equilibrium with surrounding substances. Organic actions
eau not exist without corresponding change: in material con
jiton. The only force capable of explaining any of the phe
nomena of life is the chemical one, and this only in a state of
constant activity and interminable change. Jn disease, the chemi-
cal composition of the cells, or general matter, is altered from the
standard of health, and this alteration of chemical composition is
the real eranndworts of organic disease. Those abnormal states
which depend upon an altered condition of the blood. are not leas
DISEASES OF THE EYE. Ba

et. tly organic than all other diseases ; for not only can no change
tke place in the composition of the blood without in some -le-
gree affecting all parts which are nourished by it, but that tnis
fluid is, strictly speaking, itself a living organism, and every
change which takes place therein is organic. Life can not be
arrested without material change in the organs necessary to life.
Every autopsy in which we fail to discover these changes, provea
merely that our knowledge of life and death is defective, not that
the changes do not exist.”

PURULENT OPHTHALMIA.

Purulent ophthalmia takes its name from the profuse discharge
of pus, or matter, which escapes from the eyelids. In regard to
the human subject, the authorities contend that there are several
varieties of this malady prevalent in man, one of which, the Egypt-
ian ophthalmia, is contagious; but no such disease was ever known
to occur among horses.

Causes.—The various maladies which affect the eyes sometimes
owe their origin to accidents; at other times they occur in badly
ventilated stables, where a large number of horses are congregated
together, and t}en they are supposed to be contagious. But it arm
pears that there is no necessity, in such case, to advance the theory
of contagion. by way of explanation of the outbreak; for the same
cause whicl: »roduced the malady in the first horse would be more
at less operative in all the rest. A hot, foul atmosphere as a
very had effect on the eyes of both men and horses. The mem-
brane lining the eyelids, which also covers the eyeball, is very vas-
cular and sensitive, and is extremely susceptible to irritation from
the action of the ammoniacal gases which prevail in foul stables ;
hence, in order to prevent the disease, proper attention must be
paid to ventilation and cleanliness. °

Treatment.—For the treatment of purulent ophthalmia tae an.
thor recommends the following lotion:

No. 3. Powdered chlorate of potass.....+e+- as 3 02.
Fluid extract of matico.......... ee os.
Walters sivsatcaoncs se jpddies WaRea Jel ete 8 oz.
Mix. | : ,

A portion of this lotion should be applied to the eyes, by meanr
of a soft sponge, two or three times a day: the eves as well en th
56 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

lids roust, however, be previously cleansed with lukewarm water
The patient should have a few doses of fluid extract of poke-root,
About half an ounce of the extract, night and morning, will suffice,
which will act as an alterative.

SPEcIFIC OPHTHALMIA.

This form of disease affects animals periodically, and is depend-
ent on some peculiar predisposition; hence it may be termed
hereditary.

Symptoms.—There usually comes on very suddenly, perhaps in
a single night, a great tenderness in one eye, commonly marked by
the eyelids being shut, a copious secretion of tears, the white of the
eye appearing slightly red, and the whole anterior chamher of the
eye dim and clouded, there being no distinct speck on the cornes,
as takes place in the common inflammation of the eye. The red-
ness of the eyeball is never very remarkable, even though the
disease assumes its most aggravated form; but the dimness of tle
anterior chamber increases rapidly, and in two or three days, ar
even a shorter period, a yellow spot appears at the bottom of that
cavity, arising from the formation of pus. Sometimes the quantity
of pus is very considerable, and I have seen it fill at least twie
thirds of the anterior chamber. After lasting one, two, or thre
weeks, the inflammation and watering usually begin gradually to
subside. The pus, though in very large quantity, is sometimes
almost entirely absorbed, so that scarcely any vestige is to be seen;
and in other instances thin webs of opaque matter remain, which
destroy the transparency and luster of the eye, and which, by their
adhesion to the edges of the pupil, interfere with its motions and
destroy its form.

It is astonishing how acute dealers in horses are in discovering
an eye which has had an attack of this kind.

Sooner or later, while the horse appears in a state of perfect
health, the eye is again attacked, the disease being accompanied by
the same symptoms, making a similar progress, and having the
same termination, while each new attack is accompanied with the
deposition of more and more opaque matter. These attacks suc-
ezed each other at very different, and sometimes at very distant,
iatervals, until the whole pupil is filled with an opaque white
matter, and the sight of the eye completely destroved.
DISEASES OF THE EYE. 67

During this progress, the disease is often confined to one eye; at
least one eye ia usually much more severely affected than the other.
In some cases the two eyes are simultaneously affected, and, finally,
hy s# succession of attacks, the horse becomes completely bliud.
The probability is, that after a horse has suffered several times
feum periodical attacks he will finally become blind.

Treatment.—The same treatment as recommended for commus
4u@ammation of the eye is applicable to this complaint.

 
 

SECTION III.

DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM

48S0RS8 WITHIN THE SUBSTANCE oF THE BRAIN—HyYDROCEPHALUS, OR DRopsy Os
THe Brain—Sromacu STaGGERS—APOPLEXY, OR CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE ~
ApopLexy oF Sprnz, oR SprnaAL HEMORRHAGE, PRODUCING PARAPIILEGIA—
Epinersy, or Firs—Trtanus—-VERTIGO—ACUTE OR GENERAL DIskase OF THY
BRAIN, KNOWN AS ENCEPHALITIS—SLEEPY STaaarrs—CEREBRAL MENINGITIS- -
Cuorka, on STRINGHALT.

ABSCESS WITHIN THE SUBSTANCE OF THE BRAIN.

HE author, having some doubts about the curability of abscers

- within the brain, can not offer the reader much encourage-
ment us regards tne cure; yet, tur tne purposes of research, and in
view of prosecuting our Samaritan-like calling on a nuble and
valuable animal, it is proper that the reader he pnt in pessession
of the facts in the case. The symptoms and morb d conditions
connected with various forms of brain disease are, at the present
state of our knowledge, very obscure. Liven in human practice, the
authorities contend that the subject of symptoms and conditions is
full of uncertainty and apparent irregularity. Doubtless there is
some constant and uniform connection of cause and effect between
the altered physical states of the brain and the altered manifesta-
tions of its functions, but we have not yet been successful in our
search after those settled relations, nor have we but partial and
imperfect glimpses of them.

Causzs.—It is probable that the same causes which produce
abscess in other parts of the bedy, not clearly traceable to local
injuries, are operative in regard to the brain. Abscess is, as a
matter of course, always preceded by an active stage, known av
inflammatory, and when not called into existence by local injury,
must depend on both predisposing and exciting causes. The pre-

disposition lurks in breed, and the exciting causes may be ar.ong
(58)
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 59

fi

 

   

A HORSE BENT ON MISCHIEF—THE SUBJECT OF PHRENITIB.

shuse which produce disorder in the digestive function or organa.
ft is well known, however, that this, like some other diseases of
the brain, is constantly occurring among members of the human
family as well as the equine species, they being the subjects of
constitutional defect in the form of scrofula. Derangement of the
digestive organs almost always affect the brain, in eonsequence of
sympathetic relations existing between the two. Hence, in view of
preventing disease of the biain, we must keep the stomach in good
working order, by means of an intelligent system of dietetics, and
the exhibition of sanative medicines when they seem to be needed.

Symptoms.—The observable symptoms of abscess within the brau
do not differ materially from those which are present in dropey of
the brain. In the early stage, the animal appears lethargic, sleepy.
und, when urged to move, reels and comes near falling. The oead
‘s usually somewhat depressed, yet it is often inclined to one side:
the pupil of the eye is dilated, and the membranes of the lids are
congested and reddened. As the disease advances, a state of torpor
wets in. Blindness, from pressure on the brain, ensues; the animal
gets upon the floor, soon abrades the skin from the regions of the
hips and shoulders, until, as a matter of charity, the owner puta
an end to the sufferings of the patient.
60 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

The lethargic condition, therefore—dilated pupils, torpor, and
reeling of the animal—indicate this serious difficulty in the sub-
stance of the brain or its cavities.

Treatment._-Should the surgeon or the proprietor of the affected
anima] desire to attempt a cure, the author recommends the following:

No 4 Fluid extract of stillingia, (queen’s-root,) 4 oz.
Fluid extract of bloodroot.......+.eees 3 oz.
Powdered iodide of potass........ eoeees 1 on.
Water.....eeees ee tccccceeeceee 6 OZ.

Dissolve the iodide in the water, and then add the stillingia and
bloodroot.

Dose, two ounces, twice daily. Local treatment in this malady
does not amount to much, if any thing at all, for the only way in
which the matter within the brain can be got rid of, if got rid of
at all, is by exciting the absorbents to action, so that the matter may
be absorbed. At the same time, alteratives are to be used ; and, for
this purpose, the above prescription is recommended.

HyprocEpHALus (DRopsy oF THE BRAIN).

Hydrocephalus is the termination of some disorder in the brain
itself, or the membranes surrounding it; yet some medical writers
contend that dropsy is rather a symptom of disease than disease in
itself. It may be so in some cases, which constitutes the exception
to a general rule; but the author regards dropsy of the brain as
the last stage of organic disease of that organ. On the dissectior
of the brain of some horses that have died of this malady, scrofu-
lous tubercles are often found in the substance of the brain, and
tubercular deposits also manifest themselves on the membranes cov-
ering the brain. In fact, the pathological appearance revealed on
dissecting the brain of a horse which has died of hydrocephalus
does not differ from that found in the human subject. CoNDIE says:

“Tubercles, varying in size from that of a pin’s head to that of
a pea, are very generally found scattered irregularly over the sur-
face of the pia mater, following it between the convolutions, Occa-
sionally, however, they occur in distinct patches of an inch or more
in extent. They are commonly hard and semi-transparent ; some-
times opaque, and of a whitish, grayish, or yellowish color. They
are found upon all parts of the surface, the convex and lateral por-
tions as well as the base, in the infractuosities of the couvolutions
DISEASES OF ‘THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. $1

aud in the fissures. According to Rilliet and Barthez, they are
more frequent upon the convex surface of the hemispheres than at
the base. Dr. Hamernjh found them more frequently at or near
the base of the brain. They are much more abundant upon the
brain than upon the cerebellum. They are met with, also, imbed-
ded in the gray matter of the brain, and are here often surrounded
by a halo oi’ redness, usually connected with an enlarged vessel,
ramifying from the pia mater. More rarely, tubercles are detected in
the medullary portion of the brain, where they are often overlooked,
in consequence of their pale, semi-transparent, yellowish tint. The
plexus choroides is, also, often covered with tubercles. They are
very commonly met with, likewise, on the serous membranes of
the thorax and abdomen, in the lungs, and occasionally in the sub-
stance of the liver. In twenty-seven out of thirty-three cases of
hydrocephalus, Barthez and Rilliet found tubercles or granula-
tions associated with inflammation of the pia mater; in four cases
the meningitis was unattended by any trace of tubercular deposition
in the encephalon; and in two cases the granulations, or meningial
tubercles, were unattended with any traces of inflammation. In all
the thirty-three cases the symptoms were nearly identical.”

Causes.—Among the causes of this disease, therefore, we may
consider the scrofulous diathesis as being the most potent; yet we
ean not always prove the fact until after the death of our patient.
Yet an autopsy held on such a case is really valuable to the inquiring
mind; for, in discovering the true pathology of the affection, we are
not only enabled to comprehend its character, but also the modua
operandi of treatment.

The exciting causes of the malady are not always so apparent.
The author has known it to follow castration, puncture of the foot,
staggers, and acute disease of the stomach.

In some cases, faulty nutrition is the exciting cause; in short,
the symptoms sometimes supervene on the subsidence of some
other malady.

Symptoms.—As regards the symptoms of hydrocephalus, they do
not differ materially from those alluded to in the preceding article,
At first, torpor, unconsciousness, unsteadiness on moving ; dilation
of the pupil; the animal gets upon the floor, in many cases never
torise again. Stertorous (grunting) breathing takes place; the ani-
mal tosses his head about in an unnatural manner, often throwing
it backward---a very noticeable feature of this affection—occasion-
eZ DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND 3URGER?.

ally raising it from the ground. Finally, ccnvulsions set in, and
the subject dies in that state, perfectly unconscious.

When hydrocephalus occurs after phrensy, or what is knowa as
‘mad staggers,” it always proves fatal.

Treatment.— For the treatment of hydrocephalus give the fc!

lowing :
No. 5. Fluid extract of buchu.......-ceeseese 4 ox.
Walter sce. ss! sce oo.0 aie ah.e acer nie Sie oa sre sheiete, aoe 6 on,
Todide of potass.......0.55 swiss si acerete 2 os.
Mix.

Dose, two ounces, morning and evening.

The patient should have injections of soap-suds, once or twice
daily ; and should the disease have made its appearance very sud-
denly, or, in other words, be of an acute character, so that the parte
in the region of the brain feel hot, they should be then sponged very
frequently with cold water; then give two drachms of fluid extra t
of gelseminum twice daily, until the pulse feels soft, or until the
acute stage subsides.

StomMAcH STAGGEhs.

The cerebral disease usually denominated stomach staggers pre-
vails among horses which are overfed, whereby the function of
digestion becomes deranged ; and thus the food given accumulates,
and finally gorges the stomach, producing cerebral derangement,
which makes the horse reel and stagger likea drunken man. The
horse may be said to be drunk from the effect of food. Sometimes
the cause is accidental. A horse gets loose in the stable, and, find-
ing a lot of meal or oats incautiously exposed, he devours vora-
ciously a large quantity, and very soon after becomes the subject
of stomach staygers.

Symptoms.—A stomach surcharged with food, without any ac
companying distension, does not appear to occasion any local pain,
but operates with that kind of influence upon the brain which gives
rise to symptoms, not stomachic, but cerebral; hence the analogy
between this disease and staggers, and the appellation for it of
“stomach staggers.” The unnaturally-filled stomach produces, fer
the first time, a sense of satiety ; the horse grows heavy and drowsy.
reposes his head upon the manger, falls asleep, and makes a ster-
vorous noise. All at once he rouses from his lethargy, and violently
thrusts his head against the rack or wall of the stable, or any thing.
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 63

in fact, that happens to oppose him, and in this posture paws with
his fore-feet, or performs the same action with them as he would
were he trotting, evidently all the while unconscious of what he is
about. His eye, which at first was full of drowsiness, has now
acquired a wild, unmeaning stare, or has already become dilated
and insensible to light. The respiration is tardy and oppressed ;
the pulse slow and sluggish ; the excretions commonly diminished.

The late Professor CoLEMAN used to relate a circumstance, in
bis lectures, connected with this disease, which throws considerable
ligkt on its origin. The artillery horses stationed in London dur-
ing the winter of 1817 suffered very considerably from stomach
staggers; so much so that it was considered to be endemical, and
of an infectious character. With his usual penetration, he soon
discovered the cause, and found that, from some new regulations
ubout that time, the stablemen were not allowed any candles, and
during the winter the horses were bedded up at five o’clock in the
evening, and not fed again until eight o’clock on the following
vaorning, when they consumed their breakfast voraciously, gorging
‘heir stomach, not to the degree likely to produce acute indiges-
tion, but sufficiently distending them as to oppress the blood-vessels
ind the circulation through them. This practice, continued day
rfter day, caused a syecific inflammation of the stomach—an inflam-
raation of a peculiar character, differing from gastritis or inflam-
nation of the part. The symptoms produced were regarded as
esulting from the sympathetic connection between the stomach
snd the brain, united to the effects that would arise from the daily
listension, throwing a vast quantity of blood on the brain. An
urder was obtained for candles for the use of the stablemen, which
enabled tke horses to be fed at a later hour in the evening, and an
earlier one in the morning, when the disease disappeared.

A commoa error still prevails, in many districts, that staggers is
a contagious disease ; but should the horses on a farm be attack}
occasionally with slight fits of this kind, the farmer may rest
assured that there is mismanagement somewhere in the feeding
department.

From such evidence as this, it will be inferred that there exista
no doubt regarding the cause of stomach staggers.

Treatment.—We now propose to show how this disease ought to
be treated. The proposition of cure is, that the digestive function
shal] be aroused, and the only way to accomplish that is by admin-
64 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

istering bitter tonics and stimulants, In this view, the following
prescription is offered :

No. 6. Fluid extract of black pepper...sesesss 4 08.

Fluid extract of ginger...... cocceceeee 6 OZ.
Hyposulphite of soda..ce.ececececeees 2 OZ
Water..... eee cece eee eecerereees eee 4 08.

Dissolve the hyposulphite in the water, then add the pepper and
ginyer. Give the anima: a wine-glassful every four hours, A
stimulating injection may be thrown into the rectum occasionahy,
composed of a handful of fine salt to about four quarts of water.

The animal should be allowed to stand quietly in the stall, and
the medicine must be given with care, for the least excitement may
augment the cerebral difticulty. So soou as the medicine arouses
the digestive function, and the food gradually passes the pylorus
into the intestines, the animal will obtain relief Both food and
water should be withheld until there is some marked improvement ,
the patient has had enough of fod for some time, and water only
retards digestion.

APOPLEXY (CEREBRAL HEMURRIAGE).

As regards the cause of apoplexy, the author has nothing te
offer, except he has noticed that the subjects of this affection gen-
erally have short, thick necks, and, as the saying is, “chunky ”
heads. From this he infers that, in so far as vonformation is con-
cerned, there lurks in the system of such animals a peculiar pre-
disposition.

Symploms.—An animal may be on the road, trotting along aa
usual, without any apparent impairment of health, when suddenly
he falls down; the pupils of the eyes become dilated; stertorous
breathing sets in; a deprivation of the sense of feeling and of mo-
tion immediately occurs; a tremulous motion of various parts cf
the body is observed; the pulse beats with unnatural force, 7et
the animal appears to be in a deep, snoring sleep. It may be said
that the functions of animal life are suspended, excepting those of
respiration and pulsation. The animai is unable to swallow, and if
fluids be put into the mouth, they appear to choke him, or they
run out again at the corners of his mouth. The prognosis of apo-
plexy is very uncertain. Some horses die in a few hour, while
others live for several days. This denends on the amount “blood
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 6d

extravasated on the surface of the brain; but, in most cases of
cerebral hemorrhage, the horse falls never to rise again. He may
be conveyed home on some vehicle constructed for the purpose, but
the finger of Death is on him; his days are numbered, and the
owner charitably puts him out of existence.

The reader must bear in mind that in apoplexy the horse falls,
and is suddenly deprived of all voluntary motion ; is insensible to
the prick of a pin, and the breathing, so soon as he is on the
ground, becomes stertorous. This disease, therefore, is not to be
confounded with others of the brain and spinal marrow. For
example, a horse may have an attack of simple apoplexy without
hemorrhage, fall down, and, by judicious treatment, recover; or
he may be the subject of epilepsy, which occasions a temporary
suspension of consciousness, with spasms recurring at intervals.
Hence, in case of doubt or mistake, it will be advisable to treat
the case in the following manner:

Treatment.—Procure a few ounces of spirits of ammonia, with
which saturate a sponge, then apply it to the nostrils. In the mean
time, sponge the head with cold water, and rub the body and limbs
briskly with a brush or whisp of straw. If he revive under this
treatment, there may be some hopes of recovery; and should it
appear that the act of swallowing can be performed, give a drench
composed of

No. 7. Powdered chlorate of potass..........: 2 oz.
Boiling water.....seeeeees eee eeeenass 4 pint.
When cool, administer. The action of chlorate of potass on the
blood is to oxygenize it, and thus liberate carbonic acid gas.
With the same object in view, we apply ammonia to the nostrils,
viz.: to decarbonize unpurified blood.

Blood-letting is inadmissible, for it can not accomplish any
good , neither wiJl it act as a purificator of the vital current which
‘he lungs have fai"ed to arterialize.

APOPLEXY F THE SPINE, (oR SPINAL HEMORRHAGE,
PRODUCING PARAPLEGIA.)

Paraplegia signifies paralysis of the posterior half of the body.
Spinal apoplexy may be classed in the same order of discase aa
cerebral apoplexy—that is to say, in so far as the pathology of the
two forms i¢ concerned—and is usually just as fatal.
66 DADD'S + bTERINARY Mi&DICINE AND SURGERY.

-Cuuses.—These are very obscure, except in cases uf fracture of
the spine, or injury to the same, by falling. Then the disease is
accounted for. It always ends in paraplegia—palsy of hind limbs.

Symptoms.—The disease is usually sudden in its attack. A pro-
fuse perspiration ushers it in; next, the hind limbs fail to support
the bedy, and the animal makes desperate efforts to support him-
self, and gradually crouches and falls to the ground, unable, per
haps, ever to get up again.

It has been noticed that paraplegia may also be vcccasic ned by
effusion of serum within the coverings of the spinal cord; yet we
can not demonstrate the fact only by autopsy; and if we could, I
fear that medicine would be of iittle value. However, if it is the
owner’s wish that the case should be treated, then the same course
as recommended for cerebral apoplexy must be pursued.

Eprtepsy— Fits.

Epilepsy consists of a temporary suspension of consciousness,
This disease, if properly managed, is not often fatal. It varies in
duration. Sometimes a horse will suddenly fall, lose all sensibility
and consciousness, exhibit spasmodic contraction of the voluntary
muscles, go into convulsions, recover, and get up again in the course
of ten minutes; or he may lie on the ground and have a succession
of paroxysms, which may last for half an hour or more. If pro-
tracted beyond an hour or so, the patient is very apt to die. Ac-
cording to the best authority, “the functions that are affected in
this disease are functions of the brain. Sensation, thought, and mo-
tion, regulated by the will, are the natural functions of that organ.
The temporary abeyance of sensibility, thought, and volition,* and
violent and irregular action of the muscles, which are thus with-
drawr from the government of the will, constitute a paroxysm cf
epilepsy.”

The fit is generally brought on by a derangement in the relati-s
between the arterial and venous circulation within the head and a
temp.rzry pressure on the brain; in other words, a determination

 

* Horses think and reason just as man does. Their manifestations of mind do
not differ from ours in kind, but only in degree. “The noble and daring war-
horse, when he sniffs the distant field of blood, neighing for joy, instils a desper-
ate courage into the veteran trooper’s quailing heart, gives evileace of a seal,
ube prover attribute of man.”
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NEKVUUS SYSTEM. ls

of blood to the head. After the horse has fallen, by his struggles
and herculean efforts to battle with the malady, although uncon.
ciously, he soon breaks out into a profuse perspiration. This has
the effect of relaxing the capillaries so that the blood circulates more
freely and uniformly. An equilibrium of the circulation takes piace,
and this is the end of epilepsy fur the time being. But a horse once
having had a fit of this kind must be looked upon with suspicion ;
for Le is liable, when under excitement from wanton punishment,
or from exercising great feats of strength in drawing heavy loads,
to have a re-attack.

Cause.—The predisposing cause of epilepsy has an hereditary
origin. Horses subject to it have a misshapen head. It is not
symmetrical—dves not correspond with the conformation of the
neck and bedy. In the language of the turf, “the head is toc
coarse.” It has been found, also, among members of the human
family, that epileptics have heads of an unnatural shape. Wart-
son says: “There is no doubt that a tendency to epileptic disease
is frequently hereditary. It may be bequeathed from parent to
child, or it may skip over a generation or two, and appear in the
grandchild or great- grandchild ; or it may be traceable only in the
collateral branches of the ancestry.” Epilepsy, however, may uot
always arise as an hereditary affection; for a mere passive conges-
tion of the brain, owing to a loss of equilibrium in the circulatior
of the blood, may produce it. In regard to the horse, it is ver,
difficult for us to decide on the universal hereditariness of the
tialady, because we have no reliable history of the ancestry and
iJiosyncrasies of our equine patients; yet if we study carefully the
external conformation of well-formed horses, and make ourselves
conversant with anatomy, we shall be better able to judge whether
or no such an auimal carries about with him the inherent tenden-
cies to particular diseases; and this knowledge will make up, to a
certain extent, for the advantage which human medicine has over
the veterinary in this department of knowledge. The principal
symptoms of epilepsy are as follows:

Symptoms.—Suppose the horse attached to a vehicle, and trav-
eling along at any given pace. He gives a sudden, snorting,
loud noise, and falls to the ground instantly, as if felled by some
anknown power. Here he lies, to all appearance, totally uncon-
scious, violently convulsed in every limb, his eyes staring as
thorgh they would burst out of their sockets: the mouth foams
68 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SUBGERY.

with saliva, and violent convulsions will sometimes affect the
whole frame. Such are the principal symptoms attending this
formidable malady.

It will be quite a novelty to some of our readers to be .n-
formed that the horse is actually subject to the same diseases
which afflict his master; and in view of showing that there is a
reality in the author’s views on the subject now under considera
tion, the following quotation from the “ Veterinarian” is offered,
It will show, by way of comparison, the features of the diseass
as it occurs in the horse and in man:

“Tn the first place, as to. the exciting cause or causes. It is
well known that among the exciting causes of epilepsy in the
human subject, mental or moral emotions have long been con-
sidered as holding a foremost rank. Without going into detail
on this subject, or offering illustrations of this statement, it will
suffice to remark that the experience of all adequately acquainted
with medica] literature, or tulerably familiar with medical prac-
tice, can not fail to supply them with numerous instances wherein
this class of causes has been in operation as concerned in the pre-
‘action of the disease in question. Over and over again I have

yself witnessed cases of epilepsy, either during or after the par

aysm or fit, in which 1 have had good reason for entertaining
the opinion that certain mental or moral emotions had largely,
if not entirely, contributed to this result. Now, without deny-
ing that, in some instances, fright may so far affect the horse as
to prove an exciting cause of epilepsy in that animal, stili, I
think that, almost as a general rule, the class of causes now
under consideration may be excluded from further notice as tend-
ing toward the production of this disease in the horse.

Assuming this position for the sake of argument, we thus
eliminate at once, so far as concerns this animal, most of such
eases of epilepsy as, if speaking in reference to the human sub-
ject, would be regarded as cases of epilepsy of centric origin.
Without altogether denying that, in some instances, the presence
of tumors, or morbid growths, or excrescences of any kind, or
of spicule of bone in certain parts of the brain, or spinal cord,
or their membranes, may occasionally operate as causes of epi-
lepsy, yet I am by no means prepared to admit that their pres-
ence in sucn places, by irritation of these structures, is so frequent
a cance of this disease as is affirmed by some medical authorities,
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 69

Yet, whatever view of the question, whether affirmative or nega-
tive, may be taken, the same reasoning will apply equally to man
and the horse in regard to the disease under consideration. We
are told that, in some instances, such foreign bodies have been
found in these situations on examination after death. This I do
not deny; but, at the same time, the evidence that these had
much, if any thing, to do in the production of epilepsy, still’ less
that the disease took its origin from them, is, in my judgmem,
far from complete, and, in some cases that save been recorded,
unsatisfactory to the last degree. Again, the circulation of blood
in an unhealthy state, in its accustomed channels through the
substance of the delicately-constructed brain or spinal cord, appears
to me not unlikely to be a frequent cause of this disease in man.
The comparatively recent physiological researches of Dr. Brown-
Sequard have thrown much light upon the heretofore obscure
pathology ot epilepsy in the human subject; and I conceive that
his arguments, and the conclusions deduced therefrom, are, for the
most part, perfectly applicable to an animal so high in the zodlog-
ical series as the horse is well known to be.”

Treatment.—So soon as the horse falls, some hay or straw should
be placed under his head and around him. Bathe the region of
the cranium with cold water, and carefully wash the foam from his
month, taking care not to let any water, hay, or dirt enter the
nostrils. Officious persons are very apt to attempt, by force of
strength, to raise the horse on his legs; but this ought not to be
done. Let him rest quietly until consciousness returns; then,
should he attempt to get up, help from the bystanders may then
be of some service. When on his legs, deal gently with him. Let
the external surface of the body be rubbed until the skin is dry;
then administer two ounces of fluid extract of valerian, and let
the patient be provided with comfortable quarters. For a few
days the patient should be excused from work, and be fed lightly.
The only way to prevent a re-attack is to keep him at light work,
and treat him in the most gentle manner, both in the stable and
out of it.

In cases of this character, as well as many others, men are apt
to place too niuch confidence in medicine, and dose the animal ac-
eordingly ; but, as we understand the practice of medicine, it is the
province of the goo:l physician to know when to do nothing.

y
70 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

TreTanus, on LOCKED JAW.

We recognize tetanus by the unnatural condition of the muscles
of various parts of the body, more particularly those of the face
and neck. But the fault lics not in the muscles, but in the nervous
system. This disease constitutes one of the most terrible and fatal
to which the horse is subject. It is not only frightful to look upon,
but is productive of the most distressing agony to the animal.

 

THE TEST FOR TETANUS OB LOOKED-Jaw.

BxeuansTION.—On placing a hand under the angle of the Jaw, and pushing the head in an upward
direction, the nictitating membrane (haw) will be suddenly thrown partly over the pupil, as
seen In the above picture. This ia the diagnostic symptom of tetanus.

There is no difficulty in recognizing this disease. It is charac-
terized by involuntary and persistent cramps of the voluntary
muscles, The muscles which seem first to be affected are those of
the jaws, neck, and throat; and soon all the other muscles are in-
volved. One of the principal tests for the discovery of the disease
is to place a hand under the jaw and raise the head. Immediately
the haw, or nictitating membrane, shoots over the eyeball. (See
cut.) There is no other disease with which tetanus can be con-
sounded ; therefore, a minute description of the symptoms seems
superfluous at this point of our argument.

When the disease affects the muscles of the jaw only, it is called
triamus; but it is only a variety of the same disease, and, therefore
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.

requires the same treatment. In former years the author met with
but little success in the treatment of this malady, yet recently, oy
using more mild and sanative agents, he has been very fortunate.
Bleeding, purging, and blistering has had its day, but that day
has now past. We have learned that to do violence to the animal
system is not to do good; and our aim now is to “ pair off” with
Nature, endeavor to sustain the vital powers, or, rather, by sanative
medication and nutritious fluids, keep the animal alive, while the
disease runs its course. Physicians have no power to arrest the
disease, and those who think so only deceive themselves and their
employers; and those who attempt the feat of cutting the disease
short by heroic medicines, are arrayed in hostility to Nature, and
an unnecessary death is often the consequence. Any of cur readers
who happen to have great faith in drugs will probably feel little
comfort in the perusal of the following quotation, uttered by one
of the 1ost distinguished physicians of France. It was intended
for the benefit of mankind, but it also applies to veterinary medi-
eine, simply from the fact that the diseases of animals are to be
treated on the same general principles which apply to man:
“The sick-room no longer resembles the sample department of
of a drug warehouse. Our physicians have consciences and com-
nion sense. They recognize Nature as the great antagonist of dis-
‘ ense, and endeavor to assist her in her struggle to expel it, instead
of negatively helping disease by prostrating the physical strength
of its victims with drastic cathartics, cantharides, and the lancet.
To ailments for which gallons of medicine were given half a cen-
tiry ago, as many ounces are not administered at the present day,
aad bleeding and blistering have almost fallen into disuse. Not
long before his death, the great French surgeon, physician, and
medical chemist, Majendie, told his pupils, in the college of France,
that the old hospital practice was mere humbug; that he himself
had prescribed the drugs of the dispensary at the Hotel Dieu, in
Paris, without having the least idea why or wherefore, and that on
udministering bread pills and colored water to one division of his
patients, and the preparations of the pharmacopeeia to another, he
found that the mortality was least among those who took no medi-
cine! ‘ You tell me,’ said this extraordinary man, in one of the
lectures of his final course, ‘ that doctors cure people. I grant you
people are cured. But how? Gentlemen, Nature does a good
deal; imagination does a good deal. Doctors do very little. wher
72 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

they don’t do harm. You ask, then, what is the use of attending
medical Jectures? Ill tell you. We come here (to the college of
France) to study Nature, to learn to reinforce and aid Nature, not
to spin fine theories. I would not give a centime for all the theorics
in the world. Give me stubborn facts.’

“Such was the bold and candid language of one of the greatest
anatomists and physicians of the age but a short time before hie
death. Our medical men do not take quite such strong ground as
Majendie took, but they show their lack of faith in what was
formerly called ‘ vigorous treatment’ by sparing medication, and a
still more limited use of the lancet and other mechanical means
of depletion. Nature, after having been professionally misused for
centuries, seems at last to have found a friend and ally in the
medical faculty.”

We now come more directly to the treatment of tetanus; and, in
view of showing what unwarrautable outrages are perpetrated cn
the poor uncomplaining brute, the following article is here intro-
duced :

“ Wounds of tendinous and ligamentous parts are the common
cause of tetanus, more generally known as locked-jaw, so-called
because the first symptoms of the violent spasmodic affection aye
detected in the jaw. Castration, nicking, docking, lacerations, and
punctures, particularly of the feet, are the kinds of wounds that
end in tetanus. Even slight contusions will bring it on. It is a
dreadful and, too often, a fatal disease. The animal is nearly
paralyzed by the constant spasm of al] the voluntary muscles,
The symptoms are unmistakable: First, a certain stiftmess about
the throat, and difficulty in swallowing or turning the head. This
gradually extends to the jaws, contracting the mouth. The horse
possesses a desire to mastirate, but, in the earliest stage of the dis-
ease, the work is imperfectly performed, with great pain. The eyes
become vivid in appearance, and present a retroverted aspect. The
disease continues to spread, and when it affects the voluntary mus-
cles of the trunk and the extremities, the animal becomes a living
picture of agony and distress. The cocked yet quivering tail, the
distended legs, the contraction of the abdominal muscles, the trem-
alous and irregular pulse, the hurried respiration, the sweat-marks,
and the fixed and sunken eyes, all speak unmistakably of the vio-
lent and painful nature of the disease. The animal sometimes
suffers for six or seven days, when it falls, completely exhausted
OISEASES OF TITE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 73

sy continued irritation and inanimation ; or it expires in tctrible
sonvulsions. Tetanus, indisputably, is a nervous affection, An
injury to a small fiber of some nerve exten‘s to the origin of the
aerve, when the brain becomes affected, and a discased action of
the body ensues. When locked-jaw results fatally, it will be be-
fore the expiration of nine days, as the horse dies, without a remis-
ticn of the spasms, from sheer exhaustion. The free use of the
‘ancct is regardid as one of the surest means of curing tetanic
cases, as by a flow of blood we open the bowels and tranquilize
the system. Venesection is the most powerful sedative for mus-
cular spasms. ‘The nervous influence passes off with the blood;
therefore the flow should be most copious. We may bleed the
horse until he falls, before the triumph is complete. The perma-
nent strength of the animal is not hazarded by the free use of the
lancet, bat we simply make an attack upon the seat of the disease.
Physic, also, is a matter of much importance. Profuse bleeding
will cause the muscles of the jaws to relax, when the dose may be
introduced into tle mouth. Clysters assist the action of the pur-
gatives; therefore aie useful. The application to the spine of
green sheep-skins, warm from the slaughtered animal, will some-
times diminish the sufferings of the patient. By gently rubbing
the spine with the hand, and then by using an opiate liniment, a
relief may be afforded. From eight to ten drachms of aloes should
be administered as a physic. The farina of croton-nut is also a
powerful purgative. A solution of Epsom salts constitutes a safe
injection as a clyster. Opium, when given in doses, varying from
one half to two drachms, is a valuable medicine in cases of lock-
jaw. The disease is a violent one, and to check it prompt meas-
ares must be resorted to.”

Contrast this with the following case: While in the city ef St.
Louis, a short time ago, I was requested to visit a bay geldiag
aged eight years, the property of Captain Sitva. The messenger
informed me, not knowing that it was a case of tetanus, that the
horse was “all stiffened up.” On an examination, the following
symptoms were presented: The muscles in the region of the neck
and back, rigid ; the eyes had a sort of squinting appearance ; the
nose protruded ; the ears were erect and stationary ; the nostrils
were expanded to their utmost capacity ; the head, neck, and trunk
seemed to be immovable, so that it was impossible to make him
turn in any direction, or describe the least segment of a circla
74 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

The abdomen appeared “ tucked up,” as the saying is. This arose
from the rigid state of muscles of the abdomen. The hind limbs
presented a straddling appearance, and the fore ones were unnat-
urally advanced far beyond the axis of the shoulder-blade; the
bowels were constipated ; the pulse was wiry, and the respirations
were accelerated and laborious. The case was diagnosed as tetanus
from puncture of the off hind-foot. It appeared that the anima]
had picked up a nail, five days previous, which was withdrawn by
4 blacksrnith, and the foot was dressed in the usual way. The
treatment was as follows:

The rigid muscles were rubbed, twice daily, with a portion of
the following antispasmodic liniment:

No. 8. Cod-liver oil........cceeeeee taueee ew 12 02
Oil-of Cedars west cr steels eae wea ence ate 4 oz.
Sulphuric ether... ........ceceee sence 3 oz

The application of the liniment was continued during a period of
ten days, in which time four drachms of Indian hemp were daily
placed on the tongue. The jaws now relaxed, so that the patient
could eat bran mashes, At the expiration of two weeks all signs
of tetanus had disappeared.

Vertico (DizzZINE8s OR GIDDINEsS).

The term vertigo signifies giddiness or dizziness. It is usually
the result of some latent disease within the brain; and when that
is present, any exciting cause, which we shall presently refer to,
may bring on a fit of vertigo. The following article, by surgeon
Haycocx, will, perhaps, prove interesting to the reader:

“By vertigo is meant a chronic disease of the horse, chiefly in
dicated by a disturbance of the sensitive faculties, occasioning
derangement in the ordinary functions of life. Much that is incor-
rect has heen written regarding the seat, properly so-called, of the
evil. At present, most veterinary surgeons are agreed in seeking
the proximate cause, nct as formerly, on the brain, but in the ab-
dom‘nal organs, and on considering the cerebral affection as purely
secondary.”

Vertigo often succeeds acute disease of the brain,

Causes.—Its chief exciting causes are confinement in hot and
tadly-aired stables, cold, extreme fatigue, blows and injuries on
Vane head, indigestion, unwholesome or too much food in proportion
DISEASES OF TILE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 76

to the exercise taken. The fear of punishment, especially of the
wlip, occasionally gives rise to it, in sensitive and irritable ani
mals. Some horses have an hereditary predisposition to it, and
mares are considered more subject to it than stallions. Further,
it is scarcely ever observed except in hot weather; and as it ia
generally at the beginning of summer that it commences to appear,
it goes away always in autumn, at least with respect to its chief
4y mptoms.

Symptoms.—The horse having, previous to the attack, been
sively and active, begins, all of a sudden, to appear heavy and in-
dolent. He is dejected, and prefers to keep himself in the dark-
est corner of the stable. Eyes, dull; look, fixed and stupid; eye-
lids, half shut ; inattention to every thing, forgetting even himself,
and, as it were, asleep, his head hanging down, or resting on the
manger. His gait is heavy, slow, and unsteady ; he raises his feet
very high, and puts the entire sole to the ground, raising and let-
ting down the limbs in a manner purely mechanical, and, as it
were, unconsciously. He exhibits much awkwardness in turning,
and can not be pulled back except by depressing the head very
much, and pushing it latterly. He also leans to one side in walking,
To maintain his equilibrium the better, he places the fore-legs
beneath the belly, and moves his ears backward in a peculiar
manner. According as the disease progresses, he becomes less
and less sensible to external impressions. Mastication is per-
formed slowly. He takes, from time to time, a mouthful of food,
masticates it, swallows a portion of it, but keeps the remainder
in his mouth. He prefers taking his fuod off the ground rather
than in any other way, and when drinking, he plunges his head
into the water, even above his nostrils. During and after some
rather violent movements, his symptoms become much aggra-
vated, and the signs of complete insensibility become more and
more marked. The animal runs on quite blind till some obstacle
stops him, or turns round, or remains tranquil, with his head
depressed, and the legs crowded beneath the body, without being
able to change this unusual attitude, unless assisted to do so,
There is never any fever. The pulse is often from ten to twelva
ptusations slower than in the normal state.

In the same way, also, the respiration is constantly slow,
deep, and frequently of a sighing character. In almost all cases,
the tongue is foul, and the mouth dry anlclammy. With respec
18 CADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

to treatment, the remedies which have succeeded best with me are,
camomile (some doses), then sulphur and nux vomica. In a par-
ticular case, where, independently of the symptoms peculiar te
vertigo, the conj»xctiva, tongue, and mouth were more yellow,
the horse frequently flexed his fore-legs, seldom .ay down, the
feces were hard, and he passed but little urine.

The reader will perceive that many of the symptoms above
alluded to are present in other diseases of the brain: therefore,
some difficulty may be encountered in diagnosing the ‘ase. It is
best for us, however, to diagnose the case on the symptoms of
dizziness or giddiness; then a mistake is not likely to occur. Yet,
after all, a mistake in the true nature of the malady will not
prove disastrous, provided the patient be treated on the general
principles laid down in this work, by means of sanative medicines
and little good common sense.

Treatment.—For example, should a horse have an attack of
vertigo on the road, the driver must immediately stop and loosen
the throat-latch and check-rein. Then let the animal stand in
quietude for a few minutes, during which time he may possibly
recover, and soon be able to resume the journey. If not, he must
be taken out of the harness, and carefully led to the nearest sta-
ble, or where he shall be free from annoyances of every kind.
After the excitement is over, the animal may be led home, and
put into a roomy stall, where he must be dieted according to his
condition. If fat and plethoric, bran mashes are indicated, in‘o
which should be stirred a drachm or two of hyposulphite of soda
Should the patient be poor in flesh, a few good oats are indicated,
to which add a small quantity of powdered ginger and balmony
The surface of the body being cold, it must be warmed, after the
usual fashion, by means of clothing. But should the surface of
the body feel hot, more particularly in the region of the head
then tonics, stimulants, and food are to be withheld. A bucket
of cold water is then to be placed before him, into which about
four drachms of nitrate of potass may be stirred.

INFLAMMATION OF THE Brain (BLIND, SLEEPY OR Map
STAGGERS).

The contents of the cranium are called, collectively, the ence-
phalon : hence the term encephalitis. which signifies ir lammation
DIBEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 77

of any, or all portions of the contents of the cranial cavity.
Various terms are applied to disease of this character, such as
“sleepy staggers,” “coma,” “ phrenitis,” cerebritis,” and “ cere-
bral meningitis,” the latter being formerly recognized as blind or
sleepy staggers. These several terms merely apply to the various
stages of the acute disease as it gradually invades the membranes
covering the brain, or the substance of the brain itself. It some-
times appears to invade at once the whole of the parts within
the skull, or, beginning in one part, it extends rapid]+ to all the
rest, so that the term encephalitis seems to be more applicable
than those just enumerated. It is a matter of impossibility for
us to tell precisely what are the pathological conditions of the parte
atected. Nor are the symptoms always the same. They may
range from a state of phrenzy to one of coma. Still, in our treat-
ment, we shall not be led astray ; for, being an acute affecticn, (or
affections, as some persons may term it,) we have to treat it on the
same general principles which obtain in many or all diseases ct’
an acute character, viz.: by means of sedatives, laxatives, cold
water, spare diet, and rest.

Should the patient die during the acute stage of disease of the
brain, an autopsy will reveal great vascularity and softening of
the cerebral mass, and thickening of its membranes; but should
the disease run on unchecked to a fatal termination, pus aud
fluid may be found within the lateral ventricles of the brain
This enables us to explain the difference between the symptoms
which prevail in the early and latter stages of the malady ; for,
at the commencement of {he acute stage, the loss of equilibrium
in the circulation sends the red arterial blood, in undue quanti-
ties, tc the brain—the part, perhaps, most predisposed to diseased
action, or, it may be, at the time actually in a pathological con-
dition ; hence the loss of equilibrium in the circulation—which,
in consequence of accelerated respiration, becomes highly charged
with oxygen, acts as a potent stimulus, not only to the nervous
system, but to the muscular system also, producing those active
and phrenitic symptoms which have led us to infer that the patient
is going or is actually mad; hence the name which some per
sons have applied, “mad staggers.” This activity can not las,
long; for it is potent to exhaust the vital forces. Organs and
parts of the body become overworked; then ccmes organi
rhanges—softening of the brain, effusion, formation of pus. whid
78 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

endz in coma, which is the latter stage just referred tc, devuid o
any mad or phrenitic symptoms, but marked by lethargy, or #
prolonged comatose condition, from which no stimulus will
arouse the patient. He is not only the subject of altered struc-
ture within and around the brain, but the latter is compressed by
the scrum, or pus, as the case may be, and thus sensibility is
more or less destroyed. The degree of coma, however, will be
lirectly proportioned to the degree of pressure. Now, tne readez
will perceive that the proposition of treatment, just referred to,
for the acute stage will not apply to the comatose condition ; for
here we have to stimulate and give tone to the system, so as to
sustain the failing vital powers.

In regard to this subject, Professor CopEMAN observes: “In
inflammation of the brain, phrenitis, mad staggers, I have told
you that it may be said to be impossible to distinguish, with any
thing like certainty, in individual cases, acute inflammation of
the substance of the brain from those affecting the membranus
or ventricles. The reason will be obvious when we reflect that
the phenomena, in every instance, are, in fact, attributable tc
pressure on the entire contents of the skull, encephalon, viz :
cerebrum, cerebellum, medalla, oblongata, and membranes; and
if this be rapid and general, it can matter little whether it orig-
inates from the membranes or the brain. Acute inflammation
does, however, sometimes appear to invade at once the whole of
the parts that are lodged within the skull; or, beginning in one
part, it extends rapidly to all the rest. The symptoms which
usually mark an attack of cerebritis are the following: The horse
becomes sleepy, heavy, or more or less comatose, accompanied by
general fever. After a time a convulsive attack supervenes, He
becomes morose, and shows delirium; perhaps rears both fore-
legs into the manger, from which position he may reel around
and fall, kicking and tearing every thing about him. During
the fit his respiration is mucn excited, and he sweats profusely
If he gets upon his legs, he makes sudden and violent efforts,
dashing against rack, manger, or stall, totally disregarding any
thing that may be said or done to him. Thus he is continually
struggling, panting, and perspiring, perhaps foaming at tho
meuth, leading the ordinary observer to believe he is not only
Aelirions but actually ‘mad.’ But all these symptoms ‘ary much
in different cases. Coma occurs freauently, but ofte> nl tem
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 78

porarily. Great prostration and muscular debility are generally
observed.

The seat of ‘sleepy staggers,’ or cerebral meningitis, is the so-
salled subarachnoid cavity, in which is a quantity of loose areola
tissue, richly furnished with blood-vessels, It generally results
that the exudation poured into this cavity is quickly accompanied
vr followed by pus. Hence, we find that what is generally called
a recent layer of coagulable lymph, covering the convolutions in
nieningitis, is, in point of fact. a layer of pus, generally present-
ing a molecular character. As to the diagnosis, notwithstanding
the efforts which have been made to distinguish meningitis of the
convolutions from that of the base, or either of these from a sim-
ple effusion into the ventricles, I have in vain sought for any
precise symptoms, which could be relied on, as indicative of the
situation of the disease. Drowsiness and coma, causing slow and
subsequently rapid pulse, succeeded by restlessness. The horse
is excited; he flings himself about, frequently jerking his head up
and down, sometimes rearing, perhaps, into the manger; tension
of the limbs, thrusting the head into the rack. The faculties of
she organs of sense are lost, for the horse neither hears nor sees.
The state of excitement may terminate, more or less quickly,
convulsions and death, or the patient may relapse into a state of
coma, and ultimately result in partial or complete recovery.

The gradual mode of invasion, and the succession of the symp-
toms to one another, are also characteristic, and differ markedly
in degree from those which attend sudden attacks of apoplexy
caused by hemorrhage. They are both the result of general
pressure on the brain, and hence the reason why mere effusion can
not be distinguished from hemorrhage.”

Treatment.—The treatment of the preceding forms of acute dis-
sase of the brain was formerly, and is at present, to some extent,
vonducted on the absurd antiphlogistic plan, by blood-letting,
purging, and blistering, which practice kills more than it ever
cures. The plan now adopted by the author is to give drachm
doses of gelseminum every four hours, until relief is apparent.
The cranial region is kept constantly bathed with cold water ; the
rectum is kept free from excrement Ly means of injections of soap-
sudz; the bowels are kept in working order, by mixing Glauber
salts with thin bran mashes. Half a pound of salts, dissolved in
al out four quarts of mash, will generally prove laxative. Shouid
8¢ DADD'S VETERINARY MEVICINE AND SURGERY

it fail to have this effect, after a lapse of about six hours, the dose
may be repeated. This plan of treatment is more raticnal, and
has proved more successful, than that just alluded to.

Should the disease progress so that the animal manifests symy-
toms of coma, or lethargy, then chlorate of potass is the beat
agent. it should be g*ven in half-ounce doses, every four or six
hours, in the form of drench, or it may be dissolved in the water
whick the animal is allowed to drink. A few doses cf the fol.
lowing preparation must also be given:

No. 9. Fluid extract of golden seal......
Fluid extract of juniper.........
Mix.

; each 4 os.

Dose, two ounces every morning.

Keep the rectum empty by injections, and, if the case be curable,
such treatment as this, followed up by careful nursing, will ac
complish the object. Corpsman, who is authority in this disease,
fully indorses this treatment, and says:

“ Hitherto the treatment of meningitis (sleepy staggers), whether
real or supposed, has been antiphlogistic, but it is impossible to say
that any benefit has ever been effected by the practice. The early
stages of the disease are probably generally overlooked. So long
as the horse retains his appetite and his consciousness, no suspicion
of disease arises. It is only when exudation or effusion has been
poured out in such quantity as to cause drowsiness and stupor that
our suspicions are awakened, and thus it is very difficult to under-
stand how blood-letting or purging could facilitate its absorption.
Besides, we have seen that the tendency of such effusion is to pass
into the circulation. Hence, the treatment which favors the re-
absorption of the exudation, as I have previously explained, must
be most effectual. For this purpose time is required, and the vital
strength, instead of being lowered, should be supported. In short,
the duty of the practitioner is to support the economy as much az
possible, to give nutrients with moderate stimulants, to unload the
bowels, frum time to time, artificially, by injections, etc., and in this
way to gain time, which will enable the effused matters to pase
through their natural transformations, to be absorbed and ulti-
mately excreted. It has appeared to me that the collection of
serous fii l, whether in the ventricles or over the surface ot the
hrain, either with or without exudation, is consecutive n obstrue
1 (SEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 81

tion of the vessels, and is, theretore, more allied to the dre psiea
than to inflammations. It is the collection of serum which does
the misc hief—presses on the brain, and causes the coma and stu-
por. It so, the occurrence of those symptoms should be regarded
as secondary, instead of as primary, and as analogous to ascites,
uropsy, or anasarca, following disease of the kidneys. These
pathological considerations are, it appears to me, wholly opposed
to the idea of blood-letting and antiphlogistics being beneficial
after effusion has occurred.”

Equine CHOREA, OR STRINGHALT.

Chorea, or stringhalt, consists of an irregular and involuntary
spasmodic action of some of the muscles of the hind extremities.
Equine chorea differs somewhat from human chorea. In the lat-
ter case, it usnally begins with slight twitches in the muscles of
the face, or in the upper extremities, and various parts of the bouy
twitch and contort in such a singular and unnatural manner,
that some persons have denominated the disease “ insanity of the
muscles.”

In the case of horses, no such “insanity of muscles” has been
observed. It is mainly confined to the posterior limbs. Mr.
Frron, a distinguished V. S., contends that stringhalt beare
some affinity to what is known in human medicine as chorea, or
“St. Vitus’ dance.” He does not, however, wish to convey the
idea that they are essentially the same disease, only they are both
of a convulsive or spasmodic character, wherein the mind, will,
or instinct has lost more or less of its control over the voluntary
rouscles of the hind extremities, and the peculiar feat is thus ac-
complished. When the animal has lifted his hind leg from the
ground, which is always done with a convulsive twitch, the fet-
lock nearly approaches the belly, and, by some other remarkable
irregularities in its action, before the foot can be replaced on the
ground, displays such unnatural movements as to convince us that
volition is impaired. Hence, we may infer that, in a majority of
cases, stringhalt is the result of some abnormal condition of the
nervous system. What occasions that condition is a matter of
fact and argument, which remains as an open question for some
future pathologist to decide. So far as the author’s experience
goes, he is satisfied from actual dissection of the parts, that some
32 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

stringhalt horses are the subjects of ulcerative disease of the hock
joint, and they finally become sprained.

Tn such cases, it is possible that stringhalt may be the result of
hock disease, which irritates the nerves in the vicinity of the part,
and thus affects that portion of the nervous system which controls
the muscles concerned. ANDRAL tells us that “chorea, like epi-
lepsy, may be excited by irritation.” Hence, in the commencement
of spavin, or so soon as osseous incrustations are thrown out, they
may, during the active motion of the joint, produce local irritation,
of nervous filaments, in the vicinity, which irritation may be com-
municated to larger and more important nerves, and thus induve
stringhalt.

We all know that local irritation produced by the prick of a
nail, or sometimes docking and pricking, is often productive of
locked-jaw, simply because some nervous or tendinous structure
is injured; and so the local irritation in the region of the hock
may be productive of the malady now under consideration. The
author has paid considerable attention to this subject, and is con-
vinced that almost all horses of the nervous or excitable tempera-
ment, the subjects of inter-articular spavin, manifest more or less
zatching-up of the limb (stringhalt) at some period during the
progress of spavin, and that when the bones of the hock are
anchylosed (united), and the motion and irritation of the parts
have ceased, the stringhalt becomes modified. The reader, how-
ever, must not receive this opinion as absolute; for at times, in
consequence of some peculiar idiosyncrasy, the stringhalt gradu-
ally grows worse. Among some members of the human family,
of the peculiar temperament to receive the impression, almost any
thing which makes a forcible impression upon the nervous system
may act as an exciting cause of chorea. The subject is a very
:mportant one, and most veterinary writers of the English school
aave rather mystified the subject, and at last have come 4o the
conclusion that the disease is incurable. This was formerly the
author’s opinion, but a change has taken place in his sentiments,
and he is unwilling to deprive the afflicted animal of the benefits
af progressive science. More light on the subject may enable na
to effect many cases of cure; at least it will enable us better to
understand the pathology of the case, which is an important
step in the right direction. In view, therefore, of furnishing the
reader with some useful information, whether he be a veterinary
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 84

{ractitioner or not, we shall borrow from analogy, in the iutye-
duction of the following article from “ Watson’s Practice” :

“Tn certain of M. Magendie’s experiments on animals, th
following curious facts were ascertained: When a vertical scction
of the cerebellum of a rabbit was made, leaving one-fourth of the
whole adhering to the crest of the right side of the cranium, and
three-fourths to that of the left, the animal rolled over ana cver
incessantly, turning itself toward the injured side. The same phe-
uomenon occurred upon the division of the crus cerebell1 The
animal lived for eight days, and continued, during the wnole of
that time, to revolve upon its long axis, unless stopped by coming
in contact with some obstacle. How like is this to the symp-
toms exhibited at one period in the girl whose case is related by
Dr. Watts. Nor is Dr. Watts’s case a singular one. M. Serres
has described another much resembling it. A shoemaker, sixty-
eight years old, of intemperate habits, after one of his debauches,
exhibited a kind of drunkenness which surprised his friends.
Instead of seeing objects turning around him, as a drunken person
is apt to do, he thought he was himself turning, and soon began
to revolve, and this lasted till he died; and when his head was
examined, extensive mischief was found in one of the pedicles of
his cerebellum. Again: M. Magendie noticed that when the
upper part of the cerebrum is gently removed in birds and mam-
malia, they become blind; but no affection of the locomotive
powersis produced. Nofurther result is occasioned by the removal
of a portion of the gray matter of the corpora striata; but when
the striated part is cut away, the animal immediately darts forward
with rapidity, and continues to advance as if impelled by some
irresistible force, until stopped by an obstacle; and, even then, it
retains the attitude of one advancing. The experiment was tried,
with the same results upon various species of animals—dogs, cats,
hedgehogs, rabbits, Guinea-pigs, and squirrels. 1t seems that
there are horses that can not back, although they make good
progress enough in a straightforward direction. Now, Magendie
says that he has opened the heads of such horses, and has always
found in the lateral ventricles of their brains a collection of water,
which must have compressed and even disorganized the corpora
striata. It has been further ascertained, by the same experimenter,
and by others, that certain injuries of the cerebellum cause ani-
mais to move backward contrarilv to their will. If the tail of
84 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

the snimal so mutilated be pinched, he still persists in his retro
grade course. Injuries of the medulla oblongata had the same
effect. Pigeons, into which he forced a pin through that part,
constantly receded for more than a month, and even flew back-
ward. A section of the medulla oblongata, wheie it approaches
the anterior pyramid, gives rise to a movement in a “ircle like
that of a horse ina mill, the animal, in its walk =r its flight,
bearing round continually to the injured side. Surely we have.

_ in these facts, supplied by experiments on living animals, and by
observation of the phenomena of disease in the living numan
body, some of the materials for a more exact knowledge, both of
the physiology and of the pathology of the nervous system, than
we have reached. M. Magendie supposes that different portions
of the encephalon are endowed witb energies which tend to cause
motion in various directions; that in the healthy state these bal-
ance each other, and that a preponderating impulse can be given
to any one of these forces by the will; but that when the equilib-
rium is destroyed by disease, tne will is not sufficient to counter-
act the tendencies which are then brought into play. Mr Mayo
offers a different explanation of the phenomena. He supposes
that the injuries inflicted on the nervous matter produce a sensa-
tion analogous to vertigo, and that the animal conceives itself
either to be hurried forward, and makes an exertion to repel im-
aginary force, or to be moving backward, or turning round in
one direction, and endeavors to correct this by moving the corre-
sponding muscles.”

Treatment.—In stringhalt, it is nearly always safe for us to
conclude that it must be treated on the same general principles
which obtain in the management of other nervous disorders of a
chronic character, viz.: in the use of tonics and anti-svasmodics
Take, for example:

No. 10. Fiuid extract of valerian.......... i
Fluid extract of poplar bark....... § °4 pene:

Dose, one ounce, morning and evening; to be placed on the
tongue. The spine and affected limb or limbs should be mbbed
every night, for a couple of weeks, with a portion of the following

No. 11. Fluid extract of poppies...........05+ 6 os.
Proof spirit.....ceceevesscccsecoess » 1 ~ int.
Mix.
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM 85

Shouid the anima! prove to be spavined, the following linimemt
is recommended :

Kerosene Oil... sscecccccvcccscecs
Mix

No 12. Cod-liver of]... cccsccecccccncess \ oqual parts,

A smal] quantity of this liniment should be rubbed on the seat
of spavin, inside of the hock, once or twice daily, until counter-
irritation is accomplished, which shall be known in consequence
of the hair falling off; then discontinue the liniment, and lubricate
the affected parts with olive oil, and wait patiently, so as to see
what Nature will do for the case. ‘‘ Patient waiters are no losers.”
The popular, or rather the ancient, method of treatment does mor
hartn than good.

 
 

 

SECTION IV

DISFABES OF THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGES Anu
ORGANS.

Imromrance oF VENTILATING STaBLES—BrigeF Exposition AND DESCRIPTION O%
THE FUNCTION oF THE Lunas—SpasM or 19% MuscLES OF TEE GLOTTIS AND Epr-
GLotTT1s— Larynaitis, (SUPPURATIVE AND INFLAMMATORY )—CROUP—CHRONEIL
Covay—Roarine—PoLyPus—BRONCHOCELE—INFLUENZA, OR Epizoorio Ca-
TARRH—PNevMONTA, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS, INCLUDING TYPHOID
Arrsctions, PLeuriy, AND Dropsy or THE CHEst.

,

IMPORTANCE OF VENTILATING STABLEs, IN VIEW OF
PREVENTING DISEASE OF THE LUNGs.

T was the intention of the Creator that all animals, so long aa
they were permitted tu exeruise their natural instincts, and
thus comply with the requirements of physiology—the science of
life—should enjoy health and long life. Hence a great amount
of disease and death results from the evils of domestication.

One of the conditions which physiology imposes, in order that
1 horse shall enjoy health, is, that the atmosphere, at all times,
ind under all circumstances, shall be uncontaminated, so that the
blood shall be decarbonized and purified of the defiling elements
acquired in the course cf circulation.

Let the reader understand that the lungs are something like a
sponge, elastic, composed of 2 myriad of cells. In the former,
however, these cells have a vast internal surface, communicating
with each other up to their common origin, the bronchial tubes
and windpipe. On their internal surface we find a delicate yet
high], important membrane permeable to atmosphere, In extent.
it is supposed to occupy a square surface equal to that of the ex-
ternal body. In contact with this membrane comes the atmos-
phere. 1f pure—zephyr-like—it fans into healthful blaze the

flame of life, upheaving from the living Vesuvius arid lava, in
(RA,
DISRASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND CRGANS. 87

the form of carbonic acid gas, almost as destructive to animality
as that issuing from its great prototype proves to vegetation.

The stable atmosphere being pure, and the lungs in working
order, the blood is well arterialized, capable of supplying the
waste of the animal machine and renovating its tissues. On the
other hand, should the atmosphere be impure, it fails to vitalize
the bluod. The latter is unfit for the purpose of nutrition, and
may be considered a non-supporter of vitality. Hence the need
of pure air, the breath of life.

But are horses always furnished with pure air? Let the own-
ers of unventilated, crowded, filthy, down-cellar and low-roofed
stables answer. Let those who have stables in the region of
swamp, sewer, and stagnant poo!s of water answer. In such lo-
cations disease and death run riot, and the noble companion of
man, instead of being within the ramparts of the science of life,
is on the margin of deatl’s domain. He may exist for severa.
days without food and water, yet the consequent result is nothing
when compared to that occasioned by breathing an atmosphere
highly charged with emanations arising from his own body ex-
erements and decomposing bedding.

A horse is said to consume in the lungs, in the course of twen-
four hours, ninety-seven ounces of carbon, furnished by venons
hlood. In order to perform this feat, he requires 190 cubic feet
of oxygen. Now, suppose there are ten horses occupying the sta-
ble. They require, in the same time, 1,900 cubic feet of oxygen,
and consume 970 ounces of carbon. They are supposed, also, te
give out from the lungs a volume of carbonic acid gas equal te
that of the oxygen inspired; and supposing the atmosphere to
be saturated with only five per centum of the former, it is a non-
supporter of life. Hence, a horse shut up in an unventilated
stable must, sooner or later, become the subject of disease. The
evil may be postponed, but the day of reckoning is sure and <er-
tain.

Diseases, such as horse-ail, influenza, catarrh, strangles, and
glanders, often originate and prevail to an alarming extent in
the unventilated stable and pest spot; while in other locations,
favorable to the free and full play of vital operations, the favored
ones scerm to enjoy a remarkable immunity from the prevailing
disease, or epizodtic.

Stablemen and husbandmen are often led to remark, that whee
88 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND S JRGERY.

they keep but few animals, disease and death, except in cases of
accident or old age, are quite rare, but so soon as tuey crowided
the same, sickness and death were the consequerves, In view of
supporting this theory, we may be permitted +c remark that ship
and jail fevers may be manufactured ad lWWiivm, at any time when
a large number of persons are congregate] together in a given
space, no provision having been made fur the admission of pure
air. The unfortunate prisoners in tee Black Hole of Calcutta
are an example, and the mortality sceurring on board ovr emi-
grant ships furnishes another illus! cation.

A number of horses were once sbipped from England ‘« Spain,
and on the passage, a violent gale arising, it became recessary tc
batten down the hatchway. The consequence was that most of
them ultimately died of either glanders or farey. We contend,
therefore, that the active or morbid germ of disease enters the
living citadel through the pulmonary tissue in an insidious mar-
ner, and, therefore, much oftener than the generality of men
would be likely to realize. Therefore, it is a matter of vital im-
portance that attention be paid to the ventilation of our stables.
If proper sanitary regulations were established, and fully carried
vut in all our stables, glanders and other infectious diseases would
be exceedingly rare. They are so among horses free from the
eontrol of man, whose stalls are broad as from ocean to ocear,
their height ranging from earth to regions above, the space pet -
vaded by a pure atmosphere concocted by the Great Chemist, pure
as the pearly drops and refreshing as the morning zephyr. Is
such locations death has no terrors nor disease any victims.

Brier EXPosiTioNn OF THE FUNCTION OF THE LuNas.

The principal function of the lungs is to arterialize or decar
bonize the blood; that is, purify it. This arterialization of the
blood, which goes the rounds of the circulation, is more essential
to life than either food or water ; for men and animals can exist
for several days, perhaps for two weeks, without food, yet the
same can not live over a few seconds unless supplied with a suffi-
ciencv of atmoasnheric air, Hence. in a popular sense, pure air is
the “ treath of life.”

The functional acts of respiration are necessarily divided inte
two parts: and in cattle the number of respirations are about
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. $9

‘twelve per minute, varying, however, according to the tempera-
ment of the animal and the condition he may be in at the time
of making the observation; while in horses the respirations are
more frequent, varying in health, and when at rest, from fourteen
to twenty-five; yet, under excitement and disease, they sometin:es
number over one hundred.

 

THE CONTENTS OF THE THORAX.

g@upLaKation.—Fig. 1, Trache ; 2, Bifurcation of the carotid artery; 8, Internal carotid artery
4 4, Anterior lobes of the lungs; 5 5 Posterior lobes of the langs; 6, The heart; 7, Ooronw
actery; 8 Cartilages of the false ribs; 9, The diaphragm.

When an animal is located in a pure atmosphere, and th-
lungs are in good working condition, all the impurities containe |
in venous blood are brought into the presence of oxygen throug!
the lining membrane of the air-cells, and thus a change in th
color and character of the blood is immediately effected. In thi
first place, the venous blood, as it appeared before having beet
submitted to the action of the atmosphere, was of a dark purpl:
90 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

color By union with the oxygen of the atmosphere, ‘t has
changed its color to one of scarlet. Next, the union of oxygen
with the carbon of the blood liberates carbonic acid gas and vapor.
The blood is now fit for circulation and for the renovation of the
tissues. It appears, therefore, that as carbon exists in the venous
blood, the lungs must be the pulmonary furnaces. The air-cells
are flues or safety-valves, the membrane of the cells being per-
meable to oxygen, yet suffers not the blood to escape. Pulmonary
combustion, therefore, bears some analogy to the combustion of
carbon or charcoal in a stove; for, in that case, the oxygen causca
the generation or evolution of carbonic acid gas.

Brier DESCRIPTION OF THE ANATOMY OF THE LuNas.

The lungs, in common parlance, are known as the lights. They
vccupy the thoracic cavity, or chest. They are divided into right
and left lobes, with a septum or partition between, which makes
a double organ. This partition is a duplicature of the pleura, or
membrane which completely lines the chest. When the lungs
are healthy and properly inflated, they occupy the whole cavity of
the chest; but when an action of expiration is effected, they are iu
a comparative state of collapge, occupying but a very small portion
of the thoracic cavity. The lungs are composed of arteries, veins,
absorbents, bronchial tubes, air-cells, and also what is known as
their parenchyma, or substance. A healthy lung, when thrown
into water, will float ou the surface; while, on the other hand, a
diseased lung, in a state of hepatization or condensation, sinks like
astone. In the fetal state, and when the lungs have never been
inflated, they also sink when thrown into water.

Spasm oF THE MUSCLES OF THE GLOTTIS AND EPIGLOTTIS.

The aperture leading into the larynx and windpipe is termed
the glottis. Spasm of the muscles of the glottis is one or the most
terrible accidents that can possibly occur in either man or horse
I view it in the light of an accident, because it usually occury
without warning or any uther premonitory symptoms, selecting its
victims in the very prime of life, and carrying them off, usually,
in the course of a very few seconds. The terms cramp and spasm
meau the same thing. When a man, while bathing in the river
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 91

or sea, is suddenly seized with cramp, it is nothing more nor less
than spasm of the flexor muscles of his limbs. Sometimes, how
ever, the extensor muscles are affected. In either case, unless
assistance be at hand, the person is apt to find a watery grave.
Cramp or spasm of the intestines is the same form of affection,
only it is confined to the muscular fibers of the intestines; and
whenever it occurs in the limbs or intestines, it is always accom-
panied by excruciating pain and torment.

Treatment.—As regards spasm of the muscles of the glottis, it is
very apt to prove fatal, either in consequence of lack of knowledge
of the proper mode of treatment, or in failing to apply the remedy
which the urgency of the case demands. I allude to the operation
of tracheotomy, which consists ef making an incision into the
windpipe and inserting a tube into the same. A tube may not
always be at hand, but this must not deter us from operating; for,
by some means or other, air must be admitted, even if it be neces-
sary to dissect out a piece of the trachea, which I always do in the
case of a horse, whether I have a tube by me or not. Very little
pain attends the cperation, and that only occurs when cutting
through the skin; for the windpipe, being composed of cartilage,
is comparatively insensible. It may be policy, when the subject
is not in immediate peril of his life, to resort to some counter-
irritant and antispasmodic liniment (equal parts of spirits of
camphor and tincture of lobelia); but when the danger is immi-
nent, and the finger of Death is plainly on the patient, we only
waste precious moments in the use of outward applications.

The following case, reported by J. B. Dozgson, V.S., may pos-
sibly prove both interesting and instructive to some of our readers:

“At night a messenger came, saying the horse was very ill.
Upvn entering the stable, the animal presented the followiag
symptoms: He was stretched out his full length in the stable,
apparently in the agonies of suffocation ; and such was the difficulty
attending respiration that he positively screamed, in performing
the act, so as to be heard at some considerable distance. I had
not been with him many seconds, however, before he was slightly
relieved, and in about ten minutes the spasm passed off, leaving
him, witu the exception, of course, of great exhaustion, otherwise
as well as ever. Viewing the case as one of spasm of the musclea
of the glottis, [ applied stimulants, and crdered constant fomen-
tations to the larynx, and left -im with directions tn be closely
92 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

watched, in case the spasm might return. In the middle of 6
night I was again called, in haste; and this time the breathing
seemed, if possible, worse than before, and it was evident that, if
no relief were afforded, the animal must soon be suffocated. I
accordingly, with some difficulty, owing to his struggles, per-
formed tracheotomy. ‘The relief was instantaneous, and he waa
soon on his legs, and anxious to feed. From this time the trach-
eotomy tube was kept in his throat for a week, when, considering
that the glottis might have resumed its normal functions, f placed
a cork in the orifice of the tube and sent him to work, as an
experiment, ordering the cork to be removed if any symptom
of suffocation should come on. We, however, found that the
slightest effort at exertion brought on a fit of bad breathing, and
it became evident that he would not work without the tube.
The horse was accordingly sent to his regular work with the tube
.in his trachea, and, for three or four months, he did his accus-
tomed labor with it in. At the end of that time, however, by
an accident, the tube fell out, when he was some miles from
home, and the horse coming home tolerably well without it, the
horse-keeper neglected to inform me of it for a day or two, and
when I saw my patient, the aperture in the muscles of the neck
had closed. As the horse now seemed to work well without the
tracheotomy tube, it was not reinserted, and from that time to
this (more than two years) he had not another attack.”

Should a case of this kind occur, and the consulted party have
no tube at hand, he must pass a ligature through each side of
the orifice, including a portion of skin and muscles. Each liga-
ture is then to be passed over opposite sides of the neck, and tied
at the upper part, just tight enough to keep the lips of the
wound apart. In this way air is admitted into the windpipe,
and thus the animal is out of danger.

LarynNaiTis (SUPPURATIVE AND INFLAMMATORY).

Laryngitis signifies inflammation of the lining membrane of
the larynx. On applying the ear to the region of the throat, the
locality of the affection is very evident, from the fact that no such
embarrassed sound can be elicited in the lower part of the wind-
pipe. Hence it must be inferred that the disease is located ia
the upper, or superior, passage of respiration
VISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS.

 

TRACHEOTOMY TUBE INRERTED IN TE® WINDPIPR.

The inflammatory condition exists during a limited period,
varying from one to five days. Then commences the suppura-
tive stage, which is accompanied by a copious discharge, from
both nostrils, of a secretion somewhat resembling pus, or matter.

Causes.—As regards the special cause of this affection very lit-
tle is known. It may be supposed, however, to originate in a
common cold, or catarrh; yet it is well known that horses are
sometimes attacked with it that are not exposed to the ordinary
influences which induce a catarrhal affection. Therefore we may
infer that such disease will occasionally occur, either spontane-
ously or accidentally, as the case may be, in spite of our best
efforts to prevent it. As the old saying is, “ Nature is ever busy
in maintaining the integrity of the vital forces of the animal
economy. Any deviation from the prescribed laws which physi-
ology imposes is a sure and certain cause of disease.”

I now propose to introduce a case which, at the time of its oo-
surrence, attracted much attention and curicaity, both on account
44 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

of the great value of the animal, and the desperate state of the
case at the time it fell into my hands. It will also serve to in-
dorse the old aphorism that “ where there is life there is hope.”

Record of the Case.-—The patient was a Patchen colt, aged four
years, a very handsome and promising animal. He was pur-
chased by Mr. McPuHeErson, of this city, for the sum of two
thousand dollars, and, at the time of his sickness, was considered
worth three thousand, But disease neither respects man nor
horse. Each have, once in awhile, to suffer and groan, swallow
drugs and get well, or die, as the case may be. And as regards
the horse, the more costly shall he be, the more likely is he to
get sick, from the fact that valuable horses are almost always
overfed and petted, and receive too much care and attention. On
arriving at the stable where the animal was located, I found hiro
in a dangerous condition. He appeared to be gasping for breath.
A loud stertorous noise, which could be heard at some distance,
indicated the nature of the difficulty as depending on obstrue-
tion within the larynx. The pulse at the angle of the jaw was
very indistinct. Both pupils of the eyes were dilated, or in «.
state of amaurosis. The extremities and external surface of the
body were deathly cold. The tongue and visible mucous surfaces
were livid, indicating speedy death. Once in awhile the animal
would be seized with a convulsive or spasmodic fit of coughing,
which, every time, seemed to threaten his life. In those fits of
coughing he jassed from the nostrils a sort of cheesy matier,
which appearid to be mixed up with a diphtherial exudation—
yellow secretin and froth. Under the above circumstances, any
attempt to a\lminister medicine was deemed unsafe. I there-
fore decided to perform the operation known as tracheotomy,
whicn was dr ue, in the following manner: Having secured the
services of » couple of assistants, the horse was led to a conven-
ient spot iv the center of the stable. An incision was then made
through ‘he skin, to expose the trachea, about midway between
the jaws and breast-bone. The trachea was now punctured by
means 4f a pointed scalpel, and a probe-pointed bistoury was used
to dissect out a piece of the windpipe, corresponding to the size of
the tracheotomy tube. This tube, after being inserted into the
wirJpipe, was secured in place by means of elastic tape, which was
passed around the neck and tied. On the introduction of tne
vibe the alarming symptoms immediately subsided. and the aet
DISEASES UF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 9

of breathing was performed through the tube. I then applied a
counter-jrritant to the throat, composed of cod-liver oil and spirits
of camphar, equal parts; ordered a warm bran mash, into which
was sprinkled one ounce of powdered chlorate of potass.

For several days a very copious discharge from both nostrils
occurred ; also from the orifice made in the windpipe; so that the
tracheotomy tube had to be removed and cleansed several times,
both during the day and night. Four days after the operation,
at aight, the tube accidentally slipped out of the windpipe, and
the mishap was not discovered until morning, when I found that
air from the lungs had escaped into the cellular tissue, and in-
flated it so that the soft parts in the region of the neck and head
appeared much swollen. I gave the patient, twice daily, one
ounce of hyposulphite of soda, and had the swollen parts well -
rubbed with liniment. On the fifth day I removed the tube from
the windpipe, and allowed the animal to breathe through the arti-
ficial opening, he stil] being unable to respire through the nostrils.
At the expiration of fifteen days from the commencement of the
animal’s sickness, the wound in the windpipe was closed, natural
respiration having been restored. During the treatment of the
patient, he was allowed, occasionally, flaxseed tea, with about one
ounce of chlorate of potass per day. He had good attention, or,
rather, good nursing, and finally was again restored to usefulness.

In the early stage of laryngitis, or, rather, the inflammatory
stage, cold water bandages should be applied to the throat, and
a few doses of fluid extract of gelseminum, at the rate of one

fluid drachm per dose.

Croup (CyNANCHE TRACHEALIS).

Croup (cynanche trachealis), or, as it is sometimes termed,
tracheitis, manifests itself in the form of a violent and sudder
disease affecting the mucous membrane of that portion of the
air-passages which lies between the laryngeal cartilages and the
primar; passages of the trachea, or windpipe. Conb1& contends
that, in the majority of cases, the inflammation in croup com-
rnences in the mucous membrane of the larynx, and from thence
extends into the trachea, The disease is, therefore, strictly speak-
ing, a izryngeo-tracheitis. In many instances, however, we have
reason ‘. beliave that the inflammation commences in the brenebi,
06 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURUERY,

and from thence extends to the trachea; but there are, we suspect,
very few cases indeed, if any, ia which the disease is confined ta
the trachea. In cases of croup that have terminated rapidly in
death, the inflammation and pseudo-membranous exudation which
form so striking a feature in this disease are found only in the
larynx and upper portion of the trachea. When death occurs at
a later period, the exudation is often present in the trachea along,
or in the trachea and bronchi. It is never found to exist in the
latter tubes alone. It has been attempted to be shown, by JURIN
and others, that in the ordinary form of croup the disease is, in its
first stages at least, simply a tracheitis, and that in the more vio-
lent and rapid form (suffocating croup) the inflammation is con-
fined tothe larynx. Although this is not strictly true, as is proved
by the result of numerous dissections, yet our observations have
shown us that in cases marked by symptoms of great violence,
which are sudden in their onset and rapid in their progress, the
indications of inflammation are to a much greater extent, and the
pseudo-membranous exudation more copious about the larynx, glot
tis, and upper portion of the trachea, than in cases in which the
disease succeeds to bronchitis, runs a more protracted course, and
is attended by symptoms of less violence.

The disease generally makes its appearance during the latter
part of winter and in early spring, and most frequently occurs
among horses just introduced to city life. The subjects such as
the author has had occasion to treat were young, most of them of
the lymphatic temperament, having short, thick necks, which
abounded in a profuse development of adipose and cellular tissues,
which results in a rotund bodily conformation. This, perhaps,
goes to show that some hereditary idiosyncrasy plays a part in the
creation of the disease.

Causes.—The indirect causes of the disorder are embraced among
the evils of domestication, which include errors in diet, impure
air, and bad management. It usually dates its origin from what
are generally considered as the causes of common cold. Several
days previous to the attack, the animal appears “ dumpish,” drowsy,
and inactive, having little desire for artificial food, and less for
water. The eyes appear somewhat tumefied, and the respirations
are laborious, having a pecuuar, croupy sound, accompanied by a
distressing cough. Tlie respirations can be heard at a distance (as
the disease progresses), and on making pressure in the region of
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 97

the larynx, the animal evinces signs of uneasiness, suffocation, and
pain. Soon the mucous, schneiderian, and conjunctivial mem-
branes become reddened, the eyes protrude, the tongue tumefies,
and external tumefaction in the region of the throat may be ob
served, Febrile symptoms are also present, manifested by cold-
aess of the exterior and increased temperature of the interior
parts. The nose appears dry, and the mouth is full of frothy saliva
{sometin.es lymphy mucus), and some difficulty is encountered in
opening the latter.

History of the Disease.—The following case, from the author's
aote-book, will probably prove interesting to the reader: The
patient, a roan mare, aged seven. Temperament, lymphatic.
Just arrived, in company with several other horses, from Ohio.
The property of Mr. Banford, Merrimac stable, Boston. Our
patient had been “ailing” some three or four days before our
services were secured, at which time she was laboring vader
“alarming symptoms” bordering on suffocation. The pulse was
indistinct, small, thready, and difficult to aumber, yet prunbly
exceeded sixty. The breathing was croupy, or stertorous, and
could be heard at a distance of several yards. The nostziis were
dilated, and from them issued a lymphy discharge, mixed w ith traces
of blood. The submaxillary space was somewhat tumef ed, nard,
unyielding, and seemed to constrict the larynx and its associate
muscles. The eyes were prominent, their membrane «ongested,
and streaks of tears escaped over the inner canthus. ‘The flanks
were bedewed with a cold, clammy perspiration. The tips of the
ears were quite cold, and the limbs the same. Auscultation, 14
the region of the larynx, revealed a very laborious and crepitating
mucous raie. The trachea itself seemed to be free froma obstruc-
gon. Thoracic auscultation elicited nothing tending * -how that
the lungs were involved.

The patient appeared to be in a deplorable, in fact dying, con-
ation, making a sort of gasping effort to inflate the lungs. There
was little time to spare; and being satisfied that the larynx
was the seat of obstruction, we immediately cut down upon the
trachea, about five inches below the thyroid cartilage, and ampu-
tated, from between two rings of the trachea, a piece, of an oval
shape, corresponding in size to the caliber of Arnold’s tracheotomy
tube, which was the instrument used on this occasion. So soon
as the opening into the trachea was effected, the patient experi-
fd DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

enced instantaneous relief from suffocation, and all danger from
the saine seemed to have immediately passed away. The tube
was now introduced and secured around the neck in the usual
manuer, after which the patient received an aloetic enema, and
hac a strong counter-irritant applied to the submaxillary apace
and throat, after which the fauces were swabbed with a weak
solution of alum, by means of sponge secured to a piece of whale
bone. On examining the “swab,” a sort of lymphy or albumin
ous concretion adhered to it; the mucous membrane of the laryna
was either injected or edematous. The pharynx was uot involved,
as the animal, shortly after the operation, drank two quarts of
water, containing two drachms of nitrate potassa.

The tube remained within the trachea for a period of five days,
during which time very little occurred worth recording, except
that one night pneumatosis (distension of the cellular membrane
with air) appeared, which yielded to a dose of hyposulphite of
soda and an outward application of liquor ammonia acetatis; and,
also, on the fifth day, a submaxillary tumor was punctured, which
discharged freely. At the end of the above period, it was ascer-
tained, by holding a lighted lamp to the nostrils, at the same time
stepping up the orifice in the instrument, that the animal breathed
through the usual channel. Then the instrument was removed,
the parts cleansed, and secured together by suture. The wounds
healed by the usual process, and, at the end of three weeks, the
animal was disposed of, and went to work.

The operation of tracheotomy, formidable as it may appear to
some, is unattended with danger; yet, like every other process of
surgery or medicine, is only calculated to relieve certain states
peculiarly adapted to the remedy. For example, the operation is
admissible in cases of nasal obstruction, from the preserce of nasal
polypus or other causes; spasm of the larynx, threatening suffo-
cation; suppurative laryngitis, when the animal is in great dis-
tress for “breath ;” and in case of any foreign body occupying the
larynz, which precludes the possibility of continuing the process
of respiration. On the other hand, the operation is worse than
useless in cases of lung difficulty, bronchial obstruction, or when
obstruction occurs within the trachea posterior to the sua] point
velected fcr the operation.
DISEASES OF RESPIRALTURY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 89

Cove IN rts CHRONIC AND ACUTE STAGE.

A:scording to veterinary jurisprudence, a cough, so long as it
sasts, renders the animal unsound; hence it is very important that
we should know something about its cause, nature, and treat-
ment. (uronic cough is often the result of indiscretion in the
treatment of influenza, distemper, and disease of the respiratory
apparatus. It usually depends on a morbid and irritable condition
of the membrane found on the interior of the respiratory passages.
The cough is generally aggravated by over-exertion, especially
when the roads are dusty. Food of an inferior quality, and that
of a musty character, has the same effect.

It is generally supposed, by those persons who have not had the
venefit of a medical education, that the presence of acute or chronic
cough indicates diseased lungs, or disease in some parts of the
organs of respiration. But this is not always the case; for, when-
ever the liver becomes diseased, the subject is very apt to be tor-
mented with a harrassing cough, which lasts as long as that orgar
shall be the seat of disease. However, there are several symptoms
to be observed in cases of functional or organic disease of the liver
which are not present in lung disease; hence there is no difficulty
ia the way of making a correct diagnosis. And for the benefit
of the non-professional, the author would inform them that, in all
vases of liver disease, a marked yellow tinge will be observed on
the visible surfaces within the mouth; the tongue slightly coated ;
the dung unusually dark colored, and voided in hardened lumps,
wid the urine also of a dark yellow color.

Treatment of Chronic Cough.—Give the patient daily one ounce
ef the fluid extract of Indian hemp (foreign), and offer him occa-
tionally some tlaxseed tea; or sprinkle in his food, every night, a
kandful of unground flaxseed. Should this fail to effect a cure,
prepare the following:

No. 13 Fluid extract of bloadroot.....-.s.e0 4 of.
Klaid extract of pleurisy-root... ...... 6 oz.
Coramon SYTUP..seseccersesccevcenes % pint
Mix.

Dose, twu ounces per day.

The acute cough may be treated in the same munner as above,
Ly sabstituting for tue syrup half a pint of syrup of squills.

Tn the case of liver disease, accompanied by cough, give the
100 DADD'S VELERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

animal one dunce of fluid extract of mandrake every six nours,
antil it operates on the bowels, or the nembranes of the mouth
lose their yellow tinge.

ROARING,

Roaring 1s usually the result of -tructural alterations within
the larynx, or upper part of the windpipe bordering on the
trachea. In mild cases of roaring, we usually find a thickened
state of the membrane lining the upper portion of the respiratory
passage; and when roaring is occasioned by thickening of this
membrane, its degree depends on the ratio of decrease in the cali-
ber of the tube breathed through. Roaring is a very aristocratic
disease. Many of the very best and fastest horses in England
were, and are now, notorious roarers. “ Flying Childers,” as fant
a horse as ever wore horseshoes, was one of the worst roarers ev¢a
known. ‘The story runs that when “Childers ” was at full speed,
his roaring resembled juvenile thunder! He could be heard when
cistant half a mile!

The worst form of this disease is whistling. This is the sharp
shrill note not only occasioned by the thickening of the lining
membrane of the primary passages of respiration, but by altera-
tions in the fourm and structure of the larynx, the larynx beiny,
in popular language, known as the “ voice-box.”

Roaring is more prevalent among stallions than mares and
geldings, and the kind of horse most subject to it is the one hav-
ing a thick, chunky neck, and having the angles of the jaws in
very close proximity with the neck. Roaring scarcely, if ever,
admits of a radical cure; and when of a hereditary or congenital
origin, a cure is impossible. A roarer should never be incum-
bered with a check-rein; for it has the effect of causing undue
pressure on the larynx, and thus augments the difficulty. Roaring
can, however, be relieved by an operation known as tracheotomy,
which is performed at a point a few inches below the larynx.

At a meeting of the Imperial and Central Society of Veteri-
aa> Medicine, M. LEBLANC read a ommunication on tracheot-
omy which was performed on a carriage horse. The operation
had been performed because the horse was a severe roarer ; and he
wore the tube eighteen years and a half, doing fast work all the
time. The animal was destroyed at twenty-three years of age
the owner not desiring to make further use of him nor to sel
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 10)

him. Since the operation, LEBLANC had not observed any
change in the horse, except a depression of the bones of the face.
After death, the larynx was found very narrow, the mucous mem-
brane and submucous cellular tissues were thickened, the epiglot-
tis deformed, very obtuse, and everted at its free margin. The
vnanges in the larynx were the original cause of roaring. The
depression of the bones of the face was connected with constric-
tion of the nasal chambers, and was evidently secondary to the
change in the course of the air in the process of respiration. The
parte of the trachea in contact with the tube had undergone a
transformation into very hard tissue. It filled the trachea above
the point where the tube had been introduced, and intermixed
witl this firm fibrous deposit was a cartilaginous and osseous tissue,
which offered great resistance to the scalpel. Roaring, thick wind,
whistling, etc., are often the sequel of strangles, influenza, laryn-
gitis, and other attectious of the respiratory passages, and henve
hive an accidental origin. In such cases, we may entertain a hope
of doing some good by means of medicinal agents and counter-
irritation.

Treatment.-—The medicines which have proved most successful
in my practice are as follows:

No. 14. Jodide of potass..... sees sie nies enateees 4 oz.
Fluid extract of atillingia. soeies oe sels 12 oz.
Water .....0. jcsleieye Ss eiesie eG MEE e 4 oz.
Mix.

Give the patient two ounces daily, by means of a small vial;
and rub the region of the throat every night with a portion of
the following:

No. 15. Cod-liver oil.....0.2ee.seee0e:
Spirits of camphor.......-..0. } equal parte,

PoLYPUS WITHIN THE NosTRILS.

Polypus is tle name given to an excrescence, or tumor, which
as its origin from the surface of the membrane lining the nasat
cavities. It is designated as growing from a mucous membrane,
having a narrow neck and body, resembling, in shape, a pear.
The usual symptoms attending the presence of polypus in the nasal
cavities are as follows: Difficulty of breathing, evidently occasioned
by obstruction in the air-passages.
{02 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

PERCIVALL informs us that the true polypac us a
tached to mucous membranes, and is usually fcund ix
the nasal cavities. He tells us that attending the diffi
culty of breathing is a mucous discharge from one o
both nostrils, sometimes attended by a discharge of
blood. Occasionally, however, pure blood runs con-
tinuously from the nose. Inspection in a full light dis-

 

POLYPUS . s +
wimmy te closes, higher or lower in the nostril, the rounded base

NOSTRIL

of a pelypus.

Treatment.—The services of a veterinary surgeon are, as 4
matter of course, here needed. The patient must be cast and the
head fixed in a position so as to take advantage of the light. The
operator then passes into the nostril and around the tumor an in-
strament called an ecraiseur, which will remove the tumor without
loss of blood. If the instrument is not at hand, the surgeon will
pass a ligature around the base of the tumor, and in the course of
a couple of days it will be detached. PERcIvALL recommenda
‘hat, in bringing down the tumor fcr operation, we must not use
any great force. The pedicle being but a duplicature of the skin,
aod not a portion of the polypus itself, may be divided anywhere.
In some cases, the polypus is so high up within the nostril that,
‘n order to get at its base, it becomes necessary to make an incis-
ion through the wall of the nostril.

CHABERT, in his “ Veterinary Instructions,” relates the follow-
ing: “A horse in a cavalry regiment had been gradually losing
flesh, and was quickly and painfully blown at every little exer-
tion. Fetid matter began to run from his off nostril, and the
gland correspondent enlarged. The horse was supposed by the
sergeant-farrier to be glandered, (there being no veterinary sur-
geons then in the French service,) and was treated accordingly.
After a time, to the confusion and astonishment of the man, a
fleshy substance began to appear in the nostril, and which rapidly
increased in size. At length a great mass protruded, and the far.
rier cvt it off. No benefit followed; the nostril was still stopped,
the breathing laborious, and the horse daily became thinner and
weaker. After the .apse of a twelvemonth, the case attracted
the attention of M. Tears, the surgeon of the regiment. He cast
the horse and slit »p the nostril, when he not only found it com-
pletely filled with polypus, and the septum narium bulging inte
the other divicion of the cavity, but, from long-continued inflam.
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES ANv ORGANS. 108

mation and pressure, it adhered to the membrane of the nose in go
many points, and so extensively, that it was impossible to get
round it or move it. He contrived, at length, to pass a crucial
bandage around it, and it was torn out by main force. Four con:
siderable portions of the turbinated bones were brouglit away wit).
it. The hemorrhage was excessive. He however filled the nos-
tril completely with tow, and brought the divided edges of the
false nostril together by sutures, In three days they were all
torn out by the incessant attempts of the animal to get rid of the
obstruction; but the horse eventually did well. The polypus
weighed two pounds seven ounces,”

GoHIER relates a case of a horse who had in his left nostril a
polypus as large as a turkey’s egg, of a grayish color and glossy
surface, too high up to be reached with the finger, which prevented
his breathing on that side, and geve rise to offensive effluvium, tc
enlargement of the lymphatic giands, but not to roaring. Go-
HIER slit up the nostril, and, with an irou rod with a notch upon
its end, contrived to inclose its neck in the slip-knot of a liga-
ture. In drawing this tight, however—which was, of necessity
done in an oblique direction—the pedicle was cut through. Little
hemorrhage succeeded, although the tumor weighed twenty-four
ounces. ‘The slit nostril was sewn up, and cold water injected into
its cavity. A copious discharge from both nostrils followed, with
swelling of the lymphatic glands. This was met by proper treat-
ment, and in fifteen days the patient was sent ont of the hospital

BRONCHOCELE (GOITRE, OR Bie NECK).

Bronchocele, or enlargement of the thyroid glands, is a disease
which very frequently makes its appearance among certain breeds
of horses and sheep, and is supposed to owe its origin to heredi-
tary preitispositions and influences. It is also very prevalent
among meryabers of the human family. It seems to acquire a
home in certain localities in Derbyshire, England, where it is
said to be a very common disorder; but its occurrence in other
parts of that country is by no means frequent. Among the in-
habitants of the Alps, and other mountainc us countries bordering
thereon, it is a disease very often met with.

The uncastrated animals seem to suffer most. After they get
104 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

to be about eight years of age, the tumors acquire such magni
tude that they press on the vocal organs, so as to decrease the
caliber of the larynx, and thus the animal becomes a “ roarer.~
Judging from what we know of the disease in the human suoject,
the glands, while undergoing enlargement, do not occasion much
pain. The danger arises from mechanical causes, and the death
of the subject, if it occur, is due to asphyxia, or suffocation.
Among horses there are very few fatal cases on record. The
reverse is the case as regards sheep. When these glands are
much enlarged, and the animal is near or past the adult age, it
is very unsafe to attempt their removal by means of the knife;
for at this stage they are highly vascular, and the arteries which
ran into them are much enlarged. ‘The operation has been suc-

 

eHOWIBG THE TCWOR OF BRONCHOOELE IN THE REGION OF THR THROAT.

vewfally performed on lambs, but it must be done when they are
quite young, and the artery must be secured before the gland is
extirpated, or the animal will bleed to death in a few seconds. It
is well known among the members of the profession that the dis-
ease is incurable; and the same remarks apply to all hereditary
diseases, yet the growth of the glands may be retarded by means
of local and constitutional treatment.

The thyroid glands are two ovoid bodies, varying in size from
a filbert to an egg, located in the region of the thyroid cartilage
(throat), one on each side of the trachea (windpipe). Their at-
tachments are cellular. When cut into, they exhibit a porus tex-
ture, highly vascular, well supplied with blood-vessels. Very
little is known of their physiology. They are called vascular
VISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 104

glands without ducts or outlets, and thus they correspond with
the spleen, thymus gland, and supra-renal capsules, all of which,
wher in active operation, are largely supplied with blood. Aa
regards the function of each, they may be supposed to «cj arate
eertain materials from the blood, and only differ from ordinary
glands in not having a direct outlet. Consequently, not knowing
the precise part which the thyroid glands play in the animal
economy, it would be very unwise to remove them, when their
enlargement, in some cases, amounts to little else than an “ eye-
sore.” Their enlargement i3 generally the consequence, and not
the cause, of disease. Men, horses, dogs, and cattle of the scrof-
ulous diathesis, are known to have what may be termed chronic
enlargement.of these glands, and this peculiarity would seem to
indicate that the thyroid glands are somewhat associated with the
lymphatic system. Then, again, we find these glands enlarged
in cases of throat and lung difficulties—in catarrh, influenza, dis-
temper, etc.—so that their extirpation would not remove the
original difficulty. In such cases they decrease in size as soon
a: the original malady ceases. The enlargement is not then of
a permanent character.

Treatment.—Should the enlargement appear to exist independ-
ect of febrile symptoms, twenty-five grains of the iodide of
potassium may be given daily, in water (which the patient will
not refuse to drink), and a small portion of the ointment of
iodide of potassium may be rubbed on the enlargement, with
decided advantage:

No. 16. Iodide of potassium...... ee 1 part.
Lard. ...,. Se iniere ire ane SER eae las 8 parts.
Mix.

On the Action of Iodine.—Iodine and its compounds are the
principal agents used by veterinary surgeons for the treatment of
glandular affections, and they supersede, to a certain extent, the
preparations of quicksilver, in the form of mercury, which are
apt to be absorbed into the system, and thus produce mischief.

Morrov, in his “ Manual of Pharmacy,” thus alludes to iodine:
“The action of iodine and its compounds is markedly seen on
glandular structure, and newly-formed and abnormal growths.
For the latter they seem to manifest a decided preference, which
renders them so valuable as therapeutic agents. Their influence
is that of a stimulant to the absorbents; and by means of these
106 DAVI)S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

veasels, when those agents have been long and injudiciously gi en,
it 's recorded that the mammz of women and the testes of men
have almost disappeared. A case illustrative of the effects of
iodine on the glandular system was related by Mr. Wardle, whe
employs this agent largely, and with considerable success. He
had been for some weeks exhibiting the :odide of potassium, and
also applying it externally toa bull for an enlarged parotid gland.
The reduction of the swelling having been accomplished, his at-
:ention was directed to the testicles of his patient, which had be-
cowe sv much diminished in size; and it was also found that the
animal had no desire to copulate. Four months generous feed,
however, effectually restored the parts to their pristine state.

In chronic enlargements of the submaxillary, parotid, mam-
riary, and other glands; in tumors of long standing; for thick-
ening of the integuments, and indurated swellings about the joints,
in all our domestic animals, and for unhealthy ulcerated surfaces,
the use of iodine and its compounds is indicated, combining both
their internal and external employment. The latter should he
accompanied with friction; and so soon as soreness is induced, the
application of the compound must be suspended. A desquama-
tion, or scaling off of the cuticle, or skin, usually follows this, and
a reduction of the swelling will soon after be perceptible. Unfor-
tunately, it is too often the case that, if the expectations of the
practitioner are not at once realized, the agent is discarded as use-
‘ess Now, the compounds of iodine rank a nong those substances
whose operation is slow, but which, at the same time, constitute
iz important class, as incir effects are permanert.”

INFLUENZA, OR EPIzooTic CavARRH.

Influenza is a disease of a catarrhal character, always accompa-
nied by great weakness or debility. It is apt t. migrate from one
tissue to another, and thus produce various complications. In sta-
bles that are badly ventilated, or over-crowded with horses, the
malady is apt to make sad havoc, and assume a malignancy ending
in typhoid or typhus fever.

In some cases the heart or Jungs become congested, and thus
thei: function is embarrassed. The blood accumulates carbon, the
heart fails to propel, and the lungs to vitalize the blood. This
state demands stim tants ofa character that shall excite vital action.
1 ISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS 107

and tvnd to effect chemical changes in the blood. The most valu-
able agent, in this view, is carbonate of ammonia. In veterinary
practive this agent is considered as one of the most valuable diffu-
sible stimulants. It acts first on the nerves of the stomach, and
through them excites the whole nervous system. It may be given
in doses from one to three drachms, either in the form of bolus or
drench. Its stimulating influence over the heart and nervous sys-
em may be increased by the addition of one or more drachms of
good Jamaica ginger. This treatment may be continued until
congestiou subsides, which may be known by the fullness of pulse
and heat of the external surface of the body, and by other symp-
toms which usually attend fever in its inflammatory stage.

The exciting or stimulating plan of treatment must never be
entirely abandoned. To husband the powers of the system, and
thus guard against subsequent prostration, must be our chief object.
Although the case may require a sedative to-day, in the form of
two or three drachms of fluid extract of gelseminum, yet, in the
course of a very few hours, the prostration becomes so apparent that
we are again compelled to exhibit life-sustaining agents. Excit-
ants, or counter-excitants, are also, at times, needed externally.
Tf the patient has a deep-seated cough, strong liniment, composed
of oil of hartshorn (and sometimes oil of camphor), must be applied.
Often I anoint the parts with a thick paste, composed of mustard
and vinegar. The membranes of the fauces (throat) are exces-
sively sore; then the same course has to be pursued. At the same
time, a mucilaginous drink, composed of flaxseed sweetened with
honey, must be allowed. The nervous system must also be aroused
by the application of the above liniment to the spinal colump
At another stage of the malady, diaphoresis (increased perspiration)
must be excited by clothing the body with flannel, and drenching
with a preparation known as solution of acetate of ammonia, te
the amount of six or eight ounces per day, until the skin feels soft
and warm. In case edema (local dropsy) of the body or extremi
ties sets in, the patient then requires diuretics. One or two ounces
of sweet spirits of niter, or two ounces fluid extract of buchu, may
be given in linseed tea, until the kidneys respond, and the secretion
of urine becomes augmented. The bowels are sometimes inactive,
dut that inactivity may be corrected by adding to a bran-mash
from for to six drachms of fluid extract of mandrake. Ovca-
viop9’’ re patient becomes uneasy, paws with his fore-feet, and
108 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGENF.

evinces signs of abdominal pain. In that event, hc should have
two or three drachms of fluid extract of Indian hemp. These
latter symptoms indicate danger, showiug that the bowels are
congested, und: the result may be mortification of the zame,

The following case, occurring in the author’s practice, goes ts
show that influenza may sometimes be followed by an acute diseasu
of the brain, pleurisy, ete. The patient was a bay gelding, ageu
about eight years. The groom informed me that the disease wa:
ushered in by a shivering fit. Soon a discharge from both nos
trils ensued. The throat became sore; cough and laborious
respiration followed, and the animal became so weak that it was
almost impossible to back him out of the stall. He ate but little,
and in the act of drinking, the water returned through his nos-
trils. The treatment was commenced in the usual manner, by
administering tonics and stimulants, which seemed to have a good
effect on him. He also received enemas of soap-suds, yet, net-
withstanding, symptoms of pleurisy supervened. He appeared to
suffer much pain, and was very unwilling to have the region of
the chest explored. The least pressure on the region of the inter-
costal spaces would cause him to grunt or groan with pain. The
pulse was active and wiry, and the visible surfaces were much
reddened. I administered a full dose of powdered niter, and
twenty drops of aconite; and fearing effusion into the chest, I
plastered the walls of the same with hot vinegar and mustard.
The latter made the patient very uneasy, and he cut up all kinds
of capers. In the course of a few hours I repeated the dose, and
left the patient for the night. Next morning I again visited him,
and was informed that he had made several attempts to get up in
the manger. I noticed that his head was elevated, and the eyes
fiery red. He acted wildly and showed decided symptoms of
phrenzy. On attempting to administer a sedative, the animal
went into convulsions, and I was compelled to make my escape
from the stall as quick as possible. He soon got his fcre-feet over
the tops of an adjoining stall, five feet in height, remained there
for a short time, when he scrambled over and fell like a log right
into the next stall. I never expected to see him rise again; but
after a few minutes, with some assistance, he got up. I gave him
twenty drops of aconite. During this day the frantic animal
went over a stall twice in succession, and fell very heavily each
time on his back, yet did not appear to have suffered any myury
VISEASES ““F RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 109

Most of the time he appeared frantic, yet unconscious; and just
before going into a convulsive fit, he would stamp with his fore-
feet, continuously toss up his head, his neck being the seat of
spasmodic twistings. Next day the symptoms had not altered
much, and, during my examination, he pulled back, broke a por-
sion of his manger to which he was tied, and fell head over heels
am the floor. During the forenoon he became more calm, and lay
iz the floor, yet would occasionally jerk his head backward, and
have slight convulsions. I continued the prostrating plan of
treatment, only exhibiting smalier doses, and soon the patient began
to improve. ‘The raembranes of the eyes, mouth, and nostrils as-
sumed a more natural appearance; then the plan of treatment was
altered, and the patient received tonics and stimulants, which soon
resulted in convalescence.

Among all the cases that have come under my care and observa-
tion, I have neither found it advisable nor necessary to practice
the antiphlogistic treatment, in so far as it relates to bleeding and
purging ; and I can not conceive a case, so depressing as influenza
is known to be, that would require any such heroic treatment.
The safety of our patient depends on the judicious application of
remedies such as are here named, and, therefore, I would warn the
farmer against the use of fleam and cathartic in the treatment of
influenza. Yet, after all, the best treatment may fail in restoring
a patient. We require aid in the furm of pure air, suitable diet,
and good nursing. Failing in the latter important adjuncts, our
treatment avails but little.

Influenza is a disease accompanied by a discharge from the res-
piratory, conjunctival, and schneiderian membranes; and the
organs of respiration themselves are more or less involved, as
shown by cough and soreness of the throat, lassitude, fever, thirst,
and loss of appetite. Now, if the term influenza means any thing,
it signifies epidemic catarrh, and the cases alluded to were not of
-his character, but quite diverse, indicating a low congestive state
Still, the majority of cases that we have seen do appear to be noth:
ing more nor less than influenza; but if the above diseascs appear
simultaneous with the latter, there is danger of persons making:
great mistakes ip the treatment, for it is very apt to ran inte
typhoid fever.
110 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

TypHus or TYPHOID AFFECTIONS.

Toe veterinary surgeons of England have hithes » maintaia.d
a remarkable silence on the subject of typhoid affect.ons occurring
among horses; and so late as the year 1550, Mr. PERCIVALL in-
forms the world, through the pages of the ° Veterinarian,” that in
London very little is known about such aicsease. In view, there-
fore, of lighting up the dark spots that exist in our department on
this side of the water, we furnish a translution from the French, by
Mr. Percivauu. The article is a selectiou from a prize memoir
written by a distinguished surgeon. It is preceded, as the readec
will perceive, by a review from the pen of the translator, who
says:

“Tn the ‘Collection of Memoirs and Observations on (French)
Military Veterinarian Hygiene and Medicine,’ which we have se
lately been engaged in examining, are contained two prize
memoirs—one on Farcy, the other on TyPHoID AFFECTIONS
in hcrses.* On the latter of these we would make a few remarks,
if it were only for the reason of showing what is meant to be un-
derstood by sucl: imposing titles. Typhus una typhoid are words
but rarely heard in our own country in connection with veterinary,
or at least with hippiatric, medicine. Our old writers on farriery
described fevers in horses as very destructive in their character
requiring antiphlogistic treatment:

‘“<Typhus Fever.—A disease touching which we (the author) are
in possession of but few observations, and one that has been, and
still is, in our opinion, mistaken for and confounded with either
enteritis cr gastro-enteritis—in cases, for example, in which its
consequences are of little importance—though, perhaps, with pu-
trid fever, when, on the other hand, malignant and exhibiting
extraordinary violence, its progress is rapid and its termination
fatal. In its most benignant form, typhus fever, indeed, bears sc
great a resemblance to pure inflammation of the primary intestinal
passages, that it is often difficult, very difficult, even to distinguish
them. As for the cause which occasions it to be confounded with
putrid fever, it is no matter of astonishment to us, since, in our
opinion, one fever possesses, in many respects, so great an analegy

 

*The reader will find an article on Typhus Fever, but in an enzodtic form, in
‘Tee Veterinarian,” vol. xxii, p. 462.
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 111

with the other; while typhus itself, through causes which remain
latent up to the present hour, is, like the gastro-enteritis of 1526,
cangerous, fatal, aud epizoitic. In general, typhus fever begins
without any warning, though there are times in which its ap-
proach is marked by dullness and weakness, and a manifestation
of being easily fatigued, sweating through little exertion, etc.,
with lose of appetite.

Of the first stage, the most remarkable symptoms are either a
yellow redness of the pituitary membrane, or a dryness or a dis-
charge of viscous matter, which adheres in thick incrustations
around the ale of the nostrils, with, occasionally, an appearance
of drops of blood. The nostrils are more or less dilated, the res-
piration more or less frequent, according to the sharpness of the
abdominal pains, or the existence of a lamentable complication of
thoracic with abdominal disease. The ear applied to the wind-
pipe or to the walls of the thorax, almost always detects a well-
marked mucous rale; also there is cough, with full, strong, and
frequent pulse.

In the second stage, the mouth becomes dry, and sometimes dis-
plays aphthe or cracks of some depth. The tongue is red about
its point and along its sides, but its middle and base are of a deep
yellow tint. The breath is tainted. When abdominal symptoms
are present, which is not always the case, they are sufficiently
well marked. The dung is either very hard, or it is, more com-
monly, liquid; sometimes it is bloody, and issues a fetid odor, the
debility frequently being such at this period as to canse constant
opening of the anus. The pituitary membrane is dry, and covered
with bloody points. The conjunctival membrane is reddened and
infiltrated, and, like the pituitary, presents petechial patches.
The pulse has not its force and fullness, etc. Some veterinarians
have remarked, at this period, upon the insides of the thighs those
little vesicles to which the name of sudamina has been given.
Uring scanty, possessing a remarkable fetor, and voided occasion-
ally with great pain; great dejection, and occasional stuper, and,
ordinarily, at this period it is that the ataxic or adynamic symp-
toms eet in.

[n the third stage, the parotids tumefy and ulcerate. Any setons
or roweis that may have been intreduced, or blisters, become so
many causes of mortification of the parts in which they have beer
ippliel. And now the mouth becomes quite dried up; the tongue
112 DADD’S VETER_NARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

acquire: a horny feel, and turns brown; the gums and teeth are
covered with a dingy slime. Bleeding from the nose, which mostly
appears during the inflammatory stage, now returns. The pulse
becomes irregular and more feeble; edema, sometimes consider-
able, of the extremities; great debility. The temperature of the
body sinks. The neck, belly, flanks, axilla, and groins become
covered with cold and clammy sweats; the tympanitis increases,
the evacuations being bloody and fetid to a remarkable degree.
The animal, continually in pain, exhibits symptoms of colic, often
seeking to lie down; but if he does, he soon rises again. Respi-
ration greatly accelerated ; nostrils widely dilated ; pulsations of
the heart tumultuous. At length, beginning to stagger, he falls,
either to die an easy death or to expire amid agonizing convulsions.
When, however, recovery in place of death follow>, such symp-
toms as we have last detailed do not occur, or with only modified
force and character. When blood has been drawn for experiment,
under such circumstances, at a time when adynamic and biliary
symptoms prevailed, it has been found to contain but little hema-
tosine, but, on the contrary, a large proportion of serum, of a light
greenish hue. ‘The disease may last from four, seven, or eight ta
thirty days. Relapse is extremely likely, even uvder every pros-
pect of convalescence, unless great care be taken. The diagnosis
at the commencement is difficult, even impossible, when the char-
acteristic symptoms are but scantily and imperfectly developed.

The affections whose symptoms most resemble those of the dis-
ease before us are plegmasia of the intestinal tube, and particular
of the brain. Should sudamina be detected, they are, as in human
medicine, to be regarded as definitely characteristic of typhoid
fever. Prognosis, for the most part, unfavorable; and the more
so accordiug as the nervous accompaniments are more numerous,
more violent, and more early in showing themselves; the stupor
great, the strength failing more, the pulse faltering, the diarrhea
greater, more bloody, fetid, <tc.

Our etiology is all at fault. In truth, we know not the deter-
mining cause of typhus. ‘The post-mortem states are by no means
agreed upon by those who have reported them. Most agree that
the digestive canal exhibits the most constant and marked symp-
toms of disorder. ‘The mouth presents marks of inflammation,
and, on occasions, aphthe or ulcerations, though commonly too su-
perficial to destroy the living membrane. The pharynx sometimes
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND OaGANS 113

the same as the mouth; at others, nothing. The stomach is fre-
quently the seat of inflammation of a marked character. The
intestines also reddened, to more or less extent. The cavity of
the peritoncum, containing a citron-colored fluid, reddened, per-
haps, the omentum being at times almost entirely destroyed. A
liquid matter—a sort of bloody corruption of more or less consist-
ence—is often found within the cavities of the small guts; and in
those of the large, the cecum and colon in particular, are some-
times to be remarked red and black spots, or ecchymoses, buds of
smaller or larger size (glandes de Bruner) indistinctly planted over
the mucous surface.

Malignant or Putrid Typhus—(Typhus Charbonneauar.)—These
malignant and putrid affections, either constitutional, or, in some
instances, but local in their origin, ever of a highly acute nature
and of unequaled rapidity of progress, since not unfrequently they
cause death in a few hours, are of more consequence for us to be-
come acquainted with, as they are not only susceptible of being
communicated from one animal to another, but even from animal
to man, in whom, losing none of their malignity, they are likewixe
most commonly mortal. Frequently sporadic, sometimes epizodtic,
but most commonly enzodtic, these diseases at times assume so re-
doubtable a form that nothing can arrest their progress. Invading
farms or other extensive localities, they produce therein terrific
ravages; for, being susceptible under various forms, almost equally
fatal one with another, of prostrating a vast number of animals of
the same or different species, these affections determine, under vary-
ing circumstances, losses which, on occasions, desolate and com-
pletely ruin the country where they have broken out.

Such are the two especial forms of typhus fever which have
been observed among horse-kind—one of which would seem to
occur at times in practice without being sufficiently heeded or re-
cognized by veterinary surgeons in this country, while the other
may be said to comprehend those malignant epidemics by which
our cattle, if not our horses, have, of late years, been too fearfully
visited.’ ”

In the treatment of typhoid affections, we endeavor to give tene
to the system by furnishing nutritious diet, tonic, and stimulating
medicines. Ginger and golden seal, with a small portion of hy-
posulphite of soda, are the best remedies.
114 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

 

PLAN OF A VAPOR BATH USED IN THE TREATMENT OF LUNG AFFECTIONS.

EXPLANATION.—a, represents a boiler originally erected for the purpose of supplying the infirmarg
with hot water; ¢, is the mzin pipe issuing from the top of the boiler receiving the steam, aud
conducting it, when not required for other purposes, into either a flue or the open air at b; e
and / are branch pipes from the main one (e), / being that which conducts the steam into a
worm (kh), winding through a condensing trough (g); e. the branch pipe which conducts the
steam (prevented by stup-cock from going in tle other direction: iuto the bath, the place of
admission (x) being on one side, close to the floor ata point intermediate between the horse's
fore and hind feet while standing in the bath with his head outside’ a ig the bath, being a
horse-box, such as fs used for embarking horses on board of ship. with the addition of a lining
of flannel, a roofiug of hoops and tilting, and curtains over the doors, front and tack to pre
vent the escapecf steam. The box, being placed upon wheels serves, besiles being used as a
bath, for the transport of sick or lame horses; and, having doors at both ends, anda muveable
platform fe ¢ the horse to walk in upon, is, in general, entered without any great d: al of unwill
ingness.

  

PaEUMONLA (INFLAMMATION OF THE Luxas).

Infi:uumation of the lungs, known to veterinarians as pneu-
monia, is not apt to be so prevalent among horned creatures as
amoug horses, except, however milch cows, when they are located
in nlthy, unventilated milking establishments. In such places
diseases of the lungs are often fearfully prevalent, raging as an
epizovtic, as it did a few years ago in the swill-milk establish-
ments of New York. It makes sad bavoc when prevalent among
a large herd that may be confined in a barn or stable of con-
tracted proportions. All domestic animals require plenty of
room, as well as light and pure air; for it is now pretty ciearly
demonstrated that the pleuro-pneumonia, which appeared in
Massachusetts, in 1860, on the premises of Mr. Chenery, arose
there spontaneously. His barn, or rather the basement, where
the cattle lived, was a room fifty feet square and only eight
feet in height. The walls on the north, and 4 portion of the
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 116

east and west sides, were composed of brick, and the remuaindet
of boards, with joints battened. On the south, east, and west
sides were glass windows; on the north side a door opened into
the vegetable cellar, and on the roof there was a sky-light. A
stairway led to the hay-loft above, another to the manure cellar
below, both elosed by doors. The manure cellar was eight feet
deep, and extended under the whole room. In the winter and
sprinz of 1859 were confined forty head of cattle, arranged on
three sides, with their heads toward the center; and within that
center was another square, containing animals, so arranged that
almost all were brought face to face. The manure cellar, about
this time, contained from fifty to one hundred cords of manure,
with from ten to twenty hogsinit. “This,” says Mr. CHENERY,
“was my condition in the beginning of the year 1860. I had
buried nearly half of my herd. JI had experimentally acquired
a knowledge of the fact that, in order to keep animals alive and
in health, it was absolutely necessary that they should be supplied
with pure air as well as with good food and pure water.”

So far as the direct or indirect causes of pneumonia are con-
cerned, we may safely infer that crowding and a bad system of
ventilation includes them all. Yet, among horses, this disease
often originates as the consequence of laborious work and feats
af speed, which produces rapid and sometimes distressing respira-
tions; but among cattle, whose powers of speed and endurance
are not often put to the test, and whose natural respirations are
slower, we infer that impure air, and perhaps exposure, too, are
more operative than action or ill-usage.

The stimulating and morbid action of an impure atmosphere
may produce a disease of this character by its irrituting effects on
the highly vascular membrane which lines the bronchi and air-
cells. But then we all know that impure air fails to decarbonize
the blood ; hence it is rendered unfit to enter the system. It has
been noticed, however, by the drovers of the East, that when cat-
tle have been driven a long distance without food, and in tem-
pestuous weather, they are apt to become the subjects of diseased
lungs. Fortunately for the poor brute, pneumonia is not so pain-
ful as bronchitis, pleurisy, or laryngitis; and having passed through
the acute stage, which is usually brief, it assumes a mild or sub-
acute form, and ends in altered structure of the lungs, known as
induration (hardening) or hepatization (liver-like), or it may end
116 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

in pleurisy, and ultimately dropsy of the chest. I should j uge
(nat cattle, when the subjects of pneumonia, suffer less tzan hr rses,
from the fact that the former will lie down during the progress of
the disease, and the horse is scarcely, if ever, known to do so until
shortly before he dies. In the horse, this malady occasionally
takes a metastatic turn; that is, the disease is translated to the feet
or brain, producing an affection of a very formidable and acute
character. Among cattle, however, such translation is very rare.

Forms of Pneumonia.—Pneumonia is divided into several stages
and forms, but as such refer more to its degree or intensity, I shall
only inform the reader that pneumonia may exist either as a con-
dition uf congestion or of inflammation. Congestion signifies a
distended or plethoric state of the blood-vessels of the substanve
of the lungs, and slow motion of the blood; and it sometimes
sets in as suddenly as that form which is termed inflammatory ;
among cattle the former form is more prevalent. In the conges-
tive stage the symptoms are those of embarrassment—the blocd
courses through its vessels sluggishly, and there is not that activily
of the heart and lungs which is noticed in inflammatory pnet-
monia.

Symptoms of Inflammation of the Lungs.—There are many symye
toms attending lung disease which are common to various other
forms or affections. These must be inferred; for, by detailing
them, I might only confound the non-medical reader, and render
the diagnosis difficult, and, perhaps, impossible. The symptoms,
in the early stages, are such as are usually observed at the com-
mencement of febrile diseases, viz.: coldness of the extremities,
and slight shivering fits; loss of appetite; labored respiration:
pulse variable, and the mouth hot and clammy ; the animal heaves
at the flanks, is rather unwilling to move, and the fore-legs are
widely separated, while the head is held in a drooping position
As the disease progresses, these symptoms vary more or less, and
the appearance of the membranes of the mouth, nose, and eyea
may vary from the color of bright scarlet to that of a leaden hue,
In congestive pneumonia, the pulse is more voluminous, yet less
active, than in health, or in acute disease. A cough, slight or
active, as the case may be, is usually noticed ; it is a sort of deep-
seated, half-suppressed one, and sometimes it is the first symptom
which calls the owner’s attention to the ailing animal.

Treatment.—It is important, at the commencement of the treaz-
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. I17

ment, that the patient shall be placed in a comfortable shed or
barn, where pure air abounds; for, under such circumstances,
the cowperation of Nature in the cure of the malady is secured.
Should the disease be of an acute character, it will be accom-
panied by quick or labored respiration, and a strong, wiry pulse.
In that event, I should give two drachms of the tincture of gel-
seminum. The brisket and sides of the chest are to be rubbed
occasionally with mustard and vinegar. This acts as a counter-
irritant, and diverts the blood from the lungs to the surface. It
wa: customary, in former years, to bleed and purge almost all
animals when attacked with acute pneumonia; but as the mor-
tality was then very great, and less under a more rational sys-
tem, we are led to believe that bad treatment was the cause of
our want of success. Two or three doses of gelseminum, given
at intervals of six or eight hours, will, together with the elapsed
time, have a tendency to modify the affection. Then active medi-
cation is to be suspended, and we immediately give life-sustaining
agents, which consist of pure air, water, proper food, tonics, and
stimulants. The best tonics and stimulants that I know of
are powdered golden seal and ginger, equal parts. Dose, half
an ounce night and moruing, as a drench; or two ounces, night
and morning, of the fluid extract of resin weed may be substituted.
The animal should have one ounce of powdered chlorate of potass
every twelve hours, until it is evident that convalescence is ap-
proacning, or has actually set in, when it may be discontinued.
The best way to administer the chlorate of potass, is to dissolve it
in a few quarts of linseed tea, or an infusion of slippery «lm,
which should be kept in a bucket before the animal until he has
partaken of the whole of it. The chlorate of potass is also indi-
cated as a valuable agent in the treatment of all lung affections,
including pleuro-pneumonia and pleurisy ; its use is to be discon-
tinued, however, when the urinary secretion becomes much aug-
mented, or it may overwork the kidneys. Chlorate of potass acts
tg a sedative to the nervous system and to the circulation, and is a
ttirzulant to the digestive organs and kidneys. For all cases of
‘ongestive pneumonia, or when the surface of the body is cold, as
‘well as the lims and ears, warm stimulants are indicated—ginger
und goiden seal; and, if possible, the body and limbs should be
clothed, for the purpose of maintaining the natural heat of the skin,
and of producing an equilibrium of the circulation; for woep au
‘118 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

equilibrium in the circulation of the blood is secured, then con
gestion ceases to exist.

I woald caution my readers not to place too much reliance in
art and medicine for the cure of disease. The physician does
much good when he practices rationally—constitutes himself the
servant of Nature, does her bidding, and does the system no harm
in the use of poisons and meddlesome medication, In tue treat-
ment of many forms of curable disease it is often 1 question cf
time; they will “have their run.” Hence, what we most need
is patience, great faith in Nature, and a moderate degree of faith
in drugs. The great trouble is, our instruction derived from text-
books and veterinary institutions of learning tends to develop
heroic notions of medicine and its powers, and to depress those
more potent remedies, the vitalizing and reanimating forces of
Nature. A case of heroism of this kind, as an example, I must
now relate, in order to illustrate my position:

Mr. S——, of Chicago, bought of Mr. P: a fine, promising
young gelding, aged about eight years. The purchaser had used
him during a period of five weeks with perfect satisfaction. Sud-
denly the newly-purchased animal became sick, and the servicea
of a noted blacksmith were secured. The man of“ tongs and ham-
mer,” realizing that the patient was the subject of the prevailing
influenza, gave the patient “fits,” in the form of the administra-
tion of a physic ball. He then abstracted two gallons of blood.
The horse grew no better very rast. In consequence, he got more
medicine. Purgation set in, which continued for twenty-four
hours, when the horse died. The lives of many valuable animals
are thus sacrificed. Finally, those men generally become the most
distinguished who socnest emancipate themselves from the theorv
of the heroic schools cf medicine.

The plan of treatment here recommended may appear to some
of our readers as very simple. That is just what we claim for it.
Tt 1s the simplicity or the practice which makes it really valuable,
because such a system harmonizes with the law of Nature, and doea
not oppose her forces, which are always operating rhysiologically
for the restoration of the sick and infirm; and it is our business,
as rational physicians, to aid Nature in all possible ways. This
ie the kind of knowledge that we require—how to aid Nature, or
give her the reyuired assistance; and, in view of obtaining that
information. we must read the great book of Nature, as its leaves

 
MUBEASES CF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 113

a.¢ unrolded to us in the various departments of her great domain,
We must altogether abandon a blind faith in doses of. poisonous
medicincs and bleedings; otherwise, all our efforts are as but »
withering simoom. For example, over seventy thousand head of
eattle have lately perished of what has been called the “ rinder.
pest,” in and around the great city of London, which is claimed
to be the model seat of veterinary learning for all British sub-
jects It is probable that the heroic practice there taught has
something to do with this tremendous mortality; for we learn
that a more simple plan of treatment has been inaugurated by
another class of physicians, whose medicines are almost inert, anc
they have been more successful than the advocates of setons, blis
ters, sedatives, and narcotics, not forgetting their “sheet-anchor,”
calomel—as Napoleon observed, in derision, when on the islanc
of St. Helens, “ Bleeding and calomel for ever!” Simple, sana-
tive medicines act potently, yet silently, after the fashion of
Nature’s workings; so that we should never attempt to force her
to adopt ovr system of cure for that of her own.

PLEURISY.

Pleurisy signifies inflammation of the pleura. This membrane
lines the internal surface of the chest, and furnishes a covering
to the organs within the chest. It also serves to divide the
chest into two cavities, which are known as the right and left.
This membrane is similar in its texture and function to that
which lines the cavity of the abdomen. Both are serous mem-
branes, secreting, on their inner s” face, a lubricating fluid, which
guards against friction. This membrane is the seat of pleurisy,
and pleurisy consists of inflammation of it.

Causes.—It may be presumed that the ordinary causes which
produce affections of the lungs are operative in the production
of this malady, viz.: exposure. by which the surface of the body
becomes chilled; injuries in the thoracic region; over-work ; an
impure atmosphere; a plethoric state of the system; in short,
any cause which is likely to produce an inflammatory affection
in other parts of the body. I have known horses become the
subjects of this malady hat have been confined to the stable
for weeks. Such cases are clearly traceable to plethora, want of
exercise, and iipure air. It is possible that some animals inherit
120 DALi & VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

8 predisposition to pleurisy. It has been noticed that animals of
the sanguine temperament are more prone to the malady than
others of different temperaments. Hence, the only way to prevent
pleurisy is to try and keep up a good standard of health in horses,
by affording them a chance to have regular exercise, pure air in
the stable, and a fair allowance of good wholesome food. Pleurisy
in the horse is very apt to end in hydro-thorax, or dropsy of the
chest; and the case that I am now about to offer will illustrate
this, as well as the symptoms and treatment.

Case of Plewrisy and Dropsy of the Chest—A few mouths ago J
was requested to visit a gray gelding, the property of a Mr. Waldo.
The animal had been out of health for a week or more, suffering
from a slight attack of influenza, but was improving—so thought
the person who was in medical attendance; but the owner thought
otherwise, and decided to secure my services.

Symptoms.—On examination, the following symptoms were
found present: Pulse, wiry; respirations, quick, laborious, and
accompanied with a slight grunt, indicating pain within the chest.
When pressure, ever so slight, was made on the sides of the chest,
it elicited very decided symptoms of pain. The animal would
occasionally turn its head toward the sides, as if to inform us of
the seat of his sufferings. Dropsical swellings were observed un-
der the chest and belly, and the hind legs were also dropsical, and
the vascular surfaces of the mouth and nose were tinged slightly
yellow; the feces were scanty, and the urine was high-colored ;
the appetite was much impaired, but the patient was very thirsty.
On the strength of the condition of the animal, and the presenta-
tion of the above symptoms, and percussion revealing water in the
chest, I informed my employer that the case was one of pleurisy
and dropsy of the chest. It is probable that water had been accu-
roulating in the chest for several days, and that the pleura was
involved at the commencement of the malady.

Treatment.—Dropsy of the chest is a very formidable disease to
treat, and there are but few cases of cure on record; yet, I think
if such cases came early into the !.ands of educated surgeons, and
they use life-sustaining agents in view of husbanding the powers
of the vital forces, more cures will hereafter be recorded. ‘The
treatment of this case was as follows: I rubbed the s‘des of the
chest occasionally with a portion of camphor dissolved in olive oil,
and gave, morning and evening, during a period of seventeen dava
OMSTASLS OF RESPUADIKY FASSAGES AND ORGANS. 121

thirty zeains 9° ‘olde of potass ia twe sunees of fluid extract of
resin-weed root: an ocasional cose of go!den seal was given as a
tonic. The iodide of potass acted on the system as a glandular
stimulant, and thus increased the power of the ubsorbents and ex-
crement't*ous vessels, to rid the chest of its fuid contents, while
the resin-root acted as a diuretic, thereby carrying off some of the
fluid by way of the kidneys. During the period of the sickness
of this animal, the resonance of the chest gradua'lv became clear,
su that at the end of three weeks not more than a coaple of pints
of serum remained in the chest. The animal rapidly coavalesced.

During the treatment of such a case as the above, I usually feed
the animal liberally on oats and sweet hay ; and, in order to obvi-
ate constipation, I order an occasional bran-mash. The animal,
however, may not, at the commencement, have much relish for
food, but after a few doses of the medicine here recommended have
been given, the appetite will soon be restored. It will be noticed,
during the progress of this malady, that the animal does not lie
down, but stands with the fore-legs widely apart, although, at the
very commencement of acute pleurisy, the subject will often get
down, in view of mitigating the lancinating pain from which he
suffers, in consequence of the distension of the vessels of the pleura.
Pleurisy sometimes sets in as an accompaniment of influenza,
which almost always ends in dropsy of the chest ; and as a case ot
this kind is a good one to place on record, I here introduce one
from my note-book :

Pleurisy ending in Dropsy and Death.—The horse, the subject
of the above-named maladies, was the property of a milkman of
Chicago. The animal had been previously treated for the prevail-
ing influenza, accompanied by pleurisy, and had about recovered
so as to take daily exercise; but finally the owner discovered that
the horse was suddenly taken with a relapse. Feeling alarmed,
he procured one pint of linseed oil, with which he drenched the
animal. Still, the horse rapidly grew worse. At this period, my
services were sought. On auscultating and percussing the chest,
I found that the right cavity was occupied by a large quantity of
water. Dropsical swellings were found in various parts of the
body, viz.: the sheath, limbs, and region of the pectoral muscles,
On applying the ear to the trachea, the respiration was of a mucoua
character, and tubular, showing that the lungs were much diseased.
The examination revealed the fact that about one-half the left lung
122 DADD S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

was involved in disease. The animal had no appetite, yet waa
thirsty ; and when urged to move, would utter a gruut, indicative
of pain. It was evident that the relapse was, or might be, con-
sidered a case of pleurisy, ending in effusion into the chest. The
worst feature of the case was that the animal purged violently
(liquid stools), having a very strong odor of linseed oil; it covered
a large space on the floor, and ran down his bind extremities
This seemed to me to render the case hopeless; for super-purgation
of itself will often cause the death of an otherwise well animal.
But this poor creature was laboring under a malady frota which
few ever recover. However, I thought that while “there is lize
there is hope,” and I commenced the treatment by performing
the operation of tapping for dropsy of the chest. 1 drew off
three and a half gallons of fluid, of a light straw colur, from the
right cavity of the chest. On auscultating the chest, both sides
appeared resonant, showing that the waters must have occupied
both cavities; hence, the mediastinum (the membrane which di-
vides the thorax into two equal cavities) must have been ruptured.
thus permitting an influx and reflux of the fluid. Next, counter-
irritants were applied to both sides of the chest. The patient was
properly clothed, tonics and astringents were given, and the case
was left in the care of an attendant for the night. Next day |
found the patient was respiring very comfortably. The tapping
of the chest seemed to have done much good, yet the purging still
continued; so I ordered scalded milk and charcoal, and adminis-
tered tonics and stimulants, as before. But it was very evident
that the animal must die of super-purgation, and next morning I
received word that death had taken place. It was unfortunate.
under the circumstances, that the owner should have given linseed
oil; for it ‘s a very powerful irritant and cathartic, and produces
much irritation and inflammation on tne surface of the interior
of the stomach and intestines, as well as uncontrollable purga-
tion. It is a remedy which is very quickly absorbed, and finds its
way into the blood in a very few minutes, as the following case
will show: I once gave a horse a dose of linseed oil for the pur.
pose of experiment. (He happened to be in good health, or I
should probably have lost him.) Ten minutes after administer-
ing the dose, I applied a linen handkerchief to the highly organ-
ized membrane lining the eyelid, and both the odor and color of
the oil could easily be detected. On exposing the handkerchief
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORWANS, 123

to a moderate degree of heat, for the purpose of evaporation, a
grease spot remained on the same; hence it is an agent that should
never be used in pleurisy, nor in any disease occurring in the o--
gans of respiration. Dropsical diseases, supervening on influenza,
are never benefited by cathartics, for they always lead to debility
and prostration. Influenza is a disease of very prostrating char-
acter; hence the proper plan of treatment is to sustain the vital
power, by nourishing diet, tonics, and stimulants—ginger and
golden seal. While commenting, however, on the linseed oil
‘reatment, I do not wish to censure the owner of the animal; fez
I should be throwing stones into glass houses, having myself, in
furmer years, used and recommended this kind of oil for various
diseases ; but, after many mishaps, I am satisfied that it is unsafe
in the treatment of equine affections.

PERICARDITIS (INFLAMMATION OF PERICARDIUM),
(SOMETIMES CALLED “ HEART DISEASE.’’)

The pericurdium is a membranous sac, which surrounds and
incloses the heart. It is composed of two layers, united by cel-
lular tissue. The external layer is dense and fibrous, and is
attached, by ligaments, to the sternum, or breast-bone and dia-
phragm, and above to the roots of the large blood-vessels. The
internal layer exhibits internally a smooth surface, like the lining
membrane of the cavity of the chest. From this surface is secreted
a serous fluid, which lubricates the heart, and protects it from the
friction which would otherwise occur. The pericardium is a wall
of defense for the heart, and keeps it in its proper position,

Pericarditis signifies inflammation of the inner membrane of
the pericardium. It is a disease which is almost unknown to the
ordinary practitioner in this country, and entirely unknown to
the husbandman ; yet it is a disease that carries off a large number
of horses and cattle, and often the parties concerned in the treat-
ment and ownership of the animals do not even suspect the trus
nature of the malady. After the inflammatory action of the per-
icardium has reigned for several days, unsuspected and un-
checked, an inordinate effusion from the serous lining takes place.
We then have dropsy of the “heart-bag.” Water accumulates
around the heart, which interferes with its action so as to put a
vtop to circulation, and this results in the death of the animal.
Pay carditis often accornpanies, or is the sequel of, pleurisy and
124 DADD'S VEL ERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

otler diseases of the serous membranes; yet, fortunately for the
patient as well as the practitioner, it does not require any specia)
treatment other than that laid down for pleurisy and disease of
other serous membranes.

Causes.—The causes of pericarditis are the same as those which
are said to be operative in the production of pleurisy and disease
in the serous membrane, viz.: sudden impressions of cold upon
the external surface of the body; injuries; overtasking the pow-
ers of the animal by laborious and rapid work. Sometimes
foreign bodies, such as pins and needles, have been found within
the pericardium, which must have been taken into the stomach
with the food, and have worked their way so as to penetrate the
pericardium and heart. Such cases almost always prove fatal.

Symptoms.—The general symptoms of the disease are anxiety,
shivering, coldness of the skin and mouth, loss of appetite; the
jugular veins are congested, and they pulsate like an artery ; there
is a sort of tinkling or metallic sound, when the ear is applied to
the chest and lower part of the neck. In the latter stages the
respiratory murmur becomes very indistinct, and there is a sort
of double expiration, and the ribs become contorted, the same ar
in dropsy of the chest.

Treatment.—The heat of the external surface of the body must
be restored, and kept uniform by means of leggings and body
clothing. Both sides of the chest are to be briskly rubbed, two or
three times daily, with hot vinegar and strong mustard. One
drachm of iodide of potass, dissolved in five ounces of warm water,
should be given every four hours; but, should the case be seen,
and the true nature of the malady discovered in its early stages,
omit the iodide of potass, and substitute two fluid drachms of tinc-
ture of gelseminum. Two or three doses, at intervals of four hours,
will suffice; then resort to the iodide of patass, or substitute for
the same four drachms of chlorate of potass. So soon as the animal
appears to improve, discontinue the above-named medicine, and
give tonics. Four drachms of fluid extract of golden seal, twice
daily, wi suffice.

A fatal case of pure pericarditis is related by Mr. Woonasr,
V.S8., in the London “ Veterinarian.” The autopsy revealed a
healthy state of the lungs and pleura; yet the pericardium con-
tained about three quarts of serum, highly colored. The walls of
the pericardium were considerably thickened, and studded with
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 128

merous bands of lymph, on the inner surface, of a bright yellow
color. Several small patches of inflammation were likewise ob-
served on the ventricles of the heart, near the valves of this
organ. The heart itself was also larger than usual, and much
softened.

HEAVES.

A disease prevails among horses, more particularly in the
Eastern States, known as heaves. The affected animal heaves at
the flanks, or, rather, performs what is known as abdominal respi-
ration, by bringing into play, at the moment of expiration, the
abdominal muscles, for the purpose of aiding the lungs and dia-
phragm in the function of expiration and respiration. The
disease somewhat resembles asthma, it being of a spasmodic
character, and after continuing for some time, will suddenly
disappear. The disease may be defined as being great diffi-
culty in breathing ; continuous ; aggravated, by dust on the road,
musty hay, improper provender, impure air, and sudden atmos-
pheric changes. On applying the ear in the region of bronchi,
or to the upper sides of the chest, a wheezing sound of respira-
tion is heard. These symptoms, together with the heaving motion .
at the flanks, constitutes heaves. When the disease is merely
functional—that is to say, brought on by feeding musty hay and
musty clover—a cure is affected by feeding prairie hay, which
contains the well-known silphyum, ‘‘ resin weed.’’ The husband-
men who reside in the vicinity of where the resin weed grows
are well acquainted with the properties of this plant, and they
declare that it is a specific for the treatment of asthma or heaves.
T have used the article in the form of fluid extract, prepared from
the root, and I find it to be a very valuable remedy. The dose
of the fluid extract is two ounces, morning and evening. There
are some cases, however, which are incurable, owing to organic
disease of the bronchi, or rupture of air-cells in the lungs. Such
cases are known by the unnatural respiration when the horse is
drawing a heavy load or traveling up hill. His breathing is then
very distressing, and he not only brings into play the abdominal
muscles, but also the muscles of the chest (intercostals). Such
cases, although considered incurable, may be palliated by the daily
use of fluid extract of resin weed. Provided prairie hay can not
be obtained as food, the ordinary hay used should be sprinkled
126 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

with salted water, in the proportion of a handful of salt to one
bucket of water. Sprinkling the hay with weak lime-water has
also a good effect. Sliced carrots, parsnips, or potatoes, fed ovca-
sionally, are also beneficial. But, of all our remedies, none equals
a run at grass on prairie lands,

 

MAIN ARTERIES ON THE INSIDE OF ONE OF THE FORE-LEGS, P30M
SHOULDER TO KNEE,

 

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

1, Humeral thoracic, 7. Brachial.

2 Axillary. 8. Branches of the triceps.
8. Interne. thoracic. 9, Ulnar branches.

4, Dorsal scapular. 10. Spiral branches,

6 External thoracic, 11. Radial branches,
6. Humeral, 12, Metacarpal arteries, large and smelt,
 

SECTION V.

DENTITION AND DIET.

Tue Horsr’s AGE AS SHOWN BY HIs TEETH—ON THE Diet or HorsEs—THE EFFECTS
OF VARIOUS KINDS OF Foop—AS REGARDS THE QUANTITY OF FooD REQUIRED—
AS REGARDS CHANGES IN DieT—Concuusion,

Tue Horse’s AGE AS SHOWN BY HIS TEETH.

IGURE 1 is a representation of a foal’s “ mouth,” as it ap-
pears at the age of twelve months; the temporary teeth are
shown, and all, except the corner ones, are worn quite smooth.
(See remarks on temporary teeth.) Figure 2, a two-years old;
the two anterior, or front temporary teeth, are shed, and the per-
manent ones, with their deep pit in the center, and unworn edges,

 

FEMPORARY TEETH OF THE COLT. TWO YEARS OLD

are approaching a level with the remaining temporary. Figure 3,
a three-years old; the two permanent middle teeth are seen, with
their deep pits, etc., and are nearly on a level with the two front
permanent teeth, which are smoothed down. Figure 4, a four-
years old; the permanent corner teeth are now “cut,” and the

tushes have appeared, although the latter may not appear until
(127)
DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

five. Figure 5, a five-years old; the corner teeth are well up;
the faces of the front and middle are worn more or less, and
the tushes are more developed. Figure 6, a six-years old; the
black marks have disappeared from the two front teeth, and a

Fig. 3 Fig. 4.

 

THREE YEARS OLD. TuUR YEARS OID.

brownish mark is perceivable. Figure 7, a seven-years old; the
black marks have now disappeared from the two middle teeth, and
a brown spot is seen in the center. Figure 8, an cight-years old;
the marks and cavities of the corner teeth are now effaced. Fig-
ure 9 is a horizontal view of “ Black Hawk’s” incisors, and, con-

 

FIVE YEARS OLD, SIX YEARS OLD.

trasted with figure 10, (a young mouth,) shows the degree of
inclination existing between the incisors of the aged and young
animals.

THE Coit’s Mouru.— Remarks on the Temporary Teeth. (In-
eisors.) In the course of from ten to fifteen days after birth (varying
DENTITION AND DLET. 129

vecasionally), the front nippers in the upper and lower jaw make
their appearance, and, during the period, which occurs between
the third and fifth week, che miele inci:crs appear. Between the
seventh and ninth mount: the lateral or corner teeth are cut. The

Fig. 8

  

SEVEN YEARS OLD. EIGHT YEARS OLD.

colt is now in possession of a full set of temporary incisors. These
temporary, or “milk” teeth, differ from the permanent ones by
being much smaller and (previous to shedding) whiter, having on
their anterior or front surfaces grooves or furrows; also a wvell-
defined body, neck, and slender fang. They also present oval
surfaces anteriorily, or in front; and within the mouth they are
concave. Their surfaces are generally uniform and smooth, and
resemble the eye of an English horse-bean.

Fig. 9.

 

BORIZONTAL VIEW OF OLD BLACK HAWK’S INCISORS AND TUSHES.

THe PerMANENT TEETH.—Constitutional idiosyncrasies are
often operative in hastening or retarding dentition, and the char-
ecter of the food, whether it be natural or artificial; and the

9
130 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

mode of obtaining the one or the other makes considerable differ-
ence in the wear and tear of the same, consequently we must
bear in mind that the popular theory of “age” is sometimes more
arbitrary than truthful, and allowances for the same must be
made. At the age of two, or a few months over, the front perma-
nent tecth ought to appear, and, consequently, at the age of three,
varying a few months, the middle teeth are up. At fous, varying
as in the preceding cases, the corner teeth begin to show them-
selves, and are not up square with the others until the fifth year
The animal now emergcs from colthood, and is known as a horse,
As regards the female, during her minority she is termed “ filly; ”
at five she enters the adult stage, and, consequently, is denomi-

Fig. 10

 

A YOUNG HORSE'S MOUTH.

nated a mare. Supposing the horse to have a full set of nippers,
or incisors, at the age of five, the marks, or black incrustation,
will have so worn away at six as to leave a faint brown mark
At seven, similar appearances have taken place in the two next,
or middle, teeth. At eight the marks, or rather the cavities, of
the two next, or corner teeth, are now about obliterated, and the
face of the teeth are nearly level, and the central enamel is nearer
the inward than the outward border. After the marks have all
disappeared in the lower jaw, the exact age can not clearly be
shown. At the age of nine the front teeth appear somewhat
rounded; the middle and corner ones contract their oval faces,
and the central enamel diminishes and approaches the inward
border. At ten the middle incisors resemble those at nine, and
the central enamel has approximated the inward border and is
rounded. At eleven the middle teeth resemble ‘hose at ten, and
DENTITION AND DIEV. 131

the central enamel is almost worn off. At twelve the corner teeth
take on the triangular form, and their central enamel is very con-
tracted, and a yellow mark is left. At thirteen the sides of the
front teeth thicken, and they begin to assume a triangular appear-
ance, and the whole incisors of the lower jaw complete the trian-
gular form at the age of seventeen. At eighteen the front teeth
are somewhat flattened from side to side; the flattening goes on
in the middle and corner teeth, and is completed at the age of
iwenty-one, giving them the appearance of a reversed oval. As
regards the marks in the upper incisors, they disappear from the
Jront teeth in the course of the ninth year, from the middle in the
tenth, and from the corner or lateral ones in the eleventh year ;

Fig. 1.

 

A PORTION OF THE LOWER JAW OF OLD RLACK HAWK,
(Aged twenty-three years and eight munths.:

and as the animal increases in years, the upper corner tccth be-
come indented or notched. The znelination of the teeth enables
us to form some idea of the horse’s age. In a young horse, the
tecth are upright (sce fig. 10); after the age of eight they gradu-
ally become horizontal, (see “ Black Hawk’s” mouth,) and the
upper teeth overlap the under ones, and thus wear off their outer
edge,

THe TusHEs, on CANINE TEETH.—Between the ages of four
and six the tushes, which, in the male, are four in number, make
their appearance. In shape they are conical, with a sharp point,
and curved. On the inside there are two furrows, which com-
mence at the base and meet at the apex, leaving a triangular
eminence between them. The sharpness of the apex, the degree
of curvature, and the distinctness of the furrows are good crite-
tions of youth; for, as the animal advances in years, the tushes
132 DSADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

become blunt, less angular, and more rounded, and the furrows
have disappeared. Supposing that the tushes are not completely
evolved until the age of five; in the sixth year the apex of the
cone is worn some; in the seventh the furrows grow shallow; in
the eighth year they are obliterated, after which period the apex
gradually wears away, and the body of the same becomes rounded
and pointed, or blunt, according to circumstances. Aside from
the teeth, an aged horse may be known by the deep pits above the
orbital processes; the sunken eye ; by the prominence of the joints
and loss of plumpness in the muscles; the lips are somewhat pen-
dulous; the withers sharp; the back becomes ari led; the teeth
are lengthened, and become yellow.

Fig. 12.

 

A POBTIO® OF THE UGHPER JAW OF OLD BLACK HAWKE,
(Aged twenty-three years and eight munths.)

THE GrinpeErs, or Mouars, afford but very little informanwe
ag regards the precise age of a horse. As he advances in yeera
however, the outer edges become sharpened, so that it often Le
comes necessary to rasp them. As regards their development, is
is understood that the foal is born with two upper and lower
grinders in each jaw. At the end of a month, sometinies more, 9
third appears. At the completion of the first year, or thereabouts
a fourth grinder in each jaw appears. Thus the yeailing has six-
teen grinders. At the age of two, a fifth grinder appears, and at
the age of three the sixth and last appear. It must be remembered
that cribhers and voracious feeders are apt to deface their teeth,
and thus some persons are apt to be deceived as regards the exact
age; but a good judge, who takes into consideration not only the
appearances of the surfaces, but also the marks, points, and the
inclination of the teeth, will not be apt to make any grave mistake
DENTITION AND DIET. 133

AN rus UIET oF HorsEs—(MEN oFrTEeN Dia THEIR GRAVES
WITH tHEIR TEETH, AND THE SAME IS TRUE AS REGARDS
Aorsrn)-— VaRIETY OF Foop NECESSARY — EFFECTS OF
SERTAIN KINDS OF Foop—As REGARDS HE REQUISITE
QUANTITY, ETC.

It is admitted by medical men, and the experience of the reader
viay possibly have confirmed the fact, that a great proportion cf
the diseases occurring among live stock are produc:d, either di-
rectly or indirectly, by errors in diet; consequently the means of
prevention should Le known, and used accordingly.

No special form of diet can, for any great length of time, pre-
serve the integrity of the animal system. In order to substan-
tiate this assertion, we sha] show the effect of simp’e elementary
vrinciples on the body of wan, inferring, at the sane time, tha!
man’s servant, the horse, #s included. The reader has probably
heard of the experiment made by Napoleon Bonuparte, which
was that of trying to supply the nutritive wants of his system by
living on a concentrated prepstation of beef, in the form of jelly.
He gave it a fuir trial, yet came very near starving on the same
and he was led vo remark that the stomach was a sort of scav-
enger, which required a given amount of rubbish: to sort from,
and select the necessary elements fur renovating the tissues. He
probably selected jelly because it is highly nutritious, containing
more of the flesh-making principle than most articles of food
it was rich, not only in nitrogen, but also in oxygen, hydrogen,
and carbon, four of the principal elements which compose tha
animal fabric.

The fact is, no single article of diet, let t be ever ¢9 rich in the
elements of organized tissues, can long support life. A nation of
men subsisting long on a simple form of diet, without variety
would soon become emaciated, and die of inuutrition. Let the
Grahamites abstain from milk, and live on bread and water, and
vhey would soon exterminate themselves. Milk is a highly nu-
tritious compound, and furnishes their systems with the equiva-
lents that we obtain from beef and mutton. The inhabitants of
she “Celestiai Empire” (Chinese) are great consumers of rice.
it is the priueipa! article of diet among the poorer classes, many
of whem ore lank and lean. and would make very respectabie
(34 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

walking lanterns, (if lighted candles were placed within theix
abdumens), only they happen, occasionally, to catch a stray dog
or pig, on which they make a savory meal, and thus furnizh the
materia] for the formation of muscle and fat.

MaceEnpIE has proved that even the canine race can mt live
more than forty days on any single article of diet, let it be ever
so nutritious, for it is either followed by starvaticn or disease;
hence the necessity for variety in food. In allusion to disease
being produced by the long-continued use of a single article of
diet, I would mention that the Scotch peasants are great con-
sumers of oat-meal. This article is little inferior to wheat in the
desh-making principle, and we might naturally infer that an arti-
cle of diet so valuable and palatable, when properly cooked, should
tend to promote health. This, however, is not the case. Those
who eat the most oat-meal are, according to medical testimony,
the notorious subjects of intestinal concretions, and in the Edin-
burg Anatomical Museum is to be seen a vast and valuable col-
lection of intestinal calculi, most of which caused the deaths o
confirmed oat-meal consumers.

Dr. CagPENTER, an eminent physiologist, says that “no fact
in dietetics is better established than that concerning the impos-
aibility of long sustaining health and life on a single alimentary
principle. Neither pure albumen, fibrine, gelatine, gum, sugar,
starch, fat, nor oil, taken alone, can serve for the due nutrition of
the body. This is partly due to their failing in supplying the
waste of the tissues, and partly to the fact that single alimentary
substances, long continued, excite such a feeling of disgust that
‘ne animals experimented on seem to prefer the endurance of
starvation to the ingestion of the same”

The reader is probably aware that when 1 person has long been
confined to any particular article of diet, a craving for something
else is experienced, which very few persons can resist. This
teaches us that, in order to preserve the health of live stock, we
mast vary the diet, and are not to be over-particular in selecting
the most nutritions articles. But we want, as Napoleon says, a
tittle rubbish—cuzrse rubbish The internal surface of the stom-
ach and bowels require to be irritated once in awhile, and this
probably was the idea which Graham had when he first recom-
mended coarse food. The stomach must be nade to labor hard
at times, or its function will deteriorate. Perscig whe complain
DENTITION AND DIET. 135

of weak stomachs and dyspepsia are those who live on dainty
viands, and seldom, if ever, distend that organ to a healthy
capacity with coarse material. Consider, for a moment, the con-
dition of Spanish and Italian peasants. They have not much of
our national disease (dyspepsia) among them. The bread that
they ea‘ is made of coarse material ; yet with that, and the additior
of a little oil, wine, and a few vegetables, they can indure greater
fatigue, end often carry a heavier burden than he who lives on
more concentrated food. We may distend the horse’s stomach.
witht coarse food. and, perhaps, not impair its function so much as
«hea overburdened wi.h meal and concentrated food.

The stomach must be made to work for a living once in
awhile. Hard work agrees with it, and coarse fodder stimulate:
and develops its latent powers, and augments the gastric secretion
which is the active solvent of the food. Labor operates on the
stomach in the same manner and in the same ratio that it does
on the brain or muscles—increases their capacity. Compare, for
example, the brawny arm of the mechanic with that of the count-
ing-house clerk, or the powerful muscles of the truck and farm-
horse with those of the pet saddle-horse. This comes of work,
hard work See the king of birds, the eagle, towering above and
yeyond the sight and ken of man, darting, with almost lightning
speed, from mountain to valley, buffeting the rude shocks of
leaven’s artillery. He acquires strength of muscle and wing by
extraordinary exertion and desperate feats of flight. After the
same fashion we develop the mental faculties, augment protracted
mental labor, close thought, and study, light up the intellectual
nature of man, and develop the latent powers of his brain; and
the more his mind acquires, the greater and more varied are ita
powers,

It must be borne in mind, however, that the various functiona
of the body require periods of rest; for, shoul a horse be permit-
ted to stand up toa full crib, and spend the greater part of tie
day and night in cramming his stomach, disease, sooner or later,
must surely occur. The same is true as regards man. Let an
individual gormandize through the day, and then indulge in a
late supper, and continue the practice, he soon acquires a syinpa-
thetic headache, or the stomach grows refractory, and casts up the
burden, for the simple reason that its function is overtaxed. It
wust have rest. The same rule applies to the muscular and men-
136 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

tal natures. If, therefore, hard labor develops the function of
either, rest, at suitable intervals, preserves their integrity, and,
therefore, must not be disregarded.

In selectizzy food for working animals, we must remember that
they require certain inorganic equivalents, which seein tu be as
necessary for the support of the system as nutriment. Sault, for
example, is not nutritious; yet neither man nor brute can lung
exist without it. Common salt, chloride of sodium, is deccm-
posed in the stomach, and is there found in tke form of muriatic
acid and sodx. The former is supposed to aid digestion, and the
latter eliminates bile. Neither is phosphorus (found in straw)
nutritious, yet that article is absolutely necessary for the support
of animal life. It is an element of both vegetable and animal
organization. The former absorbs it from the soil, and, in turn,
yield it to animals, by the process of digestion. Oats and beans
are nitrogenous compounds, flesh-making equivalents, yet they
furnish only one part in a thousand of the article we need—phos-
phorus; while cut straw, potatoes, and several other “inferior”
vegetables, contain more than double the quantity of the same
xo that a horse must eat such rubbish as straw, potatoes, carrots,
veets, and “stubble,” in order to supply the necessary material.
Then consider that sulphur, iron, chlorine, lime, potassium, mag-
aesium, and several other mineral substances, not in the ‘east
nutritious, are alike necessary for the support and integrity of
the living organism, and, therefore, should be the elements of
foud. Some articles furnish the needful in abundance; in others
there is a deficiency. This supplies another argument in favor
of variations in diet.

A lecturer on physiology has remarked that “there exists a
peculiar analogy between vegetable productions and living ani-
mals. Animal and vegetable fibrine—albumen of eggs and the
gluten of wheat—contain about 15 per cent. of nitrogen, so that
they are somewhat identical. If you take 100 Ibs, of floui and
wash it i water, frequently changing the same, you get 16 lbs.
of gluten. This is the flesh-making principle, and represents 15
Ibs. of the albumen of ficsh. The gluten of flour, caseine of cheese
and peas, albumen of eggs, and the flesh of an animal contain
also a relative amount of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; so that
the flesh of animals is already prepared for them in the vegeta-
ble world. The digestive organs of animals merely change the
DENTITION AND DIET. 13)

mechanical form and condition of the former; their chemical com.
position remain about the same.”

THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS KINDS OF Foon.

It ie customary, in some stables, to feed horses, nearly all the
year rouna, with what is known as “cut feed,” which is composed
of cut hay, meal, shorts, salt, and considerable water; the whole
is mixed together, and served out, sometimes, without regard to
quantity. This kind of food might, and sometimes does, agree
with horses, but it is not right to feed them, year after year, on
the same, for the reason just set forth. Another reason for ob-
jecting to this food is, that, in the stables alluded to, we hear
of a great many cases of tympanitis and flatulent colic (diseases
somewhat identical), arising, no doubt, from the presence of so
large a quantity of water as some persons are in the habit of
using. It saturates the food, and retards digestion. Not only
this, but when dry food, highly charged with water, enters the
stomach, the temperature of the latter causes the food to swell—
increase in bulk—and distends that organ, and also favors fer-
mentation instead of digestion; hence arises flatulency. We do
not, however, mean to contend that such food is at all times the
direct cause of indigestion, colic, etc., because many stablers are
ready to testify that they have fed the same for many years with-
out any apparent inconvenience to their horses; but we contend
that it acts indirectly in the manner alluded to; and, although
some horses may “ get used to it,” and others, having wonderful
digestive organs, assimilate it, yet the day of reckoning may not
he far off. Wecontend that water taken with food always retards
digestion. The proper solvents of the food are the gastric fluids,
and the horse has abundant facilities for supplying the requisite
quantity. An ordinary horse is said to secrete, while feeding,
fluid, of salivial and gastric characters, at the rate of one gallon
per hour—enough, we should judge, to saturate a common meal;
therefore the water is not needed. We urge no objection against
the morc rational custom of merely sprinkling the food with salted
water, in view of absorbing dust, which often abounds in inferior
hay, but do seriously object to the practice of using a large quan-
tity of culd water in the preparation of food for horses,

From experiments made by scientific men. it has been ascer-
138 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

tained that parsnips, carrots, turnips, and cabbage, which «ntuin
from 80 to 90 per cent. of water, require over twice as much time ta
digest as when the food is free from water. Cabbage, for example,
requires twenty hours, and broiled beef-steak only eight, to digest.

Turn a cow into a luxuriant pasture of grass or clover, and, after
partaking of one or the other, she is liable to become “ blown” or
“hoven”—tympanitic; the abdomen becomes enormously dis.
tended with gas, (either carbonic acid gas, or sulphureted hydro
gen,) and, unless the same be condensed or evacuated, ruptare and
death are sure to follow. This imperfect digestion and consequent
gencration of gus is due to the presence of vegetable fluids found in
green fodder. Therefore, animals having weak digestive organs,
predisposed to flatulency, should have the privilege of watering
their own food with salivial fluid. The best dict for such an ani.
mal would be “dry feed,” composed of ground oats, cracked corn,
“fine feed,” and a small quantity of sweet hay. On the other
nand, a constipated state of the bowels always indicates coarss
food; and in this view the English use chopped straw and coarse
bran, with decided advantage. Animals should never be watered
immediately before nor after meals, after the lapse of an hous
from feeding time is the best.

AS REGARDS THE QUANTITY OF FooD REQUIRED.

The adult horse does not require so much of the flesh-making
principle as the young and growing animal, but he seems to require
1 greater variety. The adult merely requires enough to replac>
the waste—the wear and tear of his system. If he obtains more
than this, the surplus is either excreted from the body, or else
stored up within the same in the form of fat; and every body
knows that a fat horse or fat inan are not best adapted for a race
aor hard labor, but of all others, (except those in a state of de-
bility,) they are most subject to acute disease. With the young
aud zrowing animal the case is different. Here we reqaire bone.
mus.le, and nerve. Oats, corn, and pollard furnish the same.
The colt obtains from its mother’s milk all the elements of its own
organization in a concentrated form—all that seems necessary fur
developing bodily proportions and hereditary traits; therefore,
when weaned, the colt must be furnished with the same equivajenté
in the form of fodder: ground oats wheat bran, and meal furnish
DENTITION AND DIET. 138

the same. It is the young and growing animal that requires our
greatest attention. If our readers desire to raise colts that shall
remunerate them for the trouble and expense incurred, the: must
feed the same, during their minority, with a liberal] hand. Any
neglect at this period can never be made up in after life. The
subject will always remain lank and lean—living monuments of
their master’s folly or ignorance, as the case may be. In addition
to the food required for the colt’s growth, we must also furnish
enougl, to supply the waste incurred by expenditure of muscular
power. Weall know that the young are very active and playful.
Every muscular movement involves an expenditure of vital force,
and thus exhausts the system; therefore, in view of developing
their full proportions, and promoting the integrity of the living
mechanism, they must have nutritious food, and plenty of it. They
are not, however, to have a large quantity at a time, but little and
often. Their stomach is small, not larger than that ut a man’s.
Should it be overdistended with innutritious food, the organs of
respiration and circulation become embarrassed, and tne blood
loaded with carbon. They require food often, because tne diges-
tive organs are very active, and soon dispose of an ordinary meal.
Then comes the sensation of hunger, which every one knows is
hard to bear.

The climate or temperature of the surrounding atmosphere has a
wonderful effect on the animal machine. Let two horses be located
in different stables, one of which shall be, like “Jack Straw’s’
house, neither wind-tight nor water-proof; the other built on
tne air-tight principle. The occupant of the former will require
more fvod than he of the latter, because cold air has a depressing
influence on the body, exhausting superficial heat. Gur readers
are probably aware that if a hot brick be placed in contact with
a cold one, the caloric radiated from the first is absorbed by the
latter, until a sort of equilibrium be established. The same is
true as regards the body of a horse. He being in an atmosphere
many degrees less than that of his own body, gives off the heat
af the same to the surrounding medium. The heat thus given
off has to be replaced by food, which is the combustible material.
But it often happens that the digestive organs are deranged, in-
capable of assimilating a sufficiency of carbonaceous material to
maintaiy. even the normal temperature of the body. The conse-
yurrs>. are, loss of flesh and health. On the other hand, a tat
140 DADDS VELEBINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

horse cen endure the depressing influences of a cold atmosphere,
because he has within the body a vast generator and non-conductor
of heat in the form of adipose matter. It has been proved that
the immediate cause of death in warm-blooded animals, when food
has been withheld, was their inability to keep up that temperature
necessary for the integrity of vital operations. The animal located
in an air-tight stable is, probably, surrounded by an atmosphere
almost equal in temperature to that of his own body, and, conse-
quently, he does not require so much food as the former. Hence,
the amount of food necessary in the one case might be too much for
another, and, consequently, operate injuriously. A cold, bracing
wind is said to “sharpen the appetite.” The inhabitants of north-
ern regions require more food than those of the southern. A horse,
therefore, of weak muscular organization, the subject of debility,
requires « comfortable stable, and food that will develop muscles
Now, it has been ascertained that horse-beans contain more of the
nitro-albuminous principles than any other article of diet. Eng-
lish horses are very partial to the same, and in such the develop-
ment of muscle is very remarkable; consequently, a fat horse
requires less of the nitro-albuminous principle, and more of the
aqueous, in the form of carrots, potatoes, and beets.

It must never be forgotten that some horses will keep in fair
working order on a moderate supply of aliment. In such cases,
we infer that the digestive organs are in u state of activity capable
of extracting all the nutrient properties from the same. On the
other hand, a horse performs less work than the former, consumes
twice as much food, yet actually loses flesh. The digestive organs
are then at fault. A horse, however, may lose flesh, become weak
in the legs, ete., in consequence of the laborious nature of his em-
ployment. Therefore, any derangement occasioned in this way
prevents the food from being converted into healthy chyme, chyle,
ot blood, and thus the necessary deposit of new matter is pre-
vented,

Most voraciou: feeders are dyspeptic, and such are almost never
free frum intestinal worms. Their breath becomes feted; saliva,
thick and tenacious; excrement, slimy; and should the subject be
fed on outs, the same would be found, after traversing the aliment-
ary canal, unmasticated. The principal remedy for indigestion is
shange in diet. Sometimes it may be proper to allow scalded <ats,
although cooking does not add to their nutritive quality, yet, more
DENTITION AND DIET. 141

or less, completes tne destruction of organization, and better pre-
pares them for the action of weak solvents,

Changes in diet will sometimes work wonders in the restoration
of a dyspeptic; yet he will require, also, suitable medicinal agents,
in view of augmenting the digestive function, for which purpose
the following is recommended :

No. 17. Fluid extract of chamomile........ soeeee 4 OL
Fluid extract of ginger...... cassenae 3 ON:
Powdered hyposulphite of aidascuessees 2 OM
Water........ oie ae see ae oa seescecevees 5 om,
Mix.

Dose, a wine-glassful night aud morning.

CHANGES IN DIET.

Sudden changes in diet are not recommended. For example,
~nould an animal have been previously fed on corn, meal, or oata
re should not be turued out to shift for himself, as the saying is,
und depend entirely on grass for a living. Grass ucts on horses
unaccustomed to it as an aperient—scours them—which is a de-
bilitating process. Grass may improve the health of a fat, lazy, or
humery horse—reduce flesh and purify his blood; but the emaci-
atel horse requires, in zddition, a daily feed of oats or cracked
corn, to make up for the deficiency of carbon in the former. For
these, and other reasons that we might urge, the reader will per-
ceive that changes in diet can only be made valuable in proportion
to our knowledge of the wants of the animal economy.

A great proportion of our horses are too well fed, obtaining more
food than they require. In this land of plenty, most of our valu-
able horees are overfed; and more especially does this happen
among aninia.: ~wned by wealthy and liberal individuals. The
impression we wish to convey to the mind of the reader is, that
the food of such is not propertioned to labor; in other words,
there exists a disproportion between the amount of carbon taken,
in the form of food, and the oxygen received, in the process of
respiration. Now, to illustrate this, we will suppose that a man
engaged in mercantile pursuits owns cne or more horses. He has
not the time nor inclination to give the one or the other the neces-
sary amount of exercise. They stand up toa full crib, from day
to day, enjoying or, rather, gorging themselves with, a certain
142 LADN’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

amount of fodder over and above what they actually require,
and much more than they really need. The surplus is often stored
up in the form of fat, and this induces acute diseases, and they die
of too much food and care. It is very rare that we have uccasion
* recommend a man to feed his horse more liberally, but almost
always the reverse. Starvation is said to be the cause for many
equine diseases ; but, so far as our experience goes, such cases are,
n this country, very rare. Weconceive the term starvation to pe
a libel upon civilization ; and so unfrequent is its application among
4 nation of husbandmen, that it is omitted in our dictionaries. A
man on a barren rock, or a horse in the deserts of Arabia, might
probably starve; but the idea of the latter starving in the vicinity
of a well-stocked barn or stable, within striking distance of a land
of plenty, seems to us a very absurd conclusion. There are enoug}:
horses to be found dressed up in the garb of starvation, having
tight skins, prominent ribs, and a cadaveruns countenance, living,
vet half dead. But they know nothing of the “ famine in Egypt ;”
they get not only enough, but too much of the same kind. They
probably require a change in diet, or else they are confirmed dys-
peptics, laboring under a chronic form of indigestion ; and if such
should be the case, quantity is objectionable, and good quality more
desirable. The stomach, however, is not at fault, its function being
deranged. Or they probably get enough, and perhaps too much,
for a weak stomach; hence loss of flesh, ete.

Some men are in the habit of bleeding their horses eve. spring.
This is done in view of reducing fat and flesh, th~ subjects being
humory (plethoric), their systems abounding <u highly carbonized
blood, which is proof positive that the .ame have been overfed.
The racer, before he can perform a feat of speed, must be prepared.
as the saying is. This implics bleeding and physicking. Sore
works on farriery lay dow regular rules for putting a horse in
racing condition, an¢@ ‘ne remedies are fleam, physic, and bran,
proof positive thet such animals have had too bounteous a supply
of nutriment

Some herses—and the same is true of man—grow poor in con-
sequence of having to carry about a juvenile restaurant within their
digesave organs. They probably become exhausted, or plethorie,
~, the case may be, in consequence of an overburdened stomach,
A. stomach overburdened reacts on the nervous system, deranges
the phvsinlogical condition of the subject, and lays the foundetion
DENTITION AND DIET 143

for hypertrophy (which is an abnormal increase of fat or tissue),
or the opposite, which condition is known as atrophy—a wasting
of the same. But most frequently an overburdened stomach in-
duce; diseases known as staggers, cerebral congestion, softening
uf brain, ete.

Many horse owners are continually devising means to excite the
appotite of their horses, in order to get as much food as possible
into their stomachs, Some men seem to think that an error in
this direction can never occur; and should the animal refuse to
sonsume the abundance thus placed before him, the liberal owner
ig apt to consider his pet sick, or think that he must have a poor
appetite. Now, it were far better, for both man and horse if the
former would only experiment in the opposite direction, and
ascertain how small a quantity a horse may subsist on. A small
quantity of good food, well digested, answers the purpose of nu-
trition much better than a large quantity, imperfectly so. It in
very interesting to contemplate how efficient a little food proves
for the promotion of health and longevity. For example, a little
ourley and coarse fodder will suffice for the “ courser of the desert.”
Shetland and Welsh ponies will live and grow fat on the mere
vestiges of vegetation. The best cow in the world—the property
of J. H. Kelly, of Cleveland, Ohio, weighing 1,350 pounds—is
fed exclusively on hay and straw. Very poor fodder some may
exclaim ; yet in the course of ten months the same creature yielded
4,921 quarts of milk, and during a single month, after calving,
she gave 620 quarts, and the least she gave during the winter
months was 562 quarts. A pig will grow fat on smal] quantities
cf the right kind of food, and yet lose flesh when suffered to gorge
himself with the same. Many swine, in the vicinity of coal mines,
consume both coal and charcoal, and little else, yet they thrive
well.

Evidences can be furnished going to show that both the superior
and inferior orders of creation might subsist on much Jess foo2
than they are in the habit of using, and without danger te them-
selves. Shipwrecked mariners have been known to exist several
weeks without food; and there is a man now residing in Illinois,
who, during a period of thirty-two days, never tasted fuod. Thy
siecping man of Rochester is another example; and a case is
recorded in one of our medical journals showing that an individ:al
ance jived for several months on nothing but pure water. Ag
144 DADD’S VETERINAnh: mmvitinu AND SURGERY.

regards horses, they form no exception to this peculiarity. We
aright introduce evidence, convincing and positive, of their ability
te endure the privations of hunger, and, at the same time, :now
that they suffer but little from its effects. A single case will serve
to illustrate this. We once treated a case of tetanus (lock-jaw).
‘Lhe subject never tasted food during a period of sixtcen days; on
the seventeenth the masseters relaxed, and the faculty cf swallow-
ing returned. At this period we might suppose him to be * hungry
as a bear,” yet, on offering him a few oats, he did not appear to be
very ravenous, and partook of food subsequently offered him as if
nothing hed happened. These are extreme casen, yet they go to
show that there is no cause for alarm because a horse happens to
be “off his feed” once in awhile. Such condition may ultimately
prove salutary, affording the stomach and its associates time to rest
from their herculean labors.

‘The fact that most of our adult horses get more food than they
need has been demonstrated by analysis of their excrement, whick
nas been found to contain a large amount of nutritious materia.
over and above what the animals actually need. We can develop
the gormandizing powers of very many horses, by placing before
tnem, from day to day, more than they require. Their appetites,
like some of ours, are not proof against temptation ; and the digos-
tive organs may be trained to dispose of twice the quantity of food
actually needed, and the habit, at first acquired, becomes perma-
ment, and the creature is known as a voracious feeder—a glutton
Hence, through indiscretions of this character, we can augment
both function and capacity of stomach. We remember examining
the stomach of a horse, the property of a baker, who was in the
habit of feeding the former on brown bread. The animal died of
chronic indigestion, and his stomach exceeded in capacity that of
two ordinary Lurses. Great care, therefore, is requisite in regard
co the proper feeding of horses; for, in their domesticated state,
they have lost those natural instincts which serve to inform the
untamed animal of the necessary amount of food which his system
needs, and they are in the condition of a thoughtless child that
will eat al] day, and, on retiring to bed, will crave und ery for
more.

Our readers have probably heard of the gormandiziag propensi-
ties of natives in the arctic regions. Some of them think nothing
cf bolting down twenty pounds of meat and oil per day, and
DENTITION AND DIET. 143

making a good supper on tallow candles. A case is related, by
Captain CocHRANE, of a Russian who ate, in the course of twenty-
four hours, tne hind-quarter of an ox, twenty poands of fat, and
drank a quantity cf melted butter. He also states that he has
seen three gluttons consume a deer at one meal. But we need not
go beyond our own immediate vicinity to prove that the gorman-
dizing powers of both men and horses are equally extraordinary.
Lhe corn-dealer’s bill furnishes one illustration; and the length-
ened meal which some of our young men indulge in, commencing
in the morning and only ending at night, completes the evidence.
Hence, with these facts before us, we may safely conclude that
errors in diet are constantly occurring, and, consequently, a great
many unnecessury diseases arise in consequence; therefore, we
recommend our readers to make an experiment in the opposite
lirection, and ascertain how small a quantity of good food will
answer the purpose of nutrition. Should the quantity be insuf-
cient for the animal’s wants, we shall soon be made aware of the
fact by loss of flesh and other unmistakable signs. On the other
nan, the error alluded to is not so easily corrected ; for the animal
may die, overburdened with fat, of an acute disease, before we can
reduce his system.

CoNCLUSION.

The reader will perceive that in the management and feeding
of horses there opens a fine field of observation and improvement;
yet, in order to apply that unlimited power which man seems to
possess over his own organization and that of the inferior orders
of creation, he must be conversant with animal physiology; for
pn this science alone do we base the problem of life.

Now, reader, after having presented this essay fur your consider-
ation, pray do not find fauit with the stable-keeper because your
horse does not look fat and sleek. You had better trust tu the
discretion of the man who, having been long in the stable businees,
is perhaps better qualified than yourself to judge of the effects of
food under the states of rest and exercise, and knows how to grad-
uate the same accordingly. We frequently have occasion to notice
that horses owned by stable-keepers are never so fat as the board-
ers—a very good proof that the latter get more than they require,
Some men are in the habit of ordering a given quantity, say six
or twelve quarts, of oats at a feed, whenever they put up, and ‘he

10
146 DADD’S VEILKINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

feeder gives it. At the same time he is well aware that the anima}
does not need it, yet he must obey orders; for should he sugzest
that the quantity be too great, his motive may be questioned, and
wrong inferences drawn. Depend upon it, therefore, that when
the stabler, by a judicious system of feeding, prevents fat from ac-
cumulating on horses, he is conferring a favor on his patrons and
henefiting the animal.

As regards the number of meals per day, our own -bservations
satisfy us that working horses require three meals per day—a
bountiful, yet very early breakfast; at noon, a light meal, com-
posed of cut hay and oats; and at night the quantity may be in-
creased equal to the morning meal. It is very poor policy to feed
or water on the road when performing a short journey ; yet, should
a horse seem to stand in need of something, we should not object
to e handful of cats and a few swallows of water cocasionally.

 
 

 

 

SECTION VI.

GLANDERS AND FARCY.

@uanpERs—GLANDERS CAN BE COMMUNICATED TO MAN—CoNnTaGiousNEss of
GuanpERs—Suspecrep GLaNDERS—How cAME THE DISEASE TO BE CALLED
GuayvErs ?—DraGnostic Symprom of GLANDERS—TREATMENT OF GLANDERO—
Fancy (Diseask oF THE ABSORBENTS).

GLANDERS.

NE of the greatest evils which farmers and horse-dealers have
been subjected to, during the prevalence of our late nationa.
troubles, was the sale of condemned army horses, many of them
being afflicted, either insidiously or actually, with that form of
equine affection known as glanders; for it is a well-known fact
that this terrible malady is, under certain circumstances or con-
ditions of the animal economy, both infectious and contagious,
hence the great evil.

For example, should a glandered horse be placed in a stable
where the principles of ventilation and of the admission of light
are entirely disregarded, the other inmates of the den, by continu-
ally breathing, over and over again, the contaminated atmosphere
which must necessarily occupy the same, will (provided their sys-
tems are susceptible) take the disease by infection ; that is to say,
the miasmatic virus finds an introduction into the blood through
the lungs and pulmonary circulation. On the other hand, glanders.
under almost every circumstance, can be communicated by con-
tagion or touch ; that is, bringing the glandered nasal discharge in
contact with an abraded surface, including cuts and scratches,

GUANDERS CAN BE COMMUNICATED TO MAN.

Within the last quarter of this century, two veterinary sur.

geons-—one residing in Walworth, and the other in Wolverhamp-
(147)
148 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDLCINE AND SURGERY.

ton—are reported as having died from inoculation of glanders
This terrible discase is not often seen in Scotland, but very fre-
quently in England, and still more so in Ireland, From the latter
circumstance, the malady is often found to be imported about the
west coast of Scotland. London has always been rather renowned
for the prevalence of glanders among omnibus, cab, and other

 

SBCTION OF A HORSE'S HEAD SHOWING ULCERATION 0+ THE SCHNEIDERIAN MEMBRANE, UHIGH
CON8TITUTES THE DIAGNOSTIC SYMPTOM OF GLANDERS,

Expianation.—Op contrasting the above picture with the one on the opposite page, the
tsader will perceive, in the above, a number of dark spots on the lining membrane of the
aoe (schneiderian), showing the chancreous ulcerations which constitute the diagnostic
symptoms of glanders.

L. The cerebrum, or anterior portion of the brain.

& The cerebellum, or posterior portion of the brain.

8. The spinal cord.

4 Shows a section of the cervical vertebrmw, or bones of the neck.
6. The wsophagus.

@. The windpipe.

¥. The tongue.

%. Section of the occipital bone.

10. The schneideriaz. membrane.

1L. A muscle known as the sterno maxillarius. It ia located beneath the neok, and 3 m
serted into the angle of the lower jaw and the front part of the breast bone. Its action ist
ald in closing the mouth and drawing the head downward toward the breast; one musale est
{ng draws the head to one side.

12 The frontal sinuses.

18 Section of the anterior portion of the upper jaw.

14, The hard palate.

18 The strong ligament of the spine known as the ligamentum sufftaviom.

1€. Section of the inferior portion of the cervical vertebra

suorses, A very strict supervision is maintained, and all glandered
2orses are destroyed when discovered; but nevertheless we can
state, on good authority, that the omnibus horses of London have
saffered very severely from this disease, and 4o so still. The par
GLANDERS AND FARCY. 149

tial measures adopted by companies are not sufficient to eradicate
it, and the “ glandered night train ” is not altogether a thing of the
past. The ‘lanzer to human life is so great that we feel happy to
seize any oppertunity to urge the adoption of the most effectual
tneasures for the suppression of any practice which tends to pro-
long the life of the glandered horse.

 

SECTION OF A HORSE’S HEAD IN A ITEALTHY CONDITION—ITS ANATOMY.

Descriprion.—a The lining memorane or vne nose, known as the schneiderian membrane.
On its surface are seen the vessels which farnish it with arterial blood.
& The anterior portion of the brain, known as the cerebrum.
¢ The posterior portion of the brain, known as the cerebellum.
a The frontal sinuses.
e The tongue.
Ff Showing the velum palate, or soft palate,
g The back part of the mouth.
hk The pharynx, or top of the cesophagus.
i The epiglottis, or cartilage at the root of the tongue.
i The glottis, or opening inte the windpipe.
k The cesophagus, or gullet.
i The trachea, or windpipe.
m The spinal cord.
n Junction of the cerebellum with the spinal cord.
op Showing a section of the cervical vertebrae, or bones of the neck.
The dotted lines between @ and g, show the direction leading to the trachea and cesophagua,

A fatal case of glander, reported in the Baltimore “ Herald of
Reform,” is as follows: Mr. I. P. Burus, a grocer, died a horrible
death in that city in consequence of poison communicated to his
system from a horse afflicted with glanders. During the admin-
istration of wnedicine, Mr. Burus thrust into the animal’s mouth
his hand, a finger of which had been previously cut, and the flesh
Jaid open. Through this wound the virus was absorbed, and mor-
tification supervened. A surgeon was called upon to amputate
WW vAUD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGER:.

she disea.ed member. Perceiving, however, that the poisun hac
penetrated to every portion of the unfortunate man's system, he
declined performing the operation, and stated that no earthly skill
could save him. After lingering in great agony, death closed the
acene.

Death of a Russian Lady from Glanders.—The awful death
of Madame Palesikoff, one of the most charming among all that
bevy cf entertaining Russian ladies who sometinies gladden the
winters of Paris, has created a terrible -hock among the circles
she so lately embellished by her presence. The unhappy lady left
Paris but a short time ago on a summer tour toGermany. While
stepping from the door of the opera-house in Berlin, to gain her
carriage, she let full one of her bracelets close to the pavement.
Stooping to pick it up, she noticed, at the time, laughingly, that
“one of the horses belonging to a carriage standing at hand,
dropped his head so close to her face that he touched her, and left
a moist. kiss upon her cheek.” In a few days the unfortunate lady
was taken ill with that most horrible disease, glanders, and in a few
days more, breathed her last, in spite of the attendance of the firat
physicians of Berlin ud every resource to be obtained by wealth,
or by the ceaseless vigilance of friends.*

Still another case.-—Sidney W. M., aged 23, a horse-slaughterer,
residing at Plumstead, England, was admitted into Guy’s Hos-
pital, on March 13, 1861, under the care of Mr. Birkett. He had
always enjoyed good health, but he lived freely. Six days pre-
vious to his admission he cut his right hand deeply over the dorsal
aspect of the thumb. The wound bled freely, but he felt no in-
convenience from it, of any consequence, until the 10th. He then
had pain in the part, extending upward to the axilla, and also a
numbing pain in the calf of the right leg. His appetite was good,
and he had so little constitutional disturbance that he went as
usual to superintend the work which the accident had prevented
his carrying out. On the 11th the pain in the arm increased, and
that in the leg, on the 12th, extended upward to the thigh. Thie
had become considerably aggravated, and he then became gener-
ally indisposed, and was unable to stand. The following day he
applied for admission. He stated that he was extremely ill, and
that his limbs felt almost paralyzed. He was quite unable to

 

* Berlin Court Journal.
GLANDERS AND FAROY. 15)

stand. He had consiant rigors, a burning skin, white tongue, and
his pulse was 120, The wound in the hand was infizmed, and
the calf of the right leg and the thigh were swollen, and evidently
the seats of abscesses. These were freely opened, with relief. He
was ordered effervescing medicine, and two pints cf porter. The
case was then regarded as one of pyemia. On the 14th he was
much relieved. He had slept tolerably. The abscesses discharged
freely, and he was able to take his food. On the 15th he was seized
with vomiting, bringing up a dark bilious fluid. His powers were
less, Wine was given freely. On the 16th the vomiting continued,
and he complained of a pain in the left thigh. An abscess was dis-
covered, on examination, which was freely opened. The man, at
this time, was physically in a very low condition. He took brandy,
eggs, and other liquid nourishment with avidity. His manner was
peculiar, and somewhat excited. On the 17th another abscess was
opened in the left arm. On the 18th the left foot bccame the seat
of an abscess, and on the 19th, for the first time, a pustular erup-
tion was observed on the face and body, which suggested to Mr.
Birkett the probability that some animal poison was the cause of
all this mischief.

The eruption was peculiar, having no definite shape. It ap-
peared to be more like small irregular blebs, containing pus, vary-
ing from the size of a pea to asixpence. Some were round, others
oval, and others of an irregular form. Toward evening, also, his
breathing became much impaired, a bloody mucus obstructing the
nostrils, Toward night he became delirious; his powers became
less, the nasal discharge more profuse, and at 1.30, on the 20th, be
died. The eruption, some hours before his death, in parts, had
disappeared ; but in others a fresh crop sprang up, partienlarly
over the region of the sternum. These were, however, of the
same character, but smaller. No post-mortem examination was
made.*

CoNTAWIOUSNESS OF GLANDERS.

Mr. PerctvauL submits the following deductions, regarding
the contagiousness of glanders, as the result of facts gleaned from
his own experience:

“1, That farcy and glanders, w iich constitute tne same disease,

 

* Medical Times and Gazette
152 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

are propagated through the medium of stabling, and this we lelieve
to be the more usual way in which the disease is communicated
from horse to horse.

2. That infected stabling may harbor and retain the infection
for months, or even years; and although, by thoroughly cleansing
and making use of disinfecting means, the contagion might be
destroyed, yet it would not be wise to occupy such stables imme:
diately after such supposed or alleged disinfection.

3. That the virus, or poison of glanders, may lie for months, in
a state of incubation, in the horse’s constitution before the diseasa
breaks out. Of this we have had the most positive evidence.

4. That when a stable of horses becomes contaminated, the dis-
ease often makes fearful ravages among them before it quits; and
it is only after a period of several months exemption from all dis-
ease of the kind that a clean bill of health can be rendered.”

From the preceding evidence, it is probable that the reader will
entertain but little doubt of the contagious character of the malady ;
yet it is very important that every one, either directly or indirectl:r
interested in horses, or having any regard for the welfare of man-
kind, should be familiar with all that is important and useful as
regards the cause and nature of the awful malady now under con-
aideration. It is often mistaken for other diseases that (in so far
as contagion is concerned) are perfectly harmless; yet many valu-
able human lives have paid the forfeit, and many priceless animale
have been sacrificed on an altar of ignorance which the light of
science has but recently illuminated. Hence, correct information
is what the people require, in consequence of the emergency of the
peril; and this is what the author aims at in offering this article
for the consideration of the reader.

Many hundreds of times, during the professional career of the
author, have horses been brought to him for treatment, declared
by their owners to be the subjects of glanders, simply because they
had enlarged glands under the jaw, and a nasal discharge; an
by the successful treatment of the same, he has got the ercdit of-
curing glanders, a feat which he never pretends to have accom-
plished. Mr. GAmGres has very lucidly illustrated this part of
the argument, as regards the mistakes made in diagnosing glanders
He states that glanders may be suspected, instead of being a real-
ity; hence, many supposed cures are on record. The following
are his remarks, under the caption of “suspected glanders”’:
GLANDERS AND FARCY. 153

“Glanders is, fortunately, a rare disease in this country (Scot-
land), thanks to the pole-ax. Englishmen have long since advo-
cated and practiced the shooting of suspected animals, rather than
trusting the lives of men and horses to the chances of escape,
wherever cases of chronic nasal discharge are met with. The com-
mand officer and veterinarian of a British cavalry regiment would
corsider it a great disgrace if such a disease acquired any firm hold
in their stables ; and in spite of occasional introductions of the dis-
ease when a number of remounts may be purchased, the unrelent-
ing order to kill rather than attempt to cure, saves the public purse
and the reputation of those responsible for the health and condi-
tion of our troop horses. I am as great an advocate for the
slaughter of glandered horses as I am for the slaughter of cattle
affected with rinderpest. Glanders is more incurable than the
cattle plague, as not even ten per cent. recover, but its commu-
nication is less certain and swift. It never could and never did
destroy its tens of thousands over a country in the short space
of time in which the steppe murrain spreads over the land, but
it is, nevertheless, wise and proper to stamp it out. We have not
indulged, as do our neighbors the French—who manage this
matter, at all events, worse than we—in wild theories as to the
transmissibility of acute and not of chronic glanders. We adm’‘t
it to be always contagious and always deadly, and prevent it kill-
ing by shooting its vi-tims.

Nasa GLEET.

We must not, however, forget that there are hundreds—nay,
thousands-—of cases of chronic nasal discharge which admit of
some diagnosis on the part of skilled veterinarians, and which
are erroneously set down as cases of glanders. Many of these
cases are condemned because they baffle the attempts to restore
them for a great length of time; and, unfortunately, in this
country many forms of nasal disease have been rarely cured,
simply because their nature has not been understood, and bold
surgical operations have been dreaded. I could relate the histo-
ries of meny cases which have yielded to radical measures after
several veterinarians had pronounced the animals incurably gland-
ered-—more to get rid of them, perhaps, than from a conviction
that they were suffering from the disease. I have seen as many
ag half a dozen animals, in a stable containing a score of horses,
154 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

given up by practitioners because they had chronic discharge ani
swollen glands; and in ten days or a fortnight all the animals
have recovered under the influence of nasal injections, and the
internal administration of tonics.

It is impossible to enter into details as to the diagnosis cf a
great varicty of cures. I may mention, however, that the cuiable
dischsrges set out as incurable forms of glanders may be grouped
under six heads.

Ist. Fetid discharges from the nostril, owing to a carious tooth
and caries of the upper jaw. The fetor is characteristic.

2d. Intermittent discharges from an abscess in one of the tur-
binated bones within the nasal chamber. The swelling of the
nasal bones and flow of pus when the head is jerked upward are
diagnostic.

3d. Continuous or intermittent discharge from one or both
nostrils, from accumulations of pus in the frontal and superior
maxillary sinuses, indicated by the shape of the forehead and ab-
sence of resonance on percussion.

4th. Irregular discharge from the guttural pouches, brought
on by exercise, or seen when an animal is made to eat hay, oats,
a turnip, or carrots off the ground. As the head is depressed and
jerked, a somewhat fetid and often abundant purulent matter
flows freely.

5th. Discharges kept up by foreign objects in the posterior
nares, which are continuous and fetid.

6th. Chronic regular nasal discharge—pure ozena—dependent
yn constitutional causes and defective management of acute ca-
tarrh.

All the foregoing varieties include the innumerable cases of
suspected glanders for which animals are wrongfully destroyed.
It is not every practitioner who can or would venture to open the
guttural pouches, or practice dissection on the bones of the face sc
such an extent as we find requisite in overcoming deformities and
curing long-standing diseases. The longer these cases are treated
by any but the right plan, the greater the difficulties encountered
when surgical operations are determined upon ; and for this reason
even those who would not dare to cut should always strive cor-
rectly to diagnose the form of disease presenting itself. It is not
necessary to refer at greater length to the method of dealing with
the very various forms of disease above indicated.”
S@LANDERS aND FARCY. 165

How CAME THE DISEASE TO BE CALLED GLANDERS.

PERCIVALL is our authority for the following «xplanation
“The derivation of our word glanders is traceable through the
French language, from which we appear tc have borrowed it, to
the Latin roots glandula and glans, the latter signifying any fruit
kernel, such as a chestnut or acorn; the former, its diminutive,
any small fruit kernel; and both afterward used in medicine to
denote the glands of the body, many of which—such as were theu
eo called—are small and comparable, both in shape and size, to
acorns or other kernels. Celsus applies the term glandula to a
awelling in the neck, supposed to be glandular; and Vegetius
ases the same to denote swollen glands ‘between the cheek-bones
and lower jaws:’ from his saying, however, that the glandules are
‘especially troublesome to foales,’ it would appear the disease he
meant to describe was not glanders, but strangles. The French
veterinarians, following the ancient phraseology, called a horse
exhibiting any submaxillary tumor or enlargement, glande; not
with any special reference to glanders, but simply because his
glands or ‘kernels,’ as our farriers denominate them, had become
enlarged; hence, with the French, a horse was said to be glande
de gourme, as well as glande de morve and glande de farcin. It
seems to have been our English writers on farriery who have
restricted the application of the term to the foul and malignant
disease now known under that appellation. Before then, glanders
appears to have had no other meaning save that the horse had tu-
mefied glands, or that, in the farrier’s phrase, ‘his kernels had
come down.’ The French call the disease Ja morve. A horse,
aowever, in the estimation of Lafosse, is not to be regarded as
having la morve proprement dite, unless he be glande, or have tu-
mefaction of his glands.”

Diagnostic Symptoms of Glanders—Glanders consists in 1 dis-
charge, from one or both nostrils, of matter which, by transfer or
inoculation, will produce the same disease in another animat (of
the equine or human syecies), and which discharge is, sooner or
later, accompanied by vascular injection and chancrous ulceration
of the schneiderian membrane of the nostrils, and tumefaction
of the submaxillary lymphatic glands, and by farcy; so that a
horse can not be considered as the subject of glanders mnti! these
symptorus are made manifest.
156 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY,

On ccnsulting “Hippopathology,” I find a paragraph, creditea
tu a French surgeon, who very accurately describes the symptoms
of glanders. It reads as follows: “The signs by which the disease
may be known are, when a horse, already too old to be troubled
with strangles, without a cough, voids matter by the nose, and
has a kernel sticking to the bone; and, besides, in glanders the
matter usually flows from one nostril, whereas, in a cold, it runs
always out of both. Some cast the matter that is voided by the
nostrils into water, and, if it swim on the top, they conclude the
horse to be free of this distemper; but if it sink to the bottom, it
is a sign of glanders, the principal use of this experiment being te
distinguish the pus. But you must not depend on the certainty
of this sign; for if the matter stick to the nostrils, like glue, it is
a bad sign, and you may conclude the disease to be the glanders,
though the matter do swim on the top. When either the breath
or matter that comes out of the nostrils stinks, the disease is almost
always incurable. I have seen horses troubled with this distemper
without kernels, or, if there were any, they were small and move-
able; and the only sign by which we could discover it to be
glanders, was the glueyness of the matter discharged irom the nasa!
outlet.”

Treatment.—The author knows of no remedy for the cure of
glanders. He considers it an incurable disease. In fact, most of
our educated veterinarians contend that the disease, like pulmo-
nary consumption, is incurable.

MAYHEW, one of the most intelligent veterinary teachers of the
present period, informs us that “no medicine can restore the parts
which disease has disorganized. There is no cure for glanders,
which is essentially an ulcerative disorder.” And this opinion is
indorsed by others of equal eminence in the profession, who were
employed lately, by the members of an agricultural society in
England, to ascertain if there was any specific for the disease
know: as glanders, and the verdict was that no specific could 3e
found. So soon as glanders is discovered in the horse, he should
by all means, he destroyed, and buried deep in the earth,

Farcy (DIsEAsE OF THE ABSORBENTS).

This disease is usually met with among horses of the scrofulous
diathesis, which diathesis is known by a proneness to discanes of
GLANDERS AND FARCY. 157

the skin, and does not readily yield to medical treatment. Suck
horses are noticed as belonging to the nervous temperament, hay-
ing thin, spare muscles, wiry neck and limbs, very quick and
active in their movements, and having a very narrow chest. Yet
it should be remembered that the scrofulous diathesis may exist
in any horse, without regard to his conformation or temperament,
provided he inherit, from either sire or dam, the requisite pre-
disposition.

The disease sometimes steals on in a slow and insidious man-
ner, 5: that it is not known to exist until, all at once, the animal
becomes lame, and, in the course of a few hours, his legs swell;
large inflammatory farcy-buds appear just as suddenly; a stink-
ing discharge takes place from the nostrils, and, unless the anima!
be destroyed, he soon dies. This form of farecy may, very prop-
erly, be denominated malignant farey. When the disease mani-
fests itself after this fashion, it is dangerous for a person to handle
the subject. He should be destroyed and buried.

A case of this kind occurred very recently in a large stable,
the facts of which are as follows: The author was requested to
visit a bay gelding, of the nervous temperament, supposed to be
the subject of a catarrhal affection. He did not show any very
marked symptoms of ill-health, except a slight discharge from
both nostrils. He had performed labor up to within a few hours
of the time of my visit, and had partaken of his usual amount of
food, This was toward evening. I directed the foreman to rub
the throat with stimulating liniment. Two ounces of fluid extract
of resin weed were given him; his legs being cold, they were ban-
daged, and a warm bran-mash was placed before him. Next day
ne was a pitiable sight to behold. His limbs and other parts of
the body had become dropsical; his face and eyelids had become
so tumefied that the eyelids were almost totally closed, and scald-
ing tears ran profusely down his cheeks. In various parts of the
body the lymphatics were tumefied, presenting unmistakable farcy-
buds. A stinking discharge ran from his nostrils, and he was se
lame that it was almost impossible to get him out of the stable.
The case being diagnosed as farcy, the animal was shot.

Mr. Percrvaut alludes to the lameness and rapid tumefac-
tion in the following language: “I have known horses so lame
from farcy before the disease had, in any local or characteristic
form. declared itself, that shoes have been removed and feet
168 DADD'S VETERINARY MENJCINE AND SURGE)

searched, etc., to discover the seat and cause of lame \cs 0 sus-
picion having existed at the time that farcy was preseut in the
animal’s system. It may so happen, however, that some of the
preliminary symptoms are observed or observable; that, on the
ccntrary, farcy at once develops itself in an attack on some local-
ity--most probably one hind limb. Indeed, so sudden, sharp, and
severe are attacks of farcy, in some instances, that, in the course of
one night, the horse’s limb will be swollen to a frightful size, so as
to incapacitate him almost from turning in his stall and walking
out of the stable. Ordinarily, the development of farcy plainly
accounts for the halting or lameness, yet the lameness may appear
without any ostensible cause.”

Symptoms.—The ordinary symptoms of farcy are, slight impair-
ment of the general heaJth; feverish symptoms; a small, quick.
pulse; swelling or tumefaction of one of the hind legs, generally
the left, with much lameness; tumefaction of the lymphatics, on
various parts of the body, and in the groin. On the inside of the
thighs, along the course of the femoral vein, corded, nodulous
swellings will be found. Sometimes one or both hind limbs wil]
swell below the hock, and an abscess may form in the vicinity ot
the fetlock, and isolated blotches will break out, suppurate, an?
terminate in farcy ulcer. No swelling of a hind limb, or any
other part, constitutes a case of farcy apart from the unequivocal
signs of Jymphatic disease. There must be present corded, nod-
ulated swellings, buds in some form or other, together with actual
or approaching tumefactiun of the lymphatic glands, or the case is
not farcy. The disease evidently affects the absorbents. Whea
it commences in those which are deep-seated, it usually ends in
glanders. Glanders and farcy are considered the same disease;
yet, unlike glanders, many cases of cure of mild farcy are on
record, but the author knows of none. A disease known as lym-
phatitis is often mistaken for farcy, and, as the former is curable
it is often recorded that the latter affection has been successfully
treated.

Treatment..-I do not know that it is good policy for me to re
commend any form of treatment for the disease know. as true
farcy. It is against the laws of this country, and the interests of
society for any one to keep or treat a case of declared farcy ; there-
fore, the advice offered in regard to the treatment of glandera
spplies also to farcy. To show the reader that the authcr is not
GLANDERS AND FARtY. 158

dugular in his opinion as regards the treatment of this disease, »
guotation from MayuHew is here introduced:

“Farcy 1s, by the generality of practitioners, regarded as a
more tractable disease than glanders. Certainly the course of the
disorder is arrested much easier; but, to cure the malady, there is
a constitution to renovate and a virus to destroy. Is it in the
power of medicine to restore the health and strength, which have
teen underfed, sapped by a foul atmosphere, and exhausted by
overwork? Tonics may prop up or stimulate fur a time; but the
drunkard and the opium-eater, among human beings, can inform
us that the potency of the best selected and the choicest drugs,
most judiciously prescribed, and carefully prepared, is very lim-
ited. Sulphate of copper, iron, oak bark, cayenne pepper, and
cantharides, probably, are the chief medicines the practitioner will
give. With such the horse may be patched up; he may even re-
turn to work. But at what a risk! He carries about the seeds
of a disorder contagious to the human species, and in man even
more terrible than the quadruped. Is it lawful, is it right, to try
to save an avaricious master the chance of a few shillings, and
incur the risk of poisoning an innocent person? The author
thinks not. Therefore he will give no directions how to arrest
the progress of farcy. The horse once contaminated is, indeed,
very rarely or never cured. The animal, after the veterinary sur-
geon has shaken hands with the proprietor and departed, too often
bears about an enlarged limb, which impedes his utility, a d, at
any period, may break forth again with more than the virt lencs
of the original affection.”

 
 

 

SECTION VII.

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.

‘\ampas—SponTanEous SatrvatTioy —Bots—INFLAMMATION oF SToMAcH—-RUP
TURE oF STOMACH—GORGED, OF OVER-DISTENDED STOMACH—METEORIZATIO¥
—FiatuLtenr Cotic—Spasmopic CoLic—INFLAMMATION OF THE PERITONUM—
Ascires—INFLAMMATION OF THE INTESTINES—STRANGULATION OF INTESTINES—
WounDs PENETRATING THE ABDOMINAL CaviTy—SPLeNic APOPLEXY— Funo-
TIoNAL Disease or THE LivER—PsworkEas; irs FuUNcTION—-PARASITES WHICE
AFFECT THE INTESTINES.

LAmPpas,

AMPAS is the name given to a slight tumefaction of the soft
palate of the horse’s mouth. It usually occurs during the
period of dentition, at which time the mouth is hot and tender
At the time when the tushes are about making their appearance,
the membrane over the crown of the tooth becomes tense, so as
to cause the root of the tooth to press on the tental nerve. This
causes much pain. In such cases we make a slight incision over
the region of the tooth, which immediately relieves the animal.
But most men overlook this difficulty, and, because the palate hap-
pens to be tumified, it is at once attacked with the barbarous firing-
iron. This treatment was condemned by PERCIVALL, who, in
writing of it, says:

“ Are lampas disease? The complaints, frequent and grievous,
which are daily reaching our ears, are enough to persuade us that
they are disease. Every groom that has an unthriving horse, or
one that does not feed, is sure to search for lampas; and, should
he find any, the cause of loss of appetite, etc., is detected, and the
remedy obvions—burning them out. Many a poor wight of a
horse, even when suffering from a constitutional disease, has been
subjected to this torturing operation, with a view of demonstrating

the sagacity of the groom, and thereby has got added ‘o his othe
(160)
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 161

ailments a foul, sloughy, carious sore upon the roof of his mouth,
This may be said to be the fruits of the removal of lampas.
Supposing that the existence of lampas is owing to the teeth,
surely the teeth should be removed, and not the bars of the mouth.
In cutting or burning away the lampas, we are mistaking the effect
for the cause. If it be contended that lampas do not owe their
production to the irritation of teething, then I should like to be
informed what does give rise to them ; and, let what will give rise
to them, I do not imagine there is any veterinarian hardy enough
to contend that the cause resides in the palate, and becomes re-
moved by the hot iron. Those who are entering private practice,
and find themselves compelled, at all times, to belie their con-

     
   

 
 
 

  

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BURNING A HORSE'S MOUTH FOR LAMPAS,

(A cruel and unnecessary operation.)

sciences by the performance of unnecessary operations to please
their employers, may be told that burning out lampas is, after all,
preferable to lancing or cutting the bars ; for, unless the palative
urtery is wounded, very little blood is obtained by stabbing the
mouth ; and the wounding of this vessel, which will certainly take
place, should the punctures be made along the sides of the palate,
or extend forward beyond the fourth bar from the front teeth, is
not always a very safe proceeding.”

It is ax unfortunate occurrence that men can be found who will
perform barbarous and unnecessary operations just to please their
employers. If men were true to themseives and their profession,
neither threats nor promises of reward would tempt them to prac-

11
162 DADD'S VELERINARY MEDICINE AND sORGERY.

tice cruelty on animals. It is a fact that some men are often ap
parently compelled to perform unnecessary operations even when
the inward monitor admonishes them that they are about to out-
rage the feelings of a poor dumb brute. Yet, for the honor of ow
profession, let it be recorded that there are but few, if any, of our
educated surgeons that can be induced to perpetrate this outrage.
If medical men will only take the pains to explain this matter, and
prove to the people that the enormity here complained of is both
absurd and barbarous, then the evil will soon cease ; but so long
as horse-owners believe lampas to be a disease, and men can he
found ready to “burn them out,” just so long will the evil exist.
The more intelligent portion of husbandmen are now beginning to
lend their influence to the work of rebuking ignorance, and of re-
forming the barbarous customs of bygone days, and, erelong, it will
be a difficult job to convince them that their horses have lampas,
and that the firing-iron is the remedy indicated. Surely, if the
distinguished PERCIVALL calls lampas a “supposed malady,” and
sets his face against the means used for its removal, the wise men
of the fleam should indorse his sentiments.

Treatment—Should the colt’s mouth, while teething, be hot and
tender, it should be sponged often with a portion of equal parts of
vinegar and water; and should any of the teeth appear imprisoned
by the membrane of the mouth, a slight incision over the point of
the tocth will give immediate relief.

SPONTANEOUS SALIVATION— SLAVER™NG.”

Persons who own and handle horses must have noticed, occa-
sionally, a foaming at the mouth, and sometimes a constant and
profuse discharge of saliva. This, when occurring without any
assignable cause, is termed spontaneous salivation. The disease is
usually occasioned by some irritation in the immediate vicinity of
the salivary glands, or from perverted function in the glands
themselves. The preparations of antimony and calomel, when
given to horses for any great length of time, in the form of con-
dition powders, are very apt to produce salivation, Musty clover,
and hay that is intermixed with lobelia, will also produce it; so,
also, will sharp, projecting teeth; and diseased teeth have the same
effect. In such cases, the cause being discovered, the removal of
the sume is the first step toward the cure. “hen drench ‘he ani
mal, twice daily, with the following:
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 163

N. 18. Powdered chlorate of potass.......... - 1 oz.
Water..... Beeraiibia:. ialava’ sie Gren go's sngzaieve tie 4 pint.

Should the animal show signs of debility or weakness, give oue
sunce of fluid extract of golden seal every morning, before feeding.
Should the mouth appear to be sore, from the constant flow of
saliva over its surfaces, or from any other cause, then the parts
thould be sponged two or three times daily with a portiou of
qual parts of powdered borax and honey, or with an infusion of
bayberry bark.

When spontaneous salivation occurs in an aged horse, it denotes
debility, and thus pcints out the propriety of sustaining the pa-
tient’s strength by administering tonics and diffusible stimulants.
The following is the best remedy for this state of the system:

No. 19. Fluid extract of chamomile........... 1 oz.
Fluid extract of ginger. ........eeee.. % 02.

Give as a drench, night and morning. The patient should have
a fair allowance of good nutritious diet.

Secretion of Saliva in. Horses.—From experiments lately made,
it appears that a healthy horse secretes from the paroted glands,
which are situated beneath the ears at the posterior angles of the
lower jaw, during active mastication, about one gallon of saliva
per hour, and other glands in the vicinity of the throat and mouth
secrete, in the same amount of time, three gallons, making in al]
four gallons per hour, which is mixed with the food during masti-
cation. The following experiment was lately made on an aged
horse, 15 hands 2 inches in height. The tubes leading from the
paroted glands were divided on either side, and so fixed as to
throw their contents into vessels held for that purpose; the ani-
mal was then fed on oats, which he masticated during a period of
thirty minutes, at the end of which time half a gallon of saliva
was caught. ‘This calculation, however, will not hold good in all
eases; for ravenous feeders, who do not thoroughly masticate their
tood, fail to secrete the necessary amount of saliva; hence the food
is not properly masticated nor insalivated, and can not, therefore,
undergo proper digestion; and when food is not thoroughly di-
gested, it imparts but little of its nutriment to the body. Slow
feeders, therefore, are more likely to accumulate flesh than ths
voracious ones.
164 DALD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

Bors (Stomacnic AND HEMORRHOIDAL).

Some persons contend that bots are always injurious. The
author dissents from this dictum. It is possible that, as in the case
of intestinal worms, which are now recognized as the scavengers
of Nature, that the bots are Nature’s hirelings, created and cow.
missioned to do her bidding, to maintain the integrity of her
physiological laws. The parent of the bot, as BRacy CLaRK re
marks, “ sclects her snbjects,” or, in other words, pounces on those
who are not in rapport with Nature, and hence have no business
to enjcy good health, nor even to live.

This was the case when the people of the great city of London
were afflicted with the terrible plague, which ran riot and carried
off about one-fourth of the inhabitants. The sanitary emissary of
Nature, whose shield was emblazoned with the motto, “Thus far
shalt thou go and no further,” pounced upon selected subjects,
the intemperate, licentious, and the gluttonous, and these who had
violated Nature’s laws by wallowing in filth in down-cellar loca-
tions, where the breath of life—pure air—scarcely ever entered.
These were the selected sufferers. The same is true as regards the
mortality attending the yellow fever, which made such sad havoc
in the city of New Orleans some years ago. The medical author-
ities contend that the disease carried off over one thousand of the
inhabitants, without touching a single sober or temperate person ;
hence the plague, the yellow fever, and the cholera may be said to
be the forces which Nature employs to maintain the integrity of
her laws. Intestinal worms, found in the intestinal tube of the
emaciated and the glutton, are said to be Nature’s scavengers, and
the same perhaps is true of bots. They may be the agents of Na-
ture, employed to keep the balance of power within her own hand,
for the purpose, sometimes, of preventing a too rapid multiplica-
tion of the species; at others, to avenge her for crimes committed
.gainst the laws of physiology.

Let us, for example, inquire into the history and habits of some
of the inferior orders of creation, and we may be led to infer that
the presence of bots in the stomach of a horse is no deviation from
the general rule which seems to pervade all creation. Our tenure
of life depends on the use which we make of it, and the same is
true as regards the horse.

Tn the study of physiology, we discover that animals and inserta
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 148

requin the operation of certain forces, in order that their peculiar
vital properties shall be manifested. They all require food, water,
and oxygen—food for the development of organized tissues,
water to maintain an equilibrium between the solids and fluids,
and oxygen for promoting various changes, uniting some particles
for the benefit of the whole fabric, and disengaging others destined
for excreticn. These have to be obtained under various circum-
stances. The number of the different species of reptiles known
to naturalists is about 1,300, and there are at least 160,000 species
of insects. Among this vast assemblage of animate forms, a great
proportion obtain food, wate1, and oxygen in a situation and at a
temperature which is most congenial to each species, each one of
which, as species, exhibit great varieties in physical organization
and habits ; and hence the necessity for that diversity in geograph-
ical distribution which seems to surprise some men. Each species
of animal] and insect carry about with them, in their own organi-
tation, the fertile embryonic habitation for successive parasitic
development, and all are, to a certain extent, dependent on each
other for both food and life. It has been truly said that there
“is life within life.” Begin with the body of man, for example,
and we shall find that it is infested with thirty-nine distinct spe-
cies of entozoa. These are not confined to a single location, as
the bots to the digestive cavity of the horse; but some are to be
seep in the eye, bronchial glands, kidneys, liver, gall, bladder, in-
testines, muscles, and even in the blood. There are several other
species of entophyta, to the number of ten, inhabitants of the skin
and mucous surfaces. So that the master can boast of a larger
number of living parasites within and about his body than we
have yet been able to find in his servant, the horse. And if the
former can carry about in the living citadel such a myriad of liv-
ing, active creatures, without inconvenience, and he being the
weaker party, why should not the horse, who is stronger, be able
to furnish nutriment for some half dozen or more bots that are
occasionally found in his stomach, and to perform his 2.40 gait
without inconvenience? Some of the inferior orders of creation
are the receptacle of a still greater amount of parasites. The
grasshopper, for example, is infested with a species of gordius, a
sort of hair-worm, which some persons have erroneously supposed -
to be a transformed horse-hair. Several of these coil themselves
into the digestive cavitv of the former, at times penetrating the
iv6 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

abdumen, thorax, and cranium. Their bulk and weight often e
ceeds that of an ordinary grasshopper ; still you see and hear them,
skipping, jumping, and chirruping, notwithstanding this immenss
parasitic mass, just as freely as those not infested.

Then consider the condition of the hog. We frequently find,
in his 1, ver, a vesicle filled with fluid, apparently possessing no
further -rganization, But examine it carefully, and we shall find
within “ts enveloping tunic others, the rudiments of successive
cells, i various stages of growth. These are all young hydatids,
whick contain still others, which increase in size until the parent
sac is o distended that it finally bursts, and thus liberates a mul-
titud of parasites, which, in their turn, undergo the same evolu-
tion, '»ecoming each a parent hydatid, producing a subsequent
genc’ ition, which diffuse themselves over the whole body of the
pig; and hence arises that peculiar feature in pork known as
meer ‘es.

Examine the same animal after he is slaughtered, and you may
possibly find in the intestines a large number of the ascaris lum-
bricoides (the common worm of the human intestines); and they
are so prolific that naturalists have calculated sixty-four millions
of ova within the body of a single female, which are, at the proper
season, deposited within the intestinal tube of the pig, who, not-
withstanding, grows fat, and furnishes a savory meal for the lovers
of pork. Sheep, also, are infested with a species of entozoa termed
the “fluke,” besides other different species; and it is only when
the latter become very numerous that they can be considered in-
jurious.

We might go on to show that every living being is more m
less infested with parasites, and that purasites are, in their turn,
the local habitation for other parasites. The very atmosphere we
breathe, and which is the purificator of the vital current (the
blood), teems -vith an innumerable host of living organized crea-
tures. The water which serves to quench the thirst, that plays
so important a part in our economy, and in the arts and sciences,
whether it be the ocean, lake, river, pond, or gully, all contains
crowds of parasites, or animalcule, at times, so numerous that
several hundred thousand have, by means of a magnifying lens,
been discovered in a single drop of this fluid. Yet such is good
and pleasant to the taste; and the water is not injured thereby;
neither is it, in turn, injurious to man. Dr. Lerpy states that he
DISEASES UF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 167

nas. at various times, purposely swallowed large draughts of water
ecntaining myriads cf animalcule, without ever perceiving any
effect; and he combats the notion that diseases are produced or
propagated by these parasites taken into the body. The most
curious feature in the history of parasites is their extraordinary
powers of multiplication, which is doubted by some; but it is well
known to others that some species are capable of producing a
hundred repetitions of themselves, and the process can be repeated
ten times in a season. The common white ant is capable of de-
positing eggs at the rate of 80,000 per day, for several successive
veeks, and the common flesh-maggot can be generated by the
million in the course of a few hours; and as regards growth and
development, the common flesh-fly and the caterpillar increase in
weight 200 times in the course of twenty-four hours.

But the bot is a creature that does not multiply nor increase in
bulk at this rapid rate. He may be said to be a “slow coach,”
and when once located in the stomach of a horse, he generally
makes it his abode for a season, at least. He is a sort of aristo-
cratic entozoa. He lives in the upper region, the stomach. He
seldom condescends to mix with the lower orders that infest the
alimentary regions. The little creature seems to exercise consid-
erable tact in selecting his location. Although he has but a squat-
ter’s title to it, yet it is the best and safest in the whole diggings.
He is in the upper part of the stomach, where the fluids (poisons
or medicines) with which you are about to coax or drive him off,
are inoperative, (for they merely give him a sort of shewer-bath,)
and pass immediately through the stomach into the intestines,
where all the fluid a horse drinks is generally found; therefore
they can not act on the bot. Then, again, he is located on the
cuticular coat of the stomach, a membrane as insensible as the
horse’s hoof, and, therefore, not liable to becom: diseased, nor to be
acted on by either medicine or bot nostrums. You may kill the
horse by the same, but the bot, being within his own castle, can
refuse whatever you offer him.

We can not make medicine act on the external surface of the
bot, for it does not absorb fluid; it is impervious. These crea-
tures have been put into muriatic acid, and kept there for a time,
without being injured. You may put them into new rum, and
keep them or weeks, and, on taking them out and exposing them
to the s» rays, they will manifest vitality.
168 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

We often hear wonderful stories related of bots burrowing
through the coats of the stomach. This, we think, rarely takes
place while the horse is alive. That cavity is the home of ths
bot, its natural habitation; for we know of no other. Here it
generally remains until it is capable of exercising an ir dependent
existence. In this situation the little creature is too comfortaLlj
socated to burrow through the stomach into a cavity wuere if
might perish for want of food. If the time has arrived for it t
vacate ite stronghold, instinct teaches it the most safe aud expe-
ditious r»ute, which is through the alimentary canal. Turn a
horse out to grass in the spring, or give him some green fodder in
the stabl:, and the bots will soon leave him, if they are matured ;
otherwisc they must remain until that period arrives, unless
Nature his some work for them to perform. We shall not contend
that bots are never found in the abdominal cavity, for some per-
sons have testified to the fact; but, during a practice of several
years, and having opportunities of making many post-mortem
examinations, we have not yet been able to observe the phenom-
ena, except in cases of ruptured stomach. Still, a few solitary
cases are on record, and hence it remains for us to explain how
they got there.

We all know that the moment a horse dies his whole body is
subject to the common law of decomposition; but the central or-
gans, where the greatest activity prevailed during life, are gener-
ally the first to succumb. Our business is with the stomach, the
great chemical laboratory, the center of sympathies—an organ
that is very seldom permitted to rest, consequently an active cne.
Its powerful solvents, during life, were busy in transforming hay
and grain into chyme, chyle, and blood; but now that death haa
the victory, the gastric fluid acts on the coats of the stomach, and
thus its decomposition is effected; so that what was previously
good food for bots is now their bane, and, unless they escape, their
death is sure and certain.

The peristaltic motion of the intestines, which favored the exit
of the bots through that channel, has ceased; they are too weil
acquainted with its intricate labyrinthian outlet (their usual route)
to even attempt its passage. No! the same energies of one Eternal
Mind, “pervading and instructing all that live,” suggests the
only means of escape from threatening dangers. The stomach
being partly decomposed, offers but little opposition to their en-
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 169

ervachments. They burst their prison-house, and hence are found
in the abdominal cavity; and when there, they may be said to
have jumped from the “frying-pan into the fire!” Open a horse
immediately after death, and, provided his stomach be in a healthy
condition, we shall find that the bots have not penetrated Leyond
the cuticular coat of it; but if he shall not be examined until some
hours have elapsed, the bots may be found to have passed through
the walls of the decomposed stomach and its peritoneal tunic.

We can imagine, also, that a large number of bots might con-
gregate at a given point in the stomach of a horse, and, aided by
disease, occasion a loss of continuity in the fibers of that organ;
then, on the slightest distension by wind, its walls might be rup-
tured and its function paralyzed, and thus the bot be involun-
tarily driven from its home, to seek shelter and food in another
location.

tion of the bot during its minority, and, at the proper season, the-
digestive canal is the usual channel for its introduction into the
external world; and if these parasites are ever found in any other
situation within a horse’s body, they are there by the force of cir-
cumstances, owing to disease or rupture of the stomach, or from
some morbid condition in the gastric fluids, which arouses a set
of involuntary actions in response to a stimulus; because, during
the whole period of their minority, that is, the larveal state, (a
term which, in the language of entomology, applies to the bot from
the time of emerging from the egg, or nit, up to that period when
it vacates the horse and assumes the form of a gad-fly), they are
in the sare condition as a new-born babe or an idiot—the one
imbibing its mother’s milk, and the other performing unnatural
antics, both appearing to lack that train of mental operations
which implies knowledge, motive, or the consequences resulting
frora such actions, We very much doubt if the bet can, at any
time, by voluntary act, vacate the body of the norse. Reason-
ing from analogy, we are led to the conclusion that the result
is accomplished through their instinctive properties, which are
emmon to many insects and parasites—a perfect adaptation of
means to an end—by which they perform a certain set of opera-
tions without choice, purpose, or intention of their own, yet, in
many cases, producing results which man, through the aid of his
superior intellect, has not been able to surpass.
i70 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDIVINE AND SURGERY

Persons who have paid any attention to the study of physiology,
are aware that these instinctive or involuntary movements, per-
formed without consciousness, are the birthright of a vast number
of tle inferior orders of creation; therefore, it is not likely thay
the bot would, even if he possessed the power, voluntarily vacate
a location favorable to its growth and development.

Veterinary surgeons have long since discarded the absurd notion
that bots are the cause of any vain or suffering to horses. In fact,
some of the most distinguished of them assert that these littly
creatures, with their rough exterior, are rather beneficial than
otherwise, and that, by friction and irritation, they arouse the
sluggishness of the stomach, and thus promote digestion. Per-
sons unacquainted with these facts are, therefore, apt to attribute
effects, during life, to causes which happen after death, and, conse-
quently, the poor horse has to be dosed with all sorts of nostrums.

So popular has been the belief that bots are injurious to horses,
and, therefore, must be expelled at all hazards, that almost all the
old works on farriery contained some favorite recipe for their ex-
pulsion. Popular opinion, too, has been so much in favor of the
theory, that Mr. Percivauu thought it his duty, as a publie
teacher, to make use of the following language:

“You may boldly assert that bots are in nowise injurious. Still,
you can not persuade the world so, and, therefore, you must be
prepared to meet the complaints of those unbelievers, who will,
now and then, declare that their horses have bots, which must be
got rid of. But I know of no medicine that has the power of
destroying; and even if we possessed such, I am not sure that we
could, even when dead, detach them from the cuticular coat of the
stomach, to which they are attached by small horns.”

In allusion to the parasites which infest the human body, Wat-
son remarks:

“Tt is a curivas fact that numerous parasites do crawl over the
surface of our bodies, burrow beneath our skin, nestle in our en-
trail: and riot and propagate their kind in every corner of our
frame, producing ofttimes such molestation and disturbance as ty
require the interference of medicine. Nearly a score of animals
that have their dwelling-place in the interior of the human body
have been already discovered and described, and scarcely a tissue
or an organ but is occasionally profaned by their inroads. Each,
ele, has its special or its favorite domicile. One species cnooses
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANs. 17)

the heart for its place of abode; another inhabits the arteries; a
third, the kidney. Myriads of minute worms lie coiled up in the
voluntary muscles or in the areolar tissue that conn:cts the flesh
fibers. The gninea-worm and chigoe bore through the skin, and
reside in the subajacent reticular membrane. Hydatids infest
various parts of the body, but especially the liver and brain. A
little fluke, in general appearance much like a minature flounder,
lives, steeped in gall, in the biliary vessels. If you squeeze from
the skin of your nose, what is vulgarly called a maggot (the contenta
of one of the hair-pellicles), it is ten to one that you find in that
small sebaceous cvlinder several animalcules, extremely minute,
yet exhibiting, under the microscope, a curious and complicated
structure. Even the eye has its living inmates; but it is in the
alimentary tube that we are most infested with these vermin.”

It is evident, from competent testimony, that these, as well as
other kinds of parasites, are always more or less injurious; henca
the same may be true as regards the bot in a horse’s stomach. The
best authority we have for the origin and history of the bot is
Bracy CrLarns, V. §., a selection from whose works is here in-
troduced :

“The CEstrus Equi, or the Stomach Bot.— When the female has
been impregnated, and the eggs sufficiently matured, she seeks
among the horses a subject: for her purpose; and approaching him
on the wing, she carries her body nearly upright in the air, and
her tail, which is elevated or lengthened for the purpose, curved
inward and upward. In this way she approaches the part where
she designs to deposit the egg, and, suspending herself for a few
seconds before it, suddenly darts upon it, and leaves the egg ad-
hering to the hair. She hardly appears to settle, but merely
touches the hair, with the egg held out on the projected point of
the abdomen. The egg is made to adhere by means of a gluti-
nous liquor secreted with it. She then leaves the horse at a smal]
distance, and prepares a second egg, and, poising herself before the
part, deposits it in the same way. The liquor dries, and the egg
becomes firmly glued to the hair. This is repeated by these flies
sill four or five hundred eggs are sometimes placed on one horse.

The skin of the horse is usually thrown into a tremulous motion
or the touch of this insect, which merely arises from the very great
irritability of the skin and cutaneous muscles at this season of the
gear. occasioned by the heat and continual teasing cf the flies. till,
172 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

at length, these muscles appear to act involuntarily on the slightest
touch of any body whatever.

 

THE ESTRUS EQUI.

5. The newly-hatched bev,

6. The bot full-grown.

7. The head of a bot magnified.
%. The chrysalis.

1. The female fly, about to deposit an egg.
3. The male fly.

8. The egg; its natural size.

4, The egg magnified.

 

The inside of the knee is the part on which these flies are most
fond of depositing their eggs, and next to this on the side and back
part of the shoulder, and less frequently on the extreme ends of the
hairs of the mane. But it is a fact worthy of attention that the
fly does not place them promiscuously about the body, but con-
stantly on those parts which are most liable to be licked with the
tongue, and the ova, therefore, are always scrupulously placed
within its reach.

The eggs thus deposited I at first supposed were loosened from
the hairs by the moisture of the tongue, aided by its roughness,
and were conveyed to the stomach, where they were hatched; but
on more minute search, I do not find this to be the case, or, at
least, only by accident; for when they have remained on the hairs
four or five davs, they become ripe, after which time the slightesi,
application of warmth and moisture is sufficient to bring forth, is
an instant, the latent larve. At this time, if the tongue of the
horse touches the egg, its operculium is thrown open, and a smal}
active worm is produced, which readily adheres to the moist surfiw:
of the tongue, an’ is thence conveyed with the food to the sta *
DISEASES Of THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 173

mh. At the first hatching, as we observe, it is a small, active
worm, long in proportion to its thickness; but as its growth ad-
vances, it becomes proportionably thicker and broader, and beset
with bristles.

Bots are very frequent in horses that have been at grass, and
are, in general, found adhering to the white insensible tissue or coat
of the stomach. They usually hang in dense clusters to the white
cuticular lining of the stomach, and maintain their hold by meaas
of two dark brown hooks, between which a longitudinal slit is seen,
which is the mouth of the larve. When removed from the stoxrach
by tne fingers, by a sudden jerk, so as not to injure them, they
will, if fresh and healthy, attach themselves to any loose mem-
brane, and even to the skin of the hand. For this purpose they
sheath or draw back the hooks almost entirely within the skin,
until the two points come close to each other. They then presem
them to the membrane, and, keeping them parallel till it is pierced
through, they expand them in a lateral direction, and afterward, by
bringing the points downward toward themselves, they include a
sufficient piece of the membrane, to remain firmly fixed for any
length of time, as if at anchor. These bots pass the autumn,
winter, and spring months in the stomach, and arrive, about the
commencement or middle of the summer, at their full growth,
requiring a year to fully complete their structure.

The (estrus Hemorrhoidalis, or Fundament Bot.—The parts
chosen by this insect for this purpose is the lips of the horse,
which is very distressing to the animal, from the excessive titi‘ta-
tion it occasions; for he immediately rubs his mouth against the
ground, his fore-legs, or sometimes against a tree, with great
emotion, till the animal, at length, finding this mode of defense
insufficient, quits the spot enraged, and endeavors to avoid it
by galloping away to a distant part of the field; and if the fly
still continues to follow and tease him, his last resource is in the
water, where the cestrus never is observed to pursue him. These
flies appear sometimes to hide themselves in the grass, and, as the
horse stoops to graze, they dart on the mouth or lips, and are
always observed to poise themselves, during a few seconds, in the
air, while the egg is preparing on the extended point of the abdo-
men. When several! of these flies are confined in a close place,
they have a particularly strong, musty smell ; and I have observed
poth sheep and horses, when teased by them, to look into the grass
174 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

and smell it very anxiously; and if they, by these means, dis-
cover the fly, they immediately turn aside and hasten to a distant
part of the field. I once saw, in a meadow or field, upon the
cliffs of Margate, a fly of this sort teasing a horse that was con-
fined to a small space by a spike stuck in the ground, to which a
cord was tied. He could not get away from its attack, and became
quite furious, for in kicking at the fly with his fore-foot, which he
did vehemently, he often struck the bone of the lower jaw, creating
excessive pain; for in that direction, while grazing, the fly comes
to the beard of the lower lip.

 

THE ESTRUS HEMORRHOIDALIS.

1, The female about to deposit an egg. | 3. The bot. ;
2. The egg magnified. I 4. The chrysalis.
5. The mate fly.

The eggs of this species are difficult to be seen upon the horse’s
skin or beard, owing to the agitation of the beast, and from the
color of the egg being dark, like that of the skin of the horse.
The animal has been generally too impatient, while undergoing
this operation, to let me examine them very well. I ascertained,
however, its form by pressing one of these eggs from the abdomen.

The larvee, or grubs, of this species inhabit the stomach as the
former, generally adhering to the white lining, and are disposed
promiscuously in dense clusters, after the same manner. They
may, however, be distinguished from them by being, in general,
smaller and longer in proportion to their bulk.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 175

The larva of this species may be obtained from almost any horse
that has been much the preceding year at grass, and exposed to
these flies, and will be found, during the summer months, sticking
more or less within the verge or opening of the anus, adhering to
its soft lining, and producing considerable irritation and uneasiness.
Indeed, I once well remember being on a tour of pleasure in the
Isle of Wight, and experiencing much annoyance from these
larvae. The little horse I had hired for the journey became so
lazy and unwilling to go on, and moved so awkwardly, that J
could not keep pace with my company, and I was at a loss how
to proceed ; but, on casually taking up the tail, I discovered three
or four of these insects hanging to the rectum, and their removal
instantly proved a cure.”

It is very likely that the fundamental or hemorrhoidal bot
does produce some irritation within the rectum, but not more so
than the ascaris, or the filaria, which inhabit the intestines, in-
cluding the rectum, of both man and horse. Taking a rational
and scientific view of this subject, the author is inclined to believe
that all parasites infesting the bodies (or living citadels) of the su-
perior orders of creation are only, in their essence, so many modes
of death, more or less sudden or gradual, as the case may be, or
as the exigencies of Nature require. In some cases it is supposed
to be a beneficent provision that some horses, as well as men,
should have a gradual exit out of life, when, by virtue of their
constitution, they inherited no long lease of it. The parasites
here alluded to, and others not mentioned, may be classed as 2
many diseases, which never prove mortal unless the individual’s
lease of life has expired, and then, as before remarked, he has no
tenure on longevity. In taking this view of the subject, the
reader will, of course, infer that all extraneous or accidental causes
of death are excluded.

Disease, which probably includes the presence of ail parasites,
in the bodies of men and animals, may be considered as the trials
of pilgrimage life, and, therefore, may be classed as the check-
mates to Nature. In order to play the game of life so as not to
get checkmated, we must understand the law of rational physiol-
ogy, and use our intelligence accordingly, to preserve health. In
the ordinary acceptation of the term disease, it does not mean
much of any thing; for it does not express the manner in which
the animal is affected. It simply means that he is sick, from
176 DADIYS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGE’

some cause or vther. A man or animal may oe disessed withuut
our expression »f the manner in which either are affected, just aa
a flower may be said to be colored without designat‘ng its partic-
aiar hue. In each case we receive definite, alth ugh negative,
ideas---in the one, that the creature is not in healtl ; in the other,
that the flower is not colorless. And so the same reasoning may
apply when bots become the subject of our consi eration. In a
given case, they may prove injurious (according to ovr ideas), and
in another they may remain, for a certain length of time, perfect!y
harmless ; so that the animal infected or infested 1 1ay or may no‘
suffer any infliction, but trot on through the journey of life just
as long as horse-life is worth wearing.

As regards the several modes of death to hors« flesh, in which
bots are said to play an active part, they may thus be stated:
Bots sometimes congregate, in large numbers, at the superior or
inferior inlet or outlet of the stomach, and thus produce mechan-
ical obstruction to the passage of both semi-fluids and solids; and
the result is, equine death. The author once held an autopsy
which revealed the pre..ence of a cluster of bots, uumbering about
one hundred, located in the cardiac region of the esophagus.
They completely obstructed the passage of food into the stomach.
The horse died suddenly, as if suffocated, from distension of the
esophagus and pressure on the trachea.

The following case, furnished for the “ Veterinarian” by Sur-
geon MATHER, illustrates another mode of death from the pres-
ence of bots:

“The inclosed tongue and larynx I took from a foal this even-
ing, which I shall feel obliged to you for examining, as at the base
of the tongue you will find about a score of what appear to me ta
be perfeet specimens of a small bot. I have only made a partial
examination, as I was anxious to send the specimen off to you
before it became decomposed, as the weather is very hot. The
history of the case is as follows: Two days ago I was requested te
go to Lord Glasgow’s breeding establishment, to see a foal that
was unwell. I[ inquired of the stud-groom how long the animal
had been ill, and he informed me that three days ago it appeared
to have a difficulty in swallowing, and that he noticed some saliva
issuing from its mouth; and that, thinking it had a sore throat,
ke had rubbed some embrocation upon the parts. On examining
the animal. I found it in a very debilitated state. Pulse, very
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 171

weak, and numbering 80; ears and legs, extremely cold, associated
with shivering fits of the entire body; mouth, filled with partly
masticated hay and grass; tongue, furred. The animal had seem.
ingly a desire to eat, but was unable to open its mouth more than
about an inch. It was likewise unable to swallow any thing but
‘iquids, and these only in very smal] quantities. In spite of all I
could do, the power of swallowing got worse, and this morning it
died, very much to their disappointment, as it was a very high-
bred animal.

Could this foal have taken in the ova of the gad-fly, and some
of them become hatched, and, instead of passing into the stomach,
have become adherent to the base of the tongue, and there set. up
such an amount of irritation as to cause the parts to swell so as te
prevent the animal from swallowing?

Observations on the Case.—We are indebted to Assistant Pro-
fessor Varnell for the following remarks upon this singular case:

‘The morbid specimen forwarded by Mr. G. Mather, is of very
rare occurrence, We have never met with such an one before, nor
are we aware that a similar instance has ever been recorded. The
parts came to hand in a good state of preservation, although the
temperature at the time was very high, so that we were enabled
to form a pretty correct opinion as to the nature of the changes
that had taken place during the life of the animal. The dorsum
of the tongue, its root, the whole of the surface of the feuces, the
velum palati, and the margin of the glottal opening, as well as the
lining membrane of the larynx and pharynx, were very much in-
flamed, and, in places, considerably thickened. These parts were
likewise covered with a deposit seemingly consisting of a mixture
of mucus, lymph, and pus.

The most remarkable feature, however, of the case was in the
cause that had given rise to the inflammatory state of the throat;
namely, the existence of a number of smal] bots—the estrus hem-
orrhoidalis (the ‘red-tailed horse bot’ of Bracy Clark)—which
were found to be firmly adhering, by their tentacula, to the mu-
cous membrane. Besides the number which were still in situ,
many others had apparently been attached to the parts, but which
had, most likely, been lost in the handling they had undergone.

By a little reflection, we may probably form a correct opinion
as to how these parasites became located in this unusual situation.
We imagine that the foal, by licking, gathered the ova, in a state

12
t7& DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

of perfection, from the hair of its dam, on which they had bcex
deposited, rather than from its own coat. The perfected ova,
being thus taken into the mouth, became first entangled in ita
mucus, and finally lodged in those shallow recesses at the root of
the tongue, where they became hatched. Some of these creatures
measured as much as three-eighths of an inch in length, and rather
less than one in diameter. They were firmly fixed, by their little
hocklets, apparently to the inne: surface of the mucous follicles.
Their free extremities were of a deep red color, and their bodies
of a yellowish brown.’”

Treatment.—The only remedy for ridding the system of bote is
a run at grass, in the month of May.

GASTRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACA.

Acute inflammation of the stomach seldom, if ever, occurs
among horses as a spontaneous affection. It is usually occasioned
by irritating medicines or poisons, or food of an inferior quality.
When an irritating poison has been received into the stomach, and
excites inflammation there, or when acute inflammation arises
from any cause, the symptoms whicn mark that inflammation are
pain, distress, and restlessness ; a loathing of food; for, if any thing
be given by the mouth, it creates increased pain. The anima)
breaks out in a cold sweat, lies down and quickly rises again, be-
comes early and greatly prostrated in strength, and has a pulse
usually quick and much oppressed. Sometimes purging sets in;
at others, the bowels are constipated. The disease is very apt to
run into gastro-enteritis—inflammation of the stomach and bowels,

Treatment.—The general treatment consists in the administra-
tion of slippery-elm mucilage, and half-ounce doses of chlorate of
potass, two or three times per day. Should gas accumulate in the
stomach or bowels, give one ounce of hyposulphite of soda, dissolved
in a pint of warm water. The ordinary drink should consist of
hay tea, to which a small quantity of molasses may he added,

RUPTURE OF THE STOMACH.

Rupture of the stomach is always a fatal malady, over which
neither art nor nature has any control ; yet, the accident being one
of frequent occurrence, it becomes necessary for us to know some
DISEASES 01 THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 178

thing regarding its cause and symptoms, which are all detailed in
the following case, from the author’s note-book :

Death of a Horse from Ruptured Stomach.—The subject, a black
gelding, nine years old, had been driven a distance of twelve milea
into the city; on arriving at the “City Hotel stable,” he first
manifested signs of uneasiness, by pawing with his feet and turn-
ing his head toward the belly. He finally got down, rolled,
tumbled about, and passed considerable flatus, etc. His owner,
supposing him to be the subject of colic, administered a dose of
“ fire-water,” in the form of gin and cayenne pepper, followed by
three ounces of spirits of niter. He urinated freely, passed con-
siderable flatus, yet grew no better very fast. Four hours from
the commencement of the attack our attention was called to him.
The case then appeared hopeless, consequently we declined pre-
scribing. The following were the symptoms: Pulse, small and
thready; in number, fifty-six; respirations, sixty—laborious,
emitting, occasionally, a sort of grunt, indicative of pressure, from
a distended stomach, on the diaphragm and lungs. The eyes
were amaurotic (pupils dilated and loss of vision); sclerotica
(white of the eye) slightly injected; conjunctival membrane,
within the eyelids, surcharged with blood. The buccal membrane,
within the mouth, intensely inflamed, induced, probably, by the
fire-water drench. The tongue was of a leaden hue, and the nasal
membranes were somewhat reddened. The body, or external
surface, was the seat of profuse perspiration, which ran down the
limbs like rain. They, as well as other parts of the body, re-
mained comfortably warm until within a few minutes of death.
There appeared to be considerable distension in the region of the
stomach, and less at the flanks, from which circumstance we con-
cluded that the patient was laboring under tympanitis (windy dis-
tension) of the stomach. At the moment of death, the reverse
was the case, which circumstance seemed to confirm this opinion ;
for then, the stomach being ruptured, the gas would diffuse itself
in the abdominal cavity and increase in bulk.

Aspect and motions of the body.—The head was kept within
ntriking distance of the ground; the tail was elevated, and kept
in a quivering condition (involuntary). The fore extremities were
advanced, one leg frequently crossing the other; the hinder parts
maintained a crouching attitude, and the penis hung pendulous.
When not in this position, the patieni would revolve in a circle
180 SJADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

then lie down flat on his side, turn his head toward the ribs, and,
after a short time, raise the forward parts, and sit on his haunchea
like a dog. At last he fell over, gave two or three convulsi~e
struggles, and died, just thirty-five minutes from the time we first
saw him.

Next morning, in company with Dr. Woop, we proceeded t&
Ward’s establishment, but came very near being too late; for the
metamorphosis of the horse into grease, fuod for swine, ete., had
commenced. We however had an opportunity to maixe a casua)
examination of some of the organs, and found a rupture of the
stomach of some six or eight inches. The contents, some of which
were found in the abdominal cavity, were very imperfectly (crudely)
masticated. It may be proper, therefore, to name the disease in-
digestion ; its consequences, tympanitis of the stomach; the cause
of death, rupture of the stomach. The loss of vision referred to
is one of the symptoms which generally attends acute indigestion.

A person, who was present during the last moments of the ani-
mal’s life, asked if we were not going to give or administer some-
thing. Our reply was, that we never tortured dying horses by
forcing drugs down their throats. One of our duties, as a physi-
cian, was to know when to withhold medicine—when to do
nothing ; and another equally important one was to be able te
discriminate between a hopeless and curable case. The one ia
question was beyond the aid of science, and, therefore, in view of
“clearing our skirts” of being the cause of death by administer-
ing the last dose (a charge that is often ungenerously laid at the
door of medical men), we preferred to watch the dying animal,
and give directions calculated to lessen the pains of death.

Unfortunately for us and our patients, many employers form an
estimate of medical qualification in proportion to the amount of
medicine administered. They have an idea that the more medi-
eine we give, the yreater are our efforts to control the disease, and
the more willing are they to pay for the same, when, in ninety-
uine cases out of a hundred, the very reverse is the case; for
many diseases to which horses and cattle are subject have a definite
type and limited duration, and would terminate favorably with
leas medicine ; provided, however, the patient have the advantagea
cf pure air, suitable diet, and proper management. Many medi-
cal men are compelled to swerve from the line of their own con-
victions merely to satisfy their employers. This suould not be
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 181

{f a man employs a physician, (quacks are not here considered,)
he should have unbounded confidence in the ability of the former
to treat the case. If any thing occur to lessen that confidence, let
the attendant be discharged immediately. The employer has no
right to dictate how or in what way his horse shall be treated when
he abandons him to scientific men. The science of medicine is
gever a “ Goid-send.” No man is thus favored. It is the result
of dil.gent application and study, in and out of the dissecting-room,
and the legitimate student of medicine is a person entitled to the
full confidence of reasonable men for its legitimate practice.
Therefore, we contend that the qualifications of a veterinary sur-
geon shonid never be estimated in ratio to the quantity of drugs
administered, nor the length of his newly-invented syringe, nor
oy the number of instruments contained in his pocket-case; but
oy his works let him be judged.

There is one practice, prevalent among some horsemen, which
we very much deplore; that is, the drenching of sick animals with
gin, pepper, and molasses. This is a universal stable panacea in
certain quarters, and is often the cause of much pain and annoy-
ance to the animal, and more frequently of an aggravated form
of disease. Gir, or the fire-water sold under that name, is not
always to be procured pure. A great deal of it appears to us to
be composed of spirits of turpentine, new rum, and spirits of juniper,
which, of course, in certain cases, excites inflammatory action. We
have seen a horse’s mouth in a most shocking condition—the in-
terior surfaces almost completely denuded—after a drench of the
same; consequently, in cases of inflammation of the stomach or
Lowels, (which the stable oracles are apt to mistake for colic, or
“ bots,” as they term it,) the remedy (poison) is certainly objection-
ave, because it not only operates unfavorably on the horse by ag-
gravating the disease, and sometimes changing a simple intoa grave
one, but :uch valuable time is lost, in not sending for a competent
person to treat the case. Besides, if a medical man be called on
after the animal has been improperly treated, he then has two
things to contend against: a medicinal disease and the original
vue; and the former is sometimes more difficult to control than
the latter; and this is the reason why some medical men, ourselves
included, refuse to take charge of what we term a second-hand

rase.
The above case illustrates our argument The remedies were
182 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINL AND SURGER\

not adapted to the emergency. Even the simple arti- motasses
was objectionable, because it is an acid. The case required alka-
lies, in the form of ammonia or chloride of lime. Gin was ob-
jectionable, because it is an excitant of the brain and nervous
system, when, instead of the brain, the stomach ought to have
been stimulated. Niter, which was given, is an agent that in-
creases urinary discharges only, and, therefore, was not needed.
The trouble was in the stomach—to arouse its function and con-
dense the gas which distended the same. Alkalies and tonics
should have been administered, followed by such other treatment
as the nature of the case demanded. We look upon this gin and
molasses treatment as decidedly unprofitable to owners of live
stock. It savors too much of our grandmothers’ castor-oil prac-
tice, which often proves more heroic than salutary, does more
harm than good, and, at the present day, is decidedly unpopular.

Our advice to horse-owners, therefore, is, if you have a sick
animal, and can not comprehend the nature of the disease, never
attempt to prescribe for him, but call in the aid of a professional
man. We give this advice under the conviction that domestic
animals are subject to many of the diseases that afflict our race;
that the treatment should be somewhat analagous, and the tact
and skill not inferior, but superior, to that of the human practi-
tioner.

GOoRGED, OR OVER-DISTENDED STOMACH,
(COMMONLY CALIED ''GRAIN FOUNDER.’”.

Gorged stomach is usually the result of overfeeding, ty whick
means the stomach becomes overtaxed in its function, or over-
burdened in its capacity; so that, in the first place, digestion is
partially or totally suspended; and, secondly, the stomach, being
distended beyond its physiological capacity, can not perform the
mechanical action, viz.: contraction and expansion, so necessary
for the physiological process of digestion. The act of digestion ix
ronsummated through the aid of Nature’s chemistry, by means of
the selivial fluids, bile and pancreatic juice. These are the solvents
of all the digestible food. This chemical action receives much aid
in the mechanical action of the muscular fibers of the stomach,
which, by alternate contractions and expansions, keep not only the
stomach in motion, but also its contents, and thus the food is di-
gested. As regards overfeeding, however, it may be proper te
remark, lest the groom or feeder take offense, that an animal may
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 183

be regularly fed from meal to meal (uot carelessly overfed), yet
the stomach, being disordered, does not digest the usual meal. A
portion of it is “left over,” as the saying is, and thus gradually
accumulates in that organ, until over-distension, with its conse-
quences, commands our attention. The reader must also bear in
mind that horses sometimes free themselves from the halter at
night, or when the groom is absent, and voluntarily gorge them-
selves ; therefore the person who has charge of and feeds the sub-
ject is not always at fault. When engorgement of the stomach
occurs, and is associated with flatulency, the sufferings are doubly
severe, because then the intestines are also the seat of distension,
and the pain from that alone is sometimes terrific.

The following case, which lately occurred in the author’s prac-
tice, fully illustrates the condition just alluded to. The subject
was a bay gelding, aged about seven years, the owner of which in-
formed me that the animal had, in the early part of the morning,
broken loose from his stall, and immediately commenced a des-
perate attack on a bag of oats, which happened to be within reach.
The horse was known as a ravenous feeder, and the probability is
that he did not spare the oats, but took a pretty large dose, so as
to over-distend his stomach. The services of the animal being re-
quired, a few hours afterward he was hitched up. He scon, how-
ever, showed symptoms of distress, attempted to lie down, and
finally got into a profuse perspiration. Shortly after this, my
attention was called to him. I found the patient in great distress—
his head pendulous; lreathing, much embarrassed; pulse, very
rapid; body, bedewed with a chilly perspiration; legs and ears,
cold; continual eructations of gas; at the same time efforts to
vomit, which brought away nothing more than salival secretion,
which, however, was quite profuse. The patient rolled and tum-
bled about considerably, and would occasionally stand up for a few
seconds at a time.

Treatment.—It appeared that the indications, in view of relies,
were to arouse the action of the stomach, and, at the same time, to
arrest fermentation. I was under the impression that the conteuts
of the gorged stomach could only be got rid of in the ordinary way,
viz.: by digestion. Iam aware that it is customary to give drastic
cathartics, in view of getting rid of the contents of the stemach -
ret I would not advise the reader to do this, for the horse may die

‘4c medicine operates. The following drench was administered :
184 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

No. 20 Fluid extract of ginger.......+..+-- 1 os.
Fluid extract of gclden seal........ 2 oz.
Hyposulphite of soda.........eeees 2 drachme.
Water. ...eees cee cceeeceereees eee 4 02.

After the exhibition of the above, I threw into the rectum 1
vouple of quarts of soap-suds, to which was added a handful of
salt, In the course of about an hour the animal appeared to bv
somewhat relieved, and passed a large quantity of cats, whole
I repeated the dose; also the enema. The patient very soon after-
ward passed a large quantity of excrement, mixed with oats, and
so rapidly improved that I left him, and did not see him until the
aext morning, when he appeared to have entirely recovered.
With the exception of a bran-mash or two, the above comprises
the whole of the treatment.

It was lucky for the horse as well as the parties concerned that
the animal did not get corn instead of oats; for the same quantity
of corn would have surely caused death, from tue fact that when this
article of fodder is submitted, within the stomach, to the action of
heat and moisture, it increases in bulk in a ratio of about five ty
one, and the usual result is rupture of the stomach. Still, should
any of our readers be called upon to treat a case of the latter kind,
there is no other plan of treatment with which ] am acquainted
that will be likely to succeed in saving the animal than the one
here indicated.

Another case-—The patient, a gray gelding, aged about eight
years, the property of Messrs. Wright & Bros., of Chicago, had
performed an ordinary day’s work without showing any symptoms
of ill-health. About five o’clock in the evening he was unhar-
nessed and put up for the night. In a few minutes it was noticed
that he began to bioat, and that the abdumen increased in size very
rapidly. A messenger was immediately dispatched fur me. Cn
arriving at the stable, I found the animal in a very dangerous con-
dition. The abdomen was enormously distended, and an eructation
of gas from the stomach, by the mouth, was ccntinually occurring.
The respirations were laborious and accelerated, and very much
quickened ; pulse, very indistinct; extremities and surface of the
body, quite chilly; rectum, protruding ; and the animal was very
uneasy, and appeared tc suffer much pain. Occasionally he would
get down and make desperate efforts to roll on his back, yet na
did not succeed, for he was round as a barrel; an? when he c’ ald
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 185

warcely stand alone, in fact, required the services of three men te
steady him, he could walk, and seemed most at ease when kept
in motion. I commenced immediately to inject warm soap-suds
into the rectum; but so soon as the fluid entered the same it was
umediately ejected, there being no room for it within, in conse-
juence of the distension of the walls of the intestines, which
piessed on the rectum. I next attempted to administer a colic
drench, composed of ginger, golden seal, and hyposulphite of soda,
but did not succeed in getting much of it down; for as soon as the
Guid entered the esophagus, it was met by a vulume of eructating
gas, which brought the fluid back by way of the mouth and nos-
trils. I learned, however, that, previous to my arrival, Mr.
Smith, the foreman, had succeeded in drenching the patient with
a full dose of the colic mixture. This probably had the effect of
limiting the generation of gas; otherwise the animal might have
died ere my arrival. The case now appeared almost hopeless; so
I procured a trocar and canula, and plunged them through the
flank into the large intestines. (See puncture of the intestines).
On withdrawing the cutting instrument, a steady volume of gas
issued through the canula for a period of ten minutes. The relief
was immediate. I next gave a dose of colic drench, and left the
animal in charge of the owner for the night. Early next morn-
ing I visited the animal, and found that he was all right. He was
fed lightly for a few days, and, without any other medical treat-
ment, was again put to work.

The dangers tc be apprehended in cases of this character are
either rupture of the intestines or diaphragm. In either case,
death is sure and certain. Sometimes, however, neither of these
ruptures occur; then the distended intestines exert such pressme
on the diaphragm and organs of respiration that the animal diee
of suffocation and loss of pulse. When, therefore, it becomes im-
possible for the patient to swallow medicine, in a case of this char-
acter, recourse must be had to the trocar and eanula, in view of
jiberating the imprisoned gas. The lack of a little knowledge or
this subject has been the cause of the loas of very many valuable
horses
136 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

METEORIZATION OR SUDDEN DISTENSION OF THE
INTESTINES.

Metvorization is the name given to a disease known as bloat o1
hoven in cattle. When it appears in a horse, it receives the above
same, or clse is termed acute tympanitis. This form of wir-ly or
tympanitic distension is always sudden in its attack; animals ap-
parently in the very best of health all at once show symptoms of
enormous distension of the abdomen, and, in the course of a few
moments, their lives may be said to be in peril. The distension
of the stomach and intestines is due to the presence of an immense
volume cf gas—probably carbureted hydrogen—which augments
either by spontaneous generation, or in consequence of the food
running into fermentation instead of being digested.

Cause.—As regards the cause of this malady, we may, with
rafety, assert that it is the result of a temporary derangement of
either the digestive function or the organs of digestion; and such
condition is inaugurated by overtaxing that function, or those
organs which carry it on, either by feeding indigestible food, or in
feeding with too liberal a hand. I have noticed that many ani-
nals have periodical attacks of this malady. Such are said to be
voracious feeders. Their abdomen is unusually large, and out of
proportion to other parts of the body; hence, in so far as their
conformation is concerned, they may be said to be predisposed ;
yet the disease sometimes occurs accidentally, and without the
intervention of any hereditary tendency.

Physiologists contend that very many diseases which afflict
horses are due to hereditary tendencies. Jor example, diarrhea
and colic are, to a certain extent, hereditary, inasmuch as they are
very prone to attack animals of particular form and constitution,
as those with narrow loins, large sides, and of what is generally
termed a “ washy” appearance. If such animals be overworked,
especially »oon after being fed, if their food be suddenly changed,
or if they be allowed an unusual quantity of water, they are almost
certain to be attacked by purging or tympanitis. The tendency of
these diseases appears, in such cases, to depend on a want cf adjust-
ment among the different organs of the body—a want of bulance
among the functions of digestion, circulation, and respiration.

The following case will give the reader some idea of the symp
toms and treatment of this malady:
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 187

Aiistory cy the Case.—The horse had performed his usual daily
labor, without any fault-finding on the part of his driver, when,
all at once, he commenced to bloat, appeared uneasy, and, by
his actions, demonstrated very conclusively that he needed some
assistance. On examination, I found that the abdomen was dis-
tended to its utmost capacity. The walls of the abdomen were
rigid as a plank, and the respirations, in consequence of the great
pressure on the diaphragm and lungs, were very laborious and
muct accelerated, amounting to about one hundred per minute.
The pulse was thready and indistinct; the tongue, livid; eyes,
glassy and protruding; surface of the body, bedewed with a cold,
clammy perspiration ; paralysis ot the optic nerve had set in, and
the animal was “blind as a bat;” in fact, he was dead to all in-
tents and purposes. This was not the worst feature of the case.
He was continually vomiting from both nostrils, and, as the story
goes, “a horse that vomits surely dies.” Occasionally the animal
would fall on the ground with violence, and then assume a vari-
ety of positions, in view of finding some relief, but, alas! to no
purpose. His agony was intense, and there seemed to be no re-
lief for him, unless by a surgical operation. Medicine was out
of the question ; the animal had lost the power of swallowing, and
an attempt to administer a drench would have choked him to
death; so T selected the most salient or tympanitic spot on the
left flank, and then sent a trocar and canula through the walls of
the abdomen into the large intestine. So soon as I had withdrawn
the trocar, the gas escaped very rapidly through the tube, making
a noise like a steam-whistle. The animal obtained almost imme-
Hate relief, and the bad symptoms rapidly subsided, so that I was
enabled to give a colic drench. This operated to prevent fer-
mentation, and gave tone to the digestive organs. Two subse-
quent drenches, of four ounces each, were given, and at the end
of twenty-four hours the animal was taken home. The slight
wound made through the walls of the abdomen into the intestine
nealed readily, so that I had no trouble with that; and, to con-
tlude, I would inform the reader that puncture of the intestine ig
the only rational plan of treatment in a case of this character.

Colic drench is made up of the following ingredients:

No. 21. Fluid extrac. of ginger........-005 coos 2 On
Fluid extrac of golden seal....... rere 2 on.
Hyposulphite of soda....... ay Qareiielae-3leH 1 os.
188 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

TYMPANI(IS (BELLY FILLED WITH Gas).

Case in Mustration—At midnight, June 16, 1865, I was callec
upon to visit a horse afflicted with this disease. On arriving at
the stable, I found the animal on the floor, apparently in great
agony. The abdomen was distended with gas »o an immense
capacity ; the pulse was feeble; respirations accelerated, and very
laborious ; body was bedewed with a cold, clammy perspiration,
tips of the ears, cold; extremities in a similar condition. Eruc-
tations of gas from the stomach, by the way of the mouth, were
constantly occurring, indicating that the stomach, as well as the
intestines, were occupied with gas. The animal had bruised nim
self very badly in struggling, and extensive abrasion of the skin
had taken place in various parts of the body. I was informed
that the horse had just returned from a very long journey, an
had not tasted food for sixteen hours. On arriving at the stable,
where I found him, a bountiful supply was placed before him. In
his weak and exhausted condition, this was about the worst that
could have been done; for the stomach and digestive organs,
sharing, either by direct sympathy or otherwise, with other parte
of the body, were not in a fit state, until a period of rest had oc-
curred, to digest even a small quantity of food. The cravings of
hunger, or a morbid appetite, induced the animal to devour most,
if not all, of what was placed before him. The consequence was,
the food, instead of undergoing digestion, ran into fermentation,
and generated gas known as sulphureted hydrogen.

Treatment.—The animal was urged to rise. I then gave hima
colic drench, composed of two ounces of fluid extract of golden
seal, and one ounce of hyposulphite of soda. The surface of the
body was then rubbed with wisps of straw, which produced soma
reaction, so that the surface of the patient became warmer. Oc-
casionally the animal was led about for a short distance, and then
was led back again to the stall, where he would get down, and roll
and tumble about, as if in great agony. I administered enemas
of soap-suds and salt, but did not succeed in bringing away either
feces or gas, and all the gas which escaped from the alimentary
cavity passed by the mouth. Two hours after the administration
of the first dose, finding that the animal was still unrelieved, I
repeated the dose of colic drench, and threw soap-suds intu the
rectum. Soon after some feces were v’.. ‘led, and with them quan.
D{SEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 18g

tities of gas. A slight improvement was soon perceptible, yet it
appeared that the fermentation was still going on, ae the abdomen
did not decrease in volume; so I gave two ounces of hyposulphite
of soda, in view of arresting the generation of gas. This had the
desired effect ; for, as the gas was liberated, the abdomen decreased
in size. It was not, however, until a lapse of ten hours from the
attack that the patient obtained complete relief from his suffer-
ings. This case only differs from meteorization in the sudden-
ness of the attack of the former.

Persons who attempt to treat cases of this character must exer-
cise due patience. The animal must suffer a certain length of
time, notwithstanding the best-selected remedies are exhibited.
In other words, the reader is advised not to be in too much of a
hurry in getting the animal on its legs again. Take good care
of him ; give him plenty of bedding to rest or roll on; in short,
nurse him as if he were a child, and, above all, do not give him
too much medicine.

Fria ruLENtT Co.ic.

This is a disease of very frequent occurrence among horses. It
is known by a distension of the intestines and abdomen, with
flatus or gas. In the early stage, no perceptible abdominal dis-
tension occurs, yet it very soon manifests itself. One way of sat-
isfying ourselves of the presence of flatus is, to apply the ear to
the abdominal region, within which a sort of active rumbling is
heard, often accompanied by a tinkling or metallic sound. But
while making our examination, we may, perhaps, perceive that
the horse passes flatus by the anus, or eructates it from the stom-
ach by the mouth. In either case, our doubts, if we have any,
are set at rest. This feature of flatulency, accompanied by others
which will be alluded to, complete the chain of evidence.

In some cases the gas accumulates in the large intestines until
the abdomen resembles, in size, that of an ox when “hoven.” It
is very distressing to witness the sufferings of an animal in this
condition ; and when the intestines are so enormously distended
as to threaten rupture, the only chance of relief is to send a trocar
and canula through the walls of the abdomen, into some portion
of the distended intestine, and thus liberate the gas.

Symptoms.- -[t may be well to bear in mind that flatulent colic
190 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

is always sudden in its attack, and some horses are liable to it under
every variety of circumstance—in the stable, on the road, or at
grass. At the commencement of the attack the animal becomes
uneasy from pain, and commences to paw with his fore-feet. Hi
soon gets down, and, if space be sufficient, he commences to reli
from side to side, often remaining for a few moments on his back,
in which position he seems to obtain temporary relief. Sometimes,
s quick as thought, he is on his legs again, gives the body a shake,
and then anxiously regards his flanks, by turning his head toward
one side or the other, as much as to say, “ Here is the seat of my
trouble.” Soon he is down again on the floor, rolling and tum-
bling about. Now and then the animal remains quiet for a time,
in a sort of crouching attitude, the limbs being gathered beneath
the body, until the distension is so great, or the pains so severe,
that he must shift his position, when again we find him rolling,
or standing with his hind extremities stretched backward, and the
fore ones advanced, thus representing the attitude of a horse in the
act of urinating. Supposing, at this period, that there be no flat-
ulency present, yet the respirations are hurried, the pulse wiry,
the eyes glassy, and the patient excessively nervous and uncon-
trollable, the case is then of a spasmodic character (see Spasmodie
Colic) ; but should the animal pass flatus, or the abdomen increase
in volume, the case is unmistakable—it is flatulent colic.

Causes.—I shall now offer some brief remarks on the cause of
colic. If we could only stretch the imagination, so as to take for
granted all the popular causes assigned for the production of colic,
then their name would be legion. Some writers inform us that a
drink of cold water, when the animal is heated, is the most: potent
cause. Then we must infer that the horses ridden by the Russian
Cossacs, in a country where cold water is abundant, should be the
subjects of colic; but the very reverse is the case. The disease is
almost unknown among them.

Previous to the introduction of Cochituate water into the city
of Roston, colic occurring among horses was partially attributed
to the cold well-water ther used; but now they all drink the
former, yet colic is just as prevalent, and, indeed, more so, than
at the time referred to.

There are no people that pay more attention to the watering of
horses than the English grooms, and it is customary, when a horse
is taken from his home to a distant race-course, to remain away
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 19]

only a few days, to have sufficient water transported with him
to last during Lis stay, such a dread have English grooms of
“strange water,” as they term it. Now, it is a notorious fact that
English horses are more subject to bowel affections than those of
this country. From this circumstance, I infer that bowel affec-
tions are hereditary, or, in othe: words, a predisposition to such
is transmitted from parents to offspring.

T can well remember the time when physicians would not allow
a fever patient to taste water; but now they act more in accord-
ance with reason, and allow the sick just what they crave for. It
is not good policy, however, to allow a horse, when performing a
journcy, a bountiful supply of water, because active exercise some.
what stwpends the digestive function, and, therefore, the water
may remain in a portion of the large intestines without undergo-
ing the usual transformation. It then occupies space, and, being
weighty, may, in the rapid movements of the animal, operate un-
favorably in various ways, more particularly on the gut itself, it
being pendulous from the spine.

A horse is often brought into the stable in a state of profuse per-
spiration, and, of course, is somewhat exhausted. Now, it would
be decidedly wrong to either feed or water him until he is rubbed
dry, and has rested awhile; for, at such times food is just as likely,
and, I think, more so than water, to operate unfavorably on an
exhausted animal. Many horses, however, even when in this
exhausted state, will fill their stomachs with food and water, and
yet enjoy immunity from colic. Therefore, should colic occur in a
norse after he has had a hard drive, he having partaken of a
draught of water, it is rather difficult to decide which of the two,
if either, was the cause of the malady. One fact is certain, and
that is, the stomach is deranged, and, therefore, fermentation pre-
cedes digestion; hence the gas.

Notwithstanding our best efforts to prevent it, colic will occa-
sionally occur. Green grass, clover, carrots, and turnips are said
to occasion it. Then, again, it appears in stables, where nothing
but corn, oats, and hay are used. One horse is attacked imme~
diatery after a draught of cold water; another has the chill taken
off his, yet he is often found in the same predicament. Warm
water is the most insipid and nauseating drink that you can offer
a horse; and many would prefer to continue thirety for some time
ere they would imbibe it. .
192 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

It is well known to physiologists, and I presume the readut
must have observed, that both men and animals inherit peculia:
idiosyncrasies. Each are predisposed, either through parental de
fect, temperament, or conformation, to certain forms of disease.
This peculiarity, or predisposition, is sail to lurk in breed, and
those conversant with the horse’s structure and temperament can
readily determine whether he be predisposed to certain forms of
disease or not. For example, a horse predisposed to flatulent colic
's often observed to have a capacious belly, voracious appetite, and
Joes not properly masticate his food ; and he is not over-particular
as to the kind of diet, for we often find him devouring, with ap-
parent relish, the filthy straw that has served as bedding. Often
he proves to be a “criv-biter.” ‘Cribbing is a defect, either in-
herited or acquired.) Ordinarily the salivial fluid is augmented,
yet it does not look healthy; “t is more like soap-suds, and of a
dirty color. The tongue is also foul, and the breath somewhat
fetid. One or more of these peculiarities generally predominate
in colicky horses. I contend, therefore, that some horses are pre-
disposed to colic; and this explains the reason why the ordinary
exciting causes, such as cold water, exposure, fatigue, irritating
food and medicine, are operative on the system of one horse and
inoperative on that of another. Colic is the heritage of some of
the best horses in the world.

Now, should the question be asked, What are the causes of colic?
I answer, It is occasioned by predisposing, direct and indirect
causes, operating conjointly or not. In all cases of colic, the
function of the stomach is either disturbed or partly suspended.

Treatment.—The principal objects in the cure of colic are, to
restore the tone of the stomach, by means of stimulants and tonics,
and to arrest fermentation and absorb the gases of the alimentary
canal. I shall not undertake to say that tho remedies here alluded
to are the very best; but, as I have met with remarkable success
in their use, I can safely recommend them. I have an impression
that when a horse is the subject of colic, he requizes to be treated
just as any intelligent physician would treat one of us. There
is no necessity to convert his stumach into a “slop-shop.” The
patient should be treated in a rational manner, by the same means
and with the same skill as if one of our race were concerned.

TI do not like to see an animal trotted up one street and dows
another, followed by a biped, whip in hand, and a crowd of idlere
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS 193

when he is the subject of excruciating abdominal pains, and the
aweat is pouring off him like rain, from sheer agony. The cus-
tom is decidedly wrong. Our reasoning faculties confirm this
opinion ; and what reason teaches, man should endeavor to put in
practice. No practitioner of human medicine dare advise such a
course as compelling a man to hop off a bed of sickness, and start
cn a fast trot up and down stairs; for, should he so advise, he
would very soon entitle himself to a ticket ot leave. Showid,
however, the attack be slight, a little walking exercise does nu
harm; and if the patient appears disposed to roll, it were hetter
to let him do so—on the ground, rather than in a narrow stall.

My usual directions are: Give the patient a wide stall and
plenty of bedding. Let him lie down, rise, and tumble about
just as much as he pleases, only watch and see that no accident
happens to the animal. The colic drench used by the author,
during the past ten years, is composed of the following :

No. 22. Fluid extract of Jamaica ginger........ 2 02.
Fluid extract of golden seal........... 1 oz.
Powdered hyposulphite of soda.....-... 1 oz.
Water in natwineaeea straws eB eeees 4 oz.

Dissolve the hyposulphite of soda in the wafer, then add the
other ingredients to it. The dose may be repeated, if necessary.

A good wisp of straw, vigorously applied to the belly and flanks,
and also to the limbs, may do some good, because we thus preserve
the equilibrium of the circulation. Enemas of soap-suds should
be administered often, and, provided the case be a curable one,
the horse will soon recover.

Spasmopic CoLic.

The usual causes of spasmodic colic are, mental emotions, ex-
ternal chilliness by exposure, cold water drank hastily, drastic
cathartics, poisons, ete. Spasmodic colic is usually confined to the
amall intestines, and they become cramped and contorted. In thie
sondition the patient is much tortured. The pain occasionally
vemits, and the patient will appear easy, but only for ashort time
{in some cases the patient will stamp and paw almost continually,
and strike his belly. He throws himself violently on the floor,
and occasionally rolls on his back. ‘The abdomen is not distended,
as in the case of flatulent colic, but is rather tucked up, and the

13
194 DADL 8 VETERINARY MEDICINE ANI SURGERY

abdominal walls are rigidly contracted. In the commencement
of the malady, the pulse is usually hard and wiry, but varies as
the disease progresses; and the same is true of the respirations,
viz.: they are accelerated and laborious. The patient occasionally
suffers much pain in consequence of retention of urine and over-
distension of the bladder, which is the result of sympathetie spasm
in the region of the neck of the bladder. Such are the notable
symptoms of spasmodic colic.

Treatment.—The disease being of a spasmodic character, requires
the exhibition of medicines of an antispasmodic character, such as
assafetida, lobelia, sulphuric ether, and copious enemas of warm
water, or an infusion of lobelia. The latter is the most valuable
antispasmodic now in use. Should the case, however, be a des-
perate one, I advise the reader to follow the treatment indicated
in the following case, taken from my note-book:

On making an examination of the animal, the following symp-
toms were observed: Pulse, very strong and wiry, averaging
twenty beats above the natural standard ; membranes of the mouth,
nose, and eyes very vascular, or highly reddened; the surface of
the body was bedewed, in patches, with perspiration; there ap-
peared to be much rigidity of the muscles, especially in the ab-
dominal region. All at once the animal would throw himself
violently on the floor, and throw his limbs about in the most wild
and reckless manner. He would assume all sorts of positions, yet
seemed to obtain most ease when flat on his back; still, if closely
approached or touched, he would kick and strike with fury, as if
he were intent on mischief. In short, the horse cut up such an-
tics that # was almost impossible to approach him; yet I finally
succeeded in delivering an antispasmodic drench while the animal
lay on his back, in which position I also gave an enema, composed
of warm water and lobelia.

The animal kept growing more restive and uacontrollable, till,
at last, it became very evident that convulsions had set in. The
breathing had become fearfully laborious and rapid; his nostriis
were dilated to their utmost capacity; the sight had become se
affected, through temporary paralysis of the optic nerve, that tem-
porary blindness had set in.

There seemed to be little hope for the animal, and, fearing the:
he might either kill himself by violence, or injure those in attend-
ance, T con-luded tc chloroform him, and thus put a stop to his
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 198

Jangerous performances. He had had the best of us long enough,
and now it was for me to show what science had in store for such
otherwise unmanageable cases. I procured a mixture, composed
of four ounces of chloroform and the same quantity of sulphuric
ether; next, a sponge was tied to a broom-handle, and covered
with a towel. Thus we were enabled to chlorofcrm him at a safe
distance.

The patient did not seem to relish this mode of practice. He
fought for some time, tried to strike and kick me, but, being tem-
porarily blind, I had the advantage of him. It was soon evident
that the chloroform was beginning to do its work. The patient
gradually settled himself on the floor, and was soon completely
atherized. As it is dangerous to keep a horse under the full effects
of chloroform any great length of time, I now removed the sponge,
and only applied it occasionally, slightly saturated, so as to insure
« sort of incomplete state of insensibility. It was an encouraging
sight to behold the once powerful and furious animal now lying
free from pain, and deprived of the power of injuring himself or
viose in attendance; and it is also gratifying to know that science
tinisters to the wants and necessities of the inferior as well as the
superior orders of creation.

At the expiration of an heur, during which time the anima}
was more or less under the anesthetic agent, he was allowed to
rise. He gave himself a few shakes, and seemed very much re-
lieved and more tranquil. I now gave a drench of spirits of niter
and infusion of lobelia; administered, also, a lobelia enema, and
left the patient to the care of his attendants. A few hours after-
ward I again visited the patient, and learned that he had a slight
spasn: occasionally, for which I prescribed two drachms of pow-
dered assafetida. I then introduced the male catheter into the
bladder, drew off a small quantity of urine, and this completed
the whole of the treatment. The patient recovered.

Anoticr case of Spasmodic Colic, treated by Inhalation.—The
subject was a large and powerful stallion, aged about eight years,
the proprrty of a gentleman residing in Chicago. The horse war
attacked in the street with symptoms of acute abdominal pain,
and, in consequence, was hurried home to the stable. The mo-
ment he arrived there, he threw himself dawn and commenced
rolling, and grew excessively uneasy and irritable. In the course
of an hour our attention was called to him. He ‘hen exhibite i
196 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

syiy toms of acute abdominal pain. The eyes appeared wild, and
their membranes congested ; the nostrils were dilated ; pulse, abouf
sixty ; extremities cold; body, bedewed with perspiration ; no tym-
panitis, yet the animal anxiously regarded his flanks. He would
paw with his fore-feet, and strike forward in a most reckless man
ner, and fall down, as if in convulsions; then he would roll cn
his back, curve his head to one side, and, as quick as thought.
jump up again.

He was now so spiteful and unmanageable that it was impos
sible to administer either drench or ball. We tried every means
to get something dowa, but all to no purpose; he was determ-
ined to make us keep beyond the reach of his fore-feet and
mouth. It now becane evident to us that the patient must be
mastered, and, in this view, not knowing at the time that tha
agent we were about to use would act beneficially on the disease,
we procured three ounces of chloroform, and the same quantity
of sulphuric ether. An old sheet and a sponge were used as an
inhaler. Watching an opportunity, when the horse was down,
we got two men to secure him there by the neck. We then sat-
urated the sponge with the mixture, and applied the same to thn
nostrils, enveloping them with the fulded sheet, leaving an orifica
for the admission of air. The patient struggled violently at first,
but soon became quieter, and, in the course ot two minutes, trem-
bled, breathed deep and loud. The pupils then became dilated,
the breathing stertorous, and the animal was fully etherized.
Having him completely under control, we were not disposed to let
him up in a hurry. The sponge, however, was removed, and so
soen as he showed signs of partia! consciousness, it was again re-
plenished with ether, and applied.

Supposing that the case might be running on to intussusception.
or entanglement of the bowels, we thought there could be no herm
in keeping the animal under the influence of an agent that seeracd
to act so well; consequently he was kept under its influence fcr
fifty-five minutes. His head was then brought toward the door,
and « few drops of cold water were sprinkled on him. Soon he
raised his head, looked bewildered, yet showed no symptcms of
pain nor uneasiness. Shortly afterward he got on his legs, but
had to be supported by several men, who soon rubbed him dey.
He wae then drenched with laudanum, five drachms ; sweet spirits
ef niter, one our », He was led toa stall, entirely free frora pair
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 19?

partak cf scme gruel, and rested well during the night. Next
morring he got five drachms of aloes and one of ginger, in solu-
tion; the howels responded to the same, and four days after he
was at work. We would not, however, have the reader suppose
shat the same agent shall suit all cases of this character; for
another similar feat might prove a failure, and a third equally un-
manageable. A case might yield to the ordinary sedatives, how-
ever, provided the patient could be induced to swallow them.

INFLAMMATION OF THE PERITONEUM (PERITONITIS).

Taz peritoneum is a serous membrane, which not only gives a
cverig to the intestines, but also a lining to the abdominal cay-
ity. Our pathologists teach that the peritoneum, like other serous
membranes, is very ready to take on inflammatory action upon the
operation of certain exciting causes. Watson informs us that
“acute inflammation, beginning in one spot, is almost sure to
transfer itself to any other spot that happens to be in contact with
the first, and is very apt to extend itself rapidly to the whole
membrane. The disease tends to the effusion of serum, and of
coagulable lymph. It is of the adhesive kind, and its effects are
those of distending the peritoneal cavity with fluid, or of gluing
its opposite surfaces together, so as to obliterate that cavity, or
of forming partial attachments. In all these respects the analogy
between inflammation of the peritoneum and inflammation of the se-
1ous membranes of the chest and the covering of the heart is perfect.”

Peritonitis is generally a manageable disease when treated ac-
vording to the principles of rational medicine; but when treated
according to the dictum of Bain and others, who have never
done any original thinking, in so far as veterinary science is con-
cerned, it is decidedly the reverse. For example, here is a pas-
sage from BLAIN’s works:

“The treatment of peritonitis is much the same as for enteritis,
The only difference is, that the animal will lose more blood before
he displays any symptoms of uneasiness. We may also be more
bold with purgatives. The three ounces of solution of aloes may
be increased to five, the pint of oil enlarged to a pint and a half;
and if this produces no signs of its having acted on the bowels,
it may even be repeated when another three hours and a half have
alapsea. All the other measures are alike, in both cases.”
198 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGHE.f.

Those who follow such advice as this would be very apt to lose
their patients, either through the direct influence of meddlesome
medication, or by converting peritonitis into dropsy of the abdo-
men. But let us see what Watson says on the subject of the
treatment of peritonitis :

“Most writers whose worth I am acquainted with recommend
purgatives as highly serviceable in peritonitis. I do not think the
good which they are calculated to do, as antiphlogistic remedies,
ean at all be put in competition with the harm that I am per-
suaded they may produce, by increasing the peristaltic action of
the intestines, and so causing additional friction and tension of
the inflamed membrane. I believe that in all cases of well-marked
and pure peritonitis, when the inflammation is limited to the se-
rous membrane, it is fur better and safer to restrain than to solicit
the internal movements of the alimentary tube.”

In human practice, physicians, instead of giving purgatives,
resort te the use of narcotics, in view of tranquilizing the system,
and fur the purpose of mitigating the intense pain which exists
during the acute attack.

Symptoms.—The most marked symptoms of peritonitis are as
follows: In the early stage, the animal paws slightly, but not
with that sort of viciousness which is characteristic of colic or
strangulation of the intestines. Soon, he shows febrile symptoms,
the pulse runs up to seventy or more, and a shivering fit sets in.
When pressure is made on the abdomen, the animal evinces signs
¢f pain. He will sometimes get down and lie on his ack, but
he soon finds out. that the best way of lessening his pains and
aches is to keep as quiet as possible. His tonguc is usually coated,
and the bowels are inactive

Treatment.—Give the patient mucilaginous drinks, as in the case
of enteritis, and drench him occasionally with an infusion of poppy-
heads, in pint doses. Empty the rectum by means of soap-suds
enemas, and then throw in a quart of infusion of hops. Cloths,
wet with warm water, should be applied to the abdomen, and the
surface of the body should be kept warm by means of blankets,
This kina of treatment, with good nursing, will probably restore
the anirna: to health. Should symptoms of dropsy set in, give twe
ounces of fluid extract of buchu, daily.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 199

ASCITES, OR ABDOMINAL DRropsy.

Ascites signifies a collection of scrous fluid within the abdom-
inal cavity. The subject of this disease is noticed as having a
symmetrical and uniform enlargement of the abdomen ; and, if the
patient be a mare, some persons are likely to infer that she is
pregnant, but examination, by pressure, will suffice to determine
the conditions; for, if pressure be made with the fingers, in the
abdominal region, a waving or fluctuating motion is discovered,
similar to that which follows the forcible displacement of liquid.
This fluctuation is the discriminating symptom between ascites
and pregnancy, for in the case of pregnancy no such fluctuation
can be elicited.

Ascites is usually the result of some chronic or acute disease of
the peritoneum (lining membrane of the walls of the abdomen),
or, rather, a loss of equilibrium between the local functions of
secretion and absorption. This disease, like many others, may be
rapid or insidious. If rapid or acute, it is apt to prove fatal in
the course of a few days; if insidious or chronic, the animal may
turvive for a long time, as the following case will show:

Case of Dropsy of the Abdomen, ending in Rupture of the Stom-
ach.—The subject of the above-named affections was a mare, owned
by the North Chicago Railroad Company. She had been in their
employ during a period of three years, and had always performed
‘he work required of her without any manifestation of disease; in
fact, had gone her usual trips up to within a few hours of her death.
She had just partaken of a hearty breakfast, when, all at once, she
began to falter, and the surface ot the body was soon bedewed with
a profuse perspiration ; she trembled, the head became penduleus,
and the case assumed an alarming aspect.

This happened at about six o’clock in the morning. At eight,
my attention was called to her, when the following symptoms were
observed. Pulse, small and indistinct ; respirations, humid, and
rather laborious; abdomen, quite tense from distension ; percus-
sion over the region of the abdomen yielded a dull sound, yet
fluctuating, showing that the abdominal cavity was occupied by
some kind of fluid. From the peculiar conformation of the abdo-
men, I at first suspected that the animal was pregnant, which
proved not to be the case.

On percussing cver the region of the stomach, a tympaniti«
200 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

sound was elicited, showing that the stomach contained a large
quantity of gas, and was over-distended. Her exwemities were
cold, and other symptoms were present which indicate death. I
suspected that the food was running into fermentation, and, in
view of arresting it, I gave one ounce of the hyposulphite of suda,
anJ the same quantity of fluid extract of ginger and golden scal
The body was bathed with new rum, and she was rubbed vigor-
ously, by three men, for about half an hour, from which treatment
she seemed to rally some. Several injections of salt and scap-suds
were thrown into the rectum, They brought away a slimy sub-
stance, but very little feces. Finally nothing came away but that
which was injected, and from this I was led to infer that, either
from pressure or stricture, the small intestines were closed.

T now determined to send a trocar into the abdomen, for the
purpose of discovering what it contained, and, accordingly, selected
a point in the lower middle of the same. In withdrawing the cut-
ting instrument, a fluid commenced to run, which, in color and
consistence, resembled urine. For an hour and a quarter this fluid
continued to run through the tube, and the amount obtained must
have been over three bucketsful. I was in hopes that the with-
drawal of this large amount of fluid might remove the pressure on
the intestinal tube, and thus the gas, which was pent up in the
stomach, might find its way to the anal outlet. Not so, however ;
for, notwithstanding all our efforts and attention, the mare died,
at noon, with rupture of the stomach.

The autopsy revealed a rent, or rupture, in the stomach, of about
eight inches in length, through which a portion of the food and
fluids of the stomach had escaped into the abdominal cavity. The
smull intestines were the seat of stricture in several places; their
external surface, or, rather, peritoneal covering, was studded with
albuminous and fibrous deposits, resulting from abdominal dropsy ;
otherwise, the contents of the chest and abdomen presented the
appearance of perfect health. I should judge that the water had
been accumulating in the abdominal cavity for a long time. The
foreman at the stable observed that the animal always appeared
very portly, so much so that the abdomen was square with the
hips, which had led some persons to suppose that her hips were
“ knocked down.”

Most authors contend that when a borse is the subject of rupture
of the stomach o* intestines, he squats on the haunches, like a dug:
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 201

out this animal did not exhibit any such symptoms, but stood ug
antil within a few minutes of death.

Treatment.—A case of this kind requires the exhibition of tonica
and diuretics, and the following is the best remedy which can he
given:

No. 23 Fluid extract of buchu..........+6
} equal parta.

Fluid extract of snakehead.........
Mix.

Dose, two ounces per day.

INFLAMMATION OF THE INTESTINES (ENTERITIS).

This disease is located on the inner or mucous coat of the in-
testines, sometimes, however, involving the muscular portion of
the same. The causes are various: improper management. bad
food, worms, irritating medicines, musty hay or clover, chilling
the body by cold water, exposure to rain, ete.

Symptoms.—The disease often commences with a shivering fit,
to which succeeds heat of the skin, restlessness, loss of appetite;
the mouth hot and dry; the inner membrane of the eyelids and
nostrils are redder than usual. As the disease progresses, the pain
increases, and the animal will lie down. There is no intermission
of pain; it is persistent. The breathing is accelerated, and pres-
sure in the abdominal region elicits symptoms of pain. The bowels
are usually constipated, and if any feces are voided, they consist ot
small, hardened balls.

An examination after death reveals a gungrenous state of the
small and sometimes the large intestines. Often extravasated
blood is found within the intestinal tube. So soon as the pain
ceases, and the animal appears no better, we infer that gangrene
has set in ; cold sweats set in, and the animal shortly dies.

Treatment,—The treatment of enteritis does not, and should not,
differ from that of any other acute affection. Mucilaginous drinks,
chlorate of potass, hyposulphite of soda, in doses as recommendec’
for inflammation of the stomach. Occasional enemas of soap-suds
are to be thrown into the rectum, so long as the feces remain hard,
or are voided with difficulty. The objectionable method of hack-
raking—so highly recommended by some authors—should never
be resorted to; it is a disgusting affair, and actually unnecessary
for, let the rectum be ever so impacted, it can be evacuated by
202

DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

(Hy

 

APPEARANCE OF THE INTESTINES ON OPENING THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY,
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 203

enemeta, composed of soap-suds, to which add a little ginger or
lobelia. If the weather is not too cold, cloths wet with warm water
may be applied to the abdomen, over which throw a blanket, so
as to prevent evaporation and chill. The outrageous treatment
recommended by some authors is a disgrace to the profession.
They recommend bleeding until the horse faints or falls; then ta
scorch the sides with ammonia and cantharides; and, lastly, to
empoison what little blood he may have left in his system, so that
death may oceur secundum artem.

Should the subject of inflammation of the intestines suffer much
pain, a drench of half a pint or more of infusion of hops, or pop-
pies, may be given occasionally; or one ounce of the fluid extract
of one ofthese agents may be substituted, to be given two or three
times during twenty-four hours.

The treatment of inflammation of the intestines, as well as in-.
flammation of any other part of the body, consists in using those
means and agents which ward off or remove any agent which, ip
its effects, does, or tends to, deprive any of the organs or tissuer
of the living body of their vital action. The remedial means
used to accomplish this object must be such, and such only, ae
sustain the weakened or increase the reduced vital action in any
of the organs or tissues. This is the doctrine which the author
attempts to teach in this work. And is the doctrine not plain?
Could any thing accord more directly with reason, or commend
itself more clearly to the common sense and unbiased judgment
of intelligent people? If the vital action of any of the organs or
tissues become weakened or enfeebled, should they not be strength-
ened? Can this be done by any other agent and means than those
which increase and strengthen this very vital action? If this ac-
tion, in any of the organs or tissues of the animal body, becomes
reduced or impaired, must it not be increased by agents and means
which coéperate with the vital power? Then, how can agents and
means which always impair vital action (poisons) cure disease?

Different remedial means have different effects upon the organs
and tissues of the system ; but all poisons and agencies which im-
pair the integrity of the organism of a well animal must have a
disastrous effect on one that is sick and suffering. Unhealthy and
poisonous agents impair and reduce the vital action of certain
organs and tissues according to the nature and tendency to affect
various parts of the living structures.
204 Deiw ft VETERINARY MEDIt\INE AND SURGERY

Now, if it can be made to appear that disease consists, in it
nature and effects, in increased vital action or increased health of
any portion of the body diseased, then will it be proved that poi-
sons are, and of necessity must be, medicines or the agents to cure
disease. But whut are we taught by our brethren of the heroic
school upon this point? “In spontaneous disease,” that is, dis-
ease which occurs without any apparent cause, HUNTER contends,
“we know of no method that will entirely quiet or remove the
inflammatory action or disposition, All we can do, probably, is
to lessen every thing which has a tendency to keep it up. In-
flammation is either an increase of life or an increase of a dispa-
sition to use it.”

Again: “Qne of the means of curing this inflammation,” says
the same author, “is by producing weakness. The means of pro-
ducing weakness of an absolute character are, bleeding, purging,
and the exhibition of poisonous agents. The inconvenience, how-
ever, arising from this practice is, that the sound and healthy
parts must. suffer nearly in the same proportion with the diseased ;
for, by bringing the inflamed parts on a par with health, the
sound parts must be brought much lower, so as to be too low,
The first method, namely, bleeding, will have the greatest, the
most permanent, the most lasting effect; because, if it have say
effect at all, the diseased action can not be soon renewed; the
second, purging and poisoning, will act as auxiliary, so that these
processes go hand in hand; but neither these nor sickness can pos-
sibly lessen the original inflammatory disposition. Lessening the
power of action belonging to the inflammatory disposition can
only lessen or protect its effects, which, however, may be of sery-
ice, as less mischief will be done, and this will often give the
inflamcd disposition time to wear itself out. But this practice
taust not be carried too far. It must be followed with great
judgment. Nothing debilitates so much as purging, if carried
beyond a certain point. Even one purging may kill when the
constitution is much reduced. The internal medicines generally
ordered for the cure of inflammations are such as have a similar
effect to that of bleeding; namely, lowering the constitution uy
the action of the parts. As inflammation has too much action,
which action gives the idea of strength, such applications as
weaken are recommended.”

Here, then, are the reasons for the use of poisons to cure dis
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 208

eases, as believed and taught by our brethren of the heroic school.
Such agents and means we do not want, for the plain reason that
disease can be cured quicker and better without than with them.
Our system of practice, and that recommended in this work, tenda
to sustain the vital powers during the progress of disease; and
this is accomplished by resorting to sanative medication. Thia
eanative system of medication must, eventually, commend itself to
the candid and to the unprejudiced reasoner and scientific inquirer

afler truth.

STRANGULATION OF THE INTESTINES.

When an animal becomes the subject of strangulation of the in-
lestines, it is very difficult, at first, to diagnose the case, for the
symptoms very much resemble those of spasmodic colic; yet aa
the treatment of the two diseases does not differ much, the mistake
in itself is of little consequence.

Symptoms.—The difficulty is, at first, accompanied by uneasi-
oess, ‘he animal moves about in his stall, and commences stamp-
ing with one of the fore-feet. Frequently he gets down and rolls
on his back, in which position he will remain sometimes for sev-
eral minutes. So soon as he rises, he commences to paw and
stamp with a vengeance. As the discase advances, he totters, and
sometimes drops on the floor. The pulse is usually irregular, the
mouth cold, and visible surfaces pallid: the tongue appears of a
bluish cast; and the body is generally bedewed with sweat. Fi-
ually, the animal makes great efforts to evacuate the rectum, and
in so doing strains violently, so as to cause blood to escape from
the rectum ; and sometimes the rectum itself protrudes. Should
the symptoms not improve, the animal soon dies of strangulation
and mortification of the intestines.

Treatment.—This must be of an anti-spasmodic character. An
sunce or two of fluid extract of lobelia should be given, every twe
hours, in a pint of warm water; the body should be enveloped
in bandages, wet with warm water, and enemas of assafetida o
lobelia should be thrown into the rectum ; but if the rectum pro
trude, enemas are inadmissible. On some occasions of the kind
[ etherize the patient, with marked relief.
206 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

WoUNDS PENETRATING THE ABDOMINAL CAVITy.

The treatment of a penetrating wound into the abdomen will
depend somewhat upon the nature of the same. Should the intes-
tines protrude through the wound and exhibit a puncture, put or
the twitch an1 Rarey-strap. Then return the intestines into the
abdominal cavity, and proceed to suture or sew up the intestinal

ent, by means of a small needle, armed with sewing silk—first,
by meang of sutures through the abdominal muscles, one end of
the suture being left long enough to hang out of the wound;
second, close the skin (the sutures should be distant from each
other about one inch); next place a cold water pad on the parts,
and encircle the body in the injured region with a cotton-roller,
over which place a surcingle, and securely fasten it. In the event
of the intestines being swollen and distended, it may be necessary
to cast the patient; then roll him on his back, and thus the pro-
trusion may be returned ; but should they still prove too large for
the orifice, it must be dilated by means of a probe-pointed knife.

SPLENIC AvOPLEXY (CARBUNCULAR FEVER).

Mr. GAMGEF has made some translations from foreign authors
on the subject ef Splenic Apoplexy, and he tells us that “ this is
the disease described as carbuncular fever by Renault and Rey-
nal. It is most common in hot and tempestuous seasons. In its
sarefully-cbserved symptoms, M. Anginiard is induced to regard
the disease as dependent on miasmatic exhalation. Until recently,
the author had studied the malady only in sheep, but has fre-
quently observed it, of late, in the horse. It is not so suddenly
fatal in the latter as in the former. The prostration and stupor
are very striking. The horse can barely stand, and is very list-
less; the muscles of the limbs tremble, and partial sweats bedew
the body. In some parts the skin is dry, and the coat staring;
the breathing is slow and irregular; the conjunctiva, or lining
of the eyelids, is white, and indicative of an anemic or bloodless
state; the pulse is feeble, wiry, and accelerated, offering a remark-
able contrast to the tumultuous action of the heart; the loius axe
very sensitive; and there are often ind.catioas uf pain on pres
sure on the abdominal walls. Colicky symptoms are frequently
noticed. At first, all appetite is lost, but, as the diseast: ad vasces,
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 207

fue animal eats and drinks freely. In attempting tv bleed an
animal, great difficulty is experienced in filliag the vein; and
when the blood flows, the animal instantly manifests great weak-
ness. ‘The blood is black, and does not coagulate as in health,
fhe symptoms rapidly grow worse, the breathing labored, the
eyes sunken, the prostration extreme, and progression impossible,
until] tue animal reels over and dies. The disease runs a rapid
vourse, and, or an average, death occurs within fiftcen or eight-
een hours. There is an absence of the external swe:lings char-
acteristic of ordinary carbuncular fever; and the internal disten-
sions of organs, particularly of the spleen, so ably described by
Renault and Reynal, are sufficient, according to M. Anginiard, to
distinguish the two diseases. In the treatment of this disease,
Anginiard trusts mainly to quinine. He administers a drachm
and a half as soon as possible, either in an infusion of coffee or
other aromatic mixture. If the symptoms do not subside twa
hours afterward, two drachms are given. Generally this is suf-
ficient. If not, a third and fourth dose have to be exhibited.
Bleeding is to be condemned. The body of the animal may be
rubbed with a wisp, or a turpentine liniment may be employed
asa derivative. Free ventilation, and leaving tle animal uncov-
ered, to permit free exhaJation, are essential points in the man-
agement of these animals. M. Dumesnie has tried this treatment,
and found it most successful. Anginiard believes in small doses,
and not often enough repeated.”

Apoplexy is a disease which, if not discovered early, is very
apt to prove fatal. Whether discovered or not, in its early stage
it generally baffles the skill of those who, in this country, have
attempted to cure it. The incurability of such malady may, under
the circumstances, be accounted for on the belief that it often
rages as an enzodtic, affecting animals in isolated spots, without
regard to locality, and attacking only those susceptible to its
influence. Woaat the conditions are which favor its propagation
I ara unable tv, determine, for I have known it to affect equally
those which appeared healthy as well as others unhealthy in ap-
pearance; hence it is very difficult for any one to point out the
direct causes of the affection. I have not seen many cases of either
enlargement of the spleen, or apoplexy of the same, occurring ir
eattle, from the fact that my practice has been mostly confined to
horses in cities, where cattic were not very numerous; but a friend
“38 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY,

f mine, located in a cattle-raising district in the State of Maine
informed me that this disease, accompanied by enlargement, often
prevails there enzodtically, and that most of the animals thus
affected dic. I have had considerable experience in the treatiaent
of such affections in horses, but, as I have just observed, the result
is very unsatisfactory. I believe I have but one case cf care on
record, and the medicines used on that occasion were stimulants
and tonics, with forty grains of iodide of potass per day. Tha
spine was also rubbed, night and anorning, with equal parts of
vod-liver oil and spirits of camphor.

ENLARGEMENT OF THE SPLEEN.

Synyuums.—The symptoms of enlargement of the spleen io
horses (they do not differ much in cattle) are us folluws: Feeble
pulse; respiration not much disturbed; the tongue is usually
coated; mouth, hot, and the breath has a feted odor; the mem.
branes lining the mouth and eyeballs have a slight yellow tinge;
the head droops, and the tips of the ears and lower parts of the
limbs are chilly; the patient is rather unwilling to move, and,
when urged to do so, exhibits a staggering gait, and sometimes falls
never to rise; the urine is scanty, and, in the last stages, blood
oozes from the anus and nostrils; colicky pains attend the disease.

In a case that terminated fatally, I made the following record
of the post-mortem examination: On opening the abdominal cav-
ity, the spleen was found to occupy a very large space. It was
of immense proportions, and weighed nearly twelve pounds. The
ordinary weight is three pounds. It presented the appearance
of a spleen in the chronic stage of disease, being altered in struc-
tvre, of a dark, pitchy color, and surcharged with dark, venous
blood. Before death, I percussed the left side, in the locality of
the spleen, and the sound elicited was of a solid character, which
indscated enlargement of the same.

The early symptoms of splenic apoplexy do not differ muck
frora the above, only they are of a more acute character. In the
latte, stages, the mals ly is complicated with a painful affection of
the bowels. The diagnostic symptom of splenic apoplexy, with
enlargement of the same, is a notable enlargement on the left side
of the abdomen, well up toward the ribs. When standing behind
an affected animal, and casting one’s eyes carefully along the
sides of the abdomina: walls, a perceptible eminence wil] be sen,
DISEASES OF fHE DIGESTIVE ORGANS 203

vy’ can not be mistaken. The region of the splee.1 is between
the stemach and the false ribs on the left side.

In view of rendering this subject more valuable and interesting,
I now introduce the foilowing, which was written for the “ Edin-
burgh Review :” .

“Splmic Apoplery.—This disease broke out in the year 1858,
on a farm characterized by its extreme richness of scil, in the
sorth of Northumberland. In 1859 the malady reappeared, and
did not cease until twenty-three head of cattle had been affected.
Splenic apoplexy is a malady that has not hitherto been observed
in the north of Britain, and its occurrence recently is evidently
to be attributed to the special method of farming and feeding
stock where 't has, for the last two years, proved so destructive.

The farm is a peculiarly dry one. About three hundred head
of cattle are annually fattened on it. One lot was made ready
by Christmas, and sold as fat beef in Newcastle; a second was
kept back until January, when they were allowed an abundance
of turnips, meal, and the best oat straw. The cattle affected were
three years old; and it would appear that those fed on Swedish
turnips, especially from a certain field, suffered most; but some
fed on yellow or white turnips have been affected, and we should
regard the meal, and perhaps the oat straw, as more likely to pro-
duce this disorder. According to Delafoud’s researches, legum-
inose, or forage very rich in nutritive principles and deficient in
water, from artificial pastures, are frequent causes of splenic apo-
plexy. The farmer in Northumberland suspected that the arti-
ficial manures had produced the troubie, and the following season
ne dressed his land with home manure; but the properties of the
last crop have proved as deleterious as those of the preceding one.
The fact is, the crop had nothing to do with the development of
the disease.

The malady stopped suddenly, about the middle of February,
and this was probably due to the cattle suffering only when the
system was taxed by change from rather moderate to very high
feeding. It is an interesting fact that in cows the disorder only
affects those which are approaching the period when the secretion
of milk is stopped, and when there is a tendency to lay on flesh,
they then being liable to plethora. Cows fed on food capable of
producing spleniz apoplexy die of it.

Change of diet proved of no avail at the farm referred to (show-
aku DADD: »vETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

ing very conclusively that the food was not the special cause),
Common salt was recommended as a preventive; but Lelafoud
has shown that salt is not a reliable remedy in such cases. The
malady stopped spontaneously, and the point now to settle is the
prevention of disease during the future seasons.

For the Lenefit of our readers who may not know the symptumsa
of splenic apoplexy, we may mention that often there are premon-
itory signs—the animals apparently enjoying the best of health
early in the morning, may be dead some time before noon. Some-
times there are symptoms of excitement; the eyes are prominent,
and the visible mucous membranes are injected or reddened.
Symptoms of uneasiness suddenly manifest themselves, and col-
icky pains indicate abdominal disorder. The urine voided is high-
colored and red, and there may also be blood in the feces, The
back becomes arched, and the animal fixes himself, hanging on to
any thing by which he is tied, or he will press his haunches on
some resting-place in the corner of the stall. After this the ani-
mal soon drops, and is seized with convulsive pains and twitchings.
In addition to the discharge of feces and urine, tinged with blood,
there is a red, frothy liquid, which escapes from the nostrils; the
unimal bellows, moans, and soon dies.”

Treatment.—Tonics, alteratives, and glandular stimulants are
indicated. Take of

No. 24. Fluid extract of blood-root.........6.. 4 oz.
Fluid extract of golden sea.l.......... 6 oz.
Chlorate of potass......sececececeeeee 4 o7.

Dissolve the potass in one pint of boiling water; then add the
extracts. Give the patient a wine-glassful every six hours, until
amendment is perceptible, when the dose may be decreased to two
ounces every twelve hours. Rub the body with a portion of the
following :

No. 25. Proof spirits........-eeseeeeseeeee 1 pint.
Tincture of capsicum............... 4 os.

Two or three applications, in the course of twenty-four hours,
will suffice. Should the animal suffer much from colicky pains,
dissolve one ounce of hyposulphite of soda in four ounces of hot
water, to which add half a table-spoonful of powdered ginger,
and drench with the same. Pure air and a light diet wi’ aid im
restoring the animal, provided the case is curable.
DISEASES OF THE DIGEST: VE ORGANS. 211

FuNcrionAL DisEasz OF THE LIVER (JAUNDICE OR YELLOWS).

The liver, like other parts of the digestive apparatus, is liable
to become deranged, in either function or structure, by errors in
diet, which is the most potent cause of both functional and or-
ganic disease of the same. In almost all cases of liver disease,
we observe a yellow tinge of the visible surfaces—membranes of
the eye and mouth. In order to account for the yellow tinge, we
must bear in mind that bile is formed in the blood; that the office
of the liver is to absorb or withdraw it from the circulation con-
stantly, as fast as it is formed. Disease of the liver, simulating
jaundice, manifests itself whenever the due separation of the bile
from the blood is not accomph shed; hence the accumulated bile
seeks other outlets, namely, the kidneys and intestines, and ex-
sretory gland of the skin.

When animals become jaundiced suddenly, we may infer that
the difficulty, whatever it may be, in the liver, is of an acute
character ; that is to say, it is recent in origin and active in form.
Jaundice is a phenomenon of several diseases peculiar to horses.
During the progress of the epizodtic known as influenza a jaun-
diced state of the visible surfaces is always present, which disap-
pears when the patient convalesces, showing that the liver is only
functionally deranged. When jaundice accompanies indigestion,
and disappears under the action of alteratives or changes in diet,
we may also infer that, if not absolutely functional, it is, at least,
not purely inflammatory.

Tt is plain, therefore, that jaundice is of but little consequence
in prognosis, since the symptoms with which it is often associated
declare, much more positively than itself, the gravity of the affection
in which it occurs as a symptom. It sometimes happens, however,
that the function of the liver becomes suddenly interrupted, causing
pain, after the fashion of what accompanies the bilious colic of man,

The following case will probably give the reader some idea of
the nature of acute functional disorder of the liver. The patient,
a gray gelding, aged nine years, was suddenly attacked with symp-
toms of colicky pains, for the relief of which the owner had given
a colic drench, which seemed to afford temporary ease; but soon
the symptonis reappeared, the animal got down, and seemed to be
the subject of acute pain. Under these circumstances, the owner

sent for nic.
212 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE aND SURGERY.

Symptoms.—On arriving at the stable, I found the patient stand.
ing, his he.d somewhat pendulous, appearing dull anz sleepy. The
membranes within the eyelids and mouth were of a bright yellow
tinge ; pulse, rather feeble; bowels, constipated ; in short, the t.sual
appearances attending functional derangement of the liver were
present; yet the “ key-note,” or diagnostic symptom, was the brighs
yellow tinge of the visible surfaces.

Treatment.—The following drench was given :

No. 26. Fluid extract of mandrake..... csevees 3 OZ.

Fluid extract of golden seal.......... 1 oz.
Carbonate of soda......seecsesceeseee 2 dr.

An injection of soap-suds was thrown into the rectum, which
brought away a small quantity of hardened, dark -colored excrement.
Next day I found the patient in about the same condition, and re-
peated the dose of medicine and injection. in the course of a few
heurs the bowels responded, evacuating a large quantity of semi-
fluid, dark-colored feces, mixed with a substance resembling shreds
of albumen. Next day the animal appeared much better. I then
gave two ounces of fluid extract of golden seal, and one drachia
of hyposulphite of soda, and thus ended the treatment.

This case is an illustration of a simple mode of treatment far
superior to the old-fashioned system, which contemplates strong
doses of aloes and calomel, agents which usually intensify the
morbid phenomena, often producing a medicinal affection, which
requires much time for the animal to recover from. It is the
author’s opinion that a vast number of very fine animals in these
United States die from the heroic system of practice, which over-
looks the best means of aid presented by the resources of mild
and sanative medication,

We have long been an advocate of the physiological metnod
of treating disease, and we contend that is more philosophical,
safe, and the surest means of restoring an equilibrium of vital
action in the animal economy, in all forms of morbid conditions;
and we earnestly entreat our readers to exercise great faith in the
powers of Nature to aid and assist in the cure of all maladies,
and place less reliance in the power of art.

In view of strengthening the faith of young converts to sana-
tive medication, we quote the language f Sir Jonw Forers, a
map of undoubted inthority.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 213

“Such has ever been the want of trust in Nature, and the over-
trust in art, prevalent among the members of the medical profes-
sion, that the field of natural observation has been, to a great extent,
hidden from them—hidden either actually from their eyes or vir-
tually from their apprehension. The constant interference of art,
in the form of medical treatment, with the normal processes of
disease, hus not only had the frequent effect of disturbing them in
reality, but, when it failed to do so, has created the belief that it
did so, leading, in either case, to an inference equally wrong—the
false picture, in the one instance, being supposed to be true; the
true picture, in the other, being supposed to be false.”

In all cases of liver disease, it is good policy to change the diet,
and offer the animal green veyetables—sliced carrots, and grass
if it can be had. In all cases of chronic disease of the liver, a
run ut grass is the most potent remedy for the cure of the same.

It was formerly supposed that the function of the liver was
merely to eliminate bile, but modern physiologists have discovered
that the blood itself is changed while circulating through that
gland, which elaborates fibrine from albumen, and fat from sugar.
The liver stores up fatty matter, so that, should the food be deficient
in fat, the liver yields up what it contains. It is very curious to
notice the peculiarity in the circulation of the liver. It ig supplied,
like other organs, with arterial blood for its own support; and it
also receives an immense quantity of venous blood through veins
commencing on the gastro-intestinal cavity, which terminate in a
vessel named vena porta. This vessel, on entering the liver, ram-
ifies in various directions, like an artery, and ultimately terminates
in the veins peculiar to the liver ; so that the blood, instead of flowing
directly from the stomach and intestines, is made to circulate through
the liver, and thus the various transformations are effected. The
livér must, therefore, perform the double function of secretion and
excretion. It secretes bile, and excretes carbon and hydrogen from
the system. Should an animal labor under diseased lungs, he may,
under proper medical treatment, recover, provided the liver be
healthy. This organ can, for a time, eliminate carbon and hydro-
gen ; but, instead of” passing off as they do from the lungs, in the
form of carbonic acid, they accumulate in the liver, in the form
of fat, or else the liver increases to an extraordinary size In
Strasburg they prepare a favorite dish from the livers of geese,
artificially enlarged by the cruei process of depriving them of
#14 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

Lght and liberty, confining them in a warm room, and stuffing
them with food. We find that, under such barbarous management
there is a disproportion between the oxygen respired and the car.
bon taken in the form of food. The respiration which active ea
ercise increases and rest diminishes are, now that the animal is
confined, slow and uniform. The lungs faii in eliminating car-
bonic acid, and hence carbon and hydrogen are driven back to the
liver by means of venous circulation. An excess of carbonaccovs
materia] in the liver is liable to result in jaundice, which is a simple
functional derangement of that organ. It occurs generally in the
warm months, and is usually sudden in its attack.

Among the most prominent symptoms are high-colored urine,
yellow tinge of the visible surfaces, languid pulse, and slow action.
If the liver be the seat of inflammatory action, the pulse will be
quick and bounding, respiration hurried, the patient feverish, and
pressure over the region of the liver elicits symptoms of pain.
If simple functional derangement exists unchecked for any length
of time, it leads to organic lesions and structural disease. When
the bile accumulates, it is very apt to thicken and produce gall-
stones or calculi; if these accumulate in the gall ducts, the subject,
anless relieved, soon dies.

Dhseases of the liver have hitherto been considered the bane of
tropical climates, but they are equally prevalent in cold and moist
cegions. Horses and men are as frequently attacked with it in
northern as in southern latitudes. The celebrated sheep-breeder,
Bakewell, knew that early disturbance of the liver led to the ac-
cumulation of fat, and, in order to derange the liver, he was in
the habit of folding his sheep in wet pastures. Now, the English
agriculturists are well acquainted with the fact that water mea-
dows have a tendency to produce that almost incurable disease
termed rot. Rot originates from a diseased liver, and, in the
early stages of it, the animal accumulates fat very fast; so that
by rotting sheep he was able to bring fat ones early to market, and
thus steal a march on his more conscientious neighbors. This
state of the liver termed rot is associated with the existence
of parasites termed distoma hepaticum, commonly denominated
flukes, and these parasites are considered the cause of rot, when,
in fact, they are the results of deranged functions of the liver.
The rot, therefore, is not local. It can be produced in any coun.
try by exposing animals to the debilitating effects of moisture and
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 216

ueglect. It is not only prevalent in Englana, out also in Asia,
Africa, and America. In Egypt, on the receding of the Nile, it
spreads to a fearful extent. In warm climates the livers of men
and animals become diseased, not so much from local causes as
from stimulating drinks and diet. If a man attempts tc consume
the same amount of food in warm that he has been acenstomed to
in cold climates, he is apt to become bilious, and this is a pre-
monitory indication of perverted function of the liver. A very
important fact has lately been discovered in reference to the func-
tion of the liver. A French chemist has ascertained that one
function of the liver was to produce sugar out of the animal or-
ganism. ‘This is the secret of the formation of the fat. Chem-
ically speaking, sugar and fat are nearly allied, the chief differerze
being that one contains a small portion of oxygen.

Many valuable animals are lost from organic disease of the
liver, the origin of which may, in many cases that have come to
our knowledge, be traced to simple functional derangement, which
has existed for some time. Its symptoms are either unobserved
or, if perceived, disregarded. Some of the subjects that have been
put under our care for the treatment of diseased liver had a strong
predisposition for the malady, their color being black and tem-
perament bilious. Such horses are the ones that require special
attention whenever they appear to be “ailing.” It is remarkable
to observe, however, that many norses of a temperament diverse
from the bilious are often attacked with organic and functional
derangement of the liver, and this peculiarity can only be ac-
counted for on the ground that the horse has no gall-bladder—
no receptacle, such as is found in cattle, for the accumulation of
bile ; consequently, the horse’s liver must be an active organ,
especially when the animal is permitted to make but one meal per
day, and that meal occupies a period from sunrise to sunset, and
daily and weekly continues to occupy no less time. The conse
quence is, the organ is overworked, and is the seat of local ex.
haustion. The liver requires regular periods of rest tc recover
from fatigue o1 functional duty, yet how is it possible to secure
the same when a horse is permitted to make a perpetual hay-rack
and corn-bin of his stomach? The herculean feat of converting
a hay-stack and corn granary into bone, muscle, and nerve at the
tate of 2.40 is beyoud the physiological capacity of any vita]
organ; therefore. in the language of the sailor, the vessel sinks
216 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

from loca] inundation—the liver caves in from overwork, too mack
tood, and too little discretion. A hard pull on an omnibus, or 3
similar feat in a marketer’s wagon, would be the very best medi-
cine in the world for a plethoric horse, or one predisposed ta
hepatic derangement.

TuHE PANCREAS AND ITS FUNCTION.

The pancreas is a glandular body lying across the spine, in the
epigastric region, underneath the diaphragm, near the small curv-
ature of the stomach. The body of this gland is pierced by the
vena porta (known as the gate rein); has one attachment to the
spleen, and another to the left kidney. It is divided into head,
body, and tail. Structure, similar to salivary glands. Color,
pale red, speckled. It is composed of many lobules. Every Johe
has a distinct set of nerves, arteries, veins, and ducts. Every lobe
is, therefore, considered as a distinct gland, and the same is true
of the salivary glands. The duct pierces the duodenum (kncwn
as the second stomach), alongside of the hepatic duct.

The pancreatic arteries are derived mostly from the hepatic.
Several, however, come from the splenic, in its course to the lef
side of the abdomen, and one or two from the gastric. The veins
are tributary to the vena porta, The nerves come from the celiac
plecus. The fluid secreted by the pancreas is a colorless, limpid
fluid. It forms an emulsion of fat; hence it dissolves the fatty
matters of the food. It isan active agent in the preparation of
chyle. That the pancreatic juice possesses the property of emul-
sifying fat is proved from the fact that when the pancreas is
destroyed, and the animal fed on food containing fatty matter, the
latter passes with the feces, just like fat in an unchanged state.

Mr. GAmGEE says: “The pancreatic juice has another impor-
tant use which remains to be spoken of, and that is a peculiar
action on nitrogenized substances. If raw meat be placcd in
som? of the juice, the meat speedily softens and putrefies. ‘The
same occurs with albumen or caseine in the raw state; but if the
azotized principles are previously boiled, or acted upon by the
gastric juice, the pancreatic therefore serves many purposes, and
acts on every kind of aliment.

Circumstances affecting the digestive function in general have a
special influence on the pancreas, and modify its secretion. Such
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 217

is uot the case with the salivary glands and their products. The
pancreatic juice may, like every other secretion, be found to con-
tain adve:titious substances that have accidentally entered the
blood. Thus, iodide of potassium may be eliminated from the
system by the pancreas. It is not so with every salt, the prussiate
of potash, for example, never being seen in the pancreatic juice.

The pancreatic secretion is formed during infra-uterine life, but
we are at a loss to account for its uses there. It is difficult to de-
termine what nervous influences affects its production. A dose of
ether excites it, and pressure on the abdominal viscera likewise
tends to its increase; the efforts of vomiting stop it.”

WoRMS OR PARASITES WHICH INFEST THE INTESTINAL CANAL

There are various forms of parasites which infest the alimentary
canal of horses and cattle which, no doubt, are the cause of some
annoyance to the infested ; but really they are not, at all times, so
injurious as some writers make them out to be. They are rarely
if ever found in the intestines of healthy animals, and their pres-
ence is generally due to a deranged condition of the digestive
organs. They very frequently originate spontaneously.

“Certain independent organisms, both vegetable and animal,
are found in the body. The vegetable growths are all microscopic,
and belong to the lowest order of plants, the alge and fungi,
They are never met with except upon cutaneous or mucous sur-
faces, nor while these surfaces remain healthy, usually. A secre-
tion of fibrine or mucus, undergoing decomposition, forms the soil
in which they grow. In some cases, they are believed to be the
media of contagion.

Animal parasites are very numerous. Many of them are in-
fusorial. Many belong to the class of insects and mites, as fleas,
lice, bugs, and the acari, of which the most important one is the
itch-mite. A class of higher consequence comprises several sorts
of worms. Those which infest the intestinal canal are extremely
eommon, and are the orguris vermicularis, or thread-worm, which
inhabits the rectum; the trichocephalus dispar, or long thread-
worm, which is found in the large intestine, and especially in the
cecum ; the ascares lumbricedes, or round worm, whose ordinary
residence is the small intestine; the tape-worm, or tenia, whicl
also affects the same part. The kidney is occasionally the seat of
218 DADD’S VETERINARY MED{CINL AND SURGERY.

a round worm, called ths strongylus gigas, measuring from five
inches to three feet in leugth, and from two to six lines in thick-
ness.

The diseases with which even large intestinal worms are con-
nected appear to be sometimes the cause and sometimes the cffect
of the presence of these parasites. Very often they exist in con-
tierable numbers without producing the least disturbance of the
eccnomy, but in other cases they are unquestionably the cause of
much suffering and ill-health. How far they are themselves the
result of a morbid state of the organs in which they appear is
still an undecided question.

The origin of parasites is extremely obscure, and has long been
a mooted point among naturalists, It may not be inappropriate
to present a summary of the opinions which are entertained respect-
ing a subject of so much interest, but, in doing so, we shall confine
our remarks to the parasitic animals which inhabit the interior of
the body, or entozoa.

It is evident that these animals must originate in one of two
ways; that they must be derived directly or indirectly from with-
sat, or be created out of materials existing within, and furnished
by, the body. No other supposition is possible. If an entozodn
is in any manner derived from withcut, it must be admitted that
this takes place either through the reception of the animal itself
or of its ova. If either opinion be assumed, it follows that the
parent animal must exist somewhere external to the body. But
the parasites in question have never, in any case whatever, been
detected except within the organism. If it is objected that many
of these animals are so minute that they might easily elude dis-
ec very in the elements around us, the argument fails when applied
to the giant strougylus, the stout lumbricoid worm, and the tenia,
measuring many yards in length. Besides, even admitting for a
moment the possibility of the parasites which inhabit the intes-
tine, and other mucous cavities, having once existed externally,
the insuperable difficulty still remains of explaining the entrance
of entozoa into shut cavities and parenchymatous structures—into
the eye, or the muscles, for example, and their presence in the
unborn child, and even in the bodies of larger entozoa of a differ-
ent species. On the other hand, if it is maintained that the ova
are alone received, it must still be shown that the ova exist exter-
nal ta the body, which has never been done. Nor would the
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 219

admissicn of this explanation be sufficient ; for many of the entozoa
are not propagated by eggs, but belong to the viviparous class,
so that in regard to them the difficulty remains undiminished.
But granting the existence of ova without, and their reception inte
the body, it is still impossible to explain the development from
them of the animals found in the parenchyma, in the embryo, etc.,
without, at the same time, admitting ‘that the ova are not only
carried to these localities through the blood-vessels, but actually
pass through the walls of the capillaries. Such an admission
would be a physiological absurdity; for the extreme vessels will
allow of the passage of a single blood-globule at a time, and no
more, and will not permit any denser fluid than the plasma of the
slood to permeate their walls. How, then, could they afford a
passage in any manner to ova, the least of which is ten times aa
large as a blood globule?

If the hypothesis now presented is untenable, it only remains
to adopt the alternative one, to-wit: that entozoa are generated or
created anew out of the materials or the products of the living
organism. It may be urged affirmatively, in support of this doc-
trine, that each organ possesses its own entozoa—the kidney, a
species <lifferent from those of the intestine, which are, again, un-
like the parasites of the liver. Even more: the several parts of
the same organ generate dissimilar animals. The small intestine
produces the round and the tape-worms ; the large intestine, the
two species of thread-worms. These facts seem to show that some
extremely local concurrence of circumstances is essential to the
production of the several entozoa. It may also be argued, and we
think the argument unanswerable, that if spermatic animalcules,
which exist in the testicle, are there spontaneously generated, no
violence is done to probability in supposing parasitic animals to
be produced in the same manner. It will hardly be denied that
spermatozoa are literally evolved from the constituents of the
aemen ; but it is objected to the doctrine of spontaneous generation
that it is against analogy, which every-where supports the famous
dogma, omne vivum ex ovo. This objection is a mere begging of
the question. ‘The decision of the case in hand involves the truth
of the theory just quoted, and, as we believe, must be allowed to
show that this theory is not absolutély universal in its application.
Other facts, also, among which are the following, tend to invali-
date it. Nothing can he more certain than that all organized
220 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

beings were, at some time or other, created. Geology proves tira
successive genera and species have been thus created, at long in-
tervals apart; and the history of disease renders it probable that
one affection, at least (syphilis), which is only propagated by direct
descent, ex ovo, as it were, is really of comparatively recent origin.

In conclusion, after the review of the preceding outline of an
argument upon the generation of parasitic entozoa, we feel obliged
to admit that the weight of facts and probabilities is wholly on
the side of the doctrine of spontaneous generation. At the same
time, we can not but look with interest to the results of future
observations in this field, nor altogether suppress the hope that
the simple law of Nature, omne vivwm ex ovo, may even yet be
found to embrace the classes which now appear to form so striking
an exception to its provisions,”*

Symptoms.—The usual symptoms indicating the presence of
wornis in the intestinal canal are, sometimes, a scurfy, yellow mu-
cous accumulation around the margin of the anus; the appetite
is not uniform; the bowels are irregular, sometimes loose, and
sometimes constipated; and the feces are often shrouded with
shreds of mucus, of a yellow color. When ascarides are present
(located in the rectum), the horse is much inclined to rub his tail
against any post or fence he can get at, and he employs himself
at such feats against the sides of the stall, in view, probably, of
allaying the intolerable itching which usually attends the presence
of these parasites.

The lumbrici, or round worms, sometimes exist in the inites-
tines in great numbers. They are then apt to be hurtful. In
such cases, the coat looks unthrifty, and the hair has lost ita na-
tural glossiness, and appears rough to the sense of touch. It has
been noticed, also, that when horses are afflicted with intestinal
parasites, their breath gives out a fetid odor, and they have a sort
of dry, hacking cough. It is well known, however, that some
horses, enjoying, apparently, the very best kind of health, are often
the subjects of worms.

Treatment.—Most of the remedies recommended in the ancient
works on farriery are just about as likely to kill the horse as the
parasites, and :onsequently are, to say the least, unsafe. The true
theory is thi: worms are the result of indigestion; hence our

 

* Stillé’s “ Elements of Pathology.”
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 22)

ubject, by way of prevention, is to give tone to the digestive or-
gans ; and soon after the worms have congregated in the intestinal
canal, bitter tonics and alteratives are obnoxious to them. They
then die, are digested, and pass from the anus as fecal matter.

Suppose we give the infested horse powerful purges, tartar
emetic, calomel, turpentine, etc., as the books recommend. We
may succeed in their expulsion, but that does not mend the mat-
ter for the agents just named are all more or less prostrating,
and create a worse state of digestive derangement than that which
previously existed, and soon, by virtue of spontaneous generation,
8 new crop of parasites make their appearance.

When a horse shows any of the symptoms here alluded to, in-
dicating indigestion, or the actual presence of worms, I recommend
that an occasional dose of the following be given:

Powdered sulphur..... ce cececceseccoees
rowdered salt .....0.ee000- Sie ais Saw e5s oe
Mix.

Dose, one table-.poonful, to be mixed with bran or oata,

wWo. 27. Powdered poplar bark (pepsin tremuloides).

EXAMPLES OF VERMIFUGES.

No. 1.—Fluid extract of wormwood, four drachms ; to be given
in the morning, before feeding time, for several successive days.

No. 2.—Give one ounce of fluid extract of pink-root, every
morning, before feeding, for a week.

A GOOD REMEDY FOR THE TAPE-WORM.

Give four drachms of the solid extract of male fern (aspidium
felix mag) every other morning, during a period of about ten days,
This is said to be a specific for tape-worm.

Finally, as regards the treatment of worms, Nature has endowed
these parasites with such tenacity of life, that no matters knowr
to us will effect their destruction, though a few may answer the
purpose of their expulsion. Bots are so hardy as apparently te
survive immersion in oil, in alcohol, spirits of turpentine, and
even powerful solutions of mineral acids. The continued use of
salt, mixed with the food, appears, however, obnoxious to them;
for sometimes, under its use, their hold gives way, and they are
eiected. Ditters, purgatives, and the mechanical irritation of
222 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

pointed bodies, as pewter, tin, etc., have no effect whatever upus
vots; but with regard to the other parasites, rather more success
mav be expected from medical aid, in the form of vermifuges
It nas been attempted to effect the removal of worms meczhan-
iclly, by dissolving the mucus they are supposed to be imbedded
in, for which purpose lime-water, oil, solutions of aloes, etc., have
been injected by clyster up the rectum, and which practice is most
to be depended on for the ejection of ascarides when in the rectum.
This practice of washing away the mucus of the intestine, and
thus to deprive the intestine of the secretion given for its protec-
tion, is not to be recommended, though oil, for this end, would be
harmless. Strong purges are given with the same intent, which
may remove them also from the whole alimentary track. Reme-
dies have likewise been exhibited to destroy them within the
nody, by the mechanical irritation of their spiculi, under whick
view tin, brass, iron, and pewter are thought remedial. The In-
dian caustic barley and Indian pink are reputed vermifuges
against the teres and ascaris. The oil of turpentine has also been
strongly recommended as an excellent general vermifuge ; but,
except for the destruction of the tenia, or tape-worm, it certainly
Joes not appear to deserve that character.”*

 

® “Blaine’s Outlines”

 
 

SECTION VIII.

DISEASES OF THE URINARY OBGANS.

SVLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS—INFLAMMATION OF THE BLAaDDER—STONE IN YER
BLappER—Soupprrssion or THE Using—RETENTION or THE Unine~—D1s BETES,
on Proruse STaLuing—RvpTuRE or THE BLADDER—ALBUMINOUs Unine
Hamatvgia, on Bioopy Urine.

INFLAMMATION OF THE KipNeEys (NEPHRITIS).

NEPHRITIC affection is often mistaken for what some

-A_ persons term “sprain across the kidneys” (lumbar sprain).

It isa mistake of some importance, from the fact that when sprain

or strain is suspected, people are apt to resort to the use of irri-

tating embrocations or liniments, which m°~ do much harm, as

their action is to augment heat and pain, which, in case of ne-
phritis, is to be avoided.

Symptoms,—Hard and accelerated pulse; quickened respiration,
indicative of pain; back, arched; legs, straddling; the head is
cften turned toward the loins, or region of pain; the animal is
unwilling to describe a circle with its body, and, while the acute
stage lasts, scarcely if ever gets down on the floor; the urine iz
reddened and scanty; finally, the animal crouches when pressure
is made over the region of the loins, and, as is the case in all acute
affections, thirst and loss of appetite are observable.

Treatment.—The treatment of nephritis, in the acute or inflam-
matory stage, is just such as would be proper supposing the case
to be one of enteritis, or peritonitis. Twenty or forty drops of
fluid extract of gelseminum may be placed on the tongue two or
three times, at intervals of four hours; fomentations of hops or
poppy-heads (warm) should be applied to the loins, and occa-
sional enemas of warm water may be thrown into the rectum.

The drink should consist of what is known as flaxseed or slippery-
(22%)
224 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

tlm tea. Soon the inflammatory symptoms will subside, the patient
will manifest some relief from pain, and the color of the urine will
change, become lighter and thicker in consistence. We then dis-
continue the above treatment, and administer one ounce of fluid
extract of buchu, morning and evening. This treatment, aided by
rest and good nursing, usually completes the cure.

Should it be suspected that the animal has a fit of pain, caused
by the “gravel,” or passage or presence of urinary calculi, then
(wo itrachms of muriatie acid should be mixed in the ordinary
drink, every time the animal is watered. He should also have a
small quantity of powdered slippery-elm or flaxseed mixed with
the food. Horses the subjects of urinary calculi pass urine which,
en being caught in an earthen vessel, deposits phosphates and other
earthy matter. When this occurs, and the animal has a fit of pain
or gravel, we may infer, in the absence of more positive proof, that
urinary calculi are present in some portion of the urinary apparatus.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER (CYSTITIS).

The principal symptom of inflammation of the bladder is fre.
quent urination, accompanied by straining and pain. Sometimes
the urine dribbles away, involuntarily or not, as the case may be.
It appears that the least distension of the bladder causes pain;
hence the effort to keep it empty. The urine is usually high-
colored, or, rather, of a dull red color, The animal stands with
his hind limbs widely separated. The treatment is precisely the
same as that just recommended for inflammation of the kidneys.

STONE IN THE BLADDER.

One very remarkable symptom attending the presence of calcu-
tus, or stone in the bladder, is, that after the urine is voided there
comes a painful sensation, which causes the horse to groan. This
is caused by the walls of the bladder coming forcibly in contact
with the calculus, which is now a foreign body. Occasionally the
horse is urinating a full stream, when, all at once, the stream is
suddenly arrested, the anima] still straining until urination again
commences. This is a pretty sure sign of stone in the bladder.
Stones that have been taken from the bladder, after death, present
a highly -polished surface; hence they do not produce that amoun#
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 225

of irritation which proceeds from intestinal calculi, the surfaces of
which are always rough.

Mr. Youarr says that ‘‘ the symptoms of stone in the bladder
much resemble those of spasmodic colic, except that, on careful
inquiry, it will be found that there has been much irregularity in
the discharge of urine, and occasional suppression of it, When
fits of apparent colic frequently return, and are accompanied by
any peculiarity in the appearance or the discharge of the urine, the
horse should be carefully examined. For this purpose, he must
be thrown. If there is stone in the bladder, it will, while the
horse lies on his back, press on the rectum. Several cases have
lately occurred of successful extraction of the calculus, but to
effect this it is always necessary to have recourse to the aid of a
veterinary practitioner.”

It is not necessary to cast the horse in view of ascertaining the
presence of calculus. The hand can be introduced into the rectum
while the horse is standing. The rectum should, however, first be
evacuated by enemas of warm water. But we have a better plan
than this. A sound or jointed catheter has been invented, which,
when passed into the bladder, determines, by percnssion, the pres-
ence of calculi. The operation of lithotomy can only be performed
by one skilled in the science ; yet the reader may desire to kuow
something about the mode of performing it ; therefore I introduce
a case of the kind, which occurred in the practice of Mr. FIEup.
The following is the case :

“The animal was cast, in the usual manner, and both hind
legs were drawn to the shoulders, as if for castration. Read’s new
flexible catheter being passed into the bladder, a quantity of warm
water was injected sufficient to distend that organ and the urethra
moderately. The catheter being withdrawn, and holding the penis
with the left hand, a slightly-curved grooved staff, two feet long,
was introduced, so as for the curved part to come into the subanal
portion of the urethra, above the posterior edge of the ischium,
extending toward the sphincter ani. An assistant, kneeling on
the left side of the horse, drew the penis forward with his left
hand, and gently pushed the staff backward with the right, at the
same time keeping the groove exactly beneath the raphe. This
elevated the portion of the urethra to be incised. I then made an
incision a line from and on the right side of the raphe, through
the skin and fascia, extending the length of from three to four

15
2260 DALD'S VETLKINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

inches, and, pushing the penis a little on one side, I gradually
divided the muscular and spongy portion, and exposed the mucous
membvane of the urethra, when the finger readily detected the
groove of the staff, into which a small incision was made sufficient
to admit the bistoire cachée, following which with the index anger
of the left hand, the membrane was divided to the rectum. Very
little blood flowed, and the water of the urethra gushed out. The
etaff being removed, I easily introduced the small forceps tLrough
the urethra into the bladder, and grasped the stone, a portion of
which flaked off. The large forceps were then employed, and,
my brother holding the handles, I directed the blades upon the
stone, my left hand being in the rectum. Having placed the
stone in a proper position, I grasped it with the forceps, and, with
hoth hands, gave it a half-turn, so as to place its widest axis be-
tween the pubis and rectum; and thus, with a moderate force, I
gradually and evenly drew it out, the neck of the bladder readily
dilating. Two stitches were inserted in that part of the incisicn
nearest the anus, the lower part being left to itself.”

SurpREssiON OF URINE.

Suppression of urine signifies that condition in which no urine
is either secreted or voided. The affection is due to either func-
tional or organic disease of the kidneys, or it is an accompaniment
of various forms of disease, and, in such cases, is termed functional.
For example, I lately treated a horse the subject of jaundice;
he did not pass a drop of urine for two days. I inferred that
the kidneys were inactive, and did not secrete urine, therefore he
had none to pass; but after this period, a slight improvement in
the disease (jaundice) having taken place, he urinated, yet at first
only in small quantities.

When the affection comes on periodically, it indicates organic
lisease of the kidneys, and, finally, is apt to prove fatal. Wat
HON says “that if no urine be separated from the blood, coma
soon supervenes, and death. It is believed that these conse-
quences result from the detention of urea in the system. Urea is
a mere excrement, wich, in health, is removed from the blood
by the kidneys as fast as it enters that fluid. When it is not so
carried off, it accumulates in the blood. circulates with it to every
vart of the bedy, and acts as a poison, especially upon the bra‘ s
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 22/

To render it thus poisonous, however, its decomposition in the
blood appears to be requisite.

This is one of the numerous instances showing that the carry-
ing fluid of the body may become the vehicle of disease and death,
if it be not duly purged of deleterious matters which pertain tc
the unceasing processes of organic life. If carbonic acid be net
extricated by the lungs, the animal functions are as certainly an?
almost as speedily extinguished by that gas as the flame of a taper
might be, and we know that when the outiet of the liver is shut
ap, when the blood is not pumped from the excrementitious bile,
the powers of animal life are weakened and sometimes utterly
und rapidly destroyed.”

Frequent complaints are made to me, by horsemen, that theiz
horses do not urinate sufficiently, and I am requested to furnish
diuretics. I usually advise the former not to feel alarmed, for
Nature regulates these matters, and, in time, all will be well; pro-
vided, however, good food is furnished, and proper care is taken
of the animal. The subject being one of importance, both as
regards man and horse, I here introduce the following article
from Watson’s “ Lectures: ”

“Suppression of urine, for a considerable time, is not, however,
necessarily and universally fatal. Patients laboring under the
epidemic cholera would secrete not a drop of water for some days,
and yet recover. It was remarkable how entirely free such patienta
were from any approach toward coma. Was the urea here drained
off from the blood in the enormous and unnatural flux from the
stomach and bowels? I think it probably was; but chemicas
search has not detected that substance in the fluids so effused.
Schmidt thinks, indeed, that it would be found but for its rapid
decomposition into carbonate of ammonia. There are, however.
some very singular instances on record of persons who have passed
days and even weeks without secreting urine, and without skow-
ing any other indication of impaired health. What degree of
credit such narratives deserve I do not know; but assuming that
there was neither fraud nor mistake, it may be suspected tha‘
either the natural secretion was compensated by some vicarious
or supplemental discharge, or that a small quantity of urine was
ectually separated by the kidneys. ‘If any water, however small
the quantity,’ remarks Sir Henry Halford, ‘had been made in
these cases, I should have thought it pcssible that the patient
228 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

might have recovered ; for it has often surprised me to observ
how small has been the measure of that excrementitious fluid
which the frame has sometimes thrown off, and yet preserved
itself harmless. But the cessation of the excretion altogether is
aniversally a fatal symptom in my experience, being followed by
oppression on the brain.’ The same eminent physician states that
in three of his five cases there was observed a remarkably strong
urinous smell in the perspiration for twenty-four hours before
death. This I believe is of common occurrence in such cases.
Other patients have vomited, or passed by the bowels, watery
matters possessing some of the sensible qualities of urine; and a
urinous fluid is said to have been found in the ventricles of the
brain in some of the fatal cases.

I have spoken of suppression of urine as a malady, though it
probably is never any thing more than a symptom; yet it is one
of those symptoms which, from our uncertainty respecting their
origin and determining cause, we are obliged to treat and to study
as if they were substantive diseases. In the only well-marked
instance that I have seen of suppression of urine coming on in an
apparently healthy person, some blood had appeared in the urine
for a day or two before the secretion was totally suspended, and
the kidneys were found gorged with blood. Extreme congestion
or inflammation of the substance of the gland is probably at the
bottom of many of these cases. The same train of symptoms
supervenes not unfrequently upon organic renal disease. They
happen, too, sometimes when the ureters become impervious from
disease, or from impacted gravel. In this condition urine con-
tinues to be secreted, for a time at least, and distends the ureter
behind the seat of the obstruction. The apoplectic state which
ensues may arise from a reabsorption of the secreted fluid; or, in
consequence of the obstacle, the secretion itself, after going to a
certain point, may stop, and then the case becomes a case of sup-
pression.”

Treatment.—Persons desirous of administering medicine for the
treatment of this affection, are advised to give half an ounce of
powdered chlorate of potass, dissolved in the drink, every night,
end half an ounce of fluid extract of buchu every morning.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 228

RETENTION uc TRINE.

Retention and suppression of urine are terms very often cor
founded with each other. We have just shown what is v eant by
suppression, and now it remains for us to understand the true na-
ture of retention. Retention signifies an undue delay of natural
discharges. The secretion of urine may be active as ever, yet the
animal has not the power to void it. The bladder soon becomes
distended beyond its physiological capacity. Its muscular fibers
are overstretched, and thus have not the power to contract again
until the fluid is evacuated by means of the catheter; hence the
treatment of such a case as this pertains more to the art of sur-
gery than that of medicine.

Treatment.—In most of these cases we find the neck of the biad-
der spasmodically contracted. The spasm may be either primary
or it may accompany spasmodic colic, which is often the case. In
fact some animals, when suffering from retention of urine, act just
as if they had colic; hence it is, in such cases, highly necessary
that the bladder be examined by introducing a hand into the
rectum. By this means, should the bladder be distended, it can
easily be discovered. The catheter must then be introduced, or
the animal will die from rupture of the bladder. Provided no
catheter should be at hand, I should throw into the rectum copi-
ous enemas of warm water, and administer one or two ounces of
tincture of assafetida as an antispasmodic, which may possibly
have the desired effect.

DIABETES, OR PROFUSE STALLING.

Many veterinary writers contend that diabetes is caused by tne
administration of diuretics, or else in consequence of improper
food. In some instances this may be true. Errors of this kind
may produce an excessive flow of urine, but this does not consti.
bate diabetes.

Symptoms.—The characteristic symptom of diabetes is a most
remarkable change in the quality of the urine. It becomes loaded
with sugar. It has been found that in true diabetes the urine is
never without sugar. The most ready test for sugar in urine is
ns follows: Invert a test-tube, filled with urine, to which a small
quantity of yeast has been added, into a saucer, also containing
236: DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGEK*

urine; set the mixture in a warm place, and, if sugar be present,
fermentation will soon commence, and earbouts acid rising i in the
tube will depress the upper surface of the urine.

Very few experiments have ever been made on the diabetic
urine of horses; but large quantities of saccharine matters have
been obtained from the diabetic urine of man, by a process of
evaporation. Watson tells us, in his “ Lectures,” that he has
seen large fai cakes of beautifully crystallized diabetic sugar.
‘It differs somewhat from common sugar, the produa -f the
sugar-cane, and approaches more uearly to the sugar of grapes.
This kind of sugar, which may also be produced artificial.y from
starch, chemists have named glucose. By rapid evaporation of
the water, a thick syrup is produced, resembling treacle; but Dr.
Macintyre, who has presented to our hospital museum some very
fine specimens of this sugar, prepared by Dr. Blandford, informs
me that to get it well crystallized, the evaporation in a steam-
bath should be stopped while the urine is of thin consistence, It
may be quickly reduced to one-half, perhaps, of its original quan
tity; then it should be set aside, in shallow plates, and in the
course of ten days or a fortnight the sugar will be deposited.”

An animal the subject of diabetes is usually very thirsty. The
urine is light-colored, almost transparent. It has not the ordi-
nary odor of common urine, but something like musty hay.

Treatment.—The indications in the treatment of this affectior
ure, to give tone to the system and sustain the general health. A
drachm or two of the sulphate of iron may be occasionally mixed
with the oats (the latter must be of the best quality), and one
ounce of the fluid extract of buchu may be given every night.*
Good wholesome food and an occasional drink of slippery-elm
tea are also indicated. Should the disease not yield to such treat-
ment as this, the case may be considered incurable.

Cause.—In regard to the cause of diabetes, very little is known ;
but, to set the matter right in the minds of some who believe that
nothing but diuretics and inferior provender excite it, I offer the
following quotation from the pen of the author just named. I
think, however, that bad food is most likely to produce diabetes.

 

* The buchu is not a direct diuretic, like resin or niter; therefore it may be
given with safety. It acts as a tcnic and sudorific, and operates physiologically
en the kidneys.
VISEASKS OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 231

“Yt is probable enough that the exciting cause of diabetes may
zometimes lie in the digestive organs, as Mr. McGregor supposed.
The results of his experiments do not conflict with M. Bernard’s.
Mr. McGregor, you may remember, found sugar in the partly-
digested food brought up from the stomach of a diabetic patient.
He detected it also in the saliva; and in the feces, which, when
allowed to dry spontaneously, became covered, after the lapse of
some tiie, with distinct crystals of sugar. And yeast having been
administered to two diabetic patients, in ounce doses, after each
meal, had soon to be discontinued, because the patients, to use their
»wn expressions, felt as if they ‘ were on the eve of being blown
up.’ There being sugar in the blood, we need not be surprised
that he met with it in the gastric and intestinal secretions from
the blood. Dr. Harley has observed that by injecting irritating
matters into the portal vein, (ammonia, ether, chloroform, alcohol,)
a saccharine condition of the urine may be artificially produced.
It is coniectured that these substances act upon fibers of the pneu-
mogastric nerve, whence an impression is transmitted to the nerv-
ous centers, and thence is again reflected upon the liver through
the splanchnic nerves. It is not difficult to imagine that irritat-
ing substances may find their way into the portal blood through
a faulty digestion, or through the use of certain kinds of food or
of medicine. Again: since contrived irritation of the brain at the
origin of the pneumogastric nerves will make the urine saccharine,
the cause of diabetes in the human subject may reasonably be placed,
in some instances, within the skull; and we may understand how
injuries or diseases of the brain, or even mental disquiet and de-
jection, operating through the brain, may produce it. Some strik-
ing cascs have been published by Dr. Goolden, in which head
symptoms were accompanied by saccharine urine, and in which
the diabetic symptoms were checked or removed by remedies ad-
dressed to the head affection—by blisters especially, and by pur-
gatives. Nay, we may ask whether there may not, in fact, be two
varieties of diabetes mellitus, in one of which the animal and in
the other the vegetable form of sugar may be present in the urine,
and whether the one of these varieties may not be more hopeful
of cure or recovery than the other. Bearing in mind the name
and the distribution of the pneumogastric nerve, may we not in-
dulge the conjecture that disease or injury of the brain near the
o zin of that nerve may directly affect the functions of the stem
232 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY}

ach, and thus prevent its digestive power, or the functions of .be
lungs, and thus interfere with the chemical destruction of sugar
in those organs? This last notion might seem to receive support
from the frequent association of pulmonary disease or disorder with
saccharine urine.”

RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER.

It is well known that rupture of the bladder may arise from
over-distensiun with urine; yet it may occur from other causes,
as the following article, contributed by Dr. C. M. Woon, wil!
show:

“ September 1.—My subject was a bay horse, seven years old, in
high condition ; that is, fat. On inquiry, I was informed, by the
man who had the care of him, that when he entered the stable,
at four o’clock, A. M., he found the horse rolling and tumbling,
and in great pain. I asked, What has the horse been doing? and
was answered that, having fallen into other hands, he had done
little more than merely exercise for the past four months. On
examination, the following symptoms were observed: The ani-
mal was standing, with the near fore extremity raised and extended,
and in the act of pawing, but he did not disturb his bedding. He
would suddenly place one foot down and raise the “pposite one,
when he would continue to paw, in like manner, for two or three
minutes, He would then cease pawing, and extend himself in his
stall, with the head elevated, and a fixed stare, as if in the act of
urinating. He would then perhaps lie down at full length in his
stall, or throw his head back upon his side, and remain in this
position a few minutes; would again rise and commence pawing,
as before. When standing, his hind extremities were wide apart.
His pulse was forty-two; mouth, hot, but moist; the visible mu-
cous surfaces slightly injected ; his respiration little disturbed ; in
fact, his symptoms were not violent. I gave an antispasmodic
drench, and left him. At eight, A. M., again visited my patient.
Found him standing, apparently relieved, yet he occasionally man
ifested slight symptoms of a kind of dull abdominal pain. His
bowels being costive, I gave him one ounce of cathartic mass, ons
drachm of calomel, and half a drachm of pulverized opium, in a
ball. At noon he was still the same. Ordered him a bran-maabl,
which he did not eat; nor did he drink. Gave an enema, stiw
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 233

alated the abdomen, and left him. Six, P. M.—He has laid down
quietly for two hours; stands easy, but neither eats nor drinks.
Nine, P. M.—Still the same; lies down occasionally. When
standing, paws considerably. Has had no evacuation of the bow-
els or of the urinary passages since the man discovered that the
animal was sick. Examined the rectum, but found no feces therein.
Gave half a drachm each of Venice turpentine and copaiba, in an
infusion of linseed ; gave also an enema, and left him for the night,
leaving a pail of water in the manger before him.

September 2, six o’clock, A. M.—On entering the stable, my
patient appeared much the same as when I left him the previous
avening. I inquired how he had been during the night. The
groom informed me that ‘he had remained easy until about one
o'clock, when he commenced pawing, as before, but without touch-
ing his bedding; that he would lie down for a few minutes quite
easy, when he would throw himself at full length in his stall, and
remain in that position a short time; then rise up and extend
himself, as if to relieve the urinary passages, but only a few dropa
dribbled away, as usual.’ As usual? said I. Have you never
observed any difficulty in his making water before? He answered.
‘T have taken care of this horse for over two years, and have
never seen him make more t: an a wine-glassful of water at any
one time. He passed a little every ten or fifteen minutes. Hia
stall was constantly wet, but I have never seen any trouble on
account of it.’ This statement was fully corroborated by several
cther persons. I now examined my patient per rectum, and found
the bladder empty. Upon introducing the catheter not a drop of
urine was obtained, nor even could the odor of urine be detected
on the catheter. I now concluded that he had a ruptured bladder,
and gave up all hopes of his recovery. However, from the pain
at intervals, and apparent relief of the animal occasionally, I di-
rected my treatment to the kidneys and bladder, by giving vily
laxatives, emollient enemas, and counter-irritation, in the hope,
not of cure, but of palliation, and each, in turn, gave relief for a
short time. Nine, P. M.—Have seen my patient several times
during the day. His symptoms increasing in frequency and vio-
lence. Pulse, sixty-six; respiration, hurried ; body and extremi-
ties, still warm. He paws, rolls, and tumbles violently. Gave
an enema, which had the effect to remove the contents of the reo-
tum, consisting of four or five small pellets of feces, covered with
234 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

mucus. He now, for the first time, drank six or seven swallows
of water, but had no desire for food. I ordered a pail of water
to be placed before him, and that a man should watch him during
the night.

September 3, six, A. M.—Has drank the water. Still paws,
lies down, suddenly rises, paws again, and thus continues. The
vody is still warm; he is not at all violent, his pain Seing, as it
were, dull; the abdomen rapidly increasing in size. Nine, P. M.—
Have seen my patient several times since morning. See no pos-
cible chance for recovery. His respiration is quick and laborious;
pulse, seventy-four ; visible mucous surfaces highly injected ; head
and neck bedewed with a cold, clammy perspiration; tremor of
the fore extremities; still paws, but does not lie down. He puts
his nose in the bucket, plays with the water in it, but does not
drink. Abdomen appears to increase in size. Notwithstanding
every means was used for his relief, the symptoms continued tc
increase in severity, and he died at one o’clock, A. M., on the
fourth.

Made an examination thirty-six hours after death, the k acker
neglecting to remove the horse before. On opening the abdo-
men the following appearances were visible: A slight blush of
inflammation pervaded the whole of the intestinal canal. Ex-
treme distention of the cecum and colon, but their contents were
pultacious. The bladder quite empty, and contracted at its cervix
into firm ruge; in substance its walls thickened to half an inch;
its apex bore marks of ulceration, with a rupture of one and a half
inches through its parieties. Had it not been ruptured, I think
the bladder could not have been made to contain more than a
quart; and we think this condition of the organ is sufficient to
account for the constant dribbling spoken of by the groom. There
was an accumulation of several gallons of fluid in the abdominal
cavity, and the peritoneum bore evident marks of inflammation,
which, doubtless, had been rendered less solvent by the med‘cines
administered. The lining membrane of the bladder was clothed
with a kind of mucus, thick, muddy, and of a dark color. The
kidneys were almost destitute of the investing membrane. What
remained rubbed off with the slightest touch. In attempting to
remove then: from their connections, they were torn with very
little foree: “hey were of a brick red color, extremely soft, sa
that they could be squeezed between the fingers like a paste: or
VISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 236

when laid upon a board, they flattened like soft dough. The liver
was softened, or, as it is generally called, rotten. It appeared
pale, was of a clay color externally, and could be broken down
with the slightest pressure. The stomach was healthy, and con-
tained about four quarts of fluid. The thoracic viscera healthy ;
heart, large and firm ; lungs, sound, but discolored, doubtlese &-m
lying so long after death.

An idea suggests itself in regard to the case now under consid-
eratior: that the liver did not properly prepare the blocd for the
secretion of the urine; hence the morbid condition of the kidneys
and bladder. But, although these organs are shown to have been
exercising a diseased secretory action, yet doubtless the primary
seat of the affection was in the digestive apparatus, the stomach,
and more particularly the liver. This question is not only a very
important one in a pathological point of view, but it is also one
of peculiar interest to the practitioner in his treatment of disease.
It directs him to the proper remedies to employ, and the action
of these remedies on the organs affected. In the treatment of all
diseases, it is not only necessary to understand the cause, but to
know the organ or viscus affected.”

ALBuMINOUS URINE (“THICK WATER”).

This is rather a rare disease among horses; yet, as it does vcca-
sionally occur, it may be proper to take some notice of it. Those
cases which have come under the author’s notice have occurred in
animals of the scrofulous diathesis, most of which animals had a
scurfy skin, and were otherwise unthrifty, just the subjects for
disease of the kidneys; for it is well known that when the excre-
mentitious function of the skin is interrupted, the kidneys have
to perform double labor. Their function is then overtaxed ; hence,
disease.

Albuminous urine is often associated with various forms of dis-
ease, or, rather, is the result of disease, or may follow the use of
improper medicines or bad food. Such are said to be the cause
of this malady (functional) in the human; and, reasoning from
analogy, we infer that the same causes operate on the horse, for
all the functions of his body are carried on after the same general
plan that obtains in the body of man.

WATSON teaches us ** that some arucies or rood, and some medi-
236 DADD'S VETERINAKY-MEDICINE AND SURGERr

zines, have the effect, in some cases, of rendering the urme for 4
time albuminous. Perhaps it would be more ccrrect to say that
certain forms of indigestion may cause this change. Albumen
has, also, been detected after a blister upon the skin, or under that
general state of irritation of the skin called eczema rubrum, which
is produced by the use of mercury. In the crisis of some febrile
disorders, in some cases of pregnancy, of heart disease, and in epi-
demie cholera, the same phenomena has been observed. Whenever
blood, proceeding from the long track of mucous membrane which
lines the urinary organs, mingles with the urine, that fluid, of
necessity, contains albumen, and coagulates, if tested by heat or by
vitric acid.” There is no albumen in healthy urine; neither can
we recognize its presence by mere inspection. Horses often pass
urine of a thick and ropy character, but that does not prove that
it is albuminous. It may be loaded with morbid or excrementi-
tious matter, yet contain not a particle of albumen. Healthv
urine, when recently discharged, possesses the ordinary temper-
ature of the body, is transparent, of a straw color, and exhalea
a peculiar ammoniacal odor, which it loses in cooling. About
ninety-three parts in one hundred of healthy urine is water; the
remainder are made up chiefly of urea, saline and organic matters.
Albumen, being similar to the white of eggs, passes from the fluid
to the solid state by boiling; therefore, in order to detect albumen
in urine, it is only necessary to heat the suspected urine to the
boiling point, when the albuminous opacity becomes visible.

A horse the subject of albrminous urine usually has a straJ-
dling gait; will stretch backward his hind legs; is stiff, and makes
short turns with difficulty. He is usually thirsty and feverish,
has a quick pulse, and the feuces are hard and dark-colored. When
the disease is of long standing, and the animal loses flesh, and the
mucous membranes of the mouth appear pale, the probability is
that the disease is organic, and the case may be considered incura-
ble. In such cases, the morbid appearances after death denote
degeneration, or structural change in the secreting surface of the
kidneys, and in the glands also.

Treatment.—The best remedy for the treatment of this affectios
is fluid extract of buchu, two ounces per day. Greer vegetables:
and carrots are also indicated.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 237

H=MaTuRIA (BLoopy URINe).

Heematuria consists of extravasation of blood from the urinary
organs, which is mixed with the urine, giving to the latter a blood-
red tinge, Small quantities of blood is very often excreted from
the kidneys, in consequence of congestion of the renal blood-ves-
sels, The affection often follows injury or sprain in the lumbar
region, and may occur in consequence of active disease, scattered
in either the kidneys or the bladder. Strong diuretics, such as
turpentine, juniper berries, etc., are operative in producing hama-
turia. But many cases are very obscure. Blood is sometimes
voided with the urine without any assignable cause. I have
known mares, when menstruating, to pass considerable blcod with
the urine, which ceased on the termination of menstruation.

Treatment.—The proper method of treating this affection is to
apply warm-water dressings to the loins, and drench the patient
with one ounce of fluid extract of matico, night and morning.
Mucilaginous drinks are also needed, which may be composed of,
elippery-elm, flaxseed, or gum arabic.

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SORGIOAL INSTRUMENTS USED IN VETERINARY PRAOTIOB

 

Exypuanation.—Fig. 1, Hobbles for casting; 2, Probang, for the removal of obstructiog
e@ithin the cesophagus; 3, Thumb lancet; 4, Artery forceps; 5, Gum scarificator; 6, Tube use¢
for chatraction in the teate; 7, Castrating knife; 8, Beak-pointed scalpel; 9, Curved scissors
0, Sutare-needles; 11, Female catheter; 12, Parturient slip-noose; 13, Parturient laver; 14, Em-
ory otomy forceps, or clasp-hooks; 15, Embryotomy knife; 16, Mouth-gag; 17, Trocar; 18, Canute
sr cover of the trocar; 19, 20, Trocar and canula for puncturing the chest; 21, 22, B, Views of
une several parts of the tracheotomy tube.
 

SECTION IX.

SURGICAL OPERATIONS.

Or SurGICAL OPERATIONS AND THE VARIOUS RESTRAINTS IT IS SOMETIMES
NECESSARY TO PLACE THE HORSE UNDER FOR THEIR PERFORMANCE—CABST.
ING—SLINGING—CaAsTRATION—FRENCH METHOD OF CASTRATION —CASTRA-
TIon BY LigaTuRE—LirHoromMy—TRAcHEOTOMY —(EsoPHAGOTOMY—NEU-
roromy—Mopt or Perrormina Nevrotomy—PeniosTEeoTomy —DIvision
OF THE Flexor TENDONS—AMPUTATIONS— AMPUTATION OF TILE PENIS—
AMPUTATION OF THE TAIL— NicKkInG—Frrinc —BLisTERING—A WMONIACAL
Burster—RoOwELLING—SETONS—ABSTRACTION OF BLoop, on BLEEDING—
Division OF THE TemPoraL ARTERY—BLEEDING BY THE PALATE—BLEED-
ING BY THE ToE—PuLEBOTOMY—BLEEDING ly THE JUGULAR VEIN,

 

Or SURGICAL OPERATIONS AND THE VARIOUS RESTRAINTS IT IS
SOMETIMES NECESSARY TO PLACE THE HORSE UNDER FOR
TITEIR PERFORMANCE,

es HEN it is necessary to perform any painful operation on
so powerful an animal as the horsg, it is of consequence

to subject him toa restraint equal to the occasion. JIorses are

very dissimilar in their tempers, and bear pain very differently ;
but it is always prudent to prepare for the worst, and few impor-
tant operations should be attempted without casting. Humanity
should be the fundamental principle of every proceeding, and we
ought always to subject this noble animal to pain with reluctance ;
but when circumstances absolutely call for it, we should joyfully
close our hearts to all necessary suffering. ‘The resistance of the
horse is terrible, and it is but common prudence to guard against
the effects of it. The lesser restraints are various. Among them
may be first noticed the Twircu. The twitch is a very necessary
instrument in astable, though, when frequently and officiously
used, it may have the ill effect of rendering some horses violent

to resist its application. In many instances blindfolding will do
(229)
240 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

more than the twitch; and some horses may be quieted, when ths
pain is not excessive, by holding the ear in one hand, and rubbing
the point of the nose with the other. A soothing manner will
often engage the attention and prevent violence; but it is seldom
that either threats or punishment render an unruly horse more
calm. Inexperienced persons guard themselves only against the
hind legs; but they should be aware that some horses strike ter-
ribly with their fore-feet. It is prudent, therefore, in all opera-
tions, to blindfold the animal, as, by this, he becomes particulaaly
intimidated, and if he strikes he can not aim. When one of the
fore extremities requires a very minute examination, it is prudent
to have the opposite leg held up (it may, in some cases, be tied);
and when one of the hinder feet is the object of attention, the fore
one of the same side should be held up, as, by this means, the ami-
mal is commonly prevented from striking. If this precaution be
not taken, still observe to keep one hand on the hock, while the
other is employed in what is necessary, by which means, if the
foot become elevated to kick, sufficient warning is given, and the
very action of the horse throws the operator away from the stroke.
Without the use of these arts, the practitioner will expese himself
to much risk. The TREVIs is the very utmost limit of restraint,
and is seldom used save by smiths, to shoe very violent and power-
ful horses, Whenever recourse is had to it, the greatest caution is
necessary to bed and bolster all the parts that are likely to come
in contact with the body. On the Continent we have seen horses
shod in this machine, and apparently put into it from no necessity
greater than to prevent the clothes of the smith from being dirtied.
Horses have been destroyed by the trevis, as well as by casting;
or their aversion to the restraint has been such, they have died
from the consequences of their own resistance. - The sIDE-LINE is
now very generally used, not only in minor operations, but also in
those more important. Many veterinarians do not use any other
restraint than this, in which they consider there is safety both to
the horse and to the operator. It is applicable to such horses as
are disposed to strike behind, and consists in placing a hobble-strap
around the pastern of one hind leg, and then carrying from a web
collar, passed over the head, the end of a rope through the D of the
hobble, and back again under the webbing round the neck. A
man is then set to pull at the free end of the rope, by which the
hinder leg is drawn forward without elevating it from tle ground.
SURGIVAL OPERATIONS. 241

By this dispiacement of one leg the horse is effectually secured
from kicking with either. Occasionally it is thus applied: hobbles
are put on both hind legs, and the rope is passed through each of
the rings. According to this last method, the horse 3 actually
cast, as he must fall when the ropes are pulled. Take a.ong rope.
and tie a loop in the middle, which is to be of such a size as it may
erve fora collar; pass the loop over the head, letting the knot reat
apon the withers; then take the free ends, pass them through the
aobbies, and bring it under the loop. Let two men pull at the
ropes, and the hind legs will be drawn forward.

CASTING.

The objections to this practice arise from the dangers incurred
by forcing the horse to the ground. Mr. Bracy Clark simplified
casting by inventing sume patent hobbles, having a running chaia
instead of rope, and which, by a shifting D, made the loosening of
all the hobbles, for the purpose of getting at a particular leg,
annecessary. ‘These were still further improved by Mr. Budd, so
as (9 render a release from all the hobbles at once practicable.
Hobble leathers and ropes should be kept supple and pliant with
oil, and ought to be always examined previous to using ; nor should
the D or ring of the stinp be of any other metal than iron. Brass,
however thick, is brittle, and not to be depended on. To the D
ring, or ring of one pastern hobble, a chain of about four feet long
is attached ; to this a strong rope is well fastened, and, according to
the way the horse is to be thrown, this hobble is to be fixed on the
fore-foot of the contrary side. The rope is then passed from the
hobble on the fore-foot to the D of the hind foot of that side, ther
to the other hind foot, and, lastly, through the D of the other fore-
foot. After this, much of the ease and safety of the throw depends
on bringing the legs as near together as possible. This should be
done by gradually moving them nearer to each other, without
alarming the horse, which will very much facilitate the business,
and is really of more moment than is generally imagined. A space
sufficiently large should be chosen for the purpose of casting, as
some horses struggle much, and throw themselves with great vio-
fence a considerable way to one side or the other; and they are
able to do this if the feet have not been brought near together pre-
vious to attempting the cast. The place should be also very well

16
242 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE ANuv SURGERY.

littered down. The legs having been brought together, the assist-
ants must act in concert. One, particularly, should be at the head,
which must be carefully held throughout by means of a strong
snaffle-bridle; another should be at the hind part, to direct the
fall, and to force the body of the horse to the side which is requi-
site. Pursuing these instructions, the animal may be at once rather
let down than thrown, by a dexterous and quick drawing of the
rope, the whole assistants acting in concert. The moment the
horse is down, the person at the head must throw himself upon
that member, and keep it secure; for all the efforts of the animal
to disengage himself are begun by elevating the head and fore-parts,
The rope is tightened. The chain is fixed by inserting a hook
through one of the links, of sufficient size not to pass the hobbles.
When the operation is over, the screw which fastens the chain to
the hobble, first put upon one fore-leg, is withdrawn. The chain
then flies through the D’s of the other hobbles, and all the legs.
are free, save the fore-leg first alluded to; ‘he strap of this has to
be afterward unbuckled. There are also other apparatus used in
casting, as a strong leathern case to pass over the head, serving as
a blind when the animal is being thrown, and as a protection
against his rubbing the skin off his eyes when down. Then a sur-
cingle is also used. This is fastened round the horse’s body, anc

from the back hangs a bread strap and a rope. The strap is fast-

ened to the fore-leg of that side which it is desired should be
uppermost. The line is given to a man who stands on the oppo-
site side to the generality of the pullers. On the signal being
given, the men having hold of the hobble-rope pull the legs one
way, while he who has hold of the rope attached to the surcingle
pulls the back in a contrary direction, and the horse is immedi-
ately cast.

SLINGING.

This is a restraint which horses submit to with great impatience,
and not without much inconvenience, from the violent excoriations
occasioned by the friction and pressure of the bandaging a:0und
his body. Graver evils are also brought about by the abduminal
pressure. Some horses stale and dung with difficulty when sus-
pended, and inflammation of the bowels has not unfrequently.
come on during slinging, The slings are, however, forced on ur
in some cases, as in fractured bones, the treatment of open joints
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 243

anc some other wounds where motion would be most unfavorable
to the curative treatment. Suspension may be partial or complete.
Suspension of auy kind will require the application of pulleys and
ropes affixed to the beams, that the whole body of the horse may
be supported. A sling may be formed of a piece of strong sack-
ing, which is to pass under the belly, the two ends being fastened
firmly to pieces of wood, each of about three feet long, and which
are to reach a little higher than the horse’s back. To the pieces
of wood cords and pulleys are to be firmly attached, by which
means the sacking can be lowered or raised at pleasure. To the
sacking, also, are to be sewn strong straps, both before and behind,
to prevent the horse sliding in either direction, without carrying
the sacking with him. Upon this so-formed cradle he is to recline.
If horses when they are fresh should be placed in this machine,
most of them would either injure themselves or break through all
restraint. However, by tying up their heads for three or four
nights their spirit is destroyed. The slings may then be applied
without the fear of resistance. It is the best method not to pull
the canvas firm up, but to leave about an inch between the horse’s
belly and the cloth, so that the animal may stand free, or throw
his weight into the slings when he pleases. In this fashion a
horse may remain for months in the slings, and at the end of the
time display none of the wear and tear so feelingly described by
ald authors.

CASTRATION.

This practice is of very ancient origin, and is as extensive as
ancient. It is founded on the superior placidity of temper it gives
The castrated horse no longer evinces the superiorities of his mas-
culine character, but approaches the softer form and milder char-
acter of the mare. Losing his ungovernable desires, he submita
to discipline and confinement without resistance ; and, if he be less
worthy of the painter’s delineation and the poet’s song, he is val-
uable tc his possessor in a tenfold degree. In England, where
length in the arms and of the wide-spread angles of the limbs is
absolutely necessary in the horse to accomplish the rapid traveling
so much in vogue among us, the exchange of the lofty carriage
and high action of the stallion is absolutely necessary ; and when
we have added the lessened tendency of the gelding to some dis-
eases, 28 hernia, founder, cutaneous affections, ete., we may be
244 ‘DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

conter.. to leave the sexual type with the racer for his breed ;
also with the dray-horse for his weight, and the fapcv of bis
owner.

Supposing it, therefore, eligible to castrate our horses, what ‘s
the proper age for the operation? What are the relative alvan-
tages and disadvantages of the different methods of performing
it? The proper age to castrate the young horse must depend ox
circumstances, as on his present appearance, his growth, and the
fature purposes we intend him for, observing, generally, that the
more early it is done, the safer is the operation; for, until these
organs begin to secrete, they are pnrely structural parts, and, as
such, are not so intimately connected with the sympathies of the
constitution. Some breeders of horses castrate at twelve months,
others object to this period, because they think the animal hes
not sufficiently recovered the check experienced from weaning
before this new shock to the system occurs. In the more common
sort of horses, used for agricultural purposes, it is probably indir-
ferent at what time the operation is performed, this consideration
being kept in view: that the earlier it is done, the lighter will tke
horse be in his forehand ; and the longer it is protracted, the heav
ier will be his crest, and the greater his weight before, which, in
heavy draught-work, is desirable. For carriage-horses it would
be less so, and the period of two years is not a bad one for their
castration. The better sort of saddle-horses should be well ex-
amined every three or four months, particularly at the ages of
twelve, eighteen, and twenty-four months, at either of which times,
according to circumstances or to fancy, provided the forehand be
sufficiently developed, it may be proceeded with. Waiting longer
may make the horse heavy ; but, if his neck appear too long and
thin, and his shoulders spare, he will assuredly be improved by
being allowed to remain entire for six or eight months later.
Many of the Yorkshire breeders never cut till two years, and
think their horses stronger and handsomer fcr it. Some wait
even longer; but the fear in this case is, that the stallion form
will be too predominant, and a heavy crest and weighty forehand
be the consequence. Perhaps, also, the temper may suffer. Young
colts require little preparation, provided they are healthy and not
too full from high living. If so, they must be kept somewhat
short for a few days; and, in all, the choice of a mild season and
moderate temperature is proper.
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 246

When a full-grown horse is operated on, some further prepa-
ration is necessary. He should not be in a state of debility, and,
certainly, not in one of plethora. In the latter case, lower his diet;
and it would be prudent to give him a purgative. It is also ad-
visable that it be done when no influenza or strangles rage, as we
have found the effects of castration render a horse very obnoxious
to any prevalent disease. The advanced spring season—previous,
howe'er, to the flies becoming troublesome—is the proper time for
the performance of the operation upon all valuable horses; and
be careful that it be not done until after the winter coat has been
shed, which will have a favorable effect on the future coating of
the horse, independent of the circumstance that at a period of
change the constitution is not favorable to unusual excitement.

Castration is performed in various ways, but in all it expresses
the removal of the testicles. There are methods of rendering the
animal impotent without the actual destruction of these organs};
for if, by any other method, the secretion of the spermatic glands
is prevented, our end is answered.

Castration by cauterization is the method which has been prin-
c'pally practiced among us; but this by no means proves it the
best. On the contrary, many of our most expert veterinarians
do not castiate by this method. Mr. Goodwin, and many other
practitioners of eminence, never castrate by cautery.

A preliminary observation should be made previously to casting,
to see that the horse is not suffering from a rupture. Such cases
have happened; and as in our method we open a direct commu-
nication with the abdomen, when the horse rises it is not improb-
able that his bowels protrude until they trail on the ground,
Hernia, as a consequence of castration, may easily occur by the
uncovered operation ; for, as already observed, it makes the scrotal
sac and abdominal cavity one continuous opening. It is not te
ie wondered at, therefore, if the violent struggles of the animal
should force a quantity of intestine through the rings into the
scr tal bag. Should we be called on to operate on a horse which
already had hernia, it is evident we ought not to proceed with it
unless the owner be apprised of the risk, and willing to abide by
it. In such cases, we would recommend that the method of Girard
be practiced; that is, to inclose the tunica vaginalis within the
clams, (sufficiently tight to retain them, but not to produce deatk
in the part,) pushed bigh up against the abdowinal ring, and then
2416 VADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

so remove the testicle, being very careful to avoid injuring any
portion of intestine in the operation. When a discovery is made
ef the existence of hernia after an opening has heen already made
for the common purpose of castration, should the operator con-
tinue his process, and castrate? We should say, By no means:
but, on the contrary, we would greatly prefer the method recom-
mended by Mr. Pereivall: firmly to unite the lips of the external
wound by suture, allowing the testicle itself to assist in blocking
up the passage, with a hope, also, that the inflammation caused by
the incision might altogether stop up the scrotal communication
with the abdomen. But, in the appalling case of immense pro-
trusion of intestine, what is to be done? Mr. Coleman, in such
a case, proposes to make an opening near the umbilicus large
enough to introduce the hand, and thus draw in the bowels. Mr.
Percivall would prefer dilating the external ring. But the testicle
must be very firmly retained, and even permanently fixed against
the dilated ring, or the bowels would again descend. ‘The intes-
tines probably would become inflated in any such case.

As unbroken young horses are the most usual subjects of this
operation, and as such often have not yet been bridled, if a colt
can not be enticed with oats, etc., he must be driven into a corner,
between two steady horses, wnere, if'a halter can not be put on, at
least a runniug hempen noose can be got round his neck ; but which-
ever is used, it should be flat, or the struggles, which are often long
and violent, may bruise the neck, and produce abscess or injury.
When his exertions have tired him, he may then be led to the
operating spot. Here his attention should be engayed while the
hobbles are put on, if possible; if not, a long and strong cart-rope,
having its middle portion formed into a noose sufficiently large to
take in the head and neck, is to be slipped on, with the knotted
part applied to the counter or breast. The long pendent ends are
passed backward between the fore-legs; then carried round the
aind fetlocks, brought forward again on the outside, run unde:
tae coliar-rope ; a second time carried backward on the outer side
of all, and extended to the full length in a direct line behind the
animal. ‘Thus fettered, Mr. Percivall says his hind feet may be
drawn under him toward the elbows. It has been, however, ofte.
found that, at the moment the rope touches the legs, the coit either
kicks and displaces the rope, or altogether displaces himself; }out
hig attention can generally be engaged by one fore-leg being held
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 247

up, or by having his ear or muzzle rubbed, or even by the twitch,
if not, the rope may be carried actually round each fetlock, which
then acts like a hobble, and this rope may be gradually tight-
ened. This last, however, is a very questionable method, and the
others, therefore, ought to be long tried before it is resorted to.
In this way people have succeeded with very refractory colts; but
it requires very able assistants, and, if possible, the man who has
been used to the individual colt should be present. In either way,
as soon as the rope is fixed, with a man at each end of it, behind
the colt, Ict them, by a sudden and forcible effort in concert, ap-
proximate his hind legs to his fore, and thus throw him. Before
the colt is cast, however, it should be endeavored to ascertain that
he is free from strangles and hernia.

Being satisfied that no hernia exists on either side, proceed tr
cast the colt, turning him, not directly on the left side, but prin-
cipally inclining that way; and, if possible, let the croup be very
slightly elevated. It is usual to place him directly flat on the left
side, but the above is more convenient. Next, secure the near
hind leg with a piece of hempen tackle, having a running noose,
or, in default of this not being at hand, make use of the flat part
of a hempen halter, which should, for safety, be put on before the
hobble of that leg is removed—as may be readily done, if the
hobbles having shifting or screw D’s (as described in casting) are
made use of. Every requisite being at hand, the operator, having
his scalpel ready, should place himself behind the horse, as the
most convenient way to perform his manip‘!ations; and, firmly
grasping the left testicle with his left hand, and drawing it out se
as to render the scrotum tense, he should make an incision length-
ways, from the anterior to the posterior part of the bag. The
resistance of the cremaster muscle has tc be overcome before the
testicle can be forced to the bottom of the scrotum, and this is the
more readily accomplished if the animal’s attention be engage i
The incision may be carried at once through the integumeuts, the
thin dartos expansion, and the vaginal coat of the testicles with
a swecp of the scalpel; but with one less dextrous at the cpera-
tion, it will be more prudent to make the first incision through
the scrotum and dartos only, to the required extent, and then tu
do the same by the vaginal coat, thus avoiding to wound the tes-
ticle which would produce violent resistance, and give unneces
nary pain.
248 DADD'3 VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGEKY

We, however, take this opportunity of noting that cases have
occurred when the tunica vaginalis was divided no testicle fol-
lowed, firm adhesions between this tunic and the tunica albuginea
having retained it fast. In such cases the scalpel must be em-
ployed to free the testicle, by dissecting it away from the vaginal
sac. When no such obstruction occurs, the testicle, if the opening
be sufficiently large, will slip out; but the operator mnst be pre-
pared, at the moment of so doing, to expect some violent struggles,
more particularly if he attempt to restrain the contractions of the
cremaster, and, by main force, to draw out the testicle. Prepara-
tory to this, therefore, the twitch should be tightened ; the attend-
ants, especially the man at the head, must be on the alert; and
the testicle itself, at the time of this violent retraction of the cre-
master, should be merely held, but not dragged in opposition to
the contraction. If the clams have been put on over the whole,
according to Mr, Percivall’s method, they will assist in retaining
the retracting parts; but they must not be used with too much
pressure. The resistance having subsided, the clams must now
be removed; or, if they have not been previcusly in use, they
must now be taken in hand, and, having been prepared by some
tow being wound around them, should be placed easily on the cord,
while time is found to free from the grip of the pincers the vas def:
erens, or spermatic tube, which is seen continued from the epididy-
mis. The Russians, Mr. Goodwin informs ns, cut it through when
they operate. Humanity is much concerned in its removal from
pressure, because of the excess of pain felt when it is included.

It is necessary, before the final fixing of the clams, to deter-
mine on the part where the division of the cord is to take place.
To use Mr. Percivall’s words, ‘if it be left too long, it is apt te
hang out of the wound afterward, and retard the process of union.’
On the other hand, if it be cut very short, and the arteries hap-
pen to bleed afresh after it has been released from the clams, the
operator will find it no easy task to recover it. The natural
length of the cord, which will mainly depend on the degree of
the descent of the gland, will be our best guide in this particular.
The place of section determined on and marked, close the clama
sufficiently tight to retain firm hold of the cord, and to effectually
stop the circulation within it. There are now two modes of
making the division: the one is to sever it with a scalpel, and then
to sufficiently sear the end of it as to prevent a flow of blond: the
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 249

ather, and in some respects the preferable method, is to employ a
blunt-edged iron, which is to divide by little cruciai sawings, so
that, when the cord is separated, it shall not present a uniform
surfac2, but ragged edges, which will perfectly close the mouths
ot the vessels. This done, loosen the clams sufficiently to observe
whether there be any flow of blood. Gently wipe the end of the
cord, also, with the finger, as sometimes an accidental small plug
gets within the vessel; this had better be removed at the time.
Retain a hold on the clams a few minutes longer; and, while
loosening them gradually, observe to have an iron in readiness
ugain to touch the end of the cord, if any blood makes its appear-
ance. Satisfied on this point, sponge the parts with cold water.
No sort of external application is necessary, still less any resin
seared on the end of the cord, which can only irritate, and will
never adhere.

On the after-treatment much difference of opinion has existed,
and even yet exists. The powerful evidence of accumulated facts
nas now convinced us of the necessity and propriety of some mo
tion for the newly castrated horse, as a preventive of local con-
gestion. Such practice is common in most countries, and seems
salutary in all. Hurtrel d’Arboval, thus impressed, recommends
the horse, immediately after the operation, to be led out to walk
for an hour; and it is a general plan in France to walk such horses
in hand an hour night and morning. Mr. Goodwin, in proof of its
not being hurtful, informs us that whole studs of horses, brought
to St. Petersburg to be operated on, are immediately traveled
back a certain portion of the distance, night and morning, until
they arrive at home. We have, therefore, no hesitation in recom-
mending a moderate degree of motion in preference to absolute
rest.

The French method of castration is advocated by Mr. Goodwin,
and it is sufficient that it receives his recommendation to entitle
1t to attention. It is rendered the more so, as he observes, on
the method in general use among us, ‘that the operation per-
formed by the actual cautery always induces, more or less, symp
toms that often become alarming, and that it can not he performed
on the adult without incurring more swelling and severer conse-
quences than attend other methods of operation. If I ever use
the actual cautery, it is for the sake of expedition, and then only
on a yearling or a two-year old; but I am resolved never to em-
£50 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY:.

ploy it again on an adult.’ These observations, as emanating fom
such a source, must be deemed important.

Mr. Goodwin then offers the description of the French method
of operating, from Hurtrel d’Arboval: ‘Castration by means of
the clams is the method in general use, if not the only one now
employed. It is the most ancient, since it was recommended by
Hieroclius among the Greeks. It is performed in two ways, the
testicle being covered or uncovered. In the former, the exterior
of the scrotum, formed by the skin and dartos muscle, is cut
through, and the testicle is brought out by dissecting away the
laminated tissue, the gland being covered by the tunica vaginalis.
The clam is then placed above the epididymis, outside the external
peritoneal covering of the cord. In the uncovered operation, the
incision is made through the servus capsule of the testicle. The
tunica vaginalis being divided, the testicle presents itself, and the
clam is placed well above the epididymis, on the cord. The ope-
ration, performed in either way, requires us to provide ourselves
with a scalpel, a pair of clams, a pair of long pincers, made pur-
posely to bring the ends of the clams together, and some waxed
string. The clams may be formed of different kinds of wood, but
the alder is considered the best, and generally made use of. To
make a clam, we procure a branch of old and dry alder, whose
diameter should be about an inch, and whose length should be
from five to six inches; of course, the dimensions must, at all
times, be proportioned to the size of the cord we have to operate
on. At the distance of half an inch from each end, a small nick,
sufficiently deep to hold the string, must be made, and then the
wood should be sawed through the middle lengthways. Each
divided surface should be planed, so as to facilitate the opening
of the clams, either when about to place them on or take them
off, The pith of the wood is then to be taken out, and the hollow
should be filled with corrosive sublimate and flour, mixed with
sufficien water to form it into a paste. Some persons are not in
the habit of using any caustic whatever; then, of course, scooping
out of the inside of the clam is not necessary. Notwithstanding,
the caustic, inasmuch as it produces a speedier dissolution of the
parts, must be useful, and ought not to be neglected.’ The addi-
tion of the caustic, however, Mr. Goodwin objects to, with great
reason, remarking that, unless it be a very strong one, and there-
fore dangerous to employ, it can not be of any use to parts com-
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 25)

pressed and deprived of circulation and life. He further informs
us that he has operated in six cases in succession with tie same
effect, without any escharotic matter whatever. An experimental
case of Mr. Percivall’s terminated fatally. By the use of caustic
the vord was greatly inflamed, as high as the ring, and which,
unquestionably, produced the unfortunate result.

“The covered operation,’ continues Mr. Goodwin, ‘is the one
that I am about to advocate, and which differs only insomuch that
the scrotum and dartos muscle must be cautiously cut through,
without dividing the tunica vaginalis, It was Monsieur Berger
who was accidentally at my house when I was about to castrate a
horse, and who, on my saying that I should probably do it with
the cautery, expressed his surprise that I should perform the oper-
ation in any other way than on the plan generally approved of
in France. Being a stranger to it, he kindly consented to preside
at the operation, and, after seeing him perform on the near tes
ticle, I did the same on the right, but, of course, not with the same
facility. After opening the scrotum, and dissecting through the
dartos, which is very readily done by passing the knife lightly over
its fibers, the testicle and its covering, the tunica vaginalis, must
be taken in the right hand, while the left should be employed in
pushing back the scrotum from its attachments; and, having your
assistant ready, as before, with the clam, it must be placed well
above the epididymis, and greater pressure is, of course, necessary,
as the vaginal covering is included in the clam.’

Mr. Goodwin further observes that in Russia he has seen hun-
dreds of horses operated on, even after the human fashion, with
safety ; and, he remarks, it certainly produces less pain, the animal
loses less flesh and condition, and is sooner recovered than when
operated on by the actual cautery.

Castration by ligature is a painful, barbarous, and very danger-
ous practice, and consists in inclosing the testicles and scrotum
within ligatures, until mortification occurs, and they drop off. It
is practiced by some breeders on their young colts, but it is always
hazardous and disgracefully cruel. The substance of the testicle,
in some countries, is also broken down, either by rubbing or other-
wise by pressure between two hard bodies. This is practiced in
Algiers, instead of excision, and tetanus is a frequent consequenos
of it. In Portugal they twist round the testicle, and thus stop the
circulation of the gland. Division of the vas defereus hae been
252 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

performed, it is said, with success, on many animals, and is pro
posed as a safe and less painful process than the emasculation of
the horse. It consists in a longitudinal] section through the scro-
tum, dartos, and vaginal sheath, so as to expose the cord, from
which the vas deferens is to be separated and severed from the
artery and vein. There is a. certain consent of parts, by which
the sympathy of an organ remains after its functional offices are
apparently destroyed. There can be little doubt but the nervous
excitement would continue, the vein and artery remaining entire,
There are certain nice conditions of the organ necessary for prop-
agation. Thus, the horse who retains his testicles within his abdo-
men, possesses all the roguish qualities of him with one perfectly
evolved; he is lustful, and can cover, but is seldom fruitful.

Of the morbid consequences of castration we have little to say.
By early evacuations, green food, a loose box, a cool air, moderate
clothing, but, particularly, by walking exercise, swellings of the
parts may be prevented; if not, bleed and foment. Should sup-
puration follow, and sinuses form, treat as directed under those
heads; and if tetanic symptoms start up, refer to that article.
There has been lately practiced in India a novel mode of castra-
tion, which is said to be the invention of a Boer, settled at the
Cape of Good Hope. The cord is expose:! in the usual manner,
From the cord the artery is singled out. This vessel is scraped
through with a coarse-edged, blunt knife, when the other constitu-
tents of the cord are cut away, and the operation is finished. This
method is much praised by those who have adopted it, and is said
to be always attended with success.

LirHotomy.

Hurtrel d’Arboval’s account of the progress of lithotomy in vet-
erinary practice commences in 1774; the second case was suocess-
fully operated on in 1794; and at later periods other veterinary
surgeons have also performed it. In monodactyles there are two
methods of operating for the stone—one through the rectum, the
other through the bladder. The first, which consists in laying
open the bladder by a longitudinal incision made through the
parietes of the part of the rectum adherent to it, by means of a
straight bistoury, is easily practiced, but in its consequences is
dangerous in the extreme: in fact, it is an operation never tn be
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 26.

advpted but in a case where the magnitude of the stone precludes
its extraction through the neck of the bladder. In all other cases,
lithotomy by the urethra is to be pursued. For -ts performance
are required a straight probe-pointed bistoury, a whalebone fluted
staff, and a pair of forceps, curved at the extremities. The ani-
mal should, if practicable, be maintained in the erect posture.
The tail plaited and carried round on the right quarter, the opera-
tor feels for the end of the staff introduced up the urethra, and
makes an incision directly upon it, from above downward, an inch
and a half or two inches in length. Next, he introduces the sound,
and passes it onward into the bladder. Now, placing the back of
the bistoury within the groove of the sound, by gliding the knife
forward, the pelvic portion of the urethra, and also the neck of the
bladder, becomes slit open—the latter in two places, in consequence
of a second cut being made in withdrawing the bistoury. The
opening made being considered of sufficient dimensions, the oper-
ator introduces the forceps into the bladder, and seizes the calculus,
one hand being up the rectum, to aid him in so doing. The for-
ceps, clasping the stone, are now to be withdrawn, but with gen-
tleness, and with a vacillating sort of movement of the hand
from side to side, in order more easily to surcaount any difficulties
in the passage, and the more effectually to avoid confusion or
laceration. M. Girard tells us ‘that the cut through the pelvic
portion of the urethra ought always to be made obliquely to one
side. The operator should hold his bistoury in such a direction
that its cutting edge be turned toward the angle of the thigh. By
this procedure we shall gain easier access to the bladder, and not
only avoid wounding the rectum, but also the artery of the bulb,
as well as the bulb itself, and suspensory ligaments of the penis.

The parts cut through in the operation are, Ist, the fine thin
skin of the perineum, smooth externaily, and marked with a
raphe; densely cellular internally ; 2d, adhering to the tissue, the
fascial covering, derived from the fascia superficialis abdominis,
which has here become fibrous, it forms the common envelope to
the parts underneath, and is closely connected with the corpus
musculosum urethre ; 3d, the corpus musculosum urethre, that
penniform band of fleshy fibers which springs by two branches
from the ischiatic tuberosities embracing the sphincter ani, and
concealing the arteries of the bulb, whence they unite, and pro-
ceed to envelop the urethra; 4th, the corpus spongiosum urethre,
254 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

the part immediately covered by the muscular envelope, and which
here is bulbous (it is more particularly worthy our remark, fron
two arteries penetrating the bulb, which come from without um
pelvis, ascending obliquely outward to reach the part); 5th, the
suspensory ligaments of the penis, pursuing the course of, and ad
hering to, the tendinous union of the erectores. An attention to
the relative position of these parts will demonstrate the advantages
+f the lateral oblique incision over one made directly along the
raphe. By pursuing the latter, we necessarily cut through tht
suspensory ligaments and into the bulb, wounding thereby the
arteries ; whereas, by the former, all this danger is avoided, beside
that it renders the operation more simple and facile.

TRACHEOTOMY (CUTTING INTO THE WINDPIPE).

Cases occur when this operation is required, as in strangle,
when the tumors threaten suffocation, or when any substance haa
remained unswallowed in the esophagus, the pressure of which
obstructs respiration. In a distressing case of gunpowder burst-
ing immediately under a horse’s nose, the effects of which tumefied
his mouth and nostrils, so as to prevent free inspiration, the ani-
mal owed his life entirely to our excising a portion from the
tracheal rings, about ten inches below the angle of the throat.
The operation is a very simple one, and may consist either in a
longitudinal section made through two or three of the rings, or a
portion, occupying about an inch round, may be excised from the
anterior cartilaginous substance. The proper mode, when it can
be done, however, is to make a circular opening with a very nar-
row knife, removing a portion of two cartilages, or taking a semi-
circular piece from each; and this last, although it is seldom
performed, is by far the best method. The integuments should
be first divided in the exact center of the neck, three or four inches
below the obstruction; then the skin and tissues should be suffi-
ciently separated to allow a tube adapted to the size of the trachea
to be introduced, the tube having an acute turn and a rim, which
must be furnished with holes for the adaptation of tapes, to secure
it around the neck. There are several instruments of this sort in
use, of which that adopted by the French, or the one invented
by Mr. Gowing, of Camden Town, is to be preferred. The oper-
stion has heen also performed in cases of roaring, under an ides
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 255

of dividing the stricture which impeded respiration ; but, unless
the exact situation of this were discovered, it would be but an ex-
perimental attempt.

CEsopHaGotomy (OPENING THE GULLET),

It was long thought that a wound in the esophagus must be
necessarily fatal, but we have now sufficient proofs to the contrary
on record, so that we are not deterred from cut. ng into the cesopha-
geal tube when it is necessary; but it is an operation requiring
skill and anatomical kaowledge, and its future results are some-
times very serious. The cases that call for cesophagotomy are the
lodgment of accidental substances within the tube. An apple
once so lodged was removed by incision by a veterinary surgeon
at Windsor. Carrots, parsnips, beets, etc., are liable to produce
such vbstruction when not sliced. Too large a medicinal mass,
also, has lodged there ; and a voracious eater has, by attempting
to swallow too large a quantity of not salivated bran or chaff, pro-
duced an obstruction, which pressed on the trachea and threatened
suffocation. In all cases of obstruction of this kind, we will sup
pose that a probang, well oiled, has been previously attempted to
be passed, and has completely failed. The probang for the horse,
however, differs materially from that used for the cow. It is
formed after the fashion of the one adopted by the human prac-
titioner, consisting of a pliable piece of whalebone, having a sponge
tied to one end. The operation being determined on, may be
practiced standing. If the swelling be large, no fear need be en-
tertained about cutting important organs, as the enlargement wil!
push them on one side. Cut down, therefore, directly upon the
center of the impacted substance. If the horse be cast, which is
quite unnecessary, have him, of course, thrown with his left side
uppermost. It will also be necessary to command a good liyht.
The part of the neck chosen for the opening must, of course, be
governed by the obstructing mass. A section should be made
through the integuments and cellular tissue beneath them, right
into the esophagus, if possible, with one cut, and into the center
of the pipe. If this be not done at once, and it requires some
dexterity so as to effect it, mind to make all future incisions in a
line with the first opening, as it is important that the cellular tis-
sue should be little interfered with. The cesophagus, fairly cut
into the impactment, should jump forth. Should it aot do so, de
208 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

ot manipulate, or attempt to force it out, but enlarge the opening,
and the substance will come through when that is long enough;
but no fingering could compel its exit while the opening is too
small, The end gained for which the incision was made in the
cesophagus, the wound may be then closed by the interrupted su-
tures, each holding a small piece of tow above the orifice, and
having their ends hanging out of the external opening, which
should also be brought together by sutures. The after-treatment
should be to interdict all dry food; the animal ought to subsist
on very thick gruel for three, four, or five days, If the condition
appears to suffer much, allow malt mashes, and when so doing
watch the wound ; and if the matters taken in are seen to ooze out,
wash them away frequently with warm water, to prevent lodg-
ment, which might encourage sinuses to form; and after each
washing, syringe with some very mild stimulant, as a very weak
solution of sulphate of zine (white vitriol), etc.

Nevrotomy (DIvIsion oF THE SENTIENT NERVES OF
THE Foot).

Neurotomy has now stood the test of very extensive application.
Our writers offer innumerable proofs of its restoring almost uselesa
animals to a state of much utility ; and if there are chances that
it may occasion such injury as to hasten the end of some horses,
it is usually in such as the disease would have done the same for
at no distant period. Having stated thus much in its favor, it
must not be supposed that we recommend it as an unqualified
benefit, even where it succeeds best. No neurotomized horse ever
after goes with the same freedom, nor with equal safety, as he did
before the operation was performed. Indifference to the nature
of the ground gone over is said to have fractured legs; it is quite
common tu batter the feet to pieces; and, although horses have
hunted afterward, and hackneys have carried their riders long
distances, yet it is more calculated to prove beneficial to carriage
than to saddle-horses. This we believe to be a just statement of
its merits; but there are benefits which it offers to the animal of
@ more extensive ana constitutional kind. Those gained by the
bodily system generally have been, in some cases, very marked.
Thus, an aged and crippled stallion, from the irritation constantly
kept up, became so emaciated as to be unable te fecundate; but.
SURGIUAL OPERA IONS. 267

ceing relieved from a constant state of suffering by neurotomy,
improved in health and condition, and was again used to cover.
It happened, also, that a mare, similarly circumstanced, ceased to
feel estrum ; but after neurotomy it again returned, and she re-
sumed her character of a brood-mare. It appears to act with
most certainty when a portion of the irritated nerve is excised.
One case has actually occurred where the tetanus, occasioned by
a wound in the foot, was arrested and removed by neurotomy
It also promises much in the painful state of some cankers, where
the irritation has rendered the application of dressings almost im-
possible. Here, by depriving the foot of sensibility, we deprive
the horse of that which is injurious to him. The sore itself is
often amended by it; but in every instance the dressings can be
effectively applied, and the healthy processes can not be at all
suspended.

With respect to whether the lower or upper incision ought to
aave the preference, the decision should be guided by the circam-
stances, as regards the intensity and the seat of the disease. The
operation commonly leaves, for a considerable time, some enlarge-
ment around the spot, the effects of the adhesive matter interposed
between the severed portions of the nerve, and which can be rem-
edied by no application of bandages. This bulging remains se
long as life continues; and, however cunningly the incision be
concealed, this can be felt with ease, and tells the truth ever after
the operation has been performed. Such a circumstance has, how-
ever, led some practitioners, when it has been wished to make the
upper section, and yet to avoid the chance of detection, to cperate
on the metacarpal nerve on the outside, and on the pastern or
plantar nerve on the inside.

Mude of performing the operation.—The situation of the section
through the skin being determined on, a guide to which may be
gained from the perforatus tendon, and having firmly secured the
leg tc be first operated on, cut the hair from the part. This being
done, and the exact course of the artery being ascertained by its
pulsation, make a section close to the edge of the flexor tendon.
Let the cut be near, but rather behind, the artery, if below the fet-
lock joint. Tue cellular substance being cleared away will bring
the vessels into view, and the nerve will be readily distinguished
from them by its whiteness. Elevating it from the vessels and

its membranous attachments, by means of a crooked needle. armed
17
258 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

ith thread, pass a bistoury under it, as near to the upper angke
of the section as possible. The violent spasm vhe division of the
uerve produces may be somewhat lessened by pressing the nerve
between the finger and the thumb, when an opportunity may be
taken, either with the scalpel or scissors, of dividing it; thea,
taking hold of the lowermost portion between a pair of forcezs,
excise about three-fourths of an inch of its trunk. Having fin
ished, if both feet are affected, proceed to operate on the contrary
gide of the other leg; after which turn the horse, and repeat the
operations on the like parts of each leg as they come in succession.
The integuments may be now drawn neatly together, and secured
by a twisted suture, the whole being properly covered by a light
ecmpress. Tie up the head for a day or two, after which put on
acradle. Keep the horse very quiet and low; give mashes, to
open the bowels; but we should avoid physicking, from the fear
that griping might occur, which would make him restless r prob-
ably require exercise.

PeRIosTEOTOMY (REMOVING A TUMOR FROM SURFACE OF Bone).

This operation consists in having the horse thrown upon hia
side, and the leg to be operated upon released from the hobble,
and extended upon a sack, filled with refuse hay or straw. This
is done by means of a piece of webbing passed round the hoof, and
the end given to 4 man to hold, who puils rather violently at the
member. The operator then kneels down and feels for the exos-
tosie he intends to perform periosteotomy upon. This may be a
splint or a node, and commonly exists upon the metacarpal portion
of the fore-limb. The operator having found the excrescence, snips
just below it with a pair of rowelling scissors. He then takes a
blunt seton-needle and drives it through the cellular tissue, and
immediately over the enlargement. Next, another slit in the
skin, above the exostosis, is made with the rowelling scissors, and
through this last opening the point of the seton-needle is forced
and then withdrawn. Into the free space thus made a curved
knife is introduced. The point of this knife is blunt, and the
blade curves upward, the cutting part being below. Some per-
sons use a very diminutive blade, but the editor prefers a rather
large instrument, as being more under the command of the hand.
Having introduced this knife, he turns the cuttire edge ‘ownward,
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 253

and with it incises the enlargement, sending the blade right through
the periosteum, and also through the substance of the exostosis, if
it be not too solid for the knife to penetrate. This latter fact is
only to be ascertained by actual experience, and no opinion formed
after an external examination can be of any value, such being much
more the guess of a pretender than the judgment of a surgecn.
The age of the animal may be some guide, but even this it is
better not to depend upon too entirely. It is true that young
horses freely cast forth exostoses, which aged animals mostly
absorb; but this rule, though very general, has exceptions. and
by no means is to be absolutely depended upon.

The enlargement being cut through, next take a seton-needle,
armed with a tape, and draw it through the channel already made.
Tie a knot at either end of the tape, large enough to prevent its
being pulled through the opening at either end, and the business
is over. The affair is very simple, and the horse may be at once
let up. It is, however, in some cases, and only in some, of so much
benefit that the horse, being thrown ‘dead lame,’ gets up and trots
off quite sound. However, ere you adopt the operation, apprise
the owner of the risk incurred, and that it is by no means a cer-
tain cure. Leave the choice with him, but be sure and tell him
the opening made for the entrance and exit of the seton com-
monly leave a blemish behind them; and where the seton trav-
eled, often there remains a thickening, which it may require months
to obliterate.

The after part of the treatment consists in merely having the
seton daily moved to and fro, though some persons apply an active
blister all over the parts immediately in the neighborhood of the
seton, under the idea that the vesicatory renders the operation of
greater efficacy, which, however, is very questionable, When pe-
riosteotomy acts at all, it mostly does so at once; and when its
benefits are not immediate, it is better to withdraw the seton, te
prevent after-blemish, rather than hazard further and useless treat-
ment by the application of a stimulant to skin already deprived
of any connection with the deeper-seated structures.

Drvision OF THE FLEXOR TENDON,

There are so many accidents and diseases that may produce
contraction of the flexor tendons, that we only wonder we do uot
260 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

more often meet with them, which we should certainly dc, but
that the attendants, despairing of being able to afford relief, ad-
vise their destruction. The operation consists in making a longi-
tudinal incision, of about three inches in length, along the inner
lateral edge of the tendon, dissecting each portion from its ceilulat
attachments, so as to expose the nerve, artery, and tendons. This
opening will allow the perforans to be freed from the perforatus,
when a division should be made by a scalpel applied to its surface.
It is evident that this should take place below any thickening, ur
adhesions, which may have permanently connected the tendon with
the neighboring parts. Any lesser attachments will be broken
through, by forcing back the foot to the just position. By Mr.
Dick this was done ‘by placing his knee against the front or pro-
jecting part of the pastern, at the same time laying hold of the
foot with one hand and the upper part of the leg with the other,
and using considerable force; and this appears to be necessary, in
order to break any adhesions that may have formed.’ The limb
should now be placed in a poultice; and if any fear of future con-
traction should arise during the cure, lengthen the toe of the shoe
proper to the foot operated on. Some slow exercise, after the
first week, may be allowed, but previously to that the horse should
be confined to a stall, during which the bowels must be kept open
with mashes.

AMPUTATIONS.

These have been hitherto confined principally to the tail, the
ears, and other parts of minor importance in the animal frame;
but veterinary surgery now takes a wider field, and the extremi-
ties are amputated with a certainty of making horned cattle still
serviceable for the purpose of yielding milk; and, without douht,
the same might be done with the brood-mare or stallion, particu-
larly in fractures of the fore extremities.

Professer Dick, of the Edinburgh Veterinary College, furnishea
a case, sent to him by one of his pupils, to the following effect:
‘{ performed amputation upon a cow on the 7th of July. After
having properly secured the animal, and applied a torniquet above
the carpus, I made a circular incision through the integumenta
round the leg, a little below the carpus; and, having separated
the skin so as to allow of its being pushed up a little, I cut through
the sinews. and lastly sawed off the stump. The parts are now
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 26)

completely whole, although she has been going at g.ass all the
time, and, now that she has got the advantage of a cork stump,
makes a wonderful shift for herself, and yields a good supply of
milk to her owner.’

Mr. Dick also notices another case of amputation of the fore-leg
of a two-year old heifer; and of a third, where the hind leg was
removed above the tarsus. Such operations have occasionally oc-
curred from time immemorial, with a few enterprising characters,
We have heard of them, but they were mostly regarded as mere
matters of curiosity or wonder, and, therefore, were not imitated.
We shall, however, probably, erelong have them more common,
in cows, at least; for, occurring below the carpus and tarsus, they
are as easily performed as nicking or docking; and there is no
doubt but, were a hollow padded stump applied, such low opera-
tions might be prudent in many cases. Fractures, with great
comminution of bone, considerable ravages of disease within the
foot, or extensive gangrene, are the cages which might call for am-
putation.

Of the method of amputation little need be added to the above.
The principal practical points are, the fixing of a torniquet of
sufficient force, which should be padded to make its principal
pressure on the leading arterial trunks, while its general circumfe
ence will act on the smaller vessels. A ring should be cut lightly
below the intended place of operation, only through the integu-
ments, which, when separated from their cellular adhesions for
about six inches, should be turned back; and a circular incision
may then be made through the museles, etc., taking up by liga-
ture such veussels, both venous and arterial, as display a disposition
for much henorrhage. The section thus made, free the bone from
the soft parts hy the scalpel, where the adherences are very inti-
mate, and, having, by means of a crucial bandage, retracted the
soft parts altogether above the bone, saw it through. Finally,
effectually secure the principal vessels, when, bringing the soft
parts and skin over the bone, retain them there by proper ban-
daging, which suffer to remain without disturbance until the third
or fourth day.

Amputation of the Penis.--Amputation of the penis is not un-
known among us. It has been performed several times, and it is
found that no canula is necessary to keep open the urethra, the force
of the urinary flow breaking down any incipient cicatrization of ite
262 DADD 8 VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

orifice. The sheath is first forced back, and the penis brought
forward to its greatest possible extent. Whatever portion it is
intended to remove is now cut through, by means of an ampu-
tating knife, when the remainder is retracted within the sheath,
and little hemorrhage has afterward occurred, except at the time
of passing the urine; but there appears to have been no alarming
quantity of blood lost.

Amputation of the Tail, or Docking.—We are most happy te
state this filthy and unnecessary operation is now discarded. It
never consisted of more than the cutting off a portion of the
stump with brute force, and the cruel application afterward of a
hot iron to the small artery of the tail.

NIckKIna.

We should be grateful that this barbarous and dangerous pro-
cess is no longer numbered among the necessary operations. It is
eo beset with accidents, which no skill or prudence can prevent,
that no one who has a free will ought to mutilate a horse by
nicking.

Frrinea.

The practice of fiimg was not always confined to quadrupeds,
On the contrary, it probably was first used on man; and to this
day, in many countries, it is a very popular remedy among human
surgeons. In India it is applied over the abdomen for the cure
if scirrhosity of the liver.

Firing, in veterinary practice, has, by Mr. Coleman’s pupils,
been justified as only men will justify a favorite operation, the
virtues of which have been impressed upon their minds by an elo-
quent teacher. When Coleman was the chief of the veterinary
profession, firing, under his rule, was used for any and every
occasion. It was ridiculously supposed to act as a permanent
bandage, as if a few strokes with a heated iron could destroy the
elastic property inherent in the skin. It was the favorite styptic
of these p-actitioners, and was applied to arteries (as of the tail)
as though it possessed within itself some medicinal virtue. It
was used to promote absorption, as in callus; and was likewise
resorted to for checking absorption, as in ulceration. It was called
into action to p) smote granulation, in broken knees ; and was also a
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 263

favorite agent to check granulations, when they were too luxuriant.
In short, there was no folly which a hot iron did not cover. It
has now, happily, fallen into disuse. Most modern practitionera
will now confess that their chief reason for exercising the iron ia
to satisfy the proprietor, not to benefit the animal. After such
an acknowledgment, who would submit to have his patient ser-
vant’s skin scored and burnt with red-hot metal?

The mode of cauterization differs according to circumstances.
As a general rule, it ought, of course, to be applied in the direc-
tion of the hair, by which the blemish is lessened ; but this rule
can not be arbitrarily followed, although it ought to do away with
all the false pride of displaying the taste in the figures scored upon
a prostrate beast. The Veterinary College recommends that the
linbs be always fired in perpendicular lines; others advocate all
mauner of fanciful marks. Some cast the horse; many surgeons
perform standing. The irons used are of various shapes and di-
mensions. Some recommend the firing, of all things, to be very
light; others persist there is no virtue in hot‘iron unless it burne
very deep. The operation consists in having irons of some sub-
stance made red-hot, and then drawing them mechanically along,
or twisting them about upon the skin. The figures are various;
so is the depth of the incision. Both must be decided by the taste,
judgment, or heartlessness of the operator.

BuisTERING.

This is an operation of very great utility, and is, perhaps, com~
pared with its benefits and importance, the safest that is performed.
When a vesicatory becomes absorbed through the pores of the
skin, it inflames the sensible cutis underneath, the consequence of
which is, an infusion of serum through the part, which, in the
human subject, elevates the cuticle into a bladder equal to ‘he sure
face inflamed, but in the horse, from the greater tenacity of the
cuticular connections, it becomes separated in the form o' small
distinct vesicles only. If the irritating cause be quickly re .oved,
the serum may be reabsorbed, and the surface restored by a slight
effort of adhesive inflammation. If the irritant act in a stil?
minor degree, it simply irritates the vessels of the cutis to an in-
filtration of fluid through the sensible pores, but produces no
desquamation of cuticle. Such has been called a sweating blister.
264 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

But when, by continued irritation, the cutis is exposed, suppura
tion succeeds, and the part is fully blistered.

The salutary action of blisters is exerted in 3everal ways—in
pronoting absorption, in combating deep-seated inflammations,
and in aiding others. As a stimulus to the abscrbents, they act
beneficially in the removal of injurious deposits, as the coagula
remaining after inflammatory lesions; but it is to be remarked
that when any existing deposit is of long continuance, or is osse-
ous, it requires that the action of the vesicatory be kept up.
Mercuria! blisters have been thought to have a superior influence
in accelerating absorption. Mercurials, rubbed in some weeks or
days previously to blistering, are certainly great assistants, and
should always be employed in the treatment of obstinate osseous
or ligamentary enlargements. Blisters are very important aids in
inflammatory affections, as counter-irritants, derived from a hw
in the animal economy, that two inflammations seldom exist in
the vicinity of each other; the.efore, when such an affection has
taken place in any part, and we wish to remove it, we attempt to
raise an artificial inflammation in the neighborhood by means of
blisters, which, if persevered in, destroy, or at least lessen, the
original one. Occasionally, alse, we blister the immediate inflamed
part, with an intention to hasten the suppurative process by in-
creasing the activity of the vessels, as in deep-seated abscesses, and
also in those which attack glandular parts. We therefore employ
blisters to hasten the maturation of the tumors in strangles,
When the flagging powers vascillate between resolution and sup-
puration, as they often do in the phlegmonous inflammations of’
glandular or of deep-seated parts, blisters may either hasten the
resolution, or they may add their influence to the attempted sup-
puration, and thus bring it to maturity. But we carefully avoid,
in other cases, applying a vesicant to a part immediately in a state
of active inflammation. Particularly we should avoid what is +oo
often done, that of blistering over the tendons, ligaments, and ar-
ticulatory surfaces of a tumid limb, laboring under a congested
state of the parts from excess of vascular action. Here we should
do great injury were we to blister, by causing a greater deposit
of lymph, and by hastening its organization into an injurious bond
of union between the inflamed parts.

The vesicatory, or blister, for general use in veterinary medi-
tine, as a simple stimulant, should be principally composed of
SURGICAL OPERATIONS 266

Spanish flies. Caeaper substitutes are used, but they irritate vio-
lently. In extensive inflammatory affections, they are, on this
account, perfectly inadmissible ; and wherever a case requires any
thing more, it will be noted. The mode of blistering with the
Spanish fly is sufficiently known. The hair should be cut or shorn
2s close as possible from around the part; the blistering matter
should then be well rubbed in for ten or fifteen minutes. If the
jasterns and fetlocks are the parts to be blistered, previous to rub-
bing in the ointment, smear some lard, tallow, or melted suet over
the heels, and within the hollow at the back of the small pastern.
This will >ften prevent some troublesome sores forming, from the
blistering ointment falling on these sensitive parts. While a blis-
ter is acting, the litter should be removed from under the feet, or
it will tickle the legs and irritate; but, above all, the head ought
to be most carefully secured, for two days and nights, to oppose
lying down, more especially to prevent the horse biting the blis-
tered part. On the third evening he may be permitted to repose
but a prevention should even then be continued, by means of what
ie called a cradle. This apparatus may be bought at every turn-
ing shop, or may be made of eight or ten pieces of round wood,
an inch and a half in diameter, and two feet long. These are
strung at each end on arope, and fastened around the neck.
When it is intended to blister repeatedly, the effects of the first
should have subsided before the secund is applied, the scurf and
scabs also be cleared away, and the part well washed with soap
and water. In all cases, the third or fourth day after the applica-
tion the part should be thoroughly painted over, by means of a
‘ong-haired brush (such as are in use with pastry-cooks to glaze
their crusts), with lead liniment, which should be repeated every
day. And when it is proposed to turn a horse out, it should never
be done until the whole blistered surface be quite healed; other-
wise dirt, flies, etc., may prove hurtful.

It remains to observe that, instead of repeated active blistering,
it is, in some cases, preferable to keep up a continual slight irrita-
tion on the original blister by means of stimulants, as iodine oint-
ment, mild blistering applications, ete. Caution is, however,
necessary, to avoid forming an eschar, and thereby a permanent
blemish ; but when a blemish is not of consequence, this plan will
be found often more efficacious than firing, as in splints, spavins,
ete. Some practitioners blister mildly one day, and on the next
266 DADD 8 VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

wash off the blistering matter, thereby saving loss of hair, but
there is more of apparent than real goed in this plan. Ifa blie
ter be necessary, it requires all its activity.

Ammoniucal blister.—Spanish flies are only efficacious when the
animal can afford to wait their action, which is rather slow. In
most of the acute diseases, the horse would perish before the blis-
ter began to rise, wherefore resort has been had to boiling water
and red-hot iron. The action of these last coarse and brutal
measures was alone controlled by the violence of the internal in-
flammation, and, if the practitioner was mistaken in his estimate
of the immediate danger, extensive and lasting blemish was the
consequence. We have in the liquor ammonia an agent quite as
formidable as boiling water or heated iron, but it is rather longer
in displaying its force; wherefore, it allows time for watching its
action, and of checking it the instant it has sufficiently blistered
the skin. It is true the liquor ammonia upon the skin can not be
removed, neither need if be counteracted. Ammonia is like steam,
only powerful when cunfined. The ordinary soap liniment, if
covered over, would, because of the ammonia it contains, produce
a lasting blemish; but every veterinary surgeon knows how very
harmless a preparation that is when simply rubbed upon the sur-
face. So, when we desire the active effects of liquor ammonia, we
double a blanket ur rug four or five times und hold it over the
liquid. It takes from ten to twenty minutes to raise a blister, and
it consequently can, from time to time, be observed ; and when ita
action has reached the wished-for point, all we have to do, effectu-
ally to stop it, is to take away the rug or blanket. That remove,
the free surface and the heat of the body occasions the ammoniacal
vapor to be dispersed, and the animal is safe.

RoOWELLING.

towels acts as foreign substances within the body. They cause
irritation and suppuration, whereby more deep-seated inflamma-
tions are supposed to be removed. They are, however, often very
convenient, because they stand as sign-boards to show the proprie-
tor that sumething has been done. The common mode of making
a rowel is after the following manner: A slit is first made by
means of the rowel scissors, on any part of the integuments, held
between the finger and thumb. With the handle of the sciseora
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 287

separate from its cellular connections a circle of two or three inches
in diameter, into which introduce something to prevent the reunion
of the skin. A piece of circular leather, tolerably stiff, with a cen-
tral hole, is a very common substance used, but is objected to by
3ome on account of the difficulty of changing it without injuring
the skin. Tow, as more pliant, is frequently introduced into this
cavity. If the rowel runs freely, it should be dressed every day,
by changing the plug, if of tow, and by cleansing it, if of leather.
No rowel should go undressed beyond the second dey, for the com-
fort of the horse. They are very favorite applications with far-
riers, and freqvently abused by being employed indiscriminately,
but are falling inte disuse, setons having almost superseded them.

Sedons, in their action, resemble a very mild form of rowel, but
are more convenient in their application. There is hardly a part
of the body where a seton may not be conveniently placed. They
have been put arouna the eye; they have also been entered at the
withers, and brought out between the humerus and the sternum,
so extensive or so diminutive can they be made. In sinuous ulcers
of the withers and of the neck they may be placed; through the
heels, in foot diseases, they have been inserted. In cavernous
sores, they are entered at the superior part, and are brought out at
au inferior, so as to form a depending orifice. The formation of a
seton is very simple. A skein of thread, or a piece of tape, of a
convenient size, may be used. At the one end place a large knot;
arm the eye of a corresponding-sized seton-needle with the free end
of the tape; introduce this into any proposed part, and, bringing
it out at some other, either make a second knot, or tie the two ends
of the tape together; which last method of fastening is, however,
often objected to, from the danger of its catching in something and
being torn out, to the disfigurement of the horse. When a seten
is placed in a sinuous track, for the purpose of inflaming, it is
moved twice a day, frequently, and moistened each time with
some stimulant, as oil of turpentine, tincture of aloes and of ben-
jamin. All setons require daily cleaning and moving. When
they are required to act more quickly, the tape is infused in tere-
binthinate of cantharides, or small pieces of black hellebore are
sewn within it. An old material, composed of woollen, flax, or
cotton and hair, is also used instead of tape. Setons, however,
are of small service in acute cases. They are chiefly in use for
disturbances of a chronic description.
468 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

ABSTRACTION OF BLOOD, OR BLEEDING (ARTERIVTOMY.)

Blood is abstracted by opening the conducting vessels, arterial
and venous. When taken from arteries, the process is called
arteriotomy ; when by the latter, phlebotumy. Some oleedinga
include both these operations, as general scarifications of the soft
parts, bleeding at the toe point, divisions of the vessels of the cor-
nea, etc. B'»cd-letting is called local when it is practiced on or
very near the affected part; and it is supposed to act more immedi-
ately than general bleeding because it produces more effect with the
loss of less blood. Local bleeding is, therefore, usually practiced
on the minor branches of the arteries and veins, as on the tem-
poral artery, the plate vein, the vena saphena, etc. Leeches are
a means of local bleeding not often used by us in veterinary prac-
tice; but there is no reason whatever why they should not be em-
ployed. When applied to the eye, and occasionally to other parts,
also, they adhere readily, abstracting blcod rapidly, and, there-
fore, might be valuable aids in violent local inflammation. Cup-
ping is also practiced, in France and other parts of the Continent,
witn very large glasses, and it is there supposed to act remedially
in many local inflammations. By general bleeding we under-
stand the depletion of the system at large, and this we practice in
extensive inflammations.

Diwision of the temporal artery—The proper spot for either its
puncture or division is directly where the vessel leaves the parotid
gland, to curve upward and forward around the jaw, a little be-
low its condyle. When it is punctured, it usually affords much
blood; and in such case, enough having been obtained, divide the
trunk, when, the receding portions becoming pressed by the in-
teguments, and lessening by their own contractility, the hemor-
thage is stopped. It should be punctured by a lancet; a fieam
may fix itself in the bone. Its division can be readily made, also,
either by a lancet or scalpel.

Bleeding by the palate is also a species of arterio-phlebotomy,
and is a very favorite spot for abstracting blood with most igno-
rant persons, who vehemently recommend it in spasmodic colic cr
gripes, and in megrims, In such cases, however, a want of knowl-
edge of the anatomy of the parts has occasioned a serious hemor
rhage to occur ; it may prove a fatal one if the artery proper to the
part be divided incompletely. The palatine artery and nerve rup
SURGICAL OPERATION». 269

near each other, on each side of the roof of the mouth, so as ta
divide the inner surface of the hard palate into three nearly equal
portions. No other than a direct division of the vein should ever
be made; therefore, when bleeding is determined on at this place,
do it by plunging a lancet or even a penknife in a direct line
across the rugez, one inch within the mouth, exactly between the
middle and second nippers. There these vessels form a curve,
which curve will be divided, and will then yield three or four
pints of blood. If the instrument enter too much on one side, a4
about the middle of the second nipper, then a partial and longi-
tudinal division of the artery may be made, and an alarming hem-
orrhage may follow. In this case, the section must be enlarged
and deepened inwardly—that is, away from the teeth—which com-
pletely severs the vessel, and its retraction will stop the hem-
orrhage. A moderate or slight flow of blood from the palate may
be obtained by light scarifications of the ruge. But all bleedings
nere, except under circumstances of the most urgent necessity, had
better be avoided.

Bleeding by the toe is also arterio-phlebotomy. By no means
cut out a portion of the sole at the point of the frog, which fre-
quentl, occasions abscess; but, with a very fine drawing-knife,
cut dovn exactly in the line of union between the crust and the
sole; ‘hen, by puncturing the part with a lancet, a vast flow of

ocd may be obtained, the benefits of which, in some cases, are
very 1oarked, particularly in acute founder. If the blood should
not flow with sufficient freedom, place the foot in warm water.
The bleeding finished, cover the puncture with some tow and a
little tar, and lightly tack on the shoe. There are, however, other
methods of bleeding from the toe. Mr. Maver uses a drawing-
knife with a long curve, so that one sweep of the blade may cut a
piece out of the foot. This appears to us bad practice, as it leaves
Nature a space to fill up, instead of a simple incised wound to
heal. Others take away none of the horn, but merely make a slit
through the outer covering on to the vascular portion of the foot.
The flap of horn they hold up, so long as they desire blood, by the
insertion of a piece of wood ; and when they have obtained blood
enough, they take out the wood, so as to let the horny flap down.
This last method, of all others, appears to us the easiest and the
best.
Sometimes the plantar vein is opened as a substitute. Scarifi
270 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

zations are, also, occasionally practiced, which, of course, Jivide
both venous and arterial branches, In France extensive scarifi-
cations used to be made into indurations before the suppuravive
process had commenced, which, in some cases, prevented that
from going on, and the remedial wounds made were healed by
alhesive inflammation, or by healthy granulation. The same
method has also been occasionally practiced here, but it is not
now often attempted.

Phlebotomy, or the puncture of a venous branch, - the most
usnal mode of drawing blood in veterinary practice, ard may be
employed on any point of the body; but some vessels are much
more frequently opened than others, and most of all the jugular
vein.

Bleeding by the thigh ven.—The saphena is a prominent vein
continued from the inner part of the hock, and may be opened by
the fleam, but with much greater safety and propriety by a lancet,
The opposite leg being held up, the operator, placing himself in
front of the thigh, and steadying himself and the horse by placing
one hand on the hock, may fix the vein with the little finger of the
other, while the lancet, held between the thumb and fore-finger,
punctures it. This vein should never be opened save upon abso-
lute necessity, as it is often troublesome to pin up. A horse has
been cast for the trivial matter of stopping the hemorrhage.

Bleeding from the plate vein.—This vein 1s trequently opened tc
tt stract blood after injuries of the fore extremities.

The superficial brachial vein is a continuation of the superficial
‘imsion of the metacarpal veins, and in the passage upward receives
more than one branch. Its principal trunk ascends along the inner
side of the radius. It may also be well to remark that, when taking
blood from the superficial veins of the arm or fore-arm, if any diffi-
culty is experienced in obtaining a sufficient flow, the lifting up of
the other leg, by throwing the muscles of the punctured one into
action, will force the blood from the inner to the outer set, and an
increased quantity may be obtained. The plate vein, or external
thoracic, is often opened, as it emerges from behind the arm, and
is pinned up without any difficulty.

Bleeding by the jugular vein.—The situation of this important
vessel is well known, but its internal connections are not so fa-
miliar, though such knowledge is essential to the uniform safety of
the operation. The horse has only external jugular veins, a right
SURGICAL OPERATIO? 8. 271

and a ‘eft one. As each emerges from the chest, it is found decp-
seated, ad spproaching the trachea. It then passes forward, in
company with the external carotid artery. Toward the middle
ef the neck it beecmes more superficial, and is now distinctly
seen progressing rather above and without the carotid artery and
trachea, or windpipe. The carotid, therefore, in the future course
of the jugular, is situated a little below and more deep-seated than
the vein. The jugular is also separated from the carotid by a
slight muscular band, derived from the levator humeri. Its fur-
ther track is marked in the hollow formed by the inferior edge of
the levator humeri, where it is covered by the panniculus carnosus
and integuments only, when, having nearly reached the jaw, it
makes its well-known division into two portions. Bleeding by
the jugular is usually practiced with a lancet or with a fleam. The
proper spot for the puncture may be found anywhere between twu:
inches and six from the division of the vein. This latitude is here
mentioned, because it is prudent to avoid puncturing directly over
a former bleeding-place, known by the scar and enlargement. It
should also be avoided where a little knot in the course of the
vein will sometimes denote the existence of one of the venous
valves. But in all ordinary cases, where these hindrances do not
appear, operate at two or three inches from the division of the
vein, which will be sufficiently evident when it is pressed on below
the place punctured. Avoid operating low down in the neck, as
there the vessel is deeper-seated, and near to important parts.
First moisten the hair and smooth it down; then, steadying
and enlarging the vessel with one hand, with the other plunge the
point of the lancet into the integuments, so as just to puncture
them and the vein; then, by a slight turn of the wrist, carry the
instrument obliquely forward to finish the cut. For opening the
smaller veins, the lancet should always be used. In all but the
practiced hand the fleam is the safest for bleeding from the jugu-
lar It is always prudent to have the eye of the horse ccvered
Unless the eye be covered, the horse will be likely to flinch at the
moment of the stroke, and the puncture may be made in any placa
but where we wish. The hair being first wetted and smoothed,
and the fleam being retained in the left hand, the unemployed
fingers pressing on the vein so as to fix and swell the vessel, let
the point rest exactly in the middle of the swelling. Strike the
fleam snfficiently hard to penetrate the skin and vein. A blood.
272 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

stick ie preferable for the purpose of striking the fleam. There is
a vibration between two hard bodies when they meet, which, in
this instance, is favorable to a quick and moderate puncture of the
vein. After the vein has been opened, mcderate pressure with the
edge of the can which catches the blood is sufficient te seep up
the flow. It may z!s0 be encouraged by putting a finger within
the horse’s mouth. The requisite quantity of blood being drawn,
remove the can. ke remaining process of securing tlie vessel
is of equal importance. The sides of the orifice are first to be
brought in opposition, without pinching them, and without draw-
ing them from the vein. The same cautions should also be ob-
served when the pin is introduced. Let it be small, with an
irregular point, and, when inserted, wrap around it a few hairs
or a little tow.

Common, however, as this operation is, and qualified as every
one thinks himself to perform it, yet there are very serious acci~
dents which do arise occasionally. It has occurred that the carotid
artery has become penetrated. When the puncture has been made
through the vein, the accident is known immediately by the forci-
ble and pulsatory gush of florid arterial and dark venous blood
together. In one instance of this kind, which occurred to a French
practitioner, he immediately thrust his finger into the opening
through the vein, and thus plugged up the artery. intending to
wait for assistance. In this state he remained, we believe, an
hour or more, when, removing his finger, to his surprise, he found
the hemorrhage iad ceased, and did not again return. In another
case, where an English practitioner accidentally opened the carotid,
he placed a compress on the orifice, and had relays of men to hold
it there for forty-eight hours, when it was found the bleeding had
stopped.

The almission of air is also another serious accident that now
and then attends bleeding. It sometimes happens from the sudden
removal of the fingers or blood-can, or whatever was used to dis-
tend the vessel by obstructing the return of the blood. This, being
suddenly taken away, allows the escape of the blood toward the
beart, and occasions a momentary vacuum, the air being heard to
rush with a gurgling noise into the vein through the orifice; it
then mixes with the blood, and occasions, in some instances, almost
immediate death. The animal begins to tremble; he next staggera,
and finally falis ia @ state of convulsion. If the quantity of air
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 273

taken in has been considerable, death ensues, The remedy must,
therefore, be instantaneous, and consists in again opening the ori-
fice, or making a new one, to gain an immediate renewed flow of
blood, which will, in most cases, renovate the horse, who has been
found afterward to be tormented with an intolerable itching,” *

 

a Se

* Blaine’s “Outlines.”

 

18
 

SECTION X.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES.

Ivon anp Maxae—Lice on ANIMALS—GREASE AND ScrATCHES—SURFEIT—DROP«
sicaL Liaps —Scarvetina — Ringworm — Prurico — PoLE-EVIL — FIstuLous
Witnexs—Warts on THE Sxin—Purpura HemorRwAaGicA—OUT OF CONDE
tTI0ON—-HiDE-BouND—HERPEs,

Ircu anp MANGE.

TCH, mange, and scabies are essentially local affections of the
skin, and are occasioned by the presence of parasites known

as “sarcoptes-equi.” ‘The eruption ensuing on the skin of a horse,
when subject to this affection, is very
similar to the appearance of itch in man,
and probably is just as tormenting to
the animal as in the case of his master.
Numerous cases are recorded of transe
mission of itch from horse to man, and,
when so acquired, it is impossible to dis-
tinguish it from the human itch. Some
persons suffer severely when attending
mangy horses, but a clean person or clean
horse are not apt to take the disease. It
is well known that a healthy and clean
acanvs, on sarcoptes-equr, THs horse may stand for weeks near a mangy
SE eae ae otit taking the disease, showing,
very conclusively, that the best preventive measures are those
which promote health and cleanliness. As the English groom
says, “plenty of elbow-grease, by means of brush and curry-comb,
on the skin of the horse; regular daily exercise, pure air in the
stable, and a sufficiency of good digestible food are sovereign

remedies against itch and mange.” This, we presume, is all the
(274)

 
. SEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 276

reader wants to know with reference to the cause of itch and
mange.

Symptoms.— When a horse is affected with this malady, in either
of the forms here named, the owner’s attention will be aroused
by the animal rubbing himself, whenever he can get a fair chance
to do so; and, should the limbs or heels be affected, he will rub
the fore-legs one against the other, and, at night, will constantly
atrike the floor with his hind extremities. The hair looks un-
thrifty, has lost its gloss, and does not lay smooth on the body.
It falls off in patches, and an eruption is observed similar to the
appearance of itch on man, yet not so distinctly recognized. A
few pimples, scabs, and a slight reddening of the parts is all that
muy, perhaps, be seen. The skin of some horses, however, is
more vascular and more delicately organized than others. In the
laiter case the disease is more marked, creates greater irritation,
an | the nervous system suffers more from sympathetic irritability
th: n in the case of an animal having a coarse and comparatively
insnsible “hide.” In addition to these symptoms, the affected
ani nal will be observed to be more or less fractious and unman-
agiable.

Treatment.—The disease being of a local character, requires
tupical (local) remedies, and the best medicine is that which most
quickly destroys the life of the itch parasite. It has been found
that preparations of creosote kill the parasite in a few seconds,
and GERLACH recommends the following preparation :

No. 28. Creosote...... ecnlgerens siSis clsteweiare’s ose aera 24 oz.
Spirits of wine......cecesessscescees 15 oz.
Water ...ccececcess Siw eeewmNes e+» 40 02.

Previous to the application of this, the same authority advises
that the horse be smeared all over the body witn soft soap, wash-
ing it off some time afterward with warm water, and having the
animal well brushed; or a wash may be afterward used, consist-
ing of one part of caustic potass to fifty parts of water ; or, lastly,
greasing the animal with linseed oil, train oil, etc., and, one or
two days afterward, washing with soap and water or potash ley -
then apply the preparation of creosote.

The cheapest, and probably the safest, plan of treatment, and
that which has proved most successful in the practice of the author,
is as follows:
278 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICIN# AND SURGERY.

No. 29. Unslaked lime..........2--e0e+-e+- 1 Ib.
Flour of sulphur.........00.eeceeee 2 lbs.
Water. ccscscccccccsesescvacsssces 12 pte.

Pnt these ingredients in a stone jar, set it on the stove, or in
a regular water-bath, until it boils. During the interval, the
mixture must be constantly stirred, both in view of insuring a
complete mixture, and of keeping the lime and sulphur from de-
positing in the bottom of the jar; for, should this occur, the jar
will crack. The mixture must be stirred with a wooden spatula
or glass rod. Keep the mixture boiling for about ten or fifteen
minutes; then set it aside for twelve hours, at the end of which
time pour off the clear liquor, bottle tightly, and cork the bottles,
These should be put away in a dark closet, as the mixture soon
decomposes when exposed to the sun’s rays. Tnis remedy will
cure the itch on horses and cattle. It is, also, a sure cure when
used on man. It is not adapted to the cure of the malady in
sheep, as the sulphur is supposed to be injurious to wool. The
only objection to its use is, that it has a very unpleasant odor—
smells like sulphureted hydrogen. Before applying this mixture,
the animal should be thoroughly washed with warm water and
common brown soap; then wipe the animal dry, and apply the
sulphur mixture, by means of a sponge. One application, if
properly applied, will usually suffice to kiil the parasites. Shoald
it fail in the first instance, a reapplication will do no harm, as
the preparation is perfectly inocuous.

Scabies is to be treated in the same manner; in fact, all diseases
of the skin, supposed to be dependent on the presence of parasites
are to be treated after this fashion. GERLACH, of the Royal Ve
terinary School of Berlin, has made a series of experiments with
various remedies for the destruction of the itch parasite, and the
following table shows the result of his labors:
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES.

277

 

 

 

 

 

    
   
  
   

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dead in
AGENT. OBSERVATIONS.
Hours. Minutes,
Creosote, pure .. ascanieadeceasll esses: Kebsaus YM“
Creosote, 1 par 0
Spirit, Ww PE Ves > eaeestedaanensiscnaweage ees seutesl|Webes aasgees Y-lt
Water, 80 parts a4
Ci2osote 1 part
Wee i eae sient eahe Malus sesstenee| 2-26
5 ; 1,20. 1
Creosote with fat {in : Ay 78
‘ ; 1.24. 34-7
Creosote with oil ek Bd
Iodine, tincture of, pure.. i
Iodine, tincture of, with water, 1.4... A
Jodide of potassium with water, 1.2... 9 Mathieu.
Iodide of potassium with water, 1.4... 20-26 |)
Caustic potash, 1 part; 24 do. 2-214
Caustic potash) part
ag , O parts | easssesenee neal nz
Hartshorn oil, 2 “
cena potash, th seed
ater parts =
Tar, 7 Qe seawissieaies sores | eeseee nn wve| FS
Hartshorn oil, 2“
Sulphuret of { with water, 1.10.0... [essere 15-30
potassium (with oil, 1.10....... 10-20
Chloride of lime with water, 1.0. “15-30
Hartshorn oil, pure... 3-4
Hartshorn oil, with water, 1.10..
Oil of turpentine..........
Barbadoes tar.......
Tar (Pix liquida)..
ee
Photogen : (15
with oil | 1.10 Were living? hoursafter
Concentrated vinegar, PULL... eee es 1-134 TEDTBSES ION:
Concentrated vinegar, with water 1.1]. 2-344
Acetic acid with water, L.1........ 2
Concentrated sulphuric acid f 1. 7-8
with water ls 82-35
Decoction of tobacco 110:
1.50 ae aoe
azedy = 3 ite arsenic, 1 part,
Tessier’s arsenical bath... 7-25 Sulphate ofircn, 10 parts,
ater, 100 par
Winte amenie, 1 park
: ite arsenic art.
Mathieu's arsenical bath.......... nisdulltadieeka 15-16 Asuna, 1 parts P
ater, 100 parts,
over-saturated solution of arseniein| 9.5 |......|Hertwig,
4 A dilute solution does
GCE N SOAP. coseereesesceeeereeesenes setee coneneens VG-L | eveereeeeees { not Kill.
y Liquor AMMONIA... eeeseeeeceeeeeneeeeeees Del | aatectseees Hertwig.
Solution of corrosive sublimate, 10
grains, one ounce i } 15-45 | Hertwig.
Infusions of henbane, belladonna, 12-16
and Persian insect powder, 1.16
Decoction of black and white helle-
bore, 1.16
Infusion of digatalis, 1.16. .....-... se:
Walz’s ley, containing caustic pot}
ash, hartshorn oil, and tar

 

 
27& DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

Tue Skin Diseases OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

A celebrated writer on the diseases of the skin of domesticated
animals, thus discourses on the subject:

“Few topics have engaged the attention of the successful breeder
of our improved domesticated animals more than skin diseases pro-
duced by insects, in consequence of the manner in which both the
breeding and feedir z qualities of stock are affected by them. This
arises from tle little progres~ scientific inquiry has experimentally
made in the physiology of these tiny parasites by means of the
microscope, and the consequent paucity of reliable scientific works
on the subject. Hitherto half the conclusions of our veterinary
surgeons relative to their natural history have been drawn trom the
traditionary philosophy of our forefathers, and not from actual ex-
amination, either with the eye of the modern physiologist or mor-
bid anatomist; while our entomologists have had too much to do
to overtake the branches of zodlogical science, to 41] their cabinets
with specimens of the class in question—a class far more varied
than the kingdom itself, every different race of animals being not
only infested with a different brood of insects (mites), but almost
every organic substance, animal and vegetable.

A very superficial acquaintance with these facts must convince
the reader of the importance of the lecture on this subject, de-
livered by Professor Simonds, berore the council of the Royal
Agricultural Society of England, accompanied with drawings,
exhibited on the wall, and specimens under his microscope. The
former, drawn to a greatly magnified scale, illustrated, in a very
conspicuous manner, the different stages of vitality, from the ovum
to the insect, in all the vigor of matured life. But to us, and
several other members who examined them, the latter appeared
the most interesting, as nothing can exceed the fidelity with which
the microscope exemplifies Nature, though all but invisible to the
naked eye, confirming, in the most satisfactory manner, the sound:
ness of the conclusions at which the Professor arrived, differing,
as they did, in many respects, from those hitherto drawn, both by
veterinary surgeons and entomologists.

Referring to the report of Mr. Simonds’ first lecture, the task
which devolves upon us is to apply it to the daily practice of the
fariner, so as to profit by its deductions. These were principally
confined, it will be seen, to scabies and etrus in sheep and other
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 278

animals, with a few observations on the dog-flea (pulex canis).
Scabies is a pestiferous disease, whether it affects the horse, the
ox, the sheep, swine, or poultry, inflicting a loss not easily esti-
mated; hence the maxim of every intelligent farmer is, to avoid.
With him “prevention is better than cure,” and, therefore, his
grand desideratum is to guard against contagion. Sheep are, per-
haps, more subject to it than any of the other animals, arising as
much from the ature of their skins and coats as from the fecun-
dity of the acarus ovis, and the greater vicissitudes of the weather
to which they (the sheep) are exposed. Certain parts of the body
are more liable to be affected than others; and so is an unhealthy
skin than a healthy one. Indeed, it has been said that an unheal-
thy skin will itself produce scabies (?), but this conclusion does
not appear to be well founded; for a disease dependent upon the
presence of living parasites can never arise spontaneously, but
must be effected by contagion, either by means of their eggs, or
the insect in some other stage of its existence.

Now, from what has just been said, it will appear obvious that
cleanliness, a healthy skin and state of the body, and a separation
ffom foul animals and ground, are the means necessary to avoid
contagion. The truth of this will, perhaps, be better understood
if we first review the important distinctions which Mr. Simonds
makes between the habits of the acarus scabiei of the human bods
and the acari of our domestic animals, the former burrowing in
the skin, but the latter living on its surface, clinging to the skin,
hair, or wool with their trumpet-shaped, vesicular-cushioned feet,
to prevent their being thrown off by the animal when shaking or
nibbling itself. Hitherto distinctions of this kind have been over-
looked, writers generally concluding that the acari of qnadrupeds
burrowed in the skin like those of man, thus proving the little
use which had been made of the microscope in examining the
former, as it shows them to be incapable of living in the skin,
from the configuration of their bodies. Indeed, to have made
similar acari for naked skins as for those covered with hair, wool,
or feathers would have been an oversight on the part of Nature;
while the fact that the acarus scabiei will not live on the horse,
nor acarus equi on man, or acarus ovis on the ox, or acarus bovis
on the sheep, and so on, proves that greater differences than the
mere configuration of the animal structure exist, all pointing to
the above means as necessary, in every case, to avoid so great: 9
280 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

pest—-one which appears to form an integral part of that curse
inflicted on the whole creation by the fall of man.

The importance of cleanliness, and its concomitant health, to
prevent contagion, may be further illustrated. We have just seen
above that an acarus, although a loathsome pest, is yet very nice
in its taste, and particular about a nidus in which to deposit and
hatch its eggs. It enjoys the highest degree of prosperity on the
unhealthy skin, multiplying there fastest; su that if it creepe
from it to the opposite—the sleek, healthy one of the horse or ox,
or dry wool of the sheep—it feels itself from home, and, before it
even reaches the skin, may be bruised or shaken off. If, however,
it creeps upon the unhealthy animal with its staring coat, it soon
reaches the skin, aud commences its direful work, every thing
there being congenial to his happiness; hence the incredible
speed at which it propagates its species, until it either consumes
its victim alive, or is arrested at its fatal work by the timely
unguent of the veterinary surgeon.

Again: wheu a dirty animal shakes itself, as it invariavly does
after rubbing itself against any thing, less or more scurf, dan-
druff, and dust is thrown into the atmosphere, and carried to a
distance by high wind. Now, under such circumscances, whea
affected with scabies, it is manifest that the smallest of these puny
insects, as well as their eggs, will be blown from one pasture to
another; that the latter will lodge in the dirty staring coat of
the unhealthy animal, when they will be blown off that of the
clean sleek one, or be brushed off before they reach the skin, or
any nidus capable of hatching them. In this manner we can
trace contagion from one animal to another, and thus account, in
harmony with entomological science, for what has hitherto been
termed spontaneous cases of scabies in some of our domesticated
animals, while others have escaped the disease, though all herd-
ing together in one field. We can also account for the fact why
the disease is more liable to break out among sheep than horses
and cattle, without coming in contact with strange flocks, because
the coats of the latter are more likely to be impregnated with
eggs than those of the former, while they afford a better nidus for
hatching them.

With regard to health, it has even been said that the blond of
scabbed animals is diseased; nay, that the blood of all animals is
loaded, more or less with the eggs of acari, and that they are
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES.

hatched under certain cutaneous affections, thus accounting fir
spontaneous cases differently from the atmospheric distribution of
eggs. Hence the reason why sulphur and mercury are taken,
internally as well as externally, to get rid of the disease. But
this sanguiferous doctrine of distribution is more difficult to re
concile with entomological science than the atmospheric one,

Contagion by direct contact of clean animals with diseased, or
where the former enter foul ground, will be difficult to avoid so
long as the commerce of live farm stock is conducted as at present;
for diseased animals will be sent to market, although contrary te
the spirit of the law, thus not only communicating the disease to
all they come in contact with, but also infecting the market-place.
According to the experiments made by Mr. Simonds, acari left
upon a post, hurdle, or hedge by a scabbed beast will survive
for fourteen days, and at the end of that time lay hold of any
animal coming in contact with it, and thus communicate the dis-
ease; consequently our weekly and fortnightly markets are little
better, during the warm months of summer, than nests for pro-
pagating malignant parasites. It would be well, then, if very
stringent statutes were enacted, confiscating all diseased animals
offered for sale, and that microscopical examinations were enforcec
in all suspicious cases, so as to guarantee its healthy operation.
It will thus be seen that the means for preventing contagion may
be summed up in two words—improved management.

At a very early period in our history, acarus scabiei was much
more common among our forefathers than among their posterity
cf the present day. The change which has taken place is obvi-
ously attributable to progress in dietetics, clothing, and medicine;
and among our domesticated animals it is no more than reasona-
ble to conclude that similar causes will produce similar effects,
In point of fact, improved management has already greatly re
duced the prevalence of scabies among both our herds and flocks,
thus holding out every encouragement to persevere in obtaining
further progress. There is, perhaps, ne branch of husbandry
where greater advances can be made than in cattle-cookery, house.
hold accommodation, including grooming, etc., and medicine ; and
when we contemplate how much cutaneous diseases are dependent
on management in each of these three respects, it were difficalt ta
estimate what influence further improvements in them may rave
on the disease in question.”
48% DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

Lice on Horses,

Lice, in a majority of cases, may be attributed to want of cleaa-
liness; for they are rarely if ever seen on the body of an animal
with clean skin. Brush and curry-comb, and clean stables, are,
therefore, the preventives.

A short time ago I had occasion to visit a stable, located ia
Waukegan, Ill. There I saw a horse almost perfectly hairless, ex-
cept the mane and tail. I asked the owner what occasioned the
depilation of the hair. He informed me that the horse's body waa
completely infested with lice; that he had tried all sorts of rem-
edies without success, and, at last, thought he would try kerosene
oil, and, accordingly, rubbed the body all over with it, using about
two quarts. He said “it killed all the lice, but came very near
killing the horse. It made him perfectly crazy ; his limbs became
swollen to the proportions of a young elephant, and the hair ail
fell off.”

The remedy I have found most efficacious is composed of

No. 30. Crude cod-iiver oil........ eevsoeese 1 pint.
Pulverized lobelia.......cssceecceeee 2 OZ.
Mix.

This should be thoroughly rubbed all over the body by meana
of a stiff brush; at the expiration of four hours, carefully wash
the horse all over with soft soap and warm water. It may be
necessary to make a second and even a third application, on suc-
cessive days, ere the parasites are all killed. The parasites can be
seen with the naked eye; therefore the owner of the horse must
be the judge as regards the number of applications needed.

At a meeting of a Farmer’s Club, “Lice” formed the subject
for discussion. Dr. J. R. Smiru explained that lice, as well as
ajl similar insects, breathe through holes in the body. These
holes are minute spirules, constantly kept open by an elastic ring,
and surrounded by a fringe of extremely delicate hair, which pre-
vents the intrusion of any solid particles. To kill the insect it
is only necessary to close these breathing-holes, and this is done
by smearing them with any kind of grease or oil. You may
catch a caterpillar and examine him with a magnifying glass, and
you will find these spirules arranged in twc rows, one on each
side; ‘hen, if you take a moth or butterfly, you will find the
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 283

breathing-holes in the body corresponding with those in the body
of the caterpillar from which it was produced—the same body, in
fact, remaining after the wings are developed. If you dip a feather
in oil, and smear the two spirules nearest the tail, the lower por-
tion of the body will be paralyzed so far as these holes. Proceed-
ing upward, you may paralyze the whole body until you come to
the last two, which are situated just below the jaws. So lung as
these remain open, the insect will continue to breathe, but if these
are now closed, he dies immediately. To exterminate lice upor
any animal, it is only necessary to cover the animal completely
with grease or oil. The simplest and cheapest oil is best—lard,
fish vil, or any other that is at hand. When the lice have not
beco.ae so numerous as to produce the disease known as pityriasis,
or munge, this application, undoubtedly, is the best that can be
used. In addition to being effective, it is perfectly harmless.
Stock breeders should always recollect that prevention shows wis-
dom, . nd saves annoyance and expense; and, by neatness, cleanli-
ness aud comfort, the health of the animal will be insured, and the
animals will not become infested with the troublesome parasites,

Poultry lice affecting horses.—Horses, when located near a hen-
roost, are apt to be infested with poultry lice. The remedy is the
same as in the case of the common louse.

Dis®ases OF THE HEELS (GREASE, ScratcHeEs, “ WATER
Farcy,” “ WEEpD Snort,” “Mitk Lee”).

In olden times grease, or scratches, and cracked heels, were not
only very prevalent but very formidable affections. Before
veterinary surgeons were employed in the British Army, many
thousands of valuable horses were condemned as useless for active
service in consequence of the prevalence of that loathsome affee-
tion known as inveterate grease; but now, in consequence of the
presence of veterinary surgeons, and the consequent improved
system of management in camp and stable, grease is almost un-
known. Most veterinary writers contend that grease almost
always arises from improper management of the horse, yet I have
seen it occur in horses that were well cared for and properly
treated. The truth is, some horses are predisposed to affections
of the skin of the heels and the sebaceous glands of the same;
and, altucugh cleanliness and good management may stave off an
attack for a long while, yet when the system abounds in morbific
284 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

matter, the same is very apt to gravitate toward the heels, (they
being most remote from the center of circulation,) inducing in-
flammation of the skin of the heels, distension of the sebaceous
glands, and a stinking and unhealthy deposit on the surface, and
a purulent discharge through ulcerated cracks. This constitutes
grease.

Cause.—It is contended by Mr. BLAIN and others that grease
has local weakness fora cause. As fluids press, not in proportion
to their diameter, but to the height of their column, the venous
blood must find some difficulty to its ascent. Debility is, there-
fore, more felt in the distended vessels remote from the influence
of the heart, under which circumstance the effects productive of
grease necessarily ensue. Some horses are constantly the sub-
jects of swelled legs, and, if the heels happen to be accidentally
abraded, the latter often uperates as the exciting cause of a very
formidable affection of the heels. Associated with swelled legs is
a scurtiness of the skin beneath the fetlock. These conditions,
together with the fact that the animal is of the lymphatic temper-
ament (gray color), are sure indications that predisposition to
iwnaladies of the above character are present. Having such horses
under our care, the chief object should be to ward off an attack, by
dietetic and hygienic measures. ‘Too much washing of the heels,
without drying them by rubbing, is just about as bad as if the
filth was allowed to remain. The practice chills the part Ly a pro-
cess of slow evaporation, and the result is local congestion, ete.

I now propose to illustrate, for the benefit of the reader,
the treatment of grease or scratches. I was requested to see
a gray gelding, the property of the Transfer Company of St.
Louis. On arrival, I examined the animal, and found him to be
a large, flabbily-organized creature, having a large amount of
loose tissue under the skin. I found that there was a bad odor
arising from some ulcerations and exudations about the heels and
sides of the same Intermediate of the ulcers were dry, horny
scabs; the hair about the parts pointed straight out; the heel was
excessively tender, quite vascular, and blood escaped from its
vessels. The moment a hand was placed upon the locality, the
animal would catch up the limb and appear to suffer much pain.

Treatment.—In the first place, I had the parts well cleansed
with soap and water; then, after wiping them dry, they were wet.
ted, three times daily, with a portion of the following solution:
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES 285

No. 31. Nitrate of potass (saltpeter)....... cose 2 on.
Water saci eociaie sie'gueo bie ecb:6:0 eee aise 1 pt.
Glycerine........... ee ee 4 on.

Every time the solution was applied, the parts were dusted with
pulverized charcoal. This charcoal, completely covering the
abraded parts, and being a good antiseptic, had an excellent effect
in excluding atmospheric air, and in correcting feted odor. J
administered, as an alterative, to correct the morbid habit,

No. 32. Iodide of potass.....ceesseeeseseecoee 20 pr.
Salphursc cc sciccevcee esse ceesciees 4 dri
Powdered sassafras bark....... ayes ate lars 2 dr.
Gentian..........6. Kole ahi Sonal Srain ene dae Sterate 1 dr.

These were mixed in food, and the same quantity was given
during a period of four days, and the dressings were also contin-
ued. On the fifth day the animal had very much improved, stood
fair on the foot, and seemed to suffer but very little pain. The
limb was somewhat swollen, partly from want of use, and other-
wise from slight effusion into the cellular tissue. I discontinued
the medicine, and ordered the following mixture, to be applied
twice daily:

No. 33. Pyroligneous acid.....0.-eee.ees

Coal oll... eceesesnes aoe awe Reiser equal parts.

After each application the charcoal was reapplied.

The following case serves to illustrate that the virus of grease
can be transmitted from horse to man:

Transmission of the Virus of Grease from the Horse to Man.—
Dre. Maunoury and Picuor have published an interesting series
of experiments, tending to prove the identity of grease and cow-
pox. This doctrine, which was always maintained by JENNER,
has received confirmation from the observations of Lox, GoDINE,
and others. The following is a summary of the facts, related by
Drs, Mavnoury and Picuot:

“Francis Barthelemy B——, aged twenty-eight, of lymphatic
temperament, a farrier, presented himself to Dr. Pichot on the
5th of March, 1856. He had not been vaccinated. On the backs
of his hands, which were red and swollen, were several confluent
opaline pustules, depressed in their center, and having all the
appearance of vaccine pustules of the eight or ninth day. The
inflammation with which the pustules were surrounded had ap-
286 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

peared on the second; the pustules themselves preceded the in-
flammation some days. This man had not been in contact with
any cow, but on the 11th of February he had shod a horse suffer-
ing from grease. There existed, at the time, numerous crack
about the hands. The disease from which the horse was suffering
was certified by a qualified veterinarian. Various inoculations
were practiced with the liquid taken from the pustules presented
‘y B—, with the effect of reproducing the same disease. The
most perfect set of experiments were made by M. Maunoury, who
transmitted the virus through four sets of cases. The following
are the results of his observations:

1, That virus obtained from the hands of the farrier B—-,
and inoculated on the arm of an infant, produced a full pustule,
having all the character of ° vacvine pustule—form, evolutior,
termination.

2. That lymph taken from this pustule, and inoculated on the
arm of three persons, had produced identical pustules, which are
truly vaccine.

3. That the transmission of the virus by successive generationa
has not diminished the intensity of the force of the poison. One
of the set of cases presented large pustules, depressed in the centei,
and filled with matter; each pustule served for several inocu-
lations and the charging of several sets of glasses.

4, That from these facts it is evident that the virus taken froza
the pustules of the farrier was identical with the vaccine.” *

SURFEIT.

The term surfeit is used to designate an eruptive affection cf
the skin, which usually makes its appearance very suddenly
There is nothing dangerous about it, and it sometimes disappears,
in the course of a few hours, without any medical treatment. It
usually appears in warm weather, and especially among horses
that are in a state of plethora, from the use of a large quantity
of meal, or what is known as cut feed.

Symptoms.—A horse may be taken out of the stable apparently
in perfect health, except that he is fat, and, after being driven a

* Generales de Mcdécine, April, 1857 pp. 865 898, from the British snd For
sign Medical Chiurgical Review.

 
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSU ES. 287

short distance, he is brought back with his neck and sides covered
with blotches or elevations. On pressing them with the fingers
they crepitate, showing that they are gaseous elevations or disten-
sions, originating in the ceilular tissue beneath the skin, from the
spontaneous generation of gas. The gas probably arises from fer-
mentation of the food, and instead of accumulating in the intes-
tix es, finds its way to the surface of the body.
Treatment.—Dissolve two ounces of hyposulphite of soda in one
pint of warm water, and drench the animal with the same. Then
sponge the body with a portion of the following surfeit lotion:
No. 34. Aqua ammonia.........cceensecsees 2 OZ
Animal glycerine......... cocsoscecee 1 On,
Water visi sceseues sic estes seoseeeee 1 quart.
If taken in time, the affection will disappear in a few hours. The
patient should be kept on bran-mashes, well salted, for a few days;
or a couple of weeks’ run at grass, if the season permits, will be
of great service.

DropsicaL Limps (SWELLED Lees, “‘ STOCKING ”).

It is a very serious annoyance to the owner of a valuable horse
to find that, after the animal has been standing in the stable for
only a period ef twelve hours, his hind limbs have wonderfully
increased in size; and equally mortifying is it to see some animals
with their limbs continually tumefied, and without any other ap-
parent sign of disease.

Dropsy of the limbs generally proceeds from congestion. The
serum, or more fluid part of the blood, transudes through the walls
of the blood-vessels, and accumulates in the cellular tissue, under
the skin. But dropsy takes place not only in consequence of
venous congestion, but accompanies very many forms of disease,
such as scarletina, influenza, farcy; and the cure of such diseases
also accomplishes the cure of dropsy.

Causes.—The cause of that form of dropsical limbs which
seems to occui without any other visible disease is now the sub-
ject for consideration. When a horse’s limbs swell persistently,
after a few hours’ rest, and disappears under exercise, we may
infer that there exists a dropsical diathesis in his system ; that, by
virtue of his constitution, he is predisposed; and such cases are
designated as chronic local dropsy.
288 DALD'S VETERINARY MLDICINE AND SURGERY.

Treatment.—The remedies are hand-rubbing, exercise, and stim
alating liniment. The best liniment fcr ‘ocal dropsy of this char
acter is as follows:

No. 35. Fluid extract of wormwecd..oeseeesees 4 08.
Fluid extract of ginger... ...ceeevees 3 OZ.
Spirits of camphor.....eceeceeceecees I pint.

Rub the region of tumefaction with a portion of this liniment
every night.

When swelling of the limbs do not assume a periodical char-
acter, and suspicion of predisposition can not be entertained, then,
in addition to the application of the liniment, give the animal,
morning and evening, one ounce of the fluid extract of buchu.

ScaRLATINA (SCARLET FEVER).

Scarlet fever, or scarletina, as it occurs among horses in the
United States, is a febrile disease of a very prostrating character ;
yet it is not considered by the author a contagious malady. It
has only lately, however, been recognized in this country as a dix
tinct equine disease, and, being of rather rare occurrence, we know
but little about it. The cases that have come under the author’s
treatment were unattended by ulceration of the throat, and this
may account for the non-contagion; for, in the human subject,
when ulceration of the throat takes place, the case becomes ma-
lignant.

Watson says: “The malignant sore throat may be caught
from a patient who has mild scarlet fever; and mild scarlet fever
may, in like manner, be contracted from one who is suffering
under the malignant sore throat. The two forms graduate insen-
sibly, in different cases, toward each other; and it would be im-
possible, even if it were desirable, to draw any strict line of
separation between them. Many would say, and probably with
truth, that the difference was this: in the one form, tbe poison cf
the disorder is seeking its vent, principally, by the throat; in the
other, by the skin.” It appears, therefore, that in the human
subject the disease is capable of being communicated at any stage.

The cases that have come under the author’s notice since he first
recognized the malady have all been of a mild form; that is te
say, non-malignant. The limbs, sheath, and pectoral regions were
excessively dropsical ; the skin was the seat of rash or minute ale.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND S8UB-TISSUES. 288

vations, and scarlet spots or patches were always present on the
visible surfaces of the mouth and nostrils; yet the patients always
drank and ate mashes freely, which they could not have done se
readily had their throats been sore and ulcerated.

The author would intimate, however, that, should the disease
ever become malignant in the horse, it may also become, as in the
human subject, contagious and infectious. Perhaps the reason
why it has not attained a malignant type in this country is, be-
cause it is of recent origin; whereas, among the members of the
human family, scarlatina has been known to exist for several
hundred years, and may have acquired intensity and malignancy
with age. In anticipation of such an event, the author recom-
mends that scarlet-fever patients be sevarated from other inmates
of the stable.

The following case is from the author’s note-book, and may
serve to instruct the reader on the theory and practice of the
malady: .\ short time ago, a bay gelding, aged about nine years,
was admitted into the Chicago Infirmary. On examination, the
following symptoms were observed:

Symptoms.—The hair about the neck and fore and hind limbs
was elevated in blotches, with corresponding elevations on the
skin beneath ; the membranes within the cavities of the nostrils
had scarlet spots, variable in size; all the limbs were more or lesg
swollen; the breath was hot and fetid; the animal was unsteady
in his gait, apparently very weak; had great thirst, yet little ap-
petite. The elevations on the surface of the body, and the scarlet
spots on the nasal membrane, constituted the diagnostic symptoms
of scarlet fever.

Treatment.—During the first three days, I drenched the animal
with three ounces of liquor acetate of ammonia, in an equal quan-
tity of cold water. The elevations on the surface of the body
were sponged once a day with a lotion composed of two ounces
of aqua ammonia and one quart of rain-water. A sloppy bran-
mash was cccasionally furnished, of which the patient partook
freely. This tended to keep the bowels loose, and moderate the
febrile symptoms. On the fourth day all the limbs became very
much swollen, from dropsical effusions, which feature of the cass
is very apt to present itself. I now changed the treatment—
emitted the lotion bathing, and gave, night and morning, two-
onnce doses of compound fluid extract of buchu and juniper ber-

19
29€ DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICIN® AND SURGERY

ries. A slight discharge of glairy mucus now commenced runniug
from both nostrils; the scarlet spots had become more diffused, and
of a brighter tint; the appetite had returned, and a few oats and
a amall quantity of hay were occasionally allowed, which were
eaten. The limbs were hand-rubbed often, and the body waa
clothed with warm blankets. This treatment was followed up for
a period of five days, at the end of which time he had improved
very much, yet the limbs were considerably swollen.

On the tenth day I commenced to give four ounces of fluid ex-
tract of resin-weed per day, with an occasional dose of fluid extract
of golden seal, under which treatment he convalesced very rapidly,
so that on the sixteenth day all medicine was discontinued. I now
turned the animal into a small inclosure, where he seemed to take
pleasure in rolling and exercising himself, which had the effect
of reducing the dropsical swelling of the limbs, and on the fourth
of December the patient was sent home—not exactly to go to work,
but to receive care and attention until he had recovered from the
effects of the disease, and had gained his ordinary strength.

It is very difficult to say to what extent scarlet fever among
horses prevails in the United States; for very little, if any thing,
has ever appeared in print of American origin, except that which
has appeared from the pen of the author of this work. On the
other side of the water, however, the disease is of frequent oc-
currence, and is well understood. The first account of it published
in England was from the pen of Mr, PERcIVALL, in the year 1848,
who says that “the existence of scarlet fever has received such
confirmation from other quarters as to leave no doubt in my mind
that, rare as the malady acknowledgedly is, and hitherto unde
scribed as it has remained, it will one day find a place in our es-
tablished veterinary nosology.”

Since the above date, Surgeon Haycoock and several other
writers have noticed the disease, treated it, and minutely described
ita symptoms. They all agree that when the disease does make
its appearance, it is usually the sequel of epidemic catarrh, or in-
fluenza ; and this was probably the case regarding the patient the
subject of this paper, for the owner informed me that the animal
had previously shown symptoms of distemper.
DISEASE. UF THE SKIN AND SUB-. ISSUES. 29)

RINGWORM.

This disease usually makes its appearance on the shoulders and
sides of the horse, in the form of circular patches, attended by
scurfiness and loss of hair. Small vesicular eruptions can also be
detected, by means of a magnifying glass. It is usually sponts-
neous in its origin, but probably is generated by filth.

Treatment.—In view of treating the disease successfully, the
body should be well cleansed with soap and water, and afterward
rubbed dry; then apply daily, by means of a sponge, a portion of
the following :

No. 36. Powdered sulphate of iron............ 4 on.
Fluid extract of bloodroot............. 2 oz.
Rain-water ..... Cece rear eee seecens 1 quart.
Mix.

Give, as an alterative, half an ounce of the fluid extract of man
drake, in half a pint of water, night and morning.

When the disease has been neglected, the parts are apt to ul-
oerate; in that event, the following preparation is recommended «

No. 37. Pyroligneous acid........0seseeee cece 6 02.
Linseed Oil... . es ccc cece eecece sence 5 oz.
Spirits of camphor......ceeeceeeeeaes 2 ox.
Mix.

Dress the ulcerations twice daily.

A liberal supply of cut grass, sliced potatoes, or carrots should
be allowed, if they can be obtained. Particular attention should
be paid to the matter of keeping the skin clean. The treatment
must be continued until all vestiges of the disease have disappeared,
or it may break out again.

Prurieo (CALLED ATSO THE “ ITCH”).

This is a disease of the skin, accompanied by a terribly annoy-
ing itching sensation. The torment experivnced by animals suf-
fering under this form of malady is scarcely describable. They
often rub and abrade the skin until blood appears on the surface,
and they are rendered perfectly miserable. There are said to be
various forms of prurigo, but they do not differ in kind, only in
degree. Heat aggravates the malady; therefore horses located in
a warm and unventilated stable are apt to suffer most. And the
293 DADD’S VE.ERINAKY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

same remarks apply to many other forms of disease, which shows
how important it is that stables should be properly ventilated.

Symptoms.—The skin in those parts where the affection is lo
cated shows on its surface small elevations, known as papule; but
they are difficult to discover in some horses, as they are of the same
tint as theskin. After awhile the rubbing tears away the summita
of the papule, and a secretion exudes which soon forms very minute
scabs.

During the past four years the disease has prevailed very exten-
sively among army horses, and it usually proved very obstinate,
from the fact that very few of the army farriers understood its
true nature; neither were they acquainted with the modus operandi
of treatment. The authorities contend that prurigo is not a con-
tagious affection, like itch and mange, and, therefore, it may be
classed as a local affection, brought on by inattention to cleanlinesa
In order to prevent it, the author advises a free use of the brush
and curry-comb.

Treatment.—The best mode of treatment is as follows. Sponge
the affected parts thoroughly with the following lotion:

No. 38. Powdered borax. .....cescccecccecccs 4 02.
Rain-water ...... a aikoie alesse teas aealeuere 2 quarts.

After using the above quantity, at one or two dressings, ther
rub the affected regions dry, and lubricate the «ame with a por-
tion of the following:

No. 39. Kerosene oil..... La eetesie wk aleeteew ose 402.
Pyroligneour acid....s0.eseceevaees « 12 oz.
Mix.

Tt is usually good policy to put the patient under a course ot
allerative treatment; therefore the author recommends that he
have, daily, thirty grains of iodide of potass, dissolved in four
ouuces of water, to be given in the form of drench, every day, un-
til the disease has disappeared.

PoLL-EVIL

The name of this disease originated in England, in consequence
of it being more prevalent in that country than in some others;
hence, was a great evi!, and occurring about the nape of the neck
er region of the poll, it was called “ poll-evil.’’ Much of the poll
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 293

evil curring in former years was unnecessary, and occurred in
consequence of neglect, injuries, and abuse. The disease first
makes its appearance in the form of a local tumor, of an inflam-
matory character. Soon it runs into the suppurative stage; pus
or matter is secreted, and we then have a common abscess, which
may result in fistala of the poll.

Cuwuses—The disease may arise from blows and bruises. Horsea
when located in low-roofed stables are apt to strike the poll against
the ceiling, or a beam, or the upper part of the doorway, and fre-
quent repetition of the act either ends in induration (hardening)
or poll-abscess. Some grooms are in the habit of occasionally
jerking the animal’s head by means of the halter, and some horses
are very restless in the stall, and are often seen to jerk their heads
upward, forgetting that they have any halter around their necks,
antil they feel the pain which they themselves inflicted. The in-
jury, slight as it may be, often remains undiscovered or unattended
to unti! considerable tumefaction or even suppuration has set ia.
The case may then become protracted, and exhaust the patience
of all concerned. Excessive friction on the nape of the neck from
oridle or halter, or pressure from either one of these causes, pro-
duces poll-evil; and the halter, by being fastened too tightly, is +
fertile cause in producing this affection. Dirt and filth are oper
ative, aiso, in producing this malady. It is well known that the
poll is a part which very seldom makes the acquaintance of the
brush or curry-comb, yet it is the locality of considerable dust and
scurf; and sometimes, owing to accuinulations of the same, a cu-
taneous eruption arises, and the itching sensation consequent causes
the horse to fret and rub whenever he can geta chance. The evil
goes on, until what was at first superficial now becomes deep-
seated. The bungling and cruel manner of sometimes forcing a
small collar on a large horse often does mischief, and lays the
foundation for poll-evil. Some persons are in the habit of bracing
the horse’s head downward with the martingale, so as to bring the
lips and chest in close proximity, yet forget that the strain comes
on the poll and bruises the soft parts.

Treatment.—Should the tumor be discovered in its early stage,
tefore matter has formed, the parts should be bathed often with a
portion of vinegar and water, equal parts; or else a cold-water
Uressing or pad may be applied, which should be reapplied as fast
48 it becomes drv Half an ounce of powdered chlorate of potass
294 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

should be given night and morning. This may be dissolved is
nalf a bucket of water, which the horse will drink. In the course
of a couple of days, the practitioner will be able to determine
whether or not the tumor is likely to suppurate; if so, it wil]
have increased in size, and have a soft fluctuating feel.

Just as soon as matter can be detected, the abscess must be
punctured at its base, by means of a thumb lancet. It will not
do to allow the matter to accumulate ; for, if so, it will burrow
and spread in various directions, making a very extensive and for-
midable abscess. It would be necessary to make a free opening
into the abscess large enough to admit a man’s finger, and if, in
the course of a day or two, the opening should partly close or con-
tract, it must be dilated with a knife. So soon as the abscess is
laid open, all the matter must be squeezed out, which process must
be accomplished by the use of sponge and hot water. We then,
in view of removing every particle of matter, carefully inject the
cavity with a quantity of pyroligneous acid and water, equal parts.
A glass syringe is best, as the acid has a bad effect on a metal one.

It will be necessary to sponge the cavity once daily fer several
days, or until matter veases to form. In the mean tine the ani-
mal must be put under treatment, for it is very rare that this dis-
ease can be cured by local treatment alone. My usual custom ia
to give the patient thirty grains of the iodide of potass, twice
daily, in half a bucket of water. The animal will not refuse to
drink it. Should he be weak and emaciated, tonics and stimu-
lunts are indicated. Half an ounce of powdered golden scal and
the same quantity of ginger, given with a small quantity of water,
us a drench, daily, will answer the purpose. Sometimes it is ad-
visable to put a pad of cotton cloth, or a large wad of oakum on
the poll, in view of keeping the skin and sub-tissues in contact, by
which means they more readily unite. The pad may be secured
to the part by passing a cotton roller, five inches wide and three
yards in length, around the neck. At the poll the bandage is ta
be further secured, by tying a lock of the hair of the forehead with
a lock of the hair of the mane. This precaution prevents the
bandage from slipping backward. The bandage should be re
moved and readjusted every day, and the parts are to be cleansed
and sy~inged, in the manner just alluded to, as long as necessary,
After the lapse of a few days, should the secretion of matter de
crease, then the chances are in favor of a cure.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSOES. 298

Cases, however, will sometimes occur which set at defiance al)
our skill. In such we find that either the ligamentary, tendinous,
or fleshy parts, or perhaps the bones, are involved, and it often
happens that fistulas or pipes run in various directions. Such
cases require the services of a surgeon, who will dissect out the
fistulous pipes, and remove all the diseased portions of the flesh
and bone. The after-treatment is then the same as we have just
indicated.

FistuLous WITHERS.

This disease resembles poll-evil, and, in a majority of cases,
uwes its origin to the same exciting causes; namely, external
bruises, or injury inflicted by a bad-fitting collar or saddle. The
treatment is the same as that recommended for the cure of poll-
evil.

WARTS ON THE SKIN.

Warts are of two kinds. One of these makes its appearance
upon, and consists in part of an increased development of, the
outer scurf or scarfskin; the other kind is contained under, and,
while it elevates, does not grow from the scarfskin. As it fre-
quently becomes desirable to remove these growths, and to coun-
teract that condition of skin on which their reproduction depends,
we shall briefly describe them. The most common kind of wart,
and that called the true angleberry, is the first of the two to which
we have alluded. It has always a hard, horny sort of investment
externally. This is formed of scales of scarfskin matted together
in great quantities, and prolonged from the true skin, to which
they are attached. As this outer covering increases in growth, it
dries and splits up into shreds or fibers, which generally occome
more or less pointed at their free ends. Many of these shreds
may grow from one common stock or pedicle, called the “neck.”
In other cases there is wo well-defined neck, and a large surfac
will be covered with a coarse, rough, and horny crop of warts, all
as it were, united where they originated from the skin.

Cause.—W arts are always produced from what may be consid-
ered as greatly-developed knots, or papille, within the true skin.
Blood, in greater quantities than natural, is sent to these, and the
papilla continuing to grow, forms perceptible tumors, which are
somewhat sensitive, painful if exposed to friction, and form w
4296 DADD'S VETERINARY MsDICINE AND SURGER}:.

throw off the scaly covering which eventually forms the main part
of warts. We see many instances of warts on the human handa
and other parts of the body, and always find that the dry, horny
part grows from the skin somewhat thickened and increased iu
vascularity. So great, indeed, is the quantity of blood which
some warts receive, that they bleed much more profusely than
other portions of skin when wounded.

The other kind of wart to which we alluded does not cause any
external roughness or scaly appearance. It is formed within the
outer skin, and commonly appears as a circumscribed round tu-
mor. On being examined by the hand, it is felt to be contained
in a sack or pouch, within which it is easily moveable. It is
almost insensible, and consists of a quantity of white fibrous and
sometimes grisly substance, which does not possess blood-vessela
in its interior. We often meet with this kind of encysted wart
near the outer organs of generation in the horse or mare. The
horny wart which we first noticed is common in horses, cattle,
and dogs. The encysted wart is comparatively rare in cattle; it
is more common in dogs, but is most frequently found in horses.

Treatment.—In treating warts with a view to remove them, and
prevent their reproduction, it becomes necessary to destroy, in a
measure, the surface from which they sprout. When an angle-
berry has.a “neck,” this should be cut off flat and close with the
skin, and the raw surface thus made should be touched occasion-
ally and freely with caustic or a heated iron. If the neck be so
large as to endanger much bleeding if divided at once, a ligature
of thin, strong string may be tied round it very tightly, in order
to cut off its supply of blood. The ligature should be applied
frequently—daily, if convenient. Where a large surface is cov-
ered by warts which do not possess any definite necks, their horny
parts should be cropped or cut closely down to the true skin, with
scissors or other convenient instrument, and the surface thus ex-
posed should then be touched with a hot iron, or rubbed with
caustic potass. Such application is to be continued till the horn
ceases to grow. Encysted warts are removed by cutting the skin
of the sack and squeezing them out. The exposed cavity should
be dressed daily with digestive ointment.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SLé TISSUES 233

Purpura Hemorruaaica (“Scurvy ”.

A disease not unfrequently makes its appearance among horses
urmed purpura hemorrhagica, known in human practice as the
“purples.” It consists of congestion (extravasation) blood of and
effusicn of serum (water) into the cellular tissue. The disease
probably owes its origin to a depraved condition of the blood.

Symptoms.—On making an examination of the affected animal,
we find that the cellular tissue, in various parts of the body, is
distended with serum and blood. Local swelling will appear in
various parts of the body, more particularly about the face, lips,
and limbs. he disease also affects internal parts. Blood is
sometimes passed with the urine and feces; respiration is embar-
rassed ; the heart palpitates, and abnormal cerebral symptoms set
in. In the human subject the disease is considered strictly as a
hemorrhage. Small round spots appear on various parts of the
body and legs, of a dull crimson or purple color. Pressure upon
them does not efface the color, nor render it fainter, as it does that
of common inflammatory spots of the skin. There is scarcely any
prominence of the purple stigmata; but they are sometimes inter-
mixed with livid blotches, with appearances exactly resembling
bruises, and they undergo, before they disappear, the same changes
in color which attends the disappearance of a bruise. In fact, the
anatomical condition of a bruise is exactly the same, with the dif-
fused condition as in purpura. In each case the color is the result
of echymosis (effusion of blood beneath the skin).

In the human subject, also, the disease is not confined to the
skin. WATSON informs us that “ the spots are not confined to the
skin, nor to the subcutaneous tissues, but are found, occasionally,
upon all the internal surfaces also, and within the substance of
the several viscera (internal organs of the body). I have seen
these purple spots in the mucous surface of the mouth, throat,
stomach, and intestines; in the pleura and pericardium; in the
chest ; in the peritoneal investment of the abdominal organs; in
the substance of the muscles, and even upon the membranes of
the brain and in the sheaths of the large nerves, and I have known
them to be accompanied with large extravasations of blood in most
of the vital organs of the body.”

The same appearances have been observed in equine autopsies,
which accounts for the immehility and deranged condition of all
£98 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

the functions, Sometimes the throat is so badly affected that
tracheotomy has to be resorted to. Now and then the tongue be-
comes livid and swollen, so that the animal can not partake of
food. In such cases the tongue may be freely swabbed with warm
vinegar, until its volume is reduced.

Treatment.—So soon as the disease is discovered, the animal
should be put under the following treatment:

No. 40. Fluid extract of bloodroot........++6. 2 on.
Fluid extract of buchu.......... eevee 4 OK,
Fluid extract of ginger........0...00- 3 oz.
Mix.

Give one ounce of this mixture night and morning, in about a
gill of water. Should there appear to be any trouble with the
throat, lubricate it, twice daily, with a portion of the following:

No: 42: (Olive: Ol siecdin sue sieniestatnne oles weseenn sie’ 4 oz
Camphor.......ccercoceveeseeevcess 1 oz
ix.

In preparing the above, it is best to pulverize the camphor,
when it will dissolve more readily in the oil. A lotion must now
be prepared, with which the whole surface of the body should be

gponged daily.

No. 42. Spirits of ammonia.......... ene acs ie 3 oz.
Spirits of camphor....... Sieug aca vexeree ous 2 oz.
Pulverized rock salt........ cece eeeees 6 oz.
Rain-water...... ccc ce cece nce oerece % pints

Dissolve the salt in the water, allowing the impurities to settle;
then add the clear liquor to the camphor and ammonia, previously
mixed.

It occasionally happens that the skin, in various parts of the
body, cracks, and portions slough off. Should there be any appear-
ance of the kind, discontinue the above lotion and substitute the
following :

No. 43. Pyroligneous acid. .....c00-eees.
Olive: Olli cis come tae caw eae

Every time the patient is watered, (say about three times per
day,) half an ounce of hyposulphite of soda should be dissolved
in the pail, Vegetables, also, are indicated, if they are to be had.
I snould give tomatoes, sliced carrots, potatoes, and green grass.
Blceding, purging, and all kinds of poisonous and sedative medi-
eines are inadmissible.

\ equal parts.
Di82.éhs OF THE SKIN AND S8UB-TISSUES 299

Our or ConprTion (HIDE-BOUND).

Hither from derangement of the digestive function, or in con-
sequence of the animal being fed on poor provender or werked
beyond his strength, debility and emaciation ensue. A horse out
of condition usually loses flesh; the hair loses its glossy appear-
ance ; the skin becomes unhealthy and scurfy, and he can not per-
form his ordinary labor without apparent fatigue.

Treatment.—The best remedy, if the season permits, is a run at
grass, taking care to give a good feed of oats every night; other-
wise the grass will not improve his condition. In the stable the
treatment is as follows: Give the animal one ounce of the fluid
extract of camomile flowers every morning, before feeding, and
at night mix one ounce of powdered poplar bark with the oats.
This, together with good food and rest, will complete the cure

Herpes (TETTER).

Herpes is a disease of the skin, manifesting itself in the form
uf vesicles, which contain a small quantity of aqueous fluid effused
beneath the true skin. Sometimes they are thinly scattered over
the surface, and sometimes collected into clusters. The vesicles
appear in irregular succession. They terminate, also, in various
ways: by the reabsorption of the fluid, and, in bad cases, falling
off of the hair, and peeling of the skin, in some places. In the
human subject the malady is considered transient and non-con-
tagious, consisting of red patches, of irregular form and variable
size, upon each of which stands a crop of vesicles.

Treatment.—I have been very successful in the treatment of this
malady by using the following lotion:

No. 44. Glycerine. .......cccsceceeecs Sibsjeis'be 2 oz.
Tannin ...seccecee Rita aeearel ieaine ss SIC aieie ore 2 dr
IN WALET: -c,0 vsusco88ie 6 ie Mie cew ane wiecs wa sek 4 on.

Apply once or twice daily, i means of a soft sponge.

tn the horse the affection sometimes assumes an epizoétic form.
In that event it can be communicated to man, as the following
eases will show:

“ At the commencement of 1849, Count Faverges invited Pro-
fessor Papa to the valley of Borne, in Savoy, to see a disease
affecting animals, and which even spread to men. Every facility
300 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

was cffered by Government to Professor Papa, and many persuna
having affected animals were requested to permit their inspection.
and, indeed, threatened with a fine if they did not. Papa saw
about three hundred horses and mules affected. The disease ap-
peared in circular patches of furfuraceous scales, with grayish-
white scabs. These patches had usually well-defined margins,
about the size of a dollar or five-shilling piece. Usually they
were isolated, but at other times they were confluent, or running
together in yroups. The head, neck, withers, shoulders, and loins
were the parts chiefly affected. More rarely the upper portion of
the extremities, and never on the lower part of the limbs, chest,
or belly. The malady commences with a violent itching, and an
eruption in small circumscribed points, about the size of a lentil,
is witnessed, The scabs form, with the exudation drying and
entangling cuticle and hairs. In the vicinity of the first, other
eruptive spots appeared, which, widening, became confluent ana
run into one another, especially where the skin is folded and ani-
mals have a chance of rubbing themselves. A scab forms on the
sore surface, and the surface beneath it is red and tumefied, but in
a little time desquamation occurs. A very careful microscopical
examination failed to indicate the existence of any acari.

The disease is contagious, and Papa says all those who come
more or less in contact with herpetic horses or mules, and espe-
cially the conductors of the same, were covered on the arms, legs,
chest, and face with pruriginous eruptions, limited and circum-
scribed, sometimes isolated, occasionally confluent, in the form
of red patches covered with papule and vesicles, which become
incrusted with brownish-yellow scabs, beneath which purulent
deposits formed. In consequence of the violent pruritis attending
this disease, it was believed to be scabies or itch by the people,
and, though in many houses individuals were affected, they were
ashamed to confess it, and it was with great difficulty that Papa
collected information on the subject; but, having gained confidence
om the latter, the people more freely related their cases to him.
The first to be affected were those intrusted with dressing the dis-
eased animals. The parts first attacked were the articular regions
about the forearm, arm, face, and rarely the lower limbs.

Papa describes one of many cases of direct contagion. It a»
curred in a lad of sixteen, who had jumped on the bare back of an
affected horse, to take it toa watering-place. Two days afterward,
DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. Bul

on the inside of the thighs and legs, from the pubis to the calf of
the leg, there was extreme pruritis. The skin became of reddish-
brown volor, and vesicles, full of yellowish lymph, formed, which
gave way to vesicular patches or scabs, rough to the touch, first
isolated, and afterward confluent.

The transmission occurred from horse to horse, horse to man,
and from man to man; in fact, persons who never touched an af-
fected horse were infected from individuals they came in contact
with. A soldier, having arrived in perfuct health from his regi-
ment, slept with his brother, who suffered from the disease, and
became affected. The wives of carters not only took the disease,
but communicated it to their sucking infants.

Papa visited the district at a season when the fetid hellebore was
growing abundantly. He caused some to be gathered, and obtained
decoctions of the roots. Witb this he mixed equal parts of water,
and distributed the lotion in different parts, to be applied to men
and animals that were affected. Without any internal treatment,
this application had the best effect. He tried tobacco decoction,
but not with a similar amount of success. Papa regards the dis-
ease as the herpes tonsurans, which has been spoken of by many
veterinarians as common in the live animals.” *

® Edinburg Veterinary Review.

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SECTION XI.
CN BEEEDING, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAMS

BRrEDING—Tusz PRINCIPLES OF KREEDING—IN-AND-IN BREEDING—PERMANEAY
VaRierirs-—ANIMAL8 BECOME PARENTS TOO EaRLY—OBJECTIONS TO IN-aAND
IN BREEDING ANSWERED—THE ADVANTAGE OF IN-AND-IN BREEDING TBw
Importance or Stupyina@ ANaTOMY AND PHysIoLoey

BREEDING.

HE choice of a sire and dam is a point of the utmost conse-
quence in breeding horses (or indeed any other animal}, as
the offspring will be found, in almost every instance, to inherit
the qualities of its parents. Peculiarity of form and constitution
is inherent, and descends from generation to generation; hence
the necessary attention to those niceties which breeders are often
apt to forget. Nor is it sufficient that one of the parents be good
and the other indifferent; for the perfection of the sire may be
lost through the deficiencies of the mare, and vice versd.

In the selection of a stallion many things should be observed.
There should be general uniformity and compactness in every
part. The height should depend on the occupation the foal is
destined to fill The legs should be particularly examined, and
disease should pervade no part of the system. Tat, heavy horses,
with thick legs, and ccarse, unseemly heads, should always be
avoided. Ilorses should be free from specks on the eye—partial
or total blindness. Temper is an essential point, for vice is some-
times hereditary. Stallions that cover too many mares in a sea-
son, in the latter period produce weak offspring.

As regards the mare, it is well known that the dam contributes
more to the integrity of the offsyring than the sire. It is essential
that she he in full possession of her natural strength and powers.

The vigor of the constitution determines much in favor of the
(302)
SREEDING AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME. 303

foal It is a great error to suppose that a mare that has once
heeu good, and capable of great exertion, should, when old, and
no longer fitted for work, produce offspring equally efficient as
when in her prime. The foal will certainly inherit some of the
weakness of the present nature and broken-down constitution.
Mares should never be put to the stallion until they have arrived
at maturity, which takes place about the fifth year. Mares are
bred from earlier, but it is a bad practice, for strength and beauty
are absent; and thus not only is the dam rendered inefficient
sooner than in one that is allowed to come to maturity, but the
foal can never be expected to be either healthy or strong in con-
stitution. The period of going with foal is eleven months, After
the sixth month, great care and gentleness should be exercised to-
ward them. Moderate exercise is essential. Hard work in har-
ness, over bad roads, is likely to produce abortion, and mares that
have once aborted are very liable (if the same causes are in ope-
ration) to a recurrence of the same.

The proper time for copulation is when there is a discharge of
a whitish fluid from the vagina. She neighs frequently, and ex-
hibits great desire for the horse. When she has conceived she
shows no further desire, and the discharge from the vagina stops.
Some writers recommend that the mare be put to the stallion early
after foaling. This is bad policy, for the simple reason that the
dam, if she become impregnated, has to nourish both the foal and
the embryo. This is excessively weakening, and tells on either
dam, fcetus, cr foal.

Disproportionate copulations are also objectionable, as, for ex-
ample, putting a large horse to a small mare. When improve-
ment in size is the object, it should be attempted by regular
gradations, This is the best method of securing size and beauty,
as well as strength. The best mode of preserving the breed and
making iraprovements is, to make selections of the best on both
sides. Much judgment and cireumspection is necessary, at all
times, in crossing the breed, and many errors arise in consequence
of a want of knowledge on this subject.

When the period of foaling draws nigh, the mare should be
separated from her companions. Having foaled, she should be
turned into a pasture, if possible; otherwise, into a loose box
inclosure, or empty barn. The foal may be weaned at the age
of six montlis, more or less, as circumstances seem to require. A
804 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

weak foal should run with its mother for a longer period thas
one that shows signs of vigorous health. Should the foal die at
the period of parturition, humanity would seem to suggest that
the mare be excused from duty for a week or two, by which time
she will have recovered from tne effects of parturi’ior.

THE PRisCIPLES OF BREEDING.

It is a law of Nature that peculiarities of form, size, color, etc.,
shal] be transmitted by parents to offspring, (“like begets like,”’)
although, under certain circumstances, a modification of this law
is to be expected. If, for example, we liberate an animal from
domestication and its influences, which are known to operate very
markedly on animal organizations and habits, the creature thus lib-
erated loses its acquirements, and, in successive generations, grad-
ually returns to the original type. This is a modification of the
above law, and, supposing our pecuniary interests are the object of
the experiment, it will be an improvement in tlie wrong direction.

On the other hand, take a wild animal; bring him under the
influences:of domestication, and he gradually loses all his distine-
tive characteristics of size, form, and instinct, and, in popular
language, becomes a uew creature, improved or not, as the case
may be, under the direction of his lord and master; so that the
inferior orders cf creation are really the creatures of circumstances.
These changes are the result of man’s experience or non-expe-
rience. These are general propositions which “precede beauty
and symmetry.”

Beauty and Symmetry.—If we examine into the methods pur-
sued by some of the most successful raisers of live stock, we shall
see that they paid particular attention to the selection of well-
formed, beautiful animals, They very naturally supposed that ex-
ternal conformation was transmissible; that if they happened te
obtain a good calf or foal from inferior, diseased, or malformed
parents, it was purely accidental, and out of the ordinary course
of Nature. In selecting beautiful animals, they naturally excluded
those o1 narrow chest, which peculiarity is indicative of predinpo-
sition to pulmonary affections and founder (the latter term signi-
fying a worthless or ruined condition, which, in the eye of the
law, renders them actually unsound), because they have that about
them which may impair their future usefulness, Hence, for m>re
BREEDING, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME. 305

reasons than one, such are unfit for breeding purposes, unless,
however, the morbid phenomena be neutralized by blood, in one
of the parents, of a superior order, free from taint, 2s it ajpears in
the other.

Tn my adventures in search of the beautiful, I should pass by
all animals having any peculiarity of conformation, general or
local, which experience teaches me are sure to reappear either
directly or indirectly, in future progeny. This appears to be the
proper course to pursue; yet many, otherwise intelligent men will
invest their money in the purchase of defective animals, merely
because they can be bought cheap, when every body knows, or
sught to know, that cheap animals, like cheap watches, «ost more,
in the end, for repairs, etc., than a commodity of more real valve.
The same rule applies to horses. Some men, if they happen te
be in possession of a broken-down mare, unable, from faults, de-
fects, old age, and disease, to perform ordinary horse duties, coza-
mence a speculation in a different enterprise. The reproductive
organs must be exercised. Just at this time some cent-and-dollar
calculating jockey advertises and exhibits a well-fed, prancing steed,
bearing a popular name; but his whole carcass is redolent of faults
and defects, which the owner is not expected to know any thing
abcut, and if he does, it is not for his interest to point them out.
The price of copulation is dirt cheap, and the foolish speculaton
expects to obtain a smart colt, that will eventually command a
high price. But, alas for such milk-and-water calculations! the
expected specimen of equine animality inherits and exhibits ita
parental infirmities and deformities, and ultimately becomes a
living monnment of the folly of its owner.

There is no beauty in the faults and defects which must neces-
sarily occur through the sexual congress of faulty and defective
animals; neither can there be grace in the motions of an overfed
or ill-conditioned animal. Beauty, symmetry, grace, and sound-
ness are defunct in the ill-conditioned creature, or otherwise de-
fective one—a mere apology for the handiwork of Nature. The
muscular system of a horse or cow may, in some regions of the
body, be well-developed; but should their limbs be unnaturally
curved, or any part of their system be out of proportion to the
other parts of the body, then beauty has never seated itself on
their thrones. Yet we can improve the appearance of such ani-
mals by artificial means and costly adornments. This artificial

20
306 DADL’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

kind of beauty is what most men seek after, and, at a high price,
to their sorrow, obtain it; whereas the real beauty of form and
endowments, which practical husbandmen really require, must
originate unartificially in the living citadel—must be the work
of Nature and not of art.

It is a fact, well known to many men, that animals of faultlesn
form, having symmetrical proportions, are exempt from many
diseases which are the heritage of faulty and inferior animals, and
insurance companies take advantage of this knowledge, and insure
the former at less rates than the latter. As an illustration of the
above, I may be permitted to remark that the “ Arabian Courser,”
English “blood horse,” American “Black Hawk,” and pure
“Devon” cow—all remarkable for good points, beauty, and en-
durance—are exempt from many of the common and unnecessary
diseases and abortions. Beauty and symmetrical proportions con-~
tribute to health, because there is a certain degree of relationship
between external and internal organs and functions. For exam-
ple, a fine exterior, good depth of chest, well-proportioned muscles,
and graceful limbs are generally coéxistent with good “ wind and
bottom,” and the subjects, of course, possess active respiratory
organs, a finely-balanced circulation, and a digestive apparatus
that can digest every article in the shape of fodder. In selecting
the beautiful, we therefore obtain material for perpetuatins health,
long life, and valuable offspring.

One of BLAKEWELL’s great secrets was, ‘‘ Brecd from the beau-
tiful.” I allude to him because he was the most successful
“breeder” that England ever boasted of. At the onset he paid
great attention to “beauty of form.” Having developed a fine
exterior, he engrafted on it the useful. He was well aware that
beauty and utility were not always combined, but, being in pos-
session of the former, he could produce the latter to “order ;” and
he accomplished his object in the following manner. He required
cows that wovld yield a large quantity of milk; consequently he
selected those whose dams had long been celebrated for their ex-
cellent milking qualities, and from among such he chose the very
best female of the family, and united her with a beautiful male.
Having, in the production of offspring throug]. the above union,
accomplished his object, he then paid less attention to beauty, and
more to the milking qualities, so as to render the latter permanent
in the breed. Still, in all his experiments he rejected uncouth,
BREEDING. AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME. 307

anthrifty, and defective animals. I am aware, however, that the
evils of domestication are operative, to a certain extent, on all
animals, Still, I contend that the “ well-bred ” animal can resist
the insidious encroachments of disease, and survive longer under
its depressing influence than “ill-favored” creatures. Illustra-
tions are not wanting to prove the correctness of BLAKEWELL’S
theory ; therefore, I advise the reader to follow the example of
one who has been styled the “ Napoleon of breeders.”

IN-AND-IN BREEDING.

We now inquire, What is breeding in-and-in? I answer, It
implies consanguinity—breeding from animals of the same blood,
or propagating in a close degree of relationship. Some persona
have an idea that this system is pernicious, and leads to degen-
eracy and premature decay ; but that is a matter of argument, and,
as I shall attempt to prove, depends on the skill of the “ breeder,”
and his ability to make wise selections. The human race—the
sons and daughters of Adam and Eve——afford a stupendous illus-
tration of the practicability of in-and-in breeding. The millions
terrestrial all originated (so the Good Book informs us) from our
common parents, and, consequently, we are all “blood” relations;
and this fact goes to show that in-and-in breeding is in accord-
ance with the laws of physiology, and does not conflict with the
intentions of “ Him who doeth all things well.” It is a part of
the great scheme of creation, a physiological law, the problem of
life, to solve which God has endowed us with reason, “God-lixe
reason,” the exercise of which puts us in possession of the fruit
of the “tree of knowledge.” The non-exercise of the same fur-
nishes us with forbidden fruit.

Ill-assorted marriages—consumption mating with consumption,
and scrofula with scrofula—seeks at the altar an introduction to
an early grave. The same is true of animals. Bad selections
thwart the intentions of the Creator, mar his handiwork, and if a
friendly epizottic sweeps them from the face of the earth, it 1s
more of a blessing than a curse. From the great human family
I select a branch to illustrate this principle, and I choose to refer
to the Jews. So long as they are so in faith and practice—mar-
rying their own kindred—they are a living illustration of the
above princivle. Have they degenerated? No. The distinctive
308 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

characteristics of the race are just as remarkable as they ever
were, The vicious and defective find an early grave, but the
“race” remains pure.

Now, as regards horses and cows, the same is true; they all had
a common origin. The different varieties that now exist are the
work of time, circumstances, and the art of man. The famous
horses mentioned by Mahomet, in the “Koran,” resulted from
in-and-in breeding. They have existed and multiplied for three
thousand years without the slightest intermixture of foreign blood,
and, from the time of Solomon up to the present day, their pedi-
gree has been watched and chronicled with great care, so that no
doubt exists as regards their consanguinity. Their fine form,
splendid action, endurance, spirit, speed, and docility can only be
retained by preserving the race pure, and this is an argument in
favor of in-and-in breeding.

No breed can be preserved pure unless the in-and-in system be
pursued. Take the Suffolk pig, forexample. So long as we put
Suffolk to Suffolk we get “ pure” Suffolk, and, if proper selections
have been made, good Suffolks are the result; but deviate from
direct lineage, and the breed degenerates, for better or worse, aa
the case may be, and they lose their permanency of type, and cease
to become pure bloods.

‘From the brave descend the brave.

The Suffolks in this country are notorious for a cutaneous disease
simulating scrofula, and many suppose that this arises in conse-
quence of the in-and-in system of breeding; but this I think ig
en error. It results from the evils of domestication, and our
want of knowledge in making proper selections. There often is
one or more animals in a litter incapacitated, by fault, defect, or
debility, to perpetuate the stamina and remarkable points of the
breed ; these are to be rejected. If we fail to do so, the next gen-
eration, or the next to that, furnish more convincing proof of error,
which I contend exists in making “bad” selections, and not in
the above system.

Turn for a moment to the history of the French Merino, and
we shall find that Vicror GILBERT—~a name familiar to Ameri-
ca’s most successful sheep raisers—practiced no other than the in-
and-in system of breeding. A lot of Merinos were sent, in 1786,
by the Queen of Spain, to the King of France. The latter, in
BREEDING, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME. 309

order tu benefit the agricultural community, sent half of them ta
Rambouillet, and the other half to Croissy. The climate hap-
pened to suit them, and they were considered superior to the ex.
isting breeds in France. In the year 1800, Vicror GILBER?
bought at Croissy a four year old ram and eight ewes. He bred
from those animals durirg a period of ten years, occasionally, how-
ever, “ renewing the stock,” as he termed it, by purchasing annu«
ally from two to four sheep. In 1821 he purchased some of the
Rambouillet stock, and asserts that, “ from a union of the same,
he obtained great advantages.” Now, the reader will perceive
that there was an alliance of blood. The two flocks were of the
same lineal descent, belonged to the same “ family,” and of course
the systein of breeding was on the in-and-in principle.

Now, as regards French Merinos obtained from the above
source, and imported into this country, we have only to refer the
reader to Tarntor, of Hartford; DrForrest, of New York;
SanForD, of Vermont; PARKER and Howarp, of Ohio, and
many others, who are ready and willing, we presume, to testify as
regards the prosperity of the above breed in this country, the result
of in-and-in breeding. 8S. W. Jewett, of Vermont, has pur-
chased, up to the present time, over three hundred bucks and
ewes, the offspring of the Croissv and Rambouillet breed, and this
is proof positive of the correctness of our theorv.

Now, as regards the advantages of in-and-in breeding, what are
they? When Vicror GILBERT purchased the first ram, he car-
ried but 9 pounds of wool ; he finally realized 24 pounds from the
tams, and from the ewes 18 pounds, a tangible illustration of the
advantages. A very fine French Merino, originating from the
above source, was very recently exhibited at a sheep-shearing in
Wisconsin ; the anima] weighed 325 pounds, and carried 40 pounds
of wool. Now, the originals, as I have already shown, carried
but 9 pounds; so that the standard, as regards a particular quality,
has been raised, and that is what we understand by “ improve-
ment.”

Mr. V. BarrorD, of England, has demonstrated the propriety
of in-and-in breeding. He is a man, however, of superior judg
ment, and he culls and casts out from his flocks and herds all ani-
mals showing the least predisposition to any defect. A writer in
the “ Mark Lane Express” considers Mr. VALENTINE BARFORB
one of the most successful in-and-in breeders of sheep in the king:
310 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

dom; fur he has bred from the pure Blakewell blood for siaty-
five years, without the aid of any other sort or kind, and bred
from his own flock for upward of fifty years, maintaining size
weight, and constitution. I have known Mr. Barford’s flock fus
upward of half a century, and they appear as strong ao their
stamina as when I first saw them. Mr. Barford does nct use a
ram unless he has a wide loin, a large breast and collar, and very
wide betwecn the forelegs, all of which points denote a hale con-
stitution, Although in-and-in breeding has beat thousands to a
stand, Mr. Barford still shines in it.”

Therefore I contend that great advantages are derived from pre-
serving the breed pure and in making proper selections. I have
been very much pleased in perusing some remarks made by San-
FORD Howarp, angl published in the “ New England Farmer ;”
and, as they happen to have a direct bearing on our subject, I
here give them:

“What is breeding im-and-in? While some apply the term
only to animals distantly related, he conceived the only true idea
of the matter to be that it applied to creatures of the same blood.
The consequences of breeding in-and-in, he believed, might be
either good or bad, and depended wholly on the skill of the
breeder. As proof that breeding in-and-in was not contrary tc
Nature, he referred to birds, the buffalo, etc., in a wild state. It
is known that they breed in-and-in constantly, and yet no deterio-
ration takes place. He had known geese to be propagated in this
way for forty years, and not the slightest depreciation in size,
quality, or feather was visible in them. Still cases could be cited
where breeding in-and-in had produced bad results, yet these
might be attributed to imperfections in the parent stock. It is
only necessary to select perfect specimens.”

Having now attempted to show that in-and-in breeding is in
accordance with Nature, and that the birth of inferior and defect-.
ive animals, under this rule, resulted from the breeder’s ignorance
or neglect in making proper selections, I shall next introduce some
remarks of 2 general character.

Permanent Varieties.—In-and-in breeding should he practiced
in view of some specific object; namely, perpetuating species capa-
ble of constantly and permanently transmitting characteristic pecu-
liarities, such as may be observed in any particular permanent
variety. As an illustration of the same. we offer the French
BREEDIN-J, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME. 311

Merino sheep, Black Hawk horse, and Devon bull. These are
permanent varieties, the type of each having been established by
a long course of in-and-in breeding. We are told, however, that
many of the imported French Merinos (so called) have produced
offspring scarcely worth the trouble of raising—far inferior to our
common native stock. The principal reason is, many sub-races
of Merincs, existing in Fiance and elsewhere, are the result of
aress-breeding. They are nothing less than mongrels, destitute
of that permanency of type indicative of pure blood. But there
are other causes for the deterioration complained of, which will be
noticed hereafter.

By preserving the race pure through a certain period, we thus
obtain the requisite permanency of type, which can then be trans-
mitted indefinitely. Let us see, now, if we understand what is
meant by a permanent variety, and inquire if such do really trans-
mit their permanent peculiarities. A permanent variety (Black
Hawk breed, or Devon cow, for example), are animals whose pe-
culiarities were not coeval with the tribe, but have arisen, or been
engrafted on the same, subsequent to the advent of their existence
and, therefore, what some may term distinct species are, in reality,
nothing more than permanent varieties. The Shetland pony,
therefore, is a permanent variety. Circumstances have made him
just what he is. He, being an inhabitant of a stormy, tempestu-
ous region, comparatively destitute of shelter and artificial food, is
left, in many instances, like the cattle of Norway, (whose diminu-
tive size is notorious,) to seek such food as the county affords ; and,
owing to their being secluded from other horses, frequent inter-
course among themselves have rendered their small and peculiar
forms permanent in the race ; and, with unerring precision, “ like
begets like.”

The permanent varieties that now exist among the cattle of the
British Isles is due to local circumstances and the art of man.
Most of the fine breeds now owned by English husbandmen are
named after the location in which they are said to originate,
These are permanent varieties, yet the most of them (in fact all,
except importations) are descendants of the “Wild or White
Forest breed.” Hence the Highland brecd, dispersed over the
mountains of North Britain; the Alderney, of the Norman Isles;
and the Devon, from the Bristel Channel, etc., are all permanent
rarietics, originally of the White Fvrest breed. Yorkshire ia
312 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

celebrated for the production of a permanent variety of horses
known as ‘‘ Clevelands.’? They are an anciznt and unmixed race.
Their bodies have peculiar markings, and if a foal should be born
without them, the owner would give orders for its immediate
destruction. I presume it is now understood what is meant by
permanent variety.

ANIMALS BECOME PARENTS TOO EARLY.

Victor GILBERT never allowed ewes to have iambs until they
had passed their third year, and the bucks were never used until
they had arrived at full maturity. THe, as well as many other
sagacious stock-raisers that I might name, are probably conver-
sant with the fact that, during the period of growth and develop-
ment up to maturity, the reproductive organs are dormant, while,
at the same time, the nutritive function was wholly engaged in
elaborating chyle and blood for the development of bone, muscle,
and nerve; and that by calling into rcquisition the reproductive
or generative organs befcre the animal had attained full growth,
must necessarily divert the elements of matter intended for nutri-
tion from their legitimate channel, and direct them to the repro-
ductive organs. This is precisely what takes plucc. A too early
use of the purely animal functions induces weakness and stunted
growth.

The author remembers that, in his school-boy days, it was cus-
tomaiy, so soon as a boy had accumulated a few pence, to invest
the same in a rabbit (a favorite animal at that period) ; conse-
quently we had a community of juvenil. rabbit-raisers ; und from
the results of past experience, az observed by the older boys, a rule
was adopted among us that the doe should not be put to the buck
until she had attained full maturity. The reason assigned for this
rule was, ‘‘ Early breeding prevented the doe from growing.’’? The
facts were evident ; still we knew not the why nor wherefore, but
acted on the spur of experience. Physiologists have assigned the
above as the true cause, and have, in their writings, pointed out
the woeful results which often follow a too early use of the purely
animal functions and organs. I seriously urge farmers to give
this subject that attention which it evidently demands. By so
doing they will prevent many of the unnecessary abortions which
are almost constantly occurring. Among the higher orders of
BREEDING, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME. 313

creation the same law holds good. In fact, there can be no devi-
ation frem it without incurring the hazard of paying the penalty,

Heifers should never be put to the bull until they have attained
the age of three or four years. At this period they are in their
prime. If they happen to have acquired too much fat, their daily
allowance must be reduced.

Human growth, according to the best authority, ceases between
the ages of twenty and twenty-five. In very warm regions, how-
ever, where development and decay are universally allowed to be
more rapid, the inhabitants come to maturity much earlier. A
superior class of human beings can only be produced by selections
and exclusions similar to those so successfully employed in rear-
ing the inferior orders. We may rejoice in a Fulton, Franklin,
or Webster occasionally, (by mere accident,) the parents uf such
being absolutely ignorant of the first principles of physiology
but, in the breeder’s language, such are in possession of the “ pre-
requisites.” In the first place, they had not entered the marriage
relationship prior to the age of reason. The parents, if we mis-
take not, were full-grown men and women, not boys nor girls,
They possibly possessed a sound mind and healthy constitution,
free from hereditary defect of mind and body, which stunted
growth, aided by artificial modes of life, are almost sure to entail,
Until within a few years, a wise and salutary law was in oper-
ation in the British Isles which interdicted marriage until the
candidates had arrived at the age of twenty-one. That law has
been set aside, and, consequently, the mass of the population of
the present day will not bear comparison with that of the past.

One safeguard, therefore, against stunted growth and ill-health
is to avoid a too early use of the reproductive function. And here~
in we are not safe unless proper selections have been made, and
faulty animals or persons rejected. I am persuaded that if hus-
bandmen of these United States could all view this important
matter in its right light, a very decided improvement would soon
be the result. The subject will, however, eventually command
the attention of all.

Many persons urge that the offspring of blood relatives are
weak, nervous, deficient in intellect, complete idiots, etc, and
that further intercourse in the same direction only makes bad
worse. These are facts which can not be controverted, yet the
weakness, nervousness, etc, does not occur from the relationship.
$14 DADD 8 VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

which exists between the parties, but is the result of their defeo
tive constitutions. Many of the cousin-marriages are entered inte
without the least regard to the rational theory cf selection and
rejection. The question is one of interest, not of utility. These
blood connections are consummated merely to retain property in
families, and to satisfy the caprices of doting parents, superannu-
ated uncles, and disappointed maiden aunts; and thus many an
idiotic or emaciated sprig of aristocracy unites his destinies with s
fashionable cousin the very counterpart of himself, both inherit
ing family defects of precisely similar character. Should they be
blessed (cursed, rather) with offspring, may we not expect a min-
iature of the originals? ‘“ Without due attention to avoiding dis-
ease, it will increase in the progeny.”

Among the human species, therefore, where the objects are of
such immense importance to present and future generations, the
principles of selection and rejection are entirely overlooked. We
pay more attention to the principles of breeding in cattle than we
do to those applicable also to their lord and master. Hence the
faults and defects alluded to are not the result of close affinities,
but result from our indifference or ignerance of the laws of life.

OpsecTIONS TO IN-AND-IN BRFEDING ANSWERED.

The two preceding paragraphs are bricf answers to the objec
tions against the sexual congress of blood-relations; yet, as other
evidence than my own, and of a more general character, may be
demanded by the reader, I Lave thought it best to introduce other
testimony. The following quotations are from the pen of P. 8.
Homerickson, of Ohio, published as a “ Prize Essay : ”

“Many object to what has been termed in-and-in breeding
Indecd, with most of those who do so, thei: objections assume
the form of a very strong prejudice. This is attributable to a
certain confusion in their minds, by which reasons, wherein there
is no proper connection, are made, with the aid of imagination, te
assume a form of mutual dependence and coherence in support of
their theory. In the human family, marriages within the Levitical
degree, or, as they are also called, incestuous marriages, are for-
bidden. But the prohibition rests exclusively upon woral, and
not at all upon natural or physical reasons; yet the direct phys
ical calamities are imagined to pursue the infringement cf that nw
BREEDING, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME. 315

Now, it would seem that where the moral reasons in favor of an
enactment are sufficient not only to justify but to demand it, re
more should be required. And this is in accordance with the
soundest rules of philosophizing. Moreover, if no such moral
reason existed, the authority of the Lawgiver, in the case of the
divine law, is a sufficient foundation and warrant for it; and the
human law is bound by and but follows the divine. Shall we,
then, take the step beyond, and apply to the inferior animal the
rule that was intended for rational, accountable man? We know
that, if left to his own observation and experience, and being him-
self the judge, the objector must avouch the fact that, in the state
of Nature, there is no restraint, and that auch connections are and
must be continually taking place.

THe ADVANTAGES OF IN-AND-IN BREEDING.

“ And if there are advantages arising from the having placed in
the line of the direct ancestry, near and remote, of our flocks,
great number of approved individuals, both maie and female, as
has been seen, it follows that there must be far greater advantages
arising from the having the same one individual (if he be of marked
superiority) placed in that line the greatest possible number of
times. ‘This is done by in-and-in breeding, and is the object of it.
Now, it is easier to find this one unsurpassed individual than to
find many; for in the many there will, most certainly, be one te
be preferred to all the rest. Then, under the operation or the
principle of atavism, the chances that the resemblance of such un-
equaled ancestor will be obtained must be in the ratio of the
number of times that he occurs in the ascending lines; hence
greater uniformity and greater excellence in all the progeny.
An apt illustration of this is found in the frequent occurrence of
the Godolphin Arabian, in the pedigrees of ail our best blooded
horses, carried back to him as their founder.”

In conclusion, the author offers the following, in view not only
of benefiting the horse, but his owner also.

THe ImporTANCE OF STUDYING ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.

There is an aphorism which is said to have emanated from a
Divine source, and it appeals to the intelligence of this enlightened
31€ DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

and progressive generation with peculiar force. It is, “ Know
thyself.” To understand our moral, intellectual, and pliysical
natures and tendencies should be the business of every one. The
cultivation of, and proper direction given to, the former, bring us
within the halc of health, purity, and peace. A knowledge of the
physical or physiological laws of life, and in practicing fidelity to
what they teach, places us on the high road to health and long life.
Anatomical and physiological acquirements are needed by every
one, in order that we may know ourselves, and thus be able to
preserve our wondrous mechanism, “the harp of a thousand
strings,” in its normal condition; for without health we can not
enjoy life, nor answer the purposes for which we were created.
We have the testimony of lecrned men, and our own reflective
minds confirm the facts, that an alarming number of premature
deaths, and an untold amount of physical infirmities, are the result
of either our ignorance of, or indifference to, the uncompromising
laws of Nature. The rational being, free from hereditary taint,
of mental or physical deformities, comes into the world with all
that is essential to his future life and happiness. He has within
his organization a radiant volume of intellectuality, organized,
compiled, and bound by the Divine hand, the first glimmer of
which reveals something adapted to present and future wants and
necessities. The intellectual spark, once ignited, is capable of an
mdless increase. We can add ray to ray, power on power, until
the God-like man acquires the mental greatness of a Webster, o1
the mechanical skill and distinction of a Fulton. We do not
expect that all can become Websters and Fultons, because we do
not all practice that invariable perseverance and stern energy
characteristic of giant intellect and mechanical skill. We are not
all willing to toil, mentally or physically, with that perseverance
and industry so necessary to success ; and if we were willing, after
having attained maturity or manhood, our minds and bodies being
trained and molded for station and circumstances, are then not so
well adapted, us in youth, for increase and power. Still, at thia
period of life, we are not destitute of the means of self-culture,
We are living illustrations of progressive mental capacities
which often transpire in men past the meridian of life, who,
befcre that period, never considered themselves favored in thus
line. How unfortunate it is, therefore, that the generality of
wankind should he so indifferent about the science of life, and be
BREEDING, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME. 317

to slow in making it the basis of rational action in warding off
disease, and in promoting the integrity of their existence! The
reason is, our education is incomplete. We are all that Nature
intended in elementary ability, and only deficient in its nse.
The means are anatomical and physiological studies; the time is
in youth, when the mind is pliant, capable of receiving permanent
impressions. The place for the engrafting of the same is in our
common schools and at the fireside, the mother and the teacher
wielding a common scepter of instruction.

Some people do not realize that our organizations are the result
cf the most positive laws of Nature, and that our ailments are the
result of our own ignorance or folly. The mass of mankind are
not aware that our physical systems are capable of improvement
analagous to the mental. No; they generally think and act on
the false and ruinous proposition that our diseases, aches, and
pains are so woven into the filamentary mechanism of the living
citadel as to be beyond the power of either art or science to eradi-
cate—a proposition that should never, for a moment, be enter-
tained ; for, if we live right up to the laws of life, we are then
within the impregnable ramparts of physiology, where our ac-
quired and {ashionable maladies can not obtain.

Within the bulwarks of physiology certain conditions are im-
posed upon us, and we must observe them. For example, we
require a pure atmosphere, at all times, to vitalize the blood, and
thus deprive it of those defiling elements acquired by venous blood,
and which would otherwise operate, as they often do, in our
crowded assemblies and unventilated sleeping-rooms, as the germs
to excite unnecessary disease. Next, the body should be kept erect,
ro that the muscles and organs may acquire and maintain naturaj
action. We require vigorous daily exercise of all the muscles of
voluntary motion ; freedom from all compression by dress; apparel
that shall afford needed protection ; a quantity of food and drink,
at intervals, that shall furnish materials for the wants of our sys-
tems, and that control of feeling which enlightened reason and
virtue demand. Our time should be distributed into daily periods
of labor, rest, and amusement; and, above all, we must bear in
mind that infirmity wedded to infirmity is a sin against our na-
ture—a wanton violation of the law of Nature and of our existence,
to which a fearful penalty ie appended, even unto the “third and
fourth generations.”
DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGE .y.

The faithful observance of the physiological laws of Nature re
sult in health and strength, and promote longevity. Such is the
fruit which the tree of knowledge beareth. The non-observance
of these laws of life places us on a par with the poor idiot, when
sporting with the implements of self-destruction, and furnishes te
us the forbidden fruit. Health depends entirely on the use which
we make of the various organs and functions of the body. Heaith
never comes to us or our live stock by virtue of good luck. None
are healthy by special Providence or Divine favor. Neither can
health be found in the popular nostrums of the day on the proceeds
of which quacks grow fat and wealthy, and patients often be-
come poverty-stricken, and finally sink into the arms of Death, in
blissful ignorance of what brought them there. Much of what is
here written is equally true regarding horses and cattle. Many of
their diseases spring from the same causes which are operative on
the Laman subject; hence, knowledge of the abnve description is
what ali tnterested should seek after.

 
 

 

SECTION XII.

LAMENESS FROM VARIOUS CAUSES

Cones— Exsow Tumcoe—Caprep Hoox-—Varrx, ok Boo Spavin—ATROPHY, on
Wastino or MoscLes—THorovgH-PIn-——NaviouLaR Diskase, on LAMENESH—
PLEvRO-pynia —AcuTs RasumatTisM— CHRONIO RaEUMATIS*—RING-BONE—
Spiint—Spra vin—Osteo Porosis—CurRVATORE OF THE Sping—Hoor-sounp—
Laminitis—SanpcRacK—QuaBTER CRacK—NAVIcULAR THRITIS—STIFLE Ov?

-ConTractios ov THE Hoor—Bowrep Lres—Corns—LAMENESB.

Curss.

URB consists of sprain of the posterior ligament of the hock,
known as the calcaneo-cuboid ligament. It is thus named
in consequence of being inserted into the oscalcis and cuboid bones.
The tumefaction is usually confined to the skin and subcellular
tissue. At first the part is hot and painful, and the animal is
Jame—does not flex the hock in a natural manner; yet, when
standing still, the horse keeps the lower part of the limb flexed,
so as to relieve the overstrained tendon. The liability or predis-
position to the disease lurks in breed. Such horses are observed
to have ill-shaped hocks. Such have been denominated “cow-
hocks.” The parts are not symmetrical, There is an obvious
disproportion between the width of the parts above and below the
hock, which gives it an angular appearance ; and the more angu-
larity there is, the more liability is there to sprain, because there
is too much tension on the caleaneo-cuboid ligament.
Causes.—The exciting causes of curb are sprain, occurring in
the act of backing a heavv load, or in leaping; in short the per-
formance of any feat that violently calls into play the flexor
muscles and tendons of the hind extremities ; hence stallions with
faulty hocks, when used for procreation, are very apt to become

the eubject of curb.
(819)
320 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

OURBS AND ELBOW TUMOR.

 

EXpLaNarTIon.

11. Ourbs, or enlargement in the region of the back or posterior part of the hock, an affed.
tion known to veterinarians as sprain of the caleaneo-cuboid ligament.

3. Elbow tumor, or enlargement at the point of the elbow. The point of the elbow correm
ponds to the olecranon of man.
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES 321

Treatment.—So soon as the injury is discovered, the part should
be fomented often with either an infusion of hops or poppy-
heads. [It is best to apply the infusion cold, and by means of a
sponge, the animal being kept at rest during the acute stage.
Sometimes, in view of relieving the tension of the sprained liga-
ment, it is customary to tack on a high-heeled shoe. This may
or may not be necessary, and depends on the severity of the case.
After having modified the inflammatory action, the high-heeled
shoe may be dispensed with. Then, in order to get rid of the
chronic enlargement, the part must be daily anointed, for a short
time, with a portion of the following :

No. 45. Powdered iodine.......0...200- eine alee, 1, OF,
Simple ointment..........-+.4. soeeeee OU dr.
Mix.

After a short time, the animal may be put to light work, still
making an occasional application of the iodine ointment.

Should the parts about the hock degenerate into a hard callous,
friction with cod-liver oil may be employed. Should this fail te
nave the desired effect, then make a few applications of the acetate
of cantharides, prepared as follows:

No. 46. Acetic acid (fludd).........02- eeeeeee 1 os.
Water . ss scsew sie steiaa os as ay avondale 5 os.
Powdered cantharides.......e.eesevees 1 dr.
Mix.

Exsow Tumor.

Elbow tumor (see cut on preceding page, fig. 2,) is usually ro
cognized as “capped elbow.” It sometimes grows to an enor-
mous size, and not only becomes unsightly, but seriously interferea
with the action of the elbow and its articulation. At first, the
part is hot, inflamed, and tender. Soon effusion takes place;
then the part is soft and fluctuating; next, albumen is deposited,
and this, finally, is metamorphosed into fibrine, at which stage the
tumor is large and dense ; the walls of the skin are also very much
thickened ; in fact, when dissecting out the tumor, it appears that
the skin is in a state of hypertrophy, or morbid growth. How-
ever, there is usually a central orifice in the tumor which seems
to indicate that the first trouble originated in a bursal sac, from
external injury, either by the calking of the shoe or the toe of the

21
322 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURUERY.

hind foot; or it may arise from a bruise inflicted in the act of
lying down on a hard floor.

Treatment.—In the early stage, and when there is nothing but
fluid in the sac, an opening should be made into the lower part of
it, by means of a thumb lancet. After the fluid has been evacu-
ated, by pressure, inject into it an astringent, composed of pyrolig-
neous acid and water, equal parts; and rub the exterior of the
tumor, twice daily, with a small quantity cf cod-liver oil. The
cod-liver-oil will act as a glandular stimulant, and thus aid in the
absorption of the tumor. A seton, inserted through the tumor,
sometimes has a very good effect: but if the tumor be large and
unsightly, the services of a surgeon will he required for ita removal,
by means of the scalpel.

Caprep Hock.

Capped hock consists of tumefaction, or enlargement at the
point of the hock. Occurring, as it does, at a very prominent
and exposed part of the limb, it is almost sure to attract notice ;
hence is not only an eye-sore, but a serious defect, and, if accom-
panied by lameness, the animal may be pronounced unsound,
during the period of lameness. The tumor is the result of enlarge-
ment of a synovial sac which lies between the bone and the tendon
gastrocnemii, This sac contains synovia, and it is furnished for
the purpose of lubricating the parts for the prevention of friction.
The skin, also, becomes thickened, or, rather, is in a state of hy-
pettrophy (morbid growth), which add largely to the size of the
tumor.

Causes,—Capped hock is generally produced by a blow or
bruise. It is almost always occasioned by the whiffle-tree coming
in contact with the parts. The animal may, however, injure the
parts in the act of kicking. The parts may also be bruised in the
act of lying down or rising in the stall. Therefore, not knowing
any other cause for capped hock, we may safely infer that it is the
result of external injury.

Treatment.—In the early or inflammatory stage, refrigeratig

lotions are indicated. Take of “
No. 47. Salammonia......cccecccoeccecevess 1 os.
Nitrate of potass...esseeeseeeceeecers 1 oz.

WateE cic sak eden s) oeelRaces 1 pint.
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 325

Sponge the part quite often, for a day or two, until the heat and
attendant pain subsides; after which the affection will run on to
the chronic stage, and perhaps acquire magnitude; then the treat-
ment must be altered. The object now is to excite absorption.
In that view, I recommend the following :

No 48. Powdered iodide of potass.......... . 2 dr,
Yellow basilicon........eeee0e eves 14 02.
Mix.

Apply a portion of this ointment to the enlargement, morning
and evening,

Varix (KNOWN 48 Boe Spavin).

Varix, or “ bog spavin,” consists of an enlargement on the in-
side of the hock, corresponding to a disease of the same character
in the human subject known as varicose veins. It very rarely
produces lameness, and most writers contend that it is nothing
more than an eye-sore. Be this as it may, it is a defect, and, in
the eye of the law, constitutes unsoundness, simply from the fact
that soundness consists in perfection of function and structure, and,
also, because sound horses do not have defects of this character.
The enlargement does not generally impair the usefulness of the
animal for ordinary work; yet sometimes, in consequence of over-
work or sprain, the tumor acquires magnitude.

It is always dangerous to attempt to remove varix, or to punc-
ture it; and the only proper method of treatment, in view of lim-
iting its growth, for it can not be cured, is to bathe it often witb
the following astringent lotion :

No. 49. Fluid extract of witch-hazel........... 2 2.
Fluid extract of bayberry bark........ 4 oz.
Proof spirit........ccceseceeeseseees 1 pint.
Mix.

Bog spavin is an indication of weak and faulty hocks, unless it
can be shown that the animal has been made to labor too early in
life, or has performed excessive work beyond his capacity. Then
the affection can be accounted for, and may vot owe its origin te
either fault or defect.
B24 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

ATROPHY, OR WASTING OF MUSCLES IN THE REGION UF
THE SHOULDER-BLADE, (KNOWN AS SWEENY.)

Atrophy signifies wasting of muscles, in which diseased parts
become notabiy smaller than those of the natural, without other
alteration in texture. The author has had several opportunities
of examining horses that have died in consequence of disease or
old age, who, during life, were the subjects of what is known as
sweeny, and found that the muscles of the shoulder had quite a
pale appearance, somewhat resembling those of a calf which had
been bled to death. A condensation or wasting of muscular fiber
was very apparent; the cellular membrane under the skin had
almost disappeared, merely by condensation and contraction of the
skin over the region of the parts, which contraction occurs in con-
sequence of shrinkage of the muscles beneath the skin,

 

A FOUNDERED OR DEAD LAME HORSE. (See p. 236.)

Causes.—As regards the cause of atrophy, it is a well-known
fact that inaction of a muscle produces a notable decrease in size,
The muscles of laboring men decrease in size whenever, from
choice or necessity, the individual leads a sedentary life. A limb
kept at rest for any length of time undergoes more or less atrophy
(wasting). In some cases, the foot diseases, so common, arc of
that character as to canse the subjects much pain in progression ;
LAMENESS, FROM NARIOUS CAUSES. 325

and, in order to relieve the feet, the horse spares the muscles, which,
for want of free and full action, leads to diminished nvtri+ion and
wasting (atrophy). Some of the readers of this work must have
noticed the fact of the shrinking of the muscles of the haunch in
case of disease or severe lameness of one of the hind feet. This
shrinkage often occurs, as in the case of the shoulder, from want
of natural action and full play of the muscles concerned. We
have ample proof that wasting is the result of want of action, in
the fact that when a horse becomes the subject of a painful disease
in the hind foot, he neither advances nor rotates the limb any
more than he can possibly help, but holds the foot up, sometimes
points it. On examination, the atrophy, or wasting, is confined to
the muscles which perform these two actions; and in the case of
pain or lameness in one of the fore-feet, the same faulty action is
observable, and the same class of muscles (whose action is almost
identical with that of the hind parts) are the ones affected.

The author deems it of great importance that husbandmen
should fully understand this subject; for it will enable them to
perceive that, while inflating horses’ shoulders with a quill, or
practicing any other absurd treatment in the vicinity of the wasted
or aweenied shoulder, they are overlooking the rea] malady (in
the foot), and at best are only treating symptoms. On careful
examination, however, should it appear that the patient is free
from any disorder of the foot or feet, and, on the other hand, it is
clearly evident that myositis or myalgia (muscular pain) exists,
then the treatment must be directed to the affected parts. The
facts in either case can only be determined by a competent practi
tioner.

The author has often noticed tuat when horses have been over
drive 1 ov overworked, they become stiff and lame in those parts
of the body most susceptible to the ordinary influences. For
example, one horse may perform a long journey, with a weighty
man on his back, and the next day show symptoms of lameness
in the lumbar region. His back is arched ; the limbs are brought
under the center of the body, and every movement indicates that
the animal suffers tormenting pains, which are located in the mas-
cles of the back. This is myositis, or inflammation of the muscular
fiber. Sometimes, however, the malady constitutes myalgia (mus-
cular pain and spasm), unaccompanied by inflammatory action.
Another horse may be put to a similar kind of work, and na
326 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

few hours afterward, be found stiff and lame. But the symptoms
are not the same as those just recorded. The pathology is proba-
vly identical ; it is the same disease, only it has a different locality.
Nt is myositis of the pectoral muscles, involving, also, the muscles
of the shoulder-blades, And the intelligent owner of the afflicted
animal will notice that the fore extremities are unnaturally ad-
vaxced ; the foreparts of the body are unnaturally hot and tender;
the frre-feet are feverish, and the hoofs are hotter still. The ad-
yanced position of the fore extremities and shoulders gives a very
marked hollowness to the forepart of the chest, and many men,
on seeing such a case, would declare that the animal was chest-
foundered, this being the name which is sometimes given to such
a condition ; but it is really owing to myalgia (muscular pain and
stiffness).

It is well-known that all muscles are subject to inflammatory
action and muscular pain from work disproportionate to their
strength. For example, let any man undertake to saw wood,
practice with heavy dumb-bells, or ride on a horse—feats that he
has never been accustomed to—and, whether the labor be excessive
or not, the individual will shortly complain of more or less mus-
cular pain; and if he be a weak man, the more excessive will be
that pain. Now, the muscles of the horse, being just as suscepti-
ble to pain as those of man, are just as easily operated on through
the well-known exciting causes.

Symptoms.—In the case of a horse, when the work has been ex-
cessive, and of a character to bring the muscles of the shoulders,
their tendons and coverings, into a state of over-exertion, it will
often be found that some of the muscular fibers in the region of the
shoulder are fractured, small blood-vessels are ruptured, and other
pathological changes take place. This is followed by inflammation
(myositis). Suppose, therefore, a horse shows symptoms of myo-
sitis after excessive work, and, in the course of a few days, it is
noticed that the muscles of his shoulders are wasting away, and
continue to waste, so that all persons who examine the animal
pronounce him sweenied, we may then infer that the wasting
(sweeny) is not symptomatic, but is the result of myositis.

Treatment.—The principal treatment is rest ; afterward diminish
the work, and, by proper diet and tonics, increase the power to de
it. The muscular parts affected should be bathed, morning and
evening, w:th a portion of the following:
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 327

No. 50. Fluid extract of wormwood...... F
Fluid extract of poppies........ each Ava,
Proof Spititevess 2 cccwcie ness eee dees 1 pint.
Mix.

Should the feet prove to be very hot and feverish, frequent
bathing with cold water, or a cold infusion of hops, will have a
very good effect. In the mean time give the animal two drachma
of fliid extract of gelseminum, once or twice per day, until the
feverish symptoms subside. Then, when the case passes into the
chronic stage (sweeny), the shoulders and wasted parts are to be
well rubbed, often, with a portion of the following:

No. 51. Fluid extract of ginger..... ee eeeeenses 4 on.
Gum camphor.........s05+ ae Sueiayerai pues 1 oz.
Oliveroils sg seein seve aane aa SoRoaws 4 pint.

Pulverize the gum ; add it to the oil, in which it will soon dis-
solve; then mix with it the ginger, and the preparation is fit for
use.

Should the muscles of the shoulder waste, in consequence of
chronic disease or altered structure about the hoof or within it,
such as ring-bone, ossification of the lateral cartilages, etc., then a
strong counter-irritant must be applied, for a week or so, around
the coronet. At the same time we should treat the shoulder as
above. A good counter-irritant for the coronet may be thus pre-
pared:

No. 52. Cod-liver oil... ..eesecccecccees

Kerosene oil..... Rares vib RSa 88
Mix.

\ equal parts.

‘Ihe great trouble in chronic cases of this character is, that it
esually takes a long time to free the animal from lameness, and to
restore the muscles of the shoulder to their original size ; and, after
all we can do, it may be necessary to let the animal have a run at
grass. It will be advisable, in all chronic cases, unless the horse
be very lame, to insure regular exercise, which will tend to develop
the shrunken muscles.

The best way to prevent sweeny is tc keep the horse in gocd
condition by a rational use of his muscular powers, being carefu'
not to overtax them, and by giving proper attention to his feet,
both in the stable and at the blacksmith’s shop.
328 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

THOROUGH-PIN.

The seat of thorough-pin is between the popliteous (fig. 2) and
the point of the hock, near where the tendon is severed, as shown
in the accompanying engraving. The disease is called thorough-
pin, simply because the fluid contained in the bursal sac can be
squeezed from one side to the other.

 

VIEW OF SOME OF THE DEEP-SEATED MUSCLES IN THE REGION OF THE HOCK ANb 8TIPFuk.

Expianation.—l, Popliteous; 2, Flexor pedis accessorius; 3, Flexor metatarsi magnus;
4, The tendon, common both to the flexor metatarsi and extensor pedis; 5, The groove
‘no which the extensor plays.

Symptoms.—The disease is similar to bog spavin and wind-galls;
namely, enlargement of a synovial sac. It seldom if ever lames
a horse, yet, when large, is apt to interfere with the free action of
the joint.

In former years it was customary to open thorough-pins by
means of a lancet, in view of evacuating the fluid; but many fatal
UAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 329

rases having ocenrred, the practice is now discontinued. Among
the many fatal cases recorded I sclect the following, which has
been recorded in the “ Veterinarian,” by W. A. WHEATLEY, V.S.:

“The subject was a five-year old cart-horse, the property of the
South-eastern Railway Company, admitted on the 1st of Sentem-
ber, 1855, with an immense thorough-pin on the off hock. The
anima! being then in a very high condition, a support shoe was
placed on the foot of the diseased limb, and the frequent applica-
tion of cold water to the diseased parts resorted to, the diet being
restricted to mashes.

October 6.—The horse was considered in a fit state for the op-
eration. Accordingly, I had the anima! secured by a side line, and
first punctured the enlargement with the exploring-needle, in four
different places; but, as the imprisoned fluid did not escape so
readily as I expected, I determined upon opening the part with
the lancet, which being done, the fluid escaped to the amount of a
small tea-cupful. It was of a thin consistence, and of a pale straw
color. I then applied bandages dipped in cold water, and kept
the hock constantly wet.

October 7.—The swelling had very slightly returned. I gave
some aperient medicine, and continued the bandages with cold
water, and applied a suitable truss to the hock.

I need not give a report of the case from day to day. Suffice
it to say that the cold water and the truss were continued in use,
and the animal never manifested the least inconvenience from the
operation.

November 21.—He was considered cured, not the least appear-
ance of the enlargemert being left.

November 29.—On this day the horse was attacked with abdom-
inal obstruction, and, despite all our remedial measures, consisting
of active purgatives, as solution of aloes, calomel, oleum lini et
erotoni. with the frequent use of medicated enemata, counter-
irritants, etc., he continued to grow worse till the 1st of December,
when death took place. This was the fourth attack of this kind
that the animal had experienced while under treatment for the dis-
eased hock.”

The danger to be apprehended in cases where au opening 1s
made by the lancet arises from the liability to synovitis, (inflamma-
tion of the synovial 1nembrane,) which reacts sympathetica ly on
rhe system, producing derangement « f some of the organs 03 ‘=:
339 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

tions of the body. Therefore I consider it inj adicious to lay oper
a synovial capsule in any part of the body.

Treatment.—The safest method of treatment is to puncture the
sac, by means of small needles. After having evacuated the fluid
through the sieve-like ncedle-holes, the part is to be smeared with
ointment of iodine—one drachm os iodine to seven drachms of
simple ointment. Then apply a spring truss, so constructed as to
press on both sides of the hock. By this means the internal parts
of the sac are kept in contact, and they finally unite. Thus the
enlargement is obliterated. If, at any time during the treatment
the parts become hot or tender, discontinue the ointment, and sub-
stitute a pad on each extremity of the truss, which are to be kept
constantly wet with cold water until the inflammatory action is-
appears.

- NavicuLarR LAMENESS

Navicular lameness is of very frequent occurrence among horses.
It usually depends upon strain or injury of the tendon, known as
perforans, just where it passes over the navicular bone. Some-
times the navicular bone becomes diseased, ulcerates, and finally
becomes fractured ; at other times the bone becomes the seat of
incrustations, or roughing, and thus irritates the flexor tendon.
Such affections always cause pain and lameness. Horses with nar-
row heels, or those laboring under contraction at the quarters and
heels, suffer much pain in the posterior or navicular region, in con-
sequence of hoof pressure on the sensitive parts of the foot.

A disease known as navicular thritis (inflammation of the parte
in the navicular region) often prevails. This is an inflammatory
affection, very painful, and much resembles laminitis) fever in the
foot).

Symptoms.—Pointing of the affected foot; the animal, while
standing, throws the affected foot forward, by which means the
weight of the forepart of the body is transferred to tke other limb;
the animal has a short, tripping gait, and steps cautiously; the
muscles of the shoulder waste; the spine of the shoulder-blade be-
comes quite prominent; and this condition of the muscles is often
called sweeny. We usually find, also, that the heels are pinched
in, and the walls are thin and weak. The liability to navicular
lameness is very great in horses with narrow chesta, upright pas-
terns, and outturned toes. Other defects in the loins exist. Hen-a
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 331

it is supposed that a predisposition to this affection may Jurk in
the breed; in fact, it is known that a tendency to it exis.s in the
progeny of certain horses. It is related that the progeny of
“Young Musician,” a thorough-bred horse, all showed a tendency
to navicular disease.

Treatment.—We first ascertain whether the difficulty is of an
acute or chronic character. Should it have made its appearance
very suddenly, and the part feels hot and painful, then we class
it as the acute stage. Should the trouble, however, be of long
standing, it will be in the chronic stage. In the acute stage, cold
water bandages must be applied to the region of the fetlock, which
should be kept wet with water, to which may be added a little
vinegar, merely to acidulate the former; the patient should be
kept at rest, and fed on a light diet. In the chronic stage, coun-
ter-irritants are indicated, yet organic disease may be the result;
in that event, the horse has always a sort of groggy walk, and is
aever sound,

Neurotomy has been practiced in view of treating this affection,
vut I can not perceive how such an operation can benefit a horse
naving an organic difficulty. Neurotomy merely destroys, for a
short time, the sensibility of certain parts of the foot ; but so soon
as the divided nerve reunites, sensibility is again restored. ‘There
may, however, occur some form of lameness which might be bene-
fited by neurotomy, but I think the same thing might be achieved
by counter-irritation, and without the use of the knife. The coun-
ter-irritant I have found most useful is as follows:

No. 53. Cod-liver of] ......esee0. aielarGvans afia\e wie ~ 2 on.
FE@TOSENG: :syie:srie are sto: oie ays! eke; ero%8 si0 sue 04 heise: OHO‘:
Cantharides ....... adie wigivieverye ste eecrew a Md,
Mix.

Apply a portion of the above to the navicular region, between
the heels and fetlock, on the back paz, once or twice daily, until
the part is well blistered, which will take place at the end of a
week, The more thorough the blistering, the more chance is there
of doing good. No after-dressing need be applied, unless the
parts hecome very sore; in that event, I should lubricate with
olive oil.

It wil: be necessary, in chronic cases, to secure the services of
x youd blacksmith, so that the animal may have a shoe affixed
properly adapted to the necessities of the case. If any signs of
332 UVADD’S VETERIN/«s MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

contra :tion exist, the heels are to be opened, and the walls at the
quarters must be rasped thin, so as to remove the lateral pressure
on the sensitive parts.

It may be necessary, in the event of the patient not being bene-
fited by the above treatment, to reapply the counter-irritant ; this
matter is left discretionary with those who take the case in hand.
In the treatment of such cases, the owner of the afflicted animal
must be prepared to exercise due patience, for the day of recovery
may be far distant; often it is a mere question of time, and not
one of skill.

PLEURODYNIA (PAINFUL AFFECTION OF THE PLEURA AND
MUSCLES OF THE CHEST).

Pleurodynia (in human practice) signifies pain in the side, from
a rheumatic affection of the pleura. In horses the malady not
only affects the pleura, bur also the intercostal muscles. It is a
very painful malady, and some persons are in the habit of calling
it “founder.” Pleurodynia, however, differs in its origin from
founder, inasmuch as the latter may arise from various carses,
whereas pleurodynia is almost always the result of an excessive
use of the muscular powers, or when the animal has been sub-
jected to long-continued and very severe exertion.

Symptons.—It will be noticed that the animal moves in a very
stiff manner; steps short and quite slow—he appears about used
up, as the saying is; the back is arched, and the skin is over the
service of the bedy, and is not only hot but very tender; on mak-
ing pressure over the regions of the sides of the chest, symptoms
of pain will be elicited, showing conclusively that the intercostal
muscles between the ribs and pleura, or lining membrane of the
cavity of the chest, ave involved; the respirations are short und
jerking, and the number of pulsations range from forty to sixty
per minute. Both fore-feet are usually advanced, and, on apply-
ing a hand to them, it will be found that they are unusually hot,
and that they are inflamed; the appetite is nct good; the urins
is high-colored, and the bowels constipated. Such are the most
observable and common symptoms of this painful malady. It is
something like rheumatism in its pathology, and often migrates
to the brain, or its investing membranes. When this happens
there remains but little hope for the patient.
LAMENESS FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 333

Treatment.— In view of illustrating the treatment, I introduce
Me following case: The animal had been hired of Mr. P , of
Chicago, by a person who appeared to have tut very little respect
or compassion for horse-flesh; for on the return of the animal to
the stable, he showed unmistakable evidences of shameful abuse.
He was completely jaded, aud could scarcely stand on his feet.
He received proper care and attention during the night, and next
morning I visited him. On making a careful examination, I
found must of the above symptoms present. It seemed, however,
that his feet were more affected than other parts of the body, and
it was impossible to get him to move. I had his feet bathed
constantly with cold water, and his joints, back, and sides were
rubbed with a liniment composed of equal parts of cod-liver oil
and spirits of camphor. The medicine administered was one
ounce of powdered niter, night and morning, for three days. The
pulse had decreased to thirty-six per minute, and the respirations
were more tranquil; so I discontinued the niter, and commenced
an alterative plan of treatment, by giving one ounce of fluid ex-
tract of stillingia, night and morning, at the same time continuing
the local applications until they were no longer needed. One
ounce of fluid extract of buchu was occasionally given, in view
of exciting the kidneys to action, and this is all the medicine the
patient received until convalescence was established, when he was
placed under tonic treatment. The tonic used was one ounce and
a half of fluid extract of golden seal, daily. The treatment occu-
pied a period of two weeks, during which time the animal stood
but little on his limbs, seldom rising except to partake of food,
which consisted of bran and water, a few oats, and small quan-
tities of hay. So soon as the patient had regained some strength,
he was led to pasture, where he soon got well. It appears that
in the treatment of a disease of this character, light diet, a few
simple medicines, and good nursing are all that are indicated.

 

AcuTE RHEUMATISM,

(CALLED “CHEST FOUNDER" AND ‘* WATER FounDen.””*

The faithful servant of man, the horse, does not enjoy im-
munity from this distressing disease. The same causes whict
operate on the system of man to develop a disease of this char-
acter are, with unerring certainty, operative on the inferior
creature. Rheumatism is mostly confined to the fibrous tex-
334 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

tures, or faschia of muscles, and the inter-articular cartilages of
the joints, and, finally, the articulating surfaces of the bones Se
come involved. The disease is always characterized by grea’
pain, and sometimes swelling in the re
gion of joint. It is accompanied by 1
. quick and wiry pulse, and by other symp-
toms, denominated febrile. It occurs
among men and horses at all seasons
of the year, yet at the period of sud-
den transitions from heat to cold it is
most prevalent. Animals when heated
by exercise, and then suffered to “cool
off,” without ordinary care, are very apt
to become the subjects of this malady, so
that prevention, to a certain extent, is
within our power, and, in the exercise
of preventive measures, we may, n com-
mon parlance, “stave off,” for a time,
this disease, although it may be latent in
the system as an hereditary affection.
agTUENAL Muscire ax” Texouss Mr. i’, Dun, who is good authority on
the subject, says:

“Rheumatism is neither so common, nor are its symptoms so
well marked, in horses as in cattle. When, however, it does occur
in the horse, it manifests the same well-known appearances which
characterize it in all animals. It affects the fibrous tissues of
joints, the coverings of muscles, tendons, valves about the heart,
and larger vessels, and manifests a peculiar tendency to shift from
one part of the body to another, often affecting, in succession, all
the larger joints—at one time chiefly in the neck, at another, in
the back and loins, while, in many of its more acute attacks, it
appears to involve almost every portion of fibrous and fibro-serous
tissues throughout the body. In all its varied types it exhibits a
fall, strong, hard, and unyielding pulse, caused by the inflamma-
tion involving the serous and fibro-serous tissues of the heart and
circulating vessels. During its existence, various excrementitious
matters accumulate in the blood, and the fibrinous constituents
of the same exceed their normal proportions, as indicated by the
production of the buffy coat on the blood. In severe or badly-
treated cases, the inflammation is very apt to be transformed from

 
LAMENESS, FROM VARIVUS CAUSES. 335

the joints and muscles to the heart, and its investing inembraneg,
and it is the danger of this change in the seat of the disease that
venders rheumatism so formidable, and often so fatal. It always
leaves the parts affected so altered as to be extremely predisposed
to subsequent attacks, and it is more than probable that this altered
condition is reproduced in the progenies of rheumatic subjects, and
constitutes in them the inherent tendency to the disease.

Horses sometimes suffer from rheumatic inflammaticn in the
fibrous sheathing envelopes of the muscles of the neck, constitut-
ing what is popularly known as the chords. When thus affected,
the animal is very stiff, remains as much as possible in one posi-
tion, and is unwilling to bend his neck either one way or the other,
or to elevate or depress his head. There is always more or less
fever, with a strong, full pulse. Sometimes, as in lumbago, in the
human subject, it affects the muscles of the back and loins, caus-
ing stiffness, tenderness, and pain, which are especially evinced on
moving or turning the animal. These rheumatic affections are
very readily produced in predisposed subjects by exposure to rain
and cold, especially when accompanied by overheating or exhaus-
tion.

Rheumatism sometimes occurs in horses as a prominent symp
tom of that epizodtic affection which usually receives the much-
abused title of influenza. In such cases the rheumatism is of a
somewhat more subacute or chronic character than common, and
is accompanied by that low, debilitating fever so often the con-
comitant of epizodtic maladies. It usually affects all parts of the
body susceptible of the rheumatic inflammation, is attended par-
ticularly by those symptoms which indicate disease of the heart
and pericardium, as an intermittent pulse, etc., and often termi-
nates fatally by effusions into the pleara or pericardium, thus
causing death by arresting the motions of the heart.”

Treatment.—In the treatment of rheumatism simulating an in-
flammatory type, our first object is to produce a sedative effect on
the heart and its vessels of circulation. With this object in view,
we administer one or two drachms of fluid extract of gelseminum
every four hours, until the pulse becomes softer. In the mean time
a few doses of nitrate of potass* should be given in the water

 

 

*Nipate or Porassa.—In a case of synovial rheumatism this remedy was
given by « Boston physician, in a single dose of one ounce, dissolved in a pint
336 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

which tlie animal drinks, at the rate of one ounce per day, divided
into doses in proportion to the number of times the patient in
watered. So soon as the animal evinces signs of improvement,
the above treatment is to be discontinued ; then give six drachms
per day of fluid extract of prince’s pine. The joints which seem
to be affected are to be bathed occasionally with campheorated
vinegar, in the proportion of one ounce of camphor to eight ounces
(fluid) of vinegar

Curonic RHEUMATI8h

Chronic rheumatism is usually the sequel of the acute kind. it
is generally obstinate and lingering, and prone to recur. Unlike
the acute kind, pain is alleviated by counter-irritation and exer-
cise ; and when the }~tient gets warmed up, as the saying is, he
either forgets his pains «r becomes relieved. Bathing with warm
vinegar has a gvod effect in the treatment of this disease, but I
have found the following liniment useful in almost all the cases
that have come under my care:

No. 54. Oil of cedar........ ceeseccccecsceee 2 0%
Sulphuric ether......ceececccceseeees 1 0%.
Proof spirit... ...0.eceecceceeececess L pint.

First, mix together the oil of cedar and sulphuric ether; then
add the proof spirit, and, after shaking it awhile, it is fit for use.
Give the animal one fluid drachm of the fluid extract of colchi-
cum-root, night and morning, for tlree days; after which give,
daily, twenty-five grains of the iodide of pctass, dissolved in half
a gill of water. Should the animal show any signs of debility or
loss of flesh, tonics, stimulants, and nutritious diet are indicated,

 

and a half of barley-water. This was followed by one grain of opium. In fif
teen hours the pulse was found reduced, and the pain absolutely gone; and ino
few days the tongue was clean, and the swelling entirely abated. The remedy
eaused neither emesis nor catharsis, but passed off by the kidneys. In another
case of acute synovial attack, following chronic rheumatism, the same dose was
prescribed without any good effect, causing active catharsis. Again, half an
ounce of nitrate of potassa, largely diluted, was given every two to four hours,
antil the patient took three ounces in eighteen hours, with two doses of opium
of one grain each, with entire relief to the pain and fever. When the potesh
was reduced to drachm doses, nausea ar d vomiting followed, which were relieved
by vesication with aqua ammonia, the blister being sprinkled with half a grain
of morphine. The patient recovered. Another physician had used the remedy
te the extent of half an ounce in twenty-four hours, for three successive days
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSzs. 331

The authorities teach us, and my own experience has vonfirmed
the fact, that iodide of potass is a valuable agent ix. the treatment
of chronic rheumatism. It is most sure to act beneficially when
the periosteum (fibrous covering of the bones) is affected. There
is no doubt that chronic rheumatism often cripples the joints by
producing disease of the bones in the region of their articulations.
This makes a poor horse dead lame, and renders him almost useless.
When the bones become ulcerated or carious there remains but little
hope of cure.

RING-BONE,

Ring-bone is a form of disease the pathology of which is similar
to that of spavin and splent. It is located just above the coronet
or crown of the hoof. The enlargement is called exostosis (a mor-
bid enlargement of bone), and when the iarge pastern becomes
united to the smaller one, the case is called anchylosis (permanent
rigidity of the joint).

The term ring-bone is far behind the times as regards our pres-
ent knowledge of nosology (the doctrine of the names of diseases) ;
yet, to the unprofessional, it is suggestive, and, therefore, we are
compelled to retain a rame which all can interpret. It signifies
a complete or partial eminence around pastern bones. The ring
is formed by incrustations, or osseous deposits in the pastern, or
involving the joint, as the case may be; yet, in order to make out
a pure case of ring-bone, that comes strictly within the meaning
of the term as horsemen interpret it, there must exist a complete
ridge of bone around the anterior part, extending from side to side.
A pure case of ring-bone generally originates on the surface of the
bone, on or beneath the periosteum. Commencing at the lower
margin of pastern and upper part of the coronet bone, the disease
spreads, involving both capsular ligament and joint. The remote
cause of ring-bone lies in hereditary idiosyncrasies, transmitted
through the sexual congress. The disease itself is sometimes di-
rectly transmitted. I once bought an unweaned colt, and brought
it up by hand. A short time after purchase, I observed enlarge-
ments on the hind pasterns. He ultimately turned out to be a
ring -boned animal, and had stiff jointa. I found out afterward
that the mother had large ring-bones on both hind pasterns. The
disease was, therefore, congenital.

Mr, PERCIVALL, whose opinion on such watters is unquestion

oD
eo
3c8 DADD’S VELERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

able, says that his attention to the hereditary origin of ring-bone
was first aroused from a remark made by an extensive dealer in
horses, in reply to a question put to him, How it happened that
but few ringbones were met with, compared to the number that
sttractec notice in times past? The reply was, “ Because no
breeder of horses nowadays will send a mare to a horse having
ring-bone.” A very good example for American horsemen to fol-
low, for the disease is very prevalent in some parts of this country.
A vast number of our best as well as inferior horses a12 .Le sub-
jects of this infirmity. The disease lurks in breed, after the fash-
ion of scrofula and consumption in the human subject. When
both parents are affected, the disease in the offspring is doubly
severe.

The author just quoted remarks that “a coarse or half-breed,
fleshy or bony-legged horse, with short and upright pasterns, is
the ordinary subject of this disease ; and there exists satisfactory
reasons why we should expect him to be so. The pastern and
coffin bones constitute the nethermost of the column of bones
composing the limbs, and being so, they receive the entire weight
and force transmitted from above. The pastern, being long and
oblique in position, receives the superincumbent weight on such an
indirect line that, bending toward the ground with the fetlock,
nothing like jar nor concussion follows. The very reverse of this,
however, happens every time the foot of a limb, having a short,
upright pastern, comes to the ground. In such, instead of the
weight descending obliquely.upon the sessamoids, and the fetlock
bending therewith, it descends directly, or nearly so, upon the
pasterns, making this bone entirely dependent on the bone beneath
it for counteracting concussion; and should any thing occur to
diminish this, or to throw more weight on the bones beneath than
they can counteract, jar of the whole apparatus ensues; and an
effort of Nature to strengthen the parts, by investing them with
callous and ossification, is likely to be the ultimate result; for we
would view ring-bone, disease though it must assuredly be called,
a recourse of Nature to strengthen weak parts, the bones being
unequal to the exertions or efforts required of them.”

Another quotation may possibly interest the reader:

“ Ring-bone is an exostosis (a growth of bone from bone) situated
ground the coronet, mostly near the pastern joint, at othe: times
just above it; and not unfrequently the joint becomes anc aylose4
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. R35

owing to the spread of ossification; that is, the coffin bune and
pastern bone become united together by bony growth. Ring-
bones are the result of hereditary predisposition, structural organi-
zation, and accident. As to hereditary predisposition, there is no
doubt but that some sires, the subjects of spavin, ring-bone, and
other forms of exostosis, father foals which often, sooner or later,
toemstlves become victims of the same disease. The same law
applies to dams. Breeders of horses are fully aware of this fact,
and are, therefore, more careful than formerly in the selection of
parents for the purposes of breeding from. As to form, many
living cases which now exist prove the truth of the statement that
low-bred, coarse-limbed horses, with short, upright pasterns, are
frequently subjects of ring-bone. Why such should be the case
with animals with upright pasterns is easily explained, as follows:
The pastern bones in a well-formed limb ought to form an oblique
angle with the cannon-bone (metacarpus) placed above them;
whereas, if the pastern is upright, the column of bones from the
elbow-joint to the foot is, necessarily, placed in one and the same
straight line, causing, at every step made by the animal during
progression, a severe concussive shock to be produced on the whole
column of bones, but more especially on the pastern bones, owing
to the superincumbent weight of the bones above them. Thus one
or more of the pastern-bones become injured and inflamed, and,
finally, as a consequence, exostosis ensues, the coronet becomes in-
volved, and the disease denominated ring-bone is set up.”

Mr. PERCIVALL quotes from Gibson: “When a well-formed,
high-bred horse happens to have a ring-bone, we may conclude it
to proceed from some accident rather than from any natural fault.
The disease may also be produced by a blow to the part, and from
the efforts made to increase speed, when concussion causes injury,
inflammation, and consequent exostosis to the bones of the pastern,
As to treatment, we should recommend the proprietors of young
horses, subject to ring-bones, to place their horses in a state of
aature, by removing the shoes from their feet, and by turning out
to grass. If this, after a fair trial, fail, then the treatment for
epavin and other exostosis must be resorted to, such as blistering
the affected part and keeping the animal on a low diet. No dis-
wsse is more troublesome to treat, or more demands the strict at-
evtion of a skillful veterinarian.”

Causes.—The exciting causes of ring-bone are ligamentary
840 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

sprains, brought about by overwork, extraordinary feats of strength
jn drawing heavy loads, etc. In short, either sprain, injury, blow,
or bruise may act as the pathological spark to bring <cbout the
disvase.

Regarding the treatment of ring-bone, it would be intervstiny,
and perhaps amusing, to call attention to some of the hernic
methods of combating this malady; but the animal has nerves of
sensibility, and is as keenly alive to pain as one of us; therefcre
it is not really pleasant to dwell on the atrocities which are not
unfrequently practiced on this noble animal. A very common
error exists in the minds of some people that ring-bone is fed by
a bladder at the posterior part of the pastern, which has about as
much to do in the production of the disease as the author of this
work. This error would not amount to much, however, only it
has led to the infliction of a cruel operation, without the least
advantage; namely, the cutting out of the bladder. Now, this so-
called bladder is, in reality, a bursal sac, the use of which is to
secrete synovia, to be used for the purpose of guarding against
friction ; therefore, the extraction of it must be disadvantageous to
the parts.

It seems that ring-bone is not enough torment for the poor brute
to suffer, but he must, in addition, submit to a species of cruelty
unheard of in the annals of human medicine. Such treatment is
wrong, and every man who loves a horse should set his face against
it, and use every effort for the purpose of putting a stcp to the
practice of all barbarity in the treatment of domestic animals.

Treatment.—The question to decide, when we undertake to treat
a case of this character is, whether the disease is in tle acute or
chronic stage. Experience teaches us that nearly all diseases may
be divided into two classes: First, the acute, or those which come
on suddenly, attended by pain and fever, or, rather, ‘ebrile symp-
toms; for there are no primary fevers in the horse. Mquine fevers
are always called into existence, or accompany a pa-hological con-
dition which frequently existed, aad the fever is i1 exact ratio to
the intensity of the disease. Cure the disease and the fever ceases,
Acute diseases also tend to termination within a short period of
time, or else run into the chronic stage. Secoadly, the chronia
stage. Chronic diseases are those of slow progress, and exceed in
duration the ordinary existence of the acute class. They may
arise i consequerce of acute disc rders, or be developed >riginally
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 341

in tas furm which they long afterward preserve. For the most
part, chronic disease and lameness are not marked by any violent
symptoms, nor are they accompanied with mucn pain, if the horse
be kept at rest.

Suppose the disease to have first made its appearance, the parta
will be hot and jsainful; but the idea of curing ring-bone—that
is, restoring the parts to their normal condition—is really abeurd ;
fo, when once the bones are anchylosed, the joint never can per-
form its natural function again. The new growths (exostosis),
and the changes of structure that occur within and about the
region of disease, are a part of Nature’s own handiwork, in view
of strengthening a weak bone or joint. Our object in the treat-
ment, therefore, is merely to aid Nature. Excuse the animal from
work, and apply sedative lotions (cold-water dressings) so long as
the acute stage lasts; then, when the case passes into the chronie
stage, apply counter-irritants for a week or two, and, finally, turn
the patient out to grass, The following will be found an effective
sedative lotion:

No. 55. Spirits of camphor...........-.0.00. 2 oz.
Fluid extract of wormwood.......... 1 oz.
Vinegar. ....-e06. avéiievnie: ie Siscee ea ewes 5 oz.

To be applied twice dailv.

The following is an excellent counter-irritant for ring-bone in
its chronic stage:

No. 56. Cod-liver Oil... .cceeeeeeeceeees
Kerosene .....cceeeeeeceererece

Apply once or twice daily, until a crop of pustules appear ; then
omit the application, and reapply it at the expiration of two or
three intermitting periods.

The remedies used by veterinary surgeons generally, are oil of
eantharides, acetate of cantharides, blistering ointment, ointment
of biniodide of mercury, and, lastly, the actual cautery, or heated
iron. I have tried all except the latter, which savors too much
of barbarity, and I never found any thing to equal the preparation
here recommended-—namely, cod-liver oil and kerosene.

i equal parts.

NAVICULARTHRITIS (NAVICULAR DISEASE).

Navicularthritis is an acute disease, supposed to be confined to
ihe navicular region, or joint, which is in the posterior part of ta
342 vADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

foot. The navicular bone (sometimes called the shuttle-bcne) &
so placed as to strengthen the union between the lower pastern
and the coffin bone, and to enable the flexor tendon, which passes
over it, in order to be inserted into the bottom of the coffin kone,
to act with more advantage. There is a good deal of weight
thrown on the navicular bone, and from the navicular bone t
the tendon, and there is a great deal of motion or play between
them in the bending and extension of the pasterns. It is verw
easy, therefore, to conceive that from sudden concussion, or from
rapid and unrestrained motion, the delicate membrane which covera
the bune, or the cartilage of the bone, may become diseased. The
bone sometimes becomes ulcerated and fractured, so that it renders
the horse almost perpetually lame.

Symptoms.—The principal symptom of this affection is pointing
of the foot. Ifthe horse be watched, when standing still in the
stable or on the street, it wiil be noticed that the affected limb ig
advanced or pointed in such a manner as to relieve the navicule:
bone of any pressure from the flexor tendon, and this occurs in
the chronic stage as well as in the acute. It will be observed,
also, that the animal, when traveling, takes short steps, goes on
the toe, and tries to favor the heel, or posterior parts, as much as
possible. The favoring of the heel tends to destroy the function
of expansibility of the hoof, and contraction of the same is the
result.

Treatment.—Should the disease be discovered early, that is, in
the acute stage, the foot should be placed in a boot lined with a
sponge. The latter is to be kept constantly wet with a portion
of vinegar and water, equal parts. This may be continued for a
period of twenty-four hours, at the end of which time bathe the
coronct and heels with tincture of arnica. Light diet and perfect
quiet, as in every other variety of inflammatory disease, are always
vecessary.

In old chronic cases we resort to counter-irritation, {Lrough re
peatec ipplications of the acetate of cantharides. Should there b
kny appearance of contraction, the heels of the hoof must be we!:
cpened, and the walls of the hoof, near the heels, must be rasped
thin, so as not only to favor the expansibility of the foot, but ale.
with a view to relieve the navicular region of any undue pres:
wre,
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 343

S11FLe Out (DisLocaTion on LUXATION OF THY STIFLE
Bone).

The patella of the horse, or stifle bone, as it is familiarly known,
porresponds to the knee-pan of man, and answers the same pur-
pose; that is, to facilitate motion, and protect the two extremities
of the bones which compose the stifle-joint. 1t is retained in situ
at the anterior part of the inferior extremity of the thigh bone and
superior extremity of the tibia.

Ax accident of this character is generally accompanied with con
riderable pain and uneasiness; but the most notable symptom is,
the bune is thrown off its pulley-like articulatory surface, and thus
the recti and vasti muscles (the latter being direct extensors of the
leg or thigh, and the action of the former being similar) are, for
the time being, paralyzed ; that is to say, their action is suspended.
If they act at all, it is under great disadvantage, and at the expense
of their muscular integrity. The liability to luxation of the stifle
bone (patella) is not so great as some persons would have us be-
lieve. The bone is secured in its position by a number of strong
ligaments—has a complete articulatory joint of its own, whose
capsular ligaments have strong attachments to surround them. The
muscles, tensor vagine, rectus, vasti faschia, panniculus carnosus,
subcellular substance and integument, all operate favorably against
the chances of luxation. The accident, however, does sometimes
occur—not, perhaps, from any disarrangement of the mechanical
order of the parts by violence, such as might be operative in dis-
location of the thigh or arm bones, but often from spasm, cramp,
ete., of certain muscles in the immediate vicinity of the parts.

“T think his stifle is out,” is a very common complaint made
by horse-owners when a horse becomes lame, and the “ neighbors”
can not discover the exact location of the same. They hastily
conclude, if the lameness is in the hind extremity, that the “ stifle
is out” (luxated). Here is a case in point. I received a message
some time ago, to visit a horse said to have “ his stifle out.” On
making examination of the foot on the lame side, I found it much
hotter than its fellow on the opposite side. The owner, at the
moment, remarked that there was “no trouble in the foot.” He,
however, was nistaken; for I found that a nail nau entered the
vosterior part of the cleft of tLe frog, which I extracted, and this
was the sole cause of lameness. I m:ght relate a number of mis:
344 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

takes of this kind, all going to show how very apt people are te
be deceived regarding the seat of lameness in horses. In short,
judging from my own experience, and the testimony offered by
other professional men, it may be confidently asserted that luxation
of the patella is quite a rare accident. These remarks are intended
for the instruction of the non-professional reader. Persons con-
yersant with the anatomy of the horse are not expected to make
such a mistake as the one just alluded to; hence they do not stand
in need of the author’s advice.

Method of reducing dislocation of the patella—The means of re-
duction are very simple. The patella will be found on the lower
and outer condyle of the thigh bone. With one hand let the
operator grasp the leg, just below the hock, and raise it from the
ground in an upward and forward direction; the other hand em-
braces the stifle bone, and by a simultaneous action of pressing the
latter inward, and the bones that compose the joint backward, the
reduction is soon effected. The bone, in returning to its natural
situation, emits a sound such as usually follows that of a dislocated
bone just at the moment when slipping into the socket. A recent
dislocation, when reduced, needs no after-treatment, except tha
occasional application of an astringent and a couple of days’ rest;
but, should the bone have remained unreduced for many hours, we
way infer that the muscles and ligaments have been stretched or
distended too iong in one direction, and that, on reduction, the
fibers of the muscles concerned may not immediately contract;
hence the bone is apt to slip off its articulatory surface again. T'o
guard against this mishap, a man must be stationed beside the
horse. He must keep his hand on the bone, and by pressure,
when the horse moves, retain it in its proper place. At the sama
tame, the part i7 to be bathed with some astringent. An infusion
of white-oak bark will answer; or, failing to obtain this article,
apply alum-water, in the proportion of two ounces of alum to one
qnart of water.

CONTRACTION OF THE Hoor.

Contraction of the hoof is so easily recognized by persons accus:
tumed to handle horses, that very little needs to be written on that
subject. A contracted foot “speaks for itself,” as the saying is.
‘The ueels are approximated too closely, and this mars the beanty
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES 345

and furm of the foot. Contraction is almost al-vays, in its first
stage, accompanied by lameness. Faulty shoeing is said to have
considerable to do in the production of contracted feet; yet there
are plenty of horses, having strong, thick, walled hoofs, very wide
at the heels, often shod in the worst possible manner, and their
heels never contract. Jt is certain, therefore, that a predisposition
to contraction lurks in some breeds of horses, which is shown by
their having weak quarters and a thin, shelly hoof. A contracted
hoof, which is very thin at the heels, may not occasion lameness,
because it is more elastic than the thick, walled hoof, and gives to
the lateral pressure of the foot when it comes to the ground.
PERCIVALL contends that “shoeing must be regarded as the
main cause, indirect though it be, of contraction ; and to the modifi-
cation or correction of it must we look for the prophylactic. Shoe-
ing, as it respects horses, has been said to be ‘a necessary evil.’
Without shoes, upon our artificial roads, we can not make use of
horses; and no shoes have been found to answer save such as are
hard and inflexible or metallic, and as are fixed to the hoofs with
nails. Here, therefore, we find ourselves in an awkward dilemma.
We can not do without horseshoes; and from the moment we nail
them to the hoofs, the feet begin to undergo more or less alteration
in form, and, in too many instances, to experience harm from their
application. The art of shoeing has given rise to a wonderful deal
of difference of opinion and controversy, some thinking one shape
of shoe answered best, some another; while some prefer one mode
of nailing it upon the hoof, others a different one. As far as my
own experience has served as a guide to me through this labyrinth
of opinion, I have ever found that method of shoeing the prefera-
ble one which approached the nearest to Nature, or, in other words,
which interfered the least with the economy of the foot. If we
could do without them, horseshoes would, undoubtedly, be best
abolished altogether ; but, since this is impracticable, let us adopt
such shoes and modes of attaching them to the hoofs as are found
to work the least mischief to the feet. On this principle it is that
a half shoe is to be preferred to a whole shoe, and for the same
reason it is that tips, of all the horseshoes that were ever invented,
are the best; that is, the least objectionable. If those in the pro-
fession would come forward and inform us of their experience
(if they have had any) of tip-shoeing, I believe it would uni-
formly be found that, whatever objection might be urged against
846 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

the use of tips, no one would deny their tendency the least te
interfere with the operations of the foot. If there be any horse-
shoe calculated to prevent contraction, and navicularthritis aa
well, I feel no hesitation myself in pronouncing that horseshoe to
be the tip. In saying so much, I am fully aware that tip-shoeing
can not be introduced into general practice for reason cf the roads
horses have to travel and work upon, and of the numbers of horses
having hoofs of too weak and brittle a fiber to stand work without
chipping and breaking and wearing too rapidly away. On horses,
however, whose hoofs are strong and hard enough, and whose
work is light enough to admit of their wearing tips for any length
of time, or in situations where the roads or parts of the country
they have to do their work upon enable them to wear tips con-
stantly, no wholly-shod horses’ feet will ever bear a comparison
with theirs.

Pressure to the frog—Coleman’s favorite prophylactic against
contraction (considering shoeing to be an indispensable evil) must
certainly be regarded as next in importance, as a preventive, to
getting quit of the shoe itself, or of part of it. The frog being
a body which in action operates in the expansion of the hoof, the
removal of it, or even the impairment of it, must, necessarily, give
facility to contraction. It therefore behooves us, in ordinary shoe-
ing, to look well to the preservation of the integrity of this im.
portant part of the foot.

The cutting away of the bars in shoeing, through robbing the
hoof of a couple of stays operating against the closure of its heels,
conduces to its contraction. Nature gave the bars 23 a sort of
buttress against either heel of the hoof, to oppose its drawing in-
ward, while the frog, placed between the heels, is operating in
forcing them asunder; consequently, if the bars be removed, the
expansive or counteractive powers of the hoof lose an agent they
can, in many cases, ill afford to be deprived of.

The contracting effects of heat and drought on the hoof may be
jtuarded against by keeping the horse’s stall free from ferment-
able litter, while the atmosphere of the stable is maintained cool
ana unpolluted. The practice, also, of stopping horses’ feet (or,
what I believe to be better, of wearing swabs in the stable) will
likewise tend to guard against the contracting effects of thea
agents. We now come to the

Treatment of contracted feet.—The first thing to determine, when
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 347

ever a casc «.f contraction is submitted to us for treatment, will ba
whether it be one of the pure or mixed description. If the former,
the horse not therefore lame, and his feet be submitted to our in-
spection simply from the apprehension of his becoming lame, and
the contraction be on this account desired to be removed, the eimple
and best means of doing so will be to substitute tips for the horse’s
ordinary shoes, and to order that he stand with his contracted feet
in cold water (or, what is better, in a bed of clay) for a couple of
hours, once ur twice a day, he being allowed to lie down, as usual,
at night. By suck. a simple plan of treatment as this will his hoofs,
giving sufficiency of time for Nature to carry out her operations,
become restored to their pristine condition.”

The author’s method of treating contraction is, to soften the
hoof by soaking it often in warm water; then open the heels by
means of the drawing-knife; rasp the quarters of the hoof; then
pare the foot, but do not touch the bars nor frog; then put on a
light shoe, and use the animal, daily, at light work. It will be
proper, also, to anoint the hoof, frog, and sole occasionally with
@ portion of fish oil and spirits of turpentine, equal parts. This
will soon soften the hoof, and render it elastic.

HooF-BounD.

This term is usually applied to hoofs that appear to be dry,
brittle, unyielding, and having the appearance of more or less
contraction at the heels, The hoof, under such circumstances,
“ pinches the foot,” as the saying is, or, rather, embraces the soft
tissues too closely. The consequence is, pain, fever, lameness, and
perhaps, finally, organic disease of the foot. The condition of the
foot termed hoof-bound usually occurs in horses laboring under
some predisposition to the same; that is to say, they have faulty
feet, which fault may be either functional or structural, and thus
the foot may be affected accordingly whenever the ordinary causes
of disease are in operation.

Causes.—The ordinary cr exciting causes of diseases of the feet
are said to be faulty shoeing; allowing horses to stand on plank
flours, or in any situation which is likely to pervert the function
of the foot; sometimes the feet are very much neglected, and
scarcely, if ever, make the acquaintance of sponge and water, and
i} is very certain that uncleanliness has a bad effect upon the feet,
848 BAD.S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

as it is known to have on other parts of the body. “No prince
ever died of the plague,” shows that the ablutions daily practiced
by persons of refinement, occupying an exalted position in society,
operate as a preventive against even a mortal malady. Yet, not-
withstanding all this, it is proper for us to remark that some horses
are occasionally the subjects of foot maladies, notwithstanding the
very best system of shoeing is practiced on them ; and others, that
never stood on a plank floor or inclined plane, are in the same pre-
dicament; so, also, are some that have their feet washed often
This goes to show that if animals under the very best care and
management get hoof-bound, or contracted feet, it is due to a pre-
disposition which they have either inherited or acquired, and, as
the old saying is, they would not enjoy bodily health unless they
were hoof-bound.

It is very evident that many diseases of the feet are traceable
to bad shoeing. Some persons seem to suppose that the foot of a
horse is as insensible as stone; and, when we see the blacksmith
wrenching off shoes by main force, often fracturing the hoof oz
breaking off a portion of the bars, frog, and sole, with as little
care as a man would rough-trim a log, and afterward applying a
red-hot shoe to the thinned sole, we might be led to infer that tne
foot is really insensible. The Hon. MarsHaxy P. WILDER thus
denounces such bad practice :

“T know of no greater evidence of inhumanity to that noble
animal the horse, than the almost universal custom of paring down
the foot and burming on the shoe. It has ever, to my mind, been
among the barbarisms of the age, which I trust will be no longer
countenanced by civilized society ; and I sympathize with the
efforts of every one engaged in correcting such dangerous prac-
tices.”

The practice, also, of using a pair of pinchers on the feet, in
view of discovering some real or supposed lameness, is equally
barbarous, and often results in bruises of the sole, and should,
therefore, be discountenanced.

Treatment.—The blacksmith should so prepare the foot and fit
the shoe that the frog may be brought in contact with the ground
over which the horse travels. This not only prevents undue con-
cussion, which would otherwise occur, but tends, also, to expand
the heels, and preserve the natural tread and function of the foot.
Having prepared the foot in a proper manner, we then, if the sea-
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. SAE

son of the year permits, apply cold water to the hoofs, often and
freely. At night the feet are to be wiped perfectly dry, and, by
means of a sponge, a portion of the following mixture must be
rubbed on: ‘Kerosene oil and honey, equal parts; or neats-foot
oil and turpentine, equal parts. Notwithstanding the very best
treatment, the restoration of the foot to comparative or natural
soundness will be a work of time, an” sometimes, in bad cases, or
one of long standing, an impossibility ; yet the above treatment is
the best we are acquainted with. Some persons prefer to use
moistened clay, cow-dnng, etc., but they are of no value, only in
consequence of the roisture they contain, and clean water is far
preferable,

The Mechanism of the Hoof.—A brief exposition of the mechan-
ism of the hoof may possibly interest the reader. The external
covering of the foot may be divided into four parts; namely, the
wall, bars, sole, and frog. The external portion, or wall, serves to
defend the sensitive tissues within. The wall, or hoof, is composed
of small filaments, or hollow tubes, consolidated in such a manner
as to preserve their canals distinct. These canals constitute the ex-
crementitious outlets of the hoof, from which morbid materials find
an outlet, and in these canals are found the vessels by which horn
is secreted or produced. The small vessels arising from the vas-
cular and nervous tissues of the foot proper enter, also, into these
canals. The bars are a continuation of the external portion just
described. They form an angle at the heels, which terminates to-
ward the toe. They thus serve to give strength and durability to
the hoof, and also to prevent contraction at the heels. When
these bars are cut away or demolished hy means of the butteris,
then the foot often goes to “rack and ruin.” The sole is much
more elastic than the crust, and is a medium of the sensitive fac-
alty, through which, together with its powers of electricity, the
percussion of the foot against the ground is regulated. The frog
is much more elastic than either of the parts just described. Any
unnecessary paring of the same is a monstrous evil.

On the internal portion of the above-named parts we find a
beautiful set of leaves (lamin), resembling those found in the
ander surface of a mushroom, Their number is said to be five
hundred. These articulate with a like number given off from the
sensitive tissnes of the foot proper, each laminw hav.ng two sides
and an edge, from a series of articulations, numberiag three thou-
350 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICENE AND SURGERY.

sand. The whole surface of these articulations measures fout
square feet; hence, the horse having four feet, his body rests on
sixteen square feet of surface, all contained within his hocfs.

The reader will probably realize that a knowledge of the ana
omy and physiology of the foot is absolutely necessary, in srde
to practice, with any degree of success, the art of shoeing. How
is this knowledge to be obtained? Can it be furnished st the
forge, in the blacksmith shop? Can such a complicated piece of
mechanism be thoroughly understood by the craftsmen of the
forge, who have never made the subject one of scientific inquiry ?

Let it not be understood that I am in a fault-finding mood.
The fact is, the husbandmen of this country have failed to put
their shoulders to the wheel for the purpose of establishing and
endowing veterinary schools in this country, and if blacksmithr
and “vets” do not understand the anatomy of horses feet, the for
mer, who have vast interests at stake, must come in for a share of
the blame. On the other hand, we are disposed to be charitable
toward blacksmiths; and, taking into consideration the unyielding
nature of our paved streets, and the rough ground over which
some poor animals are forced to travel, the wonder is, that their
feet are not oftener diseased.

LAMINITIS (“ FEVER IN THE FEET,” oR “ FEET FOUNDER”).

Laminitis, or fever in the feet, is an acute affection, confined to
the sensitive tissues within the hoof. It is one of the most pain.
ful maladies to which the horse is subject.

Symptoms.—It manifests itself, very frequently, after a long
drive or race. The horse may be put into the stable at night all
right. In the morning he is observed to be all in a heap, as the
saying is—his flesh quivering, pulse very active, respirations quick
and jerking; the flanks are tucked up, the back is roached, and the
fore-feet are sent forward, so that the animal treads on his heels;
and, when compelled to move, he endeavors to throw the weight
of his body on the hind legs, He is thirsty and feverish, but has
no appetite. All appearances about him indicate that he suffers
great pain. When a hand is placed upon the fore-feet, they feel
unnaturally hot. Such are the most prominent symptoms of
laminitis, or fever in the feet.
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 351

Treatment.—The principal objects to be accomplished are, to
‘keep the feet cool by frequent sponging with cold water; next, the
bowels must be kept loose my means of bran-mashes, or, if neces-
sary, a dose of Glauber salts—dose, twelve ounces, dissolved in a
pint of warm water, to which add half a gill of syrap—and an
occasional enema of soap-suds, and also a few doses of fluid extract
of gelseminum, say two drachms night and morning, This is the
kind of treatment that the author has found most successful dure
ing a long peried of practice.

 

EXTREMITY OF ONF OF THE FORE LIMBS,

MEXPAANATION.-~o, The region of the coronet; b, The sensitive laming; ¢, The point of the
toe, a, The quarters; e, The heel; 7, The sole; g, The solar border.

Many whe treat such diseases are apt to do too much. Youatt,
and several other writers, recommend repeated bleedings, blisters,
and purges, and even tell us to bleed in the chronic stage. This
is all wrong, and such outrageous treatment is almost sure to end
in suppuration, founder, or ruin. (See article on Inflammation.)
The patient must be kept at rest, and, if he should lie down, must
not be disturbed. I never remove the shoes, because the patient
is in so much pain that he can not stand on the frog or sole, and
the shoes are a protection to the frog.
352 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

SAND-CRACK.

“The name of sand-crack seems of questionable application. It
a, evidently, a compound of the word sand and crack, as though
it denoted a crack with sand in it, or a crack occurring in a sandy
eountry, or in a dry, sandy season, which several derivations have
Deen ascribed to the term. May not the word sand admit of res-
olution iato its primitive signification, and mean in this, as in
other ins‘ances, a sundered crack? A sand-crack may be defined
to be a Icngitudinal division in the fibers of the wall of the hoof,
amounting to a flaw simply, or else to a cleft or fissure through
the substance of the horn.

The direction of the crack is slanting, from above downward,
aud from behind forward, following the course of the fibers of the
nvof. A sand-crack in the side of the wall slants more than one
in front, owing to the greater obliquity of the course of the horny
fibers, as we proceed from the toe to the heel of the foot.

There are two kinds of sand-crack, quarter sand-crack and toe
sand-crack, the former occurring in the fore, the latter in the hind
foot. At least this is generally the case. It is rare to find the
reverse, though there are occasions on which we meet with sand-
srack in the toe of the fore-foot and the quarter of the hind foot,
It is possible for cracks to occur in other parts of the hoof; but
in these two situations it is that veritable sand-crack occurs, and
there are here, as we shall find hereafter, special causes for their
production. Let us first consider

QUARTER CRACK.

The situation of this crack is the slanting line of the wall of
the hocf, directly opposed to the extremity of the wing of the
coffin “xe; and it is oftener found in the inner than in the outer
quarter, added to which the hoof in which sand-crack occurs ie
always s contracted one, quarter sand-crack, no more than toe
sand-crack, never happening in a houf disposed to obliquity and
flatness, The same description of foot which is predisposed te
eontraction is, for the same reasons, predisposed to sand-crack.
There is an obvious connection between contraction and quarter
sand-crack. The light, near-the-ground stepping horse, with
strong, parrow, upright hoofs. will be equally likely, under cer
uAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 353

tzin conditions, to have the heels of his fore hoofs becoming von-
tracted, and exhibiting quarter sand-cracks. Hot stables conduce
to this, but, more still, hot climates. Hurtrel d’Arboval informs
us that at the time the French army was in Egypt, their horses
were continually having sand-cracks; and he adds that long
voyages on board of ship are, on some occasions, attended with
like results.

The proximate cause of quarter sand-crack is, then, contraction.
The horn, from dryness, or other cause, rendered cracky and
fragile, breaks at the quarter of the wall, from being at that
part bent across the edge of the ala of the coffin bone, during the
curving in of the heel, the result of contraction ; and this oftenest
happens to the inner quarter, from its being the thinner and
weaker one, as well as from being the one which is the first and
most disposed tu contract—not that sand-crack is the necessary
consequence of contraction, but that contraction becomes a neces-
gary precursor to sand-crack. If this were not the explanation
of the case, sand-crack would be as likely to occur in any part of
the wall as at the quarter, and on the outer as often as on the
inner side of the wall. This likewise accounts for the compara-
tive unfrequency of quarter sand-crack at the present day among
our nag and cavalry horses, since that which has tended to dimin-
ish the frequency of contraction has had the same effect in regard
to the occurrence of sand-crack. Greater attention to shoeing,
and increased care about the condition of the hoof itself, has, no
doubt, had a very beneficial effect in the prevention both of con-
traction and sand-crack.

The origic of sand-crack is usually sudden, both in the fore
and hind feet, though in the former case, from its situation in the
mner quarter, a part not exposed to transient. view, it is possible
for a crack to exist for some time, unless ]ameness happens to
arise trom it without being discovered. The crack first takes place
through the superior or coronary border of the hoof, that being
composed of newly-formed horn, and, consequently, thin and
fragile. Quickly it extends downward, through the thickest part
of the wall, stopping, as it does in some instan:es, at least for a
time, half way down, and afterward reaching nearly or quite te
the bottom.

Sand-crack is either penetrant or non-penetrant. It is usually
venetrant, by whic! we mean the crack extends completely through

22
354 DADD'’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY,

the tu. aness of the hoof, and produces lesion of the sensitive parta
underneath the horn, giving rise to some little hemorrhage ‘n the
first instance, and subsequently to more or less inflammation—
occasionally, even to suppuration, depending, of course, on the
extent and nature and duration of the lesion, as well as on any
treatment, or aggravation from non-treatment, it may have re-
ceived since being occasioned. When the crack does not extend
through the substance of the wall—which it sometimes dves not
at first, though it may do so afterward—it may be said to be non-
penetrant; and this, when it happens, seems to be referable te
a sort of natural fusion there certainly exists between the solid
horn, as it descends from its secreting gland, (the coronet,) and
the horny lamine (new matter), which become glued to it in its
course downward. It is in this uniting horny medium that seedy
toe commences and progresses.

Lameness is the usual accompaniment of penetrant sand-crack,
but not the invariable one. When penetrant it is said to arise
from the sensitive lamine getting pinched between the sides of
the crack. However this may be, inflammation following the
lesion has certainly its share in causing pain during action. In
general, the lameness does not amount to much, nor is it of long
duration, provided the sand-crack receive proper and timely at-
tention; but if the crack is not heeded, action of the foot will much
aggravate the malady, and end in lameness increased so much as
to forbid further use being made of the animal.

Tor SAND-CRACK.

Occurring in the hind foot, as this crack almost invariably
does, occupying a different situation in the hoof, and arising alto-
gether from a different cause, toe sand-crack may be regarded as
almost a distinct affection.

The subject of it is not the light horse, but the heavy one --the
cart and wagon-horse, the dray-horse, the latter especially ; and
in particular, I believe, in paved cities, they are the sufferers from
this disease. I say ‘ suiferers,’ because it is only those veterinary
surgeons whose practice lies among horses of this description that
have any conception of the amount of pain and irritation with
which sand-crack—simple as it may seem to those who are in the
habit of y-eeting quarter crack only—is found to be accon + anied.
LAMENESS, FROM VaarUUs UAOSES. 36d

The cause of toe sand-crack is violence. Shoeing, also, inay
have something to do in its production. The horses who are the
subjects of it are those employed in laborious and straining draft,
The toe of the hind foot is the grand fulcrum through which the
hind limbs, the propellers of the body, exert their power; and it
is in some violent and forcible effort that the hind hoof, strained
ag it is to its uttermost, and in particular at the toe, splits, com.
monly first at the coronet, the same as in the fore-foot, where the
horn, but newly-formed, is then unresisting, the crack subse:
quently extending gradually down the wall, even as far as the
point of the toe. Digging the tip of the toe into the ground, or
stamping it hard down upon the pavement, and especially when
this stress upon the forepart of the wall is at all times promoted
by high caulkings to the shoe, must certamly, one would think,
be the main producer of toe sand-crack—an opinion still further
favored by the observation which has been made of shaft-horses
in drays being more subject to the accident than trace-horses,
Still, however, for all this, it behooves me to say that, with the
best judges of such matters, the point is one not yet set free from
doubt and difference of thinking. Short and upright pasterns,
with clubby prominent hoofs, indicate a predisposition to toe sand-
erack, the disease being in no instances seen in flat, shelvy, ob-
lique hoofs. It is said sand-crack may originate in tread. Un-
doubtedly any lesion of the coronary body, sufficient to injure or
destroy ifs secretory apparatus, may occasion imperfect or morbid
formation of horn, or loss of horn altogether; but I do not believe
ibis to be a very common cause of sand-crack.

The consequences of sand-crack in the hind hoof are, as I have
before hinted, apt to be of a much more serious nature than any
usually arising from a quarter sand-crack. Whether the crack
extend tc the bottom of the wall or not, being uniformly of the
penetrant description, lameness, to greater or less degree, is the
invariable result. And when the fissure does reach down to the
toe, the wall opens and exposes the lamina, probably the whole
way from the coronet downward, the consequence of which is in-
flammation and suppuration of those parts, and sometimes even
mortification and sloughing of them; and not of them alone, but
of the bone to which they are attached as well, which not unfre-
quently runs into a state of caries, ending in defalcation of sub-
stance, to be filled up by the effusion of callus, which usually
356 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

terminates in exostosis, coated with some tissue very imperfectly
representing the original laminated structure.

Mr. Braby, the intelligent veterinary surgeon to Messrs. Bar-
clay and Perkins’ establishment, to whom I am indebted for much
of the information I possess on this part of my subject, has had
riany cases of this description, one of which, of extraordinary char
acter, I shall relate here. One of his dray horzes had suffered long
and severely from toe sand-crack in one hind foot, but, at length,
had recovered, and returned to work. Some time afterward, how-
ever, during the season of influenza, he was attacked with a vio-
lent laryngitis, which increased to a degree to call for the operation
of tracheotomy, to save him from suffocation. Notwithstanding
this temporary salvation, however, the patient, in the end, suc-
cumbed to the disease. His post-mortem examination became
doubly attractive, owing to the circumstance of the long-standing
and obstinate sand-crack he had suffered from heretofore, and the
result in this latter respect proved extremely interesting. The
coffin bone, along its front, occupying the line of the surface be-
tween the coronal process and the toe, exhibited a channel or losa
of substance half an inch in breadth, and fully the same in depth,
thereby robbing it of a quarter of an inch of its solid diameter.
This, of course, left the bone considerably weakened, the result of
which subsequently was, transverse fracture in two places, the
fractures commencing upon the articulatory surface, whence they
extended directly crosswise through the middle of its body, so as
to become apparent upon its concave surface underneath. In
addition to this, growing from the laminated interior of the wall
of the hoof, opposite to the middle or deepest part of the channel
in the coffin bone, was a projection of hard, horny, callous su’>
stance, having a covering of imperfectly-formed horny lamin:e.
At the time this horse was suffering in the greatest degree from
this extraordinary product of sand-crack, constitutional irritation
ran so high as even to create alarm for the animal’s life. The
treatment of sand-crack, whether it be in the quarter or in the toe,
will have to be conducted upon principles applicable to both form:
of the disease, though one must be regarded as of much more con-
sequence than the other. The treatment of quarter sand-crack,
generally speaking, is but comparatively a simple affair ; indeed,
so lightly is it looked upon by horsemen in general, that we should
mp some risk of their displeasure, and our own reputation as
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 357

well, were we to talk about laying a horse up for so trifling an
accident. Nay, some horses, with non-penetrant sand-cracks, or
with sand-cracks that have been penetrant, but have become horned
over, showing little or no lameness, continue to work on without
evincing any pain or inconvenience from them. Whether a horse
be lame or not, however, should he have a sand-crack, and we be
consulted about it, it becomes our duty to arrest the extension of
the crack so long as it be but partial; and, besides that, to take
measures for the cure or permanent removal of the crack. The
owner of the horse should be given to understand that no flaw or
crack in the hoof can, by possibility, unite the same as a wound
in a vital part does, but must, as the saying is, grow down; that
is, must be replaced by new horn, and be itself, by degrees, re-
newed, as it continues to come under the operation of the drawing-
knife every time the horse is fresh shod; so that, in fact, the cure,
or obliteration of the crack, is necessarily a work of some months,
though the lameness may be cured in as many hours or days.

Paring out the crack, the shoe being taken off the foot, is the
first thing to be done. The cutting cautiously away of its rugged
edges, and the scooping out, with a light hand, (probably with
the back of the drawing-knife,) of its cavity, will enable us to
examine intc the condition of it. Should there be no lesion or
exposure of the laminz detectable, nothing further will be needed
from the drawing-knife than the cleaning out of the crack.

Firing the crack is the next operation. Cross-firing will be
advisable below or above, or in both situations, according to cir-
cumstances. So long as the crack has not reached to the bottom
of the wall, it will be requisite, with an ordinary firing-iron, at a
red heat, to burn a deep but short fissure, or ‘mark,’ across its
lower extremity; and whether a similar operation be required
across the superior termination of the crack, must depend uyon
its cxtension or not through the horn at the coronet. If there ke
any interval of sound horn between the hair and the crack, of
sufficient breadth and substance to bear firing, a very slight burn
may do good. In all cases it is the practice to finish the firing
with running the sharp edge of the iron down the crack ; and this
certainly proves beneficial in destroying any tendency there may
be (supposing the laminz to have become denuded) to abnormal
_action, as well to stimulate any vascular parts exposed to issue
horny matter to cover in the bottom of the crack.
85% DADD'S VELERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

Binding up the crack is a good practice after firing. With
wax-end of sufficient length (such as shoemakers use) bind rouna
the wall of the hoof, so that any tar or pitch-plaster it may be
deemed advisable to place in or upon the crack may be maintained
there; at the same time the hoof itself is, by t_e tight binding
restricted in any tendency it may have to expend, and thereby
open wider the crack.

A bar-shoe is the preferable one for a sand-cracked foot. By
it, the bearing being taken off that part of the wall which is oppo-
site to the crack, the pressure and jar, so continually splitting
afresh the new-formed horn over the crack at the coronet, is put
a stop to, the formation of an undivided coronary horny band be-
ing the commencement of the radical cure of the sand-crack. As
I said before, horn being an inorganic substance, no union what-
ever can take place in the crack itself. Permanent cure can be
effected only through obliteration by the growing out or down of
the crack. This, I repeat, is the reason why a sand-crack occupies
so long a time in its removal; though, by way of compensation, a
horse is not kept out of work while cure is being effected; for,
after the crack has been bound up, and the hoof shod with a bar-
shoe, it is quite surprising to find how soundly and firmly the
animal sometimes steps upon the foot of which he had but now
been so lame.

The treatment adopted by the late Mr. Read, V. 8., of Cred-
iton, carries the same object into execution, through a different
method of procedure. This, as detailed in the volume of the
‘Veterinarian’ for 1848, consists in simply isolating the fissure
within the segment of a circle, by means of an ordinary firing-
iron. The best plan is to operate with the heel of the iron, be-
ginning at the coronet with either extremity of the segment, and
bringing the iron to a finish at the center. The iron should be at
a strong red heat, and be carried through the horny crust until it
touches lightly the sensible laminz, and so throughout the entire
semicircle. As you recede from the coronet, so, in proportion,
you will require to deepen the fissure in the crust. The iron
ought to be applied every week or ten days. The first effect de-
sirable tc be produced is a bulging of the crust around the coronet
within the segment, and when once this is fairly established, the
cure may be said to be effected, it being seldom necessary to apply
the cantery afterward. The old method of raaking a ‘ine with
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 358

the irun across the fissure can not prevent the opening and closure
of the fissure during the action of the foot; whereas, isolating the
fissure (or part of it) within the segment of a circle completely
effects the object. No tar-cord or strapping, or alteration of the
shoe, is required to limit the motion of the crust, all motion being
suspended within the segment, and especially after bulging has
pummenceid,

The objects of treatment, after what has been stated, will clearly
appear to be, first, to place the hoof in such a condition as shall
not render it liable to crack again; second, to remove that state
of it which, in the first instance, disposed it to crack, if it were
not of itself the immediate cause of cracking. The way in which
the first object is effected has been already shown, and when this
has become accomplished, past all risk of return, we may set about
to bring into effect the second. A bar-shoe, from its taking the
bearing off the quarters and placing it upon the frog, will, in a
measure, give facility to what we now are desirous of preventing;
namely, the expansion of the heels of the foot; but a tip (pro-
viding it can be worn, which it frequently may, with great ad-
vantage, after a bar-shoe) will bring about greater reform still—
will, ia fact, by persistence in its use, bring about, in time, that
improved form of hoof which will be no more liable to quarter
sand-crack.

The treatment of toe sand-crack is, in some respects, a different
affair from that of quarter sand-crack. This disease is not only
different in its relative situation as regards other parts of the foot,
hut it arises, as we have seen, from a totally different causation,
When once it has occurred, it becomes, compared with the other,
a serious affair, The horse is lame, too lame to continue his work,
probably, and we have a penetrant crack to deal with, extending
all, or nearly all, the way from the coronet to the toe, discharging
blood, or, perhaps, matter of some ichorous, offensive description,
plainly calling upon us for, not binding up, etc., as in the former
case, but for opening, cleansing, and dressing the same. The shoe
being taken off, let the crack be pared out, and freed from all
horny fags and asperities, and laid completely open to view, so
that the bottom can be inspected and dressed with whatever may
be deemed requisite. In fact, when once the fissure is dilated into
a clean and open channel by the drawing-knife, warm baths or
poultices, or dressings of any kind, ax may become necessary, are
360 DAVD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

now applicable, the case being in this stage no more than ae cl
dilated sinus in the foot, similar to what might, in another situa-
tion, be called quittor. As with the quarter sand-crack, the cure
will, of course, be tedious in its duration, since we know that all
vomplete repair can only come from the coronet. The sencitire
lamine having the power of secreting horny lamin, may, as in
the quarter crack, issue a sort of horny covering-in of the bottom
of the fissure; but fissure or cleft will ever remain so long as an
integral formation of horn does not grow down from the source of
secretion.

Whenever the horse is in a condition for work, a bar-shoe, so
made that at the toe the sides of the shoe remain unjoined together,
an interval being left of sufficient width to receive the crack in
front of the hoof, is, perhaps, the best. Binding the hoof up with
circles of wax-end, as in the case of quarter sand-crack, with some
plaster or dressing underneath it, will also now become advisable.
It will restrict the spreading inclination of the hoof, as well as
keep dirt and wet out of the crack. Repetition of this, and the
coutinuance of the bar-shoe, will be required so long as there ap-
pears any risk of an extension or renewal of the crack.’ ” *

The diseases of the hoof here alluded to are very apt to occur in
horses whose walls of the hoof are thin and brittle. They are, to
a certain extent, non-elastic, and, therefore, do not ward off the
necessary amount of concussion when the animal is traveling over
hard roads. At the same time there is always a liability to incip-
ient and permanent contraction in such hoof. More especially is
this the case when the foot is mutilated by paring or cutting away
the bars (the main stages or supports which prevent the heels
approximating). These are the kind of feet on which the but-
teris-knife and rasp should be used with great caution ; for, being
naturally weak, and perhaps congenitally defective in the function
of secreting horn, and the necessary amount of moisture to keep
the part pliant, any unnecessary tinkering with such tools is inad-
missible. Such hoofs lack moisture; therefore they should be
weil soaked, night and morning, in warm water ; afterward wiped
dry, and then smeared with a portion of the following:

No. 57. Neats-foot oil..... geeieaeeee ees 8 02.
Kerosene..iii ccicaccecevas sess & OF:
Lamp-black........-...0++++++ 1 table-spoonfal.

 

* London “ Veterinarian.”
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 361

Mix well, and apply twice daily, by means of'a common varnish-
brush,

‘Very many diseases of the feet, which are of daily occurrence,
might be prevented by proper attention to the feet. ‘“ No foot, no
horse ;” hence the feet need to be kept as free from filth as other
parts of the body. I think that a great majority of English
grooms pay as much, if not more, attention to horses feet than to
other parts of the body, and thus many forms of foot lameness are
avoided.

CURVATURE AND DISEASE OF THE SPIN] (“Sway Back,”
“ HoLtow Back ”),

The annexed engraving, represents a case of curvature of the
spine in a downward direction, known in stable language as hol-
low back. It usually, when it makes its appearance, occurs in
aved horses, and probably arises from putting too much weight
cn the animal’s back.

 

SECTION OF THE SPINE.

It will be observed that two of the superior spinous processes
of the vertebree are united (anchylosed), and ossific deposits are
thrown out on the surfaces of the spine. On the lower part, be-
neath the diseased spine, a cleft is seen, showing that there is an
incomplete dislocation, and the capsular ligament was probably
dislocated or torn.

It may be interesting to the reader to know, if he does not
already, that the bones, like other parts of the body, are composed
of arteries, veins, absorbent vessels, nerves, and a cellular texture.
They are endowed with vitality, are nourished, grow, waste, and
are repaired, and undergo various mutations, according to the age
of the animal; and they are subject to disease analagous to the
362 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERy.

soft parts. To the phosphate of lime, which is, more or less, dis-
tributed in their texture, they owe their solidity; and perhaps it
is to the same earthy substance that the difference in their vital
properties, and in their diseases from those of the rest of the body,
is to be referred. In fact, this particular organization and inferior
vitality of the bones are generally supposed to account for the
small number, peculiar character, and general slow progress of
their diseases.

Treatment.—So soon as a horse shows any symptom of undue
curvature of the spine, he must not be used under the saddle ; but,
provided he can work, he may be used lightly in a buggy. It
unfit for work, the owner knows what is best to do with him. I
should give an animal afflicted with this disease a wine-glassful of
cod-liver oil, two or three times per week, and one table-spoonful
of flour of bone, every night, in the food. If this article can net
ve procured, substitute for it phosphate of lime.

OsrEo Porosis (KNowN as Bie HEAD AND Bie Jaw).

The terms big head and big jaw are used by husbandmen aul
others in Ohio, and, indeed, throughout the Great West and South,
to designate a disease of the bony structure of the horse—a disease
about which very little of a reliable character has ever been said
or written; yet the subject is one of great importance to the peo-
ple of this country, for the simple reason that the evil is one of
alarming proportions; aud should the disease multiply in a ratio
equa! to that of the past few years, it will be a terrible blow to the
laudable and hitherto profitable enterprise of raising colts in sec-
tions where this disease prevails.

We do not wish to create any unnecessary alarm, but urge the
husbandmen of the South and South-west to give this subject
their earnest consideration ; for the disease probably has an hered-
itary ortgin—is “inbred ”—and that, as the saying is, “ constitutea
the root of the evil.” The disease having been pronounced incur-
able, our only hopes of success in putting a stop to its propaga-
(ion ani development is, to adopt preventive measures, by reject-
ing, as breeders, all animals (sire and dam) that show the least
predisposition to or for this affection.

Let the reader understand that the disease itself is incurable in
to far as the enlargement, dilatation, and softening of the jaw-
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 363

bones ar cuncerned ; yet, like spavin, ring-bone, and various other
diseases, it is accompanied, in certain stages, by pain and lameness,
and our services as physicians are only secured in view of remoy-
ing this pain and lameness, so that the animal may be enabled to
perform the ordinary equine duties. This is what some persons
please to term a cure, whereas it almost always happens that some
alteration in the structure of the parts remains, which actually
renders the horse unsound, because he has that about him which
may, from overwork or other exciting causes, impair his useful-
ness,

        

qi
\ Hi i
\ HH lati
THE PATELLA, OR STIFLE BONE.

Phis cut shows the appearance of disease on articulatory surfaces when the animal is the
subject of Osteo Porosis, or Big Head.

As regards the “alarming” features of big head or big jaw, we
would inform the reader that almost every lame horse examined
by us, during a period of six months, in Ohio, had either one or
the other jaw enlarged. In some cases one angle of the lower jaw
was the seat of thickening and enlargement, but among the majority
both angles were affected. These remarks do not apply to other
obvious or accidental lamenesses which are constantly occurring.

A short time ago we visited, in company with a practicing vet-
erinarian whose attention had never been called to this affection,
three horses, the subjects of lameness, which was said to be occa-
sioned by eating Hungarian grass. To the astonishment of the
parties concerned, we demonstrated that they were all the subjects
of enlargements of the lower jaws. From the history of the cases,
364 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

and the character of the lameness, it was very evident that it was
of an inter-articular character, and this is a peculiar feature of this
affection. Then, again, the reader must bear in mind that the jawi
of animals do not dilate nor enlarge suddenly, nor make their ap-
pearance aii at once, like a meteor in the regions of space, The
affection is insidious, progresses in an almost imperceptible manner
and usually escapes the notice of those who daily have charge of and
handle the animal, us the following case, which is selected from
among others, will serve to illustrate:

A few years ago a gentleman purchased what then appeared as
a fine family horse—a sorrel gelding, aged five years. About the
beginning of March, one year after the purchase, in attempting to
walk the animal from one stable to another, but a short distance
off, he became suddenly lame in one of the hind limbs, low down,
toward the foot, and it was found almost impossible to urge him
forward, Finally, assistance was procured, and the animal had,
literally, to be carried into a stable. Our services having been
secured, we visited the sufferer, and found him standing on three
1egs, the near hind one being placed resting on the toe. The parts
around the coronet were hot, and the patient was very unwilling
to have the parts handied. He seemed to suffer much pain, was
breathing hurriedly, and the pulsations were quick and wiry. The
near approach of any person seemed to terrify the animal, and he
actually trembled, from fear and pain, when urged to move. On
making an exumination of the jaws, we found that both angles
of the lower jaw were enlarged to about two inches in thickness.
This explained the nature of the sudden and otherwise mysterious
lameness. The articulating surfaces of various bones, and the
bones themselves, had become diseased, as is often the case in
big jaw. The owner assured us that the horse had never before
been lame, and he was very much surprised to find the lower jaw
enlarged.

Here the reader will perceive that the animal had been in the
owner’s possession one year; had performed ordinary duty, yet
was the subject of a gradua! enlargement of the jaw and a consti-
tutional disease, which probably existed, yet in a slight degree, at
the time of purchase. Hence we contend that the disease, in its
early stages, is of a hidden or insidious character, and requires some
tact and knowledge of the subject in order to detect it.

Nature of the disease-—Big head and big jaw are ut one for
LAMENESS, FROM VARIUUS CAUSES. 365

of disease, only located in different parts. When the upper jaw
becomes the seat of affection, an enlargement of the facial bones
will be observed, and the examiner’s attention will be attracted by
the unnatural appearance of the face. As the disease progresses,

 

ARTICULATING SURFACE OF THE THIGH BONE.

Exp Lanation—1 11, Articulating surface of the lower or inferior part of the thigh bone occurs
ring in the disease known as Osteo Porosis, or Big Head.

the face looks more like that of an elephant than a horse; and now,
the disease being incurable, the subject should mercifully be put
out of his misery. The enlargement of the iower jaw is discov-
ered by manipulation. On removing the skin from the sides of
the face of such a subject, and dissecting the muscles and perios-
teum (covering of bone), the bones appear to have undergone «
softening process, and particles can be separated by means of the
finger-nails. At the same time, if a transverse section of any of
the shaft-bones be made, they will be found to have undergone
structural changes. For example, they will not only appear soft
ened, but honey-combed, and many of the lamine and cartilagi.
nous braces will have been decomposed or dissolved, so that the
bone looks like fibrous net-work. In most cases, the vacuities
366 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE \ND SURGERY.

and canals are filled with material resembling soft cheese, which
ts probably fatty matter. This occasionally degenerates into pus.

Dr. Gorpon forwarded me, some time ago, the head of a herse
who kad long been the subject of this malady. The transverse
diameter of the bones of both upper and lower jaw was very much
enlarged; the periosteum was very highly organized with blood-
vessels; the bones were softened and elastic, and could be easily
eut with a knife. On submitting them to the acid test, earthy
matter was found in excess, and, by burning them, it was found
that they contained very little animal matter; hence we were led
to infer that the disease was one of mal-nutrition. The articular
surfaces of various bones, and sometimes all the bones of the body,
are often ulcerated and studded with incrustations. This expleins
the why and wherefore of the sudden and tormenting pains wh ich
animals suffer, and goes to show how little of benefit can be ex-
pected from the ordinary treatment, which is principally dire ted
to the enlarged jaws.

On removing these diseased cartilages from the articulating
surfaces of the bones, the latter are found to be affected—in fact,
ulcerated. In some cases the ligaments and tendons are separated
by decomposition, or necrosis of bone, and the animal “ breaks
down,” as the saying is.

The subjects of this disease sometimes show lameness in the
vertebral region, and in that of the head of the thigh bone. Ia
such cases, we may safely infer that the lameness is of an articular
character, and the interticular cartilages, as well as the surfaces of
the bones, are incrustated and ulcerated. In this condition, the
animal is liable to become useless, or “break down” at any mo-
ment. The following case will illustrate what is meant by break-
ing down:

We were requested, a short time ago, by Prof. Muzzy, to ex-
amine an aged gray gelding, the subject of lameness in the hind
feet. Examination revealed considerable heat, tenderness, and
tumefaction around both the hind coronets, and both angles of the
lower jaw were much enlarged in their transverse diameters. We
advised the owner to let the animal have arun at grass. Accord-
ingly he was sent into the country about thirty miles, which was
too long a journey for him. A few days afterward, Prof. Muzzy
received a letter that the horse’s strings (tendons) became loose,
ana he broke down and traveled on his fetlocks. and was thes
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 367

dead. We infer that necrosis took place, and the extensor ten-
dons lost their at ‘achment, which accounted for his breaking down.

Prof. VARNELL lately consulted Dr. HaruEy, of London, in
reference to this formidable malady, which is said to have been
almost unknown in England until November, 1859, when several
cases occurred among some horses the property of Mr. Champion
Calcot, near Reading. Three of this gentleman’s animals had
died, a fourth was not expected to live many days, and two others
were laboring under the same disease, in a less acute form. The
most singular feature of the disease, as it appeared on the prem-
ises of Mr. Calcot, was, that it did not appear to owe its origin
to any perceivable cause, and it was not known to be prevalent in
any other part of England. Still, our opinion is that it does
exist in that country, only, not being suspected, is not sought for.
It prevails very extensively among horses brought to Ohio, and
hundreds of horses have been purchased for the American Gov-
ernment having more or less enlargement of the lower jaw, yet
we do not believe that either seller or purchaser suspected the
same, ‘This arises from a lack of knowledge on the subject, and
the same remarks, as far as our ignorance of the subject is con-
ceened, may apply to England.

In answer to questions put to Mr. Calcot on the subject of man-
agement, etc., he contends that the affected animals had plenty
of exercise. There were no chemical factories or works in the
vicinity. One horse affected was purchased at a distance; the
rest had been bred on his farm. The sires and dams all appeared
free from the disease, and they were not all got by the same sire.
The food consisted of good grass, hay, pollard, oatmeal, and roots.
Other horses were on the farm, fed in the same manner as the
sffected ones, yet they had no symptoms of the disease. (Perhaps
\hey will show symptoms when the jaws shall be examined. They
tnaay have the disease, yet not be lame nor apparently ailing.)
‘ir. Calcot never saw a case of the kind before.

From the above testimony, we may infer that the causes of this
affection are not yet discovered in Englaxd; but our impression
is that overfeeding has a good deal to do in the production uf
the malady. It appears to me that this disease, as I have already
itated, is one of malnutrition, or defective nourishment; hence
tiay be considered as a scorbutic affection, like that affecting the
human subject, which is known to be the result of faulty nutri-
368 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

tion, and which often results in division of bony parts which
were once immovable (the epiphysis uf the pelvis, for example) ;
also in the seperation of cartilages from the ribs, and the shaf
bones softened and ruined by caries (ulceration or death of bone: '
Big head and big jaw are terms sufficiently explicit in urdinary
conversation; but, in view of scientific inquiry, it is necessary t
employ terms indicative of the pathology of the disease. We can
not expect, however, to select any one name that shall «pply te
all the pathological condi‘ions during the rise, progress, and ter-
mination of this peculia: malady. The condition of the bones
is a state of enlargement, (porousness and softening ;) hence the
name osteo norosis.

Causes.—We have already informed the reader that the disease
may have an hereditary origin; otherwise, we can not account for
its universal prevalence. In certain localities, under the ordinary
modes of feeding and general managerient, we grant that at first
the disease might have had an accidental or spontaneous origin,
and finally become permanent and transmissible. For example,
glanders and farcy afford illustrations of a spontaneous disease
becoming contagious and transmissible. There must have been a

me when neither of the two latter diseases existed ; hence, when
vhe first subject became glandered, he could not have taken it by
infection or by contagion, but it must have had a spontaneous
origin, and, finally, became permarent. We do not pretend to
urge that the active disease itself is transmissible; yet, in certain
vases, a predisposition is transferred to the progeny. This may
be called the predisposing cause; the ordinary exciting causes are
those which disturb and derange the digestive function. The
digestive or nutritive function is deranged, both by excessive and
defective functional labors, or by the animal existing on food that
does not contain the necessary amount of nitrogenous or muscle-
making matter. This is the case when Indian corn is used as
food for a great length of time. It is hard to digest, is deficient
‘n nitrogen, and almost always over-distends the stomach; for,
when submitted to the action of heat and the gastric fluids, it
increases in bulk to ubout five or six times its original capacity.
I have noticed that where much whole corn is fed, as in Ohio and
Indiana, the disease is most prevalent. Associated with the pre-
disposing causes are others—for example, hard usage, scr’ abuse
and bad stable management.
LAMENESS, FROM VARLUUS CAUSES. 368

‘This disease +s rarely ever heard of in England, probably from
the fact that the food of horses is rich in phosphates and nitrogen,
while corn contains more »f starchy matter, which, instead of fur-
nishing material for the preparation of muscular or animal matter,
merely furnishes that which is consumed in process of respiration.

Treaiment.—The ordinary treatment, as practiced by some per-
8023, is to bore into the jaw-bone, and inject the same with some
conssive poison. Others expose the jaw-bone, and saw out a
sect.on of the same. Some persons blister, or apply preparations
of ivdine. Such treatment, I think, only tends to create unneces-
sary irritation and pain, and can not possibly be of any benefit ;
for { contend that the disease is not local, but constitutional, and
the reader will probably, after perusing this dissertation, come to
the same conclusion. The disease has extensive ramifications in
various parts of the bony fabric, and, therefore, the local treatment
must fail in curing the malady. Cases may arise which require
surgical operations, and if so, I have no objections to offer. J
have often been told that horses, after having all sorts of barbar-
ities practiced on them, have recovered, This, so far as the treat-
ment is concerned, is in accordance with the spirit of the old
error, “ He got well after taking my medicine; therefore, in con-
sequence of taking it.” This is assuming a falsehood for a fact
and then giving fanciful reasons for it.

In view both of prevention and cure of this organic disease of
the bones and their articulations, more is to ke accomplished by
regimen than by medicine. The animal should always be pro-
vided with wholesome diet, and whenever green vegetables can be
obtained, they should be fed liberally, or, what is much better,
provided the season permits, allow the animal to roam in a pasture.
Whenever I have a case of this kind under treatment, I furnish
apples, beets, carrots, cabbage, or any other kind of vegetable that
Tcan procure. I find that such articles are usually devoured with
good relish, The object in feeding green food is to combat the
scorbutic diathesis which usually exists. The patient should alsc
be allowed from five to seven quarts of oats per day.

When a horse with an enlargement of the lower or upper jaw
is suddenly attacked with acute lameness, he should be placed in
a wide stail, and the parts where the lameness appears to be lo-
cated, as well as the jaws, should be diligently r@bhbed, twice daily,
with a portion of the following :

24
370 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

No. 58. Spirits of camphor.......... eee ee ee 6 oz.
COdaliVer sO as 6 hae se eee aS ac , 40%.
Oil: OF Cbd aR nic cusses cee adie 2 02.
Diluted acetic acid.......+++.++...+. 1 pint.
Mix.

Then procure the following ;

Na. 59. Chlorate of potass..... Sis eeeee Kea 2 OR
Powdered ginger.........e0ee6 iiswen AOD
Genitlanie.s ves. 93 gees 25a We eeeeoe 3 OZ
Podophyllum.............. wentaiean 2OLs
Poplar barkisccas se sese we ces ee wens 6 oz
Mix.

Dose, one ounce night and morning, to be incorporated in the
food.

This treatment usually palliates the lameness. Should it not
do so, the owner must be patient, and give Nature time to restore
the animal to comparative usefulness. Flour of bone or phosphatc
of lime may be given, at the rate of a couple of ounces per day.
Such agents are always indicated in the treatment of the above
malady.

SPAVIN.

Spavin consists of an exostosis of the hock, commonly located
on the inner side, whereby bones before moveable become cemented
and fixed together, and which is often productive of ulceration of
the articular surfaces of one or more of the joints of the hock.
Sometimes, however, spavin makes its appearance on the anterior
or front part of the hock, and sometimes there is no enlargement
to be discovered. Such cases, unaccompanied by enlargement, are
called inter-articular spavin,

Symptoms. — The symptoms of spavin,’’ says Mr. PERCIVALL,
‘are, in general, plain, simple, and unequivocal. The horse mani-
fests lameness in one of his hind limbs, and, on examination, a
circumscribed spheroid tumor, of the magnitude of half a walnut
or more, is evident enough both to the sight and feel of the man
practiced in such matters. Lameness, however, the effect of
spavin, may be present without any detectable tumor.

My own observation has led me to note two kinds of lameness
in spavin—one, the effect either of the ordinary subacute or chronic
inflammation, or of partial anchylosis of the parts, is but compar-
atively slight, and consists, for the most part, in stiffness on motion,
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 371

or in defective flexible power of the hock-joint ; the other, the effect
of acute inflammation of the spavined parts, or else of ulceration
of the joints, consists in a sort of spasmodic catching up of the
spavined limb the moment the heel of the foot comes down upon
the ground, something after the manner of string-halt, Stiffness
may not unfrequently be observed even in the horse’s side move-

 

SPAVINED IN OFF HIND LEG—BINGBONE IN ALL THE PASTERNB.

ment in his stall. With such characteristic lameness as this, and
with spavin present as well, evidently hot and tender to pressure,
there can exist no doubt about the case. Where, however, the
lameness is but slight, although a spavin is present, yet, from the
absence of any heat or tenderness in the swelling, as well as from
its duration, many doubts arise as to the cause of the lameness,
In such a case as this, we should take advantage of the well-
known fact of the fluctuating or evanescent character of spavin
lameness, to which end it is advisable to have the horse under
examination hard ridden or driven, or otherwise exercised, until
he be in a profuse sweat, and afterward kept standing tied up in
a stall, until he be cold and stiff in his joints, and then trotted
out again. A knowing vender of a spavined horse would take
care to ‘ warm’ him by a good ride or drive before he teok him
to show to the presumed purchaser; and then, while under exe
372 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

amination, by dint of whip and spur, and management in the
bridle-hand, he might pass his merchandise off to an unwary
buyer as sound. Indeed, so much is sweating work, or exercise
approaching thereto, apt to prove a foil to showing lamencss,
that one is almost inclined to say no horse ought to be examined
under such circumstances; certainly no horse suspected of spavin.
The time, of all others, that a spavined horse will be apt to man-
ifest his lameness will be the day following after a hard day’s
work; and when he makes his first egress from the stable in the
morning is the critical period for examination. Horses that go
limpingly lame from spavin, lame at all times, and lamer still
when they work, often experience pain in the seat of disease to a
degree which, in the language of Solleysell, causes them ‘to pine
away, especially about the flanks.’ They have probably beeu
blistered and fired, perhaps setoned ; have had their hocks fright-
fully scarred, anc yet are lame to that degree that they are unable
to do more than gingerly put the toe of the fout of the spavined
limb to the ground, and so painfully hobble along ; and, although
they may still maintain their appetite, yet they are low in condi-
tion, tucked up in their flanks—evidently, in short, ‘ pining away.’

Such pitiable subjects, it is true, may be kept at work. The
little, however, they can do, when put to any thing requiring
strength of action or pull, together with the wretched condition
they are generally in, is a fact so well known to coach and omni-
bus proprietors, and horse-keepers in general, that at the horse
auctions such animals fetch little or nothing. Even for agricul-
tural work such laborers as these prove of but little worth. Now
and then, however, it happens that the spavined horse, although
treatment has failed to render him sound, continues, in respect to
his disease, in that state in which he appears to suffer no local
pain at all while at rest, av’ but little while at work, and so is
able to do a considerable - . of some kinds of labor, lasting
in it perhaps for year.  .cuil, such a horse is more likely than
another to receive injuries, to experience aggravation or relapse
of disease in his already diseased hock; and, under such return
or augmentation of ailment, unless great care be taken, and fre-
quently with all the care we can take, may and will fail altogether.

Spavins exist which occasion no lameness. How this comes to
pass will appear when the time arrives to consider the reasons why
wpavins in general cause lameness, and, on occasions, very greal
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 373

pain as well, which can not be done before we come to treat of the
pathology of spavin. It is sufficient for our purpose here that we
note and establish the fact that lameness is not a necessary conse-
quence of spavin. Nothing is more common than to meet with
horses, colts even, who have what the dealers call ‘knots’ in their
spavin places; and the time was when such ‘knots’ (which have
alwavs been regarded as spavins) were certificated as constituting
ansoundness,

Lameness arising from spavin is sometimes presert without the
outward appearance of spavin. This is a form of disease better
known to veterinary surgeons in general, I believe, under the de-
nomination of occult hock lameness. My own attention to the
subject was first drawn so long ago as in the year 1815, though
then I was quite in the dark as to the nature of the case. On
my return from Belgium, after the battle of Waterloo, I had in
my possession a bay blood mare, who was lame in one of her hind
.egs (I forget which), but whose lameness was of that nature that
no external sign whatever was apparent to account for it. The
limb had been searched over and over again, by myself and some
other veterinary surgeons, and the mare had been trotted and
walked, circled and paced, and put to al! other known trials anc
tests, without the examinations ending in any thing like concur-
rent opinions respecting either the seat or the nature of her lame-
ness. The mare returned home, marching with the troops, led
by a men on horseback—for, notwithstanding her lameness, she
walked very well—and, as soon as she arrived at head-quarters
(Woolwich), I showed her to my father, at the time senior veteri-
nary surgeon of the Ordnance Department. He examined her,
and without hesitation pronounced her ‘lame in the hock,’ and
she was treated accordingly; and the result was, at no great dis-
tance of time, her complete restoration to soundness.

Tt is true, so far as the case above related goes, that the only
proof that the mare’s lameness was in the hock, was her restor-
ation to soundness after the application of remedies to that joint.
There is, however, tc be said, in addition, to induce us to helieve
that it was so, that, of all the joints of the hind limb, no one is so
frequently or so likely to be deranged as the hock; and, conse-
quently, from this fact alone, is a prima facie case made out.
Moreover, we hav g, to assist us in our diagnosis, the stiff or im-
perfect fexion of the hock-joint in action, »nd the wearing away
574 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SORGERY.

of the toe of the shoe, showing that the lee! is rarely or but very
gingerly put to the ground; also the circurmstance, often observ-
able by the groom, of the animal resting the Jame (hind) limb in
the stable; on cecasions, perhaps, xnackling over upon it, and so
pearing the weight upon the toe alone. And it has happened
before now that, while doubt was impending as to the locality
and nature of the lameness, a spavin has made its appearance, and
dissipated all further conjecture; and with tlis development of
the spavin, the lameness, 30 far from being augmented, is not
unlikely to become better. This is an observation made so long
ago as the time of Solleysell, This admirable observer, in one
part of his chaptcr on spavins, says: ‘At their first piercing, they,
generally speaking, make a horse halt, and afterwird the swelling
growing bigger, the horse halteth no more with it.’ ”

I have noticed that spavined horses are usually the subjects of
ill-shaped hocks; hence this peculiarity of conformation would
seem to indicate that such animals have a certain amount of pre-
disposition lurking in their systems. The ordinary exciting causes
are sprain or strain, and overwork.

Now, what will cure spavin? This auestion was propounded
to the anthor, some time ago, and the following answer waa
elicited. The answer is as good to-day as when first written.
“What will cure spavin?” I answer: Time, rest, and the appli-
caticn of remedies adapted to the various stages of the disease,
The usual remedies, in the early stage, are rest, frequent use of the
shower--bath, and rvfrigerating lotions. In the chronic stage, and
when the disease Lus commenced on the articulating surfaces of
the hock-joint, or un ossific bony enlargement has made its ap-
pearance, then we iesort to counter-irritation, by using some one
of the preparations of cantharides or iodine. “ What will cure
apavin?” is a tough question for a medical man to solve; for, if
he has been properly educated, he knows well enough that bone
apavin, like hip-joint disease in the human subject, is, to all in
tents and purposes, in :urable—-I mean in so far as the physiology
and pathology of the parts are concerned. Soft tissues, once
having been changed into bone, never can be remetamorphosed
into the original condition so as to possess thei: inherent qualities
of elasticity (contraction and expansion). At the same time wi
are all horsemen enough to understand what the term “ 2ure’!
means when anplied to the disease known as snavin. It signifies
LAMENESS, FRUM VARIOUS CAUSES 376

freedum from sensibility and lameness, and a partial disappear-
ance of the enlargement, or “eye-sore.” As the reader may like
to refer to the opinion of some well-known author, as well as
what J here advance, I select a quotation on the treatment of bone
spavin from the pen of Mr. BLAINE:

“This disease does not differ from splint, except that it is much
eftener a cause of serious lameness. Occurring, however, as it
commonly does, in older horses, it also proves more obstinate, and
the treatment required, therefore, should be more active. Among
the old farriers, who, like some of the moderns, thought nothing
too strong for a horse, violent mechanical operations were resorted
to, as the mallet and chisel to chip it off, boring the exostosis with
a gimlct, punching it with a hot iron, or applying caustics. The
first removing it mechanically, and the three latter methods de-
stroying its vitality, promoted its exfoliation. As might be ex-
pected, for one case which succeeded (and in some it certainly did
suceced) in many it increased the lameness, or ended in anchy-
losis and sometimes death. It is not improbable that instruments
may yet be devised which will operate on these bony enlargements
without risk, though the chances are fewer in the hock, from its
connection with capsular and bursal ligaments, than in any other
parts.

Treatment.—The treatment pursued by veterinarians of the
present day varies somewhat. Those bordering on the old school
still rub with some violence, and then stimulate them with oil
origanum, oil terebinth, etc. Those of a later day blister and fire,
At the Veterinary College setons are used, by ripping up the in
tegument and pushing a needle around, with tape through it, se
that the seton within the skin exactly opposes itself to the spavin.
If the skin is tender or tumefied, it is more proper to make au
opening above and below the exostosis, and to push a blunt seton-
needle or eyed probe from one opening to the other, armed with
a tape smeared with mild blistering ointment, or common turpen-
tine. In this way, report says, the College practice has proved
very successful. Blistering we have, however, found, when re-
peated over and over, commonly prove equal to all the benefit
these obstinate cases can receive; for, when the bone deposit. is
fully formed, it is in vain to expect its entire absorption. Even
its partial absorption is frustrated. ‘The removal of acute Jame-
ueas is generally the only benefit which can be anticipated. Our
376 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGEhY.

principal hope lies in preventing the increase of the bony deposit,
and likewise in removing that inflammation which is the existing
cause of much of the pain, stiffness, and tumefaction in the sur-
rounding ligaments. Our hopes of success must also greatly de-
pend on the time the evil has existed. When it is early attended
to—that is, before the bony deposit has gained its full solidity—
stimulants act more favorably, and lessen it more materially. It
remains to add that, when repeated blistering fails, the iring-ircn
generally concludes the business, but commonly answers no further
purpose than being a publication of the animal’s infirmity, and a
warning to practitioners as regards the previous treatment.”

The remedies and means used by the author of this work for
the treatment of spavin are the same as recommended for ring-
bone. (See article on Ring-bone.)

FRACTURE OF THE PELVIs (“ Hip Sot,” or “ PINHIPPED ”).

My attention having lately been called to two cases of fractured
pelvis, I am led to make the following remarks for the benefit of
these who feel an interest in matters pertaining to veterinary sci-
ence. The accident of fracture of the pelvis is of very common
occurrence, and I think that many such cases might be prevented
by the cxercize of a little judgment on the part of horse-owners,
For example, the great majority of cases with which I am ac
quainted have occurred in the stable, after the animals have been
put up for the night “all well,” as the owners have informed me,
and to them the matter seemed very mysterious and unaccounta-
ble. But I think that the mystery can easily be explained.

Ifa horse is put up for the night all well and free from lame
ness, and in the morning is lame, and it is observed that the hip
is knuckled down, as the saying is, (fracture of the pelvis,) or, in
other words, he is “ hip-shot,” the evidence then seems conclusive
that the accident occurred within the stable. Then the question
arises, How did it occur? We all ought to know that the stalls
in our city stables are too narrow; many of them do not exceed
four feet in breadth Now, let a large horse throw himself vio-
lently down, as they often do when tired or in pain, and he is
very apt to strike the point of the hip against one side of the sta-
ble. The point of the hip being but imperfectly protected from
external or lateral injury, except by the common integun ent, the
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 3717

arr scucussion thus received often occasions fracture. I know
shat this iz the case; for, on making examination of some of these
fracturcs, I found the skin over the region of the point of the hip
bruised and abraded. Then, again, horses frequently get cast af
nig] t, and are the subjects of colic, or other aches or pains. They
struggle violently, get imprisoned, as it were, in their narrow
apartments, and, when released by assistance, fracture of the pelvis
is often discovered.

This is not all. Sometimes sufficient bedding is not furnished
te protect the animal from the effects of hurriedly reclining, or
slipping down, on a hard plank floor, and the result is often the
same as that just alluded to. Then, in view of prevention, these
facts suggest the propriety of having wider stalls, and a liberal
supply of shavings sr sawdust for bedding; that is, when straw
can not be obtained; yet I think that when sawdust can be ob-
tained, it is the most wholesome and economical bedding for
horses. Taking a pathological view of the matter, I have to in-
form the reader that a great proportion of these fractures occur
among horses well advanced in years; and it may be that theis
bones, in some cases, are brittle and very easily i1ractured, as is
the case with some aged members of the human family, whose
thigh bones have been easily fractured by a slight fall, or jumping
out of bed in a hurry, many such cases being on record.

The horse is occasionally subject to a disease of the bones known
as fatty degeneration, which is said to be partly occasioned by an
exclusive Indian corn diet. In such cases the vacuities in some
of the bones are filled with oily matter, are light, and easily frac-
tured. He is also subject to a disease known as rickets, which
may depend either on hereditary predisposition or imperfect nu-
trition. The bones are defective in early constituents, and, con-
sequently, give way under the weight which they ought otherwise
to sustain. The remedy is, a nutritive diet, partly composed of
vats, and occasional doses of phosphate of lime.

Horses very frequently fracture the pelvis by falling in harness,
vut fur this I know of no remedy except careful driving; yet
sometimes, in spite of due care, they must fall when traveling on
slippery pavements, and when improperly shod.

Treatment.—As regards the treatment of fracture of the pelvis
I have but little to offer. It is all contained in the words ~es
and roupfer-irritation (seton or blister), yet requires time ‘or
378 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

Nature to unite the bones after her well-known fashion. If the
horse is a valuable one, and the fracture slight, he should be
placed in slings. ‘The hair may then be shaved off the region of
fracture to the extent of one foot in diameter; then smear on,
while warm, a strengthening plaster, composed of pitch, resin,
and beeswax. But should the fracture be of a very grave char.
acter—the hones broken in several places, the animal down ane
in great agony—then the sooner he is put out of his misery thn
r,

SPLENT, OR SPLINT.

Spient, or splint, makes its appearance on the inner and lower
part of the knee-joint. It consists of a bony tumor (exostosis),
and, finally, the small bone known as the metacarpus purvus
becomes united to the cannon or shank vone. This constitutes
anchylosis, so that the disease is of the same nature as ring-bone.
Splent sometimes appears on the outside of the leg; but the dis-
ease is oftener found on the inside, from the fact that it is nearer
the center of the weight of the body than the outer, and receives
the greatest amount of concussion The inner bone is said to
receive nearly the whole weight transmitted to the small bone of
the knee. A splent on the inside is often the result of a blow
inflicted with the opposite foot, which bruises the soft parts and
perixsteum, and, finally, the bones become affected. Faulty shoe-
ing has also a direct agency in the production of splent. For
example: if one caulk of the shoe be higher than the other, or
should the foot be pared more on one side than the other, the
effect will be to throw the limb into a false position, which may
result in ligamentary lameness and splent. Splent, however, ap-
pears sometimes without any assignable cause. On dissecting the
imbs of aged horses, we frequently find the splent bones firmly
anited to the shank. The following is the opinion of Prof. Cole-
man ic regard to splent:

“A splent once is a spleat always.’ The two bones being once
united by ossific matter, this connection, whatever we may do or
apply, will never be altered. It used to be the custom to remove
the splent with a hammer and chisel, but the production of a
large klemish, from the destruction of skin, was the consequence
of this barbarous method. Another practice, as ancient and bars
barous as the former, was the application of corrosive sublimate,
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 379

   
   
   
    
 

A PERFECT FORE-LEG,

A Seton ir] i Situation of
the Splint. |

Situation of the

the Splint.

    
    
 
    
      

  

VS

titties,

of firing it all

Ltt,

LAC

Situation of the 4

& mode of

fy pitt

   
  
 
  
 

Situation of the
& method of firme.

Situation of Blood Spavin,

  

} Situation of the Bone Spavin & method of
Q k
y \ firing the same.
y NS
Wi
Hy Wi
[He bi
a
iy} Ff {{

BOTTOM OF THE HOOF.

aoa the crust. ec the bars.
6b the sole.

dd the frog

 
88C DADVU’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

or other strong caustic, so as to occasion a slough. In this case,
too, the remedy was as bad as the disease; the horse was disfigured
for life. Better and more recent treatment than this was either
firing or blistering. The objection to the former, however, was
the marks it produced; and to the latter, in common with the
former, that though the lameness was removed, it very frequently
returned with the resumption of labor.

The more modern, successful, and scientific treatment ot splents
consists in the operation of periosteotomy, or division of the peri
osteum, which covers the bone.

Professor Sewell has introduced, within the few past years, an
excellent mode of performing the operation. The horse is cast,
the leg properly straightened and secured, and then a small open-
ing is made just below the splent sufficient to introduce a long,
narrow, convex, probe-pointed knife, the edge of which is on the
convex side The knife is then passed up under the skin, and by
drawing it backward and forward on the splent, pressing firmly
at the same time, the periosteum is completely divided. A small
opening is then made through the skin above the splent, and a
narrow seton passed from one orifice to the other, after which a
bandage is placed on the leg, and the horse released. The seton
should be moved and dressed daily with digestive ointment, and
at the expiration of a week removed, and the wound permitted to
heal. J have found the operation succeed whenever I have adopted
it. In the very numerous cases that occur of splents being unat-
tended with lameness, it is ‘better to let well alone;’ but when
the lameness is slight, and the horse can not be spared from work
more than a few days, it is well to apply a mild blistering appli-
cation, such as the tincture of cantharides, about a tea-spoonful of
which will be sufficient for one application, which may be repeated
according to the action it produces and the benefit it occasions.”

Treatment.—Our practice in this country is to treat splent on
the same general principles that obtain in spavin and ring-bone—
namely, in the acute stage, when the accident of striking has
happened, we apply sedatives and refrigerents, and in the chronia
stage, counter-irritants and absorbents. or the treatment of the
acute stage, a selection from the following articles may be made:
Arnica, infusion of hops or poppies, cold water, or equal parts of
vinegar and water. In the chronic stage, and in view of lessen-
tag the tumefaction. I recommend the following -
LAMENESS, FROM VARivU8 CAUSES. 338i

No. 60. Powdered iodide of potass............. 2 dr.
Simple Cerate........ceeceeeesveeees 1 oz.
Cod-liver Oth sss ce spews nese eee 4 92.

Rub these ingredients together in a mortar, and when thor
aughly mixed it is fit for use. A daily application of this oint-
ment for a short time will suffice. There are many cases of splent
that do not occasion the least lameness- therefore they had better
be let alone.

Bowep L&Ecs or Sprune KNEEs.

The following case will illustrate the method of cure for sprung
knees. The subject of this operation had met with an accident,
which resulted in “bowed limb,” and had so progressed within
the period of a few months as to render the limb the most de-
formed one I ever saw; for when the toe touched the ground, the
heel was elevated about four inches. At the same time, the infe-
rior extremity of the cannon overlapped the large pastern some-
thing like three-quarters of an inch. Such a deviation from the
perpendicular line would, as a matter of course, bring a tremendous
strain on the extensor tendons in front and the suspensory liga-
ment, and this appeared to be the case; for the tendons and liga-
ment were rigid us a bowstring.

The horse was vast on the off side, and, after securing the limbs,
the near fore one was released from the hobble and held by assist-
ants. A puncture in the outer lateral region of the flexor tendons
was made through the integument. A convex, probe-pointed
bistoury was then introduced, and, by a gentle sawing movement,
tue flexors perforatus and perforans were divided. On straight-
ening the limb, which was done without the least difficulty, the
edges of the tendons had separated almost two inches. These
would, of course, after awhile, become reunited by granulation and
in‘erstitial deposits. Thus tendons would, finally, gain in ‘engtk
something less than two inches, which would render the leg al-
most straight again. The puncture through the skin being small,
a single suture sufficed to close the orifice. This being accom-
plished, a cold-water bandage was neatly applied, and then the
patient was permitted tv rise. He walked to the stable tolerably
well, ye: still had a slight “ knuckling over” at the fetlock. This
was probably owing to the distended or lax state of the capsular
ligament and extensor tendon, A shoe was now applied to the
382% DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

foot, iaving a straight piece of iron, eight inches in length, welded
on to the ground surface of the toe of the shoe. The ol ject ir
applying this contrivance was to prevent flexion, to keep ‘he di-
vided ends of the tendon apart, and to guard against direct uniop
of the same. The operation finally proved successful,

The following case occurred in the practice of Professor BRACHET.
ae given in the “ Veterinary Record:”

“This most extraordinary case was observed in September, 1856,
three months after the inundation of the Rhone, on a farm near
this river. ‘The subject of the disease was a filly, three months
old. She was born perfectly straight on her legs, but about fifteen
days after birth the fore-limbs became bent, and the deformity
increased so rapidly that when Brachet saw the animal it moved
onits knees. It was with great difficulty that, by efforts to extend
the limb, the acute angle formed at the knee could at all be
widened, and such an experiment gave great pain to the animal.
The dam being taken out of the stable, Brachet was astonished
to see the filly walking after her on her knees, almost as fast as if
progressing naturally. On the front of the knee the skin was hard
and callous, the tendons behind it were rigid and immovable, and
Brachet decided on performing tenotomy. The animal was cast
and the near fore-leg operated upon. An incision was made, about
an inch in length, at the back of the arm, in a line with the upper
part of the carpus; the tendon of the flexor metavarpi externus
was first cut, then one of the medius, and, lastly, that of the inter-
nal flexor of the metacarpus, when the limb straightened. A
splint was placed in front of the leg. Eight days afterward the
off limb was operated upon; fifteen days later the splints were
removed, and, in the course of a month, the filly stood well, but in
moving carried her fore-legs forward in a piece. Flexion at the
knee could not be effected, but the young animal improved rapidly ;
the limbs became strong, and though slightly bowed, their action
was perfect. Brachet believes the deformity arose from rheuma-
tism, induced by the damp on the occasion of the overflowing of
the river near the farm.”

The following is Mr. PERCIVALL’s method of performing te-
notomy foi sprung knees:

“The operation of tenotomy, though a formidable one for the
patient, is not a difficult one for the operator. The object is sec-
tion of the flexor tendons, the effect of which, as we have seen, is ‘e
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 583

let down tue heel of the foot, not the fetlock, to the ground, The
flexor tendons support the pastern and foot-joints principally, the
fetlock joint having the additional strong support of the suspen-
sory ligament, which it still retains after the tendons have been
cut through. This accounts for the heel of the foot, without the
fetlock, being let down by the operation of tenotomy.
Having cast the horse, and so secured the limb to be operated
a that there is not much chance of any interruption being occa-
sioned through its motion, I recommend that a longitudinal in-
cision, three or four inches in length, be made through the skin,
along the back of the leg, down upon the middle portion of the
flexor perforatus tendon. This incision freely and boldly made at
once, the operator will be able to stretch the mouth of the wound
he has made round to the inner side of the leg, in which stretched
position the skin is to be held by an assistant, while the operator
introduces the fore-finger of Lis left hand, to push back the blocd-
veascls and nerve (which run along the inner borders of the ten-
dons) against the suspensory ligament, so that they be safe out of
the way, while with the right hand he insinuates his bistoury
between them and the flexor tendons. Opposing now the cutting
edge of the bistoury to the tendons themselves, he commences
incising them by a steady but firm and strong sawing movement,
until both be completely divided. I say he is to hold the bistoury
(wluch oxght to be a stout one) firmly, and to use it with some
force, cance such is the dense and tough texture of these tendons
that they are not cut completely through without some determi-
nation. Complete division being made of them, the heel of the
foot may not (in all probability will not) come down without
some extension of the leg; and this must be made, not by such
violence a3 Mr. Goodenough found himself compelled to use, still
with such force as will, if possible, make the limb straight, by
stretching or even tearing through adhesions of moderate stand-
ing, 60 far as this can be effected without the risk of rupturmg
ligament or fracturing bone. The giving way of adhesions, in
such cases, is frequently attended with a sort of snap or jerk, de-
notive of their being overcome, and by this the end is known te
be anawe:ed, such adhesions and impediments to extension being
commoniy situate about or in the vicinity of the fetlock-joint.
The usual and most effective mode of accomplishing the extension
is, to place the knee against the front of the fetlock, and, grasping
384 DADD8 VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

the back of the foot with one uand, and the upper end of the leg
with the other, to use such steady and uoderate force as will ac-
complish the object without doing harm thereby. This done, the
divided ends of the tendons recede from eazh other, leaving a gap
between them of one or two inches, or even more, dependent upon
circumstances.”

Corns.

What is known as corns, occurring in horses, is very different
from that affection in the human subject, which bears the same
name. In the horse the affection is caused by bruise of the sole,
and consists of extravasation of blood. On making an examina-
zion in the angle between the bars and quarters, the horn of the
sole will appear red. This may not be seen, however, until the
blacksmith has pared away a flake or two of the sole.

Treatment.—Neglected corns are very apt to end in suppuration
(formation of matter within the hoof), This matter sometimes
burrows in an upward direction, and breaks out at the top of the
hoof. It then forms what is known as a quittor, the remedy for
which is to make a small opening into the sole, and thus allow
the matter to escape in a downward direction. After making the
orifize in the sole, it should be dressed with a paste compesed of
equal parts of sugar and bruwn soap. As a dressing for common
corn, without suppuration, I recommend equal parts of tar and
olive oil. This I conceive to be one of the best dressings ever
used for corns.

Many corns are produced by suffering the shoe to remain on toc
long. It thus becomes imbedded in the heel of the foot; the ex-
ternal crust then grows down on the outside of the shoe, and the
bearing is thrown in the angular portion of the sole. In unusually
troublesome cases cf corns, recourse should be had to the bar-shoe,

YouatT says: “Mr. Spooner, of Southampton, very properly
states taat the corns occasionally fester, and the purulent matter
which is secreted, having no dependent orifice, ascends, torturing
the animal to a dreadful extent, and breaks out at the coronet.
These cases are very troublesome, Sinuses are formed, and the
evil may end in quittor. A large and free dependent orifice must
then be made, and a poultice applied, to which should succeed a
solution of sulphate of zinc, with the application of the compound
tar ointment.
LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 385

The cause of corn is a most important subject of inquiry, and
which a careful examination of the foot and the shoe will easily
discover. The cause being ascertained, the effect may, tu a great
extent, be afterward removed. Turning out to grass, after the
horn is a little grown, first with the bar-shoe and afterward with
the shoe fettered on one side, or with tips, will often be service-
able. A horse that has once had corns to any considerable extent
should, at every shoeing, have the seat of corn well pared out, and
the butter of antimony applied. The seated shoe should be used,
with a web sufficiently thick to cover the place of corn, and extend-
ing as far back as it can be made to do without injury to the frog.

Low, weak heels should be rarely touched with the knife, or
any thing more be done to them than lightly to rasp them, in
order to give them a level surface. The inner heel should be
particularly spared. Corns are seldom found ip the hind feet,
because the heels are stronger, and the feet are not exposed to sc
much concussion ; and when they are found there, they are rarely
or never productive of lameness. There is nothing perhaps in
which the improvement in the veterinary art has relieved the
horse from so much suffering as shoeing. Where corns now exist
of any consequence, they are a disgrace to the smith, the groom.
and even to the owner.”

LAMENESS.

We have already considered the nature and treatment of vari-
ous forms of lameness, occurring in consequence of strain or sprain
of different parts of the body ; also that attending rheumatisin and
diseases of the feet. It only remains to offer a few remarks on
some special forms of lameness. Lameness occurs in one of two
forms. We either find it in the acute stage, when, from injury
or other causes, it comes on suddenly ; or else in the chronic stage,
that form which has existed for some time. Therefore, there being
euly two forms of lameness, there are only two indications to fulfill,
namely: in the acute stage, we endeavor to lessen the activity in
the circulation, heat, and pain of the parts by rest and cold-water
bathing; and when pain exists, we mitigate it by bathing the af-
fected parts with cold infusion of hops or poppy-heads. Whea
the affection assumes a chronic type, we apply stimulants ard
ronnter-irritants. The following is the best remedy in use:

25
386 DADD’S VETEZINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

No. 61, Aqua ammonia........0-+seeeeee+ Sh OB.
Spirits of camphor........--...4- 3 OM.
Sait (bay or rock salt)..........6. 8 of.
Water......scccccscseccccccvens 2 pints,

Dissolve the salt in the water, with a few drops of aqua am
monia; allow the impurities to settle, and add the clear liquor te
the camphor and ammonia, the latter having been previously
mixed. A portion of this should be rubbed on the region of
lameness morning and evening. Sometimes the actual seat of
lameness may be somewhat obscure, yet we can generally find out
which limb it is in; then, to make sure that we shall hit the mark,
the whole limb may be treated. Should counter-irritation be neo-
essary, strong liniments and blisters, such as are in general use,
are recommended.

This plate represents the fore extremity, cut off a little above the
condyles of the humerus, with the flexor metacarpi intaruns
medius and the ulnaris accessorius muscles remove”

A, The origin of the ulnaris accesar“ue muscle.

B, The flexor metacarpi internue

Q, The flexor metacarpi medius.

F, The radial nerve.

G, The radial artery.

H, The radial vein.

I, The superior suspensory ligament, or band.

J, The tendon of the flexor metacarpi internus muscle

K, The cut edge of the posterior annular ligament tu-™med hack.

L, The infenor suspensory band.

M, Obliqne branch of nerve crossing the perforatua tendon.

N, The perforatus tendon.

O, The perforans tendon.

P, The inner metacarpal nerve.

Q, Metacarpal artery.

R, Suspensory ligament.

8, The metacarpal vein.

T, One of the lumbrici muscles.

U, Cut edge of the thin, dense membrane which invests the perforasa:
from a little above the front of the fetlock downward.

V, The perforatus tendon.

W, A portion of the tend’ n lined internally with synovial! membrane
removed, to expose the perforana as it passea througn the &
farcation of the perforatus

 
 

 

 

 

SECTION XIII.
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC.

Pron.apsus ANI—HemMoRRUuOIDS, OR PILES—PRICKING AND Nickine Horses Tatts
—Dockine Horses—An#mMia—TueE User anp ABUSE or THE CURBRY-COMB—~
HorszEs AND CATTLE SHOULD HAVE A SUPPLY OF PuRE WaTeER—GALLED Bac
—Tue Heart—Tue Quantity oF BLoop CONTAINED 1n Aa Horsz’s Bopy—
RAPIDITY OF THE CIRCULATION—THE TRANSFUSION OF BLOOD—MANAGEMENY
or tue Horses PUT IN THE STABLE—STRANGL¥S,

Prouapsus ANr (FALLING OF THE FUNDAMENT OR ReEcruM)

ROLAPSUS ANI, or protrusion of the rectum, is a calamity
much to be dreaded. Fortunately it very rarely occurs, yet
when it does, a valuable horse is almost sure to be the subject;
hence it is a matter of importance that persons who own valu-
able horses should know something about the nature and treat-
ment of this mishap. The best authority on this subject is Mr.
PERCIVALL, from whose works the following is quoted:

“Tt consists in inversion and prolapse of the mucous coat of
the rectum, either confined to the mucous membrane itself, or
otherwise involving more or less of the entire substance of the
intestine along with it. The aspect of the protrusion will mainly
diepend on the nature and volume of the parts ejected, and upon
the time such evolution has been in existence. When receut, so
readily does tumefaction (swelling) of the parts follow their pro-
trusion, that this speedily opposes all attempts at return, should
the animal make any, though, in truth, his efforts in genera] have
the effect of straining more gut out, and through his straining, in
some cases, tearing the membrane, and thus augmenting instead
of diminishing the evolution as well. In this manner arises a
large (sometimes enormous) rotund, red, wrinkled redness of skia,

consisting of cylinders of mucous membrane, having an aperture
(287)
388 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINL AND SURGERY

tlosed through constriction in its centre, tho.gh, when open, issu
ing a mucous and sanious matter, especially at such time as the
animal is straining afresh. The circumflex action of the sphincter
ani around the neck of the swelling, together with ‘+s distensiun
with gas, aud the action of the air upon its surface, all add to its
increase of volume and change of color; while the straining, at the
same time increases the difficulty of any effort the practitioner
may make toward effecting a return of the protruded gut. With
its augir2ntation of volume comes a deepening redness, turning,
thrcuy) the constriction of the sphincter, to a darker, and even
purp'e hue, the membrane becoming, at the same time, inflated
and swollen, and gradually changing its color from red to yeliow
and to brown, though still having a humid shining aspect, now
becoming glairy from albuminous secretion, which is not only
mucous, but at times purulent.

Causes.—These may be summed up in irritation, either direct
or sympathetic, of the mucous membrane lining the anus and
rectum. It is possible that prolonged constipation, from giving
rise to violent straining efforts at expulsion of dry and hardened
feces, might bring it on, or even the strains of parturition. The
action produced by excessive purgation may canse it, but more
especially irritation of a mechanical kind, arising from direct in-
jury to the membrane or rectum during the operation of raking
or manual exploration of the gut, or of clystering. It may prove
an accompaniment of an enteritic, colicky, or diarrheal condition
of bowel. It is possible it may ensue on nicking, though I never
knew it to follow that operation. Violent struggles of any kind,
as in such a case as is mentioned in the ‘ Veterinarian,’ by Mr. J.
Brown, V.S., London, wherein the horse ‘had forced out nearly
a foot of the rectum in struggling violently to release himself,
while being cast,

Treatment.—The formidable, and indeed awful, aspect of this
disease is apt to operate in the mind of the owner of the animal
favorably for the veterinary surgeon, inasmuch as it gives rise to
his being called to the case sooner than he otherwise would have
leen. Should the summons be an early one, at the time that
the protrusion is recent, and its volume nothing so very alarming,
‘udicious exercise of the taxis, if employed at the moment, may
iucceed in the return of the gut. Distributing the fingers of both
hands over the wrinkled and swollen body of the protrusion
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 383

steady, firm, and forcible pressure ought to be maintained against
it for such length of time as appears to afford any chance of suc
cess, augmenting the force used whenever there be any remission
of the straining. Should the first efforts of this description fail,
the protruded masa may have its bulk lessened and constricted aa
much as possible by local application of some sort, than which
aone offers a better chance of succeeding than such as follows
from. sudden and intense cold, though to a part so sensitive and
gascilar the practice is not devoid of danger. Ice may be pow-
dered and inclosed in a linen bag, so as to form a sort of bolster,
that may be held or braced with firmness upon the tumefaction
The contrary of sucn treatment as this, however, though the ob-
ject be the same, is generally preferred—namely, fomentation,
medicated or not, with scarification of the exposed membrane—
though in other cases astringent applications are employed, with
a view of causing contraction and diminution of the mass, such as
lime-water, decoction of oak bark, solution of alum, etc.; and
while such proceedings are going on, it is advisable to have the
hind parts raised. Supposing we succeed in accomplishing the
reduction, the chances are in favor of the relapse of the prolapsus,
and these chances seem great in proportion to the facility with
which the return of the inverted gut has been effected. Indeed,
so constant and troublesome does the return in some of these cases
become, that it is necessary to contrive some sort of truss to op-
pose the descent, the same as is done for rupture in man. Mr.
Dycer’s truss consisted of ‘a new wet chamois leather, a breast-
plate, and a hip (human) truss.’ Should constipation be thought
to operate against reduction, in addition to clysters, we may ex-
hibit cathartics and aloes in solution, and should there be plethora
and great irritability in the membrane of the rectum and anus, a
blood-letting will be advisable, while an opiate or belladonna clys-
ter will be advantageously administered, in order to allay all local
i-ritation as much as possible.

As a dernier and effective mode of procedure in prolapsus
eni, when the case proves either irreducible, or, after return, con-
tinually protrudes on any slight effort, such as coughing afresh,
ye have recourse, with safety ana certainty, to an operaticn con-
sisting in excisicn of more or less of the inverted membrane en-
veloping the protruding portion of the gut. This is an operation
of ancient date, though to Dupuytren is ascribed the credit of
890 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICIN£ AND SURGERY

introducing it into human practice, and to the French veterinarians
that of transplanting the same into veterinary practice. For-
merly the actual cautery was the instrument employed for the
removal of the parts obstructing reduction ; but in our own day
this has been thrown aside for the scalpel, an instrument quite aa
effective, while the simple act of cutting with a knife gives sv
touch less pain than cutting or dividing with the actual cautery.
In general, it is considered necessary to cast the horse for the ope-
ration; but Mr. Gregory, V. S., did not cast his patient, but
merely put on a side-line, and had one leg held up and the tail
kept on one side; and, most assuredly, the standing position of
the patient is one which, in such an operation, offers no mean
advantages to the operator, provided he can avail himself of it
without any personal danger. A great preservation against re-
fractortuess in an operation of the kind, at the moment when any
pain is felt, is a twitch, well put on, and well and timely turned.
The horse secured, with his tail turned out of the way, an incision,
forming a circle, is to be carried around the protruding mass, at
sufficient distance from the constricted part of the neck of the
protrusion to leave behind it such parts as are distended from
tumefaction or infiltration, whose removal will render the retrac-
tion of the gut an easy and natural effort. In making incision,
it may be advisable to take up and tie with a silk ligature any
vessel met with of size enough to issue a current of blood, though
sometimes no such precaution is required. In the case mentioned
Vy Mr. Gregory, not more than a quart of blood was lost. The
‘ncision ought to be made of sufficient depth to penetrate cona-
pletely through the substance of the mucous membrane, however
morbidly thickened that may be, without, however, running a
risk of wounding the muscular coat beneath it, the object being
to dissect the former away and strip it off the latter, so as to lessen
the bulk of the mass to that degree that return }ecomes a volun-
tary and facile action of the animal himself. So soon, however
us this denudation has been carried near to the inverted anus,
care must be taken not to dissect or otherwise injure the sphincter
of that part, lest we leave the horse with an imperfection in closing
un outlet of so important a function. A soft or mash diet should,
for a few weeks, succeed the operation, with abstinence from hay,
which, from its fibrous, prickly nature, must be particularly offen-
give to the denuded gut. Occasional emollient clysters are alse
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETu. 39)

recommendable, especially when there appears any pain or diffi-
nity in giving exit to the feces.”

HEMORRHOIDS, OR PILES IN THE HORSE.

The following case of piles, occurring in the practice of Mr
P, Wats, V.S., is here introduced from the “ Veternarian:”

“On the evening of March 13, 1851, I was summoned hastily
to attend a brown carriage-mare, belonging to an employer about
a mile distant from Norwich, which was reported to have some-
thing ‘bloody’ hanging out of her rectum. The coachman who
came said it had made its appearance two or three times during
the day after dunging, but had always returned again, until just
before he left home, when a portion of it was left out, and the
mare became very uneasy. On my arrival, I found, as reported,
the mare in pain, indicated by a peculiar switching or lashing of
the tail, and stamping of the hind feet; but she had not lain
down, although she made several attempts to do so. It first struck
me as a case of prolapsus ani, but, on examination, it proved to be
a true case of piles. The tumor protruding was about the size of
a duck’s egg, presenting pieciseiy the appearance of a pilous grape
in the human subject, only, of course, much larger. I had some
difficulty in returning it, in consequence of the powerful action
of the sphincter ani, which, no doubt, accounted for the pain; but,
having accomplished it, the mare became easy, and continued so
for some little time. I thought it right, however, to have her
removea to my infirmary, as I anticipated a return of the tumor
when she again dunged, in which I was not deceived, since, on her
arrival at my stable, I found it out again. On making a more
minute examination, I discovered smaller tumors round and about
the larger one, the latter, however, being the only one that pro-
truded. The mare being naturally of an irritable temperament,
and consequently dunging more frequently than one less so would
have done, induced me to have a careful assistant remain up with
her during the night, for the purpose of returning the tumor
whenever it made its reappearance, which it invariably was said
to do after each evacuation, pain being constantly present at such
time.

Reflecting on the case next morning, and olserving consider-
able mischief was being done by the necessary manipulation, J
392 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

foresaw I should have a very tioublesome case, unless I could his
upon some plan of dilating the sphincter so as to allow of a return
of the tumor without so much handling of it. This I accom-
plished in the following manner: I had the mare placed in a nar-
row stall, the back part of which was well bedded with litter, s0
that, in standing, her hind quarters were elevated six or eight
inches higher than the fore ones. I then procured a pair of glove-
slicks, such as glovers use for opening the fingers of gloves, and,
haying dipped their ends in oil, gently introduced them about an
inch or an inch and a half into the rectum, underneath the tumor,
letting it, in fact, rest upon them. In this way, by pressing the
handles, dilatation took place, and the tumor receded with little or
no difficulty. This treatment I persevered in for four days, in
conjunction with a constant application of cold water to the parts,
at the end of which time such great improvement had taken place
that the use of the sticks became no longer necessary. In four
days more the parts appeared to have become quite reinstated,
which, of course, rendered any further treatment unnecessary, I
gave no medicine, except a very mild aperient in the first instance,
Sut kept the bowels lax with bran, linseed, carrots, etc. The mare
being sold shortly afterward, I lost sight of her, and am unable to
say, in consequence, whether any return of the difficulty has taken
place, but I should think such an occurrence not improbable ”

Prickine or Nickrine Horsss’ TalI1s.

The English method of nicking horses is, instead of inserting a
knife and making a subcutaneous section of the muscles of the
tail, known as the depressors, to make three straight incisions at
equal distances right across the tail. By this method the muscles
of the tail are effectnally or completely divided. The first incision
is usually made about two inches from the root of the tail, and
the other two at equal distances from the first, in a direction toward
the end of the tail. The tail is then kept perpendicular, in the
usual manner, by pulleys. It is said that by this method a more
graceful curvature of the tail is secured, which I believe is a fact,
yet the operation is any thing but pleasant to the horse. It is oe
of the fashionable barbarisms of civilization.

The English method of nicking, although the most unsightly
and parbarous, is still the safest, as there ts less liability to lock-
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 393

» ® [t is well-known that lock-jaw more frequently ensues
from a punctured wound than a clean cut or incision; yet when
nicking or pricking, after the American fashion, (if care be taken
to make the orifice through the skin sufficiently large, so that pus,
afterward secreted, may escape,) I think there is no danger. The
danger arises from the imprisonment of pus by closure of the
orifice in the skin. In healthy subjects the orifice made through
the skin will often unite in the course of a few hours ; then, should
morbid matter accumulate within the substance of the tail, it bur-
rows, forms an abscess, or eise becomes absorbed, producing lock-
jaw. Therefore, I would advise persons having prickeu or nicked
horses under their care, to pay strict attention to such, and see
that the orifices are kept open, which may easily be done by oc-
casionally inserting the point of a penknife. The skin should be
the last to heal. The healing process must be perfected in the
interior first, and, lastly, the skin. Should fungus or “ proud
flesh” appear, apply powdered bloodroot, burnt alum, or red pre-
cipitate. When an abscess forms at the base of the tail after
pricking, apply a poultice of flaxseed; and when the tail is much
inflamed and swollen, it should be bathed frequently with the
following:

No. 62. Acetic acid... ...ccsescueececsvoes 1 part.
Water....eeeees Fe ergo d's Weiss ge earns 7 parts
tix

When horses are nicked in warm weather, the tail should be
moistened with tincture of aloes; this will keep the flies off.

Persons who are not experts in the art of pricking are apt te
wound, and sometimes completely sever the coccygeal arteries,
thereby causing an unnecessary and dangerous hemorrhage. In
such cases, I should advise the operator to crowd into the orifice
4 small piece of dry sponge. This will arrest the hemorrhage,
and, at the same time, keep the divided ends of the muscles apart,
so that they can not reunite; hence it is not necessary to put the
tail into pulleys for some hours, or until bleeding has ceased.
When this is the case, the sponge may be removed by means of
a small pair of forceps.

The success in securing what is denominated a fashionable tai}
depends altogether on the skill of the operator, who must make
a complete division of the riuscles beneath the tail only, as their
action is to compress an’ depress that useful appendage; for
394 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SIRGERY.

snould the incision be made too high on the side of the tail, the
eurvators may be partly or wholly severed. Then the tail will
ultimately diverge laterally, or, in stable language, it will be said
that “the horse does not carry his tail straight.” To remedy
this, the curvator on the opposite side must be divided; then the
tail has to be forcibly drawn and kept in an opposite direction
from the curved side, so as to prevent the muscle from -euniting.
In the cou-se of a short time granulations are thrown sut from
the surface of the divided ends of the muscle. It then acquirer
length, and thus the tail becomes straight.

ANATOMY OF THE TAIL.

For the benefit of those who wish to practice the art of “ nick-
ing or pricking” understandingly, I now propose to give a brief
exposition of the anatomy of the tail.

Bones of the Tail—The bones of the tail, numbering fifteen,
sometimes sixteen, are situated at the back of the rump-bone, or
sacrum. ‘They are not a continuation of the vertebral bones, but
are an appendage to the haunch bone. The bones entire are termed
coccyz (from the Greek, which signifies cuckoo, the bill of which
bird the appendage to the sacrum, or haunch-bone ot man, is said
to represent); and, in order to prevent confusion in anatomical
terms, veterinary si¢cons have applied the same name to the teil
bones of the horse. Hence, when the terms coccygis or coccygeal
are used, they have some relation to the tail. The bones are
roughened on their surfaces, aud have depressions and eminences
or the insertion of ligaments, tendons, and muscles.

Muscles of the Tail.—These muscles are divisible into four pairs.
They are most distinctly seen at the root of the tail, but, in their
course toward the end of the same, they become blended one with
another.

The first pair of coccygeal muscles are situated on the upper
part of the tail. They are attached to the sacrum and to the
bones of the tail. Their action is to raise or erect the tail.

The second pair are termed depressors coccyx, and are situated
at the under purt of the tail. They are attached to the under-
neath part of the sacrum, and to the same locality on the bones
of the tail. They are antagonistic to the first pair, and their di-
rect action is to depress the tail. These are the muscles whick
ehould be divided in the process of pricking or nicking.
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 395

The third pair are termed curvators coccyz. These muscles are
situated on the sides of the tail, between the first and second pairs.
They are attached to the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebra, and to
the sides or transverse processes of all the bones of the tail. Their
action is to curve or flex the tail toward the quarter and sides, and
the division of one of these muscles causes permanent flexnre of
the tail in an opposite direction. Considering the tail as a meant
of defense in switching off flies, etc., these muscles are the principal
ones called into action.

The fourth pair are termed compressors coccyx. They are lo-
cated at the sides and root of the tail, and are inserted into the
back part of the hip bones (ischium), and into the five first bones
of the tail. The action of these muscles is to maintain the tail
forcibly against the anus. In the mare, these muscles protect her
from ravishment.

The arteries of the Tail are termed coccygeal arteries. Those lo-
cated at the sides are called lateral coccygeal, and the one found
in the lower or inferior region is called inferior coccygeal.

Nerves of the Tail—As with the muscles, so with the nerves.
There are four pairs of coccygeal nerves. They are not a con-
tinuation of the true spinal cord, but are given off from it. They
are distributed to the muscular filaments, to the skin, and at the
extremity of the tail.

Docxine Horsss,

All persons familiar with the old tactics of “jockeyism” and
the tricks of horse trade, will understand what is meant by the
above caption. It is a most cruel and barbarous outrage on one
of Nature’s menials, and I feel inclined to indorse the sentiments
of the profound poet Tupper, when he says, “In that great day,
when crime is sentenced, cruel man shall not go uncondemned
because no complaining brute stands there accusing, for our Fa-
ther careth when a sparrow dies.”

Horses should never be deprived of any part of that valuable
weapon of defense known as the tail. Ii is a part and parcel of
the organization of the horse, and to deprive him of what Nature
gave him, after the fashion of “doing all things well,” is an out-
rage which should be considered beneath the dignity of a gentle-
man to perpetrate. Resides the cruelty which is acknowledged
BOL DavbD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

to l:. identified with the operation, there are other reasons, on thu
grounds of physiology, why the tail should be left entire, espe-
dially in the case of a mare; but, as the reader is probably con-
versant with the facts in the case, I shall not enter into a discussion
of the same, but prefer to introduce the following paragraph
written by a person who aims at reform:

“T am glad that the abominable practice of docking and nick-
ing herses is going out of fashion. It prevails in no country in
the world besides England and the United States. We got it
from the mother country, and the sooner we leave it off the bet-
ter. It is wonderful how any body but an ignorant, narrow-
minded blockhead of a jockey should ever have thought of it,
being as offensive to good taste as it is a violation of every hu-
mane feeling. Has Nature done her work in such a bungling
manner in forming that paragon of animals, the horse, that a large
piece of bone should be chopped off with an ax to reduce him tc
symmetry, or that beauty and grace can be obtained only by cut-
ting a pair of his large muscles? ‘The docking and nicking of
horses,’ says an intelligent writer on farriery, ‘is a shockingly cruel
practice, and ought to be abandoned by the whole race of mankind,
Every human being, possessed of feeling and a magnanimous
mind, must confess that it is cruel and entirely uncalled for; but
that creature called man attempts thus to mend the works of his
almighty, wise Creator, in doing which he often spoils and dis-
figures them. What is more beautiful than a fine horse, with an
elegant, long tail and a flowing mane waving in the sports of the
wind, and exhibiting itself in a perfect state of nature? Besides,
our Creator has given them for defense as well as beauty.” The
same author relates an instance of a fine hunting horse, owned by
an Englishman, which would carry its rider over the highest five-
barred gate with ease; but he thought that the horse did not carry
as good a tail as he wished; he therefore had him nicked, and
when the horse got well, he could scarcely carry over two bare.
‘Thus,’ said he, ‘I have spoiled a fine horse; and no wonder, for
it weakened his loins.’ Any man of common sense would give
ten per cent. invre for a fine horse whose tail had never been
mutilated, than for one which had been under the hands of 3
jockey.”
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 397

ANEMIA.

This signifies an impoverished state of the blood, usually oo-
tasione! by want of nutritious food and exposure tu inclement
weather. I was called, a short time agn, to see a yearling, said
to be ailing and unthrifty, and had been so for some time.

Symptoms.—-The principal symptoms were as follows: The
head, face, and eyes were in a dropsical condition and much swol-
len; underneath the heart, and along the lower part of the abdo-
men, dropsical swellings were also observed; the membranes of
the mouth and nose appeared pale, almost bloodless; the pulse was
quite slow, and the action of the heart fecble; the respirations
were somewhat hurried, yet the lungs were not expanded to their
full capacity. I was informed that the urine was thick, and of a
cream-like color, and the feces hard and scanty. The muscular
system was spare and wiry; the ribs could be easily counted, and
the animal was unsteady on his legs. From such symptoms aa
these the reader will perceive that the case was one of debility.
and from the fact that the animal had been confined to an innu
tritious diet, or, rather, like a hen, had to scratch for a living
It will also be inferred that the debility was the result of partial
starvation.

Treatment.—I gave the animal one drachm of sulphate of iron,
and three ounces of the fluid extract of resin weed per day, dur-
ing a period of ten days. At the same time, he was liberally fed
on oats and good timothy hay, under which treatment he rapidly
gained in health and strength, and soon recovered.

ANna@MIA (THINNING OF THE BLOOD).

1 do not advocate that the curry-comb shall be entirely dis
pensed with ; for, in the first place, it is needed for the purpose af
removing scurf and dirt which has been removed from th? ex
ternal surface of the body by means of the brush, and, probably
this was the intention of the man who first invented a curry-
comb, and, in the next place, the curry-comb may be ueded to
ceratch off or remove mud that may have become dry and etiff on
the limbs of horses ; and for these reasons, if for no others, 1 sup-
pose we can not dispense with the curry-comb. There are some
parts where the curry-comb should not be used—for example, ov
598 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

the inside of the thighs, flanks, chest, and face, where the skin iz
not so thick, and more sensitive than some other regions of the
body. Some horses, especially those of a strongly-marked, nervous
temperament, have very sensitive skins, and can not even bear a
tly to light on their bodies without evincing signs of pain ana
irritation. On such the curry-comb should be used gently and
in a spirit of mercy. There are other horses, however, especially
those of the lymphatic temperarient, and whose skins are lesa
sensitive, who can bear the action of the curry-comb without
much flinching, and it is the duty of a merciful man to consider
this matter when cleaning a horse. Thoroughbred horses, which
include a vast number of the sanguine temperament, have a very
active circulation over the whole surface of the body, and this
vast circulation, through the superficial vessels, argues a delicate
sense of touch. ‘To them the curry-comb, unless used very gently,
is severe torture.

Horses AND CATTLE SHOULD HAVE A SUPPLY OF
PURE WATER.

Although few persons think it worth while to pay much atten-
tion to this department of husbandry, yet a little reflection will
convince any reasonable person of the value and importance of
furnishing animals with a constant supply of pure water. Pure,
cool water is said to be a God-send to a thirsty throat ; and as ani-
mals are apt to have thirsty throats, they should be permitted to
enjoy a luxury which costs but a trifle, and operates very favora-
bly in promoting their health. All classes of domestic animals
have as great an aversion to impure, filthy water as ourselves, and
the former wil! often turn away with disgust from the filthy stuff
called water which is often found in water-troughs on the road-
side, and within the precincts of the barn and in some pastures,
The common, stagnated pond-water, which many poor creatures
are compelled to imbibe, is often the exciting cause of disease,
especially in the Western States, where decayed vegetable matter
abounds.

Pare water will never injure an animal. I do not believe the
stones which are told about horses becoming foundered in conse-
yuence of drinking pure water. In a majority of cases, Mr, Fast-
man is Llameable. He has probablv either overdriven or over
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 399

worke! the creature, or else has suffered it, when heated, to cooi
off without the necessary care and attention which should alwaya
be observed when animals are fatigued ur perspiring freely. Hard
usage, willful neglect, and wanton cruelty are more likely to pro-
duce disease than the universal beverage, so acceptable to the palate
sf a weary or thirsty horse. How often do we see a “ let” horse
some into the stable all exhausted and used up, scarccly able to
edvance one limb before another! Examine into the facts, and we
shall find that the powers of the subject have perhaps been over-
taxed. He has been driven too far, or at too rapid a rate, for the
present state of his constitution to endure, and perhaps he has not
ned sufficient nourishment to repair the waste incidental to the
living mechanism under the states of rapid and protracted labor
Is not this enough to account tor the used-up condition? Is it
not more rational to suppose that abuse of the respiratory organs
and those of locomotion operates far more unfavorably on the
norse than water? It is. But Mr. Fastman must, if there be
any blame rightly belonging to him, try to shift the same from his
s! oulders, and, therefore, he avails himself of a popular error—
“ He drank too much water ;” yet the individual had no means of
ascertaining the precise quantity needed.

We might say, as regards some horses, whose labors are very
fatiguing, that they come from their work, and, as soon as unhar-
nessed, go to the trough, and imbibe from one to three buckets
without any bad effect, Some animals need more water than
ethers. The kind of work, the temperature of the atmosphere,
and the nature of the food, whether it be wet or dry, all tend to
diversify an animal’s wants. The domesticated horse requires a
bountiful supply of good water. His body is composed of seventy-
five per cent. of the same, and he can no more exist without it
than he can without food. A cow or ox is probably the best judge
as regards its own wants as to the quantity of water needed. It
is not the quantity which a rational animal imbibes which does
harm, but it is the quality that demands our attention.

Thirsty people drink all the cold water they need. Then why
Jeprive a cow or horse of what they actually require? Consider
the condition of the inhabitants of populous cities during the sum-
wer season. Thirst amounts almost to a disease, and, in view of
quenching it, the thirsty are continually imbibing water, rendered
cold, hot, sour, sweet, or alkaline, just as fancy dictates or as fashion
aUU DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

prevails. Cold icings and other fixings are called into requisi-
tion to smother the fire of thirst which rages within. Every body
partakes freely—-the young and the aged, the exhausted and vigor-
ous, the laborer wearied by a hard day’s work, and the rich man
nf co work—each and all are doing their best to see the bottom
of the pitcher, and to pitch their bodies into the watery element,
Yet, after all, how few persons complain of any bad effect from it

Inquire ints the history of some of the acute maladics that are
supposed to arise from water-drinking, and it will be found that
many of the sufferers have a peculiarity of constitution which ren-
ders them amenable to the laws of primogenital disease, which,
although latent under ordinary circumstances, can, by disturbing
the life forces, through neglect, cruelty, and overwork, be developed
at almost any time of life.

Animals should never be allowed to drink pond-water. They
should either have access to a running stream or a clean water-
trough.

GALLED Back.

Galled back, u. sore back, is usually occasioned by bad-fitting
saddle or harness. If that be the case, the shape of the same must
be altered so as to correspond to the shape of that portion of the
back which comes in contact with it. ‘This can be done by pad-
ding the concavities with lamb’s wool, and in chambering the con-
vexities so tnat there shall be no unequal pressure nor causes for
irritation. ‘et, after all, it may be more economical to procure a
new article and a better fit; and this may also be the most humane
policy.

Treatment.—So soon as an abrasion is discovered on the back,
the animal should be excused from duty for a few days. The
abraded part should be lubricated two or three times daily witb
common tar and olive oil, equal parts, and this will soon restore
the parts to soundness. Should there be no abrasion, yet tume-
faction, heat, and tenderness, a cold-water pledget, renewed as
occasion seems to require, will improve the condition of the parts,
when recourse must be had to the tar and oil lotion. Sometin:es,
in conseqnence or neglect, the integument becomes callous or irndu-
rated. This condition was termed by ancient farriers “ sit-fast.”
The treatment for this consists in smearing the callous with the
following :
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 401

No. 63. Iodide of potass .............00 000 1 dr.
Simple ointment ...............0.. 6 dr.
Glycerine............50005 pisaene 20K,

Mix these ingredients well together, and they are then fit for
use. A few applications of this ointment will have the effect of
removing the callous, when a healthy surface will appear.

Some animals, owing to a peculiarity of constitution or of form,
will chafe in those parts which come in contact with the collar and
saddle, and no human foresight nor mechanical contrivance can
always succecd in preventing thesame. For cxample, some horses
are humory, as the saying is—perhaps have a taint of scrofula
about them—and if they perform a hard day’s labor in the warm
seasor of the year, notwithstanding they be harnessed in the best
possible manner, they will coine home at night with either galled
shoulders or sore back. For such cases as these the harness-maker,
with all his skill and ingenuity, has no other remedy than that of
@ palliative character.

‘Thu HEART.

The current of blood is said tu be put in motion by a muscular
organ known as the heart, which is located within the thorax, or
chest. The blood is distributed to all the various ramifications
of the body by means of vessels called arteries, and it is returned
to the hcart by the veins. The red color of the blood is due to
the presence of red corpuscles, which are always to be found in the
blood of the vertebrata. In some of the invertebrata the blood
is white, or resembles the color of chyle.

Mode of Circulation. ~The blood, having been propelled from
the left or posterior ventricle of the heart to all the various rami-
fications of the body, passes through the extreme vessels (capil-
lary) into the veins. ‘These veins terminate in a vessel Known as
vena cava, anterior and posterior, both of which sections termi-
nate in the right or anterior auricle. This auricle contracts, and
the venous blood thus finds its way into the right ventricle, where
the pulmonary arteries have their origin. By aid of the muscular
power of this ventricle, the blood is sent through the pulmonary
arteries to the lungs (aeration and oxygenation). ‘The color of
this blood is dark, almost black. It is highly carbonized, abounds
in morbific matter and the worn-out materials of the body, and
in this state is a non-supporter of vitality. In this condition,

26
10! DAD))S VETERIN AF.Y MEOICINE AND SURGEKY

then, venous blood enters the pulmonary tissies. The arteriali
gation of the blood which follows is a process more esseutin: te
vital iutegrity than the assimilation of food; for animals can live
a long time without food, but they can only exist a short time
unless the blood be oxygenized.

The pulmonary arteries branch off into minute ramifications on
the surface of the air-cells of the lungs, and where these minute
divisions terminate others commence, termed venous radicles,
which ultimately become large veins. By the pulmonary veins
the oxygenized blood is returned to the left auricle and ventricle
of the heart. This route of the blood from heart to lungs, and back
again from lungs to heart, is termed the lesser circulation, The
left ventricle delivers the blood into the great aorta, and thence
to every part of the body. This is called the greater circulation.

Difference between Veins and Arteries—Tl.e veins differ from
arteries in being less dense, having no muscular nor ligamentary
tunics like the arteries, and, therefore, offer but little resistance to
tight collars and tight-fitting harness and circingles, which are apt
to interfere with the return ef blocd to the heart. The incapacity
of veins returning blood to the heart in the same ratio in which it
is carried by the arteries, is proved from the fact that the former
are twice as voluminous as the latter. The veins alco ditfer in
their internal arrangement from the arteries, the former being
furnished, at proper distances, with valves, which guard against a
retrograde venous action.

THE QUANTITY vr HLOOD CONTAINED ™m 18% Bopy
oF A Horse.

Mr. PERCIVALL, who ia our chief authori’y on thie. sibject,
ecntends that, for many reasons, the quantity of blood contained
in an animal body may be made matter of speculation, but can
not, for many reasons, be ascertained with any degree of precision ;
for, says ue, “if we atzempt to draw all the blood out of the body ,
the animal sinks and dies long before its vessels are evacuated ;
and as we possess no means of measuring what remains lehind,
any calculation we may make from the quantity that has flowed
must necessarily turn out vague, if not altogether iacorrect.” He
contends, however, that the following experiment offers a datum
w guide:
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 403

‘“‘Tke weight of an animal being ascertained tc be seventy-
nine pounds, a puncture was made with a lancet into the jugular,
from which the blood flowed in a very free stream, and was col-
lected. The vein having ceased to bleed, the caroted artery of
the same side was divided, but no blood came from it. Ina few
seconds afterward the animal was dead The weight of the car-
cass was found to be seventy-three and one-half pounds ; conse-
quently, the animal had sustained a loss of 5.12 pounds, precisely
the measure of the blood drawn.

It appears, therefore, from this experiment, that an animal will
lose one-fifteenth of its weight of blood ere it dies, although a less
quantity may so far debilitate the vital powers as to be, though
less suddenly, equally fatal. In the human subject, the quantity
of blood has been computed at about one-eighth part of the weight
of the body ; and as such an opinion has been broached from the
results of experiments on quadrupeds, we may fairly take that to
be about the proportion of it in the horse ; so that if we estimate
the weight of a common sized horse at about 12 cwt., the whole
quantity of blood will amount to 84 quarts, or 168 pounds, of
which about 45 quarts, or 90 pounds, will flow from the jugular
vein prior to death, though the loss of a much smaller quantity
will sometimes deprive the animal of life.”’

THe RAPIDITY OF THE CIRCULATION.

In 1827, Hertne,* a German physiologist, performed the ex-
periment of injecting into the jugular vein of a dog a harmless
substance, which could be easily recognized by its chemical reac-
tions, and noted the time which elapsed before it could be de-
tected in the vein of the opposite side. This gave the first correct
idea of the rapidity of the circulation ; for though the older phys-
iologists had studied the subject, their estimates were founded on
calculations which had no accurate basis, and gave very different
results. The experiment of Herine is often roughly performed
as a physiological demonstration, and we have thus had frequent
ocvasion, in a general way, to verify its accuracy. If, for ex-
ample, we expose both jugulars of a dog, inject ints one a solution
of ferro-cyanide of potassium in water, and draw a specimen of

 

* Milne-Edwards,
204 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

blood from the other, with as little loss of time as possirle, it wil
be found that, in twenty or thirty seconds after the injection, the
salt has had time to pass from the jugular to the right side of the
neart, thence to the lungs and lett side of the heart, and from
this, through the capillaries of the head and face, back to the
jugular on the opposite side. Its presence can be determined by
the distinct blue color produced on the addition of the perchlo-
ride of iron to the serum, if the specimen be allowed to stand, or
a clear extract of the blood be made by boiling with a little sul-
phate of soda and filtering, treating the cvlorless liquid thus ob-
tained with the salt of iron. The experiments of HERING were
evidently conducted with great care and accuracy. He drew
blood at intervals of five seconds after the commencement of the
injection, and thus, by repeated observations, ascertained pretty
nearly the rapiatity of the circuit of blood in the animals on which
he experimented. Others have taken up these investigations, and
introduced some modifications in the manipulations. WIERORDT
collected the blood as it flowed, in little vessels fixed op a aisk
revolving at a known rate, which gave a little more exactness to
the observations; but the method is essentially the same as that
employed by Herine, and the results obtained by these two
observers nearly corresponil.

Herrtne@ made observations on horses by increasing the fre-
queucy of the pulse, on the one hand, physiologically, by exercise,
and, on the other hand, pathologically, by inducing inflammation,
He found, in the first instance, that in a horse, with the heart
beating at the rate of thirty-six per minute, with eight respira-
tory acts, ferro-cyanide of potassium injected into the jugular ap-
peared on the vessels on the opposite side, after an interval of
from twenty to twenty-five seconds. By exercise, the number of
pulsations was raised to one hundred per minute, and the rapidity
of the circulation was from fifteen to twenty seconds. The obser-
vations were made with an interval of twenty-four hours. The
eame resulta were obtained in other experiments,

THE TRANSFUSION OF BLoop.

J. FaRReE.L, V.S., has lately been experimenting in an inter-
esting department of veterinary science ; namely, the transfusion
of equine blood in diseases attended with low, vital action, Trans
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 408

‘usion signifies the transfer of blood from one living iiiaal w
mother, by means of a hollow tube inserted into the jugular vei w
of each horse. His method was as follows:

“T commenced a series of experiments, so as to discoier the
simplest, safest, and most effectual method of conveying blood
from one animal to another. I first tried the transfusion syringe,
which has been used by medical practitioners for this purpose;
but, whether from want of skill in its use, or from some dcfect in
the instrument, (which had been recommended to me as one of the
best,) or from some other cause, I can not tell, but certain it is I
was in no case so successful with it as I was with a more simple
apparatus. I fancied that the blood lost much of its vitality by
being exposed to atmospheric action, and also by its being forced
and compressed within the cylinder of the instrument. These
impressions as to the cause of failure induced me to undertake
several experimenis, with a view tu the construction of an instru-
ment which would fulfill the requisite indications; namely, to allow
the blood to pass freely from the vein of the healthy into that of
the diseased subject, without coming in contact with the atmos-
phere, and without alteration of its temperature. I at length
adopted an exceedingly simple apparatus, which may be described
in a few words. It consists of an India-rubber tube, some twa
and a half feet long, and three-eighths of an inch in diameter;
that is, about the caliber of the vein in the adult horse. To either
end of this is fitted a silver tube, curved somewhat like a syphon,
sw» that tue end, which is slightly rounded at the point, might be
easily passed into the vein, both tubes being exactly alike. A nar-
row zinc or tin trough is required, to contain hot water, in which
two-thirds of the tube should be immersed during the time that
the blood is flowing. This completes the apparatus ; and, being
prepared. and the horses ready, held by assistants, the jugular
vein of the healthy horse from which the supply of is to be taken
may be opened, and into it one of the silver tubes carefully passed,
point upward, so a: to receive the current of blood as it flows back
frora the head—the operator holding the other end, and, having
areviously opened the corresponding vein in the patient, he shoula
wait till the current is passing freely down the tube frim the
healthy horse, and then bring it in contact with that which is now
flowing slowly from the patient. He should pass the «nd of the
hibe ca‘efully int> the vein, point downward, by whic) ne une the
406 DaND’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURUVERY.

possibility of any air getting into the tube is avoided. The quan.
tity to be transfused is readily ascertained by watching the expres-
sion of the eyes and noting the pulse carefully. So long as there
is no dilatation of the pupils, and so long as the heart’s action is not
very much affected, the blood may be allowed to flow on uninter-
ruptedly ; but as soon as the pupils become dilated, it is necezsary
to lessen the supply gradually, by compressing the tube with the:
finger and thumb. If the dilatation disap, ear after a minute 3
two, the blood may be again allowed to flow; but if it increases,
further transfusion must be stopped, or, otherwise, injurious con-
sequences will result.

In the cases of two animals which I purchased for the purpose
of experiment, I purposely allowed the blood to flow after dilata-
tion of the pupil had manifested itself, in order that I might see
the result, and I found it to increase; and in one of the cases,
after winking both eyes three or four times, in rapid succession,
the horse reared up and fell back. In the other case, I forced the
blood in from an India-rubber enema bottle. The pupils first
became still more dilated; the breathing very quick and difficult,
the eyes assumed a wild, agonized look, and the animal, with a
sudden bound, fell forward dead. I had my finger on the artery
during the entire time, and observea a great unsteadiness and flut-
tering of the pulse, which increased in frequency until the instant
before he fell. In the first of these cases, I did not force the blood
into the vein, but allowed it to flow until I perceived the injurious
effects upon the horse. He tottered and fell, but in a short time
recovered, and was walked back to his stable. He died in the
course of the night, and, on examining his head the next day, I
found considerable congestion of the brain. The tube used for
the experiments transferred about three quarts of blood in eight
minutes; at least it might be so inferred, from the fact that when
ased ae a syphon, it passed three and a half quarts of water (and
« little less of oil) from one vessel to another in that time.

I think, however, that I am correct in saying that this disease
is by no means so likely to occur in horses as in human beings, and
is certainly not so formidable; but, nevertheless, I am quite sure
that it may happen as a consequence of the operation, if the instru:
meut be not kept scrupulously clean, and also if great care be noi
taken in its introduction in the vein. Having, from these an]
ather experiments, not necessary to detail, determined on the mode
AFORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 40?

of operation most likely to be successful, I shall now proceed tc
state the result of four cases in which I have operated, and which,
I think, I may look upon as having been followed with entire
success, In three of the cases the patients had been bled a short
time previous to my having seen them, and were so much weak-
ened that they could scarcely walk. In the fourth case, a drastic
purgative had been administered, causing superpurgation and great
prostration of strength. In each of the four cases, the condition
of the patient was so similar that the description I have already
given may answer forall. Having selected a healthy young horse
from which to obtain the blood to be transferred, I opened the
jugular vein in the patient and in the healthy subject; and hav-
ing iuserted the tube, as before described, into the vein of the
healthy horse. I placed the India-rubber tube in the tin trough
containing hot water, to maintain the right temperature, and the
other curved tube into the descending portion of the vein in the
patient. As soon as the current from the healthy horse had com-
pletely expelled all atmospheric air, the instrument being thus
arranged, the blood flowed freely from the vein of one herse intn
that of the other in an unbroken current. The average quantity
of blood transferred in each of these cases was about three quarts.
I observed no particular symptoms to follow from the transfusion,
until two quarts or more had passed from the healthy to the dis
eased subject ; but as soon as about that quantity had flowed, there
appeared to be produced an amount of stimulation, indicated by an
increased action of the heart; at the same time the pupils began to
dilate, and the countenance evinced an anxious expression. My
former experiments led me to watch with great care the progress.
ive dilatation of the pupil, and I deemed it expedient, in each case,
when this symptom was well developed, to compress the tube se
us to diminish the current, and allow the transfusion to proceed
more gradually and slowly. Occasionally I almost completely
interrupted the current until the subsidence of this symptom, and
I found that when about three quarts had been transfused, any
additional quantity was followed by unpleasant symptoms, which
indicated the necessity of stopping the operation. On removing
the tube and closing the vein, all symptoms of irritation gradually
subsided, and the pulse, from being rapid and irritable, became
slower, stronger, and fuller, gradually approaching the healthy
standard.
408 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

In each of these four cases the reaction was steady and progres
sive. The natural warmth of the extremities was gradually
restored, and, in the course of ten or twelve hours, tne patient
gresented other equally unmistakable symptoms of arendment,
such as returning appetite, more quiet and steady respiration,
cheerfulness of countenance, and a willingness to move about.
From this point there was a gradual improvement, and, in a short
time, they were pronounced cured.

I have been induced to submit these few remarks, much less
with a view to record any little success I may have had in per-
forming the operation myself, than with a hope that others, far
more capable, will take up the matter, and test it thoroughly ; for,
whatever obstacles and objections there may be to its performance
in the human subject, there are none to prevent its becoming a
most valuable agent in veterinary science.”

Soon after the discovery of the circulation of the blocd by
Harvey, transfusion was attempted on animals, and afterward
on man. In some cases the experiment was successful, while
others failed to afford relief; in fact, a majority of the cases ter-
minated unfavorably ; and of late years transfusion has been aban-
doned, and regarded as “useless and even dangerous.” We can
conceive, however, of cases which might occur—when, for exam-
ple, a horse has Jost a large quantity of blood accidentally—to
warrant us in resorting to transfusion; and if any of our veter-
inary friends are disposed to make experiments of this kind, we
urge them to do so, notwithstanding the opinion of the Parlia-
ment of France against it, and that of some scientific men who
have pronounced it “useless and dangerous.”

One among the many reasons which may be urged against
transfusion is the fact that venous blood is a non-supporter of
vitality. It is saturated with the excrementitious material ab-
sorbed from the intestinal canal, fibrous membranes, and cellular
tissues, and a vast amount of morbific matter is mixed with the
venous blood in the course of its circulation, so that it can not be
of any benefit tc the system o’ 4 sick or dying horse until it shall
become caygenized cr vatasized, or changed from venous to arte-
rial blood, which change can not possibly takn place until this
fluid has reached the air-cells of the lungs. It would appear,
therefore, that the transfusion of vitalized arterial blood, if the
nrocess can he conducted with the relative amount of safety at
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 408

tending that of the transfer of venous blood, would bz a procedure
more consistent with the known laws of physiology than is the
case when venous blood is transfused. It is possible that some
animals might be benefited by the transfusion of venous blood,
provided the heart and lungs of the patient are in a healthy state,
so as to insure sufficient oxygenation; otherwise, the rapid con-
sumption of the little oxygen absorbed would be likely to end in
asphyxia. If the function of the Jungs be impaired by disease,
then the process of aeration of the blood is checked, and the blood
can not circulate, notwithstanding the healthy state of the heart.
In verification of this fact, as regards the very important function
of respiration and aeration, we may mention that Dr. AUSTIN
Vint, Jun., has lately demonstrated that the condition of oxy-
genation of the blood is necessary to the performance of the vita!
functions, and that a want of capillary power (occasioned by im-
perfect oxygenation) throws all onus on the heart, and that the
heart is insufficient for the labor. In one of his experiments, after
capillary circulation had entirely ceased, the chest was opened
and the heart found beating regularly.

MANAGEMENT OF THE Horsr’s Foor In THE STABLE.

It is my firm belief, based on a knowledge of the physiology
of the foot, that soft bedding, containing the usual amount of
filth, is, in many cases, the exciting cause, not only of tender-
ness and contraction, but also of many muscular affections. I
rejoice to find horse-owners exercising their reason in this depart-
ment of stable management, because it is one step in the right
direction, and will put a stop to those glaring absurdities whic’
are constantly practiced just because they have the sanction or
antiquity, or because Neighbor So-and-so recommends them,
Reason teaches that the health of the whole animal fabric is best
promoted by cleanliness and ventilation (by which a pure atmo-
sphere is insured), and by food suitable in quantity and quality
to the special wants of the animal. Hence, what reason teaches,
man should practice.

It is unreasonable, therefore, to suppose that a horse can be
benefited by standing on a soft bed, composed in part of the de-
filing excrements of his own body, which are constantly decom-
nosing and forming gaseous vapors unfit for respiration. If dirt
a1C DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

and filth are innoxious, in what does the value of our sanitur}
regulations consist? Why do our city authorities spend so muct.
money to purify the pestiferous cesspool and sewer, and to rid ow
streets of accumulating rubbish and filth? Let human bc‘ngs wal-
low knee-deep in muck, and revel shoulder-deep in an atmosphere

- saturated with ammoniacal and carbonic acid gases (as some horses
are compelled to), and death would run riot—our cities would be
converted into immense charnel-houses, fit receptacles for a race
of beings that would not adopt the means which reason and expe-
rience suggest for averting the calamity.

Horses that have no better care than that alluded to, are in
close proximity with disease. That they are often found dead in
their stalls from the effects of carbonized blood I can testify, and
many more would die, only they are permitted to take a little of
the breath of life during the day,. which, to some extent, dilutes
the poisonous gases with which their system has been saturated
during the night, and thus their life, which, under the best cir-
cumstances, is a weary toil, is prolonged.

Without attempting to prove the general effects u: impure air
and filth on the system of a horse located in a stall from one to
two and a half feet deep of soft bedding, let us consider, in a brief
aanner, the local phenomena. Our readers are all aware that the
aombined action of heat and moisture tends to relax—enervates
the tissues of the body, and, if carried beyond a certain point,
ends in decomposition. Take, for example, a common poultice,
apply it to a horse’s foot, and renew it as soon as it becomes dry.
In the course of two or three days the hoof will separate from
its matrix, the frog and heels soften, the tissues be in a state
of relaxation, and, if the poultice is continued, the hoof will
aeparate from the sensible parts; if the foot is already diseased,
the separation is accelerated. Warm water has the same effect.
Applied externally for any length of time, it relaxes and pros-
trates; applied internaily, it relaxes and vomits. Hence the soft,
(which implies moist,) hot bedding, tends to create morbid ection
in the feet, and whatever disease the horse may be predisposed to
in those parts will generally manifest itself. Some animals, how-
ever, escape the evils alluded to, owing to their insusceptibility ;
for disease of the foot can not occur without a susceptibility to it
and the application of a cause. Soft bedding, cow dung, and other
anmentionable filth, are often resorted to as remedies for con-
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETt. 411

tea stion, but they are classed among the irrational barbarities of
the past, with which they ought to have sunk into oblivion,
Vetcrinary science has discovered that if such articles possess
any virtne, it is owing to the moisture they impart to the foot.
Therefore, on the score of decency, and in view of relaxing the
contracted foot according to the principles of reason and modern
science, we should avoid every kind of filth, and resort to pure
water or wholesome poultice; or take off the shoes, wash the feet
daily, and let the horse run to grass, so that he may bring the sole
and frog in contact with the ground, and thus promote expansion
of the heels.

As regards the manufacture of tender feet, in both the young
and aged, it makes but little difference whether they have the
range of a filthy barn-yard or are confined in a bedded stall; the
effect is tenderness of foot, and subsequent lameness; and the
same, or a disposition to it, may be transmitted through the sexual
congress to future offspring. In view, therefore, of preventing
diseased feet, strict attention must be paid to cleanliness, The
stall floor should be composed of brick or plank, having just suf-
ficient declivity to conduct fluids into a gutter, running along the
entrance to the stall, which should terminate exterior to the stable,
so that the ammonia, in which the urine is abundant, is carried
beyond the stable atmosphere. The bedding, which, according
to long custom, is stowed under the crib, there acting as a sort of
aoxious smelling-bottle to the horse’s nostrils, should be spread
out in the open air, sorted, the refuse and excrement removed to
a dung-heap, located as far from the stable as possible; for the
sommon manure receptacle, under the stable floor, is one of the
worst features of stable economy. The stable floor should be
washed clean as often as circumstances permit.

SrRANGLEs (“ DisteMPER,” oR “ Horsk AIL”).

This disease is most prevalent in young horses. After the age
af eight the disease is more rare I have, however, seen some
well-marked cases occurring in hoises whose ages varied from five
to eight years. Strangles is, without doubt, one of the evila of
domestication, and often results from errors in diet and man-
agement, which, if we make some exceptions, will generally bear
improvement.
412 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND suURGER-.

Strangles is supposed to be a disease to which all horsex ar
subject once in their lives, yet Mr. PERCIVALL contends that
many horses escape the disease. Hence, if many escape, it ir very
natural for those who know the value of pure air, nataral food,
and exercise to conclude that the colt, while enjoying these great
luxuries in the open air, by the side of its mother, guided | 7 her
euperior instinct, is not liable to be attacked with a disease -vhicn,
as already stated, we believe to result from depriving aniv als of
those blessings which Nature has in store for them in their unre
strained state. But it often happens that young colts, aftr run-
ning a season with their mother, partaking of the invig: rating
rountry air, grow up to be strong and robust, and then the period
arrives for weaning them. How changed the scene! Instead of
being permitted to gambo! in their native element, they ar? con-
fined to a small space, not large enough to swing a cat roun), and
perhaps as dark as the grave; and the animal, after fretting for a
season, and making unsuccessful efforts to escape from its prison-
house, tamely submits to the discipline, not, however, until he has
cut and bruised and otherwise injured himself. I was called, a
short time ago, to visit a young colt that had lacerated his head,
breast, and fore-legs in a most shocking manner, in making an
attempt to escape through a window from the horrors of confine
ment. His companions were about a dozen cows, more calculated
to alarm and render his position a perilous one than otherwise;
and the impure atmosphere, rendered sc by the emanations from
the excrements and from the lungs of his companions, was a source
of great mischief. Then, who can blame such an one for attempt-
ing to escape and regain liberty? If strangles should appear in
such a subject, it would not be surprising.

Then, again, take 2 colt from its mother, whose milk contains
all the elements for sustaining life and developing the organization
of the young subject, and place it upon a diet of hay or like innu-
tritious trash, a whole truss of which would not afford one-half
the quantity of nutriment contained in a quart of its mother’s
milk. However profitable and well-adapted hay may be for stock
of mature growth and powerful digestive organs, it is a sad mis-
take to suppose that it will do for the young. A case of this kind
came under my observation last year. The subject, aged two and
a half years, died in a state of marasmus (a gradual wasting of tne
syste. without any apparent disease). A post mortem examina
HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 413

tion failed to detect any disease other than general emaciation,
On making inquiries concerning the food, the owner replied, “The
eclt has been fed on good sweet hay and corn-stalks ever since it
was weaned.” This was capital food for the poor thing, provided,
however, its stomach had a grist-mill within it; otherwise, it waa
hard fare, and must derange the digestive function, and, ere the
colt has attained maturity, dyspepsia, in either a mild or aggra-
vated form, has secured a victim.

Mr. PERCIVALL has defined strangles to be “a diffusible swell-
ing under the jaw. The tumor consists in a circumscribed inflam-
mation, having all the characteristics of simple phlegmon, attack-
ing the subcutaneous cellular substance included between the
branches of the jaw, which, in consequence, become gradually
filled and distended with effusions of lymphy and serous matters,
acquires a firm and solid feel, tenderness on pressure, and a sense
of unnatural heat. This commonly proceeds to suppuration, end-
ing, to all appearances, in a common submaxillary abscess. Now,
this, and this alone, constitutes atrangles. There are in the 30oks
a variety of other symptoms described, but they are all concomi-
tant or accidental, none but these being, properly speaking, essen-
tial to its existence. The usual concomitants are, membranous
inflammation, giving rise to soreness about the throat ; reddening
and discharge at the nose, and perhaps cough; tumefaction of the
salivary glands, producing pain and difficulty of deglutition ; and,
lastly, some slight febrile commotion of the system.”

Contagiousness of Strangles—We learn from the “ Veterina-
rian” that M. ReyNaAt, clinical professor at the Alfort School,
submits a number of observations corroborative of the contagious
character of strangles. He states that “young horses having
strangles, and put into stables with horses of adult age, doing
their duty, have communicated the disease to those of the latter,
who have stood in adjoining stalls, though some few have only
exhibited the disease in a catarrhal form. Even the foal has been
known to suck the disease from its dam. Moreover, experiment
has been had recourse to to inoculate for strangles. M. Damalix
ameared with a sponge, impregnated with matter taken from the
abscess of strangles, twice daily, both sides of the pituitary mem-
brane and the internal surfaces of the linings of the eyelids, in a
sound horse, about to be cast for spavin. This was continued for
seven days. On the eighth, he remarked that the horse had los
414 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY

his appetite, had commenced running from both nostrils, coughed
softly and loosely, and had swelling under the jaw, which ended
in resolution, all the symptoms terminating eight days from their
commencemert.

It has been remarked that strangles is more surely communi-
cated at an early than a late stage, and in a certain form mure
readily than in others. Strangles will assume the herpetic char-
acter, simulate farcy and glanders, settle in the mesenteri« glands,
or may follow castration. In regard to contagion, may be men-
tioned, as most readily communicable, that form of strangles which
assumes the character of eruptions on the lips, nose, and pituitary
membrane.”

The Tumor of Strangles is not always confined to the submax-
illary space, as will be observed from the following case, which
occurred in the author’s practice, a short time ago, in a gray mare,
and which speedily ran to a fatal termination. The subject had
previously suffered from some internal disorder, and, on recovery
from which, did not appear to regain its usual health, but re-
mained in an unthrifty condition. A few days before our atten-
tion was called to the case, a tum_.r made its appearance on the
near hip, which suppurated and discharged. On the morning of
our visit, the animal had been attacked with abdominal pain, for
which remedies had been prescribed. They not appearing to
afford relief, the owner called in the aid of some person, who in-
serted a knife into the mouth, and wounded the palatine artery,
from which the blood had flowed for several hours, but was now
arrested. We found the extremities icy cold, and the pulse very
feeble. The eye appeared ylassy, mucous surfaces pale, and the
lips hanging pendulous. There was a painful tumor on the near
hind leg, close to the stifle, aad another on the flank of the same
side. The animal was excecdingly stiff and lame in the hind ex-
tremitics, and appeared to be failing very fast. Considering the
case a hopeless one, we merely recommended some restorative cor-
dial and a few quarts of gruel. The animal died in the course
of a few hours, and its death, no doubt, was hastened by the lose
of blood; for, as the owner expressed himself, “the horse had
some life in him before being bled,” thereby intimating that the
abstraction of blood deprived him of that life.

Treatment.—So soon as matter can be detected in the tumor or
abscess beneath the jaw it should be laid open. This will liber.
HORSE MANAGEMENT, E1C 416

ate a quantity of pus. The orifice thus made must not be allowed
to close, but must be kept open for a few days, or until matter
cesses to run. During this period, a liniment, composed of cod-
liver oil, half a pint, and powdered camphor, two ounces, must
sovasionally be rubbed about the region of the jaws. Half an
ounce of powdered chlorate of potass should be mixed in the
lrink, or with some flaxseed tea, if the patient will drink it. A
wuple of drachms of fluid extract of pleurisy-root may be given,
aight and morning, for a short time. Active medicine is not
indicated ; good nursing, aided by pure air aad voluntary exercise
in an inclosnre, will soon restore the patient to health.

We close our labers in tue KQUINE DEPARTMENT by entering
our solemn protest against the unwarrantable use of the lancet or
knife in Veterinary P.iactice. It is a disgrace to humanity, an
outrage on the rights and privileges of that noble animal, the
horse, over whom God has given us dominion and power—not to
abuse and render their life a weary toil, and extort from them all
the labor we cun, but to protect them, to administer to their wants
and necessities, and render their condition as happy as possible.
A moral responsibility rests on every man to see that the claims
which these poor creatures have upon our race are respected ; that
their rights are not violated ; that, when sick and in a dying con-
dition, they shall be treated with mercy, and be protected from
their tormentors, the unmerciful phlebotomists. Any misguided
man who can draw from the veins of an emaciated or dying horse
the little blood they contain slculd be sent to the insane asylum,
and never again be permitted to disgrace the noble nature of man.
We can respect the man who conscientiously practices blood-let-
ting ; bit where is the medical man who can conscientiously b'eet
a dying brute with a view of saving life?

EED OF EQUINE DEPARTMENT.
TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

 

APOTHEOARIES’ WHIGHTS.

20 grains make one scruple, marked............-00+ Dh
8 scruples do. drachm, do. ...ccccccscccces Be
8 drachms do. ounce, 40. ...c.cccsccccose Sj
12 ounces do. pound, do. .....cccccccccce Mj.

LIQUID MEASURES.

e0 drops make one drachm, marked.... sesceces Be
8 drachms do. ounce, do. ...+ secceccsece Be
30 ounces do. pint, dO. secersccccrerees Qj.
8 pints do. gallon, do. .... sssccseese . Cong

ORDINARY MODES OF MEASURING LIQUIDS.
A ta-spoonful of liquid equals 60 drops, or one drachm.

A table-spoonful of — do. 4 ounce, or four drachms.
A dessert-spoonful of do. 180 drops, or three drachms.
A wine-g'assful of do. 14 ounces.

The doses vary ir quantity in different animals. The emount te
be given in any case will be found clearly stated in the treatment ef
each disease, whether of horses, cattle, sheep, or hogs.

416
 

A LIST OF FLUID EXTRACTS,

4 BOENTLY INTRODUCED INTO VETERINARY PRAOTIOR
By G. H. DADD, V. 8,,

WITH INSTRUCTION REGARDING THEIR ACTION, AND
THE QUANTITY TO BE ADMINISTERED.

ITE introduction of medicines, in the form of Fium Ex-
‘tracts, for the treatment of diseases incidental to domestic
animals is considered a very great improvement over the old
metho of drenching by the pint or quart, to the great disgust of
the patient as well as the practitioner, and the great danger attend-
ing the administration of a large quanty of fluid which was neces-
eary when crude materials were used. In the use of fluid extracta
all danj:er ix obviated and much labor saved, for the doses are
quite small, rarely exceeding one fluid ounce. This can be merely
placed on the tongue, the animal’s head being slightly elevated,
and he swallows it without any difficulty or resistance.

The fluid extracts bear an exact relation to the crude ma‘eriale—
that is, ounce for ounce—yet, from a variety of circumstances, they
may vary slightly from this standard. It is, however, the inten-
tion of the manufacturer to completely exhaust the active principle
of the crude material and render the medicine uniform in strength.
The fluid extracts used by the author are manufactured by Messra
Garrison .& Co., manufacturing chemists, of Chicago. They con-
duct their evaporations at a very low temperature, by means of an
improved steam bath, and use only select drugs, thereby prevent-
ing the poss:bility of adulteration. T[ have used large quantities
of medicine vanufactured by the above-named firm, and find them

27 417
ale LADD'’8 VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

equal if not superior to any in the market; therefore I do not
hesitate to recommend them as efficient and reliable medicines,
The doses here recommended apply to both horses and cattle.

FLurip Extract oF CHAMOMILF
(Anthemis Nobilis.)

This is a valuable tonic, and is used in cases of derangement nf
the digestive organs. Dose, from two to four drachms.

Frorp Exrracr oF ARNICA.
( Leopard’s-bane.)
Arnica is chiefly used in veterinary practice as an external ap-

plication in the treatment of wounds, sprains, and bruises. It ia
prepared as follows:

Flaid extract of arnica., ...... cece cece ee ens 4 os.
Proof spirits (equal parts of water and alcohol)... 1 pin
Mix.

Apply a portion to the affected part two or three times daily.

Frio Extract oF WormMwoon
(Artemisia Absinthium.)

This is used as an anthelmintic for the expulsion of worms
The dose is one ounce (fluid), to be given every morning for a
week, just before feeding-time. It not only has a tendency to «
pel worms, but gives tone to the digestive organs, and correci-
morbid appetite

Fium Extract or PuLeurisy Root.
(Asclepias Tuberosa.)
This is used in pleurisy and irritable sore throat. Dose, four

drachms, night and morning. The powdered root enters inte the
composition of some of the most celebrated cough powders.

Fiuip Extracr or MALE Fern,
(Aspidium Filiz Mas.)
This is the celebrated remedy for the treatment of tape-worm,
which is sometimes to be found ip the intestines of young lta,
LIST OF FLUID EXTRACTS 418

Dose, four drachms, to be given every morning, on an empty
stomach, for six or eight successive days, and longer if necessary.

Fuiurp Extract or Bucuu.
(Barosma Crenata.)

This is used exclusively for the treatment of diseases of the
urinary organs, retention of the urine, and for the treatment of
the various forms of dropsy. Its direct action is diuretic, yet it
also gives tone to the parts on which it acts. Dose, from four to
eight drachms, Should an animal be suffering from retention of
the urine, the diuretic action of the buchu may be augmented by
adding to it a small quantity (equal parts) of sweet spirits of niter.
For the treatment of spasm at the neck of the bladder, add to the
dose of buchu an equal quantity of tincture of assafetida.

Frum Extract or Inpian Hemp (ForRErGN).
(Cannabis Indicus Sativus.)

This medicine acts as a narcotic and antispasmodic. Its use is
indicated in all diseases attended with pain and restlessness, but is
chiefly used for the treatment of tetanus or locked-jaw. Dose,
two drachms, to be repeated as occasion may require.

Fiourp Extract or Prince’s PINE.
(Pipsissewa. )

Prince’s pine is a very excellent tonic and diuretic in chronic
diseases of the urinary organs, and has been used with much suo-
cess in cases of local dropsy of the limbs, known as swelled lega,
Dose, from four to six drachms.

Frum Extracr or Buack SNAKEROOT.
( Cimicifuga Racemosa.)
This extract is considered a valuable agent for the treatment of

spasmodic affections, which arise in consequence of derangement
of some portion of the nervous system. It is an efficient remedy

in hysteria,
420 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

Fior Exrracr oF CoLcHICuM.
(Colehicum Autumnale.)

This extract is prepared from the roots and seeds of the plant
{t is celebrated for the treatment of rheumatism, inflammatory
diseases of the joints, and inter-articular lameness. Dose, one
drachm, two or three times per day.

Fiur Extract oF YELLOW JESSAMINE,
(Gelseminum Sempervirens.)
This agent is used as a sedative in the treatment of plearisy and
pneumonia in the early or acute stage. It is also a powerful febri-

fuge, hence it is indicated in all acute fevers. Jt entirely dix
penses with use of the fleam. Dose, from one to three drachms

Fiori Extracr or WIrch AAZEL.
(Hamamelis Virginica.}

Witch-haze] is used as a local astringent in the treatment of
“ Gog and blood spavin.” It is prepared for use as follows:

Fluid extract of witch-hazel....... .ceeeceees 6 os.
Proof apiritaeccc acc cece eee sas GaN AEE SS 1 pint.
Mix.

Apply a portiva twice daily.

Fuurm Exrracr oF Rops.
(Humulus Lupulus.)

Vhis preparation of hops is used as a tonic in general deblity,
and as a narcotic in diseases of the nervous system. It is a relia
ble remedy to induce sleep and relieve pain. Dose, from two te
{pur drachms, to be repeated as occasion seems to require.

Fuium Exrracr oF GcLpEN SEAL.
(Hydrastis Canadensis.)

The golden sea! is a pure tonic, and its use is indicated in all
cases of debility, loss of appetite, derangement of the digestive
organs, and torpidity of the liver. Dose, from two to fou
drachms.
LI8T OF FLUID EXTRACTS. 42)

From Exrractr or SassaFRas.

All the preparations of sassafras are more or lese alterative.
The fluid extract is used in view of purifying the blood in diseasea
of the skin, and in cases of chronic rheumatism. Dose, from four
to six drachms.

Frum Exrracr or CuLver’s Root,
(Leptandra Virginiea.)
This is employed, in the author’s practice, as a substitute fos
ealomel, in the treatment of acute and chronic diseases of the liver.
Dose, from two to four drachms.

Fiourp Exrractr or LOBELIA.

Lobelia is a very valuable antispasmodic, and is useful in dis-
eases of a spasmodic character. The author has used it, with great
success, in obstinate cases of spasmodic colic. Dose, two drachms.

Fium Extract or BAYBERRY.
(Hyrica Cerifera.)
Bayberry is successfully used as a stimulant and astringent in
scours, diarrhea, and super-purgation. Dose, two drachms, to be
administered in a small quantity of milk porridge.

Fioum Extract or Poppy-HEADs.
(Papaver Somniferium.)

This is used as a narcotic, in all cases that seem to require the
exhibition of opium. It mitigates pain, induces sleep and rest,
and is much safer than crude opium. Dose, from two to dz
drachms.

Fiorp Extract oF PoKE-ROoT.
(Phytolacca Decandra.)
his is used az an alterative in a disease occurring among cows,
known as “ ” or “caked udder.” Dose, from two to fous
drachms.
422 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY,

Fivum Extract or Matico.
(Piper Angustifolium.)
This is used as a styptic to bleeding wounds, internal hemor
rhages, and chronic diarrhea. Dose, from four to eight drachms

Fruuip Extract oF CUBEBS.

This is a very valuable agent for the treatment of leucorrhea,
gleet, nasal gleet, or discharges from mucous surfaces. Dose, from
three to six drachms.

Fuiur Extract oF Buack PEPPER.
(Piper Nigrum.)
This is a carminative and stimulant to the digestive organs,

and is often used successfully in the treatment of stomach stag-
gers. Dose, from two to four drachms

Fiuip Ex:Racvs OF MANDRAKE,
(Podophyllum Peltatum.)
Mandrake is now used asa laxative and cathartic, in lieu ot
aloes. About one ounce will usually purge a horse, if followed
ap by sloppy bran-mashes.

Fiurp Exrracr oF BLooproor.
(Sanguinaria Canadensis.)

This is used as an escharotic in the treatment of foul ulcers,
and fungus growths. It is used, also, as a gargle in suppurative
laryngitis, croup, putrid sore throat, etc. The gargle is prepared
as follows:

Fluid extract of bloodroot......... aise saa ees ee’ 4 oz.
VIM gar is: 0.6m oie ow sais ae Se genie Be aie 6 tee wl 6 - 1 pt.
Mix.

It is applied to the mouth and throat by means of a sponge,
affixed to a piece of rattan or whalebone.
LIST OF FLUID EXTRACTS. 423

Fiurp Extracr or VALERIAN.
( Valerian Offcinalis.)
This ia a very useful antispasmodic, and its use is indicated m
all cases marked by irregular nervous action and hysterical affeu-
tions. Dose, four drachms.

Fuiurp Extract oF GINGER.
(Zinziberis Offcinalis.)

Fluid extract of ginger is one of the most valuable diffusible
stimulants to be found in the whole materia medica. The Ja-
maica ginger is preferable to any other ; it is used in cases of indi-
gestion, flatulency, etc. Dose, from three to six drachms,

Fluid Extract of Ginger enters into the composition of the cele:
brated colic drench, used by the author of this work and his
students, during a period of twenty-five years, with marked suo-
ceas. The following is the formula:

Fluid extract of ginger..... :
Fluid extract of golden seal.. i GAED. v0 v4 ee ws tlh, uid
Hyposulphite of soda. .......sceeesesecees 6 os.

Dose, four ounces (fluid) every four hours, until relief is ob-
tained.
REMEDY FoR WounDs.

Apply a compress of several folds of cotton cloth, soaked in «
portion of the following:

Balsam fir.......-.cccceeececececrvcnssees 1 |b.
Hyposulphite of soda........seeseeeee veces 2 os.
Proof spirit. .... ees ceccceveccceeccoescoes 1 pt.
Mix.

RemMEpDY For TEepious LaBor.

The natural labor-pains may be excited by administering:
fluid extract of ergot (erguta), two drachms, every half hour,
until delivery is accomplished. The ergot operates with great
energy upon the contractile function of the uterus, of both mares
and cows, and to a certain extent prevents inordinate hemorrhage

after parturition.
424 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

REMEDY FOR HEMORRHAGE IN PERFORMING OPERATIONS.

Apply, by means of a compress of linen or sponge, a small
quantity of persulphite of iron. Thisis the most valuable sty ptie
known to veterinary science.

Fiurp Exrracr oF ACONITE.
(Aconitum Napellus—Monk’s-hood.)

This medicine is used as a very powerful sedative and narcotic,
in all cases of active or inflammatory disease of the lungs or brain
It is highly recommended by the professors of our art as a reliable
antiphlogistic in the treatment of acute affections. The dose is
from ten to twenty drops. This medicine is said to be very effi-
cacious in inflammatory rheumatism, and as a fine topical remedy
in localized painful affections, such as laminitis, myalgia, ete.

HYPosULPHITE OF SODA.

The hyposulphite of soda is useful in all kinds of diseases known
as rinderpest, pleuro-pneumonia, typhoid affections, and in en-
gootic affections, and in all diseases caused by fermentation in the
blood, such as Texas fever, malignant scarlet fever, typhus, ete.
The hyposulphite of soda can be used with great success in the
treatment of the above and other affections of an enzodtic origin,
yet I have found it more efficacious and reliable when prepared
as follows:

Hyposulphite of soda.....
Hypophosphate of lime... }each............ - 1 os
Hypophosphate of potass..
Fluid extract of ginger... ...-..cceceseeeas 2 os.
Sugar of milk.........ceeeeeees sereesccece 2 OB
Proof spirit... .. 0... ceee seer ececees saawen © BA

Dose, two ounces, two or three times daily.
 

 

 

A GUIDE TO DIAGNOSIS;

OB

COMPLETE INDEX OF SYMPTOMS

 

THE following Index of Symptoms is arranged under four heads,
viz.: Diseases oF Horses; Diskasks oF CaTTiE; DISEASES
oF BHEEP; Diseases OF Swink. Hach part is arranged alpha-
betically, so that ready reference can be made to any symptom.

HOW TO USE THIS INDEX.

Animals when taken sick, not having the power of speech, can
not make known the seat of their clisease, excert by certain signs
or invariable symptoms. [t therefore becomes of the bighest im-
portance to be able to understand the mute language of the poor
dumb brute, and thus to find out what ails him, in order that the
proper means of cure may be speedily made nse of.

An instance of the use to be made of this Index may be fonn{
in the following case: “A horse is noticed to breathe faster than
usual, with evident pain; back, arched; legs, straddling; head
often turned toward the loins; urine, reddened and scanty.” Now,
a reference to these symptoms, as arranged alphabetically, enables
ue to turn directly to page 223, where “Inflammation of the Kid-
neys” is seen to be the disease we are looking for.

The same thing can be done io case a cow, sheep, or hog be the
victims of disease.

In observing symptoms, attention should be directed to tbe

425
126 DAUD'’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

variuus parts of the body of the animal which give the earliest
warnings of disease. These are, usually,

THE Eves, TonauE, Muzzue, THRoat, Putsr, CHEST, Heart,
BreatH, BreatHine; DiscHaraEs FRoM THE MovutTsH; Di
CHARGES FROM THE Nostrits; THE SKIN, THE Coat, THER
Back, THE ATTITUDE, AND GENERAL APPEARANCE OF THE
wHo*%e Bory.

EQUINE DEPARTMENT.

PAQzBsa

Abdomen, distended with gas...... aa anal Gees et eee sa 188
do. pressure on, produces pain.......secessers --- 198, 201
Acute rheumatism..........ceeccecccceceeees pea verevocece 333
WA) ina heap nas cicseseeacww iiss Meena aE wee 350
Anus, scurfy, yellow accumulation around margin of..........+ 220
ANXIOLY veces ss ons wen eae ck aaa Nee ees Ad ote oe ee eae 124
Appetite, little... ..scceeeeeceeeeeees hea ee OEE oes. 289
do. loss of......... aageqie oersceewe tele 116, 124, 201, 206, 223
Back, arched <.9:6:5:+ 9: isia-0's sis/e'ais vs emis weiss sieceans aasiates «+» 223, 332
Back, muscles of, rigid... .. 2. ce eescerrereeeenees ereseeres 1
Back, roached.......c.escccerccceccnscesevessceseseseses 350
Belching, continually.......eeeeceeees Se eee 183, 188
Belly, cold sweat OM... cee cece see e wee e ee eee e eee eeeennes - 112
do. dropsical swellings under.......eecececsesereeee 120, 397
do. striking of....... oie te OS aie teesas piven wisjarece oe Siesta 193
do. suddenly very much bloated.......... SEE EST Ree eld 187
do. pressure on causes pain, 1... .seesereeececeveceee 201, 198
do. ‘tucked’ up........seeveues db aieein tah aR wad @ienausdas BN 74, 193
Blood from bowels Wao ale Wishes ete aa ales sinters sae Lae ae ee COE
Body, becomes thin.........-...4- Miwa en wna ic kere es ieee 299
G0.) COD. chee eaateedcnns Mii nea dee wees - 94, 112
do. covered with cold sweat............0% svieves scene LST, 188
Bowels, bloody, fetid discharge from........seeeesress oe 113
do. blood from, caused by straining.......eeseeeeevneres 208
do. imactive.....cccccecsceccevererrecssesesene soon . 198

do. constipated...rccccecscccsccscccresesacerressseses Boa
do. irregular.....sccccccccveccceseverssceseceseesinns Ga0
Breath, hot and offensive.....sccesescvesevssccccesececsers 20d
do. smells badly.......cssccccscvcccecesecescceversces 208
Breathing, grunting.....cccscoseccescecccccccececees Gl, 62, 64
do. labored and quick..... ccc ceseccceeeee ssccccccce 181
a GUIDE TO LLAGNOSIS, 427

PACES

Breathing, quick and grunting................ seoesessences 120
do. quick and painful... .......ccecececeeceees seeees 223
do. oppressed and slow....ccescocsaccees Siefewiee% 63, 206
do, ONClted vet sewers wiasie seh eeie see eres darn onde Salsa we 78
Go. oppressed and nOiBY...e...erseeeseess sevceees 94, 179
dc CTOUPY .- sees seee USEROASVESe Re OSTA Eee ee sa OE
do. iM Gull scceacie ves sane seta seee See seocceeee 10], 183
do. labored.......+.. Shweta ore Si8 % ee reeeececcccccens 116
Chest, pressure on side of, gives pain......... secceseees 120, 332
do. dropsical swellings under......-... 00008, sare yeelnsies PLO
do. tinkling sound in, when ear is held cloge tc, .......000 124
Chewing performed slowly......... tesco dees Pepe mes » %5
Coat, staring.............. sinieraueters suiiaio"ewere Bibs deat «es 206
do. rough and unthrifty......... cee sce ee ee cece eeeee 220, 275
Convulsions éc.ccsci as ceca asin ca Cane sein see Rees eager CO8
Coughing, spasmodic.......0.cccececcecevetreeeeseeenseeas 94
do. and laborious breathing..........0:ccccce vee ecees 108
do. deep-seated and half suppressed..........++0+0+- «+ 116
Cough, dry and hacking......ccsccesceeereeeeeecteeeteeees 220
Cramp of the muscles.......seeeseceneees SDeiene ania aeens 70
Darkness, preferred......scccccsssorccesssessesceesavesnes 75
Delirium ........ceeeee Saidial ore or ee - 7
Drowsiness .........- ee ata eats ae ee ee 62
Dung, unusually dark-colored and hard.......ssessseeeeeeees 99
do. sCANty..csessecsecee ce ee 120
do. covered with yellow slime........-. see sere veeeeeeees 220
do. bloody...... sins sid Be sieew od bees: eee Bavae wus se Se eet oe 297
Ears kept in constant motion, one forward the other backward... 43
do. tips of, COld. ...eseceeeersecreceevercecees Mediates 97, 208
do. cold.....seeeee- bared $18 Sa ese Ot the Ce see oulae se vie seeseces LBS
Excretions, diminished...... aig dher Were OW are steeped eecsieciessule (163
Extremities, cold......-++06. baa ere seceeceeccveee 94, 116, 208
do. dropsy Of....ceercceveereces eseeaeeas cocessee 112
Eye, tenderness in one, with eyelids closed..-..eeeecseeseees 56
do. copious flow of tears from.....-.e+ cossecsceosevecesss 06
do. white of, slightly red........ oot aeere ecccecesecsceces 86
do. anterior chamber of, full of yellow matter........--...0- 56
do. pupil of, dilated..... ate sate die wis aos cocceseee OY, G1, 64, 179
do. staring wildly.......-. occ cec eee conn ceeeeee sooveee 63, 196
do. do. as if they would burst from sockets.......+.+-2+- 67
do, bloodshot .......+.sseeeees joa seta wees ie se asiewaacs LID

Wyes, squinting appearance Of......++++eseeseereeeeecescces 19
428 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

yey
Myes, dull.......... Deals Wes Sede Se be odes Teka eaaes ones TB
do. prominent ......... a Sie Sb Se elaelave aye ere wale en ee ceseeee OF
do. glassy and prominent......cccscccccccscccccccscccens 187
do. dropsical.........- aah ain (aseinje Wie wig oS sin wialeisi's wipreie eis oie en's “BON
Eyelids kept closed.......... mien elerbie @ie ein logieia nig hscaieeravaie suena n> 4
do. swollen.......... ssgidin Se ele lus sa WV alebieee aes, sewer 46
do, internal surface of, red..... coerce ceeeccscncese 46, 59, 201
do profuse discharge of matter from.......sceccecerree» 55
do. closed, with tenderness in one eye........ seccssecrees 56
do. half shut.........ceeecees aie Spyies Dero weeers ceeseee 05
do. lining of, white............ ses en Soe etiesieists soeeseee 206
do. do. bright yellow....... Soe aes pal si breve wieldie eines 212
Brace, swelling of... .....0.cecsecvceececcecscccuceeoees 297, 397
Falling down suddenly on the road........ sae eae TRiavetdieSine' se 64
do. do. with a loud snorting sound............ 67
Fear and restlessness on approach of heavy vehicle...... coceee 43
Feeling, loss of.........0--- saan we eae sana Na Rea ees cone 64
Feed, refused wesscs ccsescavesis dea dive bene antes seseess 178, 223
Feet, fore ones raised to an unnecessary height in walking...... 43
do. raised very high.......... ee eee stevesces 76
do. pawing with fore.....cscccccvecssesreeeess aia he sie sis ales 190
do. fore ones hot and thrown forward......... CREAR LS OSS » 332
do. fore ones thrown forward.........ceeeeee si diane bias ested Be 350
Feverish symptoms.........seeeeeees ee ne ere 158, 198
Flanks, bedewed with cold perspiration...............000. 97, 112
do. heaving at the......... sigs cis 16/s a's, Gn Giniede mines tate 116, 125
do. head turned toward.....ccesecscccecccccssccsceacs 190
O:) — COCKE”! Ups: < crave aieas sie siesie'e ose Graienlaisin’e Bawls Mea 30
Flesh, quivering. .........0.00- sists aielevergie 4: atbigte Syvientne Wei 350
Flesh, loss of..........0see006 a en b8 i iataperdy SA ike Cala ere Gore, aialiete «oes 299
Foaming at the mouth............08. a hssislaie gis etkiig glare tile eee GT
Food, no desire for....... Sbelate Wiehe Ane dielece's 355 Gia alelsia a «»» 178, 223
Foot, pointing of... ...-.cecseesees apa alae Diatws eisinis sila’ 330, 342
Vore-legs widely separated....... aise e me ciieng gusts oe Haleieeae 116
do. beneath the belly..... Sie SAT ais Bota Sie rein! o's otal eiase oneiea 75

do. in the manger, kicking and tearing................. 78

Gait, heavy, slow, and unsteady........cceescceccsccecses FD, 289
dc. short, tripping, and cautious...c..seseeesceccccscesces S00
Groaning after passing UTiN€.......cecccscsccvcccccccececes Gad
Gums, covered with slime... . ccc cecceecorcccccseccseceres LIZ
Hair, falls off in patches... ....sccesecssccccccccecesess sees 275
do. do. in circular patches on shoulders and sides.. . ... 291
A GUIDE TO DIAGNOSIS 424

Hair of neck and legs elevated in blotches........... aisieie/sin oe 289
do. rough, unthrifty, and not glossy.......... seeceeess 295, 299
Haw, swollen..........ccccccceceereeecs iWie Sadi eacie waoees: SE
@o. shooting above, on raising the jaw..........s-ssecereee 70
Head, depressed and bent to one side..........seeeeeecreee-. 59
do, hanging down.....sscccccccscesccccecs cocccccoceces 183
do, held drooping........cecccccscevccsscscsscscoes 116, 208
do. kept clevated........cceusecccsccessceecees soccesoes 43
do. kept near the pround.c vee dss sdesa seve te saseed cxeees 1Y9
do. reposing on the manger.....seceeseeeenes tessces seve 62
do. swollen and dropsical........ccccccccccccssssesceseces S97
do. tossed backward......... bis Sceloalereiotalwitisress the vesis-ope storey OL
do. turning of to the sides......c.cceseccccee cesses scces 120
do. turned to the belly.....se.ssecececccecrecececcseeece 179
do. turned toward flanks......csccesccsccoreesesses 190, 223
do. violently thrust against the rack or wall.........-.0..-. 62
Health, general, slightly impaired..........sccsccececcvceses 158
Heart, violent beating Of......cesecscccccccrsecscccsvccees 206
Hieaviness and indolence following suddenly on activity........ 75
Heels, dry, horny scabs on......ccccccscccccssecccovvcesees JOd
do. pinched in... .ccscecscccccecccvccccvcscsecssssess GSU
do. ulcers on......... Unie igidig Sele Sis ieee cles Higieie Hcg hens COS
Hind limbs become suddenly too weak to support the body..... 66
Hock, enlargement at point of......ccccsececccrcecces weeaes 322
do. do. on insido Of......ccccccececccesscosssces aa
Hock-joint, stiffness Of. ....cecsecccevreccsccrsssescecseces Obl
Itohing, severe.....sceccccccecssecnvcccsseses sseecvereee Jol
Jaw, swelling under.....cccccccccecsccssccscccsscsssoscce 412
Jugular veins congested .......csecscececseveverocsvccscecs 124

do. do. pulsate like an artery........+sseescecerecevee 124
Lameness in hind leg. .....2eeeeseseveveceres secvccecccess Bb0
Legs, cold.......sccesecccecerccrsceccsccccccecocssocses 183
do. hind, dropsical.........esse0. cvecccccecoccccecsess 120
do. do. swollen... ..cssccsccccccevecccecsoeessoccesces 158
do. do. widely separated........cecesecsoccesooscocces Sah
do. straddling..........scecccccscccecscvccrercsecvcess aaa
do. tremble........ceccccsssceecees ssiedececccsesvevecs SOF
Lethargy. .....sccccccceccescccccsccsscccccccccccssceses BF
Limbs, cold......scceeeececcccscccccccscrecccccccssscces OF
do. swellings On.....ccccecsececscccceccvereccrescecs BH
do. violently convulsed......sescsececeseceeceviceres: &
Lips, swelling Of.......sssccsecccorscerrrecccessere se «  Y,
430 DADD’8 VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

PAGES

Listlessness ...... dale shee sane sie aie 4 Gis Wie Wig Ais ein oielaeate es s+. 20€
Loins, pressure on causes pain and crouching........+sessee0 229
Look, fixed and stupid.............0. allie ia dee <r. Sie ele Seana aie - 7
Lying down and soon rising..... ee wd eee oe eecceccecee 112 178
Motion, loss of...... Hea se a sdee wea ws ites were nateaeeseeces G4
do. tremulous of various parts of the body...........0+.. 64
do, unwillingness Of.....cccccceesccscccsseccsossessve LIG
Mouth, bright yellow color of lining of...........+eseeeeee% - 213
dO.“ COldi cers ecaoswe sani ates srevevesciecssocsces 124
do: - Griéd Up. e cecwwe: cise swe eee te eee ceeceeeene soe 111
do. dry andclammy.... ..... vensevecccsececscccssecs UO
do. foaming at...........005. a sina\n: aleale: oon a ate: arisen . 67, 162
do. hotandclammy............... Seg 8 e's ne oa ole ee eee 116
do. hot and dry....... cscs eeeeeveees aie aN sae ewisrene eee 201
do. membranes of, pale...........seeeceees olsigis ieee Gis ene (ORE
do. yellow tinge on the inside surface of......... cececosss 99
Movement, stiff... ........ cece cece ees wos be eeee tana ib ateeiassteresg 332
Neck, blotches on, after being driven... ......seseeeeeees coos 287
dos; Cold: ewea tay Onis isis iisyaie Sia nei sietare ae sie gus ais 44d bie wie wave. Sie 112
do. muscles of, rigid............. Shei DsRie sexet alo Ge ‘Sia Were alas o's 73
do. tumor or swelling on nape of...... Sosa eigiavsiais [Sis wale asia: ais 293
Nose, bleeding from..........eeeceeereses BEARS eR Ree ees 112
do. gluey matter from..... ai teste aie Se EaRwRS ela aversa 3: cbtes 156
do, lining off, palescuesssas sues cosccees Gatelaig aus sinha cele’ 397
Nostrils, dilated. ais seve a ectie'wi aie a eS (E-Oia 6 ahaha eit ale BE Sece oan 97
do. discharge from, streaked with blood................. 97
do. mucous discharge from......... aoe asa Rare A Raat a oie d 102
do. redness of lining membranes of...........00..00 500% 111
do. scarlet blotches in............ se atan ah wadai rie ai 289
Pawing with fore-feet........ shew aise arb ss ake Mat ae ae - 63
do. do. slightly....0..s006. SS Ne eGR Sea eos. 198
Perspiration, profuse.........+008. adie is aie a eis teeseen 18; 179
do. do. and chilly..........seseees HSV aR eS 183
Pulse, active ........0006 ois yoni Seilats Ge ea ore 4S eae eaetd ‘... 350
do, feeble........ wate atlas ane alas aieia we aia maaveheie bea’ 188
do. full, strong, and frequent......... wie hs elie bike ote aes 111, 183
do. hard and quickened............ Fai bile ahs ao 284-60 GALES Sn 223
do. nearly gone........ tila Sls Win le 016s « eselese are le ls raole: Fone cial 94
do. quick and oppressed. .... sce. ccecccececcecscaccesoes 178
do. slow and sluggish. ........cescccsccsccsccscenecens - 6a

do. small and quick.........s0ccscccccesocccsvesceccecs 168
do. small and thready...... ab ciale ale ble eins ae Saav oeene « 97, 187
A GUIDE TO DIAGNOSIS. 431

PAGES
Puleo, annaturally strong..........-esccececcccceecccsess,, 64
do. variable........ SPS eae Ar gies aile ie glaveie a6 ale Girls Wie aus, 10. 116
GO: WIP sss isons was tet e nec ecceeenceccccecacses 24, 120
Reeling and falling, on being urged to move............++2.. 89
Respiration quick and jerking...........ccccccceccccecsecss 300
Restlessness........... oe eee ccerecesecccrneevecseses 178, 201
Rolling. ...... Rabble 36 dire et eccceeececcvcccassces 190, 205

Rolling and tumbling.........csccceccsccacecccccvcece 179, 183 .
BONDING, COUSLINY ti ng ca ue ad waa sev b wetewseescxdoueatan ea DES

Shivering fit, followed by discharge from nostrils.............. 108
ADs “SOcClI Non ts oiea en ain in dial eag ae eae aes 116, 198
Shoulder, wasting of..........cceccccecccuvccusevcvacs 324, 330
Bides, blotches on, after being driven..............4% se ieaee. 287
Skin, coidness of....... gel aa! ecahasie'ene ie Sane eta se TSe daca ens 124
do. hot.......... aiaie: fais bib giwiaye tele’s sea aueieal bus Wink Bawa eRe acte 201
Bleep, deep and snoring.........seeesvccccoeees ib ed Bie dinate 64
Bee pitiess soi csi sje ccardin sicais wine ge ase roe aude au 59, 62, 75, 212
do. with general fover.............. edie ewe Sate ae ate we 78
Stamping and pawing continually........ Heuisie eek hea 193, 205
“ Star-gazing”...... ub taltorese ious sda 918 Sint osec eharaha ie bee wiagevaa'sha ear 43
Steps, short and slow........... iarahecaie arias weer nanweleeea ead 332
Stomach, pain in........c.cc cers ceeeees pests nas REM Se ae 178
Strength, much reduced.......... Oaicoate Sibert He ta mein orcs 178
Swallow; lossof power t0is/ssc.siss 0% oese awit hada ek onic eos 64
Sweating, cold. ....6. cc ceeeeeeceeeres Sisisiaihielaate ie wine hg were 178
do. profuse ......se.. sees siosaywieia ite ately wen Mescorand tes 78
Tail, elevated and quivering.......eeeseseseccecccceccseves 179
do. great inclination to rub against posts and fences.......... 220
Tears, excessive flow of..... eter or ee ee eee ee 46
Thighs, corded swellings on inside of ..........+..seeseeeeee 168
Teeth, covered with slime.......... Lis eRe BAER SORE Ss 112
Thirst, great......sesees 5 Wana Sates Sisele en reeune 120, 223, 289
Throat, sore......... dive Roses a sereTHs Bee nade ees 108
Toes, Walking OD. oss. ca ess cece eens ise sees cenesee severe as 342
Tongue, foul........... hse Pa aE Se ei i Siials dea aaeies 75
do. _ has a horny feel, and turns brown........+eeeeeerees lig
do: livid ccewiscercen se a8 eee, Svasenwien can, 94, 187
do. leaden colored. ........cccccecereserecees sreenee 179
do. Of a bluish Caste.ws wy kaise sida eee me wees ea eye alas 205
do. slightly coated.. .......seeeeeeceeere eevee 99, 198, 208
TOrpor .... ese ee cece ec eee e teen renee eens oretrerneetece 61

Tottering and dropping down........... Saeersiens eaters s oe.- 208
432 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

Paces
Turning, awh wardness im........sesscccsccscee covccccsees 0B
Unconsciousness ...........- dlavestin Gihla' s alela eaeteares wewiee os. 61
Unsteadiness in moving........ soceccccccsacecvcccceces Ol, 208
Urine, of a dark yellow color...... dsierarerereine Dee AOE OS recesses 99
do. high colored..............0- ee pe coresice Ms eeee 120, 332
do. scanty...... anise ls Umenieda tee woettaNeled aese wena sores 208
do. do. and red.......... o epa siete Ste Sik aw Sere A eoeeee 223
do. frequent and painful discharge of.............. ceeeeee 224
do. light colored, almost transparent..........cesearceces 230
do. has the smell of musty hazy........--.0++: ecg ieieg wae 230
do. bloody............06. eb inisie sues Saint deeuees 237, 297
Vomit, continued efforts to......... palbin/ed SEG tials Sleiaks eestor 183
Vomiting, from both nostrils........ PEN Gea arses wong uae eae 187
Walking, leaning to one side im......-cceecrocscecesscsuces 75
Windpipe, rattling sound im.........esccece re cecsesceeneees 111

Wind, from the bowels. ....... ss Geees 4. aveaecs 1G, 18€
 

GLOSSARY

or

MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC TERMS

 

A sBNORMAL— Irregular.

ABSORBENTS—Medicines used for absorbing; also the vessels of thi
body which suck up.

Aoutze—Sharp, severe.

ApIposE—Fatty.

Apynamio—Debilitated.

ALAE— Wings.

ALTERATIVES—Medicines which change a disease for the better.

AnasaRnoa—Dropsy of cellular membrane.

AnasaRcous—Dropsical.

Anam1aA—Bloodlessness.

ANTISEPTICS—Medicines opposed to putrefaction.

ANTISpAsMoDIc8—Remedies opposed to spasms or convulsions.

ANTIPHLOGIsTIO—Opposed to inflammation.

APpERIENTs—Medicines which open the bowels gently.

AqurEovus— Watery.

Asorres—Drepsy of the belly.

Arax1o—Disordered.

AvscuLTaTion—Examination by sounding and listening.

Avrorsy—Post-mortem examination.

BrruncaTion—Division into two branches.

Bo.us—A large pill.
Bucoat Memprane—The lining of the mouth.

OanrHvue—Corner of the eye.
OarsuLe—Sheil or case.
28
434 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

CARBONACEOUs-—Containing carbon.

CARMINATIVES—Medicines which relieve pain by expelling wind
from the bowels.

CARTILAGINOUS— Composed of cartilage.

CaTiARrTic— Loosening.

CELLUAR—Cell-like.

CEREBELLUM—The brain.

CeresrumM—The brain.

Cuaxcrous—Cancerous.

CiinicaL—Relating to individual practice.

Coma -—Stupor.

Comatosre—Stupefied.

ConJUNCTIVAL MEMBRANE—The membrane which lines the
eyelids and covers the eyeball.

Cornea—Transparent coat of the eye.

CrianxtaL—Pertaining to the skull.

Cranium—Skull.

CrucraL—Shaped like a cross.

DeciRBonizE—To purify by air.

Diacnosis—The art of telling the nature of diseases.
DrapHoretics—Medicines which promote perspiration.
DriatTHesis— Predisposition to certain diseases.
Dieretics—Regulation of diet.

Divretics—Medicines which increase the flow of urine.
Duct—Canal.

Dynamic—Relating to the vital forces.

EMmoLiients—Substances used to reduce inflammations.

Empnysema—Distention by gas or wind of certain portions of the
body.

Emuncrortes—Organs which carry off waste matters.

EncepHaLoN—The brain.

Exema—Injection.

Enzootic—Endemic diseases among animals.

Epizootic—Epidemic among animals.

EQuiLiBRit M—Balance.

E)uInE —Relating to the horse.

Eriotogy—The doctrine of the causes of disorders.

EXcREMENTITIOUS—Useless.

Excretory—Relating to vessels which throw off useless matter.

EXxTRavasaTION—Escape of a fluid of the body from its vessel
into surrounding parts,
GLOSSARY OF MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC TERME

ExvupatTion—Oozing through a membrane.

Favors—-The throat.
Friram—Usea iu bieeding.

GraMINivonous—Feeding on grass.

HrmaTosInsE—The red coloring matter of the bieed
HEMoRRHAGE—Bleeding.

BAippiaTRic—Relating to diseases of the horse.
HistoLoay—General anatomy.
HyprocEPHALUs—Water in the bead.
HyYGreNE—Preservation of health.

IcHonovs—Huwmory.
IpropaTHic—Primary affections.
Ip1osyncrasy—Peculiarity of constitution.
Type aTeD—Hardened.
InauinaL—Belonging to the groin.
InTERCOsTAL—Between the ribs.
Invnorion—The act of rubbing in.

LACHEBYMAL GLANDs—Those which secrew tears.
LancinaTinc—“ Shooting.”

Laxatives—Loosening medicines.

Lrston—Disorder.

l.igaAmMENT--The substance which joins bones together.

Mammua—Breasts.
MasseTers—Muscles of the jaws.
Morsip—Diseased.
Morgrric—Producing disease

NavicuLaR—One of the bones of the foot.
Nxgvno-paTHOLOGY—The nervous system in disease.
NopvuLovs—Like a knot.

Nosotoagy—Classification of diseases.

(ipematrous—Swollen.
OpaquE—Not transparent.
Os catcis—Bone of the heel.
Ossxous—Bony.

Ovor—lIn form of an egg.
436 DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

PALATINE—Relating to the palate.

Panzootic—An epidemic affecting animals generally.
ParastTE—An animal which lives on another.
Parotip—Largest salivary gland.

PatsoLocy—The study of the body in disease.
PrpicLte—Narrow part of a tumor,
PrrecoraLt—Resembling flea-bites.
Purarsis—Wasting away.

Prruirary MempraNne—Lining of the nostrils.
PsEU DO-MEMBRANOUS—Relating to false membranes.
Pus— Matter.

Pytorus—Entrance into intestines.

Rate—A watery sound heard in sounding the chest in some diseasea

Sanative-~Health-giving.

SuHNEIDERIAN MEMBRAME—The lining of the nostrils,
Srpaceovs—Of the nature of suet.
Sepatives—Medicines which produce sleep.
SERous—Watery.

Serum—Watery part of the blood.
SoLtvent—That which dissolves.
Sporapico—Scattered.
SUBMAXILLARY—Beneath the jaw.
SUDAMINA—Small eruptions.
SupRA-RENAL—Above the kidney.

THoractc—Relating to the chest.

Tuyrorp—shaped like a folding door.

Tonics—Medicines which give tone and strength to the body.
TUBERCULAR—Relating to tumors in the structure of an orgam
TUMEFACTICN—Swelling.

TURBINATED Bones—Bones of the nose shaped like a top.
TURGESCENCE—Great amount of humors in any part.

VascuLaAR—Full of blood-vessels.
VENTRICLE—Cavity.

Virvs—Poison.

VIS A FRONTE— Force from the front.
Vis A TERGO—Force of propulsion.
Viscous—Sticky.

VYotcr-Box— Larynx.
INDEX.

 

A PAGES rae
a@zdomen distended with Gas....... 188| Artereotomy ...........-s.ceeee soecceeeee 268
do. — dropsy of ........-...06-20e. 199] Ascites, or abdominal dropsy....... 199

Abdominal cavity, wounds of...... 206
Abscese within the substance of the

 

   

 

 

Atrophy, or wasting of muscles in
the region of the shoulder-

  

  

 

Drain... ee seeee eens aseeeee 58 LC: (ee creesseseee B24
Absorbents, disease of,.............00. 156
Abstraction of blood........c.cse00 268 B
Acute cough............00 sccrcssesccseee 99] Buck, galled. .....s.scssscerecceecssceecce 400
Acute disease of the laminm of the Big head and big Jaw.........0:ce000 862
FOOt.....ccrecccescereer sssoseresees 360 | Bladder, inflammation of.. . 224
Acute disease of the eye. » 461 do. stone in... . 224
Aoute rheumatiam...............s00080 888] do. rupture of. 282
Acute and general disease of the Bleeding, various modes aks seseceeee 268
brain, known as encephali- Blistering................0008 eavinwaeasces 268
LIB issssnssvevscstaescesecesse: a eaeoe 16 | Bloody urine.........cccccceseceeesceees . 287
Advantages of in-and-in breeding. 316] Blood, the quantity found in the
Attections, typhoid..........0ssssss0 - 110 DOdY. wc. eecccsseesceceereeeer eee 402
Age of horse, as known by his teeth. 127 | Blood, its transfusion....... 404
Albuminous urine.......... ssoceeessens 230 | Bog BpAViID. 00.2... eeeeecceceeeeeees . 828
Amaurosis ......... «-» 40] Bone, removing tumor from......... 258
Amputations .......... . 260; Bots, stomachic and hemorrhoidal. 164
Amputation of the penis. - 261] Bowed legs............. sadeaeees seateoes 281
Anemia ......ccocseseeessesves . 897| Brain, abscess within its substance. 68
Analysis of the blood in glanitlexs, 25) do. diseases Of ..........s0ee0. 58
Azatomy of the lungs.......s0..-.00 - 90] do. dropsy of......... aecececseeeerss (80
Anatomy and physiology, impor- do. inflammation of.............. 76
tance of studying.............. 815 | Breeding, and the principles of the
Anatomy of the tail..... , 394 BANE .eeessccessseeesseeceesccceces BUR
Animals become parents too early, 812| do. in-and-in..........cecceoee » 807
Apoplexy, cerebral.............s00+-.-. 64] Brief exposition of the function of
Apoplexy of the salitpictone esos «- 65 the 1ungs...........0000 cvverscee 88
Apoplexy of the spl ieee 206 | Bronch Svibctisssideersnsewescesees & 108

 

437
438

Cc PAGES |
Capped hock.............ccsessceesceeeee 322
Carbuncular Fever.........ccssereseees 206
Case of laryngitis in Patchen colt. 94
Caso of croup.. 97

Case of plouriay and ‘aropey of ‘the

 

   
  
  

 

 
   

   

Chest sccissccescs cevavespesssoeses 120
Case of meteorization................- 186
Crating, mode Of...........ccccceeeeeeee 241
Castration .. are
do. by: cauieriaition
do. the French method....... 249
do. by ligature ................. 251
Cataract. wile 45
Catarrh, epinnitie, 106
Causes of disease.. 19
Cerebral hemorrhage.. 64
Chabert on polypus.................0 102
Chest Founder.........ccscceceesceceaees 333
Chord. icvscse vas gstessiisegetgscecesmesees 335
Chorea, equine .........ecesseeeeeeeeeeee 81
Chronic rheumatiam........2..2. cece 336
Circulation of the heart.............. 401
do. experiments on its ra-
pidity...... » 408
Colic, flatulent.... a. 189
do. spasmodic .. - 193
do. treated by inhalation viet asi’ 195
Composition of the blood of a
healthy horse........0..sseeseee 25
Composition cf the blood glandered 25
Condition out Of...........ccceesecseeee 299
Congenita, glanders............ces008 24
Contagiousness of glanders......... 161
do of strangles ........ 413
Contraction of the hoof............06+ 344
Copeman on treatment of inflam-
mation 47
Copeman on meningitis. 80
Cornea, opacity of... a. 44
Corn bs saistuscvemersementegesessesaraes 384

Cough, in its chronic and acute

BLD FO csi. nceniasdce neseeyewansaens 99
Croup, (cynanche trachealis).... 95
Curry-comb, use and abuee of..... v97
CUUDB is vcsecasss seer everweormeacen anyon 319

Curing diseases, the best method of. 26
Curvation and disease of the spine. 361
Cynanche trachealig............0seeee
WFC rescrucincvekeneinnieucdeanswwntenes

 

DADD’S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

D PagEs

Death of a horse from ruptured
StOMACH.....sscrcceverecooes overs 17D
Dentition .......cesseccseccnsceseccrerence ABE
Diabetes ccsicdisvioswcsecvssawesseswemtsath (C00
Di CU iaeviece deveiniesseanSeneseerte ses steeiears . 198

  

 

do. changes in, recommended..... *4)
Digestive organs, disease of......... 160
Disease, causes of......-........- It

do. hereditary cases of....... 20
do. cases of... - 26
do. 4 tke urinary organs.... 228
Diseases of the skin and aubetie:
BEB stansericerenopnnicneaasenwnes 274
Dislocation of the stifle. . 343
Distemper .....-...... ceeeeeeee ret eee eee ees 43
Division of tie flexor tendons... tov
Docking of the tail.......... cc OH
Dropsy of the brain.............6000 60
do, of the abdomen or cheat... .99
Dropsical limhbs........sseceseeeeeesenes <8”
Dun, F. on causes of hereditary
GICRBC. cesvaves ccieceesererseseas 20
E
Education, importance of............ $2
Elbow tumor.. 821
Encephalitis... ae 78
Enteritis .......... . 201
Enlargement of the thyroid glanas. 108

  

Epilepsy ....csscseccesesescnscerssensesees 66
Epiglottis, spasm Of........cccccseesees 90
Epizodtic catarrh........ccccceseceeree 106
Equine chorea, or stringhalt........ 8)
Experiments by M. Magendie on
, the brain and nervous sys-
tem...... sreceene 88
Raperimenis a on «th itch eee ison 27%
Eye, diseases of.........-ssese coseseese 40
do. films or epecks on. 44
do. cataract of the..... . 46
do. worm Within..........60.06 60 « 4
do. acute disease Of.........e00- 0. 46
do. common inflammation of...... 4
do. hooks of.............04 asesseeeraeay 46
do. treatment of inflammaticn
(Copeman ON)....ssseeeceeeseee 47
do. purulent ophthalmia of......... 66
do. periodical inflammation of.... 66
Eyelids, foreign bodies within...... 44
  

 

 

 

 

  

   
 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

INDEX 485
F PAGES Pacma
FALSY oo eecessesseseees tien eeesees edaerbass 156 | Grease .........0ss0c000. * sesonee 289
Paver typhus.......... aa daepanswetavssinn: 110} do. nature of .......ccccesessesseeee 28
do. carbuncular...........c eee 206'| do transmisrion of from horse
do. scarlet....... @cehesvetesntsas woese 288 tO MAD..cceesesecseeereseseeses 280
do. in feet... cceecseeeseeee . 850 | Gullet, opening of to remove for-
Filme or specks on the eye......... 44 eign bodies... teoees 255
PriG Peo cedec et ccie avec ssapeecriocs wee 262 | Gutta seTena.....ccccsice seecssecees 40
Fistulous withers.. . 295
Vita epileptic.. tase 66 H
lo. hened dary 5 sein obs aeaavas’ 67 | Heematuria........... sabes 086 eeRe eRe ees 237
Flatulent Colic.........cceseesereereneres 189 | Head, big.........06 ideioserenss z 862
Flexor tendons, division of.......... 259 | Heart sac, inflammation of.......... 128
Food, effects of various kinds....... 187 | Heart, its circulation......... . 401
do. quality required..... .......... UBB | Meares: secs vivcssasscevesesesessseslerseees 126
Foot, division of the nerves of...... 256 | Heels, disease Of......ceserees asieaeans 283
do. inflammation and ulceration Hemorrhage, cerebral.........s0+6- 64
of the bones of..............006 330 do. Spinal........cessccereeee 65
do. management of,in the stable. 409 | Hemorrhoidal bots..........s00+ 164
Foreign bodies within the eyelids. 44 | Hemorrhoids, or piles..........sc . 891
Founder bleeding for the same..... 87] Hereditary origin of epileptic fits. 66
do. grain .......... * do. causes of disease........ 20
do. chest or water. Herpes siicscccescessiiaecensnenciacses 299
do. in the feet...... Hip shot, or pinhipped............00 . 876
Fracture of the pelvis.............05 Hide-bound.........cscecsseseeeeeseeceens 299
Punctional disease of the iiver..... 211 | Hock, capped.......ccceeeeseesceeeeeeeees 822
Punotion of the pancreas............. 216 | Hollow back seoissiocse esseectacscenerss 861
Pundament, falling of..............06+ 387 | Hoof, contraction Of............seeeeee 844
Hoof-bound........cscceee ce eeneeereeee
@ UGOS iovechceaseassivivescebses
Walled back......c.cssscesseceeeees coves 400 | Horse Oil. .......cceceseeeseerere ee
Gamgcee on splenic apoplexy........ 206 | Horses, lice on
(fastritis........... sbavensmeawves’ ss . 178] Horse’s foot, management of, in the
Giddiness, Or Vertigo.......-+eseceeeee 74 StAble.....cereressescoeee isteeee +» 408
Glands, thyroid, enlargement of... 103 | Hydrocephalus.. dasevaces -- 80
Glanders....... LasUadsemacemaaauarese vanes 147
do. congenital 24 I
do. analysis of the bleed: .s1e: 25|Importance of ventilating stahles,
do. can be communicated to in view of preventing dis-
TBD. .eosseceeseeseseecsrerers 147 eases of the LungB....... cree w&
do. contagiousness of........... 161|{n-and-in breeding ......... 807
do. why the disease is so Inflammation, nature e£ ........... 38
CAlled.....csceeeresecneeeeees 155 do. ite nature aad treat-
Gloss eye ........- ceseneeee sstsseesavess’ 40 MENL. ....secceeeeee 85
Wloect, magal.....ecccersecseere, vee + 168 do. treatment of. ........ 47
Ulottia, spasm Of.....sesccceseceee 90 do common, of the eye. 46
Uohier on polypus.......--receerereee 108 do. periodical, do. 66
Bolter .......-ssccesseesceoes sree ceeetsrre 108 do. of the brain.......... 76
orged or over-distended stomach. 182 do. of lining membrane
Grain founder..........cscccerercecvere 182 Of LaryDX .occccoe 99
0410

PAGES
faflammation of the lungs............. 114

 

do. of the pleura.......... 119

do. of the pericardium
or heart sac........ 128
do. of the stomach 178
do. of the peritoneum.... 197
do. of the intestines...... 201
do. of the bladder......... 224
do. of the kidneys.......... 223

do. and ulceration of
bones of the feet.. 330

do. rheumatic, of the
neck (chords)....... 335
infammsisry laryngitis.............. 92
Infiuenra, or epizodtic catarrh.. ... 106

do.

followed by acute dis-
ease of the brain....... 108
Inhalation, colic treateu by the

 

 

do. inflammation of.......... 201
Intestinal canal, parasites infest-

Ing thesescssccsoccdsccscsercvessees, 217
Iodine, Morton on..... 105
TtOD......ccerereerecoesenecee ere 274, 291

do. insect, experiments on......... 277
J
Faundioe .........--ccsecrersncscneceeress 211

K

Kidneys, inflammation of............ 223
do. BPFBiN ACTOSB ....cesceesrese 223.
Knees, sprung.....

L

Lameness from various causes...... 819
da. — navioular.................... 830
do. remarks on............00.-. 885

Caminitis ........ccccccseceecescssesescees 850

La@mpas....eeccccscrseeeees sbieatsaeuiaseacs 160

Taryngitis, suppurative and in-

flamMatory..........cccseceoseee

Leblanc, M., on tracheotomy.

Legs, DOWE.....ccscsercresccescrecccees SEL

do. swelled..........-ccccssecscssserens 2O7

Lice on horses.... eons 282

Limbs, dropsical...........ssecsorsseoe 287

lathotomy method of performing.. 252

92
100

 

 

 

do.

Lungs, anatomy of...
function of.........
inflammation Of......0...005+

do.
do.

DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

raam
Liver, functional disease of......... 211
Locked-jaw...........00cssscoscsveccecene

LOBE OL... seescrccccreccrcoees

 
 

M

Mad Staggers.......ssccosecserescseseess

Magend

Malignant typhus.......

ie’s experiments on animals

Management of the horse's foot in

the stable.........

eoveccoveccccos

Mange..rccecereecssceeees Peereeterererrer ys
Meningitis, cerebral.......... Sexi sesice

do.

Copeman ON...ccccceecere

Meteorization of the intestines.....

Morton

on iodine .

Nasal gleet.........ccecscveeee teeneeeses
Navicular lameness........... saasies

Navicularthrites
Nephrites............

 

Nervous BYSteM......ssercsseeeees seveee

Neurotomy, mode of operating...

Nicking
do.

Nostrils

the: tallssscseesacsrees

  

, polypus within..............

Oo

Objections to in-and-in breeding
BDBWETE.......0cccesceecsvescoes

Cisophagotomy...
Cstrus equi..

Gstrus,
Opacity

Operations, surgical...........
Ophthalmia.........0..csesereeee

do.
do.

   
 
 

hecamrlicl alia sass
Of the Cornes......cccccssees

purulent..........
BPCCifIC......cccoerereeceere

aecetoens

Osteo porosis, known os big head
ANd Dig jaw.....cccccecccescaees
Out of Condition......cesccereerseserees

Pancreas and its fanotion.....

Paraple,

P

gia.

72
10

118
274

17
188

104

16t
Bay

.. B41

228
&q

. 266

262

. 892
835
101

 
INDEX.

PAGES
Parasites infesting the intestinal

   
  

CANAL .....00..scrcecescsscceecceoes ZIT
Patchen colt, laryngitis, case of... 94
Pelvis, fracture of...... avesesccerercers B16
Penis, amputation of............06. 261
Feritonitis .......... 0008 . 197
Pericarditis.............0000+ 128

do. Woodger om............... 124
Feritoneum, inflammation of........ 197
Feriosteotomy ..........csscceeseeneeeee « 258
Phiebctomy..... . 270

Phrenitis.. » 7
Piles, or hemorrhoids...... . 891
Pinhipped, or hip shot......... aaesa ees 876
Pleurisy ...... sessuess osustestdestacee eoeee 119

do and dropsy of the chest,
CABO Of......ceccecccecreeeese 120

Pleurodynia, painful affection of
the pleura and muscles of
the chest.......... éatbageecaverse 832

Poll evil

 
 

Pneumonia .......

Polypus within the sisat eile.
do. Chabert on........0...,cecsees 192
do. Gohier OM......00.-seeeweeeees 108

 

Pricking the tail
Profuse Stalling......-cccrccscesssseseee 229
Prolapsus ani (falling of the fun-
Aement) ....coveercorees seesessee 387
Purigo......c-rcersserssseseceroees eoveee 291
Pure water needed by horses and
CALKIE .....ecercsoreeee .
Purulent ophthalmia.............00

Q
Quantity of blood in a horse's body. 402
Quarter CTACK........cccccseresessvere 852

 

898
55

 

R

Remarks on vaterinary science.... 1°
Remedy for tape-worm .............. 221
Respiratory organs, diseases of.... 86
Retention of urine........cccrsseee 220
Rheumatic inflammation of neck... 835
Bheumatiam, acute.......ssseereereee 383

  

do. chronic..... scccese 886
Bing-bone......0rsersscsvcersecessesesee 887
291

Bing-WOr .......cersscocsesoovesserceeas

Roaring... ...ccesccsssemeen weerres 100

 

441

PaGm
Rowelling..........ccccscscsscssereesserss 268
Rupture of the bladder... ........... 282

do. of the stomach......cc...00 178

8

Saliva, amount of secretion.........
Salivation, spontaneous slavering.
Sand orack......... bebe varveeneeet secede’
Sea DIOS scesivecesses, evavesecsedseens
Scarlatina........
Scarlet fever..
Scratehes., wees

168
163
852
276
288
. 288
. 288

24
297

eoeees

Praeeeee

eee vevcon eesees

 
 
   

Scurvy........ Sovedseseveseseass sveeeevvees
Shoulder blade, wasting of mus-
cles of........ dastenanseeesesenes . 824
Sitfast .. ee
Skin, diveniea of.
dO. WATE OD......ceecccnscneeeecweenen
Slinging, mode of....... dese eceneecacere
Spasm of the muscles of the glottis

278
295.
242

  
  
  

198
SPAVINs.sasccasioe seaeenessse aesivaas sseveee B70
dO. DOB. .cecsercnsenereevee dss te' oo
Specific ophthalmia....
Specks on the eyes.....
Spinal hemorrhage...........cessereeee
Spine, disease and curvature of.... 8
Spleen, enlargement Of.......sssceees
Spletit.ccccsscaacooscesnes sence
Splenic apoplexy..
Sprung knees.........
Stables, importance of ventilating.
Staggers, Coleman OM.....cescseser sore
do. sleepy, blind, or mad.....
Stifle out, dislocation of the stifle-
DONE ..ceesee cooversonscescceresess
Stocking...
Stomachic bots........
Stomach, gorged.......cccseccseeesees, $82
do. inflammation of............ 178
do rupture Of......+6 - 178
do staggers..... - 64
Stone in the bladder..... . 224
Btringhalt....... -ccccccsccsccscccereess 8)
St. Vitus’s dance......ncccoreseseccsese 8
Strangles .......scccccrsccescscsscreeceees 411
do.  contagiousness of.......... 4lf

  

seecesacnces secenee

   

evoreee

. 164

   
 
£42

PAGES
Strangulation of the intestines..... 205
Supparative laryngitis............... 92

 

 

 
  

 

Suppression of urine........... .. 226
Burgical instruments........... . 228
do. operations...............00 289
Bars eiticsecesite suasaoinesapiacs weeds ceeds 286
Bway back.........scccccce, | ceesecees 861
Sweeny........ means: 9 sheen BLE
Smeolled lege........... eee cette 287
T

fail, anatomy of.......0.............. 894
do. dooking of.......cceeeseeeee 896
do. nicking........... eevee a. 892
Vape-worm, remedy for............... 221
Temporary teeth, remarks on....... 128
Pete DUS... iiceerncesnscedssescone. Jereyecee 70
Teeth, age of horse as shown by the 127
POUGOE Ss: ssedaceieta siessasah rdinteveavereutes 299
The principles of breeding...........-304
Thick water............sscscee wee 286
Lhinning of blood...............c0008. 897
Thorougb-pin ... . 828
108

Thyroid glands, enlargeniont of. ce
foe sand-crack.. tabs
frachealis, ylane bi ures sees
Pracheotomy ..........cescercsceseeenees
do. Leblane on................ 100
Transfusion of blood... weve 404
fumor of the elbow.. vee B21
do. removing of, ton: fone =r 258
Twiteb, ase of............ ce ceeeeeeees 239
Lypbue, or typhoid affections....... 110
do. = malignant... «» 118
Pymy an! is... occ eeeeeeeeee 188

854
95
254

   

 

  

. 228

 

TADO’B VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

 

  

Pooms

Urination, profuse....... e esatnees ce ER
Urine, suppression of............... 226
do. retention of.... 239
do. albuminous. 288
do. DIOODY.........ceseeseesvoeeseeee . 287
Use and abus« of the curry-comb.. 897

Vv

Fapor bath... ....ccccscsscsscseeereene) 114
Varix, or bog spavin.......... .. 838
Ventilation, importance of.......... S
Vermifugesscssssvsscccsessssecassasoasses 22)
Vertigo......... senestess MNsarreR Met S.A 74
Veterinary science, remarks on.... 19

do. science, the relation it

bears to social sci-
ence. sees vugesevane | ee

do. science, ew. to tamed
TALE Ib ..eecececseeereees 80

do. education, importance
Of scisicccerocecenscnassees 82

Ww

Warts on the sKin........0cc.ceceeee. 295
Water founder.........ccccscsceseees, 888
do. necessity ‘of its party. - 898

Windgalls........... oui
Windpipe, opening of..

 

Withers, fistulous........sscereeeree 206
Woodger on pericarditis.............. 124
WOTMB...... cccesccerceerecesecsctesscoeess QT

  

eee co eare

Worm within the eye...
Wounds penets ating the abdominal
OBTILY... Lecce eeee ee

neceee seeere

Y

Yellows...... stasis: Saew Rina cecceus @l

seve