ALBERT R. MANN
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ornell University Library

The acclimatisation of the Salmonidae at

TTT
THE ACCLIMATISATION

OF THE

SALMONIDA AT THE ANTIPODES:

ITS HISTORY AND RESULTS, |

BY

ARTHUR NICOLS, F.G.8S., F.R.G.S8.,

AUTHOR OF ‘‘ OHAPTERS From THE PHYSICAL HISTORY OF THE EARTH;
AN INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY,”
THE PUZZLE OF LIFE, AND HOW IT HAS BEEN PUT TOGETHER,”
AND
ZOOLOGICAL NOTES ON WILD AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS.”

Nusquam Magis quam in Minimis tota est Natura.”—Bacon.
: :

LONDON:
SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, & RIVINGTON.
1882.

All rights reserved.
Aan
UNWIN BROTHERS, PRINTERS, CHILWORTH AND LONDON,
TO THE
ACCLIMATISATION SOCIETIES OF AUSTRALIA, TASMANIA AND
NEW ZEALAND,
AND THE SALMON COMMISSIONERS OF TASMANIA;

WHOSE PUBLIO SPIRIT IN COLLECTING FUNDS FOR DEFRAYING THE
EXPENSES OF TRANSMISSION, IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE
SUBSEQUENT CARE AND ATTENTION BESTOWED UPON THE OVA AND FRY,
HAS SO LARGELY CONTRIBUTED TOWARDS THE PERMANENT
NATURALISATION OF THE SALMON AND TROUT
IN THE WATERS OF AUSTRALASIA,

THE AUTHOR
BEGS RESPECTFULLY TO DEDICATE THIS HISTORY
OF A SIGNAL ACHIEVEMENT IN

PISCICULTURE.
PREFACE.

Tue frequent demand, both at home and
in the Australasian colonies, for a series of
articles on the acclimatisation of the Sal-
monide at the Antipodes, which I contvi-
buted to the Field Quarterly Magazine and
Review, The Country, and Chambers’ Journal,
and which are now out of print, has deter-
mined me to republish the substance of them
with additions, forming a short but complete
history of this remarkable achievement,
fraught as it is with important economic
results for those colonies; and with so

many points of scientific interest.
vi PREFACE.

I have had the advantage of inspecting
all the public documents and every private
letter of any importance bearing upon the
subject, since the earliest experiments were
made in the direction which ultimately led
to success ; and I must express my cordial
thanks to Mr. J. A. Youl, C.M.G., for the
valuable assistance he has rendered me in
placing at my disposal a large number of
letters and memoranda, not otherwise acces-
sible, the most important of which will be
found in the Appendix.

An astonishing amount of error, even
with respect to easily ascertained facts, has
been disseminated by both the colonial and
English press. The Field, The Melbourne
Argus, and The Times have, however, been
exceptions.

It has been my self-appointed and pleasing
task to examine as critically as I was able
every published statement, whether of fact
PREPACH. vil

or inference, in connection with this subject ;
and while, I trust, credit has been given
wherever within my knowledge it is due,
my duty to the reader has compelled me
to point out where it has been unjustly
claimed or attributed.

In constituting myself the historian of
this work—the commercial importance of
which cannot be realised for many years to
come, while its scientific interest is already
fully acknowledged —I desire to assume
the entire responsibility of the following
pages.

A. N.
Lonpon, May, 1882,
HARLY ENDEAVOURS
TO ACCLIMATISE THE SALMON.

——

He who succeeded in making two blades of
grass grow where but one grew before has
been canonised as the greatest benefactor
of mankind, but surely he who achieves the
more difficult task of transplanting an ani-
mal from one hemisphere to the other, and
peopling a barren river with a noble species
of fish, should not pass unnoticed by his
contemporaries and those who enter into
the enjoyment of his labour.

The Australasian colonies fortunately
possess acclimatisation societies directed
by men of ability and energy, who have

& 2
2 THE ACCLIMATISATION

left nothing undone to establish in the
New World the most desirable animal
colonists from the old. If they have made
a mistake here and there, and have intro-
duced an unmitigated pest like the rabbit,
they will one day find compensation in
stalking the red deer and bringing the lordly
salmon to grass among picturesque granitic
hills, which may well recall to the eye of
the sportsman many a wild scene in the
highlands of bonnie Scotland or the softer
glories of the Irish lakes. Long before the
end of this century, when probably the
ploughshare will have invaded the haunts
of the red deer, and manufacturing ‘in-
terests’”? and a growing population shall
have driven the salmon in disgust from
most of our rivers—when even Scandi-
navia’s pure waters have been tainted by
civilisation—the sportsman will take his
rifle and rod, and seek among the fern-
covered ranges of the Australian Alps and
the deep tarns and pools of Tasmania and
New Zealand, the noble quarry which has
found a congenial home at the Antipodes.
OF THE SALMONIDA. 3

Whether this is an over-sanguine antici-
pation of the ultimate results of a brilliant
exploit in acclimatisation, the reader will
be enabled to judge from the account I
propose to give of the introduction of the
salmon family into the waters of the
southern hemisphere, and the measure of
success at present attained.

Why have not salmon found their way to
the other hemisphere without man’s inter-
vention? we may reasonably ask. They
range in the northern hemisphere between
latitude 45° and 75°, though they may pene-
trate wherever there is open water to the
northward, and the recent Arctic Expedition
found a salmonoid permanently established
at 80° N. latitude. Their physical constitu-
tion, then, is adapted to cool waters, and
the zone of warm water occupying the
tropics presents an impassable obstacle to
southern migration. Moreover, they would
never find, in their journey towards the
south, any river the water of which would
be low enough in temperature to permit the
safe development of the ova, and it is there- ©
4 THE ACCLIMATISATION

fore impossible that their migration could
have been effected by easy stages. So far
as is yet known, no true member of the
family is indigenous to any region south of
the equator, though a distant and obscure
relative is found in some of the rivers of
India, and another in New Zealand and the
streams of the Falkland Islands, which has
some characters common to the group, but
is otherwise so distinct that no one ignorant
of anatomy would suspect the remotest
connection of these impostors with the
noble stock. The colonists, however, have
given local names to many animals on
account of slight resemblances of colour or
form to those they have been familiar with
in the Old Country, and this has led to
much confusion and misapprehension of the
natural history of Australasian fauna which
it is a hard task to correct.

We may say with truth, “ Illi robur et xs
triplex circa pectus erat’? who first com-
mitted the fragile ova of the salmon to the
truculent ocean, and essayed to transport
' them some sixteen thousand miles in the
OF THE SALMONIDA, 5

hold of a ship, where they would be exposed
to a temperature ranging between the freez-
ing point and 95°, and in the space of three
months would experience two winters and a
tropical summer !

Looking back upon the dark past through
the light of present experience, we are apt
to lose sight of the steps which have led to
knowledge. Thirty years ago there was
positively no experience of the conditions
under which it was possible to convey the
ova of fish long distances. All was tenta-
tive, experimental, and uncertain; but we
now regard as an interesting but not sur-
prising feat the acclimatisation of fish from
the West of America in the waters of the
Hast, and vice versd, or the transport of
sterlet from the Volga to Scotland.

It is easy enough to look with compla-
cent satisfaction on a finished work, and
think nothing of the care, perseverance,
and intelligence expended in accomplishing
it. Ask the director of the Brighton
Aquarium how he brought the octopus, the
porpoise, the herrings, the pipe-fish, and
6 THE ACCLIMATISATION

other interesting objects safe into their
glass compartments, and he will tell us of
specially constructed tanks for railway
transit, and innumerable devices for keeping
the water cool and aérated, and watchful
care and foresight in every step of the
process. He will tell us of failures arising
from the omission of some trifling detail,
unforeseen or thought unimportant; but
he can never tell us of lucky successes
or triumphs easily won. Hach detail was
thought out beforehand, and carefully
planned in accordance with all that was
known of the necessary physical conditions,
and even failure sometimes taught as much
as success.

If, then, the vitality of a fish just taken
from the sea needs such careful conserva-
tion, how much fostering should the em-
bryonic vital spark in the ovum demand ?
Salmon ova are, perhaps, exceptionally
delicate, as is well known to all breeders;
but the writer must confess himself aston-
ished at their extreme sensibility to injury
when Mr. Robert Ramsbottom, of Clitheroe,
OF THE SALMONIDZ. 7

told him that on one occasion he was carry-
ing three soda-water bottles, containing
fertilised ova, slung in a handkerchief, to
prevent even the concussion arising from the
motion of his body in walking, when one of
the bottles slipped from his hand and fell
upon the earth. The result was that not a
single ovum in that bottle hatched, though
they were treated exactly in the same
manner as the rest of the batch from the
same fish—fertilised at the same time with
milt of the same male—which did well.
After this the writer was prepared to believe
that the task of conveying them to Australia
was hopeless, with this, among many more
obvious and serious ditficulties, to be over-
come.

The idea of transporting the young fry
seems never to have been seriously enter-
tained—at least it was never tried. A ship
specially constructed could not have carried
enough water, nor could it be kept in
proper condition to supply the fish with a
constant stream for three months, and the
continual and often violent movement in
8 THE ACCLIMATISATION

the troughs would probably have killed
them in a few days. The first attempt
made was in 1852, by a Mr. Boccius, and
he not only decided on making his trial
with the ova, but was conscious of the im-
portance of protecting them from me-
chanical injury. Failure in this point
alone has been the primary cause of disap-
pointment in several otherwise promising
shipments, until Mr. James A. Youl devised a
simple plan which has never entirely failed,
and in some instances has proved so suc-
cessful that we may fairly regard it as the
principal instrument in solving the most
difficult problem in acclimatisation yet en-
countered, the influence of which on pisci-
culture we cannot yet fully estimate. Mr.
Boccius’ attempt to transmit the ova to
Tasmania, though it cost him £300, failed
from two causes. In the first place, he did
not succeed in shielding them from injury,
and in the second, he had no provision for
keeping the temperature low enough. In
each mesh of a gutta-percha sieve a single
ovum was placed, and the sieve fixed in the
OF THE SALMONIDE., 9

horizontal section of a wooden tub. The
whole apparatus was immersed in water,
which was changed every six hours; but
none of the ova reached the tropics alive.

MR. YOUL’S EXPERIMENTS.

Reflecting on this experiment, Mr. Youl
set to work in 1854 to study the whole
subject of the artificial propagation of
salmon and the transport of their ova, and
he came to the conclusion that the govern-
ing principle must be retardation of the
development of the embryos beyond the
average natural period, if this could be
effected without destroying them. Experi-
ments made at the Crystal Palace, in a suit-
able breeding-place, had proved that they
may hatch at any time between thirty-five
days and 140 days from the date of fertilisa-
tion, but that the extreme lmit was most
dangerous. This wide range, of course, de-
pended upon temperature, and the two ex-
tremes represent the highest and lowest
temperature that they will endure while pre-
10 THE ACCLIMATISATION

serving their vitality. It may not safely be
raised above 50° nor let below 35° Fahr.,
while the freezing-point is most probably
fatal. No hope was held out by the most
experienced pisciculturists; and even Mr. R.
Ramsbottom, whose skill and care in sup-
plying ovain the best possible condition has
been conspicuous, and who has taken gen-
uine interest in all the experiments, thus
expressed himself in a letter to Mr. Youl:
“You might as well try to fetch Australia
to England as to carry spawn to it in moss.
Salmon spawn must be either hatching or
dying from the moment it leaves the fish ;
you can retard it to about 140 days by a
low temperature, but no longer. Neither
one man nor another can carry living ova
to Australia in any way; you can send
young fish, that is all.” This represented
the best opinion an expert could give at that
time, and was based on existing experience ;
but the writer heard Mr. Ramsbottom on a
subsequent occasion (when he brought the
ova down to the Hast India Docks in Janu-
ary, 1873, for shipment in the Oberon to
OF THE SALMONIDZ. it

New Zealand) declare his unqualified satis-
faction at the success of a method which he
had formerly looked upon as impracticable.

The experiments made at the Crystal
Palace were of considerable importance
in deciding the question whether the ova
could be retarded long enough to enable
them to arrive at the end of the voyage
unhatched. The young fish must break
from the investing membrane in water if
it is to survive, and no provision for this
could be adequately made. on the ship.
Hence its liberation must be suspended
until it could be placed in the waters of
the colony. Mr. Edward Wilson, president
of the Victorian Acclimatisation Society,
associated himself with Mr. Youl and some
influential colonists in raising a subscrip-
tion of about £600 for a trial, which was to ;
be conducted solely by Mr. Youl, and this
was the beginning of a series of systematic
efforts. Mr. R. Ramsbottom collected
30,000 ova from the Dovey, and they were
shipped in the S. Curling from Liverpool on
February 25, 1860. The plan of shipment
12 THE ACCLIMATISATION

was briefly this: The ice-house consisted
of two rooms, one within the other, lined
with lead, having an interspace of seven
inches filled with powdered charcoal as a
non-conductor, and fitted with drain pipes
to carry off to the bilge the water from the
melting ice. A water tank was erected
over the ice-house with a pipe leading into
and passing twice round it, emerging above
the place devoted to the ova, and allowing
a gentle and continuous stream of water to
pass over them as they lay on gravel in
swing trays with an incline of 24 in. to the
foot, thus simulating, as far as possible,
natural conditions. The shipment was
committed to the charge of Mr. Black,
whose care in removing dead ova and
__ otherwise attending to his duties was unre-
mitting; but the passage was long, the
fifteen tons of ice melted rapidly, the ova
were no doubt knocked about in conse-
quence, and the last of them was found to
be dead when the ship had been sixty-
eight days out, in lat. 8. 29° 52’, long. W.
27° 38', the temperature then being 75°
OF THE SALMONIDA:. 13

Fahr. Mr. Black’s journal was submitted
to Mr. Brady, of the Irish Salmon Commis-
sion, and Mr. R. Ramsbottom, who came
to the conclusion that the disturbance of
the ova for removal of those which were
dead—a perhaps necessary operation in the
circumstances—and the violence they must
have encountered, were the chief causes of
failure.

It is easy enough now to point out
defects in this experiment. All it taught
then was that a larger supply of ice and
more effectual protection against motion
among the ova must be provided. Private
enterprise had furnished both the funds
and the work, but now the governments of
Tasmania, Victoria, and Southland (N.Z.),
convinced of the practicability of the under-
taking, voted £3000, £500, and £200
respectively, and delegated the conduct
of the work to Mr. Youl. This was, in its
way, a handsome acknowledgment of the
efforts of those who had gone so far, and
an expression of confidence in their ability
to land living ova in Australia; for no one
14 THE ACCLIMATISATION

had yet succeeded in carrying them alive
thirty degrees south of the equator; and
there could be no doubt of the possibility
of guarding against the causes of their
destruction at that point. An active body
of acclimatisers in Tasmania undertook to
construct hatching boxes and _ breeding
ponds on the banks of the river Plenty,
an affluent of the Derwent, and the govern-
ment liberally provided the funds. The
physical conditions were more favourable
perhaps than in any other of the colonies,
and this was to be the centre of distribution
for all, as it has actually proved. A sketch
of this establishment may not be unwel-
come to those who have begun to appreciate
the difficulties connected with this endea-
vour to acclimatise the salmon family.

The estuary of the Derwent is indented
with innumerable bays swarming with the
small fry of native fish, crustacea, and other
suitable food. At the head of the tributaries
of the Derwent are lakes 3000 feet above
the sea level, affording a constant supply
of cool water. In the month of July, the
OF THE SALMONIDA. 15

spawning time of the naturalised fish, the
temperature of the water is about 44° Fahr.
at a point far below the probable spawning
grounds, while some miles higher up this
temperature will be maintained for a long
time. The fish thus have a range of many
miles of ground favourable in every respect
-for the deposition of their ova. The river
was, of course, selected on account, among
other reasons, of its inaccessibility to the
net of the poacher, its snags and rocks being
its best keepers, and its deepest pools having
perpendicular banks. No net would have a
chance, and the most skilful angler a very
poor one, in this secure nursery for colonial
salmon. For many miles a swift, clear, and
deep stream runs through primary rocks,
and there are in the upper waters broad
stretches of coarse sand for nesting. There
are neither locks, weirs, nor other obstruc-
tions, and pollution cannot become a
question for centuries. Amid the grand
scenery of the head waters of the river it
is easier to imagine one’s self in Scotland
or Norway than at the Antipodes.
16 THE ACCLIMATISATION

No native predatory fish exist above the
influence of the tide. In the estuary the
shark is abundant enough, but he is not
likely to be able to capture so powerful and
active a fish as Salmo, and the cormorant
and darter are being exterminated—albeit
more than once promising young salmonids
have been taken from the maws of these
birds.

Beside the foresight shown in selecting
this river, the Salmon Commissioners ac-
quired ample powers for protecting the new-
comers, and nothing has been omitted from
the Salmon Act of 1865 which could secure
the safety of the valuable importation.

Before committing himself to the large
expenditure of public fands which would be
involved in the next venture, and feeling
his responsibility as its director, Mr. Youl
visited breeding establishments in Scotland
and Ireland, to make himself familiar with
the best methods of treating the ova and
rearing the young fish, and, armed with
introductions to Mr. Geoffry St. Hilaire
and M. Coste, examined the plans adopted
OF THE SALMONID. 17

‘in France. M. Girley showed him how the
ova of various species of fish were sent long
journeys, packed in wet moss in earthen-
ware jars covered with perforated parch-
ment; but he was told on all hands that
they would not travel unless so far advanced
towards hatching as to exhibit the eye, and
could in no case be sent to Australia. It
will be seen subsequently that Mr. Youl’s
experience was diametrically opposed to
this, and that the sooner the ova were
packed and started on their journey after
fecundation the better were the results.
But he could not adopt the French plan,
for the obvious reason that ova so far ad-
vanced would be hatched in three weeks,
and what was to be done with them as young
fry at sea? There was nothing for it but
to again try the effect of placing them on
gravel beneath a stream of pure water,
cooled by passing through the ice-house.
Shipowners appear to have contracted an
absurd fear of a cargo of several tons of ice ;
and, after great trouble, a small steamer,
the Beautiful Star, was chartered, and in
3
18 THE ACCLIMATISATION

five weeks the apparatus was fitted up. It
was a distinct improvement on the former,
‘but as it was discarded in the finally suc-
cessful case, its principal features need only
be noticed. One set of trays, containing
ova laid on gravel, was hung on gimbals,
and another large swing tray contained the
remainder. A constant supply of water
was made to flow over these at the rate of
500 gallons a day, with power to increase
the quantity to 2000 gallons by means of a
force-pump, and the whole body of water
could be changed every fourth day. The
ova were expected to hatch on board ship,
and it was at least hoped that the supply of
water would last long enough. Cumbersome
as the apparatus was, it was the best that
could be devised at the time ; but Mr. Youl
determined to make an experiment which,
since it practically solved the problem of
exporting the ova safely, is of the highest
importance. A pinewood box, an inch
thick and about 11 in. by 8 in. by 6 in., per-
forated at top, bottom, and sides, to allow
the free passage of water, was imbedded in
OF THE SALMONIDA. 19

the mass of the ice, and three hundred ova
were packed in living moss in it. The
principle of this was to retard development
by means of the passage of ice-water through
the box, and it would not be touched until
the end of tne voyage. The ship was started
on March 4, 1862, with 80,000 ‘salmon ova,
taken chiefly from the Dovey by Mr. R.
Ramsbottom, whose son was sent in charge ;
but the heat of the tropics was so great
that, in spite of his unremitting attention,
the ice melted rapidly and was all gone by
May 17, in lat. 8. 22° 19’, long. W. 25° 55’,
when the temperature of the water was 59°.
The ova in the box survived eight hours
after the death of all the others in a tem-
perature of 65°; and, had the ice lasted,
there can be little doubt that these ova
would have lived to the end of the voyage,
and might have been successfully hatched
in Tasmania.

Much disappointment was, of course, felt
by those who had watched the result of this
shipment with anxious and perhaps too
sanguine expectation. The preparation of
20 THE ACCLIMATISATION

the ponds in Tasmania for the expected
salmon and this experiment together had
cost £1410, and though Mr. Youl had given
his time and had besides contributed £200
in perfecting details of which the commis-
sioners perhaps would not have seen the
necessity, he was abused by the majority of
the colonists and the colonial press, and
accused of having wasted the public funds
on acrochet. It is almost incredible that
a press with the smallest claim to intelli-
gence could have talked the rubbish to be
found in its columns at that time, with one
or two exceptions. It is evident from the
report of the commissioners that some dis-
satisfaction was felt even among them, but
they did not point out what more might
have been done, or what error had been
made, and they failed signally to remark the
significance of the box of ova which had
outlasted the others. But here was the
germ of the principle of treatment which
ultimately led to success, and it made an
impression on its author, Mr. Youl, which
he was not likely to disregard; but he had
OF THE SALMONIDAE. 21

decided to work in future with private
means rather than incur further obloquy.

The colonists did not reflect that, having
placed their funds in the hands of a par-
ticular person, and having besides given
him their entire confidence, they were not
entitled to complain of failure; but they
stultified themselves completely by their
censure, as unjust as it was ungenerous and
illogical. Mr. Youl had held out no extra-
vagant promises, nor professed overween-
ing reliance on himself; he undertook to do
his best towards the solution of a problem
of which no man then held the key, and an
examination of the account shows that every
item of expenditure was carefully considered
and well warranted.

In consequence probably, however, of the
energetic advocacy of the chairman of the
commissioners, Sir Robert Officer, and a few
others who appreciated the difficulties of
the task and saw how nearly they had been
mastered, the Tasmanian government gave
the conduct of another trial to the Austra-
lian associations, who in turn handed over
22 THE ACCLIMATISATION

the responsibility to Mr. Youl, which he
accepted on condition that he should have
supreme authority.

Convinced that there was yet much to
learn, Mr. Youl set about a series of experi-
ments designed to test the vitality of salmon
ova at a low temperature, and for this
purpose the Wenham Lake Ice Company
allowed space in one of their vaults. It is
important to give the details of this, because
it elicited three heretofore unknown facts—
first, that a continuous and full stream of
water is not essential to the preservation of
vitality ; second, that partial deprivation
of air is not fatal; third, that light is not
necessary. On the 17th of January, 1863,
5000 salmon ova were obtained from a female
and fertilised by the milt of one male. From
200 to 600 ova were placed in each of eleven
wooden boxes, filled with moss taken from
one locality and distributed carefully among
it. Seven of these were covered with blocks
of ice some 2 ft. thick, and the whole buried
under 2 ft. of sawdust. Few believed that
a single ovam would be found alive at
OF THE SALMONID. 23

the end of sixty-seven days, but when some
of the boxes were opened in the presence of
a number of practical and scientific men,
the microscope showed the great majority
of the ova to be alive and healthy, though
there was neither air, light, nor a continuous
supply of water. Some boxes were allowed
to remain for one hundred and twenty days,
and still the ova were healthy and the moss
growing. The temperature had been about
32° the whole time. From both sets of
boxes a fair proportion were . afterwards
hatched out. Still more remarkable than
this was the case of one box placed in the
dry compartment of a patent refrigerator
surrounded by icé and proved to be air-tight
by inclosing in it a lighted candle, which
went out soon after the lid was shut. On
the ninetieth day this box was opened, the
moss was damp though the outside was dry,
and no less than seventy per cent. of these
ova were hatched. But by far the best
results were obtained from a box in the ice
compartment of the refrigerator, with blocks
of ice (renewed -as they melted) piled upon
24 THE ACCLIMATISATION

it, the water being allowed to percolate
through it. Of these ova the extraordinary
number of ninety-nine per cent. produced
healthy fish after they had been under this
treatment ninety days! Two more boxes
were somewhat differently treated, and this
was essentially the method adopted in all
future shipments. They were covered and
surrounded by blocks of ice, and consequently
were not entirely deprived of air, and, of
course, received the cooled water from the
melting ice. In one of these boxes the moss
was still green and living, and the ova were
healthy; but in the other the moss had
been attacked by a fungus, which had ex-
tended to the ova and destroyed many of
them. The conclusion arrived at was that
neither light nor a large supply of water
was necessary to the vitality of salmon ova,
that retardation could be safely carried to
a hundred days, and that moss, with the
roots attached, would continue to grow
under these singular conditions, and assist,
both directly and indirectly, in maintaining
the health of the ova.
OF THE SALMONIDZ. 25

The reader will have no difficulty in esti-
mating how far these experiments, devised
solely and carried out by Mr. Youl, advanced
existing knowledge. Commenting, in their
report for the year 1864, on the success of
the method which had then been proved,
the Tasmanian Commissioners say: ‘The
result of these experiments constitutes one
of the most valuable discoveries yet made
in the art of pisciculture, and must ever
indicate an important era in its history.”

THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL SHIPMENT
IN 1864.

Mr. Youl had persistently asked questions
of nature by direct experiment, and had
received trustworthy answers, on which he
fully relied for the conduct of the next trial,
and now for the first time he felt assured of
success, and it must be admitted that he
deserved it. Hesaw that there was nothing
to prevent the arrival of living ova in Tas-
mania if a sufficient stock of ice could be
preserved throughout the voyage, and to
26 THE ACCLIMATISATION

this point his attention was particularly
directed. In January, 1864, just at the
most suitable time, Messrs. Money Wigram
and Sons offered a space of fifty tons by
measurement in their fine ship the Norfolk,
declining the hundred guineas which Mr.
Youl had offered them on his own account
in discharge of the freight, and wishing this
to be their contribution to an undertaking
of so much scientific interest and commercial
value. The ice-house was built upon much
the same plan as in former shipments, but.
the swing trays and supply pipes were
abolished. The ova were to receive no
other supply but that from the melting ice,
and provision was made for thorough drain-
age. It was not to be opened until their
arrival, and they were enclosed and sealed
up in it, so that whatever the fate of the
plan of non-intervention might be, it would
be rigidly carried out. External air of a high
temperature would be excluded, and some
parts, at least, of this twenty-five tons of
Wenham Lake ice might arrive unmelted.

’ The packing of the ova was done in
OF THE SALMONID. 27

the following manner. I describe it from
personal observation, having assisted in
packing a subsequent consignment with Mr.
Youl by the Oberon, in January, 1873, in
which the method was the same as that
employed in 1864. The box to contain the
ova was of inch pine, measuring about 12 in.
by 8 in. by 5 in., perforated on top, bottom,
and sides. At the bottom was first spread
a layer of charcoal, in small lumps; next a
layer of broken ice; then a nest of fresh,
carefully washed, living moss, with the roots
attached, and on this springy cushion were
distributed the ova from a wide-mouthed
bottle half full of water, and in such a
manner as to obviate contact with one
another as far as possible. Over them was
lightly laid a covering of moss, then a
double handful of broken ice, and the whole
was saturated with ice water, and screwed
down. One hundred and eighty-one of these
boxes, containing 100,000 salmon and 3000
trout ova (S. fario) were packed closely on
the floor of the ice-house, and upon them
were piled cubical blocks of ice to the height
28 THE ACCLIMATISATION

of 9 ft. Nothing could prevent the wasting
of the ice, but the ova would get the benefit
of it as long as it lasted. They would rest
as securely as might be on their mossy bed,
the charcoal would absorb the gases of de-
composition, and the living moss would
probably give out some little oxygen for
their benefit. Mr. W. Ramsbottom took
charge of the consignment; the vessel
sailed on the 21st of January, 1864, and
arrived at Melbourne on the 15th of April,
where the ice-house was first opened, and,
to the intense satisfaction of all concerned,
three-fourths of the ice was intact, and a
very large proportion of the ova in a box
tested found to be in splendid condition.
The problem was then solved. After
years of trial and failure and patient experi-
ment, living salmon ova had been landed
in Australia. The colony of Melbourne re-
tained about 4000 salmon ova (of which 400
were afterwards hatched), and the rest, with
the trout intended by Mr. Youl to be left at
Melbourne, were sent on to Hobart Town
by a government steamer secured for the
OF THE SALMONIDZ. 29

purpose by the late Mr. Edward Wilson,
then president of the Acclimatisation Society
of Victoria, who had from the first evinced
the utmost interest and activity in every-
thing connected with the subject, and had
expressed his confidence in Mr. Youl’s
ultimate success.

The first act in the drama, then, had been
brought to a successful conclusion, and in
April, 1864, living salmon and trout ova
were on their way to the breeding ponds on
the Plenty river in Tasmania. They were
taken as fast as steam could bear them to
the head waters of the Derwent, and the
boxes were there packed in cases wrapped
in blankets with part of the remaining ice,
slung on bamboo poles, and carried by a
force of forty bearers over four miles of
rough country to the nursery provided for
these interesting colonists. The Salmon
Commissioners had prepared troughs with
gravel at the bottom, and the layers of moss
being gently taken from the boxes and laid
in the troughs, the flowing water soon lifted
the ova, and deposited them on the gravel,
30 THE ACCLIMATISATION

when the dead were picked out. The
utmost care was exercised in these delicate
operations by Messrs. W. Ramsbottom and
Allport, and they estimated that 30,000 ova,
of which 300 were trout, were living, but of
these perhaps 16,000 were unfertilised ; and,
though they had maintained their brilliancy
for so long a time, and were even then pro-
bably capable of fertilisation had any milt
been at hand, the embryonic spot never
appeared in them. It is worth while to
remark that in proportion as the moss was
green and fresh the ova were in good con-
dition, and wherever it was dead the mor-
tality was greatest. The remaining ice
was made the most of by placing it in tubs
and allowing the stream to flow through it,
and then into the troughs. Ninety-one
days from their embarkation the bulk of the
ova were laid in the waters of the Plenty,
but some were set apart as a test for the
extreme limit of possible retardation, and
these were a hundred and thirty-six days
old when immersed. Only two or three. fry
were hatched from this lot, although the
OF THE SALMONIDAL. 31

form of the young fish could be traced in
almost all of them. We may, then, safely
assume the correctness of Mr. Youl’s
opinion, deduced from the trials in the ice
vaults, that the nearer the fish is to ex-
trusion from the egg, the more critical is its
state, and that a hundred days before im-
mersion in running water cannot be safely
exceeded.

THE FIRST SALMON IN TASMANT4.

Act the second was completed on the 4th
of May, 1864, when the first trout emerged
from the egg, and on the following day the
first salmon, which had ever yet swum in
the southern hemisphere, and by May 25th
‘there were two hundred healthy young
trout, and by June 8th ‘‘several thou-
sands,’’ as the commissioners’ report says,
of salmon sporting in their new home, en-
joying their rations of boiled liver morning
and evening, and affording a living testi-
mony to the perseverance and scientific
foresight of one who had laboured for
32 THE ACCLIMATISATION

ten years single-handed at a problem in
acclimatisation which both scientific and
practical men had often declared to be
insoluble.

The treatment of the young fish was
essentially the same as that adopted in the
establishments in Scotland, and all local
enemies were watched for and destroyed.
Knowing the rapacity of trout, Mr. Youl
had advised that they should not be placed
in the same river as the salmon, because,
assuming that the latter went away to the
sea and returned to breed, there would be
numbers of well-grown trout in the fresh
waters ready to attack the young salmon
fry. By some neglect, however, the trout
did escape into the Derwent, and they have
probably done much damage, for many of
them had grown into large fish in a couple
of years, and one which was taken four
years only after importation scaled 91 lbs. !
and the river now contains thousands of
heavy trout, much to the delight of the
Tasmanian fly fisher. The health of the
growing parr was excellent, and they were
OF THE SALMONIDA:. 33

watched with pride by visitors to the ponds,
and talked about in society as the lions of
the season. Individually they exhibited
considerable difference in size and develop-
ment, but in October, 1865, they had nearly
all put on their smolt dress, and showed
much uneasiness in their fresh-water prison.
Accordingly, the grating was raised, the
last act in the drama played, and two thou-
sand splendid young salmon were despatched
on their perilous journey to the sea.

It would be unjust to omit mention of
the contributors to the precious cargo of
the Norfolk. Myr. Youl had asked for the
co-operation of owners of salmon rivers in
supplying .ova, and the proprietors of
fisheries on the Tyne, Tweed, Severn,
Ribble, Ettrick, &c., responded heartily.
In the early part of the year a strong frost
had prevented the salmon from gaining their
spawning grounds, so that up to January
18th no ova had been sent to London; but
on that day a sufficient supply arrived from
different parts of the country, and in three
days the packing was done and the ship

4
34 THE ACCLIMATISATION

sailed. Almost at the last moment Messrs.
Francis Francis and Frank Buckland sent
the three thousand trout ova to the docks.
Admiral Keppel requested Mr. Buckland to
collect some ova from the preserves of the
former on the Itchin, and forward them
as a present from him to Mr. Youl. Mr.
Francis Francis also sent two lots, one from
Mr. Spicer’s mill at Alton, on the Wey,
and another from Mr. Thurlow’s mill at
High Wycombe, Bucks, which were all
packed by Mr. Youl in the same way as the
salmon ova. But though this valuable
present has stocked the Tasmanian and
New Zealand streams, the official reports
make no recognition of it, while praise and
thanks were bestowed upon some who,
however well they did their duty, were paid
for their services. But for the energy of
these gentlemen in collecting the trout ova
at atime when it must have been no easy
task, there would have been no trout at
this moment at the Antipodes; for no sub-
sequent shipment of trout ova has been -
successful. Although a parcel of about
OF THE SALMONID.LE. 35

1500, sent by Mr. Charles C. Capel in
1878, were reported to have arrived at
Wallace Town, New Zealand, in excellent
condition, their ultimate fate is unknown,
even to Mr. Capel himself. The whole cost
of the Norfolk shipment was about £700,
and the colonists cannot consider that a
high price for the result—two thousand
salmon and an unlimited stock of trout, to
which must be added the breeding ponds in
Tasmania. Hach of the colonial legisla-
tures has done Mr. Youl the justice at least
to record its sense of the value of his
services, and confidence being now estab-
lished in his method, he was naturally
looked to as the only man competent to
undertake any future shipments that might
be thought necessary.

It would have been unwise to trust en-
tirely to the two thousand salmon smolts
already spread over the wide estuary and
bays of the Derwent for stocking that or
other rivers of the island. So small a
number might be fatally reduced by enemies
at sea, and possibly not a single pair might
36 THE ACCLIMATISATION

return to the river. So little is known of
the habits and food of the salmon in salt
water, that nothing could be said of the
probability that any of these young fish
would find their way to Australia or New
Zealand. To reach any stream in Australia
they must travel some three hundred miles,
and the nearest in New Zealand would
be about one thousand miles distant. They
might be tempted to wander towards the
cooler waters of the south, and take up their
abode in a climate whose mean annual
temperature is 10° Fahr. lower than that
of Victoria; but it would be necessary for
them to cross a sea of great depth swarming
with predatory fish. The Tamar and Esk,
in Tasmania, might be discovered by some
of them coasting the island in search of food,
though the estuary of their own river, the
Derwent, would presumably afford them an
unbounded supply. In any case, however,
this small body of fish had gone no one
could tell whither; and it would have been
supreme folly to trust to the chapter of
accidents, or assume that in a few years
OF THE SALMONID.E. 37

their progeny would be numerous enough
to stock even a single river in Tasmania,
while Australia and New Zealand had still
less prospect of seeing any immediate
return for their contribution to the accli-
matisation fund.

The colonists had now two thousand
young salmon somewhere in the vast ex-
panse of Tasmanian waters; and if they
might reasonably hope that some of these,
even a single pair, would survive to re-enter
one of their rivers as grilse, there could be
no certainty of this. We know that every
year young salmon and salmon-trout stray
from streams far away to the mouth of the
Thames, and vainly seek to enter its pol-
luted waters, in order to stock its long since
untenanted and no longer “ silver ” streams
with their beautiful progeny; but we also
know that they find all round our coasts
the crustacea, sand eels, and small fry in
which they delight; for they have been
with us ever since the prehistoric cave
dwellers speared them in the river Vézére,
and left them among the débris of their
38 THE ACCLIMATISATION

cookery to testify that that river, which
now holds no salmon, then abounded with
them. Indeed, these French troglodytes
were judges of good fare, for they ate no
other fish but salmon. Thus the northern
hemisphere has been the habitat of the
family throughout the many alterations of
level and changes of watershed which have
taken place in tertiary times; but the de-
posits of the southern knew not their bones
nor the rivers their living presence until
now, and it was altogether a subject for
speculation whether they would find there
suitable conditions of life.

SALMON-TROUT BREEDING IN CAPTIVITY.

Mr. Youl did not lose much time, and by
the 20th January, 1866, the Lincolnshire
sailed from London with a consignment of
87,000 salmon, 15,000 salmon-trout, and
500 brown trout ova, arriving in. Melbourne
on the 30th April, whence they were at
once sent on to Tasmania, and placed in
the breeding ponds on the 5th May. The
OF THE SALMONIDE. 39

packing of the ova, the form of the ice-
house, and all details of treatment were
similar to those which had proved so suc-
cessful in the Norfolk, but some of the cir-
cumstances were more favourable. Nearly
two-thirds of the thirty tons of ice re-
mained, the temperature of the ponds was
lower, and experience had suggested many
little improvements during the hatching ;
and though these eggs had been a hundred
and four days in the ice, 6000 young
salmon and 900 salmon-trout were raised
from the 30,000 living ova transferred to
the ponds—a percentage which must be
regarded as very satisfactory.

With the object of testing the question
whether any migratory species of Salmo
will breed in confinement, a number of
these salmon-trout fry were put into a
specially constructed pond, fed by a small
rill of bright cool water, where they were
disturbed as little as possible. By the
middle of October, 1867, many of these
prisoners had put on the smolt dress, and,
no doubt feeling the migratory impulse,
40 THE ACCLIMATISATION

leaped upon the bank in some numbers and
perished. In May, 1869, the water in their
inclosure was lowered, and twelve fish,
weighing from half a pound to considerably
more than a pound each, and of fine silvery
hue, were seen—all of them having lost the
juvenile markings. These, in fact, were ma-
ture fish, for in July of the same year they
spawned in the ponds, and in the following
December five hundred fry hatched from
their own ova were turned into the river
Huon. This statement was received at the
time in Europe with incredulity, and even
ridicule. A migratory salmonid remaining
and perfecting its ova and milt in fresh
water, and proving abundantly fertile, too ?
Nonsense; the thing could not be: it was a
hoax or a blunder! That it was no blunder
should be evident when it is said that the
parents of the original ova sent from Eng-
land were procured, and the fertilisation
effected, by the experienced hands of Mr. R.
Ramsbottom, and if he did not know the
migratory from the non-migratory species,
no one in England could lay claim to such
OF THE SALMONID.E. 41

knowledge. The subject was discussed by
portions of the press and private persons
with amusing self-confidence and presump-
tion, and a great deal of ink was spent
in discussions chiefly remarkable for bad
natural history. Sir Robert Officer, chairman
of the Salmon Fisheries Commission, and
Mr. Morton Allport, both familiar with the
characters and habits of the salmon family,
paid great attention to the behaviour of the
imprisoned salmon-trout, and here are their
upsissima verba, from the official report,
dated September 2, 1869: ‘“‘In April last it
was discovered that some of the fish were
gravid with spawn, and on the 25th of June
the first pair began to form nests and de-
posit and fructify their ova in the small rill
attached to their pond. Other pairs soon
began the same operation, and the pro-
cess was complete about the end of July
—the Tasmanian mid-winter, it must be
recollected—resulting in the production of
several thousand healthy ova.’’ This is in-
controvertible, and it may be added that it
has taken place each successive year since,
42 THE ACCLIMATISATION

and thousands of young fry have been dis-
tributed to other rivers. This is probably
the first and only instance in which a mi-
gratory salmonid has proved fertile with-
out having been to the sea. There is some,
though perhaps not conclusive, evidence
that Salmo salar have also bred in these
ponds, and it amounts to this: two young
specimens bred there were sent to England
for Dr. Giinther’s opinion, and he was fully
informed of their origin, and, while reluc-
tant to express a decided opinion that they
were true salmon, he said that they pre-
sented all the anatomical characteristics of
that species. It is quite likely that some
of the salmon fry found their way into the.
salmon-trout pond unobserved, for the in-
closures appear to have been separated only
by a grating with a common supply of
water from the river.

Dr. Giinther refers in the “‘ Catalogue of
British Fishes” to the experiments made
in Wales, and says that the evidence that
the young fish made use of were of a migra-
tory species, or that the full-grown fish
OF THE SALMONIDZ. 43

were the same as those originally confined,
was’ most unsatisfactory; and we know
what contemptible tricks have been played ;
and that in two cases he examined, the
salmon and pure sewin died when not al-
lowed to go to sea, though the hybrids
between the sewin and trout survived, but
were all barren. The Tasmanian case, on
the other hand, was perfectly clear. There
could be no mistake about the species and
none that the fish which spawned were the
same as those secluded in May, 1866; and
those who have practical experience of the
delicate character of all operations in pisci-
culture will appreciate the care and atten-
tion which must have been bestowed on
these prisoners, rendering their lot so happy
that as soon as they became sexually mature
they set about the most critical and impor-
tant business of their lives, that of con-
tinuing their species. The commissioners
were right in regarding this as a hopeful
sign for the free fish in the river. If the
captives found their new home so comfort-
able, the others, as far as food, temperature,
44 THE ACCLIMATISATION

and the quality of the water were con-
cerned, could not fail to be equally well
satisfied, and ascending fish began to be
eagerly looked for. Some of the descending
smolts, it is known, were captured in the
brackish water, and probably many others
besides were quietly ‘burked’’ by the
fishermen, who all along have endeavoured
to destroy evidence of the success of the
attempt to acclimatise the salmon, because
they were put under some restrictions
against scraping the river at all times and
seasons with their nets. They could not
apparently give up for a few days in the
year their systematic efforts to exterminate
the native fish, in order that they might
one day have a far greater source of profit
in the salmon; and a little judicious bribery
revealed an organised system of murder of
all strangers found in the river.

The fertility of the imprisoned’ salmon-
trout seems to have been exceptional, for
every one of the 142 ova sent to the Otago
Acclimatisation Society produced a fish. In
July, 1870, they were again busy spawning,
OF THE SALMONID&. 45

and in November they had attained a weight
of from 2 Ibs. to 3 Ibs., and were bright,
handsome fish of perfect symmetry. In an
adjoining pond were 350 of their smolt
progeny ready to be released, and in a
small rill thousands of young fry of that
season. These fish were not’ so large as
they probably would have been had they
spent some months in the sea, but they
were thoroughly healthy, and confinement
had not diminished their fecundity.

It was observed that some of the salmon
from the Lincolnshire put on their smolt
dress in October, 1868, or when they were
about seventeen months old, and others not
till the same month in the following year,
which is the case, too, at the Stormontfield
establishment ; so that the period of infantile
development is much the same at opposite
sides of the globe.

SALMON FOR NEW ZEALAND,

We may now pass rapidly over subsequent
shipments. The Celestial Queen sailed for
416 THE ACCLIMATISATION

Otago, New Zealand, in January, 1868, with
a total of 150,000 salmon and brown trout
ova under the charge of Mr. Dawbin; but
the passage was long, ice formed in the
hatching - troughs on the Molyneux and
nipped the young fry to death at the mo-
ment of its extrusion, consequently, not
one trout was produced, and only five hun-
dred salmon, which were turned into the
river in November, 1869. The Mindora
shipment at the end of the year fared no
better, for the 110,000 salmon and 500
salmon-trout eggs sent out had been about
135 days from the parent fish before they
were placed in the water, so long had the
ship been at sea, and all perished. There
are one or two features of interest in con-
nection with this. A living snail, a worm,
and a wasp were found among the moss, and
‘“‘acclimatised;’”’ two of a number of oysters
sent lived, and were placed on a bank in
Portobello Harbour; some gudgeon and carp
for the colony died before they reached the
tropics, and a few tench, which were healthy
and likely to live, were thrown overboard by
OF THE SALMONID.E. 47

a careless sailor. The shipments to New
Zealand had been discouraging, no doubt,
but the inferiority of accommodation for
the ova and young fish, in comparison with
that in Tasmania, must be taken into con-
sideration.

However, in January, 1873, another con-
signment was made to Otago, New Zea-
land, in the Oberon, of about 150,000 ova
collected from England, Scotland, and Ire-
land, and fertilised by those who carried out
this part of the operation on former occasions,
and among these many presented the yellow
colour of death, but the lot was of average
quality. J was present during the greater
part of the time the packing was done by
Mr. Youl, and had an opportunity of seeing
the extreme care and attention bestowed
upon every detail. The weather was excep-
tionally warm, and it is probable that the
organic changes in the ovum towards
development, which take place about three
days after fertilisation, had already begun,
and the sudden change from the temperature
of the air at 50° Fahr. to that of the ice-
48 THE ACCLIMATISATION

house at about 35°, would at least be a severe
trial, if not absolutely fatal. One lot of
these ova contained a much larger propor-
tion of dead than the remainder, owing,
Mr. Ramsbottom informed me, to the fish
from which they were taken making a severe
struggle while being stripped of its burden.
About six hundred fish were hatched from
this large consignment. The funds for all
the shipments to New Zealand were con-
tributed by its various provincial govern-
ments and acclimatisation societies ; and,
as in all other cases, Mr. Youl’s time and
experience were freely given, and many
minor expenses besides defrayed by himself.
The ice-houses were constructed under
his supervision, and all the ova packed by
his own hands, with the exception of a few
boxes manipulated by visitors and his sub-
ordinates when the bulk of the work was
finished. He never shrank from the
drudgery of detail, but astonished onlookers
by undertaking much fatiguing, manual
labour in order to insure that it should be
thoroughly well done.
OF THE SALMONID. 49

The following article from the Field of
January 26, 1878, goes far to explain how
matters were managed—

‘‘ The efforts made within the last fifteen
years to acclimatise salmon in the Austra-
lasian colonies have now become of world-
wide interest ; and, while the colonists have
set before themselves a very tangible
material object, naturalists have been
anxious. for its realization on scientific
grounds. The colonial officials charged
with the direction of affairs after the ova
have been delivered to them have not
always justified the public confidence re-
posed in them by the colonists, who have a
right to know whether or not the large sums
voted for the acclimatisation of salmon in
their rivers have been expended with the
best judgment and with a single eye to
the interest of the colony. Great credit
is due, no doubt, to the Tasmanian com-
missioners for the ability and assiduity
they have displayed in rearing the young
fish, and in distributing both ova and fry
to the neighbouring colonies, as may be

5
50 THE ACCLIMATISATION

gathered from the reports signed by Sur R.
Officer and Mr. Morton Allport, on whom
the burden of this work has fallen. Had
the like knowledge of the subject and
interest in the success of the experiment
prevailed with the New Zealand officials,
the latter colony would probably now have
been the head-quarters of the salmon at the
Antipodes; but the grand opportunity was
allowed to pass, under circumstances with
which the colonists should be made ac-
‘quainted, since they will not obtaim the
information from the official reports.

“In January, 1869, the Celestial Queen
salled for Otago, New Zealand, with 150,000
salmon and brown trout ova, packed by Mr.
James A. Youl, C.M.G., on his now well-
known plan, and were placed under the care
of Mr. R. Dawbin, who was to superintend
the rearing of the fry at the newly con-
structed ponds on the river Wiwera, a
suitable tributary of the Molyneux. The
construction of these ponds, of which we
have seen a plan, was excellent, and,
together with the manager’s house, cost
OF THE SALMONID.E£. 51

about £2000. There was, however, one
defect. The hatching boxes were not
water-tight; consequently, when it was
necessary to shut off the turbid water
coming down in a fresh, the reservoirs
containing bright water were unable to
supply the loss in the boxes, and the ova
would soon be left dry. To remedy this
when the ova arrived would have involved
great loss of time, and would have en-
dangered the whole consignment. Mr.
Dawbin was therefore obliged to use the
imperfect: boxes, and make the best of them.
From twenty thousand to thirty thousand
healthy ova had been deposited on the
gravel, in the boxes, and all promised well.
When about five hundred fine young fry had
come out, a fresh set in, and lasted so long
that the reservoirs could not maintain the
waste through the leaky boxes, and Mr.
Dawbin was compelled to let in the flood
water, in order to keep life in the ova and
fry. The filter became choked with the
river sediments, and a layer of fine mud
settled down on the ova in the boxes. In
52 THE ACCLIMATISATION

spite of every attention, thenceforth not a
single ovum hatched, though the fry sur-
vived, and the colony thus lost probably
twenty thousand salmon. When about
thirteen months old the young fish began
to exhibit great restlessness, and three of
them leaped ashore and perished ; these,
now in the Otago Museum, measured re-
spectively 103 in., 113 in., and 12 in., and
were all finely grown, bright, handsome fish,
ready to go to sea. Mr. Dawbin at once
wrote to the officials to come and see the
liberation of these fish, but advising that
some should be retained to breed in cap-
tivity, as had been done in the case of
the migratory salmonids introduced into
Tasmania. A day was appointed, but
they did not come, and they subsequently
authorised him to let the fish go, retaining,
however, some of them. The ponds were
carefully examined, the water lowered, and
a splendid shoal of about five hundred
observed, with not a dead one anywhere.
Of these eighty were retained, the rest
being sent to find their way to the sea
OF THE SALMONID.ZA. 53

through the waters of the Molyneux.
Numbers of visitors had been from time
to time to see the fish, which fed freely
in their presence. In anticipation of the
breeding time, the rill leading from the
river was laid down with water-worn gravel,
previously boiled, and the fish placed in
possession. Not one of those could have
been more than fifteen months old, and
they ranged from twelve inches to fifteen
inches—a fact which pisciculturists will
appreciate—and were fully satisfied with
their new quarters.

‘‘At this point the commissioners in-
formed Mr. Dawbin that his services would
be no longer needed, they having appointed
a gentleman who seems to have had some
influence with the Government, and on
whose lands the ponds were situated, but
was totally ignorant of the treatment the
fish would need. Mr. Dawbin’s offer to
‘continue his services gratuitously for a
term of six months was refused, and he was
instructed to hand over his charge to the
new-comer. This was too much for one
54 THE ACCLIMATISATION

who had devoted his time day and night for
fifteen months to the care of the fish! The
new-comer’s incapacity would almost inevit-
ably have resulted in their destruction ; or,
if this had not happened, he would have
claimed whatever success might accrue.
Impressed with the conviction that he
was doing the best thing possible in the
circumstances for the colony, Mr. Dawbin
chose a night when a slight fresh was
coming down, opened the gratings, and
allowed the prisoners to escape into the
river. It is not our province to defend
Mr. Dawbin, but we would ask the com-
missioners why the circumstances which
led up to this are suppressed in their reports,
and the colonists whether they approve of
the arbitrary substitution of an inexperienced
manager for one who had abundantly proved
his ability and deserved public confidence ?
Since the above events the magnificent
breeding ponds on the Wiwera have gone
to ruin, as we are informed! ”’

The facts in the above article have never
been challenged.
OF THE SALMONIDA. 55

The following description of the shipment
by the Oberon is taken from an article in
the Field of January 18, 1873—

“We had an opportunity, through the
kindness of Mr. J. A. Youl, of being present,
on the 14th inst., at the East India Docks,
together with several gentlemen interested
in the subject, to witness the packing of a
large consignment of salmon ova for Otago,
New Zealand. There is no necessity to in-
form those among our readers who have any
experience in pisciculture that the utmost
care and delicacy are needed to protect
these sensitive embryos from all kinds of
violence on a journey to New Zealand; but
the method by which this is effected may
not be familiar even to persons very well
informed on the treatment of salmon ova at
home. It must be recollected that in the
case of a voyage to New Zealand the ova
have to pass some weeks in a place where
the temperature would, unless provided
against, be seldom below 90° Fahr.; and
ten seconds of such a temperature would be
fatal to every chance of landing ova alive at
56 THE ACCLIMATISATION

the other side of the globe. The principle
involved in carrying ova such a distance is
that of retarding the natural process of
hatching. Ice, then, is the agent employed.
But howis ice to be preserved on a journey,
the greater part of which is performed in a
temperature very much above, and not
often much below, our summer heat? A
description of the ice-house on board the
Oberon, which will take out the present
consignment of ova to Otago, will best
answer that question. A space, whose
internal dimensions are rather more than
13 ft. by 9 ft. by 8 ft., is enclosed by bulk-
heads a little abaft the foremast, and situated
upon the hold of the vessel below the water
line. This forms the ice-house, which is
surrounded by a “‘ skin’’ of powdered char-
coal about one foot thick, as a non-con-
ductor, and lined throughout with sheet
lead. On the floor of the ice-house is a
wooden grating to carry off all water from
the melting ice, which, after passing through
the grating, finds its way to the bilge of
the vessel through small scuppers at each
OF THE SALMONID:. 57

corner, the object being to exclude external
and, therefore, hot air as much as possible.
The boxes containing the ova cover the
floor of the ice-house, fitting closely to one
another. Upon these are piled cubic blocks
of Wenham Lake ice, measuring about two
feet, right up to the roof of the ice-house,
leaving just space for another tier of boxes
upon the top of the ice. The entrance to
the ice chamber is closed by a very heavy
lid with bevelled edges, covered with sheet
lead, and made to jam tightly into the
opening, and, when all is complete, covered
with thick felt. What goes on in the ice-
house during the voyage may be told in a
few words. Nothing, of course, will prevent
the ice from wasting slowly away. As it
does so the water from it percolates through
the boxes—perforated to allow of this—and
escapes by the drains below, the upper tier
of boxes sinking gradually with it. Thus
they are always in contact with theice. It
is absolutely essential that a considerable
quantity of ice should remain to the end of
the voyage, both to keep down the tempe-
58 THE ACCLIMATISATION

rature and to pack the boxes in which they
are being taken to the hatching ponds after
arrival. About twenty-five tons will be
packed in the ice-house of the Oberon ; and
if she makes her passage in ninety days,
there is every probability that a few tons
will remain unmelted, and that some thou-
sands of ova will survive to produce young
salmon in New Zealand waters. It is,
perhaps, needless to observe that this ice-
house will never be opened on the voyage.
“The actual packing of the ova is done
in the following manner: The box, made of
pine, is about 12 in. long, 8 in. wide, and
54, in. deep, and sufficiently strong to support
the weight of the ice. On the bottom is
distributed a layer of charcoal in small
lumps, free from dust, over which a handful
of broken ice is spread. A nest of fresh
living moss, with the roots attached, is next
lightly packed over the charcoal and ice.
Upon this the ova are distributed as regu-
larly as possible by pouring them out of a
wide-mouthed bottle, with care to avoid
injury. A second layer of moss is then laid
OF THE SALMONIDA. 59

lightly wpon the ova, and the whole is
saturated with cold water. Finally, a layer
of broken ice tops the whole, the lid is
screwed down, and the box taken off imme-
diately to the ice-house. Simple as this
process appears to be, it is incredible how
many small details are involved in it; and
if it is not done with most careful manipu-
lation, the chance of survival for the ova
is small. Long practice has made Mr.
Youl an adept in the art of giving those
nice touches to the materials which our
unaccustomed hands failed to attain with
the two boxes we attempted to pack. The
object of the charcoal at the bottom of the
boxes is to absorb any carbonic acid gas
evolved from the decomposition of dead
ova; the moss prevents motion among the
ova, and gives them a soft bed, while it also
assists in taking up the products of decom-
position and furnishes at the same time a
small supply of oxygen. Thus we have
within the ice living vegetable organisms,
with animal bodies whose life is in suspen-
sion, each feeding the other with that which
60 THE ACCLIMATISATION

it specially needs. Regarding the motion
to which the boxes must be subjected in a
gale of wind when the ice has melted and
become loose in the ice-house, it is aston-
ishing that any ova should survive. We
can only account for it by the protection
afforded by the moss, in which they lie on
a springy cushion. So great is their sensi-
tiveness to friction or concussion, that if
water even is not poured carefully upon
them they are killed. Mr. Ramsbottom, of
Clitheroe, who has supplied the ova for the
Oberon shipment, gave us an instance of
the fatal effects of concussion. On one
occasion he was carrying three soda-water
bottles full of ova in water, wrapped in a
handkerchief, and one bottle chanced to
shp out and fall upon the ground. He did
not rear one fish from the contents of that
bottle !

“The ova have been taken from the Ribble
and brought to London in excellent condi-
tion by Mr. Ramsbottom, though the yellow
colour of death may be seen among them
here and there, as is inevitable under the
OF THE SALMONID.A. 61

most careful management. Probably not
less than 80,000 ova will go out by the
Oberon ; and, as these have all been packed
by Mr. Youl’s experienced hands, there is
the best possible prospect of their safe
arrival. Great expense is entailed as a
matter of course. In the first place, the
building of the ice-house, the boxes, and
collection of the ova are no inconsiderable
items ; the ice will cost £100, and space for
the ice-house more than half as much more.
The cost will be borne by the New Zealand
Government. None of the arrangements
differ in any essential particular from those
which had such a successful termination in
the case of the Norfolk in January, 1864.
The conditions of weather, however, are
very different; then the cold was so great
that it was difficult to prevent the ova from
freezing in the boxes; now it has been so
warm as to raise a question whether they
will not have begun to undergo the organic
changes towards development which gene-
rally take place about three days after ferti-
lisation. If any considerable portion of the
62 THE ACCLIMATISATION

ova have passed this point, the check they
will receive in the ice will seriously imperil
them. But no care and forethought have
been omitted; the ship is a fine one of 1100
tons register, and looks as if she would beat
a steamer, with wind enough to drive her.
About the 20th instant these unconscious
ova will start on their long journey, to wake,
we hope, into conscious life in the southern
hemisphere, and people all the shores of
the Southern Ocean with salmon.

‘We have referred in oceasional notes to
the success of the importation of salmon-
trout and brown trout into Tasmanian
rivers, and, though no Salmo salar of indis-
putable identity has yet been sent home
thence, the evidence from eye-witnesses
that the Derwent is full of large salmon is
very strong. Other members of the Sal-
monide, whose struggling bodies have been
brought to basket by the angler in the
river Plenty, have evidently had fine times
of it. A trout weighing 91 lbs. has been
taken, which could not be more than four
years old. The conditions of life, then, are
OF THE SALMONID. 63

eminently favourable to this member of the
family, and it may fairly be presumed that
they are equally so to the others, although
the journey to the sea is a risk to which the
salmon has probably been exposed.

“From a private letter we learn that a
gentleman, fishing one day a week for eight
weeks in the river Plenty (Tasmania),
brought to basket thirty trout, averaging
14 lbs. (among them one of 7 lbs.), all of them
being bright fish, in fine condition. If the
Tasmanian waters will yield such trout
fishing within a few years, the angler of the
future will surely have cause to rejoice.

‘We cannot know at present whether
this shipment of salmon ova to New Zealand
will within a few years produce fresh-run
fish; but with a favourable climate we have
at least the first elements of success, and,
whatever be the result, the thanks of all
interested in angling, as well as in the
scientific aspect of the experiment, are due
to those gentlemen who have taken so much
pains to bring it to a successful issue.”

The result of this shipment was that
64 THE ACCLIMATISATION

ninety strong fish were eventually turned
into the Jacobs, where, in May, 1875, many
of them, which had then attained a length
of seven inches, were seen by Mr. Howard,
who had reared them from the ova.

The method of packing this delicate
freight for the colonies, it should be borne in
mind, is the only plan which has hitherto
yielded results, and its importance will,
therefore, be justly estimated by the natura-
list and pisciculturist. It may have occurred
to the reader to ask why the shipments were
always made so late in the season, when
most of the salmon had spawned, and the
difficulty of procuring gravid fish became
greater every day. Acclimatisation is
always surrounded by difficulties, and in
this case by one of peculiar character. The
ova must arrive during the colonial winter,
in order that the temperature in the streams
should be low enough to admit of their
being safely transferred to the water. Dur-
ing any time in March the water would still
be too warm, and in the first half of that
month its temperature would probably be
OF THE SALMONID.E. 65

above 60°. To take salmon ova from the
ice-house at a temperature of about 35° and
transfer them suddenly to one of 60° would
have the same effect as plunging them into
boiling water! It was necessary that the
vessel should start about the middle of
January, and that she should be not more
than ninety-five days on the passage, which
would bring the ova into colonial waters in
the latter half of April. And it is observ-
able that the arrivals after the middle of
April have produced the largest number of
fish.

MR. FRANK BUCKLAND’S SHIPMENT.

Mr. Frank Buckland was next commis-
sioned by the Otago Government to under-
take a trial for New Zealand, the details of
which will be found in Land and Water for
January, 1875; but, unfortunately, it was a
complete failure, partly owing, probably, to
some causes over which he had no control,
among them the extreme severity of the
weather during the collection and packing

6
66 THE ACCLIMATISATION

of the eggs. The ova were taken by him-
self, Mr. Edon, Mr. Marshall, and others
under his superintendence, and it is impos-
sible to doubt that they were properly
fertilized by one who has had so much
experience in this work. The account of
the packing had better be given in his own
words. The ship T%maru was lying at
Glasgow, and the ice-house built in her
hold was capable of containing between
thirty and forty tons of ice, and was sur-
rounded by a “skin” of sawdust eighteen
inches thick. The packing boxes measured
a cubic foot, and inside each were five or
six trays filled with sphagnum moss. “ The
tray containing moss was sunk into the
water, the eggs were then taken from
another vessel by means of a small shovel
made of perforated zinc; with this they
were then distributed among the moss, and,
being still under water, were separated one
from the other by means of a soft brush.”’
This is all Mr. Buckland gives us! It
seoms to have been a complicated process,
and the use of the shovel could not be
OF THE SALMONIDZ. 67

otherwise than harmful; but we confess we
can gather from it no clear idea of the pro-
cess. He appears to have employed no
charcoal, and the distribution of the ova
“‘among the moss” implies an amount of
contact with various substances which
would be prejudicial, according to all ex-
perience, to the delicate envelope of the
ovum. ‘‘The ice-house was thus packed:
first, ice two feet thick was arranged along
the bottom. Then upon it were carefully
deposited a square, consisting of twenty-five
salmon egg boxes, each one foot cubic, and
four boxes at each corner of the square.
Upon these boxes came another stratum of
ice, also two feet thick; on this stratum
again another twenty-nine egg boxes. Ice
again on the top of these. All round the
sides of the ice-house was [were ?] packed —
slabs of ice 2 ft. 6 in. thick, so that the
boxes containing the ova were surrounded
on all sides by blocks of ice, the minimum
thickness being two feet. Ice was also
packed in the interspaces between each
box, precautions being taken that they
68 THE ACCLIMATISATION

should not get loose.’ The arrangement,
in fact, was that of alternate layers of boxes
and ice—an excellent disposition, no doubt,
if ice did not melt, but the best calculated,
in these circumstances, to subject the
boxes to the greatest possible amount of
motion and concussion as the ice around
and between them decreased in bulk. The
last words of the description have no mean-
ing, for it is obvious that no precautions
avail to prevent the once compact mass
from getting loose, and ice and boxes would
at length become inextricably mixed and
dashed about with every pitch and roll of
the ship.

This was one matter at least over which
Mr. Buckland had control, and he would
have been wise had he adopted the method
of packing both ice and ova which had
already proved successful. An impression
was derived from a lecture delivered by him
at Glasgow, and generally entertained, that
the ova were frozen hard artificially before
shipment, which would certainly have killed
them, and though he has stated subse-
OF THE SALMONIDAL. 69

quently that they were not, it was scarcely
a judicious proceeding to pack them in an
ice-house with ‘an ice-making machine
freezing up an immense quantity of water
into ice within a few inches of us while we
were at work.” The Timaru sailed about
January 5, 1875, from the Clyde, and had
a passage of about a hundred and five days.
Not a single salmon ovum reached land
alive out of this splendid shipment of more
than.a quarter of a million, but a number
of the charr eggs, presented by Mr. Parnaby
of Keswick, hatched; of the ultimate fate
of the fry from which no definite record has
been obtained. We cannot attribute failure
to the long passage alone, for Mr. Buckland
hatched out eggs which had been in ice at
the Wenham Lake Company’s vault for only
three days less than these; and a portion
at least of the charr eggs, which naturally
hatch earlier than those of salmon, and
therefore, were subjected to a greater strain
of retardation, produced fish.

Sincerely as Mr. Buckland’s failure must
be regretted, the ‘‘ full responsibility ’’—as
70 THE ACCLIMATISATION

he says in his letter to the Times, in July,
1875 —rests with himself. Defeat must
apparently be insured by the system of
arrangement of alternate layers of boxes
and ice, and the inevitable violence it must
entail on the ova, when the ice melts and
allows the boxes to knock about in the ice-
house, sustaining a shock with every motion
of the ship. The condition of the moss in
the boxes on arrival is described as ‘‘sodden,’’
and there is no difficulty in understanding
this impacted state of a fibrous vegetable
material, kept continually wet by the water
from the ice, supposing it to have been
much shaken. When closely packed upon
the floor of the ice-house (as had been done
in all the successful instances) the boxes
cannot possibly move. The motion of the
vessel carries them bodily with itself, and
the ice does not move them. They are
practically as firmly fixed as any of the
ship’s timbers, and the water from the ice,
after passing through them, is done with,
and drains into the bilge. By the system
of alternate boxes and ice the water must
OF THE SALMONIDA, 71

pass through several sets of ova, losing its
oxygen in contact with animal organisms,
and contracting carbonic acid, and thus
becoming more and more effete, and finally
almost a deadly poison to the ova which
receive it last. This decomposition of
water by animal life, in any form, is so
well-established a fact that it cannot be
safely left out of consideration, and it is
surprising that Mr. Buckland did not take
it into account before deciding on an
arrangement of the ice and boxes which
involves serious mechanical and _ physio-
logical dangers.

THE “ DURHAM.”

Instances have already been given of the
danger of submitting salmon ova to con-
cussion, even while they are in a vessel
containing water, and the reader may have
thought that this point has been exagge-
rated. On the contrary, too much stress
cannot be laid upon it, as will be seen from
the following. The boxes, it will be recol-
72 THE ACCLIMATISATION

lected, were screwed down as a precaution
against the possibility of communicating a
shock to the precious contents by the blows
of the hammer in driving nails, and when
one of the boxes of the shipment per screw
steamer Durham, which is now to be de-
scribed, was opened in Victoria, a nail was
found to have been used instead of a screw
in fastening the lid. Ifa mere coincidence,
it was a strange one indeed; but the fact
is the whole of the eggs in that box, with
the exception of two or three, had long been
dead !

Nothing having come of Mr. Buckland’s
shipment, the agent of the Otago Provincial
Government requested Mr. Youl to under-
take another in conjunction with that gen-
tleman, the cost of which was, by arrange-
ment, defrayed in equal proportions by the
New Zealand Government and Sir Samuel
Wilson, of Victoria, whose public spirit and
careful preparations for the proper treat-
ment of the ova in that colony merit warm
recognition from the Victorians. Mr. Youl
consented, on condition that he should
OF THE SALMONIDAS. 73

supervise the construction of the ice-house,
each packing his boxes in his own manner.
On the 8th of January, 1876, Mr. Youl
packed 40,000 ova taken by Mr. Rams-
bottom from the Hodder, and placed them
on the floor of the ice-house. The cold
was intense, and many of the eggs were
frozen and turned white, while the moss
had to be thawed at the ship’s galley fire
before it could be used. On the 11th Mr.
Buckland brought 70,000 ova to the ship,
already packed by his own method and
taken from Lancashire rivers and fertilized
by himself. These were also placed on the
floor beside the others, and 15,000 more
brought on the 138th by him and placed in
the middle of the ice, as the floor was already
occupied. On the 14th about 50,000 more
were brought from the Severn and packed
by Mr. Youl and deposited at the very top
of the ice-house (the boxes being clamped
together and made immovable), which was
smaller than any hitherto built, and con-
tained about nineteen tons of ice. Thus
there were 90,000 of Mr. Youl’s packing ©
74 THE ACCLIMATISATION

and 85,000 manipulated by Mr. Buckland.
The latter had discarded the tray system,
and used boxes of the same kind and about
twice as large as Mr. Youl’s, but without
charcoal and broken ice, and distributed the
eggs upon the moss under water with a
camel-hair brush in several alternate layers.
The vessel having arrived at Melbourne,
batches of boxes were distributed to the
curator of the botanical gardens, Geelong,
Dr. Whitcombe of Ballarat, the Victoria
Ice Company’s works, and Sir Samuel Wu-
son, whose estate is near Lake Burrumbeet,
who had made most careful preparation for
the 30,000 ova of which he took charge.
From a letter of Sir Samuel’s it is evident
that these yielded no result except five
fish, which he hatched out, and only one
survived. ‘This is, no doubt rightly, attri-
buted by Sir Samuel to the high tempera-
ture of the water at his hatching boxes,
which stood at 60° or 62° for several con-
secutive days, though the situation is
1500 feet above the level of the sea. In
Melbourne it was at first reported that
OF THE SALMONID.A. 75

Mr. Buckland’s boxes were in better con-
dition than Mr. Youl’s; but the Melbourne
Argus, which has been more trustworthy on
the subject of these experiments throughout
than any other colonial journal, says: ‘‘ The
result proved that Mr. Youl’s system of
packing was decidedly the best.” How-
ever, the rest of the consignment being
forwarded to New Zealand, Mr. Howard,
the superintendent of the ponds at Wallace
Town, Southland, can give the best account
of the comparative results. On May 1,
1876, he writes to Mr. Youl: ‘‘ Your own
ova hatched as truly as if taken from
one of our own rivers, scarcely a death at
hatching. . .. The large boxes packed by
you had scarcely a dead ovum in them.
Mr. Buckland’s lot, though some of them
looked so well impregnated, have not
hatched off well, so many died just before
hatching, and so many of them burst.”’
On May 29th he says: ‘‘I am sorry to say
Mr. Buckland’s have hatched very badly.
. so many burst before hatching.” At
the Melbourne ice-house Mr. Clifford, who
76 THE ACCLIMATISATION

had nearly all of Mr. Buckland’s boxes,
says most of the eggs turned opaque, some
few showed the eyes, ‘‘ but all such have
gone bad in a way quite new to me.”
Further, he observes, ‘‘I see the Canter-
bury people have hatched 300. . . . These
were all from your (Mr. Youl’s) boxes.”
Mr. Howard succeeded in getting out some
10,000 young fish from the whole lot in-
trusted to him, of which sixty-eight were
from Mr. Buckland’s boxes. Altogether
about 1500 of these were afterwards
liberated.

It is a matter of public interest to ascer-
tain the best method of treating ova for a
long journey, and it seems the evidence is
vastly in favour of Mr. Youl’s. Mr. Buck-
land packed nearly twice as many in one
box, the lower layers were submitted to the
action of water already vitiated by contact
with those above, and there was not only
a greater mass of material in one place, but
the decarbonizing and oxygenating pro-
perties of the living moss are dissipated by
the greater quantity of animal life to be
OF THE SALMONIDL. 77

sustained. These may be some of the
causes of the failure of Mr. Buckland’s
plan, but, granting that they are not neces-
sarily, while we are imperfectly acquainted
with the true causes of success or failure, it
would be prudent to adhere to a method of
treatment which has justified itself hitherto
in every instance. Mr. Buckland might
possibly have hit upon an infallible plan,
and the world would have been duly grate-
ful to him for his discovery; but, as the
event proved, the plan adopted was not
calculated to insure success, and the whole
valuable cargo of the Timaru was lost,
when he might have commanded success,
and still had room for independent experi-
ments.

THE “ CHIMBORAZO.”

The following article appeared in the
Field of January 26, 1878.

‘Tt behoves the colonists to see that the
consignment of salmon ova shipped this
month by the Chimborazo (s.s.) is intrusted
78 THE ACCLIMATISATION

on arrival to competent hands. Sir Julius
Vogel requested Mr. J. A. Youl to make
arrangements for building an ice-house in
this vessel, and packing a number of boxes
of ova; but the time was short, and he
concluded to make use of one of the ice-
houses already existing in the ship for the
supply of the passengers. Mr. Ramsbottom,
of Clitheroe, procured 24,000 salmon ova,
which Mr. Youl packed in thirty-eight
boxes at the vaults of the Wenham Lake
Ice Company, and subsequently placed on
the floor of the ice-house and covered with
‘ten tons of ice. Thus it was hoped there
would be enough ice for the passengers,
and a sufficient remainder to maintain the
ova. A few days afterwards, Mr. Buckland
packed and placed in the same ice-house
eighteen boxes, containing some 20,000
salmon ova, and one box of about 1,500
trout, presented by Mr. Capel. The ship left
London on January 21st, and is expected
to reach Melbourne in forty days from
Plymouth vid the Cape, when the consign-
ment would be transhipped by steamer to
OF THE SALMONIDE. 79

New Zealand. It is to be feared that Mr.
Buckland has repeated the error of packing
in boxes of too large a size, to which the
failure of his shipment in the Timaru in
1875 may probably to no small extent be
attributed. The moss on arrival was de-
scribed as ‘ sodden,’ as might be anticipated
from the impacted condition a large body
of wet vegetable matter would be likely to
assume. It must be obvious besides, that,
should death and decomposition take place
in any box, the mortality would be greater
in proportion to the numbers included in it.
For the sake of the colony, however, we
must hope that a good proportion of the
consignment will arrive alive. The rivers
of New Zealand present every possible
favourable condition for the salmon. They
rise in snow-clad mountains, and flow, now
rapidly, now in deep broad pools, through
rocky formations, and contain numerous
boulders and overhanging banks for shelter ;
while along their upper courses are long
stretches of fine gravel suitable for nesting.
Along the banks for miles grows the native
80 THE ACCLIMATISATION

flax, which will afford shelter for the young
fry. Food is abundant, and especially that
kind which young fish require. Indeed, Mr.
Dawbin is of opinion that the fry in the
Wiwera Ponds could have maintained them-
selves, even in their circumscribed quar-
ters, without artificial food. In these cir-
cumstances the colonists would seem to
have the acclimatisation of salmon in their
own hands, provided they place the ova on
arrival in charge of a. competent manager.”’

Mr. Howard found about 1500 to 2000
of Mr. Youl’s good, and some 300 of Mr.
Buckland’s. (See Appendix.)

GENERAL RESULTS OF THE FOREGOING
SHIPMENTS.

Since the memorable month of October,
1865, when the first of the family were
committed to the waters of Tasmania to
take their chance, many thousands of young
salmon, salmon-trout, and brown trout have
been set free in colonial streams, and it now
remains to take stock of them and their
OF THE SALMONIDZE. 81

progeny. We know that eleven years
- elapsed before a small river in Scotland was
stocked with a newly introduced species, in
spite of the facilities afforded by proximity
to. spawning grounds and a yearly supply of
young fish, and it could not be anticipated
that positive proof of the acclimatisation of
the strangers at the Antipodes would be
-. forthcoming in a year or two. Neverthe-
less, in October, 1869 and 1870, young
salmonids, about nine inches long, were
caught in the Derwent, and itis pretty clear
that they must have been fish born in the
river, and not the original smolts turned in
in 1865, but their progeny. Experienced *
salmon fishermen had seen fish of many
pounds’ weight" leaping and swimming on
the surface far above falls which only a
powerful fish could surmount, and quite
impracticable for the small native species,
and declared them to be undoubted salmon.
In 1871 Sir Robert Officer and others well.
acquainted with the salmon at home saw,.
when the river was in half flood, shoals of
large fish leaping and showing their glitter-
7,
82 THE ACCLIMATISATION

ing sides, one of which, of 4 lbs. weight, was
imprudent enough to leap into a boat moored
to ajetty. When examined, his dentition
suggested salmon-trout ; the flesh was a deep
pink, and the flavour delicious. No one
who saw them could doubt that these were
fresh-run fish taking advantage of the
“spate,” and pushing their way joyfully to
the fine spawning grounds of the Derwent
and its six tributaries. That many of these
were true salmon is conclusive from the fact
that in the year when they were first ob-
served no salmon-trout had been turned into
the river; the latter were then mere fry in
the breeding ponds. The almost inacces-
sible character of the river, obstructed by
rocks and snags, and selected on this ac-
count, prevented the capture of any of these,
but the testimony of nearly a hundred
persons, residents on the banks, went to
show that quantities of large fish, never till
then seen in the river, were ascending be-
tween the end of March and the middle of
August, a time when the winter freshes are
coming down, and that which only a mi-
OF THE SALMONIDA. 83

gratory fish would choose. About the end
of 1870 the colonists allowed an opportunity
to slip—down the throat of his Excellency
the Governor, alas!—of establishing once
for all the presence of migratory salmonids
in their rivers. Several were caught in a
fixed net near the junction of the Plenty
and Derwent, one of which weighed 7 lbs.,
and, like its brethren, was pronounced to
be as fine in appearance and taste as any
Tay salmon. No means appear to have
been taken to ascertain its species, whether
salmon or salmon-trout, and the intense
expectation with which proofs were looked
for by all interested in acclimatisation was
disappointed by this means of disposing
of the question. Obviously, the specimen
should have been sent to England for the
best scientific opinion. The soundness of
Mr. Francis Francis’ judgment is beyond
dispute, and his opinion was given in un-
equivocal terms in a letter to the Field,
Feb. 21, 1874: ‘‘I have never wavered in
the belief that the fish seen leaping in the
Derwent were actual salmon. Mr. Youl’s
84 THE ACCLIMATISATION

name will be remembered in that vast
Australian world when the New Zealander
shall be again spearing salmon from a broken
pier of London Bridge.”

From time to time, up to the present,
salmon or salmon-trout—the species not
always being determinable—have been cap-
tured by the fishermen and others, and so
keen has been the competition among hotel
keepers, &c., that they have been sold as
high as 5s. per lb.!_ Poaching has no doubt
gone on to a great extent over the wide
area of water occupied by the Derwent and
its bays, which it is impossible to effectually
protect, and it is certain that many fine
fish have been taken, unknown to the au-
thorities. In 1873 numerous smolts were
caught, which conclusively proves that:
these had been bred in the river. In one
haul of a seine net in the estuary seventy-
six young fish, varying from ? lb. to 1} Ibs.,
were secured in January, 1876, and on sub-
sequent days many more, making a total of
about 200; and a little later a dense shoal
of fish were seen near the shore pursued by
OF THE SALMONID.Z. 85

porpoises, when an observer threw a billet
of wood at them, and disabled one, which
was secured, and found to be a finely de-
veloped Salmo salar of 43 lbs. weight. From
these facts the abundance of fish in the
locality may be inferred, and the youth of
some of them is conclusive as to their being
native born, while the full development of
others is indicative of suitable conditions
of life. The breeding ponds on the Plenty
have been the nursery and centre of distri-
bution for the other colonies. They are
admirably arranged on an artificial stream
forming a loop with the river, and cover
about three and a half acres. During the
years 1873, 1874, 1875, and 1876, nearly
two thousand salmon-trout ova and four
hundred fry (the produce of the prisoners)
have been distributed to streams in Tas-
mania, New Zealand, and Victoria, and
33,850 trout ova and fry to suitable streams
in Tasmania, New Zealand, Victoria, New
South Wales, and Western Australia, thus
covering the whole colonial area—a work
most creditable to the energy and public
86 THE ACCLIMATISATION

spirit of the commissioners. It appears
that none of the acclimatised species show
much disposition to take the artificial fly,
owing, very probably, to the abundance of
insect food continually being blown into
the river, which would induce much the
same contempt for the devices of man as
trout evince in our own rivers when the
mayfly is on the water. It was, then, an
interesting event when an unquestionable
salmon was caught by one of the commis-
sioners, fishing with an artificial fly from a
boat below the falls at New Norfolk in
October, 1876, one of a numerous shoal
then going up the river; and again in
January, 1877, when a beautiful fish of the
same species, weighing 84 lbs., fell to the
rod of his Excellency the Governor of
Tasmania.

The breeding places of the fish in the
Derwent have not yet been discovered, but
they are no doubt at the head of its
affluents, where there is little or no popu-
lation ; and it is almost impossible to use a
net, owing to the irregularity of the bottom
OF THE SALMONIDA. 87

and the mass of fallen timber obstructing
the streams affording efficient protection to
the fish, but interfering with the project of
collecting ova for distribution. It is here,
however, that a permanent source of supply
must be looked for, and means should be
taken to watch the upper waters and note
where the fish are making their nests, a
spectacle they are not in the least chary
of exhibiting to human ken—at least, in
our part of the world—so engrossed are
they with the anxieties and excitements of
the interesting event. The need for ob-
taining a supply from the river becomes
more evident when we learn that latterly
an increasing proportion of the ova from
the imprisoned fish have proved infertile,
and every effort is now being made to
effect this.

Little is yet known of the ultimate
results of the shipments to New Zealand,
but about the middle of the year 1874 a
salmon grilse, weighing more than three
pounds, was taken in the river Molyneux
(Otago), no doubt the offspring of a pair
88 THE ACCLIMATISATION

of the five hundred smolts liberated in that
river in 1869 by Mr. Dawbin.

Difficult as it is to distinguish between
the migratory species of the salmon family
at an early age, there are now many gentle-
men in the colonies quite as competent to
give a trustworthy opinion, from the distin-
guishing anatomical characters, as any but
the most expert of our home naturalists,
and their judgment may be accepted with
some confidence.

Highteen years have now elapsed since
the first trout was born in Australian waters,
and many facts point to an extraordinary
rate of growth in these fish. In 1874 a
splendid fellow of over 16 lbs. was taken by
the rod in the Derwent, and the trout of
94 lbs., which could not have been four
years old at the utmost, has already been
mentioned. The rods have had a good time
of it in the rivers now open to the angler,
and there are numbers besides where the
fish are awaiting him. A beauty of 54 lbs.
fell to the fly in the Clyde, where the fry
had been turned in little more than three
OF THE SALMONIDA. 89

years previously. Some of the “bags”
would almost make a defunct fly fisherman
turn in his grave. Mr. Weaver, in 1872,
took, during one afternoon and one morning,
six trout scaling 30 lbs., and one of the lot
nearly 9 lbs., from the Derwent. Looking
over the diary of a New Zealand fisherman
for 1877, we find, on various days, nine fish,
weight 20 lbs. 4 oz. ; six, weight 10 lbs. ; two,
weight 84 lbs.; eight, weight 134 lbs.;
three, weight 144 lbs., and so on, fish over
a pound greatly predominating, and many
smaller being returned to the water. The
flies used were chiefly the black gnat and
March brown, but the green grasshopper
proved the most deadly of all to the larger
fish. Trout have been established in about
a score of streams in New Zealand alone,
and, perhaps, as many more in Tasmania
and Australia. What a prospect, then, for
the angler of the future! What, for
instance, may be, the size of the trout
which, after many years of gluttony in the
pools of Gippsland rivers, remote now from
human habitations, shall rise confidingly to
90 THE ACCLIMATISATION

the fly or quietly suck in the worm of the
first adventurous sportsman who casts his
line over those waters? Long after our
home fish have attained so critical an expe-
rience as to know at a glance the maker of
the fly offered them—they really seem to be
coming to this—the unsophisticated deni-
zens of Australia will rush at the grasshopper
impaled on the bent pin of the rustic urchin,
and as certainly become a regular item of
the shepherd’s evening meal as the Murray
cod has been of mine in many a lonely hut
on the Maranoa. Often, when fishing for
these so-called cod with a thick cord and
large hook, baited with a lump of raw beef,
cast into the stream to await first the gentle
shake, then the tug and rush of a fish whose
pluck is soon out of him, has the writer
wondered that nature had not implanted
here the lordly salmon, and speculated
whether he would ever populate this mag-
nificent system of rivers, as no doubt now
some day he may, at least, in the person of
the Californian species. Memory lingers
fondly over those broad plains, vast forests,
OF THE SALMONIDA. 91

deep silent lakes, and swift streams set in
the glorious sunlight of an Australian after-
noon, when the rapidly lengthening shadows
warn the hungry shepherd and bleating flock
homewards, and
Pulse referunt ad sidera valles ;

Cogere donec oves stabulis, numerumque referre

Jussit, et invito processit Vesper Olympo.

The species of trout which has spread or
is rapidly spreading over the island waters
of the Antipodes is that known to naturalists
as Salmo fario Ausoniw, the southern form,
a finer species altogether than the northern
(Fario Gaimardi).

Individuals have shown marked differ-
ences of colour, especially of the stomach,
but in form and size the fish have bred true
to their origin, and have apparently out-
stripped their English ancestors in rapidity
of growth, while retaining their excellence
of flavour and beauty.

In 1876 an attempt was made to acclima-
tise the Pacific coast salmon (Salmo quinnat)
in Australia. Accordingly, a consignment
of fifty thousand ova was made by Mr.
92 THE ACCLIMATISATION

Spencer F. Baird, of the U.S. Fisheries
Commission, from the upper waters of the
Sacramento, California, half of which was
left at Sydney, where ‘“‘ most of the living
eggs were successfully treated and placed in
Australian waters,’’ as Mr. Baird says, and
the remainder died on their way to New
Zealand. This gives us no idea of the final
success or otherwise of the experiment, for
it is not stated whether any young fish were
produced.

The subsequent endeavours of Sir Samuel
Wilson to establish this fish in Victorian
waters deserves all the success due to his
energy and persistence ; but as yet nothing
has been seen of the young fry liberated in
various streams.

It is, however, at least open to much
question whether the greatest river system
in Australia—the Murray and its tributaries
—will ever be stocked with any species of
salmo, since it swarms with the rapacious
so-called Murray cod—a devourer of every-
thing that gets into the water, from a
grasshopper to a dead bullock.
OF THE SALMONIDE. 93

The writer has caught in the Condamine,
with a lump of raw beef and a thick hand
line, thirty pound’s weight of these fish in
an afternoon, averaging three pounds each ;
and individuals of twenty pounds’ weight
are not scarce. There is also the “ cat-fish,”
a most voracious bottom feeder. Between
these two species neither the ova nor young
fry of salmon would appear to have much
chance of survival. For the greater part of
their course these rivers flow through allu-
vial plains where the muddy bottom would
afford no suitable resting-places.

The Australian colonists may well desire
the acclimatisation in their rivers of the
Pacific coast salmon. Its commercial value
is immense. During the year 1874 the
works on the Columbia river, in Washington
territory, tinned for export 22,000,000 lbs.
of Salmo quinnat, and the manager esti-
mates that 11,000,000 lbs. of fresh and
salt fish in addition were taken for local
consumption.

There is a belief, based on the observa-
tions of Mr. James Hector chiefly, and
94 THE ACCLIMATISATION

supported by the Indians and trappers, that
the Pacific salmon dies after spawning
(see the U.S. Fisheries Commission Report
1872-73, p. 191). Should this be a fact,
the stocking of a river with this species
would probably be a slow process. Never-
theless, the history of success at the Anti-
podes and in America with the British
species affords ample encouragement to the
most sanguine pisciculturist. From ‘ The
Twelfth Annual Report to the Common-
wealth of Massachusetts,’ we learn that
from 1872 to 1876 more than 830,000 parr
of S. salar were turned into the Merrimac,
and in the spring of 1877 hundreds of fine
fish were seen ascending the river, of which
some were estimated to be eighteen or
twenty pounds in weight. The Report
observes very significantly, ‘‘ It will be seen
that what we have so long fought for, what
the mass of people here have generally con-
sidered mere theories, visions of men who
suffered from fish on the brain, has been
fully substantiated. Itis true it took a little
longer than was at first thought; but now
OF THE SALMONIDE. 95

Massachusetts knows that, while she was
the first of the States to take an interest in
fish-culture, so she has been the first to
demonstrate the certainty of a good return,
and she can restock those rivers where the
fish have already been killed out.”

Notwithstanding the large numbers of
S. quinnat which have been liberated in
New England streams, no one can say with
certainty that a single smolt has ever been
seen. This is not so favourable an augury
for Australia as could be wished.

The latest shipment was made by the
John Elder in January, 1882, under the
able superintendence of Mr. Charles C.
Capel (the owners liberally taking the
consignment free), and at the request of the
Acclimatisation Society of Otago, Mr. Capel
collected, through his manager Mr. Cross,
and with the assistance of Mr. J. M. Ridley,
chairman of the Tyne Fishery Board, and
Mr. Harbottle the inspector, 130,000 salmon
ova, which were packed entirely to Mr.
Capel’s satisfaction. They were to be tran-
shipped at Melbourne for Dunedin. From
96 THE ACCLIMATISATION

a letter from Mr. Capel, dated May the
6th, 1882, it unfortunately appears that he
had received a discouraging report of the
consignment from Melbourne; but it is of
course too early yet to draw any conclusions.

The almost universal opinion expressed
at the beginning of these endeavours to
acclimatise salmon in Australasia pointed to
certain failure, if the ova were sent in moss.
The French pisciculturists were confident
that they could not be carried thus a long
sea voyage. Yet there was no intelligible
ground for the prediction, and the very first
trial demonstrated the practicability of the
plan. A writer in one of the leading colonial
journals took upon himself to recommend
that the ova should show the eye before they
were placed in the ice-house, forgetting the
fact that they would hatch out within three
weeks if so far developed, and what would
the young fish do in the moss without a
stream of water? This, however, was not
the most curious example of advice tendered
by some who had yet to learn the elements
of natural history.
OF THE SALMONIDA. 97

There are many risks to the delicate ova
in transmitting them to Tasmania, beside
those of procuring and packing them. Thus,
for instance, on arrival at Melbourne, they
were landed, transferred to another ship,
underwent a second sea voyage of some five
hundred miles to Hobart Town, then taken
in a barge twenty miles up the Derwent,
and finally carried five miles across rough
country to the breeding ponds on the Plenty.
We may, indeed, feel surprise that any
should have reached their destination safely.

Various persons have from time to time
claimed to be the originators of Mr. Youl’s
plan of transport, or it has been claimed for
them by others, and sometimes the recipients
of this undeserved honour have accepted it
as their due, although they knew they had
no title to it. The writer has made it his
business to institute a searching inquiry into
these claims (and a somewhat laborious task
it has been), because it seemed to him that,
if he assumed the réle of historian of an
important experiment in acclimatisation,
nothing less was due to the reader than the

8
98 THE ACCLIMATISATION

most complete investigation of all the evi-
dence bearing upon it. The late Dr. E.
Gray advanced a claim on behalf of the late
Dr. John Davy, as the author of the moss
and ice transport plan. Much of the con-
troversy was carried on in the Atheneum,
in February and March, 1866. It seems
that Dr. Gray was misled by a report ina
colonial newspaper, the writer of which made
many erroneous statements of facts, in
ignorance that those facts had already been
published in an accurate form. Mr. Youl
could not have borrowed his idea from
Dr. Davy, for they never met nor ever had
any communication whatever. Subsequently
this claim was abandoned by Dr. Gray in a
letter to Mr. Youl, which he wrote in the
presence of the latter, giving full permission
for its publication. This letter was sent to
Mr. EK. A. Watts, then editor of the Mel-
bourne Argus, and its substance was em-
bodied in letters by Mr. Watts to the
Atheneum of the above date. After this
complete disavowal of Dr. Davy’s claim, it
is greatly to be regretted that Dr. Gray
OF THE SALMONIDZ. 99

reasserted it in a letter to Dr. Buller which
was published in the official “‘ Papers re-
lating to the Introduction of Salmon Ova
into New Zealand, 1872” (G. No. 26).
The disingenuous character of the letter
must be apparent to every one who reads it.

Mr. Frank Buckland has done so much
good service in fish culture and preservation
that he needs no other title to public re-
cognition. However, there is an impression
that he was the author of the acclimatisation
of salmon at the Antipodes—an impression
which must be dispersed. It is compara-
tively easy to correct a mis-statement when
made vivd voce, but if it appears in a news-
paper the correction should also be admitted
inits columns. This was not the case with
the Pall Mall Gazette, to which the writer
sent two distinct communications, pointing
out the error in the following sentence in
the issue of August 7, 1873, in a paragraph
referring to the shipment of salmon ova per
Oberon in that year: ‘‘The experiments
which have hitherto been carried on by Mr.
Buckland and others,”’ &c. No notice what-
100 THE ACCLIMATISATION

ever was taken of the correction offered, but
the writer applied with better success to the
editor of ‘‘ that mighty pastoral,” the Meld,
who published these comments upon the
subject on September 6th following.
‘‘Sir,—If history is to be written from
newspapers, I presume that a mis-statement
should not be allowed to pass uncorrected.
I believed it to be the custom when an
error in fact had been made by a public
journal that a correction of it was accepted
and published, provided the name and
address of the person offering the correction
were given, and there was no reasonable
ground to doubt the accuracy of his know-
ledge. I represented to your contemporary,
the Pall Mall Gazette, that a mistake had
been made in that journal on the 7th of
August in a short paragraph on the recent
shipment of salmon ova to Otago, which
gave to one person the chief credit of im-
portant operations in fish culture. The
sentence ran thus: ‘The experiments
which have hitherto been carried on under
the superintendence of Mr. Buckland and
OF THE SALMONID®, 101

others, have unfortunately as yet resulted
in no positive proof of success.’ The ex-
periments referred to are the shipments of
salmon ova to the Australasian colonies.
In case Mr. Buckland should not have seen
the paragraph in the Pall Mall Gazette, I
wish to give him an opportunity of un-
binding this wreath of triumph from his
brows. In the meantime, I wish to inform
your readers, and the readers of the Pall
Mall Gazette besides, that Mr. Buckland
has not had the chief or even part super-
intendence of any one of the experiments
. which have resulted in a great achievement
in fish culture, even if we go no further
than the production of living salmon in
‘Tasmania and New Zealand. Mr. James
A. Youl was the originator of the successful
plan, after many others had failed, and has
arranged and superintended all the ship-
ments personally and solely.

‘“‘T have good authority for this statement,
because I believe that every document on
the subject, from first to last, official and
private, has passed through my hands; and
102 THE ACCLIMATISATION

possibly no one, except Mr. Youl, is better
acquainted with the history and method of
the experiments from February, 1860, to
the last by the Oberon in January, 1873.

‘Should any of your readers desire par-
ticulars of the method adopted in sending
salmon ova to the Antipodes, I may refer
them to a description of the process which
you were good enough to publish for me in
the Field of the 18th of January last.

‘‘T am the more anxious to seek your as-
sistance in correcting the least erroneous
impression upon the subject of these ship-
ments, because, on account of the reluctance
of Mr. Youl to combat them, they have
become widely spread.

* * * * *

‘‘T find in a leading article of Land and
Water for January 18, 1873, the following
remarks, which could not have been pub-
lished without Mr. Buckland’s sanction,
and were, I suspect, from his pen.

“<To J. A. Youl, Hsq., is due the practical
management of this great and important
OF THE SALMONIDE. 103

experiment. With an earnest vigour and
an intense energy he has managed all the
details, from the official correspondence to
the soldering down of the ice-house; and
to this gentleman Australia and New
Zealand will owe the introduction of salmon.
Should this valuable fish be eventually
acclimatised, these colonies will hereafter
look upon Mr. Youl as one of the greatest
benefactors of his age.’

‘No more handsome acknowledgment
could be given than this; and Mr. Buck-
land (assuming that he wrote the article)
does not even take the credit due to himself
for his own contributions in the shape of
trout and salmon ova, sent or brought
by himself to the docks on more than
one occasion while the packing was going
on. ‘

‘“‘T am induced to trouble you with this
letter because my two applications to the
Pall Mall Gazette to correct its error have
been ignored, and in simple justice to Mr.
J. A. Youl, who, at the request of the several
Governments of Australia and New Zealand,
104 THE ACCLIMATISATION

undertook gratuitously the superintendence
of all the shipments of ova to the Antipodes.
‘‘ AntHUR NICOLS.”’
‘* Sept. 1st, 1875.

The above letter was never challenged.
The reader already knows that Mr. Buck-
land had made no experiment in this direc-
tion, either alone or in conjunction with
others, until his unfortunate failure in the
Timaru two years later.

After this it is instructive to read a letter
from Mr. Buckland published in the Reports
for 1873, in which he undertakes to teach
the authorities of New Zealand the proper
method of treating ova for shipment, very
much as though he were the only person
who knew anything about it, and had origi-
nated it.*

In a letter to the Field of June, 1878,
Sir S. Wilson says, addressing Mr. Youl—

“Only for your happy thought of trying
the experiment of packing the ova in ice,
our continent would still have been without

* See Appendix.
OF THE SALMONIDA, 105

the prospect of obtaining this valuable fish,
and your perseverance in this patriotic
effort, which has resulted so successfully,
is deserving of every praise, and has not yet
been acknowledged in the manner which it
deserves to be.

“‘ On behalf of Australia, if I may be per-
mitted to speak in her name, I beg to offer
my warmest and most grateful thanks for
the exertions which you have so cheerfully
bestowed, as well as for former valuable
services of the same kind.”

Mr. Thomas Brady, one of the Salmon
Commissioners for Ireland, also bears the
same testimony in a letter to Land and
Water of February 9, 1878.

The whole of the success has been claimed
for Mr. Buckland repeatedly, and he has
not been careful to disavow the honour at all
times and in all places, while a gentleman
who has done good service, Mr. R. Dawbin
of New Zealand, has been ignored in official
reports and everywhere else. He and Mrs.
Dawbin nursed the young fry from the ova
sent out by the Celestial Queen with such
106 THE ACCLIMATISATION

assiduity and excellent judgment that they
were finally enabled to despatch five hun-
dred fine smolts to the sea. Had Mr.
Buckland done as much as this even it.
would have entitled him to consider he had
some share in the establishment of salmon
in that colony. Some recognition of Mr.
Youl’s efforts to benefit the colonies com-
mercially and to solve a knotty scientific
problem has been made by the colonial go-
vernments and acclimatisation societies, in
the form of votes of thanks and medals, and
Lord Carnarvon recommended him to her
Majesty for the distinction of Companion-
ship of the order of St. Michael and St.
George, which has accordingly been con-
ferred upon him expressly in acknowledg-
ment of this service to the colonies.

That salmon-trout and brown trout are
now abundant in colonial streams is incon-
testable, and scarcely less certain that
salmon are also plentiful; it remains for
the colonists to foster their rich property.
There is no reason why every stream and
lake south of the 28th parallel of latitude
OF THE SALMONIDZ. 107

should not become a home for some of the
Salmonida, and the tarns and lakes of New
Zealand should be full of trout. But let
the colonists see that no young salmon or
salmon-trout are turned into rivers where
trout are already established, as there is
reason to fear has been done in some in-
stances, for few, if any, will escape the
voracious jaws of their brown cousins and
reach the sea. It is doubtful even whether
the attempt to introduce the Pacific coast
salmon into New Zealand was wise until
the establishment of the better species was
assured, and it would be the worst economy
to withhold sufficient funds for adequate
protection of the imported fish, as has
hitherto been the disposition of the colonial
legislatures.

Sir R. Officer, dating his letter December
27, 1877, thus writes to Mr. Youl—

‘The chief object of my now writing is
to communicate a fact which I think you
will—as I have done—regard as the crown-
ing event in the lengthened history of our
undertaking. The salmon have during the
108 THE ACCLIMATISATION

past season, if not before, begun to make
their nests and deposit their spawn in the
Plenty, and we have now some of their
produce in our ponds! One of the fish that
had thus returned to propagate its species
in its native water I saw myself before
leaving Tasmania in August last. It then
weighed 20 lbs., but as it had parted with
nearly all its ova, it may be set down as a
fish of at least 25 lbs. It was quickly re-
placed on its spawning bed in the Plenty, in
close proximity to the ponds, from which it
had been gently removed in a landing net
and where it finished its operations. One
attendant male fish, that I did not see, was
afterwards weighed, and found to be about
18 lbs.

* * * * *

“‘ With the salmon breeding in the Plenty,
so admirably fitted for the purpose, abun-
dance of ova and young fish may hereafter
be obtained for stocking speedily all the
rivers in Tasmania. I hope to have some-
thing further of interest to communicate to
OF THE SALMONIDZE. 109

you ere long, and, among other things, that
we have been able to secure a fish of suffi-
cient size and condition for transmission to
yourself, to whom we are so much in-
debted : a duty which I shall not lose sight

of.
‘‘ Believe me, ever yours faithfully,

“R, OFFIcER.’’

“ P.S.—You will have seen in the Argus
reports of Sir 8. Wilson’s strenuous efforts
to introduce the Californian salmon into
Victoria. He deserves success; but there
are, unfortunately, no Derwents, Huons,
Gordons, or Esks to which he can look as a
future home for his nurslings. We have
always heard that the Californian fish is
inferior to the denizens of the Tay and
Tweed, and have therefore had no desire to
get any supplies from that quarter, but to
rely on what has passed through your hands
only, and so preserve the species pure and
unmixed. R. 0.”

The above was published in the Freld,
February 16, 1878.
110 THE ACCLIMATISATION

Every rustic now knows that these fish
are to be found in the rivers, and the deadly
worm has been employed with too good
success in districts remote from the influence
of the commissioners. It would be well if
stringent protective powers were conferred
upon riparian proprietors, but nothing will
avail to prevent the destructive use of net
and rod in streams which run through un-
appropriated land, which spawning fish will
be sure to frequent. The only hope for
these is the great prolificacy of the fish and
the sparse population. The river Plenty
has been opened to rod-fishing since 1870,
at a license of £1 per rod, and the commis-
sioners anticipate a considerable and per-
manent revenue from this source—it yielded
£100 in 1876—while this measure tends
to keep down the large fish of 5 Ibs. and
upwards, which are frequently seen lurking
under the banks, and living in luxurious ease
on the small fry of their own species.

Indeed, the rapid growth of trout in the
Derwent and its tributaries is a serious
danger to the spawn and fry of the migratory
OF THE SALMONID. 111

species, and it would be wise to exterminate
the former as far as possible in localities
selected by the latter as their nurseries.
This danger should be guarded against else-
where by the reservation of some rivers
solely for salmon and salmon-trout, though
the temptation to introduce the easily
established trout may be very strong, and
has, it is to be feared, already proved
stronger than prudence. The decreasing
fertility of the prisoners referred to in the
latest report of the commissioners suggests
the probable necessity of further importa-
tions of ova from England, and should this
be decided upon, the colonial authorities
should insist on the adoption of that plan
of transport which has proved successful in
Mr. Youl’s hands, and allow no modification
of it. The course to be pursued by Victoria
is now clear. On the arrival of the ova in
that colony the temperature of the water
may be expected to range as high as 60° .
Fahr. ; therefore, sufficient ice must be pro-
vided to keep the temperature of the water
in the hatching boxes at least down to 45°,
112 THE ACCLIMATISATION, ETC.

and much lower for the first few days, until
the young fish appear. With this precaution
success will be deserved, if not achieved.

It has been attempted to trace the suc-
cessive steps in the history of a bold experi-
ment in acclimatisation, followed by a well-
won triumph ; it only remains to congratulate:
the colonies on the valuable acquisition, and
it should not be necessary to bid them re-
member that they owe it to the patriotic
exertions of oné who has held a high position
as a citizen in Tasmania, among whose
greatest benefactors he should now be
counted; while he himself might justly
exclaim,

“ Hxegi momentum ere perennius
Regalique situ pyramidum altius.”
APPENDIX.
TASMANIA, 1862.
SALMON.
RETURN TO AN ORDER OF THE HOUSE.

REPORT.
To His Excellency Colonel Gorr Browne, C.B., Cap-
tain-General and Governor-in-Chief of the Island of
Tasmania,

May 1T PLEASE Your ExxceLuEncy,

The Commissioners appointed by Your Ex-
cellency to direct the measures to be adopted for
the introduction of Salmon into the Rivers of this
Colony have already reported to the Government
the arrival of the Beautiful Star, and the disastrous
result of their first experiment.

They have now the honor to lay before Your
Excellency a Report of their proceedings, in their
efforts to fulfil the important duty confided to
them, from the date of their appointments to the
present time.

During the Parliamentary Session of 1860, the
question of the introduction of Salmon was re-
ferred to a Joint Committee of both Houses. In
116 APPENDIX.

their Report, presented to both Houses, the Com-
mittee recommended that all the arrangements.
necessary to be made in England in furtherance of
this highly important undertaking should be en-
trusted to the Committee of the Australian Asso-
ciation in London; and, before the appointment
of the Commission had been issued by Your
Excellency, that body, acting under the authority
and instructions received from the Executive
Government of the Colony, had already made
progress in the task they had undertaken, and
had completed all their arrangements before any
communication reached, or could have reached,
them from the Commissioners.

Aware that among the Members of the Austra-
lian Association there were many gentlemen of
great intelligence, intimately connected with this
and the neighbouring Colonies, to all of which the
enterprise was of deep interest, who would will-
ingly give their best services to promote its
success, the Commissioners cannot but regard as
judicious this recommendation of the Committee.

Among others to whom the Committee had
looked for valuable assistance was Mr. Edward
Wilson, of Melbourne, who had already distin-
guished himself so greatly by his zeal in the work
of acclimatisation. The services of this gentleman
_ were, however, lost to the enterprise, by his early
APPENDIX, 117

return to Victoria, and its chief: direction fell into
_the hands of our fellow-colonist, James A. Youl,
Esq.

The zeal and energy displayed by Mr. Youl in
the performance of this voluntary and patriotic
duty deserve the highest commendation. No
personal labour was spared by him to ensure the
successful result of the experiment. Mr. Youl
was, from the first, fully impressed with the im-
portance of embarking the Ova in a vessel at once
swift and roomy, and sailing direct to the Port of
Hobart Town. He appears, however, to have
encountered much difficulty in his efforts to secure
these three conditions—essential, in the opinion
of the Commissioners, to the success of the under-
taking. .

This difficulty arose chiefly from the fact that,
at the season during which the Ova could be
obtained, none of the regular first-class ships
sailed for this Colony, and that none of the clipper
vessels trading to Melbourne could be induced to
incur the delay and risk involved in calling at this
Port.

After the failure of other negociations however,
the owners of a large and fast ship, the Zealander,
fulfilling all the necessary conditions, offered to
convey the Ova to Hobart Town for a sum of £750.
At the same time an offer to perform this service
118 APPENDIX.

was made by the owners of a small iron steamer, of
only 120 tons, for a charge of £500, but which was
to make the voyage jury rigged, and with sails only.

The Commissioners think Mr. Youl committed a
fatal error of judgment in preferring this vessel to
the Zealander ; and since they heard that the Ova
had been placed on board the Beautiful Star, they
have regarded the success of the enterprise as all
but desperate.*

The charge of the experiment on board of the
Beautiful Star was entrusted to Mr. W. Rams-
bottom, a son of Mr. R. Ramsbottom, long dis-
tinguished for his skill in the artificial propagation
of Salmon.

Mr. W. Ramsbottom has placed in the hands
of the Commissioners the Journal kept by him
during the voyage of the Beautiful Star, and has
also furnished them with a Report on the whole
experiment. From these sources, from personal
communication with Mr. Ramsbottom, and an
inspection of the vessel and the apparatus in
which the Ova were placed, the Commissioners
have obtained a clear perception of all the causes
which have led to the failure of this undertaking,
and of the conditions that are necessary to a suc-
cessful result on a future occasion.

* No error of judgment. The Zealandcr could not after
all be secured.—A. N.
APPENDLX, 119

The character of the vessel in which the experi-
ment was made must, without other defects, have
rendered success all but impossible.

Under no conditions could it be supposed that
the Ova or Fry would survive 160 days at sea, nor
could it be expected that a vessel of the dimensions
of the Beautiful Star, and rigged as she was, could
perform the voyage much under that period.

The suspended apparatus appears to have been
skilfully contrived ; and in a suitable vessel, and
under other proper conditions, would in all prob-
ability have brought their charge in safety to their
destination.

But the small dimensions of the vessel did not
afford space to permit it to swing freely, and the
constant and excessive rolling kept the gravel in
which the Ova were deposited continually shifting,
causing their death by mere attrition; and, from
the same cause, the apparatus could not safely be
approached for many days in succession.

Mr. Ramsbottom has, however, pointed out some
changes in the construction of the suspensory
apparatus which would, in the opinion of the Com- ;
missioners, considerably improve it, and render it
as near as possible perfect for a future experi-
ment.

The second apparatus, constructed on the gimbal
principle, was a failure from the first; and, by its
120 APPENDIX.

excessive motion, soon caused the death of all the
Ova which had been placed in it.

But if the Ova had not nearly all perished from
the cause referred to, the failure of the ice, 74 days
after the sailing of the vessel, must necessarily
have led to the same disastrous result ; although
on board a fast vessel its duration for that period
might have been sufficient.

Mr. Ramsbottom calculates that at least two-
thirds of the ice embarked, amounting to 25 tons,
were lost by melting.

The Commissioners are, however, of opinion that
a great part of this excessive waste was due to the
faulty construction of the Ice-house, and the mode
in which the stream of water was made to pass
through it from the tanks to the trays. They
believe that such improvements could be made as
would certainly guard against this source of failure,
and secure the preservation of the ice for a period
much beyond that occupied in an ordinary voyage
from England to this Colony.

At an early period of the voyage, Mr. Rams-
bottom discovered another source of disaster,
which, if he had not been able to remove it, by the
detention of the vessel at Scilly, would alone have
caused the destruction of the Ova.

It was found that the water contained in the

* The ice-house was in fact most carefully constructed.
APPENDIX, 121

iron tanks brought with it to the trays, and de-
posited on the Ova, so considerable a quantity of
that metal, in the form of a fine powder, as to
cause the death of great numbers of them before a
remedy could be supplied. The remedy consisted
in causing the water to pass through a filter before
it reached the trays.

The use of wooden tanks, lined with block tin or
slate, would effectually prevent future disaster from
a similar cause.

The Commissioners have learned that some of
the Ova were several weeks old when first placed
on the trays. They notice this fact more with
reference to any future experiment that may be
undertaken than to that which has just terminated.
They are of opinion that every precaution ought to
be taken to retard the hatching of the Fry during
the voyage, and that, as one important means of
obtaining this end, the Ova when embarked should
not be more than a few days old.

Mr. Ramsbottom appears to the Commissioners
to be thoroughly acquainted with the duty he
undertook to perform, and to have discharged it
with much diligence and zeal.

They believe that if another effort of the same
nature should be made, it could not be confided to
a more efficient agent, or one more likely to ensure
a successful result.
122 APPENDIX.

The chief practical work that the Commissioners
have had to perform has consisted in the necessary
preparations for the reception of the Salmon Ova,
if they should happily reach the Colony in safety,
and the construction of a breeding pond.

At their first Meeting, the Commissioners unani-
mously decided that their attention should at first
be confined to the stocking of the Derwent; and
that the breeding ponds should be constructed on
the bank of one of its tributaries.

After a careful personal inspection of the locality,
a spot on the east bank of the River Plenty, about
two miles from its junction with the Derwent, was
selected as the site of the Pond.

The Commissioners were led to this selection by
the generally ample volume, low temperature, and
gravelly bed of this stream; while its proximity to
the head of the navigable portion of the Derwent,
above New Norfolk, affords facilities for the safe
transport of the Ova from the vessel importing
them to the ponds.

Several other important advantages were secured
by this selection; among which were the much
smaller cost at which the pond could be constructed
on the bank of the Plenty than on the main
stream, the more complete security from the danger
of floods, and the easier capture of the fish on their
return from the sea, for the purpose of further
propagation.
APPENDIX. 123

The land on the east bank of the Plenty is the
property of Robert Read, Esq., of Redlands, and
the thanks of the Commissioners are due to that
gentleman for the liberal spirit displayed by him
in offering, without restriction, the use of any
portion of his ground that the Commissioners might
deem most suitable for the object they had in view.

After due exploration, a piece of ground, about
three acres in extent, half a mile above Mr. Read’s
residence, was chosen as the site of the ponds.
The ground thus selected offered every necessary
facility for the cheap and expeditious accomplish-
ment of the undertaking, and was at the same
time sufficiently elevated to protect it from the
reach of the highest known floods. By Mr. Read’s
further liberality, permission was obtained to
procure the necessary supply of water from his
main irrigation channel, by which the labour and
heavy expense of a long cutting to the river itself
was saved to the public. It was Mr. Read’s
desire that the use of his land should be gratui-
tous ; but the Commissioners deemed it desirable
that a small rent should be paid under a regular
and formal lease.

A lease for fourteen years, at a yearly rental
of £15, was accordingly prepared, and, on its due
execution, the Commissioners lost no time in com-
mencing the necessary operations.
124 APPENDIX.

The pond has long since been completed; and
the Commissioners believe that in no part of the
world has a more perfect work of this character
ever been constructed.

Although deeply disappointed by the failure of
the late attempt to introduce the Salmon into the
Colony, the Commissioners entertain a confident
hope that, at no distant period, the work thus
constructed under their direction will be put to
the test of actual experiment ; and they desire to
express their earnest trust that the Government
and Legislature will not abandon an enterprise,
which is calculated to confer on this Colony a
material benefit at once so extensive and so
enduring, until success has crowned their efforts.

They believe that the stocking of our rivers with
Salmon would confer a prominence and distinction
on Tasmania which cannot be anticipated from
almost any other source.

Until the subject has been further brought under
the consideration of the Government and the
Parliament, the Commissioners refrain from offering
any specific proposal for the further prosecution of
the undertaking.

They may, however, with propriety now observe
that two other plans for the introduction of Salmon
have often been proposed as a substitute for the
direct action of the Government.
APPENDIX. 125

It has been suggested that this important object
might be attained by the offer of an adequate
reward, or by calling for Tenders.

Both of these plans possess the advantage of
securing the Colony against pecuniary loss in the
event of the failure of the attempt; and they might
both, with propriety, be had recourse to, at least,
without risk.

But the Commissioners greatly doubt whether an
enterprise, which must be new to whatever parties
might undertake it, and which would involve in it
the embarkation of so considerable a capital, is
likely to be soon accomplished in that manner.
On the other hand, the Commissioners are of
opinion that the causes of probable failure in a
future undertaking have been so well ascertained
from the late experiment, and could be so certainly
obviated and guarded against, that success could
hardly fail to crown another effort, except in the
case of actual shipwreck, or some similar disaster.

As the Colonies of New South Wales, Victoria,
South Australia, and New Zealand are all more or
less interested in this question, they may all be
expected to bear a share in the expense of future
undertakings.

Victoria has already liberally assisted us, and a
contribution of £200 has been received from New
Yealand. The cost of another, and of each suc-
126 APPENDIX.

ceeding experiment, if more than one should be
found necessary, would certainly not exceed £1000,
which, divided among the five Colonies, would only
require from each a contribution of £200: a sum
quite insignificant when compared with the import-
ance of the enterprise, and the benefits that must
flow from its successful accomplishment.

But whatever future measures may be adopted
for the further prosecution of this great undertaking,
the Commissioners trust that the unalterable motto
of this Colony, at least, will be “‘ Try again,” until
the difficulties have been overcome, and complete
success achieved.

The Commissioners respectfully refer Your
Excellency to the Report of Mr. Ramsbottom,
transmitted herewith, for details connected with
the experiment on board the Beautiful Star, which it
is not deemed necessary to embody in their Report.

A statement of the whole expenditure incurred
in this experiment is hereto appended. The expen-
diture under the direction of the Committee in
London has considerably exceeded the estimate ;
but that result need not excite surprise, when the
novelty of the undertaking is considered.

Mr. Youl is of opinion that the cost of a future
experiment would not exceed £1000, while Myr.
Ramsbottom estimates it at a still less amount.

R. OFFICER, Chairman.
APPENDIX. 127

REPORT by Mr, Wituram Ramssorrom on the late
Eaperiment on the Introduction of Saumon Ova
into Tasmania, in his charge, by the ship “ Beautiful
Star.”

The Beautiful Star sailed from London March
4th, with about 50,000 Salmon Ova. J. A. Youl,
Esq., and Mr. Robert Ramsbottom, of Clitheroe,
accompanied us to Gravesend, where we anchored
for the night. The Ova and one young fry looking
well.

March 5th, 1862. Steamed to Margate Roads,
lay at anchor for 3 days through stress of weather.
The Ova on the glass trays in the gimbal appa-
ratus are dying in great numbers, caused by the
violent rolling of the apparatus keeping them
continually in motion.

8th. Weighed anchor; nearly reached the Isle of
Wight when a strong head wind compels us to put
back to the Downs. Remain at anchor until the
12th instant; during which time the Ova suffer
greatly, both from the heavy laboring of the ship,
and also from the varnish upon the Gimbal appa-
ratus.

Up to this time the loss of Ova cannot be less
than from 4000 to 5000.

Since we put back, wrote to Mr. Youl giving him
128 APPENDIX.

all particulars respecting the serious loss of Ova
and the working of the apparatus. Mr. Youl, on
the receipt of my letter, came down at once to see
if anything could be done for the preservation of
the Ova; but I am sorry to say nothing at this
time could be altered.

Mr. Youl could only recommend a strict attention
to the suspended apparatus, which hitherto had
worked tolerably well.

18th. Weighed anchor 9.380 p.m.; wind south
east, very strong.

15th. Busy all day taking out dead Ova and
removing from the glass trays those Ova which yet
look moderately healthy. Wind east, strong.

16th. Putting back to the Scilly Islands for
repairs to the ship, having in the night lost tke
plug of the propeller space. I find that the rust
from the iron tanks is setting very thickly upon the
Ova and gravel. Should this rust be allowed to
continue, [ am persuaded that the whole would be
entirely buried within a month.

17th. Reach Scilly this morning. Remain until
the 24th instant.

24th. Weighed anchor 12 au. Wind W.S.W.
The loss of Ova from the 12th to this date is
about 2500.

26th. During the night of the 25th, and early
this morning, a strong gale from the west. The
APPENDIX. 129

ship laboured extremely, causing the apparatus to
swing to and fro with such violence as to render it
dangerous to approach it—the bilge-water also
washing up the sides of the ship (even to the deck),
some of which fell in amongst the Ova; but the
Assistant, seeing it, threw a covering of blankets
over the whole of the apparatus, which prevented
further injury; and I have good reason to believe
that little damage was done by the bilge-water, as
but a very little got into the apparatus; but, with
the violent tossing and rolling of the ship, and
swinging of the apparatus, it is impossible to state
the precise loss of Ova caused by this one gale, as
I, with the Assistant, were continually picking out
dead Ova for the four following days; but it could
not have been less than 7000.

The one little Fry, which up to this time had
been so lively, died, being 23 days old.

April 5th. The weather for the last few day
has been much finer. 11 p.m.—Three Fry newly
hatched, and looking well. Deaths of Ova for the
last 5 days, about 2500.

12th. From the 5th to the 12th instant, 3 to 6
Fry have been hatched per day. At the same
time, numbers died whilst hatching. Have been
obliged to make use of ice, the temperature having
risen 4 degrees in 5 days. It is now 54° in the
apparatus.

10
130 APPENDIX,

Should have commenced using ice 5 or 6 days
earlier ; but, seeing the sailing qualities of the ship,
feared to begin with it before it was absolutely
necessary. Could calculate, at this time, on a
very long passage.

17th. Loss of Ova for the past week, about 3000.
Since the 12th instant, the young Fry have all died.
The last of them lived 10 days.

During the last two days have been engaged in
cleaning out the whole of the Ova beds,—a work
which ought never to be done if it could possibly
be avoided ; but, from the number of decayed Ova
that were under the gravel, it was necessary, as
wherever any dead Ova were allowed to remain in
the gravel, those immediately above them were
sure to perish.

May Tth. From the 17th April to this day,
nothing of importance has occurred. Weather
fine, but hot, causing much trouble to keep down
the temperature of the water.

The ice cannot last much longer, at the rate
necessary to use it.

The average loss of Ova from the date of cleansing
the trays does not exceed 20 per day.

8th. 9 p.m.—To-night, as usual, went into the ice
chamber. The ice having got very low, discovered
a little box of Ova which had been bedded in it by
order of J. A. Youl, Esq., before leaving London.
APPENDIX. 181

On taking up the box, found that the lid was
broken off, but that the Ova were well covered with
moss.

8th. Had no expectation of finding living Ova
(even had the box been perfect) ; but, on lifting up
a portion of the moss in which the Ova were bedded,
had the satisfaction to perceive that, amongst the
many dead, there were still some living.*

Having procured a large vessel and submerged
therein the whole (moss, dead and living Ova), care-
fully took out the moss, and poured off the greater
portion of the water. Having done this, emptied
the contents of the vessel into one of the trays with
all the care and speed possible, keeping it apart
from the other Ova ; then picked out the dead Ova,
about 250 in number, and had 19 living, to all
appearance in good health.

This experiment will no doubt prove of much
future value, as indicating a new and successful
method of transporting Salmon Ova to distant
countries.

9th. During last night and to-day have lost 5
of the Ova taken from the box; but no doubt the
cause is from injuries received when cleaning away
the moss and placing them in the tray.

11th. The ship pitching and rolling, causing the

* This box was packed by Mr. Youl as an experiment, which
afterwards proved to have been the germ of success.—A. N.
182 APPENDIX.

apparatus to swing so violently as to strike the
beam to which it is suspended.

15th. In latitude 20° 36’ 8., longitude 25° 8’ W. ;
wind east, calm. Ice nearly finished. With no
better breeze than at present, the Ova must of
necessity die.

16th. No change in weather. Have taken from
the chamber the last three blocks of ice, which
cannot last many hours,—10 p.m.

17th. Latitude 22° 19’ §., longitude 25° 55’ W.
Have been allowing the temperature of the water
to rise a little by degrees ; but all to no purpose.
Ice all melted about 12.30 a.m., and the whole of
the Ova died at 1 a.m., at a temperature of 59°,
with the exception of those that had been taken from
the moss, which lived eight hours longer, at a
temperature of 65° (9 a.m.); being 74 days from
London, and 88 days from the time of their being
taken from the parent fish.

I can only add, on looking over the Journal, my
extreme astonishment at the Ova surviving so long
under such tremendous disadvantages.

It is useless to mention the gimbal apparatus,
which was a failure from the beginning.

On the other hand, the value of the suspended
apparatus, in which my only hope was placed, was
APPENDIX. 183

rendered nugatory by the utterly unsuitable
character of the ship.

The gale that prevailed on the 26th March (when
the bilge-water washed up to the deck) caused the
death of 7000 Ova placed on the surface of the
gravel, as also of a great number of those deposited
under it which could not then be removed, and
which, by their subsequent decomposition, proved
the destruction of many others.

Under all these disadvantages, it is only sur-
prising that any of the Ova survived for so long a
period as 74 days from the date of their embarkation,
and 88 days from the time of their being taken
from the parent fish.

The above facts show conclusively, in my opinion,
that if the late experiment had been made ina
roomy and fast ship, with properly constructed
tanks, many thousands of the Ova would have
reached their destination in safety.

WM. RAMSBOTTOM.
134 APPENDIX.

STATEMENT of Expenditure.

To constructing Salmon
Ponds at River Plenty
Fencing ground round
PONS: 2022035 sera seer vionns
Salary to Mr. Rams-
bottom, and Accounts
paid in Hobart Town

Amount reported by Mr.
Youl to have been paid
by him in England

£ sd. £ 8. de

727 #411

60 13 0

111 6 6

————— 899 4 5

1420 0 0
£2319 4 5*

* Mr. Black had estimated the cost at £2,400, and this
was approved of by the Committee of the Tasmanian Par-
liament, in their Report, dated August 31, 1860.—A. N.
TASMANIA.

REPORT OF SALMON COMMIS-
SIONERS, 1864.

To His Excellency Colonel Tuomas Gore Browne, C.B.,
Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of the Colony of
Tasmania and its Dependencies.

May it pLeAsE Your ExcELLency,

In the month of September, 1862, the Commis-
sioners had the honour to report to Your Excellency
that, profiting by the important lesson derived
from the history of the little box of Salmon Ova
embedded in moss, which had been placed in the
ice-house of the Beautiful Star, as detailed in the
extract from Mr. W. Ramsbottom’s log appended
to their Report dated August, 1862, they had
resolved to send Mr. W. Ramsbottom back to
England with the least possible delay, in order
that he might assist in ascertaining from actual
experiment for what periods the Salmon Ova
136 APPENDIX,

packed in moss, and deposited in some of the ice
vaults in England, might be kept in an unde-
veloped state and afterwards hatched into living
fish.

In accordance with this determination of the
Commissioners, Mr. Ramsbottom at once proceeded
to Melbourne, from whence he took his departure
in the steamship Great Britain, and reached
England in December.

While despatching Mr. Ramsbottom to England
for the purpose mentioned, the Commissioners,
retaining a lively sense of the zeal and energy dis-
played by their fellow colonist Mr. J. A. Youl in
the first attempt which they had made to introduce
the Salmon into the Colony, and then recently
brought to an unsuccessful conclusion, addressed a
letter to that gentleman, earnestly requesting his
continued co-operation in their renewed endeavour
to effect this great object; and subsequently com-
mitted the direction of all that was to be done in
England to the Australian Association, to whom
the management of the first experiment had been
entrusted, knowing that, as on the previous occa-
sion, it would practically devolve on Mr. Youl, one
of its members.

The Australian Association accepted the trust
which the Commissioners desired them to under-
take, but immediately delegated to Mr. Youl “the
APPENDIX, 137

sole superintendence of the necessary preparations
for the renewed experiment about to be tried.”
How earnestly and zealously Mr. Youl discharged
the duty thus devolving upon him, will appear from
our further report of his labours in this patriotic
undertaking.

Immediately on Mr. Ramsbottom’s arrival in
England, the experiments to which the Commis-
sioners have referred, and to the issue of which
they looked forward with the deepest interest, were
commenced under Mr. Youl’s direction, and carried
on during the year 1863.

The success of these experiments fully satisfied
the expectations of the Commissioners, at whose
instance they were undertaken. A large propor-
tion of the Ova that had been deposited in the
Wenham Lake Company’s Ice Vaults in London,
for periods varying from 45 to 144 days, were found
at the end of those periods to be still in a state of
healthy vitality ; and were afterwards hatched into
vigorous fish by various pisciculturists to whom
they were committed after removal from the Ice
Vaults.

In the conduct of these experiments Mr. Youl
was zealously assisted by W. Ramsbottom, by his
father, Mr. R. Ramsbottom, of Clitheroe, and by
the Manager of the Wenham Lake Ice Company,
who, on Mr. Youl’s application, had generously
138 APPENDIX.

granted the free use of their Vaults in London, in
which they were carried on through their first
stage. The result of these experiments con-
stitutes, the Commissioners believe, one of the
most valuable discoveries ever yet made in the
art of pisciculture, and must ever indicate an
important era in its history.

This result was no sooner communicated to the
Commissioners, than they came to the conclusion
that this was the method by which the Salmon
was to be successfully introduced into the waters
of Tasmania; and that the expensive, troublesome,
and uncertain mode of conveying the Ova in sus-
pended trays, requiring a constant stream of iced
water to pass over them, might henceforth be
dispensed with.

They were unanimously of opinion that, in the
condition of Ova placed in an ample body of ice on
board a fast vessel sailing direct to Hobart Town,
the Salmon could not fail of reaching their destina-
tion in safety. This opinion the Commissioners
conveyed to the Australian Association, and was,
as far as possible, carried into practical effect by
Mr. Youl. That gentleman, however, found on
this, as on the previous occasion, that his principal
difficulty consisted in finding a vessel fulfilling all
the conditions deemed necessary for the successful
transport of the Ova to their destination at the
APPENDIX. 139

Antipodes. One vessel only, the Alfred Hawley,
was advertised to sail for Hobart Town about the
period suitable for the shipment of the Ova, and,
although in other respects supposed to be a smart
vessel, she was of a tonnage too smali to inspire
confidence in her making a rapid passage.

With the owners of this ship Mr. Youl entered
into and carried on negotiations until it was dis-
covered, in the beginning of January, 1864, that,
having only just returned from China, there was
no hope of her cargo being discharged, and the
preparations necessary for the reception of Ova
completed, until too late for their shipment during
that season.

In this emergency Mr. Youl acted with admirable
promptitude and decision, which saved the experi-
ment from being shipwrecked and delayed until
the following year.

The Alfred Hawley, and the idea of a direct
passage to Hobart Town, were immediately dis-
missed from his mind, and application made to
Messrs. Money Wigram and Sons, the owners of
the splendid and well-known clipper ship the
Norfolk, then advertised to sail for Melbourne on
the 20th of January, to undertake the conveyance
of the Salmon Ova by that vessel.

To this application these gentlemen not only
assented with alacrity, but declined to receive any
140 APPENDIX.

remuneration for the important service which they
undertook to perform, desiring only that it might
be accepted by the Australasian Colonies as a proof
of the interest which they took in the welfare and
advancement of these rising communities.

When Messrs. Money Wigram and Sons first
intimated their intention of making no charge for
the conveyance of the Ova by the Norfolk, Mr.
Youl had, in a truly liberal and patriotic spirit,
undertaken to pay them One Hundred Guineas
from his own pocket, if they should think fit to
receive it, as some remuneration for the occupa-
tion of a twentieth part of their noble ship. Of
this offer, however, these gentleman ultimately
declined to avail themselves, desiring that the
service should be entirely gratuitous. From copies
of the letters that passed between Mr. Youl and the
owners of the Norfolk, given in the Appendix to
this Report, the character of this transaction,
which reflects much credit on them both, will be
fully understood by your Excellency.

A space measuring fully 50 tons, equal to a
twentieth part of the whole tonnage of the Norfolk,
was thus gratuitously dedicated to the service of
the undertaking by her public-spirited owners.

But the value of the service is not to be measured
by the mere extent of tonnage occupied for the
purposes of this great experiment.
APPENDIX. 141

Besides the disturbance of the usual arrange-
ments in the hold of their vessels caused by the
erection of the Ice-house, shipowners appear to
have entertained a fear that a leakage might take
place from the Ice-house and injure the goods
stowed below. From these causes, the owners of
vessels who have been applied to on former occa-
sions have demanded much higher rates of freight
than they would probably have considered adequate
under other circumstances.

For the conveyance of the Ice-house and swinging
apparatus, with the passage of Mr. W. Ramsbottom,
the sum of £500 was paid to the owners of the
Beautiful Star, whose whole capacity did not much
exceed 100 tons. The freight demanded by the
owners of another vessel, the Zealander, with
whom Mr. Youl had entered into negotiations for
the conveyance of the Ova to Hobart Town on her
way to New Zealand, was £750; while, for a like
service by the Percy, a regular Hobart Town
trader, no less a sum than £1500 was required.
In this last case, however, some derangement in
the usual period of sailing from London was
involved.

Having thus provided for the conveyance of the
Ova to Melbourne by one of the fastest ships in the
Australian Trade, and having nearly completed the
arrangements necessary for their reception on
142 APPENDIX.

board the Norfolk, whose departure was positively
to take place on the 20th of January, Mr. Youl
forwarded instructions to Mr. Robert Ramsbottom,
the well-known pisciculturist of Clitheroe, to pro-
eure forthwith, from the Ribble, the number of
Ova intended to be dispatched to Tasmania. On
former occasions Mr. Ramsbottom had never found
any difficulty in obtaining whatever quantity had
been required by Mr. Youl; and in the previous
year, on the 12th of January, an abundant supply
of spawn had been obtained fromthe Ribble. A
week earlier in the present year, dependent on
some peculiarities of the season, every fish cap-
tured by Mr. Ramsbottom was found already to
have shed its spawn in the river.

On receiving this embarrassing information from
Mr. Ramsbottom, the same energy that had been
called forth by the difficulty of finding a suitable
means of conveyance to the Antipodes was displayed
by Mr. Youl.

Mr. Ramsbottom, with his son, Mr. William
Ramsbottom, were immediately dispatched to the
“‘Dovey” in Wales, and Mr. W. Johnston, another
experienced and trustworthy Pisciculturist, to the
««'Tyne.””

At the same time, with much judgment, Mr.
Youl published in the Times a general appeal to
the Proprietors of Salmon Fisheries, and to all
APPENDIX. 143

who were engaged in or took an interest in the
work of Pisciculture throughout Great Britain, to
assist in the great experiment then in hand.

That appeal was successful, and was responded
to in the most liberal and generous manner by
noblemen, gentlemen, and others, both in England
and Scotland. Through their kind assistance, and
the zeal and activity displayed by the agents em-
ployed by Mr. Youl, amongst whom Mr. Ramsbottom
of Clitheroe, our Superintendent Mr. William Rams-
bottom, and his brother Mr. Restab Ramsbottom,
greatly distinguished themselves, the requisite
supply of Ova, exceeding 100,000 in number, with
several thousands of Trout Ova, were ultimately
obtained.

In spite, however, of all the energy and activity
that had been displayed, these Ova did not reach
London until the 18th of January; nor could it
have been possible to have shipped them all and
completed the arrangements in the Ice-house, had
not Messrs. Money Wigram & Sons given a further
proof of their generosity by detaining the Norfolk for
one whole day after she was quite ready to set sail.

The history of this anxious part of the under-
taking is so well given in Mr. Youl’s letters to the
Times, dated the 6th, 12th, and 21st of January
last, that the Commissioners append them entire
to their Report.
144 APPENDIX.

The Commissioners have learned from a perusal
of these letters, and from other communications,
how deeply they are indebted to the various parties
enumerated by Mr. Youl for the ready and valu-
able aid afforded by them during a most critical
period of the experiment ; and they feel assured that,
by Your Excellency, the Executive Government,
the Parliament and people of Tasmania, their ser-
vices will be duly appreciated and gratefully
acknowledged.

All difficulties having been thus successfully
overcome, the Ice-house was finally closed on the
evening of the 20th day of January; and the
Norfolk took its departure on the following day
with its precious and novel burden, towards the
ultimate fate of which the attention of the whole
scientific world, and of all taking an interest in
the well-being of the Australasian Colonies, was
anxiously directed, accompanied by Mr. W. Rams-
bottom, their special custodian and guardian.

On the 15th day of April the Norfolk cast anchor
in Hobson’s Bay, having thus completed her
voyage to the far south in the brief space of eighty-
four days.

Mr. Youl had, with much judgment, consigned
the Ova to the care of Mr. Edward Wilson,
President of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria,
whose zeal in the cause of Acclimatisation is known
APPENDIX. 145

and appreciated throughout the length and breadth
of the civilised world. It was impossible to have
committed the charge into abler or more zealous
hands.

Before the arrival of the Norfolk at Melbourne,
Mr. Wilson had applied to the Government of
Victoria for the use of Her Majesty’s Colonial
Steamship Victoria, for the conveyance of the Ova
from Hobson’s Bay to Hobart Town. That appli-
cation had been liberally and promptly acceded to,
and the vessel ordered to be in readiness for the
performance of this service the moment the arrival
of the Norfolk should be announced.

Soon after the Norfolk had dropped her anchor
she was boarded by Mr. Wilson and other Members
of the Acclimatisation Society, in whose presence
the Ice-house was unlocked by Mr. Ramsbottom,
for the first time since it had been closed in the
Thames.

One of the small boxes containing Salmon Ova
was then forthwith opened, and to the joy of the
anxious observers it was found that a considerable
portion of its contents were still in a sound and
promising condition.

No examination of the remaining boxes was
deemed necessary ; but the most energetic measures
were immediately taken for the speedy transfer of
the Ova, with the remainder of the Ice amounting

11
146 APPENDIX.

to about 12 tons, ‘from the Norfolk to the hold of
the Victoria. Strong wooden boxes were prepared,
in each of which fifteen of the small original boxes
of Ova, covered over with a considerable thickness
of Ice, and enveloped in blankets, were secured.
With commendable foresight these boxes were
fitted up so as to admit of their being at once slung
on bamboos, and thus carried by bearers from the
termination of the navigable portion of the Derwent
to the Ponds on the Plenty, a distance of nearly
four miles; and this arrangement was, in practice,
found greatly to facilitate the conveyance of the
Ova over that part of the way.

Thus prepared, eleven boxes containing 170 of
the original packages were carefully removed from
the Norfolk to the Victoria, and deposited in a part
of the hold least exposed to the injurious action of
the machinery, from which they were further pro-
tected by placing stuffed pads between the boxes.

The remaining eleven boxes were retained by
the Acclimatisation Society, for the purpose of
being hatched in Melbourne, without exposing
them to the possible accidents and certain delay
involved in a second voyage, and to the tremor
caused by the action of the screw, from which Mr.
Youl, as well as the Commissioners, had appre-
hended considerable danger to the life of the Ova.

In the presence of a large Ice manufactory, in
APPENDIX. 147

close proximity to which the hatching box was
placed by the Acclimatisation Society, and where
could be obtained at all times an unlimited supply
of Ice, so essential to the well-being of the Ova,
that body possessed an element of success not
enjoyed by the Commissioners in this Colony,
whose sole dependence rested on the surplus from
the Ice-house of the Norfolk. The Commissioners,
therefore, cannot but regard the retention of a
small portion of the Ova in Melbourne as a prudent
course, and as affording an additional guarantee
against the failure of this great undertaking.

All necessary arrangements having been com-
pleted on board the Victoria, that vessel took her
departure for Hobart Town on the morning of the
18th of April, and dropped her anchor in the
Derwent at 8 o’clock in the afternoon of the 20th
of that month.

She was immediately visited by the Commis-
sioners present in Hobart Town; and the work of
removing the Ova and Ice, now reduced to about
ten tons, into a barge provided for their reception,
was forthwith begun.

The zeal evinced by Captain Norman, his officers,
and men, soon brought that work to a conclusion ;
and all was completed in less than six hours.

At 9 p.m. the barge was taken in tow by the
little steamer Emu, which had been waiting all day
148 APPENDIX.

ready to start at a moment’s notice, having on
board two of the Commissioners and Mr. Rams-
bottom; and at 1a.m. on the following morning
safely reached the wharf at New Norfolk, where
the barge, with its invaluable cargo, was securely
moored, and carefully guarded until daylight
appeared.

As soon as it was known that the Ova had
reached New Norfolk, gentlemen residing in the
Town and its vicinity vied with each other in their
offers of assistance by their Servants and Teams.
At an early hour the barge was towed from the
Steam Wharf to the place of debarkation at the
Falls, where from 40 to 50 bearers and ten horse
teams were waiting to take a part in the transport
of the Ova and Ice to the banks of the Plenty.

Five of the large cases of Ova were, without loss
of time, landed from the barge; and being slung
on bamboos, for which they had been prepared in
Melbourne, they were placed on the shoulders of
the men selected to carry them, and were, in a
space of little more than two hours, safely and
without the slightest accident deposited on the
margin of their new home. In like manner, and
with the same success, the remainder of the cases
were brought up from the barge, five at a later
period of the same day, and the remaining one
early on the following morning.
APPENDIX. 149

Some hours after the first portion of the cases
had reached their destination, and after some
alterations had been made in the gravel of the
hatching boxes in the ponds, Mr. Ramsbottom,
zealously assisted by one of the Commissioners,
Mr. Morton Allport, began the process of unpacking
the Ova from the little boxes in which they had
been so long imprisoned, and placing them in the
limpid stream which had long been awaiting their
advent. This operation was continued during the
remaining part of the afternoon and a great portion
of the night, and actively resumed at the dawn of
the following day, in the course of which it was
concluded.

This process was conducted by Mr. Ramsbottom
in the most careful manner, and in the way which
his experience and observation had taught him was
least likely to injure the delicate and sensitive Ova.

The layer of moss, over the surface of which the
Ova were scattered, was immersed in the gently
flowing water of the breeding troughs, by the
action of which the Ova, both dead and living,
were quickly disengaged from the moss, and quietly
settled down on the gravel below.

The removal of the dead Ova was a further and
subsequent, as well as a laborious and delicate
task, but was executed with all possible despatch.

After a considerable number of the small boxes
150 APPENDIX.

had been opened, and their contents examined, it
was seen that the condition of the Ova varied
greatly in the different packages.

While in some the greater portion of the Ova
still retained their vitality and healthy aspect, in
others nearly every one had perished:

After some further opportunity of observation, it
was perceived by Mr. Ramsbottom and the Com-
missioners present, that a close and almost un-
varying relation existed between the fate of the Ova
and the condition of the moss in which they were
enveloped.

Where the moss retained its natural green hue
and elasticity, there a large proportion of the Ova
retained a healthy vitality. Where, on the contrary,
the moss was of a brown colour, and in a collapsed
or compressed form, few of the Ova were found
alive, and all were more or less entangled in a net-
work of fungus.

The Commissioners cannot, therefore, help sus-
pecting that the condition and quantity of the moss
in which the Ova were imbedded in each small box
greatly influenced their health and vitality. Messrs.
Allport and Ramsbottom, by whom the chief part
of the Ova were transferred from the packing-boxes
to the Ponds, assured the Commissioners that the
smallest amount of mortality was invariably found
to have taken place in those boxes in which the
APPENDIX. 151

moss had been most loosely packed, and the Ova
subjected to the least amount of pressure.

The Commissioners have already communicated
to Mr. Youl their observations and conclusions on
this point. By him, and by other Pisciculturists
in England, the subject will, doubtless, be duly
investigated.

The point involved is one which experience and
observation can alone decide.

It is impossible for the Commissioners to say,
with accuracy, what was the number of Ova placed
in the Ponds in an apparently living and healthy
condition. Mr. Ramsbottom had, with some hesi-
tation, estimated them at 80,000, or a little more
than a fourth part of the number embarked in the
Norfolk.

From this number, however, it has since been
discovered that a large deduction has to be made
on account of those that have been found sterile in
consequence of deficient fecundation. A large
portion of the Ova of this character have main-
tained, during the whole progress of hatching, and
many of them still preserve, their brilliant and
healthy aspect, but on close examination are found
to contain no embryo fish within.

Mr. Ramsbottom has estimated the number of
these unfecundated Ova as not less than 16,000.
The number of healthy Trout Ova placed in the
152 APPENDIX.

Ponds is believed by Mr. Ramsbottom not to have
exceeded 800; and his opinion is confirmed by the
Commissioners present at the opening of the boxes,
and other observers.

Immediately before commencing the operation
of depositing the Ova in the breeding troughs at
the Ponds, blocks of ice were placed in the small
stream which flows over them, which had the effect
of reducing the temperature of the water from 55°
to 44°. This was continued while the ice lasted,—
a period of two days,—and was found amply suffi-
cient to carry the Ova safely through the critical
stage of transition from the low temperature in
which they had previously existed to the higher
temperature of the Ponds to which they now be-
came exposed. All danger, however, from this
source, if any existed, was effectually prevented by
a natural and considerable fall in the temperature
which took place in the water of the Plenty before
the supply of ice had become exhausted, and which
has since remained very uniform, not exceeding
49° nor falling below 39°.

With a view to provide an additional guarantee
against total failure, a portion of the Ova were
subjected, in accordance with the advice of Mr.
Youl, to the process of hatching in an apparatus
entirely apart from the Ponds, and consisting of
two tubs filled with gravel and supplied with a
APPENDIX. 153

slender stream of iced water from a large cask with
which they were connected.

In this manner a small portion of ice, reserved
for the purpose, was found sufficient to maintain
the water at a reduced temperature for some time
after it could no longer be applied to the larger
apparatus connected with the Ponds.

In these tubs, however, no greater success was
achieved than in the larger breeding troughs.

The Salmon Ova were deposited in the Ponds on
the 91st day from the date of their embarkation on
board the Norfolk ; and, with the exception of the
contents of two small boxes of greater age, about
the 96th from their exclusion from the parent fish,
and thus four days within the period beyond which
it has always been represented by Mr. Youl that
it would be highly dangerous to delay their immer-
sion in their native element.

The Ova having been thus all deposited in the
Ponds, it is unnecessary for the Commissioners to
inform Your Excellency that their progress towards
maturity was watched with intense anxiety.

Two boxes have been mentioned as containing
Ova of a greater age than the others. These had
been taken from the parent Salmon about ‘the 6th
of December, 1868, had lain for six weeks in the
Ice Vaults of the Wenham Lake Ice Company;
and were, therefore, 45 days old at the time of em-
154 APPENDIX.

barkation in the Norfolk, and 186 days when placed
in our Ponds.

They had been sent out by Mr. Youl with the
special object of further ascertaining for what
period the process of hatching might be retarded
beyond the natural period.

Of these Ova few were found to have survived,
but most of those that were still living already
exhibited the eyes and outlines of the fish within.

Among the others of shorter age, and especially
the Trout Ova, the same encouraging proofs of
development were soon perceived.

On the 4th of May (1864) the first Trout made
its appearance, followed on the succeeding day by
the first Salmon that had ever been seen in Aus-
tralia, or south of the equator.

The further hatching of the Trout and Salmon
proceeded very slowly for some days, but then
became more rapid—especially among the Trout.
Among these the process was completed about the
25th day of May, producing upwards of 200 healthy
fish.

The hatching of the Salmon was more pro-
tracted, and was not concluded until the 8th of
June, on which day the last little fish was observed
making its escape from the shell.

As they continued to make their appearance from
day to day, their numbers were counted by Mr.
APPENDIX. 155

Ramsbottom with tolerable accuracy up to about
1000, after which it was no longer possible to keep
any reckoning.

It is impossible for Mr. Ramsbottom, or the Com-
missioners, to make even an approximate estimate
of the number of young Salmon now in the Ponds.
That they amount to several thousands they have
no reason to doubt; and, as the mortality amongst
the Ova after deposition in the Ponds was very
moderate, and quite insignificant among the young
fish, there is reason to hope that they may exceed
rather than fall short of expectation.

’ Although the first living Salmon was discovered
in one of the troughs containing a portion of the
younger Ova, there isno doubt that it was preceded
by some hatched from those of the greater age,
although, from being concealed under the pebbles,
they were not sooner noticed. That they had
preceded the others, however, is evident from their
superior size, and other marks of greater advance-
ment. From these older Ova not more than 4 or
5 fish have been produced.

The Trout have now entirely lost their umbilical
appendages, and receive their morning and evening
meals of boiled liver from the hands of their
keepers..

The Salmon are rapidly advancing to the same
condition.
156 APPENDIX.

Having been urged by Mr. Youl not to admit the
Trout into the same * rivers with the Salmon, the
Commissioners have decided in the meantime to
place the former in the circular clearing Pond
under Mr. Ramsbottom’s immediate eye and care,
where they will doubtless thrive and multiply, and
at no distant period afford the means of stocking
all the rivers of the Colony into which it may be
considered proper to introduce them.

The great undertaking of introducing the Salmon
and Trout into Tasmania has now, the Commis-
sioners believe, been successfully accomplished ;
and they trust they are not premature or too san-
guine in congratulating Your Excellency and the
Colony on this auspicious event, which cannot fail
at no distant time to exert a very beneficial influ-
ence on the interests and resources of the Australian
Colonies.

Few countries of the same extent possess more
rivers suited to the nature and habits of this noble
fish than Tasmania. <A stranger acquainted with
the Salmon rivers of Europe could scarcely behold
the ample stream and sparkling waters of the
Derwent without fancying that they were already
the home of the king of fish.

* Nevertheless Trout were placed in the Plenty river, to the
great risk, if not certain destruction, of the salmon fry, which
might in future be bred in the river.—A. N.
APPENDIX. 157

And the Derwent is but one of many other large
and ever-flowing rivers almost equally suited to
become the abode of the Salmon. When these
rivers have been stocked, they cannot fail to be-
come a source of considerable public revenue, and
of profit and pleasure to the people.

Where so many have assisted in obtaining this
important boon for the Colonies, it is difficult to
particularise all those to whom it is indebted for
their disinterested services.

The untiring zeal and indefatigable exertions of
Mr. Youl stand forth conspicuous, and have been
mainly instrumental in bringing the present ex-
periment to a successful issue.

The noble liberality of Messrs. Money Wigram
and Sons has been already dwelt on; and those
gentlemen, the Commissioners are aware, have
received the well-merited thanks of Your Excel-
lency’s Government.

To those Noblemen, Gentlemen, and others, who
rendered such important and timely aid to Mr.
Youl in his arduous labours, the thanks of the
Commissioners, and of the whole colony, are due.

A special vote of thanks has been transmitted by
the Commissioners to Mr. Robert Ramsbottom, of
Clitheroe, for the untiring interest he has long
manifested in the attempts to introduce the Salmon
into Australia, of which he has given practical
158 APPENDIX.

proof by his hearty co-operation with Mr. Youl,
and the free use of his practical skill and experience
in promoting the success of the experiment.

The Commissioners have felt it to be their duty,
with the sanction of the Government, to present
pieces of Plate, with an expression of their thanks,
to Captain Tonkin, of the Norfolk, to Mr, Carpenter
his Chief Officer, and to Captain Norman, of Her
Majesty’s Colonial Steam Ship the Victoria, in
acknowledgement of the deep interest displayed by
them in the success of the undertaking, and their
efforts to secure the rapid transport of the Salmon
Ova from London to Melbourne, and Melbourne to
Tasmania, upon which their safety in a great
degree depended.

This Colony is under deep obligations to the
Government and Parliament of Victoria, and to
the President and Members of the Acclimatisation
Society, for their disinterested assistance.

Towards the expense of the experiment by the
Beautiful Star, the liberal sum of Five Hundred
Pounds was cheerfully contributed from the Public
Treasury of that Province ; and, on the recommen-
dation of the Acclimatisation Society, a similar
amount was granted in aid of the second experi-
ment, together with the use of the fine Steam Ship
Victoria.

The importance of this latter service can hardly
APPENDIX. 159

be too highly estimated. It supplied a link in the
progress of the experiment which had caused the
Commissioners much anxiety.

The value and disinterestedness of these services
are enhanced by the fact that, at the time they
were rendered, the faintest hope only existed that
Victoria would be benefited by the success of the
undertaking except in a very secondary degree. It
is only lately that the idea of acclimatising the
Salmon in some of the rivers of that Colony has
been entertained ; and the Commissioners will hear
with much pleasure that this reasonable expectation
has been fulfilled.

They rejoice to learn that nearly three hundred
healthy young Salmon have been produced from
the few boxes of Ova left in the hands of the Accli-
matisation Society ; and it will be their first duty,
as some acknowledgement of the generous aid they
have received from Victoria, to render every assist-
ance in their power towards the early stocking of
the Rivers of that great Colony fitted to become the
homes of the Salmon and Trout.

Since the process of hatching was completed,
the mortality among the young fishes, both Salmon
and Trout, has been very insignificant, and has
been almost entirely confined to a small number
of the former that came forth from the egg with
crooked spines or some other deformity.
160 APPENDIX.

They have grown considerably, and present every
characteristic of vigorous health.

The Commissioners have no reason to doubt that
the young Parr will, in due season, attain to the
condition of complete Salmon, fulfil the long-
cherished hopes of the Colony, and make an ample
return for all the expense and labour incurred in
introducing them.

They entertain every confidence that, under the
guidance of their unerring instincts, they will,
when the proper time arrives, proceed to and return
from the sea in safety, and in their journey will
meet with no enemies more formidable than those
to which their progenitors have been exposed in
the waters of Great Britain.

Notwithstanding the success, however, that has
already been achieved, the Commissioners are
unanimously of opinion that at least one more
importation of Ova should be undertaken without
loss of time. It is not probable that the young fish
now in the Ponds will produce any Spawn, by
which their numbers may be multiplied, until a
period of from two to three years has elapsed,—
and thus much time will be lost in fully stocking
the rivers of the Colony unless a further supply of
Ova be obtained.

The whole expense of another importation would
not, the Commissioners believe, exceed £800;
APPENDIX. 161

which, divided among the various Colonies, which
they have every reason to believe would contribute
towards the expense of another importation of Ova
to Tasmania, from which as a centre they will be
distributed to the surrounding Colonies at a very
trifling additional cost, and without any risk of
failure, would prove a very insignificant burden to
any of them.

The undertaking can no longer be regarded as
an experiment, but as a commercial transaction,
to be carried out with results varying only in
amount. Considerable as has been the success on
the present occasion, the Commissioners believe
that the additional experience which has been
gained by Mr. Youl in England, and by themselves
and their intelligent Superintendent, Mr. W.
Ramsbottom, in this Colony, would ensure still
more favourable results from a renewed importation
of Ova.*

Of all the Australian Colonies, New Zealand
possesses a climate most nearly resembling that
of Tasmania, and the greatest number of rivers
that may be supposed fitted to become the habita-

tion of the Salmon.

* Not, however, as a bale of goods, which would be an
ordinary ‘‘ commercial transaction.” Salmon ova must be
treated from first to last with scientific knowledge and
individual care.—A. N.

12
162 APPENDIX.

From Southland the liberal contribution of Two
Hundred Pounds has been received in aid of the
last experiment; but she alone, of all the Provinces
in that extensive Colony, has hitherto given any
response to the appeal long since made to them.

The Commissioners earnestly hope that Your
Excellency’s Government will recommend to the
Parliament, now sitting, the appropriation of such
a sum as will enable them to take immediate
measures for the introduction of a further supply
of Salmon Ova.

In the Appendix will be found a statement of the
whole cost of the last importation.

The Commissioners have every reason to be
satisfied with the manner in which their Superin-
tendent, Mr. Ramsbottom, has discharged the
important duties of his office. He has amply
fulfilled the expectations which induced them to
send him back to England in 1862; and since his
return to the Colony, the intelligence and devotion
with which he has watched and aided the progress
of his valuable charge has merited their warmest
commendation.

The Commissioners, anxious not to anticipate
any expenditure that could be postponed until the
success of the undertaking should be fully estab-
lished, have hitherto refrained from recommending
the erection of a residence for the Superintendent
in the vicinity of the Ponds.
APPENDIX. 163

That work should now no longer be delayed ;
and they recommend that a comfortable weather-
boarded cottage should be built with all possible
dispatch for the accommodation of Mr. Ramsbottom
and his family.

The thanks of the Commissioners are due to R.
Read, Esquire, for his kind hospitality in receiving
Mr. Ramsbottom (who must otherwise have lived
in a tent) into his house at Redlands.

The salary hitherto paid to Mr. Ramsbottom for
his services has been very small, and is, in the
opinion of the Commissioners, no longer commen-
surate with the duties entrusted to him.

On this subject they will further address Your
Excellency’s Government in a separate communi-
cation.

R. OFFICER, Chairman of Commissioners.

EXPENDITURE incurred in the late successful .Hxperi-
ment of introducing Satmon Ova into Tasmansa.

£ os. d.

Disbursements in England............... 685 12 5
Disbursements in Melbourne, Hobart

Town, and to Salmon Ponds ......... 800 9 8

 

£986 2 1
164 APPENDIX.

Aad.
Ship and Insurance Brokers, East India and
General Agents,
7, Leadenhall-street, 21st January, 1864.
Dear Sir,

Kindly inform us if the freight upon the
Salmon Ova is to be made payable here or in the
Colony, as we must fill up the Bills of Lading
accordingly. The rates are 60s. per ton (measure-
ment) paid in London, and 70s. payable in the
Colony.

We are, Dear Sir,
Your obedient Servants,
M‘LEOD, ALLPORT, & MORGAN.

James A. Youu, Esq.,
Clapham Park.

A. 2.

Waratah House,

Clapham Park, 21st January, 1864.
_ Drar Sirs,

Messrs. Wigram have given me the room for
the Ice-house, which contains the Ova, to be sup-
plemented however, if they deem fit, by 100 guineas
from my own pocket; the Bills of Lading will,
therefore, require no freight charge to be entered
APPENDIX. 165

in them, except for two boxes containing apparatus
gone into the hold, the freight of which will be paid

here.
Yours faithfully,

JAMES A. YOUL.

To Messrs. M‘Leop, Aturort, & Morean.

A. 3.

Blackwall Yard, London, E.,

26th January, 1864.
Sir,

With reference to your offer to pay us 100
Guineas freight for the conveyance of the Salmon
Ova per Norfolk to Melbourne, we wish to remind
you of the extreme difficulty there is in obtaining
permission to build the Ice-house in any ship,
owing to the great interference it makes in stowing
the cargo and general arrangements of the ship,
which is materially increased when it is necessary
to ship the Ice-house in a regular passenger ship ;
consequently, it was only the knowledge of the
importance it is to the Colony to introduce the
Salmon into its waters that induced us to accede
to your request to give you the necessary room in
the Norfolk.

The interest we feel in the Colony, and in the
experiment of conveying Ova to distant places,
induced us to afford you the facilities you required ;
166 APPENDIX.

and in the same feeling, we are willing to waive
our right to the amount you agreed to pay us for
freight, on the understanding that you will com-
municate this to the respective Governments of
Melbourne .and Tasmania, and in so doing, con-
vince them of the importance we attach to the
well-being of those Colonies, and the hope that we
have that our endeavours for their general benefit
will not be overlooked in the general arrangements
they may respectively make.
Hoping the experiment may be successful,
We remain,
Your obedient Servants,

MONEY WIGRAM & SONS.

J. A. Youu, Esq.

SALMON TO AUSTRALIA.

 

Sir, To the Editor of the Times.

When people are in distress the most effectual
means of getting relief is an appeal to the public
through your columns, which I believe every sane
man who has the time and opportunity reads; and
as I have just now most unexpectedly met with a
great difficulty in my endeavours to carry out a
national undertaking, in which I have no pecuniary
interest, I trust you will give me the desired aid.
APPENDIX. 167

After two attempts to introduce Salmon into
Australia, the last of which failed from the unsuit-
ableness of the vessel in which I was compelled to
place the Ova, at the request of the Government
of Tasmania I have undertaken the charge of
making a third experiment this year; and by the
noble generosity of Messrs. Money Wigram & Sons,
the eminent Shipbuilders of Blackwall, who have
given me room in one of their best and fastest
ships, the Norfolk, to sail on the 20th inst., the
greatest difficulty I have had to success—a good
ship—has been overcome.

I had nearly completed all my arrangements on
board for the reception of the Ova, when to my
great dismay this morning I received a note from
Mr. Ramsbottom, of Clitheroe, whom I have always
employed to obtain the Ova for me, saying that
every Salmon he had caught in the Ribble had
already spawned. What was he to do? On the
12th of January last he obtained plenty of spawn
from this stream, and I had depended on getting
my supply from it again this year.

I therefore directed him to start off immediately
to North Wales to try and get some Ova from the
Dovey, where on two previous occasions in February
he obtained large numbers for me. I have also
sent Mr. William Johnston to Newcastle-on-Tyne
to endeavour to get some Salmon from that river.
168 APPENDIX.

I am, however, so pressed for time that I take
the liberty of appealing to the proprietors of the
Dovey and Tyne to be so kind as again to afford to
Mr. Ramsbottom and Mr. Johnston all the assist-
ance in their power to enable them to take Salmon,
as well as to any of your readers who many be in
a position to help me with unspawned Salmon, so
that I may not lose the only chance I ever had of
fairly trying to get this noble fish out to Australia
—viz., a roomy, fast-sailing, first-class ship.

I am, Sir,
Your obedient Servant,

JAMES A. YOUL.
Waratah House, Clapham Park,

January 6, 1864,

SALMON OVA TO AUSTRALIA.

 

To the Editor of the Times.
Sir, :

I beg leave to return my best thanks to those
noblemen and gentlemen who so promptly acceded
to my request made through your columns for per-
mission to take unspawned Salmon out of their
rivers for the purpose of transmitting the Ova to
Australia. I have also to thank Mr. Ffennell, the
Chief Commissioner of Salmon Fisheries for Eng-
APPENDIX. 169

land; Mr. John Morrison, agent for New Zealand ;
Mr. Frank Buckland, Mr. Sackville Phelps, of
Machynlleth, North Wales; Mr. Edward Glynn, of
Newcastle-on-Tyne; Mr. Richard Gibson, of Hex-
ham ; Mr. Patrick Clay, of Berwick-on-Tweed, &c.,
for the personal aid they have given me; and to
Mr. Thomas Ashworth for his generous offer of Ova
from his own breeding-ponds at Galway, which,
however, I am afraid to accept, as they have been
for some time deposited.
I am, Sir,
Your obedient Servant,

JAMES A. YOUL.

Waratah House, Clapham Park,
January 12, 1864.

P.S.—Mr. Ramsbottom has caught a good many
fine unspawned Salmon, but, the Ova not being
ripe enough to take, they were returned to the stream
again. No Ova have yet been obtained for me.

SALMON AND TROUT OVA FOR AUSTRALIA.

 

Sir, To the Editor of the Times,

I have received a great many letters from
gentlemen offering assistance to obtain. Salmon
Ova, but my being so much occupied on board the
170 APPENDIX.

Norfolk has prevented me from answering them.
I think the most grateful return I can now make
to those who have evinced such deep interest in the
undertaking will be to give a very brief account of
our proceedings; but, before doing so, I have also
to tender my thanks to those gentlemen living near
the Tyne, the Tweed and Ettrick, the Ribble, the
Teme and Severn, and the Dovey Rivers, who not
only gave permission to those employed, but
energetically aided them in obtaining ripe fish
from these streams.

Notwithstanding all the efforts made by the
fishermen, we were unable to obtain a single ripe
fish so long as the severe frost lasted, which appears
to have prevented the spawning fish from leaving
the sea and ascending the tributaries of the larger
rivers to deposit their spawn.

This bears out the opinion expressed very
recently by Mr. Frank Buckland, ‘‘that the Salmon
is a very knowing fish,’’ and would not, therefore,
quit the estuaries so long as the spawning beds
were frozen and unfit for the reception of the Ova.

At one time I nearly despaired of success, as the
ship was positively to leave the Docks on the
morning of the 20th. Up to the evening of the
14th no Ova had been obtained, but within 24 hours
of that time the fishermen employed in Scotland,
Lancashire, Worcestershire, and Wales simul-
APPENDIX. 171

taneously obtained ripe fish, full of spawn, which
had evidently ascended the rivers a few days after
the breaking up of the frost. It is a very singular
coincidence that these men, who had not the
slightest communication with each other (their
orders being simply to come up to London by first
train as soon as they had obtained 20,000), all
arrived laden with Ova between 5 a.m. and 10 a.m.
on Monday, the 18th instant.

The East India Dock Company having kindly
placed at my disposal a large space in one of their
sheds within a few yards of the Norfolk, I had
beforehand made such preparations as enabled me
to pack and place safely in the ice-house by 4 p.m.
all the Ova obtained.

The boxes in which the Ova are packed are made
of inch pine, 11Zinches long, 82 wide, and 54 deep,
perforated with holes top, bottom, and sides, to
allow the water from the ice as it melts to flow
into the boxes, and percolate through the moss and
Ova inside.

The manner of packing is as follows:—A couple
of handfuls of charcoal are spread over the bottom
of the box, then a layer of broken ice, after this a
bed or nest of wet moss is carefully made and well
drenched with water ; the Ova are then very gently
poured from a bottle which is kept filled with water;
the box is now filled up with moss, and pure water
172 APPENDIX.

poured upon it, until it streams out from all the
holes; another layer of finely pulverized ice is
spread all over the top of the moss; the lid is then
firmly screwed down. As soon as this process is
completed it is most desirable, in my opinion, that
the boxes should be placed in immediate contact
with ice. One hundred and sixty-four boxes, con-
taining above 90,000 Ova so treated, were firmly
packed at the bottom of the ice-house, covering
the entire space. Upon these a solid mass of ice
was piled, to the height of 9 ft., so that as long as
any ice remained the Ova would derive benefit from
it. Sixteen more boxes were placed in other parts
of the ice-house, making a total of 181 boxes,
containing about 100,000 Salmon and 3000 Trout
Ova.

I have to thank Admiral Keppel, of Bishopstoke,
for a handsome present of 1000 Trout Ova, which
I received through Mr. Frank Buckland, and which
were stowed at the bottom of the ice-house. I also
received from Mr. Francis Francis two separate
lots of Trout Ova, which I placed in the centre of
the ice-house.

I think it is due to Messrs. Money Wigram and
Sons to state that, had they not most courteously
delayed the departure of their vessel for one whole
day—viz., from the morning of the 20th to the
morning of the 21st, on my sole account, and
APPENDIX. 173

given every facility for getting the ice on board, it
would have been impossible for me to complete the
arrangements for the transmission of the Ova; in
proof of which, although every exertion was made,
the last block of ice was not on board until four
o'clock yesterday afternoon. The total space
occupied by the ice-house amounts to nearly
50 tons, 1-20th of the burden of the noble ship, a
princely gift which I trust the Australian Legis-
latures will suitably acknowledge.

In conclusion, I feel confident your readers will
most cordially join with me in wishing the good
ship Norfolk a safe and speedy voyage, and in
hoping that these precious little globules may
retain their vitality in their damp mossy bed until
they arrive at the sunny clime and golden shores
of Australia; so that when placed in their native
element they may come forth leaping with delight
in the limpid waters of the beautiful river Derwent,
notwithstanding the very cold reception they have
met with from your greatly obliged and obedient
Servant,

JAMES A. YOUL.
Waratah House, Clapham Park,
January 21, 1864.
174 APPENDIX.

[Copies of three Letters from Mr. R. Ramsbottom, of
Clitheroe, to Mr. James A. Youl.]

No. 1.

Clitheroe, November 8, 1862.
Dear Sir,

Ihave your letter this morning, and can get
you Ova in this neighbourhood at any time between
this time and the end of December, by your writing
to one or two of our proprietors, which I will
mention at the time you want it.

We have Salmon spawning in every stream at
present, and shall have to the end of next month,
and even after that time. The first spawn I got
in Ireland last year was the last week in November.
The west of Ireland salmon is about a fortnight or
three weeks later then we have them in this neigh-
bourhood. All I wish is, that you understood
Salmon spawn as well as I do myself. You might
as well try to fetch Australia to England as to
carry spawn to it in moss. Salmon spawn must
either be hatching or dying from the moment it
leaves the fish. You can retard it to about 140
days by a low temperature, but no longer, and
you can hasten the progress by a high temperature,
and hatch them in from thirty to forty days, and
that is just what you can do; but neither one man
nor another can carry living Ova to Australia in
APPENDIX. 175

any way. I have found out more than ever I knew
before, and I am confident that spawn cannot be
taken. You can send young fish, but that is all.
Yours very truly,
R. RAMSBOTTOM.
Mr. Yout.

No. 2.

Clitheroe, December 4, 1862.
Dear Sir,

I have received yours this morning, and in
reply beg to say that I shall be able to get you
some spawn at the time you mention, providing
you write to a person for permission at the time
when I should get it. The name I will mention at
the time, according to whose I think will be the
best place at that season ; it might be that I could
get it near home, or I might have to go ten miles
for it. We shall see at the time.

I got a splendid belly last night, and have put
it to hatch at the back of my house. You cannot
tell how glad 1 was when I met my son at Liver-
pool. I had once given up all thought of ever
seeing him again. He is going to write to you in
a day or two. I want you to remember what I am
going to say about sending spawn in moss and ice,
that is, it will not answer. If you stop the process
176 APPENDIX.

of hatching you kill the spawn; you may retard
but not stop it, and you can hasten but not too
quick. When you have handled spawn as long as
I have done you will find it a tedious kind of stuff.
I don’t think yet that it is possible to transport it
to Australia; but Iam going to try an apparatus,
and if it fail I shall have spent all my faith in
sending spawn. We can send young fish, but I
doubt the spawn in any way.
Iam, dear Sir,
Yours very truly,

R. RAMSBOTTOM.

Mr. Your.

No. 3.
Clitheroe, August 15, 1864.
Dear Sir,

Glorious news from Tasmania, over 2000 fish
alive. Now you will recollect that I established
a Salmon fishery from 500 fry, and out of that
number of marked fry I got 128 of them back as
Grilse, so that you must conclude that the thing is
now certain, and you must allow me to congratu-
late you for this success, as I shall never attribute
the ice question to any soul but yourself, and I
should not like you to suffer any one to rob or even
join you at that honour.

No one can tell how happy I feel this morning
APPENDIX. 177

for this glorious success. Let me advise you to
persuade the Tasmanian Government to make a
special pond for the Trout, with a stream into it
forty or fifty yards long, and to keep them as
breeding fish, constantly in it, for the purpose of
taking the spawn from them and floating it in any
stream they may wish, as the trout alone are worth
all the money that has been spent, and a special
pond is worth making for them, as they have not
to go to sea, but are at home wherever they are
planted.

Ihave hatched 700 Char since I last saw you,
and this spawn can be sent same as Salmon and
Trout, so youcan send all our good fish out, as well
as one.

I am, dear Sir,
Yours very truly,
R. RAMSBOTTOM.
Mr. Youn.

Tasmania, Colonial Secretary’s Office,
23rd March, 1864.
Sir,

I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your letter
of the 20th January, containing the welcome intel-
ligence that you had so far succeeded in the im-
portant experiment .to which you have devoted so

13
178 APPENDIX.

much time and attention. The Government fully
appreciate the untiring energy which you have
exhibited in the endeavour to introduce Salmon Ova
into Tasmania, and they trust that the plan now
adopted, the result of such careful experiments,
may be crowned with that success you have so
justly earned.

The Commissioners appointed to receive the Ova
are making every preparation; andI have no doubt
but that the President of the Acclimatisation
Society in Melbourne will afford every possible
assistance to secure their safe transport to this
Colony.

I have addressed a letter to Messieurs Money
Wigram and Sons by this mail, thanking them for
the very liberal assistance they have rendered in
this affair, which now certainly assumes a more
hopeful aspect than at any previous period.

Irrespective, however, of the result, the Govern-
ment desire to convey to you their cordial thanks
for the active part you have taken in an enterprise
fraught with such important consequences to all
the Australian colonies.

I have the honour to be, Sir,
Your very obedient servant,
JAMES WHYTE,

Colonial Secretary.
APPENDIX. 179

P.S.—Your request respecting the due recording
in this office of the several enclosures, shall be
carefully attended to.

To James A. Youu, Esgq.,
Waratah House,
Clapham Park, near London,

\

Tasmania, Colonial Secretary’s Office,
23rd April, 1864.
Sir,

I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your letters
of the 26th February; that addressed to Dr.
Officer I handed to him after perusal.

You will receive by this Mail from the Commis-
sioners full accounts of the safe arrival of the
Salmon Ova, and their deposit in the prepared
ponds on the River Plenty, above New Norfolk.

It affords me great pleasure to be able to offer
you my sincere congratulations upon the success
of this most interesting and important experiment ;
and on behalf of myself and colleagues I beg to
convey to youthe thanks of the Government and
the Colonists of Tasmania for your unwearied exer-
tions in combatting with the difficulties which
opposed you at every step, and thus finally enabling
me to communicate the gratifying intelligence that
success had crowned your endeavours.
180 APPENDIX.

By last Mail I conveyed to Messrs. Money
Wigram and Co. the thanks of the Government
for their great liberality in placing so large an
amount of freightage at your disposal; and should
it be in my power to adopt the suggestion con-
tained in your letter I shall be glad to do so, but
I am not sure that it is feasible.

To the prompt and valuable assistance of the
Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, and the
anxiety which the Government of that Colony
evinced to promote the success of the experiment
by placing their Sloop-of-War at the disposal of
the Society for the conveyance of the Ova from
Melbourne, we are much indebted for the fortunate
result; and I trust that under the fostering care of
Mr. Ramsbottom, and the watchful attention of
the Commissioners, we may before long find the
waters of the Tasmanian Rivers abounding in this
noble fish.

I have the honor to be, Sir,
Your very obedient Servant,
JAMES WHYTE,

Colonial Secretary of Tasmania.
James A, Youn, Esq.,

Waratah House,
Clapham Park, London.
APPENDIX. 181

Chief Secretary's Office, Melbourne,
25th April, 1864.
Sir,

I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt
of your letter of the 26th February last, intimating
the shipment of a large quantity of Salmon Ova
per the Norfolk, in which vessel fifty tons of
space were generously placed at your disposal by
Messrs. Money Wigram and Sons.

I beg that you will accept the thanks of this
Government for the important services you have
personally rendered to the Australian Colonies in
connection with this important matter, and that
you will be so good as to convey to the Gentlemen
who have so nobly assisted in the work, the assurance
that their liberality is very highly appreciated.

I feel obliged by the suggestion as to the Geo-
logical Specimens, and it will afford me much
pleasure to secure for Mr. Wigram a Collection
illustrative of the Colony of Victoria.

I shall see that they are dispatched by one of
the ships belonging to the firm at an early date.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,
JAMES McCULLOCH,

Colonial Secretary of Victoria.
James A, Youu, Esq.,

Waratah House,
Claphan Park, London.
182 APPENDIX.

Acclimatisation Society’s Office,
80, Swanston Street, Melbourne,

May 26th, 1864.
Sir,

I have the honour to bring under your notice
the following resolution, passed unanimously by
the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria at a
meeting held on the 25th inst.

“The Acclimatisation Society of Victoria takes
this opportunity of recording its sense of the deep
obligation which not only the Society, but the
whole of the Australian colonies are under to
James A. Youl, Esq., for his constant and un-
daunted determination to introduce the Salmon
to these colonies ; and in congratulating him upon
the brilliant success obtained from the experiment
made on board the Norfolk, the Society wishes
distinctly to ascribe that success to Mr. Youl’s
persevering, enlightened, and patriotic efforts.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your most obedient Servant,
GEO. SPRIGG,
Secretary.
To Jamus A. Your, Esq.,
Waratah House,
Clapham Park, London,
APPENDIX. 183

Tasmania, 22nd April, 1864,
My prar Youn,

I congratulate you heartily on the success of
your grand Salmon experiment. The Ova have
arrived in Hobart Town alive; and, at the time I
am writing, are probably in the ponds above New
Norfolk. We are all eating salmon in imagination,
and I trust that you will receive that acknowledg-
ment of your exertions to which a man is always
considered entitled by success.

There has been an attempt on the part of the
Commissioners here—or some of them—to ascribe
the merit of the experiment with ice to young Rams-
bottom; but I have pointed out to the Colonial
Secretary, to Davies of the Mercury, and others,
the essential difference between his plan and yours.
Old Dr. Gaunt said to me the other day, ‘‘ You see’
I was right after all.” I told him that he was
entirely mistaken, for that his proposal had been
mooted by me in 1857 or 1858, and that Professor
Huxley had condemned it, and that it was not the
plan which you had adopted at all. He spluttered
and talked, but could not get over the poser which
I had put to him—that he wanted to bring the Ova
out frozen, which would not have left a single
ovum alive.

Yours very truly,
WILLIAM ARCHER, M.L.C.
184 APPENDIX.

Melbourne, 26th May, 1864.
My pear Youn,
The salmon is safe, and your statue is secure.
It will be erected over the future fish-market in
Hobart Town, and you are to be in the attitude of
the Medicean Venus, with a salmon instead of a
dolphin.

Ours are hatching out, a hurricane—about thirty
or forty a day. We have had great mortality
amongst the ova, arising, as we believe, from un-
impregnation or injury on the voyage. Nothing
could have worked better than our arrangements.
Our little fish, now about 150 or 160, are very
strong and healthy, rapidly absorbing their um-
bilical apparatus, and we have not lost one. We
hope for a good many more births, and calculate
‘upon between 200 and 300 fish. I think Dr.
Officer rather over-estimates their probable num-
bers. My own idea is that they will get 5000 or
6000 which will do the work.

At any rate you may congratulate yourself upon
a brilliant triumph, and the fact that you have not
lived in vain.

My eyes are failing me, and I cannot write long
letters. Indeed I ought not to write this. But still
my heart is in the cause; and even with one foot
in the grave and the other in a pan of salmon ova,
I say hurrah for the principle, and three cheers
APPENDIX. 185

for Youl and the Norfolk and Money Wigram and
Ramsbottom.

Let us acclimatise everything but felons, and
those let us repel by all constitutional means if
those will answer, if not by means unconstitutional,
which ferocious sentiments pray do not breathe in
the sacred precincts of ‘‘the Conservatives.” But
let your old women beware! The wrongs that
alienated the United States were tarts and cheese-
cakes to these. If Gardiner is permanently ac-
quitted he is to be bribed to go home, and I shall
specially direct his attention to Clapham and its
vicinity.

I am, dear Youl,
Yours very sincerely,
EDWARD WILSON.

“ Argus” Office,
25th April, 1864.
My pear Youn,

I cannot resist congratulating you most
sincerely on the success of the Salmon Ova experi-
ment. Accounts from Hobart Town pronounce it a
grand success. The honour is all your own. No
other man whom I know would have stuck to the
matter through evil and good report as you have
186 APPENDI4.

done. When McArthur and his Merinos will be
so mixed up together as that you can’t separate
the grain from the chaff, Youl and his Salmon
will go hand in hand down to the last of posterity
in Australia.

Believe me, my dear Youl, that no man in
Australia rejoices more at the success you have
achieved than

Your sincere friend,
L. MACKINNON.*
J. A. Youu, £sq.

* Mr. Lachlan Mackinnon was a subscriber of £40 10s. to the
fund raised to make the first shipment of Salmon Ova to the
Antipodes in 1861. He subsequently went to Paris for the purpose
of obtaining the advice of M. Coste as to the best means to be
adopted in the next shipment, and also to Belgium to consult with
M. Scham, another celebrated pisciculturist ; and became acquainted,
in his capacity of Hon. Secretary and Treasurer to the Australian
Association, with all the details of the shipments by Beautiful Star
and Norfolk—the government of Tasmania having entrusted the
conduct of future shipments of Salmon Ova to Tasmania to this
Association.—A. N.
APPENDIX. 187

TASMANIA, 1866.

IMPORTATION OF SALMON.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS.

 

To His Excellency Colonel Toomas Gort Browne, C.B.,
Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of the Colony
of Tasmania and its Dependencies.

May rv PLease Your ExcenLency,

In their Report addressed to Your Excellency
in the year 1864, the Commissioners expressed their
unanimous opinion that, notwithstanding the con-
siderable amount of success that had attended their
recent attempt to introduce the Salmon and Trout
into the Colony, resulting in the hatching of several
thousands of the former and five hundred of the
latter, they should be authorised to procure another
importation of Ova, which they considered still
necessary for ensuring the ultimate success of the
undertaking, which they could not regard as com-
plete until crowned by the return of some of the
Salmon from the sea; and with the view of acce-
lerating the full stocking of our numerous fine
Rivers with these invaluable fish.
188 APPENDIX.

To this proposition the Government and Parlia-
ment promptly and liberally assented; and the
sum of £800 having been placed at their disposal,
the Commissioners lost no time in taking measures
for the performance of the task assigned to them.

They made immediate application to Mr. James
Youl, who had so zealously and successfully con-
ducted the previous shipment of Ova, and whose
co-operation they regarded as almost indispensable
to success, soliciting him again to afford them his
valuable assistance, and not doubting his ready
compliance.

In this expectation, however, the Commissioners
were disappointed: Mr. Youl declined to engage
again in a work which had already cost him much
personal labour and anxiety; and as his reply was
not received until it was too late to make other
arragements for carrying out their object during
that year, the season was thus lost to them.

Under this difficulty and disappointment, the
Commissioners, in concert with the Council of the
Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, who had always
cordially co-operated with them in this important
work, determined to seek the aid of Mr. Edward
Wilson, then resident in England, who had always
taken a warm and practical interest in our previous
attempts to introduce the Salmon into the Rivers
of Australia.
APPENDIX. 189

Although then labouring under an almost total
loss of sight, since happily in a great measure
restored, Mr. Wilson did not decline the task which
he was solicited to undertake.

The Commissioners had no desire that Mr.
Wilson should, and no expectation that he could,
do more than appoint fitting agents to perform the
work required; but even this was a labour which
must have proved difficult and embarrassing to one
suffering under such a privation. Happily, how-
ever, he was relieved from all embarrassment by the
spontaneous offer of Mr. Youl again to undertake,
on behalf of his friend, the whole management of
another shipment of Ova.

The Commissioners need not assure Your Excel-
lency that they received the intelligence that Mr.
Youl had thus again devoted himself to the work
with much satisfaction.

They felt assured that the skill and energy that
had contributed so much to the success of the
former enterprise would not be wanting to the
renewed undertaking; but aided by the experience
acquired on that occasion, and during the interval
of two years that had since passed away, would
ensure a higher success than had attended any of
their previous efforts.

In this expectation the Commissioners have not
been disappointed.
190 APPENDIX.

Mr. Youl’s first work was to secure proper
accommodation, paying the usual rate for freight,
on board the fine clipper ship Lincolnshire, the
property of Messrs. Money Wigram & Sons, whose
vessel, the Norfoll:, brought out the Ova in 1864,
which was advertised to sail for Melbourne at a
date suitable for his purpose.

In the hold of this vessel an Ice-house was
constructed, on the same general plan as that used
in the Norfolk, but of rather larger dimensions, and
with some improvements which experience led
Mr. Youl to adopt.

The Salmon and Salmon Trout Ova were ob-
tained from various rivers in Great Britain,
through the agency of Messrs. Ramsbottom, John-
son, and Allies, who exerted themselves most zeal-
ously to fulfil their task, rendered peculiarly
arduous by the stormy weather that prevailed
while they were engaged in their work, and greatly
impeded the capture of the parent fish.

Mr. Youl draws the special attention of the
Commissioners to the merits and exertions of Mr.
Thomas Johnson, by whom a very large proportion
of the Ova were obtained and brought to London,
without which the number required for shipment
would have been greatly deficient.

The Ice-house was fitted for the reception of
150,000 Ova, which it was Mr. Youl’s desire and
APPENDIX, 191

intention to have placed in it; but, from the cause
above mentioned, he was unable, in spite of the
utmost efforts of himself and his assistants, to
procure more than 104,000, consisting of about
98,000 Salmon, 10,000 Salmon Trout, and 500
Brown Trout Ova.

These having been carefully packed in moss,
and placed in small wooden boxes, of the same
character and dimensions as those used on a former
occasion, were then deposited in the Ice-house,
covered by and distributed through a mass of 35
tons of ice obtained from the vaults of the Wenham
Lake Ice Company.

The door of the Ice-house was then closed, not
to be opened until the Lincolnshire reached her
destination at the Antipodes.

The ship took her departure on the 20th January,
the same day of the same month on which the
Norfolk had sailed with her former shipment in
1864, with every prospect, from her well-known
sailing qualities, of making a speedy voyage.

Unfortunately, in passing through the Downs,
she came into collision with another vessel, and
suffered so much damage as to be compelled to
turn to port for repairs, thus greatly retarding her
passage to Victoria.

_ This unfortunate accident caused Mr. Youl much
anxiety, nor was it less a source of regret and
192 APPENDIX.

alarm to the Commissioners when they were ap-
prised of the disaster. Both were fully aware that
the Ova could not be detained in their ice prison,
as it then appeared certain they would be, for
more than 100 days, without danger and loss.

The repairs of the ship having been completed,
she again started on her long voyage, and safely
reached Melbourne on the 1st May, after a favour-
able passage of average duration, but extending to
100 days from the date of her first setting sail.

On the arrival of the Lincolnshire in Hobson’s
Bay, Mr. Ramsbottom, the Superintendent of our
Breeding Establishment at the Plenty, whom the
Commissioners had despatched to Melbourne some
time before, for the purpose of superintending the
transhipment of the Ova into the Victoria steam-
ship, which the Government of Victoria had with
the utmost liberality again placed at the service of
the Commissioners, immediately proceeded on
board, accompanied by the President and other
Members of the Council of the Victorian Acclima-
tisation Society.

Two of the small packages of Salmon Ova having
been anxiously inspected by these gentlemen, they
were gratified by discovering that a large propor-
tion of them appeared to be in a sound and healthy
condition, notwithstanding the long and disastrous
voyage to which they had been exposed.
APPENDIX. 198

The most energetic measures were immediately
adopted for the removal of the Ova to the Victoria,
in effecting which Mr. Ramsbottom was cordially
assisted by the Council of the Acclimatisation
Society and their Secretary, Mr. Sprigg, as well as
by Captain Norman, who had afforded every facility
and aid within his power for making the necessary
preparations for the conveyance of the Ova to Tas-
mania in the vessel under his command.

The small boxes containing the Ova were packed
as before in large cases, but of only half the size of
those on the former occasion, which had been found
too ponderous to be conveniently or easily carried
from New Norfolk to the Plenty.

Although the Council of the Victorian Acclimatisa-
tion Society had borne a considerable share of the
enterprise, they liberally, and the Commissioners
consider wisely, refrained from detaining any of
the Salmon or Salmon Trout Ova to be hatched
under their own care, preferring that they should
have the advantage of the more complete and
matured appliances at our command, with the
skill and experience of our Superintendent.

The small box containing the Brown Trout Ova
was alone left in their charge, and these, when
examined, were unfortunately found to have all
perished.

The cases containing the Salmon and Salmon

14
194 APPENDIX.

Trout Ova having been all securely placed in the
hold of the Victoria, and covered over with the
remnant of Ice from the Lincolnshire, still amount-
ing to about 15 tons, within 24 hours after they
reached Melbourne Captain Norman got up steam
and proceeded on his voyage across the Straits; but,
in order to obviate the danger to be apprehended
from the vibration caused by the machinery, using
only half steam power.

This precaution must have necessarily prolonged
the passage to a considerable extent; but it was
unfortunately still further protracted by a dense
fog that prevailed in the Straits compelling Captain
Norman, for the safety of his ship and all she had
on board, to proceed with the utmost caution, and
even to cast anchor under Goose Island for the
greater part of one night. The passage from
Hobson’s Bay to the Derwent thus occupied three
days instead of 40 hours, in which it is usually
performed by the Steamers trading between these
two ports.

From Hobart Town the Ova were promptly con-
veyed, together with about 10 tons of Ice that still
remained undissolved, to their future home at the
Plenty, by means almost precisely the same as
those employed in 1864, and which it is therefore
unnecessary again to describe in detail.

Within 30 hours from the arrival of the Victoria
APPENDIX. 195

at Hobart Town, the whole of the Ova had been
safely deposited in the hatching boxes at the Ponds.

As soon as the first boxes reached their destina-
tion, the process of unpacking was commenced by
Mr. Ramsbottom, assisted by or in presence of
several of the Commissioners and many other
anxious spectators.

The first two packages opened presented a very
discouraging aspect. In these nearly all the Ova
‘had perished.

As the work, proceeded, however, better indica-
tions appeared, and when all the boxes had been
unpacked the general conclusion was that nearly
half, and certainly not less than 40 per cent., of
the Ova were to all appearance alive.

Although these results were highly encouraging,
and gave promise of a large degree of success, the
Commissioners and their Superintendent were fully
aware that the number of fish might fall far short
of the number of Ova that reached their hands in
an apparently sound condition.

The appearance of the Ova that had perished
indicated that by far the largest portion of the
mortality had taken place within a very recent
period, and led to the conclusion that they had been
dying in large and daily increasing numbers for a
week or two before their arrival at the Ponds.

Nor was it to be expected that this mortality
196 APPENDIX.

would be immediately stayed by the removal of the
still living Ova from their late unnatural home to
the waters of the Pond. It was scarcely to be
doubted that in many the process of decay had
already begun, although not to be detected by the
eye. The Commissioners were further aware, from
their own experience as well as from that of all
Pisciculturists in Europe, that a considerable reduc-
tion has always to be made on account of imperfect
fecundation, against which no care or skill can
fully provide.

Among the Ova imported by the Commissioners
in 1864, it was found that 16,000 were thus barren,
and out of our recent importation 10,000 at least
have been ultimately found to be in the same
condition.

The number of Ova, therefore, received at the
Ponds capable, under any circumstances, of produc-
ing living fish was reduced to 30,000.

From these 30,000 Ova that had travelled over
half the circumference of the Globe before they
reached our Ponds, and had been unnaturally
immersed in their little wooden prisons for 104
days, we have obtained about 7000 healthy young
fish, consisting of 6000 Salmon and 1000 sea Trout
—a number not only large in itself, but represent-
ing a percentage not very far short of that attained
at Henningen, the best conducted Fish-breeding
APPENDIX. 197

Establishment in the world, where the Ova are
received without having passed through any of the
perils and disasters to which these had been
exposed.

It will have been observed that, while only about
3000 fish were produced from the importation of
Ova in 1864, more than double that number have
been hatched from about the same number of Ova
received on the last occasion, although fourteen
days longer on shipboard.

This discrepancy in the results of the two under-
takings, and the great success of the last, are
probably in a great measure due to the lighter
packing of the moss in which the Ova were em-
bedded, and to some improvements in the Ice-
house; to both of which Mr. Youl was led by his
previous experience.

A portion of this higher success is also to be
attributed to some alterations in the hatching
boxes at the Ponds, consisting chiefly of the
substitution of a finer for a coarser gravel, by
which the Ova were prevented from ever sinking
out of view, enabling Mr. Ramsbottom at once to
remove all that died, and become a source of
danger to the living during the process of
hatching.

The temperature of the water also, which was
several degrees lower in the month of May last than
198 APPENDIX.

during the same season in 1864, had no doubt a
favourable influence on the result.

The young Salmon and Salmon Trout have
already in a great measure been freed from their
umbilical appendages, and have become vigorous
and active fish. The mortality since the process
of hatching was completed has been of the most
trivial amount.

The Commissioners regard the Salmon Trout as
an acquisition especially valuable. These fish nearly
approach the true Salmon in the size to which they
attain, as well as in their qualities as an article of
food; and it is now a well-ascertained fact that
they will thrive and multiply their numbers in
fresh water without visiting the Sea.

The Commissioners, therefore, entertain no doubt
that they will be as successful in acclimatising this
valuable fish as they have already been in the case
of the Brown Trout. The number of these last,
hatched from the Ova imported in 1864, were for
some time estimated not to exceed 150, but were
afterwards, when captured and accurately counted,
found to approach to double that number.

Of these, about 40 were set at large in the Plenty
in April, 1865, and the rest retained in the Pond
as a breeding stock, where they have thriven with-
out interruption, and have attained a size and
weight exceeding the standard which the Trout
APPENDIX. 199

usually reaches at the same age in the rivers of
Great Britain.

For several months past it has been ascertained
that some of these fish would spawn during the
present winter season.

This expectation has now been fulfilled, and the
Commissioners have the pleasure of reporting that
a considerable number of Ova have already been
secured from a few of the Trout, and that others
are on the point of spawning.

The Commissioners cannot say with any certainty
what will be the number of Ova which the present
season may yield, but from so small a body of fish
in the first year of their spawning the produce will
necessarily be limited.

They hope, however, to be enabled to furnish an
immediate supply to the Council of the Victorian
Acclimatisation Society, and to the Association
lately formed at Launceston for procuring the early
stocking of the rivers on the northern division of the
Colony, who have given a guarantee that suitable
preparation shall be made for the safety and due
hatching of the Ova that may be entrusted to
them.

The Provinces of Canterbury and Southland in
New Zealand, from both of which pecuniary contri-
butions have been received in aid of the undertaking,
as stated in their last Report, have a just claim to
200 APPENDIX.

share in the benefit of our success, which the Com-
missioners gladly acknowledge, and which it will be
their anxious desire to gratify at the earliest possible
opportunity.

At Christchurch a Pond and hatching boxes have
long since been constructed under the superinten-
dence of Mr. Johnson, Secretary to the Acclimatisa-
tion Society of that place. This gentleman has
further offered to come in person to this Colony for
the purpose of receiving and conveying to Christ-
church such supply of Ova as the Commissioners
may be able to furnish, and which it will afford
them much gratification to provide during the
season, if the numbers of Ova at their disposal
should prove sufficient.

The claims of other localities will be attended to
as rapidly as possible according to the means which
may be at the command of the Commissioners.

In another year a much increased number of
Ova may be expected from the same fish; and in
the meantime other centres of supply will have been
established, from which Ova or Fry may be dis-
tributed in all directions.

It may be expected, according to the prepon-
derance of authority on that long disputed question
—the duration of the stay of the Salmon in the
sea—that the fish produced from the hatching of
1864 will return to the neighbourhood of their
APPENDIX. 201

birthplace towards the end of the present year,
when their arrival will be anxiously looked for as
the happy consummation of this great enterprise.

The English Trout may be now regarded as es-
tablished in our rivers beyond all risk of failure ;
and the Commissioners entertain a confident belief
that the young Salmon already set at large in the
Derwent, with the still larger number which they
have lately succeeded in hatching and. are now
thriving inthe Ponds, would suffice for the ultimate
stocking of our waters with this still more valuable
fish.

At the same time, their opinion that this great
work should never be regarded as fully accomplished
until the fish have returned from the sea, and pro-
vided the means of further propagation, remains
unchanged. They therefore very edrnestly re-
commend that they should be authorised and
enabled to procure at least one more importation
of Ova from England, which would not only give
a further guarantee against ultimate failure, but
would greatly accelerate the full stocking of the
rivers of the Colony, and the early realisation of
the vast benefits that cannot fail to flow from the
accomplishment of this great work.

When the almost incalculable value of the Salmon
and Trout—as articles of human food, as a means
of extending our commerce, increasing our popu-
202 APPENDIX.

lation, and affording employment to our labouring
classes—are considered, besides the direct pecuniary
returns to the Treasury of the Colony, the expense
incurred in their establishment in our rivers sinks
into insignificance.

In their last Report the Commissioners esti-
mated the cost of each future importation of Ova
at £800, and that estimate has proved strictly
correct.

The Commissioners have been informed by the
Council of the Victorian Acclimatisation Society
that, although entirely concurring in the opinion
that another shipment of Ova should be procured,
they are unable, in consequence of having no funds
at their command, to bear any share in its cost.
The Commissioners are, however, persuaded that
the Government of that prosperous Colony, which
has always shown a deep interest in the enterprise,
and given it a generous support, would not, if
applied to, refuse their further aid; nor can they
doubt that the other adjoining Colonies, and more
especially the various provinces of New Zealand,
whose rivers are so well suited to become the home
of the Salmon and the Trout, would be found ready
to assist us.

But, without waiting to learn whether any or all
of these Colonies will agree or decline to contribute
to the expense of a further prosecution of this great
APPENDIX. 203

enterprise, the Commissioners earnestly hope that
Your Excellency’s Government will not hesitate to
recommend, and that the Parliament will sanction,
the appropriation of such a sum as will enable the
Commissioners without loss of time to take measures
for proceeding with their task.

Since the date of the last Report, various im-
provements have been made in the ponds at the
Plenty; the chief of which has been the construction
of two winding rivulets several hundred yards in
length, one being connected with the small circular
pond in which the Trout are confined, and the other
attached to the large pond devoted to the use of the
Salmon. To these rivulets both kinds of fish have
freely resorted, with undoubted advantage to their
health and progress.

The addition of the Salmon Trout to the family
under their charge, and the spawning of the Brown
Trout, have necessitated the formation of a small
additional pond, which is now in progress and will
soon be completed.

The Commissioners have also found it advisable
to provide for the complete draining off of the
water in the large pond when required, by laying
down a few iron pipes fitted with a secure valve,
which shall effectually prevent the escape of any of
the young fish with which it will be again soon
peopled.
204 APPENDIX.

The expense involved in these various improve-
ments will be of only trifling amount.

In accordance with the recommendation of the
Commissioners contained in their Report of 1864,
the Government sanctioned the erection of a cottage
for the use of the Superintendent, for which the
necessary funds were granted by Parliament.

This building was completed in a very satis-
factory manner in the course of last year, and has
since been occupied by Mr. Ramsbottom.

The addition of a small room for the use of
the Superintendent’s assistant, who has lived for
several years in a mere tent, has been approved
by the Government, and contracted for at a small
cost.

The grounds attached to the Ponds having been
found of insufficient extent to admit of the increased
accommodation which the well-being of their charge
demanded, an additional acre has been obtained on
lease from the proprietor for the same period, and
on the same terms as those on which the original
area is held.

The Commissioners have much pleasure in again
bearing testimony to the zeal and intelligence with
which their Superintendent, Mr. Ramsbottom, has
continued to discharge the important duties of his
office.

The Act passed during the last Session of Par-
APPENDIX. 205

liament for the Protection of the Salmon, and the
several Proclamations issued by Your Excellency
under its authority, have been found to operate in
a very beneficial manner.

The Commissioners believe that few attempts
have been made to infringe the provisions of the
Law. In some of the bays bordering on the Muni-
cipality of Glenorchy some unlawful fishing with
the seine is supposed to have taken place ; but this
violation of the Law has been promptly and
energetically suppressed by the Warden and
Councillors of the District, aided by their very
efficient police, and the active and zealous water
bailiff, Mr. Young.

Efficient, however, as the Salmon Act has proved
to be, experience has shown to the Commissioners,
as was to be anticipated, that it admits of some
amendments which it will be their duty to suggest
to the Government at an early date, in order that
they may be considered, and if approved, enacted
during the approaching Session of Parliament.

In conclusion, the Commissioners desire to
express their acknowledgment of the constant
support which they have on all occasions received
from Your Excellency’s Government in the per-
formance of the arduous duty entrusted to them.

R. OFFICER,

Chairman of Commissioners,
206 APPENDIX.

Acclimatisation Society's Office,
Melbourne, May 26th, 1866.
Sir,

I have the honour herewith to enclose a copy
of a resolution passed by the Council of the
Acclimatisation Society for Victoria at the meeting
held on the 15th inst.

“The Council of the Acclimatisation Society
desires hereby again to record its sense of the
important services rendered to Australia by James
A. Youl, Esq., and begs to congratulate him upon
the large measure of success which has attended
the introduction of Salmon and Trout ova by the
ship Lincolnshire.”

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your most obedient Servant,
GEO. SPRIGG,

Secretary.
To James A. Youu, £sq.,

Waratah House,
Clapham Park, London.

Acelimatisation Society's Office,
30, Swanston Street,

Melbourne, July 18, 1868.
Sir,

I have the honour to inform you that the
Council of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria
APPENDIX. 207

has awarded you a medal in acknowledgment of
the eminent services rendered by you to the cause
of acclimatisation.

The medal will be handed to you in the course
of a few days by Mr. Edward Wilson, and the
Council hopes that it will be acceptable to you.

I have the honour to be, Sir,
Your most obedient Servant,
GHO. SPRIGG.
To James A. Youu, Esq.,
Waratah House,
Clapham Park, London.

Province of Otago, N. Z., ee
Superintendent’s Office,
Dunedin, 1 July, 1868.
Sir,

I do myself the honour to transmit to you.
the enclosed resolution, which has been passed by
the Provincial Council of Otago. Allow me at the
same time, on behalf of the Executive Government
of the Province, to express our concurrence in this
resolution—to tender to you our grateful acknow-
ledgements for the great personal trouble which
you took in the shipment of the ova, and to assure
you that we are deeply sensible of how much the
208 APPENDIX.

Province owes to your exertions for the success of
the experiment.

Instructions have been sent to Mr. Auld, British
Agent for the Province, to forward to you a piece
of plate with a suitable inscription as a lasting
token of the obligation under which the Province
of Otago feels itself in this matter.

I have the honour to be, Sir,
Your most obedient Servant,
JAMES MACANDREW,
James You, Fsq., Superintendent.
Waratah House,
Clapham Park, London.

“That the special thanks of this Council are due
to James Youl, Esq., for his valuable and disin-
terested services in connection with the shipment
to this Province of the Salmon and Trout Ova
recently landed ; and that an Address be presented
to His Honor the Superintendent, requesting that
he may be pleased to place a sum upon the Esti-
mates sufficient to procure a piece of Plate for pre-
sentation to Mr. Youl as a lasting token of the
obligation under which he has laid this Province.

Passed the Provincial Council, May 20, 1868.
WILLIAM H. REYNOLDS, Speaker.
CHAS. SMITH, Clerk of Council.
APPENDIX. 209

Inscription on Piece of Plate Presented.

Presented to

JamEs ARNDELL Youu, Esa.,
By the Superintendent and Provincial Council of
the Province of Otago, New Zealand, in acknow-
ledgment of the very able and valuable services
rendered by him on the occasion of the first trans-
mission of Salmon Ova to that Province in January,
1868.

7, Westminster Chambers,
Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W
Feb. 20, 1878.
Sir,

I do myself the honour to thank you, on
behalf of the Colony which I represent, for your
very strenuous exertions in connection with the
recent shipment of Salmon Ova to New Zealand.

I deemed myself especially fortunate in being
able to avail myself of your valuable services, which
were so generously offered; and the fact that you
personally superintended the most important part
of the undertaking, namely, the packing and ship-
ping of the Ova, affords the strongest hope that the
enterprise will prove a success.

Whether the attempt to stock the New Zealand
rivers with Salmon does prove immediately suc-
cessful or not, I feel sure that both the Govern-

15
210 APPENDIX.

ment and the Colonists will most fully appreciate
the zeal and energy which you have displayed, and
will not be slow to acknowledge it.
I have the honour to be, Sir,
Your most obedient Servant,
J. E. FEATHERSTON,
James Youu, Esq., Agent- General.
Waratah House, Clapham Park.

Waratah House, Clapham Park,
March 1st, 1878.
Sr,

I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt
of your letter of the 20th ult., and I beg leave to
express my warmest thanks for the kindly feeling
you have expressed on behalf of the Government of
New Zealand for my exertions in superintending
another shipment of Salmon Ova to that Colony.

Knowing the great expense the Colonists of New
Zealand have incurred in the several attempts
previously made to introduce the Salmon, I do
most sincerely hope that the Oberon will make a
quick passage, and that this shipment may prove
eminently successful.

I have the honour to be,
Your obedient Servant,
JAMES A. YOUL.

Dr. Featuerston,
Agent-General for New Zealand.
APPENDIX. 211

Salmon Ponds, Wallacetown,
Southland, N.Z,

1 May, 1876.

My pear Sr,
I do not think it was ever my lot to take up
my pen with so much pleasure as now, for when I
wrote by last mail, I had the fear of the old luck
haunting me, and although I believed the Ova would
turn out well, and the shipment prove a success, I
would not allow myself to be too confident after so
many disappointments. As the Ova have now nearly
all hatched, I may at any rate congratulate you,
as the remainder rests with us. I own I did not
expect so good ahatching. Your Ova have hatched
as truly as if taken from one of our own rivers,
scarcely a death at hatching, and, contrary to my
expressed belief, are strong good fish ; some of those
I mentioned as looking too pale in the lower lot of
Ova I placed by themselves, and most of them
have hatched off good fish. I have not at present
seen any deformed fish to signify, as in the Oberon
shipment, and the hatching, at any rate, is a per-
fect success. Of course I can only approximate
to the quantity hatched, and can best explain it
by saying that my idea on looking over the boxes
after all were laid was that I had about 25,000 in
all; the next morning I removed 1320 from Mr.
Buckland’s, and 4972 from yours, or, in round
212 APPENDIX.

numbers, 6000 in all. Since this I have removed
daily the dead ones, numbering 6220, or say
12000 in all. There are, perhaps, about 1000 still
remaining, and most of these should produce fish,
and I think I shall not overlay it if I say I have
10,000 hatched; this, if true, I believe represents
the largest hatching yet produced at the Antipodes.
Ido not know what the Norfolk shipment produced,
but I think 4000; the Lincolnshire I know was
said to give 6000 hatched; at least, I had a memo.
from the Australasian to that effeet, and from about
a like quantity—87,000. I am sorry to say Mr.
Buckland’s lot, though some of them looked so well
impregnated, have not hatched off well; so many
died just before hatching, and many of them burst.
I shall not get more than half of what I anticipated ;
most of those which he placed in mid-ice, and taken
from the Lancashire rivers proved unimpregnated,
and from those six boxes I shall not get 50 fish. It
isa great pity those you placed at the bottom of
the ship were killed, as most of those not opaque
have hatched fish, and it is very strange (but
quite carries out my belief) that those boxes which
were on top of ice all huddled together have
done as well as any, the large boxes had scarcely a
dead Ova in them. Unfortunately I sent one of
them to Christchurch by the Superintendent’s order
and one of the lowest tier of your packing, in all, I
APPENDIX. 213

suppose, about 3000. I see by a press telegram
that they have 127 hatched, which, I suppose, re-
presents the hatching. I have heard nothing from
those at the Melbourne ice-house, which should do
well, as Mr. Clifford thoroughly understands his
business, having been several years with the
Dunedin Acclimatisation Society, and was with me
in Tasmania when we brought over the first suecess-
ful lot of Trout. The rest of the Melbourne ship-
ment, I fear, has met with little success ; indeed, I
never anticipated anything else, and itis a waste of
Ova to send it to a country, the lowest temperature of
its winter being 64°; and some 78 of those I tried
with Mr. Le Seouf when I was awaiting the Durham.
I think they have a good deal to learn there yet
about fish hatching, from what I saw and heard.
I am, I think, more pleased on your account, if
possible, than on my own, as it is so hard after all
one’s trouble to be sneered at, and all because ships
would make bad passages, over which you could
have no control. I always believed it to be only a
matter of quick passage, and now people have got
over that insane idea that steamers would prove
certain death, we shall yet see fifty per cent.
hatched, I believe.

You must excuse my writing more by this mail,
and as there is another mail in a week, I will
advise you in a short note by that if there is any-
214 APPENDIX.

thing fresh to say, and you may always rest as-
sured of my posting you in all the piscicultural
news when I have any. And with my best thanks
again for all your trouble,
Believe me, dear sir,
Always very truly yours,

H. HOWARD.
J. A. Youn, £'sq.

P.S.—I forgot to say the fish commenced hatch-
ing, both yours and Mr. Buckland’s, on the 22nd ;
thus were 87 days in ice, and 22 in the hatching
boxes at 51°, or 109 days in all.

.7, Westminster Chambers,
London, S.W.

29 January, 1878.
Dear Srp,

The shipment of Salmon Ova ordered by my
Government being now completed, and the Chim-
borazo having sailed from Plymouth on the 25th
instant, it becomes my pleasing duty to express to
you, on behalf of the Government of New Zealand
my warmest appreciation of, and thanks for, the
interest you have taken in this matter, for your
successful exertions in procuring the Ova, and for
APPENDIX. 215

the care which you bestowed on the packing, and
other arrangements connected with shipping.

I also beg you will convey to the Rev. R. M.
Whitaker and Mr. Ramsbottom my thanks for the
assistance which they gave in procuring the Ova,
as without their cordial co-operation I feel that it
would have been very difficult to obtain the Ova.

I remain, dear sir,
JULIUS VOGEL,
Agent-General for New Zealand.
James Youu, Esq.

From the ‘ Field.”

SALMON OVA PER CHIMBORAZO.
Sir,

I beg leave to inclose a copy of a letter received
this morning from Mr. Howard, of Southland, New
Zealand, giving a detailed statement of the result
of the shipment of Salmon Ova in January last in
the steamship Chimborazo, which I will feel obliged
-by your having published in the Field for the
information of your readers who take an interest
in the acclimatisation of the Salmonide at the
Antipodes.

JAMES A. YOUL.
Waratah House,
Clapham Park, May 14.
216 APPENDIX.

Salmon Ponds, Wallacetown,
Southland, N.Z.,
March 26, 1878.
My pear Mr. Youn,

I am sorry I shall not have time to write as
full a report of the Salmon Ova as usual. I find
the mail goes out to-morrow, and I have a nine
miles’ walk to post this in time.

The Chimborazo arrived in Melbourne on the 11th
of March, and, as the steamer for New Zealand left
on the 18th, little time was lost, as I had every-
thing ready for the re-shipment, having left the
Ova in the ice until the morning of my leaving
Melbourne. We reached the Bluff on the 19th,
and the larger half of the Ova were laid by night,
by order of the New Zealand Government. I
handed two boxes of Mr. Buckland’s and one of
yours to Sir §. Wilson in Melbourne, and his
report appears in a letter published in a Southland
paper, which I forward. I fear his anticipations
will not be realised. I did not myself examine any
of your boxes in Melbourne, but saw two or three
of Mr. Buckland’s, which were very insecurely
fastened, the screws not being long enough; they
were nearly. all opaque, and until I received Sir
Samuel’s letter I had little hope of the shipment.
On reaching the ponds I tried yours, and was much
elated by the first appearance, as all the Ova were
APPENDIX. 217

bright, with scarcely a dead ovum in any of the
boxes. I then examined about twenty from each
box with a glass, and regret to say in many of them
could not find an impregnated ovum. There were,
however, about four boxes in which the Ova are
partially fecundated. The fish, although still very
backward, are good and healthy. The Ova since
then, except in the boxes mentioned (which I put
by themselves), have since gradually gone off, as is
usual with unimpregnated Ova. This morning I
again carefully examined the boxes, and in two
lots, containing about four thousand, I can only
see one or two fish—the rest of the Ova, when
looked at from above, having that unmistakable
ring-coloured spot. Of those in the boxes I men-
tioned as yours, no difficulty remains of ascertain-
ing their condition, as the fish are quite visible to
the naked eye. The cause of this want of impreg-
nation is to me a mystery, especially after the late
shipments of Ova from America: of two lots con-
taining 100,000, I could not find a hundred unfecun-
dated, and from one lot 40,000 have been turned
in the Outi, and from the other lot 26,000 in tribu-
taries of the same stream. The means used in
packing are very simple—50,000 in one box, 2 ft.
square and about 7in. deep. There is first a bright
layer of moss, then some thin cotton net, then the
Ova, then another cotton net, the moss to lie so on
218 APPENDIX.

for seven layers (and the Ova are at least twice the
size of the home fish). This is all enclosed in an
outside box about a foot deeper, in which the Ova
box is placed and covered with ice, the outside box
being double, with about three inches of sawdust
between. About a foot of ice is placed on the top,
and a thin bag containing sawdust on top of all.
I believe these are placed in the ship’s ice-house,
the different lots being marked for each province,
the larger quantities coming here ; the success in
every case most astonishing. In Nelson they
turned out 45,000 from 50,000 Ova. I fear in this
case the want of impregnation may have arisen
from badness or from late milters, as I see there was
great difficulty in obtaining fish at so late a period.
Still it seems presumption in me to give an opinion
when the shipping was entrusted to a person with
the life-long experience of Mr Ramsbottom.* I
hope you will send this to Mr. Buckland, as I
have no time to rewrite it, or let him know that
most of his Ova were opaque. What are left—
perhaps five hundred—are about two-thirds impreg-
nated. His Ova were very small, while those sent
by you were large and very beautiful. His moss
was also again very sodden-looking ; but in neither
lot was there any of that mouldy, cobwebby appear-
ance, yours being as fresh as when packed.

* Not the “shipping,” but the collection and impregna-
tion.—A.N.
APPENDIX. 219

I may mention, in conclusion, that I received
instructions from the Agent-General to take par-
ticular notice of the condition of the ice-house, and
found at least two feet of ice on all the Ova boxes;
and I was assured by several passengers that every
care had been used to keep it in good condition.

I hope to have more time by the Suez mail; but
Ido not think the Ova will hatch for at least a
fortnight, and if I am called upon to give an idea
of the quantity, I think I should guess about 1500
to 2000 of yours as good, to about 300 of Mr. Buck-
land’s. The Trout Ova are quite two-thirds good ;
and I will write my thanks to Mr. Capel next mail.
IT have no news of the Apanima fish.

Believe me, in haste,
Yours always truly,
H. HOWARD.
220 APPENDIX.

TASMANIA.

 

EXTRACTS FROM THE

SALMON COMMISSIONERS’ REPORT
FOR THE YEAR 1876.

 

Since the date of our last Report very satisfactory
evidence of the establishment of the Salmon in the
Derwent and its estuary has been accumulated.

During the year 1873 numerous Smolts were
captured in various parts of the river; while large
bodies of fish of great size were frequently seen in
the Derwent through the whole course of its stream,
as they had been for the previous six or seven
years.

In the month of December of that year the
reward of Thirty pounds, which had been offered by
the Government for the capture of the first Grilse
or Salmon, was claimed by Mr. Joseph Cronly,
and paid to him on the recommendation of the
Commissioners after the most careful inspection of
the fish for which the claim was made, and after it
had been subjected to the various anatomical tests
APPENDIX. 221

relied on by the most eminent ichthyologists as a
means of distinguishing the different species of
Salmonide from each other. This fish was cap-
tured in a pool on the mud flat immediately below
the Causeway at Bridgewater, in which it had been
left by the retirement of the tide, and was one of a
shoal that had previously been observed rushing
about in the same locality at high water.

During the year 1874 numerous other Grilses
were accidentally caught, chiefly in the bays near
Hobart Town, in grab-alls or hang-nets set for
the capture of native fish. Some of these were
minutely compared with the description of the
Salmo salar given by Dr. Gimther, the greatest
living authority on this branch of science, with
which they were found to agree.

If any doubt remained respecting the success of
the enterprise in which the Colony had so long
been engaged, it was dissipated by the capture of
a large body of fish in a private seine in Sandy
Bay on the night of the 18th January, 1876. This
interesting event is thus correctly reported in the
Mercury newspaper of date 24th January, 1876 :—

On the night of the 13th January instant six dozen and
four Smolts were taken in one haul of a seine net in that
part of the estuary of the River Derwent known as Sandy
Bay, about a mile below Hobart Town. These fish varied
in weight from three quarters of a pound to one pound and a
222 APPENDIX.

half; and judging not only from their general appearance,
but from the fact that they were taken in water almost, if
not quite, as salt as the ocean, it was manifest that they
belonged to one of the two migratory species of the genus
Salmo which have been introduced to the Colony. After
subjecting several of these fish to careful examination, the
Salmon Commissioners arrived at the conclusion that they
were identical in species with the specimen in the same
stage of growth which was caught in December, 1869, and
sent to Dr. Giinther, of which fish the learned doctor wrote
that it presented all the characters by which the true Salmon
is distinguishable from its nearest allies.

On the three or four nights following the 18th numerous
other specimens were captured both in Sandy Bay and on
the opposite shore of the estuary of the Derwent, more than
three miles distant, the total number thus destroyed being
probably over 200. These fish were sold in Hobart Town,
and rapidly rose in price from 3d. each on the 15th to 5s.
each on the 17th, when attention was drawn to the fact that,
under the Salmon Act of Tasmania, the sale of these young
fish subjected both seller and purchaser to a heavy penalty,
and some check was thus placed on their wanton destruction.

The absolute success of one, if not both, of the migratory
species, Salmo salar and Salmo trutta, is, therefore, now
certain, and home readers who are in the neighbourhood of
salmon rivers will easily appreciate the vast importance to
the colony of this result of the experiment.

After this large capture, and up to the present
time, numerous Salmon have continued to be
caught in the bays, and in the manner above
referred to, some of which have been carefully
APPENDIX. 223

inspected and verified by the Commissioners. One
of the most recent instances of the capture of a
Salmon took place some weeks ago, and is worth
recording. A person residing near Risdon Ferry,
Mr. Sims, observing a dense shoal of fish close in
shore, apparently pursued by a school of porpoises,
seized a billet of wood and dashed it amongst
them, when one was found to be so disabled as to
be easily caught by the hand, and proved to be a
true Salmo salar weighing 44 lbs. From this
incident the abundance of the fish in that locality
may be inferred.

Notice having been given in the Government
Gazette that the laws enacted for the protection of
the Salmon in the Derwent would, in future, be
rigidly enforced; the boundary within which all
fishing by net had been prohibited was, at the
same time, by the Governor’s Proclamation, extended
lower down the estuary from One Tree Point to
Droughty Point.

But the Commissioners believing that, in spite
of these measures and of any mere threats of
causing the law to be put in force, poaching would
still be carried on and extended unless a rigid
system of conservation was established, recom-
mended to the Government the appointment of two
additional bailiffs for the north and south shores
of the estuary of the river.
224 APPENDIX.

With this recommendation the Government has
not hitherto seen fit to comply; and the Com-
missioners have every reason to believe that, in
the absence of all effective protection, many
Salmon have been destroyed, and the continued
stocking of the Derwent so far retarded.

They have no means of discovering to what
extent seines have been unlawfully used in the
numerous bays below Bridgewater, where it is well
known the Salmon abound; but in the immunity
from detection and punishment which now exists
the facilities for the use of nets over that wide area
of the Derwent, together with the high prices which
are readily given for any of the three species of the
Salmonide that have been introduced into the
colony, there can be no doubt that poaching has
already been extensively practised, and will be
speedily extended unless better means of protection
are provided. It is well known to the Commis-
sioners that, in numerous instances, these fish
have been sold at the rate of 5s. a pound, and that
a keen competition always exists for them amongst
hotel-keepers and others.

The great aim of the Commissioners will now be
to procure a supply of ova from the Salmon in the
Derwent, for the purpose of their further propaga-
tion, and the stocking of the many other streams
in the colony which are admirably fitted to be the
APPENDIX. 225

homes of this valuable fish. This task the Com-
missioners anticipate will be one of considerable
difficulty.

The spawning grounds have not yet been dis-
covered, and are probably situated far up the
Derwent near its highest sources, according to the
habits of Salmon in other parts of the world, where
there are few or no inhabitants, and where the
river will probably be found full of impediments to
the use of a net.

That the fisheries of Tasmania will, at no distant
date, become a source of much profit to the Colony,
and materially promote its commercial interests,
amply repaying all the care and attention that can
be bestowed on them, does not admit of a doubt.

The fish in the Derwent, whether Salmon, Salmon
Trout, or Common Trout, have not hitherto shown
much disposition to take the artificial fly; and it
was.therefore an event of some interest when, on
8th October, 1876, the first undoubted Salmon was
captured in this manner by Mr. Matthew Seal, one
of the Commissioners, below the ‘“ Falls’? at New
Norfolk, although it was only one of a numerous
shoal that surrounded the boat from which that
gentleman and Mr. Morton Allport were fishing.

The second fish captured by the same means,
and weighing 83 lbs., fell to Your Excellency’s rod
and line on the 10th of January following.

16
226 APPENDIX.

Large trout, reaching a weight of upwards of
16 Ibs., have been caught by rod and line from
time to time—one of that weight more than three
years ago. In some of the tributaries of the
Derwent the Trout has afforded good sport, and
been so easily caught as to necessitate the closing
of several of them for a season in order to prevent
their further depopulation.

Many thousand ova and fry of the Trout have
continued to be annually produced in the Ponds,
and distributed among the rivers of this and some
of the neighbouring colonies. Ova and young fish
from the Salmon Trout have also been reared, in
fewer numbers, from the small supply of the fish of
that species which were originally detained in the
Ponds or their descendants.

It has been found, however, for the last two
seasons that an increasing proportion of the ova of
the last named fish have proved infertile.

The cause of this infertility is probably due to
the want of that food which is only to be found in
the sea, or want of the annual change to salt
water ; and, if it should continue, may be remedied
by establishing a fresh family of breeding fish by
ova brought from the Derwent.

The Commissioners think that they have reason
to congratulate the Colony on the signal success of
the great experiment of which they have had the
APPENDIX. 227

direction. Although much more protracted than
was anticipated, when experience and example
were wanting, they now perceive that it has not
been more so than the natural laws to which the
undertaking has been subject demanded. It has
been uniformly successful from the first, and has
required only time and care for its full develop-
ment.

ROBERT OFFICER,

Chairman.
3rd May, 1877.
228 APPENDIX.

RETURN of the Distribution of Ova and Fry from the
Breeding Ponds, River Plenty, during the Years 1873,

1874, 1875, and 1876.
OVA.

Salmon Trout.

1873. 1874. 1875. 1876.

Tratinceston ....csececeeeceseeeeceeeoee 300
New Zealand ............::cseseeeeeeee 300
Victorias esdusiviecwsinciacoieeecaotnccnans 200
Brown Trout.
ViCtOLId. sassssccvsscscetiadecceeeeeacss 2300
Taunceston. cissiass scocvveaseesecvese 7500
New Zealand ........ccscsccscocsssceee 600
New South Wales ............0ee0e 250
North East Coast Rivers............ es
Hobart Town....scccssccssescoreetseves 100
Western Australia.........sscscseesees
FRY.
Salmon Trout.
South Esk River ..........scsseeeeeee fe
River Plenty .........scsseseesseceoeee
Brown Trout.
River Plenty .......cccsessecsccsereeees
River Derwent ..........06 cseee cence
East Coast Rivers........c.cesescseees
River Slyke .<csesaceeceveusaesesaavhnsss wae
Hobart Town......sccsessessseeeseeeees 1200
Davnceston  sisssevssvessecasvesvacsses

Blackman River .....c.:ssce-seeeeees
River Forth and Tributaries ......

500
3550 3000
6300
800 as
250 250
800
200
200 100
950
620
280

250
250

2000

250
500

200
750
400

300
500
APPENDIX. 229

TASMANIA.

SALMON COMMISSIONERS.
REPORT FOR 1878.

 

The Salmon Commissioners have the pleasure
of reporting that the different species of Salmonide
in the various rivers in which they have become
acclimatised continue to increase in a most satis-
factory manner.

During the last four years, towards the end of
September or early in October, Salmon smolts
have been captured in a water-race leading to the
Ponds from the River Plenty, evidently on their
way to the Derwent. The fish were beautifully
bright and well formed, and specimens have each
year been placed in the Museum for public inspec-
tion. The Commissioners consider the presence of
these smolts in the Plenty conclusive evidence that
the parent fish go up that river to deposit their
ova; and as many thousands of ova are annually
‘taken from the Plenty for the purpose of distribu-
tion throughout the Colony and for sale to other
Colonies, it is now more than probable that, in
230 APPENDIX.

addition to the Brown Trout, both the Salmon and
Salmon Trout have become well established in
many and widely separate localities in this Colony,
and in the neighbouring continent.*

Throughout the late fishing season the waters of
the Upper Derwent and the Plenty were literally
swarming with Salmonide, many of which were
captured for the purpose of selecting good specimens
for the Sydney Exhibition ; the largest fish taken
on these occasions being a Brown Trout weighing
sixteen pounds. As to this fish it now appears to
be an established fact that it attains to a larger
average size here than in English waters, very
many having been captured weighing from ten to
twenty pounds.

In February, 1878, a fine fish weighing six pounds
was caught about two miles below Hobart Town,
and presented so many characteristics of the true
Salmon that the head was transmitted to Professor
M‘Coy for examination. The following is the reply
of the learned Professor—

I have just received the head of the fish caught on Friday,
8th of February, 1878, in the Derwent, Tasmania, in net, and

have the pleasure of informing you that it is a well-marked
true Salmon (Salmo salar).

* There is not a shadow of proof that any migratory species
of Salmo has yet become established on the continent of
Australia,—A. N.
APPENDIX. 231

As some doubts—in spite of all evidence to the
contrary—are occasionally expressed as to the ac-
climatisation of the Salmo salar, the above decided
opinion by such an authority as Professor M‘Coy
must command general satisfaction, and go far to
extinguish any scepticism which may still exist.

We may add that a finer specimen of Salmon
than that reported upon by Professor M‘Coy has
recently been captured (by the rod) near New
Norfolk, and forwarded to the International
Exhibition at Sydney.

The Commissioners regret that it is their painful
duty to record the death of three of the oldest of
their number—Mr. Allport, Captain Langdon, and
the Hon. Sir Robert Officer.

By the death of Mr. Allport the Commission has
sustained a most serious loss. His varied know-
ledge of Natural History, his great practical
experience in Pisciculture, and the untiring energy,
zeal, and ability with which, from its very incep-
tion, he addressed himself to the great, and then
novel, experiment of introducing fish by means of
their ova from Europe, are too well known to
require comment.

Captain Langdon at a former period of his life
proved himself, on many occasions, to be an active
and practical supporter of the cause of acclimati-
sation.
232 APPENDIX.

The Honourable Sir Robert Officer was Chairman
of the Commission from its first appointment.
His enthusiasm in the cause of the Salmon experi-
ment was proverbial, and much of its success (of
which he was satisfied long before belief in it
became so general as at present) was due to his
vigilance and unceasing supervision.

The good effect of the closure of the river was
proved recently in an attempt which was made
under our authority to secure specimens of Salmon,
and which resulted in the capture of an enormous
and extraordinary quantity of indigenous fish.

Proof was thus afforded that the closed portion
of the river has become a nursery, not only for the
Salmonide but for our native fish. The fishermen
are thus in a better position than if the river was
open, as vast numbers of the fish are certain to
push out of the protected waters and thus keep up
a good and permanent supply for the market.

We venture to assert, if the river were now
thrown open the result would be most disastrous ;
in the course of a few years the fish would again .
become as scarce as ever, and the fisherman would
have to go much farther afield to practise his
calling under far greater difficulties than at
present.

ROB. CAR READ,

Chairman.

8th September, 1879.
APPENDIX. 233

RETURN of the Distribution of Ova and Fry from the
Breeding Ponds, River Plenty, during the Year 1878.

 

OVA.
Brown Trout.
Now South Wales.........ccssecssesccseneees deve sede nana 500
NACCOVIS, cis siete canteen sionns cusp aivicin'deseseadessspawseateeeates 8000
Streams in the vicinity of Lake St. Clair, Tasmania 2000
FRY.
Brown Trout.
River Mersey... ...sscccscccesscceceesccassccscersescesereass 500
FuivVier PICNUY: sctisavodsacnatiesedstaneodacnaseasveracosvende® 1500
Ben Lomond Rivulet ..............csscecscecescecesseere 300
Macquarie River .......cccccsccsssseresccesecescoseeeeeees 500
Meander Rivet + sississsveesiataestessarsaseeverdueseaieess 500
Dia UncestOw. saw sssecasnapdansmtwmnesceciwewseweeaecesasawnds 1000
COaT Rivera jencstns cecinecislsv ncaa ties she wactectalasesan udaes 1950
DAsdill OMe iciesecssvniegcis Acc acta ge vedevessevataustanseies 900
PWG TD oecsds asigaicerciew ceiaea Weave ee gueses eda seseekansies 250
PYOSSEES) scccsuscewakesseniiilics audanamineeadelenasvacdeue reset 450

Since their last \Report your Commissioners
have continued to receive evidence of the rapid
increase of the various species of Salmonide in the
Rivers of the Colony.

It may be interesting to record the fact that, for
the first time in the River Derwent, fishing for
Salmon with rod and line has been successfully
practised in the salt water between Bridgewater
and Austin’s Ferry.
234 APPENDIX.

Great numbers of migratory species have been
captured by means of grab-all nets in the estuary
of the Derwent, one of which was estimated by its
captor to have weighed at least 10 lbs. It is
unfortunate that this specimen was not preserved
for examination, as its capture was effected below
Droughty Point, almost at the entrance of the
river; and as no pronounced specimen of Salmo
salar of that weight had previously been caught, it
would have been very satisfactory to have known
the true character of the fish in question.

‘In October, as in former years, Smolts again
made their appearance in the River Plenty on
their way to sea; but in consequence of the diver-
sion of the river by flood, the numbers which
entered the shoots leading to the Ponds were less
than on former occasions. Your Commissioners
have caused some of these fish to be retained in a
special pond, in the hope that they will deposit
Ova, and thus enable their progeny to be placed
in other rivers of the Colony. Should the experi-
ment prove successful there will be no difficulty in
rapidly stocking other rivers with migratory
salmonids.

It has been observed when captured migratory
species are introduced into our breeding ponds and
permanently retained there, that at first, during
the migratory season, they make considerable
APPENDIX. 235

effort to escape from their confinement. It has
also been noticed that although they continue to
present a healthy outward appearance, yet if the
forced imprisonment is prolonged the generative
organs are seriously affected, for they invariably
become perfectly sterile. These observations may
be of much interest to ichthyologists and to others
interested in the natural history of introduced
fishes.

During the year 1880, 23,000 Ova were supplied
to the other Colonies, and 2850 Fry were distri-
buted in various rivers of this Colony. The Com-
missioners are always prepared to supply the
requirements of any locality upon application
being made to them.

Your Commissioners are aware that poachers
are still very numerous ; but the number of licensed
rod fishermen having increased from 138 in season
1876-77 to 382 in the season just closed, is a
satisfactory proof that the offenders are not now so
numerous as formerly.

ROB. CAR READ,

Chairman.

80th June, 1881.
236

APPENDIX. ‘

RETURN of the Distribution of Ova and Fry from the
Breeding Ponds, River Plenty, during the Year 1880.

OVA.
New Zealand.........
New South Wales...
Victoria
South Australia......

2000
2000

PHILIP

FRY.
Dunorlan........ eee ee 300
Launceston ..........0006 500
Rivers in Glamorgan 450
Emu Bay .....cccseeeeee 500
River Plenty ............ 600

8. SEAGER,

Secretary to the Commission.
APPENDIX.

SHIPMENTS OF

237

SALMON, SALMON TROUT, AND BROWN TROUT OVA

MADE BY

MR. JAMES A. YOUL.

TO THE ANTIPODES.

 

1.—February, 1860. By Sarah Curling, from

Liverpool to Melbourne............ Salmon ova
2.—March 4,1862. By Beautiful Star, from Lon-
don to Hobart Town ...........000 Salmon ova

3.—January 21, 1864. By Norfolk, from London

to Melbourne and Tasmania...... Salmon ova

Present from Admiral Keppel, through Mr.

Frank Buckland ............008 Brown trout ova
Present from Mr. Francis Francis, ,

Brown trout ova

4.—January 20,1866. By Lincolnshire, from Lon-

don to Melbourne and Tasmania, Salmon ova

Salmon-trout ova

Brown trout ova

5.—January, 1868. By Celestial Queen, from Lon-

don to Otago, New Zealand ...... Salmon ova
Salmon-trout ova

From Bavaryias ....cssscseeeseeee Salma umbla ova
Present from Lord Essex, through Mr. Frank
Buckland ......scccecsceseeoeeees Brook-trout ova
6.—January, 1869. By Mindora, from London to
Otago, New Zealand ............+6 Salmon ova

Taken by Mr. Frank Buckland, Salmon-troutova

25,000
80,000
118,000
1,200
1,500
93,000
15,000
500
120,000
4,000
9,000
1,500

110,000
5,000
238 APPENDIX.

7.—January, 1873. By Oberon, from London to
Otago, New Zealand .........s00s0 Salmon ova
8.—January, 1876. By 8.5. Durham, from Lon-
don to Melbourne and New Zealand, joint

shipment.
Mr. J. A. Youl ..... agiateley dheuisews Wecinee Salmon ova
Mr. Frank Buckland ...............0+ Salmon ova

9.—January, 1878. By 8.8. Chimborazo, from
London to New Zealand, joint shipment.

My, J As Voulscsiessesseedesisnasiseendve Salmon ova

My. Frank Buckland ...............004 Salmon ova

10.—January, 1879. By P. & O. §.8. and Orient

line 8.8. Cuzco, five boxes brook-trout, about

120,000

90,000
85,000

24,000
20,000

5,000

UNWIN BROTHERS, THE GRESHAM PRESS, CHILWORTH AND LONDON.
4

4 Catalogue of American and Foreign Books Published or
Imported by Messrs. Sampson Low & Co. can
¢ be had on application.

Crown Buildings, 188, Fleet Street, London,
December, 1881.

Q@ Selection from the List of Books |

PUBLISHED BY

SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, & RIVINGTON.

 

ALPHABETICAL LIST.

A CLASSIFIED Educational Catalogue of Works pub-

lished in Great Britain. Demy 8vo, cloth extra. Second Edition,
revised and corrected, 5s.

About Some Fellows. By an Eton Boy, Author of “A Day
of my Life.” Cloth limp, square 16mo, 2s. 6d.
Adventures of a Young Naturalist. By Lucien Biart, with

117 beautiful Illustrations on Wood. Edited and adapted by PARKER
GILLMoRE. Post 8vo, cloth extra, gilt edges, New Edition, 75. 62.

Afghan Knife (The). A Novel. By Rozpert ARMITAGE
STERNDALE, Author of ‘‘Seonee.” Small post 8vo, cloth extra, 6s.
Alcott (Louisa M.) Jimmy's Cruise in the “ Pinafore.” With 9
Illustrations. Second Edition. Small post 8vo, cloth gilt, 35. 6a.
——- Aunt Jo's Scrap-Bag. Square 16mo, 2s. 6d.
(Rose Library, 15.)
Little Men: Life at Plumpeld with Jo's Boys. Small
post 8vo, cloth, gilt edges, 3s. 6¢. (Rose Library, Double vol. 2s.)
Little Women. 1 vol., cloth, gilt edges, 35, 6@. (Rose
Library, 2 vols., 1s. each.)
Old-Fashioned Girl. Best Edition, small post 8vo,
cloth extra, gilt edges, 3s. 6¢. (Rose Library, 2s.)
Work and Beginning Again. A Story of Experience.
(Rose Library, 2 vols., 1s. each.)
Shawl Straps. Small post 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, 3s. 6d.
—— Light Cousins; or, the Aunt fill. Small post 8vo,
with Illustrations, 3s. 6d.
The Rose in Bloom. Small post’ 8vo, cloth extra,
3s. 6d.
——— Under the Lilacs. Small post 8vo, cloth extra, 55.
ae

 

 

 

 

 

 
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Alcott (Louisa M.) Fack and Fill, Small post 8vo, cloth extra, 55.

“Miss Alcott’s stories are thamatighly healthy, full of racy fun and humour . ht

epcesdinely entertaining . . » » ‘e can recommend the ‘ Eight Cousins.’”—
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Aldrich (Pf. B.) Friar Jeromes Beautiful \ Book, &e.
Selected from ‘Cloth of Gold,” and ‘Flower and Thorn.” 18mo,
very choicely printed on hand-made paper, parchment cover, 3s. 6d.

Alpine Ascents and Adventures ; or, Rock and Snow Sketches.
By H. Scuiitz Wi1son, of the Alpine Club. With Illustrations by
WHYMPER and Marcus STONE. Crown 8vo, tos. 6d. 2nd Edition.

Andersen (Hans Christian) Fairy Tales. With Illustrations in
Colours by E. V. B. Cheap Edition, in the press.

Angling Literature in England ; and Descriptions of Fishing
by the Ancients. By O. LAMBERT. ‘With a Notice of some Books
on other Piscatorial Subjects. Feap. 8vo, vellum, top gilt limp,
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Architecture (The Twenty Styles of). By Dr. W. Woop, Editor
of “The Hundred Greatest Men.” Imperial 8vo, with 52 Plates.

Art Education. See ‘Tllustrated Text Books,” “ Tllustrated
Dictionary,” ‘‘ Biographies of Great Artists.”

Autobiography of Sir G. Gilbert Scott, R.A, FSA, &e.
Edited by his Son, G. GILBERTScoTT. With an Introduction by the
DEAN OF CHICHESTER, and a Funeral Sermon, preached in West-
minster Abbey,.by the DEAN OF WESTMINSTER. Also, Portrait on
steel from the portrait of the Author by G. RICHMOND, R.A. 1 vol.,
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Autumnal Leaves. By F. G. HeEatu. Illustrated by 12

' Plates, comprising 252 figures of Autumn Leaves and Leaflets, ex-

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by Frep. G. Suort, of New Forest Scenery, and 12 Initial-letter

Leaf Designs by the Author. Cloth, imperial 16mo, gilt edges, with
special Cover showing Autumn Leaves printed in colours, price 145,

 

THE BAYARD SERIES,
Edited by the late J. Hain Friswe.i,

Comprising Pleasure Books of Literature produced in the Choicest Style as
Companionable Volumes at Home and Abroad.
‘We can hardly imagine better books for boys to read or for men to ponder
over.” — Times, Satake
ee an aa — eee eee in itself, flexible cleth extra, gilt edges,
The Story of the Chevalier Bayard, | The Essays of Abraham Cowley, ine
By M. De Berville. _ : cluding all his Prose Works.
De Joinville’s St. Louis, King of | Abdallah; or, The Four Leaves,
France. By Edouard Laboullaye,
List of Publications.

 

The Bayard Series (continued) :—

Table-Talk and Opinions of Na-
poleon Buonaparte.

Vathek: An Oriental Romance.
By William Beckford.

The King and the Commons, A
Selection of Cavalier and Puritan
Songs. Edited by Professor
Morley.

Words of Wellington : Maxims and
Opinions of the Great Duke.

Dr. Johnson’s Rasselas, Prince of
Abyssinia. With Notes.

Hazlitt’s Round Table. With Bio-
graphical Introduction.

The Religio Medici, Hydriotaphia,
and the Letter to a Friend. By
Sir Thomas Browne, Knt.

Ballad Poetry of the Affections.
Robert Buchanan.

By

 

Coleridge’s Christabel, and other

A Case containing 12 Volumes, price 315.

Imaginative Poems. With Preface
by Algernon C. Swinburne.

Lord Chesterfield’s’ Letters, Sen-
tences, and Maxims. With In-
troduction by the Editor, and
Essay on Chesterfield by M. de
Ste.-Beuve, of the French Aca-
demy.

Essays in Mosaic.
tyne.

My Uncle Toby ; his Story and his
Friends. Edited by P, Fitz-
gerald.

Reflections ; or, Moral Sentences and
Maxims of the Duke de la Roche-
foucald.

Socrates: Memoirs for English
Readers from Xenophon’s Memo-
rabilia, By Edw. Levien.

Prince Albert’s Golden Precepts.

6d.; or the Case separately, price 3s. 6d.

By Thos. Ballan-

Beauty and the Beast. An Old Tale retold, with Pictures by

E. V. B.  4to, cloth extra.

10 Illustrations in Colours. . 125. 6d.

Begum’s Fortune (The): A New Story. By Jutes Verne,

Translated by W. H. G. KINGSTON.

Numerous Illustrations,

Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt edges, 7s. 6d. ; plainer binding, plain edges, 55.

Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ.

8vo, 6s.

By L. Wattace. Crown

Beumers’ German Copybooks. In six gradations at 4d. each.
Buckersteth’s Hymnal Companion to Book of Common Prayer

may be had in various styles and bindings from Id, to 21s.

Price

List and Prospectus will be forwarded on application.
Bickersteth (Rev. £. H., M.A.) The Reef, and other Parables,

1 vol., square 8vo, with numerous very beautiful Engravings, 25. 6d.

 

 

The Clergyman in his Home.
The Masters Home-Call; or, Brief Memorials of

Small post 8vo, 15.

Alice Frances Bickersteth. 20th Thousand. 32mo, cloth gilt, 1s.

 

The Master's Will.

on the Death of Mrs. S. Gurney Buxton.
The Shadow of the Rock. A Selection of Religious

18mo, cloth extra, 25. 6d.

 

Poetry.
—— The Shadowed Home

A Funeral Sermon preached
Sewn, 6d. ; cloth gilt, 15.

/
and the Light Beyond. 7th

Edition, crown 8vo, cloth extra, 5s.

A

2
4 Sampson Low, Marston, & Co.'s

 

Biographies of the Great Artists ({llustrated). Each of the
following Volumes is illustrated with from twelve to twenty full-page
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Hogarth.

Turner.

Rubens.

Holbein.

Tintoretto.

Little Masters of
Germany.

Fra Angelico and
Masaccio.

Fra Bartolommeo,

Claude Lorraine.

Correggio.

Watteau, Lannet,
and Boucher.

‘ Few things in the way of small books upon great subjects, avowedly cheap and
necessarily brief, have been hitherto so well done as these biographies of the &

Giotto.

Raphael.

Van Dyck and Hals.

Titian.

Rembrandt.

Leonardo da Vinci.

Gainsborough and
Constable.

Sir David Wilkie.

Van Eyck.

Price 2s. 6d. each.
Sir Thos, Lawrence.
Rousseau & Millet.
Meissonier.
Overbeck.

Masters in painting.” —77zsmes.
“A deserving series,"—Edinburgeh Review.
““ Most thoroughly and tastefully edited.”—Spectator.

Figure Painters of
Holland.

Michel Angelo.

Delarocheand Vernet.

Landseer.

Reynolds.

Velasquez

Mantegna and
Francia.

Albert Durer.

Murillo.
Early Italian Sculp-
tors.

reat

Birthday Book, Extracts from the Writings of Theodore
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choice binding, 3s. 6d.

Birthday Book. Lxtracts from the Poems of Whittier. Square
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Black (Wm.) Three Feathers. Small post 8vo, cloth extra, 6s.

— Lady Silverdales Sweetheart, and other Stories. 1 Vol.
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——— Kilmeny: a Novel. Small post 8vo, cloth, 6s.

——~- In Silk Aitire. 3rd Edition, small post 8vo, 6s.

—_—— A Daughter of Heth. 11th Edition, small post 8vo, 6s.

— Sunrise. Small post 8vo, 6s.

Blackmore (R. D.) Lorna Doone. oth Edition, cr. 8vo, 6s.

— Alice Lorraine. 1 vol., small post 8vo, 6th Edition, 6s.

—— Clara Vaughan. Revised Edition, 6s.

—— Cradock Nowell. New Edition, 6s.

——— Cripps the Carrier. 3rd Edition, small post 8vo, 6s.

——— Mary Anerley. New Edition, 6s.

—— Erema; or, My Fathers Sin. With 12 Illustrations
small post 8vo, 6s.

 

 

 
List of Publications, 5

 

Blossoms from the King's Garden: Sermons for Children. By
the Rev. C. BosANQUET. 2nd Edition, small post 8vo, cloth extra, 6s.

Blue Banner (The); or, The Adventures of a Mussulman,.a
Christian, and a Pagan, in the time of the Crusades and Mongol
Conquest. Translated from the French of LEON CaHuN. With
Seventy-six Wood Engravings. Imperial 16mo, cloth, gilt edges,
7s. 6d.; plainer binding, 5s.

Bock (Carl). The Head Hunters of Borneo: Up the Mahak-
kam, and Down the Barita; also Journeyings in Sumatra. 1 vol.
super-royal 8vo, 32 Coloured Plates, cloth extra, 36s.

Book of the Play. By Durron Coox. New and Revised
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Boy’s Froissart (The). 7s. 6a. See “ Froissart.”

Boy's King Arthur (The). With very fine Illustrations.
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Boy’s Mabinogion (The): being the Original Welsh Legends of
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LANIER. With numerous very graphic Illustrations. Crown 8vo,
cloth, gilt edges, 75. 6d.

Breton Folk: An Artistic. Tour in Brittany. By Henry
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British Goblins: Welsh Folk-Lore, Fatry Mythology, Legends,
and Traditions. By Wirt SIKES, United States Consul for Wales,
Author of ‘Rambles and Studies in Old South Wales.” Second
Edition. 8vo, 185. 2

Burnaby (Capt.). See “ On Horseback.”

Burnham Beeches (Heath, F. G.). With numerous Illustrations

anda Map. Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt edges, 3s.6@ Second Edition.
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“ A charming little volume.”--Glode.

Burroughs (Johny. Pepacton: A Summer Voyage, and other
Essays. Small post 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d.

Butler (W.F.) The Great Lone Land; an Account of the Red
River Expedition, 1869-70. With Illustrations and Map. Fifth and
Cheaper Edition, crown 8vo, cloth extra, 75. 6d.

The Wild North Land ; the Story of a Winter Journey

with Dogs across Northern North America. Demy 8vo, cloth, with

numerous Woodcuts and a Map, 4th Edition, 18s. Cr. 8vo, 75. 6d.

Akim-foo: the History of a Failure. Demy 8vo, cloth,

and Edition, 16s. Also, in crown 8vo, 75. 6d.

— Red Cloud. Crown 8vo, gilt edges, 7s. 6d. [Zn the press.
Cee (Lady A.) Illustrated Games of Patience.

Twenty-four Diagrams in Colours, with Descriptive Text. Foolsaap
4to, cloth extra, gilt edges, 3rd Edition, 125. 6d.

 

 

 
6 Sampson Low, Marston, & Co.'s

 

Cambridge Trifles; or, Splutterings from an_ Undergraduate
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cloth extra, 25. 6d.

Changed Cross (The), and other Religious Poems. 16mo, 2s. 6d.

Child of the Cavern (The) ; or, Strange Doings Underground.
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Illustrations, Sq. cr. 8vo, gilt edges, 75. 6d. ; cl., plain edges, 5s.

Child’s Play, with 16 Coloured Drawings by E. V. B. Printed
on thick paper, with tints, 7s. 6d.

New. By E.V.B. Similar to the above. See New.

— A New and Cheap Edition of the two above, con-
taining 48 Illustrations by E. V. B., printed in tint, handsomely
bound, 35. 6d.

Choice Editions of Choice Books. 2s. 6d. each, Illustrated by
C. W. Core, R.A., T. Creswick, R.A., E. DuNcaAN, BIRKET
Foster, J.C. Horstey, A.R.A., G. Hicks, R. REDGRAVE, R.A.,
C. STONEHOUSE, F. TAYLER, G. THomas, H. J. TOWNSHEND,
E. H. WEHNERT, HARRISON WEIR, &c.

 

 

Bloomfield’s Farmer’s Boy. Milton’s L’ Allegro.
Campbell’s Pleasures of Hope. | Poetry of Nature. Harrison Weir.
Coleridge’s Ancient Mariner. Rogers’ (Sam.) Pleasures of Memory.

Goldsmith’s Deserted Village. | Shakespeare’s Songs and Sonnets.
Goldsmith’s Vicar of Wakefield.| Tennyson’s May Queen.
Gray’s Elegy in a Churchyard. | Elizabethan Poets.
Keat’s Eve of St. Agnes. Wordsworth’s Pastoral Poems.
“« Such works are a glorious beatification for a poet.” — Atheneum.

Christ in Song. By Dr. Puitip ScHarr. A New Edition,
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Confessions of a Frivolous Girl (The): A Novel of Fashionable
Life. Edited by RoBERT GRANT. Crown 8vo, 6s.

Cornet of Horse (The): A Story for Boys. By G. A. HEnty.
Crown 8vo, cloth extra, gilt edges, numerous graphic Illustrations, 5s.

Cripps the Carrier. 31d Edition, 6s. See BLACKMORE.

Cruise of H.M.S. “ Challenger” (The). By W.J. J. Spry, R.N.
With Route Map and many Illustrations. 6th Edition, demy 8vo, cloth,
18s. Cheap Edition, crown 8vo, some of the Illustrations, 75. 6d.

Cruise of the Walnut Shell (The). An instructive and amusing
Story, told in Rhyme, for Children. With 32 Coloured Plates.
Square fancy boards, 55.

Curious Adventures of a Field Cricket. By Dr. ERNEST
Canpize. ‘Translated by N. D’ANVERS. With numerous fine
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LANA (R. H.) Two Years before the Mast and Twenty-Four

years After. Revised Edition, with Notes, 12mo, 6s.

Daughter (A) of Heth. By W. Brack. Crown 8vo, 6s.
List of Publications. 1

 

Day of My Life (A); or, Every Day Experiences at Eton.
By an Eton Boy, Author of ‘‘About Some Fellows.” 16mo, cloth
extra, 2s. 6¢. 6th Thousand.

Diane. By Mrs. Macquorp. Crown 8vo, 6s, 3

Dick Cheveley: his Fortunes and Misfortunes. By W. H. G.
KINGSTON. 350 pp., square, 16mo, and 22 full-page Illustrations.
Cloth, gilt edges, 7s. 6¢.; plainer binding, plain edges, 5s.

Dick Sands, the Boy Captain. By JULES VeRNE. With nearly
100 Illustrations, cloth, gilt, 10s.6¢.; plain binding and plain edges, 5s.

El GHT Cousins. See ALcott.

Elementary History (An) of Art. Comprising Architecture,
Sculpture, Painting, and the Applied. ‘Arts. By N. D’ANvERs,
Author of ‘‘ Science Ladders.” ‘With a Preface by Professor ROGER
SmitH. New Edition, illustrated with upwards of 200 Wood
Engravings. Crown 8vo, strongly bound in cloth, price 8s. 6d.

Elementary History (An) of Music. Edited by OweEn J.
Dutiea. Including Music among the Ancient Nations ; Music in
the Middle Ages; Music in Italy in the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and
Eighteenth Centuries; Music in Germany, France, and England.
Illustrated with Portraits of the most eminent Composers, and
Engravings of the Musical Instruments of many Nations, Crown 8vo,
handsomely bound in cloth, price 3s. 6d.

Elinor Dryden. By Mrs. Macquorp. Crown 8vo, 6s.

Embroidery (Handbook of). By L. Hiccin. Edited by Lapy
MARIAN ALFORD, and published by authority of the Royal School of
Art Needlework, With 16 page Illustrations, Designs for Borders,
&c. Crown 8vo, 55.

LEnchividion of Epictetus ; and the Golden Verses of Pythagoras.
Translated into English, Prose and Verse; with Notes and Scriptural
References, together with some original Poems, By the Hon. THos,
TaLzot. Crown 8vo, cloth, 5s.

English Philosophers. Edited by Iwan Mutter, M.A., New
College, Oxon. <A Series of Volumes containing short biographies
of the most celebrated English Philosophers, to each of whom is
assigned a separate volume, giving as comprehensive and detailed a
statement of his views and contributions to Philosophy as possible,
explanatory ratherthan critical, opening with a brief biographical sketch,
and concluding with a short general summary, and a bibliographical
appendix. Each Volume contains about 200 pp. Sq. 16mo, 3s.6d, each.
Bacon. Professor FOWLER, Professor of Logic in Oxford. ©
Berkeley. Prof.T.H.GR&En, Professor of Moral Philosophy,Oxford,
Hamilton, Professor Monk, Professor of Moral Philosophy, Dublin,
J. 8. Mill, HELEN Taytor, Editor of “The Works of Buckle,” &c.
Mansel. Rev. J. H. Huckin, D.D., Head Master of Repton.
Adam Smith. J. A. Farrer, M.A., Author of ‘Primitive

Manners and Customs.”
8 Sampson Low, Marston, & Co.'s

 

Lnglish Philosophers (continued) :-—
Hobbes. A. EH. Gosset, B.A., Fellow of New College, Oxford.
Bentham. G. E. Buck1e, M.A., Fellow of All Souls’, Oxford.
Austin. Harry Jounson, B.A., late Scholar of Queen’s College,
Oxford.
Hartley. E. S. Bowen, B.A., late Scholar of New College,
James Mill, Oxford.
raicasinteri se ; Professor FOWLER.
Arrangements are in progress for volumes on Locke, Hume, Patey, REID, &c.
Episodes of French History. "Edited, with Notes, Genealogical,
Historical, and other Tables, by GUSTAVE Masson, B, A.
1. Charlemagne and the Carlovingians.
2. Louis XI. and the Crusades.
3. Part I. Francis I. and Charles V. '
» II. Francis I. and the Renaissance.
4. Henry IV. and the End of the Wars of Religion.
The above Series is based upon M. Guizot’s ‘‘ History of France.”
Each volume choicely Illustrated} with Maps, 2s. 6.
Lema ; or, My Fathers Sin. See BLACKMORE,

Etcher (The). Containing 36 Examples of the Original
Etched-work of Celebrated Artists, amongst others: BIRKET Foster,
J. E. Hopcson, R.A., CoLIN HUNTER, J. P. HESELTINE, ROBERT
'W. MacszTH, R. S, CHatrock, &c. Vol. for 1881, imperial gto,
cloth extra, gilt edges, 2/, 125. 6d. Monthly, 35. 6d.

L£ton. See “ Day of my Life,” ‘ Out of School,” “ About Some

Fellows.”

Fake Ballads. By Witt CARLETON. Boards, 1s.; cloth,
gilt edges, Is. 6d. : :
Farm Festivals. By the same Author. Uniform with above.

Farm Legends. By the same Author. See above.

. elkin (R. W.) and Wilson (Rev. C. T.) Uganda and the
Egyptian Soudan. An Account of Travel in Eastern and Equatorial
Africa ; including a Residence of Two Years at the Court of King
Mtesa, and a Description of the Slave Districts of Bahr-el-Ghazel and
Darfour. With a New Map of 1200 miles in these Provinces;
numerous Illustrations, and Anthropological, Meteorological, and
Geographical Notes. By R. W. FELKIN, F.R.G.S., Member of the
Anthropological Institute, &c., &c.; and the Rev. C. T. Witson,
M.A. Oxon., F.R.G.S., Member of the Society of Arts, Hon. Fellow
of the Cairo Geographical Society. 2 vols., crown 8vo, cloth, 28s.

Fern Paradise (The): A Plea for the Culture of Ferns. By
F. G. HeatH. New Edition, entirely Rewritten, Illustrated by
Eighteen full-page, and numerous other Woodcuts, including 8 Plates of
Ferns and Four Photographs, large post 8vo, cloth, gilt edges, 125. 6d.
Sixth Edition.

‘All lovers of ferns will be delighted with the illustrated edition of Mr
Heath’s ‘‘ Fern Paradise."—Saturday Review.
List of Publications. 9

 

Fern World (The). By F. G. Heatu. Illustrated by Twelve
Coloured Plates, giving complete Figures (Sixty-four in all) of every
Species of British Fern, printed from Nature; by several full-page
and other Engravings. Cloth, gilt edges, 6th Edition, 12s. 6d.

Few (A) Hints on Proving Wills. Enlarged Edition, 15.

First Steps in Conversational French Grammar. By F. Juiaen.
Being an Introduction to ‘Petites Legons de Conversation et de
Grammaire,” by the same Author. Fcap. 8vo, 128 pp., 15.

Four Lectures on Electric Induction. Delivered at the Royal
Institution, 1878-9. By J. E. H. Gorpon, B.A. Cantab, With
numerous Illustrations. Cloth limp, square 16mo, 3s.

Foreign Countries and the British Colonies. Edited by F. S.
PuLiinc, M.A., Lecturer at Queen’s College, Oxford, and formerly
Professor at the Yorkshire College, Leeds. A Series of small Volumes
descriptive of the principal Countries of the World by well-known
Authors, each Country heing treated of by a Writer who from
Personal Knowledge is qualified to speak with authority on the Subject.
The Volumes average 180 crown 8vo pages each, contain 2 Maps

, and Illustrations, crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.

The following is a List of the Volumes :—

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List of Publications. aI

 

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List of Publications. 23

 

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On Ey

on

 

 

 

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SeErtrEs ITI.

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Seonee: Sporting in the Satpura Range of Central India, and in
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List of Publications. 25

 

Serpent Charmer (The): @ Tale of the Indian Mutiny. From
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26 Sampson Low, Marston, & Co.'s

 

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List of Publications. 27

 

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TAINk (ZH. A.) “Les Origines de la France Contemporaine.”
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28 Sampson Low, Marston, & Cos

 

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Through America ; or, Nine Months in the United States. By
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Through the Dark Continent: The Sources of the Nile; Around
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Through Siberia. By the Rev. HENRY LANSDELL. Illustrated
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Tour of the Prince of Wales in India. See RUSSELL
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Tristram (kev, Canon) Pathways of Palestine: A Descriptive
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Two Friends, By Lucien Biart, Author of “ Adventures of
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Two Supercargoes (The) ; or, Adventures in Savage Africa.
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[JNDER the Punkah, By Puit Rosinson, Author of “In

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cee ert haan nce te
List of Publications. 29

 

Onion Jack (The). Every Boy's Paper. Edited by G. A.
HENtTy. One Penny Weekly, Monthly 6¢. Vol. III. commences
with the Part for November, 1881, and contains the first Chapters
of Three Serial Stories by G. MANVILLE FENN, Louis ROUSSELET,
and W. H. G. Ki1nGsToNn, from the French of ‘‘Landelle.” Illustrated
by the Best Artists. With the first Part is presented a Photograph of
Jules Verne, and a Coloured Plate, ‘‘Rounding the Lightship,” a
Yachting Incident; and this Volume will also contain New Stories by
Col. BuTLER, Author of ‘‘ The Great Lone Land,” JuLEs VERNE, an
Historical Story by the Editor, &c., &c. Volume II. for 1881, beauti-
fully bound in red cloth (royal 4to), 75. 6d., gilt edges, 8s. Beautifully
Illustrated with over 400 Illustrations, including 52 full-page Engra-
vings, 8 Steel ditto, 7 Coloured Plates, and Photograph of the Editor.

The Contents comprise:

The Cornet of Horse: a Tale of Marlborough’s Wars. By the
EDITOR.

The Young Franc-Tireurs: a Tale of the Franco-German War.
By the Epiror.

The Ensign and Middy: a Taiz of the Malay Peninsula. By G.
MANVILLE FENN. :

The Steam, House: THE Demon oF Cawnrore. A Tale of India.
By JULES VERNE.

Rawdon School: a Tale of Schoolboy’ Life. By BERNARD
HELDMANN.

Dorrincourt : a Story of a Term there. By BERNARD HELDMANN.

Peyton Phelps; or, Adventures among the Italian Carbonari, By
G. STEBBING.

Gerald Rattlin : a Tale of Sea Life. By Gzo, ELFORD.

A Fight in Freedom’s Cause,

An Eventful Ride. ie

The Ghost of Leytonstone Manor.

An Editor’s Yarns.

True Tales of Brave Actions.

And numerous other Articles of Interest and Instruction.
A few copies of Volume I., for 1880, still remain, price 6s.

Upolu; or, A Paradise of the Gods ; being a Description of
the Antiquities of the chief Island of the Samoan Group, with Remarks
on the Topography, Ethnology, and History of the Polynesian Islands
in general. By the late HANDLEY BATHURST STERNDALE. Edited
and annotated by his brother, Author of ‘‘Seonee,” ‘‘The Afghan
Knife,” &c. 2 vols., demy 8vo.

Ve CTOR Hugo and his Times, Translated from the French

of A. BarBou by ELLEN E. FREWER. 120 Illustrations, many of
them from designs by Victor Hugo himself. Super-royal 8vo, cloth
extra, . ~

Vincent (F) Norsk, Lapp, and Finn, By Frank VINCENT,
Jun., Author of ‘*The Land of the White Elephant,” ‘‘Through
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Map, 12s.
BOOKS BY JULES

VERNE.

 

 

 

 

Containing $60 to600pp. |] Containing the whole of th
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In very In In cloth
handsome plainer |j binding, gilt
WORKS. cloth bind- | binding, edges, Coloured Boards,
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From the Earth to the
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ene int a rs each.
ichae) rogoff, the $
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 Geoietn « the Boy!) 10 6 | 5 0 || 8 6 |2vols, 1s. each.
Five Weeks in a Balloon . 7 6 3 6 20 1s. Od.
Adventures of Three En-
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Around the World | in
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AFloating City. . . i 620 10
The Blockade Runners . 7 6 3 6 |. 3
Dr. Ox’s Experiment . . L 0 io
Master Zacharius . . . 2 0 10
A Dramainthe Air .. 7 6 3 6
A Winter amid the Ice . 20 10
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“Chancellor”. . . . 7 6 36 2 0 2 vols. 1s. each.
Martin Paz . .. . Alf 20 1
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The Begum’s Fortune. . 7 6 3 6
Tho ‘Tribulations of a t 76
Chinaman... .
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Leagues on the Amazon.
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Warner (C. D.) My Summer in a Garden. Rose Library, 1s.
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