ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY New York STATE COLLEGES OF AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY EVERETT FRANKLIN PHILLIPS BEEKEEPING LIBRARY ‘) Nt ” So work the Honey Bees Creatures, that by a rule in Nature, teach The art of order to a peopled kingdom.— Shakspeare. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON TOR HIVE AND HONEY-BEE, BY L. L. LANGSTROTH ; WITH AN INTRODUCTION, BY REV. ROBERT BAIRD, D.D. THIRD EDITION, QBVISED, AND ILLUSTRATED WITH SEVENTY;SEVEN ENGRAVINGS, NEW YORK: 0. M. SAXTON, BARKER & CO., 25 PARK ROW. SAN FRANCISCO: H. H. BANCROFT & CO. 1860. ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, ir the year 185¥, By L. L. LANGSTROTH, In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New York. Joun A. Dovcias & Coy Stereotypers, 183 William Street, N, Y. ' INTRODUCTION. I am happy to learn from my friend Mr. Lanesrrorn, that a new edition of his work on the Hive and Honey- Bee is called for; I consider it by far the most valuable treatise on these subjects, which has come nnder my notice. Some years before it was published, I became acquainted with the main characteristics of his system of Bee-culture, and even then, I believed it to be incompar- ably superior to all others of which J had either read or heard. This conviction has been amply strengthened by the testimony of others, as well as by results which have come under my own observation. In my early life I had no inconsiderable experience in the management of bees, and I am bold to say that the hive which Mr. Lanestrora has invented, is in all respects greatly superior to any which I have ever seen, either in this or foreign countries. Indeed, I do not believe that any one who takes an intelligent interest in the rearing of bees, can for a moment hesitate to use it; or, rather, can be induced to use any other, when he becomes acquainted with its nature and merits. At length the true secret has been discovered, of iii iv INTRODUCTION. making these most industrious, interesting, and useful of insect-communities, work in habitations both comfortable to themselves and wonderfully convenient for their aggre- gation, division, and rapid increase ; and all this without diminishing their productive labor, or resorting to the cruel measure of destroying them. Mr. Lanesrrors teaches us in his book, how bees can be taken care of without great labor, and without the risk of suffering from the weapon which the Creator has given them for self-defence. Even a delicate lady need not fear to undertake the task of cultivating this fascinating branch of Rural Economy. Nothing is easier for any family that resides in a favorable situation, than to have’ a number of colonies, and this at but little expense. I sincerely hope that many will avail themselves of the facilities now placed before them for prosecuting this easy branch of industry, not only for the sake of the large profit in proportion to its expense, which it may be made to yield, but also for the substantial pleasure which they may. find in observing the habits of these wonderful little creatures. How remarkably does their entire econ- omy illustrate the wisdom and skill of the Grear AuTHOR of all things. I cannot but believe that many Ministers of the Gospel, residing in rural districts, will accept of Mr. Lanesrrore’s generous offer to give them the free use of his Invention. With very little labor or expense, they can derive from bee-keeping considerable profit, as well as much pleasure, INTRODUCTION. v No industrial or material employment can be more inno- cent, or less inconsistent with their proper work. There are few portions of our country which are not admirably adapted to the culture of the Honey-Bee. The wealth of the nation might be increased by millions of dollars, if every family favorably situated for bee-keeping would keep a few hives. No other branch. of industry can be named, in which there need be so little loss on the material that is employed, or which so completely derives its profits from the vast and exhaustless domains of Nature. I trust that Mr. Lanesrrorn’s labors will contribute greatly to promote a department of Rural Economy, which in this country has hitherto received so little scientific atterition. He well deserves the name of Benefactor ; infinitely more so than many who in all countries and in all ages have received that honorable title. Not many years will pass away without seeing his important inven- tion brought into extensive use, both in the Old and New World. Its great merits need only to be known; and this, Time will certainly bring about. , ROBERT BAIRD. PREFACE. / Encouracep by the favor with which the former edi- tions of this work have been received, I submit to the public a Revised Edition, illustrated by additional wood- cuts, and containing my latest discoveries and improve- ments, The information which it presents, is adapted not only to those who use the Movable-Comb Hive, but to all who aim at profitable bee-keeping, with any hive, or on any system of management. Debarred, to a great extent, by ill-health, from the ap- propriate duties of my profession, and compelled to seek an employment calling me as much as possible into the open air, I cherish the hope that my labors in an impor- tant department of Rural Economy, may prove service- able to the community. Bee-keeping is regarded in Europe as an intellectual pursuit, and no one who studies the wonderful habits of this useful insect, will ever find the materials for new observations exhausted. The Cre- ator has stamped the seal of his Infinity on all his works, so that it is impossible, even in the minutest, “ by search- ing to find out the Almighty to perfection.” In none vii viii PREFACE. ; of them, however, has he displayed himself more clearly than in the economy of the Honey-Bee: “ What well-appointed commonwealths! where each Adds to the stock of happiness for all; Wisdom’s own forums! whose professors teach Eloquent lessons in their vaulted hall! Galleries of art! and schools of industry ! Stores of rich fragrance! Orchestras of song! What marvellous seats of hidden alchemy! How oft, when wandering far and erring long, Man might learn truth and virtue from the BEE! Bowrina. The attention of Ministers of the Gospel is particularly invited to this branch of Natural History. An intimate acquaintance with the wonders of the Bee-Hive, while beneficial to them in many ways, might lead them, in their preaching, to imitate more closely the example of Him who illustrated his teachings by “the birds of the air, and the lilies of the field,” as well as the common walks of life, and tlie busy pursuits of men. It affords me sincere pleasure to acknowledge my obli- gations to Mr. Samur, Waenmr, of York, Pennsylvania, | for material assistance in the preparation of this Treatise. To his extensive and accurate acquaintance with Bee- keeping in Germany, my readers will find themselves indebted for much exceedingly valuable information. L. L. LANGSTROTH. Oxrorp, Bortz County, Onto, March, 1869. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Lisr of Plates and Explanation of Wood-Cuts Illustrating the Natural History of Bees..........cececceeceeeeeeee CHAPTER. I. Facts connected with the invention of thé Movable-Comb Bee-Hive........... Saishepalecwslaneieeeeleniia sarecesereyeis ee II. The Honey-Bee capable of being tamed............... III. The Queen, or Mother-Bee.—The Drones,—The Workers. —Facts in their Natural History.......... pyavaratssenerate IV. Comb........... tea Wess grnpoe Hew rene aNaleale gerne enaels V. Propolts........ acide Balahey sacle aeeiate Oe sreenaine he VI. Pollen, or ‘‘ Bee Bread.”...... se spececereecerecees VII. Ventilation of the Bee-Hive........cecceeceeereeees VIII. Requisites of a Complete Hive..... es SGiei eats Setunie oes IX. Natural Swarming, and Hiving of Swarms..........+4 X. Artificial Swarming...........eceseeeees SCR C we XI. Loss of the Queen........ ais epee s sna Saas ake seen XII. The Bee-Moth, and other Enemies of Bees.—Diseases of XIII. Robbing, and how Prevented.........c0.eeeeeereeee XIV. Directions for Feeding Bees...... ces seeceeerecesece XV. The Apiary.—Procuring Bees to Stock it.—Transferring Bees from Common to Movable-Comb Hives........ XVI. Honey.......e.eeeeeeeee sagen fete n eee eceees : XVII. Bee-Pasturage.—Over-Stocking........ ats a's Seeaeteas 1x PAGE 11 13 24 29 69 76 80 88 95 109 143 213 228 261 267 279 285 292 x TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER, PAGE, XVIII. The Anger of Bees.—Remedies for their Stings ....... 3808 XIX. The Italian Honey-Bee...... tawastwserecconsaes, S18 XX. Size, Shape, and Materials for Hives.—Observing-Hives. 829 XXI. Wintering Bees..........0-eseeeee Sosa seeeeeeeee 885 XXIL Bee-Keeper’s Calendar.—Bee-Keeper’s Axioms......... 362 Explanation of Wood-Cuts of Movable-Comb Hives, with Bills of 871 Stock for making themes cscs siosececeswsesonecurewenwagies 385 Copious Alphabetical Index.......0s.ceccecerevevcecceccees LIST OF PLATES. he PAGE. « PAGE Frontisplece.............ecece0e Plate: XD asisasntccaaaiaciiecieiecded Movable-Comb Hive, with full glass RA aoe 128 arrangement.....-....0scceeee sve AS;]) aiarareratateté neater 686 . 144 Plate ora = - 168 IL. ARS RON Ssanatescieracstalelaraberoie traiete fa ww 198 Wes OV oi civats ox die eiuislesegiiienues 216 TV. he ROVE te, cxetsvaissnisretaininsfesstarsic cies . 240 « Wiss Me EVAL ve naresaierinaeapnaetine mevayid 264 we NE. “XI «. 288 « VI. Se XK westcomee acta anes sie 812 “ VIII... SEX ocesrteceemacaerage cans 850 A RS te svesene S00 - Benn SS RTT cmaa aie aestecarnnngistesinas . 868 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATES L. to XI. inclusive, show the various styles of Movable-Comb Hives, and the Implements used in the Apiary. For explanation of these plates, see p. 871. PLATE XII.—Fies. 31, 82.—Queen-Bee, of magnified and natural size. See p. 80. Fics. 88, 34.—Drone, of magnified and natural size. See p. 49. Fies. 85, 36.— Worker, of magnified and natural size. See p. 54. These Illustrations were copied (with some alterations) from Bagster. PLATE XIII.—Frie. 87,—Scales of Wax, highly magnified. See p. 69. Fic. 88,—Abdomen of a Worker-Bee, magnified, and showing the exuding scales of wax. See p. 69. Fie. 89.—Section of a Cell, magnified, and showing the usual position of the egg. See p. 44. . Fria. 40.—Larve of Bees, in various stages of development. See p. 44, « Fie 41.--Section of a Cell, magnified, and showing Larva, See p. 44, Fia 42,—Worker-Larva, fully grown, and ready to spin its Cocoon, See p. 45, Fia. 43.—Worker-Nymph. See p. 45. Fia, 49.—A Queen-Cell of the natural size, See p. 62. Fie. 50.—A Queen-Cell cut open, to show the unhatched queen. See p. 62. Fie, 44—Eggs of the Bee-Moth, of natural and magnified size, See p. 284, Fia. 45.—Larve of the Bee-Moth, fully grown. See p. 231. xii EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Fig. 46—Female Bee-Moth. See p. 229. Fia, 59.—Female Bee-Moth, with Ovipositor extruded, and eggs passing through it. See p. 230. Fie. 60.—Male Bee-Moth, See p. 229. Fre. 61.—Small Male Bee-Moth. See p. 229. Fie. 62.—Head of Mexican Honey-Hornet, magnified. See p. 87. Fie. 68,—Head of Honey-Bee, magnified. See p. 87. Fies. 64, 65.—Jaws of Honey-Hornet and Honey-Bee, magnified. See p. 87. Some of these Illustrations were taken from Swammerdam, Reaumur, and Huber. PLATE XIV.—for an explanation of this plate, which represents the different kinds of Cells in the Honey-Comb, see p. 66, PLATE XV.—For an explanation of Fie. 48, which represents Worker and Drone- Comb, of natural size, see p. 74. Fie. 58.—A Group of Queen Cells, drawn from a specimen found in the Author's hive. See p. 191. PLATE XVI.—Fic. 51.—Proboscis of a Worker-Bee, highly magnified. See p. 56. Fic. 68, Phare XIII, shows the Proboscis attached to the head. Fie, 62,—Abdomen of a Worker-Bee, magnified, PLATE XVII.—Fie. 53.—Sting of a Worker, highly magnified. See p. 56. Fic. 54.—Honey-sac, Intestines, Stomach, and Rectum of a Worker-Bee. See p. 56. PLATE XVIII.—For an explanation of this plate, which represents the Ovaries (and adjacent parts) of a Queen-Bee, see p. 85. PLATE XIX.—Fre. 56.—Cocoons spun by Larva of the Bee-Moth. See p. 233. PLATE XX.—Fia. 57.—Mass of Webs, Cocoons, and Excrements left in a Hive destroyed by the Larvx of the Bee-Moth. See p. 285, PLATE XXI.—Fias, 66, 67, 68, 69, and 70.—German method of Wintering Bees See p. 345. PLATE XXIL~Fic, 71 is the Frontispiece to the First Edition. See p. 831, PLATE XXIII.—Shows the position in which a Frame is held when taken frow the Movable-Comb Hive.—See p. 171. Movable Comb Hive, with full Glass Arrangement, THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. CHAPTER I. FACTS CONNECTED WITH THE INVENTION OF THE MOVABLE- COMB BEE-HIVE. Practica bee-keeping in this country is in a very depressed condition, being entirely neglected by the mass of those most favorably situated for its pursuit. Notwith- standing the numerous hives which have been introduced, the ravages of the bee-moth have increased, and success is becoming more and more precarious. While multi- tudés have abandoned the pursuit in disgust, many even of the most experienced are beginning to suspect that. all the so called “Improved Hives” are delusions or impos- tures; and that they must return to the simple box or hollow log, and “take up” their bees with sulphur in the old-fashioned way. In the present state of public opinion, it requires no little confidence to introduce another patent hive, and a new system of management; but believing that a new era in bee-keeping has arrived, I invite the attention of Apiarians to the perusal of this Manual, trusting that it will convince them that there is a better way than any -with which they have yet become acquainted. They will here find a clear explanation of many hitherto mysterious 13 14 THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. points in the physiology of the honey-bee, together with much valuable information never before communicated to the public. It is now more than twenty years since I turned my attention to the keeping of bees. The state of my health of late years having compelled me to live much in the open air, I have devoted a large portion of my tinle to a minute investigation of their habits, as well as to a series of careful experiments in the construction and manage- ment of hives. Very early in my Apiarian studies I constructed a hive on the plan of the celebrated Huber; and by verifying some of his most valtiable discoveries became convinced that the prejudices existing against him were entirely unfounded. Believing that his discoveries laid the founda- tion for a more profitable system of bee-keeping, I began tc experiment with hives of various construction. Though the result of these investigations fell far short ot my expectations, some of these hives now contain vigorous stocks fourteen years old, which without feeding have endured all the vicissitudes of some of the worst seasons ever known for bees. While I felt confident that my hive possessed valuable peculiarities, I still found myself unable to remedy many of the perplexing casualties to which bee-keeping is liable ; and became convinced that no hive could do this, unless it gave the complete control of the combs, so that any or all of them might be removed at pleasure. The use-of the Huber hive had satisfied me, that with pr oper precautions the combs might be removed without enraging the bees, and that these insects were capable of being tamed to a sarprising degree. Without a knowledge of these facts, I should have regarded a hive permitting the removal of the combs, as quite too dangerous for practical use. At a MOVABLE-COMB HIVE. 15 first, I used movable slats or bars placed on rabbets in the front and back of the hive. The bees began their combs upon these bars, and then fastened them to the sides of the hive. By severing these attachments, the combs could be removed adhering to the bars. There was nothing new in the use of such bars—the invention being probably a hundred years old—and the chief peculiarity in my hive was the facility with which they could be removed without enraging the bees, and their combina- tion with my improved mode of obtaining the surplus _ honey. With hives of this construction, I experimented on a larger scale than ever, and soon arrived at very important results. I could dispense entirely with natural swarming, and yet multiply colonies with greater rapidity and cer- tainty than by the common methods. All feeble colonies could be strengthened, and those which had lost their queen furnished with the means of obtaining another. If I suspected that any thing was wrong with a hive, I could quickly ascertain its true condition, and apply the proper remedies. In short, I felt satisfied that bee-keeping could be made highly profitable, and as mnch a matter of cer- tainty, as most branches of rural economy. One thing, however, was still wanting. The cutting of the combs from their attachments to the sides of the hive, was attended. with much loss of time both to myself and the bees. This led me to invent a method by which the combs were attached to MOVABLE FRAMES, S80 suspended in the hives as to touch neither the top, bottom, nor sides. By this device the combs could be removed at pleasure, without any cutting, and speedily transferred to another hive. After experimenting largely with hives of this con- struction, I find that they fully answer the énds proposed in their invention. 16 THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. In the Suminer of 1851 I ascertained that bees could be made to work in glass hives, exposed to the full light of day. This discovery procured me the pleasure of an acquaintance with Rev. Dr. Berg, then pastor of a Reformed Dutch Church, in Philadelphia. From him I first learned that a Prussian clergyman of the name of Dzierzon,* was attracting the attention of crowned heads by his discoveries in the management of bees. Before he communicated to me the particulars of these discoveries, I explained to Dr. Berg my own system and showed him my hive. He expressed great astonishment at the won- derful similarity in our methods of management, neither of us having any knowledge of the labors of the other. Our hives he found to differ in some very important respects. In Dzierzon’s hive, the combs not being attached to movable frames but to bars, cannot be removed without cutting. In my hive, any comb may be taken out without removing the others; whereas in the Dzierzon hive, it is often necessary to cut and remove many combs to get access,to a particular one; thus if the tenth from the end is to be removed, nine must be taken out. The German hive does not furnish the surplus honey in a form the most salable in our markets, or admitting of safe transportation in the comb. Notwith- standing these disadvantages, it has achieved a great triumph in Germany, and given a new impulse to the cultivation of bees. The following letter from Samuel Wagner, Esq., Cashier of the Bank of York, in York, Pennsylvania, will show the results obtained in Germany by the new system of man- agement, and his estimate of the superior value of my hive to those there in use. * Pronounced Tseertsone, MOVABLE-COMB HIVE. 17 “Yorn, Pa., Dec. 24, 1852. “Dear Sir:—The Dzierzon theory and the system of bee-management based thereon, were originally promul- gated hypothetically in the ‘Hichstadt Bienen-zeitung,’ or Bee-Journal, in 1845, and at once arrested my attention. Subsequently, when in’ 1848 at the instance of the Prus- sian Government, the Rev. Mr. Dzierzon published his ‘Theory and Practice of Bee Culture, I imported a copy which reached me in 1849, and which I translated prior to January, 1850. Before the translation was completed I received a visit from my friend the Rev. Dr. Berg, of Philadelphia, and in the course of conversation on bee- keeping, mentioned to him the Dzierzon theory and system as one which I regarded as new and very superior, though I had had no opportunity for testing it practically. In February following, when in Philadelphia, I left with him the translation in manuscript—up to which period I doubt whether any ether person in this country had any knowledge of the Dzierzon theory ; except to Dr. Berg, I had never mentioned it to any one save in very general terms. ; “In September 1851, Dr. Berg again visited York, and stated to me your investigations, discoveries and inyen- tions. From the account Dr. Berg gave me, I felt assured that you had devised substantially the same system as that so successfully pursned by Mr. Dzierzon; but how far your hive resembled his I was unable to judge from description alone. I inferred, however, several points of difference. The coincidence as to system, and the princi- ples on which it was evidently founded, struck me as exceedingly singular and interesting, because I felt confi- dent that you had no more knowledge of Mr. Dzierzon and his labors, before Dr. Berg mentioned him and his book to you, than Mr. Dzierzon had of you. These cir- 18 THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. cumstances made me very anxious to examine your hives, and induced me to visit your Apiary in the village of West Philadelphia, last August. In the absence of the keeper I took the liberty to explore the premises thoroughly, opening and inspecting a number of the hives and noticing the internal arrangement of the parts. The result was, that I came away convinced that though your system was based on the same principles as Dzierzon’s, your hive was almost totally different from his both in con- struction and arrangement; and that while the same objects substantially are attained by each, your hive is more sim- ple, more convenient, and much better adapted for general introduction and use, since the mode of using it can be more easily taught. Of its ultimate and triumphant success I have no doubt. I sincerely believe that when it comes under the notice of Mr. Dzierzon, he will himself prefer it to his own. It in fact combines all the good properties which a hive ought to possess, while it is free from the complication, clumsiness, vain whims and deci- dedly objectionable features which characterize most of the inventions which profess to be at all superior to the simple box, or the common chamber hive. “You may certainly claim equal credit with Dzierzon for originality in observation and discovery in the natural history of the honey-bee, and for success in deducing prin- ciples and devising a most valuable system of management from observed facts. But in invention, as far as neatness, compactness, and adaptation of means to ends are con- cerned, the sturdy Gerrhan must yield the palm to you. “JT send you herewith some interesting statements respecting Dzierzon, and the estimate in which his system is held in Germany. Very truly yours, SAMUEL WaGNER. Rev. L. L. Lanasrroru.” MOVABLE-COMB HIVE. 1 \ The following are the statements to which Mr. Wagner refers : ; “ As the best test of the value of Mr. Dzierzon’s system is the results which have been made to flow from it, a brief account of its rise and progress may be found interesting. In 1835, he commenced bee-keeping in the common way with twelve colonies, and after various mis- haps which taught him the defects of.the common hives and the old mode of management, his stock was so reduced, that, in 1838, he had virtually to begin anew. At this period he contrived his improved hive, in its ruder form, which gave him the command over all the combs, and he began to experiment on the theory which observation and study had enabled him to devise. Thenceforward his progress was as rapid, as his success was complete and triumphant. Though he met with frequent reverses, about seventy colonies having been stolen from him, sixty destroyed by fire, and twenty-four by a flood, yet, in 1846, his stock had increased to three hundred and sixty colo- nies, and he realized from them that year six thousand pounds of honey, besides several hundred weight of wax. At the same time, most of the cultivators in his vicinity who pursued the common methods, had fewer hives than they had when he commenced. “In the year 1848, a fatal pestilence, known by the name of ‘foul brood,’ prevailed among his bees, and destroyed nearly all his colonies before it could be sub- dued, only about ten having escaped the malady which attacked alike the old stocks and his artificial swarms. He estimates his entire loss that year at over five hundred colonies. Nevertheless, he succeeded so well in multi- plying by artificial swarms, the few that remained healthy, that, in the Fall of 1851, his stock consisted of nearly four 20 THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. hundred colonies. He must therefore have multiplied his stocks more than three-fold each year. “The highly prosperous condition of his colonies is attested by the Report of the Secretary of the Annual Apiarian Convention, which met in his vicinity last Spring. This Convention, the fourth which has been held, con- “sisted of one hundred and twelve experienced and enthu- siastic bee-keepers from various districts of Germany and neighboring countries, and among them were some who, when they assembled, were strong opposers of his system. “They visited and personally examined the Apiaries of Mr. Dzierzon. The report speaks in the very highest terms of his success, and of the manifest superiority of his system of management. He exhibited and satisfac- torily explained to his visitors his practice and principles; and they remarked with astonishment the singular docility of his bees, and the thorough control to which they were subjected. After a full detail of the proceed- ings, the Secretary goes on to say: “* Now that I have seen Dzierzon’s method practically demonstrated, I must admit that it is attended with fewer difficulties than I had supposed. With his hive and system of management, it would seem that bees become at once more docile than they are in other cases. I consider his system the simplest and best means of elevating bee-cul- ture to a profitable pursuit, and of spreading it far and wide over the land; especially as it is adapted to districts in which the bees do not readily and regularly swarm. His eminent success in re-establishing his stock after suf fering so heavily from the devastating pestilence ; in short the recuperative power of the system, demonstrates con- clusively that it furnishes fhe best, perhaps the only means of re-instating bee-culture to a profitable branch ot rural economy. ’ Fig. 3. ALES aa ~ Dg oe a A mr ri ' | r ne T J | | a | MOVABLE-COMB HWE. 21 “*Dzierzon modestly disclaimed the idea of having attained perfection in his hive. Ie dwelt rather upon the truth and importance of his theory and system of manage- ment.’ “From the Leipzig Illustrated Almanac—Report on -lgriculture for 1846 : “** Bee-culture is no longer regarded as of any import- ance in rural economy.’ “ From the same, for 1851 and 1853: “¢Since Dzierzon’s system has been made known, an entire revolution in bee-culture has been produced. A new era has been created for it, and bee- keepers are turn- ing their attention to it with renewed zeal. The merits of his discoveries are appreciated by the Government, and they recommend his system as worthy the attention of the teachers of common schools.’ “ Mr. Dzierzon resides in a poor, sandy district of Lower Silesia, which according to the common notions of Apia- rians is unfavorable to bee-culture. Yet, despite of this and of various other mishaps, he has succeeded in realiz- ing nine hundred dollars as the product of his bees in one season ! “ By his mode of management, his bees yield even in the poorest years from 10 to 15 per cent. on the capital invested ; and where the colonies are produced by the Agiaceats own skill and labor, they cost him only about one-fourth the price at which they are usually valued. In ordinary seasons, the profit amounts to from 30 to 50 per cent., and in very favorable seasons from 80 to 100 per cent.” In communicating these facts to the public,. I take an honest pride in establishing my claim to having matured by my own independent discoveries, the system of bee- 22 THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. culture which has excited so much interest in Germany ; I desire also to have the testimony to the merits of my hive, of Mr. Wagner, who is extensively known.as an able German scholar. He has taken all the numbers of the Bee- Journal, which has been published monthly for more than nineteen years, in Germany ; and he is undoubtedly more familiar than any other man in this country with the state of Apiarian culture abroad. I wish, also, to show that the importance which I attach to my system of management, is amply justified by the success of those who, by the same system, even with infe- rior hives, have attained results which to common bee- keepers seem almost incredible. Inventors are prone to form exaggerated estimates of the value of their labors ; and the public has been so often deluded by patent hives which have utterly failed to answer their professed objects, that they can scarcely be blamed for rejecting every new one as unworthy of confidence. An American Bee-Journal, properly conducted, would have great influence in disseminating information, awaken- ing enthusiasm, and guarding the public against the miserable impositions to which it has so long been subject- ed. Three such journals have been published monthly, in Germany; and their circulation has widely disseminated those principles which must constitute the foundation ot any enlightened and profitable system of bee-culture. While many of the principal facts in the physiology of the honey-bee were long ago discovered, it has unfortu- nately happened that some of the most important have been the most widely discredited. In themselves, they are so wonderful, and to those who have not witnessed them, ofter so incredible, that it is not strange that they have been rejected as fanciful conceits or bare-faced inventions. MOVABLE-COMB HIVE. 23 For more than half a century, hives have been in use containing only one comb inclosed on both sides by glass. These hives are darkened by shutters, and when opened the queen is as much exposed to observation as the other bees. -I have discovered that, with proper precautions, colonies can be. made to work in observing-hives exposed continually to the full light of day; so that observations may be made at all times, without interrupting by any sudden admission of light the ordinary operations of the bees. In such hives, many intelligent persons from vari- ous States in the Union have seen the queen-bee deposit- ing her eggs in the cells, while surrounded by an affection- ate circle of her devoted children. They have also wit- nessed with astonishment and delight, all the mysterious steps in the process of raising queens from eggs, which with the ordinary development would have produced only the common bees. Often for more than three months, there has not been a day in my Apiary in which some colonies were not engaged in rearing new queens to supply the place of those taken from them; and I have had the pleasure of exhibiting these facts to bee-keepers who never before felt willing to credit them. As all my hives are made so that each comb can be taken out and examined at pleasure, those who use them can obtain all the information which they need without taking anything upon trust. May I be permitted to ex- press the hope, that the time is now at hand when the number of practical observers will be so multiplied, and the principles of bee-keeping so thoroughly understood, that ignorant and designing men will not be able to im- pose their conceits and falsehoods upon the public, by depreciating the discoveries of those who have devoted years of observation to the advancement of Apiarian knowledge! 24 THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. CHAPTER II. THE HONEY-BEE CAPABLE OF BEING TAMED. Ir the bee had not such a formidable weapon both of offence and defence, multitudes who now fear it might easily be induced to enter upon its cultivation. As my system of management takes the greatest possible liberties with this irascible insect, I deem it important to show in the very outset how all necessary operations may be per- formed without incurring any serious risk of exciting its anger. Many persons have been unable to suppress their aston- ishment, as they have seen me opening hive after hive, removing the combs covered with bees, and shaking them eff in front of the hives; forming new swarms, exhibiting the queen, transferring the bees with all their stores to another hive; and in short, dealing with them as if they were as harmless as flies. Ihave sometimes been asked, if the hives I was opening had not been subjected to a long course of training ;"when they contained swarms which had been brought only the day before to my Apiary. 1 shall, in this chapter, anticipate some principles in the natural history of the bee, to convince my readers that any one favorably situated may enjoy the pleasure and profit of a pursuit which has been appropriately styled, “the poetry of rural economy,” without being made too famil- iar with a sharp little weapon which can speedily convert all the poetry into very sorry prose. It must be manifest to every reflecting mind, that the Creator intended the bee, as truly as the horse or the cow, for the comfort of man. In the early ages of the world, THE HONEY-BEE CAPABLE OF BEING TAMEL. 25 and indeed until quite modern times, honey was almost the only natural sweet; and the promise of “a land flowing with milk and honey” had once a significance which it is difficult for us fully to realize. The honey-bee, therefore, was created’ not merely to store up its delicious nectar for its own use, but with certain propensities, with- out which man could no more subject it to his control, than he could make a useful beast of burden of a lion or a tiger. One of the peculiarities which constitutes the founda- tion of my system of management, and indeed of the possibility of domesticating at all so irascible an insect, has never to my knowledge been clearly stated as a great and controlling principle. It may be thus expressed : A honey-bee when filled with honey never volunteers an attack, but acts solely on the defensive. This law of the honeyed tribe is so universal, that a stone might as soon be expected to rise into the air without any propelling power, as a bee well filled with honey to offer to stirfg, unless crushed or injured by some direct assault, The man who first attempted to hive a swarm of bees, must have been agreeably surprised at the ease with which he was able to accomplish the feat; for it is wisely ordered that bees, when intending to swarm, should fill their honey-bags to their utmost capacity. They are thus so peaceful that they can easily be secured by man, besides having materials for commencing opera- tions immediately in their new habitation, and being in no danger of starving if several stormy days should fol- low their emigration. Bees issue from their hives in the most peaceable mood imaginable; and unless abused allow themselves to be treated with great familiarity. The hiving of them might always be conducted without risk, if there were 2 26 THE HIVE AND NONEY-BEE, not occasionally some improvident or unfortunate ones, who, coming forth without the soothing supply, are filled instead with the bitterest hate against any one daring to meddle with them. Such thriftless radicals are always to be dreaded, for they must vent their spleen on something, even though they perish in the act. a If a whole colony on sallying forth possessed such a ferocious spirit, no one could hive them unless clad in a coat of mail, bee-proof; and not even then, until all the windows of his house were closed, his domestic animals bestowed in some place of safety, and sentinels posted at suitable stations to warn all comers to keep at a safe dis- tance. In short, if the propensity to be exceedingly good-natured after a hearty meal had not been given to the bee, it could never have been domesticated, and our honey would still be procured from the clefts of rocks or the hollows of trees. A second peculiarity in the nature of the bee, of which we may avail ourselves with great success, may be thus stated: . q Bees cannot under any circumstances resist. the temp- tation to fill themselves with liquid sweets. It would be quite as difficult for them to do this, as for an inveterate miser to despise a golden shower of double eagles falling at his feet and soliciting his appropriation. If, then, when we wish to perform any operation which might provoke them, we can contrive to call their atten- tion to a treat of flowing sweets, we may be sure that under its genial influence they will allow us to do what we please, so long as we do not hurt them. Special care should be used not to handle them rough- ly, for they will never allow themselves to be pinched or hurt without thrusting out their sting to’ resent the in- dignity. If, as soon as a hive is opened, the exposed THE HONEY-BEE CAPABLE OF BEING TAMED. 27 bees are gently sprinkled with water sweetened with sugar, they will help themselves with great eagerness, and in a few moments will be perfectly under control. The truth is, that bees thus managed are always glad to see visitors, for they expect at every call to receive an acceptable peace-offering. The greatest objection to the use of sweetened water is, the greediness of bees from other hives, who, when there is any scarcity of honey in the fields, will often surround the Apiarian as soon as he presents himself with his watering-pot, and attempt to force their way into any hive he may open, to steal if possible a portion of its treasures. A third peculiarity-in the nature of bees gives an al- most unlimited control over them, and may be expressed as follows: Bees when frightened immediately begin to fill them- selves with honey from their combs. If the Apiarian only succeeds in frightening his little subjects, he can make them as peaceable as though they were incapable of stinging. By the use of a little smoke from decayed wood,* the largest and most fiery colony may at once be brought into complete subjection. As soon as the smoke is blown among them, they retreat from before it, raising a subdued or terrified note; and, seeming to imagine that their honey is to be taken from them, they cram their honey-bags to their utmost capac- ity. They act either as if aware that only what they can lodge in this inside pocket is safe, or, as if expecting to be driven away from their stores, they are determined to start with a full supply of provisions for the way. The same result may be obtained by shutting them up in their * Such wood is often called spunk, or touch-wood ; it burns without any flame until consumed ; and its smoke may easily be directed upon the bees, by the Dreath of the Apiarian. 28 THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. hive and drumming upon it for a short time. The vari- ous processes, however, for inducing bees to fill them-. selves with honey, are more fully explained in the chap- ter on Artificial Swarming. By the methods above described, I can superintend a large Apiary, performing every operation necessary for pleasure or profit, without as much risk of being stung ag must frequently be incurred in attempting to manage a single hive in the ordinary way. Let all your motions about your hives be gentle and slow. Accustom your bees to your presence: never crush or injure them, or breathe upon them in any ope- ration; acquaint yourself fully with the principles of man- agement detailed in this treatise, and you will find that you have little more reason to dread the sting of a bee, than the horns of a favorite cow, or the heels of your faithful horse. Equipped with a bee-hat (Pl. XL, Figs. 25, 27) and india-rubber gloves, even the most timid, by availing themselves of these principles, may open my hives and deal with their bees with a freedom astonishing to many of the oldest cultivators on the common plan: for in the management of the most exténsive Apiary, no operation will ever be necessary, which, by exasperating a whole colony, impels them to assail with almost irresistible fury the person of the bee-keeper. Puate IIL. NATURAL HISTORY OF THE HONEY-BEE, 29 CHAPTER®III. ' THE QUEEN, OR MOTHER-BEE } THE DRONES ; THE WORKERS 3 FACTS IN THEIR NATURAL HISTORY. Honey-Bexs can flourish only when associated in large numbers, as in a colony. In a solitary state, a single bee is almost as helpless as a new-born child, being paralyzed by the chill of a cool Summer night, If a strong colony preparing to swarm is examined, three kinds of bees will be found in the hive. Ist, One bee of peculiar shape, commonly called the Queen-Bee. 2d, Some hundreds and often thousands:of large bees, called Drones. 8d, Many thousands of a smaller kind, called Workers, or common bees, such as are seen on the blossoms. Many of the cells will be found to contain honey and bee- bread; and vast numbers of eggs and immature workers and drones. A few cells of unusual size are devoted to the rearing of young queens. On Plate XII., the queen, drone, and worker are represented as magnified, and also of the natural size. The queen-bee is the only perfect female in the hive, and all the eggs are laid by her. The drones are the males, and the workers, females whose ovaries, or “ egg- bags,” are so imperfectly developed that they are incapa- ble of breeding; and which retain the instinct of females, only so far as to take care of the brood. These facts have been demonstrated so repeatedly, that they are as well established as the most common laws in the breeding of our domestic animals. The knowledge 30 THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. of them in their most important bearings, is essential to all who would realize large profits from improved methods of rearing begs. Those who will not acquire the neces- sary information, if they keep bees at all, should manage them in the old-fashioned way, which demands the small- est amount of knowledge and skill. I am well aware how difficult it is to reason with bee- keepers, who have been so often imposed upon, that they have no faith in statements made by any one interested in a patent hive; or who stigmatize all knowledge which does not square with their own, as mere “book knowl- edge” unworthy the attention of practical men. If any such read this book, let me remind them that all my assertions may be put to the test. So long as the interior of a hive was to common observers a profound mystery, ignoyant or designing men might assert what they pleased of what passed in its dark recesses; but now, when every comb can in a few moments be exposed to the full light of day, the man who publishes his own con- ceits for facts, will speedily earn thé character both of a fool and an imposter. , The Queen-Bee, as she is the common ®# mother of the whole colony, may very "properly be called the mother-bee. She reigns most unquestionably by a divine right, for every good mother ought to be a queen in her own family. Her shape is widely different from that of the other bees. While she is not near so bulky as a drone, her body is longer ; and as it is considerably more tapering, or sugar- loaf in form than that of a worker, she has a somewhat wasp-like appearance. Her wings are much shorter in proportion than those of the drone, or worker; the under part of her body is of a golden color, and the upper part NATURAL HISTORY OF THE HONEY-BEE, 31 usually darker than that of the other bees. Her motions, are generally slow and matronly, although she can, when she pleases, move with astonishing quickness., No colony can long exist without the presence of this all-important insect; but must as surely perish, as the body without the spirit must hasten to inevitable decay. The queen is treated with the greatest respect and affection by the bees. A circle of her loving offspring constantly surrounds her,* testifying in various ways their dutiful regard; some gently embracing her with their antenne, others offering her honey from time to time, and all of them politely backing out of her way, to give her a clear path when she moves over the combs. If she is taken frpm them, the whole colony is thrown into a state of the most intense agitation, as soon as they ascertain their loss; all the labors of the hive are abandoned ; the bees run wildly over the combs, and frequently rush from the hive in anxious search for their beloved mother. If they cannot find her, they return to their desolate home; and by their sorrowful tones reveal their deep sense of so deplorable a calamity. Their note at such times, more especially when they first realize their loss, is of a pecu- liarly mournful character; it sounds somewhat like a succession of wailings on the minor key, and can no more be mistaken by an experienced bee-keeper, for their ordinary happy hum, than the piteous moanings of a sick child could be confounded by the anxious mother with its joyous crowings when overflowing with health and happiness. I know that all this will appear to many much more like romance than sober reality ; but, believing that it is a crime for any observer wilfully to misstate or conceal important truths, J have determined, in writing this book, * See the group of bees on the Title-Page. 32 THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. to give facts, however wonderful, just as they are; confi- dent that in due time they will be universally received ; and hoping that the many wonders in the economy of the honey-bee will not only excite a wider interest in its cul- ture, but lead those who observe them to adore the wisdom of Him who gave them such admirable instincts. The fertility of the queen-bee has been entirely under- estimated by most writers. During the height of the breeding season, she will often, under favorable circum- stances, lay from two to three thousand eggs a day! In my observing-hives, I have seen her lay at the rate of.six eggs a minute. The fecundity of the female of the white ant is, however, much greater than this, being at the rate of sixty eggs a minute; but her eggs are simply extruded from her body, and carried.by the workers into suitable nurseries, while the queen-bee herself deposits. her eggs in their appropriate cells. It has been noticed that the queen-bee usually com- tmences laying very early in the season, and always long before there are any males in the hive. How then, are her eggs impregnated ? Francis Huber, of Geneva, by a long course of the most indefatigable observations, threw much light upon this subject. Before stating his discoy- eries, I must pay my humble tribute of gratitude and ad- miration to this wonderful man. It is mortifying to every naturalist, and I might add, to every honest man acquaint- ed with the facts, to hear such an Apiarian, as Huber, abused by the veriest novices and imposters ; while others, who are indebted to his labors for nearly all that is of value in their works, “Damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer, And, without sneering, teach the rest to sneer.” Huber in early manhood lost the use of his eyes. His opponents imagine that to state this fact is to discredit all NATURAL HISTORY OF THE HONEY-BEE. 33 his observations. [it to make their case still stronger, they assert that his servant, Francis Burnens, by whose aid he conducted his experiments, was only an ignorant peasan’. Now this so-called “ignorant peasant” was a man of strong native intellect, possessing the indefatigable’ energy and enthusiasm so indispensable to a good obser- ver. He was a noble specimen of a self-made man, and rose to be the chief magistrate in the village where he resided. Huber has paid an admirable tribute to his intelligence, fidelity, indomitable patience, energy and skill.* It would be difficult to find in any language a better specimen of the inductive system of reasoning, than Huber’s work on bees, and it might be studied as a model of the only way of investigating nature, so as to arrive at reliable results. ‘ Huber was assisted in his researches, not only by Bur- nens, but by his own wife, to whom he was betrothed before the loss of his sight, and who nobly persisted in marrying him, notwithstanding his misfortune and the strenuous dissuasions of her friends. They lived longer than the ordinary term of human life in the enjoyment of great domestic happiness, and the amiable naturalist through her assiduous attentions scarcely felt the loss of his sight. Milton is believed by many to have been a better poet in consequence of his blindness; and it is highly probable that Huber was a better Apiarian from the same cause. His active yet reflective mind demanded constant employ- ment; and he found in the study of the habits of the honey-bee, full scope for his powers. _All the observations ® A single fact will show the character of the man. It became necessary, in a certain experiment, to examine separately all the bees in two hives. ‘ Burnens spent eleven days in performing this work, and during the whole time he scarcely allowed himself any relaxation but what the relief of his eyes required ” aK 34 THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. , and experiments of his faithful assistants being daily reported, many inquiries and suggestions were made by him, which might not have suggested themselves had he possessed the use of his eyes. Few, like him, have such command of both time and money as to be able to prosecute on so grand a scale, for a series of years, the most costly experiments. Having repeatedly verified his most important observations, I take great delight in holding him up to my countrymen as the Prince or APIARIANS. To return to his discoveries on the impregnation of the queen-bee. By a long course of careful experiments, he ascertained that, like many other insects, she was fecund- ated in the open air and on the wing ; and that the influ- ence of this connection lasts for several years, and proba- bly for life. He could, however, form no satisfactory con- jecture how eggs were fertilized which were not yet developed in her ovaries. Years ago, the celebrated Dr. John Hunter, and others, supposed that there must be a permanent receptacle for the male sperm, opening into the oviduct. Dzierzon, who must be regarded as one of the ablest contributors of modern times to Apiarian sci- ence, maintains this opinion, and states that he has fouid such a receptacle filled with a fluid resembling the semen of the drones. He does not seem to have demonstrated his discoveries by any microscopic examinations. In the Winter of 1851-2, I submitted for scientific examination several queen-bees to Dr. Joseph Leidy, of Philadelphia, who has the highest reputation both at home and abroad, as a naturalist and microscopic anato- mist. He found in making his dissections a small globular sac, about 4 of an inch in diameter, communicating with the oviduct, and filled with a whitish fluid 3; this fluid, when examined under the microscope, abounded in the NATURAL HISTORY OF THE HONEY-BEE. 35 spermatozoa which characterizes the seminal fluid. A comparison of this substance, later in the season, with the semen of a drone, proved them to be exactly alike. These examinations have settled, on the impregnable basis of demonstration, the mode in which the eggs of the queen are vivified. In descending the oviduct to be deposited in the cells, they pass by the mouth of this semi- nal sac, or “ spermatheca,” and receive a portion of its fer- tilizing contents. Small as it is, it contains sufficient to impregnate hundreds of thousands of eggs. In precisely the same way, the mother-wasps and hornets are fecund- ated. The females only of these insects survive the Win- ter, and often a single one begins the construction of a nest, in which at first only a few eggs are deposited. How could these eggs hatch, if the females had not been impreg- nated the previous seasén? Dissection proves that they have a spermatheca similar to that of the queen-bee. It never seems to have occurred to the opponents of Huber, that the existence of a ‘permanently impregnated mother-wasp is quite as difficult to be accounted Afor, as the existence of a similarly impregnated # queen-bee. The celebrated Swam- merdam, in his observa- tions upon insects, made in the latter part of the seventeenth century, has given a highly magni- fied drawing of the ova- ries of the queen-bee, a reduced copy of which I 36 THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. present (Plate XVIII.), to my readers. The small globu- lar sac (D), communicating with the oviduct (2), which he thought secreted a fluid for sticking ‘the eggs to the base of the cells, is the seminal reservoir, or spermatheca, Any one who will carefully dissect a queen-bee, may see this sac, even with the naked eye. It will be seen that the ovaries (G and Z) are double, each consisting of an amazing number of ducts* filled with eggs, which gradually inorease in size.f Huber, while experimenting to ascertain how the queen was fecundated, confined some young ones to their hives by contracting the entrances, so that they were more than three weeks old before they could go in search of the drones. To his amazement, the queens whose impregna- tion was thus retarded never Jaid any eggs but such as produced drones! He tried this experiment repeatedly, but always with the same result. Bee-keepers, even from the time of Aristotle, had observed that all the brood in a hive were occasionally drones. Before attempting to explain this astonishing fact, I must call the attention of the reader to another of the mysteries of the bee-hive. It has already been stated, that the workers are proved by dissection to be females which under ordinary cir- cumstances are barren. Occasionally, some-of them appear to be sufficiently developed to be capable of laying eggs; but these eggs, like those of queens whose impreg- nation has been retarded, always produce drones! Some- * The ducts in this cut are represented as more numerous than those in Swam- merdam’s drawing. =; } Since the first edition of this work was issued, I have ascertained that Posel (page 54) describes the oviduct. of the queen, the spermatheca and its contents, and the use of the latter in impregnating the passing egg. His work was published at Munich, in 1784. It seems also from his work (page 36), that before the inves- tigations of Huber, Jansha, the bee-keeper royal of Maria Theresa, had discovered the fact thatthe young queens leave their hive in search of the drones. Fig. 13. Prats IV. OS Zs Sh fc i : coe I en iN LENA AOS a NATURAL HISTORY OF THE HONEY-BEE, 37 times, when a colony which has lost its queen despairs of obtaining another, these drone-laying workers are exalted to her place, and treated with equal regard by the bees. Huber ascertained that fertile workers are usually reared in the neighborhood of the young queens, and thought that they received some particles of the peculiar food or jelly on which these queens are fed. He did not pretend to account for the effect on the queen of retarded impregnation ; and made no experiments on the fecunda- tion of fertile workers. Since the publication of Huber’s work more than sixty years ago, no light has been shed upon the mysteries of drone-laying queens and workers, until quite recently. Dzierzon appears to have been the first to ascertain the truth on this subject; and his discovery must certainly be ranked among the most.astonishing facts in all the range of animatednature. It seems at first view so absolutely incredible, that I should not dare mention it, if it were not supported by indubitable evidence, and if I had not determined to state all important and well-ascertained facts, however contrary to the prejudices of the ignorant and conceited. Dzierzon asserts, that all impregnated eggs produce females, either workers or queens ; and all unimpregnated ones, males or drones! He states that in several of his hives he found drone-laying queens, whose wings were so imperfect that they could not fly, and which on examina- tion proved to be unfecundated. Hence, he concluded that the eggslaid by the queen-bee and fertile worker had, from the previous impregnation of the egg from which they sprung, sufficient vitality to produce the drone, which is a less highly organized insect than the queen or worker. It had long been known that the queen deposits drone-eggs in the large or drone-cells, and worker-eggs 38 THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. in the small or worker-cells, and that she makes no mis- takes. Dzierzon inferred, therefore, that there was some way in which she was able to decide the sex of the. egg befcre it was laid, and that she must have such 4 control over the mouth of the seminal sac as to be able to extrude her eggs, allowing them at will to receive or not a portion of its fertilizing contents. In this way he thought she determined their sex, according to the size of the ‘cells in which she laid them. My friend, Mr. Samuel Wagner, of York, Pennsyl- vania, has advanced a highly ingenious theory, which accounts forall the facts, without admitting that the queen has any special knowledge or will on the subject. He supposes that when she deposits her eggs in the worker-cells, her body is slightly compressed by their size, thus causing the eggs as they pass the spermatheca to receive its vivifying influence.“ On the contrary, when she is laying in drone-cells, as this compression cannot take place, the mouth of the spermatheca is kept closed, and the eggs are necessarily unfecundated. : In the Autumn of 1852, my assistant found a young queen whose progeny consisted entirely of drones. The colony had been formed by removing a few combs con- taining bees, brood, and eggs, from another hive, and had raised anew queen. Some eggs were found in one of the combs, and young bees were already emerging from the cells, all of which were drones. As there were none but worker-cells in the hive, they were reared in them, and not having space for full development, they were dwarfed in size, although the bees had pieced the cells to give more room to their occupants. I was not only surprised to find drones reared in worker- cells, but equally so that a young queen, who at first lays only the eggs of workers, should be laying drone-eggs; NATURAL HISTORY OF THE HONEY-BEL. 39 and at once conjectured that this was a case of an unim- pregnated drone-laying queen, sufficient time not having elapsed for her impregnation to be unnaturally retarded. All necessary precautions were taken to determine this point. The queen was removed from the hive, and although her wings appeared to be perfect, she could not fly. It seemed probable, therefore, that she had never been able to leave the hive for impregnation, To settle the question beyond the possibility. of doubt, I submitted this queen to Professor Leidy for microscopic examination. The following is an extract from*his re- port. “The ovaries were filled with eggs, the poison-sac full of fluid; and the spermatheca distended with a per- fectly colorless, transparent, viscid liquid, without a trace of spermatozoa.” This examination demonstrates Dzierzon’s theory that queens do not need impregnation to lay the eggs of males. Considerable doubt seemed to rest on the accuracy of Dzierzon’s statements on this subject, chiefly because of his having hazarded the unfortunate conjecture that the place of the poison-bag in the worker is occupied in the queen by the spermatheca. Now this is so completely contrary to fact (Pl. XVIII., A, D,) that it was a natural inference that this acute and thoroughly honest observer made no microscopic dissections of the insects which he examined. I consider myself peculiarly fortunate, in having obtained the aid of a naturalist-so celebrated for microscopic dissections as Dr. Leidy. On examining this same colony a few days later, J found satisfactory evidence that these drone-eggs were laid by the queen which had been removed. WNo fresh eggs had been deposited in the cells, and the bees on missing her had begun to build royal cells, to rear, if possible, another queen; this they would not have done, if a fertile worker 40 THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. had been present, by which the drone-eggs had been de- posited. Another interesting fact proves that all the eggs laid by this queen were drone-eggs. Two of the royal cells were in a short time discontinued; while a third was sealed over in the usual way, to undergo its changes to a perfect queen. As the bees had only a drone-laying queen, whence came the female egg from which they were rearing a queen ? At first I imagined that they might have stolen it from another hive; but on opening this cell it contained only a dead drone! Huber had described a similar mistake made by some of his bees. At the base of this cell was an unu- sual quantity of the peculiar jelly fed to develop young queens. One might almost imagine that the bees had dosed the unfortunate drone to death; as though they hoped by such liberal feeding to produce a change in his sexual organization. In the Summer of 1854, I found another drone-laying queen in my Apiary, with wings so shrivelled that she could not fly. I gave her successively to several queen- less colonies, in all of which she deposited only drone-eggs. On the 14th of July, 1855, a queen in one of my obsery- ing-hives began to lay, when nine days old, a few eggs on the edges of the combs, instead of in the cells, She per- sisted in this for some days, until I transferred her to a colony which had-been queenless for some weeks, hoping that she might, if unimpregnated, make an excursion from their hive to meet the drones. The observing-hive in which she was hatched was exposed to the full light of day ; the entrance small, and difficult to find; and I had noticed on several occasions, that when the drones left the hive in the greatest numbers, the queen seemed un- able to find her way out. At such times she manifested NATURAL HISTORY OF THE HONEY-BEE. 41 unusual excitement, and the whole colony were almost as much agitated as though they were swarming. After she had been in the second hive a short time, I found that she had laid a number of drone-eggs. They were deposited near the bottom and edge of the comb, in cells a little larger than the worker-size, and which the bees had begun to lengthen, to adapt them to the growth of their occu- pants. There was no other brood in the hive. On the 9th of August, I found the combs nearly filled with worker-brood, in a state considerably less advanced than the drones. Is there any reason to doubt that these drone-eggs were laid by the queen before, and the worker- eggs after, her impregnation ? . In Italy there is a variety of the honey-bee differing in size and color from the common kind. If a queen of this variety is crossed with the common drones, her drone- progeny will be Jtalian, and her worker brood a eross between the two; thus showing that the kind of drones she will produce has no dependence on the male by which she is fecundated. . It appears from recent discoveries in physiology, that to impregnate the ovum of an animal it is necessary that the spermatozoa should not simply come in contaet with it, but actually enter into it through a small opening. In applying this discovery to bees, Prof. Siebold, of Germany, dissected a number of worker-eggs, and found in each from one to three spermatozoa; while he found none in dissecting drone-eggs. Dr. Donhoff, of Germany, in the Summer 1855, reared a worker-larve froma drone-egg,* which he had artifi- cially impregnated. * T attempted to do this in 1852; but to my great disappointment, the bees re- moved or devoured all the eggs thus treated ; owing as I then supposed to their unwillingness to raise workers in drone-cells. If some of the eggs just deposited in a piece of drone-comb are touched with a fine brush dipped in the diluted semen 42 THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. Aristotle noticed, more than 2,000 years ago, that the eggs which produce drones are, like the worker-eggs. With the aid of powerful microscopes we are still unable to detect any difference in the size or appearance of the eggs of the queen. These facts taken in connection, appear to constitute a perfect demonstration that unfecundated queens are not ouly able to lay eggs, but that their eggs have suflicient vitality to produce drones. It seems to me probable, that after fecundation has been delayed for about three weeks, the organs of the queen-bee are in such a condition that it can no longer be effected ; just as the parts of a flower, after a certain time, wither and shut up, and the plant becomes incapa- ble of fructification. Perhaps, after a certain time, the queen loses all desire to go in search of the male. The fertile drone-laying workers would seem to be physically incapable of impregnation. There is something analogous to these wonders in the “ aphides” or green lice, which infest plants. We have undoubted evidence that a fecundated female gives birth to other females, and they in turn to others, all of which without impregnation are able to bring forth young; until, after a number of generations, perfect males and females are produced, and the series starts anew ! However improbable it may appear that an unimpreg- nated egg can give birth to a living being, or that sex can depend on impregnation, we are not at liberty to reject facts because we cannot comprehend the reasons of them. He who allows himself to be guilty of such folly, if he aims to be consistent, must eventually be plunged into the dreary gulf of atheism. Common sense, philosophy, of drones, and given to bees which have neither queen nor brood of any kind, I believe that queez3, workers, and drones, may bo raised from them. NATURAL HISTORY OF THE HONEY-BEE. 43 and religion alike teach us to receive, with becoming reverence, al] undoubted facts, whether in the natural or spiritual world; assured that however mysterious they may appear to us, tly are beautifully consistent in the sight of Him whose “ understanding is infinite.” All the leading facts in the breeding of bees ought to be as familiar to the Apiarian, as the same class of facts in the rearing of his domestic animals.* A few crude and half-digested notions, however satisfactory to the old-fash- ioned bee-keeper, will no longer meet the wants of those who desire to conduct bee-culture on an extended and profitable system. ' The extraordinary fertility of the queen-bee has already been noticed. The process of laying has been well described by the Rev. W. Dunbar, a Scotch Apiarian. “When the queen is about to lay, she puts her head into a cell, and remains in that position for a second or two, to ascertain its fitness for the deposit she is about to make. She then withdraws her head, and curving her body downwards,} inserts the lower part of it into the cell: in a few seconds she turns half round upon herself and withdraws, leaving an egg behind her. When she lays a considerable number, she does it equally on each side’ of the comb, those on the one side being as exactly opposite to those on the other as the relative position of the cells will admit. The effect of this is to produce the utmost possible concentration and economy of heat for developing the various changes of the brood !” Here, as at every step in the economy of the bee, we * “If it were possible,’ saiden able German Apiarian, in 1846, ‘‘ to ascertain the reproductive process of bees with as much certainty as that of our domestic ani- mals, bee-culture might unquestionably be pursued with positive assurance of profit ;and would assume a high rank among the various branches of rural economy.’? + She is thus sure to deposit the egg in the sclected cell. 44 TEE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. behold, in the perfect adaptation of means to ends, a sagacity which seems scarcely inferior to that of man. “The eggs of bees* are of a lengthened, oval shape (Pl. XUL, Fig.39), with aslight curvature, and of a bluish white color: being besmeared, at the time of laying, with a glutinous substance, they adhere to the bases of the cells, and remain unchanged in figure or situation for three or four days; they are then hatched, the bottom of each cell presenting to view a small white worm. On its grow- ing (Pl. XIIL, Figs. 40, 41), so as to touch the opposite angle of the cell, it coils itself up, to use the language of Swammerdam, like a dog when going to sleep; and floats in a whitish transparent fluid, which is deposited in the cells by the nursing-bees, and by which it is probably nourished ; it becomes gradually enlarged in its dimen- sions, till the two extremities touch one another, and form aring. In this state it is called a larva, or worm. So nicely do the bees calculate the quantity of food which will be required, that none remains in the cell when it is trans- formed toanymph. It is the opinion of many eminent naturalists, that farina does not constitute the sole food of the larva, but that it consists of a mixture of farina, honey, and water, partly digested in the stomachs of the nursing-bees. “The larva having derived its support, in the manner above described, for four, five, or six days, according to the season, continues to increase during that period, till it occupies the whole breadth, and nearly the length of the cell. The nursing-bees now seal over the cell with a light brown cover, externally more or less convex (the cap of a drone-cell being more convex than that of a worker), and thus differing from that of a honey-cell, which is paler and somewhat concave.” The cap of the brood- * “ Bevan on the Honey-Beo.” Fig. 16. Piate V. it (im CTU TT mi eT NM Tt CA NATURAL HISTORY OF TUE ILONEY-BEE. 45 cell is made not of pure wax, but of a mixture of bee- bread and wax; and appears under the microscope to be full of fine holes, to give air to the inclosed insect. From its texture and shape it is easily thrust off by the bee when mature, whereas if it consisted wholly of wax, the insect would either perish for lack of air, or be unable to force its way into the world. Both the material and shape of the lids which close the honey-cells are different: they are of pure wax, and thus air-tight, to prevent the honey from souring or candying in the cells; and are slightly concave, the better to resist the pressure of their contents. To return to Bevan. “ The larva is no sooner perfectly inclosed than it begins to line the cell by spinning round itself, after the manner of the silk-worm (PI. XIIL., Fig. 42), a whitish silky film, or cocoon, by which it is encased, as it were, in a pod. When it has undergone this change, is has usually borne the name of nymph, or pupa. It has now attained its full growth, and the large amount of nutriment which it has taken serves as a store for devel- oping the perfect insect. “The working bee-nymph spins its cocoon in thirty-six hours. After passing about three days in this state of preparation for a new existence, it gradually undergoes so great a change (Pl. XIIL., Fig. 43) as not to wear a ves- tige of its previous form. “When it has reached the twenty-first day of its exist- ence, counting from the time the egg is laid, it comes forth a perfect winged insect. The cocoon is left behind, and forms a closely attached and exact lining to the cell in which it was spun; by this means the breeding cells become smaller, and their partitions stronger, the oftener they change their tenants; and may become so much diminished in size, as not to admit of the perfect develop- ment of full-sized bees. 46 THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. “Such are the respective stages of the working-bee ;— those of the royal bee are as follows: she passes three days in the egg, and is five a worm; the workers then close her cell, and she immediately begins spinning her cocoon, which occupies her twenty-four hours. On the tenth and eleventh days, and a part of the twelfth, as if exhausted by her labor, she remains in complete repose. Then she passes four days and a part of the fifth asa nymph. It is on the sixteenth day, therefore, that the perfect state of queen is attained. . “The drone passes three days in the egg, and six anda half as a worm, and changes into a perfect insect on the twenty-fourth or twenty-fifth day after the egg is laid. “The development of each species likewise proceeds more slowly when the colonies are weak, or the air cool. ‘Dr. Hunter has observed that the eggs, worms, and nymphs all require a heat above 70° of Fahrenheit for their evolution. Both drones and workers, on emerging from the cell, are at first gray, soft, and comparatively helpless, so that some time elapses before they take wing. “The workers and drones spin complete cocoons, or inclose themselves on every side, while the royal larve construct only imperfect cocoons, open behind, and envel- oping only the head, thorax, and first ring of the abdo- men; and Huber concludes, without any hesitation, that the final cause of this is, that they may be exposed to the mortal sting of the first hatched queen, whose instinct leads her instantly to seek the destruction of those who would soon become her rivals. “Tf the royal larvze spun complete cocoons, the stings of the queens seeking to destroy their rivals might be so entangled in their meshes that they could not be disen- gaged. ‘Such,’ says Huber, ‘is the instinctive enmity of young queens to each other, that I have seen one of them, NATURAL HISTORY OF THE HONEY-BEE. 47 immediately on its emergence from the cell, rush to those of its sisters, and tear to pieces even the imperfect larve. Hitherto, philosophers have claimed our admiration of na- ture for her care in preserving and multiplying the species. But from these facts, we must now admire her precautions in exposing certain individuals to a mortal hazard.’ ” The cocoon of the royal larve is very much stronger and coarser than that of the drone or worker,—its texture considerably resembling that spun by the silk-worm. The young queen does not ordinarily leave her cell until she is quite mature; and as its great size allows the free exercise of ber wings, she is usually capable of flying as soon as she quits it. While still in her cell, she makes the fluttering and piping noises so familiar to observant bee-keepers. When the eggs of the queen are fully developed, like those of the domestic hen, they must be extruded; but some Apiarians believe that she can regulate their devel- opment so that few or many are produced, according to the necessities of the colony. That this is true to a cer- tain extent, seems highly probable ; for if a queen is taken from a feeble colony, her abdomen seldom appears greatly distended; and yet if put in a strong one, she speedily he- comes very prolific. Mr. Wagner says, “I conceive that she has the power of regulating or repressing the develop- ment of her eggs, so that gradually she can diminish the number maturing, and finally cease laying and remain in- active, as long as circumstances require. The old queen appears to qualify herself for accompanying a first swarm by repressing* the development of eggs, and as this is done at the most genial season of the year, it does not seem to be the result of atmospheric influence.” : It is certain that when the weather is uncongenial, or the colony too feeble to maintain sufficient heat, fewer * Huber attributes her reduced size before swarming to a wrong cause. 48 THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. eggs are matured, just as unfavorable circumstances diminish the number of eggs laid by the hen; and when the weather is very cold, the queen stops laying in weak colonies. In the latitude of Northern Massachusetts, I have found that the queen ordinarily ceases to lay some time in Octo- ber; and begins again, in strong stocks, in the latter part of December. On the 14th of January, 1857 (the previ- ous month having been very cold, the thermometer some- times sinking to 17° below zero), I examined three hives, and found that the central combs in two contained eggs and unsealed brood; there were a few cells with sealed brood in the third. Strong stocks even in the coldest cli- mates usually contain some brood ten months in the year. It is amusing to see how the supernumerary eggs of the queen are disposed of. If the workers are too few to take charge of all her eggs, or there is a deficiency of bee-bread to nourish the young; or if, for any reason, she does not judge best to deposit them in the cells, she stands upon a comb, and simply extrudes them from her oviduct, the workers devouring them as fast as they are laid. I have repeatedly witnessed in observing-hives the sagacity of the queen in thus economising her necessary work, in- stead of depositing her eggs in cells where they are not wanted. What a difference between her and the stupid hen, which so obstinately persists in sitting upon addled eggs, pieces of chalk, and often upon nothing at all! The workers devour also all eggs which are dropped or deposited out of place by the queen; thus, even a tiny egg, instead of being wasted, is turned to good account. One who carefully watches the habits of bees will often feel inclined to speak of his little favorites as having an intelligence almost if not quite akin to reason; and I have sometimes queried, whether the workers who areso fond Fig. 18. Puate VI. “ » | Fig. 72. NATURAL HISTORY OF THE IONEY-BEE. 49 of a tit-bit in the shape of a newly laid egg, ever experi- ence a struggle between appetite and duty; so that they must practice selfdenial to refrain from breakfasting on the eggs so temptingly deposited in the cells. It is well known to breeders of poultry, that the fertility of a hen decreases with age, until at length she may become entirely barren. By the same law, the fecundity of the queen-bee ordinarily diminishes after she has entered her third year. An old queen sometimes ceases to lay worker-eggs; the contents of her spermatheca becoming exhausted, the eggs are no longer impregnated, and pro- duce only drones. The queen-bee usually dies of old age in her fourth year, although she has been known to livemuch longer. There is great advantage, therefore, in hives which allow her, when she has passed the period of her greatest fertility, to be easily removed. Before proceeding farther in the natural history of the queen-bee, I shall describe more particularly the other inmates of the hive. Tue Drones are, unquestionably, the male bees; dissection proving that they have the appropriate organs of genera- tion. They are much larger and stouter than either the waueen or workers; although their bodies are not quite so long as that of the queen. They have no sting with which to defend themselves; and no suitable proboscis for gath- ering honey from the flowers; no baskets on their thighs for holding bee-bread, and no pouches on their abdomens for secreting wax. They are, therefore, physically dis- qualified for the ordinary work of the hive. Their proper office is to impregnate the young queens, and they are “ : 50 THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. usually destroyed by the bees soon after this is accom. plished. Dr. Evans, an English physician and the author of a beautiful poem on bees, thus appropriately describes them : “Their short proboscis sips No luscious nectar from the wild thyme’s lips, From the lime’s leaf no amber drops they steal, Nor bear their grooveless thighs the foodful meal: On other’s toils in pamper’d leisure thrive The lazy fathers of the industrious hive.” ~ The drones begin to make their appearance in April or May ; earlier or later, according to the forwardness of the season, and the strength of the stock. In colonies too weak to swarm, none as a general rule are reared; for in such -hives, as no young queens are raised, drones would be only useless consumers. The number of drones in a hive is often very great, amounting not merely to hundreds, but sometimes to thou- sands. Asa single one will impregnate a queen for life, it would seem that only a few should be reared. But as sexual intercourse always takes place high up in the air, the young queens must necessarily leave the hive; and it is very important to their safety that they should be sure to find a drone without being compelled to make frequent excursions » for being larger than workers, and less active on the wing, queens are more exposed to be caught by birds, or destroyed by sudden gusts of wind. In a large Apiary, a few drones in each hive, or the number usually found in one, would suffice. But under such circumstances bees are not in a state of nature, like a colony living in a forest, which often has no neighbors for miles. A good stock, even in our climate, sometimes sends out three or more swarms, and in the tropical NATURAL HISTORY OF TH HONEY-BEER. 5l climates, of which the bee is probably a native, they increase with astonishing rapidity.* Every new swarm, except the first, is led off by a young queen; and as she is never impregnated until she has been established as the head of a separate family, it is important that each should be accompanied by a-goodly number of drones: this requires the production of a large number in the parent- hive. As this necessity no longer exists when the bee is domesticated, the breeding of so many drones should be diseouraged. Trapst have been invented to destroy them, but it is much better to save the bees the labor and ex- pense of rearing such a host of useless consumers. This can readily be done, when we have the control of the combs; for by removing the drone-comh, and supplying its place with worker-cells, the over production of drones may be easily prevented. Those who object to this, as interfering with nature, should remember that the bee is not in a state of nature; and that the same objection might, with equal force, be urged against killing off the supernumerary males of our domestic animals. When a new swarm is building its combs, if the honey-harvest is abundant, the bees will frequently con- struct an unusual amount of drone-combs, for storing it. In a state of nature, where bees have plenty of room, as in the hollow bf a tree, or cleft of a rock, this, excess of drone-comb will be used another season for the same pur- pose, and new worker-comb made to meet the enlarged wants of the colony; but in hives of a limited capacity this cannot be done, and thus many stocks become so crowded with drones as to be of little value to their owner. * At Sydney, in Australia, a single colony is stated to have multiplied to 800, in three years, + Such traps were used in Aristotle's time. 52 THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. In July or August, or soon after the swarming season is over, the bees usually expel the drones from the hive; though, when the honey-harvest is very abundant, they “often allow them to remain much later. They sometimes sting them, or gnaw the roots of their wings, so that when driven from the hive, they cannot return. If not ejected in either of these summary ways, they are so persecuted and starved, the. they soon perish. At such times they often retreat trom the comb, and keep by themselves upon the sides or bottom-board of the hive. The hatred of the bees extends even to the unhatched young, which. are mercilessly pulled from the cells and destroyed with the rest. How wonderful that instinct which, when there is no longer any occasion for their services, impels the bees to destroy those members of the colony reared but a short time before with such devoted attention ! None of the reasons previously assigned seem fully to account for the necessity of so many drones. I have repeatedly queried, why impregnation might not have taken place in the hive, instead of in the open air. Examination of combs and bees in hive, importance of, in Spring, 221. Experience renders bee-keeping profit- able, 282. F, Facts, however wonderful, should be received, 42. * Faces, appearance of, in young and old bees, different, 197; healthy bees do not discharge, in hive, 347; how to make bees in moy. comb hives, safely discharge, 361 (and note). = Faint-heartedness, rebuked, 198. Famine causes bees to abandon hives, 116. Fear, effect of, in taming bees, 27; in uniting swarms, 204. Feeble stocks unprofitable, 141, 177, 269, 336. Feeder, convenience of, in mov. comb INDEX. hive XL., Fig. Feeding bees, 267-278 ; few things more important in practical bee-keeping, 267; Spring feeding specially neces- sary, 267 (and note); caution in, re- quired, 268; over-feeding, like pam- pering children, 268; to be submit- ted to only in extremities, 268 ; bow done, in common hives, 269; ditli- cult to build up small colonics by, 269; equitable division of resources, in, 270; when it should be done for Winter, 270 ; what should be used in, 270 ; unprofitable in late Fall stocks, 270 (note); mode of, by means of a feeder, 271; water should be supplied, 271, 342; importance of salt, in, 272; sugar-candy a good and cheap article for, 272 (and note), and 273 (note); Kleine’s mode of using candy, 2738, 274; value of grape-sugar for, 273; Sholz’ sugar-honey for, 274; granulat- ed sugar for, 274 (and note); quantity of honey needed for, to Winter bees 274 ; weight of hives, unsafe standard to determine amount of honey for, 275 (note); caution to be observed in, 277 ; should not be too early in the Fall, 298 ; cheap honey, to sell again, unprofitable in, 275. Fertility of queens, 32; diminishes with age, 141, 223; diminished by hunger and cold, 223 (note 1). Fishback, Judge, his precautions to pre- vent loss of young queens, 216 ; his ex- perience with the bee-moth, 240(note). Flight of bees, its extent, 305; its rapidity, 305 (note 2). Flowers for bees, Nutt’s catalogue of, 298 ; garden, furnish little bee-pasture, 297. » 270; construction of, 271; PI. Fig. 26. Foul-brood, its malignity, 19, 256; dry and moist, 256 ; remedy, 257, 258; a disease exclusively of the larva, 239 ; supposed cause, 246 (note), 259 ; liable to appear the second time, 259. Forcing-box, its size and use, 154, 165. Frames, movable, invented by author, 15; how they must be made to be ~ lifted out of hive, 150, 171, 209 (note) ; process of removing from the hive 171, 370 (Pl. XXIV.); with comb use! for patterns, 208 ; effect on bee-culture, 211 (note); a protection against the ravages of the moth, 239, 241 ; render the cleaning of hive easy, 248 ; used by Berlepsch, 321 (note 2) ; approved of by Siebold, 321 (note 2); not well adapted to tall hives, 330. Friesland, East, its productiveness in honey, 304. Fruit, honey-bees beneficial to, 85-97 wasps and hornets injurious to, 86. Fruit-trees, blossoms of, yield honey, INDEX. Fumigation of hives with puff-ball, ob- jectionable, 210. 5 G. Gardenors might manage their employ- ers’ bees, in nioy. comb hive, 226, Garden plants insullicient to furnish bee- pasture, 297, Glass, vessels of, for spare honey, should have guide-combs, 290 ; objections to, 290 (note), Gloves, india-rubber, to protect the hands, 317 (Pl, XI, Fig. 27); woollen, objectionable, 317. Goldsmith, on spontaneous and fashion- ablo joys, 334. “ Good old way”? of corn-raising, 237. Golden-rod, some varieties of, furnish food for bees, 298. Governments, of Europe, interest of some in disseminating knowledge of bee cul- ture, 320 (note). Grape-sugar, as food for bees, 278. Guide for combs, artificial, secure regu- larity in building comb, 130, 207 ; can- not be invariably relied on, 208 ; Ger- man invention of, (Pl. VI., Fig. 72). Gundelach, on the necessity of pollen for rearing brood, 81. H. Hairy objects, why offensive to bees, 317. Harris, Dr., his account of the bee-moth, 228. Hartshorn, spirits of, remedy for bee- stings, 316. Health, bad ventilation of housos impairs, 92. Hearing, in bees, acute,138. . Heat, degree required to hatch the eggs of bees and develop the pupa, 46; great, altcndant on comb-building, 71. Hens, too much crowded, mistake their nests, 215 ; not good tenders of moth- traps, 248. Heyne, on over-stocking, 301. Hiver, basket for, 133. Hives (sce Moy. Comb Hive), Huber’s, author’s experiments with, 14; made with slats, 15, 210 ote should be made of sound lumber, 78; mixture for sealing corners of, 78; thin, an- noying to bees in hot weather, 90; sixty-one requisites for complete, 95- 108 ; size of, should admit of variation, 96 ; “improved,” often bad, 107; quali- ties of best, 107 ; paint on, should be very dry before hiving, 129 ; heated in the sun, should not be used for new swarms, 129; should incline forward, but stand level from side to side, 130 ; if clean, need no washing or rubbing with herbs, 181; five stocks in one, 899 137 ; should be placed where It is to stand, as soon as swarm is secured, 188 ; if not ready to swarm, how to proceed, 139; difficult td rid of bev- moth, ida ; common, difficult to remove unfertile queen from, 141; Huber’s, 148; ‘ dividing,” and objections to, 149; self-colomizing, ineffectual, 151 5 thorough inspection of, necessary for success, 162; non-swarming, likely to exterminate the beo, if generally used, 163 ; decoy when to be used, 155; for surplus honey, should be undisturbed, 180, (and note) ; like Dzierzon’s, even with movable frames, give inadequate control of becs, 187 (note) ; should be opened before or after sun-light, when forago is scarce, 199; royal combat witnessed in author’s observing, 205 ; with poor arrangements, educate bees to regard their keeper as an enemy, 210 (note) ; wonders of, unknown by many bee-keepers, 211; in crowded apiary , 214-216 ; condition of, should be ascertained, 221; patent, evil results of, 237, 241 ; should be cleaned in early Spring, 243; common, furnish no re- liable remedy for loss of queen, 245 ; infected with foul-brood, to disinfect, 257 ; common, how prepared for re- moval when occupied by stocks, 281 ; to transfer bees from common to moy. comb, 282 ; size, shape, and materials for, 829-302 ; size of author’s can be varied at pleasure, 529; tall, advan- tages and disadvantages of, 829; most advantageous form of, 380 ; Dzierzon’s disadvantages of, 831; double an triple, 831 (note) ; proper materials for, 331 ; suggestions as to making mov. comb. 382. Hives, moy. comb, see movable Comb Hives. , Hives, patent, see Patent Hives. Hiving bees, directions for, 129 ; expert- ness iu, makes pleasant, 129; should be conducted in shade, 180; should be attended to soon after swarm set- tles, 122; process of, 183 ; basket for, 133; sheet for, how arranged, 183; how to expedite, 183 ; process of, must be repeated when queen not secured, 134 ; wher settler out of reach, haw tosecure the swarm, 134 ; when swarm alights in difficult place, or two swarms cluster together, 185 ; how to secure the queen, 136; old-fashioned way of, bad, 136 ; so as to prevent swarms uniting, 188; when done, remove swarms to proper stands, 138 ; danger of delaying, 188 - what to do if no hive is ready, 139. toa Holbrook, Hon. F., on cultivation of white clover, 294. s Home, should be made attractive, 220. Honey’, 285-292 ; its elements, 70 ; quan. 4 400 tity consumed in secreting wax, 71,/ 176 ; gathered by day, 72; sometimes gathered by moonlight, 73 (note) ; honey-gathering and comb building simultaneous, 78 ; surplus, incompati- ble with rapid increase of colonies, 176 ; how to secure the largest yield of, 180 ; more abundant fifty years ago than now, 236; reasous assigned for the deficiency, 227; foreign, supposed cause of foul brood, 256, 258; from foul-brood colonies, infectious, 236 Aupte 2) ; infected, how purified, 257 ; est India, used for bee-feed, 256 (mote), 270; and sugar (Sholz’ com- position), 274; quantity of, necessary for wintering stocks, 274; poor, not convertible into good, 275 ; not a secre- tion of the bee, 275 (and note 2) ; re- tains the flavor of the blossoms from whence it is taken, 275; evaporation produces the principal changes in, 276 (and note 1) ; “‘ making over” honey not profitable, 276 ; recipe for artificial, 276 (note) ; a vegetable product, 285 ; qualities of, vary, 287 ; hurtful quali- ties cured by boiling, 287 (and note) ; should not be exposed to low tem- perature, 287; old, more wholesome than new, 287; virtues ascribed to it by old writers, 287 (note) ; to drain from the comb, 288, 366; to make liquid when candied, 238 ; caution as to West India, 288 (note) ; of Hymettus, 233 (note) ; yield of, alfected by soil, 294 (note) ; from the raspberry, deli- cious, 296 ; yield of, by plants uncer- tain, 236 (note 2); large amount gath- ered ina day, 303 ; on the hands, pro- tects them against bee-stings, 317 ; bees eat less in Winter, when kept quiet, 335, 348, 358; how to get in centre of hive, for Winter, 336; can- died, bees need water to dissolve, 342- Honey-bag, worker’s, 56 (Pl. XVIL., Fig. 54). : Honey-bees, see Bees. Honey-board, spare, holes in, left open in Winter, 338; sometimes strongly glued by bees, 172 (note); care in placing necessary, 173. Honey-dews, 285; of California, 285 ‘(note); when most abundant and where found, 286. Honey-hornets, Mexican, 58 (note) 87. Honey-resources, how to increase, 293. Honey-suckle, juice of,a remedy for bee- stings, 315. Honey, surplus, much, incompatible with rapid multiplication of stocks, 176,178 ; best yield of, from undisturbed stocks, 180; receptacles for, when to admit bees to, 288, 364; how secured, 289; quantity from one stock, 289 (note 2) ; large boxes more profitable than small, INDEX. for, 289 (and note 2), 290 (note 1); glass vessels and small boxes, for, 290, air-tight boxes, to preserve, 220 (note 2); receptacles of, how and when remove them, 291,365 ; boxes for, bees reluctant to fiil, late in the season, 366. Honey-water, objectionable for subduing bees, 1€9 (note). Hornets, fecundation of, 35; Mexican, honey, 58 (note), 87 ; injure fruit, 86; should be destroyed in Spring, 87 ; tor- pid in Winter, 109. Horses sweaty, very Offensive to bees, 279, 313. Horticulturists, honey-bees their friends, Houses, ventilation of, neglected, 91. Huber, Francis, tribute to, 32-34; dis- covered how queens are impregnated, 34; that unfecunded queens produce only drones, 86; experiments of, to test the secretion of wax, 69; to show the use of pollen, 80; his discovery of ventilation by bees, 88 ; his supposition as to development in queen of male eggs, 128 (note) ; his plan for artificial swarming and its objections, 148; effect of his leat hive in pacifying bees, 168 ; his mistake as to the cause, 169 ; an in- convenience of his hive, 171 (note) ; his description of workers, 192 (note 2) ; his curious experiments. showing a dis- tinction among them, 198 (note) ; his tribute to Burnens, 14 (note) ; his ac- count of the treatment by bees of strange queens, 200; his trial of two queens in a hive, 207 (not) ; Splendid discoveries of, formerly ridiculed, 211. Humble-bee robbed by honey-bees, 262. Hunger impairs fertility of queen-bee, 223 (note 1). Hunt, Rev. I. P., his mode of securing swarms, 152. ‘ Hunter, Dr., discovers pollen in the stomach of bees, 80. Hurting bees, important to avoid, 95. Hyginus, on feeding bees, 267 (note). L Impregnation, of quecn-bees, 34-48 ; re- tarded, effect of, 36 ; remarkable law of, in aphides, 42; takes place in the air, 50, 820; act of, fatal to drone, 125, 126 (note); Shrimplin’s experiment illustrative of, 127. Italian honey-bees, 41; singular result of crossing with common drones, 41, 324 (note 2); used to show a division of labor among bees, 194; account of 818-828 ; described by Aristotle and Virgil, 318; Mr. Wagner’s letter on 818 ; their modern introduction to no- tice, 318 ; value of, in the study of the physiology of the honey-bee, 319; cells of, the same size as those of the INDEX. common bee, 320; Dzierzon’s experi- ments with, $20 ; frequent disturbances abate nothing trom. tho industry of, 3at fete ; general diffusion of, de- sirable, 321 ; superior to common bee, 822, 324,325 ; peacoable disposition of 322; may readily be introduced into hives of common bees, 322; furnishes new means of studying tho habits of Does, 522; the purity of, can be pre- served, 522; character of, as tested by Berlepsch, 324; number of queens obtained in one season, from ona queen, 324; remarkable fact in rela- tion to hybrids, 424 (note); descrip- tion of, by Busch, 324; Radlkoffer’s account of, 325 ; how to introduce an Italian queen to a stock of common bees, 325 ; advantages of author’s non- swarmer in preserving tho Italian bee pure, 326 ; how to produce abundance of drones of, 327 ; precaution suggest- ed when non-swarmer cannot be used, 327; queens of, safely moved in moy. comb hive, 827 ; introduction of, into this country, important, 328 ; arrange- ments to that end, 328 (note). Itinerating colonies, 305 (note 2). Ignorance, the occasion of the invention of costly and useless hives, 209 (and note). Increase of colonies, rapid, impractica- ble, by natural swarming, 147; or by dividing hives, 149; rapid, cautions against, 175-178 ; rapid, incompatible with large yield of surplus honey, 176 ; a tenfold, possible, in mov. comb hive, 178; sure, not rapid, to be aimed at 179; forming one new from two old colonies best, and how effected, 180; rapid, requires liberal feeding, 184, Inexperienced persons should not begin bee-keeping on a large scale, 282, Indian name for honey-bee, 236. Industry taught by the bee, 69. Intemperate men compared to infatuated bees, 278. Intercommunication of bees in hives, im- portant, 108, 836, 337 (and note), 339 (and note). Irving, Washington, his account of the abundance of bees at the West, 236 (note). J. Jansha, on impregnation of queen, 36. Japanese, veneration for birds, 253 (note). Jarring, disliked by bees, 96, 170, 309. Jelly, royal, the food of immature queen, 63 ; a secretion of the bees, 64; analysis of, 64, effect of, in developing Jarvz, 64, 191; pollen necessary for its production, tov. Johnson, M. T., the first American ob- 401 server of tho fact that queenless stocks aro soon destroyed by the moth, 244 (note). K. Kaden, Mr., on ovor-stocking, 301. Killing bees for honey, an invention of the durk ages, 239 (note) ; more hu- mane than to starve them, 288 ; not necessary, 239. Kindness of bees at home, a lesson for man, 312, King-bird, eats bees, 252. ect and Spence on ants and aphides, Kirtland, Dr. J. P., his letter on the in- troduction of the bee-moth, 240; on benefits of transferring stocks into mov. comb hive, 284. Knight on honey-dews, 286. Kleine, Rev. Mr., on making bees rear queens in selected cells, 191; his method of preventing robberies among bees, 265 (note); on feeding bees, 273; on over-stocking, 801; on accustoming the human system to the poison of bees, 316 (note). L Larve of honey-bee, development of, 44 (Pl. XII, Figs. 40, 41, 42); royal, 64; perish without ventilation, 89; of bee- moth, seo bee-moth, Larve of; of honey bee, disease of, 259. Leidy, Dr. Joseph, his dissection of fertile and drone-laying queens, 34, 39, 213 note); of a queen just impregnated, 26 (note). Light, bees will work when exposed to, 205, -332; its sudden admission, effect of, on bees, 168, 169; of day, needed for operations about the hive, 7 167. Ligurian, or Italian, bee, 318 (note). Linden, or bass-wood tree, yields much honey, 293 (and note). Liriodendron, yields much honey, 292. Locust, valuable for bees, 293. Lombard, his interesting anecdote of swarming, 308. Longfellow, HM. W., his Indian warrior’s description of the bee, 236. Loss of queen, 213-227 ; frequent, though the queen is usually the last to perish in any casualty, 213 ; when by old age, bees prepare for her successor, 213 ; occurs ofteuest when queen leaves hive for impregnation, 213, 214 ; how occasioned, by queens mistaking their hives, 214, 215; bees, like hens in this respect, 215; Judge Fishback’s pre- ventive of, 216; author’s preventive, 217; effect of, on stocks, 217; some- 402 times not discovered by bees tor some time, 218 (and note) ; excitement in hive when discovered, 218; will not cause bees to abandon the hive if they are supplied with brood-comb, 218 ;snucleus system will remedy it, 219; indications of, 219; the most common cause of destruction of stocks by bee-moth, 219, Lunenburg, number of colonies of bees in, 802 ; bees of, more than pay all the taxes, 302. M Mahan, P. J., on causing bees to adhere to new locations, 163 (uote) ; interest- ing observations of, 219 (note) ; his discovery that drones leave their hives with honey and return without any, 224; on the odor of the queen, 226 (note 2). Maple-tree a source of honey, 292. Maraldi, anecdote from, of bees and a snail, 78. Materials for hives, 331. Meal, a substitute for pollen, 84, 219. Medicine, poison of bee, used for, 315 (note). Mice, ravages of, and protection against, 252. Miller, see Bee-moth. Mills, John, on marking hives with dif- ferent colors, 216 (note). Mixing of bees, of different colonies, 203 ; precautions concerning, 203. Months of the year, direction for treating bees in, 362-369. Moonlight, bees sometimes gather honey by, 73 (note). More, Sir J., on the sovereign virtues of honey, 287 (note). Moth, see Bee-moth. Moth, death-head, 240 (note). Moth, large honey-eating, from Ohio, 241 (note). Mothers, unkind treatment of, reproved by bees, 312. Mother-stock, in forced swarming, easily supplied with fertile queen, 182; ex- posed to perish without a prompt sup- ply of queen, and by over swarming, if left to supply itself, 182 ; also to be robbed, 182; advantage of supplying with fertile queen, 183. Moth-proof hives a delusion, 228, 238, 247. Moths, honey-eating, ravages of, 240 (and note). Motions, in operating on hives should be deliberate, 170. Movable-comb hive, invention of 13-23 ; superiority to Dzierzon’s, 16, 18 ; ena- bles each bee-keeper to observe for INDEX. . himself, 23, 164; admits of easy re- moval of old comb, 60; bees in it easily supplied with empty comb, 71; its facilities for ventilation, 94, 276 (note 1) ; size of, adjustable to the wants of colony, 96, 329 ; facilities of, for securing surplus honey, 100, 289, 329; advantages of, for preventing after-swarming, 124, 140 ; enables one person to superintend various colo- nies, 102, 226 ; not easily blown down, 103; may be made secure against mice, 103, 252, and thieves, 104 ; dura- bility of, 104 ; cheapness and simplic- ity of, 105; some desirables it does not possess, 105; invention of, result of experience, 405 ; Perfection dis- claimed for, 105 ; merits of, submitted to experienced bee-keepers, 108 ; de- sertion of, by swarms, easily prevent- ed, 115; by use of, can employ all good worker comb, 1380; furnishes storage-room for non-swarming bees, 189; importance of, in supplying ex- tra queens, 141, 188 ; easily cleared of the bee-moth, 246; best for non- swarming plan, 153 ; enables the api- arian to learn the Jaws regulating the internal economy of bees, 164; ena- bles artificial swarming to be quickly performed, 164; advantages of mov. able top of, 168 ; affords facilities for supply of fertile queens to mother stocks, in forced swarming, 182, 192 ; danger of being stung, diminished by use of, 209; the greatest obstacle to its speedy introduction, 209 ; the au- thor sanguine of its extensive use by skilful bee-keepers, 211; should be thoroughly examined in Spring, 221 ; durable and cheap, if properly taken care of, 221; advantages of, readily perceived by intelligent bee-keepers, 226; adaptation of, to protect stocks from the moth, 249 ; enables the apia- Tian to know the amount of honey stocks contain, 275 (note) ; how pre- pared for transporting bees, 281; to transfer into, from common hive, 283 ; designed to economize the labor o bees, 305 ; experiments concerning the size of, 3380 (note 3) ; suggestions as to making, 332; observing, 332; how to get honey in centre of, for Winter, 336; how to make Winter passages in combs of, 387 (and note 1) ; how to ventilate, in Winter, 338 ; bills of stock, for mak- ing, 371. | Movable entrance blocks, see Blocks, entrance regulating. Movable bottom-boards, dangerous, 281. Movable stands for hives, 279. Moving stocks, 281. Munn, W. A., his “bar and frame hive,” 209 (note). Musk, used to stop robbing, 265 (note). INDEX. N. Narcotics, in managing bees, worse than useless, 211. Natural swarming and hiving of swarms, 109-142 ; guards against extinction of bees, 109; not unnatural, 111; time of, 111; seldom occurs in northern climates, when hives are not well fill- ed with comb, 111 (note) ; signs of, 111; only in fair weather, 112; time of day of, 112; preparation of bees for, 112; queen often lost in, 118 ; ring- ing of bells and tanging, useless, 113 ; how to stop a fugitive swarm, 114; after, ventilation should be regulated, 124; hiving should be done in shade, or hive be covered, 180; should be promptly attended to after swarm settles, 182; process of, 183; basket for, 183 ; sheet for, 133 ; how arrang- ed, 133; how to expedite, if bees are dilatory, 183, 134; must be repeated if queen not secured 134; small limbs cut with pruning shears in, 1°; when swarm out of reach, how to secure, 184; when in difficult places, or two swarms cluster together, 135 ; how to secure queen, 136 ; old-fashioned way, objectionable, 136; more than one swarm in a hive, 187; to prevent swarms uniting while hiving, 138; swarms, as soon as hiyed, should be removed to their stands, 188 ; an ex- pedient, if no hive be ready, 139 ; sug- gestions for making more profitable, 139-142 ; excessive, prevented by use of mov. comb hive, 140; affords no fa- cilities for strengthening late and fee- ple stocks, 140 ; objections to, 139-147 ; uncertainty of, 147; why some stocks refuse to swarm, 147. “New England Farmer,” extract from, describing a combat of queens, 205. Night-work, on bees, hazardous, 167. Non-swarmer, author’s, prevents swarm- ing, 174; excludes drones, 228 ; facili- ties it offers to preserve pure the Ital- ian bee, 826; wood-cut of, Pl. IL, Fig. 5. Non-swarming colonies, may lose their queens, or queens become unfertile, in common hive, 153; queens may be supplied to, in mov. comb hive, 153. Non-swarming hive, advocated by many, 154; objections to, 153; mov. comb hive best for, 153. Nuclei, what they are, and how to form them, 189; to obtain adhering bees for, 192 (and note) ; must not be allow- ed to get too much reduced, 197 ; al- ways furnish plenty of queens, 219. Nutt, his list of bee flowers, 298. Nymph, bee, see Pupa. 403 oO. Objections to natural swarming, 143-147. Observing-hive, mov. comb, 382-334 ; Hon. S. Brown’s experiment with, 206 ; its facilities for observing the internal operations of the bees, 382 ; for winter- ing, 882 (note); thoso with single frames recommended, 333; adapted for the parlor, 333 ; how to stock with bees, 838 ; source of pleasure and in- Biruction 838 ; may be kept in cities, Odor, of Queens, 226, 266 ; of drones, 226 (note 1) ; of workers, 203. Odors unpleasant, offensive to bees, 313 ; used to prevent robberies, 265 (note) ; excite bees to anger, 313. Oettl, remarks of, on over-stocking, 803 ; his golden rule in bee-keeping, 303 ; his statistics of bee culture, 303, Old age, signs of in bees, 59. Oliver, H. K., observations of, on bee- moth, 251. Onions, blossoms of, yield much honey, 293. Ovaries of queen-bee, 35, (Pl. XVII); of workers, are undeveloped, 29, 54. Over-stocking, 299-307; no danger of, 299; Wagner’s letter on, 300; Oett and Braun’s statistics on, 303. Ovum; what necessary to impregnate it, 41. - P. Paint, smell of fresh, detested by bees, 129 ; if fresh be used, it should contain no white lead,and be made to dry quickly, 129 ; recipe for, preferable to oil paint, 129 ; color of, for hives, 368. Pasturage for bees, 292 ; effect of, on re- moval of colonies, 157 ; honey-yielding trees and plants, 292-299 ; gardens too limited for, 297; catalogue of bee- plants, 298 ; range of, 305. Patent hives, deceptions in vending, 61 (note), 106,146 (note) ; have greatly multiplied the bee-mot! ,237; and done more harm than good, 287, 241. Peach-tree, yields honey, 292. Pear-tree yields honey, 292. Peppermint, use of in uniting colonies, 203. 03. Perfection, folly of claiming for hives, 106. Perfumes, disagreeable to bees, 318 (note). ia Perseverance of bees, worthy of imita- tion by man, 197. ; Persons attacked by bees, directions for, 312, 314. ; « Peters, Randolph, interesting experiment of, 219 (note). Pillage of hives, secret, cause andremedy of, 266, 404 Piping of queens, an indication of after- swarming, 121. Plantain, a remedy for bee-stings, 315. Plum-tree, a source of honey, 292. Poison of bees, smell of, strong and irri- tating to bees, 314; effect of, on the eye, 314 (note) ; remedies for, 314— 517; effect of, when taken into the mouth, 815 ; cold water the best rem- edy for, 315; a homeeopathic remedy, 315 (note) ; the human system can be inured to, 316 (note). Poisonous honey, and how to remove its injurious qualities, 287. Pollen, or bee-bread, 80-87; found in stomachs of wax-makers, 80 ; may aid in secretion of wax, 80; whence ob- tained, 80 ; food of immature bees, as. shown by Huber’s experiments, 80 ; author’s, to the same effect, 81; Gun- delach’s opinion of, 81; useful in se- cretion of wax, 82; bees prefer fresh to old, 82 ; in mov. comb hives, excess of, in old stocks, can be given to others, 82; how gathered and stored by bees, 83 ; bees gathering, aid in impregnating plants, 83 ; bees collect, only from one kind of flower at a time, 83 ; wheat and rye meal a substitute for, 84 ; neces- sary for the production of wax and jelly, 197 ; the gathering of, by bees, indi- cates a fertile queen in the hive, 219 (and note). Pollen-basket, on leg of bee, 56. Poppy, white, a remedy for bee-stings, 315. Posel, discovery of, on use of sperma- theca, 36 (note). Proboscis of a worker, 56 ; wood-cuts of, Plates XII., XVI, Figs. 63, 51. Profits of bee-keeping, Dzierzon’s expe- rience in, 2] ; Sydserfl’s calculation of, 146 (note) ; dependent on strong stocks, 176; difficulty of estimating, 306 (note) ; safe estimate of, 306. Propolis, 76-80; whence obtained, 76 ; curious sources of, in Mexico, 77 ; its uses, 77; bee-moth lays her eggs in, 78; curious anecdotes, illustrating its uses, 78. Prussia, bee-keeping encouraged by gov- ernment of, 320 (note). Pupa, or bee-nymph, 45 ; heat required for its development, 46. Punk, smoke of, subdues bees, 27, 154. Q. Queen-bee, wood-cut of (natural and magnified size), Pl. XII., Figs. 31, 32; wood-cut of ovaries and spermatheca of, 35, Pl. XVII. ; description of, 30 ; the mother of the whole colony, 30; affectionate treatment of, by the other bees, 31; effect of her loss on the colony, al ; her fertility, 32; how her INDEX. eggs are fecundated, 34-41; Huber discovers impregnation of, to take place out of hive, 34; dissection of, by Dr. Leidy, 34, 126 (note), 213 (note); effect of retarded impregnation on, 36 ; she determines the sex of the egg, 38; Dr. Leidy’s dissection of a drone- laying, 38,126 (note), 213 (note) ; at- tempt of bees to rear, from a drone= egg, 89; account of a drone-laying, afterwards laying worker eggs, 40; a drone laying, with shrivelled wings, 40; Italian, impregnated by common drones, produce Italian drones, while the females are a cross, 41, 324 (note 2); becomes incapable of impregna- tion, 42 ; process of laying, 43; devel- opment of, in pupa state, 46; enmity of, to each other, 46, 120, 205-207; can regulate development of eggs in her ovaries, 47; disposition by, of super- numerary eggs, 48; fertility of, de- creases with age, 49, 223; longevity of, 49, 58; when superannuated, lays only drone-eggs, 49; why impreg- nated in the air, 53; office of, no sine- cure, 58; Italian, use of, to show how long workers live, 59 ; manner of rear- ing, 62; larve of, effects of royal jelly on, 63; process of rearing in special emergency, 66; development of, an argument against infidelity, 68; old, leads first swarm, 111; often lost in swarming, 112; loss of, in swarming, causes bees to return to parent stock, 118 ; how to prevent, from deserting new hive, 115 ; influence of, in causing bees to cluster, 117; prevented by bees from killing inmates of royal cells, 121; piping of, 121; several sometimes accompany after-swarms, 122; emerges from her cell mature, 122; young more active on wing than old, 128; young often reluctant to leave hive, 123; young, does not leave for impregnation till established as sole head, 51,125; her precautions to regain her hive, 135 ; never molest- ed by drones in hive, 127 (note) ; begins laying two days after impreg- nation, 128 ; lays mostly worker-eggs the first year, 128; never stings, ex- cept in combat with. other queens, 136, 204 ; alacrity of, in entering hive for new swarm, 136 ; young, often lost after swarming, 14d ; her loss easily remedied by moy. comb hive, 141 ; unfertile, difficult to remove in com- mon hives, 141 ; when immature, bees do not build werker-comb, 149; sel- dom enters ,side-apartments, 152; Signs indicating her presence or ab- sence in forced swarms, 158 ; supply of sealed, for forced swarming, how to secure, 166 ; how to cut sealed ones from comb, 166; fertile, deprived of INDEX, wings to prevent swarming, 173 ; Inay be confined to prevent swarming, 174 ; unfortile, should not be confined, 1%5 ; fertile, easily supplied tu desti- tute mothor stocks, Is8z; young, in after-swarms, lay few drone-oggs, 184 (note) ; to raiso, for artificial-swarm- ing, 188 ; when to be given to newly- forced swarms, 189 ; to mduce bees to Tuise, on what part of the comb you please, 191; her valuo, 192 (note) ; can she be developed from any worker-larvae ? 192 (nole 2); made to supply several stocks with eggs, 193 ; will lay eggs while under inspection, 196 (uote); caution needed in giving, to strange stocks, 200 ; stranger, how to induce stocks to receive, 201; pro- tected by queen-cage, 201 3 care to be used in catching, 202; never stings, but sometimes bites, 202, 204; may be lost if allowed to fly, 202 ; her great appetite, 202 ; her life indispensable to the safety of the colony, 204; loss of, see “Loss of Queen;” young, dangers besetting, 213; should be given to queenless stocks in Spring, 221; when unimpregnated, colony should be watched, 222 3 when unimpregnated hides, 222 ; wings of, may be clipped for artificial swarming, 222; how to mark the age of, 223; fertility of, dimin- ished by hunger and cold, 223 (acts 1);,should be removed in their third year, and new one given, 228 ; regular and systematic, best, 393 (note 2); odor of, 226; removal of, a remedy for foul-brooud, 258 ; surplus, reared by Dzierzon, in suspected hives, 260; de- serted by her subjects when they have been conquered by stronger stocks 263 (and note); should be removed before smothering the bees, when stocks are broken up for their honey, 306 (note); Italian, how to propagate, 326; after being chilled, lay only drone- eggs, 327. Queen Bees, why, when two fight, both are not killed, 205 ; combat of, as wit- nessed in one of author’s observing hives, 205 Queen-cage, use and construction of, 201, 325. Queen cells, see Royal cells. Queenless stocks, signs of, 219, 245 ; to be supplied with queens, 221 ; in Oc- tober, should be united with other stocks, 223; a sure prey to the moth, if not protected in time, 244 (and note). Quinby, M., author of a very valuable work on bee-Keeping, 249 (note) ; on the ravages of the larvee of bee-moth, 249 (note) ; on shape of moy. comb hives, 330 (note 3); on wintering bees, 348 ; on equalizing colonies when re- moved from Winter repository, 361 405 (nets 2); on making bees work in a’ ouble ‘tler of surplus honey-boxes, 865 (note). R. Radlkofer, Doctor, on over-stocking, 300 3 on the Italian bee, 325. Rapping on hives, its effect on bees, 27, 55, 204. Raspberry, one of the best bee-plants and yery abundant in hill towns of New England, 296. Reaumur, his account of a snail covered with propolis, by bees, 78 ; his error as to tho treatment of strange queens by bees, 201 ; thought there were two species of bee-moth, 228. Reid, Dron the shape of honey-cells, 75. Religion, revealed, appeal to those who reject, 62. Remedies for bec-stings, 314-317. Ricm, the first to notice fertile workers, Ringing bells, in swarming time, uscless, 113. Requisites of a complete hive, 95-108. Robbers, highway, bees sometimes act the part of, 262. Robbing, by bees, frequent, when forage is scarce, and caution against, 199, 261, 263 ; how prevented , 261-266; commit- ted chiefly on feeble or queenless colo- nies, 261; signs indicating a bee en- gaged in, 261, 265 ; begets a disrelish for honest pursuits, 262, 264 (and note) ; movable entrance blocks pro- tect bees against, 264 ; infatuation pro- duced by, on bees, 264; caution needed in checking, when a hive is vigorously attacked, 265 ; how to stop bees en- gaged in, 265 ; secret, its remedy, 266. Royal cells, described, 62 ; wood-cuts of, Plates XIII, XIV., and XV.; attention paid: to, by workers, 62; why they open downwards, 63 ; number of, ina hive, 63 ; how supplied with eggs, 63 ; description of, 66; when built, 111; queen prevented from destroying, 121 ; remains of, indicate number of queens hatched, 121; may be removed in mov. comb hives, to prevent after swarming, 124; how to decide whether inmate of has been hatched or killed, 121; how to cut out of combs, 166; sign that the queens in, are nearly mature, 167 ; how to make bees rear, in convenient places on the comb, 191; to be given to colonies second day after removal of queen, 223, Royal jelly, see Jelly, royal. Rye-meal, see meal. : 8. Sagacity of bees, 47, 48. 406 Salt, fondness of bees for, 272. Scent,-see smell and odor. Schirach, on artificial rearing of queens, Scouts sent out by swarms to find a new home, 117 ; necessity of, 118. 7 Scraper for cleaning the bottom-board f mov. comb hive, 347. Scudamore, Dr.,on many swarms clus- tering together, 137. Secret recipe for keeping stocks strong, sham vendor of, 238. 2 Scholtz, Mr., on wintering bees in clamps, 348-360. Sex of bees, determined by queen, 38, Shakspeare’s description of the Hive, 268. Shrimplin, experiment of, showing im- pregnation to take place ift the air, 27. Sick persons, the care of, beneficial to man, 313. Siebold, Professor, extracts from his Parthenogenesis, 126 (note) ; his dis- section of spermatheca, 127 (note) ; found spermatozoa in worker, but not in drone eggs, 41; on bee life; 144 (note); recommends movable frames, 321 (not 2). Sight of bees, acute, for distant objects, 117. Signs of swarming, 111; of queenless colonies, 219, 224; of presence of moths in hive, 242, Size of hives, 329-332. Smell, of hives, in gathering season, 177 (noe) strange bees distinguished by, 203 5 the ame, to be given in uniting colonies, 203 ; sense of, in bees, acute, 318 ; of their own poison, irritates bees, Smoke, importance of, in subduing bees, 27,154; its use in forced swarming, 165, 168, 169 ; its use of, very ancient, 210; drives clustered bees’ inside of hive, 281 ; useful in removing surplus honey, 289. Smothering bees, cautions for prevent- ing, 281. Snails, sometimes covered by bees with propolis, 78. Snow, bees perish on, when carrying out their dead, 98; sometimes fatal to bees, 388 (note 1); often harmless to bees, 361 (uate 1). Solidago, see Golden Rod. Sontag, F., on meal as a substitute for pollen, 84, Spare honey, see Honey, surplus. Spermatheca, of the queen-bee, wood- cut and description of, 35 ; Pl. XVII, Fig. 55 ; dissection of, 84, 126 (note), 213 (note). Spermatozoa, found in spermatheca of queen-bee, 34, 126 (note). * Sphinx Atropos, see Moth, Death-head. INDEX. Spinola, described the Italian bee, 318 (note). Spring, importance of sun-heat in, to hives, 101 ; feeble stocks, in, unprofit- able, 177 ; examination of bees, in, im- ‘portant, 221 ; colonies should be fed, in, 267, 268. Sprinkling bees, should not be done to excess, 170 ; cools their robbing fren- zy, 203. Starving of bees, eften happens when there is honcy in the hive, 386, 342, Sting, Beyan’s description of, 56; Pl. XVII, Fig. 53; microscopic appear- ance of, 57 ; loss of, fatal to bees, 57 ; Joss of, in stinging, a benefit to man, 58 ; of queen, 65 ; wood-cut of queen’s, Pl. XVI. Sting, poison of, dangerous to some, 313 ; remedies for, 314-317 ; smell of poison of, irritating to bees, 314; instant ex- traction of, important, 314; rubbing the wound made by, should be avoid- ed, 314; Mr. Wagner’s remedy for, 315; different remedies answer for different persons, 315; human system may be inured ‘to, aid (note); amusing remedy | for, 316 (note). Stinging, bees when gorged, disinclined to, 25, 169, 308; little risk of, unless bees are irritated, 28,168,170; risk of, dimjnished by use of mov. comb hive, 209; diseased bees inclined to, 310; risk of, not increased by proximity to the hive, 211 (note) ; not to be feared from a bee away from its hive, 312 ; effect of, sometimes dangerous, 312 ; Italian bee less inclined to, than com- mon bee, 822, 324. Stocks, of bees (see also colonies of bees) enfecbled by ‘‘ in-and-in breeding,’ 54; strong, will rapidly fill empty comb, 71; often lose young quecns after swarming, 141; fewer in this country than there were years ago, 145 ; often refuse to swarm, 139, 145 ; 147 ; new, work better than old, 143 ; if weak in Spring, usually unprofitable, and sometimes require to be fed, 177 3 the less disturbed, the better for sur- plus honey, 180 ; best mode for rapid increase of, 184; doubling, trebling, &c,, 185 ; subject toegreat loss of bees in storms, 186 ; rapid increase of, hope- less in vicinity of sugar-houses, &c., 199; hostility of, to strange queens, 200 ; when united, the bees should be gorged with honey, 204 ; will adhere to the hive when the queen is lost, if sup- plied with brood-comb, 218 ; quecnless should be broken up, if not supplie with a queen or brood-comb, 218; Spring-care of, 221; healthy, destroy the drones when forage is scarce, 224 ; weak, with uncovered comb, infested by moths, 242 ; suffering from hunger, INDEX. are an easy prey to the moth, 246 (and note). Stocks, union of, see Union of colonies. stomach of worker, wood-cut of, Pl. XVIL, Fig. 54. Stoves, air-tight, deficient in ventilation, 92; Franklin, a good kind of, 92 (note). Straw, use of, for protecting hives, 337. Stupelaction of bees, by smoke, chloro- form, and ether, 210, ~ Sturtevant, E. T., on wintering bees, 340. Suffocation of bees, symptoms, 90. Sugar, its clements 70. Sugar-candy, see Candy: Sugar-wator, use of to pacify bees, 26; 154, 168-170 ; how to apply it, 170; used in mingling stocks, 203. Sulphur, use of, in killing eggs and worms of bee-moth, 243. Sun, heat of, important to bees in Spring, 368. Superstitions about bees, 79. Surplus honey, see Honey, surplus. Swallow, address of Grecian poet, to a bee-eating, 253. Swammerdam, his drawing of queen’s ovaries described, 35 ; great merits of, as an observer, 65 (note); his drawing of queen’s ovaries, Pl. XVII. ; how he learned the internal economy of the hive, and his reverence in studying the works of Nature, 164 (nots) ; Spoke of two species of bec-moth, 228. Swarms, new, often construct drone- comb to store honey, 54; number of bees in agood one, 54; first ones led by old queetis, 111; no sure indica- tions at first, 111; will settle without ringing of bells, &c., 113; more in- clined to elope, if bees are neglected, 114; how to arrest a fugitive, 114; how to prevent, from deserting a new hive, 115; indications of intended de- sertion, 115; clustering of, before de- parture, of special benefit to man, 116; send out scouts, 117 ; sometimes build comb of fence-rails, &c., 118; how parent hive is re-populated, after de- parture of, 119; composed of young and old bees, 119 ; none of the bees of new, return to parent hive, 120 ; signs and time of second, 122; sometimes settle in several clusters, 122 ; singular instance of plurality of queens (in Mexico), 122; signs and time of third, 128; first, sometimes swarms again 128 ; new, reluctant, to enter heate' hives, 180; often take possession of deserted hives stored with comb, but seldom of empty hives, 131 ; trees con- venient for clustering of, 131; can be made to alight on a selected spot, 131 ; hiving of, should not be delayed, 182 ; several, clustering together, 137 ; may be separated by hiving in large hive, 187; hissing sound of bees while 407 swarming, causes other stocks to swarm, 187; how to prevent their iningling, 188 ; should be placed where intended to stand, as soon as hived, 188 ; how to proceed when hive is not ready ta receive, 189; feeble after- swarms, of little value, 140,141; strong, tempted to evil courses, 141; many, annually lost, 143 ; danger of losing, in Swarming season, 144; decrease of - in bees, after swarming, 151 (and nove) ; new, have greater energy than old, 153 ; forced, 154; will enter hives without ‘the queen, 159 (note); when forced, how to induce to adhere to new locations, 163 (and note); to avoid risk of losing, in swarming-time, 173; too rapid multiplication of, uns profitable, 176; second, usually val- ueless, unless carly, and season good ; 177; weak, may be strengthened by use of moy. comb hive, 178 ; one new, made from two old ones, isi (note 3) ; artificial, rapid increase of with moy. comb hive, 183; dangers attending, in large apiarics where the hives are uniform in appearance, and near to- gether, 216 ; how to avoid the danger, 217; Washington Irving’s account of, . in the West, 236 (note); new, need more air than old, 281; precautions in moving, 281 ; a late one, 866. Swarming, signs of, 111 ; indisposes bees to return to parent hive, 120; unsea- sonable, often caused by famine, 116 ; causes bees to mark the place of their new abode, 120; incident in, in Mex- ico, 123; after, care needed to pre- serve young brood in parent hive, 124; in tropical climates, at all sea- sons, 128; season of, 128 ; inconve- niences of, 189-147 ; artificial, mode of for common hives, 154; best pre- vented by use of authors hive, 153; for the season, can be accomplished in few days with author’s hive, 173 ; time of natural, easily determined in author’s hive, 173 (note); prevented by clipping wings of queen, 173, 223 ; pre- vented by contracting the entrance of hive, 174 ; last plan not thoroughly tested, 174 (note 8) ; frequent, unpro- fitabie, 176; best mode of ‘artificial, ‘181; how to obtain extra queens in na- _ tural, 190 (note); interesting anecdote of, 308. : oe Swarming, artificial, see Artificial Swarming. Swarming, natural, see Natural Swarm- ing. Swarming season, commencement and duration of, 111, 128, - ; Sweaty horses, detested and often killed by bees, 313 Sydserff’s calculation of profits of hee culture, 146 (note). 408 T. Table, illustrating the increase of stocks by artificial swarming, 185; of form- ing nuclei, 191. “Taking up bees,” facilitated by mov. comb hive, 209; suggestions as to time of, 306 (note). : Temperature of hive, rises at time of swarming, 130. ij Theories often fail, when put to a prac- tical test, 175 (note). Thistle, Canada, a good bee-plant, 296. Thompson, poetical extract from, upon killing bees, 239; on bees in linden trees, 293. Thorley, John, first stupefied bees by puff-ball smoke, 210. Tidd, M. M., his experiment on a female moth, 230 (note 2); notices the differ- ence between tongue of the male and female moth, 230. Time of bees, economized in mov. comb hive, 95, 96; importance of saving, 05. ; Timid persons may safely remove sur- plus honey, 289-291 ; should use bee- dress while hiving bees, 182,154; often stung while other persons seldom are, 168 ; some should not attempt to rear bees, 209. Toad, eats bees, 254. Tobacco, should not be used for subdu- ing bees, 169. Top-boxes, for surplus honey, should be used with caution, 330 (note). Transferring bees from common to moy. comb hive, 282-284; mode of, 282; best time for, 283 ; results of, 234. Transportation of bees, easy in moy. comb hive, 281. Traps for moths, usually worthless, 244. Trees, combs built on, by bees, 118; apiaries should be near, 131; substi- tute for, 131; limbs of, necd not be cut, in hiving bees, 138; shade of, agree- able to bees, 280; honey-producing 292. Tulip (poplar, or white wood), tree yields great quantities of honey, 292. U. Union of colonies, facilitated by giving them the same smell, 203 ; mode of, 203, 204 ; for wintering, 336. Unbelief in revelation not prompted by true philosophy, 52. Unsloanly persons disagreeable to bees, v. ven? used by bees in place of propo- , 80. *INDEX. Varro, his remark, that hees in large hives become dispirited, 208. Ventilation, furnished to larvee by shape of cells, 75; of the hive, 88-94 ; pro- duced by the fanning of bees, 88; Huber on, §8; its necessity, 89; re- marks op, in human dwellings, 91; provided for and easily controlled in mov. comb hive, 93, 94; artificial, must ba simple to be useful, 93 ; should be attended to, after swarming, 124; ample, should be given, while bees are storing honey, 288, 366 ; how to give, in Winter, 338; upward, needed in Winter, 338, 340 (note), 241, 360. Vice, effect of, on man, compared to ra- vages of the moth, 235. Virgil, described the Italian bee, 318. w. Wagner, Samuel, letter of, on mov. comb hive, 17-18 ; theory of, on how queen determines sex of egg, 38 ; his account of bees building comb on a tree, 118 5 on the effect of soil on the quality of honey-yielding plants, 294 (note) ; on the Swedish white clover, for bees and stock, 295; letter of, on over- stocking, 300 ; letter of, on the Italian bee, 317 ; extracts from, on preserving the purity of the Italian bee, 323 (notes) ; states a remarkable fact con- cerning hybrid bees, 324 (note 2) ; at- tempt of, to import Italian bee, 328 (note); translation of Scholtz on win- tering bees, 348-360. War, how waged by different colonies, Wasps, fecundation of, 35 ; injure fruit, 86 ; should be destroyed in Spring, 87; torpid in Winter, 109. ‘ Water, necessary to be supplied for bees confined, 189 (and note) ; the refusal of, in Spring, by bees indicative of a queenless colony, 219 (and note); cold, useful in checking robbery, 2665; in- dispensable to bees when building comb, or rearing brood, 271, 342-346 ; bees need, in cold weather, 342-346 ; advantages of giving, to bees in cold Springs, 343 Wax, scaleg of, wood-cuts, PI. XIII, Figs. 37 and 38; secreted from honey, 69, 275 ; pouches for, 69 ; wood-cut of, Pl. XII, Fig. 38; Huber’s experiments on secretion of, 69 ; pollen may aid its secretion, 70; its elements, 71; large quantity of honey consumed in secre- tion of, 71 ; shavings of, used by bees, to build new comb, 72; a bad con- ductor of heat, 73 ; pollen useful in its secretion, 82, 197 ; origin of, discovered by Hornbostel, 204 (note); the food of the larve of the bee-moth, 233, 247 ; how to render, from comb, 288. INDEX. Woather, unpleasant, delays of prevents swarming, 112. West India honey, as bee-food, 256 (note), 270. Wetherall Dr. C. M., his analysis of royal jelly, 64. -Whoaton, Levi, on upward ventilation 276 (note 1); on wintering bees, 346 ‘(note 1). White clover, see Clover, white. Weigel, Rov. Mr., first recommended || candy, as bee-feod, 272. Wheeler, George, on ancient bar-hives, 210 (note). Willow, varieties of, abound in honey and pollen, 292. Wildman, Thomas, feats of, in handling bees, 3os ; States the fact that fear disposes colonies to unite, 203 (note); his approach to modern modes of taming bees, 204 (note); on the queen’s odor, 226. Winds, bees should be protected against, 108, 186, 279. Wings of queens, may be made to mark their age, 223. Winter, wasps and hornets, but not ~ bees, torpid in, 109, 385 ; quantity of honey needed by a stock in, 274; bees eat less in, when kept quiet, 335, 355, 358; bees should be protected from winds of, 337 ; bees in, if out of doors, should be allowed to fly, 387 ; how to ventilate hives in, 338; snow in, when injurious to bees, 338 (note 1); bees need water in, 342-346; when honey is candied in, bees need water, 342-344 ; disturbing bees in, injurious, 347, 355; fewer bees die in, when hives are in clamps, than when in otker special depositories, 358; tem- porary removal of colonies in, to a warm room, 341, 362. ‘ Wintering bees, 335-361; objections to, in the open air, 835; how to get honey for, in centre of hive, 386; bee pas- sages in comb for, 337 (and note 1), 339 (and note); in a dry vault or cel- 409 in special repositories, 348- 360 5 further experiments in, needed, 860; requires caution in removing them from winter quarters, 361, Wives, a friendly word to, 220. Wood-cuts, explanation of, 11, 371. Women, American, suffer from bad ven- tilation, 92. Worker-comb, size of the cells of, 74; all good, can be used in moy. comb hive, 130; not built unless bees haye a mature queen, 149. Worker-bees, are females, with undevel- loped ovaries, 29; when fertile, their progeny always drones, 36 ; Huber’s theory concerning fertile, 37, 55; some- times exalted to be queens, 37; one raised froma drone egg, by Dr. Dén- hoff, 41; incapable of impregnation, 42; wood-cuts of, Pl. XII., Figs. 35, 36 ; number of, in swarm, 54; author’s opinion respecting fertile, 55; fertile prefer to lay in drone cells, 55; honey- bag, 56; representation of, Pl, XVIL, Fig. 54, A.; use of proboscis of, 56 ; wood-cut of proboscis of, Pl. XVI, Fig. 51; pollen basket, 56; sting, 56 ; wood-cut of, Pl. XVII, Fig. 53 ; loss of sting, fatal,’7 ; do all the work of the hive, 58 ; their age, 58; lesson of in- dustry from, 59; attention to royal cells, 62; wood-cut of abdomen of, Pl. XVI., Fig. 52 ; two kinds of, described by Huber, 192 (note 2); differently occupied in different periods of life, 194; impulse of, to gather honey, un- developed in early life, 195. ' Worms, see Bee-moth, larve of, Wormwood, use of, for driving away robbing bees, 265 (note). : Wurtemberg, number of its colonies of bees, 304. lar, 348 ; Z. Jollickoffer, H. M., his account of bees building combs on a tree, 118, ADVERTISEMENT. Aw individual or farm right, to make and use the Movable- Comb Hive, will be sold for five dollars. Such a right entitles the owner, in the territory where it is purchased, to make for his own use, and not otherwise, any number of hives. Ministers of the Gospel, of all denominations, are entitled to an individual right for their own use, without any charge. _ The Inventor has secured to all purchasers of individual rights the privilege of using, without any further charge, any improve- ments which he may hereafter patent. For the information of the Public (see note on page 61), the following extract is given from the Patent Office Report of 1852-3: Patent No. 9300—Improvement in Bee-Hives. «‘ What I claim as my invention, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is— “« First.—The use of a shallow chamber, substantially as described, in combina- tion with a perforated cover, for enlarging or diminishing at will the size and num- ber of the spare honey receptacles. “ Second.—The use of the movable frames, A, A, Fig. 4, or their equivalents, sub- stantially as described ; also, their use in combination with the shallow chamber, with or without my arrangement for spare honey receptacles. “ Third.—A divider, substantially as described, in combination with a movable cover, allowing the divider to be inserted from above, between the ranges of comb. ‘© Fourth.—The use of the double glass sides ina single frame, substantially as and for the purposes set forth. “ Fifth.—The construction of the trap for excluding moths and catching worms, so arranged as to increase or diminish at will the size of the entrance for bees, sub- stantially in the manner and for the purposes set forth. L. L. LANGSTROTH.” “For individual and territorial rights, in the States of Massa- chusetts and Rhode Island, and the Counties of Cheshire, Hills- boro’, Rockingham, Merrimack, Sullivan and Belknap, in New Hampshire, address W. B. Gleason, No. 70 State Street, Boston. For individual and territorial rights in New Jersey, part of Pennsylvania, and Newcastle County, Delaware, address P. J. Mahan, No. 720 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. 411 412 ADVERTISEMENT. For individual and territorial rights in Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Ala- bama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, address Richard Colvin, No. 77 East Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland. For rights in the following Counties in Ohio, Adams, Athens, Belmont, Auglaize, Brown, Butler, Carroll, Champaign, Clark, Clermont, Clinton, Coshocton, Crawford, Dark, Delaware, Fair- field, Fayette, Franklin, Gallia, Greene, Guernsey, Hamilton, Han- cock, Hardin, Harrison, Highland, Hocking, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Knox, Lawrence, Licking, Logan, Madison, Marion, Medina, Meigs, Montgomery, Monroe, Muskingum, Perry, Picka- way, Pike, Preble, Richland, Ross, Scioto, Shelby, Union, Vinton, Warren, Washington, and Wyandott, address Richard Colvin, Delaware, Ohio. For individual and territorial rights in the State of Kentucky, and the Counties of Ashtabula, Cayahoga, Geauga, Lake, Maho- ning, Portage, Summit, and Trumbull, in Ohio, address H. T. Sturtevant & Co., Cleveland, Ohio. For individual and territorial rights in the States of Maine, Vermont, Connecticut, and the Counties of Grafton, Carroll, and Coés, in New Hampshire—also, for rights in Connecticut, part of New York, and the Western States and Territories, address R. C. Otis, Kenosha, Wisconsin. For hives and individual rights in the following Counties in New York, Albany, Cattaraugus, Chatauque, Chenango, Dela- ware, Calininta, Essex, Fulton, Greene, Herkimer, Kings, Madi- son, Montgomery, Oneida, Ontario, Oswego, Putnam, Rensselaer, Rockland, Saratoga, Schoharie, Bonec Suffolk, Torn, ‘Ulster, Washington, and Westchester, address R. L. Allen & Co., Agri- cultural Implement Makers, No. 189 Water Street, New York. N. B.—Owners of territorial rights, who may wish to have their names inserted in this advertisement, can ascertain terms by addressing Saxton, Barker & Co., 25 Park Row, New York. Alt the Books vir tus Cutalogue sent by Mail, to any part of the Unton, Sree of postage, upon receipt of Price. ~ CATALOGUE OF BOOKS AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE, ; FUBLISHED BY Cc. M. SAXTON, BARKER & CO., ° No. 25 PARK ROW, NEW YORK. SUITABLE FOR SCHOOL, TOWN, AGRICULTURAL, & PRIVATE LIBRARIES. ———____ ~~ 2 oe + AMERICAN FARMER'S ENCYCLOPEDIA, - - - - - - $400 As a Boox or ReFEeReNnce ror THE Farmer on GARDENER, THIS Work is superior to any other. It contains Reliable Information for the Cultivation of every variety of Field and Garden Crops, the use of all kinds of Manures, descriptions and figures of American insects ; and is, indeed, an Agricultural Library in itself, con- taining twelve hundred -pages, octavo, and is illustrated by numerous engravings of Grasses, Grains, Animals, Implements, Insects, &., &. By GOUVERNEUR EMERSON OF PENNSYLVANIA. AMERICAN WEEDS AND USEFUL PLANTS, eof oe - 1650 ‘Aw Inpustrarep Eprrion or AcricotruraL Borany; An Enu- meration and Description of Weeds and Useful Plants which merit the notice or require the attention of American Agriculturists. By Wa. DaRLiveTon, M. D. Re- vised, with Additions, by Gzorce THURBER, Prof. of Mat. Med. and Botany in the New work College of Pharmacy. Illustrated with nearly 300 Figures, drawn expressly for this work. ALLEN’S (R. L.) AMERICAN FARM BOOK, - 2+ = = = 100 Oz a Compenp or American Acricururg; being a Practical Tfeatise on Soils, Manures, Draining, Irrigation, Grasses, Grain, Roots, Fruits, Cotton, Tobacco, Sugar cane, Rice, and every Staple Product of tho nited States ; with the pest methods of Planting, Cultivating and Preparation for Market. Illustrated with more than 100 engravings. 2 ALLEN’S (RB. L.) DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS, = 75 Berne a History anD DuscrIpTION oF THE Horsz, Mute, Carte, Sheep, Swine, Poultry and Farm Dogs, with Directions for their Management, Breeding, Crossing, Rearing, Feeding, and Preparation for a Profitable Market ; also, their Diseases and Remedies, together with full Directions for the Management of the Dairy, and the comparative Economy and Advantages of Working Animals,—the Horse, Mule, Oxen, &c. . ALLEN’S (l. F.) RURAL ARCHITECTURE, ee ee e125 Beno a Compete Duscrrprion or Farm Hovsss, CorraGEs AND Out Buildings, comprising Wood Houses, Workshops, Tool Houses, Carriage and Wagon Houses, Stables, Smoke and Ash Houses, Ice Houses, Apiaries or Bee Houses, Poultry Houses, Rabbitry, Dovecote, Piggery, Barns and Sheds for Cattle, &., &c. ; together with Lawns, Pleasure Grounds and Parks ; the Flower, Fruit and Vegetable Garden ; also, the best method of conducting water into Cattle Yards and Houses. Beautifully illustrated. ALLEN (J. FISK) ON THE CULTURE OF THE GRAPE, - - 100 ‘A Practica, TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND TREATMENT OF THE Grape Vine, embracing its History, with Directions for its Treatment in the United States of America, in the Open Air and under Glass Structures, with and without Arts3cial Heat Mailed post paid upon receipt of price. 2 ‘s published by C M. Saxtox, Darcer & Co, AMERICAN ARCHITECT, - - - - - = = = 600 Comprisine Ortcinan Desiens or Cuzar Country anD VILLAGE Residences, with Details, Specifications, Plans and Directions, and an Estimate of the Cost of each Design. By Joun W. Rrreu, Architect. First and Second Series, 4to, bound in 1 vol. AMERICAN FLORISTS GUIDE, - - - - - + = = 15 Comprising THE AMERICAN Rose Cutturist, AND Every Lapy ber own Flower Gardener. ARRY'S FRUIT GARDEN, - - - - - - - - © 1285 A Treatise, IntenDED to Eixpnain anp InLusrrate THE Puyst- ology of Fruit Trees, the Theory and Practice of all Operations connected with the Propagation, Transplanting, Pruning and Training of Orchard and Garden Trees, as Standards, Dwarfs, Pyramids, Espalier, &. The Laying out and Arranging different kinds of Orchards and Gardens, the selection of suitable varieties for different purposes and localities, Gathering and Preserving Fruits, Treatment of Diseases, Destruction of Insects, Description and Uses of Implements, &c. [Illustrated with upwards of 150 Figures. By P. Barry, of the Mount Hope Nurseries, Rochester, N. Y. BEMENT’S (C, N.) RABBIT FANCIER, - - - - = = @& 50 A Treatise on THE Breepine, Rearine, Feepina anD GENERAL Management of Rabbits, with Remarks upon their Diseases and Remedies, to which are added Full Directions for the Construction of Hatches, Rabbitries, &c., together with Recipes for Cooking and Dressing for the Table. 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Annuals, Shrubs, Plunts and Evergreen Trees, with Directions for their Cultivation. : BUIST’S (ROBERT) AMERICAN FLOWER GARDEN DIRECTORY, 1 26 Containina Practica, Directions ror THE CoLturE or Puanys, ia tho Flower Garden, Hothouse, Greenhouse, Rooms or Parlor Wisdows, for every mouth in the Year ; with a Description of the Plants most desirable in each, the nature of tho Soil and situation best adapted to their Growth, the Proper Season for Traus- planting, &c. ; with Instructions for erecting a Hothouse, Greenhonse, and Laying out a Flower Garden ; the whole adapted to either Large or Small Gardens, with Instruc- a Lod Preparing the Soil, Propagating, Planting, Pruning, Training and Fruiting tho rape Vine. BUIST’S (ROBERT) FAMILY KITCHEN GARDENER, - - - 15 Contatntna Puatn anp Accurate DuscripTions' oF ALL TOE Different Species and Varieties of Culinary Vegetables, with their Botanical, English, French and German names, alphabetically arranged, with the Best Mode of: Cultivat- ing them in the Garden or under Glass ; also Descriptions and Character of the most Select Fruits, their Management, Propagation, &c. By Roberr Buisr, author of the “American Fiower Garden Directory,” &c. CHINESE SUGAR CANE AND SUGAR-MAKING, -_ = « = 25 Irs History, Curture anD ADapTaTion To THE Sort, CLIMate, and Economy of the United States, with an Account of Various Processes of Manu facturing Sugar. Drawn from authentic sources, by Caartus F, Sranspury, A. M., late Commissioner at the Exhibition of all Nations at London. CHORLTON’S GRAPE-GROWER’S GUIDE, - - - = - = 60 Intenpep Esprcranty ror THE American Ciimare. Being a Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grape Vine. in each department of Hot- house, Cold Grapery, Retarding Houso and Out-door Culture. With Plans for the con- struction of the Requisite Buildings, and giving the best methods for Heating the same. Every department being fully illustrated. By Wu11am CHorzron. COBBETT’S AMERICAN GARDENER, - - - - - = = 50 A TREATISE ON THE Situation, Sor anD Layino-out or GaRDENS, and the Making and Managing of Hotbeds and Greenhouses, and on the Propagation and Cultivation of the several sorts of Vegetables, Herbs, Fruits,and Flowers. COTTAGE AND FARM BEE-KEEPER, - - - - = =: = 50 A Practica Worx, by a Country,Curate. COLE’S AMERICAN FRUIT BOOK, - - - - += = - = .50 Containing Directions For RaIsina, PROPAGATING AND Manac- ing Fruit Trees, Shrubs and Plants ; with a Description of the Best Varicties of Fruit, including New and Valuable Kinds. 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DADD'S ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HORSE, Plain, - 2060 ‘6 “ “ “ ‘* Colored Plates, 4 00 Wirs Anatomica, anv QuestionaL In.usrrations ; Containing, algo, a Series of Examinations on Equine Anatomy and Philosophy, with Instructions in reference to Dissection and the mode of making Anatomical Preparations ; to which is added a Glossary of Veterinary Technicalities, Toxicological Chart, and Dictionary of Veterinary Science. z DANA’S MUCK MANUAL, FOR THE USE OF FARMERS, - - 100 A TREATISE ON THE PuysicAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS and Chemistry of Manures ; including, also, the subject of Composts, Artificial Manures and Irrigation. A new edition, with a Chapter on Bones and Superphosphates. DANA’S PRIZE ESSAY ON MANURES, ee ee ee ee 26 Susuirrep To THE TRUSTEES oF THE MassacuusEetts SocreTY FoR Promoting Agriculture, for their Premium. By Sauce, H. Dana. DOMESTIC AND ORNAMENTAL POULTRY, Plain Plates, - - - 100 a se ef Colored Plates, - - 200 A Treatise on THE History anpD ManaGemMENT oF ORNAMENTAL and Domestic Poultry. By Rev. Epmunp Savi Drxon, A. M., with large additions by . Kerr, M. D. Illustrated with sixty-five Original Portraits, engraved expressly for this work. Fourth edition, revised. DOWNING’S (A, J.) LANDSCAPE GARDENING,- - - - - 3850 Revisep, EnuarceD AND Newty In.usrratep, By Henry Win- throp Sargent. This Great Work, which has accomplished so much in elevating the American Taste for Rural Improvements, is now rendered doubly interesting and valuable by the experience of all the Prominent Cultivators of Ornamental Trees in the United States, and by the descriptions of American Places, Private Residences, Central Park, New York, Llewellyn Park, New Jersey, and a full account of the Newer Decidu- ous and Evergreen Trees and Shrubs. The illustrations of this edition consist of seven superb steel plate engravings, by Situ, HivsHeLwoop, Dutmg and others ; besides one hundred engravings on wood and stone, of the best American Residences and Parks, with Portraits cf many New or Remarkable Trees and Shrubs. DOWNING’S (A. J.) RURAL ESSAYS, - - - - - - - 800 Ow Horticutturs, Lanpscarr GarDEninG, RuraL ARCHITECTURE, Trees, Agriculture, Fruit, with his Letters from England. Edited, with a Memoir of the Author, by Grorce Wm. Curtis, and a Letter to his Friends, by Freperixa Bremer, and an elegant Steel Portrait of the Author. EASTWOOD (B.) ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE CRANBERRY, 60 Wir a Description or run Brest Varieties. By B. Easrwoop, “ Septimus,” of the New York Tribune. Illustrated. ELLIOTT’S WESTERN FRUIT BOOK, - - - - -« +» - 125 A New Epirion or tats Worx, Tuoroucuty Revisep. Em- bracing all the New and Valuable Fruits, with the Latest Improvements in their Cultiva- tion, up to January, 1859, especially adapted to the wants of Western Fruit Growers , full of excellent illustrations. By F. R. Exuiorr, Pomologist, late of Cleveland, Ohio, now of St. Louis. e ; , EVERY LADY HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER, - - - - 50 + Appressrp to THz Ixpusrrious AND Economtcan OnLy ; containing simple and practical Directions for Cultivatmg Plants and Flowers; also, Hints for tha Management of Flowers in Rooms, with brief Botanical Descriptions of Plants and Flowers. The whole in plain and simple language. By Louisa Jounson. Muiled post nuid upon -eceipt of price. Books published by C. M. Saxron, Barker & Co. 5 FARM DRAINAGE, - - - - - - = © «= « = 100 ; Tae Princrptes, Processes anp Errects or Drainina Lanp, with Stones, Wood, Drain-plows Open Ditches, and especially with Tiles ; including anbles Scie Excavation capacity: of Pipes, cost and num- acre, ith moro than 100 illustrations. v » Hy Q Neer Liamipalise: a vy the Hon, Henry F. Frenen, of FESSENDEN’S (T. G.) AMERICAN KITCHEN GARDENER, - - 50 Coytarnine DirEcTions FoR THE CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES AND Garden Fruits. Cloth. = FESSENDEN’S COMPLETE FARMER AND AMERICAN GARDENER, 1 25 Rorar Economist anp New American Garpener ; Containing a Compendious Epitome of the most Important Branches of Agriculture and Rural Economy ; with Practical Directions on the Cultivation of Fruits and Vegetables, includ- ing Landscape and Ornamental Gardening. By Tnomas G. FESseNDEN. 2 vols. in 1. FIELD'S PEAR CULTURE,- - - - - - = - - -: 100 Tue Pear GarpEn; or, & Treatise on the Propagatipn and Cultivation of the Pear Tree, with Instructions for its Management from the Seedling ta the Bearing Tree. By THomas W. FIELD FISH CULTURE, - - - - * 7 7 * 7 7 7 7 «100 A TREATISE ON THE ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION OF Fish, AND THE Construction of Ponds, with the Description and Habits of such kinds of Fish as are most suitable for Pisciculture. By Tapoparus GaRLicK, M. D., Vice-President of the Cleveland Academy of Nat. Science. FLINT ON GRASSES, - - - by ee eS te ce eB A Practical TREATISE oN Grasses AND Forace Puanrs ; Com- prising their Natural History, Comparative Nutritive Value, Methods of Cultivation, Cut- ting, Curing and the Management of Grass Lands. By Caarzes L. Fur, A. M., Secre- tary of the Mass. State Board of Agriculture. GUENON ON WILCH COWS, - - - - * = 7 7 7, 80 ‘A Treatise on Mitca Cows, whereby the Quality and Quantity of Milk which any Cow will give may be accurately determined by observing Natural Marks or External Indications alone ; the length of time she will continue to give Milk, &c., &c. By M. FRAncis GUENON, of Libourne, France. Translated by Nicuozas P. Trust, Esq. ; with Introduction, Remarks and Observations on the Cow and the Dairy, by Joun S. SKINNER. Tilustrated with numerous Engravings. Neatly done up in paper covers, 37 cts. HERBERT'S HINTS TO HOORSE-KEEPERS, - - * "7 ° ° 1 25 Comptets Manuat ror Horsemen ; Embracing : How to Breep A Horse. How 10 Paysio A Horse. How to Buy A Horse. (ALLOPATHY AND Homa@oPaTHY How 10 Break A Horse. How to Groom a Horse. How To Use a Horse. How To Drive A Horse. How To Freep a Horse. How To Re A Horse. ~ And Chapters on Mules and Ponies. By the late Henry Wriuam HERBERT (FRANK ForRESTER) ; With additions, including RaREY’s METHOD OF Horse TAMING, and BAUCHER’S SYSTEM OF HORSEMANSHIP ; also, giving directions for the Selection and Care of Carriages and Harness of every description, from the City ‘ Turn Out” to the Farmer’s ‘ Gear,” and a Biography of the eccentric ‘Author. Jilustrated throughout. HOOPER’S DOG AND GUN, ae ee ee ee 50 A Few Loose CnapTers ON Spoorine, among which will be found some Anecdotes and Incidents ; also Instructions for Dog Breaking, and interest: ing letters from Sportsmen. By A Bap SxHoT. HYDE’S CHINESE SUGARCANE, - - "= " ~ - 2 °° 26 Sonrarnina its History, Move or Cunture, MANUFACTURE OF the Sugar, &. ; with rta of itg success in different parts of the United Statos. Hailed post paid upon receipt of price. 6 Books published by C. M. Saxtox, Barker & Co, JOHNSTON’S (JAMES F, W.) AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY, - 1265 Lecror’s on tus APPLICATION oF CHEMISTRY AND GEOLOGY TO Agriculture. New Edition, with an Appendix, containing the Author’s Experiments in Practical Agriculture. . JOHNSTON'S (J. F. W.) ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURAL CHEM- ISTRY ANDGEOLOGY, - - - - - - - = 100 Wira a Compiete ANALYTICAL AND ALPHABETICAL INDEX, and an American Preface. By Hon. Sarton Brown, Editor of the ‘‘ New England Farmer.” OHNSTON’S (J. F. W.) CATECHISM OF AGRICULTURAL CHEM- ‘ISTRY AND GEOLOGY, - - 26 By James F. W. Jonnston, Honorary Member of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, and author of ‘ Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology.’”? With an Introduction by Jon Pirin Norton, M. A., late Professor oy Scientific Agriculture in Yale College. With Notes and Additions by the Author, pre- pared expressly for this edition, and an Appendix compiled by the Superintendent of Education in Nova Scotia. Adapted to the use of Schools. LANGSTROTH (REV. L. L.) ON THE HIVE AND HONEY BEE, - 126 A Practican Treatisp on tan Hive anp Honey Ber, Third edition, enlarged and illustrated with numerous engravings. This Work is, without a doubt, the best work on the Bee published in any language, whether we consider its scientific accuracy, the practical instructions it contains, or the beauty and completeness of its illustrations. LEUCHARS’ HOW TO BUILD AND VENTILATE HOTHOUSES, - 126 A Practican TREATISE on THE Construction, HeaTING AND Ventilation of Hothouses, including Conservatories, Greenhouses, Graperies and other kinds of Horticultural Structures ; with Practical Directions for their Management, in regard to Light, Heat and Air. Illustrated with numerous engravings. By P. B. Leucuars, Garden Architect. LIEBIG’S (JUSTUS) FAMILIAR LECTURES ON CHEMISTRY, - 50 AND ITS RELATION To Commerce, Prystotocy, and AGRICULTURE. Edited by Jonn GARDENER, M. D., LINSLEY'’S MORGAN HORSES,- - - - - = = = 100 A Premium Essay on tun Ortcin, History, anD CHARACTERISTICS of this remarkable American Breed of Horses ; tracing the Pedigree from the original Justin Morgan, through the most noted of his progeny, down to the present time. With numerous portraits. To which are added Hints for Breeding, Breaking and Gene- ral Use and Management of Horses, with practical Directions for Training them for Exhibition at Agricultural Fairs. By D. C. Liysimy, Editor of the American Stock Journal. MOORE'S RURAL HAND BOOKS, - - - = - - - « 195 First Series, containing Treatises on— Tre Horse, THE PEsTs OF THE Farm, Tne Hoc, Domestic Fow1s, and Tue Honuy BEE, Tor Cow. Szconp Sertzs, containing— = ope. 1 25 Ievery Lapy HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER, Essay oN MANURES, SLEMENTS OF AGRICULTURE, AMERICAN KircHEN GARDENER Bmp FAncIER, AMERICAN Rose Cuxrurist. ” Tuirp Serizs, containing — - et wes He 1 25 Mutes on THe Horse’s Foor, Vive-DRESSER’S MANUAL, ToE RaBsrt FANcrER, Bru-Keerer’s Cart, WEEKS ON BEES, CremistRy MaDe Egsy. Fourt Srrirs, containing— = - - C . 1 26 Pprsoz On THE VINE, s Hoormr’s Doa anp Gun, Lozsig’e Fasniur Letrers, SEILLFUL HovsewirR, BRowne’s MEMOIRS OF INDIAN CORN. * Mailed post paid upon receint of nrice Books published by ©. M. Saxvox, Barxrr & Co, 7 ee A Ne en MINER’S BEE-KEEPER’S MANUAL, - - - - - = 100 Berna a Practica Treattsz on ran History anp Domesrio Feonomy of the Honoy Boe, embracing a Full Illustration of the whole subject, with the Most Approved Mcthods of Managing this Insect, through every branch of its Culture ; the result of many years’ oxperience. Illustrated with many engravings By 'T. B. Miner. MILES ON THE HORSE'S FOOT AND HOW TO KEEP IT SOUND, 60 Wirs Cors, Invusrratine tar Anatomy or ta Foor, and contain- ng yaluable Hints on Shocing and Stable Managoment, in Health and in Diseaso. By M. [LES.. MILBURN ON THE COW AND DAIRY HUSBANDRY, ’- - 25 By M. M. Mizzory, and revised by H. D. Riczarpson and AmBross STEVENS, With illustrations. MUNN’S (B.) PRACTICAL LAND DRAINER, - - - = = 50 Berne a Treatise on Draining, Lanp,.in which the Most Ap- proved Systems of Drainage are Explained, and their Differences and Comparative Merits Discussed ; with full Directions for the Cutting and Making of Drains, with Romarks upon the various materials of which they may be constructed. With many illustrations, By B. Munn, Landscape Gardener. NASH'S (J. A.) PROGRESSIVE FARMER, - - - - = = 60 A Screntiric Treatise on Acricunturan CHEMistry, THE GE- ology of Agriculture, on Plants and Animals, Manures and Soils, applied to Practical Agriculture ; with a Catechism of Scientific and Practical Agriculture. By J. A. Nasu. NEILL’S PRACTICAL FRUIT, FLOWER AND KITCHEN GARDEN- ER’S COMPANION, - - - + = 100 Wire a Carenpar. By Parrick Nett, Secretary of the Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society. Adapted to the United States from the fourth edition, revised and improved by the Author. Edited by G. Emerson, M. D., Editor of “1 The American Farmer’s Encyclopedia.’? With Notes and Additions by R. G. Parper, author of ‘‘ Manual of the Strawberry Culture.’’ With illustrations. NORTON’S (JOHN P.) ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE, 60 Or, THE CONNECTION BETWEEN SCIENCE AND THE ArT OF PRACTICAL Farming. Prize Essay of the New York State Agricultural Society. By Joun P. Nor- ton, M. A., Professor of Scientific Agriculture in Yale College. Adapted to the use of Schools. OLCOTT'S SORGHO AND IMPHEE, THE CHINESE AND AFRICAN SUGAR CANES, - - - - = - = = © + 100 A Comptes T'REATISE UPON THEIR ORIGIN AND VARIETIES, CULTURE and Uses, their value as a Forage Crop, and Directions for making Sugar, Molasses, Alcohol, Sparkling and Still Wines, Beer, Cider, Vinegar, Paper, Starch and Dye Stufls. Fully illustrated with Drawings of Approved Machinery ; with an Appendix by Lronarp Wray, of Caffraria, and a Description of his Patented Process of Crystallizing the Juicy of the Imphee ; with the Latest American Experiments. By Henry S. OLcorr. PARDEE (&. G.) ON STRAWBERRY CULTIURE,- --- - ° 60 A Compiere Manvan ror THE CULTIVATION OF THE STRAWBERRY ; with a Description of the Best Varieties. i ‘Also notices of the Raspberry, Blackberry, Currant, Gooseberry and Grape ; with Pirections for their Cultivation, and the Selection of the Best Varieties. “ Every process here recommended has been proved, the plans of others tried, and the result is here given.” With a Valuable Appendix, containing the bservations and experience of some of the most successful cultivators of theso fruits in our country. PEDDERS’ (JAMES) FARMERS’ LAND MEASURER,- - -° ° 5C Or Pocker Companion; Showing at one view the Contents of any Piece of Vand, from Dimensions taken in Yards. With a Sct of Useful Agricultural Tabla. Mbiled post paid upon receipt of price. 8 Books published by C. M. Saxton, Barxer & Co. woe PERSOZ’ CULTURE OF THE VINE, = = = = se 8 95 A New Process ror tHE CULTURE oF THE VINE, by Prersoz, Pro- fessor of the Faculty of Sciences of Strasbourg ; Directing Professor of the School of Phar- macy of the same city. Translated by J. O’C. Barcray, Surgeon U.S. N. PHELPS’ BEE KEEPER'S CHART,- - - - - - = += 26 Berne a Brier Practica TREATISE ON THE Instinct, Hazirs anD Management of the Honey Bee, in all its various branches, the result of many years’ practical experience, whereby the author has been enabled to divest the subject of couch that has been considered mysterious and difficult to overcome, and render it more sure, profitable and interesting to every one, than it has heretofore been. By E. ‘W. PHELPS. e QUINEY’S MYSTERIES OF BEE-KEEPING EXPLAINED, - = 100 Brine a Computers Anazysis or tig WHoLE Suzsect, Consisting of the Natural History of Bees ; Directions for obtaining the Greatest Amount of Pure Surplus Honey with the least possible expense ; Remedies for Losses Given, and the Science of Luck fully illustrated ; the result of more than twenty years’ experience in extensive Apiaries. By M. Quiypy. RANDALL'S (H. 8.) SHEEP HUSBANDRY, - - - - + = 126 Wirn an Account or Tae Dirrerent Breeps, and general direc- tions in regard to Summer and Winter Management, Breeding and the Treatment of Diseases, with Portraits and other engravings. By Henry S, Ranpai. REEMELIN’S (Ch.'S.) VINE DRESSER’S MANUAL, Dos Js 50 Aw IttustrareD TREATISE ON VINEYARDS anD WunE-Maxine, containing full Instructions as to Location and Soil, Preparation of Ground, Selection and Propagation of Vines, the Treatment of Young Vineyards, Trimming and Training the Vines, Manures and the Making of Wine. . RICHARDSON ON HOGS, - - - - += = - -© = = 25 Tueir Ortain, VARIETIES AND ManacEement, with a View to Profit and Treatment under Disease ; also, plain Directions relative to the Most Approved Modes of Preserving their Flesh. By H. D. Ricuarpson, author of ‘‘ The Hive and the Honey Bee,” &c., &c. With illustrations. RICHARDSON ON THE HIVE AND THE HONEY BEE,- - - 25 ‘Wirn Pray Dirercrions ror Osratnine A ConsIDERABLE ANNUAL Income from this branch of Rural Economy ; also, an Account of the Diseases of Bees and their Remedies, and Remarks as to their Enemies, and the best mode of protecting the Hives from their attacks. By H. D. Rictrpson. With illustrations. RICHARDSON ON DOMESTIC FOWLS, - - = ww 25 Tuerr Natura, History, Breepixe, Rearinc, AND GENnERAI Management. By H.D. Ricaarpsoy. With illustrations. : RICHARDSON ON THE HORSE, i 25 THEIR ORIGIN AND Varteries; wita Piain DirEcrions as TO THE Breeding, Rearing and General Management, with Instructions as to the Treatment of Disease. Handsomely@llustrated. By H. D. Ricmarpsoy. RICHARDSON ON THE PESTS OF THE FARM, - 2 2 s 25 Wir Insrrvctions ror razrr Exrirparion ; being a Manual of Plain Directions for the Certain Destruction of every description of Vermin. With numerous illustrations on Wood. RICHARDSON ON DOGS; THEIR ORIGIN AND VAKIETINS, - 50 Directions as To THEIR GENERAL Manacrment. With numerous Original Anecdotes. Also, Complete Instructions as to Treatment under Disease. By H. D. Ricwarpsoy. Illustrated with numerous wood engravings. This is not only a cheap, but one of the best works ever published on the Dog. SCHENCK’S GARDENER'S TEXT BOOK, - 5 = = 8 ef 50 Contarnina Dinncrions ror tae Eormation anp MANacEMEnt - of tha Kitchen Garden, the Culture and Use of Vegetables, Fimits and Medicinal Herks Muilel post paid upon receipt of price. aa aaa qn ce 5252 M4 at Bh oF Pa Ra Piatt se Wii 33 539 i tye ng mee tn m3 ‘ Noe Pn . i : he 25 i iterate: Hsdagas 283 He $s ngegee sh See oe ONE hr erence, Diggs) se SSAA eit SAB So Fans ed a ea as > a