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* Library
QK 306. B13. University Library

Manual of British botany, containing the

3 1924

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mann
MANUAL

OF

BRITISH BOTANY,

CONTAINING THE

FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO

THE NATURAL ORDERS.

BY

CHARLES CARDALE BABINGTON, M.A.,
F.LS., F.G.S. src. ere.

THIRD EDITION.

WITH MANY ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

 

LONDON:
JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW.

MDCCCLI.
PRINTED BY RICHARD TAYLOR,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
PREFACE.

In this work it has been the Author’s wish to adopt in all
cases those names which have the claim of priority, unless
good cause could be shown for a contrary proceeding, and
with this object he has carefully examined nearly all the
best European Floras, comparing our plants with the de-
scriptions contained in them, and in very many cases with
‘foreign specimens of undoubted authenticity. In the adop-
tion of genera and species an endeavour has been made, by
the examination of the plants themselves, to determine what
are to be considered as truly distinct, thus, it is hoped,
taking Nature as a guide, and not depending upon the au-
thority of any name, however distinguished. Still let it not
be supposed that any claim is made to peculiar accuracy,
nor that the Author considers himself qualified to dictate
‘to any student of botany, for he is well aware that there are
many points upon which persons who have carefully studied
iy PREFACE.

the subject may form different conclusions from those to
which he has been led.

This volume being intended as a field-book or travelling
companion for botanists, it was advisable to restrict the
space allotted to each species as much as possible, and ac-
cordingly it will be found that the characters and observa-
tions are only such as appear to be necessary for an accurate
discrimination of the plants. Synonyms have been almost
wholly omitted, but usually one British and often a foreign
figure of each plant is quoted. Localities are only given
for new or rare plants, the existence of so complete a work
as Mr. Watson’s New Botanist’s Guide having made it un-
necessary inconveniently to swell the present volume by their
introduction ; but in order to convey some idea of the dis-
tribution of plants throughout the United Kingdom, the
letters E., S., and I. have been appended to the descriptions
of such species as have, it is believed, been only found in
England, Scotland, or Ireland respectively, —all plants
without such an addition and not inclosed in brackets having
been observed in each of them. The descriptions of a con-
siderable number of plants which only occur in the Channel
Islands ; or, although included in our lists, there is reason
to suppose have never been really detected in Britain; or
have been added to our Flora by previous writers but are
not now to be found; or, although decidedly naturalized,
have very slender claims to be considered as aboriginal
natives, are included within [ ]; and notices of a few plants
concerning which more accurate information is requisite
are distinguished in a similar manner. It is hoped that by
this arrangement the truly indigenous species will be clearly
distinguished from those which have little or no claim to be
PREFACE. bf

considered as aboriginal or even thoroughly naturalized.
The attempt to do this is necessary for two seemingly con-
tradictory reasons ; namely, the great tendency of many col-
lectors to consider as native any plant found growing upon
a spot where it is not cultivated ; and the peculiar scepti-
cism of some of our botanists concerning the claims of many
local or thinly scattered species to be considered as indige-
nous, even when their distribution upon the European con-
tinent is not unfavourable to the belief that they inhabit
Britain. It has been recommended that the descriptions of
these excluded species should be placed in an Appendix, but
as some of them are not unlikely to be observed by collectors,
it is more convenient that they should be arranged with
their allies. Those who desire to obtain a complete know-
ledge of the distribution of our plants should consult Wat-
son’s Cybele Britannica.

A very concise Synopsis of the genera, according to the
Linnzean method, is given for the convenience of those bo-
tanists who may not be quite familiar with the Natural
Orders.

Dr. Lindley’s Vegetable Kingdom being accessible to
nearly all the readers of this little work, it has not been con-
sidered advisable to introduce detailed descriptions of the
Orders; but in the preparation of the short distinctive cha-
racters the author has availed himself of that work, of Dr.
Arnott’s elaborate treatise contained in the Encyclopedia
Britannica, of Endlicher’s Genera Plantarum and Koch’s
Synopsis Flore Germanice. To the latter work, which
may be considered as the model of the present publication,
he has pleasure in acknowledging himself to be peculiarly
indebted.
vi PREFACE.

To his botanical friends and correspondents too numerous
to record here, he takes this opportunity of returning most
sincere thanks for the great assistance they have rendered
to him by the communication of valuable suggestions, ob-
servations, and specimens.

The present edition has been carefully revised, so as, if
possible, to keep pace with the rapidly advancing knowledge
of British plants; the description of several of the more
difficult genera have been altogether remodelled and an ac-
count of the Characez is added.

The portability of the volume being one of its most valu-
able qualities, it has been found impossible to accord to the
wishes of some young botanists by prefixing to it a short
Introduction to Botany, or a Glossary of botanical terms ;
since sufficient space could not have been afforded to them
to admit of their possessing that fullness and detail without
which they would be worse than useless. Students are
recommended to make themselves well acquainted with the
contents of some good introductory work, such as Balfour’s
Class-Book of Botany, which is now in the press and will
contain a ‘copious glossary ;” Henfrey’s Outlines; or
Gray’s Botanical Text-Book.

It is hoped that those who use this book will favour the
author with information of any (even the slightest). addi-
tion, correction or alteration that may appear to be neces-
sary, in order that it may be employed in the preparation
of a future edition, as it is only through such assistance
that the Flora of an extensive country can attain to even a
moderate degree of perfection.

A few terms are used in this edition which may not as
yet have become familiar to botanists, and it is therefore
PREFACE. vil

advisable to direct attention to them and the meaning which
is attached to them. This is done nearly in the words of
my friend Mr. Joseph Woods (Introduction to the Tourists
Flora).

The word Phyllaries is used for the parts in Composite
which were considered by Linnzeus as the leaves of a com-
mon calyx, and by later writers as the bracts or scales of an
involucre.

Botanists have used the word Joint (articulus) as signi-
fying the point of union of two different parts, or the space
between these points. Joining is here employed in the
former of these senses; and Joint is used as in common
speach for the parts so joined.

In the Orchidaceze the term Ladel is used for that ap-
pendage to the flower which was called the Terminal divi-
sion of the lip in the former editions of this book.

St. John’s College, Cambridge,
May 21, 1851.
vill

NATURAL ORDERS OF BRITISH PLANTS.

Class I. Dicotyledones.

Subclass I. ANGIOSPERM.

Subdivision I. THALAMIFLOR&.

Order I. RANUNCULACES.
II. BERBERIDACEZ.
II. NYMPHEACER.
IV. PAPAVERACEZ.
Vv. FUMARIACER.
VI. CRUCIFERZE.
VII. RESEDACEE.
VIII. CISTACER,
IX. VIOLACER.
XK. DROSERACER.
XI, POLYGALACEZ.
XII. FRANKENIACEZ.
XIN. ELATINACER.
XIV. CARYOPHYLLACER.
XV. MALVACES.
XVI. TILIACEE.
XVII. HYPERICACER.
XVIII, ACERACEX.
XIX. GERANIACER.
XX. LINACE.
XXI. BALSAMINACEX.
XXII, OXALIDACEZR.

Subd. II. CALYCIFLOR&.

XXIII, CELASTRACE,
XXIV. RHAMNACER,
XXV. LEGUMINOSE.

 

 

Order XXVI. ROSACEX.

XXVII. LYTHRACE.
XXVIII. TAMARISCACER.
XXIX. ONAGRACEZ.
KXX. HALORAGACER.
XXXI. CUCURBITACEA.
XXXII. PORTULACER.
XXXIIJ. PARONYCHIACES.
XXXIV. CRASSULACEZE.
XXXV. GROSSULARIACEX.
XXXVI. SAXIFRAGACER,
XXXVII. UMBELLIFERZ.
XXXVII. ARALIACEZR.
XXXKIX. CORNACEZ.

Subd. ITI. COROLLIFLORA.

XL. LORANTHACES.
XLI. CAPRIFOLIACER.
XLII. RUBIACER.
XLII, VALERIANACER.
XLIV. DIPSACER.
XLV, COMPOSITE.
XLVI. CAMPANULACER.
XLVII. ERICACER.
XLVIII. AQUIFOLIACER,
KLIX. OLEACER.
L. APOCYNACER.
LI. GENTIANACER.
LI, POLEMONIACER.
LIII, CONVOLVULACER.
LIV. BORAGACER.
LV. SOLANACEE.
Order LVI. OROBANCHACEZ.
LVII. SCROPHULARIACER.
LVIII. LABIATZA,

LIX. VERBENACE.
LX. LENTIBULARIACER,
LXI. PRIMULACE,
LXII, PLUMBAGINACEE.
LXIII. PLANTAGINACE,

Subd. IV. MONOCHLAMYDE.

LXIV. AMARANTHACE,

LXV. CHENOPODIACEA.

LXVI. POLYGONIACES.
LXVIL, ELEZAGNACEZ.
LXVIII. THYMELEACE.

LXIX. SANTALACE.

LXX. ARISTOLOCHIACE.
LXXI. EMPETRACEZ.
LXXII. EUPHORBIACEZ,

LXXIII. CERATOPHYLLACEZ.
LXXIV. CALLITRICHACEZR.
LXXV. URTICACE,

LXXVI. ULMACER.

LXXVII. AMENTIFERZE.

Subclass II. GYMNOSPERM,

LXXVIII, CONIFER.

Class II. Monocotyledones.
Subdivision I. DICTYOGEN A.
LXXIX. TRILLIACER,

 

LXXX, TAMACER.

Subdivision II. FLORIDA.

LXXXI. HYDROCHARIDACEZ.
LXXXII. ORCHIDACEZ,
LXXXIII. IRIDACEA.

LXXXIV. AMARYLLIDACEZ.

LXXXV. ASPARAGACE,
LXXXVI. LILIACEZ,

LXXXVII. COLCHICACER,
LXXXVIII. ERIOCAULACEZE.
LXXXIX. JUNCACER.
XC, ALISMACEZ.
XCI. TYPHACER.
XCII, ARACEZ.
XCIIL, LEMNACEZ.
XCIV. POTAMOGETONACESA.
XCV. NAIADACEZ.

Subd. II]. GLUMIFERA.

XCVI. CYPERACEZ.
XCVIH, GRAMINEA.

Class III. Cryptogamee.

XCVIII. EQUISETACER,
XCIX. FILICES.
C. MARSILEACE.
CI. LYCOPODIACE.
Cll. CHARACEA.
Schk.
St.

ABBREVIATIONS.

In the descriptions.

.. anther.
.. capsule.
«. carpel.
.. corolla.
... flower.
... fruit.
.. feet.
.. glume.
.. meh.
.. Intermediate.
.. involucre.
.. leaves.
.. leaflet.
++. nectary.
Books.
.. Annals of Natural
History.
.. English Botany.
.. Supplement to E. B.
.. Neesvon Esenbeck’s
Genera Plantarum
Flore Germanice.
-. Hoppe, m Sturm’s
Deutschlands Flora.
... Newman’s Historyof
BritishFerns,ed.2.
.. Parnell’s Grasses of
Britain.
.. Reichenbach’sIcones
Flora Germanice.
.. Reichenbach’sIcono-
graphia Botanica.
.. Schkuhr’s Riedgra-
ser.
... Sturm’s Deutschlands
Flora.

pan. _... panicle.
ped. __... peduncle.
pet. _... petal.
phyll, ... phyllary.
sep. . Sepal.
st. +. Stem,
stam. ... stamen.
stigm. ... stigma.
stip. _... stipule.
t. .+- plate.
term. ... terminal.
Tr. ... Tribe.
var. _... Variety.

Duration.
A. ... Annual.
B. ... Biennial.
P. ... Perennial.
Sh. ... Shrub.
T. ... Tree.

Native country.

E. ... England.
8. ... Scotland.
I. ... Ireland.

+... Possibly imtroduced but
now having the ap-
pearance of being a
true native.

* ,.. Certamly naturalized.

! ,., After the name of a plant
shows that an authentic
specimen hasbeen seen.

I. II. Ill. &c. represent the months of flowering, viz. Jan.,
Feb., March, &c.

&
SYNOPSIS

OF THE

NATURAL ORDERS OF BRITISH PLANTS.

The number prefixed to each Order indicates the page where the
description of the Genera will be found.

 

‘

I, PHANEROGAMEZ or FLOWERING PLANTS.

Class I. DICOTYLEDONES.

Wood of stem youngest at the circumference. Cotyledons 2
or more.

Subclass I. ANGIOSPERM &.
Seeds inclosed in seed-vessels.

Subdivision I. Fl. with a calyx and corolla, polypetalous, in-
ferior.

A. Ovaries numerous, distinct or united, each bearing a style ;
or solitary with | lateral placenta.

I. Corolla regular.
a. Sepals distinct. Stam. hypogynous.

1, RanuncuLtacea#. Anth. opening by 2 longitudinal clefts.
11. Berpertpace#. Anth. opening by a valve from the
bottom to the top.

b. Sepals more or less combined below.

121. CrassuLAcE#&. Stam. as many as, or twice the number
of, the pet., on the base of the calyx.
84. Rosacea (part). Stam. 20 or more, on the calyx.

II. Corolla irregular.

32. Resepaces. Cal. persistent. Ovary 3-lobed, 1-celled,
open at the end. Stam. 10—24.

67. Lecuminos#. Ovary 1-celled, closed. Fr. a pod. Stam.
10, 1—2-adelphous.
xii SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.

B. Ovary one; placentas 2 or more, parietal or on the dissepi-
ments, not forming a central axis.

I. Corolla regular. Pet. 4.

12, PapAVERACES. Sepals 2. Stam. numerous.
16. Crucirers%. Sepals 4. Stam. tetradynamous.

II. Corolla regular. Pet. 5.

33. Cistacea. Sep. 5, distinct, imbricate. Seeds without an
arillus.
112. Tamariscaces. Sep. 5, combined below. Seeds comose.

III. Corolla regular. Pet. numerous.
11. NympHzaces. Pet. gradually passing into the stamens.

IV. Corolla irregular.

14. Fumariacez. Sep. 2or0. Stam. 6, in two bundles.
34, Viotaces&. Sep. 5. Stam. 5, filaments free at the base.

C. Ovary 1; placentas central.
I. Aéstivation of calyx valvate or with distant lobes.

54. Matvace#. Stam. monadelphous.
56. Tiniacea&. Stam. distinct, hypogynous.
66. RuaMNACE&. Stam. distinct, opposite the pet. and equal-
ling them in number, perigynous.
lll. Lyruracrez. Stam. distinct, alternating with the pet. or
twice as many.

II. Astivation of calyx imbricate. Cal. and cor. irregular.
64. BALSAMINACES,

ITI. Adstivation of gamosepalous calyx imbricate. Cor. regular.

84. Rosacra# (Tr. Amygdalee). Fruit a drupe. Stam. epi-
ous.
41, CarYopHYLLACE& (Tr. Silenee). Fr. a capsule. Stam.
hypogynous.

IV, Mstivation of cal. imbricate; sep. distinct or slightly con-
nected below. Cor. regular.

* Ovary 1-celled.

118. Portutacesw. Sep. 2. Stam. opposite the petals.

41. CarvopHyLLAce& (Tr. Alsinee). Sep.3—5. Stam. 10
or fewer, opposite the sepals. Stipules 0.

118. Paronycuiaces. Sep. 3—5. Stam. 5, opposite the
sepals. Stipules present.
57.

63.

65.
60.

59.

280.
39,

65.
205.

39,

SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. xull

** Ovary many-celled. Stam. polyadelphous.
HiyPERIcaces.

*** Ovary many-celled. Stam. monadelphous.

Linacea&. Ovary with 4—5 complete and 4—5 incomplete
dissepiments. :

Oxatipaces. Ovary 5-celled; cells many-seeded.

Geraniace&. Ovary 5-celled; cells 1-seeded.

**** Ovary many-celled. Stam. free. Style 1.

Aceraces. Stam. usually 8. Pet.5. Fr. winged, sepa-
rating into 2 capsules.

Emperraces. Stam. 3. Pet. 3. Fr. fleshy.

FRANKENIACEH. Stam. 5 or more. Pet. 5. Caps. 3-
valved.

CELAsTRACEs. Stam. and pet. 4—5, inserted in an hy-
pogynous disk.

Ericacea# (Tr. Pyrolee and Monotropex). Stam. 10.
Hypogynous disk 0.

*Ke** Ovary many-celled. Stam. free. Styles 3—5.
Evatinaces. Pet.3—5. Stam. 3—5 or 6—8.

Subdivision II. Fl. with a calyx and corolla, polypetalous,

124.

129,

147.
148.
113.
125.

116.

superior.
A. Ovary l-celled; placentas parietal.
GrossuLaRiaces&. Stam. and pet. 4—5, alternating.
B. Ovary 2—many-celled ; placentas central.

a, Stamens numerous.

. Rosace# (Tr. Pome). Fr. a 1—5-celled pome.

b. Stam. as many as, and alternating with, the petals,
or twice as many.

UMBELLIFER&. Styles 2, from a bifid epigynous disk.
Fr. of 2 carpels pendulous from a common axis and ad-
hering by their face.

ARALIACES. Pet. valvate in estivation. Fr. a berry.

Cornace#&. Pet. valvate in xstivation. Fr. a drupe.

OnaGraces. Pet. imbricate or twisted in estivation.
Style 1.

SAXIFRAGACEH. Pet. imbricate in estivation. Styles 2
or more. (Fl. sometimes inferior.) Caps. 2-valved.

HaLoraGaceE (in part). Pet. imbricate in estivation.
Styles 4. Caps. not bursting.
xiv SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.

C. Stam. as many as, and opposite to, the petals.

148. LoranruHaces#. Filaments or anthers adnate to the
petals.

Subdivision II. Fl. with a calyx and corolla, gamopetalous,
superior,

A. Stam. inserted in an epigynous disk.
205. Ericace® (Tr. Vacciniez).
B. Stam. inserted with the corolla.

200. CAMPANULACEA. Filaments free.
117. CucursiTacez. Stam. 5, triadelphous.

C. Stam. inserted on the tube of the corolla or between its
lobes.

159. Composit. Anthers syngenesious. Fl. capitate.

151. Rupraces. Stam. free. Ovary usually didymous, 2-celled,
with 2 ovules. Cal. simple.

155. VALERIANACE. Stam. free. Ovary with 1 perfect cell
and 1 ovule. Cal. simple.

149. Caprirotiaces. Stam. free. Ovary 3—5-celled. Cal.
simple.

157. Dipsaces#. Stam. free. Cal. double.

Subdivision IV. Fl. with a calyx and corolla, gamopetalous,
inferior.
A. Ovary 4-parted, 4-seeded. Style 1. Fr. of 4 nuts.
218. BoRAGINACEs&. Stam. 5.
241. Lanrata#. Stam. 4, didynamous, or 2.
B. Ovary simple, 1-celled, 1-seeded.
261. PLUMBAGINACEA. Stam. 5,
C. Ovary simple, 1-celled, many-seeded ; placenta centyal,
free, simple.
255. LenriBuLaRiacesw. Cor. irregular. Stam. 2.

257. PrimuLace#. Cor. regular. Stam. 4—5, opposite to
the segments of the cor.

D. Ovary simple, 1-celled, many-seeded; placenta central,
free, winged.

262. PLaNTAGINACE. Cor. 4-fid, scarious. Stam. 4.

E. Ovary simple, 2- or more-celled, with central placentas ;
1-celled with a parietal placenta; or 2 ovaries with parie-
tal placentas.

I. Stam. hypogynous, scarcely attached to the corolla, distinct.
204. Ericacea (Tr. Arbutez and Ericez).
38.

11.

26.

29.
55.

10.
16.

15.

. GENTIANACES. Ovary 1—2-celled. Caps. 2-valved.
24. :
‘11.

16.
184.
180.

71.

SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XV

II. Stam. on the corolla, filaments connected.
PoLtyGaLace#. Filaments monadelphous, separating into
2 bundles above.
III. Stam. on the corolla, distinct.

a. Stam. 2. Cor. regular.
OLEACEZ.

b. Stam. 2, or 4 and didynamous. Cor. irregular.

OroBANcHACE. Ovary l-celled, with 2 or more parietal
placentas, in a fleshy disk.
SCROPHULARIACER. Ovary 2-celled, placentas central.

VERBENACEH. Ovary 2—4-celled. Carpel dividing into
4 nuts.

. Stam. 4—5, not didynamous. Cells of the ovary with 1—2

ovules.

AauiroLiaces. Cor, 4—6-parted. Hypogynous disk 0.
Fr. fleshy, not bursting.

ConvoLvuLacEs&. Cor. 4—5-lobed. An hypogynous
disk surrounding the ovary. Fr. a capsule, bursting.

. Stam. 4—5, not didynamous. Cells of the ovary with many

ovules.
PoLEMONIACES. Ovary 3-celled. Caps. 3-valved.

SoLanacE#. Ovary 2-celled.
APocyNACEs. Ovaries 2, 1-celled.

Subdivision V. Perianth single or none.
A. Flowers not in catkins. Perianth superior.

. ARISTOLOCHIACES#. Stam. 6 or 12, epigynous. Ovary

3—6-celled.

. HaLoraGaces (part). Stam.1. Perianth very minute.
78.

SanTaLacez&. Stam.4—5. Ovary 1-celled.
B. Flowers not in catkins. Perianth inferior.

]. Fr. separating into several carpels.
HaALoraGAce& (part). Carp. 4, not bursting. Stam. 8.
CauuirricHaces. Carp. 4,not bursting. Stam. 1.
EupuHorpiaces. Carp. 3 or 2, opening with elasticity.

II. Fruit indehiscent.
a. Leaves with stipules.

PoLyGonacEs. Stipules (ochre) connected quite round
the stem.
xvi SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.

88. Rosace™ (part of Tr. Sanguisorbez). Stipules adnate to
the petiole.
285. Urticacem. Stipules free, deciduous. Ovary 1-celled.
286. Utmacza. Stipules free, deciduous. Ovary 2-celled.
b. Stipules 0. Fl. moneecious. Perigone 0.
283. CERATOPHYLLACESA.
ce. Stipules 0. Fl. hermaphrodite or polygamous. Embryo
straight.

278. TuymMELAcE#. Fr. a nut or drupe. Radicle superior.
277. Ex#scnacea. Fr. clothed with the berry-like perigone.
Radicle inferior.

d. Stipules 0. Fl. hermaphrodite or polygamous. Embryo
curved or spiral.

121. ParonycHiace# (Scleranthus). Fr. inclosed in the
hardened calyx-tube.
265. Cuenopopiaces. Cal. not hardened. Stam. from the
base of the perianth.
264. AMARANTHACES. Cal. not hardened. Stam. hypogynous.
C. Male flowers always in catkins.

237. AMENTIFER&.

Subclass Il. GYMNOSPERMZ.
Seeds quite naked.
300. ConIFERA.

Class Il. MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Wood of stem youngest at the centre. Cotyledon single.

Subdivision I. Dicryocena. Leaves net-veined, deciduous.
Floral envelopes whorled.

302. TrinLiace#. Perianth inferior.
302. DioscorEacEm. Perianth superior.

Subdivision II. FLorrp. Leaves parallel-veined, persistent.
Floral envelopes whorled.

A. Ovaries several, each bearing a style or stigma.

334, ALisMAcE#. Perianth 6-parted. Caps. not bursting.

340. PoramoGceTonace@. Perianth 4-parted.

326. CoLcHicacem. Perianth 6—7-parted. Caps. opening at
the inner edge.
SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. xvii

B. Ovary 1, inferior.

304. OrcuipacEem®. Stam. and style united in a central column.

303. Hyprocuaripaces. Stam. free. Sep. 3. Pet. 3.

315. Inipacem. Stam. free, 3. Anth. bursting outwards.
Perianth coloured.

317. AMARYLLIDACE&. Stam. free, 6. Anth. bursting in-
wards. Perianth coloured. Fr. a 3-valved capsule.

C. Ovary 1, superior.
I. Perianth like a corolla of 6 petals.

319. Lintacza. Fr. dry, bursting with 3 valves.
318. AsPARAGACE. Fy. succulent, not bursting.

II. Perianth more or less glumaceous, or partly coloured, or
none.

327. Juncaceam. Perianth 6-parted. Stam. 6. Fl. herma-
phrodite.

327. ERrocaAuLAcEa&. Perianth 4—5-parted. Stam. 2—6.
Fl. moneecious.

337. TypHaces. Fl. moneecious, on a spadix. Anth. wedge-
shaped, erect ; filaments long.

338. Aracea. Fl. moneecious, on a spadix. Anth. ovate ;
filaments very short.

339. Lemnaces. Fl. moneecious, 2 in a spath, no spadix.

345. Narapacea. Perianth 0. Fl. in 2 rows upon one side
of a spadix, or solitary.

Subdivision III. GLumirer#. Leaves parallel-veimed, per-
sistent. Floral envelopes imbricated.

345. CyprERacea&. Leaves with entire sheaths. Anth. entire

at the end.
371. Gramine&. Leaves with split sheaths. Anth. notched

at both ends.

II. CRYPTOGAMEZ or FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

Class III. CRYPTOGAMEA: DUCTULOSZ.

403. EauisrTace®. Leafless branched plants with a fistular
stem, with sheaths at the joinings.

406. Finices. Leafy plants. Thece from the ves on the
underside or at the end of the leaves.

417. Lycopopiace#&. Leafy plants. Thece axillary, sessile.

419. Cuaracea. Leafless branched plants with a fistular stem,
not sheathed at the joinings.
xvii

CLASSES AND ORDERS

IN THE

LINNASAN ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM.

we.

CLASSES.
* Flowers perfect, each with stamens and pistils.
Cl. 1. Monanprta, stam. 1. | Cl. 6. Hexanprta, stam. 6.
2. Dianpria, stam. 2. 7. HeprTanprta, stam. 7.
3. TRIANDRIA, stam. 3. 8. OcTANDRIA, stam. 8.
4. TETRANDRIA, stam. 4. 9. ENNEANDRIA, stam. 9.
5. PENTANDRIA, stam. 5. 10. DecanpRtia, stam. 10.

11. DopEcanprta, stam. 12—19.

12. IcosanpRIA, stam. 20 or more, inserted on the calyx.

13. PotyanpRIA, stam. 20 or more, inserted on the recep-
tacle.

14. Dipynamia, stam. 4; 2 long and 2 short.

15, TETRADYNAMIA, stam.6; 4 long and 2 short. FI. eru-
ciform.

16. MonapELPpuia, filaments united below in I set.

17. DiaDELPHIA, filaments united in 2 sets. FI. papilio-
naceous.

18. PoLYADELPHIA, filaments united in 3 or more sets.

19. SYNGENESIA, stam. 5, anth. united. Fl. compound.

20. GynanpRIa, stamens and pistils combined.

** Stamens and pistils in different flowers.

21. Monascta, stam. and pistils on the same individual.

22. Diacia, stam. and pistils on different individuals.

23. PoLtyGamia, fl. perfect and unisexual on the same or on
different individuals.

*** Fructification concealed.
24, CRYPTOGAMIA.

ORDERS.

The Orders in the first 13 Classes are founded on the number
of styles or stigmas in each flower; viz. Monoeynia, 1 style;
Dieynia, 2 styles; &c. The Orders of the other Classes are
explained in the Synopsis of Genera.
SYNOPSIS

OF

THE GENERA OF BRITISH PLANTS,

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO

THE LINNAAN SYSTEM.

The number prefixed to each Genus indicates the page where
the description of the Species will be found.

Where the Group is a natural one the Order ts referred to
for the generic characters.

268.
117.
155.

284.

344,
339.
347.

Class I. MONANDRIA. Stamen 1.
Order I. MONOGYNIA. Style 1.

SaLicorniA. Perianth single,tumid. Fr. included in the
enlarged perianth.
Hippuris. Perianth single with a very indistinct rim
crowning the ovary.
CrenTRANTHUS. Perianth double.
(See Alchemilla, Nat. Ord. 26.)

Order II. DIGYNIA.

CALLITRICHE.

Class II. DIANDRIA.
Order I. MONOGYNIA.

* Fl. inferior. ‘Perianth single or none.

Ruppia. Perianth 0. Nuts 4.
Lemna. Perianth single, urceolate.
Cuapium. Perianth single, a chaffy glume.
XX LINNZZAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

** Fl. inferior, monopetalous, regular. Perianth double.

211. Ligustrum. Cor.4-cleft. Berry with 2 cells and 4 seeds.
211. Fraxinus. Cor. 4-cleft or 0. Caps. compressed, 2-celled,
2-seeded.

*** Fl, inferior, monopetalous, irregular. Perianth double.
Carp. simple.

256. Pincuicuna. Cal. 5-fid. Cor. ringent. Caps. 1-celled.

256. Urricutaria. Cal. of 2 sepals. Cor.ringent. Caps. 1-
celled.

238. Veronica. Cor. 4-cleft, rotate. Caps. 2-celled.

**e* Fl. inferior, monopetalous, irregular. Perianth double.
Carp. 4-lobed.

246. Lycorus. Filaments simple. Anthers 2-celled.
246. Satvia. Filaments bifid; 1 branch barren. Anth. 1-celled.

wee" FT sunerior. Perianth double.

116. Circa#a. Cal. of 2 sepals connected below. Cor. of 2
petals.
(Pet. 0. Salicornia, Nat. Ord. 65. Frazinus, N. O. 49.
Rhynchospora, N. O. 96.)
(Pet. 4. Lepidium and Senebdiera, N. O. 6.)

Order II. DIGYNIA.

278. ANTHOXANTHUM. Perianth glumaceous. A grass.

Class ITI. TRIANDRIA.
Order I. MONOGYNIA.

* Fl. superior, with calyx and corolla.
155. Nat. Order 43, VALERIANACEA.

** Fl. superior. Perianth single, petaloid.
315. Nat. Order 83. In1pacEa.

*** Fl, inferior, glumaceous, chaffy.

346. Nat. Order 96. CypERAcEr# (in part). Sheaths of the
leaves entire. Stem angular. Cor. 0.
402. Narpus. Cor. of 2 valves. Cal. 0. A grass.
(Juncus, N.O. 89.)

Order II. DIGYNIA.

371. Nat. Order 97. Graminez. FI. glumaceous. Grasses.
LINNAIAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Xx

Order III. TRIGYNIA.

118. Monrta. Cal. of 2 leaves. Cor. of 1 petal. Caps. 3-
valved, 3-seeded.
120. Potycarpon. Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet. 5. Caps. 1-celled,
3-valved.
50. Horosteum. Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet. 5. Caps. 1-celled,
opening with 6 teeth at the end.
(Tillea, N. O. 34.)

Class IV. TETRANDRIA.

Order I. MONOGYNIA.

* Perianth double, Cal. double, inner adnate to the fr.
Cor. monopetalous.

157. Nat. Order 44. Dipsacacea.

** Perianth double. Cal. single. Cor. monopetalous, inferior.

263. PLantaco. Segments of cor. reflexed. Stam. very long.
214, Crcenpra. Cor. salvershaped, spreading. Stam. included.
Caps. opening at the top by two valves.
260. Centuncutus.. Cor. tubular, spreading. Stam. included.
Caps. bursting transversely.
Gentiana, N. O. 51.)

*** Perianth double. Cal. single. Cor. monopetalous, superior.

151. Nat. Order 43. Rusiacza#. Limb of the cal. often ob-
solete.

**** Perianth double. Pet. 4.

ll. Epimepium. Cor. inferior.
148. Cornus. Cor. superior. Cal. 4-cleft.
(Cardamine, N. 0.6. Senediera, N.O. 6. Ewony-
mus, N. O. 23.)
150. Linnaa. Cor. superior. Cal. 5-cleft.

***E* Derianth single,

319. MaranTHEMUM. Perianth petaloid, 4-parted, inferior.
89. ALcHEMILLA. Perianth a calyx, inferior, 8-parted: 4 larger
and 4 smaller.
88. SancuisorBA. Perianth a calyx, inferior, 4-parted. Stam.
inserted on a ring closing the tube.
285. Parierarta. Perianth inferior, 4-parted, bellshaped.
Stam. at its base.
116. Isnarpia. Perianth superior, 4-parted, persistent.
Xxil LINNAAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Order II. DIGYNIA.

46. Burronia. Cal. of 4 persistent sepals.
(Cuscuta, N. O. 53.)

Order II. TETRAGYNIA.

210. Ibex. Cal. 4-toothed. Cor. rotate. Berry with 4 1-seeded
nuts.
52. Mosencuia. Pet. 4. Caps. 1-celled, opening at the top
with 8 teeth.
46. Sacina. Pet. 4. Caps. 1-celled, opening with 4 valves.
64. Rapioua. Cal. 4-fid: lobes 2—3-fid. Pet.4. Caps. with
8 cells and 8 valves.
122. Trnna#a. Cal. 3—4-parted. Caps. several, each 2-seeded.
340. PoramoceTon. Perianth single, of 4 scales. Drupes 4.
(Cerastium, N. O. 14.)

Class V. PENTANDRIA.
Order I. MONOGYNIA.

* Cor. monopetalous, inferior. Ovary 4-lobed. Fr. 4 nuts.
218. Nat. Order 54. BoRAGINACER. +

** Cor, monopetalous, inferior. Caps. 1-celled. Stam. opposite
to the segments of the corolla.

257. Nat. Order 61. PrimuLAcEa (in part).

*** Cor, monopetalous, inferior. Stam. and cor.-segments
alternate.

212. Nat. Order 51. GENTIANACES (in part). Fr. 1- or im-
perfectly 2-celled, many-seeded.

224. Nat. Order 55. Sopanacea. Fr. 2-celled, many-seeded.
Stam. on the corolla, equal.

231. Verpascum. Fr. 2-celled, many-seeded. Stam. on the
corolla, unequal; 2 or more hairy at the base.

216. PoLemontium. Fr. 3-celled. Stam. on the cor.-tube.

216. Nat. Order 53. ConvonvuLaces. Fr. 2—3-celled,
mostly few-seeded. Stam. on the base of the corolla.

208. AzaLEA. Fr. 2—3-celled. Stam. on the receptacle.

211. Vinca. Fr. consisting of 2 follicles.

*e*% Cor, monopetalous, superior.

200. Nat. Order 46. CampaNuLaces. Stam. separate from
the corolla. Fr. a capsule.
150.

260

64.

66.
66.

124,
148.

260.
278.

286.
265.
119.
120.

214,

217

RK

LINNAAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Xxill

Lonicera. Stam. on the irregular cor. Fr. a berry.
. Samotus. Stam. on the half-inferior bellshaped cor. and

opposite to its segments, 5 scales (barren stam.) above.
Fr. a capsule.

**x** Cor, of 4 or 5 petals, inferior.

po ae Fl. irregular. Sep. 3, unequal, deciduous.
et. 3.

. Vroua. FI. irregular. Sep. 5, persistent. Pet. 5.
Ruamnus. Fl. regular. Stam. opposite to the petals.
Evonymus. Fl. regular. Stam. alternate with the petals.

**xxx* Petals distinet, superior.

Rises. Pet. and stam. on the limb of the calyx. Pet.
clawed.

Hepera. Pet. and stam. below the margin of an epigy-
nous disk. Pet. sessile with a broad base.

eeRKKEK Derianth single.

Guavux. Perianth inferior, bellshaped, coloured.
Tuesitum. Perianth superior, persistent.
(Illecebrum and Herniaria, N. O. 33.)

Order Il. DIGYNIA.

* Perianth single or pet. resembing abortive stamens.

Uxmus. Caps. compressed, winged all round. L. with
stipules.

Nat. Order 65. CHENOPODIACEZ (in part). Caps. not
winged. Stip. 0.

Herniaria. Cal. 5-cleft; segments plane-concave. Pet.
(or abortive stam.) 5, setaceous.

IntEcEBRUM. Cal. of 5 thick laterally compressed hooded
leaves. Pet. (or abortive stam.) 5, subulate.

** Perianth double. Cor. monopetalous, inferior.

GenTIana. Caps. l-celled, 2-valved. Cor. without nec-
tariferous pores.

. Cuscuta. Caps. 2-celled, bursting transversely. Cor.

bellshaped.

Perianth double, superior. Cal.-limb often obsolete. Pet. 5.

129. Nat. Order 37. UMBELLIFERA.
XXIV

66.
112.

119.

150.
149.

38.

63.

261.
262.

37.

ll.
39.

112.

317.

LINNHAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Order ITI. TRIGYNIA.

STapHyLeA. Pet. 5, inferior. Caps. 2 or 3, inflated.

Tamarix. Pet. 5, inferior. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds
numerous.

Corrisiota. Pet. 5, inferior. Caps. 1-seeded, not
opening.

Vipurnum. Cor. superior. Berry l-seeded.

SamsBucus. Cor. superior. Berry 3-seeded.

(Polycarpon, N. O. 33. Chenopdiacee, N. O. 65.)

Order IV. TETRAGYNIA.

Parnassia. Nectaries 5, heartshaped, frmged with stalked
glands.

Order V. PENTAGYNIA.
Linum. Ovary 1, 10-celled.

. SIBBALDIA. Ovaries 5, free.

Statice. Ovary 1, l-seeded. Fl. in loose panicles.
ArmeERiA. Ovary 1, l-seeded. FI. capitate.
(Cerastium and Spergula, N. O. 14.)

Order VI. HEXAGYNIA.

Drosera. Ovary 1, 1-celled, many-seeded.

Order VII. POLYGYNIA.

. Myosurus. Ovaries many, 1-seeded, on a very long re-

ceptacle.

Class VI. HEXANDRIA.
Order I. MONOGYNIA.

* Fl. with calyx and corolla.

BerBeris. Cal. inferior, 6-leaved. Pet. 6.
FRANKENIA. Cal. inferior, 5-parted. Pet. 5. Caps. 1-
celled.
Pepuis. Cal, inferior, 6-parted. Pet. 6. Caps. 2-celled.
(Lythrum, N. O. 27.)

** Perianth single, coloured, superior.
Nat. Order 84. AMARYLLIDACER.
319.
319.

326.
326.

318.
321.

322.

321.
321.

323.
328.

322.
322.
325.

321.
338.

328.
332.

LINNZAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XXV

*** Perianth single, coloured, inferior, 6-parted.

ConvauLaRia. Perianth bellshaped. Fr. a berry. Fi.
jointed to the pedicel.

Po.tyconatum. Perianthtubular. Fr.aberry. Fl. not
jointed to the pedicel.

Enpymion. Perianth tubular-bellshaped. Fr. a capsule.

Muscart. Perianth globose or cylindrical, contracted at
the mouth.

**** Perianth single, coloured, inferior, of 6 leaves.

T Style trifid.

AsparaGus. Perianth tubular below, persistent. Fr. suc-
culent.

Frittuuaria. L. of perianth each with a nectariferous
cavity at the base. Fry. dry.

tt Style entire or 0. Stigma obtuse or 3-lobed.

Gacea. Anthers erect, their base attached to the end of
the filament.

Anthers incumbent.

Litium. L. of perianth with a longitudinal nectariferous
furrow below.

Luoypra. L. of perianth with a transverse nectariferous
fold below.

Nectary none.

Au.tium. Umbel inclosed in a spath before flowering.

Narruecium. Spath0. Filaments bearded. Style tn-
gonous.

OrniITHOGALUM. Spath 0. Filaments inserted on the
receptacle. Style trigonous.—T'l. white or yellow.

Scrtya. Spath 0. Filaments at the base of the perianth,
naked. Style trigonous.—Fl. never white or yellow.

Simetuis. Spath 0. Filaments on the base of the
perianth, bearded.

Tuuipa. Spath 0. Style 0. Stigma 3-lobed.

Acorus. Spath0. Style 0. Stigma obscurely 3-lobed.
Fi. on a spadix.

xe Perianth single, glumaceous, inferior.

Juncus. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds numerous.
LuzuLa. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds 3, ;
Xxvi

274.

326.
326.

336.
336,

272.

336.

335.

260.

LINNZAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Order II. DIGYNIA.
Oxyria. Perianth 4-leaved.

Order IIT. TRIGYNIA.

Cotcuicum. Perianth funnelshaped ; tube very long.

ToFIELDIA. Perianth 6-leaved. Caps. 3, connected up to
the middle.

ScHEucHZERIA. Perianth 6-leaved. Caps. 3, inflated.

TRIGLOCHIN. Perianth 6-leaved. Caps. 3—6, united to
a longitudinal receptacle.

Rumex. Perianth 6-leaved. Caps. 1, triquetrous. Styles
feathery.

Order IV. HEXAGYNIA.

AcTINOCARPUS. Caps. combined at the base, radiating,
6—8.

Order V. POLYGYNIA.

ALismaA. Caps. many, clustered, distinct.

Class VIL. HEPTANDRIA.

TRIENTALIS. Cal. and cor. 7-parted. Style 1. Caps.
l-celled, 7-valved.

Class VIII. OCTANDRIA.
Order I. MONOGYNITA.

* Flowers with calyx and corolla.

. Acer. Cal. inferior, 5-parted. Pet. 5. Fr. 2-winged.

GEnoTHERA. Cal. superior, 4-parted. Pet.4. Seeds with-
out hairs.

. Eprtopium. Cal. superior, 4-parted. Pet.4, Seeds hairy

at the end.

Cuuiora. Cal. inferior, 8-fid.

Nat. Order 47. Ertcace (in part). Cal. and cor. infe-
rior, 4—5-fid.

. Vaccinium. Cal. and cor. superior, 4—5-fid.

** Perianth single.

. Davune. Limb of the perianth 4-fid, deciduous, inferior.
OTs.
129.

147.

39,
302.

336.

20-4.

121.
125.

43.
41.

40.

43.
65.

122.
124.

LINNZAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XXVI

Order II. DIGYNIA.

Potyconum. Perianth single, inferior.
CurysospLeNium. Perianth single, half-superior.

Order III. TRIGYNIA.

. FaGoPpyRuM.

(Polygonum, N. O. 66.)

Order IV. TETRA- PENTA- GYNIA.

Apoxa. Cal. 2-fid, cor. 4-fid in the terminal fl.; cal. 3-
fid, cor. 5-fid in the lateral fl.

Evatine. Cal. 3—4-parted. Pet. 3—4. Anth, terminal.

Paris. Sep. and pet.4. Filaments continued beyond the
anthers.

Class IX. ENNEANDRIA.

Butomus. Perianth of 6 coloured leaves. Stigmas 6.

Class X. DECANDRIA.

Order I. MONOGYNIA.

Nat. Order 47. Ericace (in part). Cor. 5-cleft or of 5
petals.

Order II. DIGYNIA.

Scterantuus. Cal. 5-cleft. Pet. 0.
SaxirraGa. Cal. 5-toothed or 5-parted. Pet. 5. Fr. with
2 beaks.
Saponarra. Cal. 5-toothed, naked below. Pet. 5.
Dianruus. Cal. 5-toothed, with scales at the base. Pet. 5.
(Chrysospleniun, N.O. 36. Polygonum, N. O. 66.)

Order III. TRI- TETRA- PENTA- GYNIA.

Nat. Order 14. CARYOPHYLLACE4 (in part). Caps. open-

ing by teeth at the end or valves. Stipules none.
CucuBauus. Fr.aberry. Styles 3.
Oxauis. Caps. 5-celled, opening at the angles. Pet. con-

nected below.
Szpum. Caps. 5 or more. Pet. usually 5.
CoryLepon. Caps. 5. Cor. tubular, 5-cleft.

(Adowa, N. O. 38.} ,
9
XXXVI LINNEAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

279.
120.

120.
112.
88.

32,
124.

84.

12.
10.
33.
56.
11.

241.

Class XI. DODECANDRIA.

Asarum. Perianth 3-fid, superior. Style 1. ;

Lepiconum. Caps. opening by valves alternate with the
sepals. With stipules. ;

Spercuta. Caps. opening by valves opposite to the
sepals. With stipules.

Lyrurum. Cal. tubular, inferior, with 10 teeth. Pet. 6.
Style 1.

eee Cal. turbinate, with hooked bristles. Pet. 5.
Styles 2.

Resepa. Pet.irregular. Styles 3. Caps. open at the end.

SEMPERVIVUM. Pet. and styles 12 or more.

(Styles 3. Euphorbia, N. O. 72.)
(Styles 4. Potentilla, N. O. 26.)

Class XII. ICOSANDRIA.
Nat. Order 26. Rosaces# (in part).

Class XIII. POLYANDRIA.

Order I. MONOGYNIA.

Nat. Order 4. Papaveracem. Sep. 2. Pet. 4.
Acrma. Sep.4. Pet. 4.

HELIANTHEMUM. Aistivation of cal. twisted. Pet. 5.
Tiu1a. Astivation of cal. valvate. Pet. 5.

Nat. Order 3. NympHaacem. Pet. numerous.

Order II. DI- POLY- GYNIA.

. Nat. Order 1. RanuncuLace#. Cal. and coy. inferior.

(Reseda, N. O. 7.)

Class XIV. DIDYNAMIA.

Order I. GYMNOSPERMIA.

[Fr. deeply 4-lobed, resembling 4 seeds. ]

Nat. Order 58. Lasiata.
(Verbena, N. O. 59.)
226.
235.
229,

150.
255.

16.

60.

54.

14.
. Nat. Order 11. PotyGaLacres. Stam. 8.

67.

57.

159.

LINNZAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Xx1X

Order II. ANGIOSPERMIA.

[Seeds in a distinct capsule. |

Nat. Order 56. OropaNcHACEs. Caps. 1-celled, many-
seeded. Placentas parietal.

LimosELia. Caps. l-celled (except at the bottom). Pla-
centas central, free.

Nat. Order 57. ScRoPHULARIACES (in part). Caps. 2-
celled.

Linna#a. Ovary 3-celled. Fr. 1-seeded.

VERBENA. Ovary 4-celled. Seeds 2—4, pericarp eva-
nescent.

Class XV. TETRADYNAMIA.

Nat. Order 6. CrucIFERs,

Class XVI. MONADELPHIA.

Order I. PENT- DEC- ANDRIA.

[Stam. 5—10.]

Nat. Order 19. GERANIACEA,
(Lysimachia, N. 0.61. Linum, N. O. 20. Ozalis,
N. 0.22. Part of Leguminose, N. O. 25.)

Order II. POLYANDRIA.
Nat. Order 15. Matvacra.

Class XVII. DIADELPHIA.
Nat. Order 5. FuMaRIAcEs&. Stam. 6.

Nat. Order 25. Leguminosa. Stam. 10.

Class XVIII. POLYADELPHIA.

Nat. Order 17. Hypericaces. Stam. numerous.

Class XIX. SYNGENESIA.

Nat. Order 45. CompositT#.
XXX

304.
279.

264.
280.

LINNZZAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Class XX. GYNANDRIA.

Nat. Order 82. Orcu1pace#. Stam. | or 2.
ArIsToLocHia. Stam. 6. Stigma with 6 lobes.

Class XXI. MONGICIA.

Order I. MONANDRIA.
(Stam. 1.]

. EvpHorsia. Involuere bellshaped, inclosing numerous

male fl. and 1 female flower. Cor. and cal. wanting.

. Anum. Spath of 1 sheathing leaf, inclosing numerous

female fi. and numerous male fl. above them. Cal. and
cor. wanting.

. CALLITRICHE. Bracts2 petaloid, or 0. Involucre, spath,

cal, and cor. wanting.

. ZANNICHELLIA. Involucre0. Male fl. without eal. or cor.

Fem. fl. with a perianth of 1 leaf. Nuts 4, stalked.
Stigma peltate.

. ZosTERA. Fl. aggregate in 2 rows on one side of a spadix.

Spath ending in a leaf.

. Natas. FI. solitary, sheathed. Perianth 0.

Order II. DIANDRIA.
(Callitriche, N. 0.73. Carex, N. O. 96.)

Order III. TRIANDRIA.

. TypHa. Spikes male and female, cylindrical. Ovary sur-

rounded with bristles. Perianth 0.

. SpaRGanium. Spikes male and female, globose. Perianth

single, 3-leaved.

. Carex. Fl. in 1 or more imbricated scaly spikes. Pe-

rianth 0. Perigone urceolate.

2. Kopresia. Fl. in a compound spike. Perianth and

perigone 0.

Order IV. TETRANDRIA.

Lirroretua. Cor. of male fl. with a cylindrical tube and
4-parted limb. Stam. very long.

Buxus. Cor. of male fl. of 2 petals, fem. of 3 pet. Caps.
with 3 beaks.
285.
299.

116.
336.
117.

287.

301.

288.

280.
319.
278.

LINN-EAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XXx1

Urtica. Perianth 4-leaved. Perigone 2-leaved. Stam.
equalling the perianth.

Aunvus. Fl. in imbricated catkins. Scales of male fl. 3-
lobed, 3-flowered. Perianth 4-fid. Perigone 0.

Order V. PENT- POLY- ANDRIA.

* Fl. not in catkins, with cal. and cor.

MyriopHyLuum. Pet. of male fl. 4, deciduous. Stam. 8.
Germ. inferior.

Sacitraria. Pet.3. Stam. about 24. Carp. numerous
upon a globose receptacle.

Bryonia. Cal. with 5teeth. Cor.5-cleft. Filaments 3.
Anth. 5. Fr. an inferior berry.

** Fl. not in catkins, imperfect.

. Xanruium. Involucre of male many-leaved, with a 5-

toothed perianth; of female 1-leaved, inclosing 2 flowers.

. CERATOPHYLLUM. Perianth many-leaved. Stam. 16—20.

Nut ending in a spine.

. ErtocauLon. Perianth 4—6-cleft. Stam.4—5. Caps.

2—3-lobed, 2—3-celled.

. AMARANTHUS. Perianth 3—4-leaved. Stam. 3 or 5. Caps.

opening all round.

. Porerium. Perianth 4-cleft. Fr. 2 nuts, vested with

the hardened quadrangular tube of the perigone.

#** Fl. in catkins.

Nat. Order 77. AMENTIFERZ (in part).

Order VI. MONADELPHIA.

[Filaments of stam. united below into one set. ]

Pinus. Male fl. im racemose catkins. Fr. in cones.

Class XXII. DIGICIA.

Sauix. Perianth 0. Stam. and pistils with 1 or 2 glands
at the base. Anth. 1—5, usually 2.

EmpetruM. Cal. 3-parted. Pet. 3. Stam. 3.

Ruscus. Sep. 6. Pet.0. Stam. 3.

Hipporpuar. Male fl. with a perianth of 2 deep roundish
lobes. Stam.4. Fem. fl. with a tubular bifid perianth.
Stigma elongate.
XXxil LINNAZAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

149.
298.
286.
303.
297.
283.
303.
304.
304.
301.

301.

403.
406.

417.

417.
419.

Viscum. Cor. 4-parted. Cal. of male fl. 0, of fem. fi. an
obscure free margin. Stam. 4. Stigma obtuse, sessile.
Myrica. Fl. in catkins. Perianth 0. Stam. 4, at the
base of the scales. ;
Humutus. Female fi. in a catkin formed of large persist-

ent scales. Stam. 5.
Tamus. Perianth 6-parted, superior. Stam. 6.
Popuuus. FI. inimbricated catkins. Stam. 8.
Mercuriauis. Perianth single, 3-parted. Stam. 9.
Hyprocuartis. Cal. 3-parted, superior. Pet.3. Stam. 9.
Srratiorss. Cal. 3-parted, superior. Stam. 12.
AnacHaris. Cal. 3-parted, inferior, with a long tube.
Filaments 3. Caps. l-celled. Male with 9 stamens with
combined filaments.
JUNIPERUS. Stam. 5, combined. FI. in catkins. Fem.
fi. 3, scales ultimately fleshy and united.
Taxus. Stam. 5, combined. Fl. in catkins. Fem. fl. 1,
scaly below. Perigone ultimately fleshy, cupshaped.

(Stam. 3. Valeriana, N. 0.43. Stam. 4. Rhkamnus, N.O.
24. Urtica,N.O.75. Stam. 8. Sedum, N.O.34. Stam.
12. Stratiotes, N. O. 81.)

Class XXIII. POLYGAMIA.

. ATRIPLEX. Perigone 2-lobed or 2-parted. Pericarp free.

Testa crustaceous.

. OBione. Perigone 2-lobed. Pericarp adhering to the

perigone. Testa membranous.

. PaRrETARIA. Perigone 4-parted.

Class XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA.

Nat. Order 98. Eauiseracza. Leafless branched plants
with sheathed joimings. Fructification in terminal catkins.

Nat. Order 99. Fitices. Leafy plants. Fructification
attached to the veins, either on the back or edge of the
leaves.

Nat. Order 100. Marstteacesx. Creeping plants with
slender leaves. Fructification consisting of globular nearly
sessile coriaceous 3—4-celled capsules.

Nat. Order 101. Lycopoptacea. Plants with imbricated
leaves. Capsules axillary, solitary.

Nat. Order 102. Cuaracea. Leafless branched plants
with a fistular stem, not sheathed at the joinings.
MANUAL

OF

BRITISH BOTANY.

I. FLOWERING PLANTS.

Substance composed of cellular tissue, woody fibre and
spiral vessels. Epidermis with stomata. Embryo with
cotyledons.

Class I. DICOTYLEDONES.

Stems formed of bark, wood and pith. The wood fur-
nished with medullary rays and increasing by the addition
of concentric layers externally. Leaves mostly with reti-
culated veins. Cotyledons 2 or more, opposite or whorled.

Subclass I. ANGIOSPERM&.

Plants with an ovary, style and stigma. Seeds inclosed
in a seed-vessel.

Subdivision I. THALAMIFLOR.

Petals distinct (rarely 0), and as well as the stamens hypo-
gynous.

Order I. RANUNCULACE.

Sep. 3—6. Pet. 5 or more, rarely 0. Stam. indefinite : anth.
adnate, opening longitudinally. Carp. numerous, distinct, or
rarely united into a single pistil. Seeds erect or pendulous.

B
2 1, RANUNCULACES.

* Anthers extrorse.

Tribe I. CLEMATIDE.2. Fruit short, 1-seeded with a feathery
awn. Seed pendulous. istivation valvate or mdupliate.
Leaves opposite.

1. Cuematis. Cal. of 4 or 5 sepals. Pet. 0. Carp. not burst-
ing, awned. Stam. and styles numerous.

Tr. Il. ANEMONE. Fy. short, 1-seeded. Seed pendulous.
stivation imbricate. Leaves radical or alternate.

2. THALIcTRUM. Cal. of 4 or 5 sepals. Pet. 0. Carp. not
bursting, without awns. Stam. and styles numerous.

3. ANEMONE. Cal. petaloid, sep. 5—9. Pet.0. Carp. not
bursting, tipped with the persistent sometimes feathery styles,
inserted upon a thickened hemispherical or conical recep-
tacle. Stam. and styles numerous.

4. Aponis. Cal. of 5 sepals. Pet. 5—10, without a nec-
tary. Carp. not bursting, without awns. Stam. and styles
numerous.

Tr. Il. RANUNCULE. Fy. short, 1-seeded. Seed erect
(except in Myosurus). istivation imbricate. Pet. with a
nectariferous pore at their base.

5. Myosurus. Cal. of 5 sepals, prolonged into a spur at the

qbase. Pet. 5, with a filiform tubular claw. Stam. 5. Styles
numerous. Carp. not bursting, closely imbricated upon a
long filiform receptacle. Seed pendulous. Embryo inverted,
with the radicle superior.

6. Ranuncutus. Cal. of 5, rarely 3, sepals. Pet. 5, rarely
numerous ; nectariferous pore naked or covered by a scale.
Carp. not bursting, collected into a globular or elliptical
head. Stam. and styles numerous.

Tr. IV. HELLEBOREA. Fr. long, many-seeded, bursting.
/Estivation imbricate. Stam. numerous.

7. CattHa. Cal. of 5 petaloid deciduous sepals. Pet. 0.
Caps. 5—10, many-seeded.

8. Trouuius. Cal. of 5 or many petaloid deciduous sepals.
Pet. small, linear, flat, clawed. Caps. numerous, sessile.

[9. Erantuis. Cal. of 5—8 petaloid deciduous sepals. Pet.
small, tubular, with a long claw, 2-lipped, inner lip very
short. Caps. numerous, statked.]

10. Hetieporus. Cal. of 5 petaloid persistent sepals. Pet.
small, tubular, 2-lipped, clawed. Caps. 3—10 sessile.
CLEMATIS.—THALICTRUM. 3

11. Aeuitecra. Cal. of 5 petaloid deciduous sepals. Pet, 5,
Sunnel-shaped, with a long horn-like spur. Caps. 5.

12, Detpuinium. Cal. of 5 petaloid deciduous sepals, upper
sep. with a long spur at its base. Pet.4; 2upper ones with
spurs included in the spurred sepal, or all combined into one
spurred petal. Caps. 1, 3 or 5.

13. Aconrrum. Cal. of 5 petaloid sepals, upper one helmet-
shaped. Two upper pet. tubular, on long stalks, concealed in
the helmet-shaped sepal. Caps. 3—5.

** Anthers introrse. (Stam. arising from a glandular disk.)
Tr. V. PAAONIEZ or spurious Ranunculacee.

14. Acraa. Cal. of 4 petaloid deciduous sepals. Pet. 4.
Carp. 1, baccate, indehiscent, many-seeded.

15. Pawonia. Cal. of 5 persistent sepals. Pet. 5 or more.
Follicles 2—5, many-seeded, bursting inwards, crowned with
the bilaminated stigmas.

Tribe I. Clematidea.

1. CLrematis Linn. Traveller’s Joy.

1. C. Vitalba (L.); st. climbing, 1. pinnate, leaflets ovate
acuminate entire coarsely serrate or incise-lobate rounded or
cordate below, petioles twining, sep. oblong downy on both
sides, fr. with long feathery awns.—E.B. 612. R. iv. 64.—St.
woody, angular, branched. Petioles acting as tendrils.—Hedges
and thickets on a calcareous soil. Sh. VI. E.S.

Tribe II. Anemonee.

2. TuHaxicrrum Linn.

1. T. alpinum (L.); st. perfectly simple and nearly leafless
cluster terminal simple, fruitstalks reflexed, carp. shortly stalked
tipped with the hooked style.—E.B. 262. R. iii. 26.—St. 3—6 in.
high, quite smooth. L. mostly radical, upon long stalks, twice
ternate.—Higher parts of mountains. P. VI.

2. T. minus (L.); st. zigzag striated branched solid leafless but
sheathed at the base, 1. 2—3-pinnate, Its. ternate 5-cleft glaucous,
petioles with angular ascending branches, fl. im a branched divari-
cate panicle drooping, carp. fusiform 8-ribbed subcompressed ven-
tricose below externally.—E.B. 11. R. iii. 27.—St. 1—2 ft. high ;
sheaths at its base rather lax.—8. T. pubescens (Schreb.); st.
petioles and Its. beneath or on both sides clothed with stalked
glands.—Stony pastures and sand hills. P. VI. VII. :

[A plant which is frequent on the Caernarvonshire noun Len

B
4 1. RANUNCULACES.

only differs from No. 2 by having a hollow stem. I have ‘not
seen the supposed T. calcareum from Ben Bulben.]

3. T. flecuosum (R., Fries); st. zigzag striated branched solid
leafy to the base, 1. 2—3-pinnate, Its. 3—5-cleft paler beneath,
petioles with ascending branches having 3 keels beneath, fi. in an
elongated erect patent panicle drooping, carp. narrowly oblong
gibbous above within below without.— R. ii. 28.—St. often 3 feet
high. Lower 1. with rather close sheaths and broad Its. with
blunt cuspidate lobes ; upper narrower and more acutely lobed.
—Cheddar, Som. Mr. Hort. P. VII. E.

4. T.sazxatile(DC.); st. rather zigzag smooth but striated below
the sheaths hollow leafy to the base, 1. 2—3-pinnate, Its. ternate
3—5-cleft paler beneath, petioles vith rounded but furrowed above
and keeled ascending branches, fi. in a branched oblong-pyramidal
panicle drooping, carp. regularly oval.—R. ii. 34. T. Kochii
Fries.—St. often 4 feet high. Li. broad, lobes blunt or on the
upper 1. acute.—Cheddar, Som. and Brathray, Westm. Mr. Hort.

E.

5. T. majus (Jacq.); st. zigzag angular branched hollow, 1.
4-pinnate, Its. ternate 3-cleft broad glaucous, petioles with angular
branches springing at right-angles, fl. subumbellate drooping, carp.
long fusiform oblique outer edge nearly straight, inner curved.—
&. B. 611. R. mi. 30.—St. 3—6 feet high. Lts. very broad, lobes
acute ; uppermost often entire and ovate.—South of Scotland and
north of England. P. VI. VII. E. S$

6. T. flavum (L.); st. erect furrowed, 1. bipinnate, Its. broadly
obovate or wedge-shaped trifid, panicle compact corymbose, fi.
erect, carp. short oval.—E. B. 367. R. iui. 44.—L. rather paler
beneath. Root creeping.—In wet fields. P. VI. VII. Common
Meadow Rue.

3. ANEMONE Linn.

1. A. Pulsatilla (L.); fl. solitary erect, involucre sessile in
deep linear segments, 1. doubly pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, lobes
linear, carp. with feathery tails—E. B. 51.—F'. violet-purple,
externally silky. Involucre silky, close to the flower, but, by the
elongation of the stalk, distant from the fruit.—Open calcareous
pastures. P.VI.V. Pasque flower.

2. A. nemorosa (L.); fl. solitary, sep. 6 elliptical, involucre of
3 ternate or quinate stalked leaves with lobed and cut leaflets,
1. similar, carp. pubescent keeled.—E. B. 355. R. iv. 47.—F).
white or purplish. Beak about as long as the carp., not tailed.
Root (rhizoma) horizontal. Sep. glabrous on both sides.—Groves
and thickets; common. P.III.—V. Wood Anemone.

[*3. A. apennina (L.); fl. solitary, sep. numerous lanceolate,
ADONIS.—RANUNCULUS. 5

involucre of 3 ternate stalked deeply cut leaves, 1. similar, “ carp.
pointed without tails.” —E. B. 1062. R. iv. 47.—F. bright blue.
Root similar to the last.—Scarcely naturalized. P. IV.] E.

[*24. A. ranunculoides (L.); fl. solitary or in pairs, sep. 5 ellip-
tical, involucre of 3 nearly sessile ternate deeply cut leaves, 1.
similar often quinate, carp. pointed downy without tails. —E.B.
1484. R. iv. 47.—Fl. bright yellow. Sep. externally pubescent.
Root similar to the last.—A very doubtful native. P.IV.]_ E.

4. Aponts Linn.

tl. A. autumnalis (L.); cal. glabrous patent, pet. connivent,
carp. without teeth collected into an ovate head and tipped with
a straight beak.—E. B. 308. R. ui. 24.—F\. scarlet, black at the
base. LL. triply and copiously pinnatifid, segments limear.—
Corn fields, rare. A. VII. Corn Pheasant’s Eye. E. 8.

Tribe II]. Ranunculee.

5. Myosurus Linn. Mousetail.

1. M. minimus (L.)—E.B. 435. R. ii. 1.—St. simple, leatiess,
single-flowered, 2—5 in. high. Receptacle ultimately very long,
with numerous oblong carpels. L. linear. Seed attached to the
upper part of the carp. and pendulous with the radicle pointin:
upwards.—In damp places in fields. A. V. VI. E.

6. Ranuncutus Linn.

* Carp. transversely wrinkled, nectary naked, fl. white, fruit-
stalks arching. Batracuium Fries. Water Crowfoot.

+ Receptacle hispid.

1. R. aquatilis (L.); st. floating, submersed 1. divided into
capillary segments spreading in all directions, floating 1. 3-fid or
3-partite cut and lobed or wanting, pet. obovate 5—7—9-nerved,
pistils exceeding the stamens, style short, stigma rounded, carp.
compressed 4-ovate laterally poimted, receptacle globose.—E.B.
100. R. iti. 3.—Stip. 4 or 2 adnate. Submersed 1. collapsing
when taken out of the water. Style prolonging the inner edge of
the pistil—a. heterophyllus; with or without floating 1., pet.
broadly obovate 5—7-nerved contiguous, carp. not rounded at
the end and with a terminal but not central acute point.—
B. R. trichophyllus (Godr.) ; no floating 1., ped. short, pet. narrow
5—7-nerved distant deciduous, carp. rounded and_ laterally
pointed at the end.—y. subpeltatus ; with or without floating 1.,
pet. broad 7—9-nerved contiguous, carp. rounded and laterally
pointed at the end. R. aquatilis Godr. R. peltatus Fries ?—
6 1. RANUNCULACES.

These varieties are considered as distinct species by some authors.
—Ponds and ditehcs. P.? V. VI.

2. R. confusus (Godr.); st. floating, submersed 1. as in No. 1,
floating 1. 3-parted or ternate lobed, pet. elliptic-cuneate or obo-
vate 5—7-nerved not contiguous with a short yellow claw, pistils
exceeding the stamens, style short, stigma ligulate, carp. com-
pressed 4-ovate narrowed upwards, receptacle conically ovate.—
R. Petiveri Koch in St. 82. 2.—Stip. adnate nearly throughout.
Submersed 1. not collapsing ; floatin, 1. glabrous beneath, lobes
of segments rounded. Ped. narrowed at the top. Style prolong-
ing the inner edge of the pistil. Receptacle scarcely thicker than
peduncles. Cofyledons linear—Ou mud or in ditches occa-
sionally brackish. A.? V.—VII.

3. R. tripartitus (DC.); st. floating, submersed 1. wanting or
as in No. 1, floating 1. subpeltate tripartite with triangular-obovate
2—4-fid lobes, pet. oblong 3-nerved clawed, stam. exceeding the
pistils, style long subulate, stigma small, carp. inflated unequally
obovate blunt with a subterminal pomt, receptacle globose.—
E. B.S. 2946.—Submersed 1. have not been found in England.
Upper stip. free. Pet. small, pinkish. Cotyledons elliptical —
Shallow ditches. Esher Common, Swrey; and Cornwall. Mr.
Watson. Uaverfordwest, Pembr. A. V.—VIIL. E.

4. R. etreinatus (Sibth.) ; st. submersed ascending, |. all sub-
mersed divided into numerous capillary 2—4 times forked ngid
segments spreading in one plane, carp. semi-ovate compressed
laterally tipped with the long acute incurved style.— EF. B. 8. 2869.
R. in. 2. R. divaricatus, Koch.—L. with sheathing not anricled
stalks, always small, remarkably flat and rigid with a circular out-
lime. Fl. white. Pet. broadly obovate, many-nerved; claw
yellow. Style prolonging the inner edge of the pistil. Stigma
straight, lmear.—In ponds and ditches, not confined to stagnant
water. P. VI.—VIII. ;

5. R. fluitans (Lam.); st. floating, leaves all submersed re-
peatedly 2—3-chotomous, segments elongated setaceous parallel,
carp. obovate inflated much rounded at the end with a short
straight lateral pomt.—HE. B. S$. 2870. R. in. 2. St. 67. 14.—
L. remarkably long and upon very long stalks, together often
1 foot or more in length. Fi. large, white. Pet. about 7-nerved ;
claw yellow. Stigma cylindrical, straight, linear. Style prolong-
ing the inner edge of the pistil. Upper stip. broad adnate nearly
throughout. Very rarely a few terminal “ subtrifid truncate ”
floating leaves are found.—In rivers and brooks, but not confined
to running water, P. VI, VIL.

.S.
+t Receptacle not hispid.
6. R. hederaceus (L.); st. floating or creeping, 1. all roundish
Erratum.

Page 6, lines 5 and 6, for pistils exceeding the stamens, read stamens
exceeding the pistils.
RANUNCULUS. 7

reniform with 3—5 rounded lobes, carp. obtuse laterally tipped
with the style, stam. 5—10.—E. B. 2003. R. iii. 2—Pet. narrow.
Stigma prolonging the upper margin of pistil. Stip. narrower
than in the next species, considerably adnate. L. usually spotted.
—In wet places. P. VI—VIII. Ivy Crowfoot.

7. R. cenosus (Guss.); st. creeping, |. all cordate-subrotund
subpeltate 3—5-lobed, each lobe with 2 or 3 notches, carp. obo-
vate tipped with the terminal style-—R. Lenormandi E. B. S. 2930.
Coss. et Germ. Atl. Fl. Par. t. 1. f. 3. 4.—Pet longer than the
calyx. Stigma central. Stip. very broad, slightly adnate. L.
not always deeply lobed, not spotted.—On water, probably com-
mon. P, V.—VIII. E.

** Carp. not transversely wrinkled, fruitstalks straight.
+ L. divided, fl. white, nectary naked.

[8. R. alpestris (L.); root fibrous, 1. smooth, radical 1. some-
what heart-shaped deeply 3—5-lobed, lobes incise-crenate at
the extremity, stem-]. 1 or 2 simple linear or trifid with linear
lobes, fl. almost solitary, ped. furrowed, calyx glabrous, carp. ob-
ovate with a straight beak hooked at the end.—£. B. 2390,—
Pet. obcordate. St. 4—5 in. high—Clova mountains. Mr. G.

Don. P.V.] 8.
+t L. undivided, fl. yellow, nectary nearly or quite naked,
bordered.

[9. R. gramineus(L.); root fibrous, the fibres thickening towards
the end, |. linear-lanceolate striated entire, st. and ped. glabrous
few-flowered, carp. obliquely obovate rugose with a short revolute
point, nectary tubular —E. B. 2306.—Wales.? P.V.VI.]  E.?

10. R. Flammula (L.); root fibrous, /. ovate- or linear-lanceo-
late nearly entire stalked, stem reclining at the base and rooting,
carp. obovate minutely pitted with a short point —E. B. 387. R.
iti, 10.—Stems 6—18 in. high. L. sometimes serrated, hairy or
glabrous.—8. reptans ; st. procumbent filiform rooting, 1. linear.
—In wet places. P. VI—VIII. Lesser Spearwort.

{1l. R. ophioglossifolius (Vill.); root fibrous, lower 1. cordate-
ovate stalked, upper 1. oblong sessile eee stem erect hol-
low, carp. obliquely ovate margined tubercled with a short ter-
minal point.—F. B. S. 2833. R. ui. 21.—Glabrous. Fi. small.
St. about 1 foot high, branched, many-flowered, tapering below.
—St. Peter’s Marsh, Jersey. A. VI.

12. R. Lingua (L.); root fibrous, /. elongate-lanceolate acute
somewhat serrate sessile amplexicaule, stem erect, carp. margined
minutely pitted with a broad sword-shaped beak.—E. B. 100. R.
ui. 10.—F. large. St. 2—3 feet high. St. and 1. glabrous or
8 1. RANUNCULACES.

with adpressed hairs.—In marshy places, rather rare. P. VI.
VII. Great Spearwort.

ttt L. undivided, fl. yellow, nectary with a scale.

13. R. Ficaria (L.); root with fasciculated knobs, 1. cordate
stalked angular or crenate, st. with 1—3 1. single-flowered, sep.
usually 3, carp. smooth blunt.—E. B. 584. R. iii. 1.—Pet. usually
8, but varying from 6 to 11. St. 3—8 in. long, weak, often pro-
ducing bulbs im the axils of its leaves.—Damp shady places, com-
mon. P.IV. V. Pilewort.

t+ttt L. divided, fl. yellow.
+ Nectary without a scale, carp. smooth.

14. R. auricomus (L.); root fibrous, radical 1. reniform 3—7-
partite with crenate or cut lobes stalked, stem-l. sessile digitate
with linear or lanceolate more or less toothed segments, peduncles
round, calyx pubescent, carp. downy ventricose, beak slender
hooked. —F. B. 624. R. iii. 12.—Pet. often wanting. Sep. yel-
low. St. about one foot high.—Woods and thickets, common.
P.IV. V. Wood Crowfoot.

tf Nectary with a scale, carpels smooth.

15. R. acris (L.); root fibrous, radical 1. palmately tripartite,
segments trifid and deeply cut, uppermost stem-l. tripartite with
linear segments, peduncles round, calyx pubescent erect-patent,
carp. oval glabrous margined, beak short marginal recurved, re-
ceptacle glabrous.—E. B. 652. R. iii. 17 —Hairy. St. 2—3 feet
high. Beak about 4 the length of the carpel.—f. pumilus (Wahl.);
dwarf, 1-flowered— Meadows and pastures, common; mountains.
B. alpine. P. VI. VIL Upright Crowfoot.

16. R. repens (L,); scions creeping, 1. with 3 stalked leaflets
which are 3-lobed, lobes 3-fid and cut, peduncles furrowed, calyx
pubescent erect-patent, carp. oval glabrous margined minutely
pitted, beak longish slightly curved, receptacle hairy.— E. B. 516.
—Primary stem erect, 10—12 im. high.— Meadows and pastures,
common. P. V.—VIII. Creeping Crowfoot.

17. R. bulbosus (L.); stem bulblike at the base, radical 1. with
3 stalked leaflets which are tripartite, segments trifid and cut,
peduncles furrowed, calyx hairy reflexed, cavp. round margined
smooth, beak short, receptacle hairy.—E. B. 515. R. iti. 20,—
St. about 1 foot high. Upper 1. cut into narrow segments.—
Meadows and pastures. P. V. Bulbous Crowfoot.

{tt Nectary with a scale, carp. rugose or tubercular.

18. R. hirsutus (Curt.); root fibrous, radical 1. with 3 stalked
trifid and cut leaflets, peduncles furrowed, calyx reflexed, carp.
round margined with a series of tubercles near the margin, beak
CALTHA.—TROLLIUS. 9

short curved, receptacle hairy.—E. B. 1504. R. iii. 23. R. Phi-
lonotis (Ehrh.) Koch.—St. 4—18 in. high ; the smaller specimens
are R. parvulus L. Upper 1. in narrow acute segments. F'. pale
yellow.— Waste land and corn-fields, rare. A. VI.—X. E.S.

19. R. sceleratus (L.); root fibrous, lower 1. stalked tripar-
tite, segments blunt crenate, upper 1. trifid linear entire or incise-
dentate, calyx reflexed, heads of fr. oblong, carp. minate trans-
versely wrinkled. E. B. 681. R. tii. 11.—F. very small, pale yel-
low. Lower 1. broad, glabrous, shining. Stem 1—2 feet high,
ume ditches and ponds. A. VI.—IX. Celery-leaved Crow-

oot.

+20. R. arvensis (L.); root fibrous, radical 1. 3-cleft dentate,
stem-l. once or twice ternate with linear-lanceolate segments,
calyx erect-patent, carp. margined beaked and spinous.—E. B.
135. R. iii. 21.—Fl. pale yellow. Known by its spinous fruit.—
Corn-fields. A. VI. Corn Crowfoot.

21. R. parviflorus (L.); root fibrous, stems spreading, |. round-
ish-cordate 3—5-lobed cut, upper 1. oblong undivided or 3-lobed,
calyx at first erect afterwards reflexed, carp. orbicular municated.
—E. B. 120. R. iit. 22.—Peduncles opposite the leaves. Pet.
narrow.—Corn-fields and dry banks, rare. A. V. VI. E. I.

Tribe IV. Helleboree.

7. Catrua Linn.

1. C. palustris (L.); st. ascending, 1. heart-shaped rounded cre-
nate.—E. B. 506. R. iv. 101.—F. large. Sep. roundish-ovate,
bright yellow.—8. minor (DC.); smaller in all its parts and with
the 1. considerably shorter in proportion, but the posterior lobes
greatly produced.—Marshy places, common. 8. in more moun-
tainous situations. P.III—V. Marsh Marigold.

2. C. radicans (Forst.); st. creeping, 1. triangular serrate-cre-
nate.—E. B. 2175.—F'. half the size of those of C. palustris, sep.
narrower, the hinder angles of the leaves scarcely at all produced
so that the leaf is almost triangular. [have only seen cultivated
specimens.— In a ditch that runs from the farm-house called
Haltoun, on the estate of C. Gray, Esq. of Carse, Forfarshire.
1790.” Mr. G. Don. Ali the other stations probably belong to
C. palustris 8. minor. P. V. VI. S.

8. Troxutus Linn. Globe Flower.

1. T. europeus (L.); sep. 1O—15 concave converging into a
globe, pet. 10 about as long as the stam., 1. palmately 5-parted,
segments rhomboid 3-partite incise-serrate—£. B. 28. R. iv. 101.
“Ti. bright yellow. Pet. ligulate. St. 1—24 feet high —Damp
mountain pastures. P. VI. VII. 2

B
10 1. RANUNCULACEE.

9. Eranruts Salish. Winter Aconite.

[*1. E. hyemalis (Salisb.) ; sep.6—8 oblong.—R. iv. 101. Hel-
leborus Limn.—Radical 1. upon long stalks, 5—7-parted, deeply
cut into linear-oblong segments. St.4—6 in. high, with 2 op-
posite sessile 1. just below the solitary yellow fl. Root (rhizoma)
tuberous.—Naturalized in thickets. P. II. III.] E. S.?

10. Hetiesorvus Linn.

1. H. viridis (L.); radical J. digitate stalked, stem-l. sessile at
the ramifications, st. few-flowered, calyx spreading.—E. B. 200.
R. iv. 105.—Veins of the 1. prominent beneath. Stigma erect.
St. 1 foot high, annual. Fi. greenish-yellow.—Thickets on a
caleareous soil. P. III. IV. Green Hellebore. E. 1.

2. H. fetidus (L.); 1. pedate stalked, st. leafy many-flowered,
calyx converging.—E. B. 613. R. iv. 103.—Upper 1. gradually
contracting and their petioles widening until they become bracts.
St. 2 feet high. Fl. globose, drooping, greenish tipped with
purple.—Thickets in chalky districts. P.III.IV. Stinking
Hellebore. E. 8.

11. AauiteGia Linn. Columbine.

1. A. vulgaris (L.); spur of the pet. imcurved, hmb obtuse
falling short of the stamens, 1. biternate, leaflets 3-lobed crenate.
—E. B. 297. R. iv. 114.—St. 2—3 feet high, slightly leafy. Caps.
hairy. Inner stam. frequently imperfect—Woods and thickets.
P. V. VI.

12. Devpuinium Linn. Larkspur.

+1. D. Consolida (L.); st. erect branched, racemes few-flowered,
spur longer than the calyx, pet. combined.— E. B. 1839—Pedicels
usually longer than the bracts. Caps. downy. FI. of a vivid and
permanent blue, rarely red, pmk or white. L. deeply multifid.
— Sandy or chalky corn-fields. A. VI. VII. E. 8.

13. Acontrum Linn.

tl. A. Napedllus (L.); nectaries horizontal wpon curved stalks,
spurs bent down, fl. racemose, young carpels diverging.—E. B.
S. 2730. R. iv. 92.—Filaments slightly hairy, with cuspidate
wings. Nectary inflated above, its lip broad. Uelmet open,
hemispherical. Pedicels erect, downy.—Banks of rivers and
brooks, rare. VI. VII. Monk’s-hood. E.S.
2. BERBERIDACE®—3. NYMPHAHACES. ll

Tribe V. Peoniee.

14. Acrm#a Linn.

1. A. spicata (L.); raceme simply elongated, pet. as long as
the stamens, berries oval —E. B. 918. R. iv. 121.—L. stalked
biternate ; leaflets ovate, trifid, deeply cut. St. 1—2 feet high.
—Mountainous limestone tracts in the north. P. Ne E.8.

15. Paonta Linn. Peony.

*]. P.corallina (Retz.) ; 1. biternate, leaflets ovate entire glau-
cous beneath, caps. downy recurved from the base.—E. B. 1513.
R. iv. 128.—Root fleshy, knobbed. Herb 2 feet high. FI. large,
crimson with yellow anthers.—On the Steep Holmes Island in
the Severn. P. V. VI.

¢ Order IT. BERBERIDACES.

Sep. 3, 4 or 6,in a double row. Pet. the same or double that
number. Stam. opposite to the petals. Anth. opening by valves
from the bottom to the top. Carpel 1, 1-celled, seeds attached
to the bottom.

1. Berseris. Cal. of 6 deciduous sepals. Pet. 6, each with
2 glands at the base within. Berry 2—3-seeded.

[2. Eprmeprum. Cal. of 4 deciduous sepals. Pet. 4. Necta-
ries 4, cup-shaped. Caps. podlike, many-seeded.]

1, Berperis Linn. Barberry.

1. B. vulgaris (L.); spines 3-parted, 1. obovate ciliate-serrate,
racemes pendulous many-flowered, petals entire.—E. B. 49.
R. iu. f. 4486.—F. yellow. Berries red, oblong, slightly curved.
Filaments curiously elastic.—Hedges and thickets. S. V. VI.

2. Erimeptum Linn.

[1. £. alpinum (L.); root-leaves 0, stem-l. twice ternate.—
E. B. 438. R. ui. f. 4485.—Lts. heartshaped, serrate. Pan. shorter
than the |. and appearing to grow from the petiole. Fl. red with
yellow nectaries—Subalpine woods. Probably not a native.
P. V.J E. 8.

Order III. NYMPHHACEA.

Sep. 4—6, passing gradually into the petals, and these into
the numerous stamens, all inserted on a fleshy disk more or less
completely surrounding the ovary. Stig. peltate. Fruit many-
12 4, PAPAVERACES.

celled : seeds numerous, in a gelatinous aril. Embryo in a bag
on the outside of the base of the albumen.

1. Nympu#a. Cal. of 4 sepals. Pet. numerous, inserted to-
gether with the stamens upon a fleshy disk enveloping the
germen. Berry many-celled, many-seeded. Stigma sessile,
of numerous rays.

2. Nupuar. Cal. of 5 sepals. Pet. numerous, imserted to-
gether'with the stamens upon the receptacle. Berry many-
celled, many-seeded. Stigma sessile, of numerous rays.

1. Nympoaa Linn.

1. N. alba (L.); 1. roundish deeply cordate entire with ap-
proximate lobes even beneath, stigma of 12—20 rays.—E. B.
160. R. vii. 67.—Fl. large, white, floating. Stigmas yellow.
Ovary covered with the stamens almost to its summit. Caps.
dissolving away into a mass of pulp. Seed red. Notch in the
leaves with parallel sides.—Slow rivers, lakes and clear ditches.
P. VIL. White Water Lily.

2. Nurwar Sn.

1. N, lutea (Sm.); 1. oblong cordate, sep. 5, stigma with 10—
20 rays not extending to the entire margin, anthers linear.—E. B.
159. R. vii. 63.—FI. yellow, smelling like brandy. Caps. burst-
ing irregularly. Submersed |. thin, transparent, wavy, oblong-
cordate.—Lakes and ditches. P. VII. Yellow Water Lily.

2. N. pumila (DC.); 1. ovate deeply cordate with distant
lobes, sep. 5. stigma with 8—10 rays extending to the margin
and forming acute teeth, anth. subquadrate—E. B. 2292. R. vii.
65.—Fl. yellow, small. Caps. furrowed upwards. Anth. not
twice as long as broad. Much smaller than N. lutea. Submersed
1. thin, transparent, wavy, reniform.—In small highland lakes.
P. VII. VIII. ; s.

Order IV. PAPAVERACE.

Sep. 2, deciduous. Cor. regular, of 4 petals. Stam. generally
numerous, free. Ovary free; placentas parietal, usually project-
ing; seeds numerous. Stigmas as many as the placentas, simple
or lobed, the lobes of adjoming stigmas combining, thus appear-
ing (falsely) to be opposite to the placentas.

* Fruit not linear, stigmas radiant.

1. Papaver. Pet. 4. Stam. numerous. Style 0. Stigmas
4—20, sessile. Caps. obovate, opening by pores beneath
the stigma. Seeds not crested.
PAPAVER. 13

2. Meconopsis. Pet. 4. Stam. numerous. Style short.
Stigmas 5—6, free. Caps. obovate, opening by pores be-
neath the style. Seeds not crested.

** Fruit linear, stigmas 2—4.

3. Rormeria. Pet. 4. Stam. numerous. Stigmas 2—4,
sessile. Caps. 2—4-valved, 1-celled, placentas distinct.
Seeds not crested.

4, Guaucrum. Pet.4. Stam. numerous. Stigmas 2, sessile.
Caps. 2-valved, placentas connected by a spongy dissepiment.
Seeds not crested.

5. CHELIDoNIUM. Pet. 4. Stam. numerous. Stigmas 2.
Caps. 2-valved, 1-celled, placentas distinct. Seeds crested.

1. Papaver Linn.

tl. P. Argemone (L.); filaments dilated upwards, caps. cla-
vate hispid with erect bristles, stem leafy many-flowered, 1. bi-
pinnatifid.—E. B. 643. R. i. f. 4475.—Fl. small. Pet. pale
scarlet, black at the base. Bristles sometimes spreading.—In
corn-fields, rather rare. A. VI. VII.

2. P. hybridum (L.); filaments dilated upwards, caps. ovate
hispid with spreading bristles, stem leafy many-flowered, |. bipin-
natifid—E. B. 43. R. ii. f. 4476.—F1. small. Pet. purplish,
often with a dark spot at the base.—Sandy fields, rare. A. VI.
Vil. E. I.

3. P. Rheas (L.); filaments subulate, caps. nearly globular
smooth, margin of the stigma with incumbent lobes, stem bristly
many-flowered, 1. pinnatifid cut.—F. B. 645. R. ii. f. 4479.—
FL large. Pet. deep scarlet, often nearly black at the base. Pe-
duncles with spreading hairs, or (8. strigosum Boenningh.) with
adpressed hairs.—In corn-fields, common. A. VI. VII. Com-
mon red Poppy.

4. P. dubium (L.); filaments subulate, caps. clavate smooth,
margin of the stigma with distinct crenatures, stem hispid many-
flowered, 1. pinnatifid.—E. B. 644. R. iti. f. 4477.—H. large.
Pet. light scarlet. Peduncles with adpressed hairs.—Corn-fields,
common. A. VI. VII.

+5. P. somniferum (L.); filaments dilated upwards, caps. truly
globular smooth as well as the calyx and stem, |. oblong unequally
toothed amplexicaule.—. B. 2145. R. in. f. 4481.—F. large.
Pet. bluish white with a violet spot at the base. Whole herb
smooth, except sometimes a few rigid spreading bristles on the
flower-stalk and a bristle tipping many of the teeth of the leaves,
in which case it probably is the P. setigerum DC.—On sandy
ground near the sea, and in the fens. A. VII.
16 6. CRUCIFERE.

green glaucous. FI. whitish, afterwards pale purple ; lower pet.
Imear widened at the end, sides of its haft inflexed.—Fields in
Kent, Essex, Camb. A. VIII. IX. E.

5. F. Vaillantii (Lois); sep. very minute triangular, fruitstalks
longer than the obovate pointed fr. and twice longer than the bract,
Its. narrow flat.—E. B. S. 2477. R. iii. 1.—Foliage greyish green
glaucous. Fl. purplish, afterwards whitish; lower pet. spathu-
late, sides of its haft scarcely inflexed—Fields. A. VI.—IX.

Order VI. CRUCIFERAS.

Sep. 4. Cor. cruciform of 4 petals. Stam. 6, tetradynamous ;
2 shorter opposite the lateral petals. Ovary free, with marginal
placentas meeting in the middle. Stigmas 2, opposite to the pla-
centas (or rather, alternate with them, lobed and combining).
Fruit a silique or silicle, the valves opposite the shorter stamens.

Suborder I. SILIQUOS.

Pod (silique) linear or linear-lanceolate, opening by 2 valves,
dissepiment narrow but in its broadest diameter.

Tribe I. ARABIDEAG. Cotyledons accumbent parallel to the
dissepiment, radicle lateral, seed compressed.

1. Marruroua. Pod round or compressed. Stigma 2-lobed,
lobes erect gibbous or horned at the back.

to

CuHEIRANTHUS. Pod compressed or 2-edged, with an ele-
vated longitudinal nerve upon each valve. Stigma 2-lobed,
lobes patent. Seeds in a single row in each cell.

3. Nasrurrrum. Pod subcylindrical; valves conven, nerveless.
Stigma capitate. Seeds irregularly in 2 rows.

4. Barsarza. Pod terete; valves convex with a prominent
longitudinal nerve. Stigma capitate. Seeds in a single row.

5. Turritis. Pod compressed; valves slightly convex with
a prominent longitudinal nerve. Stigma capitate. Seeds in
2 rows.

6. Arasis. Pod compressed; valves nearly flat with a pro-
minent longitudinal nerve, or with numerous longitudinal
veins. Stigma obtuse. Seeds in a single row.

7. Carpamine. Pod compressed; valves flat, nerveless.
Stigma capitate. Seeds in 1 row; seed-stalk simple, filiform.

8. DENTARIA. Pod lanceolate, compressed ; valves flat, nerve-
less. Stigma capitate. Seeds in a single row; seed-stalk
dilated, winged.
6. CRUCIFERA. 17

Tr. II. SISYMBRIEA. Cotyledons incumbent contrary to the
dissepiment, radicle dorsal, seed compressed.

9. Hespreris. Pod quadrangular or subcompressed; valves
keeled, somewhat 3-nerved. Stigma of 2 closely converging
erect elliptical obtuse lobes. Seeds in a single row.

10. SisymBrium. Pod terete, or rarely tetragonal; valves
convex, with 3 longitudinal nerves. Stigma entire. Seeds
im a single row, smooth, seed-stalk filiform.—S. thalianum
has a tetragonal pod and valves with 1 strong conspicuous
nerve.

11. AuLiarRra. Pod terete; valves convex, with 3 longitu-
dinal nerves, the middle one prominent and strong, the 2
lateral slender and branching. Stigma entire. Seeds in a
single row, striated ; seed-stalk flattened, winged.

12. Erystmum. Pod tetragonal; valves prominently keeled,
with | longitudinal nerve. Stigma obtuse, entire or slightly
emarginate. Seeds in a single row; seed-stalk filiform.

Tr. II. BRASSICEA. Cotyledons conduplicate longitudi-
nally folded in the middle; radicle dorsal, within the fold.

13. Brassica. Cal. erect. Pod terete or angular. Seeds glo-
bose, in a single row.

14. Stnapis. Cal. patent. Pod terete or angular. Seeds in
a single row.

15. DipLoraxis. Cal. patent. Pod compressed. Seeds
oval or oblong, in 2 rows.

Suborder II. LATISEPT.E.

Pouch (silicle) short, opening with two valves: dissepiment in
its broadest diameter.

Tr. IV. ALYSSINEA. Cotyledons accumbent.

16. Auyssum. Pouch roundish or oval, compressed. Seeds
2—4 in each cell. Filaments toothed or the shorter ones
with a gland or subulate process on each side at the base.

17. Koniea. Pouch oval, compressed. Seeds 1—2 in each
cell. Filaments simple. Hypogynous glands 8. Carpo-
phorum 0.

18. Drasa. Pouch oval or oblong, slightly convex. Seeds
many in each cell, not margined, in two rows. Filaments
simple.

19. CocuLEaRtiaA. Pouch globose; valves very convex, dorsal
nerve prominent. Seeds numerous. Filaments simple.
18 6. CRUCIFERZ.

20. Armoracia. Pouch elliptical or globose; valves very
convex, no nerve. Seeds numerous. Filaments simple.

(Tr. V. CAMELINE AS. Cotyledons incumbent.

21. Came tina. Pouch subovate; valves ventricose with a
linear prolongation at the end which is confluent with the
persistent style. |

(Tr. VI. VELLEA. Cotyledons conduplicate.

22, VeLuaA. Pouch ovate with a dilated winged flat style
longer than the convex valves. |

Suborder WI. ANGUSTISEPT.

Pouch (silicle) short, laterally compressed, opening with 2 boat-
shaped valves keeled or winged on the back ; dissepiment narrow,
linear, or lanceolate.

Tr. VII. THLASPIDEAL. Cotyledons accumbent.

23, TuLaspt. Pouch roundish, notched; valves boatshaped,
winged at the back. Seeds numerous. Pet. equal. Fila-
ments simple.

24. Hutrcurnsia. Pouch elliptical, entire ; valves boatshaped,

keeled not winged at the back. Seeds 2 im each cell. Pet.
equal. Filaments simple.

25. TeESDALIA. Pouch roundish notched ; valves boatshaped,
their back keeled below narrowly winged above. Seeds 2 in
each cell. Pet. equal or 2 outer ones larger. Filaments
with a little scale at the base of each within.

26. Isperis. Pouch ovate or roundish, notched ; valves boat-
shaped, winged at the back. Seeds 1 in each cell. Pet.
unequal, 2 outer ones much larger. Filaments simple.

Tr. VII. LEPIDINE. Cotyledons incumbent.

27. Leprpium. Pouch roundish or oblong, entire or notched ;
valves compressed, keeled or winged at the back. Seeds 1
in each cell.

28. CapsELLA. Pouch triangular-obcordate; valves com-
pressed, keeled but not winged. Seeds numerous.
Tr. IX. SUBULARIE. Cotyledons incumbent, long, linear,
curved back above their base. Cells many-seeded.
29. SupuLarta. Pouch oval-oblong, laterally subcompressed;
valves boatshaped.

Tr. X. SENEBIERE. Cotyledons incumbent, long, linear,
curved back above their base. Cells one-seeded.
MATTHIOLA.—CHEIRANTHUS. 19

30. SznEBIERA. Pouch broader than long, somewhat kidney-
shaped, entire at the end, or notched above and below and
almost 2-lobed, not bursting. Cells 1-seeded.

Suborder IV. NUCUMENTACE.

Pouch (silicle) scarcely dehiscent, often 1-celled owing to the
absence of the dissepiment.

Tr. XI. ISATIDE. Cotyledons incumbent.

31. Isaris. Pouch laterally compressed, 1-celled, 1-seeded ;
valves keeled, eventually separating.

Suborder V. LOMENTACEA.

Silicle or silique dividing transversely in single-seeded cells,
the true silique often barren, all the seeds being in the beak.

Tr. XII. CAKILINEAS. Cotyledons accumbent.

32. CaKILE. Silicle angular, of two 1-seeded indehiscent
joints, upper joint deciduous with an erect seed, lower per-
sistent seedless or with a pendent seed.

Tr. XIII. RAPHANEA, Cotyledons conduplicate.

33. CramBeE. Silicle 2-jomted, upper joint globose with 1
seed pendent from a long curved seed-stalk springing from
the bottom of the cell, lower joint barren stalklike.

34, RapuHanus. Silique linear or oblong, tapering upwards,
smooth and indehiscent, or moniliform and dividing trans-
versely into 1-seeded cells, lowermost cell barren imperfectly
2-valved stalklike.

Suborder I. Siliguose. Tribe I. Arabidee.

1. Marruioua &. Br.

1. M. incana (R. Br.); st. shrubby upright branched, 1. lan-
ceolate entire hoary, pods “ cylindrical without glands.”—E. B.
1935, R. ii. 45.-—F. of a full purple.— Cliffs in the Isle of Wight.
P.V. VI. Hoary Stock. E.

2. M. sinuata (R. Br.); st. herbaceous diffuse, 1. oblong
downy, lower 1. sinuated, pods compressed muricated with glands.
—E.B. 462. R. ii. 45.—F1. purple.—Sandy sea-coasts of Wales,
Cornwall and Jersey. B. VI—VIII. Sea Stock. E. I.

2. CHEetRANTHUS Linn. Wallflower.

+1. C. Cheiri (L.); st. shrubby, 1. lanceolate acute entire with
bipartite adpressed hairs, pods tetragonal._—H. B. 1934. Rui. 45.
—Fi. yellow or tinged with red.—Old walls. P. IV. V.
20 6. CRUCIFERZ.

3. Nasturtium R. Br.

l. N. officinale (R. Br.); 1. pinnate, Its. ovate or oblong sub-
cordate smuate-dentate, pet. twice as long as calyx (white), pods
linear.—E. B. 855. R. ii. 50.—Pods patent. Very variable.
When growing out of water it is slender with small leaves and is
N. microphyllum (R.); when remarkably luxuriant, many feet in
length, the stem often nearly an inch thick and the leaves very
large and resembling those of a Sium, it is N. siifolium (R.).—
Brooks and ditches. P. VI. VII. Water Cress.

2. N. sylvestre (R. Br.) ; root creeping, 1. deeply pmnatifid, Its.
oblong or lanceolate cut, uppermost 1. often nearly entire, pet.
twice as long as the calyx (yellow), pods linear.—E. B, 2324.—
Fr.-stalks patent ; pods patent or ascending, variable in length
usually as long as their stalks sometimes shorter.—N., patens
(Bab.) is not the Sisym. anceps (Wahl.), see Fries Herb. Norm.
vi. 18!, and is not separable from this species.—River banks and
wet places. P. VI—VIII.

3. N. palustre (DC.); root fibrous, lower |. lyrate, upper 1.
deeply pinnatifid, Its. oblong toothed, pet. as long as the calya,
pods oblong turgid.—N. terrestre Sm., £. B. 1747.—F. small.
Fr.-stalks patent or even deflexed, pods ascending, short, about
as long as their stalks.—Wet places. P. VI.—IX.

4. Barpares R. Br.

1. B. vulgaris (R. Br.); lower 1. lyrate, upper pair of lobes
equalling the breadth of the large roundish subcordate terminal
lobe, uppermost 1. undivided toothed, young pods obliquely erect.
—E. B. 443. R.ii. 47.—Pet. twice as long as the calyx. Flower-
ing raceme lax. Pods straight.—. arcuata; young pods patent
upon nearly horizontal pedicels——In damp places. B.? V.— VIII.
Yellow Rocket.

2. B. stricta (Fries); lower 1. lyrate, upper pair of lobes small
much shorter than the breadth of the large oblong-ovate terminal
lobe, uppermost 1. undivided toothed, pods adpressed, style slender.
—R. ii. 47. B. parviflora Fries.—Pet. half as long again as the
calyx. Flowermg raceme close. Fl. much smaller than in B.
vulgaris. Pods straight. Lateral lobes of the lowermost 1. very
small, often obsolete ——Between Sheffield and Halifax and be-
tween Weedon and Blisworth, plentifully. Jr. Borrer. York.
B.? V.—VIIL. E.

3. B. precor (R. Br.) ; lower 1. imparipinnate with large lobes,
upper pair of lobes equalling the breadth of the subcordate ter-
minal lobe, uppermost l. pinnatifid with linear-oblong entire lobes,
style short and thick.—£. B. 1129. R. ii. 49. B. patula Fres.—
TURRITIS.—ARABIS. 21

Fl. moderate. Raceme close. Pods patent. Lower 1. usually
interruptedly pmnate.—South of England. B. V.—VII. E.

5. Turritis Linn.

1. T. glabra (L.); radical 1. toothed hairy, stem-l. glabrous
entire amplexicaule with a sagittate base, pods straight erect.—
E. B.777. R. ii. 44.—Plant very erect and straight, 1—3 ft. high.
Fi. whitish-vellow.—Banks, particularly in Norf. and Suff. Cliffs
in Glen Devon, Scotland. B. VI. VII. E. S.

6. Arasis Linn.

1. A. hirsuta (R. Br.); 1. hispid dentate, stem-l. truncate-au-
ricled or cordate at the base, auricles patent, pods erect narrow
straight.— E. B. 587.—St. 1 foot high, clothed with spreading
mostly simple hairs and numerous erect leaves. Sometimes the
hairs on the stem are adpressed and branched. Root-l. narrowed
into a footstalk. Koch and Reich. divide this into two or more
species which I have not been able to determine.—Walls and
banks. B. VI—VIII.

2. A. ciliata (R. Br.); 1. glabrous ciliated somewhat toothed
nearly sessile, stem-l. sessile with a rounded base, pods erect nar-
row straight. —E. B. 1746.—St. glabrous, erect. Seeds without
wings.—Rocks by the sea, Cunnamara, Ireland. Glen Esk,
Scotland. B. VII. VIII. 8.1.

3. A. stricta (Huds.); 1. hispid and ciliated with simple or
forked bristles deeply simuate-dentate narrowed into a footstalk,
stem-l. sessile, pods few distant erect-patent straight.—E. B. 614.
—St. erect, glabrous, hispid below, 6—8 in. high. Fi. rather
large. ‘“ Seeds with a narrow margin and winged at the apex.”
—Limestone cliffs near Bristol. P. IV. V.

4. A. petrea (Lam.); 1. glabrous or with forked hairs lyrate-
pinnatifid or oblong-ovate nearly entire with long stalks, stem-1.
narrow nearly entire stalked, pods spreading slender straight.—
E. B. 469.—St. erect or decumbent, 3—8 in. long, glabrous. Fl.
large, white tinged with purple. Seeds oblong with a narrow
margin and slight wing at the end.—Alpine rocks in E. and s.
Ben Bulben, Ireland. Mr. Wynne. P. VII. VIII.

*5. A, Turrita(L.); 1. clothed with short forked hairs dentate
elliptical narrowed into a stalk, stem-J. deeply cordate-ampleai-
caule elongated, pods flat with a thickened margin recurved from
an erect stalk, seeds with a membranous margin.—E. B. 178. R.
ii. 44.—St. 1 foot high, erect, hairy. Fl. yellowish. Pods 3—4
in. long, without any central nerve but with numerous prominent
longitudinal anastomosing veins.—On walls at Oxford, Cam-

bridge, and Cleish Castle Kinross. B. V. E. 8.
22 6. CRUCIFERA.

7. CARDAMINE Linn.

1. C. impatiens (L.); 1. pinnate, leaflets of the lower 1. ovate
3-fid, of the upper |. oblong lanceolate toothed or entire, petioles
of the stem-l. with slender auricles, pet. lear or wanting.—
E. B. 80. R. ii. 26.—Pet. erect, white. Distinguished from the
other British species by having auricles at the base of its petioles.
—Hilly districts, preferring limestone. A. VII. VIL E. 8.

2. C. sylvatica (Link); 1. pinnate, leaflets of the lower 1.
roundish angled or toothed, of the upper 1. narrower, pet. twice
as long as the calyx, pods erect upon patent pedicels, stam, 6,
style long. —R. ii. 26. Curt. Lond. ii. 132. St. 45. 13. C. flewuosa
With.—Fl. small. Pet. erect, white. St. flewuose, more leafy
than in C. hirsuta. Root oblique, covered with fibres —Com-
mon, especially in woody places. A. IV.—IX. E. 8.

3. C. hirsuta (L.); 1. pinnate, leaflets of the lower 1. roundish
angled or toothed, of the upper 1. narrower, pet. twice as long as
the calyx, pods and pedicels erect, stam. 4, style short.—R. ii. 26.
St. 45. 14.—Fl. small. Pet. erect, white. St. nearly straight,
rather leafy.—Common in damp places. A. IV.—VIII.

4. C. pratensis (L.); 1. pinnate, leaflets of the lower 1. roundish
slightly angled, of the upper I. linear-lanceolate entire, pet. 3
times as long as the calyx spreading, stam. half the length of the
petals, st. terete —E. B. 7/6. R. ii. 28.—FI. large, lilac. Anth.
yellow. Style short—. C. dentata (Schult.); leaflets of the
lower 1. and lower stem-l. acutely angular.—Moist meadows,
common. f. near Cambridge. P.IV. Common Bittercress.

5. C. amara (L.); 1. pmnate, leaflets of the lower 1. roundish-
ovate, of the upper lL. oblong, all angular, pet. 3 times as long as
the calyx erect, stam. nearly as long as the petals, st. angular.—
E. B. 1000. R. ii. 27.—F. large, white. Anthers purple. Style
long, slender. Stigma small. St. rooting below.—Moist mea-
dows near streams, rare. P. V. VI.

[C. bellidifolia (L.) which has simple entire 1. has been erro-
neously considered as a native of Brita. #. B. 2355.]

8. Denraria Linn. Coralwort.

1. D. bulbifera (L.); st. simple, 1. alternate, lower 1. pimnate,
upper 1. simple, axils of the |. producing bulbs.—E. B. 309,
—Rhizome thick, with fleshy toothlike knobs. St. 1—14 foot
high. Lts. lanceolate, serrated or entire. Fl. large, rose-coloured
or purple.—Woods and shady places, rare. P. V. VI. E.
HESPERIS,—SISYMBRIUM. 23

Tribe IT. Sisymbriee.

9. Hesreris Linn. Dame’s Violet.

tl. H. matronalis (L.); st. erect branched above, |. ovate-
lanceolate acuminate toothed, pedicels about as long as the calyx,
pet. obovate obtuse with an apiculus, pods erect from a patent
: pedicel terete torulose.—E. B. 731.—F'. lilac, “fragrant,” large
and handsome. H. inodora does not differ from the cultivated
plant more than would be caused by situation.—Hilly pastures,
very rare. B. V. VI.
Malcolmia maritima (R. Br.) has been found in Kent but is
not a native. |

10. Sisymprium Linn.

1. S. officinale (Scop.); pods subulate adpressed to the stem,
1. runcinate-pinnatifid with 2 or 3 pairs of oblong dentate lobes
and a large hastate terminal lobe.—#. B. 735. R. ii. 72.—St.
1—2 feet high with divaricated branches, upper part leafless. Fl.
small, pale yellow. Pods on very short stalks, pubescent some-
times glabrous—Common. A. VI. VIT. Hedge Mustard.

[*2. S. polyceratium (L.); pods subulate spreading sessile
axillary about 3 together, |. lanceolate repand-dentate or sub-
hastate.— R. ii. 73.—St. leafy throughout, branched, “ prostrate.”
FL. small.—In the outskirts of Bury St. Edmonds but certainly
an escape from cultivation. A. VII. VIII.] E.

3. S. Irio (L.); pods terete 4 times as long as their pedicels
erect-patent, the young pods exceeding the fl., seeds oblong, 1.
runcinate-pinnatifid, lobes dentate oblong the terminal lobe an-
gular, lobes of the upper 1. lanceolate with the terminal hastate.
—E. B. 1631. R. ii. 75.—Evrect, branched, st. and 1. glabrous.
Fl. yellow. Pods narrow, linear. Pedicels slender.—Near old
towns, rare. A. VII. VIII. London Rocket.

4. S. Sophia (L.); pods terete 3 times as long as their pedicels
erect-patent, seeds oblong, J. doubly or trebly pinnate, segments
linear or linear-lanceolate.—E. B. 963. R. u. 74.—St. erect,
branched, and as well as the 1. slightly downy. Fl. yellow. Pet.
short. Pods linear, narrow. Pedicels slender.— Waste places,
not common. A. VI.—VIII. Fliaweed.

5. S. thalianum (Gaud.); pods 4-angular lear ascending
twice as long as their patent edicels, seeds oblong not striated,
1. oblong-lanceolate undivided toothed.—Arabis Sm., E. B. 901.
Conringia R. ii. 60.—St. erect, slender, much branched, with few
leaves which are nearly all radical. Fl. small, white. Pods an-
gular on the back of the valves (tetragonous), not convex as in
24 6. CRUCIFER.

the other species (terete), nor with the lateral longitudinal nerves
so strongly marked.—On walls and banks. A. IV. V. and IX. X.

11. Auuraria ddans.

1. A. officinalis (Andyzj.); 1. heartshaped the lower ones reni-
form sinuate-dentate all stalked, pods erect-patent much longer
than their stalks, seeds oblong subcylindrical striated — FE. B. 796.

R.ii. 60. Sisymbrium Alliaria Sm., Koch.—t. erect, 1—8 feet °° °°

high, slightly branched. L. large, thin, veined, smelling like
garlic when bruised. Fl. white.—Hedgebanks. B. V. VI.
Jack-by-the-Hedge. Saucealone.

12. Erysimum Linn.

1. E. cheiranthoides (L.); 1. oblong-lanceolate shghtly toothed
with stellate-tripartite hairs, all narrowed into a slight footstalk,
pedicels longer than the calyx, 2 or 3 times shorter than the pods,
pods patent ascending, seeds small numerous.—E. B. 942. R. ii.
83.—Seeds very small, so numerous in the pod as to be nearly
2-rowed. Fi. small. Pods always diverging from the stem.—
Cultivated ground. Wildin the Fens. B.VI—VII. EI.

*2. E. orientale (R. Br.); l. elliptical heartshaped obtuse
clasping the stem, radical ]. obovate, all smooth glaucous undi-
vided entire.— EF. B. 1804. R. ii. 61.—F. white or cream-coloured.
—“ Fields and cliffs near the sea.”” A, V.—VII. E. 1.

Tribe III. Brassicea.
13. Brassica Linn.

* Valves of pod \-nerved.

1. B. oleracea (L.); 1. glabrous glaucous waved and lobed,
lower 1. lyrate, upper 1. oblong sessile—E. B. 637. R. ii. 97.—
L. thick and somewhat fleshy. Stam. all erect. Fl. large, cream-
coloured. Raceme elongated before the fi. expand. Cal. erect,
adpressed. The wild state of the garden Cabbage.—Cliffs by the
sea. B. VI—VIII. Wild Cabbage.

2. B. campestris (L.); lower 1. lyrate dentate somewhat hispid,
upper 1. ovate acuminate deeply cordate amplexicaule glabrous.
—E. B. 2234.—“ Raceme close, the open fl. rising above the
buds.” Fl. yellow.—f. B. Rapa (L.); root caulescent fleshy.
E. B. 2176. R. ii. 96.— Borders of fields. A. or B. VI. VIL.
Wild Navew. 8. Turnip.

3. B. Napus (L.); lower 1. lyrate dentate glabrous, upper 1.
oblong somewhat narrowed below with a dilated cordate semiam-
plexicaule base.—E. B. 2146. R. ii. 93.—* Raceme elongated at
SINAPIS.—DIPLOTAXIS. 25

the time when the fl. expand. Shorter stam. patent, ascending.”
Fi. yellow. It is difficult to find any character by which to di-
stinguish this plant from the preceding.—Borders of fields. A.
or B. V. VI. Rape, or Coleseed.

** Valves of pod 3-nerved ; beak 1—3-seeded.

4. B. monensis (R. Br.); 1. stalked all deeply pinnatifid, lobes
oblong unequally toothed those of the upper l. linear.— . B. 962.
—F'. yellow. St. usually prostrate, glabrous. L. glabrous.—f. B.
Cheiranthus (Vill.); st. 1—3 ft. high erect leafy hispid below,
L hispid. Sinapis, Z. B. 8. 2821.—On the western coasts. B.
or P, VI—VII. ES.

[As the distinctions between Sinapis and Brassica are purely
artificial I have reverted to the old arrangement of the species in
accordance with the wishes of English Botanists. ]

14. Srnapvis Linn.

1. S. nigra (L.); pods quadrangular adpressed, beak short
sterile subulate, valves 1-nerved, lower 1. lyrate, terminal lobe
large and lobed, upper 1. lanceolate entire.—E. B. 969. R. ii. 88.
—F'. yellow. Lower 1. large, rough.—Willowy riverbanks. A.
VI—VIII. Black Mustard.

2. S. arvensis (L.); pods subcylindrical knotty longer than
the conical compressed beak, valves 3-nerved, 1. ovate the lower-
most sublyrate stalked, upper 1. sessile—H#. B. 1748. R. ii. 86.
—Fi. large, yellow. Whole plant scabrous. Pods glabrous or
rough with deflexed bristles; beak usually with 1 seed; valves
with faint intermediate nerves. Stem 1—1$ foot high.—Corn-
fields. A. VI—VIII. Charlock.

3. S. alba (L.); pods cylindrical knotty shorter than the sword-
shaped beak, valves 5-nerved, 1. lyrate punnatifid irregularly lobed.
—E. B. 1677. R. ii. 85.— Fi. large, yellow. Pods hispid. St.
I—2 feet high.—Cultivated and waste land. A. VII. White
Mustard.

(4. S. incana (L.); pods adpressed turgid profhinently veined
with a short 1-seeded beak, 1. lyrate hispid, stem-l. linear-lanceo-
late, st. much branched.—E. B. S. 2843.—St. 1—3 feet high,
branches divaricated with few very small leaves. Pods very short,
glabrous or hairy, often scarcely longer than their glabrous
1-seeded beak.—Sandy places in Jersey and Aldemey. B. VII.
VU]

15, Diptotaxis Cand.
1. D. tenuifolia (DC.); st. shrubby below branched glabrous
leafy, 1. glaucous linear-lanceolate very acute sinuate-dentate or

pinnatifid, segments linear remotely dentate, pet. roundish-ob-
c
26 6. CRUCIFERZ.

ovate with a short claw.—E. B. 525. Sinapis Sm.-—Pedicels
usually twice as long as the sepals. Fi. large, pet. blunt but
slightly acuminate. St. 1—12 foot high. Plant foetid—Old
walls. P. VII.—IX. E. 8.

2. D. muralis (DC.); st. herbaceous simple hispid and leafy at
the base, 1. almost glabrous ovate-lanceolate sinuate-dentate or
pinnatifid, pet. roundish ovate with a short claw.—H. B. 1090,
Sinapis Sm.—Pedicels as long as the flowers. Pet. abrupt or
emarginate. L. often blunt, never very acute, usually all col-
lected about the base of the stem. Branches all springing from
the base.— Waste ground. A. VIII. IX.

Suborder II. Latisepte. Tribe IV. Alyssinee.

16. Anyssum Linn.

1. A. calycinum (L.); herbaceous hoary with starry pubes-
cence, 1. obovate-lanceolate attenuated below, pods orbicular
stellate-pubescent, calyx persistent, filaments all toothless, shorter
ones from between 2 setaceous processes.—E. B.S. 2853. R.
i. 18.—Cells of the pod 2-seeded. Pet. yellow, becoming at
length white.—Grassy commons, S.; ploughed land, E. See
Phytol. ii, 284. A.V. VI. E. 8.

[Farsetia incana (R. Br.); seeds 6 or more in each cell, pods
pubescent subventricose; was observed near Lewes by Mr.
Borrer. |

17. Kontea Adans., R. Br.

"|. K. maritima (R. Br.); procumbent, hairs bipartite, |.
Imear-lanceolate acute, pods oval pointed glabrous.—E. B. 1729.
R. ii. 18. Alyssum Sm.—St. rather woody below. Fl. white,
sweet-scented.—Naturalized near the sea. P. VIII. IX.

18. Drasa Linn,

lL. D. aizoid’s (L.); Scape leafless glabrous, J. linear rigid
acute keeled glabrous ciliated, stam. equalling the slightly notched
petals, style as long as the breadth of the pouch.—Z£. B. 1271.
R. ui. 15.—F. bright yellow. L. fringed with rigid hairs, densely
collected into cushion-like tufts—On rocks and walls at Pennard
Castle near Swansea. P. III. IV. E,

2. D. rupestris (R. Br.); scape leafless or with 1 or 2 leaves
pubescent, 1. lanceolate flat stellately pubescent, stam. shorter
than the slightly notched petals, style short —#. B. 1338. D.
hirta Sm.—Pouch oblong-oval, slightly hairy. St. very short,
branched, each branch bearing a dense tuft of leaves and 1—3
COCHLEARIA. 27

short scapes. Fl. small. L. mostly entire —-Tops of the highland
mountains, rare. P. VII. Ss...

3. D. incana (L.); stem-l. several, 1. lanceolate stellately pu-
bescent toothed, pet. twice as long as the calyx entire, pouch
longer than its pedicel twisted, style short slender.—E. B. 388.
R. u. 14.—Pouch nearly or quite glabrous, erect, lanceolate-ob-
long. St. 4—12 in. high, simple or branched. FI. white.—
Mountains. Sand hills by the sea in Islay, 8S. P. VI. VII.

4. D. muralis (L.); st. leafy branched, 1. ovate amplexicaule
toothed hairy, pet. “entire,” pedicels spreading horizontally
rather longer than the glabrous pouch.—H. B. 912. R. ii. 12.—
Pouch elliptical. St. 5—12 in. high. Fl. white. Pubescence

branched. Root-l. narrowed below.—Limestone mountains. A.
Iv. V.

5. D. verna (L.); scape leafless glabrous above, 1. lanceolate
acute narrowed below hairy, pet. deeply cloven, pouch oblong
shorter than its pedicel.—£. B. 586. R. ii. 12.—Pouch com-
pressed, acute or rounded at the end. FI. white. L. entire or
toothed. Scape sometimes rather pilose.—8. inflata (Hook.) ;
pouch inflated. D. spathulata (Lang.) Hoppe in St. 65. 1.
D. precox R.ii.12. The pouches when transversely cut present
a nearly circular section—Very common on walls, banks, &c.
8B; Ben Lawers. A. II1—V. Common Whitlow-grass.

19. Cocuuearia Linn.

1. C. officinalis (L.); radical 1. cordate-reniform stalked, stem-l.
sessile oblong sinuated semiamplexicaule, pouch globose or ob-
ovate.—E. B. 551. R. ii. 16.—Petioles long. Lower 1. entire or
sinuated. Seeds large. Style short. St. occasionally rooting
and proliferous.—8. alpina; pouch obovate, leaves smaller. C.
groenlandica Sm., E. B. 2403.—Sea-coast, mostly in muddy
places. 8. on the higher parts of mountams. B.? VL—VIIL
Common Scurvy-grass.

2. C. danica (L.); 1. stalked, radical 1. cordate somewhat lobed,
stem-l. 3—5-lobed subdeltoid uppermost subsessile, pouch ovate.
—E. B. 696. R. ii. 16.—Petioles of the root-l. very long, gradu-
ally shortening as they become more distant from the root. Seeds
small. Style short.—Sea-coast. B. V.—VII.

3. C. anglica (L.); radical 1. stalked ovate-oblong entire, stem-
1. oblong entire or toothed mostly sessile the upper ones am-
plewicaule, pouch ovate-oblong.—. B. 552. R. ui. 16.—Pouch
twice as large as that of C. officinalis, much compressed laterally.
Seeds large. Style rather long. Lower 1. rounded below or
narrowed into a footstalk. FI. large—f. gemina (Hort MS.) ;
pouch coriaceous deeply furrowed on each side, se aia very

c
28 6. CRUCIFERE.

narrow.—Sea-shores. 8. on the mud of the Severn, Wye, &c.
A.V. English Scurvy-grass.

20. Armoracia Rupp.

1. A. rusticana (Rupp.); roots long and thick, radical 1. ob-
long crenate-serrate on long stalks, stem-l. elongate-lanceolate
incise-serrate or entire subsessile, pet. (white) twice as long as
cal., pouch oval “ 4-seeded,” “ stigma peltate.””—Cochlearia Ar-
moracia (L.) E.B. 2323. R. ii. 17.—St. 2—3 feet high. Roots
running deep into the ground.— Wastes and pastures near Swan-
sea, abundant. Mr. Borrer. Elsewhere, scarcely wild. P. V.
Horse Radish.

2. A. amphibia (Koch) ; root fibrous, 1. oblong narrowed at
both ends serrate or pinnatifid, pet. (vellow) twice as long as the
cal., pouch oval, “stigma capitate.’—E. B. 1840. Nasturtium
ed. 2.—St. 2—3 ft. high. Submersed 1. deeply pmnatifid. Ped.
usually deflexed.— Watery places. P. VI.—VIII.

Tribe V. Camelinee.

21. Cametina Crantz. Gold-of-pleasure.

[C. sativa (Cr.); pouches pearshaped, intermediate stem-l.
lanceolate sagittate at the base entire or denticulate (E. B. 1254);
pouches large, on long stalks; fi. small, yellow; and C. dentata
(Pers.); 1. sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid attenuate but sagittate
below, seeds twice as large as those of C. sativa; are occasionally
found in flax-fields but are not even naturalized. |

Tribe VI. Vellee.

22. Vewua Linn.

[1. V. annua (L.); “1. doubly pimnatifid, pouches deflexed.”
—. B. 1442.—Found in the time of Ray on Salisbury Plain,
but has not since been noticed. A. VI.] E.

Suborder ITI. Angustisepte. Tribe VII. Thlaspidee.
23. Tuuaspr Linn.

1. T. arvense (L.); fruitbearing raceme elongated, pouch orbi-
cular with a broad longitudinal wing, seeds concentrically rugose
and striated 5—6 in each cell, stem-l. oblong sagittate toothed.
E.B. 1659. R: ii. 5.—Pouch very large with remarkably broad
wings. Stigma subsessile. St. often a foot high.—Fiélds and
road-sides. A.V.—VII. Penny Cress.
HUTCHINSIA.—IBERIS. 29

2. T. perfoliatum (L.); fruitbearing raceme elongated, pouch
obcordate broadly winged above, style very short included within
the notch, seeds 3—4 in each cell smooth, stem-l. cordate-oblong.
—E. B, 2354. R. ii. 5.—About 6 in. high.—Limestone pastures
in Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire. A. V. E.

3. T. alpestre (L.); fruitbearing raceme elongated, pouch
oblong-obovate narrowed below, style equalling or exceeding the
notch, seeds 4—8 in each cell. stem-1. oblong cordate.—R. ii. 5.
—F'. white, often tinged with rose, small. Pet. about twice as
long as the calyx. Terminal lobes of pouch rounded. L. usually
entire.—8. T. occitanwm (Jord.); fruitbearmg raceme rather
shorter, pouch triangular-obcordate with almost divaricate lobes,
style much exserted. L. usually slightly toothed —Mountain
pastures. Teesdale; Thornhaugh, Northumb.; Glen Isla, For-
far. 8. Settle, York ; Llanrwst, N. Wales. P. VI—VIIL E.S.

4. T. virens (Jord.); fruitbearing raceme oval or oblong, pouch
oboval with a shallow notch, style much exserted, seeds 4—5 in
each cell, stem-l. oblong-cordate.—Jord. Obs. Pl. de Fr. iii. t. 1.
T. alpestre Sm., E. B.81.?—Fl. white, small. Pet. about thrice
as long as the calyx. Pouch with a very broad and shallow
notch often almost truncate. L. usually entire —Mountain pas-
tures near Matlock. P. VI—VIII. E.

24. Hurcuinsia R. Br.

1. H. petrea (R. Br.); 1. pinnate, st. branched leafy, pet.
scarcely longer than the calyx, pouch obtuse at both ends.—
E. B. 111. R. ii. 6.—St. 2—4 in. high. Fl. small.  Teesdalia
has scales at the base of the filaments; Noccea (R.), incumbent
cotyledons.— Limestone rocks, rare. A. TI.—V. E.

25. Trrespauia R&R. Br.

1. T. nudicaulis (R. Br.) ; petals unequal.—Z. B. 327. R. ii. 6.
—L. numerous, spreading on the ground, lyrate-pinnatifid, rarely
orbicular-spathulate and entire. St. 2—4 in. high, solitary or
several from the crown of the root, sometimes bearmg 1 or 2
small leaves. Stam. with remarkable scales withm. Pouch
emarginate.—Sandy and gravelly places. A. V. VI. E. 8.

26. Iperis Linn.

1. I. amara (L.); herbaceous, 1. lanceolate somewhat toothed,
pouches racemose orbicular notched, lobes triangular porrect.—
A. B. 52. R. ii. 7.—L. usually with 1—3 obtuse teeth on each
side. St. often 1 foot high, diffuse, branched. Fl. at first co-
rymbose, afterwards in lengthened clusters. Outer pet. radiant.
Chalky fields. A. VII. Butter Candytuft. E.
30 6. CRUCIFERZ.

Tribe VIII. Lepidinee.

27. Lepipium Linn.
* Pouch cordate with turgid valves, style filiform.

*1. L. Draba (L.); 1. oblong entire or toothed lower ones
narrowed into a footstalk, stem-l. sagittate and amplexicaule,
style as long as the dissepiment.—E. B. S. 2683. R. i. 9.—One
foot or more in height, branched. Fl. numerous, small, white,
upon long pedicels in a subumbellate corymb.—Kent; near
Swansea; and other places. Introduced. P. V. VI.

** Pouch ovate or roundish winged notched. + Style manifest.

2. L. campestre (R. By.) ; 1. downy toothed lower ones oblong
narrowed into a footstalk, stem-l. lanceolate sagittate and am-
plexicaule, pouch ovate rough notched and rounded at the end,
style scarcely longer than the notch.—E. B. 1385. R. u. 9.—
Seales on the pouch only minute globular blisters when fresh.
St. one, upright, about a foot high, branched in the upper part.
—Dry gravelly sol. B. VI.—VIIL.

3. L. Smithii (Hook.); 1. hairy toothed lower ones obcordate
stalked, stem-l. lanceolate-sagittate amplexicaule, pouch ovate
glabrous notched and rounded at the end, style twrce us long as
the notch.—L. hirtum Sw., E. B. 1803.—Seeds } as long as in
L. campestre. Pouch sometimes with a few scales, never hairy.
St. several, 6—12 in. long; central st. erect, others diffuse.
Hedge-banks. P. VI.—VIII.

Tt Style minute.

(LL. sativum (L.); lower 1. lobed pinnate or bipmnate, upper
1. sessile linear entire, pouch roundish oval, obtuse.—R. 1. 9.—
Escaped from cultivation in many places. |

**« Pouch oval or roundish notched, style minute.

4. L. ruderale (L.); lower 1. pimnatifid, upper 1. lear entire,
pouch patent, diandrous, petals 0.—E. B. 1595. R. 11. 10.—End
of pouch narrowly winged. St. branched, often a foot high.
Radicle dorsal— Waste places near the sea. A. V. VI.

ee Pouch oval or roundish scarcely notched wingless,
style minute.

5. L. latifolium (L.); 1. ovate-lanceolate serrate or entire un-
divided, pouch oval entire downy.—Z£. B. 182. R. n. 10.—FI.
numerous, small, in compound leafy panicled clusters. St. 3 feet
high, erect, branched. _L. large, the lower ones upon long stalks,
the upper nearly sessile and narrower.—In salt marshes and
sandy places near the sea.—P. VII. VIII.
CAPSELLA.—ISATIS. 3)

28. Capseiia Vent. Shepherd’s Purse.

1. C. Bursa-pastoris (DC.); radical 1. lanceolate pinnatifid or
undivided toothed, upper 1. amplexicaule auricled, pouch trian-
gular-obcordate.—Thlaspi Sm., E. B. 1485.—Varying greatly in
size and the division of its leaves. Known by its peculiar
pouches.—A common weed. A. III.—X.

Tribe IX. Subularice.

29. Susuxartia Linn. Aw)-wort.

1. S. aquatica (L.)—E. B. 732. R. ii. 12.—Cotyledons only
once folded, but curved back upon themselves above their base,
therefore incumbent not bicrures. Plant small, subaqueous.
L. linear-subulate, radical. Root of numerous long white fibres.
FI. small, often perfected under water.—Margins of alpine lakes.
P. VII.

Tribe X. Senebieree.

30. SENEBIERA Pers.

1

1. S. Coronopus (Poiret); pouch undivided reniform crested
with little sharp points, style prominent, 1. pinnatifid—-E. B.
1660. R. ii, 9.—St. much branched, prostrate. FI. small, white,
in lateral clusters opposite to the leaves. Pouches large, in dense
clusters. Cotyledons in this genus curved back upon themselves
above the base of the cotyledons, not at their base as is usual in
Crucifere.—Waste ground, common. A. VI.—IX.

2. S. didyma (Pers.); pouch notched of two wrinkled lobes,
style very short, 1. pinnatifid —E. B. 248. R. ii. 9.—St. spread-
ing, prostrate, a foot or more in length. Fl. small white m long
slender lax clusters—Waste ground near the sea in the south
and south-west. A. VII.—IX. E. I.

Suborder IV. Nucumentacee. Tribe XI. Isatidee.

31. Isatis Linn.

tl. I. tinctoria (L.); “radical leaves oblong crenate,” pouch
abrupt smooth thrice as long as broad.—F. B. 97. R. i. 4.—
Cultivated and waste land, rare. B. VII. Dyer’s Woad.

Suborder V. Lomentacee. Tribe XII. Cakilinee.

The fruit consists of a very small 2-celled, stalklike, usually
sterile pod, with a long moniliform beak bearing the seeds and
32 7. RESEDACER.

dividing transversely into as many indehiscent cells as there are
seeds.

32. CaK1Le Gaert.

1. C. maritima (Scop.); joimts of the pouch 2-edged, the up-
per one with 2 teeth at the base, 1. fleshy pinnatifid or somewhat
toothed.—E. B. 231. R. ii. 1.—Fl. pwplish. Pouches an inch
long, erect, with 4 sharp angles, swordshaped in the upper part.
—Sandy sea-shores. A. VI. VII. Purple Sea-Rocket.

Tribe XIII. Raphanee.

33. CramBe Linn. Sea-kale.

1. C. maritima (L.); longer filaments forked at the end, pouch
without a style, 1. roundish sinuated wavy toothed glaucous and
as well as the st. glabrous—E. B. 924. R. ii. 2.—Root thick,
fleshy. St. 2feet high. Fl. white——Sandy sea-shores. P. VI.

34. Rapuanus Linn.

1. R. Raphanistrum (L.); pods moniliform striated shorter
than the very long beak, J. semply lyrate—E. B. 856.—Lobes of
the leaves quite distinct. Pet. vemed, white or hlac.—Corn-fields.
A. VI. VIL. Jointed Charlock.

2. R. maritimus (Sm.); pods moniliform striated beak shorter,
radical 1. interruptedly pimnate-—E. B. 1643.—Lobes of the 1.
usually so close as to overlap each other. Pet. yellow.—Sea-
coasts, rare. B.? VI—VIII. Sea Radish.

Order VII. RESEDACEA.

‘Sep. 4 or 5 or 6, persistent. Cor. irregular, pet. 4—6 entire or
lacerated. Stam. 10—24, filaments variously united, inserted on
a glandular irregular 1-sided disk. Ovary 3 or 4-lobed, 1-celled,
with 3 or 4 parietal many-seeded placentas ; or of several 1-celled
carpels. Fruit opening early at the end.

l. Resepa. Cal. many-parted. Pet. entire or variously cut,
unequal. Stam. numerous. Fruit of one cell opening at
the top. Styles 3—6.

1. Resepa Linn.

1. R. lutea (L.); sep. 6 linear, pet. 6 very unequal, ped. longer
than the cal., J. 3-cleft or pinnatifid.—E. B. 321. R. ii. 100.—
St. 2 feet high, branched, smooth. LL. very variable. Two up-
per pet. with 2 winglike lobes, lateral pet. with a single wing,
lower ones nearly entire. Fl. yellow. Fr. oblong, wrmkled.—
Waste places in chalky and limestone districts. B. VI.—VIII.
8. CISTACES. 33

+2. R. suffruticulosa (L.); sep. 5 linear-lanceolate, pet. 5
nearly equal 3-fid longer than the calyx, ped. shorter than the
cal., 2, all pinnatifid, segments linear acute sometimes wavy.—
E. B.S. 2628. R. ii. 101.—St. 1f—2 feet high, rather shrubby
below. Fl. white. Fr. oblong, wrinkled. This plant is some-
times found with 6 sep. and pet. when it appears to be R. alba
(L.).— Waste sandy places near the sea, rare. B. or P. VII. VIII.

3. R. Luteola (L.); sep. 4, pet. 4 or 5 very unequal longer
than the calyx, J. elongate-lanceolate undivided.—E. B. 320. R.
ii. 99.—St. 2 feet high. Pet. usually 4, upper one 3-, 4-, or
5-cleft, 2 lateral 3-cleft, segments linear, lower one (or 2) linear
entire. Fr. broad, depressed—Waste places, particularly on
chalk or limestone. A. VII. VIII. Weld.

Order VIII. CISTACEZ.

Sep. 5, two outer smaller sometimes wanting, 3 inner with a
twisted estivation. Pet. 5, corrugated and twisted in ewstivation
the contrary way to the sepals. Stam. numerous. Ovary 1, 1-
or many-celled. Style and stigma simple. Fruit capsular, with
3, 5 or 10 valves. Embryo spiral or curved, in the albumen.

1, HetiantHemum. Cal. of 5 sepals, 2 outer smaller.
Pet. 5, deciduous. Stam. numerous. Caps. 3 valved.

1. HeviantHemum Gaert.

1. H. guttatum (Mill.); erect herbaceous, 1. oblong-lanceolate
or linear, lower |. opposite without stipules, upper alternate with
or without them, racemes without bracts, stigma subsessile —E. B.
544.—Upper 1. usually with small stipules. Fruitstalks patent.
Pubescence of long simple hairs intermixed with short stellate
ones. Fi. yellow, usually with a deep red spot at the base of
each petal.—Very rare. Three-Castle Head, Cork. Miss H.
Townsend. Jersey. A. VI.—VIII. I.

2, H. Breweri (Planchon); erect herbaceous, /. obovate obtuse
rosulate without stip., upper 1. linear with or without stip., racemes
with Fone, Journ. of Bot. ii. 618. ¢. 21.—St. mostly
simple or branching from the base. Pet. narrow, yellow not
spotted. Fruitstalks erect-patent. Pubescence as in H. guttatum,
—Very rare. Holyhead Mountain and near Amlwch, Anglesea,
A. VI—VIII. E

3. H. canum (Dun.); shrubby, without stipules, 1. opposite
ovate or oblong stalked flat hoary beneath, racemes terminal
bracteated, “style twisted at the base reflexed, at the apex in-
flexed.”—Cistus marifolius Sm., E. B. 396. C. anglicus and C.
canus L.—St. decumbent. L. hoary beneath, hairy oe FL

c
34 9. VIOLACER.

yellow, small. ‘“ Anth. emarginate at both ends. Style longer
than the stigma.”—On limestone rocks, rare. P. V.—VII. E.

(4. H. ledifolium (Willd.); herbaceous, with stipules, downy,
1. lanceolate opposite, the upper ones alternate nearly sessile pu-
bescent, peduncles solitary opposite to the leaves shorter than the
calyx, styles straight —E. B. 2414.—More correctly C. niloticus
than C. ledifolius of Linn., but they are varieties of one species.
—Brent Downs, Somerset, not found for many years and probably
an error. A. VI. VIZ]

5. H. vulgare (Gaert.); procumbent, shrubby, with stipules, 1.
oval or linear-oblong opposite nearly flat green above hoary be~
neath, racemes bracteated, style longer than the germen bent at
the base, sep. subglabrous inner ones obtuse apiculate.—Cistus
Helianthemum (L.) E. B. 1321.—Fruitstalks contorted and de-
flexed. Varying much in the size and shape of its leaves and the
amount of hoariness and pubescence. Fi. yellow.—C. tomentosus
E. B. 2208. does not differ essentially from this plant. I have
never seen the “stipules hoary.”—C. surrejanus EK, B. 2207.
(from a garden specimen of Mr. Dickson’s) is not the Croydon
plant (Dill. Hort. Elth. t. 145.) which was again found there by
the late Mr. Christy and is a monstrosity of H. vulgaris —Com-
mon on dry hilly places. P. VII—IX. Common Rockrose.

6. H. polifolium (Pers.); hoary with stellate pubescence,
shrubby, procumbent, with stipules, /. opposite ovate-oblong or
oblong-lmear more or less revolute at the edges, racemes bracte-
ated, style bent at the base longer than the germen, sep. tomen-
tose inner ones obtuse.—E. B. 1322. H. apenninun DC.—FI.
white-—Very rare. Brean Downs, Som.; and Torquay, Devon.
P. VIL. VIII. E.

Order IX. VIOLACEA.

Sep. 5, imbricate. Pet. 5, regular or irregular. Stam. 5, fila-
ments dilated, connective elongated beyond the anthers into a
flat membrane. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas. Style
with a hooded stigma. Caps. with 3 valves. Embryo straight,
in fleshy albumen.

1. Vioua. Sep. 5, extended at the base. Pet. 5, unequal, the
lower one produced into a hollow spur behind. Stam. 5.
Anth. combined into a cylinder, 2 lower ones spurred behind.

8. Vioxa Linn.

A. Two interm. pet. patent laterally. Style nearly straight
from a slender base.

* Stigma flat above. Stemless. Fruitstalks erect. Caps. nodding.
1. V. palustris (L.); anth.-spurs short thick rounded, spur of
VIOLA. 35

the cor. very short obtuse, 1. reniform-cordate glabrous.—E. B.

444, R. iti—Anth.-cells nearly parallel. FI. pale lilac with purple

streaks. Sometimes the petioles are slightly hairy but usually

spb Boge im mountainous districts. P.IV.—VI. Marsh
tolet.

** Stigma hooked; beak deflexed. Nearly stemless. Fruit-
stalks prostrate.

2. V. odorata (L.); anth.-spurs lancet-shaped decurved blunt,
spur of the cor. obtuse straight, lateral pet. entire lower one
emarginate, ]. cordate, scions creeping. —E. B. 619. R. iii—Anth.-
spurs narrowed to an obtuse point. Anth.-cells diverging below.
Spurs of the pet. inflated towards the end, slightly channeled
above. Fl. purple, often white, sweet-scented. Bracts above
the middle of the flowerstalk. Petioles with deflexed hairs.
Lateral pet. usually with a hairy line, or without when it is V.
imberbis Leight. Caps. globose downy.—Common. P. III. IV.
Sweet Violet.

3. V. hirta (L.); anth.-spurs nearly linear blunt, spur of the
cor. obtuse hooked at the end, pet. entire or slightly emarginate,
1. cordate, scions wanting —H. B. 894. R. 1i1.—Anth.-spurs
scarcely broader at the base than at the apex. Anth.-cells diverg-
ing below. Spur of the petals compressed, not channeled. Fl.
pale blue, sometimes white, scentless. Lateral pet. usually with
a hairy line. Bracts below the middle of the flowerstalk. Stip.
not hispid at the margin. Petioles with spreading haus. Caps.
globose, downy.—8. calcarea (Bab.); fl. smaller, ped. much
longer than the leaves, sep. oblong-ovate.—Common on lime-
stone. 8. Gogmagog Hills, Cambridge. Portland. Prof. E.
Forbes. P.IV.V. Hairy Violet.

*** Stigma hooked ; beak horizontal. Having a stem.
Fruitstalks erect.

+ Root not rhizomatous.

4. V. sylvatica (Fries); anth.-spurs narrowly lancet-shaped
(5 times as long as broad), cor.-spur blunt, 1. broadly cordate,
st.-l. longer subacuminate, stipules’ lanceolate fimbriate much
shorter than the petioles, flowering branches axillary from a short
flowerless central rosette of leaves.—R. ti. 12. V. canina E. B.
620.—Fl. lilac, spur paler, scentless. Cor.-spur 3—6 times ex-
ceeding the cal.-appendages. Lower pet. cuneate-spathulate.—
V. riviniana (R.) is a large flowered form. V. flavicornis (Forst.),

1 The stipules on about the middle of the stem should always be ex-
amined in determining the species of Viola, the others are variable in
form.—See Ann. Nat. Hist. x. 100.—Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin, i. 75.
36 9, VIOLACER.

E. B.S. 2736, is a dwarf form having small 1. and large flowers
with a pale or sometimes yellow spur.—Common on hedgebanks
or in thickets. P.IV.V. Wood Violet.

5. V. canina (L.); anth.-spur lancet-shaped (3 times as long
as broad), cor.-spw' blunt, |. cordate-oblong roundedly acute,
stip. ovate or lanceolate ciliate or dentate much shorter than the
petioles, primary and lateral stems flowering and elongated.—R.
ui. 10. V. pumila H. and A. (not Vill.).—Rather ceespitose. L,
always roundedly acute, longer than those of No. 4. Fl. bluish
pwple, spur yellow, scentless. Cor.-spur 1—3 times longer than
cal.-appendages. Lower pet. spathulate.—V. flavicornis (Sm.}
is a small form with cordate leaves. When the 1. are cordate-
oblong it is perhaps V. montana (Linn.).—8. V. lanetfolia (Thore);
1. ovate-lanceolate rounded below, stip. lanceolate incise-serrate.
V. pumila Fries (not Vill. which is V. pratensis Fr. and is rhizo-
matous). V. lactea Sm. BH. B. 445. H. and A. (in part). L.
narrowing gradually from near their base to a narrow but rounded
point.—Sandy and peaty places. 8. in twf bogs, rave. P. IV. V.
Dog Violet.

+t Rhizome slender.

6. V. stagnina (Kit.); anth.-spur short broadly lancet-shaped
acute (not twice as long as broad), cor.-spur very short blunt, 1.
ovate-lanceolate subcordate below, petioles winged at the top,
stip. linear-lanceolate incise-serrate shorter than the petioles,
primary and lateral st. flowering and elongated —V. lactea R.
ui. 16. H. and A. in part (not Sm.).—Rhizome threadlike. St.
erect. L. narrowing gradually from the base which in the lowest
is sometimes rounded not cordate. FI. pale blue, nearly white.
Cor.-spur scarcely longer than the cal.-appendages.—Rare. Twrf
bogs. P. V. VI. E.

B. Four upper pet. directed upwards and imbricated. Style
clavate. Stigma inflated.

7. V. lutea (Huds.); anth.-cells nearly parallel, anth.-spurs
elongated filiform, spur of the cor. as long or longer than the ca-
lycine appendages, sep. acute, 1. crenate-serrate lower ones ovate-
cordate, upper 1. ovate or lanceolate, stip. palmate-pinnatifid,
terminal lobe linear or linear-lanceolate entire, st. ascending dif-
fuse and filiform underground.—E. B. 721.—Fl. wholly yellow,
yellow with the 2 upper petals purple or wholly purple, varying
greatly in size. Caps. globose. All the lobes of the stip. of
nearly equal size, lateral ones (usually 3 on one side and 1 on the
other) all springing from near the base of the stip., the terminal
lobe narrow and always I believe quite entire but sometimes con-
siderably larger than the others.—f. V. Curtisit (Forst.); stems
angular rough, lower part of the stip. somewhat elongated so as
10. DROSERACES. 37

slightly to separate the lateral lobes. E. B. 8. 2693—Moun-
tainous pastures. 8. Sands near the sea. P. VI. VII.

8. V. tricolor (L.); anth.-cells diverging below, anth.-spurs
elongate subclavate-filiform, spur of the corolla about equalling
the calycine appendages, 1. crenate-serrate lower ones ovate-
cordate, upper |. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, stip. lyrate-pinnatifid,
terminal lobe spathulate crenate, st. ascending.—E. B. 1287. R.
ui. 21. V. Curtisii (Mack.) from Portmarnock.—Root simple.
Fl. with the upper pet. purple, lateral ones bluish, lower one
yellow. Caps. ovate. Terminal lobe of the stip. often having
only one tooth on each side.—f. V. arvensis (Murr.); pet.
shorter than the calyx whitish, caps. nearly globular. E. B.S
2712.—Common. A. V.—IX. Heartsease, Pansy.

Order X. DROSERACE.

Sep. 5, imbricate. Pet. 5, regular. Stam. 5 or 10, free. Styles
3 or 5. Ovary free. Caps. 3—5-valved ; valves bearing the seeds
along their middle. Seeds without an arillus.—L. with a circi-
nate vernation.

1. Droszra. Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Stam. 5, hypo-
gynous. Styles 3—5, deeply bifid. Caps. 1-celled with 3—5
valves, many-seeded.

2. Parnassta. Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Pet.5. Stam. 5, peri-

ynous, with 5 scales fringed with glandular sete interposed.

cane 4, sessile. Caps. 1-celled, with 4 valves.—Differs
from this Order by wanting the circinate vernation.

1. Drosera Linn. Sundew.

1. D. rotundifolia (L.); 1. round spreading, petioles hairy, fl.-
stalks erect, seeds with a loose chaffy coat.—E. B. 867. R. ui. 24.
—Flower stalks 2—6 in. high. ‘“‘ Stigmas white, clubbed, entire.
Anth. white.” Borr. L. covered, as in all our species, with
hairs terminating in large glands secreting a viscid fluid which
retains insects that settle upon them.— Common in boggy places.
P. VIL. VIII. Rouwnd-leaved Sundew.

2. D. intermedia (Hayn.); 1. spathulate obtuse erect, petioles
glabrous, fl.-stalks arcuate or decumbent at the base, seeds with
a close rough not chaffy coat.—R. iii. 24. D. longifolia Sm. E. B.
868. —“Stig. pink, bifid. Anth. yellow.’ Borr. A variety
with shorter leaves and the flower stalks shorter than the leaves
is sometimes found.—Common in boggy places. P. VII. VIII.

3. D. anglica (Huds.); 1. obovate-lanceolate obtuse erect, pe-
tioles glabrous, fl.-stalks erect, seeds with a loose chaffy coat.—
38 11. POLYGALACES.

E. B. 869. D. longifolia R. iii. 24., Koch. Fries—Much larger
and taller than the last. A variety, D. obovata (M. and K.), is
common in Scotland with broader leaves and the styles often,
though not always, emarginate—In bogs, rather rare, common
im Tyeland. P. VII. VIII.

2. Parnassia Linn.

1. P. palustris (L.); filaments of the petaloid scales 9-13,
pet. with a short claw, radical 1. cordate stalked, stem-1. amplexi-
caule.—E. B. 82.—Pet. white, veined. Glands of the scales
yellow. L. mostly radical—Wet and boggy places, particularly
in the north. P. VIII.—X.

Order XI. POLYGALACEA.

Sep. 5, imbricate, irregular, 2 interior much larger petaloid.
Pet. unequal, usually 3, 1 anterior and larger than the rest.
Stam. monadelphous, separating above into 2 equal opposite
bundles. Anth. l-celled, opening by a pore at their apex. Caps.
1—2-celled, with placentas in the axis. Seeds pendulous, usually
with an arillus at the base.

1. Potycaua. Sep. 5, persistent, 2 inner (wings) broader
and often petaloid. Cor. irregular. Pet. 3—5, connected
together, the lower one keelshaped. Caps. compressed.
Seeds solitary, with a 3-pointed basal arillus.

1. Potyeaua Linn. Milkwort.

1. P. vulgaris (L.); lower 1. smaller oblong, upper 1. lmear-
lanceolate, fl. crested, wings of the cal. obovate mucronate, the
lateral nerves branched and anastomosing with an oblique branch
of the central nerve, caps. orbicular-oblong-obcordate sessile,
lateral bracts shorter than the pedicels—H#. B. 76.—All the
nerves of the wings branched (the middle one least) and ana-
stomosing, the lateral ones not reaching to the extremity of the
wing but joining a branch of the central one, never (I believe)
the central one itself. FI. blue, pink or white. —8. P. depressa
(Wend.); lower 1. mostly opposite and crowded on the lower part
of the prostrate wiry stems.—y. P. oxyptera (R.); fl. smaller, fr.
broader than the calyx-wings. FE. B. S. 2827.—A plant from
Ben Bulben, Shgo, which is probably distinct, has the lower
leaves oblong and rather small, upper lanceolate and large, wings
of the cal. elliptical apiculate, their Jateral nerves rejoining the
central nerve near the apex and with numerous anastomosing
branches externally, central nerve usually quite simple. L. much
larger and fl. deep blue-—Dry pastures and peaty fens. P. VI.
—IXx.
12. FRANKENIACEH,.—13. ELATINACES. 39

2. P. calearea (Schultz); 1. chiefly in an irregular terminal
tuft large obovate obtuse, l. of flowering shoot smaller lanceolate,
fl. crested, wings of the calyx oblong, the lateral nerves distinct
from the central nerve at the apex all branched, caps. obcordate-
orbicular sessile, lateral bracts shorter than the pedicels.—P.
amara (Don) E. B. 8. 2746. R. exsic. 749. P. amarella Coss.. et
Germ. Atl. Fl, Par.t.7. On the wings the branches are some-
times slightly confluent but the lateral nerves never rejoin the
central one, rarely they anastomose with an oblique branch of
it. Fl. blue.—Chalk hills of the south-east of England. P. V.

E.

Order XII. FRANKENIACHA.

Sep. 4—5, in w furrowed tube below. Pet. 5, clawed, with
appendages at the base of the limb. Stam. 5 or more, free, 2-
celled, opening by 2 terminal pores or longitudimally. Caps. 1-
celled, 2—4-valved ; placentas 3, parietal. Style slender, simple
or trifid. Seeds numerous, minute. Embryo in the albumen.

1. Franxenta. Style 3-fid.: lobes oblong with the stigma
on their inner side. Caps. 1-celled, 3—4 valved.

1. Franxenta Linn.

1. F. levis (L.); UL. linear revolute at the margin glabrous
ciliated at the base.—E. B. 205.—St. slightly downy, prostrate,
wiry. Cal. slightly hispid between its prominent angles. FI.
terminal or from the forks of the stem, sessile, rose-coloured.
L. sometimes pulverulent, truly oblong but with much revolute
edges.—Salt marshes on the east coast. P. VIII. i.

2. F. pulverulenta (L.); 1. obovate retuse glabrous above pul-
verulent beneath, petiole ciliated. —H. B. 2222.—St. similar to
;the last.—Formerly on the Sussex coast, now lost. A.V. E.

Order XIII. ELATINACEA.

Sep. 3—5, distinct, or slightly connate. Pet. 3—5. Stam.
equal to or twice as many as the pet., free. Caps. 3—5-celled,
3—5-valved, loculicidal, with central placentas. Styles 3—5,
stigmas capitate. Seeds numerous, albumen 0, embryo curved
with the seed.—L. without stipules, opposite.

1. Evatine. Cal. 3—4-parted. Pet.3—4. Stam.3—4 or

6—8. Styles 3—4. Caps 3—4-celled, many-seeded. Seeds
cylindrical, straight or bent.

1. Evarine Linn.
1. E. herandra (DC.); 1. opposite longer than their petioles,
40 14. CARYOPHYLLACES.

fl. slightly stalked with 6 stam. and 3 obovate pet., caps. turbi-
nate concave at the summit 3-celled, seeds nearly straight as-
cending 8—12 in each cell.—R. I. f.599. E. Hydropiper E. B.
955. . tripetala Sm.—Plant minute, procumbent. 1. alter-
nate, axillary. Cal. 3-fid—Forming small matted tufts under
water, rare. A. VIII.

2. E. Hydropiper (L.); 1. opposite shorter than their petioles,
fl. stalked or nearly sessile with 8 stam. and 4 ovate pet., caps.
roundish depressed 4-celled, seeds bent almost double pendulous
4 in each cell.—B. B. 8.2670. E. Schkukriana (Hayne) Reich.
—F. quite sessile in our plant. Cal. 4-fid.—Very rare, growing
under water. A. VIII. E. I.

Order XIV. CARYOPHYLLACE.

Sep. 5 or 4, distinct or connected in a tube. Pet. 5 or 4,
clawed. Stam. usually twice as many as, sometimes equal to,
the petals, free or connected at the base. Anth. opening longi-
tudinally. Ovary one, often stalked. Stigmas 2—5, sessile,
filiform. Caps. 1- or imperfectly 2—5-celled, opening by twice
as many teeth as stigmas, sometimes valvular. Placenta central.
Embryo generally curved round mealy albumen.—L. without
stipules, opposite.

Suborder I. SILENEZ.

Sep. connected into a tube. Stam. connected below into a
tube which is connate with the stalk (carpophore) of the ovary.
Caps. stalked.

1. Diantuus. Cal. 5-toothed, with 2 or more imbricated
opposite scales at the base (except in D. prolifer). Pet. 5,
clawed. Stam.10. Styles 2. Caps. 1-celled, many-seeded,
opening at the top with 4 valves. Seeds peltate, convex
above, concave beneath and more or less keeled.

2. Saponaria. Cal. 5-toothed, naked at the base. Pet. 5,
clawed. Stam. 10. Styles 2. Caps. 1-celled, opening at
the top with 4 valves. Seeds globular or reniform.

{3. CucuBauus. Cal. 5-toothed, naked. Pet 5, clawed.
Stam. 10. Styles 3. Caps. a globose 1-celled berry. Seeds
reniform. |

4. SILENE. Cal. 5-toothed, naked. Pet. 5, clawed. Stam. 10.
Styles 3. Caps. more or less completely 3-celled, opening
at the top with 6 valves. Seeds remform.

5. Lycunis. Cal. 5-toothed, naked. Pet. 5,clawed. Stam.

10. Styles 5. Caps. 1- or half 5-celled, opening at the top
with 5 or 10 teeth.
DIANTHUS. 4)

Suborder II. ALSINEA.

Sep. distinct. Stam. free, inserted into a more or less evident
hypogynous ring. Caps. sessile.

* Valves of caps. the same number as the styles.

(6. Burronia. Sep. 4. Pet. 4, entire. Stam. 4. Styles 2.
Caps. flattened, 2-valved, 2-seeded.]

7. Sacina. Sep., entire pet., styles and valves of caps.4—5.
Seeds reniform, wingless. Stam. 4—10.

8. Honxengsa. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, large. Stam. 10, alter-
nating with glands. Styles and valves 3. Seeds few, large.

9. Ausing. Sep. and pet. 5 or4. Styles and valves 3 (or 4).
Seeds numerous (in A, peploides few) with a naked hilum.

10. Cuerieria. Sep. 5. Pet. 0 or 5, minute. Stam. 10,
outer ones opposite to the sep. and springing from an oblong
emarginate glandular base. Styles and valves 3. Seeds
few, small. :

** Valves of the caps. twice as many us the styles.

11. Monurinetra. Sep. 5. Pet. 4—5, entire or slightly emar-
ginate. Stam. 8 or 10. Styles 2—3. Caps. opening with
4 or 6 valves. Seeds numerous, with an appendage at the
hilum.

12. ArENARIA. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, entire, or slightly emargi-
nate. Stam. 10. Styles 3. Caps. opening with 6 valves.
Seeds numerous, with a naked hilum.

13. Hotosteum. Sep.5. Pet. 5, toothed at the end. Stam.
5or3or4. Styles 3. Caps. subcylindrical, many-seeded,
opening at the end with 6 teeth.

14. Srentarta. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, bifid. Stam. 10. Styles 3.
Caps. opening with 6 valves or teeth, many-seeded.

15. Moencnta. Sep. 4, erect. Pet. 4, entire. Stam. 4.
Caps. many-seeded, opening at the end with 8 or 10 teeth.

16. Mauracnium. Sep.5. Pet. 5, bifid or entire. Stam. 10.
Styles 5. Caps. opening with 5 bifid valves.

17. Cerastium. Sep.5. Pet.5, bifid. Stam. 10 or 5 or 4.
Styles 5 or 4. Caps. tubular, opening at the end with 10
teeth—In C. trigynum the styles are mostly 3.

Suborder I. Silenee.
1. Diantruus Linn.
* Fl. capitate or clustered.
1. D. prolifer (L.); fi. in a clustered head, cal.-scales mem-
42 14. CARYOPHYLLACE.

branous pellucid the 2 outer ones shorter mucronate, mner ones
obtuse about equalling the calyx, st. glabrous, 1. all linear, seeds
boatshaped with a longitudinal membrane in the hollow rough
pointed at one end.—#. B. 956. R. vi. 247.—St. 1—1¥ ft. high,
erect, usually simple. Fl. expanding one at a time, small. Pet.
rose-coloured, obcordate. Head quite inclosed by brown dry
scales.—Sandy and gravelly places, rare. A. VII

2. D. Armeria(L.); fi. aggregate tufted, cal.-scales and bracts
lanceolate-subulate downy herbaceous ribbed equalling the tube,
st. downy, 1. lear downy, seeds nearly flat one side slightly hol-
lowed and with a longitudinal keel in its middle rough pomted
at one end.—E. B. 317. R. vi. 249.—St. 1—2 feet high, erect,
branched. Pet. rose-coloured, speckled with white dots, crenate.
—wWaste places, rare. A. VII. VIII. Deptford Pink. E.

** Fl. solitary or panicled.

+3. D. plumarius (L.); st. 2—5-flowered, fl. solitary, cal.-
scales roundish-ovate shortly mucronate 4 times shorter than the
tube, J. rough at the margin lmear-subulate, pet. digitate multifid
as far as the middle with the central entire part obovate downy,
barren st. procumbent rooting much branched, seeds flat orbicular
with a pomt on one side.—R. vi. 257.—F lowering stems 6—12
in. high. Calyx teeth ciliated at the margin, slightly shorter
than the capsule. FI. pale pink, sometimes white, fragrant.—
Old walls and ruins. P. VI.

+4. D. Caryophyllus (L.); fl. solitary, cal.-scales broadly ob-
ovate pointed 4 times shorter than the tube, J. with smooth mar~
gins linear, pet. crenate-dentate ovate glabrous, barren st. elon-
gated procumbent branching, seeds pyriform nearly flat—E. B.
214. R. vi. 268.—Fl. stems 12—18 mm. high. Calyx teeth not
ciliated, longer than the capsule. FI. pale pmk, fragrant. Seeds
half the size of those of the preceding —Old walls, Kent, Nor-
wich (?). P. VII. VIII. Clove Pink. E. 8.

5. D. cesius (Sm.); st. mostly single-flowered, cal.-scales ad-
pressed ovate obtuse shortly pomted 4 times shorter than the
tube, 1. with rough margins linear, pet. obovate crenately-cut
bearded, barren stems elongated procumbent branching, seeds
ovate pomted at one end.—Z#. B. 62. R. vi. 265.—Flowering
stem 6—8 in. high. Fl. pale rose-colour, fragrant.—On lime-
stone cliffs at Cheddar, Som. P.VI. VII. Cheddar Pink.  E.

6. D. deltoides (L.); fl. solitary, cal.-scales usually 2 ovate
aristate 4 the length of the tube, \. linear-lanceolate the lower
ones obtuse rough at the edges and keel, stem-1. acute and as well
as the st. pubescent-scabrous, pet. obovate dentate, barren st.
short procumbent simple (?), seeds obovate flat reticulate-rugose.
—E. B. 61. R. vi. 263.—Flowering-stems 6—12 in. high,
SAPONARIA.—SILENE. 43

branched. Calyx teeth lanceolate, minutely ciliated. Fi. rose-
coloured, with a darker circle round the mouth, scentless.—/.
D. glaucus (L.); 1. glaucous, cal.-scales usually 4, fl. nearly white
with a purple circle.—Hilly pastures. 8. King’s Park, Edin-
burgh. P. VI—IX. Maiden Pink.

2. Saponaria Linn.

1. S. officinalis (L.); fl. fasciculate-corymbose, cal. cylindrical,
pet. retuse crowned, 1. elliptic-lanceolate ribbed, st. erect—E. B.
1060, R. vi. 245. St. 6. 10.—St. 1—3 feet high, stout, leafy.
Fi. flesh-coloured or pale pink, large, handsome.—8. hybrida
(L.); some of the upper 1. combined and sheathing, pet. com-
pined.—Hedges, mostly near villages. Banks of streams on the
borders of Wales. P. VIII. Soapwort.

3. CucuBaLus Linn.

(1. C. bacciferus (L.); st. branched spreading, 1. ovate acute,
cal. campanulate, pet. distant.— EH. B.1577.—Fruit fleshy.—Isle
of Dogs near London, scarcely native. P. VIII.]

4, Sttene Linn.

1. S. anglica (L.); racemes terminal, fl. alternate, cal. hairy
with setaceous teeth ovate when in fruit, pet. slightly cloven or
entire obovate, |. lanceolate lower ones spathulate—£. B. 1178.
—Hairy and viscid. St. simple or branched, erect. _F. solitary,
secund, axillary, white or reddish.—. autumnalis (Bromf.); st.
elongated diffuse, fr.-st. finally reflexed—y. S. quinquevulnera
(L.); fl. white with a large crimson spot upon the disk of each
usually entire petal. &. B. 86.—Sandy and gravelly fields. 8.
Duppas Hill, Swrey, and Wrotham, Kent. A. VI—X. En-
glish Catchfly.

2. S. nutans (L.); pubescent, glandular-viscid above, panicle
secund with drooping trichotomous opposite 3—7-flowered
branches, cal. ventricose with acute teeth, pet. bifid crowned,
segments linear, lower 1. spathulate, stem-l. sessile lanceolate,
teeth of the caps. reflexed— E. B.465.—St. 1} foot high. Car-
pophore scarcely half as long as the capsule. FI. white, most
expanded and sweetest in the evening.—8. S. paradoxa (Sm.) ; 1.
broader.—On limestone and chalky places. 8. Dover Cliffs. P.
VI. VIL. Nottingham Catehfly. E. 8.

[3. S. italica (Pers.); pubescent, panicle nearly erect with op-
posite trichotomous viscid branches, cal. long clavate with obtuse
teeth, pet. bifid not crowned, segments broad, lower 1. lanceolate-
spathulate, stem-l. linear-lanceolate, teeth of the capsule reflexed
(2).—S. patens (Peete) E. B. S. 2748.—St. about 2 feet high.
44 14. CARYOPHYLLACES.

Carpophore as long as the capsule.—An escape from cultivation.
The station at Dover is an error. P. VI. VIL] E.S.

4. S. Otites (Sm.); panicle elongate with opposite tufted ver-
ticillate-racemose branches, whorls many-flowered, peduncles
glabrous, cal. faintly nerved smooth with obtuse teeth, pet. linear
undivided not crowned, 1. lanceolate-spathulate, stem-l. small
lear erect.—E. B. $5.—FI. imperfectly dicecious, small, yellow-
ish. Caps. sessile. St. viscid at about the middle, 1 foot high.
—Sandy and gravelly places in the east of England. P. VI. E,

5. S. inflata (Sm.); panicle terminal, fl. numerous drooping,
cal. inflated reticulated, pet. deeply cloven scarcely ever crowned,
segments narrow, 1. elliptical-lanceolate, stem erect.—H. B. 164.
—Glabrous, smooth. St.2—3 feet high. Inflorescence between
corymbose and panicled. Pet. white. Cal. inflated especially
below, mouth narrower than the base. Bracts scarious. Branches
of panicle unequal. Scented at night.—. hirsuta (Leight.); st.
and 1. rough with hairs. “Cal. downy.” Hooker.—Fields and
roadsides. 8. rarer. P. VI.—VIII. Bladder Campion.

6. S. maritima (With.); panicle terminal, fl. few usually soli-
tary erect, cal. inflated reticulated, pet. crowned, segments broad,
1. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, st. spreading decumbent, fl.
shoots ascending.—E. B. 957.—Barren procumbent shoots form-
ing acushion. Fl. larger than those of No. 5. Cal. elliptical,
mouth broader than base, most inflated above the middle. Bracts
herbaceous.—Near the sea, also by alpine nls. P. VI.—VIII.

7. 8. conica (L.) st. erect forked, fl. from the forks or terminal,
cal. with 30 furrows conical in fruit umbilicate below, teeth
subulate acute, pet. obcordate crowned, 1. hnear-subulate downy,
caps. oblong-ovate.—E. B. 922. 8. conoidea R.—St. 3—12 in.
high, simple or branched. Cal. of the flowers conical-tubular,
rounded below, of the fruit very broad at the base. Carpophore
very short. Fl. reddish—In sandy fields, rare. A. V. VI.

8. S. noctiflora (L.); st. erect repeatedly forked, fl. from the
forks or terminal, cal. veined and with 10 hairy glandular ribs
in fruit elliptic-oblong, teeth long subulate, pet. deeply bifid
crowned, |. lanceolate lower ones obovate, caps. ovate. —E. B.
291. St. 3. 10.—L. much like those of S. inflata but longer.
St. about 1 foot high, downy and glandular. Carpophore very
short. Fi. reddish-white, rather large, sweet-scented in the
evening, peduncles glandular.—Sandy and gravelly fields. A.
VIL. VIII.

(9. S. Armeria (L.); “ panicles forked many-flowered level-
topped, pet. cloven each with a double awlshaped scale, cal. and
1, smooth, caps. not longer than its stalk.” Sm.—E. B. 1398.
LYCHNIS. 45

St. 21. 4.—Half a mile below Chester on the banks of the Dee,
now lost. Yalding, Kent. Mr. E. Edwards. A. VII.] E.

[10. S. alpestris (Jacq.); cal. topshaped short, st. dichoto-
mous, fi. axillary and terminal, calyx-teeth ovate-obtuse, pet.
crowned, limb with 4 teeth, caps. oblong twice as long as the
calyx, seeds cristate-ciliate, 1. lanceolate-—“ On a rock on a
mountain to the east of Clova, Angus-shire, Mr. G. Don.” Mr.
Borrer’s Herbarium. ]

11. S. acaulis (L.); st. densely tufted and much branched, fl.
solitary, peduncles and cal. glabrous, cal. bellshaped with 10
striz, teeth ovate-obtuse, pet. slightly notched crowned, 1. linear
ciliated below.—E. B. 1081. R. 5084.—Forming broad dense
tufts 2—3 in. high. Fl. purple or white, upon longish solitary
stalks, sometimes nearly sessile. Caps. twice as long as the
calyx. Plants somewhat dicecious—Summits of the higher
mountains. P. VIL. VIII. Moss Campion.

5. Lycanis Linn.

1. L. Viscaria (L.); pet. emarginate crowned, st. glabrous
viscid below the joinings, 1. lanceolate glabrous the margins woolly
at the base, fl. racemose-panicled somewhat whorled, carpophore
3 the length of the capsule.—E. B. 788.—St. simple, 1 foot high.
Fi. large, rose-coloured. Caps. 5-celled when young. Seeds
reniform, minute, acutely tubercled.—Dry rocks, rare. P. VI.

E. 8.

2. L. alpina (L.); pet. cloven scarcely crowned, st. glabrous
not at all viscid, |. lmear-lanceolate glabrous sometimes minutely
ciliated at the base, fl. corymbose, carpophore 3 of the length of
the capsule.—E. B. 2254,—St. simple, 5—6 in. high. Fl. small,
rose-coloured, crown scarcely more than 2 small tubercles upon
each petal. Caps. 5-celled when young. Seeds reniform, minute,
bluntly tubercled.—Mountains. Glen Isla, Forfar. (3200 ft.).
Hobearten Crag, Cumb. (2000 ft.). Mr. R. Mathews. Bee
VI. WSs

3. L. Flos-cuculi (L.); pet. deeply 4-cleft crowned, segments
linear palmately diverging, cal. with short teeth, st. with deflexed
hairs, 1. lanceolate the lower ones narrowed below, fi. loosely
panicled, caps. 1-celled, teeth 5, carpophore very short.—E. B.
573.—St. viscid and brownish above, 1—2 feet high. Pet. rose-
coloured, the crown bipartite: segments subulate erect and
usually with an acute tooth on the middle of the outer margin.
Cal. 10-ribbed.—Moist places. P.V. VI. Ragged Robin.

4. L. vespertina (Sibth.); pet. half bifid crowned, st. villose,
1. peduncles and cal. hairy, 1. ovate-lanceolate, fl. dichotomously
panicled dicecious, calyz-teeth of the fertile fi. linear lanceolate
46 14, CARYOPHYLLACEZ.

elongated, caps. conical, teeth 10 erect.—St. 23. 9. R. vi. 304.
L. dioica 8. (L.) E. B. 1580.—F1. white, very rarely reddish.
Calyx of barren fl. obovate-oblong; of fertile fl. ovate, teeth
twice as long as those of L. diurna.—Fields. B. (?) VI.—IX.
White Campion.

5. L. diurna (Sibth.) ; pet. half bifid crowned, st. 1. and calyces
villose, 1. ovate acute, fl. dichotomously panicled, dicecious, calyx-
teeth of the fertile fl. triangular, caps. nearly globular, teeth 10
refleced —St. 23. 8. R. vi. 304. L. dioica a. (L.) E. B. 1579.—
FI. red, very rarely nearly white. The E. B. figures are not accu-
rate in the form of the calyx-teeth. Both No. 4 and 5 vary in
colour from red to white and white to red.—Damp hedgebanks.
B. (2) V. VI. Red Campion.

6. L. Githago (Lam.); pet. entire crownless, calyx teeth longer
than the tube and also the petals, fi. solitary upon long stalks.—~
Agrostemma (L.) E. B. 741. St. 5. 6.—Fl. large, purple. St.
dichotomous, 2—3 feet high. Cal. coriaceous, ribbed, with 5
linear-lanceolate constantly erect-patent very long segments.
Caps. 5-toothed.—Corn-fields. A. VI—VIII. Corn Cockle.

Suborder II. Alsinee.

6. Burronia Linn.

[l. B. annua (DC.); “st. loosely panicled from the base,
branches spreading short firm, striz on the calyx straight parallel,
caps. scarcely equalling the calyx, 1. subulate spreading at the
base.” DC.—B. tenuifolia Sm., E. B. 1313.—Said to have been
found near Boston, Linc. and on Hounslow Heath. A.VI.] E.

7. Sacina Linn.

* Sep., pet., stam., styles and valves of caps. 4.

1. S. procumbens (L.); central st. very short, branches elongated
procumbent, J. linear awned, sep. blunt much longer than the
petals and slightly shorter than the capsule, apex of the peduncles
refiexed after flowermg ultimately erect.—E. B. 880. R. v. 201.
St. 30. 3.—Glabrous. Central st. very short, barren and erect.
Branches elongated, procumbent, often rooting. Pet. blunt,
often wanting. A fifth part is occasionally added to the fl. in
which case it is distinguished from S. saaatilis by its cal. spread-
ing when in fruit and styles reflexed during flowering. A fleshy
maritime form is often taken for 8. maritima.—B. spinosa (Gibs.);
1. longer and narrower very minutely spinose-ciliated on the
edges.— Waste ground. P. V.—IX.

2. S. apetala (Hard.); st. elongated forked, branches ascend-
ing, J. linear mucronate, sep. blunt much longer than the petals
SAGINA. 47

and shorter than the capsule hooded ultimately spreading in the
form of a cross, peduncles always erect.—E. B. 881. R. v. 200.
—Pale green, upper part of the stem, peduncles and calyx more
or less clothed with glandular hairs. Central st. elongated and
flowermg. Branches often quite erect, sometimes prostrate.
Pet. very minute, inversely wedgeshaped and truncate. Caps.
conical-ovate, subpeltate below, stalked.—S. debilis (Jord.) has
awnless 1., sep. equalling and spreading from the ripe caps., and
may be a maritime state of S. apetala. It is often called S. ma-
ritima in England. S. maritima (Gren.) has a central rosette
and may be a form of S. procumbens.—Walls and dry places.
A. V.—IX.

3. 8. ciliata (Fr.); st. elongated, branches diffuse or spread-
ing, 1. linear awned, outer sep. pointed exceeding and adpressed to
the mature caps., their tips patent —R. v. 200. S. patula Jord.,
S. apetala y. Bab.—Glabrous. Central st. elongated and flower-
ing. Cal. and tips of ped. sometimes with gland-tipped hairs.
Caps. ovate-attenuate, rounded below, stalked.—Dry places. “4
V. VI. :

4. S. maritima (Don); central st. elongated forked, branches
ascending, J. fleshy blunt oy apiculate rounded at the back glabrous,
sep. blunt about equalling the capsule, peduncles always erect.—
E. B. 2195. S. stricta Fries.—The central stem produces flowers
and is erect, or in luxuriant plants more or less procumbent.
Sep. concave with incurved tips. Caps. ovate, rounded below,
sessile—On the sea-shore. (Fries states that his plant some-
times occurs upon mountains in Norway.) A.V.—IX. Sea
Pearlwort.

** Sep., pet., styles and valves 5. Stam.10. SPERGELLA. Reich.

5. 8. saxatilis (Wimm.); central st. short and barren, 1, linear
mucronate smooth, st. peduncles and cal. glabrous, pet. shorter
caps. longer than the calyx.—Spergula saginoides Sm., E. B.
2105.—St. prostrate, slightly rooting, numerous. Peduncles long,
their apices reflexed after flowermmg ultimately erect. Caps.
rather longer than the calyx, sometimes twice the length. Closely
resembling S. procumbens but distinguished by the valves of its
capsule bemmg much more narrowed upwards, sep. adpressed and
narrower, pet. longer, styles not reflexed.— Highland mountains.
P. VIL—VIII. S.

6. S. subulata (Wimm.) ; 1. awned linear often ciliated, pedun-
cles and calyx glandular hairy, pet. about as long caps. longer
than the calyx.—Spergula Sm., EH. B. 1082.—St. procumbent.
Peduncles very long, the apex slightly reflexed after flowering
ultimately erect. Caps. ovate-attenuate, rounded below, sessile.
—Dry gravelly and sandy places. P. VI—VIII.
48 14. CARYOPHYLLACES.

[Mr. J. Backhouse found on Glass Mhiel, Forfarshire, a plant
which may be S. nivalis (Fr.); cespitose, central st. elongated,
1. linear mucronate glabrous, ped. and cal. glabrous or “ slightly
glandular-hairy,” pet. entire shorter than the caps. slightly ex-
ceeding the calyx.—A. cespitosa Fl. Dan. t. 2289.—More like
S. subulata than S. saxatilis.]

7. 8. nodosa (E. Meyer); 1. subulate glabrous, upper J. shorter
fasciculate, pet. much longer than the calyx, peduncles always
erect.—Spergula Sm., E. B.694.— Primary stem abbreviated, not
flowering ; lateral stems procumbent at the base then ascending,
2—6 in. long. Fl. terminal, 1, 2 or 3 together, white, conspicu-
ous. Whole plant often quite glabrous. Sometimes (8. pube-
scens. S. glandulosa Bess.) the upper parts of the stem, the con-
necting membrane of the leaves and the base of the calyx are
glandular-hairy.— Wet and sandy places. P.VII. VIII. Knot-
ted Spurrey.

8. Honxenesa Ehrh.

1. H. peploides (Ehrh.); 1. sessile ovate acute fleshy glabrous
l1-nerved, pet. obovate, sep. ovate obtuse 1-nerved shorter than
the petals.—Arenaria E. B. 189.—St. dichotomous, procumbent,
rhizomatous. Fl. from the forks of the stem, frequently diceci-
ous. oe large, globose. Seeds few, large.—Sandy sea-coasts.
P. VI—IX.

9. Austins Wail.

1. A. stricta (Wahl.); 2. filiform nerveless, fl.-shoots erect
naked above, pet. equalling the cal. oblong-oval attenuated
below, sep. ovate-lanceolate acute 3-nerved (when dry), ped. ter-
minal 1—3 very long.—Ayren. uliginosa EF. B.S. 2890. Alsiuanthe
R. v. 209.—St. prostrate, caespitose.— Teesdale moors, very rare.
Mr. J. Backhouse. P. VI. E

2. A. verna (Jacq.); J. lmear-subulate acute 3-nerved, pet.
exceeding the calyx rounded-ohovate attenuated below, sep. ovate-
lanceolate acute 3-nerved with a membranous margin, peduncles
1- or many-flowered.—Arenaria Sm., E. B. 512. Triphane R.
vy. 207.—L. usually not adpressed and mostly with a minute
point.—f. A. Gerardi (R.); 1. subulate bluntish not apiculate,
pet. elliptical shortly clawed scarcely longer than the calyx. L.
usually pressed close to the stem.—Rocky places in mountainous
districts. 8. On the hills above Kynance Cove near the Lizard
Point, Cornwall. P. V.—IX.

3. A. rubella (Wahl.); 7. linear-subulate blunt 3-nerved, pet.
obovate attenuated below shorter than the calyx, sep. ovate-lan-
ceolate acute 3-nerved with a membranous margin, peduncles
1-flowered.—E. B. S. 2638. Wahl. Lap. t. 6.—St. numerous.
CHERLERIA.—ARENARIA. 49

Flowering shoots terminal, downy, nearly always single-fiowered,
about an inch long, with 1—3 pairs of leaves. Ped. longer than
the calyx. Styles and valves of the capsule 3—5.—Summits of
the Scotch mountains, very rare. P. VII. VIII. s.

4. A. tenuifolia Wahl.) ; 1. subulate acute 3-nerved, pet. ovate
attenwated below shorter than the calyx, sep. lanceolate-subulate
3-nerved with a membranous margin.—Arenaria Sm., E. B.219.
Sabulina R.—St. slender, 4—6 in. high, much branched, dicho-
tomous, with flowers in the forks. Glabrous.—8. A. viscosa
(Schreb.); upper parts of cal. only covered with patent gland-
tipped hairs.—Sandy and chalky places. A. V. VI. 5

[5. A. fastigiata; 1. subulate acute 3-nerved, pet. oblong obtuse
half the length of the calyx, sep. lanceolate acute equal (white)
with 2 central (green) ribs.—.4renaria Sm., E. B. 1744. Minu-
artia R. v. 206.—* Mountains of Fifeshire and on the mountains
to the westward of Clova.” Mr. G. Don. A. VI.]

10. Cuerteria Linn.

1. C. sedoides (L.).—E. B. 1212.—Pet. generally wanting.
Fl. solitary, on short stalks. St. very numerous, forming a dense
mass close to the ground. L. very numerous, linear-subulate,
finely ciliated.—Summits of mountains. P. VI.—VIII. s.

11. Morurinetia Linn.

1. M. trinervis (Clairv.); 1. ovate acute stalked 3—5-nerved
the upper ones sessile, pet. shorter than the calyx, sep. lanceolate
acute 3-ribbed the intermediate rib strongest and rough—R.
v. 216. Arenaria Sm., E. B.1483.—St. about a foot high, weak,
branched, downy. F. solitary from the forks of the stem and
axils of the upper leaves. Ped. ultimately spreading and curved
just below the fruit. Lateral nerves of the sep. often obsolete.
Distinguished from Arenaria and Alsine by the appendages to the
hilum of its seeds —Damp shady places. A. V. VI.

12. Arenaria Linn.

1. A. serpyllifolia (L.) ; 1. ovate acute subscabrous sessile, pet.
shorter than the calyx, sep. lanceolate acute 3-ribbed hairy.—
E. B. 923. R. v. 216.—St. prostrate or ascending dichotomous.
F\. from the forks of the stem or the axils of the upper leaves.
Pet. narrowly ovate, narrowed below. Clothed all over with
minute hairs which are sometimes glandular. According to
Hooker (Br. F]. 53.) Wilson finds a plant at Bangor with 5 stam.,
the pet. only } as long as the cal. and the sep. with prominent
ribs.—8. tenuior (Koch); stems much more slender, fl. and fr.
of half the size. Dry places and walls. A. VI.—VIII.

2. A. ciliata (L.); 1. spathulate ciliated, pet. exceeding the
D
50 l4d. CARYOPHYLLACE.

calyx, sep. ovate-lanceolate with 3 prominent ribs—E. B. 1745.
R. v.217.—St. much branched, prostrate, rough. Fl. 1—65, ter-
minal, somewhat panicled. Pet. ovate, slightly clawed.—Lime-
stone cliffs on Ben Bulben, &c., Sligo. P. VI. VII. I.

3. A. norvegica (Gunn.); 1. spathulate obovate fleshy not cili-
ated, pet. exceeding the calyx, sep. ovate acute obscurely 3-ribbed
glabrous —E, B. S$, 2852.—St. much branched, procumbent,
nearly smooth. Fl. 1—3, terminal. Pet. ovate, slightly clawed.
Seed dark brown, tuberculated.—On Serpentine Hill, Unst, Shet-
land. P. VII. VIII. S.

13. Hotosteum Linn.

1. H. umbellatum (L.); fl. umbellate, peduncles pubescent
viscid, pedicels reflexed after flowering, 1. elliptical or elongate
acute.—E. B. 27. R. v. 221.—On old walls and dry places at
Norwich, Bury, Eye and Yarmouth. A. IV. E.

14. Sreutuaria Linn,

* Seeds on a linear elongate columella.

1. S. nemorum (L.); st. ascending downy above, 1. stalked
heartshaped, upper 1. ovate sessile, panicle dichotomous, pedun-
cles alternately pubescent, pet. deeply bifid twice as long as the
lanceolate sepals, caps. longer than the calyx.—E. B. 92. R.
vy, 252.—St. 1—1} foot high. L. large, rough on the upper sur-
face, ciliated. Sep. with narrow scarious margins.—Damp woods,
chiefly in the north. P. V. VI. Wood Stitchwort.

** Caps. rounded below or scarcely if at all narrowed ; colu-
mella very short.

2. S. media (Wither.); st. procumbent and ascending with
an alternate hairy line, l. ovate shortly pointed stalked, upper I.
sessile, fl. axillary and terminal, pet. deeply bifid not exceeding
the ovate-lanceolate single-ribbed glandular-pilose sepals, caps.
oblong longer than the calyx—E. B. 537. R. v. 222.—Very
variable in length of stems, size of leaves, number of stamens
(3~10), and length of internodes. Sep. with a narrow scarious
margin, glabrous or with long hairs. Pet. sometimes wanting.
Fruitstalks reflexed. L. glabrous with broad ciliated petioles.—
B. S. neglecta (Weihe); 1. larger with longer stalks, upper 1.
sessile and subcordate slightly amplexicaule, stam. 10.—y. S$. um-
brosa (Opitz) ; 1. narrowed gradually into long points, cal. more
narrowed below, sep. lanceolate acute glabrous but tubercular,
valves of the caps. narrower, seeds with prominent acute tubercles.
St. much branched, slender. 8S. grandiflora (Ten.) Woods.—
Common. y. Sussex. A. TIT.—XI. Common Chickweed.,
STELLARIA. 51

3. S. Holostea (L.); st. ascending angular with rough angles,
l. lanceolate-attenuate acute with a rough margin and keel all
sessile, fl. in a forked panicle, pet. half bifid twice as long as the
lanceolate nerveless sepals, caps. globose about as long as the
calyx, bracts leaflike—E. B. 511. R. v. 223.—St. 1—2 feet high,
slender and procumbent at the base, thicker upwards. L. gradu-
ally narrowing from a little above the base to the very acute point.
Fl. large, white, few, in a leafy panicle—Woods and hedges. P.
IV.—VI. Greater Stitchwort.

4. S. glauca (Wither.) ; st. erect weak angular smooth, I. linear-
lanceolate acute quite smooth sessile, lower 1. broader, fl. solitary
or in a few-flowered lax corymb. pet. bipartite exceeding the
lanceolate 3-nerved sepals, caps. oblong-ovate about as long as
the calyx, bracts with scarious and glabrous margins.—E. B. 825.
R. v. 223.—Usually glaucous. St. 6—12 in. high, leafy. Fi.
rarely solitary. Pet. white, sometimes much exceeding the cal.,
segments linear. S. palustris (Retz.) is the older and better name
but has not been adopted by authors.—Marshy places. P. V.—
VII.

5. S. graminea (L.); st. diffuse angular smooth, J. linear-lan-
ceolate acute quite smooth ciliated below sessile, fl. in a dichoto-
mous panicle, pet. bipartite equalling or exceeding the 3-nerved
sepals, caps. oblong longer than the calyx, bracts scarious ciliated.
—E. B, 803.—St. 1—2 feet high. Fl. smaller than those of the
last 2, white. Shorter or longer pet. accompany an imperfection
of the stam. or germen,—([S. longifolia (Fr.), S. Friesiana (Koch),
has the upper part of its stem and the edges and keel of its leaves
i heathy and bushy places. P. V.—VIII.
Lesser Stitchwort.

[6. S. seapigera (Willd.); st. shorter than the peduncles erect,
1. linear-lanceolate slightly pubescent on the margins, peduncles
long rising far above the leaves slender glabrous simple or once
forked, pet. deeply divided equalling the lanceolate acute slightly
fringed 3-ribbed sepals.—E. B. 1269.—No wild specimens are
known. I can scarcely believe that this is a state of S. graminea.
—By the sides of rivulets between Loch Ereachd and Loch Lag-
gan, Scotland. Mr. G. Don. P. VI] S.

*** Caps. narrowed below, hence the cal. has a funnelshaped
base. Larrea St. Hil. not Ser.

7. S. uliginosa (Murr.) ; st. diffuse angular glabrous, 1. oblong-
lanceolate acute with a callous tip glabrous slightly ciliated below
sessile, fl. irregularly panicled lateral and terminal, pet. bipartite
shorter than the lanceolate 3-nerved sepals, caps. ovate nearly
equalling the calyx, bracts scarious with glabrous margins.—E. B.
1074.—Very variable in size, usually about a foot lone Fl. in

D
52 14. CARYOPHYLLACEZ.

small panicles mostly axillary. On the summits of the Clova
mountains (3200 feet) it is about 2 in. long, with minute leaves
and usually solitary flowers——In damp places. A. V. VI.

15. Morencuta Efhrh.

1. M. erecta (Sm.); stam. 4.—E. B. 609. R. v. 227.—Glau-
cous, st. erect, glabrous, 1—4 in. high. L. opposite, hnear-lan-
ceolate, acute, rigid. Sep. with broad white membranous mar-
gins, acute-—Dry gravelly and sandy places. A. V. VI. E.

16. Mavacuium Fries.

1. M. aquaticum (Fr.); st. decumbent and ascending angular
covered with glandular hairs, 1. cordate-ovate acuminate sessile,
the lowest one stalked, fl. scattered solitary in the forks of the
stem, pet. bipartite rather exceeding the calyx, caps. exceeding
the calyx.—R. vi. 237. Cerastium Sm. E. B. 538.—Closely re-
sembling Stellaria nemorum.—Usually in wet places. P. VII.
VIII. Water Chickweed.

17. Cerastium Linn.
* Root fibrous. Pet. not exceeding the calyx.
+ Caps. curved, pet. about equalling the calyx.

1. C. glomeratum (Thuil.); 1. ovate, sep. lanceolate acute with
a narrow membranous margin and as well as the herbaceous
bracts hairy throughout, caps. cylindrical ascending twice as long
as the calyx, fruitstalks about equalling the calyx.—C. vulgatum
Sm., E. B. 789. R. v. 229. C. viscosum Fries.—St. erect. Fi.
aggregated or in dichotomous panicles, longer than their stalks.
—£. C. apetalum (Dum.); pet. 0, whole plant usually much more
slender.—Fields and banks. A. IV.—IX.

2. C. triviale (Link); 1. oblong-lanceolate, sep. oblong-ovate
bluntish and as well as the bracts membranous at their margins
and glabrous apices, caps. cylindrical ascending twice as long as
the calyx, fruitstalks at least as long as the calyx.—R. vy. 229.
C. viscosum Sm., E. B. 790. C. vulgatum Fries —St. mostly
procumbent. Fl. larger than those of the last, in small terminal
panicles the branches of which become much elongated as the
fruit advances to maturity.—f. holosteoides (Fries) ; glabrous, the
sides of the stem alternately pubescent. St. 63. 9.—In fields.
8. Near Newcastle on Tyne; and Perth. A. or B. IV.—IX.

+t Caps. nearly straight, pet. mostly shorter than the calyx.

3. C. semidecandrum (L.); 1. broadly ovate, sep. lanceolate
broadly membranous ot their margins and apices, bracts with
their upper half membranous, caps. cylindrical slightly inflated
CERASTIUM. 53

erect longer than the calyx, fruitstalks longer than the calyx at
Jirst reflexed afterwards erect —E. B. 1630. R. v.228.—St. erect
or decumbent, downy, sometimes viscid. Distinguished by its
half membranous bracts—Common in dry places. A. IV. V.

A. C. pumilum (Curt.) ; 1. ovate or oblong, sep. lanceolate acute
with the apex and margins narrowly membranous, bracts herba-
ceous with an extremely narrow membranous margin, caps. slightly
curved upwards longer than the calyx, fruitstalks short curved at
the top declining from their base ultimately erect.—Curt. Lond.
i. 92.—Viscid. St. branched at the root, afterwards nearly
simple, prostrate, or ascending. Fi. in small terminal dichoto-
mous corymbs. The curve at the top of the fruitstalks is rather
doubtful as my authentic specimens and the figure do not clearly
show its presence or absence. It is probable that this, the C.
glutinosum (Fy.), and C. obscurum (Chaub.) are the same species
which is frequent on the continent but apparently very rare in
England. I know but little of the English plant.—Near Croy-
don, Surrey. Mr. Dickson! A. V.? E.

5. C. tetrandrum (Curt.); 1. oval or oblong, sep. lanceolate
acute their apices and margins narrowly membranous, bracts her-
baceous, caps. a little exceeding the cal. straight, fruitstalks 2—4
times as long as the caps. straight ultimately erect.—E. B. 166.
Curt. Lond. 1.93. C. pumilum Gren. C. atrovirens and C. tetran-
drum Bab.—Viscid. St. repeatedly forked from the very base
with a fl. in each fork. Bracts very broad, oval, rather acute or
apiculate, or nearly round, leaflike. An authentic specimen has
shown that my C. atrovirens is the original C. tetrandrum of
Smith and Curtis, that supposed species must therefore drop.
Latterly Smith included forms of C. semidecandrum under that
name. My C. tetrandrum is probably the young state.— Walls
and sandy places near the sea. A. V.—VII.

** Root truly perennial, with prostrate leafy shoots. Pet.
longer than the calya.

6. C. arvense (L.); st. ascending prostrate below, J. linear-
lanceolate, fl. numerous, sep. and bracts lanceolate slightly acute
with membranous margins and apices, caps. at last longer than
the calyx, seeds small acutely tubercled—E. B. 93.—St. long.
Fl. 7—14, in dichotomous panicles. Fruitstalks erect, bent just
under the calyx.—f. strictum ; st. and 1. glabrous.—In sandy and
gravelly and chalky places. 8. Arran, Ireland. Mr. Andrews.
P. IV.—VII.

7. C. latifolium (L.); pubescence short, st. prostrate cespitose,
1. elliptical or lanceolate, fl. 1—3, sep. blunt with membranous
margins, bracts herbaceous, caps. slightly narrowing straight,
seeds large rugose, fruitstalks obliquely patent.—E. B. 473.—
54 15. MALVACEA.

Pubescence short, rigid, yellowish. Barren shoots usually long.
L. variable in shape.—8. Edmondstonii (Wats.); 1. roundish-
ovate dark green, st. short densely leafy—Alpine parts of Wales
and Scotland. 8. Unst, Shetland. Mr. T. Edmondston. aT

8. C. alpinum (L.); hairy, st. ascending, 1. ovate ovate-oblong
or lanceolate, fl. few, sep. bluntish with membranous margins,
bracts herbaceous their margins often narrowly membranous,
caps. nearly cylindrical curved at the end, seeds small acutely
tubercled, fruitstalks obliquely patent.—E. B. 472. St. 64.3.—
Pubescence long, silky. St. much branched below then simple,
elongated, prostrate or ascending. Fl. 1, 2 or 3 together, in a
forked panicle, shorter than their stalks.—Alpine parts of Scot-
land and the north of England. P. VI.—VIII. E. 8.

9. C. trigynum (Vill.); st. decumbent with an alternate hairy
line, 1, elliptic-oblong, ped. pubescent 1—3 flowered terminal,
bracts herbaceous, styles mostly 3, caps. rather longer than the
calyx.—Stellaria cerastoides L. E. B. 911.—St. 4—8 in. long,
slender, leafless and much branched below.  L. light green, gla-
brous (or hairy in C. nivale Don), subsecund and subfaleate. Fi.
large, white. Tecth of caps. 6—10.—Highland mountains. P.
VII. VIII. 8.1.

Order XV. MALVACE.

Sep. 5 or 3 or 4, more or less connected below, often double,
wstivation valvate. Pet. as many as the sepals, wstivation twisted.
Stam. monadelphous, indefinite; anth. 1-celled, reniform, burst-
ing transversely. Ovary formed by the union of several carpels
round a common axis. Carp. 1- or many-seeded. Embryo
ewrved with twisted or doubled cotyledons, albumen variable in
quantity.— L. alternate, with stipules. Fl. axillary.

1, Matva. Styles numerous. Cal. double, outer 3-leaved,
inner 5-fid. Caps. orbicular, many-celled : cells 1-seeded
and circularly arranged.

2. ALTH#A. Styles numerous. Cal. double, outer 6—9-fid,
imner 5-fid. Caps. orbicular, many-celled: cells 1-seeded
and circularly arranged. ;

3. Lavarera. Styles numerous. Cal. double, outer 3-lobed,

inner 5-fil. Caps. orbicular, many-celled: cells 1-seeded
and circularly arranged.

1. Manva Linn.

1. M. moschata (L.); st. erect, 1. kidncyshaped with 5 or 7
deep pinnatifid lobes, lower |. incise-crenate, stipules lanceolate
ALTHAEA. 55

acute, fruitstalks erect, outer sep. linear-lanceolate, fruit hairy.
—E. B. 754. R. v. 169.—Fl. large, rose-coloured, on axillary
single-flowered ea crowded at the extremity of the stem
and branches. Cal. hairy. St. 1—2 feet high.—Gravelly places.
P. VII. VII. Musk Mallow.

2. M. sylvestris (L.); st. erect, 1. kidneyshaped with 5—7 deep
crenate lobes, stipules lanceolate, fruitstalks erect, outer sep. lan-
ceolate, fruit glabrous reticulate-rugose.—E. B. 671. R. v. 168.
—Fi. large. Pet. much longer than the hairy calyx, purple, on
axillary aggregated peduncles. St. 2—4 feet high.—Road-sides
and waste places. P. VI.—IX. Common Mallow.

3. M. rotundifolia (L,) ; st. decumbent, 1. roundish-heartshaped
with 5—7 shallow acutely crenate lobes, stipules ovate-acute,
fruitstalks reflexed, outer sepals linear-lanceolate shorter than the
ovate-acuminate stellately hairy inner ones, pet. 2 or 3 times
longer than the calyx, fruit pubescent, carp. rounded on the edge
smooth.—E. B. 1092. M. vulgaris Fries, R. v. 167.—F. small,
purple. Carp. meeting each other with a straight lme. Central
disk of the fr. rather large——Waste places. P.? VI.—IX.
Dwarf Mallow.

[4. M. borealis (Wallm.); st. decumbent, 1. roundish-heart-
shaped with 5—7 rather shallow crenate-dentate lobes, stipules
lanceolate, fruitstalks reflexed, outer sep. linear as long as the
ovate-acute glabrous but strongly ciliated inner ones, pet. about
equalling the calyx, fr. pubescent, carp. margined reticulate-
rugose—M. pusilla Sm. E. B. 241. M. rotundifolia Fries, R. !
yv. 167.—Fl. very small. Carpels meeting each other with a
toathed edge. Central disk half as large as in the preceding
plant.—Hythe, Kent. Huds. Not found since. A. VIL.?] E.

*25, M. verticillata (L.); st. erect, 1. cordate with 5 deep
crenate-dentate triangular acute lobes, fl. axillary clustered nearly
sessile, outer sep. linear half as long as the reticulated diaphanous
pilose enlarged inner ones, pet. about as long as the calyx, fr.
glabrous, carp. rounded on the edge reticulated.—E. B. 8. 2953.
—Fl. small. Carpels separated by a deep furrow into which the
elevate-reticulated surface extends. Central disk very small.
Stem quite erect like a little hollyhock. Petioles several times
longer than the clusters.—Near Llanelly, 8S. Wales. Mr. Jas.
Motley. A. E.

2. Attuma Linn.

1. A. officinalis (L.); 1. soft on both sides crenate or crenate-
serrate cordate or ovate 3—5-lobed, peduncles axillary many-
flowered shorter than the leaves, st. downy.—E. B. 147. R. v. 173.
—St. 2—3 feet high. Covered with soft velvety pubescence.—
Marshes, particularly near the sea. P. VIN. IX. Marsh Mallow.
56 16. TILIACEA.

+2. A. hirsuta (L.); 1. hispid cordate, lower 1. reniform_ob-
tusely 5-lobed, upper 1. palmate with 5 or 3 acute lobes, pedun-
cles axillary 1-flowered longer than the leaves, st. hispid.— E. B.S.
2674. R. v. 172.—Stem and calyx very hispid—bBetween Cob-
ham and Cuxton, Kent. A. VI. VII. E.

3. Lavarera Linn. Tree-Mallow.

1. L. arborea (L.); st. woody, l. 7-angled plaited velvety, ped.
axillary aggregated 1-flowered shorter than the petioles.—F. B.
1841. R. v. 178.—Fi. large, purplish rose-coloured with darker
veins. St. 3—8 feet high—On maritime rocks, rare. B. VII.
—IX.

Order XVI. TILIACEAE.

Sep. 4—5, estivation valvate. Pet. 4d—5. Stam. distinct,
indefinite, or (in exotics) polvadelphous ; anth. 2-celled, bursting
longitudinally. Glands 4—5 at the base of the petals. Carp.
4—10-celled, several seeds in each cell or by abortion 1-celled
l-seeded. Embryo erect in the axis of fleshy albumen; cotyle-
dons flat, leafy.—L. alternate, with stipules.

1. Trnra. Sep. 5, deciduous. Pet. 5, with or withont a scale
at the base. Stam. indefinite, free, or polyadelphous.
Ovary 5-celled, cells 2-seeded. Style]. Fr. 1-celled, with
1 or 2 seeds.—No scale to the pet. in our plants.

1. Tria Linn. Lime Tree.

*]. T. europea (L.); 1. obliquely cordate glabrous except a
woolly tuft at the origin of each nerve beneath, ped. many-
flowered, fr. not oblique nearly smooth coriaceous downy.—
E. B. 610.—F'. in a naked cyme springing from a lanceolate leaf-
like bract. L. twice the length of their petioles—In many old
plantations. T. VII.

2. T. parvifolia (Ehrh.); 1. obliquely cordate glabrous except
a woolly tuft at the origin of each nerve beneath, ped. many-
flowered, fr. oblique angular thin and brittle—E. B. 1705.—L.
usually scarcely longer than their petioles, with stellate hairs be-
neath. Lobes of the stigma ultimately spreading horizontally —
In woods. Probably the only truly native species. T. VIII.

*3. T. grandifolia (Ehrh.) ; 1. obliquely cordate downy beneath
with a woolly tuft at the origin of each nerve beneath, ped. mostly
3-flowered, fr. with 5 prominent angles woody downy turbinate.
—E. B.S. 2720.—Young shoots hairy. L. longer than their
petioles with solitary hairs heneath. Lobes of the stigma erect.
—T. rubra (Lindl.) is stated to have globose and smooth fruit
17. HYPERICACER. 57

and to be T. corailina Sm. I have not seen it—In old planta-
tions. T. VI. VII. E.L

Order XVII. HYPERICACEA.

Sep. 4—5, distinct or cohering, persistent, with glandular dots,
imbricate. Pet. 4—5, twisted in estivation. Stam. indefinite,
polyadelphous, connected in 3 or 4 bundles at the base. Anthers
versatile. Styles several, rarely connate. Fruit a dry or fleshy
capsule of many cells and many valves, the valves curved inwards.
Seeds minute, indefinite, on a central axis or the incurved mar-
gins of the valves, embryo straight with no albumen.—L. mostly
opposite, with pellucid dots. Fl. yellow.

1. Hypericum. Cal. 5-parted or of 5 sepals. Pet. 5. Styles
3 (in nearly all our plants) or 5. Caps. more or less per-
fectly 3-celled, many-seeded.—Fl. yellow.

1. Hyeericum Linn. St. John’s Wort.
* Styles 5. Pet. unequal-sided.

*1. H. calycinum (L.); st. shrubby square, 1. oblong, fl. soli-
tary, sep. unequal obovate obtuse, pet. often lobed on one side.
—E. B. 2017.—F\. very large.—-Naturalized in bushy places in
Wicklow and Cork ; Scotland; England. P. VIJ.—IX.

** Styles 3, stam. in 5 sets, pet. deciduous.

2. H. Androsemum (L.); st. shrubby compressed 2-edged,
|. cordate-ovate, cymes trichotomous few-flowered, sep. unequal
subcordate-ovate, pet. oval obtuse, caps. finally pulpy imperfectly
3-celled.—E. B, 1225. Androsemum. officinale R.—St. 2 feet
high. L. large, having a strong aromatic smell when rubbed.
FI. large in terminal cymes. Styles much shorter than the black
fleshy capsule——Woods and thickets. P. VII. VIII. Tutsan.

[H. grandifolium (Chois.) styles as long as the germen, is stated,
doubtless erroneously, to grow in Arran, Scotland. ]

*#* Styles 3, stam. shortly united in 3 sets, pet. persistent.

3. H. quadrangulum (L.); st. erect with 4 wings, 1. ovate with
pellucid dots,®sep. erect lanceolate acuminate entire, pet. lanceo-
late, styles half as long as the capsule.—Z£. B. 730. H. tetrap-
terum Fries, Koch, R. vi. 344.—St. 1—2 feet high. FI. in ter-
minal forked close many-flowered cymes, pale. This is certainly
the plant of Linn. Hort. Cliff. 380. No. 5.—In wet places. P.
VIL.

4. H. perforatum (L.); st. erect 2-edged, 1. oblong with pel-
lucid dots, sep. erect lanceolate acute, pet. obliquely oslones styles
D
58 17. HYPERICACES.

as long as the capsule-—E. B. 295. R. vi. 343.—St. 1—2 feet
high. L. elliptic-oblong, they vary much in form, and the num-
ber and size of the pellucid dots; but are never pellucidly veined.
Sep. exceeding the ovary, usually denticulate near the apex.—f.
angustifolium ; 1. lnear-oblong, sep. lanceolate acute denticulate
(not “ entire ”)—Woods, hedgebanks, &e. P. VII. VIII.

5. H. dubium (Leers) ; st. erect quadrangular, 1. elliptic-ovate
obtuse with a few pellucid dots reticulated with pellucid veins, sep.
refleced with many black dots on the outside, pet. elliptical, styles
half as long as the capsule—E. B. 296. H. quadrangulum Fries.
—St. 1—2 ft. high. Fl. in forked terminal cymes. Sep. ellip-
tical, nearly entire. Caps. longitudinally striated. —8. maculatum;
sep. oblong-lanceolate minutely denticulate, 1. narrower. H. ma-
culatum Bab.—Moist places by ditches, &e. P. VII.

6. H. humifusum (L.); st. prostrate somewhat 2-edged, I. oval-
oblong obtuse minutely pellucid-punctate the margins with black
dots beneath, fl. subcymose, sep. unequal, 3 oblong obtuse mu-
cronate, 2 lanceolate, all entire or glandular-serrate and having
a few black dots beneath, stam. 15—20, styles very short.—E. B.
1226. R. vi. 342.—S8t. slender, 3—6 in. long.—Gravelly and
heathy places. P. VII.

7. H. linariifclium (Vahl); st. erect or ascending terete,
1. lmear obtuse with revolute margins, fl. cymose, sep. rather
unequal /anceolate acute with glandular serratures and numerous
black dots beneath, stam. about 30, styles half as long as the cap-
sule—E, B. S, 2851.—St. wholly erect or procumbent below.
FL. larger than in the last—Channel Isles. Cape Cornwall.
Banks of the Teign, Tamar and Tavy, Devon. P. VII.

[8. H. barbatum (Jacq.); st. erect slightly 2-edged, 1. oblong-
lanceolate with revolute margins and scattered black dots, sep.
lanceolate fringed with gland-tipped hairs as long as the diameter
of the sepals which have numerous black dots beneath, pet. ob-
ovate minutely ciliated and copiously dotted—Z. B. 1986.—
co in Strathearn, Perthshire.’ Mr. G. Don. P. IX.
X. 8.

9. H. hirsutum (L.); st. erect round hairy, 1. oval-oblong
slightly stalked pellucid-punctate pubescent, sep. lanceolate acute
fringed with shortly stalked glands, pet. linear oblong tipped with
stalked glands, styles deciduous.—E. B. 1156. R. vi. 349.—St.
about 2 feet high, nearly simple. Fl. in axillary and terminal
forked panicles. Seeds longitudinally papillose.—Woods and
thickets. P. VII. VIII.

10. H. montanum (L.); st. erect round glabrous, 1. ovate-ob-
long sessile pellucid-punctate with glandular dots near the mar-
gin, sep. lanceolate acute fringed with shortly stalked glands, pet.
18. ACERACER. 59

elliptical entire without dots or glands, styles half the length of
the capsule—£. B. 371. R. vi. 347.—Fragrant. St. two feet
high, simple. Fl. in terminal dense panicles. Seeds with longi-
tudinal crenate ridges.— Bushy limestone hills. P. VII. VIII. E.

11. H. pulchrum (L.) ; st. erect round glabrous, 1. cordate am-
plexicaule pellucid-punctate glabrous, sep. broadly ovate obtuse
Fringed with sessile glands, pet. ovate-lanceolate fringed with
glands.—H. B. 1227.—St. 12—18 in. high, nearly simple. Fi.
in loose, axillary, opposite, and terminal panicles. Buds tipped
with red. Anth. red.—Dry heaths, banks, woods. P. VI. VII.

*eEX Styles 3; stam. united in lower half in 3 sets, a scale
between each set ; pet. equal-sided.

12. H. elodes (L.); st, ascending round shaggy rooting below,
i. roundish-ovate sessile pellucid-punctate shaggy, sep. ovate
bluntish glabrous fringed with shortly stalked glands, pet. ovate
entire, styles nearly as long as the capsules.— FH. B. 109. Elodes
palustris R. vi. 342.—St. prostrate below, then ascending and
leafy. Fl. in terminal and axillary few-flowered panicles. “Seeds
longitudinally furrowed.” Leight. Spongy bogs. P. VII. VIII.

Order XVIII. ACERACEZ.

Cal. 5-, rarely 4—9-parted, imbricated. Pet. the same number,
inserted round a hypogynous disk. Stam. generally 8, inserted
on the hypogynous disk. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled. Style 1.
Stigmas 2. Fruit winged, separating into 2 indehiscent nuts
each with 1 cell and 1—2seeds. Embryo curved, albumen 0.—
Trees with opposite leaves.

1. Acer. Fl. polygamous. Calyx 5-parted. Pet.5. Stam.
usually 8, longer in the male flowers.

1. Acer Linn.

1. A. campestre (L.); 1. 5-lobed, lobes entire or slightly cut,
corymbs erect, sep. and pet. linear hairy, wings of the fruit hori-
zontally diverging, ovary downy, stam. of the male flowers as
long as the corolla—E. B. 304. R. v. 162.—A small tree with
corky fissured bark.—Woods and hedges. T. V. VI. Maple.

+2. A. Pseudo-platanus (L.); 1. 5-lobed unequally serrated,
racemes pendulous, ovary downy with spreading wings, stam. of
the male flowers twice as long as the corolla.— FE. B. 303. R. v.
164.—A large handsome tree.—In hedges and plantations. 'T.
V. VI. Sycamore.
60 19. GERANIACEX.

Order XIX. GERANIACE.

Sep. 5, persistent, imbricated. Pet. 5, clawed, twisted in
zstivation.. Stam. generally monadelphous, 2 or 3 times as
many as the petals, some often abortive. Fruit of 5 carpels co-
hering round a long beaked torus, each terminated by an indu-
rated style which finally twists up, separating from the torus,
and carrying with it the carpel. Seeds solitary, without albu-
men. Cotyledons convolute, plaited.

1. Geranium. Sep. 5. Pet. 5. Stam. 10, monadelphous,
alternately larger and with glands at their base. Fruit
beaked, separating into 5 1-seeded carpels, each with a long
ultimately recurved awn glabrous internally.

2. Eropium. Sep. 5. Pet. 5. Stam. monadelphous, 5 sterile,
5 fertile with glands at their base. Fruit beaked, separating
into 5 1-seeded carpels, each with a long ultimately spirally
twisted awn bearded internally.

1. Geranium Linn. Cranesbill.

* Root consisting of long fibres springing from a premorse
rhizome, perennial.

1. G. pheum (L.); peduncles 2-flowered, pet. roundish wedge-
shaped rather longer than the mucronate sepals, carp. hairy
below transversely wrinkled above, seeds punctate-striate.—E. B.
322. R. v.197.—St. erect, 2 feet high. L. 5-lohed: lobes acute,
cut, serrated. Fl. purplish-black, very rarely white.—In woods
and thickets, rare. P. V. VI. E. S.

[2. G. nodosum (L.); peduncles 2-flowered, pet. obcordate
long, sepals awned, carp. even downy, 1. 3—5-lobed, lobes ovate
acuminate serrate.—HE. B. 1091.—St. 18 in. high, slender, erect.
FL. pale pwple——In Cumberland and Hertfordshire. P. V.—
VILL—G. striatum which resembles this but has a hairy stem
was found near Filby, Cumberland. Planted ?] E.

3. G. sylvaticum (L.); peduncles 2-flowered, pet. obovate
slightly notched long, sepals awned, carp. even hairy, hairs
spreading glandular, seeds dotted, 1. palmate 7-lobed, lobes cut
and serrated, st. erect glandular-hairy above, filaments of stam.
subulate, fruitstalks erect.—E. B.121.—St. erect, 2—3 feet high.
Fl. purplish-blue, claws of the petals bearded, lower half of fila-
ments hairy. When the fl. are pale rose-coloured, pet. smaller
and nearly entire, and st. more decidedly hairy, it is probably the
a B. fastigiatum (Fries).—Woods and thickets, rare. P. VI.

4. G. pratense (L.); ped. 2-flowered, pet. obovate entire or
GERANIUM. 61

pale notched long, sepals awned, carp. even hairy, hairs
spreading glandular, seeds minutely reticulated, 1. palmate 7-lobed,
lobes cut and serrated, st. diffuse glandular hairy above, hairs de-
flexed, filaments of stam. filiform with a triangular-ovate base,
fr.-st. deflered—E. B. 404.—St. 1—2 feet high. Fi. large,
purple, claw of pet. ciliated. Base of filaments slightly hairy.—
Moist pastures. P. VI.—VIII.

5. G. sanguineum (L.); peduncles mostly single-flowered, pet.
obcordate long, sepals awned, carp. smooth crowned with a few
bristles, seeds minutely wrinkled and dotted, 1. nearly round
7-lobed, lobes deeply 3-fid and cut, st. diffuse hairy, hairs spread-
ing horizontally —E. B. 272. R. v. 168.—Fl. large purple, fila-
ments dilated at the base.—f. G. prostratum (Lindl.); st. dwarf
tufted nearly simple decumbent, fl. flesh-coloured. G. lancas-
triense With.—In dry places. 8. Sands in Walney Island, Lan-
eashire. P. VII.

** Root fusiform, rhizome wanting, perennial.

6. G. pprenaicum (L.); peduncles 2-flowered, fruitstalks de-
flexed, pet. obcordate twice as long as the mucronate sep., claws
densely ciliated, carp. smooth with adpressed hairs, seeds smooth,
1. reniform 7—9-lobed, lobes oblong obtuse trifid and toothed
at the end, st. erect villose.—E. B.405. R. v. 191.—F1. light pur-
ple or nearly white. Claws of the pet. with a dense tuft of hairs
on each side. Fertile anth. 10. Segments of the upper leaves
more acute. St. spreading, 1—3 feet high, clothed with dense

short down and long hairs intermixed.—Roadsides and pastures.
P. VI. VI.

*** Root fusiform annual, ped. 2-flowered.

7. G. pusillum (L.); pedicels deflexed after flowering, pet. bifid
about equalling the mucronate sepals, claws slightly cihated, carp.
smooth with adpressed hairs, seeds smooth, 1. reniform palmate
with 5—7 trifid lobes, st. diffuse downy.—E. B. 385. R. v. 190.
G. rotundifolium Fries.—St. usually prostrate, clothed only with
short down. Fl. small, bluish-purple. Claws of the pet. only
slightly ciliated. Fertile anth. 5. Ped. shorter than the leaves.
—Waste places. A. VI.—IX.

8. G. dissectum (L.); pet. bifid about equalling the awned
sepals, claws slightly ciliated, carp. smooth with erect hairs, seeds
reticulated, |. in 5—7 deep laciniated segments with linear lobes,
st. diffuse hairy —E. B. 753. R. v. 189.—Fl. small, bluish-pur-
ple. L. divided almost to the base, longer than the peduncles.—
Waste places. A. VI—VIII.

9. G. columbinum (L.); pet. obovate emarginate with a short
62 19. GERANIACES.

obtuse tooth in the notch about equalling the awned sepals,
claws ciliated, carp. smooth with a few minute scattered hairs,
seeds reticulated, l. in 5—7 deep laciniated segments, st. diffuse
with adpressed hairs.—E. B. 259. R. v. 198.—F'l. small, rose-
coloured. L. divided almost to their base. Peduncles longer
than the leaves, pedicels very long.—On gravelly and lmestone
soils. A. VI. VIL.

10. G. rotundifolium (L.); pet. spathulate entire obtuse rather
longer than the shortly awned sepals, claws glabrous, carp. smooth
with spreading hairs, seeds reticulated, |. reniform in 5—7 broadly
wedge-shaped incise-crenate segments, st. diffuse pubescent.—
E. B. 157. R. v. 190.—Fl. small, flesh-coloured. Peduncles
shorter than the leaves ——Old walls and waste places, rare. A.
VI. VI.

1l. G. molle (L.); pet. oblong deeply bifid scarcely longer than
the mucronate sepals, claws ciliated, carp. transversely wrinkled
glabrous, seeds smooth, 1. roundish-reniform in 7—9 deep wedge-
shaped segments trifid at the end, st. diffuse pubescent.—E. B.
778. R. v. 191.—F. small, purple. Softly pubescent, glandular
above.—Dry places. A. IV.—VIII.

12. G. lucidum (L.); pet. obovate entire, claws glabrous very
long nearly equalling the transversely rugose pyramidal calyz,
carp. reticulated triply keeled glandular-hairy at the summit,
seeds smooth, |. reniform in 5 obtuse incise-crenate mucronate
segments, st. spreading ascending.—F. B. 75. R. v. 187.—Fi.
small, rose-coloured. St. and 1. glabrous and shining, often
strongly tinged with red.—Lindley considers his G. Rati as most
allied to this species, differmg by its “shaggy calyx and simply
keeled fruit.” South coast of England.—Walls and hedge-banks.
A. V.—VIII.

13. G. robertianum (L.); pet. obovate entire or slightly emar-
ginate, claws glabrous very long nearly equalling the long-awned
hairy and slightly glandular sepals, carp. transversely wrinkled
downy, seeds smooth, 1. ternate or quinate, leaflets stalked trifid
incise-pinnatifid, st. spreading erect.—E. B. 1486. R. v. 187.—
Fl. purple, sometimes white. Cal. with a very few glandular
hairs, not transversely rugose.—8. maritimum; carp. glabrous
with 1—2 deep transverse wrinkles at the top.—y. G. purpureum
(Forst.); pet. narrower, sep. glandular-hairy, carp. glabrous and
more wrinkled, |. in narrower segments. HE. B.S. 2648.—Hedge-
banks. 8. and y. Southern sea-coast. A. V.—IX.

2. Eropium LP Herit.

1. E. cicutarium (Sm.); st. procumbent hairy, peduncles
many-flowered, perfect stam. dilated not toothed below glabrous,
20. LINACEH. 63

beak hairy, 1. pinnate, leaflets sessile pinnatifid cut, stip. lanceo-
late —E.B.1768.—Very hairy. Fl. purplish or white. Leaflets
very deeply divided, their segments lanceolate or linear, acute.
In Jersey specimens the |. are ovate and short, and their seg-
ments short broad and bluntish.— Waste ground. A. VI.—IX.

2. E. moschatum (Sm.); st. procumbent hairy, peduncles
many-flowered, perfect stam. toothed at the base glabrous, beak
downy, 1. pinnate, /eaflets nearly sessile ovate unequally cut, stip.
oval.—E. B. 902.—Much larger than the preceding and diffusing
a strong musky scent when handled. Leaflets less deeply eut.—
Waste places, rather rare. A. VI. VII.

3. E. maritimum (Sm.) ; st. prostrate slightly hairy, peduncles
1—2-flowered, pet. very minute, 1. simple ovate-cordate stalked
lobed and crenate.—E. B. 646.—St. often very fleshy. Fl. very
small. Pet. pale red, very minute, often wanting.—Sandy and
gravelly places, particularly near the sea, rare. P. V.—IX.

Order XX. LINACEA.

Sep. 4—5, persistent, imbricate. Pet. 4—5, twisted in zsti-
vation, clawed, fugitive. Stam. as many as the pet., connected
into a hypogynous ring with intermediate teeth (abortive sta-
mens). ee with about as many cells and styles as the sepals,
stigmas capitate. Caps. generally tipped with the hardened base
of the styles, with 3—5 complete dissepiments (of 2 membranes),
and 4—5 incomplete dissepiments. Seeds 1 in each spurious
cell, pendulous, with albumen.—L. without stipules, alternate.

1. Linum. Cal. of 5 sepals. Pet. 5. Stam. 5. Styles 5.
Caps. with 10 cells and 10 valves.

2. Rapioua. Cal. of 4 sepals, connected below, deeply trifid.
Pet.4. Stam. 4. Styles 4. Caps. with 8 cells and 8 valves.

1. Linum Linn.
* Leaves scattered. Margins of the sep. not glandular.

1. L. angustifolium (Huds.) ; caps. downy within sep. elliptical
ointed ciliated, 1. linear-lanceolate, st. numerous.—E. B. 381.—
"l. pale blue. St. 1—2 feet high—Sandy and chalky places.

Pp. VII. E. I.

*2. Ly. usitatissimum (L.); caps. glabrous within sep. ovate
ointed ciliated, 1. lanceolate, st. solitary.—E. B. 1357. St. 26.
2.—Fl. blue. St. 1—14 foot high. Sep. 3-nerved.—B. crepi-

tans (Schub.); smaller and more branched, caps. opening with
elasticity, seeds paler.—In cultivated fields. A. VII. Common
Flax.
64 21. BALSAMINACES.

3. L. perenne (L.); sep. obovate obtuse obscurely 5-nerved
glabrous, 1. linear-lanceolate, st. numerous, fruitstalks erect.—
E. B. 40.—Fi. blue. St. 1—2 ft. long, erect or decumbent.—
Chalky places. P. VI. VII.

** Leaves opposite.

4. L. catharticum (L.); sep. elliptical pointed, /. opposite ob-
ovate, upper 1. lanceolate —E. B. 382.—Fl. white, small; sep.
serrated; pet. acute. St. one or more, slender. Panicle forked,
spreading.—In dry pastures. A. VI.—VIII.

2. Raproua Gmel.

1. R. millegrana (Sm.).—E. B. 893. RB. linoides DC., Koch.
—St. 1—2 in. high, repeatedly forked, with solitary fl. in the
axils as well as at the extremities of the branches. Fl. minute,
white. Sep. deeply and acutely 3-cleft, connected below into a
tube.—Damp sandy places. A. VIT. VII.

Order XXI. BALSAMINACEA.

Sep. 5 (2 upper usually wanting), irregular, deciduous, lower
spurred, imbricate in estivation. Pet. 5, irregular, united in
pairs. Stam. 5. Anth. 2-celled, opening at the apex by a lon-
gitudinal fissure, more or less connected. Ovary 5-celled. Fr.
capsular with 5 elastic valves. Seeds solitary or numerous, pen-
dulous, albumen 0.—L. without stipules. Plant succulent.

1. Impatiens. Sep. 3, the lower one cucullate with a spur.
Pet. 3, upper one symmetrical, lateral unequally 2-lobed or
each formed of 2 combined. Anth. cohering.

1. Impatiens Linn.

1. I. Noli-me-tangere (L.); 1. ovate coarsely serrate, pedun-
cles many-flowered solitary, spur loosely recurved not emarginate.
—E. B.937. R. v. 198. b. St. 5. 15.—FI. large, yellow spotted
with orange. Serratures of the leaves not glandular. St. 1—2
feet high, tumid at the jomts.—Damp woody places in moun-
tainous districts. A. VII—IX. Yellow Balsam.

*2. I. fulvua (Nutt.); |. ovate coarsely serrated, peduncles
about 4-flowered solitary, spur closely reflexed emarginate—
E. B. §, 2794.—F. orange-yellow spotted with red. Serratures
of the |. with a reflexed glandular tooth. St. 2—3 feet high.—
An American plant quite naturalized by the Wey and other rivers
in Surrey. A. VIII.
22. OXALIDACEH.—23. CELASTRACES. 65

Order XXII. OXALIDACEA.

Sep. 5, equal, persistent, imbricate in exstivation. Pet. 5,
equal, often cohering at the base, twisted in estivation. Stam.
10, more or less monadelphous, those opposite to the pet.
longer than the others. Anth. 2-celled, not connected. Ovary
5-celled. Styles 5. Caps. 5—10-valved. Seeds several; testa
fleshy, bursting elastically. Embryo straight, im cartilaginous
albumen.

1. Oxaxis. Sep. 5, connected below. Pet. 5, often connected
below. Stam. 10, monadelphous, 5 outer ones shorter.
Styles 5. Caps. oblong.

1. Oxauis Linn.

1. O. Acetosella (L.); stemless, rhizoma creeping toothed, 1.
ternate, leaflets obcordate hairy, peduncles longer than the leaves
with 2 scaly bracts at about the middle—E. B. 762. R. v. 199.
—Fl. white with purple ves or rarely purple or blue. Cor.
about 4 times as long as the calyx._Woods and shady places.
P. V. Wood Sorrel.

2. O. corniculata (L.); st. diffuse with procumbent branches
pubescent, 1. ternate, leaflets obcordate, stipules oblong united to
the base of the petioles, peduncles about 2-flowered shorter than
the leaves, partial fruitstalks reflexed, root fibrous without scions.
—E. B! 1726. R. v. 199.—F. yellow. L. mostly in pairs.—
Waste ground in Devon and Cornwall. A. VI.—IX. E.

[8. O. stricta (L.); st. erect, stipules 0, peduncles 2—8-
flowered longer than the 1., fruitstalks erect, root with under-

ground scions.—R. v. 199.—Naturalized in Cornwall, Devon,
Glamorgan, &c. B. VII. VIII.] E.

Subdivision II, CALYCIFLORA.
Pet. distinct. Stam. perigynous.

Order XXIII. CELASTRACE.

Sep. 4—5, estivation imbricate. Pet. 4—5, inserted into the
margin of a hypogynous fleshy disk. Stam. alternate with the
petals, inserted in the disk. Ovary sunk in the disk, more or
less connected with it, 3—4-celled ; cells 1—2-seeded ; ovules
erect. Embryo straight.

[]. Srapuyzea. Cal. 5-parted, coloured; disk urceolate.
Pet. 5. Stam. 5, inserted round the disk. Styles 2—3.
Caps. membranous, 2—3 celled, dehiscing internally. Seeds
few, bony, truncate at the hilum.—Leaves compound. ]
66 24. RHAMNACEA.

2. Evonymus. Cal. flat, 4—5-lobed; disk peltate. Pet.
4—5, inserted in the margin of the disk. Stam. 4—5, in-
serted in the disk. Style 1. Caps. 3—5-celled, 3—65-
angled, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds solitary in each cell,
with a fleshy arillus, not truncate at the hilum.—Leaves
simple.

1. Stapuyztea Linn. Bladder-nut.

[1. S. pinnata (L.); 1. pmnate, leaflets 5-7, petioles without
glands, fl. racemose, styles 2, caps. bladdery.—H. B. 1560.—FI.
yellowish-white.—A very doubtful native. S. VI.] E.

2. Evonymus Linn. Spindle-tree.

1. E. europaeus (L.); pet. oblong, fl. mostly 4-cleft and 4-an-
drous, branches tetragonal smooth and even, 1. elliptic-lanceolate
minutely serrate, caps. obtusely angular not winged.—E. B. 362.
R. vi. 309. St. 27. 3.—Arillus inclosing the seed. Bark green.
L. glabrous. Fl. few together forming a small umbel, greenish-
white. Fruit rose-coloured— Hedges and woods. Sh. V. VI.

Order XXIV. RHAMNACEA.

Cal. 4—5-cleft, eestivation valvate. Pet. distinct, inserted into
the throat of the calyx. Stam. opposite to the pet. and equal-
ling them in number. Ovary wholly or in part superior, 2—3—
4-celled, surrounded by a glandular disk. Seeds solitary, erect.
Embryo straight. Fruit fleshy or dry.

1. Ruamnus, Cal. urceolate, 4—5-cleft. Pet. 4 or 5, or
sometimes 0, inserted with the stam. on the margin of the
tube of the calyx. Fruit fleshy, with 2—4 cells and as many
seeds.

1. Ruamnus Linn.

1. R. catharticus (L.); thorns terminal, fl. 4-cleft dicecious,
petioles much longer than the stipules, /. roundish-oval sharply
toothed, fr. with 4 seeds—E. B. 1629.—Branches opposite.
Serratures of the 1]. incurved, glandular. Notch in the seeds
shut. Styles 4, united half way up—Hedges and thickets. Sh.
V.—VII. Buckthorn.

2. R. Frangula (L.); spineless, fl. 5-cleft perfect, 1. elliptical
acuminate narrowed below entire, fr. with 2 seeds, style simple.—
E. B. 250.—Branches alternate. F\. in small clusters, greenish-
white, small—Hedges and thickets. Sh. V. VI.
25, LEGUMINOSS. 67

Order XXV. LEGUMINOS&.

Cal. inferior. Sep. 5, more or less combined, odd one anterior.
Cor. papilionaceous (in our plants), inserted into the base of the
calyx. Pet. 5, odd one superior. Stam. 10 (in our plants),
monadelphous or diadelphous. Ovary free, 1-celled. Fruit a
legume ; placenta on the upper suture; style from the upper
suture. Iimbryo bent over the edge of the cotyledons, or straight.
—All our plants have papilionaceous flowers and 10 stamens in
one bundle or in two bundles of 9 and 1.

Tribe Il. LOTE.&. Pod continuous. Cotyledons rising above
the ground and becoming green leaves. Leaves of | or 3
leaflets or pinnate with an odd one.

* Leaflet solitary. Stamens monadelphous.

1. Utex. Cal. of 2 parts, the upper with 3, the lower with
2 teeth, a bract on each side at the base. Pod turgid, few-
seeded, scarcely longer than the calyx.

Genista. Cal. 2-lipped, upper bifid, lower trifid. Style
subulate, ascending. Stigma terminal, oblique, imtrorse.—
Many foreign species have trifoliate leaves.

** Leaf of 3 leaflets. Stamens monadelphous.

3. SaroTHAMNUS. Cal. 2-lipped, the upper with 2, the lower
with 3 teeth. Style long, curved, thickened upwards, chan-
neled within. Stigma terminal, capitate, small. Pod flat.

tw

4. Ononts. Cal. 5-cleft, campanulate, segments narrow, the
lower ones longer. Keel beaked. Style filiform, ascending.
Stigma terminal, subcapitate.

*** Leaf of 3 leaflets. Stamens diadelphous.

5. Mepicaco. Cal. with 5 nearly equal teeth. Keel obtuse.
Filaments of the stamens filiform. Ovaries curved. Pod
1-celled, faleate or spiral. Seeds 1 or numerous.

6. Mexitorus. Cal. with 5 nearly equal teeth. Keel obtuse.
Filaments filiform, not united with the claws of the petals.
Ovary straight. Pod subglobose or oblong, 1-celled, 1—-
seeded, longer than the calyx. Pet. distinct, deciduous.

7, Trirotium. Cal. with 5 unequal teeth. Keel obtuse.
Filaments slightly enlarged upwards and more or less united
with the claws of the petals. Pod oval, 1—4-seeded, in-
cluded in the calyx or slightly protruding. Pet. slightly
combined, persistent.—In T. ornithopodioides, scarcely a true
Trifolium, the pod is 8-seeded and the filaments are filiform.
68 25. LEGUMINOSE.

8. Lotus. Cal. with 5 nearly equal teeth. Keel ascending,
with u narrowed point (beak). Wings connivent at their
upper margin. Longer filaments dilated upwards. Style
kneed at the base, filiform-subulate. Pod linear, many-
seeded, 2-valved, imperfectly divided by transverse partitions.

eK Leaf pinnate with an odd one. Stamens monadelphous.

9, AnrHYLLIs. Cal. tubular, inflated, 5-cleft, segments un-
equal. Keel not beaked. Style filiform. Stigma capitate.

eee Deaf pinnate with an odd one. Stamens diadelphous.

10. Oxyrroris. Cal. with 5 teeth. Keel with a narrow
straight point. Pod imperfectly 2-celled, cells formed by the
inflexed margin of the upper suture.

1l. Asrracauus. Cal. with 5 teeth. Keel obtuse. Pods
imperfectly 2-celled, cells formed by the inflexed margin of
the lower suture.

Tr. Il. VICIEAL. Pod continuous. Stam. diadelphous. Coty-
ledons remaining under ground. L. abruptly pinnate or
apparently simple,

* Tube of stam. very obliquely truncate.

12. Vicia. Cal. 5-fid or 5-toothed. Style filiform, its upper
part hairy all over, or bearded on the underside and at the
same time hairy or glabrous. Pods 1-celled, 2-valved.

** Tube of stam. transversely truncate.

13. Laruyrus. Cal. 5-fid or 5-toothed. Style dilated up-

wards, plane on the upper side, hairy beneath the stigma.
Pods 1-celled, 2-valved.

Tr. I. HEDYSARE. Pod divided transversely into 1-
seeded joints. L. pinnate with an odd one.

14. OrniTHoPus. Cal. elongated, tubular, with 5 nearly
equal teeth, 2 upper ones slightly combined and converging.
Keel obtuse. Pod elongated, compressed, of many 1-seeded
indehiscent joints equally narrowed on both sides at the join-
mgs.—Apex of the common peduncles bearing a small pin-
nate leaf just below the flowers.

15. ARTHROLOBIUM. Cal. elongated, tubular, with 5 nearly
equal teeth, 2 upper ones combined up to their middle and
straight. Keel obtuse. Pod elongated, cylindrical, of many
1-seeded indehiscent joints scarcely narrowed at the joinings.
—No leaf at the apex of the peduncles.
ULEX. 69

16. Hirepocrepis. Cal. short, campanulate, with 5 nearly
equal teeth, 2 upper ones combined up to their middle.
Keel narrowed into a beak. Pod elongated, compressed, of
many \-seeded crescent-shaped joints, so that each pod has
many notches on one side.

17. OnoBRycuis. Cal. with 5 nearly equal subulate teeth.
Keel obliquely truncate, longer than the wings. Pod 1-celled,
compressed, idehiscent, l-seeded, upper suture straight,
lower curved toothed winged or crested.

Tribe I. Lote.

1. Uvex Linn.

1. U. europeus (L.); young |. shaggy beneath furrowed, pri-
mary spines strong terete polygonal furrowed minutely scabrous,
st. hairy, fl. lateral, bracts ovate lax, cal. shaggy, wings longer
than keel.—E. B.742.—St. 4—6 feet high, very much branched
spreading. Fl. bright yellow, springing from both the primary
and secondary spines. Spines branching at their base and up to
about half thew length, not extending beyond the flowers.
“Seeds 10.’—Heaths. Sh. IL.—VI. Spring Furze, Whin,
Gorse.

2. U. strictus (Mack.) ; young 1. shaggy beneath thin, primary
spines small slender tetragonal minutely scabrous, st. hairy, fl.
terminal, bracts ovate lax, cal. shaggy, wings longer than kee]._—
Plant 1—2 feet high, with upright branches. Fl. rarely produced,
springing from the summit of the stem, not from the spines,
which branch as in U. ewropeus but are peculiarly small. The
pet. slightly different in form from the last. Distinguished from
the other species by its peculiar habit.—In Lord Londonderry’s
park, Down, Ireland. Sh. IV. Trish Furze. I.

3. U. nanus (Forst.); young 1. glabrous ciliated furrowed, pri-
mary spines slender terete striated smooth, st. hairy, fl. lateral and
terminal, braets very minute adpressed, cal. finely downy, wings
shorter than keel.—#. B. 743.—St. procumbent. Primary spines
short, slender, spreading, branched at their base only. Fl. half
the size of those of U. ewropeus, sprmging from the primary
spines and not extending beyond them, pale, pet. scarcely sepa-
rated when full blown. “ Seeds 5.’— 8. U. Gallit (Planch.) ;
primary spines strong, wings rather longer than keel. St. 2-—5
ft. high. Primary spmes deflexed. Wings not straight and thus
often seeming shorter than keel. Fl. orange, pet. more or less
divaricate. A dwarf form is often taken for U.nanus. Probably
a distinct species.—Heaths. Sh. VII—XI. Autumnal Furze.
70 25. LEGUMINOS&.

2. Genista Linn.

1. G. pilosa (L.); st. procumbent without thorns, 1. obovate-
lanceolate obtuse, stipules ovate blunt, branches peduncles calyx
standard keel and underside of the 1. silky, peduncles lateral ac-
companied by a tuft of leaves, pods hairy —E. B. 208.—F. small,
yellow, collected towards the extremity of the branches. St.
much branched, furrowed, woody, tortuose.—Dry sandy and
gravelly heaths, rare. Sh. V. E.

2. G. tinctoria (L.); st. depressed with erect branches without
thorns, 1. lanceolate or elliptical hairy at the edges, stipules mi-
nute subulate, fl. racemose, cor. and pods glabrous.— E. B. 44.—
Branches erect, 1—2 feet high, elevate-striate, glabrous, downy
above. Fl. yellow. Keel as long as the standard.—8. G. humi-
Jusa (Dicks. MSS.); st. and branches procumbent, 1. ovate or
oblong, pods hairy on the back of each valve. St. angular, 6—
10 in. long.—In pastures and thickets. 8. Near Kynance Cove,
Cornwall. Sh. VIT.—IX. Dyers-weed. Woad.

3. G. anglica (L.) ; st. ascending spinous leafless below, flower-
ing branches unarmed glabrous, 1. ovate-lanceolate, stipules 0, fl.
solitary in the axils of the upper |., corolla and pods glabrous.
—E. B. 132.—S8t. 1 foot high, round, leafless, with short leafy
branches bearing the yellow flowers. Keel longer than the
standard.—Moist peaty heaths. Sh. V. VI. Needle Whin. E.S,

3. SarotHamMnus Wimm. Broom.

1. 8. scoparius (Koch).—E. B. 1339. Spartium L., Sm.,
Cytisus Link.—St. 2—3 feet high, angular, glabrous. L. ter-
nate or simple, leaflets obovate. Fl. axillary, solitary or in pairs,
shortly stalked, large, bright yellow. Pods dark brown, hairy at
ue edges, with numerous seeds.—Dry hills and heaths. Sh. V.

4. Ononts Linn.

1. O. arvensis (L.); st. procumbent uniformly hairy, fl. axillary
solitary stalked, leaflets broadly oblong, pods ovate erect shorter
than the calyx.—E. B. 8. 2659. O. repens Koch.— Usually with-
out spines. St. rooting at their base. Seeds tubercular-scabrous.
—Barren sandy places. P. VI.—IX. Trailing Rest-harrow.

2. O. campestris (Koch); st. erect or ascending, bifariously
hairy, fi. axillary solitary stalked, leaflets oblong, pods ovate erect
longer than the calyx.—E. B. 682. O. antiquorum Benth. (not
L.). O. spinosa Koch.— Usually spinous. St. mostly erect. Seeds
tubercular-scabrous.—Barren places. P. VI—IX.  Spinous
Rest-harrow. E. S.

[O. hireina (Jacq.) differs by having its fl. axillary in pairs and
densely spiked at the ends of the branches. |
MEDICAGO. 71

3. O. reclinata (L.) ; viscid, pubescent, st. ascending, fl. axil-
lary, pedicels 1-flowered shorter than the 1. fl. or pod without
bracts, cor. about equal to the calyx, leaflets obovate-cuneate
serrated at the lip, stipules ovate, pods cylindrical reflexed, seeds
14—18 tuberculated —E. B. S. 2838.—St. 5—6 in. high, much
branched.—Sandy places. Galloway. Channel Isles. A. VII.—S.

5. Mepicaco Linn.

*1. M. sativa (L.); st. erect, racemes many-flowered, pods
compressed loosely spiral with 2 or 3 turns downy with adpressed
hairs unarmed, pedicels shorter than the calyx or bract, leaflets
obovate-oblong dentate above emarginate mucronate.—E. B.
1749.—St. angular when young. Pods twisted into a loose open
spiral. Fl. yellow or violet—Hedge-banks and borders of fields,
scarcely naturalized. P. VI. VII. Lucerne. E.S.

2. M. sylvestris (Fries) ; st. rather quadrangular pithy ascend-
ing, racemes many-flowered, pod of one flat turn annular, pedi-
cels shorter than the cal. longer than the bract, Its. obovate-oblong
dentate above emarginate mucronate——Fl. yellow or blackish-
green with darker streaks —Sandy and gravelly places in Norf.
and Suff. P. VI. VII. E.

3. M. faleata (L.); st. terete nearly solid prostrate, racemes
many-flowered, pod straightly sickle-shaped twisted not annular,
pedicels shorter than the cal. longer than the bract, Its. obovate-
oblong dentate above emarginate mucronate.—F. B. 1016.—Fil.
yellow. Sandy and gravelly places in Norf. and Suff. P. LS
VII. .

4. M. lupulina (L.); spikes many-flowered dense oval, pods
compressed unarmed kidney-shaped with a spiral point rugged
with longitudinal branched prominent veins, stip. obliquely ovate
slightly toothed, leaflets roundish-obovate denticulate above emar-
ginate mucronate.—E. B. 971.—St. procumbent or ascending,
spreading widely. Pods scarcely spiral, glabrous or slightly hairy.
FI. yellow.—Waste ground. A. V.—VII. Black Medick.

5. M. maculata (Sibth.); peduncles 1—4-flowered, pods com-
pactly spiral compressed consisting of 2 or 3 turns veined with 4
ridges on the edge and a central furrow, spines in 2 rows diver-
gent subulate curved, leaflets triangular-obcordate, stip. toothed.
—E. B. 1616.—Leaflets with a purple spot in the centre. Edge
of the pods broad ; spines arising from the margin and the ridge
next to it on each side, compressed and furrowed on both sides,
varying considerably in length.—On a gravelly soil. A. V—VIII.

6. M. minima (Lam.); peduncles 1—6-flowered, pods com-
pactly spiral consisting of 4 turns smooth with a thin edge, spines
in 2 rows divergent subulate hooked, leaflets obovate, stip. nearly
72 25. LEGUMINOS#.

entire.—F. B. S. 2635.—Edge of the pods with 3 ridges, the
central one so prominent as to be easily taken for the true mar-
gin, no central furrow but the central ridge common to the 2
rows of spines. Sides of the pods smooth. Spines varying con-
siderably im length and the whole plant in hairiness. This is
probably Ray’s Orford plant.—In sandy fields, rare. A.V. E.

7. M. denticulata (Willd.); peduncles 1—5-flowered, pods
rather loosely spiral consisting of 2 or 3 turns deeply reticulated
with a thin edge, spines in 2 rows divergent subulate hooked,
leaflets obcordate, stip. laciniated.—E. B. 8. 2634.—Edge of the
pods as in A. minima. Spmes about equalling the diameter of
the pod. Glabrous.—8. M. apiculata (Willd.); spines very short
without hooks, often scarcely longer than their own breadth so
as to appear little more than tubercles, ped. 3—10-flowered.—
On sandy ground near the sea. A. V.—VIII. E. I.

6. MeuiLorus Lam.

1. M. officinalis (Willd.) ; racemes lax, wings keel and standard
equal, pods ovate acute compressed transversely wrinkled hairy,
leaflets serrate truncate narrowly ovate, stip. setaceous entire.—
E. B. 1340. A. macrorhiza Pers., Koch.—St. erect, 2—3 feet
high. Fl. in lateral racemes, yellow.—Waste places. B.? VI.
—VIII. Aelilot.

2. M. arvensis (Willd.) ; racemes lax, wings and standard equal
longer than the keel, pods ovate obtuse mucronate rounded and
slightly keeled on the back transversely plicate-rugose glabrous,
Its. obcordate or oblong serrate, uppermost lanceolate, stip. subu-
late entire.—E. B. S.2960. M. officinalis Koch.—St. erect. FI.
yellowish, in long racemes. Pods brown.—Waste places. Cam-
bridge; Thetford; &c. B. VI. VII.

3. M. vulgaris (Willd.) ; racemes lax, wings and keel equal but
shorter than the standard, pods ovate obtuse mucronate reticulate-
rugose glabrous, leaflets obovate the upper ones oblong serrate
obtuse, stip. awlshaped entire —.jJ. leucantha Koch, E. B. 8.
2689. M. alba Koch.—St. erect. Fl. white.—Sandy and gravelly
places near the sea, rare. B. VII. VIII.

7. Trirouium Linn.

* FI. sessile, cal. with an elevated thickened often hairy line or
ring of hairs in its throat, not inflated.

1. T. pratense (L.); heads ovate dense sessile, cal. 10-nerved
hairy not half so long as the corolla, teeth setaceous ciliated,
stip. ovate abruptly bristle-pointed, leaflets oval emarginate upper
ones entire apiculate.—#. B. 1770. St. 15. 11.—In the cultivated
plant the leaflets are usually all quite entire. Cal.-teeth 5,
TRIFOLIUM. 73

4 nearly equal in length to the tube, the lower one twice as long.
Heads of fl. sometimes slightly stalked. FI. purplish, sometimes
white. St. erect.—8. parviflorum; heads stalked, calyx-teeth as
long or longer than the corolla.—Mountainous pastures, fields.
8. in dry places. P.V.—IX. Purple Clover.

2. T. medium (L.); heads subglobose lax stalked, calyx
10-nerved glabrous not half as long as the corolla, teeth seta-
ceous hairy, stip. linear-lanceolate acuminate, leaflets elliptical or
laneeolate apiculate —E. B. 190. St. 15. 13.—Four of the calyx-
teeth equalling, or rather longer than the tube, the fifth 4 longer.

Heads of fi. large. Fi. a St. ascending, zigzag.—Dry
elevated pastures. P. VI.—IX.

3. T. ochroleucum (L.); heads subglobose dense stalked soli-
tary terminal, cal. 10-nerved pubescent about half as long as the
corolla, teeth erect in fruit subulate lower one rather longer than
the tube the others two-thirds shorter, stip. lanceolate-subulate,
leaflets elliptic-oblong the lower one emarginate or cordate.—
E. B. 1224. St. 15. 15.—Cal. with acute teeth having 1 strong
nerve. St. 1% foot high, erect. Lower 1. on very long stalks.
Fi. cream-coloured, at length turning brown.—Dry gravelly soils
and clays of the east of England. P. VI. VII. E. 8.

4. T. incarnatum (L.); heads ovate at length cylindrical stalked
solitary terminal, cal. 10-nerved hairy, teeth patent in fruit lan-
ceolate-subulate nearly equal rather longer than their tube and
falling short of the cor., stip. ovate obtuse, leaflets obovate retuse
or obcordate, st. erect and together with the |. and stip. villose.
—E. B. S. 2950.—Stip. sometimes rather acute especially the
lower ones. FI. reddish purple on the cultivated, nearly white
on (“T. Molinerii Bald.” T. noeanum R.) the wild plant. Mouth
of the calyx of the fr. hairy.—Near the Lizard Pomt, Cornwall
(with pale flowers). Rev. W. 8. Hore. A. VI. VII. E.

+5. T. stellatum (L.); heads globose stalked terminal, calyx
10-nerved hairy, teeth subulate from a broad base equal exceeding
the corolla patent in fruit 3-nerved and reticulated, throat closed
with hairs, stip. ovate rather acute denticulated, leaflets obcordate,
st. spreading and together with the |. and stip. villose.—E. B.
1545. St. 16.5.—FI. cream-coloured, small. Calyx of the fruit
remarkably large, its teeth spreading in a stellate manner. St.
short.—Shingly beach near Shoreham. A. VI. VII. E.

6. T. arvense (L.); heads nearly cylindrical stalked very hairy,
cal. 10-nerved, teeth subulate-setaceous hairy nearly equal nerve-
less exceeding the cor. at length slightly spreading, stip. ovate
or lanceolate acuminate, leaflets linear-oblong.— FE. B. 944.
St. 16. 3.—St. erect, or in a maritime form (Ray Syn. t. 14. f. 2.)
procumbent with globose heads, st. and 1. finely hairy. Points
of the lower stip. sometimes very slender. Fl. small, almost con-

E
74 25. LEGUMINOS&E.

cealed by the very hairy calyx. Seeds oval, greenish yellow,
vadicle not prominent.—Sandy fields. A. VII—IX. Hare’s-
foot Trefoil.

7. T. striatum (L.); heads ovate or oblong sessile terminal and
lateral solitary or the terminal in pairs, calyx 10-nerved hairy,
teeth subulate wnequal straight mucronate about equalling the
cor., tube ventricose in fruit, stip. ovate cuspidate, leatlets obcor-
date or obovate, ves equal and straight at the margins.—E. B.
1843. S¢. 16. 6. 7.—St. procumbent, 4—10 in. long and as well
as thel. silky. Stip. with reddish vems. FI. small. Seeds oval,
brownish yellow, radicle not prominent.—f. erectum (Leight.) ;
st. erect, heads elongated subconical lateral shortly stalked, cor.
longer than the calyx.—Dry and sandy places. A. VI. VII.

8. T. scabrum (L.); heads ovate sessile terminal and lateral
solitary, cal. 10-nerved hairy, teeth lanceolate mucronate about
equalling the cor. with 1 strong prominent nerve at length patent,
tube cylindrical in fruit, stip. ovate cuspidate, leaflets obovate,
veins thickened and curved at the margins —E. B. 903.—St.
procumbent, spreading. Fl. small. Cal. of the fruit very rigid.
Seeds oblong, reddish yellow, radicle not prominent.—Dry sandy
places. A. V.—VII.

9. T. Bocconi (Savi); heads oblong-ovate sessile terminal usu-
ally 2 together, cal. 10-nerved hairy, teeth lanceolate-subulate
mucronate about as long as the cor. with 1 strong prominent
nerve erect ; tube cylindrical in fruit, stip. oblong with a long
subulate point, leaflets oblong-ohovate in the lower leaves
roundish-obovate, veins equal and straight at the margins, seeds
with the radicle slightly prominent.—£. B. S.2868.—St. 2—6 in.
high, erect. FI. small, pale yellow. Seeds oval, brownish yellow.
Heads dense, somewhat conical.—In dry places, near the Lizard
Point, Cornwall. A. VII.

10. T. maritimum (Huds.); heads ovate-globose stalked termi-
nal, cal. strongly nerved, teeth ciliated at first subulate erect fall-
ing short of the cor. afterwards broad leaflike acute spreading
l-nerved the lower one longest and 3-nerved, tube hairy above
obconical in fruit, stip. broadly subulate very long, leaflets oblong-
obovate.—E. B. 220.—St. spreading, usually procumbent. FL.
pale red, small.—Muddy salt marshes. A. VI. VII. E.I.

** Fl. sessile; throat of the calyx naked within ; heads few-
flowered, at length producing thick stellated fibres (abortive
calyces) from their centre which ultimately fold over the fruit.

ll. T. subterraneum (L.); heads 2—5-flowered erect deflexed
in fruit, calyx glabrous, teeth filiform hairy nearly equal shorter
than the corolla, tube inflated in fruit and at length split longi-
tudinally, abortive calyces numerous slender stellate with 5 points,
TRIFOLIUM. 75

stip. ovate pointed, leaflets obcordate.—E. B. 1048.—St. pro-
strate and as well as the 1. hairy. FI. white, considerably longer
than the calyx. The curious abortive calyces are remarkably
characteristic of this species—Dry gravelly places. A. V. VI.

*** FT, sessile or stalked ; throat of the calyx naked within, not
inflated, pods 2—4—8-seeded.

12. T. glomeratum (L.); heads globose sessile terminal and
axillary, calyx sessile 10-nerved, teeth ovate very acute veiny
-nearly equal reflexed, stip. ovate taper-pointed, leaflets obcordate
the upper ones obovate, seeds 2.— E. B. 1063.—St. procumbent.
Fi. rose-coloured, standard persistent striated. Seeds trans-
versely ovate-reniform, radicle prominent.—Gravelly places in
the east and south of England. A. VI.

13. T. strictum (L.); heads globose axillary, calyx sessile 10-
nerved, teeth subulate unequal somewhat spreading, stip. broad
poited serrated, leaflets obovate the upper ones oblong, seeds 2.
—E. B.S. 2949.—St. diffuse, short. Ped.short. Pods slightly
exserted ; seeds ovate, radicle slightly prominent.—Jersey. Near
the Lizard Point, Cornwall. A. VI.—VIII.

14. T. suffocatum (L.); heads roundish sessile axillary, cal.
sessile, teeth lanceolate acute faleate recurved longer than the
corolla, stip. ovate pointed, leaflets obcordate, seeds 2.—E. B.
1049.—St. short, usually buried in the sand. Fl. small, erect.
Cal. scarcely striated. Seeds roundish, radicle prominent.—
Sandy sea-shores, rare. A. VI. E,

15. T. repens (L.); heads roundish, peduncles awillary longer
than the leaves, fi. stalked at length deflewed, calyx glabrous half
as long as the corolla, teeth lanceolate unequal erect, stip. ovate
abruptly cuspidate, leaflets obovate or obcordate, seeds 4, stems
creeping.—E. B. 1769. St. 15. 6.—Fl. white, standard striated,
sometimes pink. L. often with a dark spot at their base. Pod
included. In damp seasons the pod is often protruded in the
form of a horn or changed into a small leaf—Meadows and pas-
tures. P. V.—IX. Dutch or White Clover.

[T. elegans (Savi); st. ascending, cal.-teeth setaceous, leaflets
many-veined; was found in a clover field in Surrey by Mr. H. C.
Watson. |

16. T.? ornithopodioides (L.); clusters stalked axillary of 1—

3 stalked fl., calyx glabrous, teeth slender acute nearly equal

erect, stip. ovate with long taper points, leaflets obcordate, seeds

8.—£. B.1047.—St. prostrate. Fl. small, pet. all distinct. Pod

exserted, compressed, obtuse, transversely furrowed, slightly

hairy, curved, longer than the calyx, opening with 2 ir dae This
E
76 25. LEGUMINOSE.

plant is scarcely a Trifolium or Trigonella.—Dry gravelly places.
A. VI. VII

xe FT. sessile, throat of the calyx naked within inflated after
flowering and arched above.

17. T. fragiferum (L.); heads globose, peduncles axillary
exceeding the leaves, involucre multifid equalling the calyx, calyx
of the fruit membranous reticulated downy, stip. ovate with a long
attenuated point, leaflets obovate emarginate minutely serrate,
seeds 2.—H. B. 1050. St. 16.8.—St. creeping. FI. purplish red.
Heads large, remarkable when in fruit for their curious calyces.
Pod included.— Damp pastures. P. VII. VII.

{18. T. resupinatum (L.); heads hemispherical at length glo-
bose, peduncles axillary equalling the leaves, bracts minute, calyx
of the fruit membranous reticulated woolly, stip. subulate-lan-
ceolate from an ovate base, leaflets obovate minutely serrate, seeds
2.—E. B. 8. 2789. (bad) St. 16. 9.—St. prostrate or ascending.
Fl. small, resupinate. Pod included.—Below Bristol, now Jost.
Poole, Dorset. Belfast, Mr. Thompson. A. VII.] E. 1.

#*x%% FT, stalked, throat of the calyx naked within not inflated,
cor. persistent, standard deflened and covering the pod.

19. T. procumbens (L.); heads oval dense with about 40 fi.,
ped. axillary equalling or exceeding the leaves, fl. at length re-
flexed, style much shorter than the pod, stip. ovate acute entire,
Its. obovate emarginate, central petiole longest, seeds elliptical
radicle scarcely prominent.—H. B. 945. S¢. 15. 15.—Primary
stem erect, branches procumbent or ascending. Pod pointed at
both ends. Peduncles sometimes shorter at others longer than
the leaves. FI. yellow. Radicle causing a slight irregularity in
the otherwise regularly elliptical seeds. [T. patens (Schreb.),
style as long as the pod, radicle prominent through $ the length
of the seed, stip. half-cordate usually denticulate; will probably
be found in England.|—Dry pastures. A. VL—VIII.

20. T. minus (Sm.); heads close about 12-flowered, peduncles
axillary, pedicels very short, fl. at length reflexed, standard fur-
rowed truncate quite covering the pod, style much shorter than
the pod, stip. ovate, leaflets obcordate intermediate one stalked.
—F. B. 1256. T. filiforme Koch.—Dry places. A. VI.—VIII.

21. T. filiforme (L.); fl. few (3—5) in law racemes, peduncles
axillary, pedicels as long as the calyx-tube, fl. at length reflexed,
standard not furrowed deeply notched scarcely covering the pod.
—E. B. 1257. T. micranthum Koch.—Standard much narrower
m prepenion than in T. minus. See Phyt. i. 293.—Dry places.
A. VI. VIL.
LOTUS.—ANTHYLLIS. ‘7

8. Lotus Linn.

1. L. corniculatus (L.); claw of the standard obovate trans-
versely vaulted, calyx-teeth straight in the bud subulate from a
ee base, points of the 2 upper ones converging, heads
5—10-flowered.—E. B. 2090.—Glabrous or slightly hairy. St.
ascending. Leaflets obovate. Stip. ovate. Angle between the
2 upper calyx-teeth rounded.—f. villosus (Ser.); upper part of
st., ., and cal. hairy with long spreading hairs.—y. crassifolius
(Pers.); pilose, st. caspitose, leaflets obovate fleshy, stip. ovate.
—. L. tenuis (Sm.); glabrous or slightly hairy, st. filiform elon-
gated procumbent or ascending, leaflets linear or linear-obovate,
ae z-ovate. E. B.S. 2615.—Pastures, dry banks, &c. P. VII.

2. L. major (Scop.?); claw of the standard linear, calyz-teeth
spreading like a star in the bud subulate from a triangular base,
two upper ones diverging, heads 8 —12-flowered, leaflets obovate,
stip. roundish-ovate—H#. B. 2091. L. uliginosus Schkuhr.—
Hairy. St. usually erect, 1—3 feet high. Angle between the 2
upper calyx-teeth acute.—(. glabriusculus (Bab.); glabrous, the
margins and nerves of the |. stip. bracts and sep. ciliated, st.

erect or procumbent.—In damp places. 8. on drier spots. P.
VII. VIII.

3. L. angustissimus (L.); claw of the standard linear, calyx-
teeth straight in the bud subulate, pod linear 6 times longer than
the calyx, beak straight, head about 2-flowered.—E. B. 925. L.
angustissimus (L.1), L. diffusus (Ser.).—Peduncle of the fl. as
long as the 1. of the fr. twice as long, leaflets and stip. ovate-lan-
ceolate acute, st. procumbent.—. Seringianus (Bab.); peduncle
of the fl. and fr. as long as the leaves, leaflets obovate-oblong,
stip. ovate acute, st. ascending. L. angustissimus (Ser.)—South
of England near the sea. A. VII. VIII.

4. L. hispidus (Desf.), claw of the standard subulate, calyx-
teeth straight in the bud subulate, pod rugose terete twice as long
as the calyx, beak elongate setaceous bent downwards, heads few
(3—4) flowered, leaflets obovate-lanceolate, stip. half-cordate, st.
procumbent.— E. B. S, 2823.—Near the sea in Devon and Corn-
wall. A. VII. VIII. E.

9. AnruyLuis Linn. Lady’s Fingers.

1. A. Vulneraria (L.); herbaceous, 1. pinnate, leaflets un-
equal, heads of fl. in pairs, calyx of 5 ovate pointed teeth.—
E. B. 104. St. 49. 4. 5.—Pod semiorbicular, long-stalked, upper
suture arched outwards, ]-seeded. St. 6—12 in. high, silky.
Root-l. simple, oval. Fi. yellow, in terminal pairs of crowded
many-flowered heads.—f. Dillenii ; plant smaller, fl. red. Dill.
Elth. 320.—Dry pastures. P. VI.—VIII.
78 25, LEGUMINOSE.

10. Oxyrroris Cand.

1. O. Halleri (Bunge); stemless, leaflets ovate acute in about
12 pairs, peduncles longer than the leaves erect silky, bracts as
long as the calyx, pods erect ovate-oblong inflated silky 2-celled.
— Astragalus uralensis Sm. E. B. 466.—Root, or more correctly
stem, woody, branched. Pods abrupt with a very oblique acute
point. Fl. bluish purple. “Pl. uralensis ab europea differt.”
Koch.—Dry hilly pastures in Scotland. P. VI. s.

2. O. campestris (DC.); st. short procumbent, leaflets lan-
ceolate in about 12 pairs, peduncles rather longer than the 1.
ascending hairy, bracts as long as the calyx, pods erect ovate in-
flated hairy imperfectly 2-celled.—Astragalus Sm. E. B. 2522.
St. 19. 12.—Root woody, producing short procumbent stems.
Pods narrowed upwards with a slightly oblique poimt. Fl. yel-
lowish tinged with purple—Clova Mountains. P. VII. s.

11. Asrracaus Linn,

1. A. hypoglottis (L.); st. prostrate, stip. combined, leaflets
blunt in 8—10 pairs, spikes ovate, peduncles longer than the leaves,
pods ovate hairy stalked in the calyx erect —E. B. 274.—Stip.
quite combined into one leaflet opposite to the leaves. St. a few
inches long, slender. Leaflets small. Fl. in rather large heads,
ascending, purple. Ovary twice as long as its stalk.—Chalky
and gravelly places. P. VI. VII.

2. A. alpinus (L.); st. procumbent, stip. ovate free, leaflets
elliptical blunt in 10—12 pairs, spikes capitate, peduncles as long
as the leaves, pods oblong hairy narrowed at both ends stalked
in the calyx pendulous.— EB. B. S. 2717. St. 19. 13.—Stip. some-
times slightly connected at the base. St. elongated, slender.
Fl. few, drooping, white tipped with purple.—Lofty mountains.
Glen Dole, Clova. Little Craigindal, Braemar. P. VII. Ss.

3. A. glycyphylios (L.); st. prostrate, stip. ovate-lanceolate
free, leaflets ovate in 5—6 pairs, spikes ovate, peduncles much
shorter than the leaves, pods linear incurved erect glabrous.
E. B. 203.—St. 2—3 feet long, scarcely branched, nearly gla-
brous. Fl. in short dense spikes, dull yellow. Pods an inch
long.—Thickets on a chalky or gravelly soil. P. VI.

Tribe II. Vicier.

12. Vicra Linn.
* Upper part of the style equally hairy all over.

+ Peduncles elongated, few-flowered ; cal. not gibbous at the
base on the upper side. Ervum. Tares.

1. V. hirsuta (Koch) ; peduncles 1—6-flowered about as long
VICIA. 79

as the leaves, leaflets in 6—8 pairs linear-oblong truncate mu-
cronate, calyx-teeth equal as long as their tube the 2 upper ones
converging, pods oblong 2-seeded hairy —Ervum Sum., E. B. 970.
Cracca minor Godr.—Stip. 2-lobed, outer lobe trifid with seta-
ceous segments, inner lanceolate. Fl. small, pale blue, standard
entire. Calyx-teeth subulate. Pod obliquely truncate and its
upper suture nearly straight and prominent at the end. Seeds
orbicular, compressed, red with darker spots, smooth ; hilwm long
linear —Mr. Borrer found the 8. angustifolia (Fries) which has
1—2-flowered peduncles and glabrous pods, in company with the
usual form of the species at Hendela. Cone felde and hedges.
A. VI—VIII. Hairy Tare.

2. V. tetrasperma (Moench) ; peduncles 1—2-flowered about as
long as the leaves, leaflets linear-oblong blunt mucronate in 4—6
pairs, calyx-teeth unequal shorter than their tube the 2 upper
ones shortest “ diverging,” pods linear-oblony 4-seeded glabrous.
—Ervum Sm., E. B. 1223. St. 32. 14.—Stipules half-arrow-
shaped. Fl. small, pale blue; standard with blue streaks, emar-
gimate. Calyx-teeth elongate-triangular. Pod rounded and its
upper suture decurved at the end. Seeds 3—5, globose, dull
brown, slightly rough ; hilum oblong—Fields and hedges. A.
VI.—VIII. Smooth Tare.

3. V. gracilis (Lois.); peduncles 1—4-flowered at last twice
as long as the leaves, leaflets lmear acute in 3—4 pairs, calyx-
teeth unequal shorter than their tube the 2 upper ones shortest,
pods linear 6—8-seeded glabrous.—E. B. S. 2904.—Stip. half-
arrowshaped. Fl. twice as large as those of V. tetrasperma, pale
blue; standard emarginate. Calyx-teeth elongate-triangular,
“two upper slightly converging,” Pod with its upper suture
slightly decurved at the end. Seeds globose variegated with dark
brown and yellow, smooth ; hilum short, oval, half as long as that
of the last.—Fields and hedges. A. VI—VIII. E. I.

[V. Ervilla (Willd.); pod oblong contracted between the
seeds; has occurred on cultivated land in Somersetshire. |

+t Peduncles elongated, many-flowered ; calyx gibbous at the
base on the upper side.

4. V. sylvatica (L.) ; peduncles longer than the leaves, leaflets
elliptical obtuse mucronate in about 8 pairs, stip. linate deeply
toothed at the base, teeth setaceous, calyx-teeth shorter than their
tube subulate—E. B. 79. St. 31. 3.—St. many feet long, climb-
ing by their branched tendrils. Fl. numerous, cream-coloured
and streaked with blue. Hilum extending about half round the
seed.— Woods and thickets. P. VII. VIII. Wood Vetch.

5. V. Orobus (DC.); peduncles ultimately longer than the
leaves, leaflets ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate mucronate in
80 25. LEGUMINOSAE.

numerous (7—10) pairs, stip. half-arrowshaped slightly toothed at
the base, calyx-teeth longer than their tube, 2 upper ones trian-
gular, the others triangular-subulate——Orobus sylvaticus Sm.,
E. B. 518.—St. ascendmg, 1—14 foot long. Tendrils reduced
to a short slender poimt. Fl. numerous, cream-coloured streaked
with purple. Pods linear-oblong. Hilum extending about 3 round
the seed.—Roeky woods. P. V. VI.

** Upper part of the style hairy all over, the hairs rather
longer below the stigma but scarcely bearded. Calyx gibbous
at the base.

6. V. Cracca (L.); peduncles elongated, many-flowered, leaf-
lets lanceolate mucronate silky in about 10 pairs, stip. half-arrow-
shaped entire, calyx-teeth shorter than their tube, upper pair
minute, the others subulate, standard sinuated at about the mid-
dle of each side, its limb and claw equally long, pods lmear-ob-
long smooth.—F. B. 1168. St. 31. 6—St. 3—4 feet long. FI.
blue variegated with purple. “Seeds subglobose, black. Hilum
linear, extending half round the seed.”--Hedges. P. VI.—VIII.

*** Style bearded below the stigma, in other respects glabrous
or uniformly hairy all over in its upper part ; calyx gibbous
at the base on the upper side.

7. V. bithynica (L.); peduncles shorter than the leaves 1—2-
flowered, leaflets 2 in the upper leaves elliptic-lanceolate mucro-
nate or linear-lanceolate acute, stip. half-arrowshaped toothed,
ealyx-teeth longer than their tube lanceolate-subulate, pods linear-
oblong hairy.—E. B. 1842. St. 32. 5.—St. 12—18 in. long.
FL. almost always solitary, purple. ‘“ Seeds globose, speckled
with black and grey; hilum oval.” Upper part of the style
hairy all over. The inland plant has broader leaflets and more
cut stip. than the maritime one.—Bushy places on a gravelly
soil. P. VII. VIII.

8. V. sepium (L.); fl. 4—6 in small axillary nearly sessile
clusters, leaflets in 4—8 pairs ovate obtuse mucronate gradually
smaller upwards on the petiole, stip. half-arrowshaped undivided
or lobed, calyx-teeth unequal shorter than their tube, 2 upper
ones curved upwards, pods linear-oblong glabrous.—E. B 1515.
St. 31. 16.—St. about 2 feet high. Fl. purplish. Calyx hairy.
“Seeds globose, speckled with black and grey; hilum linear,
extending through about 3 of the circumference.” Upper part
of the style nearly or quite glabrous, bearded. L. more or less
hairy, leaflets sometimes ovate-lanceolate truncate —Woods and
hedges. P. VI.—VIII.

9. V. levigata (Sm.); fl. solitary axillary, leaflets elliptic-
oblong rounded mucronate in 4 pairs, stip. cloved, calyx-teeth
VICIA. sl

nearly equal as long as the tube subulate, standard glabrous, pods
compressed oblong glabrous.—E. B. 483.—St. suberect, 3—4 in.
to 1 foot long. Fi. pale purple. Seeds oblong, brown, attached
by one end. I have not seen specimens.—On the pebbly beach
at Weymouth formerly, but now lost. P. VIL. VILL E.

10. V. kybrida (L.); fl. solitary axillary, leaflets obovate emar-
ginate apiculate in 5—7 pairs, calya-teeth unequal spreading subu-
late longer than their tube, standard hairy, pod ovate-oblong
hairy. E. B. 482. St. 32. 3.—St. ascending, 1 foot long. Fi.
reddish yellow. Hairs on the pods simple. “Seeds round with
ashort hilum.” Ihave seen no native specimens.— On Glaston-
bury Tor Hill. Swan Pool, Lincoln. H. and A. P.VI.VII. E.

ll. V. lutea (L.); fi. solitary axillary, leaflets elliptic-lanceo-
late acute or rounded at the end apiculate in 5—8 pairs, calyx-
teeth unequal, upper ones very short and curved upwards, lower
one longer than the tube, standard glabrous, pods elliptic-oblong
hairy. —E. B. 481. St. 31. 13.—St. proeumbent, 1—2 feet long.
Fl. sulphur-coloured. Hairs on the pods with a bulbous base.
Seeds round, compressed, with a short hilum. L. varying greatly
in hairiness.— Pebbly ground near the sea. P. VI—VIII. E.8.

12. V. sativa (L.); fl. axillary solitary or in pairs, leaflets in
5—7 pairs elliptic-oblong retuse or obcordate-mucronate, the
upper ones narrower or linear truncate mucronate, calyx-teeth
equal lanceolate-subulate long equalling their tube, standard gla-
brous, pods linear slightly silky, seeds globose smooth.—Seeds
slightly compressed ; hilum linear, occupying about 4 of the cir-
cumference.—«. V.,sativa (Sm.) ; leaflets all elliptic- or obovate-
oblong, the lower ones shorter and broader, fl. usually in pairs,
pods erect, st. _—14 foot high. E. B. 334. St. 31. 10.—8. V.
angustifolia (Sm.); leafiets of the upper 1. linear-lanceolate,
lower ones obovate retuse or obcordate, fl. solitary or in pairs,
pods mostly patent, st. slender. E. B.S. 2614, S¢. 31. 11.—
y. V. Bobartii (Forst.) ; leaflets of the upper 1. lmear truncate or
retuse, fl. solitary, pods patent, st. prostrate. E. B. 8. 2708.—
B. and y. in dry places. «. is a doubtful native, perhaps only
an escape from cultivation. A.V. VI. Common Vetch.

*** Style bearded below the stigma ; calyx not gibbous at the
base.

13. V. lathyroides (L.); fl. axillary solitary, leaflets im 2—3
pairs obovate or oblong retuse mucronate, calyx-teeth subulate
straight as long as their tube, pods linear glabrous, seeds nearly
cubical tubercular, hilum short elliptical —E. B. 30. S#. 31. 12.
—St. procumbent, 3—5 in. long. Fi. small, purple.—Dry gra-

velly and sandy places. A. V. VI. :
E
82 25. LEGUMINOSE.

13. Larayrus Linn.

1. L. Aphaca (L.); peduncles single-flowered, petioles leafless
forming tendrils, stip. very large leaflike cordate-sagittate.—
E. B. 1167.—St. weak, climbing. Fl. yellow, on long stalks.
Remarkable for its total want of 1. which are replaced by the
large stipules. Rarely 1 or 2 lanceolate leaflets may be found.
Pods somewhat cylindrical ; seed smooth, compressed.—Sandy
and gravelly fields in the south. A. V.—VIII. E.

2. L. Nissolia (L.); peduncles 1—2-flowered, petioles leaflike
linear-lanceolate without 1. or tendrils, stip. minute subulate.—
E. B. 112.—St. mostly erect. L. grasslike. Fl. purple, on long
stalks. Pods cylindrical ; seeds tubercular, round ; hilum small,
oval.—Bushy grassy places, rare. A. VI

3. L. hirsutus (L.); peduncles 2-flowered, 1. of one pair of
linear-lanceolate leaflets, pods hairy, seeds globose tubercular.—
E. B. 1255.—St. winged, climbing to the height of 1 or 2 feet.
Pods linear-oblong, covered with hairs having bulbous bases.
F'. sometimes solitary, pale blue with a crimson standard. Hilum
oblong.—Rare. Essex. Somerset? <A. VI. VII. E.

+. L. pratensis (L.); st. angular, peduncles many-flowered, 1.
of one pair of lanceolate mucronate slightly silky leaflets, stip.
arrowshaped, calyx-teeth subulate, pods obliquely vemed, seeds
globose smooth.—E. B. 670.—St. 2—3 feet high, climbing, not
winged. Pods linear-oblong. Fl. racemose, drooping, bright
yellow. Hilum smail, oblong —Moist meadows and pastures.
P. VIL. VIII.

5. L. sylvestris (L.); st. winged, peduncles many-flowered,
1. of one pair of linear-lanceolate or lanceolate leaflets, stip. half-
arrowshaped narrow, calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, 2 upper
ones short, pods reticulated with veins, seeds compressed smooth
half surrounded by the hilum.—E. B. 805.—St. climbing to the
height of 5—6 feet. Pods linear-oblong, curved. Fl. greenish
yellow variegated with purple. Broader-leaved varieties often
pass for L. latifolius.—Woods and thickets. P. VIL—IX. E.8.

(6. L. latifolius (L.); st. winged, peduncles many-flowered,
1. of one pair of elliptical pointed leaflets, stip. half-arrowshaped
triangular-ovate broad, “ pods reticulated with veins, seeds tuber-
cular-rugose 4 surrounded by the hilum.”—E. B. 1108.—St.
climbing to the height of 5 or 6 feet. “ Pods linear-oblong.”
Fl. purplish rose-colour, large.—A very doubtful native. P. VIT.
VUL] E. 8.

7. L. palustris (L.); st. winged, peduncles many-flowered,
1. of 2 or 3 patrs of linear-lanceolate acute leaflets, stip. half-arrow-
shaped lanceolate, “ pods linear-oblong, compressed ; seeds round
LATHYRUS.~-ARTHROLOBIUM. 83

compressed smooth 4 surrounded by the hilum.”—E. B. 169.—

St. 2—3 feet high. FI. bluish purple.—Bo: meadows, rare.
P. VI. VII. 8 re ao

8. L. maritimus (Big.); st. angular not winged, peduncles
oe 1. of 3—8 pairs of oval leaflets, stip. large oval
cordate-hastate, pods oblong obliquely reticulated, seeds globose
3 surrounded by the hilum.—Pisum Sm., E. B. 1046.—St. pro-
strate. Leaflets large, obtuse but apiculate; petioles often re-
curved. Fl. purple, variegated.—f. acutifolius (Bab.); leaflets
elliptic-lanceolate acute, petioles straight, stemsslender straggling.
—Pebbly sea-shores, rare. 8. Burrafirth, Unst, Shetland. P.
VII. VILL. Sea Pea.

9. L. macrorhizus (Wimm.); st. simple winged, peduncles
2—4-flowered, 1. of 2—3 pairs of oblong or lanceolate blunt api-
culate leaflets without tendrils, stip. half-arrowshaped. broad, pods
cylindrical, seeds globose + surrounded by the hilum.—Orobus
tuberosus Sm. E. B. 1153.—Root tuberous. L. glaucous be-
neath. FI. purple, variegated with red and blue.—8. tenuifolius ;
1 lines —Woorls and thickets in hilly countries. P. VI. VII.

10. L. niger (Wimm.); st. branched not winged, ped. many-
flowered, 1. of 3—6 pairs of lanceolate or oblong leaflets without
tendrils, stip. linear-subulate the lower ones half-arrowshaped,
pods slightly compressed, seeds oval 3 surrounded by the hilum.
—Orobus Sm., E. B. S. 2788.—Turns black in drying. Fi. va-
riegated with red blue and purple. Pods linear. Seed dark
brown, perfectly smooth.—Rocky woods in Scotland, rare. .
VI. VIL. S.

Tribe III. Hedysaree.

14. OrnitrHorus Linn.

1. O. perpusillus (L.) ; peduncles longer than the leaves, calyx-
teeth triangular acute ¢ the length of their tube, beak scarcely as
long as a jomt of the pod.—E. B. 369.—A small prostrate plant,
3—12 in. long. L. with 54—123 pairs of elliptical downy leaf-
lets. Fl. small; calyx hairy, cor. white with crimson veins.
Pods curved, joints beadlike wrinkled lengthwise-—Dry sandy
and gravelly places. A. V.—VII. Birdsfoot.

15. ArTHROLOBIUM Desv.

1. A. ebracteatum (DC.); peduncles about as long as the I.
2—4-flowered, stip. minute distinct, 1. pinnate with many pairs
of elliptic-oblong leaflets, the lowest pair remote from the stem.
—E. B. S. 2844.—St. prostrate filiform. Fl. small, yellow.
84 26. ROSACER.

standard red externally. Pod curved upwards, joints cylindrical
rugose.—Channel and Scilly Islands. A. VI. VII. E.

16. Hrppocreris Linn. Horseshoe Vetch.

1. H. comosa (L.); pods umbellate, their jomts rough curved
neither dilated nor bordered, joinings glabrous, peduncles longer
than the leaves.—E. B.31.—St. procumbent, often a foot long.
Fl. yellow. Leaflets 7—13, obovate, obtuse or emarginate, api-
culate.—Dry calcareous banks. P. V.—VIII. E.

17. Onosrycuis Gaert.

1. O. sativa (Lam.); wings shorter than the calyx, keel about
as long as the standard, st. ascending, pods with reticulated
spinous elevations on the disk and short sharp flat teeth on the
lower suture—E. B. 96. Sé.19.10.—St. often 2 feet long. Fl.
in long dense terminal racemes, crimson, variegated. Tube of
the calyx silky, short; teeth very long. Leaflets elliptic-oblong,
mucronate, entire, glabrous above, in about 122 pairs.—On chalky
and limestone hills. P. VI. VII. Sazntfoin. E. 8.

Order XXVI. ROSACEA.

Cal. 4—5-parted, or twice as many in 2 rows, lined with a disk
below, odd lobe superior. Pet. 5, equal. Stam. usually inde-
finite. Carp. several or solitary, distinct or combined with each
other or with the calyx. Styles distinct, often lateral. Fruit
various. Seeds nearly without albumen, embryo straight. —L.
alternate, usually compound, with stipules.

Suborder I. AMYGDALEZ.

Fruit a drupe. Cal. deciduous, quite free from the solitary
ovary. Stip. free.

1. Prunus. Drupe fleshy, indehiscent ; its nut smooth or
furrowed.

Suborder II. ROSE.

Carpels several, distinct from each other and from the calyx.
Stip. united to the petiole.

Tribe I. SPIRAL. Follicles several ; seeds 1—6, suspended
from the inner edges of the follicles. Cal. persistent.

2. Spirwa. Cal. 5-cleft. Stam. numerous, inserted along
with the pet. on a disk adhering to the calyx. Follicles ] or
more, usually distinct. Seeds 2—6.
26. ROSACES, 85

Tr. Il. SANGUISORBEZA. Carpels 1—3, inclosed in the dry
calyx-tube which is narrowed at the top.

3. SancuisorBA. Fl. perfect. Cal. 4-cleft, with 2 or 3 ex-
ternal scales at its base, tube quadrangular. Pet.0. Stam. 4,
opposite to the segments of the calyx. Nuts 1—2. Style
terminal. Stigma capitate, covered with oblong spreading
papille. Seed suspended.—G. F. G. Monochl. 78.

4. Porerium. FI. moneecious or polygamous. Cal. 4-cleft,
with 3 external scales at its base, tube quadrangular. Pet. 0.
Stam. 20-30. Nuts 2—3. Styletermmmal. Stigma brush-
shaped with filiform divisions. Seed suspended.—G. F. G.
Monochl. 79.

5. Acrimonia. Calywx 5-cleft, without external scales ; tube
turbinate, armed with hooked bristles above. Pet.5. Stam.
15, mserted with the pet. into a glandular ring in the throat
of the calyx. Nuts 2. Style terminal. Seed suspended.

6. ALCHEMILLA. Cal. 8-parted, the alternate parts smaller ;
tube obconical, contracted at the throat. Pet. 0. Stam.
1—4, inserted into a ring in the throat of the calyx and op-
posite to the smaller segments. Nuts 1—2. Style from
near the base of the nut. Seed ascending.—G. F. G. Mo-
nochl. 80.

Tr. II. DRYADEA. Fr. formed of 5 or more small dry
(in Rubus succulent) nuts inserted on a dry or succulent re-
ceptacle. Cal. persistent, open.

Attachment of the seed near to that of the style, radicle
superior.

*

7. Sippaupia. Cal. concave, 10-parted, in 2 series, 5 exterior
parts smaller. Pet. 5. Stam. 5. Style lateral. Fr. of
5—10 small nuts placed on a dry receptacle. Seed ascending.

8. Porentinua. Cal. concave, 8—10-parted, in 2 series, 5
exterior parts smaller. Pet.4—5. Stam. numerous. Style
lateral or nearly terminal. Fr. of numerous small nuts placed
upon a flattish dry receptacle. Seed pendulous or ascending.

9. Comarum. Cal. cor. stam. and pistils as in Potentilla.
Receptacle ultimately large spongy persistent. Style lateral
near the summit of the nut. Seed pendulous.

10. Fracarra. Cal. cor. stam. and pistils as in Potentilla.
Receptacle large succulent pulpy deciduous. Style lateral
near the base of the nut. Seed ascending.

11. Rusvus. Cal. concave or flattish, 5-parted. Pet.5. Stam.
numerous. Styles nearly terminal. Carp. numerous, suc-
86 26. ROSACEA.

culent, drupaceous, placed upon a hemispherical or conical
spongy receptacle. Seed pendulous.

** Attachment of the seed distant from that of the style, radicle
inferior. Seed with a long awn.

12. Dryas. Cal. 8—10-cleft, in one row. Pet.8—9. Stam.
numerous. Fr. of numerous small nuts, tipped with the
persistent hairy styles which are straight at the extremity.
Receptacle flat, dry. Seed ascending.

13. Geum. Cal. 10-cleft, in 2 rows, the outer parts smaller.
Pet. 5. Stam. numerous. Fr. of numerous small nuts,
tipped with the persistent jointed styles hooked at the joining.
Receptacle elongated, dry. Seed ascending.

Tr. IV. ROS 445. Fr. formed of numerous smal} dry nuts
inclosed in the fleshy tube of the calyx.
14. Rosa. Cal. urceolate, contracted at the mouth, ultimately
fleshy, 5-fid. Pet.5. Stam. numerous, inserted with the
petals on the rim of the tube of the calyx.

Suborder III. POMEZ.

Calyx-tube thick and fleshy, in fruit forming a 1—5-celled
pome.

15. Cratmeus. Calyx-segments 5, acute. Pet. 5. Styles
1—5. Fr. oval or round concealing the upper end of the
1—5 bony 1—2-seeded carpels.

16. CorongastER. Calyx-segments 5. Pet.5. Styles 2—5.
Fr. turbinate, its nuts adhering to the sides of the calyx but
not cohering at the centre—Stam. erect, as long as the teeth
of the calyx.

17. Mespiuus. Calyx-segments 5, leaflike. Pet. 5. Styles
2—5. Fr. turbinate with the upper end of the bony carpels
exposed; disk dilated, almost as broad as the fruit.

18. Pyrus. Cal. 5-toothed. Pet. 5. Styles 2—5. Fr.
fleshy with 5 cartilaginous or membranous distinct 2-seeded
cells. Testa cartilaginous.

Suborder I. Amygdalee.

1. Prunus Linn.
* Young leaves convolute.

1. P. communis (Huds.); ped. solitary or in pairs, 1]. elliptic or
ovate-lanceolate rather downy beneath.—a#. P. spinosa (L.) ;

2
PRUNUS.—SPIRA&A. 87

branches spinous, ped. glabrous, 1. usually glabrous, fr. globose.
E. B. 842.—8. P. insititia (L.); branches slightly spinose, ped.
and under-side of 1. usually downy, fr. globose. E. B. 841,—
y. P. domestica (L.); branches without spines, ped. glabrous, 1.
hairy about the midrib beneath, fr. oblong. HE. B. 1783.—The
characters of these varieties are not constant; «. is usually a
shrub with crooked and much armed branches; 8. is a taller
shrub with straight and slightly armed branches; y. is a small
tree.—Sh. IV. V. «. Sloe. Blackthorn. £8. Bullace.

** Young leaves conduplicate—CERasus.

2. P. Padus (L.); arborescent, 1. obovate-lanceolate finely
serrate glabrous, fl. in pendulous racemes, fr. roundish-oblong.—
E. B. 1383.—A small tree. L. minutely doubly serrate. Fi.
white, numerous, in a lax raceme. Fr. black, harsh and bitter,
with a corrugated nut.—Woods and hedges. T. V. Bird Cherry,

3. P. Avium (L.); arborescent, J. drooping oblong-obovate
suddenly cuspidate incise-serrate downy beneath, calyx-tube con-
tracted below the entire sepals, “ fr. heartshaped.”—E. B. 706.
—A tree of 20—30 feet high. Outer scales of the leaf-buds de-
flexed. Flower-buds not leafy. Fl.in umbels. Pet. bifid, with
a minute claw. “Fr. firm, bitter, black or red.”’ Borr—Woods.
T. V. Wild Cherry.

4. P. Cerasus (L.); fruticose, 1. not drooping oblong-obovate
or ovate-lanceolate doubly crenate-serrate glabrous, calya-tube
not contracted, fruit round.—E. B. S. 2863.—An erect bushy
shrub, 3—8 feet high. Umbels scattered. Outer scales of the
leaf-buds erect. Inner scales of the flower-buds leafy. Sep.
crenate-serrate. Pet. subemarginate, with aclaw. “Fr. juicy,
acid, always red.” —Hedges. Sh, V. E.

Suborder II. Rose. Tribe I. Spiree.

2. Spirama Linn.

+1. S. salicifolia (L.); shrubby, stip. 0, 1. elliptic-lanceolate
unequally serrate glabrous, racemes terminal compound, stam.
longer than the petals.—E. B. 1468.—A shrub of 4—6 feet high
with smooth round wandlike branches. Fl. flesh-coloured, a
dense erect racemes.—Damp woods in the north and in Wales.
Sh. VII. E. 8. *L.

2. S. Ulmaria (L.); herbaceous, stip. rounded toothed, |. in-
terruptedly pinnate, leaflets ovate undivided, the terminal one
larger paimately 3—5-lobed, fl. in compound proliferous cymes,
caps. glabrous contorted.—E. B. 960. St. 18. 8.—St. about 3
feet high, angular, branched. L. with a few large serrated leaf-
88 26. ROSACER.

lets and very minute intermediate ones, downy beneath. Pe-
duncles downy. Fl. yellowish, sweetscented. Pet. roundish.—
Meadows and by water. P. VI.—VIII. Meadow-sweet.

3. S. Filipendula (L.); herbaceous, stip. of the root leaves
linear acute entire, those of the stem rounded and cut, 1. inter-
tuptedly pinnate, leaflets all oblong deeply cut and serrate, fl. in
a panicled cyme, caps. hairy parallelly adpressed.—E. B. 284.
St. 18. 7.—Root producing tubers. St. 1—12 foot high, round,
simple, panicled at the top. L. mostly radical, spreading ; leaf-
lets small, numerous, intermediate ones much smaller. Fl. yel-
lowish white tinged with red. Pet. obovate——Dry chalky and
limestone pastures. P. VI. VII. Dropwort. E. 8.

Tribe II. Sanguisorbee.

3. SANGUISORBA Linn.

1. S. officinalis (L.) ; spikes ovate-oblong, stam. about as long
as the calyx, leaflets cordate oblong—Z#. B. 1312.—L. pinnate
glabrous ; leaflets about 13, stalked, opposite, obtuse, coarsely
serrate.—8. media; spikes elongated cylindrical Damp mea-
dows. P. VI—VIII. Great Burnet.

4. Poterium Linn.

1. P. Sanguisorba (L.); herbaceous, st. slightly angular, cal.
of the fruzt hardened quadrangular reticulate-rugose.— EF. B. 860.
—L. pinnate with numerous small ovate coarsely serrate sub-
sessile leaflets glabrous or slightly hairy beneath. Lower part of
the stems and petioles often downy.—On a dry calcareous soil.
P. VI—VIII. 9 Lesser Burnet. E. IL.

2. P. muricatum (Spach); herbaceous, st. slightly angular,
calyx of fruit hardened 4-winged pitted, pits with elevated and
denticulate edges.—Closely resembling the preceding species but
yey we inallits parts. Leaflets usually oval.—Dry places.
P. VI. VIL.

5. Acrimonia Linn.

1, A. Eupatoria (L.); cal. of the fr. obconic furrowed to the
base, exterior spines spreading, |. interruptedly pinnate serrate
tomentose beneath.—F. B. 1335. St. 59. 4.—St. erect, about 2
feet high. Spikes long with distant yellow flowers. Leaflets
deeply serrated—Fields and road-sides. P. VI. VII.

[2. A. odorata (Ait.); cal. of the fr. belishaped its upper half
alone furrowed, exterior spines reflexed, 1. interruptedly pinnate
hairy and with minute glands beneath.—Resembling the last.
Spikes long. Leaflets deeply and sharply serrate. Cal. of the fr.
ALCHEMILLA.—SIBBALDIA. 89

scarcely furrowed as far as half-way down.—Beaumont, Jersey.
Rev. W. W. Newbould. P. VI. VIL.]

6. ALncHEMILLA Linn.

1. A. vulgaris (L.); lL. reniform plaited 7—9-lobed, lobes
rounded serrated throughout green beneath, fl. in terminal co-
rymbs.—E. B. 597.—Slightly hairy. Fl. yellowish green. L.
large on long stalks, st.-l. sessile with a pair of large notched
connate stipules.—f. subsericea (Koch); st. 1. and petioles silky,
old 1. wavy in large waves. A. montana Willd.—Dry hilly pas-
tures. P. VI.—VIII. Common Lady’s Mantle.

2. A. alpina (L.); radical 1. digitate, divisions 5—7 separated
to their base oblong obtuse closely serrated at the end white and
silky beneath, fl. in interrupted spikes of small lateral and ter-
minal corymbs, st. shghtly branched simple below.—E. B. 244.
St. 51. 2.—St., cal. and under side of the 1. beautifully silky.
Leaflets rarely slightly combined, outer ones of the radical 1.
usually nearly opposite to each other. Branches usually un-
divided, ascending.—Mountains. P. VI. VIL. Alpine Lady’s
Mantle.

3. A. conjuncta (Bab.); radical 1. peltate-palmate, divisions
5—7 combined through 4 of their length oblong obtuse closely
serrated at the end white and very silky beneath, fl. in interrupted
spikes of small lateral and terminal corymbs, st. with numerous
branches.—A. argentea (Don) not Lam.—Closely allied to 4.
alpina but usually much larger; distinguished by the leaflets
which are broader and so placed in the radical leaves that the 2
external ones almost if not quite touch each other so as to present
the appearance of a peltate leaf; st. with long alternate spreading
branches, which are often again subdivided; the fl. m small
nearly simple distant corymbs, upon longer stalks, and more silky.
[Ferroe Isles; Sir W. C. Trevelyan.|—Clova Mountains. Mr.
G. Don! Glen Sannox, Arran, Scotland. Dr. N. Tyache! P.
VI. VI. S.

4. A. arvensis (L.); 1. palmate 3-fid wedgeshaped below hairy,
lobes with 3—6 teeth at the end, fl. sessile axillary.—Aphanes
(L.) E. B.1011.—St. prostrate or ascending, 4—5 in. long. FI.
very small, greenish, in small hairy mconspicuous tufts.—Dry
fields on sand and gravel. A. V.—VIII. Parsley Piert.

Tribe III. Dryadee.

7. SipBALpia Linn.

1. S. procumbens (L.); 1. ternate, leaflets wedgeshaped with
3 teeth at the end, fl. corymbose, pet. lanceolate.— E. B. 897.
St. 17. 5.—L. pilose on both sides. St. woody, procumbent.

.
90 26. ROSACER.

Pet. very small. “ Pistils and stam. very variable in number. I
am disposed to consider it as a Potentilla.’ W. Wilson.—Dry
summits of Scottish mountains. P. VII. 5.

8. PorentTiLia Linn.
* Hairs on the receptacle shorter than the glabrous carpels.
t Leaves pinnate.

1. P. rupestris (i.); st. erect dichotomous, leaflets roundish-
ovate unequally cut and serrate 5—7 on the lower leaves, on the
uppermost 3.—H. B. 2058.—Fl. white, large. Pet. much longer
than the calyx. Base of 1. wedgeshaped. St. 1—2 feet high.—
On Craig Breidden, Montgomeryshire. P. V. VI. E

2. P. anserina (L.); st. creeping, 1. interruptedly pimnate, leaf-
lets numerous oblong acutely serrate silky beneath, peduncles
solitary —E. B. 861. St. 4. 7.—Fl. yellow, large. L. green
above, white and silky beneath; or white and densely silky on
both sides.—Road-sides. P. VI. VII. Silver Weed.

tt Leaves digitate.

3. P. argentea (L.); st. decumbent or ascending, 1. quinate,
leaflets ohovate-cuneate incise-serrate white and downy beneath
their margins revolute.—E. B. 89. St. 17. 7.—Fl. yellow, small,
in terminal corymbs.—Dry gravelly places. P. VI. VII.

4. P. intermedia (Nesl.); st. ascending, J. of 7 hairy linear-
cuneate leaflets deeply serrated throughout green on both sides, st.-
1. ternate, teeth 5 or more on each side of a leaflet.—P. opaca
Sm. E£.B. 2449.—F. on long simple solitary axillary or panicled
stalks, yellow. Serratures large distant, extending to the base of

the leaflet. I have not seen specimens.—Clova and Balquidder.
P. VI.

5. P. verna (L.); st. prostrate, lower \. of 5—7 obovate leaf-
lets serrated towards the end bristly on the margin and ribs be-
neath, teeth 2—4 on each side, lowest stipules narrowly linear.—
E. B. 37. St.17.8.—St. woody, about 5 in. long. Fl. yellow,
solitary or 2 or 3 together. The terminal tooth of the 1. usually
smallest and shortest—-Dry pastures. P. IV. V. E. 8.

6. P. alpestris (Hall.); st. ascending, lower |. quinate, leaflets
obovate-cuneate somewhat hairy deeply cut im the upper half,
teeth about 4 on each side, stip. all ovate—E. B. 561. P. salis-
burgensis (Haenke) St. 17. 10.—Larger than the preceding. All
the teeth of 1. equal.—Mountains. P. VI. VII. i. 8.

7. P. reptans (L.); st. filiform procumbent rooting, 1. quinate
stalked, leaflets obovate bluntly serrated, peduncles solitary, pet.
obcordate with a long claw, carpels granulate-scabrous —E. B.
862.—L. on long stalks, often with a bunch of small 1. in their
POTENTILLA.—COMARUM. 91

axils, sometimes solitary, usually in pairs. Leaflets blunt, rough
or hairy on their ribs and margins. FI. on long stalks yellow.—
8. sericea ; 1. and cal. covered with long silky hairs on both sides.
—Road-sides and banks. 8. Usan, Forfarshire. Mr. Lindsay
Carnegie. P. VI—IX.

8. P. Tormentilla (Nesl.) ; st. procumbent or ascending, 1. ter-
nate sessile or shortly stalked, lower 1. quinate on long stalks,
leaflets lanceolate incise-serrate or obovate-cuneate, pet. obcor-
date their claw very short, carpels longitudinally wrinkled.— Tor-
mentilla officinalis (L.) E. B. 863. St. 34. 12.—Leaflets acute,
somewhat hairy. L. all nearly sessile except the lowest which
often have long stalks. Stip. deeply cut. FI. small, yellow,
usually with 8 sep. and 4 pet.—8. P. mixta (Nolte); lts. obovate-
oblong acutely serrate stalked, stip. entire. A hybrid between No.
7 and 8.—y. P. procumbens (Sibth.); leaflets obovate-cuneate
deeply cut, |. all shortly stalked, stip. entire or trifid. Fl. usually
larger. T. reptans L., E.B.864.—In dry places. -y. Woods and
hedge-banks. P. VI.—VIII.

** Hairs on the receptacle elongated, carpels hairy at the scar
or all over.

9. P. fruticosa (L.); shrubby, 1. pinnate, leaflets mostly 5 ob-
long acute entire hairy with revolute margins.—E. B.88.—St.
3—4 feet high. Fl. large, yellow, terminal, somewhat aggregated.
—Teesdale. Wastdale. Galway. Clare. Sh. VI. Vil E.I.

[10. P. alba(L.); st. weak ascending, 1. quinate, leaflets elliptic-
oblong narrowed below silky beneath tipped with converging ser-
ratures, filaments and carpels glabrous except at the scar of the
latter.—E. B. 1384. St. 4. 2.—Fl. white. Stem-l. ternate.—
Said to have been found in Wales. Huds. P. VI.] E.?2

ll. P. tridentata (Sol.); st. woody creeping at the base,
1. ternate, leaflets oblong-cuneate with 3 teeth at the end glabrous
above hairy beneath, filaments glabrous, carpels downy.—E. B.
9389.—Fl. white.—“ Werron Hill, and East rocks Loch Brandy,”
Clova. Mr. G. Don. P. VI. Ss.

12. P. fragariastrum (Ebrh.); st. procumbent, |. ternate, leaf-
lets roundish obovate serrate silky on both sides, carp. glabrous
except at the scar smooth or wrinkled transversely.—E. B. 1785.
—FI. small, white —Woods, banks. P.IV.V. Barren Straw-
berry.

9. Comarum Linn.

1. C. palustre (L.).—E. B. 172.—St. ascending, 1 foot high,
reddish. L. pinnate. Leaflets 5—7, elliptic-oblong, acute,
sharply serrate. Fl. several, dark purple; cal. pwple within;
pet. small. Differing from Potentilla by its enlarged spongy re-
ceptacle.—Marshes and peaty bogs. P. V U.
92 20. ROSACEA.

10. Fracaria Linn.

1. F. vesea (L.); cal. of the fruit spreading or reflexed, hazrs
on the peduncles spreading those of the pedicels adpressed up-
wards silky. —E. B, 1524. E. B. S.2742.—Hairs on the pedicel
of the first fl. spreading, those on the under side of the 1. ad-
pressed. Carp. smooth, glabrous. Pet. about as long as broad,
white throughout, with 2 slight notches at the end; claw indi-
stinct.—Woods and thickets. P.V. VI. Wood Strawberry.

[A plant with the hairs on the ped. and pedicels loosely ascend-
ing, pet. longer than broad rather wedgeshaped below, direction
of cal. of fr. unknown, is found at Gamlingay, Camb., Chichester,
and Erris in Mayo. It is perhaps F. colina Ehrh.]

+2. F. elatior (Ehrh.); cal. of the fruit spreading or reflexed,
hairs on the peduncles and pedicels spreading and somewhat de-
flewed.—E.B.2197. F. moschata Lindl.—FI. imperfectly dice-
cious. Pet. 4 broader than long, white, entire; claw distinct,
bright yellow. Larger and more hairy than F. vesca.—Woods in
the south, rare. P. VI.—IX. Hautboy Strawberry.

11. Rusus Linn.’
A. Fruticost1.
* Stem suberect, shrubby, biennial.

i. Idei. Ripe fruit separating from its receptacle. Stems having
a glaucous bloom.

1. R. Ideus (L.); st. round, prickles setaceous straight, 1. 5-
pinnate or ternate white beneath, term. It. long-stalked, interm.
Its. sessile not. imbricate, prickles of fl.-shoot and peduncles many
deflexed from a diluted compressed base, fi. axillary and terminal
corymbose.— E. B. 2442. R. G. 47.—With suckers. St.4—6 ft.
high; prickles small. L. usually pinnate, rarely ternate. Fr.
red or amber-coloured.—Thickets. Sh. VI. Raspberry.

2. R. Leesii (Bab.); st. round, prickles setaceous straight,
1. 3-nate white beneath, Its. all roundly ovate subsessile imbri-
cate, prickles of fl.-shoot and ped. few setaceous from a bulbous
base, fl. axillary and terminal racemose.— With suckers. St. about
2 ft. high; pricKles small. L. all ternate; Its. similar. Fr. un-
known.—TIlford Bridges, Devon. Dunster, Som. Sh. VI. E.

1 In the descriptions by stem is meant the barren stem of the year ;
the prickles are called patent when they spread at right angles to the st.,
and subpatent when a little declining ; the shape of the leaflets, unless
otherwise stated, is taken from those of the barren stem. The term
seta is used to express a hair or bristle tipped with a gland; aciculi
are strong bristles—By R. G. the plates in Weihe and Nees’s Rubi
Germanici are intended.
RUBUS, 93

ii. Suberecti. Ripe fruit not separating from its receptacle.
Stems glabrous, slightly pilose; prickles equal.—Sepals
densely tomentose within, pilose externally with « narrow
border of white tomentum.

3. R. suberectus (And.); st. roundish obtuse-angled at the end,
prickles few small from a large compressed base confined to the
angles of the st., 1. 5—7-nate flexible thin, term. It. cordate acu-
minate, basal Its. subsessile, /ts. of fl.-shoot all narrowed below,
pan. thyrsoid, fr.-cal. reflexed —H. B. 2572. R. umbrosus Lees!
—S8t.3—4 ft. high. Prickles scarcely longer than the longitudinal
extent of their base. L. green on both sides, rarely 3-nate, deeply
and very acutely unequally serrate. Fr. dark red.—Boggy woods
and heaths. Sh. VII. VIII.

4. R. fissus (Lindl.); st. reclinmg angular, prickles from a
small dilated base slightly deflexed not confined to the angles,
1. 5—7-nate coriaceous, lts. of fl.-shoot all narrowed below, pan.
corymbose, fr.-cal. erect-patent.—St. 13—2 ft. high. Prickles
fully twice as long as the longitudinal extent of their base. L.

een on both sides, unequally serrate; lower pair imbricate.
fr. dark red.—Bog in Almond Park, Salop. Sh. VIL—IX. E.

5. R. plicatus (W. and N.); st. bluntly angular, prickles slen-
der straight or deflexed from a small compressed dilated base
confined to the angles, |. 5-nate coriaceous mostly plicate, term.
It. cordate acuminate, basal Its. mostly subsessile, /ateral lis. of
fi.-shoot dilated below, pan. pyramidal, fr.-cal. reflexed.—E. B.
2714. R.G.1. RB. nitidus R. G. 4. R. fruticosus (L.) Arrh.
R. fastigiatus Bab. (not W. and N.) is a wood form.—St. 3—4 ft.
long. Sometimes the basal Its. are stalked and the prickles on
the st. stronger; usually those Its. are subsessile and imbricate.
—8. carinatus; 1. all lanceolate keeled. A doubtful plant.—
Damp heaths. Sh. VII. VII.

** Stem arched or prostrate, generally rooting at the end, shrubby.

iii, Netidi. St. slightly pilose, but not stellately downy nor
setose. Prickles chiefly on the angles of the stem, nearly
equal. Sep. reflexed in all except R. Salteri.

6. R. Salteri (Bab.); st. decumbent angular, prickles mode-
rate slightly declming compressed from a dilated base, 1. 5-nate
flat pilose above more so beneath coarsely doubly serrate, term.
lt. oval cuspidate, basal Its. stalked not imbricate, pan. narrow
leafy at the base densely hairy with short divaricate 1—3-fl. corym-
bose branches, prickles short slender declining, fr.-cal. erect.—
“ Stoloniferous.” St. green. Base of fl.-shoot very hairy. Pet.
lanceolate narrowed below. Fr. large, oval.—Isle of Wight.
Llanberis, N. Wales. Sh. VI. VII. :

7. R. nitidus (Bell Salt.) ; st. angular shining smooth, prickles
strong few declining compressed from a dilated base, 1. 5-nate
94 26. ROSACEA.

plicate green and shining above paler and hairy beneath, term. lt.
ovate or roundish acuminate, basal Its. stalked not imbricate, pan.
compound leafy with spreading or divaricate short branches,
rachis polished hairy above most prickly in the middle, fr.-cal.
reflexed, prickles strong but slender straight declining —R. Lind-
letanus Lees !~—St. generally rooting, purplish when exposed. L.
digitate, coarsely and doubly serrate. Ultimate pan.-branches
tomentose. Primordial fr. small, globular; drupes small, black,
glossy, globular, well-flavoured.—f. confertus ; pan. closer with
ascending branches, Its. broader and less plicate.—The term. lt.
is much narrowed below in true R. Lindleianus. R. nitidus (W.
and N.) is only a form of R. plicatus—Hedges and thickets.
Sh. VIL. VIII.

8. R. affnis (W. and N.); st. angular smooth, prickles slightly
deflexed or declining conical from a dilated base, 1. 5-nate wavy
towards the end dull green and rather pilose above paler and
tomentose beneath, term. lt. cordate or cordate-ovate cuspidate,
basal Its. stalked, pan. broad compound leafy with ascending cy-
mose often elongated and leafy branches, rachis hairy tomentose
above, prickles large deflewed with large compressed dilated base.
—R. G.3.—St. often seeming suberect. Basal Its. often slightly
imbricate.— 8. R. lentiginosus (Lees); st. a little furrowed,
prickles declining, term. It. oblong-obovate rather acuminate cor-
date below sometimes subglabrous beneath, pan. narrower. This
seems to be a state of R. affinis growing in exposed situations ;
an authentic specimen has the basal Its. stalked, and its Its. are
plicate only from their youth.— Heaths and open woods. Sh. VII.
VIII. E. 8.

9. R. latifolius; st. decumbent or slightly arching angular
furrowed, prickles moderate slightly declming, 1. 5-nate pilose
above more so beneath coarsely doubly dentate, term. lt. cordate
acuminate, basal lts. sessile imbricate, pan. short leafy with
ascending few-flowered corymbose branches pilose its top and
pedicels tomentose and hairy, prickles short slender declining. —
St. strong, green. L. very broad. Base of fl.-shoot slightly hairy.
Pet. shortly ovate, clawed.—Open woods. Cramond Bridge
near Edinburgh. Acharn, Perthshire. Sh. VII. VIII. 8S.

10. R. imbricatus (Hort); st. decurved much branched angu-
lar furrowed, prickles small strong declining, /. 5-nate thin con-
vee opaque and subglabrous above paler and slightly pilose
beneath dentate-serrate, lés. imbricate cuspidate convex, term. lt.
roundish-cordate, pan. narrow leafy below with distant long race-
mose ascending branches very hairy at the top not tomentose,
prickles short slender from a large base deflexed, fr.-sep. abruptly
cuspidate. A. N. H. Ser. 2. vii.—St. much branched, purplish
red. Prickles reddish. Base of fl.-shoot slightly hairy. Pet.
elliptical, white. Styles greenish yellow below. Primordial fr.
RUBUS. 95

subglobose ; torus subsessile.—Valley of the Wye below Mon-
mouth, plentiful. Mr. Hort. Sh. VI. VII. i

11. R. ineurvatus (Bab.); st. angular, prickles strong patent
or declinimg much enlarged and compressed at their base, 1. 5-
nate coriaceous shining above very soft and grey beneath margins
incurved and wavy, term. lt. cordate-ovate acuminate, pan. nar-
row compact leafy below with short patent corymbose branches
very hairy and tomentose at the top, prickles strong but slender
deflexed, fr.-sep. ovate-attenuate.—St. purple, strong; prickles
purple, tip yellow. lL. coated with thick strong soft grey velvet
beneath. Base of fl.-shoot hairy. Pet. elliptical, pmk. Styles
flesh-coloured below. Primordial fr. hemispherical ; torus ovate.
—Heaths and open woods. Lilanberis, N. Wales. Milford,
Pemb. Shrewsbury. Ambleside. Sh. VII. VII. E.

12. R. rhamnifolius (W. and N.); st. angular furrowed, prickles
patent or declining, 7. 5-nate coriaceous thick flat opaque above
grey tomentose beneath, term. It. ovate or cordate-cuspidate,
basal lts. stalked not imbricate, pan. pyramidal compact above
with distant axillary few-flowered racemose branches below to-
mentose, prickles strong declining — E. B, 2604. R.G.6. R.
cordifolius R. G. 5.—St. bright red. Prickles yellow or tipped
with red. L. with hard shining grey or nearly green tomentum
beneath, finely and equally serrate. Pet. roundish, white. Styles
greenish. Primordial fr. oblong, very large ; drupes many, black,

dullish, rather flattened, insipid.— Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII.
VIII.

iv. Villicaules. St. pilose (hairs often deciduous), often stel-
lately downy (i. e. with very short stellate hairs, often ad-
pressed), with scattered subsessile or slightly stalked glands
or avery few sete. Prickles chiefly on the angles of the
stem, rarely a few scattered smaller ones. Sepals reflexed
(in all except R. Balfourianus and R. Sprengelii). Basal
leaflets stalked and not imbricate (i.e. not overlapping the
intermediate pair) (in all except L. Balfourtanus).

13. R. Grabowski (Weihe) ; st. arched angular nearly glabrous
with a few hairs and subsessile glands on the young shoots,
rickles many nearly equal (a few smaller) declining from a large

Fase, 1. 5-nate opaque above ashy and downy beneath unequally

dentate, term. It. broadly cordate cuspidate on the fl.-shoot very

broad below, pan. long compound prickly leafy below, branches
ascending racemose-corymbose few lower axillary upper gradually
shorter, rachis hairy, prickles very large hooked, sep. hairy and
tomentose with sunken yellow sete and aciculi.—st. ultimately
purple, prickles on its end deflexed; I have not seen seta upon
it.—Cadeby, Leicestershire. Sh. VIII.

14. R. thyrsoideus (Wimm.) ; st. angular furrowed subglabrous,
prickles declining or hooked, 2. 5-nate coriaceous grey hairy and
96 26. ROSACEE.

tomentose beneath, pan. long lax, many lower branches axillary
many-flowered, upper gradually shorter, prickles strong hooked,
cal. tomentose hairy, pet. obovate much narrowed below.—R. fru-
ticosus R. G. 7.—St. roundish at the base, often nearly suberect.
L. usually softly tomentose beneath; term. It. usually ovate or
oblong, gradually and shortly acuminate, rather coarsely and
doubly serrate. The typical plant has scattered adpressed stellate
down.—8. R. argenteus (Lees!); st. less furrowed with a dense
coat of rather loose stellate down, under side of |. softly tomentose,
cal. loosely tomentose aud a little hairy.—I place var. macro-
acanthus of Bell Salt. with R. discolor; that of Blox. here.—
Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII.

15. R. discolor (W. and N.); st. arched angular furrowed stel-
lately downy, prickles declining or deflexed, /. 5-nate coriaceous
white closely tomentose beneath, pan. long narrow, few lower
branches axillary many-flowered, upper short close together
corymbose, prickles strong hooked, cal. closely tomentose, pet.
roundish-obovate clawed.— R. G. 20. R. fruticosus Sm. EF. B.715.
—St. nearly prostrate unless supported, often seeming glabrous.
Prickles large, compressed. L. usually hairless beneath or slightly
hairy on the ribs only, tomentum hard; term. It. gradually obo-
vate or oblong, abruptly acuminate; all often with decurved edges.
—Hledges and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII.

16. R. leucostachys (Sm.); st. arched angular stellately downy
and with clustered hairs, prickles slightly declining, /. 5-nate grey
or white shining soft tomentose and hairy beneath, term. It. elliptic
or round cuspidate, pan. long narrow tomentose and hairy, branches
all short few-flowered spreading, prickles slender straight, cal. to-
mentose hairy setose.— E. B. 2631. R. leucostachys and R. Leigh-
tonianus Bab., R. vestitus R.G. 33.—St. often nearly round, some-
times furrowed; stellate down abundant, often lax; hairs mostly
clustered, with bulbous bases, sometimes 0; rarely a few subses-
sile glands or sete. L. often pilose above; term. It. round in deep
shade, more elliptical when exposed, often subcordate. Fl.-shoot
hairy throughout; prickles yellow, from a large base.—Hedges
and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII. E. 1.

17. R. carpinifolius (W. and N.); st. arched angular patently
hairy (hairs solitary and clustered) sometimes slightly stellately
downy, prickles moderate conical compressed slender declining, 1.
5-nate pilose above pale green and hairy or grey and tomentose
beneath, term. It. elliptic elliptic-obovate or roundish pointed, pan.
narrow racemose leafy below very hairy setose, branches all short
ascending few-flowered or lower elongated, prickles declining, cal.
very hairy —R.G.13. RB. vulgaris R.G.12. RB. carpinifolius
(Borr.), E. B. 8. 2664, is different and may be the glabrous form
of R. collinus (DC.).—St. sometimes nearly round; stellate
down 0, or very slight ; subsessile glands rather many ; setz rare ;
prickles very regularly and gradually attenuated.—a. R. carpini-
RUBUS. 97

folius (W. and N.); st. often nearly suberect ultimately arched
and rooting, term. It. elliptical acuminate finely but unequally ser-
rate grey hairy and finely tomentose beneath. Lis. rather coria-
ceous.—8. R. umbrosus (Arrh.); st. arched slightly angular, term.
It. elliptic-obovate subcuspidate irregularly dentate-serrate pale
green softly hairy and mostly finely tomentose beneath. Lts. large,
flexible ; term. It. usually subcordate below. R. carpinifolius

Blox.—f. has often 7-nate leaves.—Hedges and thickets. Sh.
VII. Vill.

18. R. villicaulis (W. and N.); st. arched angular patently
hairy, prickles strong conical from an enlarged base straight sub-
patent, 1. 5-nate thick pale green velvety shining with reddish
veins beneath dentate-serrate, term. It. cordate-ovate acuminate-
cuspidate, pan.compound leafy‘lax hairytomentose setose, prickles
slender declining or slightly deflexed, sep. long long-pointed hairy
tomentose setose loosely reflexed.—R.G. 17. R. sylvaticus Lees.!,
(Bab. in part). R. G. 15.?—St. becoming nearly naked; stellate
down rare; hairs mostly solitary ; glands subsessile; rarely a few
sete and aciculi. L. similarly clothed on both shoots. Fl. shoot

rather thinly hairy throughout.—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII.
VIII.

19. R. mucronatus (Blox.); st. arched nearly round patently
hairy, prickles few small slender conical from an enlarged base
straight subpatent, J. 5-nate rather thick green rough and pilose
on both sides finely dentate-serrate, term. It. broadly obovate with
a cordate base abruptly cuspidate, pan. narrow leafy very lax hairy
tomentose setose, branches long 1—3-flowered, pricklesfew slender
declining, sep. long pointed hairy tomentose setose looselyreflexed.
—R. sylvaticus (Bab. in part.)—St. becoming nearly naked; hairs
scattered; glands subsessile; setee and aciculifew. Fl. shoot hairy
throughout.—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII. E.S.

20. R. calvatus (Blox.); st. arched angular furrowed with few
patent hairs, prickles many slender compressed slightly enlarged
below straight subpatent, i. 5-nate thin green on both sides pilose
on the veins beneath coarsely dentate-serrate, term. lt. ovate with
a cordate base acuminate, pan. long leafy lax hairy with very short
sunken sete, branches mostly axillary subracemose, rachis wavy,
prickles many long slender declining, sep. long-pointed hairy to-
mentose setose loosely reflexed.—R. sylvaticus Blox. MSS.—
St. becoming quite naked; glands subsessile; seta and aciculi
very few. L. glabrous above, rough beneath.— Leicestershire.
Warwickshire. Sh. VII. VII. E.

21. R. macrophyllus (W. and N.); st. arched or prostrate an-
gular with scattered patent hairs, prickles short strong scarcely
exceeding the longitudinal extent of their large base much dechin-
ing, 1. 5-nate-pedate (always?) thin green and tomentose or pi-

F
98 26. ROSACEA.

lose beneath, term. It. elliptic-obovate, pan. compound rather
elongate hairy tomentose with short sunken sete, branches axil-
lary racemose ascending, prickles slender much declining from a
large base, cal. hairy tomentose—R. G. 12. E. B. 2625? RB.
Schlechtendalii Bab. R. amplificatus Lees.—St. thick, very long,
purplish green. Prickles usually singularly thick although some-
times rather small, yellow. Short aciculi and sete not unfre-
quent.—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII. E. I.

22. R. Balfourianus (Blox.); st. arched obtusely angular with
scattered patent hairs, prickles rather unequal slender conical
subpatent, 1. 5-nate green on both sides pilose above tomentose
beneath, term. lt. cordate or ovate acute, basal Its. subsessile im-
bricate, pan. lax corymbose diffuse hairy tomentose setose, sep.
ovate-attenuate with a long point hairy tomentose setose, fr.-cal.
erect, fr. hemispherical.—St. and its armature like R. villicaulis,
but fewer hairs and no stellate down. L. very large on both shoots.
Pan. like that of the diffuse forms of R. Sprengelti—Rugby, War-
wickshire, Sh. VIII.

23. R. Sprengelii (Weihe) ; st. prostrate round hairy, prickles
many unequal compressed from a large base deflexed, 1. 3—5-
nate-pedate green on both sides distantly pilose beneath, term. It.
elliptical acuminate, pan. lax leafy below hairy tomentose setose,
branches divaricate few-flowered the lower axillary ones often long
and decompound, prickles slender few, sep. erect-patent hairy to-
mentose long-pointed.—a. R. Borreri (Bell Salt.); st. thick strong
with many often very unequal prickles and some setz and aciculi,
1. mostly 5-nate, pan. often corymbose or when the branches are
shorter subthyrsoid—8. R. Sprengelii (Weihe); st. slender with
small prickles and subsessile glands, 1. mostly 3-nate, pan. lax
few-flowered subcorymbose. R. G.10.—These forms are quite
connected by intermediate states ; sometimes a few sete occur on
the st. of 8, they are found on the panicle of both.— Woods and
thickets. Sh. VI. VIL. E.

y. Glandulost. St. with many hairs glands set and aciculi

which pass more or less gradually into the scattered
prickless

A. L.5-nate (rarely 3-natein R. Babingtonii); basal Its. stalked,

not imbricate. Prickles on st. passing abruptly into aci-
cult and sete.

24. R. fuscus (Weihe); st. decumbent roundish, prickles small
weak dechning from a much enlarged base chiefly on the angles,
aciculi and set few very short, hairs dense persistent, 1. green on
both sides pilose above pale green and thickly pilose beneath
coarsely dentate, term. It. elliptical-subcordate acute, pan. long
leafy except at the top densely hairy and setose not tomentose,
prickles few slender declining lower ones stronger, branches short
RUBUS. 99

subracemose erect-patent, rachis angular.—R. G. 27. (not of Man.
ed. 2).—St. thick, rather spongy, round or roundly angular,
greenish. Prickles scarcely as long as the longer diameter of
their depressed base. L. subpedate. Term. Its. of fi.-shoot
short, broad. Sep. ovate, mucronate, reflexed.—Hedges and

thickets. Leicestershire. Worcestershire. Hertfordshire. Sh.
VIL. VIII. E.

25, R. Babingtonii (Bell Salt.) ; st. prostrate angular or fur-
rowed, prickles short strong compressed deflexed chiefly on the
angles, aciculi many short with enormous bases, sete scattered
small short, hair deciduous, 1. 3—5-nate green and pilose on both
sides coarsely dentate, term. It. broadly obovate abruptly cuspidate,
pan. long leafy throughout rather prickly, branches axillary ascend-
ing hairy tomentose setose, prickles of rachis slender much de-
clining from a very large base of the branches slender suberect,
rachis angular not tomentose, sep. ovate-lanceolate acuminate
patent or reflexed.—St. strong, round at the base, furrowed at
the end, greenish purple. Prickles singularly thick but often very
short. L. subpedate. Term. lt. of fl.-shoot broad, a little nar-
rowed below.—8. R. Blorami (Lees); prickles moderate slightly
declining, aciculi and sete small, hairs more numerous, branches
of pan. corymbose. Intermediate forms connect this with the
type. Also intimately connected with R. Hystriz. Term. lts.
very broad, often nearly round; on fl.-shoot subcordate below.—
Thickets. 8. Leicestershire. Warwickshire. Sh. VII. VIII. E.

26. R. Hystrix (Weihe); st. arched angular slightly furrowed,
prickles slender much dilated at base slightly declining rather scat-
tered, aciculi few setee many hairs few all nearly equally short,
1. pedate green and pilose on both sides dentate-serrate, term. It.
obovate oblong acuminate, pan. long leafy rather prickly with race-
mose ascending branches below upper half leafless with short

atent or divaricate branches, prickles on fl.-shoot large-based
Heatiets on pan. very slender, rachis wavy, sep. lanceolate-at-
tenuate (point flattened and dilated) erect-patent on fruit.— R. G.
4\.—St. greenish-purple. Prickles sometimes very small. L.
paler and more hairy, but not white, beneath; term. It. gradually
narrowed into a long point in the typical plant, narrowed below
on both shoots.—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII. E.

27. R. Radula (Weihe); st. arched angular, prickles compressed
from a dilated base declining unequal and passing into aciculi,
aciculi sete and hairs many unequal, J. pedate whitish-green and
downy beneath unequally and finely serrate, term. It. ovate acumi-
nate, pan. long leafy slightly prickly naked at the end with short
corymbose ascending branches, prickles of fl.-shoot and base of
pan. strong large-based deflexed, sep. ovate long not leaf-pointed
loosely reflexed from the fruit.—R. G. 39,—The y. ad and

FE
100 26. ROSACEA.

5. foliosus of ed. 2 go to R. pallidus; R. Lingua is this species
with a less compound panicle.-—Hedges and thickets. Sh. ae
Vir. ‘

28. R. rudis (Weihe); st. arched angular slightly furrowed,
prickles long compressed nearly equal clearly separated from the
aciculi, aciculi setze and hairs equal, 1. whitish green and downy
beneath doubly and coarsely serrate, term. lt. obovate-elliptic acu-
minate, pan. long leafy naked at the end slightly prickly, branches
ascending corymbose, prickles of the fl.-shoot and base of pan.
strong large-based deflexed, sep. ovate leaf-pointed closelyreflexed
from the fruit.—R. G. 40.—The presence not absence of the leaf-
point to the sep. is of value. 8. attenwatus (Bab.) is a wood form
with thinner 1. green beneath and term. It. much lengthened at
one or both ends.—8. R. Leightoni (Lees); term. It. obovate cus-
pidate rounded below.—y. denticulatus (Bab.); term. It. squarely
obovate cuspidate cordate below obscurely but broadly dentate.—
6.2 R. Reichenbachii (Weihe); st. hairy with few aciculi and seta,
term. lt. nearly round ashy beneath, pan. oblong rather broad
lower half leafy, branches racemose-corymbose, point of sep.
long linear (not leaflike?). R. G. 37.—Hedges and thickets.
8. Shropshire. y. Sheffield. 6. Isle of Wight. Bangor. Sh. VII.
VIL.

B. L. 5-nate. Prickles passing very gradually into acicult
and sete.

a. Basal Its. stalked, not imbricate.

29. R. pallidus (Weihe) ; st. arched or decumbent roundish-an-
gular, prickles scattered unequal subpatent rather slender (in 8. de-
clining or deflexed strong) from a compressed base, aciculi and setze
scattered, hairs many, J. even green and soft beneath, term. |t. obo-
vate-elliptical acuminate, pan. narrow leafy hairy, branches race-
mose erect-patent, prickles unequal slender declining a few strong,
aciculi and setz very unequal.—R. G.29. RB. Koehleri y. 68. €. of
ed. 2. R. rosaceus Lees !—The amount of prickles varies much
on all parts. Pan. sometimes simple, or lower branches long race-
mose, upper short 1-3-flowered, sometimes subcorymbose.—f. in-
festus (Bab.); prickles many strong short much declining or de-
flexed, hairs aciculi and sete few and short, pan. with short race-
mose branches and declining (or much deflexed and strong)
prickles.—Hedges and thickets. VII. VII.

30. R. Koehlert (Weihe) ; st. arched or decumbent roundish or
angular, prickles many unequal from a compressed base, aciculi
sete and hairs many, |. even pale green and rough beneath, term.
\t. obovate, basal Its. stalked, pan. rather open and broad-topped
leafy with short mostly corymbose and patent branches, prickles
many long straight, hairs aciculi and setz unequal many.—R. G.
RUBUS. 101

25. E. B.S, 2605.—In the typical plant (a and B. ed. 2) the term.
It. varies from gradually acuminate to abruptly cuspidate, the
prickles often nearly cover the st., branches of pan. often with
very many straight slender prickles. Prickles of pan. all straight
and slender, or a few of the largest hooked and broad-based,
rarely nearly all so—— Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII.

b. Basal Its. subsessile, usually imbricate.

31. R. fusco-ater (Weihe ?); st. arched or decumbent angular
slightly hairy, prickles many subpatent straight from a com-
pressed base unequal, aciculi and setee many, 1. rugose above pale
green beneath, term. lt. cordate-ovate acuminate, pan. long nar-
rowish leafy naked above with short erect-patent subracemose
branches, prickles strong longest about the middle of the fi.-shoot,
hairs aciculi and sete mostly short and equal.—R. G. 26 ?—L.
mostly soft beneath. I believe R. Schleicheri (Leight., not
Weihe) is a form of this.—8. aculeatus ; prickles from a very
large base declining, 1. grey and tomentose beneath, term. It. obo-
vate, basal Its. stalked not imbricate, leafless top of pan. with
short few-flowered divaricate branches, prickles very many, hairs
aciculi and sete many unequal.—y. R. Colemanni (Blox.);
prickles nearly equal often with deciduous glandular tips, hairs
aciculi and setz very few deciduous, basal Its. not quite sessile
not imbricate, leafless top of pan. with short few-flowered divari-
cate branches, prickles many, aciculi and sete rather few.—
Hedges and thickets. 8. near Monmouth. y. Leicestershire and
Warwickshire. Sh. VII. VII. E.

C. L. 3-nate or 5-nate-pedate ; basal Its. stalked, not imbri-
cate. Prickles passing rather abruptly into acicult and
sete.

32. R. pyramidalis (Bab.); st. decumbent roundly angular,
prickles many short strong with avery large base much declining
straight or slightly hooked, hairs few, aciculi and sete nearly
equal short strong, 1. 3-nate rarely 5-nate-pedate green and pilose
on both sides dentate-serrate, Its. of 3-nate 1. nearly equal with
decurved edges, term. lt. obovate cuspidate, pan. pyramidal leafy
below its top and branches tomentose racemose, ‘prickles slender
straight, hairs and unequal sete many, rachis straight and rigid.
—R. Menkii var. Lees !|—St. quite procumbent, |. paler and more
pilose beneath. Pan. remarkably pyramidal; uppermost branches
1-flowered. Sep. with long setaceous points, their base adpressed
to the fruit. Pet. very narrow, often numerous.—Llanberis,
N. Wales. Culbone, Somerset. Sh. VIT. VIII.

33. R. Giintheri (Weihe); st. decumbent roundly angular,
prickles weak unequal declining, aciculi set and hairs nearly
equal short, 1. 3-nate or 5-nate-pedate green and pilose on both
102 26. ROSACEA.

sides unequally dentate-serrate, term. It. acute or acuminate, pan.
thyrsoid leafy with ascending usually few-flowered racemose
branches, prickles few small slender straight declining, aciculi
seta and hairs many unequal, rachis wavy.— Only slightly prickly.
L. slightly pilose above, much beneath. Sep. retlexed.—a. 1.
mostly 3-nate, term. It. broadly obovate acuminate, pan. long
narrow much interrupted its top leafless, rachis wavy, bracts
mostly simple. R. G.21.—8. R. thyrsiflorus (Weihe?) ; 1. mostly
5-nate, term. lt. roundly cordate acute, pan. very long leafy al-
most to the top with long distant axillary racemose branches,
rachis slightly wavy, bracts mostly 3-fid. R.G.34.? This re-
quires more examination. My R. humifusus is perhaps a young
state of it—Thickets. @. Monmouth. Sh. VIII. E.

34. R. hirtus (W. and N.); st. decumbent nearly round an-
gular at the end, prickles small slender thick-based declining un-
equal, hairs sete and slender aciculi many short nearly equal
patent, 1. 5-nate-pedate or 3-nate green on both sides pilose above
paler and hairy beneath dentate, pan. with a racemose naked top
and many short axillary distant branches very hairy and setose,
prickles long slender declining lower ones large-based.— R. G. 43.
—St. densely covered with hairs and very unequal setz and aciculi.
Term. lt. with a cordate base, obovate-cuspidate, finely dentate.
Axillary branches of pan. racemose-corymbose, sometimes 0 and
then the pan. is usually simple. Fr.-cal. patent or reflexed, to-
mentose, setose, scarcely at all prickly.—8. R. Menkit (Weihe);
term. lt. obovate-lanceolate coarsely doubly dentate-serrate, cal.
prickly. R. G, 22.—y. R. foliosus (Weihe); st. more angular
with fewer hairs and setee, term. lt. cordate acuminate, pan. leafy
to the top, cal. slightly prickly. R. G. 28.—Thickets. 8. Ton-
bridge Wells. y. Warwickshire. Sh. VIL. VIII. E. 8.

35. R. glandulosus (Bell.); st. decumbent nearly round
throughout, prickles small slender unequal large-based declining,
aciculi setae and hairs rather many short nearly equal patent, /.
3-nate or 5-nate-pedate green on both sides pilose above hairy
beneath dentate-serrate, pan. with a racemose or corymbose naked
top and several short axillary corymbose branches very hairy and
setose, prickles slender declining some large-based, fr.-cal. erect
or patent.—L. scarcely paler beneath. Aciculi setae and hairs on
st. less numerous and far less conspicuous than in R. hirtus.
Prickles on lower part of fl.-shoot often deflexed.—a. R. Bellardi
(Weihe) ; st. round, prickles small, hairs and sete rather many,
term. it, elliptic cuspidate finely dentate-serrate, pan. slightly
divided, its top and few long distant branches corymbose. R. G.
44. E. B.S. 2883. A coarse state of this is my var. dentatus.—
B. R. Lejeunii (Weihe) ; st. slightly angular sparingly hairy and
setose, 1, with long silky hairs on both sides, term. It. ovate acu-
minate, pan. spreading densely hairy with many short sunken
RUBUS. 103

sete, cal. very hairy. R.G.31. My var. rotundifolius seems
to be a round leaved form of this.—y. R. rosaceus (Weihe) ; st.
slightly angular, 7. very slightly pilose above more so beneath,
term. It. cordate or cordate-obovate-attenuate, pan. rather pyra-
midal branched below hairy with long unequal prominent sete.
R. G. 36.—a. Terrington Car, Yorkshire. Twycross, Leicester-
shire. Gt. Malvern, Mr. Lees. 8. Channel Isles. Twycross.
y. rather common. Sh. VII. VIII. E.

36. R. scaber (Weihe); st. more or less angular or furrowed,
prickles strong short declining, aciculi setee and hairs very short
rather few with thick bases, ]. 3-nate or 5-nate-pedate green and
pilose on both sides paler and more hairy beneath very unequally
dentate, term. It. obovate cuspidate or acuminate subcordate be-
low, pan. subpyramidal tomentose leafy below, branches divaricate
racemose-corymbose, prickles small declining or deflexed large-
based, sete nearly equal shorter than the hairs, sep. setose and
prickly loosely reflexed.—R. G. 32.—Shape of Its. variable.
There is a form of this having the bases of its prickles enormous,
1. 5-nate-pedate, and term. lt. cordate-obovate, found on Broms-
grove Lickey, Worcestershire— Woods. Leicestershire. War-
wickshire. St. Albans. Sh. VII. VIII. E.

vi. Cesii. St. round or bluntly angular with few, or no, hairs
sete or glands and usually a glaucous bloom. Prickles
usually unequal.

37. R. corylifolius (Sm.); st. prostrate or arched nearly round
throughout or obtusely angular upwards nearly or quite glabrous
or with a few aciculi and sete or subsessile glands, prickles
straight rather unequal, 1. 5-nate pale and soft beneath, term. It.
roundly ovate or cordate pointed, basal Its. subsessile imbricate,
pan. subeorymbose, sep. ovate reflexed, styles greenish, torus ob-
long stalked.—St. slightly glaucous. Pan. usually with 2 or 3
long axillary branches, closely tomentose, top with more or less
prominent setz.—a. R. sublustris (Lees); st. round green,
prickles slender from a small base patent, 1. whitish-tomentose
beneath coarsely toothed, term. It. usually lobed roundish-cordate,
fl.-shoot straightish, prickles on rachis few. FE. B. 827. Term.
lt. sometimes divided into three.—f. conjungens; st. subangular
green, prickles strong from a large base declining, |. whitish to-
mentose beneath coarsely toothed, term. It. usually not lobed
cordate-ovate, fl.-shoot straightish, prickles on rachis few.—y.
purpureus; st. angular dark purple a little stellately downy,
prickles patent or a little deflexed or declining from a large base,
1. whitish or greenish tomentose beneath rather finely toothed,
term. It. roundish ovate or subcordate, fl.-shoot wavy, prickles on
rachis many. R. corylifolius y. and 8. Leight—Hedges and
thickets. Sh. VI—VIII.
104 26. ROSACER.

38. R. Wahlbergit (Arrh.); st. arched bluntly angular nearly
glabrous with a few short deciduous sete but no aciculi, prickles
many very unequal patent conical from a dilated compressed base,
1. 5-nate or 3-nate nearly glabrous above paler and hairy whitely
tomentose beneath unequally and doubly dentate and lobed,
term. lt. broadly ovate pointed subcordate below (on the fl.-shoot
cordate and broad below), basal Its. sessile, pan. long compound
prickly leafy top and upper branches densely subcorymbose,
rachis finely tomentose, sep. ovate-acuminate erect-patent ob-
scurely setose, pet. roundly ovate, styles greenish, torus roundish-
clavate.—Prickles near the base of st. acicular, on the autumnal
shoots deflexed. Rachis wavy. Sep. closely tomentose with
few but prominent sete.—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII.

E.

39. R. nemorosus (Hayne); st. prostrate bluntly angular with
a few short hairs and seta, prickles many very unequal patent
conical from an enlarged base, 1. 5-nate or 3-nate nearly glabrous
above paler and soft beneath, term. it. roundly cordate pointed
(on the fi.-shoot narrowed below), pan. nearly simple open, sep.
ovate-acumimate conspicuously setose embracing the blue-black
fr., “ pet. narrowed below,” base of styles flesh-coloured, torus
conical.— R. dumetorum R. G. 45.,—Pnickles often slightly hairy
especially on the petioles, a little curved on the midrib of leaves.
Basal Its. stalked or subsessile. FL-1l. simple.—a. glabratus ; st.
subglabrous, fl.-shoot tomentose, ]. green and soft beneath.—@.
pilosus ; st. and fl.-shoot subtomentose, |. paler and soft beneath.
—y. R. bifrons (Vest.) ; st. subglabrous, |. whitish and tomentose
beneath, fl.-shoot, tomentose.—6. ferox (Leight., W. and N.?) ;
prickles strong from a compressed cushionhke base, st. with a
few hairs and seta. A doubtful plant.—Hedges and thickets.
Sh. VII. VIII.

40. R. casius (L.); st. prostrate round glaucous not hairy,
prickles weak slender subulate very unequal straight or towards
the end of the st. deflexed, 1. 3-nate regularly incise-serrate,
term. It. ovate or rhomboidal or 3-lobed, basal Its. usually sessile
lobed below externally, pan. simple, sep. ovate long-pomted em-
bracing the glaucous fr. of few drupes, pet. elliptical emarginate,
styles green.— FE. B. 826. R. G.46.—St. long, slender. Prickles
very variable in number and length. Term. It. rarely divided
into three and forming a 5-pinnate leaf. R. tenuis (Bell Salt.)
on the st. of which a seta may sometimes be found, is a state of
this.—Heaths and hedges. Sh. VIL.—IX,

B. Herpacei. Stems nearly or quite herbaceous.

41. R. saratils (L.); st. slender prostrate rooting unarmed
or with few very distant minute prickles, J. ternate, fl.-shoot erect
RUBUS. 105

with a terminal few-flowered corymb, pet. oval about equalling
the calyx —E. B. 2233. R. G. 9.—St. annual, very slender. Fl.-
shoots radical, about a span high. Fi. yellow. Fr. of 1—4 large
red drupes.—Stony mountains. P. VII. VIII.

[42. R. arcticus (L.); st. erect unarmed herbaceous with
about 1 terminal f1., /. ternate, pet. obovate twice as long as the
calyx, stam. connivent.— £.B.1585. R. G.48.—F. rose-coloured.
—lIsle of Mull and on Ben Ghlo. ?]

43. R. Chamemorus (L.); st. erect unarmed herbaceous
1-flowered, 1. simple lobed and plaited.—E. B. 1585. R. G. 49.

—True st. subterranean, creeping, woody.
in. high. FI. large, white, dioecious.
orange-yellow.—Alpine turf-bogs.

R. aculeatus, 31.
affinis, 8.
amplificatus, 21.
arcticus, 42.
argenteus, 14.
attenuatus, 28.
Babingtonii, 25.
Balfourianus, 22.
Bellardi, 35.
bifrons, 39.
Bloxamii, 25.
Borreri, 23.
cesius, 40.
calvatus, 20.
carinatus, 5.
carpinifolius, 17.

Chamezmorus, 43.

Colemanni, 31.
confertus, 7.
conjungens, 37.
cordifolius, 13.
corylifolius, 37.
discolor, 15.
dumetorum, 39.
Sastigiatus, 5.
ferox, 39.
fissus, 4.
foliosus, 27.
fuscus, 24.

F.-shoot (st.) 6—10

Fr. large, red, afterwards
P. VI.

Cloudberry.

InpEx To THE RuBI.

Sruticosus, 5, 14, 15.
fuscoater, 31.
glabratus, 39.
glandulosus, 35.
Grabowskii, 13.
Giintheri, 33.
hirtus, 34.
Hystrix, 26.
humifusus, 33.
Idzeus, 1.
imbricatus, 10.
incurvatus, 11.
Koehleri, 30.
latifolius, 9.
Leesii, 2.
Leightonianus, 16.
Leightonii, 28.
Lejeunii, 35.
lentiginosus, 8.
leucostachys, 16.
Lindleianus, 7.
Lingua, 27.
macroacanthus, 14.
macrophyllus, 21.
Menkii, 32.
mucronatus, 19.
nemorosus, 39.
nitidus, 5, 7.
pallidus, 29,

pilosus, 39.
plicatus, 5.
purpureus, 37.
pygmaeus, 27.
pyramidalis, 32.
Radula, 27.
Reichenbachii, 28.
rhamnifolins, 12.
rosaceus, 29, 35.
rotundifolius, 35.
rudis, 28.

Salteri, 6.
saxatilis, 41.
scaber, 36.
Schlechtendalii, 21.
Schleicheri, 31.
Sprengelii, 23.
suberectus, 3.
sublustris, 37.
sylvaticus, 18, 19, 20.
tenuis, 40.
thyrsiflorus, 33.
thyrsoideus, 14.
umbrosus, 3, 17.
vestilus, 16.
villicaulis, 18.
vulgaris, 17.
Wahlbergii, 38.

F5
106 26. ROSACES.

12. Dryas Linn.

1. D. octopetala (L.); 1. crenate-serrate obtuse, sep. 3 or 4
times as long as broad more or less pointed, base of the cal.
hemispherical.— E. B. 451. St. 20. 3.—Fl. large, white. Pet. 8.
L. simple, white with fine dense woolly pubescence beneath. St.
prostrate, woody. Seeds obovate-oblong apiculate—a. Sep.
acute, covered with red hairs. lL. ovate-oblong, deeply cut into
large rounded lobes; under side of the petiole and midrib green,
bearing minute linear pellucid fringed scales mixed with long
hairs, midrib and lateral ribs sparingly hairy and conspicuous.—
8. pilosa (Bab.). Sep. slightly pointed, covered with nearly
black hairs. L. oblong or ovate-oblong, deeply cut into large
slightly acute lobes; under side of the petioles and midrib dark
red, hairy but without scales, midrib and lateral ribs covered
with long white hairs and inconspicuous. Awn longer and more
feathery.—Alpme situations, particularly on limestone. 8. County
of Clare, Ireland. P. VI. VII.

2. D. depressa (Bab.); 1. crenate-serrate obtuse, sep. twice as
long as broad blunt and rounded at the end, base of the calyx
truncate nearly flat.—A. N. H. x. 183. t. 7 (calyx and leaf)—
Fl. large (white or yellowish?). Pet. 8. L. ovate, deeply cut
into large rounded lobes, white with fine dense woolly pubescence
beneath ; under side of the petiole and midrib green, bearmg
minute pellucid fringed scales mixed with long hairs. Stems
prostrate, woody. I have not seen recent petals——Ben Bulben,
Sligo. P. VI. VII.

13. Geum Linn.

1. G. urbanum (L.); fl. erect, pet. obovate, eal. of the fruit re-
flexed, carpophore 0, lower joint of the awn much longer than the
glabrous upper joint, radical |. interruptedly pmnate and lyrate,
stem-l. ternate, stip. large rounded lobed and cut.—E. B. 1400.
St.5.7.—St. 2 feet high. Fl. small, bright yellow, calyx green.
Upper joint of the awn with a few minute hairs at its base.—
Hedges and thickets. P. VI.—VIII. Wood Avens.

2. G. intermedium (Ehrh.); fl. erect or nodding, pet. roundish
with a wedgeshaped claw, cal. of the fruit patent, carpophore 0,
lower joint of the awn longer than the hairy upper joint, radical 1.
interruptedly pinnate and lyrate, stemel. 3-lobed, stipules round
toothed.—St. 1—2 feet high. FI. larger than those of G. urba-
num less than in G. rivale, yellow, calyx purplish. Upper joint
of the awn covered with long hairs but with a rather long gla-
brous point.—Damp woods. P. VI. VII.

3. G. rivale (L.); fl. nodding, pet. broadly obovate emarginate
or obcordate with a long wedgeshaped claw, cal. of the fruit
erect, carpophore elongated, lower joint of the awn equalling the
ROSA. 107

long hairy upper joint, radical 1. interruptedly pinnate and lyrate,
stem-l. ternate, stip. small ovate toothed.—E. B. 106. Si 3.—
St. about 1 foot high. Fi. large, purplish brown with darker
veins, calyx purplish. Head of fruit upon a stalk which is nearly
as long as the calyx. Upper joint of the awn with a short gla-
brous point—Damp woods. P. VI. VII. Water Avens.

Tribe IV. Rosee.
14. Rosa Linn. (') Rose.
* Shoots setigerous, prickles scarcely curved.

+ Bracts large.

[l. R. Dicksoni (Lindl.); “ shoots setigerous,” prickles scat-
tered slender subulate, leaflets oval with coarse double serratures
hoary, sep. long simple equal, fruit ovate-urceolate.—E. B.S.
2707.—Smaller serratures of the 1. irregular or wanting. Pe-
duncles thickened upwards, setose——Probably not a native.
See Mack. Fl. Hibern. Sh. VI.] L2

(2. R. cinnamomea (L.); shoots setigerous, prickles scattered
slender subulate, leaflets lanceolate-oblong simply serrate downy
and glandulose beneath, sep. long simple, fr. ovate small. Borr.—
E. B, 2388.—Serratures of the leaves sometimes: with an inter-
mediate tooth. Peduncles not thickened upwards, without seta.
—Probably not a native. Sh. V.] E.? §8.?

tt Bracts small or wanting.

3. R. rubella (Sm.); st. and branches densely setigerous
throughout, prickles nearly equal few slender, leaflets simply
serrated naked their disk without glands, fr. oblong or urceolate
pendulous.—E. B. 2521 and (fruit) 2601.—Persistent sepals
mostly spreading. —Fr. bright red.—Said to have been found at
South Shields and Abergeldy, but a doubtful native. ae V.

28.2

4. R. spinosissima (L.); prickles numerous crowded very un-
equal mostly straight subulate intermixed with setz, leaflets
simply serrated their disk without glands, sep. half as long as the
cor. acuminate entire, fr. nearly globular, erect —E.B.187.—¥r.
dark purple or black.—. pilosa (Lindl.); “1. acute hairy on the
under side.””—Sandy and chalky heaths. £8. Ireland. Sh. V.

5. R. hibernica (Sm.); prickles scattered unequal the larger
slightly falcate, sete few, lts. simply serrate hairy beneath their
disk without glands, sep. shorter than the cor. pinnate slightly
leaflike, fr. nearly globular.—Z. B. 2196.—Fr. somewhat urceo-
late, blood-red. Fl. mostly solitary or 2 or 3 together. Lts.

1 In this genus I have availed myself of the observations of my
valued friend Mr. Borrerin Hook. Br. Fl. ed. 3.—Seta. See note, p. 92.
108 26. ROSACE.

sometimes smooth.—Counties of Derry and Down. Near Belfast
harbour. Sh. V.—X. I.

6. R. Wilsoni (Borr.); prickles numerous crowded very un-
equal straight, sete few, leaflets simply serrate hairy on both sides
their disk without glands, sep. shorter than the cor. shghtly leaf-
likemostly simple, fr.ovate-urceolate.—E. B.S. 2723.—Fyv. scarlet.
—Banks of the Menai near Bangor. Sh. VI. ;

7. R. involuta (Sm.); prickles crowded very unequal straight,
setae few, leaflets doubly serrate hairy and glandular beneath, sep.
nearly as long as the cor. slightly leafy mostly simple, fr. glo-
bose-urceolate setose.—E. B. 2068 and (fr.) 2601.—Fr. dark red.
Dwarf.—Hebrides and western highlands. Sh. VI. Ss.

8. R. Sabini (Woods); prickles scattered unequal straight or
nearly so, sete few, leaflets doubly serrate hairy glandular be-
neath, sep. nearly as long as the cor. somewhat pinnate slightly
leafy, fr. globose or slightly urceolate setose.—E. B. 8. 2594.—
Fy. dark red.—8. R. doniana (Woods); prickles more numerous,
1. very hairy, cal. almost simple. E. B. 8. 2601.—y. R. gracilis
(Woods); larger prickles falcate, cal. almost simple. E. B. 583
(fig. only).—Mostly in the north. Sh. VI.

** Shoots mostly without sete, leaves glandulose.
+ Prickles nearly uniform, setee few or none.

9. R. villosa (L.); prickles uniform nearly straight, leaflets
doubly serrated downy glandular, sep. slightly pinnate, root-
shoots straight. HE. B.2459.— Sep. persistent, usually connivent
on the elliptical or nearly globose fruit.—Northern counties.
Sh. VI. VIL.

10. R. tomentosa (Sm.); prickles mostly uniform straight or
curved, leaflets doubly serrated downy glandular, sep. copiously
pinnate —E. B. 990 and 1896.—Root-shoots straight or arched.
Sep. persistent, usually spreading on the oblong or urceolate fruit.
A very variable plant.—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VI. VII.

ll. &. inodora (Fries); prickles uniform uncinate, leaflets
doubly serrated hairy glandular beneath, sep. closely pinnate
mostly deciduous, ramuli without sete, fr. elliptical or nearly
globular.—Z. B. 2579.—L. sparingly glandular, sometimes with
more numerous glands, and then the sep. are elongated and
persistent. Sep. short with a short leafy point and closely-set

shortly-lanceolate often compound pinne.—Hedges and thickets.
Sh. VI. VIL. ELT

12. R. micrantha (Sm.); prickles uniform uncinate, leaflets
doubly serrated hairy glandular heneath, sep. and pinne elongated
deciduous, ramuli sparingly setigerous, fr. small elliptical and
ovate.—H. B. 2490.—Distinguished by the long leaflike point and
ROSA. 109

narrow lanceolate simple pinne of its sepals combined with uni-
form prickles, small primordial fruit rounded at the base and de-
ciduous sepals. Glands on under side of leaves numerous.—
Hedges and thickets in the south. Sh. VII. VIII. E. I.

+t Prickles various, intermixed with sete.

13. R.rubiginosa (L.); prickles numerous the larger uncinate
the smaller subulate, leaflets doubly serrate hairy glandulose
beneath rounded at the base, sep. and pinne elongated persistent,
primordial fruit pearshaped.—£. B. 991.—The various prickles,

ersistent calyx and pearshaped primordial fruit distinguish this
Font the preceding 2 with which it is very closely allied.—Bushy
places. Sh. VI. VII. Sweet-Briar.

14. R. sepium (Thuil.); prickles numerous the larger curved
the smaller subulate, Jeaflets doubly serrated hairy glandular
beneath acute at the base, sep. and pmne elongated narrow, pri-
mordial fruit ovate rounded at the base.—. B. S.2653.—Pinnz
of the calyx small, narrowly lanceolate, springing nearly at right-
angles from the sepals which have a linear-lanceolate limb.—
Bridport, Warwickshire. Heyford, Oxfordshire. Sh. VI. E.

*** Shoots mostly without sete, leaves without glands.
+ Styles distinct, included, or nearly so.

15. R. canina (L.); prickles uniform hooked, 1. naked or
slightly hairy without glands the serratures simple or compound,
sep. pinnate deciduous, styles distinct.—a. R. canina (Woods) ;
leaflets naked keeled serratures simple. Leaflets narrowly ellip-
tical, not rounded below, often with ua twisted point, green or
grey. E. B. 992.—8. R. sarmentacea (Woods); leaflets naked.
keeled serratures compound. FE. B. S. 2595.—y,. R. surculosa
(Woods) ; leaflets naked flat serratures simple. Leaflets roundish
or elliptical with nregular serratures.—d. R. dumetorum (Woods) ;
leaflets hairy on both sides flat. Terminal leaflets often nearly
cordate. FE. B. S.2610.—e. R. Forsteri (Sm.); leaflets more or
less hairy not flat. Leaflets concave or keeled, hairy on both
sides or only beneath. E. B.S. 2611.—See Borrer’s detailed ac-
count of this species in Hook. Br. Fl. ed. 3.— Hedges and thickets.
Sh. VI. VII. Dog Rose.

16. R. bractescens (Woods); “ calyx-tube globose, prickles
hooked, leaflets simply serrated downy beneath, bracteas over-
topping the fruit.” Woods.—Styles woolly. Fr. globose.—Ul-
verston, Lancash.; Ambleside, Westm. J/r. Woods. Sh. E.

17. R. cesia (Sm.); prickles uniform uncinate, leaflets doubly
serrate downy without glands, sep. distantly and sparingly pin-
nate, fr. elliptical smooth.—E. B, 2367.—Difficult to distinguish
on paper from R. canina but more resembling R. tomentosa in
appearance.—In the north. Sh. VI.
110 26. ROSACEA.

tt Styles united in a column, mostly exserted.

18. R. systyla (Bast.?); prickles uniform uncinate, leaflets
simply serrate without glands, sep. sparmgly pimnate deciduous,
central germens stalked, styles hairless surrounded by a convex
disk, stigmas forming a conical head, shoots nearly erect.—E. B.
1895.—Serratures towards upper end of the Its. usually converg-
ing. Germens in centre of calyx on stalks as long as themselves.
Column of styles variable in length. LL. nearly glabrous or hairy
on both sides. The strongly arched shoots often rise to the
height of 1O—12 feet.— Hedges and thickets. Sh.VI.VI. E.I.

19. R. arvensis (Huds.); prickles uncinate those on the ra-
muli feeble, leaflets simply serrate deciduous without glands,
sep. sparingly pinnate deciduous germens all sessile, styles hair-
less surrounded by a flat disk, stigmas forming a round head,
shoots trailing. —E. B.188.—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VI. VII.

Tribe V. Pomee.

15. Craraeus Linn.

1. C. Oxyacantha (L.); spinose, 1. obovate 3—4-lobed cut and
serrate cuneate at the base, fl. corymbose, cal. not glandular,
styles 1—3.—E. B. (var. 8.?) 2504.—It is not improbable that
the following are distinct species.—a. C. Oxyacantha (L., Jacq.) ;
1, lobed bluntish, peduncles and calyces glabrous, cal.-lobes ovate-
acuminate, styles 1—3, fruit oval, nuts 1—3.—8. C. monogyna
(Jacq.); 1. deeply lobed usually acute, peduncles and calyces
villose, cal.-lobes lanceolate-acuminate, style 1. bent, fruit sub-
globose.— Hedges and thickets, 8. the more common form. T. V.
VI. Hawthorn. Whitethorn.

16. CorongasTER Lindl.

1. C. vulgaris (Lind].) ; 1. roundish-ovate rounded at the base,
flowerstalks and margins of the calyx downy.—E. B. 8. 2713.—
Pet. rose-coloured. Fr. small, pendulous.—Cliffs at the Great
Orme’s Head, Caernarvonshire. Sh. V.

17. Mesritus Linn.

1. M. germanica (L.); 1. lanceolate undivided downy beneath,
fl. solitary.— H#. B. 1523.—L. entire simply or doubly serrate.
In the wild state it is spmous.—Hedges and thickets in Surrey,
Sussex and Cheshire. T.V.VI. Medlar. E.

18. Pyrus Linn.

1. P. communis (L.); 1. simple ovate serrated, flowerstalks
corymbose, fruit turbinate, styles distinct —E. B. 1784.—Germen
woolly. Leaves sometimes obovate suddenly contracted into a
27. LYTHRACES. 111

long very acute point.—Hedges and woods. T.IV.V. Wild
Pear tree.

2. P. Malus (L.); 1. ovate acute serrate, fl. in a sessile umbel,
Fr. globose, styles combined below.—E. B.179.—a. P. acerba
(DC.); young branches calyx-tube and under side of the 1. gla-
brous.—. tomentosa (Koch) ; the same parts pubescent or woolly.
—Woods and hedges. T.V. Crab tree.

[3. P. domestica (Sm.); 1. pinnate downy beneath serrated,
jl. panicled, fr. obovate-—E. B. 350.—Fr. resembling a small
pear.—One tree in Wyre Forest. T.V. Service ‘red E.

4. P. aucuparia (Gaert.); 1. pinnate downy beneath serrated,
fi. corymbose, fr. (small red) globose.—E. B. 337.—Hilly woods
and on mountains. T.V.VI. Rowan tree. Mountain Ash.

5. P. fennica; 1. oblong doubly serrate near the apex pinnatifid
below, pinne lanceolate oblong serrated the 2 lowermost distinct,
under side white and downy, fl. corymbose.—E. B. 23312 P.
pinnatifida Sm., Sorbus fennica Kalm, Fr.—Fy. scarlet. Lower
part of the 1. truly pinnate, the lobes becoming more and more
combined as they approach the extremity of the leaf which is only
deeply and doubly serrate——Mountains in the northern part of
the Isle of Arran. TT. V. 8.

6. P. Aria (Sm.); 1. oval or oblong unequally and doubly
serrate or slightly lobed towards the end nearly entire below, la-
teral nerves about 12 on each side, under side white and downy,
fl. corymbose —E. B. 1858.—Fr. scarlet.—Hilly and mountain
woods. T. V. White Beam tree.

7. P. scandica; 1. broad lobed, lobes triangular-oval toothed
deepest towards the middle of each side of the 1., lateral nerves
about 7 on each side, underside white, fi. corymbose.—Sorbus
scandica Fries.—“ Fr. red.’ Basal 4 of 1. finely serrate, apical 4
narrowly lobed. The continental distribution shows that neither
this nor P. fennica can be hybrids.—Hilly woods. T.V.

8. P. torminalis (Sm.); 1. ovate or cordate lobed glabrous,
lobes triangular acute serrated the lower ones larger and spread-
ing, fl. corymbose.—E. B. 298.—Fr. oval, brown.—Woods and
hedges chiefly in the south. T.IV.V. Wild Service tree.  E..

Order XXVII. LYTHRACEX.

Cal. tubular, lobed, lobes valvate or distant in estivation,
sometimes with intermediate teeth. Pet. between the lobes of
the calyx, very deciduous. Stam. inserted in the tube of the cal.
below the pet. and equalling them or 2, 3 or 4 times as many.
Ovary free, 2—4-celled. Caps. membranaceous, usually (by abor-
112 27. LYTHRACEH.—28, TAMARISCACES.

tion) l-celled, with numerous seeds and a central placenta,
covered by the calyx. Embryo straight.

1. Lyturum. Cal. tubular, cylindrical, with 8—12 teeth ;
4—6 broader, erect; alternate teeth subulate. Pet. 4—6.
Stam. as many as, or twice the number of the petals. Style
filiform. Caps. 2-celled, many-seeded.

2. Peexis. Cal. campanulate with 12 teeth of which 6 are
broader and erect, 6 subulate. Pet. 6, minute, fugacious.
Stam. 6. Style very short. Caps. 2-celled, many-seeded.

1. Lyrurum Linn.

1. L. Salicaria (L.); 1. lanceolate from a cordate base opposite
or whorled, fl. in whorled leafy spikes, bracts 0, subulate calyx-
teeth twice as long as the others, stam. 12—FE. B. 1061.—Upper
1. usually falling short of the flowers; or (8. verticillatum) so
large as totally to destroy the spiked appearance of the plant.
St. 2—4 feet high and 1. nearly glabrous, or (y. canescens) downy
with crisped hairs. Fl. large, pwrple or crimson.—Ditch-banks
and damp places. P.VII. VIII. Purple Loosestrife.

2. L. Hyssopifolia (L.): 1. alternate linear-lanceolate blunt,
fl. axillary solitary, bracts 2 minute subulate, calyx-teeth all short,
stam. 6.—E. B. 292.—St. procumbent, spreading, simple or
branched. Fl. small, light purple. Glabrous.—Damp places
where water has stagnated, rare. A. VI.—X. E. I.

2. Perris Linn. Water Purslane.

1. P. Portula (L.); 1. opposite obovate stalked, fl. axillary
solitary sessile —E. B. 1211. St.1.7.—Pet. often wanting. Cal.-
tube short, vase-shaped, shorter than the capsule. St. 4—6 in.
long, prostrate, creepmg.—Damp places. A. VII. VIII.

Order XXVITI. TAMARISCACE.

Cal. 4—5-parted, persistent, estivation imbricate. Pet. 4—5,
withering, from the base of the calyx. Stam. equal to or twice
as many as the pet., from the margin of a scutelliform disk.
Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded, loculicidal. Placentas
often only at the base. Seeds ascending, comose.

1, TaMarix. Styles 3, patent. Seeds affixed at the base of
the capsule; coma or down of simple papilliform hairs at
the apex.

1. Tamarrx Linn. Tamarisk.
tl. T. anglica (Webb) ; 1. glabrous rather narrowed at the base
29. ONAGRACEA. 113

spurred, hypogynous ring 5-angled narrowed into the filaments
of the cordate shortly apiculate anthers whose cells diverge be-
low, caps. roundish trigonous at the base abruptly narrowed to-
wards the apex.—T. gallica Sm., E. B. 1318.—St. shrubby, with
slender leafy branches. L. minute, with a loose spur at the base.
Spikes lateral, rather pannicled, slender. Fl. small, pink.—
South-west coast of England. 8. VII. E.

Order XXIX. ONAGRACEA.

Cal. tubular, adnate to the ovary wholly or in part, with 2—4
lobes valvate in estivation. Pet. as many as the calyx-lobes,
twisted in estivation, inserted at the top of the tube. Stam. 2,
4 or 8, inserted with the petals. Ovary of several cells, with a
central placenta. Style 1, filiform, stigma capitate or lobed. Fr.
a berry or capsule with 4 cells. Albumen 0.—L. alternate or
opposite not dotted.

1. Eprnoprum. Cal. 4-cleft, deciduous. Pet. 4. Stam. 8.
Style filiform with a clavate or cruciform stigma. Caps.
linear, 4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds numerous, bearded.

2, Ginotruera. Cal.-limb tubular below. Seeds not bearded.
In other respects like Epilobium.

3. Isnarp1a. Limb of the cal. 4-cleft, persistent. Pet. 4 or 0.
Stam. 4. Style filiform, deciduous, stigma capitate. Caps.
obovate, 4-valved, 4-celled, many-seeded, with a loculicidal
dehiscence.

4, Circa#a. Limb of the cal. 2-cleft, deciduous, its tube
closed by a cup-shaped disk. Pet. 2, obcordate. Stam. 2,
alternate with the petals. Style simple; stigma emarginate.
Caps. 1 or 2-celled, cells 1-seeded, seeds erect.

1. Eprtosium Linn. Willow Herbs.

* Style and stamens at length declining, leaves scattered, cal.
without any separate tube, fl. irregular.

1. E. angustifolium (L.); 1. lanceolate callose-denticulate
veined, pet. clawed obovate, sep. linear-lanceolate acute equalling
or slightly exceeding the pet., caps. linear straight.—a. E. ma-
crocarpum (Steph.); 1. lanceolate, fl.-buds obovate narrowed at
the base and suddenly contracted into a point at the apex, caps.
elongate erect. L. broadest at about their middle. St. 3—4 feet
high. E. B.1947. A. N. H. viii. 170.—8. E. brachycarpum
(Leight.) ; 1. narrowly lanceolate, fl. buds oblong-lanceolate ob-
liquely acute, caps. short spreading. L. gradually narrowing up-
114 29. ONAGRACES.

wards from below the middle. A. N. H. viii.401.—Damp shady
places. P. VII.

** Style erect, leaves alternate the lower ones opposite, cal.
with a short tube, fl. regular.

+ Stem without elevated lines.

2. E. hirsutum (L.); woolly, i. clasping slightly decurrent ob-
long-lanceolatedenticulate serrate, stigmas4-cleft, budsmucronate,
with scions.—E. B. 838.—St. 4—5 feet high, branched. L. most
hairy upon the nerves. Fl. large.—Wet places by rivers and
ditches. P. VII. VIII. Great Willow-herb.

3. E. parviflorum (Schreb.); downy, 1. sessile lanceolate den-
ticulate lower ones slightly stalked, stigmas 4-cleft, buds obtuse,
root fibrous, no scions.—E. B.795.—St. 1—2 feet high, nearly
simple. L. uniformly hairy. Fl. small. A dwarf woolly form
with ovate obtuse leaves occurs in Jersey. —f. E. rivulare (Wahl.);
subglabrous. AR. I. f.301.—In wet places. P. VII. VII.

4. E. lanceolatum (Seb. and Mauri); J. stalked lanceolate
toothed, st. obsoletely angular pubescent, stig. lobed, no scions.
—E. B. S. 2935.—St. 1—2 ft. high, erect, with obscure raised
lines from the edges of the 1. and a groove from the midrib espe-
cially near the base. L. flaccid, mostly pendent.—Near Bristol
and Tintern. Jersey. P. VII.—IX. E.

5. E.montanum(L.); l.ovate-oblong rounded at the base toothed
very shortly stalked, s¢. round pubescent, stigma 4-cleft, no scions.
—E. B.1177. St.72.7.—Base of the st. decumbent and rooting
but not creeping. Margins and veins of the leaves pubescent.
St. 1—2 feet high, slightly branched; or, in 8. ramosissimum,
6—18 in. high, greatly branched, leaves ovate; in y. humile, st.
3—6 in. high decumbent below, |. small ovate; in 6. verticilla-
ae 1. im threes.—In hilly places. y. on mountains. P. VI.
VII.

6. E. palustre (L.); 1. narrowly lanceolate with a wedgeshaped
base entire or denticulate sessile, st. round, stigma undivided,
seed obovate, testa prolonged into a point at the summit, buds
nodding, scions filiform.—E. B. 346.?—L. usually quite entire,
very narrow. St.6—18 in. high, pubescence often collected into
2 decurrent lines but the stem itself is truly terete—In boggy
places. P. VI. VIII.

tt Stem with elevated lines.

7. E. virgatum (Fries) ; 1. lanceolate narrowing upwards sessile
denticulate not decurrent, st. with 2 or 4 elevated lines, stigma
undivided or slightly patent or 4-fid, seeds oblong-obovate not
EPILOBIUM.—G@NOTHERA. 115

pointed, buds erect, scions filiform.—Florig. Brit. f. 624.—St. 1,
2 or even 3 feet high, often decumbent and rooting, elevated
lines often faint. L. not decurrent, lower 1. narrowed to their
base. Scions from the lower jomings of the stem, very slender, not
ee im rosettes. —Deep ditches in peat-bogs. P. VII.

8. E. tetragonum (L.); 1. oblong-lanceolate narrowing upwards
from a rounded base sessile denticulate, intermediate 1. shortly
decurrent, st. with 2 or 4 elevated lines, stigma undivided, seeds
oblong-obovate not pointed, root somewhat creeping.—E. B.
1948.—The intermediate 1. are truly decurrent and often combine
so as to produce one line on each side of the stem common to
both of them. St. 1—2 feet high. Buds erect. Scions short,
and terminating in rosettes—Damp places. P. VII. VIII.

9. E. roseum (Schreb.); 1. stalked ovate toothed, st. with 2 or
4 elevated lines, stigma undivided, root fibrous, scions wanting.
—E. B. 693.—St. 1—2 feet high, branching, nearly or quite
glabrous, with 2 sharp and 2 blunt angles. L. upon rather long
_ ice sometimes slightly lobed.—Wet places, rare. P.

10. E. alsinifolium (Vill.) ; 1. ovate acuminate slightly stalked
repand-denticulate glabrous, st. simple with 2 elevated hairy
lines, stigma undivided, stoloniferous.—E. B. 2000.—St. mostly
decumbent, nearly simple, 6—12 in. long, producing elongate
scions with scattered leaves. L. narrowed but also rounded at
the base, sometimes entire, lucid. Fl. rather large—Damp
places on mountains. P. VII. 8.

11. E. alpinum (L.); 1. ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate ob-
tuse entire or obsoletely toothed attenuated below, st. simple with
2 elevated hairy lines, stigma undivided, stoloniferous.—E. B.
2001.—St. decumbent or ascending, simple, 3 or 4 in. long. LL.
narrowed and not rounded at the base. FI. small, few. Buds
nodding. Scions short, with a rosette, or elongated with scat-
tered leaves. Koch’s and Godron’s plants seem different.—On
the higher mountains. P. VII.

2. Gnotuera Linn. Evening Primrose.

*1. CE. biennis (L.); 1. ovate-lanceolate flat toothed, st. rough
rather hairy, pet. longer than the stamens.—E. B. 1534. St. 5. 5.
—Fi. large, numerous, bright yellow. Caps. short, hairy. St.
2—3 feet high, leafy Sandy coast of Lancashire. Often an
outcast from gardens. B. VIL.—IX. E.
116 30. HALORAGACE.

3. Isnwarpia Linn.

1. I. palustris (L.); st. procumbent rooting glabrous, 1]. oppo-
site ovate acute narrowed into a petiole, fl. axillary solitary ses-
sile without petals —E. B. S. 2593. St. 22. 3.—St. 6—8 in.
long, round, branching, often reddish. Fl. with 2 small bracts at
the base. Caps. ovate, obtusely quadrangular with the persistent
calyx spreading horizontally—Pools and marshes. Buxted,
Suss. Petersfield and Brokenhurst, Hants. Jersey. A. VI. E.

4, Circaa Linn.

1. C. lutetiana (L.); 1. ovate or slightly cordate below repand-
denticulate opaque, petioles subterete, bracteoles 0, pet. deeply
emarginate, lobes broadly obovate, cal. hairy, ovary 2-celled, fr.
broadly obovate.—. B. 1056. St. 23: 1—Pet. as long as the
herbaceous sepals, broad below. Fr. persistent.—Woods and
hedge-banks. P. VI.—VIII. Enchanter’s Nightshade.

2. C. alpina (L.); 1. cordate acuminate repand-dentate shin-
ing, petioles flat with membranous wings, bracteoles setaceous,
pet. bifid, lobes oblong, cal. glabrous, ovary 1-celled—E. B. 1057.
St. 23. 2.—Usually glabrous. Pet. shorter than the membra-
nous sepals, narrow below. Fr. soon fallmg. Bracteoles deci-
duous.—8. C. intermedia (Ehrh.); fl. larger, sep. less membra-
nous equalling the petals. Whole plant much larger.—Woods
and thickets in mountainous districts. P. VII. VIII.

Order XXX. HALORAGACEA.

Cal. adnate with the ovary, limb minute. Pet. minute, from
the throat of the calyx. Stam. 1—8 inserted with the petals.
Ovary of 1 or more cells. Styles equal in number to the cells.
Fruit dry, not bursting, usually crowned with the rim of the
calyx. Seed pendulous with a small quantity of albumen.

1. MyriopHytium. Moneecious. Cal. 4-parted. Pet. 4,
fugitive, longer than the calyx in the male, small and re-
flexed or 0 in the female. Stam.8. Styles 4,villose. Fr.
tetragonal, separable into 4 hard nuts.—G. F. G. Monochl. 3.

2. Hippuris. Calyx-limb very minute, obsoletely 2-lobed.
Pet. 0. Stam. 1. Style filiform. Stigma simple, acute.
Fruit a 1-celled nut.—G. F. G. Monochl. 2.

1. Myriopuyiium Linn. Water Milfoil.

1. M. verticillatum (L.); fl. all axillary whorled, bracts pin-
natifid—E. B. 218.—L. whorled, pinnatifidly divided into se-
taceous segments. Bracts more or less longer than the flowers,
31. CUCURBITACES. 117

pinuatifid or (C. pectinatum DC.) pectinate.— Ponds and ditches,
rare. P. VII. VIII.

2. M. spicatum (L.); fl. whorled forming a leafless spike, bracts
small entire, spike erect when in bud.—Z. B. 83.—L. 4 in a
whorl, submersed, lower bracts often pectinate—Ponds and
ditches. P. VI. VII.

3. M. alterniflorum (DC.); sterile fl. alternate about 6 form-
ing a leafless spike, spike nodding when in bud afterwards erect,
fertile fl. about 3 together in axillary whorls at the base of the
spike.—E. B. S. 2854.—L. 3 or 4 im a whorl, submersed.—
Ponds and ditches. P. VII. VIII. E. 8.

2. Hirruris Linn. Mare’s Tail.

1. H. vulgaris (L.); 1. lear 6—12 in a whorl with a callous
point.—H. B. 763. St. 44, 1.—St. simple, or sometimes branch-
mg at the base, erect. Fl. in the axil of each of the upper leaves,
often without stamens. In deep water the submersed leaves are
elongated flaccid pellucid and not callous at the end.—In stag-
nant water and slow streams. P. VI. VI.

Order XXXI. CUCURBITACEA.

Cal. 5-toothed, tube adnate with the ovary. Cor. 5-cleft,
often scarcely distinguishable from the calyx, reticulated_with
veins. Stam. 5, more or less cohering. Anth. sinuose. Ovary
3—5-celled or spuriously 1-celled, placentas parietal. Style
short. Stigmas lobed. Fr. more or less succulent. Seeds flat,
in an arillus, embryo flat, albumen 0.—Plants succulent, climbing
with extra-axillary tendrils. Often moncecious or dicecious.

1. Bryonta. Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Male. Stam. 5
in 3 bundles. Fem. Style 3-fid. Fruit a globose few-seeded
berry. Seeds oval, compressed, more or less bordered.

1. Bryonra Linn. Red Bryony.

1. B. dioica (L.); 1. palmate 5-lobed dentate rough on both
sides with callous points, fl. dicecious, cal. of the fertile fl. half as
long as the corolla.—E. B. 439.—St. climbing. Tendrils simple.
Fr. red —[B. alba (L.), has the fertile cal. as long as the cor.
and black fruit. It is said to be moncecious.|—Hedges and
thickets. P. V.—IX. E.
J18 32. porRTULACE%.—33. PARONYCHIACE.

Order XXXII. PORTULACEA.

Sep. 2, rarely 3 or 5, cohering at the base, estivation imbri-
cate. Pet. usually 5, from the base of the calyx. Stam. mde-
finite, inserted with the petals, filaments distinct, often opposite
to the petals. Ovary l-celled. Style 0. Stigmas several. Caps.
opening transversely or by 3 valves, placenta central. Embryo
curved round the albumen.

1. Montta. Cal. of 2 sepals, persistent. Cor. 5-parted, with
3 segments smaller than the others, tube split to the base in
front. Stam. 3, inserted in the throat and opposite to the
smaller segments of the corolla. Ovary turbinate. Style
very short. Stigmas 3. Caps. 3-valved, 3-seeded.

Monta Linn.

1. M. fontana (L.).—E. B. 1206. St. 11. 1.—L. opposite, spa-
thulate, entire. Valves of the caps. rolled longitudinally inwards
after the seeds have fallen.—a. MM. minor (Gm.); st. short ascend-
ing rigid, ped. axillary and terminal, seeds reticulate-scabrous.—
B. M. rwularis (Gm.); st. flaccid ascending, ped. axillary, seeds
reticulate.—Watery places. 8. in water. A. IV.—VIII.

Order XXXIII. PARONYCHIACEA.

Cal. 5-parted, rarely 4 or 3, zstivation imbricate. Pet. mi-
nute and resembling abortive stam. or 0. Stam. indefinite, op-
posite the sep. (when the same number), somewhat hypogynous.
Ovary free. Styles 2 or 3. Fr. dry, 3-valved or dehiscent,
placenta central. Embryo more or less curved. Albumen fari-
naceous.—Perhaps the whole Order should be jomed to Caryo-
phyllacee.

* With stipules, sep. slightly connected.

Tribe I. PARONYCHIEA. Caps. 1-seeded. Pet. 0, or small
and subulate.

1. CorrieroLa. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, oblong, equalling the sepals.
Stam. 5. Stigmas 3, sessile. Fr. 1-seeded, indehiscent.
Seed suspended by its seed-stalk which arises from the base
of the capsule.—L. alternate.

2. Herniaria. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, filiform, inserted with the
5 stam. on a perigynous ring. Stigmas 2, nearly sessile.
Fr. 1-seeded, indehiscent, membranaceous.—L. opposite.

3. ILLEcEBRUM. Sep. 5, thickened, horned at the back.
Pet. 0 or 5, subulate, inserted with the 5 stam. on a perigy-
CORRIGIOLA.—HERNIARIA. 119

nous ring. Stigmas 2. Fr. 1-seeded, furrowed, bursting
along the 5 furrows.

Tribe I]. SPERGULEA. Caps. 1-celled, 3—5-valved, many-
seeded.
4. Potycarron. Sep. keeled on the back, hooded at the
end. Pet. 5, emarginate. Stam. 3—5. Styles 3, short.
Fr. 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded.

5. Lericonum. Sep. 5, flattish. Pet. 5, entire, as long as
the calyx. Stam.5—10. Styles 3 or 5. Fr. 3—5-valved,
many-seeded ; valves fewer than or alternate with the sepals,

6. Spercuua. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, entire, as long as the calyx.
Stam. 5—10. Styles 5. Fr. 5-valved, many-seeded ; valves
opposite the sepals.

** Without stipules, sep. tubular below.

Tribe III. SCLERANTHEA. Caps. l-seeded, inclosed in the
hardened cal.-tube.
7. Scuerantuus. Tube of the cal. urceolate, contracted at
the mouth by a glandular ring ; limb 5-fid. Pet.0. Stam.
10 rarely 5, inserted in the throat of the calyx. Styles 2.
Fr. membranous.—G. F. G. Monochl. 77.

Tribe I. Paronychiacea.

1.- CorrieioLa Linn.

1. C. littoralis (L.); st. leafy amongst the flowers.—ZH. B.
668.—Fl. stalked, white, small, in small clusters. Stem-l. ob-
long, narrow below. St. numerous from the crown of the root,

rostrate, slender.—Sandy shores. Slapton Sands and near the
tart Point, Devon. Helston, Cornwall. A. VII. VIII. E.

2. Herniaria Linn.

1. H. glabra (L.); st. herbaceous prostrate clothed with mi-
nute decurved hairs, 1. oval-oblong, clusters of sessile fl. axillary
coalescing on the lateral branches into a slightly leafy spike —
E. B.206.—S8t. procumbent or subterranean, rooting extensively.
Lateral branches resembling leafy spikes from the dense aggre-
gation of the clusters. Cal. glabrous or with a very few hairs.
L. glabrous.—f. subciliata (Bab.); 1. more or less ciliated.
Quite distinct from the following,—Very rare. Suffolk. Ruan

Minor, Corn. Wilsford, Lincoln. West of Kerry. P. ne

2. H. ciliata (Bab.); st. herbaceous prostrate clothed with
minute decurved hairs, 1. orbicular-ovate ciliated, clusters of ses-
120 33, PARONYCHIACE.

sile fl. awillary upon the lateral branches and distinct —E. B. S.
2857.—Root, strong, woody. St. spreading extensively from the
crown of the root but scarcely rooting. Clusters 1—3 together
in small distinct bunches. Sep. tipped with a strong bristle.
Very different in habit from H. glabra.—Very rare. Lizard Point.
Cornwall. Guernsey. P. VII. VIII. E.

(8. H. hirsuta (L.); st. herbaceous prostrate clothed with
straight spreading hairs, 1. oval-oblong, clusters of sessile fl. axil-
lary distinct.—E. B. 1379.— Cal. hairy, resembling a minute bur.
—A very doubtful native. The Finchley Common plant was
H. glabra. P. VIL]

3. ILLEcEBRUM Linn.

1. I. verticillatum (L.).—E. B. 895.—St. procumbent. Fi.
whorled, axillary, minute, white. L. roundish, variable in size,
shorter or longer than the flowers.—Boggy ground in Devon and
Cornwall. P. VII.

Tribe II. Spergulee.

4. Potycarpon Linn.

1. P. tetraphyllum (L.); triandrous, pet. emarginate, stem-l.
in fours, 1. on the branches opposite.—E. B. 1031.—In young
lants the 1. are often all opposite.—Coasts of the south-west of
England. A. VI. VIL E.

5. Lericonum lWahlb.

1. L. rubrum (Wahlb.); st. round, 1. flat linear pointed, caps.
about equalling cal. rather shorter than slightly declining fr.-stalks,
seed triangular obovate with a thickened rough border.—St. pro-
cumbent. Short ped. and cal. glandular hairy. L. bristle-pointed.
Sep. obtuse, obscurely 3-nerved.—a. Aren. rubra (L.); seeds all
wingless, 1. flat on both sides. Arenaria Sm. E. B.852.—8. A.
media (L.?); seeds mostly wingless a few winged, 1. fleshy flat
above.—Sandy fields. 8. near the sea. A. VI.—IX.

2. L. marinum (Wahlb.); st. compressed, 1. fleshy blunt apicu-
late, caps. exceeding cal. much shorter than declining fr. stalks,
seeds roundish usually surrounded by membranous striated wing.
—Root almost woody. St. glabrous or glandular hairy. L.
sometimes pointed. Sep. obtuse, obscurely 3-nerved.—a. Aren.
marina (Sm.) ; seeds nearly all winged, caps. large exceeding cal.
by2. E.B.958.—8. salinum ; seeds nearly all wingless, caps. small
slightly exceeding calyx.—Sea coast. P. VI.—VIIT.

6. Spercuta Linn.
1. S. arvensis (L.); J, lmear convex above furrowed beneath. fi.
34. CRASSULACE. 121

panicled, fr.-stalks deflexed, seeds slightly compressed with a
narrow margin tubercled or papillose—St. 6—12 in. high. L.
long, slender. Seeds black.—a. S. arvensis (R.); seeds covered
with minute elevated points. E. B. 1535.—8. 8. vulgaris (Boen-
ingh.); seeds covered with white or brown club-shaped papille.
—Cultivated land. A. VIL—VIII. Corn Spurrey.

[2. S. pentandra (L.); 1. linear subterete convex beneath, fi.
panicled, seeds smooth with a broad membranous margin.—

£. B. 15362—I have seen no specimens.—Ireland. Sherard.
A. VIII. ?]

Tribe III. Scleranthee.

7. ScLERANTHUS Linn.

1. S. annuus (L.); subdecandrous, segments of the calyx of
the fr. patent acute with a very narrow membranous margin, as
long as their tube.—E. B.351.—Styles longer than the stamens.
St. repeatedly dichotomous, green. Fl. green, often solitary in
the forks of the stem, or densely corymbose.—Sandy fields. A.
VI—VIII.

2. S. perennis (L.); decandrous, segments of the calyx of the
fr. connivent obtuse rounded with a broad membranous margin.
—E. B. 352.—Styles usually shorter than the stamens. St.
nearly simple or irregularly branched, procumbent, glaucous, at
length reddish. Fl. variegated with green and white. _L. erect,
directed to one side.—Sandy fields in Norfolk and Suffolk. P.
VI.—VIUI. E.

Order XXXIV. CRASSULACEA.

Sep. 3—20, more or less united at the base. Pet. the same
number, regular, free or slightly connected, inserted at the base
of the calyx. Stam. inserted with the pet. and the same or twice
their number. Hypogynous scale ] at the base of each carpel or
obsolete. Carpels the same number as and opposite to the pet.,
free or slightly connected, 1-celled. Fr. of several follicles open-
ing on their face, with slightly albuminous seeds on the inner su-
ture.

1. Tituma. Sep., pet., and stam. 3—4. Carp. 3—4, con-
stricted in the middle and 2-seeded. Hypogynous scales 0.

2. Sepum. Sep. and pet. 5, rarely 4 or 6. Stam. 10 or 12.
Hypogynous scales entire. Carp. 5 or 6, many-seeded.—
S. Rhodiola has 4 sep., 4 pet., 8 stam., 4 carp., and is sub-
dicecious.

[3. Sempervivum. Sep. 6—20. Pet. the same. Stam.
twice as many as the pet. Hypogynous scales laciniated.
Carp. as many as the petals. ]

G
122 34. CRASSULACES.

4. CoryLepon. Sep. 5. Pet, cohering in a tubular 5-cleft
corolla. Stam. 10, inserted on the corolla. Hypogynous
scales 3. Carp. 5.

1. Tinta Linn.

1. T. muscosa (L.); st. branched and decumbent at the base,
fl. axillary sessile trifid—H. B. 116. R. I. t. 191—Very mi-
nute, about 1 in. long, reddish. L. opposite, oblong, obtuse,
concave above, connate. Sep. ovate or lanceolate, acute, bristle-
pointed. Pet. nearly subulate, white tipped with red—On barren
sandy heaths. A. VI. VII. E.

2. Sepum Linn.
* Root thick, many-headed. Leaves flat.
+ Flowers yellow, subdicecious, 4-parted. Ruopioxa Linn.

1. S. Rhodiola (DC.); root fleshy, 1. oblong smooth.—£. B.
508. Rhodiola rosea Sm.—Fl. in a compact terminal cyme. L.
acuminate, usually dentate in their upper half. Root (rhizome)
large, having a remarkable smell. St. 6—8 in. high, simple.—
Wet alpine rocks. P. VI. VII. Rose-root.

+t Flowers white or purple, perfect, 5-parted.

2. S. Telephium(L.); uppermost 1. oval-oblong dentate rounded
at the base and sessile, lower 1. obovate or oblong narrowed be-
low, corymb dense, ovaries flattened and slightly furrowed on the
back.—E. B.1319. R. 1. 968. 8S. purpurascens Koch, St. 83. 8.—
St. 1—2 feet high. L. large and broad. [In S. maximum Sut.,
R.1.969. St. 83.7, the lower 1. are broad, the uppermost cordate
at the base, the back of the ovaries convex. |}—Hedge-banks and
thickets. P. VI. VILL. Orpine. Lave-long.

3. S. purpureum (Tausch); 1. dentate oblong-lanceolate or
lanceolate all attenuated below, corymb dense.—S. Fabaria Koch,
St. 83. 9.—Resembling S. Telephium.—Hedges and thickets. P.
VI. = Orpine. Live-long. E.

** Root small, weak, without any rooting shoots. LL. subterete.

4. S. villosum (L.); st. erect, 1. linear obtuse flat above not
produced at the base, pet. ovate acute, |. st. and panicle glandu-
lar-pubescent.—E. B. 394. St. 6. 12.—Pet. rose-coloured with
apurple streak. St. 3—4 in. high producing short barren shoots
below.— Wet mountain pastures. 3B. VI. VII. E. 8.

*** Root small, producing rooting shoots. Leaves subterete.

+ Flowers white.

5. S. album (L.); flowering st. erect, barren st. procumbent
SEDUM. 123

rooting, J. oblong subcylindrical flattened above obtuse spreading,
pet. lanceolate, panicle much branched glabrous.—E. B, 1578.—
Pet. white. St. 4—5 in. high, purplish, leaf'y.—[@. S. micranthum
(DC.); 1. oblong-obovate flattened on both sides obtuse. ]—Rocks
and walls, not common. 8. In and near Arundel. P. VII. VIII.

6. S. dasyphyllum (L.); flowering and barren st. procumbent,
1. ovate obtuse fleshy gibbous, pet. and sep. ovate obtuse, panicle
small glandular-pubescent.—E. B. 656.—Pet. white. Sep., pet.,
and carp. often im sixes. L. very thick, glaucous, often tinged
with red, opposite on the barren shoots. Flowering st. 3—4 in.
long.—Rocks and walls, rare. P. VI. VII.

7. S. anglicum (Huds.) ; st. procumbent at the base ascending,
1. ovate fleshy gibbous spurred at the base, pet. lanceolate acute,
sep. ovate bluntish, cyme bifid smooth. B. 171.—Pet. white
spotted with red. L. mostly alternate. Flowering st. 3—6 in.
long.—Sandy and rocky places. A. VII. VIII.

tt Flowers yellow.

8. S. aere (L.); 1. ovate thick tumid spwred at the base, pet.
lanceolate acute, sep. ovate obtuse gibbous at the base, cyme trifid
smooth.—E. B. 839.—L. closely imbricated on the barren shoots,
very acrid.—Walls and dry places. P. VI. VII. Wall Pepper.

(9. S. sewangulare (L.); 1. linear obtuse terete spurred at the
base, pet. lanceolate acute, sep. lanceolate acute not gibbous, cyme
trifid smooth.—£. B.1946.—L. much longer than in the last,
arranged in 6 rows on the barren shoots. I have seen no British
specimens.—On old walls, a doubtful native. P. VIL] E.S.

10. S. reflecwm (L.); 1. subulate scattered spurred at the base
convex on both sides the lowermost recurved, fl. cymose, sep. ovate
rather acute, pet. lanceolate obtuse.—E. B.695.—Barren st. long ;
1. numerous patent or reflexed. Cyme nearly level-topped, its
outer branches spreading or recurved.—8. S. glaucum (Sm.) ; 1.
more slender glaucous not recurved. E. B. 2477.—Walls and
rocks, common. f. Dry hills, rare. P. VIL. VIII.

11. S. rupestre (L.?); J. linear-lanceolate spurred at the base
flattened, fl. imperfectly cymose, “sep. elliptical,” pet. lanceolate.
—E.B.170. S. elegans Le}., Koch.—Barren st. short with densely
imbricated adpressed leaves. Fl. corymbose rather than cymose.
—On limestone rocks. Bristol. Cheddar. Orme’s Head, &c.
Pp. VI. VI.

12. S. Forsterianum (Sm.); 1. lanceolate spurred at the base
flattened, cyme round-topped compact, sep. elliptical, pet. lan-
ceolate.—E. B. 1802.—Barren st. short, erect, densely leafy,
1. forming small roselike tufts. Fl. truly cymose. ey different

G
124 35. GROSSULARIACE.

from the last in general appearance but difficult to distinguish
on paper.—Rocks in Wales and Shropshire. P. VI. VIL E.

3. Sempervivum Linn.

[1. 8. tectorum (L.); 1. glabrous ciliated, pet. 12 or more en-
tire at the margins, hypogynous scales short convex resembling
glands.—E. B. 1320.—L. succulent, forming large roselike tufts.
—Walls and roofs (planted). P. VII. Houseleek.]

4. CoryLepon Linn.

1. C. Umbilicus (L.); lower 1. peltate concave, bracts entire,
fl. pendulous.—. B. 325,—Raceme usually simple. St.6—12 in.
high, leaves mostly collected at its base. Fl. greenish-yellow.—
Rocks and walls in the west. P. VI.—VIII.

(2. C. lutea (Huds.); bracts toothed, fl. erect.—E. B. 1522.—
Fl. bright yellow.—Probably not a native. P. VII.]

Order XXXV. GROSSULARIACEA.

Cal. superior, 4—5-cleft, regular. Pet. 4—5, small, inserted
at the mouth of the tube and alternating with the stamens. Ovary
l-celled, with 2 opposite parietal placentas. Style 2—4-cleft.
Berry many-seeded ; cell filled with pulp. Albumen horny.

1. Rips. Cal. 5-cleft. Berry many-seeded, crowned with the
persistent calyx.

1. Rises Linn.
* Peduncles \—3-flowered. Stems spinous. Gooseberry.

1. R. Grossularia (L.); ped. with 2 minute bracts, cal. bell-
shaped, sep. reflexed oblong, pet. ovate—E. B. 1292 and 2057.
—Thorns 1—3 at the base of the young branches. Germen and
fruit smooth or pubescent or glandular. L. rounded 3—5-lobed
and cut, glabrous or hairy.—Hedges and thickets, doubtfully
native. Sh. IV. V.

** Flowers racemose. Spines none. Currants.

2. R. alpinum (L.); dicecious, racemes upright both in flower
and fruit glandular-pilose, bracts longer than the pedicels lanceo-
late, cal. glabrous, |. shining heneath.—ZE. B. 704. St. 51. 6.—
Male raceme dense, of many flowers ; fem. of 2—5 fl. Limb of
the calyx nearly flat. Berries scarlet. L. with 3 acute deeply
serrate lobes.— Woods in the north of England, rare. Sh. IV. V.

E. 8.

3. R. nigrum (L.); racemes pendulous downy with a simple
pedicel at the base of each, bracts subulate shorter than the pedi-
36. SAXIFRAGACE. 125

cels, cal. pubescent, 1. glandular-punctate beneath.—E. B. 1291.
—Racemes lax. Calyx-limb bellshaped. Berries large, black.
L. with 3—5 acute serrated lobes.—In damp and swampy places.
Sh. IV. V. Black Currant.

4. R. rubrum (L.); racemes mostly glabrous and pendulous,
bracts shorter than the pedicels ovate, cal. nearly flat glabrous,
1. bluntly 5-lobed.— E.B. 1289.—The wild plant differs slightly
in its fl. from that in cultivation (Phytol. ii. 517).—8. R. pe-
treum (Sm. not Wulf.); racemes slightly downy, in flower upright,
in fruit pendulous. E£. B. 705.—y. R spicatum (Robs.); racemes
erect both in flower and fruit, “fl. nearly sessile,” anth.-cells
near together. H. B.1290.—Woods. 8. NorthofE.,8. y. Rich-
mond, Yorkshire. Sh. IV. V. Red Currant.

Order XXXVI. SAXIFRAGACE.

Cal. 4—5-cleft, superior or inferior. Pet. 4—5, rarely 0.
Stam. 5—10, free, perigynous or hypogynous. Glandular disk
present or wanting. Ovary of 2 carpels cohering by the inflexed
sides or margins. Styles 2, persistent, usually diverging. Seeds
numerous. Albumen fleshy.

1. Saxirraca. Cal. 5-fid or 5-parted, more or less adnate
to the ovary or free. Cor. of 5 petals. Stam. 10, rarely 5.
Styles 2, persistent. Caps. 2-celled, with 2 beaks, opening
by a pore between the beaks.

2. CurysospLeniuM. Cal. 4-fid, half superior. Cor. 0.
Stam. 8, rarely 10. Styles 2. Caps. 1-celled, with 2 beaks,
opening into the form of a cup.

1. Saxtrraca Linn.
Sec. 1. With decumbent barren shoots at the base.
* Cal. reflexed inferior, fl. panicled, flowering stems leafless.

+ Filaments enlarged upwards. Rogpertsonia Haw.

1. S. umbrosa (L.); J. obovate with cartilaginous crenatures
or sharp notches tapering at the base into dilated flat footstalks,
panicle racemose.—L. crenate or dentate, spreading.—E. B. 663.
—B8. S. punctata (Haw.); 1. nearly round acutely serrate erect.
R. I. t. 622, 623.—y. S. serratifolia (Mack.); 1. oblong acutely
serrate erect. E. B. S.2891.—West of Ireland (all the forms).
Yorkshire, a doubtful native. P. VI. London Pride. St.Patrick’s
Cabbage. E. I.

2. S. elegans (Mack.) ; 1. round smooth shining acutely serrate,
footstalks broad flat convex beneath, panicle racemose.—E. B.S.
126 36. SAXIFRAGACE.

2892.—L. not tapering into the footstalks.—Very rare. Top of
Turk Mountain, Killarney. P. VI. I.

3. S. hirsuta (L.); 1. oval sharply serrate, footstalks linear
semicylindrical channeled hairy, panicle racemose.—E. B. 2322.
—Footstaiks slightly tapering upwards. L. longer than broad.
—Very rare. Gap of Dunloe and Connor Hill, Kerry. Hungry
Hill, Cork. P. VI. IL

+. S. Geum (L.); 2. transversely oval or reniform crenate or
dentate, footstalks semicylindrical channeled hairy, panicle race-
mose.— E. B. 1561. E. B.S. 2893.—L. always broader than long,
usually hairy, sometimes glabrous, often beautifully reticulated
with purple beneath —West of Ireland. *Edinburgh. P. VI. I.

+f Filaments subulate. Sparutaria Haw.

5. S. stellaris (L.); 1. oblong wedgeshaped dentate-serrate nar-
rowed below scarcely stalked, panicle corymbose of few flowers.
—E. B. 167. St. 35. 3.—Stems tufted. Fl.-stalks 1—5 in. high,
naked. Pet. ovate, clawed, white with 2 transverse yellow spots
on their lower half.—f. integrifolia (Hook.); 1. quite entire.—
Damp rocks on mountains. 8. Ben Nevis. P. VII.

** Cal. at length reflexed inferior, st. leafy, 1. undivided.

6. 8. Hirculus (L.); st. erect, barren shoots prostrate filiform,
|. alternate lanceolate flat entire, root-l. narrowed into a foot-
stalk, sep. obtuse fringed at the margin, pet. obtuse with 2 cal-
lous points near the base—Z. B. 1009. St. 35. 8.—FI. few or
solitary, terminal. Pet. obovate spreading, yellow dotted with
red. St. 4—8 in. high, downy in the upper part.—Wet moors,
rare. P. VIII.

***® Cal, erect or spreading half inferior, st. leafy, l. simple
toothed or with rigid jointless cilia.

7. S. aizoides (L.); st. decumbent below, 1. alternate linear-
oblong mucronate ciliated entire flat above convex beneath, sep.
blunt.—E. B. 39. St. 35. 9.—Fl. in a leafy panicle, with gluti-
nous downy stalks. Pet. bright yellow often spotted with scarlet.
St. 3—6in. long. L. rigidly ciliated.—8. dentata ; 1. with several
strong teeth.— Wet places on mountains. P. VIT.—IX.

**** Cal, erect or spreading superior or half inferior, st. more
or less leafy, l. lobed, cilia all jointed.

[8. S. muscordes (Wulf.) ; ‘ root-l. crowded linear obtuse entire
or trifid, st. nearly naked few-flowered, pet. oblong obtuse a little
longer than the superior calyx.” Hooker.—B. pygmea; “pet. obo-
vate, cal. glandular.” Sm. £. B. 2314.—Said to have been found
in Westmoreland. §. Highlands of Scotland. P.V.] E.? 8S.
SAXIFRAGA. 127

9. S. cespitosa (L.); root-l. crowded 3—5-cleft obtuse veined
fringed, fl. 1—5, pet. rounded 3-nerved, cal. half inferior, sep.
obtuse.—E. B. 794.—Germen broad and rounded below. Com-
mon hase of the 1. not furrowed.—8. S. decipiens (Sm.); larger
and with more numerous flowers. E.B.455.—y. S. incurvifolia
(D. Don); stem-l. more numerous with incurved lobes. E. B. 8.
2909.—Caernarvonshire. Aberdeenshire. Kerry. P. V. VI.

10. S. herta (Sm.); 1. crowded 3—5-cleft, lobes lanceolate
pointed fringed, fl. few (usually 3) loosely panicled, pet. obovate
3-nerved, cal. half inferior, sep. ovate acute.——E. B. 2291 (good).
—L. on the barren shoots as well as the radical 1. 3-cleft, the
lateral lobes often divided half way down, lobes diverging. St.
3—6 or 8 in. long, weak, ascending, hairy, glandular, bearing 2
or 3 deeply 3-lobed leaves and a few simple linear bracts. Late-
ral peduncles ultimately much overtopping the intermediate one.
—On the summit of Brandon Mountain, Kerry; and Galty-more,
Tipperary. West of Scotland. Mr. G. Don. P. VII. 8. I.

11. 8S. affinis (Don); 1. of the trailing shoots 3—5-lobed with
a very broad base fringed, lobes linear acute, fl. few (2—4), pet.
oblong 3-nerved inflexed at the sides, cal. half inferior deeply
divided into subulate acute sepals— E. B. S. 2903.—The 5-clett
1. few; lobes of the others nearly parallel or slightly spreading.
St. 1—3 in. high, erect, with a few linear simple leaves, glan-
dular.—I have examined this plant and S. hirta upon Brandon
Mountain and consider them as distinct from S. hypnoides.—
Summit of Brandon Mountain, Kerry. P. VII. I.

12. S. hypnoides (L.); root-l. 3—5-cleft, those of the trailing
shoots undivided or 3-cleft, lobes all acute bristle-pointed and
fringed, calyx half inferior, sep. ovate acute.—E. B. 454. S. pla-
typetala (Ei. B. 2276), hypnoides, elongella (E. B. 2277), lepto-
phylla, and denudata of Smith.—a. |. of the trailing shoots un-
divided.—. 1. of the trailing shoots 3-cleft, lobes broad.—y. as
B. with linear lanceolate widely spreadmg lobes.—These varieties
are scarcely worth notice. In all of them the lobes of the 1. are
gradually narrowed from just above the middle to an acute point.
“ Petiole inflated semiterete beneath.”—Mountains. P. V.—VII.

13. S. letevirens (D. Don); trailing shoots procumbent elon-
gated, 1. 5- or 3-parted, lobes linear acute, calyx-segments lan-
ceolate mucronate, pet. spathulate emarginate. Don.— The re-
curved points of the segments of the 1. may possibly distinguish
this as a species.” W. Wilson. Unknown to me.—Mountains.
Angus, Aberdeen, and north of Loch Lomond. P. VI. 8.

14. 8. pedatifida (Sm.); root-l. and those of the short sterile
shoots upon very long stalks divided into 3 deep linear lanceolate
acute lobes, lateral lobes deeply bifid, calyx almost superior, sep.
128 36. SAXIFRAGACE.

linear-lanceolate as long as the capsule shorter than the germen.
—E. B.2278,—F\. in a cymose panicle, numerous, white. St. a
foot high, solitary. “Petioles many-nerved. L. oval.”’ Peduncles,
germens and cal. downy and viscid. Caps. not tubercular.
Hooker and Arnott refer this to S. geranioides (L.): not having
seen Smith’s plant, which is said to be also found on the Ceven-
nes, I retain his name.—Clova Mountains. G. Don. Isle of
Achill, I. Mr. Wynne. P. V. S.1.

Sec. 2. Without barren shoots at the base.
* Stem leafy.

15. S. tridactylites (L.); st. panicled erect leafy, 1. wedge-
shaped 3—5-fid with a flat petiole, lowermost often simple and
spathulate, peduncles 1-flowered much longer than the fruit with
2 bracts at the base, cal. superior.—E. B. 501. St. 33.15.—
Whole plant viscid, 2—4 in. high. FI. scattered, numerous,
small, white——Walls and dry banks. A. IV.—VII.

16. S. granulata (L.); st. ered slightly leafy, radical 1. reni-
form crenately lobed with channeled petioles, stem-l. nearly sessile
3—5-fid, fl. in a cymose panicle, cal. half inferior, pet. obovate-
blong 2 or 3 times as long as the sepals, roots granulated.—
£. B. 500.—Root bearing numerous small round downy bulbs.
St. 6—12 in. high. Fl. large, white.—Gravelly banks. P. V.

17. S. cernua (.); st. erect simple 1-flowered leafy, radical 1.
reniform palmately lobed stalked, upper 1. nearly sessile subtrifid,
uppermost entire, axils bearing bulbs, cal. quite inferior —E. B.
664.—Rarely flowering ; fl. replaced by reddish bulbs. St. 3—6
in. high—Rocks on the top of Ben Lawers, very rare. P. VI.—
VI. S.

18. S. rivularis(L.) ; st. ascending branched few-flowered leafy,
radical 1. subreniform stalked with 3—5 rounded lobes, wpper-
most 1. lanceolate entire, cal. half inferior—E. B. 2275.—St.
1—2 in. long. FI. few, stalked, white.—Wet places on the
highest summits of mountains. P. VIII. Ss.

** Stem leafless.

19. S. nivalis (L.); st. erect leafless, 7. all radical roundish-ob-
ovate dentate-serrate narrowed into a footstalk, fl. capitate, cal.
half inferior, pet. longer than the calyx.—E. B. 440. St. 35. 4.
—St. 3—6 in. high, usually simple, sometimes with 1 branch.
Fi. in a dense cluster, white.—Alpine rocks. P. VII.

20. S. Andrewsii (Harv.); 1. linear-spathulate dentate-serrate
with a membranous margin tapering below into a dilated plane-
convex footstalk, panicle racemose.—Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. t. 19.
—Sep. patent, oblong, obtuse. Pet. thrice as long as cal., broadly
37. UMBELLIFERE. 129

aha punctate.—Head of Glen Caragh, Kerry. Mr. Andrews.
. VIL I.

Sec. 3. Stems procumbent with opposite 1. and terminal flowers.

21. 8S. oppositifolia (L.); st. procumbent, 1. opposite oblong
obtuse fringed, sep. ciliated without glands, pet. ovate. —E. B.
9.—Very different from our other species. FI. large, purple.—
Damp alpine rocks. P. IV. V.

2. CurysospLenium Linn. Golden Saxifrage.

1. C. alternifolium (L.); 1. alternate, lower 1. subreniform
hairy crenate upon long stalks.—E. B. 54. St. 12.—Crenatures
of the lower 1. emarginate, upper l. glabrous with the crenatures
often rather acute. St. erect, 4—5 in. high, branching only near
the top. Fl. umbellate, nearly sessile, deep yellow, Stam. usu-
ally 8.—The anthers of this genus have only 1 cell and perhaps
ought to be considered as 4 or 5 divided to the base of their fila-
ments.—Boggy places. P. IV.

2. C. oppositifolium (L.) ; 1. opposite, lower 1. roundish-cordate
shortly stalked wavy.—E. B. 490. St. 4. 6.—St. branching from
the base, 4—6 in. long, decumbent, straggling. Fl. paler and
more scattered than in the last. L. usually glabrous, sometimes
slightly hairy. Stam. usually 8—Damp shady places. P. IV. V.

Order XXXVII. UMBELLIFERA.

Cal. 5-toothed or entire, adherent to the ovary, limb often ob-
solete. Pet. 5, usually inflexed at the point. Stam. 5, inserted
with the pet, on the mouth of the calyx. Ovary 2-celled, crowned
with a double fleshy disk (stylopode). Styles 2. Fr. consist-
ing of 2 carpels (mericarps) adhering by thew face (commissure)
to a common axis from which they ultimately separate and be-
come pendulous. Seed solitary pendulous. Albumen horny.—
Inflorescence umbellate.—Each carpel has 5 primary ridges and
often 4 intermediate secondary ones with channels between, and
in the substance of the pericarp are usually linear receptacles of
oil (vittee) under the channels or rarely the ridges. These parts
are sometimes either wanting or only slightly apparent.

Suborder I. ORTHOSPERM Z.
Seed or albumen not furrowed in front. Umbels various.
* Umbels imperfect or simple.

Tribe I. HYDROCOTYLE. Fr. laterally compressed, its
back even or acute. fg
G
130 37. UMBELLIFERE.

1. Hyprocoryue. Cal.) obsolete. Pet. ovate, etitire, acute.
Fy. of 2 flat nearly orbicular carpels, each with 5 filiform
ridges, of which the dorsal and 2 lateral are often obsolete,
the 2 interm. ones arched. Vittz 0. Commissure linear.

Tr. Il. SANICULEZ. Fr. ovate; transverse section nearly
round.

2. Sanicuta. Cal. of 5 leaflike teeth. Pet. erect, obovate,
with a long inflexed connivent point. Fr. subglobose, covered
with hooked spines, ridges 0, vittee many.

3. Asrrantra. Cal. of 5 leaflike teeth. Pet. erect, with a
long inflexed point. Fr. with 5 plicate-dentate ridges,
yittee 0.

Tr. Ill. ERYNGIEZ. Fr. ovate; transverse section nearly
round. Fl. in a head.

4, Erynerum. Cal. of 5 leaflike teeth. Pet. erect, oblong,
with a long inflexed point. Fr. obovate, covered with chaffy
scales without ridges or vitte.

(33. Torilis.]
** With perfect or compound umbels.
+ With primary ridges only.
Tr. IV. AMMINEAS. Fr. laterally compressed or didymous.

A. Leaves compound.

5. Crcuta. Cal. of 5 leaflike teeth. Pet. obcordate with an
inflexed point. Fr. subdidymous. Carp. with 5 equal broad
flattened ridges, the lateral marginal ; vitte solitary.

6. Apium. Cal. obsolete. Pet. roundish entire with a small
involute point. Fr. roundish ovate, didymous. Carp. with
5 filiform equal ridges and solitary vittee.—Inv. 0.

7. PETROSELINUM. Cal. obsolete. Pet. roundish entire with
a narrow incurved point. Fr. ovate. Carp. with 5 filiform
equal ridges and solitary vitte. Carpophore bipartite.—
Involucre, partial of many, general of few leaves.

8. Trinta. Dicecious. Cal. obsolete. Pet. of the barren fl.
lanceolate with the point inflexed, of the fertile fl. ovate with
a short inflexed point. Fr. ovate. Carp. with 5 filiform
prominent equal ridges with a single vitta beneath each of
them. Interstices without vitte.

1 By calyx, throughout this Order, the free margin is intended.
37, UMBELLIFERS. 131

9. Hetosciapium. Cal. of 5 teeth or obsolete. Pet. ovate
entire with a straight or incurved point. Fr. ovate or oblong.
Carp. with 5 filiform prominent equal ridges. Interstices
with solitary vitte. Carpophore entire.

10. Sison. Cal. obsolete. Pet. broadly obcordate, deeply
notched with an inflexed point. Fr. ovate. Carp. with 5
filiform equal ridges. Vitte solitary, clavate.

11. Heopopium. Cal. obsolete. Pet. obovate, notched with
an inflexed point. Fr. oblong. Carp. with 5 filiform ridges.
Interstices without vitte. Stylopode conical.

12. Carum. Cal. obsolete. Pet. obcordate with a narrow
acute inflexed point. Fy. oblong. Carpels with 5 filiform
ridges. Vittze solitary. Stylopode depressed.

13. Bunium. Cal. obsolete. Pet. obcordate with a broad
obtuse inflexed point. Fy. oblong. Carp. with 5 filiform
equal ridges. Vittee 1—3 together. Stylopode conical.

14. PrmpineLya. Cal. obsolete. Pet. obcordate with an in-
flexed point. Fr. ovate. Carp. with 5 filiform equal ridges.
Vitte 3 or more together. Stylopode tumid. Styles of the
fr. divaricated or recurved.—Invol. 0 (rarely of 1 leaf).

15. Strum. Cal. of 5 small teeth. Pet. obcordate with an in-
flexed point. Fr. ovate or subdidymous. Carp. with 5 fili-
form equal obtuse ridges. Vittee 3 or more together. Stylo-
pode depressed or shortly conical. Styles of the fr. divari-
cated or recurved.—Inv. universal and partial.

B. Leaves simple.

16. BupLteurum. Cal. obsolete. Pet. roundish, entire with
a closely involute broad retuse point. Fr. subdidymous.
Carp. with equal, winged, or filiform and sharp, or obsolete
ridges. Stylopode depressed.

Tr. V. SESELINE 42. Section of the fr. rounded or roundish.
A. Vitte solitary, between the ribs.

17. Gnantues. Cal. of 5 lanceolate teeth. Pet. obcordate
with an inflexed point. Fr. ovate-cylindrical or subturbi-
nate, crowned with the long erect styles. Carpels more or
less corky, with 5 blunt convex ridges.

18. Hruvsa. Cal. obsolete. Pet. obcordate with an acute
inflewed point. Fr. shortly ovate crowned with the reflemed
styles. “Carp. with 5 thick acutely-keeled ridges.

19. Fanicutum. Cal. obsolete. Pet. roundish, entire with
132 37. UMBELLIFERZ.

a broad obtuse inflewed lobe. Fy. oblong. Carp. with 5 pro-
minent obtusely-keeled ridges. Stylopode conical.

20, Linanotis. Cal. with elongate linear deciduous teeth.
Pet. obcordate with a broad inflexed lobe. Fr. ovate, slightly
dorsally compressed. Carp. with 5 thick blunt ridges.
Stylopode conical, 2 or 3 times shorter than the reflexed
styles.

B. Vitte 2 or more together, between the ribs.

21. Haxoscias. Cal. of 5 small persistent teeth. Pet. ovate
with an inflexed lobe and short claw. Fr. elliptical terete or
slightly dorsally compressed. Carp. with 5 sharp somewhat
winged ridges. Interstices and commissure with many vitte.
Seed not cohering to the carp., without vitte.

22. Siuaus. Cal. obsolete. Pet. ovate-oblong entire or slightly
emarginate with an inflexed lobe, sessile truncate or appen-
daged at the base. Fr. elliptical, terete or slightly dorsally
compressed. Carp. with 5 sharp somewhat winged ridges.
Vitte many.

23. Meum. Cal. obsolete. Pet. entire, elliptical, acute at
both ends, with an incurved point. Fr. as in Silaus.

24. CrirumMum. Cal. obsolete. Pet. elliptical, entire, invo-
lute. Fr. elliptical, terete. Carp. with 5 elevated sharp
slightly winged ridges. Seed free, with numerous vitte.

Tr. VI. ANGELICE. Fr. much and dorsally compressed,
with a double wing on each side.

25. AncELIcA. Cal. obsolete. Pet. lanceolate, entire, acu-
minate, icurved. Fr. solid. Carp. with 3 dorsal elevated
filiform ridges and 2 marginal ridges dilated into broad
wings. Interstices with solitary vitte.

(26. ARCHANGELICA. Cal. minutely 5-toothed. Pet. ovate.
entire, acuminate, incurved. Fr. nucleated. Carp. with 3
dorsal elevated thick ridges, and 2 marginal ridges dilated
into broad wings. Vitte 0. Seed free, with many vitte. |

Tr. VII. PEUCEDANES,. Fr. much and dorsally compressed,
with a single wing on each side which is flat or thickened
towards the edge.

27. PeucEDANUM. Cal. of 5 teeth or obsolete. Pet. obovate
or obcordate with an inflexed point. Fr. with a dilated thin
flat margin. Carp. with equidistant ridges, 3 dorsal filiform,
2 lateral close to the base of the dilated margin obsolete.
Vittee solitary.

28. Pasrinaca. Cal. of 5 very small or nearly obsolete teeth.
37. UMBELLIFERS. 133

Pet. roundish, entire, involute with an acute pot. Fr. with
a dilated flat margin. Carp. with slender ridges, 3 dorsal
equidistant, 2 lateral distant near the outer edge of the dilated
margin. Vitte linear, solitary.

29. Heracteum. Cal. of 5 minute teeth. Pet. obcordate with
an inflexed point, outer ones radiant. Fr. as in Pastinaca.
Vitte abbreviated clubshaped. =

30. TorpyLium. Cal. of 5 awlshaped teeth. Pet. obcordate
with an inflexed lobe, outer ones radiant. Fr. with a thick-
ened wrinkled margin. Carp. with slender ridges, 3 dorsal
equidistant, 2 lateral distant close to the thickened margin.
Vittaee 1—3 together.

tf With primary and secondary ridges. Fruit prickly.

Tr. VIII. DAUCINE. Fr. somewhat dorsally compressed.
Carp. with 5 primary ridges, the lateral ones on the inner
face; and 4 secondary forming rows of prickles.

31. Daucus. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obcordate with an in-
flexed lobe, exterior usually radiant and bifid. Fr. dorsally
compressed. Carp. with bristly primary ridges ; secondary
ridges equal winged with | row of spines.

Suborder II. CAMPYLOSPERM &.

Seed inflexed at the margin or deeply furrowed in front. Um-
bels compound or perfect.

Tr. IX. CAUCALINES. Fr. contracted or rounded. Carp.
with the lateral primary ridges on the inner face; 4 se-
condary more prominent, prickly. Vitte solitary.

32. Caucauis. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obcordate with an in-
flexed point, outer ones radiant and bifid. Fr. slightly late-
rally compressed. Carp. with filiform bristly primary, and
more or less prominent secondary ridges, all bearmg 1—3
rows of prickles.

33. Toritis. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obcordate with an in-
flexed point, outer ones radiant and bifid. Fr. slightly late-
rally compressed. Carp. with bristly primary ridges; the
secondary hidden by the numerous prickles which occupy the
interstices.

Tr. X. SCANDICINE. Fr. compressed or contracted on
the sides, often beaked. Carpels with primary ridges only.
Fruit not prickly.

34. Scanprx. Cal. obsolete. Pet obovate with an inflexed
point. Fr. with a very long beak. Carp. with 5 obtuse
ridges. Vitte none.
134 37. UMBELLIFERZ.

35. Anruriscus. Cal. obsolete. Pet. obcordate with an
inflexed short point. Fr. narrowed below the short beak.
Carp. without ridges; beak with 5 ridges. Vitta none.

36. Cu#RoPpHYLLUM. Cal. obsolete. Pet. obcordate with
an inflexed pomt. Fr. not beaked. Carp. with 5 equal ob-
tuse ridges. Vitte solitary. ,

37. Myrruts. Cal. obsolete. Pet. obcordate with an in-
flexed pomt. Fr. not beaked. Carp. with a double mem-
brane: the outer with elevated keeled ridges hollow within,
inner close to the seed. Vitte 0.

Tr. XI. SMYRNIEAL. Fr. turgid compressed or contracted at
the sides. Carp. with primary ridges only.

38. EcurnopHora. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obcordate with an
inflexed point, the exterior larger and bifid. Fl. of the ray
sterile on long stalks, fertile central and solitary. Fr. ovate,
terete, imbedded in the enlarged receptacle. Carp. with 5
depressed equal striated wavy ridges. Interstices with sin-
gle vitte covered by a cobweblike membrane.

39. Contum. Cal. obsolete. Pet. obcordate with a short
inflexed point. Fv. ovate, laterally compressed. Carp. with
5 prominent wavy or crenate ridges, the lateral marginal.
Interstices striated : vitte 0.

40. Puysosprrmum. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obcordate with
an inflexed point. Fr. laterally compressed, didymous.
Carp. reniform-globose, with 5 filiform slender equal ridges,
the lateral within the margin. Vitte solitary.

41. Smyrnium. Cal. obsolete. Pet. lanceolate or elliptical,
entire, with an imflexed point. Fr. laterally compressed
didymous. Carp. reniform-oblong with 3 dorsal prominent
sharp ridges and 2 lateral marginal nearly obsolete ones.
Vitte many.

Suborder III. CHALOSPERM ©.
Seed with the base and apex curved inwards in front.

Tr. XII. CORIANDRE. Fr. globose or didymous. Primary
ridges of the carp. often obsolete, secondary more prominent,
all apterous.

42. CorianpRuM. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obcordate with an
inflexed poimt, outer ones radiant and bifid. Fr. globose.
Carp. scarcely separating, the primary ridges obsolete, the
4 secondary conspicuous prominent keeled. Interstices
without vittee. Commissure with 2 vitte.
HYDROCOTYLE.—ERYNGIUM. 135

Suborder I. Orthosperme. Tribe I. Hydrocotylee.

1. Hyprocotyze Linn.

1. H. vulgaris (L.); 1. peltate nearly circular doubly crenate,
heads of 5 fi., fr. emarginate below.—E. B. 751.—Fi. and fr.
almost sessile. Umbels or rather heads often proliferous in the
centre and bearing a second head. St. creeping extensively. L.
upon stalks which are considerably longer than the peduncles.—
Bogs and marshy places. P.V.—VIII. Penny-wort.

Tribe II. Saniculee.

2. Sanicuua Linn.

1. S. europea (L.); lower 1. palmate 3—5-lobed, lobes trifid
unequally serrate, fertile fl. sessile, barren fl. slightly stalked.—
£E.B. 98.—Umbels numerous, capitate, in an irregular slightly
umbellate panicle. Styles persistent, reflexed. St. ascending,
about a foot high.— Woods and thickets. P. VI. VII.

3. Astrantia Linn.

tl. A. major (L.); lower 1. palmately 5—7-fid, lobes oblong
acute unequally incise-serrate, inv.-]. entire, cal.-teeth ovate-lan-
ceolate narrowed to an acute point.—St. 29. 8.—Inv. equalling
the umbel, usually straw-coloured.—Woods in oe districts.
Between Whitbourne and Malvern. Above Stokesay Castle, near
Ludlow. In the latter place Mr. Borrer considers it to have been
introduced “ages ago.” P. VI.—VIII.

Tribe III. Eryngiee.

4. Eryneium Linn.

1. E. maritimum (L.); radical 1. roundish plaited spinous
stalked, upper 1. amplexicaule palmately lobed, inv.-J. 3-lobed
spinous longer than the heads, scales of the receptacle 3-lobed.—
E. B. 718.—St. 1 foot or more in height, branched, leafy. Fl. in
heads rather than umbels, blue.—Sandy sea-shores. P. VII. VIII.
Sea Holly.

2. E. campestre (L.); radical 1. 2 or 3 times pinnatifid spmous
stalked, st.-l. amplexicaule bipinnatifid, inv.-1. lanceolate spinous
longer than the heads, scales of the receptacle undivided.—E. B.
57.—More bushy and slender than the last. Pet. purplish or
136 37. UMBELLIFER&.

white. Petioles thick, semiterete, channeled.—On waste ground,
very rare. P. VII. VIII.

Tribe IV. Amminee.

5. Crcuta Linn.

1. C. virosa (L.); fibres of the root filiform, 1. tripartite,
leaflets linear-lanceolate acute serrate decurrent.—E. B. 479.—
St. 3—4 feet high, very thick round and hollow below. Lower
1. on long stalks; leaflets 1—2 in.long. Umbels large; general
inv. 0, or of 1 or 2 slender leaflets; partial of numerous subulate
leaflets. FI. white. Herb poisonous.—Ponds and ditches, not
common. P. VII.—VIII. Water Hemlock. Cowbane.

6. Aprum Linn.

1. A. graveolens (L.); glabrous, 1. pinnate or ternate, leaflets
of the upper 1. wedgeshaped and notched at the end.—E. B.
1210.—St. 1—2 feet high, branched, furrowed, leafy. Umbels
terminal or lateral, frequently almost sessile, accompanied by |
or 2 termate leaves. FI. small, white——Marshes and ditches,
especially near the sea. P.VI—VIII. Celery.

7. PerroseLinum Hoff.

tl. P. sativum (Hoffm.); /. tripinnate shining, leaflets of the
lower 1. ovate-cuneate trifid and toothed, of the upper 1. ternate
lanceolate entire.—E. B. S. 2793.—Partial involucres filiform.
L. greenish.—Rocks and old walls. B.VI—VIII. Parsley.

2. P. segetum (Koch); lower J. pinnate, leaflets nearly sessile
ovate lobed and serrate, upper 1. entire or trifid—Sison Sm.,
£. B. 228.—Umbels very irregular. General inv. of 1—2 leaves.
Fl. whitish. St. erect, roundish, nearly leafless above, 1—13 foot
high, wiry.—Damp calcareous fields and near the sea. B. VIII.
IX.

8. Trinta Hoffm.

1. T. vulgaris (DC.); glabrous, inv. 0 or of 1 leaf, ridges of the
fr. obtuse—Pimpinella dioica Sm., E. B. 1209.—L. tripinnate,
glaucous-green ; Its. linear or filiform. Root crowned with the
remnants of former leaves. St. branched, erect, 6—8 in. high.
Dicecious.—Dry limestone hills, rare. P. V. VI. :

9. Hexosciapium Koch.

1. H. nodiflorum (Koch); st. procumbent at the base and
rooting, 1. pinnate, leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate unequally
obtusely serrate, umbels opposite to the 1. longer than their pe-
SISON.—BUNIUM. 137

duncles or nearly sessile-—Sium Sm., EH. B. 639.—St. 1—2 feet
long.—Banks of ditches and brooks. P. VIII.

2. H. repens (Koch) ; st. prostrate creeping, l. pinnate, leaflets
roundish-ovateunequally and acutely incise-serrate, umbels shorter
than the peduncles.—Stwm Sm., E. B. 1431.—Scarcely more than
a variety of the preceding. St. quite prostrate.—Boggy meadows,
rare. P, VII. VIII.

3. H. inundatum (Koch); st. creeping, 1. pinnate, Its. of lower
1. in capillary segments, of upper 1. wedgeshaped and trifid, um-
bels generally with 2 rays.—Sium Sm., H. B.227.—Usually sub-
mersed, a few of the upper 1. and the fl. rising above the water.
Partial umbels very small.—Ponds. P. VI. VII.

10. Stson Linn.

1. S. Amomum (L.).—E. B. 954.—St. erect, panicled, 2—3
feet high. Lower |. pinnate; Its. oblong lobed cut and_ serrate ;
upper |. divided into narrow segments. Partial umbels and fl.
small.—Dampish places on a calcareous soil. B. VIII.  E.S.

11. Heovopium Linn.

1. 4. Podagraria (L.).—E. B. 940.—St. 1—2 feet high, erect,
furrowed. L. 2 or 3 times ternate; leaflets ovate-acuminate,
unequal at the base, acutely serrate. Root creeping.—Damp
places. P. VI. VII. Gout Weed.

12. Carum Linn.

+1. C. Carui (L.); partial involucre 0, general 0 or of J leaf,
1. bipinnate, leaflets cut into linear segments.—-E. B. 1503.—St.
1—2 feet high. Root fusiform. Carp. aromatic.—Meadows and
pastures. B.VI. Caraway.

2. C. verticillatum (Koch) ; general and partial involucres of
many leaves small, 1. pinnate, leaflets divided to the base into
capillary spreading segments.— Sium Sm., E. B. 395.—St. 1—13
foot high. Root fascicled. Segments of the leaflets spreading so
as to appear whorled and quite surrounding the petiole. L. nearly
all radical Damp and hilly pastures, rare. P. VIII.

13. Bunrum Linn.

1. B. flexuosum (With.); general involucre of ]—3 leaves,
partial more numerous, fr. oval narrowing upwards crowned with
the elongated stylopode and erect styles, interstices with 3 vitte.
—E.B.988. B. denudatumDC.—Involucres sometimes altogether
wanting. Root a solitary tuber. St. a foot or more high, very
slender below, bearing a few J. with linear segments. Radical 1.
138 37. UMBELLIFERE.

tritemnate with long footstalks tapering downwards.—Sandy and
gravelly pastures. P.V.VI. Pig-nut.

2. B. Bulbocastanum (L.); general and partial involucres of
numerous leaves, fr. oblong crowned with the short stylopode
and reflexed styles, interstices with single vitta.—E. B. S. 2862.
Carum Koch, DC.—Involucres always present. Lower 1. bipin-
nate, with a triangular outline, rather numerous near the base of
the stem, rarely ] or 2 radical upon long footstalks tapering down-
wards.—Chalky fields in Camb. and Herts. P. VI. VII. E.

14, Prmpineya Linn.

1. P. magna (L.); 1. pmnate, leaflets all ovate serrate some-
what cut the terminal one 3-lobed, st. angularly striate —E. B.
408.—St. 1—2 feet high, leafy. Lateral leaflets sometimes3-lobed.
Styles longer than the ovary, as long or longer than the oval
fruit.—Shady hills. P. VII. VIII. E. I.

2. P. Saxifraga (L.); 1. pimnate, leaflets of the lower 1.
roundish-ovate serrated somewhat cut, those of the stem-l. bipin-
natifid with linear segments, st. terete, ped. ee B. 407.
—St. 1—2 feet high, naked above. Styles shorter than the
ovary. L. sometimes all pinnatifid—[P. nigra (Willd.) has
densely pubescent peduncles. ]—Dry pastures. P. VII.—IX.

15. Ssum Linn.

* Vitte superficial. Lateral ridges marginal. Stylopode de-
pressed. Stum Koch.

1. S. latifolium (L.); 1. pmnate, leaflets oblong-lanceolate
equally serrate pointed, involucres of many lanceolate leaves.—
E. B. 204.—Ridges of the carp. obtuse rounded. St. 3—5 feet
high, angular, furrowed. Leaflets very large, distant, 43—63
pairs on a leaf.—Ditches and rivers, rare. P. VII. VIII.

** Vitte deeply seated. Lateral ridges not marginal. Stylo-
pode shortly conical. Brruia Koch.

2. S. angustifolium (L.); 1. pmnate, leaflets unequally lobed
and cut ovate, of the stem-l. lanceolate, inv. of many lanceolate
entire or cut leaves—E. B. 139.—Ridges of the carp. but shghtly
prominent. St. 1-—3 feet high, round, striated. Leaflets often
very deeply cut and lobed.—Ditches. P. VIII.

16. BurLeurum Linn.

* Fruit granulated.

1. B. tenutssimum (L.); st. branched, |. lmear acute, umbels
lateral and terminal minute, partial umbels of 3—5 flowers usu-
CENANTHE. 139

ally overtopped by their involucres, carp. granulated between the
5 ridges.— HE. B. 478.—St. very slender, wiry, 6—12 in. long.—
Muddy salt marshes. A. VIII. IX. E.

** Fruit not granulated.

2. B. aristatum (Bartl.); st. branched, 1. linear-lanceolate acu-
minate 3-nerved, 1. of the partial involucres elliptic-lanceolate
cuspidate somewhat awned with branching nerves, pedicels short
equal.—B. Odontites Sm., E. B. 2468. (not Linn.)—St. 1—6 in.
high.—Torquay, Devon. Channel Islands. A. VII. E.

3. B. faleatum (L.); st. branched, 1. 5—7-nerved, lower J.
elliptical-oblong on long stalks, upper 1. linear-lanceolate acute
sessile, partial mvolucre of 5 lanceolate pointed 1. as long as the
flowers — FE. B.S, 2763.—Pedicels as long as the fruit. St. 1—4
feet high.—Near Ongar, Essex. P. VIII. E.

4. B. rotundifolium (L.) ; st. branched above, 1. oval perfoliate.
fr. with striate interstices—E. B. 99.—General involucre 0.
Partial involucre connivent.—Corn-fields on a calcareous soil.
A. VII. Thorow-wax. Hare’s ear.

Tribe V. Seselinee.

17. Ginantue Linn.

* Root fasciculated, fibres more or less thickened or tuberous.

1. G. fistulosa (L.) ; root stoloniferous, st. and petioles fistu-
lose, root-l. 2—3-pinnate with 3-fid leaflets, stem-l. simply pin-
nate shorter than their petioles, leaflets linear, fr. angular turbi-
nate.—E. B. 363.—St. 1—3 feet high, remarkably fistulose.
Stem-l. distant, with very long stalks. Scions with simply pin-
nate leaves. Umbels small, globose in fruit; general involucre 0.
Fruit tipped with the long slightly divergmg rigid styles.—By
ponds and ditches. P. VII.—IX. E. I.

2. CE. pimpinelloides (L.); root of long fibres bearing round
or oval knobs beyond their middle, root-l.bipmnate, dts. acutely
cut or trifid, st.-l. pmnate uppermost simple, Its. linear acute,
radiant pet. obcordate divided to the middle, fr. subcylindrical
with an enlarged corky base.—Jacq. Aust. t. 394.—St. 3—3 ft.
high, alternately branched. General inv. 0—6-leaved; partial
of many 1., about as long as the barren fl. Partial umbels close
together forming one compact flat-topped umbel. Fr. nearly cylin-
drical ; cal. erect-patent.—Southern counties. P. VIJ.—IX. E.

3. G. Lachenalii (Gmel.) ; root of elongate-subclavate fleshy
fibres tapering at both ends, root-l. bipimnate, Its. oblong entire or
wedgeshaped and bluntly 2—3-lobed, lower st.-l. 2—3-pinnate
140 37. UMBELLIFERS.

upper simply pinnate, its. linear acute, radiant pet. divided to
the middle, fr. oblong narrowed below.— 5. pimpinelloides Sm.,
E. B. 347.—St. 1—3 feet high, slightly branched. General inv.
of many leaves, sometimes wanting; partial of many leaves,
shorter than the barren flowers. Outer fl. on long stalks, mostly
barren; inner fl. fertile, nearly sessile. Radiant pet. roundish-
obcordate with a short narrow claw. Partial umbels distinct,
spherical. Fr. crowned with the inflexed calyx. Root-leaves
very evanescent.—Marshes. P. VII.—IX.

4. G. silaifolia (Bieb.?); root of elliptical-oblong knobs,
radical 1. bipinnate, st.-l. pmnate, lés. all linear acute, external
fr. nearly cylindrical with u corky base.—E. B. 348.—St. 2—3
feet high, branched. Outer fl. stalked, mostly barren; cal. very
unequal ; radiant pet. small, obcordate with an attenuated base ;
notch } their length. Fr. usually slightly narrowed downwards,
in the middle of the umbel much narrowed and appearing to want
the corky base; cal. erect or inflexed. General imvoluere 0,
partial of many leaves shorter than the flowers. Distinguished
from the preceding by its pet., uniform leaflets, want of a general
involucre, and fruit.—Scarcely GE. silaifolia (Bieb.), not Gs. peu-
cedanifolia (Poll.)—In freshwater marshes. P. VI. E.

5. Gi. crocata (L.); root of large fusiform tubers, radical 1.
2—3-pinnate, stem-l. pinnatifid, leaflets stalked roundish or
oblong-wedgeshaped variously cut those of the upper 1. narrower,
fr. cylindrical oblong striated longer than its pedicel._—F. B.
2313.—St. 3—5 feet high, much branched. _L. large, Its. broad.
Inv. various in number and shape.—Wet places. P. VII.

** Root of whorls of slender fibres.

6. G. Phellandrium (Lam.); st. erect fusiform below, 1. tri-
pinnate, /ts. ovate pinnatifid cut spreading, of the submersed 1.
multifid with capillary diverging segments, umbels lateral opposite
to the leaves, fr. ovate—H. B. 684.—St. 2—3 feet high, very
thick below, stoloniferous. Segments of the 1. numerous, fine,
acute, pale green; submersed ]. dark green. The flowering root
dies each year, but the plant is continued by the offsets—In the
water of ditches and ponds. B.? VIJ.—IX.

7. G. fluviatilis (Colem.) ; st. floating, 1. bipinnate, /ts. simple
or pinnatifid, of the submersed 1. cuneate cut pellucid with many
parallel nerves, umbels lateral opposite to the 1., fr. broadly ellip-
tical —A. N. H. xi. 188. E. B. 8. 2944.—A decumbent floating
plant well marked by the submersed Its. being divided into finger-
like acute broadly linear parallel segments deeply incised at the end.
Lts. of the upper 1. broader than those of Gt. Phellandrium.—
Streams. B. or P. VII.—IX. E.
ETHUSA.—SILAUS. 141

18. Arnvsa Linn. Fools’ Parsley.

1. Ai. Cynapiwm (L.); partial involucre of 3 leaves longer
than their umbel, 1. all doubly pinnate, leaflets lanceolate decur-
rent pinnatifid— #. B. 1192.—St. 4—12 in. high. L. dark green,
lid, stinking. General involucre 0; partial one long, narrow,
pendulous. Herb poisonous.—Cultivated land. A. VII. VIII.

19. Fanicutum Hoffm. Fennel.

1. F. officinale (All.); st. terete below, 1. decomposite, seg-
ments all capillary elongate in the upper 1. flaccid, umbels of
many rays concave.—Meum Sm., E. B. 1208.—Involucres 0.
St. 3--4 feet high, usually filled with pith, branching. Umbels
large. FI. yellow. Whole herb aromatic. Segments of 1. chan-
neled, usually capillary in the wild plant, but the cultivated plant
with awlshaped segments is probably the same species, and I
therefore place the F. Piperitium (ed. 2) under this species.—
Rocks and walls, particularly near the sea. P. VII.VHI. E. 1.

20. Lisanotis Crantz.

1. L. montana (Crantz); 1. doubly pinnate cut, segments
lanceolate mucronate, the lowermost leaflets crossing, general
involucre of many leaves, fr. hairy —Athamanta Sm., E. B. 138.
Seseli H. and A.—St. 1—3 feet high, covered at the base with
the fibrous remains of decayed petioles. Umbels terminal, con-
vex, with numerous downy rays. This genus is very near in
structure but differs in habit from Seseli—Chalk hills of Cam-
bridgeshire and Sussex. P. VII. VIII. E.

21. Haxoscias Fries.

l. H. scoticum (Fr.); 1. twice ternate, leaflets ovate somewhat
rhomboidal dentate-serrate opaque, involucre of 5—7 linear-
lanceolate leaves, cal. 5-toothed.— Ligusticum L., E. B. 1207.—
St. herbaceous, nearly simple, striated, tinged with red, 1—1l4
foot high. Lts. large, lobed and cut. Interstices with 3, com-
missure with 6 vitte. Seed free——Rocks on the sea-coast of
Scotland and Northumberland. P. VII. Scottish Lovage. E.S.

22. Sitaus Besser.

1. S. pratensis (Bess.) ; st. angular, radical 1. 3—4 times pin-
nate, leaflets lanceolate entire or bifid, terminal tripartite, invo-
lucre of 1—2 leaves, involucels of many leaves.—Cnidium Silaus
Sm., E. B. 2142.—St. 1—2 feet high. L. mostly radical, stem-
1. decreasing upwards. Fi. pale yellow.—Damp meadows and
pastures. P. VI—IX.
142 37. UMBELLIFERE.

23. Meum Tourn.

1. M. athamanticum (Jacq.) ; 1. bipmnate, leaflets multipartite,
segments threadshaped acute.— E. B. 2249.—St. 1—2 feet high,
round, clothed at the base with the fibrous remains of the decayed
petioles. Fl. numerous, whitish-yellow. General involucre of
2 or 3 leaves, partial more numerous. Highly aromatic.—Dry
mountainous pastures. P. VI. VII. Bald-money. ELS.

24. Critumum Linn.

1. C. maritimum (L.).—E. B. 819.—St. 6—12 in. long. L.
fleshy, 2—3-pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, narrowed at both ends,
few. Involucre of many lanceolate acute leaves. FI. whitish.
—On rocky sea-coasts. P. VIII. Samphire.

Tribe VI. Angelicee.

25. AnGELIcA Linn.

1. A. sylvestris (L.); leaflets equal ovate-lanceolate or ovate
incise-serrate not decurrent, lateral ones rather unequal at the
base.—£. B. 1128.—St. 2—3 feet high, slightly downy above,
purplish. FI. pinkish-white. Inv. about 3 leaved, deciduous.
Lts. often subcordate at the base—Wet places. P. VII. VIII.

26. ArcHANGELICA Hoffm.

[1. A. officinalis (Hoffm.) ; leaflets ovate lanceolate all sessile
partly decurrent, terminal one trifid—H. B. 256].—St. 3—5
feet high. Foliage, stalks and even fl. bright green. L. 2—3
feet wide. Petioles much dilated at the base.—A very doubt
native. Watery places. P. VII.—IX.] E.S.

Tribe VII. Peucedanee.

27. Peucepanum Linn.

1. P. officinale (L.); 1. 5 times tripartite, leaflets linear acute
flaccid, general involucre 3-leaved deciduous, pedicels much longer
than the fruit.—H. B. 1767.—Leaflets very long, narrow. FI.
yellow. St. terete, striated. Vitte of the commissure superfi-
cial.—Salt marshes. Kent. Essex. P. VII.—IX. E.

2. P. palustre (Moench) ; 1. 3-pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid with
linear-lanceolate acuminate segments, general involucre of many
persistent lanceolate deflexed leaves, st. furrowed.—Selinum Sm.,
E. B. 229.—St. erect, 3—5 feet high. Fl. white. Vitta of the
PASTINACA.—DAUCUS. 143

commissure deeply seated.—Marshy and fenny places, rare. P.
VII. VIII. : ve

+3. P. Ostruthium (Koch); 1. biternate, leaflets broadly ovate
lobed cut and serrated, sheaths very large, general involucre 0,
cal.-segments obsolete.—E. B. 1380.—St. 1—2 feet high. FI.
white.—Moist meadows in Scotland. P. VI. Masterwort.—S.

28. Pasttnaca Linn. Parsnep.

1. P. sativa (L.); st. angular furrowed, 1. pinnate downy be-
neath, leaflets ovate-oblong crenate-serrate often with a lateral
lobe at the base, iny. 0, fr. oval—E. B. 556.—St. 2—3 feet. high.
F\. yellow. L. generally shining above, downy beneath.—Hedge-
banks on a calcareous soil. P. VII.

29. Heracteum Linn.

1. H. Sphondylium (L.); 1. pmnate, leaflets lobed or pinnatifid
cut and serrated, fr. at length glabrous.—F. B. 939.—St. 4 feet
high. Lower 1. very large. Umbels large, flattish. FI. white
or reddish, outer fl. radiant.—8. angustifolium ; leaflets deeply
pinuatifid, lobes lanceolate, lower ones elongated and spreading.
—Hedge-banks. P. VII. Cow Parsnep. Hog-weed.

30. TorpyLium Linn.

1. T. maximum (L.); outermost pet. radiant with 2 equal lobes,
partial involucres linear shorter than the umbel, fr. hispid the
thickened margin slightly crenate——E. B. 1173.—St. 2—4 feet
high. Fl. reddish.— Waste ground, very rare. A. VII. E.

[2. T. officinale (L.); two outermost pet. radiant each with 2
very unequal lobes, partial involucres lanceolate about as long as
the umbel, fr. rough with the thickened margin beautifully cre-
nate.—E. B. 2440.—Near London. A. VII. E

Tribe VIII. Daucinee.

31. Daucus Linn.

1. D. Carota (L.); radical 1. with an oblong narrow outline
bipinnate, Its. incise-dentate, segments acute, upper l. broader
below with lanceolate segments, prickles of fr. slender mostly
distinct about equalling its breadth spreading tipped with 1—3
recurved minute bristles. —E. B. 1174.—St. 2—3 ft. high, hairy.
Umbel of fr. usually concave.—Pastures. B. VI—VII. Carrot.

22. D.gummifer (Lam.); radical 1. triangular broad 2—3-pin-
nate, Its. ovate cut or pinnatifid, segm. blunt mucronate, upper
1. narrower below, prickles of fr. usually flattened and often united
144 37. UMBELLIFERE.

below and shorter than its breadth incurved tipped with one
bristle——D. maritimus With. (not Lam.), E. B. 2560.—St. short,
very hispid below. LL. shining above, rather fleshy. Umbel of
fr. usually convex. Prof. E. Forbes finds a form of this with
ciliated petals. Perhaps not distinct from D. Carota.—Sea-
coasts, chiefly in the south. B. VII. VIII.

Suborder Il. Campylosperme. Tribe IX. Caucalinee.

32. Caucaris Hoffm.

1. C. daucoides (L.) ; 1. bipinnate, leaflets pmnatifid with linear-
acute segments, general involucre 0, partial umbels of few fl. with
involucres of 3—5 leaves, secondary ridges of the fr. each with
one row of glabrous hooked prickles.—£. B. 197.—St. 6—12
in. high, furrowed, hairy at the jomts. General umbels 3-cleft ;
partial bearing about 3 large oblong very pe fruits. Fl. small,
reddish.—Corn-fields on a chalky soil. A. VI. E.

+2. C. latifolia (L.); 1. pinnate, leaflets lanceolate decurrent
coarsely serrate, ees oblong membranous, secondary ridges
of the fr. with retrorsely scabrous prickles—E. B.198. Turgenia
Koch.—St. 1—2 feet high, scabrous. General umbels about
3-cleft ; partial bearing about 5 large oblong very prickly fruits.
Fi. large, pink.—Corn-fields, mostly on a chalky soil, very rare.
Not now “ abundant in Cambridgeshire.” A. VII. E.

33. Toritis Adans.

1. T. Anthriscus (Gaert.); 1. bipinnate, leaflets ovate-oblong
incise-serrate, umbels stalked terminal, general involucre of many
leaves, fy. with subulate imcurved not hooked scabrous prickles.
—E. B. 987.—St. erect, 1—3 feet high. Umbels on long stalks.
Fr. densely prickly. Fl. small, white or reddish—Hedges and
banks. A. VII. VIII.

2. T. infesta (Spr.); 1. bipinnate, leaflets ovate-lanceolate in-
cise-serrate, umbels stalked terminal, general involucre of one leaf
or 0, fr. with spreading hooked retrorsely scabrous prickles.—
E. B. 1314.—St. erect, more branched than in the last, 6—18
in. high. Umbels on long stalks. Fr. densely prickly, the pri-
mary ridges with adpressed prickles. Fl. small, reddish. Styles
scarcely twice as long as the stylopode.—Fields. A. VII. VIII.

3. T. nodosa (Gaert.); lower 1. bipinnate, upper pinnate, leaf-
lets deeply narrowly and uniformly pinnated, umbels nearly sessile
dense lateral, outer carpels with hooked bristles inner often
warted.—E. B. 199.—St. diffuse. Umbels very small, nearly
globular.—Banks and dry places. A. V.—VII.
SCANDIX.—CHEROPHYLLUM. 145

Tribe X. Scandicinee.

34. Scanpix Linn. Shepherd’s Needle.

1. S. Pecten-veneris (L.); beak 3 times as long as the roughish
fr. dorsally compressed glabrous with bristly edges, leaflets of
ee involucres entire or bifid longer than the pedicels.—E. B.

397.—St. often a foot high. L. light green, triply pinnate ;
segments short, linear. Umbels 1—2 together, small. Fl. often
shghtly radiant. Styles always straight. Stylopode purple.
Eat involucres sometimes much divided.—Fields. A. VI.—

35. Anturiscus Hoff.

1. A. sylvestris (Hoffm.); st. hairy below glabrous above
slightly swollen below the joinings, wmbels terminal stalked, 1. bi-
pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, fr. linear glabrous with a short beak.
—Cherophyllum Sm., E. B. 752.—St. 3 feet high, erect, leafy,
furrowed, branched. Partial involucre of several ovate-lanceolate
ciliated leaflets. Umbels at first drooping.—Hedges and banks.
P.IV.—VI. Wild Chervil.

+2. A. Cerefolium (Hoffm.); st. hairy above the joinings only,
umbels lateral sessile, \. tripinnate, leaflets ovate pinnatifid, fr.
linear smooth about twice as long as its beak.—Cherophyllum
sativum Sum., E. B. 1268.—St. 1—3 feet high, slender, striated,
much branched. Partial involucre of 3 unilateral limear-lanceolate
leaflets. Peduncles downy.— Waste ground. Probably an escape
from cultivation. A.V. VI. Garden Chervil.

3. A. vulgaris (Pers.); st. glabrous, umbels lateral stalked,
1. tripinnate, leaflets pimnatifid, fr. ovate hispid about twice as
long as its glabrous beak.—E. B. 818.—St. erect, 2 feet high,
branched. L. slightly hairy. Umbels on rather short stalks.
Partial involucres of few ciliated leaflets— Waste places. A.V. VI.

36. CH#ROPHYLLUM Linn.

1. C. temulum (L.); st. swelling beneath the joinings rough,
1. bipinnate, leaflets ovate-oblong pinnatifid with obtuse mucronate
segments, pet. glabrous, styles equalling the stylopode——Myrrhis
temulenta Sm., E. B. 1521.—St. 3—4 feet high, round, spotted,
scabrous below, hairy near the summit. Umbels at first nodding.
—Hedge-banks. P. VI. VII.

[2. C. awreum (L.); st. somewhat thickened below the jomings,

1. tripinnate, leaflets attenuated very acute incise-pimnatifid, pet.

glabrous, styles longer than the stylopode.—Myrrhis Sm., E. B.

2103.—-St. 3 feet high, angular, striated. Partial mvolucres with
H
146 37. UMBELLIFERE.

ovate-lanceolate much attenuated leaflets—Between Arbroath
and Montrose and at Costorphine. Mr. G. Don. P. VI.]

[3. C.aromaticum(L.); st.slightly thickened below the joinings,
1. subternately bipinnate, leaflets undivided broad oblong acuminate
sharply serrate hairy beneath, styles longer than the stylopode.—
Myrrhis Sm., E. B. S. 2636.—St. 2—3 feet high, furrowed, an-
gular, bristly and spotted below.—By the river Lunan near Gu-
thrie, Forfarshire. Mr. G. Don. P. VI.]

37. Myrruis Scop. Sweet Cicely.

1, A. odorata (Scop.); 1. downy beneath, leaflets of the partial
involucres lanceolate-acuminate.—E. B. 697.—St. 2—3 feet high,
round, leafy, hollow. L. very large, tripmnate. Leaflets ovate-
lanceolate, pinnatifid. Umbels terminal. Fl. numerous, white.
Fr. large, nearly an inch long, dark brown. Whole plant highly
aromatic.—Pastures in hilly districts. P. V. VI.

Tribe XI. Smyrnice.

38. EcurnopHora Linn.

1. E. spinosa (L.); 1. pinnate, leaflets pmnatifid with spmous
awlshaped entire segments.—E. B. 2413.—Sandy sea-shores, pro-
bably now lost. Lancashire and Kent. P. VII. E.

39. Contum Linn.

1. C. maculatum (L.); leaflets of the partial involucres uni-
lateral ovate-lanceolate with an attenuated point shorter than the
umbels.—&. B. 1191.—St. 3—5 feet high, erect, round, hollow,
glaucous, spotted with purple, branched. L. tripinnate ; leaflets
lanceolate, pinnatifid with acute cut segments. Readily distin-
guished by its foetid smell, spotted stem, unilateral partial invo-
lueres and wavy crenate ridges of the fruit. Highly poisonous.
—Hedge-banks and waste places. B. VI. VII. Hemlock.

40. PuysospERmMuUM Cusson.

1. P. cornubiense (DC.); radical 1. triternate, leaflets wedge-
shaped cut or deeply 3-lobed with acute segments, stem-]. ternate
lanceolate entire.—H. B. €83.—St. 1—3 feet high, erect, round,
striated, mimutely scabrous, bearing a few small ternate leaves
with linear lanceolate segments, the uppermost represented by a
barren lanceolate acute sheath. Umbels terminal. Carp. longer
than broad; the coat loose. Seed free——Hooker and Arnott
refer P. aquilegifolium (Koch) to this; Bertoloni with Hooker’s
38. ARALIACES. : 147

observations before him, states that they are quite different.—
Devon and Cornwall, rare. P. VII. VII. E.

41. Smyrnium Linn.

1. S. Olusatrum (L.); st. terete, stem-l. ternate stalked ser-
rate.—E. B. 230.—St. 3—4 feet high, stout, branched, leafy,
furrowed. Radical 1. very large, all with large membranous sheaths
and large ovate shining cut and serrated leaflets. Fl. greenish-
yellow in dense rounded umbels. Fr, nearly black, aromatic.—
Waste ground and near ruins. B.?V. VI. Alexanders.

Suborder III. Calosperme. Tribe XII. Coriandree.

42. Cortanprum Linn.

*1. C. sativum (L.).—E. B. 67.—St. 12—18 in. high, leafy,
round, striated. L. bipinnate, cut; upper ones more divided
into linear segments. Fl. white.—Fields and waste places, an
escape from cultivation. A. VI. Coriander.

Order XXXVIII. ARALIACEA.

Cal. 4—5-toothed, adnate to the ovary. Pet. 5—16, rarely
wanting, estivation valvate. Stam. as many as the pet. and
alternate with them or twice as many, inserted below the margin
of an epigynous disk. Ovary with 2 or more cells. Styles as
many as the cells. Fr. succulent or dry, of several cells each
with 1 pendulous seed. Albumen fleshy. Embryo minute (not
so in our Hedera).—L. alternate without stipules.

1. Apoxa. Cal. half inferior, limb trifid. Cor. superior,
4—5-cleft, rotate with a short tube contracted at the throat.
Stam. 8—10, in pairs alternate with the petals, anthers 1-
celled. Berry 4—5-celled; cells 1-seeded.

2. Hepera. Cal. superior, limb of 5 teeth. Pet. 5—10, not
adhering at the apex. Stam. 5—10. Styles 5—10, conni-
vent, or combined into one. Berry 5-celled and 5-seeded,
crowned with the calyx.

1. Apoxa Linn,

1. A. Moschatellina (L.).—E. B. 453.—Rhizome white, fleshy,
toothed, stoloniferous. St. solitary, erect, simple, 3—4 in. high,
with 2 opposite leaves, and a head of 4 whorled and 1 terminal
flowers. Stam. often more or less combined, showing their
number to be normally 4. Fl. with a musky smell. Terminal
fl. usually divided in fours, the others in fives, but the numbers

vary.— Woods and shady hedge-banks. P. IV. V. 5
H
148 39. CORNACEH.—40. LORANTHACES.

2. Hepvera Linn.

1. H. Helix (L.); 1. coriaceous ovate or cordate and 5-lobed,
lobes angular, umbels simple downy erect.—E. B. 1267.—Climb-
ing by means of rootlike fibres. L. of the flowering branches
ovate-oblong, acute, entire. Berries black, Embryo like that of
Cornacee.—Rocks, old walls, hedges. Sh. X. XI. Ivy.

Order XXXTX. CORNACEA.

Cal. 4-lobed. Pet. 4, oblong, broad at the base, imserted at
the top of the calyx-tube, sstivation valvate. Stam.4. Ovary
2-celled. Style filiform. Fruit a drupe, crowned with the re-
mains of the calyx. Seeds pendulous, solitary. Embryo in the
axis of fleshy albumen and as long as it.—Leaves opposite.

1. Cornus. Calyx-limb superior, of 4 teeth. Pet.4. Stam. 4.
Style 1. Drupe with a 2-celled and 2-seeded nut.

1. Cornus Linn.

1. C. sanguinea (L.); arborescent, branches straight, 1. ovate
cuspidate green on both sides, cymes flat without an involucre.
—E. B. 249. St. 52. 3.—Shrub 5—6 feet high. Old bark red-
dish. Fl. numerous, white, in terminal cymes. Fr. dark purple.
L. mostly opposite, strongly nerved, acutely cuspidate, rounded
below.—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VI. Dog-wood.

2. C. suecica (L.); herbaceous, 1. all opposite sessile ovate,
fl. umbellate shorter than the 4-leaved petaloid involucre.—E. B.
310, St. 52. 1.—Flowering shoots about 6 im. high, annual,
springing from the procumbent or subterranean creeping woody
leafless stems. FI. dark purple with yellow stamens, in a small
solitary termmal umbel with an involucre of 4 ovate yellow leaves
tipped with purple. Fr. red.—Moist alpine pastures. P. VII.

E. $.

Subdivision ITI. COROLLIFLOR.

Pet. united bearmg the stamens.

Order XL. LORANTHACEA.

Cal. adnate to the ovary, with 2 bracts at its base, limb entire
or lobed. Cor. of 4—8 more or less united petals. Stam. as many
as and opposite to the petals and the filaments more or less com-
bined with them, anth. sometimes adnate to the petals. Ovary
I, 1-celled with 1 erect ovule. Style filiform or 0. Stigma capi-
tate. Fr. succulent. Albumen fleshy.—Parasitical plants with
entire, mostly opposite leaves.
41, CAPRIFOLIACE. 149

1, Viscum. Dicecious. Male: Cal. 0. Pet. 4, ovate, fleshy,
united at the base. Anth. adnate to the petals, many-celled.
Fem. : Cal. an obscure entire superior margin. Pet. 4, erect,
somewhat triangular, minute. Stigma sessile, obtuse. Berry
1-seeded, crowned with the calyx.

1. Viscum Linn.

1. V. album (L.); st. repeatedly dichotomously branched,
branches terete, 1. ovate-lanceolate obtuse, fl. in the forks of the
stem sessile clustered. E. B. 1470. St. 8.—Evergreen, parasi-
tical, yellow, succulent. Male fl. about 3 together, female about
5, yellowish. Berries white, pellucid, globular, viscid.—Parasi-
tical on various trees. P. III.—IV. Mistletoe. E.

Order XLI. CAPRIFOLIACEZ.

Cal. adnate with the ovary, usually with bracts at the base,
limb 4—5-lobed. Cor. regular or irregular, 4—5-cleft. Stam.
free, on the corolla, 4—5, alternate with the lobes. Ovary 3—-5-
celled. Stigmas 1—3. Fruit indehiscent, 1- or more celled,
usually fleshy. Albumen fleshy.—L. opposite.

1. Sampucus. Cal.-limb 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, 5-lobed.
Stam. 5. Stigmas 3, sessile. Fr. 3—4-seeded.

2. Vinurnum. Cal.-limb 5-cleft. Cor. bell- or funnel-shaped,
5-lobed. Stam. 5. Stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit 1-seeded.

3. Lonitcera. Cal.-limb small, 5-cleft. Cor. tubular or
funnelshaped, usually saccate at the base, limb 5-fid or irre-
gular. Stam. 5. Style filiform. Stigma capitate. Fruit
1—3-celled, few-seeded.

4, Linnza. Cal.-limd 5-cleft, with lanceolate subulate equal
deciduous segments. Cor. turbinate-bellshaped, 5-lobed.
Stam. 4, rarely 5, 2longer. Style filiform, stigma capitate.
Fy. dry, 3-celled ; 2 cells barren, 1 single-seeded.—Two large
and 2 minute bracts at the base of the fruit.

1. Samsucus Linn.

1. S. Ebulus (L.); herbaceous, st. furrowed, stip. leaflike ovate
serrate, 1. pinnate, leaflets lanceolate serrate, cyme with 3 prin-
cipal branches.— FE. B. 475.—St. 2—4 feet high. Cymes termi-
nal. Fl. white, reddish externally; anth. purple. Fr. reddish-
black.—Hedge-banks. P. VIII. Dwarf Elder. Danewort.

2. S. nigra (L.); arborescent, stip. obsolete, 1. pinnate, leaflets
ovate cuspidate serrate, cymes with 5 principal branches.—E. B.
150 41. CAPRIFOLIACE.

476.—A small tree. Cymes large, terminal. FI. cream-co-
loured. Fr. black, rarely green or white.—f. laciniata ; 1. 2—3-
pinnate, lts. laciniated.—y. rotundifolia (DC.); Its. usually 3
quite round.—Woods and hedges. 8. near Ayr. Hooker. En-
derby, Leicestershire. y. Isle of Wight. T. VI. Elder.

2. Visurnum Linn.

l. V. Lantana (L.); 1. elliptical with a cordate base finely
denticulate-serrate downy beneath, pubescence stellate.—E. B.
331.—A small tree with round mealy branches. Young shoots,
petioles, and under sides of the 1. densely, upper side more
sparingly, covered with stellate down. Cymes terminal. Fi.
white, not radiant. Fr. Black—Hedges and thickets on a cal-
careous soil. T. V. Mealy Guelder-rose. Wayfaring tree. E. 8.

2. V. Opulus (L.); 0. 3—5-lobed, lobes acuminate and den-
tate, petioles with glands.—E. B. 332. St. 27.6.—Branches gla-
brous, tetragonal when young. L. slightly downy beneath.
Cymes large, with linear bracts; fl. white, inner ones fertile,
outer barren and radiant. Fr. red—lIledges and thickets. T.
VI. VII. Common Guelder-rose.

3. Lonicera Linn.

tl. L. Caprifolium (L.); fl. rmgent whorled terminal sessile,
1. deciduous glabrous on both sides obtuse, upper 1. connate-per-
foliate, style glabrous.—E. B. 799.—St. twming. Fl. white or
purplish. Fr. orange. Upper pairs of leaves connate, the rest
distinct.—Thickets. Sh. V. VI. E. 8.

2. L. Periclymenum (L.); fl. ringent capitate terminal, heads
stalked, 1. all distinct deciduous oval, st. twinmg—E. B. 800.—
Fi. pale yellow, externally red. Fr. red. L. sometimes downy
beneath, rarely lobed.—Woods and hedges. Sh. VI—IX.
Honeysuckle. Woodbine.

3. L. Xylosteum (L.); peduncles 2-flowered downy as long as
the flowers, calyx-limb deciduous, berries slightly connected at
the base, 1. oval downy, st. erect—E. B. 916.—F. pale yellow.
L., bracts, cal., cor. externally,/filaments, and style downy. Fr.
scarlet.—Thickets. Native in Sussex. Sh. V.

4. Linnaa Gronov.

1. L. borealis (Gron.).—E. B. 433.—St. trailing and creeping.
L. opposite, broadly ovate, stalked, dark green above, paler be-
neath. Peduncles long, erect, 2-flowered, from short lateral
branches with 2—4 leaves. Fl. flesh-coloured, purple within.—
Woods, chiefly of fir, in the north. P. VII. E.S$
42, RUBIACER. 151

Order XLII. RUBIACEA.

Cal. superior, entire or lobed. Cor. regular, 4—6-lobed.
Stam. 4—5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 1,
2-celled, with solitary erect ovules. Style 1, often bifid. Stig-
mas 2. Fr, a didymous indehiscent pericarp. Embryo straight
in horny albumen.

1. SHerarpia. Cor. funnelshaped. Fr. crowned with the
6-toothed calyx, dry.

2. AspeRULA. Cor. funnelshaped. Fr. dry, not crowned with
the limb of the calyx.

3. Gaxium. Cor. rotate. Fr. dry, not crowned with the calyx.

4. Rusia. Cor. rotate. Fr. succulent, 2-lobed.

1. Suerarpia Linn.

1. S. arvensis (L.).—E. B. 891.—St. mostly decumbent,
branched, square, leafy. L.6 in a whorl, obovate-lanceolate,
acute. Fl. blue, in a small sessile terminal umbel. Cal. of 4
segments, 2 of them bifid.—Fields. A. V.—VII.

2. AsprrRuLA Linn.

[l. A. arvensis (L.); 1. 6—10 in a whorl linear-lanceolate
obtuse, fl. aggregate terminal surrounded by long ciliated bracts,
fr. glabrous.—E. B. 8. 2792.—Like Sherardia arvensis. St. as-
cending, square. Lowermost |. opposite or 4 together, roundish-
obovate. St. and margins of the l. rough. Fl. bright blue.—
Occasionally introduced. Devonport. A. VI.]

[*A. tawrina (L.); 1. 4 in a whorl elliptical acuminate 3-nerved,
fi. corymbose, cor.-tube very long, fr. punctulate scabrous.—Na-
turalized. Cadeby, Leicestershire. Casterton Woods, Westmore-
land. ]

2. A. cynanchica (L.); 1.4 in a whorl linear, uppermost 1.
very unequal, fl. corymbose, bracts lanceolate mucronate, cor.
scabrous, “fr. granular-scabrous.” —E. B. 33.—Root fusiform.
Stems many diffuse or ascending branched. Fl. generally lilac.
—Dry banks in limestone districts. P. VI. VII. I

3. A. odorata (L.); 1. 6—8 in a whorl lanceolate, margins
scabrous, fl. in stalked terminal corymbs, fr. hispid.— E. B. 755.
—St. erect, about 6 in. high. FI. white. L. broad. Whole
plant fragrant—Woods. P. V. VI. Woodruff.
152 42, RUBIACEE.

3. Gatrum Linn.
A. Leaves 3-nerved.
* Inflorescence panicled, terminal ; fl. perfect ; fr-stalks erect.

1. G. doreale (L.); 1. 4 in a whorl lanceolate, st. erect panicled,
fruitstalks patent, fr. covered with hooked bristles —E. B. 105.—
St. about 18 in. high, with many leafy branches. Fl. white in
compact terminal panicles. Fr. hispid.—Moist rocky places.
P. VII. VIII.

** Inflorescence axillary ; lateral fl. imperfect ; fr.-stalks
deflexed.

2. G. cruciatum (With.); 1. 4 in a whorl elliptic-oblong hairy,
flowerstalks corymbose bracteated, terminal fl. fertile, lateral
mostly male, fr. smooth.—E. B. 143.—St. simple above, 1—2
feet high, hairy. Fl. small, about 8 together in small corymbs,
yellow.— “8. levipes; peduncles and pedicels glabrous.” — Hedges
and thickets. P.V. VI. Crosswort.

B. Leaves l-nerved. Root annual.
* Inflorescence axillary ; lateral fl. imperfect.

[3. G. saccharatum (All.); 1. about 6 in a whorl linear-lan-
ceolate with marginal forward prickles, st. rough with decurved
prickles, peduncles 3-flowered, fr. warted reflexed.—E. B. 2173.—
St. procumbent, spreading. Fl. small, pale yellow. Fr. large, «
double globe, quite covered with large pyramidal tubercles.—
Carse of Gowrie and near Forfar. Malton, Yorkshire. A. VI.
—VIII.]

** Inflorescence axillary, panicled ; fl. all perfect.

4. G. tricorne (With.); 2. 6—8 in a whorl linear-lanceolate
with marginal backward prickles, st. rough with deflexed prickles,
peduncles 3-flowered, fr. granulated reflexed.—E. B. 1641.—St.
procumbent, spreading. FI. small, all 3 usually perfect in struc-
ture but seldom more than the middle one fertile. Fr. large, a
double globe, covered with small granulations.—Dry calcareous
fields. A. VI.—IX. E.

5. G. Aparine (L.); 1. 6—8 in a whorl lmear-lanceolate with
marginal backward prickles, st. rough with deflexed prickles, pe-
duncles few- (about 3) flowered, fruitstalks divaricated straight,
fruit covered with short hooked bristles.—E. B. 816.—St. strag-
gling amongst bushes, 3—4 feet long. The marginal prickles
near the extremity of the 1. pomt forwards, the rest backwards.
Fl. small. Peduncles or rather flowering branches with several
leaves at the primary divisions. Fr. large-—Common. A. VI.
—VIII. Goose-grass. Cleavers.
GALIUM. 153

6. G. spurium (L.); 1. 6—8 in a whorl linear-lanceolate with
marginal backward prickles, st. rough with deflexed prickles, pe-
duncles with 3-—9 flowers, fruitstalks divaricated straight.—E. B.
1871.—Closely resembling the preceding ; distinguished by its
more numerous green flowers, floral leaves solitary (“ or in pairs”),
fruit of about half the size and in the typical plant smooth.—8.
G. Vaillantii (DC.); fr. hispid. E. B. 8. 2943.—Fields. a.
Forfar; 8. Saffron Walden and Chesterford, Essex. A. VII.

E. 8.

7. G. parisiense (L.); 1. about 6 in a whorl linear-lanceolate
bristle-pointed with marginal forward prickles, st. rough with de-
curved prickles, panicles small dichotomous, branches divaricated
bifid —G. anglicum Huds., E. B. 384.—St. 6—8 in. high, spread-
ing, slender, brittle. L. usually 6 in a whorl, the lowermost
sometimes in fours. Branches of the small panicles often spread-
ing nearly at right angles with their stalk. Fr. granulated, nearly
black. The typical G. parisiense has booked prickles on the
fruit.—Old walls and dry sandy places. A.? VI. VII. E.

C. Leaves l-nerved. Root perennial. Fl. in terminal panicles.
* Fruit not granulated. No downward prickles on the stem.

8. G. erectum (Huds.) ; J. about 8 in a whorl lanceolate mucro-
nate the margins rough with forward prickles, midrib slender,
branches of the panicle all ascending, fruitstalks divaricated, fr.
oval smooth, pet. taper-pointed.—H. B. 2067.—St. weak, gla-
brous or hairy, ascending. L. lanceolate, scarcely at all obovate ;
margins with 2 rows of prickles pointing forwards ; midrib beneath
rather slender, smooth.—8. cinereum; 1. 6—8 im a whorl linear.
—G. cinereum Sm., E. B.S. 2783. seems to be only a narrow-
leaved variety. —G. aristatum (Sm.), E. B. 2784, has 1. in sixes but
is probably a state of this—Hedges and pastures. P. VI. VII.

9. G. Mollugo (L.); 1. about 8 in a whorl lanceolate-obovate
or obovate-oblong cuspidate the margins rough with forward
prickles, midrib slender, branches of the panicle many-flowered
lower ones spreading horizontally oy deflexed, fruitstalks divari-
cated, fr. glabrous, pet. cuspidate.—E. B. 1673.—St. ascending,
square, thickened at the joinings, glabrous, or in 8. scabrum (Sm.)
as well as the 1. hairy. Panicle large. Fi. small.—y. G. insu-
bricum (Gaud.) ; 1. about 6 in a whorl obovate abruptly cuspidate,
branches of the panicle few-flowered terminating in trichotomous
umbels, floral 1. large, bracts large usually solitary —Hedges and
thickets. y. Wimander Mere. P. VII. VIII.

10. G. verum (L.); 1. about 8 in a whorl linear-setaceous with

revolute margins channeled above downy beneath, panicles nume-
HS
154 42. RUBIACER.

rous small densely flowered subterminal, fruitstalks patent, fruzt
smooth, pet. obtuse and apiculate.—E. B. 660.—St. erect, slightly
branched, somewhat woody, with numerous whorls of narrow de-
flexed leaves. Fl. golden yellow, rarely green or straw-coloured,
usually in numerous small dense panicles collected into a kind of
terminal spike. St. and upper surface of the 1. sometimes downy
or scabrous. On loose sands the st. are much more branched and
the fl. sometimes solitary but agreeing in all other respects with
this species.—Dry and sandy places. P. VII. VIII.

** Fruit granulated not hairy. St. without downward prickles.

ll. G. saxatile (L.); 1. about 6 in a whorl obovate poimted,
panicles corymbose small, fl.- and fr.-stalks erect-patent, fr. gra-
nulated, pet. acute—E. B. 815.—St. numerous, procumbent,
much branched. lL. obovate, suddenly narrowed to a point,
smooth, with a few marginal forward prickles.—Heaths. P. VII.
VII.

12. G. pusillum (L.); 1. about 8 in a whorl linear-lanceolate
mucronate without marginal prickles, panicle few-flowered, fl.-
and fr.-stalks erect-patent, fr. obsoletely granulated, pet. acute.
—E.B.74. G. sylvestre Koch.—St. numerous, slender, square,
branched, loosely spreading. L. often nearly glabrous or with
marginal hairs (not prickles) spreading or backward never forward.
Lower part of the stem and leaves sometimes densely covered with
patent hairs. Fv. very minutely granulated —Limestone hills,
rare. P. VII. VII.

*k* Stem rough with downward prickles.

13. G. uliginosum (L.); 1. 6—8 in a whorl linear-lanceolate
bristle-pointed with margins rough like the angles of the stem with
backward prickles, panicles small axillary few-flowered trichoto-
mous the branches patent 3-fid, fruitstalks straight, fruit granu-
lated —E. B.1972.—Stems slender, brittle, about a foot high,
weak. L. usually 6 ina whorl, discoloured at the tip and shortly
acuminate. Branches of the small panicles erect-patent. Fr. dark
brown.—Wet places. P. VII. VIII.

14. G. palustre (L.); 1. 4 in a@ whorl linear-oblong broader
upwards obtuse, panicle diffuse, fl. perfect, fruitstalks straight
spreading at right angles, fr. smooth.—E. B. 1857.--St. 1—4
feet high, weak, branched or simple. Lowest 1. usually 6 in a
whorl, the rest in fours, 2 often much smaller. Fl. small, white.
St. and branches nearly smooth.—8. G. Witheringii (Sm.); an-
gles of the stem and margins and under sides of the 1. rough with
backward bristles. . B.2206.—We appear to have two plants,
1. G. palustre (L.); pan., fl., and fr. small, fr.-st. spreading at rt.
43. VALERIANACES. 155

angles, 1, linear-lanceolate; 2. G. elongatum (Presl.?); pan., f1.,
and fr. larger, 1. broader. I leave them for future inquiry.—
‘Wet places by ditches and rivers. P. VII. VIII.

4. Rusia Linn, Wild Madder.

1. R. peregrina (L.); 1. 4—6 in a whorl elliptic or lanceolate
shining smooth above without veins the margin and keel rough
with reflexed bristles. B, 851.—Old st. terete, shoots spread-
ing, square. L. rigid, persistent. Cor. rotate, 5-cleft ; lobes
oval suddenly narrowed into a slender point.—Stony and sandy
thickets in the south. P. VJ.—VIII. E. I.

Order XLITI. VALERIANACEA.

Cal. superior, limb various, toothed, obsolete or involute and
ultimately resembling a pappus. Cor. tubular, 3—5-lobed, un-
equal or irregular often spurred or gibbous at the base. Stam.
1—5, inserted in the tube, free. Ovary with 1 perfect cell and
often 2 abortive cells, ovule solitary pendulous. Fr. dry.

1. Cenrrantuus. Cor. regular, 5-lobed, with a spur. Stam.
1. Fr. 1-celled, indehiscent, crowned with the hmb of the
calyx expanded into a feathery pappus.

2. VALERIANA. Cor. regular, 5-lobed, gibbous but without a
spur. Stam. 3. Fr. 1-celled, indehiscent, crowned with the
limb of the calyx expanded into a feathery pappus.

3. VALERIANELLA. Cor. regular, 5-lobed, without a spur.
Stam. 3. Fr. 3-celled, indehiscent, crowned with the erect
unequally toothed limb of the calyx, 2 of the cells usually
empty inflated or filiform.

1. Centrantuus Cand.

+1. C. ruber (DC.); 1. ovate-lanceolate, spur much shorter
than the tube of the corolla and twice as long as the germen.—
Valeriana Sm., E. B. 1531.—St. 1—2 feet high. Fi. purple or
white-—Chalk-pits and old walls. P. VI—IX. Red Valerian.

[C. Calcitrapa (Dufr.); radical 1. ovate entire, stem-]. pmna-
tifid, spur very short, is naturalized at Eltham in Kent. ]

2. VaLteriana Linn.

1. V. officinalis (L.); 0. all pinnate, Its. 15—21 lanceolate den-
tate-serrate terminal one not larger than the others, st. sulcate
solitary, fr. glabrous ovate-oblong.—St. 9.—Root with short sub-
terranean scions. St. 2—4 feet high. Fl. flesh-coloured, Ra-
156 43. VALERIANACE.

dical 1. on long stalks. Fr. narrowed usually from about its mid-
dle.—Ditches and damp chalky places. P. VI. VII. Valerian.

2. V. sambucifolia (“ Mikan.”) ; 1. all pinnate, Its. 9—11, den-
tate-serrate, of the radical 1. ovate acute, of the stem-l. oblong-
lanceolate, terminal It. not larger than the others, st. sulcate
solitary, fr. glabrous ovate-attenuate.—V. officinalis Sm., E. B.
698.—Root with long scions usually not buried. St. 2—4 feet
high. Term. It. of rt.-l. sometimes slightly larger than the
others. Fr. narrowing from below its middle. An enormous
plant, fully 5 ft. high, is found in the Cambridge fens and may
belong to this species.—Damp places. P. VI. VII. E. 8.

*3. V. pyrenaica (L.); 1. heartshaped serrate stalked, upper 1.
with 1—2 pairs of small lanceolate leaflets —E. B. 1591.—St.
2—3 feet high, furrowed. FI. light rose-coloured.— Woods in
Scotland. P. VI. VII. E. 8.

4. V. dioica (L.); fl. imperfectly dicecious, root-l. ovate
stalked, stem-1. pinnatifid with a large terminal lobe, fr. glabrous.
—E. B, 628. St. 9—St. 6—12 m. high, simple. Fl. flesh-
coloured ; rather large with protruded stam., barren; or small
with included stamens and forming a closer corymb, fertile. Root
creeping.—Boggy places. P. V. VI.

3. VALERIANELLA Moench.
* Fruit with 2 barren ceils, fertile cell corky on the back.

1. V. olitorta (Moench); fr. compressed oblique, barren cells
without furrows : dissepiment incomplete, bracts ciliated.—E. B.
811. S¢.2.3. R. Icon. t.60. Fedia Sm.—L. ovate-spathulate,
upper ones narrower. Fl. in terminal dense cymes with oblong
linear opposite bracts. Fr. 3-celled; 1 fertile with its back formed
of a thick gibbous mass of spongy cellular tissue which is usually
traversed by a smgle furrow, a groove on each side separates it
from the 2 barren slightly confluent cells each of which has a
slender rib on its side and their junction marked by a slight fur-
row.—Corn-fields and banks. A.V. VI. Corn Salad.

** Fruit with 2 barren conspicuous cells, fertile cell not corky.

2. V. carinata (Loisel.); fr. oblong boatshaped crowned with
1 straight tooth, cells nearly equal each with a single rib on the
back, barren cells contiguous in their whole length and with a
deep furrow between them, fl. in dense cymes.—Fedia E. B. S.
2810. R. Icon. t. 61.—FI. pale blue. Root-l. spathulate, st.-1.
oblong. Bracts ciliated. Section of the fr. crescent-shaped.—
Hedge-banks, rare. A.IV.—VI. Lambs’ Lettuce. E. 8.
44, DIPSACACEE. 157

3. V. Auricula (DC.); fr. subglobose crowned with 1 erect
membranous leaf, barren cells larger than the fertile one inflated
contiguous haying a narrow furrow between them, fl. scattered.
—Fedia E. B. 8. 2809. V. dentata DC. Prod. iv. 627.—Fl. di-
stant, in the forks of a repeatedly dichotomous cyme. Lower 1.
obovate attenuate downwards, upper |. oblong. Bracts ciliated.
Section of the fruit nearly round. Crown of one oblong obtuse
obliquely truncate tooth, sometimes with a minute tooth on
each side ; or of 3 acute teeth, of which one is much the longest
and often 3-pointed.—Cultivated land. A. VII. VIII.

*k* Barren cells 0, or reduced to a rib.

4. V. dentata (Deitr.) ; fr. oval crowned with the small oblique
unequally 4-toothed calyx flat in front with an oblong space
inclosed between 2 elevated curved ribs (barren cells) convex
behind, cyme lax spreading, its branches long divaricated.—Fedia
Sm., EF. B. 1370. V. Morisonii DC. Prod. iv. 627.—Teeth of the
crown spreading or all incurved except the largest. Fr. smooth
or hairy. Fl. corymbose.—Corn-fields and banks. A. VI. VII,

5. V. eriocarpa (Desv.) ; fr. oval crowned with the large ob-
lique open unequally 5—7-toothed calyx flat in front with an
oval space inclosed between 2 elevated curved ribs (barren cells)
convex behind, cyme condensed.—Very different in habit from
the preceding but scarcely affording any specific character. A
variety ?—Great Orme’s Head, N. Wales. A. VI. E.

Order XLIV. DIPSACACE.

F\. capitate. Cal. superior, surrounded by an involucel which
closely invests the ripe fruit. Cor. 4—5-fid with unequal lobes.
Stam. 4, ingerted in the tube, free, filaments not jointed. Style 1.
Stigma simple. Ovary 1-celled with a pendulous ovule. Fr.
crowned with the pappus-like calyx. Embryo in fleshy albumen.

1. Dipsacus. Calyx cupshaped. Involucel forming a thick-
ened margin to the ovary. Cor. 4-fid. Receptacle with
spinous scales shorter than the involucre. Fr. with 4 sides
and 8 little depressions.

2. Knwautia. Calyx cupshaped with radiant teeth. Involu-
cel terminating in 4 small teeth. Receptacle hairy ; scales 0.
Fr. with 4 sides and 4 little depressions.

3. Scasrosa. Calyx of 5 bristles. Involucel membranous
and plaited. Receptacle scaly. Fr. nearly cylindrical with
8 excavations.
158 44, DIPSACACES.

1. Dipsacus Linn.

1. D. sylvestris (L.); 1. opposite undivided sessile, stem-l.
connate, scales of the receptacle straight at the end longer than
the flowers, involucres curved upwards.—E. B. 1032.—St. 5—6
feet high, prickly, leafy, branched. Heads of fl. large, conical,
overtopped by the slender ascending involucre.—Hedges and
roadsides. B. VIII. TX. Wild Teasel.

*2, D. Fullonum (L.); 1. opposite undivided sessile, stem-l.
connate, scales of the receptacle hooked at the end as long as the
flowers, involucres refleced—E. B. 2080.—St. 5—6 feet high,
prickly, leafy, branched. Heads of fl. obtuse, conical, about as
long as the spinous spreading involucre.—West of England,
searcely wild. B. VIII. IX. Teasel.

3. D. pilosus (L.); 1. stalked with a It. at the base on each side,
scales of the receptacle obovate-cuspidate straight, imvolucres
deflexed.—E. B. 877.—St. 3—4 feet high, branched, rough, leafy.
Heads of fl. small, globose, longer than the involucres.—Moist
shady places. B. VIII. E.

2. Kwautia Coult.

1. K. arvensis (Coult.); lower 1. simple, stem-l. pinnatifid,
st. bristly, calyx with about 8 awned teeth — E. B. 659.—St. 2—3
feet high, slightly branched, with few leaves. Radical 1. nume-
yous, sometimes pinuately lobed. Fl. purple, in large convex
long-stalked heads, outer ones usually unequal and radiant. In-.
volucres bluntish.—B. integrifolia (Coult.) ; 1. all simple narrowly
lanceolate entire or superficially crenate—Fields. P. VII.—IX.
Field Scabious.

3. Scasrosa Linn.

1. S. succisa (L.); root abrupt, heads of fl. and fr. nearly
globose, involucel hairy 4-fid herbaceous, calyx of 5 bristles,
cor. 4-cleft regular, 1. oblong entire, upper 1. narrower mostly
entire.—E. B. 878.—St. 1—3 feet high. Radical 1. numerous,
stem-l. usually few. Fl. purplish-blue, rarely white. St. and both
sides of the I. hairy or glabrous.—Meadows and pastures. P. VII.
—X. Devil’s bit.

2. S. Columbaria (L.); heads of fr. globose, involucel mem-
branous plaited notched, calyx of 5 nerveless bristles, cor. 5-cleft
radiant, radical 1. oblong stalked crenate entire or lyrate, upper-
most 1. pinnatifid with linear segments.—E£. B. 1311.—St. 12—
18 in. high. Radical ]. obtuse, or, rarely, lanceolate and acute,
on long stalks; upper 1. rarely entire, linear. Fl. purplish —
“8. glabra (Ball) ; calycine sete more flattened with traces of a
medial nerve.”—On a calcareous soil. 8. Pennard Castle, Glam.
Mr. J. Ball. P. VIL. VUL.
45. COMPOSITA. 159

Order XLV. COMPOSITA.

Fl. capitate, surrounded by an involucre formed of scales
(phyllaries). Cal. superior; limb obsolete or forming a toothed
bristly or feathery pappus. Cor. tubular or ligulate. Stam. 5,
inserted in the tube, anthers united, syngenesious. Fr. an inde-
hiscent dry pericarp with an erect seed without albumen.

The following arrangement of the genera is nearly that of
Jussieu, as being more simple than that of DeCandolle which is
followed in the arrangement of the species.

Suborder I. CORYMBIFERA.

Florets of the disk tubular; marginal florets often ligulate.
Style not swollen below its branches.

A. Pappus more or less hairy.

* Anthers without bristles at their base.

(1.) 1. Eupatortum. Heads few-flowered. Phyll. imbri-
cate oblong. Receptacle naked, Florets tubular-funnel-
shaped, hermaphrodite. Anth. included. Branches of the
style exserted, cylindrical obtuse.

(2.) 2. Perasites. Heads many-flowered, subdiecious. Fem.
florets filiform, obliquely truncate or shortly ligulate, in many
rows in the fem. heads, none or in | row in the male heads.
Male florets tubular, few and central in the fem. heads, occu-
pying the whole disk in the male heads. Receptacle naked.
Phyl. in one row.—Plants subdicecious.

(3.) 3. Tussizaco. Heads many-flowered, heterogamous.
Fem. florets marginal, in many rows, narrowly lgulate.
Male florets discoidal, tubular, 5-cleft. Receptacle naked.
Phyll. in one row, with membranous margins.

(4.) 24. Sznecro. Florets of the ray ligulate, fem., rarely 0 ;
of the disk perfect, tubular. Involucre cylindrical or conical
of 1 row of equal phyll. not membranous at the margin, and
several smaller scales at its base. Pappus pilose.

(5.) 23. Crveraris. Involucre of 1 row of equal phyllaries.
Otherwise like Senecio.

(6,) 22. Doronicum. Florets of the ray ligulate, fem.; of
the disk perfect, tubular. Involucre hemispherical of 2 or 3
rows of equal phyll. Pappus pilose, wanting in the ray.

(7.) 8. Linosyris. Heads not radiant. Florets all perfect,
160 45. COMPOSITE.

tubular. Receptacle naked, pitted, pits with elevated den-
tate margins in our plant. Phyll. imbricated. Pappus
pilose. Fr. compressed, silky, without a beak.

(8.) 4. Aster. Heads radiant. Florets of the ray fem.,
ligulate, in 1 row; of the disk perfect, tubular. Receptacle
naked, pitted. Phyll. imbricated and a few scales on the
peduncle. Pappus pilose, in many rows. Fr. compressed,
without a beak.

(9.) 5. Ertczron. Heads radiant. Florets of the ray fem.,
ligulate, in many rows; of the disk mostly perfect, tubular.
Receptacle naked. Phyll. imbricated. Pappus pilose, in
many rows. Fr. compressed, without a beak.

(10.) 7. Sorrpaco. Pappus pilose, in 1 row. Fr. terete.
Otherwise like Aster.

** Anthers with 2 bristles at their base.

+ Receptacle without scales. Fr. cylindrical or tetragonal.

(11.) 9. Inuna. Heads radiant. Florets of the ray fem.,
ligulate, rarely subtubular; of the disk perfect, tubular.
Anth. with 2 bristles at the base. Receptacle naked. Phyll.
imbricated in many rows. Pappus pilose, uniform, in 1 row.

(12.) 10. Punicaria. Phyll. laxly imbricated in few rows.
Pappus in 2 rows, outer short cuplike membranous toothed,
inner pilose. Otherwise like Inula.

tt Receptacle without scales or scaly only at the margin. Fr.
cylindrical or compressed.

(13.) 20. GnapHaLium. Outer florets fem., central perfect,
all tubular. Pappus capillary. Receptacle flat, naked. In-
volucre hemispherical, imbricated; phyll. equalling the
florets but not intermixed with them.—Cor. of the fem.
florets often obsolete.

(14.) 19. Finaco. Outer florets fem., filiform, in several
rows, outermost ones intermixed with the inner scales of the
anvolucre or pales; central florets few, perfect, tubular.
Pappus capillary. Receptacle conical, scaly at the margin.
Involucre subconical, imbricated, phyll. lanceolate longer
than the florets.

(15.) 21. AnTENNARIA. Heads subdicecious. Male florets
tubular, style almost simple, pappus clavate. Fem. florets
fihform, pappus capillary. Receptacle convex. Involucre
hemispherical, imbricated, phyll. coloured at the end.
45. COMPOSITA. 161

B. Pappus 0, or membranous.

+ Receptacle without scales. Heads heterogamous, radiant.
F\. of the ray fem., ligulate, in 1 row; of the disk herm.,
tubular.

(16.) 6. Bexurs. Phyll. in 2 rows equal obtuse. Receptacle
conical. Fr. compressed. Pappus 0.

(17.) 15, CurysantHEemum. Involucre hemispherical. Fr.
terete, without wings, or slightly angular and somewhat
winged. Pappus 0 or of 3 minute teeth.

(18.) 16. Marricaria. Involucre conical, hemispherical or
nearly flat. Fr. angular, not winged. Pappus 0, or a slight
membranous border.

Tt Receptacle without scales. Heads discoidal.

(19.)17. Arremista. Florets ofthe disk perfect, of the ray
fem. slender in ] row; or all herm. and tubular. Involucre
roundish. Phyll. imbricated. Receptacle naked or hairy.
Fr. obovate, with a small epigynous disk, without pappus.

(20.) 18. Tanacetum. Florets as in Artemisia. Involucre
hemispherical. Phyll. imbricated. Receptacle naked. Fr.
oblong, angular, with a large epigynous disk (as broad as the
fruit), crowned with a slight membranous border.

ttt Receptacle scaly. Pappus 0.

(21.) 12. Anruemis. Heads heterogamous, radiant. Florets
of the ray fem., or neuter, ligulate, m 1 row; of the disk
herm., tubular. Receptacle convex or conical. Phyll. im-
bricated, of few rows. Fr. terete, or obtusely tetragonal,
without pappus, but with a more or less prominent margin.

[Anacycuus. Fr. compressed, winged at the edges. Other-
wise like Anthemis.]

(22.) 13. AcHiLLEa. Heads heterogamous, radiant. Florets
of the ray fem., ligulate, short ; of the disk herm., tubular,
tube plane-compressed 2-winged. Receptacle narrow, slightly
elevated. Involucre ovate or oblong. Phyll. imbricated.
Fr. compressed, without pappus.

(23.) 14. Drorrs. Heads homogamous, discoidal. Florets
herm., tubular, tube compressed with 2 auricles at the base.
Receptacle convex with concave downy-topped scales. Inv.
bellshaped. Phyll. imbricated. Fr. compressed, crowned
with the persistent auricled tube of the cor., pappus 0.
162 45. COMPOSITAE.

C. Pappus of 2—5 stiff bristles. Receptacle scaly.

(24.) 11. Bipzns. Heads homogamous, discoidal, sometimes
radiant. Florets (of the ray neuter, ligulate;) of the disk
herm., tubular. Receptacle flat. Phyll, in 2 rows, outer
row spreading. Branches of the style surmounted by short
cones. Fr. compressed, angular, rough at the edges, the
angles terminating in 2—5 stiff retrorsely hispid bristles.

Suborder IT. CYNAROCEPHALEZ.
Florets all tubular. Style swollen below its branches.
a. Anthers with 2 bristles at their base.

25. SaussurEA. Florets all herm., tubular. Phyll. imbri-
cated, unarmed. Receptacle scaly. Pappus in 2 rows,
outer of short rough bristles, inner feathery.

26. Cariina. Florets all herm., tubular. Phyll. imbricated,
outer lax leaflike spose, mner linear membranous coloured
and resembling aray. Receptacle with cleft scales. Pappus
in 1 row, branched and feathery, connected into a ring below.

27. Arcrium. Involucre globose. Phyll. imbricated, termi-
nating in hooked points. Receptacle flat, with rigid subu-
late scales. Fr. compressed, oblong. Pappus short, pilose,
distinct.

b. Anthers without bristles.

* Pappus in many rows of different lengths ; inner row longest,
longer than the fruit.

28. SrrratuLa. Heads diccious by abortion. Phyll. im-
bricated, sharp, unarmed. Scales of the receptacle split
longitudinally into linear bristles. Fr. compressed, not
beaked, basal areola oblique. Pappus persistent.

** Pannus in many rows unequal ; second row longest, equal to
‘pp y q s g q
or shorter than the fruit, rarely none.

29. Cenraurea. Anthers with papillose filaments, involucre
imbricated. Receptacle chaffy. Fr. attached laterally above
the base to the receptacle. Pappus pilose, rarely 0.

*** Pappus in many rows, equal, long.

30. ONoporpuM. Receptacle honey-combed. Fr. 4-ribbed.
Pappus rough. Otherwise like Carduus.
45. COMPOSITE. 163

31. Carpvuvus. Involucre imbricated with simple spinous
pointed scales. Receptacle with fimbriated scales. Fr. com-
pressed, oblong, with a somewhat fleshy terminal areola.
Pappus long, pilose or plumose, united into a ring at the base
and deciduous.—Includes Cnicus Linn. and Cirsium DC.

***= Panpus in many rows. Filaments monadelphous.

32. SttyBum. Involucre imbricated; scales leaflike at the base,
narrowed into a long spreading spinous point. Receptacle
scaly. Fr. compressed, its terminal areola surrounded by a
papillose ring. Pappus pilose, united into a ring at the base,
deciduous.

Suborder III. CICHORIACEA.
Florets all ligulate and perfect.

* Pappus 0. Receptacle without scales.

33. Lapsana. Heads 8—12-flowered. Phyll. in 1 row,
erect, with 4—5 short bracts at their base. Fr. compressed,
striated, deciduous, not enveloped in the scales of the invo-
luere.

** Pappus like a crown or of many entire broad scales. Recep-
tacle without scales.

34. ArNosERIS. Heads many-flowered. Phyll. m 1 row,
about 12, keeled, linear-lanceolate, at length converging, a
few small bracts at their base. Tr. angular crowned with a
short elevated entire margin.

35. Cicortum. Heads many-flowered. Phyll. in 2 rows;
outer of about 5 lax shortish ; inner of 8—10 longer, con-
verging, at length reflered. Receptacle sometimes slightly
pilose. Fr. obovate compressed striated. Pappus of 2 rows
of minute erect chaffy scales.

Ke Pannus feathery. Receptacle scaly.

36. Hypocuaris. Heads many-flowered. Phyll. oblong,
imbricated. Fr. glabrous, muricated, often beaked. Pappus
in 2 rows, outer short and setaceous, inner long and fea-
thery ; or in one row and feathery.

*e* Panpus feathery, or on the exterior fruits scaly. Receptacle
without scales,

37. Turincia. Involucre oblong. Phyll. in 1 row, with a
few additional at the base. Receptacle punctured. Fr.
beaked. Pappus in 2 rows; outer setaceous, deciduous ;
164 45. COMPOSIT.

inner longer, feathery, dilated at the base. Marginal row
of fruits enveloped in the scales of the involucre, scarcely
beaked and with a short crownlike fimbriated pappus.

38. Aparcia. Involucre subimbricated, exterior phyll. much
smaller in 1—3 rows. Receptacle punctured. Fr. uniform,
slightly beaked. Pappus of all the fr. in 2 rows; outer se-
taceous, persistent; muer longer, feathery, dilated at the
base ; or in 1 row feathery.

39. Tracopocon. Involucre simple, of 8—10 phyll. con-
nected at the base. Receptacle punctured. Fr. longitudi-
nally striated, with a long beak, areola lateral. Pappus in
many rows, feathery, interwoven in the ray.

40. Prcris. Phyll. in 1 row, equal, with unequal linear often
spreading ones at the base. Receptacle dotted. Fr. terete,
transversely striated, constricted or slightly beaked above,
areola termimal. Pappus in 2 rows, feathery, external row
subpilose.

41. Henmintura. Phyll. in 1 row, equal, with equal subu-
late adpressed ones at the base, and surrounded by 3—5
leaflike loose bracts. Receptacle dotted. Fr. compressed,
transversely rugose, rounded at the end and with a slender
beak longer than itself. Pappus in several rows feathery.

***eEX Pannus filiform, deciduous, never feathery nor dilated at
the base. Receptacle generally without scales. Fruit com-
pressed.

42. Lacruca. Heads few-flowered. Phyll. with a mem-
branous margin, imbricated in 2—4 rows, outer row shorter.
Fr. plane-compressed, contracted and produced into a fili-
form beak which is not crowned nor muricated at the base.

43. Leontopon. Heads many-flowered. Involucre double ;
inner of 1 row, erect ; outer of few short lax or adpressed
imbricated phyllaries. Fr. subcompressed, muricated and
suddenly contracted above, produced into a filiform beak.

44. Soncnus. Heads many-flowered. Phyll. imbricated in
2 or 3 rows of unequal scales. Fr. plane-compressed, trun-
cate above not beaked.

45. Mutcepium. Heads many-flowered. Involucre double,
inner of 1 row, outer of short lax imbricated phyllaries. Fr.
compressed constricted above and terminating in a ciliated
disk, Outer rows of the pppus rigid and brittle.
EUPATORIUM.—PETASITES. 165

weeEEE Fruit terete, ribbed. Otherwise like the preceding section.

46. Crepis. Heads many-flowered. Involucre double, inner
of 1 row, outer of short lax phyllaries. Fr. terete, narrowed
upwards or beaked.

47. Higracium. Heads many-flowered. Phyll. imbricated,
many, oblong. Fr. truncate above not beaked, with a very
short crenulated margin.

ANoMALovus Genus. Order AmBRostAcE# Link.

(48. XantHium. Heads moncecious. Male. Involucre of
1 row of free phyllaries, many-flowered. Receptacle scaly.
Cor. funnelshaped, 5-cleft. Anth. free. Stigma obtuse,
entire.—Fem. fi, 2, inclosed within the involucre which is
terminated by 1-—2 beaks and covered with hooked spines
and at length hardened over the fruit. Cor. (ier.
Stam. 0. Stigmas 2, diverging, linear. Fr. compressed
each occupying a cell in the involucre. |

Suborder I. TUBULIFLORA. Perfect florets tubular, regular,
teeth 4 or 5.

Tribe I. EHupatoriee.

Style of the perfect florets cylindrical with elongated slightly
clavate branches which are downy above; stigmatic lines but
little prominent, often not extending as far as the middle of the
branches.

Section 1. ADENOSTYLE. Heads homogamous (florets
all perfect).—Pappus pilose and rough.

1. Evreatorium Linn.

1. E. cannabinum (L.); 1. in 3 or 5 deep lanceolate serrated
segments the middle one longest.—E. B. 428.—St. herbaceous,
erect, striated, scabrous, 2—3 feet high. Heads in a fastigiate
corymb, 5—6-flowered ; phyll. about 10: 5 exterior short obtuse.
Florets reddish-purple. L. downy, Herb slightly aromatic.—
Banks of streams. P. VIII. IX. Hemp-Agrimony.

Section 2. TUSSILAGINE. Heads heterogamous or sub-
dicecious.
2. Perasites Gaert.

1. P. vulgaris (Desf.); 1. roundish-cordate unequally toothed
downy beneath ; basal lobes approximate, stigmas of the submale
166 45. COMPOSITA.

florets short ovate, female fi. truncate obliquely.— Tussilago Pe-
tasites Sm., E. B. 431 and 430. S#, 2. 13.—Thyrsus long and
lax in the female plant, ovate and dense in the male. Root
thick, creeping extensively. Fi. appearing before the 1., on stout
erect stalks which are clothed with concave tumid petioles either
leafless or with a small limb. L. very large, radical, ultimately
we 3 feet broad, glabrous above-—Swamps. P.IV. Butter-

rr.

{P. fragrans (Presl) which has shortly ligulate female fl. is
quite naturalized in some places in the South.

3. TussiLtaco Linn.

1. T. Farfara (L.)\—E. B.429, St. 2. 10.—Root creeping ex-
tensively. FI. appearing before. the |., in bright yellow solitary
heads, erect in blossom and seed, drooping before and after
flowering, their stalks clothed with scalelike smooth bracts. L.
roundish-cordate,angular,toothed, downy beneath.— Moist chalky
and clay soils. P. HI. 1V. Coltsfoot.

Tribe II. Asteroidee.

Style of the hermaphrodite florets cylindrical with lmear
branches which are flat and equally and minutely downy on the
outer surface and have narrow promment stigmatic lines
throughout.

Section 1. ERIGERINE. Heads never dicecious, mostly
radiant. Anth. without appendages.  L. alternate.

4, (8.) Aster Linn.

1. A. Tripolium (L.); st. glabrous corymbose, 1. linear-lan-
ceolate fleshy smooth, mvolucre imbricate, phyll. obtuse mem-
branous the inner ones longer.—E. B. 87. Tripolium vulgare
DC.—St. 1—2 feet high, erect, hollow, leafy, many-flowered.
Heads large with a yellow disk and bright blue rays; rays often
wanting.—Muddy salt marshes. P. VIII. IX.

5. (9.) Ericeron Linn.

*1. E. canadensis (L.); st. much branched hairy panicled
many-flowered, 1. linear-lanceolate ciliated —E. B. 2019.—St.
erect, 1—2 feet high. Heads numerous, small, yellowish. In-
volucres cylindrical, scarcely shorter than the florets of the ray,
finally spreading.— Waste ground, rare. A. VIII. IX. E.

2. E. acris (L.); st. corymbose, branches alternate 1-headed,

1. linear-lanceolate entire spreading, lower |. narrowed below, ray
erect scarcely longer than the disk, wmer female florets filiform
BELLIS.—INULA. 167

numerous.—E. B. 1158.—St. erect, 6—18 in. high, simple below,
corymbosely-branched above, often several from one root. Fl.

yellow, the ray pale blue—Dry gravelly places. B. VIL. VIII.
Fleabane.

3. E. alpinus (L.) ; st. mostly with a single head, 1. lanceolate,
lower 1. narrowed below, ray spreading twice as long as the disk,
“imner female florets tubular-filiform numerous.”—E. B. 464,
St. 38. 11.—St. 4—8 in. high, usually terminating in a solitary
head with a yellow disk and light purple ray. Involuere hairy.
—B. E. uniflorus (Sm. not L.) has a shorter and more erect ray
and a rather more hairy involucre. E. B. 2416.—Highland moun-
tains. P. VII. VII. s.

6. (16.) Bexiis Linn. Daisy.

1. B. perennis (L.) ; 1. obovate-spathulate single-ribbed cre-
nate-dentate.—H. B. 424.—St. a short procumbent rhizome pro-
ducing 1. only at its extremity. Flowerstalks simple, each bear-
ing a single head. Sometimes all the florets are ligulate, rarely
all are tubular.—Banks and pastures. P. JII.—X.

7. (10.) Soxrpaco Linn. Golden Rod.

1. S. Virgaurea (L.); st. erect slightly angular, 1. lanceolate
narrowed at both ends, lower 1. elliptical stalked serrated, raceme
erect simple or compound, phyll. lanceolate acute, fr. downy.—
E. B. 301. St. 9.—St. usually 1—3 feet high, leafy, nearly
simple, terminating in a long cluster of yellow heads.—8. angus-
tifolia (Koch); 1. all lanceolate.—y. S. cambrica (Huds.) ; st. 2—6
in. high, 1. ovate-lanceolate, heads larger.—Woods and thickets.
8. on mountains. P. VIL—IX. Golden Rod.

8. (7.) Linosyris Cand.

1. L. vulgaris (Cass.); herbaceous, 1. lmear glabrous, heads
corymbose, inv. lax.—Chrysocoma Linosyris Sm., E. B. 2505.—
St. 12—18 in. high, simple, leafy. L. single-ribbed, smooth or
scabrous, very numerous, more or less dotted. Fl. yellow.—
Limestone cliffs, rare. P. VIII. IX.

Section 2. INULEA#. Heads never dicecious, rarely homo-
gamous or discoid, generally heterogamous and radiant. Female
florets ligulate. Anth. with appendages. Receptacles without
scales. L. alternate.

9. (11.) Invia Linn.

1. I. Helenium (L.); outer phyll. ovate, inner obovate, |. un-
equally dentate downy beneath cordate-ovate acute clasping, root
1. stalked elliptic-oblong, fr. quadrangular glabrous.—E. B. 1546.
168 45. COMPOSITE.

—St. 3—4 feet high, round, furrowed, solid, leafy, branched
above. Heads few together or solitary, terminal, very large;
florets bright yellow. Phiyll. reflexed.—Moist pastures. P. VII.
VIII. Elecampane. E.L

2. I. Conyza (DC.); phyll. all linear, |. ovate-lanceolate downy
denticulate, lower 1. narrowed into a footstalk, florets of the ray
subligulate, fr. terete—Conyza squarrosa Sm., E. B. 1195.—St.
1—2 feet high, leafy. Heads corymbose. Phyl). reflexed, leafy.
Fi. yellow, those of the circumference between tubular and ligu-
late, deeply divided on the inner side.—Calcareous soils. P. VII.
—-IX. Plowman’s Spikenard. E.

3. I. erithmoides (L.); phyll. linear taper-pointed, 1. fleshy
linear obtuse or with 3 points.—£. B. 68.—St. about a foot high,
slightly branched near the top, each branch terminating in a
solitary head with an orange-coloured disk and yellow rays.—
On rocks and in muddy salt marshes by the sea. P. VII. VIII.
Golden Samphire.

10. (12.) Punicarta Gaert.

1. P. vulgaris (Gaert.); 1. lanceolate wavy narrow at the base
and somewhat clasping, st. much branched downy, heads lateral
and terminal hemispherical with very short rays.— Inula Pulicaria
Sm., E. B. 1196.—St. 6—12 in. high, leafy. Heads small, florets
yellow. Fr. terete. Outer pappus setulose-laciniate.—Moist sandy
heaths. A. VIII. IX.

2. P. dysenterica (Gaert.) ; 1. oblong cordate at the base clasp-
ing obsoletely toothed downy beneath, st. panicled woolly, heads
axillary and terminal corymbose, rays much longer than the disk.
—Inula Sm., E. B. 1115.—St. 12—18 in. high, leafy. Heads
larger than in No. 1, bright yellow, fr. angular. Outer pappus
cuplike, crenulate.—Damp places. P. VIII. IX. Fleabane.

Tribe III. Senecioidee.

Style of the hermaphrodite florets cylindrical with long linear
branches terminated by a bunch of hairs or sometimes extending
beyond the hairs into a short cone or elongated appendage.
Stigmatic lines broad and prominent and extending as far as the
hairs.

Section 1. HELIANTHE AS. Heads usually heterogamous
and radiant, or homogamous and discoid. Anth. without ap-
pendages. ee paleaceous throughout or only near the
margin. Cor. of the hermaphrodite florets with thickened lobes.
Pappus aristate in our plants.
BIDENS.—ANTHEMIS. 169

11. (24.) Brpens Linn.

1. B. tripartita (L.); 1. stalked 3-partite, segments lanceolate
serrate, fr. obovate-cuneate usually with 2 bristles.—E. B. 1113.
—St. 1—3 feet high, with opposite branches. L. narrowed into
winged footstalks, sometimes undivided, sometimes pinnate-5-fid.
Heads terminal, solitary, slightly drooping. Florets brownish-
jolt radiata; with radiant 3-toothed marginal florets.—

arshy places. A. VIII. IX.

2. B. cernua (L.); 1. sessile connate lanceolate undivided ser-
rate, fr. cuneate usually with 3—4 bristles —H#.B.1114.—St. 1—3
feet high, with opposite branches. L. simple, narrowed below but
not stalked. Heads terminal, solitary, droopmg. Florets brown-
ish-yellow.—8. radiata; with radiant marginal florets. Coreopsis
Bidens (L.) St. 1. 16.— Watery places. A. VIII. IX.

Section 2. ANTHEMIDEA. Heads usually heterogamous,
ray female or neuter. Anth. without appendages. Branches of
the style truncate, bearded, very rarely terminated by a cone.
Pappus often wanting or crownlike, rarely formed of scales or
capillary hairs.

12. (21.) Anroemis Linn.

* Scales of the receptacle lanceolate or oblong terminating in
an acute rigid point.

1. A. arvensis (L.); receptacle conical, fr. tetragonal, 1. bipin-
natifid hairy, segments linear-lanceolate.—E. B. 602. St. 27.16.
—St. 1—2 feet high, striated, downy, much branched. Segments
of the 1. parallel and at length converging. Heads on long stalks,
solitary, terminal ; disk convex, bright yellow; ray white, always
having styles. Scales just appearmg above the florets of the
disk, lanceolate. Outer fr. crowned with a tumid plicate-rugose
ring, inner with an acute margin.—Borders of cultivated fields,
yare. A. VI. VII. Corn Chamomile.

+2. A. tinctoria (L.); receptacle hemispherical, fr. tetragonal
crowned with a membranous undivided border, 1. bipinnatifid
downy beneath, segments parallel decurrent serrated, ray shorter
than the breadth of the disk —E. B. 1472.—8t. 1—2 feet high,
much branched, cottony. L. green, rough or hairy above, cot-
tony and white beneath. Heads on long stalks, solitary terminal,
disk and rays bright yellow. Scales not protruding.—Fields
and stony places, rare. B.? VII. VIII. ES.

+3. A. anglica (Spr.); receptacle flat, fr. crowned with a very

narrow entire border, 1. pinnatifid somewhat hairy, lobes mcise-

serrate acute bristle-pomted rather fleshy—A. maritima Sm.,

E. B. 2370.—St. prostrate, branched, downy. Involucre downy.
I
170 45. COMPOSITE.

Disk yellow, ray white. Scales of the receptacle shorter than
the opened flowers, subulate. (See DC. Prod. vi. 10.)—Sea-shore.
Sunderland. Mr. Robson. Mr. James Backhouse, 1844! A. vue

** Scales of the receptacle linear-setaceous acute. MaRuta Cass.

4. A. Cotula (L.) ; receptacle elongate-conical, fr. terete tuber-
cular-striated crowned with a crenulated margin surrounding a
slightly convex disk, 1. bipinnatifid nearly glabrous, lobes linear
acute mostly entire —E. B. 1772.—St. 1—2 feet high, branched,
angular, furrowed. Heads solitary, on long terminal stalks ; disk
yellow ; ray white, without styles. Tube of cor. 2-winged. Phyll.
obtuse, with white membranous margins. Whole plant fetid and
acrid.—Fields and waste places. A. VIJ—IX.

*** Scales of the receptacle thin membranous obtuse.

5. A. nobilis (L.) ; receptacle conical, fr. ‘ subtrigonous smooth
crowned with an obsolete margin,” |]. bipinnate, leaflets linear-
subulate slightly downy rather fleshy acute.—E. B. 980. Sé. 27.
15.—St. procumbent, ] foot long, much branched. Heads soli-
tary, terminal, disk yellow, ray white. Pleasantly aromatie.—
Gravelly and sandy places. P. VII. VIII. Chamomile. EI.

{Anacyclus radiatus (Lois.); 1. bipinnatifid rather woolly,
lobes linear-subulate, outer phyll. hairy on the back, inner obtuse
dilated diaphanous above.—Heads solitary, ray yellow.—Dunboy
Quay, Bearhaven, Cork. Mr. W. Wilson. A. VII]

13. (22.) AcuiLLEA Linn.

1. A. Ptarmica (L.); l. shining linear-lanceolate attenuated
acute glabrous smooth uniformly and finely serrate, serratures ad-
pressed mucronate minutely scabrous at the margin, ray 8—12-
flowered as long as the involucre, corymb compound.—E. B. 757.
St. 10.—St. about 2 feet high, shghtly branched above, erect,
leafy, angular, smooth. Phyll. with a dark brown membranous
margin. Limb of the radiant florets longer than broad, white.
Disk broad, white. L. sometimes very narrow ; serratures closely
adpressed, lower not deeper than the others.—Moist meadows
and thickets. P. VI. VIII. Sneezewort.

2. A. decolorans (Schrad.) ; 1. opaque linear-lanceolate bluntish
downy thickly punctured coarsely and doubly serrate with spread-
ing serratures laciniate and radiating at the base, ray 5- or 6-
flowered about as long as the involucre, corymb compound.—A.
serrata Sm., E. B. 2531 (not Retz.).—St. simple, erect, leafy,
with axillary leafy tufts, downy. Phyll. with a reddish-yellow
membranous margin. Limb of the radiant florets pale yellow,
broader than long. Disk darker yellow. L. not at all attenuated
DIOTIS.—CHRYSANTHEMUM. 171

and very different in shape, consistency and sculpture from those
of the preceding.—Near Matlock. P. IX.]

*3. A. tomentosa (L.); 1. with a linear-lanceolate outline pinna-
tifid woolly, lobes crowded linear acute, trifid in the lowermost
leaves, 2—3-fid in the intermediate, uppermost simple, corymb re-
peatedly compound, ray about half as long as the involucre.—
E. B, 2532. St. 59. 15.—St. 10—12 in. high, decumbent at the
base, woolly, simple. Phyll. woolly, edged with brown. Disk
but pe golden yellow.—An escape from cultivation. P. VII.

: 8.1.

4. A. Millefolium (L.); 1. with a lanceolate outline bipinnatifid
woolly or nearly glabrous, lobes cut with linear segments, rachis
entire or subdentate with entire teeth, corymb dense, rays about
half as long as the involucre.—E. B. 758. St. 10—St. erect,
6—18 in. high, nearly glabrous or woolly. Phyll. nearly glabrous
with a brown margin. Heads small. Florets white, occasionally
reddish or purple —Pastures and waste ground. P. VI—VIII.
Yarrow. Millefoil.

5. A. tanacetifolia (All.); stem-1. with an oblong outline bi-
pinnatifid woolly or nearly glabrous, rachis winged serrate, pinne
pinnules and teeth of the rachis incise-serrate, corymb dense,
rays about half as long as the involucre.—St. 3—4 feet high,
erect, woolly. Root-l. stalked, with a lanceolate outline; ra-
chis with large incise-serrate teeth especially just under the pmne.
Pinnze and pinnules broad. Rachis of the st.-l. and the upper
part of the radical 1. broadly winged. FI. yellowish. St.-]. some-
times pinnatifid only.—Rimging Low near Sheffield; Cromford
Moor, Derbyshire. Mr. John Hardy. P. VII. E.

14. (23.) Dioris Desf.

1. D. maritima (Cass.).—E. B. 141.—Densely cottony and
white. St. about a foot high, recumbent below, densely leafy,
corymbose above. L. sessile, oblong, obtuse, flat, crenate, per-
sistent. Heads in terminal corymbose tufts. Inv. cottony.
Florets yellow.—Sandy sea-shores, rare. P, VIII. IX. E.

15. (17.) Curysantuemum Linn.

1. C. Leucanthemum (L.); lower 1. obovate stalked, stem-l.
oblong obtuse cut sessile pinnatifid at the base, phyll. lanceolate
obtuse with a narrow membranous margin, florets of the ray white,
fr. without a border.—E. B. 601. St. 2. 11.—St. erect, ]—2 feet
high, simple, striated. Lower 1. narrowing into a winged and
auricled stalk. Heads solitary, terminal, large, disk yellow.—
Fields. P. VI—VIII. Oz-eye. 5

I
172 45. COMPOSITE.

2. C, segetum (L.); 1. glabrous toothed dilated outwards and
lobed, upper |. clasping, phyll. ovate obtuse with a broad mem-
branous margin, florets of the ray yellow.— E. B. 540.—St. a foot
high, alternately branched, angular. L. incise-serrate or lobed
in the upper part, simply toothed below. Heads solitary, ter-
minal.—Corn-fields. A. VI.—VIII. Corn Marigold.

16. (18.) Marricartia Linn.

* Involucre conver. PyRETHRUM Sm.

1. M. Parthenium (L.); 1. stalked pinnate, segments ovate or
oblong pinnatifid, lobes cut, st. branched, heads corymbose, phyll.
linear obtuse, receptacle convex, fr. crowned with a short jagged
membrane.—E. B. 1231.—St. erect, 2 feet high, branched, fur-
rowed, panicled. Ileads in small corymbs terminating the stem
and branches, disk yellow, ray white.—Waste places, not very
common. P. VI. VIII. Feverfew.

2. M. modora (L.); 1. sessile pinnatifid in numerous capil-
lary pointed segments, st. branched, heads solitary, phyll. lanceolate
obtuse, receptacle ovate, fr. rugose and with 2 round glandular
dots on the external face just below the elevated entire border.—
E. B. 676.—St. erect, 12—18 in. high, smooth, angular. L. in
very narrow elongated mostly alternate segments “fwrowed
beneath.” Heads solitary, terminating the branches, margin of
phyll. cut and fuscous, ray white, disk yellow. Fr. with 3 pro-
minent smooth ribs; intermediate spaces rugose, 2 narrow and
internal, 1 broad and external.—A maritime form of this is often
taken for the next species.—Fields and waste places. A. VII.
VIII.

3. MW. maritima (L.) ; 1. sessile doubly pinnate, segments fleshy
linear entire bluntish convex above, principal ribs keeled beneath,
st. branched diffuse, heads solitary, lee lanceolate obtuse, fr.
slightly rugose and with 2 elongated glandular spots on the ex-
ternul face yust below the lobed elevated border.—#. B. 979.—
St. reddish. L. with short crowded mostly opposite segments.
Heads as in AJ. inodora, but ray shorter in proportion ; “ margin
of phyll. pale and entire ;”” receptacle hemispherical. Fr. with
3 prominent smooth ribs; a narrow intermediate rugose space
externally, 2 internal spaces reduced to simple lines. —Sea-shores.
P. VII. VIII.

** Tnvolucre nearly flat. Marricaria Sm.

4. M. Chamomilla (L.) ; 1. bipimnate smooth, segments capil-
lary simple or divided, heads solitary, receptacle hollow conical,
phyll. linear obtuse.— E. B.1232.—St. erect, 1 foothigh, branched.
Heads on long naked stalks, disk yellow, ray white.—Cultivated
and waste ground, A. VI. VII. Wild Chamomile.
ARTEMISIA.—TANACETUM. 173

17. (19.) Arremis1a Linn.
* Receptacle hairy.

1, A. Absinthium (L.); heads drooping hemispherical hetero-
gamous, |. silky in many deep lanceolate obtuse segments, outer
phyll. linear silky, inner roundish scarious.—E. B. 1230.—St.
bushy, 1—2 feet high. Teads in erect aggregate leafy panicles.
Floral 1. simple. Florets dull yellow, the outer row female.—
Waste ground. P. VII. VIIL Wormwood.

* Receptacle naked.

2. A. campestris (L.); heads drooping ovate glabrous hetero-
gamous, l. si/ky with many linear-lanceolate mucronate segments,
stem-l. once or twice pinnate with linear segments, st. wandlike
procumbent before flowering, phyll. ovate glabrous with a scarious
margin.—E. B. 338.—Barren st. cespitose. Flowering st.
slender, 1—2 feet long, ascending when the flowers appear, leafy,
smooth. Florets yellow, those of disk sterile, volucre purplish.
—Sandy heaths in Norf. and Suff., rare. P. VIII. IX. E.

3. A. vulgaris (L.); heads ovate heterogamous, /. woolly and
white beneath pinnatifid with lanceolate acuminate cut and serrated
segments, phyll. woolly —E. B. 978.—St. 2—3 feet high, erect,
leafy. Clusters leafy, nearly simple, erect. Fl. few, reddish or
brownish yellow.— Waste ground. P. VIT.—IX. Mugwort.

4. A. maritima (L.); heads oblong, florets few all perfect, L.
downy pinnatifid with linear obtuse segments, phyll. oblong outer
woolly imer scarious—E. B. 1706.—St. recumbent or ascend-
ing, woolly, much branched. Florets reddish-yellow. Racemes
drooping.—8. A. gallica (Willd.); racemes more dense, heads
erect. E. B. 1001.—y. A. salina (Willd.); racemes unilateral,
heads drooping.—Salt marshes. P. VIII. IX.

[A. cerulescens (L.); heads oblong, florets few all perfect, /.
hoary lanceolate undivided, those of the barren shoots pinnatifid.
—E. B. 2426.—Boston and Isle of Wight. Doubtless an error.
P. VIII. TX.]

18. (20.) Tanacetum Linn. Tansy.

1. T. vulgare (L.); 1. bipinnatifid, Its. serrated.—HE. B. 1229.
—Heads in a terminal corymb. Fi. golden-yellow. Fr. with an
entire crown. St. 2—3 feet high—Way-sides. P. VII.

Section 3. GNAPHALIEZ. Weads homogamous or hete-
rogamous, discoid. Anthers with appendages. Branches of the
styles of the hermaphrodite florets truncate. Pappus pilose or
setaceous, rarely 0.
174 45. COMPOSIT.

19. (14.) Finaco Linn. Cudweed.

1. F. germanica (L.) ; eottony, st. proliferous at the summit,
1. lanceolate wavy acute, heads obscurely 5-angled half sunk in
tomentum forming axillary and terminal clusters not surrounded
and overtopped by 1., phyll. longitudinally folded linear cuspidate
with glabrous points.—Gnaphalium Sm., E. B.946.—Grey. St.
erect or ascending, 4—12 in. long, usually simple below, bearing
a solitary terminal cluster of heads, afterwards producing from
just. below it 2 erect branches which are again proliferous. Heads
20—40 in each cluster, reentering angles obsolete, 1. nearest to
the cluster much narrowed upwards and acute. Tips of pbyll.
yellow, rarely reddish.—Dry fields. A. VII. VIII.

2. F. apiculata (G. E. Sm.); cottony, st. proliferous at the
summit, /. all oblong blunt apiculate, heads prominently 5-angled
half sunk in tomentum forming lateral axillary and terminal
clusters surrounded and overtopped by 1—2 blunt 1., phyll. boat-
shaped cuspidate with glabrous points.—G. E. Sm.! im Phytol.
un. 575. F. lutescens Jord.! Pl. nov. Fr. iii. t. 7.—Greenish.
Smelling like tansey. St. mostly erect, with short branches
below. Heads larger than in F. germ., 10—20 in a eluster, re-
entering angles deep; cluster often seeming lateral from only 1
branch being produced just below it; ]. nearest to the cluster
scarcely narrowed upwards, blunt, apiculate. Tips of phyll.
purple.—Sandy places. A. VII. VIII. E.

3. F. spathulata (Presl.); silky, st. 2—3-chotomous, 1. oblong-
obovate, heads prominently 5-angled not deeply sunk in tomentum
forming axillary and terminal clusters overtopped by 2—3 acute
1., phyll. cuspidate boatshaped with glabrous pomts.—F. Jussiei
Atl. Fl. Par. t. 26.—Whitish. St. usually branched from near
its base. Heads larger than those of F. germ., 8—15 in each
cluster, reentering angles very deep. Tips of phyll. yellow.—
Dry fields. A. VII. VIII. E.

4. F. minima (Fr.); st. dichotomously branched, 1. linear-lan-
ceolate acute flat adpressed, heads conical in lateral and terminal
clusters longer than the leaves, phyll. bluntish cottony with gla-
brous points.—F. B.1157. Gnaphalium Sm.—St. slender, erect,
2—6 in. high, branche, the branches dichotomous, or prostrate
and spreading. FI. yellowish in very small heads. Whole plant
cottony, grayish.—Dry sandy and gravelly places. A, VI—IX.

5. F. gallica (L.) ; st. dichotomously branched, ?. linear acute,
heads conical in axillary terminal clusters shorter than the leaves,
outer phyll. cottony with bluntish glabrous points gibbous at the
base and inclosing the marginal fr—E. B. 2369. Gnaphalium
Sm.—t. 6—8 in. high, slender. L. narrowing upwards from the
base, upright, afterwards revolute.—Dry gravelly places, very
GNAPHALIUM.—ANTENNARIA. 175

rare. Bere Church, Essex. Rev. W. L. P. Garnons, 1842. A.
VIL.—IX. E.

20. (13.) Gnapnatrum Linn.

1. G. luteo-album (L.); st. simple branched at the base slightly
corymbose above, heads densely clustered leafless, 1. linear-oblong
wavy woolly on both sides half clasping, lower 1. broader at the
end and obtuse, upper 1. narrowing and acute.—E. B. 1002.—
Woolly. St. 3—12 in. high, decumbent below, then erect or
ascending. Heads aggregated at the extremities of the stem,
involucre straw-coloured, florets tinged with red.—Sandy fields,
very rare. + Belfast. Mr. W. Thompson. A. VII. VIIL E. 1.

2. G. uliginosum (L.); st. diffuse much branched, heads in ter-
minal dense clusters shorter than the leaves, 1. linear-lanceolate
cottony on both sides.—H. B. 1194.—St. 3—5 in. high, much
branched, decumbent or ascending. Heads aggregated at the
extremity of the st. and branches, mvolucre yellowish-brown.—
Wet sandy places. A. VII. VIII.

3. G. sylvaticum (L.); st. simple nearly erect, heads in axillary
clusters forming an interrupted leafy spike, 1. acute linear-lanceo-
late, st.-l. narrower.—G. rectum Sm., EH. B. 124.—St. 3—24 in.
high, upper half constituting the spike. Upper 1. very narrow.—
Woods and heaths. P. VIL—IX.

4. G. norvegicum (Gunn.); st. simple nearly erect, heads in a
close terminal leafy spike, 1. silky or cottony on both sides lanceo-
late, st.-l. acuminate-mucronate broad.—St. 38.5. G. sylvati-
cum Sm., E. B.913.—St. 6—12 im. high, spike distinctly terminal.
St.-l. broad. FI. longer in proportion to the inv., and quite
distinct from G. sylvaticum.—Highland Mountains. P. VIII. S.

5. G. supinum (L.); cespitose, st. decumbent, flowering st.
erect, heads 1—5 distant, |. limear downy on both sides mostly
radical—Height 2—3 in. Cespitose, very leafy at the root.
Flowering st. with few leaves which are downy on both sides.—
a. G. supinum (Willd.); heads sessile forming a sort of capitate
spike.—8. G. fuscum (Willd.) ; heads stalked subracemose. E. B.
1193.—y. G. pusillum (Willd.) ; heads solitary.—Highland moun-
tains. P. VII. s.

21. (15.) Anrennaria R. Br.

1. A. dioica (Gaert.); shoots procumbent, flowering st. simple
erect, corymb dense terminal, phyll. oblong dilated upwards ob-
tuse coloured, root-/. obovate-spathulate glabrous above cottony
beneath, stem-l. nearly equal linear-lanceolate adpressed.—E. B.
267. Gnaphalium Sm.—Root of long simple fibres. St. pro-
strate, woody, terminating in a tuft of numerous 1. and producing
176 45. COMPOSITS.

prostrate leafy scions. Flowering st.4—8 in. high, quite simple,
cottony. Heads 4—5, erect, slightly stalked. Phyll. white or
rose-colour.—f. A. hyperborea (D. Don); 1. cottony on both
sides. FE. B. S. 2640.—Mountam heaths. P. VI. VII.

+2. A. margaritacea (R. Br.); st. erect branched above corym-
bose leafy, 7. linear-lanceolate acute cottony below, heads in
level-topped corymbs.—E. B. 2018.—St. 2—3 feet high, cottony.
L. alternate, slightly cottony above, densely beneath. Inv. white.
Fl. yellowish.— Moist meadows, rare. P. VIII.

Section 4. SENECIONE As. Heads homogamous or hete-
rogamous, discoid or radiant. dnth. without appendages. Pap-
pus pilose or setaceous, rarely 0.

22. (6.) Doronicum Linn.

+1. D. Pardalianches (L.); 1. cordate denticulate, lowermost
1. on long stalks, intermediate with clasping auricles at the base of
the stalk, uppermost sessile clasping, root creeping tuberous.—
E. B.S. 2654.—St. 2—3 feet high, erect, solitary, hollow, hairy.
L. hairy, minutely toothed, soft, blunt, the uppermost acute.
Lowest petioles not auricled. Heads several, phyll. lanceolate-
subulate. Florets yellow. The earlier heads overtopped by the
latter ones. Fr. oblong, furrowed, of disk hairy, of ray glabrous.
—Damp and hilly woods and pastures, rare. P. V.—VII.

+2. D. plantagineum (L.?); 1. ovate denticulate, radical on
long stalks rounded or subcordate produced at the base, stem-l.
sessile claspmg the lowermost with a winged and auricled stalk.
—E. B. 630. (excl. leaf.)—Crown of the root woolly.—St. 2—3
feet high. Stem-l. narrowed in their lower half but sessile, upper-
most with a long taper pomt. Heads usually solitary, or, if more,
the lateral ones not overtoppimg the termimal one. Phyl. subu-
late. Fr. of ray glabrous. Florets yellow.—Damp places, rare.
Pp. VI. VII. E.s,

23. (5.) Crineraria Linn.

1. C. palustris (L.); shaggy, st. much branched and corym-
bose above, J. broadly lanceolate half-clasping, lower |. sinuate-
dentate —E. B.151. Senecio DC.—St. 3 feet high, thick, hol-
low, leafy. Heads erect. Florets bright yellow.—Fen ditches,
now become very scarce. P. VI. VII. E.

2. C. campestris (Retz.); shaggy, st. simple, root oblong nearly
entire narrowed below, stem-1. lanceolate, heads corymbose, invo-
lucre woolly below nearly glabrous in the upper half, fr. hispid.—
C. integrifolia Sm., E.B. 152. Senecio DC.—St. 6—8 in. high,
with small st.-leaves. Heads erect, 1—6, in a simple corymb.
SENECIO. 177

Involucre often almost glabrous, pale. Florets yellow—In very
wet seasons (Mag. Nat. Hist. v. 88.) and near the sea this plant
is often thrice as large with numerous larger heads and the lower
1. dentate, when it is the 8. maritima of authors.—Chalk downs ;
8. on maritime rocks near Holyhead. P.? VI. E.

24. (4.) Senecio Linn.

* Florets all tubular, or the marginal ones ligulate but revolute.

1. S. vulgaris (L.); 1. half-clasping pinnatifid, segments di-
stant oblong obtuse and together with the rachis and auricles
acutely and unequally toothed, lower 1. narrowed into a stalk,
heads in clustered racemes, outer phyll. very short adpressed with
black points, ray 0.—E. B. 747.—Smooth or woolly. St. 6—12
in. high, branching. Heads small; involucre oblong-conical
glabrous, florets yellow, fr. silky—8. radiatus (Koch); with a
single row of ligulate minute revolute marginal florets—Com-
mon. A. I.—XII. Groundsel.

2. S. viscosus (L.); 2. deeply pinnatifid viscid glandular-hairy,
segments oblong unequally toothed and lobed, heads im an irre-
gular corymb, involucre viscid, outer phyll. half the length of the
inner hairy, ray small revolute, fr. glabrous.—E. B.32.—St. 1—2
feet high, much branched, spreading. Heads on long stalks, inv.
cylindrical, fl. yellow.— Waste ground, rare. A. VII.—IX.

3. S. sylvaticus (L.); 1. deeply pimnatifid downy, segments ob-
long unequally toothed, heads corymbose, involucre downy, outer
phyll. very short glabrous, ray small revolute, fr. silky.—E. B.
748.—St. 1—2 feet high, erect, more or less branched, hairy.
L. narrower than in the last. Involucres conical, florets yellow.
—B8. lividus; upper 1. distinctly auricled and clasping. £. B.
2515.—Dry and gravelly places. A. VII.—IX.

** Heads with spreading rays. Leaves pinnatifid.

*4, §. squalidus (L.); 1. pinnatifid glabrous, segments linear
or oblong distant toothed irregular, heads loosely corymbose, in-
volucre glabrous, outer phyll. few small, fr. silky —H. B. 600.
S. chrysanthemifolius DC.—St. much branched, leafy, smooth.
L. sessile, often auricled, deeply and irregularly lobed. Heads
few, broad. Outer phyll. very small, sometimes very few. Many
awlshaped scattered bracts below the heads. Florets yellow.—
Walls. Oxford. Bideford, Devon. A. VI.—X. E.

5. S. erucifolius (L.); 1. pinnatifid margins somewhat revolute
downy beneath, lower 1. stalked, segments linear the lowermost
smallest entire and clasping the stem, outer phyll. half as long as
the inner, fr. all silky. —E. B.574. 8S. tenwfolius oe

I
178 45. COMPOSITE.

creeping. St. erect, 2 feet high, angular, furrowed, somewhat
cottony, simple. Lower 1. oblong-ovate deeply pinnatifid, the
segments often linear, downy on both surfaces but particularly
beneath. Fy. all having persistent pappus. Florets yellow.
Wher the 1. are divided into very narrow segments it is S. tenui-
folius Jacq.—Calcareous soils. P. VII. VIII.

6. S. Jacobea (L.); lower 1. oblong-obovate attenuated below
lyrate-pinnatifid stalked, stem-1. sessile ipinnatifid, segments
spreading oblong deeply and irregularly toothed and cut lower-
most much divided clasping, outer phyll. scattered few lax, fr.
hairy those of the ray glabrous.—E. B. 1130.—Root fleshy. St.2
—3 feet high, smooth, striated, branched, leafy. Corymb with
erect branches. L. glabrous. Fy. of the ray with deciduous pap-
pus. Florets yellow. Ray sometimes wanting.— Waste ground.
P. VIL—IX. Ragwort.

7. S. aquaticus (Huds.); lower 1. stalked crenate or dentate
obovate or oblong slightly produced at the base undivided or sub-
lyrate obtuse, upper |. lyrate or pinnately cut, segments oblong
or linear, st. round corymbosely branched, fr. all glabrous “ sub-
muricate.—E. B. 1131.—St. erect, 1—4 feet high, simple or
branched in the upper half, branches ascending. Terminal lobe
of the lower 1. rounded below and narrowed into its stalk.—
B. major; 1. lyrate, terminal lobe truncate or subcordate below,
segments subspathulate. St. with numerous branches.—In
marshy places. P. VII. VIII.

*kE Heads with spreading rays. Leaves undivided.

8. S. paludosus (L.); 1. sessile elongate-lanceolate tapering
sharply serrate cottony beneath, st. straight hollow, corymbs ter-
minal.— £. B. 650.—St.4—6 feet high, somewhat woolly. Flo-
rets yellow, of the ray narrow 13—16.—Fen ditches, very rare.
P. V.-VII. E.

9. S. saracenicus (L.); 2. sessile lanceolate acute glabrous irre-
gularly serrate the teeth small incurved, st. straight solid, corymbs
terminal, ray of 6—7 florets.—-E. B. 221].—St. 3—5 feet high,
smooth. L. broad. Corymb many-headed. Florets vellow.—
Watery places, local. P. VIII.

Tribe IV. Cynaree.

Style of the hermaphrodite florets nodosely thickened above
and often with a bunch of hairs at the knot; its branches united
or free, downy externally. Stigmatic lines reaching to the apex
of the branches and there confluent.

Section 1. CARLINE_E. Heads many-fiowered, never di-
cecious. Phyllaries in many rows, distinct, often spmous. Fila-
SAUSSUREA.—ARCTIUM. 179

ments distinct, naked. Fr. mostly villose. Pappus in 1—2 rows,
not surrounded by an elevated margin.

25. SaussuREA Cand.

1. S. alpina (DC.); 1. nearly glabrous above cottony beneath,
lower ones ovate lanceolate, upper sessile lanceolate, all distantly
toothed, heads few in a dense corymb, involucre subcylindrical,
phyll. adpressed hairy.—Serratula Sm., E. B. 599.—St. 3—12
in. high, erect, downy, simple, terminating in a small corymb of
heads with pinkish florets and purple anthers. FI. scented like
Heliotrope. Fr. glabrous—In alpine situations. P. VIII.

26. Carina Linn.

1. C. vulgaris (L.); st. corymbose one- or many-headed, 1. ob-
long-lanceolate sinuate spinous, outer phyll. bipinnatifid spmous,
inner linear-lanceolate attenuated acute ciliated in the lower half,
bracts shorter than the heads.— EH. B. 1144.—St. 6—12 im. high,
usually cottony, leafy. Root-l. lanceolate or lmnear-lanceolate.
Under side of the 1. and phyll. often cottony. Heads large, inner

*phyll. cream-coloured, florets red, anth. yellow.—Dry sandy
heaths. B. VII.—X.

[C. racemosa (L.); 1. lanceolate sinuate spmose, heads in the
axils of the dichotomous st. or terminal, mner phyll. radiant yel-
low, bracts longer than the heads.—A single specimen found in
the isle of Arran. I. Mr. Andrews. Lond. Journ. Bot. iv. 570.]

27. Arctium Linn.

1. A. majus (Schkuhr) ; heads subcorymhose, involucres nearly
glabrous, inner phyll. subulate gradually attenuated into a mu-
cronate point longer than the florets.—A. Lappa Sm.—St. much
branched, 3—4 feet high, leafy. L. cordate ovate, the lowermost
very large. Heads large. Phyll. all yellowish-green; a few of
the innermost narrowed very gradually into a short rigid straight
point, the margins scarious. Scarcely any trace of a web unless
on the very youngest heads.—Waste places, not very common.
B. VIL. VIE. Great Burdock.

2. A. minus (Schkuhr) ; heads racemose globular webbed, inner
phyll. coloured subulate rather abruptly mucronate shorter than
the florets.—A. Lappa, E. B.1228. Fl. Lond. ii. 173.—L. rather
smaller than in the last. Heads small. Phyll. usually purplish,
inner ones without hooks but narrowed rather suddenly into an
almost straight rigid point. Web often very slight.—§. A. inter-
medium (Lange MSS.) ; heads larger ovate, phyll. proportionably
longer and more prominent. A. Bardana E. B. 2478. (not Willd.)
—Waste places. B. VII. VIII. Lesser Burdock.
180 45. COMPOSIT#.

Section 2. SERRATULEA. Heads many-flowered ; florets
all tubular, hermaphrodite or dicecious, the external row sometimes
female. Involucre of many rows of distinct phyllaries. Filaments
distinct. Pappus in many rows of different lengths, inner row
longest, pilose or plumose, surrounded by a margin.

28. SERRATULA Linn.

1. S. tinetoria (L.); 1. with bristly serratures pinnatifid some-
what lyrate, heads oblong corymbose, ovate adpressed, inner
ones linear coloured.—E. B. 38. St. 3. 16.—St. 2—3 feet high,
straight, erect, angular, branched above. L. variously pinnatifid
or lyrate, rarely entire. Florets purple.—Groves and thickets.
P. VIU. Saw-wort.° E.

Section 3. CENTAUREA. Heads many-flowered, discoidal,
outer row of florets usually barren enlarged and irregular. Phyl-
laries m many rows. Filaments distinct. Pappus in many rows
of different lengths, second row longest, setaceo-pilose, placed
within the margin which surrounds the epigynous disk, rarely 0.

29. CenTaurea Linn.

* Phyll. with a scarious pectinated not decurrent appendage.

[l. C. Jacea (L.); involucral appendages torn the outer ones
pinnatifid quite covering the imv., heads radiant, pappus 0, 1.
linear-lanceolate lower ones broader and toothed.—#. B. 1678.
—Lower 1. ovate-lanceolate, stalked, toothed. Involucre pale
brown, few outermost phyll. with appendages deeply jagged m a
pinnatifid manner, few innermost entire, the rest irregularly
jagged. I have seen no native specimens.—Very rare. Sussex.
Borrer. Angusshire and Belfast. Hooker. P. VII. IX.]

2. C. nigra (L.); involucral appendages erect ovate-uttenuate
pectinated quite covering the inv., teeth divaricated capillary
twice as long as the breadth of the appendage, pappus very short
tufted —E. B.278.—St. 1—2 feet high, erect, slender. L. linear
or lanceolate, lower 1. broader incise-sinuate or laciniate or entire.
Phyll. light brown or yellow, appendages dark, of the outermost
smaller and narrower than the others; of the innermost roundish,
dark brown, membranous, jagged but not pectinated ; all con-
tracted just below the appendage; the upper ones crowded.
Heads not radiant, florets all fertile purple or rarely white.—
B. radiata; outer row of florets barren and radiant.—Meadows
and pastures. P. VIET. IX. Black Knapweed.

3. C. nigrescens (“ Willd.,” Koch); involucral appendages
erect ovate pectinated about 3 innermost rows separated from the
rest and exposing the phyll., teeth capillary scarcely longer than
the breadth of the appendage, pappus almost wanting, |. lanceo-
CENTAUREA. 181

late denticulate, lower 1. ovate lanceolate entire sinuate-dentate
or lyrate-sinuate.—Resembles C. nigra but, I think, distinct.
St. decumbent below, stouter than in No. 2, more leafy. Phyll.
re appendages dark, of the outermost small, of succeeding rows

roader and broader, of about the 3 innermost rows roundish and
jagged irregularly. Heads large, usually radiant.—Meadows and
pastures in the West of England. P. VI.—IX. E.

** Phyllaries lanceolate, their upper half with a somewhat sca-
rious deeply toothed or fringed decurrent margin.

4. C. Cyanus (L.); phyll. erect adpressed deeply toothed,
pappus as long as the fruit, J. linear-lanceolate, the lowermost
toothed or pinnatifid.—£. B. 277.—St. 1—3 feet high, loosely
cottony, leafy. LL. slightly cottony above, densely beneath. In-
volucre greenish-yellow, phyll. often tinged with purple in their
upper half, margins brown decurrent with whitish teeth. Heads
with large radiant blue flowers, disk purple—Corn-fields. A. VI.
—VIII. Corn Bluebottle.

5. C. Scabiosa (L.); phyll. erect adpressed, the triangular-
ovate black pectinated appendages not covering the inv., teeth
ascending setaceous short, pappus as long as the fruit, 2. pinna-
tifid roughish, segments lobed with callous points.—£. B. 56.—
St. 2—3 feet high, rough, furrowed. L. hispid, lobes of the
upper ones entire. Heads on long naked stalks, solitary. Invo-
lucres usually rather woolly ; scales pale, with dark acute mem-
branous pectinated decurrent appendages ; teeth paler, short, not
longer than 4 the width of the scale. Florets purple, outer row
radiant or 0.—In a plant from “ Carmouctie, Fife,” the inv. is
quite covered by the appendages, not showing any of the pale por-
tion. It may be C. kotschyana Koch.—Fields and hedges. P. VII.
—IX. Great Knapweed.

*&* Phyll. horny at the end, spines palmate or pinnate.

*6. C. solstitialis (L.); phyll. woolly palmately spinous, central
spine of the intermediate ones very long needle-shaped, inner
ones with a roundish scarious appendage, heads terminal solitary,
st. winged with the decurrent bases of the linear-lanceolate entire
hoary leaves, root-l. lyrate—E. B. 243.—St. 1—2 feet_high,
branched, spreading. Involucres sometimes glabrous. Florets
yellow.—Cultivated land, probably introduced. A. VII.—IX.
‘Yellow Star-thistle. E.

7. C. Calcitrapa (L.); phyll. glabrous palmately spinous, cen-
tral spine strong channeled, innermost phyll. with a scarious
obtuse appendage, heads lateral sessile solitary, pappus obsolete,
1. deeply pinnatifid, lobes of the root-l. lanceolate toothed, of the
stem-l. linear. — E. B.125.—St. furrowed, slightly hairy, branched,
182 45. COMPOSITE.

spreading, about a foot high. Fl. purplish.— Gravelly and sandy
places. A. VII. VIII. Common Star-thistle. E.

(8. C. Isnardi (L.); phyll. palmately spinous, spines nearly
equal 3—5, innermost phyll. with a scarious obtuse lanceolate or
shghtly spathulate appendage, heads terminal solitary, pappus of
all the fr. in several rows, J. linear coarsely toothed narrowed
below sessile rough, lower ones (and those of the primary stem ?)
broader incise-dentate with clasping auricles.—E. B. 2256.—St.
procumbent, with long slender simple leafy branches each termi-
nated by a solitary head. L. mostly linear, slightly toothed or
entire.—Fl. purple.—Distinguished from C. aspera only by its
simple upper leaves.—Guernsey. P. VII. VIII.]

Section 4. CARDUINE. Heads many-fiowered, florets
alltubular. Involucre in many rows of distinct spinous phyllaries.
Filaments distinct. Pappus in many rows, not surrounded by a
prominent margin.

30. OnororpumM Linn.

1. O. Acanthinm (L.); st. erect many-headed, 1. elliptic-ob-
long woolly on both sides smuate spinous decurrent, outer phyll.
lanceolate-subulate recurved and spreading.—E. B.977.—St. 4
—5 feet high, woolly, with broad spinous wings, branched. In-
volucre nearly globose, large, somewhat cottony ; phyll. fringed
with minute spinous teeth. Florets purple.—Waste ground. B.
VIII. Cotton Thistle.

31. Carpuus Linn. Thistle.

[Many hybrids occur in this genus. ]
* Pappus rough. Carpuus Sm., DC., Koch.

1. C. nutans (L.); 1. decurrent spinous lanceolate sinuated,
heads solitary drooping hemispherical, phyll. lanceolate cottony
outer ones refleed.—B. B.1112.—St. 2 feet high, erect, angular,
furrowed, cottony, winged. L. hairy on both sides, with woolly
veins beneath, pinnatifid with 3-lobed wavy spinose-ciliated seg-
ments ending in strong spines. Heads large; fl. crimson; un-
opened anth. purple. Inv. hemispherical, intern. phyll. contracted
above the base and then lanceolate——Waste ground. B. V.—
VII.

2. C. erispus (L.); 1. decurrent spinose-ciliated lanceolate
glabrous or cottony beneath deeply pinnatifid, lobes trifid and
dentate, heads aggregated roundish, phyll. linear-subulate erect or
ascending.—E. B.9/3.—St. about 3 feet high. L. lanceolate,
downy or woolly beneath. Heads small, usually clustered. Phyll.
ending ina weak spine, ascending. Epigynous disk of fr. with a
CARDUUS. 183

conical not angular tubercle.—8. C. acanthoides (L.); 1. broadly
lanceolate, usually not downy beneath, head twice as large sohi-
tary or rarely 2 or 3 together, phyll. strongly spinous erect, cen-
tral tubercle of fr. 5-angled.—Dry banks and waste places. 8. is
the less common plant. B.? VI—VIII.

3. C. tenuiflorus (Curt.) ; 1. decurrent sinuate spinous broadly
lanceolate cottony beneath, segments ovate lobed, heads nume-
rous aggregate sessile subcylindrical, phyll. ovate-lanceolate at-
tenuated.— EF. B.412.—St. about 3 feet high, slightly branched,
with broad deeply lobed spinous wings. L. deeply sinuate or pin-
natifid. Involucres nearly glabrous. Florets pink.—Sandy
places near the sca. B.? VI—VIII.

** Pappus feathery. Cnicus Linn. Sm. Crrstum Koch, DC.
+ L. spinous-hairy above, fl. purple.

4. C. lanceolatus (L.); 1. decurrent white and cottony beneath
pinnatifid, lobes bifid with lanceolate entire segments each ter-
minated by a strong spine, involucres ovate shaggy, phyll. lanceo-
late spinous spreading —E. B.107.—St. 3—4 feet high, erect,
furrowed, hairy, with strong spinous wings. Heads terminal, soli-

tary or 2 or 3 together, large; florets purple——Waste ground.
B. VIL. VIII. Spear Thistle.

5. C. eriophorus (L.); 1. half-clasping not decurrent white and.
cottony beneath deeply pinnatifid, lobes bifid the segments lan-
ceolate entire alternately pointing upwards and downwards and
each terminated by a strong spine, involucres globose shaggy lan-
ceolate with a long linear spinous-tipped reflexed point.—E. B.
386.—St.3—4 feet high, much branched, furrowed, hairy. Root-].
1—2 feet long, lmear with long divergent lobes which form dou-
ble rows in a very regular manner. Stem-l. similar but smaller.
Heads very large ; involucre covered with a dense white web ;
florets purple. A remarkably conspicuous plant.— Waste ground
on a limestone soil. B. VIII. Woolly-headed Thistle.

+t Leaves not spinous-hairy above.
a. Limb of the cor, 5-parted to its base. Brena Less.

6. C. arvensis (Curt.); heads subdicecious, 1. subsessile oblong-
lanceolate pinnatifid spinous wavy, involucres ovate subglabrous,
phyll. broadly lanceolate adpressed terminating in a short spread-
ing spine, root creeping. —E. B. 975.—St. erect, 3—4 feet high,
leafy, angular, corymbose above. L. very spinous, sessile or very
slightly decurrent.—. latifolius; 1. glabrous oblong broad sinu-
ately lobed slightly wavy decurrent with an interrupted wavy
spinous wing, uppermost nearly sessile, lobes obtuse fringed with
strong equal spmes, im other respects like the type. I have only
seen this plant in one district and on one visit.—fy. setosus ; 1.
184 45. COMPOSITE.

lanceolate flat entire or slightly lobed. Cirs. setosum M. B.—
Fields and road-sides. 8. Croxall, Derbyshire, plentifully.  y.
Culross and Kirkwall, S. P. VII. 8. IX. Creeping Thistle.

b. Limb of the cor. 5-parted to its middle.

7. C. palustris (L.); 1. decurrent lanceolate deeply pimnatifid
spinose, involucres ovate clustered, phyll. ovate-lanceolate ad-
pressed mucronate—E. B. 974.—St. solitary, erect, 3—5 feet
high, wandlike, with wavy spinose wings throughout, slightly
branched. Heads in a terminal cluster. Florets purple or white.
Under side of the 1. usually cottony. Involucre with a slight
web.—Wet meadows. A. VII. VIII.

8. C. pratensis (Huds.); 1. mostly radical lanceolate wavy or
dobed pilose above cottony beneath fringed with minute prickles,
stem-l. not decurrent few clasping, involucres globose solitary ter-
minal slightly cottony, phyll. lanceolate-attenuated adpressed
mucronate, root stoloniferous—E. B.177. Cir. anglicum Lam.
—St. 1—2 feet high, cottony, usually quite simple and single-
headed, leafless in the upper half with a few scaly bracts, springing
singly from the suckers. L. broad, soft, sinuate-dentate, rarely with
small 2—3-fid lobes, fringed with small but unequal prickles, lower
1. stalked. Occasionally there are 2 or 3 fl. on a stem, but the
stem-l. are always soft and wavy at the edges, not pinnatifid as
in the preceding.—C. Fosteri (Sm.) is a hybrid between this and
C. pratensis having ]. slightly decurrent lanceolate all pimnatifid
spinous cottony beneath, st. panicled, inv. ovate slightly cottony,
root czespitose producing several stems.—Boggy meadows. P.
VI.—VIII.

9. C. tuberosus (L.); 1. lanceolate deeply pinnatifid pilose
above hairy or slightly cottony beneath fringed with minute
prickles, stem-l. sessile not decurrent, lobes 2—3-fid, involucres
ovate terminal 1—3 together slightly cottony, phyll. danceolate
mucronate adpressed, root of elliptical tapering fleshy fibres.—
E. B. 2562. Cir. bulbosum DC., Koch.—St. 2 feet high, erect,
round, hairy, leafless above the middle with a few minute bracts.
Lower 1. stalked, stem-l. nearly or quite sessile.—Great-ridge
Wood near Boyton, Wilts. P. VIII. IX. E.

10. C. acaulis (L.); ¢. glabrous radical lanceolate pinnatifid,
lobes subtrifid spinose, involucre ovate glabrous nearly sessile
mostly solitary, outer phyll. ovate immer ones gradually longer
adpressed, root with filiform fibres.—E. B. 161. St. 24. 16.—St.
generally wanting, sometimes 3—12 in. long, leafy, woolly. L. all
stalked, glabrous except a few hairs upon the ribs beneath.
Heads very large, fl. crimson.—. C. dubius (Willd,); st. much
branched woolly a foot or more in height. Willd. Fl. Berol.
f. 11. Perhaps a hybrid between this and C. arvensis.—Dry
SILYBUM.—ARNOSERIS. 185

calcareous pastures. 8. Saffron Walden, Essex. Mr. G. 8. Gib-
son. P, VIT.—IX.

11. C. gal be (L.); 2. elasping not decurrent glabrous
above white and downy beneath lanceolate serrated fringed with
minute prickles, root-l. with long stalks clasping at the base, in-
volucres ovate slightly downy, phyll. ovate or lanceolate acumi-
nate adpressed.— £. B. 675.—Root creeping. St. 3—4 feet high,
furrowed, cottony, slightly branched above. Heads large and
handsome. L. very large, undivided.—Moist mountain pastures.
P. VII. VIII.

Section 5. SILYBEA. Filaments monadelphous. Pappus
in many rows.

32. Sitysum Gaert. Milk Thistle.

1. S. marianum (Gaert.).—Carduus Sm:, E. B.976.—St. 3—4
feet high, ribbed and furrowed. _L. very large, oblong-lanceolate,
wavy, clasping; radical 1. pinnatifid, usually variegated with green
and milk-white. Heads large, globose. Phyll. closely adpressed
below, leaflike, with a long terminal recurved spme. Florets
purple, their tube very long.—Waste places. , B, VI. VII.

Suborder 2. LIGULIFLORA. FI. all perfect, ligulate.

Tribe V. Cichoriee.

Style cylindrical above and, with its long obtuse branches,
equally pubescent. Stigmatic lines prominent, narrow, termi-
nating below the middle of the branches.

Section 1. LAPSANEAS. Receptacle naked. Pappus 0.

33. Lapsana Linn.

1. L. communis (L.); 1. dentate or lobed stalked, lower 1. lyrate,
involucres glabrous angular, st. panicled.—F. B. 844.—St. and
1. hispid or nearly glabrous. St. 1—3 feet high, branched above.
Heads small, with yellow florets, in terminal panicles with small
subulate bracts at the subdivisions. Involucre of the fruit erect.
—Waste and cultivated land. A. VII. VIII. Nipplewort.

Section 2. HYOSERIDEZ. Receptacle naked. Pappus
like a crown, of many entire broad scales.

34. ARNOSERIS Gaert.
1. A. pusilla (Gaert.).—Lapsana Sm., E. B. 95.—St. 3—8 in.
186 45. COMPOSITA.

high, swelling and hollow upwards, leafless, with a minute bract
at the base of each branch. Each branch overtopping its prede-
cessor and gradually thickening up to the solitary small terminal
head of yellow florets. Inv. connivent over the fr. when its
phyll. become remarkably keeled. Receptacle alveolate towards
the margins. Fr. small obovate, attenuated below, 5 angled. L.
radical, oblong, toothed.—Gravelly and sandy fields, rare. A.
VI—VIII. E. 8.

35. Crcnorium Linn.

1. C. Intybus (L.) ; lower 1. runcinate hispid on the keel, upper
1. oblong or lanceolate clasping entire, heads axillary im pairs
nearly sessile—F. B. 539. St.6. 15.—St. 2—3 feet high, bristly,
alternately branched. Heads numerous, fl. bright blue handsome.
Floral 1. lanceolate from a broad clasping base.—Waste-places
on a gravelly or chalky soil. P. VII. VIII. Succory. Chicory.

Section 3. HYPOCHG@RIDE. Receptacle scaly. Pappus
feathery.

36. Hypocuaris Linn.
* Pappus with an outer row of bristles.

1. H. glabra (L.); st. branched leafless glabrous, /. oblong
dentate-sinuate, involucre glabrous equalling the forets.—E. B.
575.—St. 3—10 in. high, branched, scaly, each branch termi-
nating in a small solitary head. L. spreading im a circle on the
ground, glabrous, except a few scattered hairs. Outer row of
fruits destitute of a beak, the rest with a long beak.—. H. Bal-
bisti (Lois.); all the fruits with long beaks—Sandy and gravelly
places. 8. in Kent and Salop. A. VII. VIII. E.S.

2. H. radicata(L.) ; st. branched leafless glabrous, 1. runcinate
obtuse, involucre shorter than the florets —F. B. 831.—St. about
a foot high, branched, scaly, each branch terminating in a rather
large solitary head. L. spreading upon the ground, scabrous.
Stalks slightly thickened beneath the heads. Fr. all beaked.
Pappus with an outer row of hairs.—Waste ground. P.? VII.

** Pappus in one row. ACHYROPHORUS Scop.

3. H. maculata (L.); st. simple or slightly branched almost
leafless, 1. ovate-obloug undivided toothed pilose, phyll. bristly
on the back.—E. B. 225.—St. about a foot high, stout, slightly
hairy. L. often all radical. Beads large, florets decp yellow.
—Chalky and limestone hills. P. VII. VIII. E.

Section 4. SCORZONEREAs. Receptacle without scales.
Pappus feathery or on the exterior fruits scaly.
THRINCIA.—TRAGOPOGON. 187

37. Turinctia Roth.

1. T. hirta (DC.) ; 1. lanceolate sinuate-dentate or entire hispid
or hairy with forked or simple hairs, stalks simple pilose below.
—E. B. 555.—L. all radical, sometimes nearly or quite entire,
occasionally runcmate. Stalks purplish, quite simple, longer
than the leaves, somewhat hairy in their lower half. Phyll.
downy on the margins at the apex or hairy. Root premorse.—
Gravelly places and fields. P. VII.—IX.

38. Aparcia Schreb.

* Pappus with an outer row of bristles.

1. A. hispida (Willd.) ; 1. radical oblong-lanceolate runcinate
hispid with forked hairs, stalks simple naked or with 1 or 2 mi-
nute scales thickened upwards hispid, inv. hairy. B. 554.
Leontodon U.—L. with regular spreading or reflexed narrow
teeth. Stalks green, erect, longer than the leaves. Head droop-
ing in bud afterwards erect. Florets glandular at the end. Fr.
muricated.—Meadows and pastures. P, VI.—IX.

** Pappus in one row. OPorRInia Don.

2. A. autumnalis (Willd.); 1. radical linear-lanceolate toothed
or pinnatifid nearly glabrous, stalk branched scaly and thickened
upwards, inv. glabrous or hairy— E. B. 830. Leontodon Koch.
—L. all radical, tapering at the base, often with long linear
spreading segments, usually somewhat hairy particularly on the
midrib beneath. Inv. nearly always hairy. Pappus brownish.—
B. A. Taraxaci (Sm. not Willd.) ; 1. glabrous, stalk mostly simple,
inv. shaggy with greenish-black hairs. E. B.1109.—y. sordida ;
1. hairy, st. branched, iny. as in 8, plant very large.—Meadows
and pastures. £8. mountains. y. highland glens. P. VIII.

39. TracoroGon Linn.

1. T. minor (Fries); inv. about twice as long as the florets,
ped. slightly thickened at the very summit, |. tapering into a long
slender point from a dilated base.—T. major Hook. (not Jacq.)
—St. 2 feet high, branched, erect. Ib; clasping the stem, gradu-
ally tapering into a very long acute point. Phyl. 8, in 2 rows.
FL. yellow, truncate, 5-toothed. Anth. dark brown. _ Marginal
fr. angular, striated; angles squamosely toothed; interstices
tubercular.—Meadows and pastures. B.? VI. VII. Smaller
Goat’s-beard. E. 8.

2. T. pratensis (L.) ; inv. equalling or shorter than the florets,

ped. slightly thickened at the very summit, |. linear keeled dilated
at the base.—ZE. B. 434.—St. 142 feet high, branched, erect.
188 45. COMPOSITA.

L. ee the stem, narrowing upwards and terminating in a
very long linear-acute pomt. Phyll. 8, in 2 rows. FI. yellow,
truncate, 5 toothed. Anth. yellow. There are 2 forms of this
plant; (a) inv. equalling the fl., marginal fr. obsoletely striated
and squamosely-scabrous throughout ; (b) inv. rather shorter than
the fl., marginal fr. (in my specimen) yellow slightly furrowed
and quite smooth.—Meadows and pastures, less frequent than
the preceding. B.? VI. Field Goat’s-beard.

$3. T. porrifolius (L.); inv. longer than the florets, ped. much
thickened upwards, 1. tapering slightly dilated just alove the base.
—E. B. 638.—St. 3—4 feet high, erect, branched. L. slightly
broader just above the base then gradually narrowing to an acute
point. Heads twice as large as in the two preceding. Iny.
usually } longer than the fl., sometimes only equalling them. Fl.
purple. Marginal fr. squamosely-tubercular throughout but par-
ticularly on the ribs.—T. major is probably only a yellow-flowered
variety of this; it has not been found in Britam.—Moist mea-
dows. B. VI. Salsify.

40. Picris Linn.

1. P: hieracioides (L.); rough with forked and hooked bristles,
1. linear or lanceolate dentate or sinuated, upper 1. somewhat
clasping, heads solitary terminating the stem and branches, outer
phyll. lax oblong bristly on the keel glabrous on the margin, fr.
constricted just below the pappus.—Z. B. 196.—St. 1—3 feet
high, branched above, rather corymbose, very rough. Florets
yellow.—Dry banks. B. VIT.—IX. E. I.

41. Hetminrara Juss. Ox-tongue.

1. H. echioides (Gaert.) ; hispid with rigid 3-fid and hooked
hairs from tubercular bases, st. erect, phyll. 5 ovate-cordate.—
E. B.972.—St. 2—3 feet high, branched, covered, as well as the
leaves and involucre, with strong prickles springing from white
tubercles and with 3 minute hooks at the apex (glochidate). L.
clasping.—Dry banks. A. VII.—IX.

Section 5. LACTUCEL. Receptacle generally without scales.
Pappus filiform, deciduous, never feathery nor dilated at the base.
Fruit compressed.

42. Lacruca Linn.

* Beak elongated, white. Leaves with a bristly keel.

1. DL. saligna (L.); upper 1. linear entire acuminate, with a
sagittate base, lower 1. pinnatifid, beak twice as long as the fruit.
—E. B. 707.—St. 2 feet high, slender, wavy, slightly branched.
LEONTODON. 189

Heads in small alternate tufts forming long clusters. Florets

yellow.—Chalky places and near the sea. B. VII. VIII. Least
Lettuce. E.

2. L. virosa (L.); %. horizontal oblong auricled and clasping
mucronate-dentate or sinuated, beak equalling the black fruit.—
E. B.1957.—St. 24 feet high, leafy, branched above, panicled.
Heads scattered with numerous heartshaped acute bracts. Plant

full of acrid milky juice.—Dry banks. B. VII. VIII. Acrid
Lettuce. E.S.

3. L. Seariola (L.); 1. upright arrowshaped at the base and
clasping sinwate, beak equalling the pale fruit E. B. 268.—St.
2—5 feet high, leafy, panicled. Heads scattered with numerous
heartshaped bracts. Juice rather less acrid than in the preceding.
Waste places, rare. B. VII. VIII. Prickly Lettuce.

** Beak short. Leaves with a smooth keel.

4. L. muralis (DC.) ; florets 5, 1. lyrate-runcinate angled and
toothed clasping, terminal lobe largest angled, beak much shorter
than the fruit, heads panicled.—Prenanthes Sm., E. B. 457.—
St. erect, a foot high, smooth, round, hollow. Florets bright
yellow. Fruit black—Banks and oldwalls. A.? VII. ELL

43. Leontopvon Linn.

1. L. Taraxacum (L.); 1. runcinate toothed, fr. lear-obovate
blunt and squamosely muricated at the summit longitudinally
striated with a long beak.—Stalks single-headed, radical. Florets
yellow. L. all radical, very variable, glabrous or shghtly hispid.
The following varieties are considered as species by DeCandolle,
but are connected by intermediate forms.—I. Outer involucral
scales reflexed or patent.—«. L. Taraxacum (Sm.) ; outer scales
linear defleced, fr. yellow its upper half muricated, glabrous or
woolly at the crown of the root, 1. runcinate broad. E. B, 510.
—. Taraxacum levigatum (DC.); outer scales erect-patent ovate,
fr. reddish-yellow muricated at the summit, beak with a thickened
and coloured base, |. runcinate-pimnatifid with unequal teeth.—
y. T. erythrospermum (DC.); outer scales lanceolate adpressed or
patent, fr. bnght red muricated at the summit, beak with a
thickened and coloured base, |. runcinate-pmnatifid with unequal
teeth and intermediate smaller ones. Lowermost |. sometimes
obovate and dentate not runcinate when it becomes T. cbovatum
DC.—II. Outer scales adpressed.—d. L. palustre (Sm.); outer
scales ovate-acuminate, fr. pale yellow or brown muricated at the
summit, l. oblong and entire sinuate-dentate or runcinate ; or
outer scales ovate-lanceolate or (L. leptocephalum R.) lanceolate.
E. B. 553.—Very common, y. in dry places, 4. in bogs or damp
places. P. IIL.—X. Dandelion.
190 45. COMPOSIT&.

44, Soncuus Linn.

1. S. oleraceus (L.); 1. undivided or pinnatifid toothed clasp-
ing, auricles spreading arrowshaped, fr. transversely rugose and
longitudinally ribbed, st. branched, heads subumbellate, imvolucres
glabrous.—E. B, 843.—St. 2—3 feet high. L. flattish, lower
stalked. Florets yellow.—f. glandulosus (Gaud.), top of st., ped.,
and inv. bearing gland-tipped hairs—Common. A. VI.—VIII.
Sowthistle.

2. S. asper (Hoffm.) ; 1. wadivided or pinnatifid sharply toothed
clasping, auricles rounded, fr. longitudinally ribbed smooth, st.
branched, heads subumbellate, involucres glabrous.—F. B. S.
2765, 2766.—St. 2—3 feet high. L. crisped, lower stalked.
Florets yellow.—Common. A. VI.—VIII. Sowthistle.

3. S. arvensis (L.); 1. lanceolate runcinate finely toothed cor-
date at the base, uppermost lL. entire, st. simple, heads corymbose,
involucre and peduncles glandular-hairy, fr. with transversely ru-
gose ribs, root creeping.—E. B. 674.—St. 3—4 feet high, leafy.
L. long, acute. Heads large, florets yellow.—Fields and waste
ground. P. VIII. IX. Corn Sowthistle.

4. S. palustris (L.); 1. lmear-lanceolate “lower runcinate,”
upper 1. simple, all arrowshaped spinosely-ciliated, auricles acute,
st. simple, heads corymbose, involucre and peduncles glandular-
hairy, fr. with finely-rugose ribs, root without scions—E. B. 935.
—S8t. 4—6 feet high, leafy. Florets lemon-coloured.—Marshes,
very rare. P. VII. VIII. ES.

45. MuLeepium Cass.

1. M. alpinum (Less.); 1. glabrous lyrate arrowshaped at the
base, terminal lobe large triangular-hastate acute, st. simple,
heads racemose, bracts peduncles and involucres glandular-hairy,
fr. oblong not attenuated with many ribs.—Sonchus ceruleus
Sm., #. B. 2425.—St. 3 feet high, glabrous below, leafy. L.
gradually smaller upwards, cordate on the barren shoots. Heads
small, numerous. Florets bluee-—Clova Mountains. P. VIII. S.

Section 6. HIERACIEA. Receptacle generally without
scales. Pappus filiform, never feathery nor dilated at the base.
Fruit terete, ribbed.

46. Crepis Linn.
* Fruit with a long subulate beak. BARKHAUSIA Moench.

1. C. taraxacifolia (Thuil.); 1. rough runcinate-pinnatifid,
heads erect, involucre bristly and downy covering half the pappus,
outer phyll. ovate-lanceolate with a membranous margin, bracts
CREPIS. 191

herbaceous, fr. all equally beaked.—E. B. S.2929.—Root fusi-
form. St. 1—2 feet high, hispid, angular, furrowed, purple
below, at length branched, corymbose. LL. mostly radical lyrate-
runcinate with retrorse teeth, or deeply pinnatifid with the ter-
minal lobe large. Stem-l. few, sessile, clasping, deeply pinnati-
fid and toothed. Florets yellow, purple beneath. Fr. narrowing
very gradually mto a setaceous beak of about its own length,
ribs rough.— Limestone districts. B. VI. VII. E. I

[C. setosa (Hall.); 1. runcmate-dentate or lyrate-runcinate,
st.-l. sagittate entire or incise-dentate below, heads erect, inv.
about covering the pappus, margin of the outer lanceolate acute
phyll. and the bracts the back of the inner phyll. and the ped.
hispid with rigid simple bristles.—E. B. S. 2945.—Plant 1—2
feet high. Stem-l. large, rather strapshaped, clasping.—Fields.
Introduced with seed. A. VII. VIII.

2. C. fetida (L.); 1. hairy runcinate-pinnatifid, unopened
heads nodding, tnvolucre hairy and downy as long as the greatly
protruded pappus, outer phyll. lanceolate acute downy, marginal
fr. slightly beaked shorter than the involucre, central ones with
long beaks equalling it.—E. B. 406.—Root slender, fusiform.
St. 6—12 in. high, hairy, round, branched. L. mostly radical,
stem-l. few small lanceolate deeply toothed at the base sessile.
Heads solitary, terminal, on long simple stalks. Midrib of the
phyll. at length much thickened and hardened. Ribs of the fr.
rough.—Chalky places, rare. 3B. VI. VII.

** Fruit narrowed upwards or obscurely beaked.

[3. C. pulchra(L.); outer phyll. ovate short adpressed, 1. downy
toothed, stem-l. arrowshaped clasping, panicle corymbose, fr.
about as long as the pappus obsoletely striated slightly attenuated
upwards.—E. B. 2325.—St. erect, downy. Lower 1. obovate
runcinately toothed, stem-l. small. Heads small, florets yellow,
involucre at length thickened. Outer row of fruits often appa-
rently without pappus.—‘ Hill of Turin near Forfar.” Mr. G.
Don. A. VI—IX.]

4. C. virens(L.); outer phyll. adpressed linear inner ones gla-
brous within, 1. lanceolate remotely dentate runcinate or pinna-
tifid, uppermost 1. lmear-arrowshaped clasping with flat margins,
st. subcorymbose, fr. shorter than the pappus oblong slightly at-
tenuated upwards with smooth ribs.—C. tectorum Sm. (not Linn.).
E. B. 1111.—St. 1—3 feet high. IL. very variable. Florets
yellow. [C. tectorum (L.) has revolute margined upper 1., phyll.
downy within, fr. somewhat beaked with scabrous ribs. |—Com-
mon. A. VI.—IX.:,

5. C. biennis (L.); outer phyll. oblong-linear lax inner downy
within, 1. runcinate-pinnatifid hispid, uppermost 1. lanceolate
192 45. COMPOSITS.

clasping dentate-pmnatifid, st. subcorymbose, fr. oblong slightly
attenuated upwards with smooth ribs and about as long as the
pappus.—£. B. 149? (excluding the fruit.)—St. 1—3 feet high,
hispid, nearly leafless above, branched in a corymbose manner.
Heads large, florets yellow. Angles of fr. often rough. L. radi-
cal and extending half-way up the stem.—Chalky places, rare ?
B. VI. VII. E.
6. C. succisefolia (Tausch) ; phyll. lanceolate-attenuated outer
ones very short adpressed, 1. entire nearly glabrous oblong obtuse
lower ones narrowed into a footstalk, upper 1. sessile and some.
what clasping, st. corymbose, peduncles and involucres glandular-
hairy, fr. much striated slightly narrowed upwards as long as the
pappus which is shorter than the involucre.—Hieracium molle
Sm., E. B. 2210.—St. erect, with few leaves, simple below.
Heads few, florets yellow.—Woods in the north. P. VII. VIII.
E.S.

7. C. paludosa (Moench); phyll. lanceolate much attenuated
glandular-pilose outer ones short, J. ovate-oblong taper-pointed
runcinate-dentate narrowed into a footstalk glabrous, upper 1.
ovate-lanceolate cordate and clasping acute entire or dentate, st.
subcorymbose, fr. striated scarcely narrowed upwards.—Hieracium
Sm., H.B. 1094. Aracium Neck., Soyera Monn.—St. 2 feet
high, leafy, simple, angular. L. large. Florets yellow. Pappus
in one row, rigid, brittle—Damp woods and shady places.  P.
VII.—IXx.

47. Hirracium Linn.’

1. Piloselloidea. Producing scions. St. scapelike. Fr. mi-
ute, crenulate at the top, striated ; hairs of pappus equal,
slender.

1. H. Pilosella (L.); 1. oblong or lanceolate hairy on both
sides white tomentose beneath, primary st. 1-headed leafless, inv.
ovate below, phyll. pale-edged outer obtuse inner acute and nar-
rower.—E. B. 1093.—Scions usually slender, aérial, rooting.
Heads ultimately conical. Phyll. setose externally. Fl. pale
yellow, outer fl. radiant usually with red lmes externally.—8. H.
Peleterianum (Mer.); scions short thick, 1. st. and inv. with lon
silky hairs, phyll. all lanceolate——Dry banks. P. V.—VIII.
Mouse-ear Hawkweed.

(H. dubium and H. Auricula do not seem to occur and appa-
rently forms of H. Pilosella were taken for them.]

*2. H. awrantiacwm (L.); 1. obovate or lanceolate green and
hairy on both sides not tomentose beneath, st. slightly leafy be-
low corymbose at top clothed with long slender hairs, upper part

1 A seta is a gland-tipped hair.
HIERACIUM. 193

and inv. setose, inner phyll. blunt.—E. B. 1469.—Corymb dense,
2—10-fi., thickly covered with black-based hairs setze and tomen-
tum. Fl. usually orange. Style dark brown.—Hilly woods,
naturalized. P. VI. VII.

ii. Aurella. Producing radical rosettes of leaves in the autumn.
Fr. large, not crenulate at the top, with raised ribs; hairs
of pappus unequal. Phyll. in many contiguous rows.—
Heads large. L. decreasing gradually into bracts.

(3. H. villosum (L.); glaucous, st. leafy 1- or few-headed, 1.
sessile oblong or lanceolate denticulate, upper J. ovate 4-clasping,
ped. and inv. with long silky hairs, phyll. attenuate outer ones
lax rather leaflike.—St. 1. and iny. covered with long silky yel-
lowish hairs mixed, on the ped. only, with stellate down.—On
Loch na Gar on rocks near Loch Callater. A very doubtful na-
tive. P. VII. VIII]

4. H. cerinthoides (L.); st. with few 1, 1- or few-headed slightly
hairy, root-l. persistent oblong-lanceolate acute rather glaucous,
petioles long shaggy winged, st.-1. clasping, upper 1. ovate-lanceo-
late or ovate-taper-pointed all entire or denticulate in the middle,
ped. and inv. setose and stellately downy, inv. ventricose, outer
phyll. lax acute inner acuminate —E. B, 2378. (cult.)--St. 1—2
ft. high, erect, hairy throughout, scarcely stellate-pubescent.
Very first 1. sometimes ovate and blunt. Lowest st.-l. like the
root-l., with an enlarged clasping base, others sessile. Heads
large.—Glen Fiadh and Loch Lee, Clova. Mr. Jas. Backhouse.
Harris, Hebrides. P. VII. VIII. S

5. H. iricum (Fries); st. simple corymbose at the top hairy,
root-l. persistent oblong acute, petioles short shaggy winged, st.-1.
clasping ovate taper-pointed, all with small teeth im the middle
but entire at the ends hairy, ped. and inv. setose, inv. truncate
below, phyll. blunt blackish when dry.—H. Lapeyrousii Bab.
E. B. S. 2906.—St. 1—2 feet high, strong, erect, scattered stel-
late down mixed with the long hairs throughout. L. often tinged
with purple ; 1 or 2 of the basal group sometimes rather above
the others and clasping the st. by an enlarged cordate base; true
st.-l. narrowed to a rounded clasping base. Heads large. Phyl.
not acuminate, narrowed upwards.—Teesdale. Garra Head, An-
trim. P. VIII.

[6. H. amplexicaule (L.); clothed with yellow seta, st. 1—3-
leaved with patent branches, root-l. oblong toothed, s¢.-1. clasping
cordate acute, ped. and inv. woolly and with black-based sete,
phyll. acuminate lax.—E. B. 2690.—St. 1—2 ft. high.—H. am-

plewicaule from Clova was probably H. dovrense.—Cleish Castle,
Kinross, now lost. |

7. H. alpinum (L.); st. usually 1-headed hairy, 1. lanceolate
K
194 45. COMPOSIT2.

or elliptical narrowed into a petiole, st.-/. one or more lessening
upwards, unopened heads slightly nodding, inv. densely covered
with long silky black-based hairs, innermost phyll. acuminate, fl.
pilose externally.— E. B. 1110.—St. simple in our plants. Root-l.
oblong-spathulate, sometimes very long ; st.-l. narrow. Inv. nar-
rowing into the peduncle, obconical. Phyll. almost without sete,
all acuminate or outer ones blunt and often lax, broad below.
Fl. bright yellow.—8. melanocephalum (Fr.); ped. and inv.
blackish and with many black sete, imv. broad-based, phyll.
linear-attenuate, root-l. toothed oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate.
Inv. rounded or truncate below. H. villosum E. B. 2379? H. pul-
monarium E.B. 2307 in Fries’s opinion. H. alpinum B. Halleri
Bab. (not Hook.). It is probably a distinct species.—This is «
connecting link between Sec. 11. and ii.— Elevated cliffs on moun-
tains. 8.is the more common. P. VII. VIII. E. 8.

ii. Pulmonarea. Producing radical rosettes of leaves in the
autumn. Fr. short, not crenulate at the top, narrowed
below, striated ; hairs of pappus unequal. Phyll. irregu-
larly imbricate the series being interrupted and the outer
ones separated from the others.—Leaves terminating ab-
ruptly upwards.

a. Herb white, with long distinctly feathery hairs.

8. H. rupestre (All.); glaucous-green, st. scapelike simple or
branched (sometimes from the base) into long 1-headed ascend-
ing ped. slightly thickened below the heads whitely-hairy and
stellate-downy throughout, st.-l. none or long subulate bractlike,
root-l. long-stalked lanceolate attenuate at both ends and with
long ascending acute teeth (almost runcinate) below glabrous or
pilose very hairy and with deciduous stellate down beneath
(outer oblong obtuse with bluntish teeth) rosulate persistent, inv.
and top of ped. hairy setose and stellately-downy, phyll. very
attenuate.—L. very coarsely toothed, very acute. St. with se-
veral bracts and sometimes | linear-lanceolate leaf. Heads large ;
fl. yellow, teeth glabrous—Cairntoul, Aberdeenshire (2500—
3500 ft.) Mr. Jas. Backhouse. P. VIII. s.

b. Herb glaucous, with long rigid simple hairs.

* Phyll. straight, exceeding the opening flowers. St.-l. 1 or
more, distant ; root-l. rosulate, many.

9. H. anglicum (Fr.); glaucous-green, st. with about 1 sessile
1. simple or with 1—3 simple arcuate-ascending lateral ped. each
subtended by a small bract, root-l. stalked ovate acute (outer ob-
tuse) rosulate persistent, ventricose inv. and ped. setose and hairy,
phyll. acuminate—H. Lawsonit Bab.—L. slightly narrowed be-
jow, finely toothed ; outer 1. very blunt, often nearly round. St.
HIERACIUM. 195

leafless or with 1 small leaf. Heads large; fl. yellow, teeth fringed
in bud. Styles fuscescent ?—Falcon Clints, Teesdale. Hesselden
Gill, Settle. Clova, Forfarshire? P. VII. VIII. E. 8.

10. H. pallidum (Biv.); ceesio-glaucous, st. with about 1 distant
sessile ]. simple or one or twice forked at the top with straight
ped. each subtended by a small bract, root-l. stalked ovate-lan-
ceolate acute (outer ones ovate) rosulate persistent, inv. ovate be-
low and ped. setose and slightly hairy, phyll. subcuspidate—
H. Hallert Hook. Fl. Lond.—L. often much narrowed below,
usually with deciduous stellate down beneath, entire or denticu-
late or deeply toothed below ; outer ones bluntish. St. leafless
or with 1 small mostly sessile leaf; occasionally 1 of the lower 1.
is slightly above the others. Heads large; fl. yellow, teeth
frmged in bud. Styles “ yellow.”—8. H. persicifolium (Fr.) ;
nearly glabrous, 1. lanceolate denticulate, st. forked, phyll. cuspi-
‘date. This is probably a form of H. pallidum.—Upper Teesdale.
Kirkstone, Westmoreland. Snowdon. Braemar. Clova. 8. Cairn-
toul, Aberdeenshire (3000—3500 ft.). Mr. Jas. Backhouse, Jun.
Isle of Harris. E.S.

** Phyll. attenuate not exceeding the opening fl., obtuse or
acutish, not cuspidate.

(ll. H. oreades (Fr.); glaucous, st. leafy branched, |. oblong
obtuse denticulate in the middle, root-l. rosulate persistent (outer
roundish), st.-l. sessile decreasmg upwards, inv. tumid truncate
at both ends bearing black-based hairs minute yellow sete and a
little stellate down, phyll. obtuse —Dill. Hort. Elth. t. 179.—
St. often branching from every axil. Ped. and inv. slightly
whitely stellately downy. Phyl. linear-attenuate, inner acumi-
nate.—Gordale Scar near Malham, Yorkshire. Did. P. VIII.) E.

12. H. saxifragum (Fr.); glaucous, st. leafy below branched,
1. lanceolate dentate in the middle pilose and stellately downy
beneath, root-l. few, st.-1. sessile usually elongate decreasing up-
wards, inv. flat or ovate below and ped. setose hairy and slightly
stellately downy, phyll. rather acute.—St. usually much branched
and panicled at the top. St. and under side of 1. with a little
stellate down. Phyll. turning blackish, acuminate; sete with
yellow heads. Our plant seems to be the var. vimineum (Fr.).—
Cairmntoul; Glen Dole, Clova; and Teesdale. Mr. Jas. Backhouse,
Jun. P. VIII. E. S.

c. Herb green or glaucous, with long soft simple hairs.

* Phyll. straight, exceeding the opening fl., cuspidate. St.-1.
1—3, distant from the basal rosette.

13. H. nigrescens (Willd.); green, st. with about 1 Ne single-
K
196 45. COMPOSITA.

headed or branched and few-headed, J. ovate or lanceolate sinuate-
dentate below, ped. and inv. with ashy stellate down and black
with many sete and longer white-pointed hairs, outer phyll. ob-
tuse.—Root-l. suddenly narrowed below, usually toothed in their
lower half but entire in the upper, rosulate, persistent, long-
stalked ; outer 1. roundish, subcordate. Ped. arrect. Outer phyll.
short, more or less blunt. FI. slightly ciliate in bud.—This and
the following plant resemble H. alpinum and are sometimes
with difficulty distinguished from it—Highlands of Se
P. VII. :

14. H. atratum (Fr.); green, st. with 1—3 leaves 1 or few
headed, J. elliptic-oblong narrowed below equally toothed, ped.
and iny. with white stellate down and black with many sete and
longer whitish-pointed hairs, phyll. all acuminate, unopened
heads upright.—Much like H. nigrescens. Root-l. few. L. all
decidedly narrowed below, regularly denticulate or dentate, long-
stalked ; outer 1. roundish. Ped. arrect. Inv. urceolate. Phyll.
all alike, linear attenuate ——Highlands of Scotland and on Hel-
vellyn. P. VII. VIII. E. §.

15. H. murorum (L.); green, st. scapelike with about | distant
stalked 1., root-l. many stalked cordate or ovate mostly with large
patent or descending teeth below, heads corymbose, arcuate-
ascending ped. and inv. green with thin white stellate down many
black sete and few or no black-based hairs, phyll. cuspidate,
pappus white.—St. often leafless. Root-l. rosulate, persistent.
Stellate down on ped. and imv. scattered; sete conspicuous ;
usually no hairs, but sometimes they are many. Young heads
cylindrical.—. pilosissimum (Fr.) ; root-l. ovate entire dentate or
cut clothed on both sides or beneath only and their petioles with
very many long hairs often mixed with stellate down.—y. H. in-
cisum (Hoppe); root-l. cordate rounded or narrowed below with
large patent or even ascendimg teeth, phyll. with long cusps.—
Woods and rocks. £8. Cheddar Cliffs, Som. Llyn Ogwan, N.
Wales. y. Ben Wyvis, Rosshire. P. VI.—VIIL.

** Phyll. incumbent, not exceeding the opening fl., obtuse or
acutish, not cuspidate. L. collected at the base of the stem.

16. H. cesium (Fr.); cesio- glaucous, st-l. placed low 1 or few,
root-l. many stalked ovate or lanceolate rounded or narrowed
and deeply toothed below with deciduous stellate down beneath,
straight spreading ped. and inv. with stellate down few blackish
sete and many black-based hairs, phyll. rather blunt, pappus
dirty white.—H. murorum E. B. 2082.—Root-stock woody. St.
sometimes leafless but it usually has ] or more sessile st.-leaves.
Root-l. rosulate, persistent. Young headsroundish. Setze incon-
spicuous often hidden by the long hairs.—8. H. hypocheridoides
HIERACIUM. 197

(8. Gibs.); 1. usually spotted broad and rather truncate below,
st. leafless usually simply forked.—Woods and rocks. 8. Settle,
Yorkshire. P. VI.—VIII.

17. H. vulgatum (Fr.); green, st. leafy, 1. oblong or lanceolate
toothed in the middle, root-l. nearly entire narrowed into the
petiole, all or uppermost st.-] sessile, heads paniculate-corymbose,
inv. and straight ascending ped. with white stellate down and
black sete, phyll. equally attenuate acutish.—H. sylvaticum
E. B. 2031. (“not L.” Fr.) H. maculatum E. B. 2121.—Very va-
riable. St.-l. sometimes reduced to one. Root.-l. narrowed, but
not drawn out and deeply toothed below. Autumnal rosettes
not axillary. Sete usually ratherfew. White black-based hairs
few or none.—St. leafy, 1. lanceolate glaucous, root-l. rosulate,
heads panicled.—8. medium; 1. oblong glaucous beneath, root-l.
evanescent, st.-1. 4—6, heads subcylindrical. L. very broad.—y.
H. approximatum (Jord.); 1. lanceolate green, root-]. evanescent,
st.-l. many, heads panicled, sete many.—d. nemorosum ; |. oblong
toothed glaucous beneath, root-]. few evanescent, st.-l. few, heads
subcorymbose, setee few.—Woods, banks, walls. P. VII. VILL.

iv. Accipitrina. Producing closed buds at the base in the
autumn, or rarely small rosettes. St. leafy, without root-l.
at the time of flowering. Phyl. in many rows.

a. Pseudopulmonaree. Inner phyll. narrower and acute ——These
plants might almost as correctly be placed in the preceding
section.

* Tip of buds ciliated. L. }-clasping.

18. H. dovrense (Fr.); pale green, st. simple leafy, 1. oblong
or lanceolate dentate, root-l. smaller evanescent, lower st.-l.
sessile not auricled upper with « cordate 3-clasping base, ped.
few simple with white stellate down setose or hairy, phyll. few
broad blunt turning blackish hairy or rarely setose.—Lowest
ped. sometimes 2—3-flowered. Heads large, subglobose.—I am
unacquainted with this unless, as I suspect, a plant from the
“ banks of Clunie, Brae Mar,” is it. Scotland. Fries. P. VIII. S.

** Tips of buds not ciliated. L. not clasping.

19. H. tridentatum (Fr.); st. leafy corymbose above, 1. sessile
lanceolate about 3-toothed in the middle, lower 1. stalked, elon-
gate ped. and inv. (constricted in the middle after flowering)
whitely stellately downy and shortly hairy, phyil. acuminate por-
rect with pale edges.—St. usually simple. Inv. sometimes a little
setose, after flowering forming an acute cone from a ventricose
base.—Banks. P. VII. VIII. E.
198 45. COMPOSITE.

20. H. rigidum (Hartm.); green, st. leafy panicled above, 1.
sessile lanceolate or linear-lanceolate few-toothed in the middle,
lowest 1. stalked, inv. not constricted in the middle with deciduous
stellate down black sete and hairs, phyll. lanceolate bluntish
uniformly blackish-green.—St. usually simple, rigid. Inv. some-
times with very short hairs and seta, after flowering a little nar-
rowed upwards. Phyll. with patulous points, uniformly coloured
where wholly exposed.—Mountainous districts. P. VII. VIII.

E.

21. H. gothicum (Fr.); dark green, st. rigid leafy subcorymbose
above, 1. lanceolate or ovate strongly toothed in the middle
sessile, lowermost 1. shortly stalked, phyll. spirally imbricated
nearly glabrous broad mostly obtuse, keel slightly hispid and
setose, ped. whitely tomentose setose.—Ped. and branches erect.
Heads broad below. Phyll. nearly uniform in colour, turning
blackish. England. Mr. Woods. Hook and Ockham, Surrey.
ir. Watson. Teesdale. Mr. Backhouse. P. VII. VIII. E.

b. Outer phyll. narrowest, inner obtuse—These are the true
Accipitrine which do not produce rosettes.

* Tips of buds ciliated. L. clasping.

22. H. prenanthoides (Vill.); st. leafy, 1. all clasping denti-
culate, hairs on underside of 1. not bulbous-based, root-l. evanes-
cent, lower st.-1. narrowed into a petiole with an auricled clasping
base, intermediate pinched above their base, uppermost 1. cordate-
lanceolate, ped. and interruptedly imbricate inv. whitely stellately
downy and setose, phyll. mostly equal blunt outer ones few and
short, fr. pale—. B, 2235,—Heads small, narrowly cylindrical.
Phyll. more glabrous upwards, outer remarkably separated from
the nearly equal inner ones.—H. denticulatum (Sm.) E. B. 2122.
is now considered as a wood form of this——River sides in the
north. P. VII. VIII. E. 8.

23. H. strictum (Fr.); st. leafy, 1. sessile denticulate oblong
acute narrowed to their base, hairs on underside of 1. bulbous-
based, lowest 1. evanescent, uppermost rounded below, whitely
stellately downy ped. and darkish inv. slightly setose and hairy,
phyll. rather irregularly imbricate blunt, fr. dark fuscous.—H.
denticulatum Bab.—Lowest 1. with a long narrowed base, not
truly stalked; all oblong and acute. Heads thicker than in H.
prenanthoides ; phyll. less irregular.—Scottish mountain glens.
P. VII. VIII.

** Tips of buds not ciliated.

24. H. corymbosum (Fr.) ; st. very leafy corymbose or panieled
at top, 1. ovate-lanceolate all sessile, upper ovate below }-clasping,
HIERACIUM. 199

lower similar or narrowed to a narrow base, ped. stellately downy,
inv. ovate or narrowed below, phyll. with white-topped hairs and
sete pale-edged narrowed upwards inner blunt outer acutish lax.
—L. sometimes all narrowed gradually from an ovate base ; lower
not pinched above their base but narrowing very gradually. Ped.
scaly, sometimes slightly branched. Heads usually in a simple
corymb, roundish when in bud, narrowed below with fl., after-
wards ovate. Fr. pale, faintly ribbed. Pappus reddish Moun-
tain glens in Wales and Scotland. Teesdale. Mr. Backhouse.
P. VIII. E. S.

25. H. crocatum (Fr.); st. leafy branched above, 1. oblong or
lanceolate, upper 3-clasping, lower narrowed below with a broad
rounded base, branches and ped. few-headcd subfastigiate stel-
lately downy, inv. very blunt below, phyll. subglabrous with a few
short subglandular hairs or short setz uniformly blackish broad
all blunt and adpressed.—H. inuloides Bab.—Lower |. narrowmg
very gradually below but often pinched above their base.
Branches leafy, divided, with several heads, erect. Fr. pale,
strongly ribbed, minutely punctate-scabrous. Pappus pale—
B. angustatum (Fr.); 1. linear-lanceolate, lower 1. very much but
gradually narrowed below.—Mountain glens in the north of
England and Ireland; and in Scotland. P. VII. VIII.

26. H. boreale (Fr.); st. leafy panicled or corymbose at top, |.
ovate or lanceolate, upper broad sessile scarcely clasping, lowest
narrowed into a stalk, ped. stellately downy scaly and thickened
under the ovate-based heads, phyll. glabrous or pilose not setose
nor downy blunt turning uniformly blackish outer often narrower.
—H. sabaudum Sm., E. B. 349.—St. simple or branched. Upper
1. usually broad-based. Heads oblong. I'r. dark brown. Pappus
white—Woods and hedges. P. VIII. IX. E. 8.

[Fries states that H. virescens (Sond.), with which I am un-
acquainted, is a native of “Surrey. Mr. Woods.”

27. H. umbellatum (L.); st. very leafy corymbose at top, J.
uniform linear or lanceolate sessile from a narrow base, inv. tur-
binate below, phyll. not pilose nor setose nor downy acutish with
recurved points turning uniformly black innermost very blunt.—
E. B. 1771.—L. not clasping. Heads sometimes solitary, cylin-
drical, nearly or quite glabrous. Styles permanently yellow.—8.
Taylori; lower 1. narrowed below, upper with a broad rather
rounded base. St. 3—4 ft. high.—Common. 8. Dunkerron, Kerry.
Pp. VIII. IX.
200 AMBROSIACEH.—~46. CAMPANULACES.

Index to the Hieracia.

H. alpinum, 7. Halleri, 7, 10. prenanthoides, 22,
amplexicaule, 6. Hypocheridoides, 16. pulmonarium, 7.
anglicum, 9. incisum, 15. rigidum, 20.
approximatum, 17. inuloides, 25. rupestre, 8.
atratum, 14, iricum, 5. sabaudum, 26.
aurantiacum, 2. Lapeyrousii, 5. saxifragum, 12.
Auricula, 1. Lawsoni, 9. strictum, 23.
boreale, 26. maculatum, 17. sylvaticum, 17.
cesium, 16. melanocephalum, 7. Taylori, 27.
cerinthoides, 4. murorum, 15, 16. tridentatum, 19.
corymbosum, 24. nigrescens, 13. umbellatum, 27.
crocatum, 25. oreades, 11. villosum, 3, 7.
denticulatum, 22, 23. _ pallidum, 10. virescens, 26.
dovrense, 18. Peleterianum, 1. vulgatum, 17.
dubium, 1. persicifolium, 10.

gothicum, 21. Pilosella, 1.

ANnomaAtovs Genus. Order AMBROSIACEZ Link.

48. Xantuium Linn.

{1. X. strumarium (L.); st. without spines, lower |. heart-
shaped 3-lobed at the base coarsely dentate, beaks of the fr. 2
straight.— E. B. 2544.—Involucre of the fr. oval, downy.—Rich
waste land, scarcely naturalized. A. VIII. IX.]

Order XLVI. CAMPANULACEA.

Cal. superior 5-fid or entire. Cor. monopetalous, inserted on
the calyx, 5-lobed, regular or irregular. Stam. inserted with the
cor. and alternate with its lobes; anth. distinct or cohering,
2-celled, opening longitudinally. Fr. dry, capsular, opening by
lateral fissures or valves at the apex, many-seeded. Embryo
straight in the axis of fleshy albumen.

Tribe I. LOBELIEAs. Odd segment of the calyx anterior.
Cor. irregular. Anth. cohering. Style glabrous with a fringe
of hairs below the stigma.

1. Lopenia. Cal. 5-fid. Cor. irregular, tube split to the
base on the upper side, limb 2-lipped 5-parted. Anth. 5,
cohering. Stigma blunt, surrounded by a cupshaped fringe.
Caps. 2—3-celled, opening at the end by 2—3 valves.

Tr. Il. CAMPANULEAS. Odd segment of the calyx posterior.
Cor. regular. Anth. usually free. Style pubescent.

2. Jasione. Cal. 5-fid. Cor. rotate with 5 long linear seg-
ments. Anth. cohering at their base. Style hairy, bifid.
Caps. 2-celled, opening at the end by minute teeth.
LOBELIA.— PHYTEUMA. 201

3. PHyreuma. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate with 5 long linear
segments. Anth. free ; filaments dilated at the base. Style
hairy, 2—3-fid. Caps. 2—3-celled, bursting at the sides.

4. Campanuta. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. mostly bell-shaped
with 5 broad and shallow segments. Anth. free; filaments
dilated at the base. Stigma 3—5-fid. Caps. not elongated,
3—5-celled, opening by lateral pores outside the segments of
the calyx.

en

. SpecunaRia. Cor. rotate. Caps. linear-oblong, prisma-
tical, opening by lateral pores between the segments of the
calyx. Otherwise like Campanula.

6. WaHLENBERGIA. Caps. half superior, 3-celled, opening
by 3—5 valves within the segments of the calyx. Other-
wise like Campanula.

Tribe I. Lobeliee.

1. Loseuia Linn.

1. L. Dortmanna (L.); 1. linear entire of 2 parallel tubes, st.
simple nearly naked.—£#. B. 140.—Root-stock fleshy with fil-
form runners. L. blunt, 1—2 in. long. St. 12—18 in. high.
F1. light blue, distant, in a simple raceme, slightly raised above
the water, the rest. of the plant submersed.—Lakes with a gravelly
bottom. P. VII.

2. L. urens (L.); st. nearly upright, lower 1. obovate or ob-
long slightly toothed, upper lanceolate serrate, fl. in long terminal
racemes.—E. B, 953.—St. 12—18 in. high, leafy, branched, an-
gular, roughish. Racemes erect, simple, lax. FI. light blue.—
Heaths near Axminster, Devon. P. VIII. IX. E.

Tribe II. Campanulee.

2. Jastone Linn. Sheep’s Scabious.

1. J. montana (L.); root simple, 1. bluntish oblong wavy, fi.
stalked.—E. B. 882.—St. several from the crown of the root,
6 in. to 2 feet long, simple or branched, pilose, leafy below, bare
and usually glabrous above. Fl. small, in terminal bracteated
heads. Bracts glabrous or hairy. Calyx-segments linear-seta-
ceous, glabrous. Cor. light blue.—Dry places. B. VII.

3. Payreuma Linn. Rampions.

1. P. orbiculare (L.); heads of fl. globose of fr. oblong, 1. cre-
nate-serrate, lowermost cordate-ovate stalked, upper as linear-
K
202 46. CAMPANULACES.

lanceolate sessile, outer bracts ovate-lanceolate attenuated, stig-
mas 3.—E. B. 142.—St. 12—18 in. high, each with 1 terminal
head of blue flowers.—Chalky downs. P. VII. E.

2. P. spicatum (L.); heads of fi. oblong of fr. elongated cylin-
drical, lower 1. cordate-ovate somewhat doubly serrate stalked,
upper 1. linear-lanceolate sessile, bracts linear, stigmas 2— E.B.S.
2598.—St. 1—2 feet high, each with a solitary terminal head
of cream-coloured flowers. Spike of fruit often 2—3 in. long. —
Woods and thickets about Waldron, Sussex. P. VIL—E.

4. Campanuna Linn.

* Caps. sessile, erect, pores at the base.

1. C. glomerata (L.); 1. mimutely crenate-serrate lowermost
stalked ovate-lanceolate generally cordate at the base, upper 1.
half-clasping sessile ovate acute, jl. sessile in terminal and axillary
clusters.—E. B. 90.—St. 6—18 in. high. Bracts ovate-acumi-
nate, shorter than the large erect flowers. Cal. hoary with lan-
ceolate segments. Cor. funnelshaped, large, deep blue, downy.
L. often hoary beneath.—Dry calcareous pastures. P. VII. VIII.
Clustered Bell-flower. E. 8.

** Caps. stalked, nodding, pores at the base.

2. C. latifolia (L.); 1. ovate-lanceolate acuminate doubly ser-
rate hairy lower ones stalked, upper 1. nearly sessile, fl. racemose,
peduncles 1-flowered, cal.-segments lanceolate acuminate gla-
brous finely serrate, st. erect slightly angular.—. B. 302. St.
72. 3.—St. 3—4 feet high, simple, leafy. Cor. very large, deep
blue, glabrous, hairy within.— Woods and thickets, chiefly in the
north. P, VII. VISIT. Giant Beli-flower.

3. C. Trachelium (L.); 1. coarsely double serrate hispid lower
ones cordate with long stalks, upper 1. nearly sessile ovate or
Janceolate-acuminate, fi. racemose, peduncles 2—3-flowered,
cal.-segments triangular-lanceolate entire erect, st. erect angular.
—E. B. 12.—St. 2—3 feet high, mostly simple, leafy. Cor.
truly bellshaped, large, deep blue.—Hedges and thickets chiefly
in the south. P. VIL. VIII. Nettle-leaved Beill-flower.

4. C. rapunculoides (L.); 1. unequally crenate-serrate scabrous
lower ones cordate with long stalks, upper 1. sessile lanceolate,
fi. racemose unilateral, peduncles 1-flowered, cal.-segments \inear-
lanceolate entire at length reflewed, st. erect slightly angular, root
creeping.—£. B. 1369.—St. 2 feet high, simple, leafy. Cor. pale
blue.—Woods and hedges, very rare. P. VII. VIII. E. 8.

5. C. rotundifolia (L.); radical 1. cordate or reniform shorter
than their stalks, stem-l. linear the lower ones lanceolate, fl. 1 or
SPECULARIA, —WAHLENBERGIA. 203

more racemose, cor. turbinate-campanulate—E. B. 866.—St.

6—12 in. high. Radical 1. soon vanishing. Cor. blue. Cal.-

segments lineay-subulate.—8. lancifolia (Koch); lower st.-l.

rather broadly lanceolate, upper 1. gradually smaller, fl. often

pom and hilly places. 8.on mountaims. P. VII. VII.
airbell,

*** Caps. stalked, erect, pores just below cal. segments.

*6. C. persicifolia (L.); 1. smooth slightly serrate, root-l.
obovate narrowed into a petiole, stem-l. linear-lanceolate sessile,
raceme few-flowered, cal.-segments lanceolate.—E. B. 8. 2773.—
St. 1—2 feet high. L. long, narrow, with very narrow serratures.
FI. very large, often solitary. Cal.-segments entire —“ Woods
near Cullen.” A very doubtful native. P. VII. $.?

7. C. Rapunculus (L.); 1. crenate, root-l. elliptic-lanceolate
narrowed into a petiole, stem-l. linear-lanceolate, panicle erect
racemose, cal.-seyments subulate—E. B. 283.—St. 3 feet high,
angular, rough. Fl. small, pale blue. Cal.-segments entire. —
Sandy soil in the south. P. VII. VIII. Rampions. E.

8. C. patula (L.); 1. crenate, root-l. oblong-elliptical narrowed
into a petiole, stem-l. linear-lanceolate, panicles lax, fl. on long
stalks erect, cal.-segments toothed at the base subulate.—E. B. 42.
—St. 2 feet high, terminating in a very loose spreading panicle.
Fl. purplish blue, funnelshaped, open.—Hedges and thickets.
B. VIL. VIII. E.

5. Specutaria Heist.

1. S. hybrida (A. DC.) ; st. simple or branched, 1. slightly cre-
nate wavy oblong sessile, lower 1. spathulate, cal. scabrous, seg-
ments lanceolate longer than the cor. shorter than the ovary.—
Campanula Sm., E. B. 375.—St. 6—12 in. high, rough with
rigid minute hairs. Fl. few, terminal, solitary, small—Corn-

fields, A. VI.—IX. E. 8.

6. WAaHLENBERGIA Schrad.

1. W. hederacea(Reich.); 1. roundish-cordate angularly 5-lobed
stalked alternate, st. filiform prostrate, peduncles solitary, “ seeds
punctate.” —Campanula Sm., E. B.73.—St. branched and _creep-
ing to agreat extent. Peduncles longer than the leaves. Fl. pale
blue, at first nodding, afterwards erect. Cal.-segments subulate.
Caps. nearly globose.—Damp peaty places in the south and west.
P. VII. VIII. Ivy-leaved Bell-flower.
204 47, ERICACER.

Order XLVII. ERICACER.

Cal. 4—5-parted, persistent. Cor. monopetalous, 4—5-parted,
usually regular and marcescent. Stam. 8—10. Anth. 2-celled,
opening by pores and often appendaged. Ovary surrounded by
a disk or scales, free or adhering to the corolla. Fr. capsular or
baceate with several cells, many-seeded.

Tribe I. ARBUTE AL. Fr. baceate, fleshy. Anth.2-celled. Disk
hypogynous.

1. Arbutus. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. globose or ovate-cam-
panulate with a small contracted 5-cleft reflexed border, de-
ciduous. Stam. 10 with flattened filaments. Anth. com-
pressed, with 2 pores at the apex, fixed at the back beneath
the apex and there furnished with 2 reflexed awns. Berry
globose, granular ; cells 5, many-seeded.

2. ARcTrosTaPHyYLos. Fr. with 5 1-seeded cells, not granular
externally. Otherwise like Arbutus.

Tr. Il. ERICE A. Fy. capsular, dry. Anth. 2-celled. Disk
hypogynous. Testa close.

3. ANDROMEDA. Caps. dry, of 5 cells and 5 valves. Other-
wise like Arbutus.

4. Catituna. Cal. 4-parted, membranous, coloured, longer
than the 4-cleft campanulate corolla, surrounded by 4 green
bracts. Cor. persistent, fadmg. Stam. 8, with dilated fila-
ments. Caps. 4-celled; dissepiments adhering to the axis ;
valves opening at the dissepiments and separate from them.

5. Ertca. Cal. 4-parted. Cor. campanulate or ovate often
ventricose, 4-toothed, persistent, fading. Stam. 8. Caps.
4-celled; valves opening between the dissepiments and carry-
ing a part with them.

6. PHytuopoce. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. ovate deciduous ;
mouth contracted 5-toothed. Stam. 10, included ; filaments
slender, longer than the anthers ; cells short, truncate, open-
ing by pores at the apex. Stigma peltate with 5 tubercles.
Caps. 5-celled with 5 valves opening at the dissepiments.

7. Daseocia. Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. ovate, ventricose, limb 4-
toothed. Stam. 8, inchided ; filaments flattened shorter than
the linear anthers which are sagittate below; cells loosened
and opening by oblique pores at the apex. Stigma simple
truncate. Caps. 4-celled with 4 valves opening at the dis-
sepiments.
ARBUTUS.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. 205

8. Azauea. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. campanulate, 5-cleft. Stam.
5, equal, shorter than the corolla; anth. roundish; cells
opening by a longitudinal fissure. Stigma capitate. Caps.
2—3-celled with 2 or 3 bifid valves whose infleaed edges form
the double partitions,

Tr. I. VACCINIEAG. Fr. baccate, fleshy. Anth. 2-celled.
Disk epigynous.

9. Vaccinium. Cal. entire or 4—5-toothed or lobed. Cor.

4—5-cleft or toothed. Stam.8—10; anth. oblong, bifid at

the summit. Berry globose, crowned by the persistent limb
of the calyx, 4—5-celled, many-seeded.

Tr. IV. PYROLEG’. Fy. capsular, dry. Seeds with a loose
testa. Disk 0. Anth. opening by pores.

10. Pyrova. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. of 5 petals. Stam. 10;
anth. inverted, with 2 cells each opening by a round pore at
the base. Style 5-lobed. Caps. 5-celled, 5-valved, opening
near the base, margins of the valves connected by a web.

11. Moneses. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. of 5 petals connected
below. Stam. 10; anth. inverted with 2 cells each furnished
with a tubular horn opening at the end. Stigma 5-parted,
radiant. Caps. 2-celled, 5-valved, “ opening from the sum-
mit ” with connected margins.

Tr. V. MONOTROPE.. Fr. capsular, dry. Seeds with a loose
testa. Disk 0. Anth. opening by a transverse fissure.

12. Monorropa. Cal. 4—5-parted. Cor. of 4—5 petals,
each with a hooded nectariferous base. Stam.8—10. Anth.
kidney-shaped, 1-celled, 2-valved. Stigma peltate. Caps.
5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded.

Tribe I. Arbutee.

1]. Arsutus Linn.

1. A. Unedo (L.); bark rough, 1. elliptic-lanceolate serrated
coriaceous glabrous, panicle terminal nodding, pedicels glabrous.
—E. B. 2377.—An evergreen tree. Fl. whitish, pendulous. Fr.
red.—Killammey, where it is truly wild. T. IX. X.

2. ARcTOsTAPHYLOos ddans.
1. A. alpina (Spr.); procumbent, J. wrinkled serrated fading

1 Combined with Droseracee by Coss. and Germ. (FV. Par. 66) under
the name of Roridulea.
206 47, ERICACEA.

but persistent, clusters terminal.— Arbutus Sm., E. B. 2030. St.
6. 8.—St. woody, trailing, long. IL. obovate, reticulated. Fl.
white, hairy about the mouth. Berry smooth, black.—Dry bar-
ren spots on the Highland mountains. Sh. V. 8.

2. A. Uva-ursi (Spr.); procumbent, 1. obovate entire shining
evergreen, clusters terminal.—Arbutus Sm., E. B. 714. St. 6. 8.
—St. woody, trailing, long. L. obtuse, quite entire. Fi. rose-
coloured, smooth. Berry globose, scarlet.—Dry stony mountain
heaths. Sh. VI.

Tribe II. Ericee.

3. ANDROMEDA Linn.

1. A. polifolia (L.); 1. alternate lanceolate with revolute
margins glaucous beneath, fl. subumbellate terminal.—E. B.713.
—St. slender, woody, prostrate below. FI. drooping, ovate, pink,
occasionally 4-fid and 8-androus. L. evergreen, acute. Pedun-
cles 2 or 3 times as long as the flowers, not as in E. B.—Peat
bogs. Sh. V.—IX.

4, Catutuna Salisd.

1. C. vulgaris (Salisb.).—E. B. 1013.—A low tufted shrub
with small sessile closely imbricated keeled leaves arranged in 4
rows, each 1. having 2 small spurs at the base and nearly or quite
smooth. Fl. small, shortly stalked, drooping, rose-coloured or
white.—. tomentosa; 1. hoary.—Dry heaths. Sh. VI—VII.
Common Heath. Ling.

5. Erica Linn. Heaths.

* Cor. globose or urceolate, stam. included, filaments capillary,
stigma peltate. Erica D. Don.

1. E. Tetralix (.); 1.4 in a whorl lanceolate or linear ciliated
downy above and on the midrib beneath, margins revolute, fl. ca-
pitate, sep. linear downy ciliated, anth. awned, ovary downy.—
E. B.1014.—St. branched below, often in a determmate manner
about the middle, simple in the upper part, densely leafy below,
the whorls more distant towards the top and usually leaving a
leafless space next to the flowers. Tips of young shoots green.
Young |. always downy above, old 1. sometimes glabrous. Sep.
downy and mealy. FI. rose-coloured. Style usually included.
—Mess. Watson and Borrer have found near Truro in Cornwall
a plant with a ventricose cor. and fl. more or less racemose which
is called E. ciliaris, 8. W’atsoni by Bentham. It may be a hybrid
between E. ciliaris and E. Tetralix. Its downy ovary distin-
guishes it from E. Mackaiana.—Bogey heaths. Sh. VII. VIII.
ERICA. 207

2. E. Mackaiana (Bab.); 1. 4 in a whorl ovate ciliated the
midrib beneath and upper surface glabrous, margins revolute, fl.
capitate, sep. ovate-lanceolate glabrous, anth. awned, ovary gla-
brous.—E. B. S. 2900.—St. irregularly branched throughout,
particularly above, densely and equally leafy quite up to the
flowers. Tips of young shoots pink. L. and sepals quite without
down, l. mealy beneath but the midrib bare, sep. with a small
portion of meal near the apex beneath otherwise quite bare. Fl.
purplish. Style protruded—Between Roundstone and Clifden,
Cunnamara. Sh. VIII. IX. Mackay’s Heath. I.

3. E. cinerea (L.); 1. 3 in a@ whorl \imear-lanceolate acute
keeled beneath with a central furrow glabrous, fl. in dense whorled
racemes, sep. linear-lanceolate smooth acute keeled, anth. awned,
ovary glabrous—E. B. 1015.—St. with numerous upright
branches. L. flat above, minutely serrulate. Fl. reddish-pur-
ple.—Dry heaths. Sh. VII. VIII. Fine-leaved Heath.

4. E. ciliaris (L.); 1. 4 in a whorl ovate ciliated the margins
revolute, fl. in terminal unilateral racemes, anth. without awns,
mouth of the cor. oblique.—E. B. S. 2618.—St. long, straggling,
each terminating in a long raceme of large oblong purple flowers
and producing numerous short barren branches. Style protruded.
Ovary glabrous.—Heaths. Wareham, Dorset. Carclew, Corn-
wall. ‘* Near Clifden, Galway, I’ Sh. VII. VII. E. I.

** Cor. campanulate or shortly tubular, stam. exserted, filaments
flattened, style capitate. Gypsocauuts D. Don.

5. E. mediterranea (L.?); 1. 4 in a whorl linear glabrous flat
above convex with a central furrow beneath, decurrent line from
the 1. reaching but not extending beyond the next whorl, fl. axil-
lary drooping racemose, cor. cylindrical-urceolate twice as long
as the coloured calyx, anth. without awns opening throughout
nearly their whole length.—E. B. 8S. 2774.—St. 2—5 feet high,
with numerous, upright rigid branches terminating in leafy ra-
cemes of flesh-coloured flowers but afterwards prolonged. L,
numerous erect-patent. Bracts above the middle of the pedi-
cels. Stam. and style slightly exserted, style afterwards elon-
gated. Ovary glabrous.—Our plant differs from E. carnea by
its 1. having a longitudinal furrow and not keel on the back,
the decurrent ridge from their base not extending beyond the
next whorl (in E. carnea it reaches the second), the anthers much
shorter and their pores much longer in proportion, and the cor.
of a different shape.— Mountain bogs in the west of Mayo and
Galway. Urrisbeg; Curraan Achil; Burrishoole Lake; &c.
Sh. IV. I.

6. E. vagans (L.); 1. 4—65 in a whorl linear glabrous, fl. axil-
lary crowded, cor. short campanulate, sep. small ovate obtuse,
208 47, ERICACES.

anth. ovate of 2 distinct cells gibbous at the base.—E. B. 3.—
St. 1—2 feet high, copiously branched. Fl. usually collected in
large numbers considerably below the top of the branches, cor.
red or white. Anth. dark purple. Ovary glabrous.—Western
ba of Cornwall. Coast of Waterford. Sh. VII. VIII. oT

eath. 2

6. Puytiopoce Salisd.

1. P. cerulea; \. linear denticulated, ped. glandular-hairy,
calycine segments lanceolate acute, anth. 3 times shorter than
the glabrous filaments.—Menziesia Sm., E. B. 2469.—St. 4—5
in. high, determinately branched, naked below, densely hairy
above. Ped. terminal, aggregate, simple. Fl. large, pale, bluish-
red.—Sow of Athol, Perthshire. Sh. VI. VII. Ss.

7. Daseocta D. Don.

1. D. polifolia (D. Don).— Menziesia Sm., E. B. 35.—St. bushy,
1—2 feet long, ultimately decumbent. L. ovate or elliptical, flat,
with revolute margins, white and cottony beneath. FI. large,
purple, sometimes white, drooping, on short stalks, in terminal
simple unilateral clusters. Anth. very large.—Cunnamara. Sh.
VIII. Cunnamara or St. Dabeoe’s Heath. L

8. AzaLea Linn.

1. A. procumbens (L.).—E. B. 865. The origmal and only
Azalea.—St. woody, spreading, procumbent. L. small, opposite,
revolute. Fl. small, on simple stalks, terminal, aggregated.—
Summits of the highland mountains. Sh. V. VI. s.

Tribe III. Vacciniee.

9. Vaccintum Linn.

* Anthers with 2 dorsal horns.

1. V. Myrtillus (L.); 1. ovate serrated glabrous deciduous, fl.
solitary, st. acutely angular.—E. B. 456.—St. woody, about a
foot high, branching. FI. greenish, tinged with red, nodding.
Berries black.—Stony woods and heaths. Sh. V. Bilberry.

2. V. uliginosum (L.); 1. obovate entire glaucous and veined
beneath deciduous, fl. aggregate, st. rounded. E. B. 581. St. 12.
—St. woody. Fl. flesh-coloured, nodding. Berries black.—
Mountain bogs. Sh. V. Bog Whortleberry. E. 8.

** Anthers without horns on the back.

3. V. Vitis-idea (L.); 1. obovate dotted beneath persistent,
margins revolute and somewhat crenate, fl. racemose terminal,
PYROLA. 209

cor. campanulate.—E. B. 598.—St. woody, 6—8 in. high, strag-
gling. L. like those of box, dark green above. Fl. pink, 4-cleft.
Berries red.— Mountain heaths. Sh. VI. VII. Red Whortleberry.
Cowberry.

4. V. Oxycoccos (L.); J. ovate entire persistent with revolute
margins glaucous beneath, fl. terminal on long simple peduncles,
- cor. rotate with reflexed segments.—E. B. 319. Oxycoccus pa-
lustris DC.—St. procumbent, filiform, rooting. L. small. Fi.
bright rose-colour. Cor. deeply divided, remarkably reflexed.
Berries crimson.— Wet bogs. Sh. VI. VII. Cranberry.

[V. macrocarpum (Ait.); 1. oblong with flat margins, fl. lateral
on long simple peduncles. Loughton Bog, Mould, Flintshire.
It has probably been sown there. |

Tribe IV. Pyrolee.

10. Pyroxa Linn.

1. P. rotundifolia (L.); 1. nearly round entire or slightly cre-
nate, fl. racemose, cal.-segments lanceolate acute, style bent down
and curved upwards at the end longer than the ascending stam.,
stigma annular with 5 erect blunt pomts.—E. B. 213.—F'. white,
rather numerous, expanded. Style longer than the petals. Stam.
all turned upwards. L. numerous.—§. bracteata (H. and A.); 1.
smaller, st. with bracts throughout, cal.-segments shorter and
broader.—Damp bushy places and reedy marshes. 8. Sand-hills
near Lytham, Lancashire. P. VIII. E. 8.

2. P. media (Sw.); 1. nearly round or roundish-oval slightly
crenate, fl. racemose, cal.-segments ovate acute, stam. regularly
inflewed shorter than the nearly straight declining style, stigma
annular with 5 erect points.—E. B. 1945.—F. milk-white, tinged
with pink, rather numerous, less expanded than in the preceding.
Style projecting a little beyond the corolla, always nearly straight.
Stam. all regularly incurved round the germen. L. numerous.
—Woods in the north. P. VII. VIII.

3. P. minor (L.); 1. roundish-oval crenate, fl. racemose, cal.-
segments ovate-triangular acute, stam. regularly oe equal-
ling the straight style, stigma without a ring 5-lobed pointless.
—E. B, 2543 and 158 (bad). St. 13. 12.—Fl. pale pmk, nume-
rous, on very short pedicels, nearly closed. Style very short, |
included. Stam. all equally inflexed. L. numerous.—Mossy
woods and thickets. P. VII.

4, P. secunda (L.); 1. ovate acute serrated, fl. in a secund ra-
ceme, cal.-segments triangular rounded notched, stam. regularly
imeurved equalling the long straight style, stigma 5-lobed without
210 48. AQUIFOLIACES.

a ring or points.—E. B. 517. St. 13. 13.—Fl. white, drooping,
oval-oblong, nearly closed. Style very long, exserted. L. nu-
merous.—Mossy alpine woods. P. VII.

11. Mongsss Salis6.

1. M. grandiflora (Salisb.).—Pyrola uniflora Sm., E. B. 146.
—L. few, roundish, serrated. FI. solitary, terminal, large, droop-
ing, white, open, nearly an inch broad. Stam. shorter than the
pet. and closely adpressed to them. Stigmas very large.— Woods
in Scotland, rare. P. VI. VII.

Tribe V. Monotropee.

12. Monotropa Linn.

1. M. Hypopitys (L.); fl. in a drooping cluster, lateral ones
with 8 terminal with 10 stamens, fr. erect, bracts and fl. glabrous
externally.—#. B.69.—Inner side of the pet., filaments, germen
and style glabrous (Hypopitys glabra Bernh., DC.); or hairy
(H. multiflora Scop., DC.).—Plant 6—8 in. high, succulent,
simple, clothed with ovate scales, terminating in a short cluster,
dingy yellow, at length turning nearly black. Fl. with large
sealy bracts. Not parasitical. (Phytol. i. 341.) Clusters some-
times erect.—Woods. P. VIL. VII. Yellow Bird’s-nest.

Order XLVIIT. AQUIFOLIACEA.

Sep. inferior, 4—6, imbricated. Cor. regular, 4—6 parted,
imbricate. Stam. inserted into the base of the corolla and al-
ternate with its lobes. Disk 0. Ovary 2—6-celled; ovules so-
litary, pendulous, with a cupshaped seed-stalk. Fr. fleshy, not
bursting ; seeds stony, 2—6.

1. Ibex. Cal. 4—5-fid, persistent. Cor. rotate, 4—5-fid.
Stam. 4—5, inserted upon the corolla. Stigmas 4—5,
nearly sessile. Fr. fleshy, containing 4—5 1-seeded nuts.

1. Ivex Linn. Holly.

1. I. Aquifolium (L.); 1. ovate acute spinous wavy shining,
peduncles axillary short many-tlowered, fl. somewhat umbellate.
—E. B.496. St. 7.4.—A small tree. LL. evergreen, often quite
entire on the upper branches, edged with strong spinous teeth
and terminated by a spine on the lower ones. Fl. white. Berries
scarlet.—Woods and hedges. T. VI.—VIII.
49. oOLEACE%.—50. APOCYNACER. 211

Order XLIX. OLEACEA.

Cal. monosepalous, divided, persistent. Cor. with 4—8 divi-
sions, rarely 0, valvate. Stam. 2. Ovary free, 2-celled; ovules
im pairs, pendulous. Stigma entire or bifid. Fr. a berry, drupe
or capsule, often 1-seeded. Albumen dense or none.

1. Licgusrrum. Fr. fleshy, a berry containing 2 membranous
1-seeded nuts. Cal. cupshaped with 4 minute teeth. Cor.
funnelshaped, limb 4-cleft spreading. Stam. 2.

2. Fraxinus. Fr. dry, a pendulous samara of 1 or 2 single-
seeded cells. Cal. 0 or 4-cleft. Cor. 0.—FI. sometimes
without stamens.

1. Ligustrum Linn.  Privet.

1. L. vulgare (L.); 1. elliptic-lanceolate entire glabrous, pa-
nicles terminal compound dense.—E. B. 764. St. 14. 1—A
bushy shrub, 6—8 feet high, with straight smooth branches and
opposite leaves. Fl. white. Berries globose, black, rarely yellow.
—Thickets in the south of England. Sh. VI. VIL.

2. Fraxinus Linn. Ash.

1. F. excelsior (L.); 1. pinnate with 4—8 pairs of nearly
sessile ovate-lanceolate acuminate serrate leaflets, cal. wanting.
—E. B. 1692. St. 44. 7.—A handsome tree. Fl. appearing be-
fore the 1., in axillary clusters. 8. F. heterophyllus (Vahl.), 1.
simple and pinnate.—E. B. 2476.— Woods and hedges. T. IV. V.

Order L. APOCYNACEA.

Cal. in 4 or 5 persistent divisions. Cor. regular, 4—5-lobed,
deciduous, contorted. Stam. 5, filaments distinct. Anth. 2-
eelled, pollen granular. Ovaries 2, l-celled; or 1 of 2 cells.
Stigma 1. Seed with fleshy albumen.

1. Vinca. Cor. salvershaped; tube long with 5 angles at
the mouth, closed with spreading. hairs and the connivent
stamens; limb flat, 5-lobed. Stigma capitate with a ring at
its base. Fr. of 2 erect. elongated follicles.

1. Vinca Linn. Periwinkle.

1. V. minor (L.); st. procumbent, 1. lanceolate-elliptical, their
margins as well as those of the small lanceolate calyx-segments
glabrous. E. B. 917.—St. prostrate, rooting, flowermg branches
212 51. GENTIANACES.

erect. Fl. smaller than those of the next, blue, rarely white.—
Woods and thickets. P.V. VI. Lesser Periwinkle.—E. 8.? I.?

*2. V. major (L.); st. somewhat ascending, 1. ovate acute or
subcordate, their margins as well as those of the elongate-subu-
late calyx-segments ciliated —H. B. 514.—St. at first ascending,
afterwards prostrate and rooting, flowering shoots erect. Fi.
large, purplish-blue.—Hedges and thickets, naturalized. P. IV.

Greater Periwinkle. E. 8.2 1.?

Order LI. GENTIANACE.

Cal. imferior, persistent. Cor. regular, 4—8-fid, hypogynous,
marcescent ; zstivation imbricate-twisted. Stam. inserted on the
cor., as many as the segments. Ovary of 2 carpels with the edges
slightly inflexed or meeting. Caps. or berry many-seeded, gene-
rally 2-valved.

Subord. I. GENTIANEZ. Corolla twisted in estivation.
L. opposite.
* Style deciduous.
Tribe I. CHLOREA. Corolla rotate.

1. Cutora. Cal. 8-parted. Cor. nearly rotate, 8-parted.
Stam.8. Style l. Stigma 2—4-cleft. Caps. ]-celled, pla-
centas on the inflexed margins of the valves.

Tr. Il. ERYTHRAEA. Corolla funnelshaped.

2. Eryrurma. Cal. 5-fid. Cor. funnelshaped, limb short
5-fid. Stam. 5. Anth. erect, at length spirally twisted.
Style simple, stigmas 2. Caps. imperfectly 2-celled from
the inflexed margins of the valves.

3. Cicenpr1a. Cal. 4-partite or-lobed. Cor. funnel-shaped,
limb short 4-fid. Stam. 4. Anth. erect, not twisted.
Stigma capitate, undivided. Caps. 1- or imperfectly 2-celled.

** Style persistent or stigma sessile.

Tr. II. SVWERTIE A. Style often wanting, stigma persistent.

4. Gentrana. Cal. 4—5-cleft. Cor. funnel- or salver-shaped,
limb 4—5-cleft. Stam.4—5. Stigmas 2. Caps. 1-celled,
seeds on the inflexed margins of the valves.

Subord. Il. MENYANTHIDEZ. Corolla duplicate in zsti-
vation. L. alternate.

5. Vinuarsia. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate, thin; limb 5-
parted, smooth on the disk, bearded or scaly at the base.
CHLORA.— ERYTHRZA. 213

Stam. 5. Stigma with 2 toothed lobes. Caps. 1-celled with
sutural placentas, 2-valved (in our plant), not bursting.

6. Menyantuss. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. funnelshaped, fleshy;
hmb 5-parted, bearded internally. Stam. 5. Stigma capi-
tate. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved, valves bearing the seeds along
their middle.

Suborder I. Gentianee. Tribe I. Chloree.

1. Cutora Linn. Yellow-wort.

1. C. perfoliata (L.); lowermost 1. elliptice-oblong narrowed
below, stem-1. broadly connate, st: perfoliate—H. B. 60.—St. 12
—18 in. high, simple. Stem-l. triangular-ovate, connected by
their whole breadth in rather distant pairs, glaucous. Panicle
forked, many-flowered. Cal. divided to its base into linear-sub-
ulate segments. Cor. bright yellow. Stigmas yellow.—Dry
calcareous hills. A. VII.—IX. E. I.

Tribe II. Erythreece.
2. Eryvtura#a Renealm.

1. E. pulchella (Fries) ; st. erect much branched acutely qua-
drangular, 1. ovate the uppermost oblong-lanceolate, fl. all
stalked axillary and terminal, cal, rather shorter than the tube of
the opening corolla, lobes of the cor. elliptic-oblong obtuse.—
E. B. 458.—St. quite simple, 1 in. high and single-flowered ; or
very much branched, even from the base, 6—8 in. high, with very
numerous flowers. Radical 1. very few. Inflorescence forked,
the lateral fl. distant from the floral leaves. The length of the
tube must be observed exactly at the time when the flower is
about to expand.—Sandy ground. A. VII.—IX.

2. E. Centaurium (Pers.); st. erect branched above quadran-
gular, 1. elliptic-oblong the upper ones acute, fl. nearly sessile
corymbosely panicled, cal. not half as long as the tube of the
opening corolla, lobes of the cor. oval.—E. B. 417.—St. 6—18
in. high, usually simple below. Panicles of fl. lax. Laterai fl.
apparently stalked but sessile between the small floral leaves.
Radical I. numerous.—Dry pastures. A. VIT. VIII. Common
Centaury.

3. E. latifolia (Sm.); st. short branched from the base qua-
drangular, 1. broadly elliptical obtuse, fl. ix dense forked tufts
sessile, cal. rather shorter than the tube of the opening corolla,
lobes of the cor. lanceolate.—E. B. S. 2719.—St. thick, 2—3 in.
214 51. GENTIANACES.

high, sometimes taller and branched, usually dividing into 3 main
branches. FI. densely aggregated. Radical |. very large, with
5—7 ribs, numerous. “Cor.-lobes sometimes oval.” Mr, Wat-
son.—Near the sea-shore. A. VI.—VIII. E. I.

4. E, littoralis (Fries); st. simple solitary or several from the
crown of the root, |. oblong-linear obtuse narrowed below, radical
1. crowded spathulate, fl. sessile between the floral 1. densely
corymbose, calyx as long as the tube of the opening corolla, lobes
of the cor. oval obtuse. —E. B. 2305. E. linariifolia is a different
plant. Fr. Sum.554.—St. 2—6 in. high. Inflorescence usually
trichotomous, dense, branches sometimes elongated. Radical I.
narrow, numerous.—Sandy sea-shores. A. VII. VIII.

3. CrcenpiA Adans.

1. C. filiformis (Reich.) ; cal. bell-shaped with 4 ovate acute
lobes, st. thread-shaped forked.—Ewacum Sm., EB. B. 235. Mi-
crocala Griseb.—St. 1—4 in. high. Radical 1. lmear-lanceolate,
stem-l. subulate, all sessile. FI. yellow, solitary, on long stalks.
—Damp sandy places. A. VII. VIII. E. I.

[2. C. Candollei (Griseb.) ; cal. 4-parted with lmear adpressed
segments, st. slender branching from its base.—DC. Icon. Gall.
t. 16.—St. much branched throughout, 1—4 in. high. L. all
narrowly linear-lanceolate. Fl. pmk.—On spots sometimes
flooded. Paradis, Guernsey. Capt. Gosselin. A. VI. VII]

Tribe III. Swertiee.

4. Gentrana Linn.

1. G. Amarella (L.); cor. salvershaped 4—5-cleft bearded in
the throat, cal.-lobes 5 nearly equal lanceolate, 1. sessile ovate-lan-
ceolate, radical 1. obovate.—Hi. B. 236.—Very variable in size and
im the number of the flowers, 3—12 in. high, erect. St. square,
much branched. Fl. pale purple.—Grisebach distinguishes G.
germanica by its acuminate calyx-lobes, obconical tube of the co-
rolla, and stalked capsules; G. Amarella by its obtuse calyx-lobes,
cylindrical tube of the corolla, and sessile capsules. Both are na-
tives of Britam, but their claims to distinction are very doubtful.
—Dry calcareous fields. A. VIII. IX.

2. G, campestris (L.); cor. salvershaped 4-cleft bearded in the
throat, cal.-lobes 4, 2 outer ones very large ovate, 1. elliptic-ob-
long.— H. B.237.—St. 3—10 in. high. F'. blue, tube of the co-
rolla slightly thicker upwards. Caps. nearly sessile. Upper 1.
and sepals pomted.—Dry limestone hills. A. VIII. IX.

3. G. nivalis (L.); cor. salvershaped 5-cleft with minute inter-
52. POLEMONIACE. 215

mediate bifid lobes, throat naked, cal. cylindrical with 5 keeled
angles, 1. ovate lowermost broadly elliptical —E. B. 896.—St.
erect, slightly branched, 2—6 in. high. Fl. bright blue.—Sum-
mits of highland mountains, very rare. A. VIII. 8.

4. G. verna (L.); cor. salvershaped 5-cleft with small inter-
mediate bifid segments, throat naked, cal. with prominent angles
and sharp teeth, 1. ovate lower ones crowded, st. cespitose single-
flowered with 1 or 2 pairs of leaves —E. B.493. St. 40. 12.—
St. prostrate, rooting, each terminating in a roselike tuft of 1.
and producing a single short flowering shoot. Fi. rather large,
vivid blue.—Barren limestone districts. Teesdale, Durham.
Burrin and between Gort and Galway, Clare. P. IV. E. I.

5. G. Pneumonanthe (L.); cor. bellshaped 5-cleft, throat naked,
cal. entire with lear obtuse segments, fl. mostly solitary slightly
stalked, J. linear obtuse.—E. B. 20,—St. 4—10 in. high, leafy,
simple, erect or ascending. Fl. very large, deep blue within and
with a broad greenish band down the middle of each segment.—
Moist turfy heaths. A. VIII. IX.

[G. acaulis (L.) E. B. 1594. is not a native. ]

[SWERTIA perennis (L.), which has 2 curious fringed glands
at the base of each segment of the cor. (HZ. B.1441.), is said to
have been formerly found in Wales. ]

Suborder II. Menyanthidee.

5. Vituarsia Vent.

1. V. nympheoides (Vent.); 1. opposite roundly heartshaped
floating wavy at the edges, peduncles aggregate 1-flowered, cor.
ciliated. —E. B. 217. St.13. 4. Limnanthemum Griseb., Koch.—
Floating. St. long, round, branched. L. resembling those of
Nymphea alba but much smaller. Fl. yellow. Caps. sometimes
3-valved.—Still places in rivers, rare. P. VII. VIII. E.

6. Menyantues Linn.

1. M. trifoliata (L.).—E. B. 495. St. 8.—St. ascending, round,
leafy. L. ternate. Leaflets equal, obovate, wavy. Clusters
stalked, each opposite to a leaf, many-flowered. Cor. flesh-co-
loured, densely bearded.—Boggy places. P.V.—VII. Buck-
bean.

Order LII. POLEMONIACE.

Cal. inferior, 5-parted, persistent. Cor. hypogynous, regular,
5-lobed. Stam. 5, unequal, on the tube of the corolla. vary
216 52. POLEMONIACEH.—53. CONVOLVULACES.

3-celled. Stigmas 3-fid. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved, valves sepa-
rating at the axis.

1. Pouemonium. Cal. 5-fid. Cor. rotate, with a short tube
and 5-lobed limb, throat nearly closed by the dilated bases
of the filaments.—G. F. G. Gam. i. 62.

1. Potemonium Linn.

1. P. caruleum (L.); st. angular, 1. glabrous pinnate, leaflets
ovate-lanceolate pointed, panicle downy glandular. B, 14.
—St. 1—2 feet high, simple, hollow. L. alternate, leaflets nu-
merous. Fl. numerous, somewhat drooping, bright blue or white.
—Bushy hilly places, rare. P. VII. Blue Jacob’s Ladder.

Order LITT. CONVOLVULACE.

Cal. inferior, 5-parted, persistent, imbricated, often unequal.
Cor. hypogynous, regular, plaited, deciduous. Stam. 5, from
near the base of the corolla. Ovary of 2—4 cells, few-seeded,
surrounded by an annular hypogynous disk. Style 1, rarely 2.
Caps. with the valves separating from the edges of the dissepi-
ments or bursting transversely.

* With leaves and cotyledons.

1. Convotvuxus. Cor. bellshaped, with 5 prominent plaits
and 5 shallow lobes. Style simple, stigmas 2. Caps. 2—4-
celled, cells 2-seeded.—G. F. G. Gam. 1. 63, 64.

** Without leaves or cotyledons.

2. Cuscuta. Cal. 4—5-cleft. Cor. roundish-urceolate or
bellshaped, 4—5-parted, with as many scales alternating
with the segments at the base within. Stam.4—5. Styles
2, rarely 1. Caps. bursting transversely, 2-celled, 4-seeded.
—G. F. G. Gam. i. 65.

1. ConvotvuLus Linn.

1. C. arvensis (I..); 1. arrowshaped with acute lobes, peduncles
mostly 1-flowered, bracts minute distant from the flower.—E. B.
312.—St. numerous, angular, twining or prostrate, leafy, branch-
ed. Peduncles sometimes 2-flowered. Cor. beautifully variegated
with pink and white. Caps. 2-celled. Roots descending re-
markably deep. Plant glabrous or (8. hirtus Koch) st. and 1.
downy.—Fields and hedges. P. VI.—VIII. Small Bindweed.

2. C. Sepium (L.); 1. arrowshaped with truncate lobes, pe-
duncles 1-flowered square, bracts large cordate close to the flower.
CUSCUTA. 217

—E. B. 313. Calystegia R. Br.—St. twining, many feet long,
with large rather distant leaves. Fi. solitary, axillary, large,
white, rarely ae Bracts quite inclosing the calyx. Fr. im-
ee 2-celled through the shortness of the dissepiment.—
edges and thickets. P. VII. VIII. Great Bindweed.

3. C. Soldanella (L.); 1. reniform slightly angular fleshy, pe-
duncles 1-flowered with 4 membranous angles, bracts ovate close
to the flower.—E. B. 314. Calystegia R. Br.—St. short, pro-
cumbent. Fl. large, solitary, axillary, very handsome, pink with
yellow bands. Bracts rather shorter than the calyx.— Sandy sea-
shores. P. VI.—VIII. Sea-side Bindweed.

2. Cuscuta Linn. Dodder.

1. C. europea (L.); clusters of fl. bracteated sessile, tube of
the cor. at first cylindrical afterwards ventricose, scales adpressed
to the inside of the tube bifid distant below with rounded spaces,
cal. much shorter than the corolla.—E. B. 378.—St. thread-
shaped, branching, reddish. FI. in rather large clusters, yellow-
ish.—Parasitical upon herbaceous plants. A. VIII. IX. Greater
Dodder. E.

+2. C. Epilinum (Weihe); clusters of fl. bracteated sessile,
tube of the cor. ventricose, scales adpressed fimbriated distant
below with rounded spaces, cal. with fleshy segments deltoid
below nearly as long as the tube of the corolla.—E. B.S. 2850. C.
densiflora Soy. Willm.—St. slender, nearly simple, pale green. Fi.
in rather small distant clusters, whitish. Scales bifid with 4—8
fimbrize on each lobe. Ventricose tube of the cor. with 5 longi-
tudinal protuberances ; segments ventricose. Styles at first erect,
soon bowing outwards, the stigmas ee upon
flax and very injurious to the crop. A. VIII. Flax Dodder.

3. C. Epithymum (Murr.); clusters of fl. bracteated sessile, tube
of the cor. cylindrical, scales converging as long as the tube of the
cor. fimbriated and rounded at the end approximate below with
narrow acute spaces, cal. bellshaped shorter than the tube of the
corolla —E. B. 55.—St. slender, red. FI. small, with a reddish
thin cal., and white cor. with spreading ovate-acute segments.
Sep. broad, ovate-apiculate, longer than their tube. Anth. blunt
or notched at the end. Lower part of the corona adpressed
throughout ; scales broad.—Parasitical upon small shrubby plants.
A. VIL—IX. Lesser Dodder. E. 8.

+4. C. Trifolii (Bab.); clusters of fl. bracteated sessile, tube

of the cor. cylindrical, scales converging half as long as the tube

of the cor. fimbriated and rounded at the end distant below with

rounded spaces, cal. narrowed below about as long as the tube of

the cor.—E. B. S. 2898.—St. slender, branching, reddish~yel-
L
218 54. BORAGINACES.

low. Fl. small, white. Cal. fleshy, usually tipped with red;
sep. lanceolate, about as long as their tube. Anth. apiculate.
Connecting membrane of the corona not adpressed but forming
cuplike spaces between itself and the cor.; scales narrow.—
Parasitical upon clover chiefly. A. VII—IX. Clover Te

Order LIV. BORAGINACE#.

Cal. inferior, 4—5-parted, persistent. Cor. hypogynous, re-
gular. Stam. 5, inserted on the corolla. Ovary 4-parted, 4-
seeded, ovules pendulous. Style simple. Fr. separating m 4
nutlike or 2 bilocular portions. Seeds without albumen.—Figures
of all the genera are in G. F. G. Gam. ii.

Tribe I. CYNOGLOSSE4. Nuts 4, on the persistent base of
the style.—Stam. included.

1. AspeRuGo. Cal. 5-cleft with alternate smaller teeth, en-
larged and compressed in fruit. Cor. funnelshaped with
rounded scales im the throat. Filaments of stam. short.
Nuts verrucose, compressed, attached by their narrow side,
covered by the compressed calyx.

(2. EcuinosperRMum. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. salver-
shaped with rounded scales in the throat. Stam. subsessile.
Nuts triquetrous with muricated margins, attached by their
inner edge. |

3. CynocLossum. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. funnelshaped, ‘the
mouth closed with prominent blunt scales. Filaments very
short. Nuts rowndish-ovate depressed, muricated, attached
by their inner edge.

Tr. Il. ANCHUSEA. Nuts 4, on an hypogynous disk, with
an excavated space surrounded by a tumid ring at their base.

4. Boraco. Cal.in 5 deep segments. Cor.rotate; tube very
short; throat with short erect emarginate scales. Stam.
exserted ; filaments bifid, the mner fork bearing the anther;
anthers linear-lanceolate, connivent in the form of a cone.

5. Ancuusa. Cal. 5-fid. Cor. funnelshaped with a straight
tube; throat closed by prominent obtuse scales. Stam. in-
cluded, subsessile. Nuts depressed.

6. Lycopsis. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Tube of the cor.
curved; limb oblique. Otherwise like Anchusa.

7. Symepuytum. Cal. 5-cleft or 5-parted. Cor. cylindrical-
bellshaped, throat closed by a prominent cone of connivent
lanceolate-subulate scales. Stam. exserted from the tube but
covered by the scales; filaments short. Nuts ovate.
ASPERUGO.—ECHINOSPERMUM. 219

Tr. II. LITHOSPERMEZ. Nuts 4, affixed to an hypogy-
nous disk, their base not excavated but attached by a flat or
rather convex surface.

8. Ecutum. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. subbellshaped ;
throat dilated, naked; limb irregular. Stam. exserted; fila-
ments very long, unequal. Style bifid. Nuts wrinkled, at-
tached by a flat triangular base.

9. Putmonaria. Cal. tubular, 5-fid. Cor. funnelshaped, its
throat naked. Stam. included in the tube; filaments very
short. Style simple. Nuts smooth, attached by their trun-
cate base which has a central tubercle.

10. Mertensia. Cal.in 5 deep segments. Cor. bellshaped,
with a short thick cylimdrical tube with 5 minute protuber-
ances in its throat. Stam. protruded beyond the throat ;
filaments elongate. Style simple. Nuts smooth, inflated,
rather drupaceous, attached laterally near their base by a flat
surface; seeds free.

11. Lirnosprrmum. Cal.in 5 deep segments. Cor. funnel-
shaped, throat naked or with 5 minute scales. Stam. in-
cluded in tube; filaments very short. Style simple. Nuts
smooth or tubercular, stony, attached by a truncate flat base.

12. Myosorts. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. contorted in estivation,
salvershaped ; throat closed with scales; limb 5-fid, obtuse.
Stam. included; filaments very short. Style simple. Nuts
smooth, convex externally, keeled within, attached by a mi-
nute lateral spot near ther base.—Distinguished from all the
other genera by the contorted estivation of its corolla.

Tribe I. Cynoglossee.

1. Asperuco Linn.

1. A. procumbens (L.).—E. B. 661.—St. procumbent, angular,
rough with short decurved bristles. L. oblong, rough, hispid,
lower ones stalked, upper sessile. Fl. small, axillary, solitary,
blue, upon short peduncles. Cal. of the fr. much enlarged.—
Rich waste ground, rare. A. VI. VIL, E. 8.

2. EcuinosPermMum Sw.

(1. EB. Lappula (Lehm.); st. branched above, 1. lanceolate
adpressed-hairy, cor. longer than the calyx, fruit-stalks erect, nuts
with a double series of barbed spines on the margins the disk
and sides tubercled.—St. 43. 16.—St. and 1. covered with ad-
pressed hairs giving them a silky appearance. re resem-

L
220 54. BORAGINACE.

bling a Myosotis.—Upon shingle, Southwold, Suff., in very small
quantity ; probably introduced.—A. VI.] E.

3. Cynociossum Linn.

1. C. officinale (L.); 1. downy acute, lower 1. elliptical con-
tracting into a petiole, upper 1. lanceolate narrowed below sub-
cordate half clasping—H. B. 921.—Cor. dull crimson, veiny ;
veins disappearing in drying. Nuts flat in front surrounded by a
thickened prominent margin. Fretid, rarely subglabrous and
nearly scentless.— Waste ground. B.VI.VII. Hound’s-tongue.

2. C. montanum (Lam.); 1. slightly hairy acute nearly glabrous
and shining above scabrous beneath, inferior oblong narrowed
into a long petiole, upper 1. lanceolate slightly narrowed below
claspmg.—C. sylvaticum Sm., E. B. 1642.—Cor. reddish, chan-
ging to blue. L. sometimes very scabrous. Seeds without a
prominent margin.—Shady situations. B. VI. VII.

Tribe IT. Anchusee.

4. Boraco Linn. Borage.

tl. B. officinalis (L.); lower 1. obovate obtuse attenuated be-
low, segments of the cor. ovate acute flat spreading.—F. B. 36.
—Fl. blue. Stem-]. much narrowed below so as to appear
stalked, eared at the base. Whole plant hispid with tubercled
hairs. St. spreading.—On rubbish and waste ground, scarcely a
native. B. VI. VII.

5. Ancuusa Lann.

tl. A. officinalis (L.); 1. lanceolate hispid, spikes crowded
unilateral, bracts ovate-lanceolate, calyx-segments bluntish hairy
on both sides, scales of the cor. hairy —E. B. 662.—FI. deep
purple. Cal.-segments narrow, longer than the tube, St. 1—2
feet high, rough with deflexed hairs.—Waste ground, rare. P.
VI. VIL. Common Alkanet. E.

+2. A. sempervirens (L.); 1. ovate, lower 1. on long stalks,
peduncles axillary each bearing 2 dense spikes with an interme-
diate flower, cal.-segments hairy on the outside only, bracts mi-
nute lanceolate, scales of the cor. downy.—B. E. 45.—F1. blue,
rather salver- than funnelshaped. Cal.-segments narrow. St.
1,—2 feet high, rough with spreading somewhat deflexed hairs.
—Waste ground near ruins, rare. P. V.—VIII.

6. Lycopsis Linn.

1. L. arvensis (L.); 1. lanceolate erose-dentate very hispid,
SYMPHYTUM.—PULMONARIA. 221

cal. of fr. bellshaped erect.—E.B. 938.—F). small, blue. Whole
plant very hispid with strong hairs each rising from a scaly
tubercle.—Fields and hedges. A. VI. VII. Bugioss.

7. Sympuytum Linn.

1. S. officinale (L.); 1. ovate-lanceolate attenuated below,
stem-l. very decurrent lanceolate, st. winged in the upper part.—
£. B.817.—Height 1—2 feet. Racemes in pairs, drooping. Fi.
yellowish-white or purple. Cal.-segments somewhat spreading
and pubescence rougher in the purple-flowered variety, S. patens
Sibth.—Common in damp places. P.V. VI. Comfrey.

2. S. tuberosum (L.); 1. ovate-oblong attenuated below, stem-l.
lanceolate, uppermost slightly decurrent, st. scarcely winged nearly
simple.—E. B. 1502.—Fl. yellowish-white, whole plant smaller
and slenderer than the preceding. Anth. twice as long as their
filaments——Damp woods and river banks, rare. P. VI. VII.

[S. asperrimum and 8. orientale have both been noticed in
England, but possess no claims to be considered as natives. |

Tribe III. Lithospermee.

8. Ecuium Linn.

1. E. vulgare (L.); tubercular-hispid, st. erect simple, 1. lan-
ceolate 1-ribbed, stem-/. narrowed below sessile, fl. in short lateral
spikes, stam. longer than the corolla. B. 181.—Lower 1. at-
tenuated into a footstalk. Fl. at first reddish, afterwards bright
blue.—Dry places. B. VI. VII. Viper’s Bugloss.

(2. E. violaceum (L.) ; pilose-hispid, st. erect branched diffuse,
lower branches prostrate, radical 1. oblong-ovate stalked, stem-l.
oblong neers | from a cordate half-clasping base with lateral
ribs, spikes panicled elongate simple, stam. scarcely longer than
the corolla.—E. B. S. 2798. Lycopsis Ray.—Stam. very unequal,
1 short, 2 intermediate, and 2 longer. Fi. violet-blue. Hairs
rising from minute tubercles. Root reddish; it stains the paper
in the herb. deep violet—Jersey. B. VI—IX.]

9. Putmonaria Linn.

1. P. officinalis (L.); 1. ovate roundish or cordate, upper 1.
oblong.—E. B. 118.—Whole plant more or less hispid. Fi.
purple. L. often spotted—Woods and thickets, rare. P. V.
Lungwort. E. 8.2?

2. P. angustifolia (L.); 1. all lanceolate—E. B. 1628.—More
pubescent than the last, but scarcely distinguishable as a species.
—Woods in Hampshire. P. IV. V. E.
222 54. BORAGINACES.

10. Mertensia Roth.

1. M. maritima (Don); st. procumbent branched, 1. ovate
acute rough with callous dots glabrous fleshy glaucous, nuts
smooth.—Lithospermum Sm., E. B. 361. Stenhammaria Fr.—
Fi. in racemes, purplish-blue. Protuberances in throat of cor.
yellow. L. with a flavour resembling that of oysters. Nuts free,
forming a pyramid, longer than the calyx. Pericarp membra-

naceous; seed smaller than the cavity.—Northern sea-shores.
P. V.—VOL.

ll. LirnospermuM Linn.

1. L. officinale (L.); st. erect much branched, 1. lanceolate
acute veined hispid with tubercles and adpressed bristles above
hairy beneath, throat of the cor. with a crown of scales, nuts
smooth.—E. B. 134.—Fl. greenish-yellow. Nuts gray, highly
polished, stony, 2 or 3 ripening in each calyx.—Root whitish —
Dry and stony places. P. VI—VIII. Gromwell.

2. L. purpureo-ceruleum (L.); barren st. prostrate creeping
the others erect 2—3-fid above, 1. lanceolate acute hispid, hairs
on the upper side adpressed tubercular, cor. much longer than
the calyx, nuts smooth.—£. B. 117.—F. large, bright blue.
Nuts “silvery white, highly polished, slightly rugged,” rarely
produced. This species and the followmg have no scales in the
throat of the cor. but merely 5 longitudinal downy folds. They
belong to the genus Rhytispermum Link, Spenn.—Thickets on a
limestone soil. rare. P. V.—VII.

3. L. arvense (L.); st. erect branched, 1. lanceolate rather
acute hispid with adpressed tubercular hairs on both sides, cor.
rather longer than the calyx, nuts tubercular—H. B. 123.—¥l.
small, white. Nuts pale brown, polished, wrinkled, pitted, 3 or
4 perfected in each calyx. Root bright red, colouring paper, &c.
—Corn-fields). A. V—VII. Corn Gromwell.

12. Myosotis Linn.

i. Persistentes. Cal. of fruit shorter than its stalk.

1. M. palustris (With.) ; cal. open when in fr. with straight
adpressed bristles, teeth short triangular, limb of the cor. flat
longer than the tube, lobes slightly emarginate, pubescence of the
st. spreading —E. B. 1973. St. 42. 2.—L. bluntish, apiculate.
St. angular from the prominent decurrent line from the margins
of the leaves. Clusters quite leafless. Cor. large, bright blue
with a yellow eye. Style about as long as the calyx which is
divided to about 3 of its length_—Valuable observations on this
genus, by Mr. Borrer, will be found in Hook. Br, Fl. (ed. 3.) and
MYOSOTIS. 223

the Suppl. to Eng. Bot.—Ditches and watery places. P. VI.—
VIII. Great Water Scorpion-grass. Forget-me-not.

2. M. repens (Don); cal. open when in fr. with straight ad-
pressed bristles, teeth narrow lanceolate acute, limb of the cor.
flat longer than the tube, lobes slightly emarginate, pubescence of
the st. spreading. —E. B.S. 2703.—L. rather acute. St. slightly
angular. Clusters usually slightly leafy (1—4 leaves) below. Cor.
pale blue. Cal. divided fully half-way down, longer than style.
—Boggy places.—P. VI.—VIII.

3. M. cespitosa (Schultz!); cal. open when in fruit with
straight adpressed bristles, teeth narrow lanceolate bluntish, limb
of the cor. equalling the tube, lobes entire, pubescence of the st.
adpressed.— E. B. 8. 2661. St. 42. 7.—L. usually obtuse or even
emarginate. St. round, “ with an impressed decurrent line from
the margin of the leaves.” Clusters usually slightly leafy below.
Cor. smaller than in the preceding, bright blue, segments nar-
rower and rounded at the end. Style very short, about as long
as the tube of the calyx.—Mr. Woods found what he supposes
to be the M. multiflora (DC.) by Kunfig Pool, Glamorganshire,
put T cannot distinguish it from this species.—Watery places.
P. VI—VIITI.

4. M. suaveolens (Kit.); cal. attenuated below deeply 5-cleft
open when in fruit, with straight and a few curved adpressed
bristles, pedicels ascending, limb of the cor. longer than the tube
flat, root-1. on long stalks pointed.—St. 42.8. not DC. M. rupin-
cola Sm., E. B. 2559. M. alpestris Sm., Borr.—L. oblong-lan-
ceolate, stalks of the lower ones slender. Fl. large, handsome,
blue, sweetscented in the evening. Style fully half as long as
the calyx.—[M. alpestris (Schm.) has blunt roundish or oblong-
oval root-leaves and is probably a mountain form of M. sylvatica. |
—Summits of the Breadalbane mountams. P. VII. VIII. ° 8.

5. M. sylvatica (Ehrh.); cal. rounded below deeply 5-cleft
closed when in fruit, tube with spreading hooked bristles, pedicels
divergent, limb of the cor. longer than the tube flat, cor.-lobes
emarginate, style nearly as long as cal., root-l. on short dilated
stalks bluntish.—E. B. S. 2630. St. 42. 6.—L. oblong-lanceolate,
stalks of the oblong-ovate lower]. dilated. F'. large, handsome,
blue. Cal. divided more than half-way down.—Shady places,
rare. P. V. VI.

6. M. arvensis (Hoffm.); cal. half 5-cleft closed when in fruit,
tube with spreading hooked bristles, pedicels divergent, limb of
the cor. equalling the tube concave, cor.-lobes entire, style very
short, clusters stalked.—E. B. S. 2629. St. 42.13. M. inter-~
media Link, Reich., Koch.—L. oblong, acute; lower 1. oblong-
obovate, obtuse. FI. usually small. Style very short.—A large
224 55. SOLANACEA.

flowered plant found in shade is often taken for M. sylvatica.—
Cultivated land and thickets. A. VI.—VIII. Field Scorpion-
grass.

ii. Fugaces. Cal. of fruit not shorter than its stalk.

7. M. collina (Hoffm.); cal. open and ventricose when in fruit
as long as the diverging pedicels, tube with spreading hooked
bristles, limb of the cor. shorter than the tube concave, style
about 4 as long as cal., clusters stalked usually with 1 distant
flower, hairs on the 1. straight.—£. B. 2558. St.42.11. M. his-
pida Koch.—L. oblong, obtuse, lower obovate, with straight
silky hairs on both sides. Fl. small, blue—[M. stricta Link, M.
arvensis (R.) St. 42. 14. has its cal. closed in fruit with very short
pedicels, sessile clusters leafy below. It is probably a native of
Britain and will reward some careful observer.]—Dry banks.
A. IV. V.

8. M. versicolor (Ehrh.); cal. closed and oblong when in fruit
longer than the ascending pedicels, tube with spreading hooked
bristles, limb of the cor. shorter than the tube concave, style as
long as cal., clusters stalked —E. B. 480. (left fig.) St. 42. 12.—
L. narrow, oblong, acutish, upper ones frequently opposite. Fl.
small, at first pale yellow, afterwards blue.—In a plant inhabit-
ing damp places the fl. are at first white and the cal. is “less deeply
divided.”—Meadows and banks. A. V. VI.

Order LV. SOLANACES.

Cal. inferior, 5- rarely 4-parted, persistent. Cor. hypogynous,
regular or slightly irregular, 5-cleft, deciduous, plicate in zstiva-
tion ; «stivation of lobes imbricate or imbricate-plicate (in Sola-
num valvate). Stam. 4—5, inserted on the cor., alternate with
the lobes. Gvary 1—2- or 4-celled. Stigma simple, rarely
lobed. Pericarp 1—2- or 4-celled. Seeds numerous. Embryo
usually curved, in fleshy albumen, often not in the axis—Figures
of the genera are in G. F. G. Gam. 1.

Tribe I. SOLANEA. Cor. rotate, lobes nearly regular and
equal with a valvate estivation. Anth. opening by pores.

1. Sotanum. Cor.-limb 5-cleft, refleced. Anth. erect, con-
nivent. Berry roundish with 2 or more cells.

Tr. Il. ATROPEA. Cor. tubular; tube plicate in bud; lobes
slightly unequal with an imbricate zstivation. Anth. open-
ing longitudinally at the margin.

2. Arropa. Cor. bellshaped with 5 equal lobes. Stam. di-
stant above. Berry globose, 2-celled.
~

SOLANUM.—ATROPA. 225

3. Hyoscyamus. Cor. funnelshaped with a short tube and
5 unequal obtuse lobes. Stigma capitate. Caps. 2-celled,

ventricose below, furrowed, opening transversely by a convex
lid.

4. Datura. Cor. funnelshaped, angular, 5-lobed. Cal. de-
ciduous. Stigma2-lobed. Caps. 4-valved, with 2 partially
bipartite cells.

Tribe I. Solanee.

1. Sotanum Linn.

1. S. nigrum (L.); st. herbaceous with tubercled angles, I. ovate
bluntly dentate or wavy, fl. drooping, hairs incurved upwards.—
—E. B. 556. St. 1. 4.—Umbel from the intermediate spaces be-
tween the leaves. L. attenuated below. Fr.-stalks thickened
upwards. Berries globular, black, or rarely green, when ripe.
St. a foot or more high.—[8. S. miniatum (Bernh.); angles of
the st. with prominent tubercles, 1. simuate-dentate. Closely
allied to this species but differs by its more deeply toothed 1.
which are less attenuated below, its patent pubescence and red
berries and is probably distinct.]|—Waste ground. [8. Jersey.]
A. VIL—X. Black Nightshade.

2. S. Dulcamara (L.); st. shrubby zigzag, t. cordate-ovate,
upper 1. auriculate-hastate, fl. drooping.—E. B. 565. St. 18. 3.—
Corymb opposite to leaves. Fl. purple with 2 green spots at the
base of each segment. Berries ovate, red. St. climbing to the
height of 12—14 feet, nearly round, almost glabrous throughout.
—£. tomentosum (Koch); st. and 1. downy with patent hairs.—
y- marinum ; branches of the present year and 1. fleshy and
usually clothed with hairs incurved upwards, st. angular prostrate
diffuse much branched, 1. all (?) cordate not hastate. S. lignosum
seu Dulcamara marina Ray 265.—z. and 8. woods and hedges,
common. yy. pebbly sea-beach. Sh. VI. VII. Woody Night-
shade. Bitter sweet.

Tribe II. Atropee.

2. Arropa Linn. Deadly Nightshade. Dwale.

1. A. Belladonna (L.) ; st. herbaceous, |. broadly ovate entire,
fl. solitary axillary on short stalks.—£. B. 592. St. 3. 5.—St. 3
ft. high. FI. lurid, purple, drooping. Berry violet-black, highly
poisonous.— Waste places, rare. P. VI.—VHI. P

L
226 56. OROBANCHACER.

3. Hyoscyamus Linn.

1. H. niger (L.); 1. oblong pinnatifid or sinuate sessile and
subamplexicaule, lower 1. stalked, fl. nearly sessile axillary uni-
lateral. —E. B. 591. St. 3. 4.—F. lurid yellow, with dark veins,
drooping. Fr. erect. Whole herbage downy, glandular, viscid,
foetid.—8. pallidus (Koch); fl. without dark veins. —Waste
places, preferring acalcareous soil. 8. Esher, Surrey. Mr. H.C.
Watson. A. or B. V—VII. Henbane.

4. Datura Linn.

+1. D. Stramonium (L.); 1. ovate unequally sinuate-dentate
glabrous, caps. erect spinose.— E. B. 549-1. white, large, erect.
Fr. densely spinose. Caps. with 4 dissepiments below of which
only 2 reach to the summit.—Waste ground, rare. A. VI. VII.
Thorn-apple. E.

Order LVI. OROBANCHACEA.

Cal. variously divided, persistent. Cor. irregular, usually 2-
lipped, persistent, imbricate in estivation. Stam. on the cor., 4,
didynamous. Anth. 2-celled; cells distinct, parallel. Ovary in
a fleshy disk, 1-celled, with 2 or more parietal placentas. Stigma
2-lobed. Fr. capsular, 2-valved, many-seeded.

1. OropancuE. Cal. 4-cleft or of 2 usually bifid sepals. Cor.
ringent, 4—5-cleft, deciduous, its base persistent. Bracts
1—3.—G. F. G. Gam. 1. 49, 50.

2, Larurwa. Cor. 2-lipped, the upper lip galeate, deciduous,
entire. Otherwise like Orobanche.—G. ¥. G. Gam. i. 51.

1. OropancueE Linn. Broom-rape.

* Sepals 2, entire or bifid, separate or connected below in front.
Bract 1. Valves of caps. adhering at both ends.

1. O. Rapum (Thuill.); sep. 2-nerved equally bifid nearly as
long as the tube of the corolla, cor. bellshaped ventricose at the
base in front arcuate, lips wavy obsoletely denticulated (not
fringed), upper lip helmetshaped scarcely emarginate, sides
patent, middle lobe of the lower lip much longer than the lateral
lobes, stam. inserted at the base of the cor. glabrous below, their
upper part and the style glandular-pubescent.—E. B. 421.
R. I. £. 900 and 923. O. major (L.) Sm., but Fries states that
that syn. belongs to O. elatior—Stigma distantly bilobed, yellow.
Anth. white when dry. For a full description from fresh speci-
mens see Leight. Fl. Shrop. 302.—Parasitical upon Broom,
Furze and other shrubby leguminous plants. P. V.—VII.
Greater Broom-rape.
OROBANCHE. 27

2. O. rubra (Sm.); sep. 1-nerved lanceolate subulate-attenu-
ated longer than the tube of the cor. undivided, cor. bellshaped
arcuate glandular-pubescent externally and the upper lip internally,
Ups acutely denticulated and crisped, upper lip emarginate, sides
patent, lobes of the lower lip nearly equal intermediate lobe
rather longer, stam. inserted near to the base of the corolla slightly
pilose within below, their apex and the upper part of the style
slightly glandular-pilose.— HE. B. 1786 (bad). R. I. f.885. Pro-
bably O. epithymum DC., Koch, Fries (Mant. iii. 59), but there
are some discrepancies in the descriptions.—Stigma approsi-
mately 2-lobed, pale red. Anth. fuscous when dry. Sep. with
a second faint nerve near their anterior margin and, in the dry
plant, there is the appearance of several more. L. few. Sweet-
scented.—Description drawn from fresh Cornish specimens.—
Parasitical upon Thymus Serpyllum. P. VI.—VIII.

3. O. caryophyllacea (Sm.); sep. many-nerved lanceolate
equally bifid shorter than the tube of the cor. distinct or com-
bined in front, cor, tubular-bellshaped curved on the back, lips
spreading, upper one 2-lobed, lobes porrect, lobes of the lower
lip nearly equal rounded wavy, stam. inserted above the base of
the cor. hairy within below, above together with the style glan-
dular-pilose.—E. B. S. 2639. O. Galii Duby, Koch.—Stigma
purplish-black, approximately lobed. Anth. fuscous, yellow when
dry. Sep. with crisped glandular hairs externally, each lobe with
1 strong nerve and several slender ones. Cor. similarly hairy on
both sides.—Described from fresh Kentish specimens.—On
Galium Mollugo in Kent. P. VI. VII.

4. O. elatior (Sutt.); sep. many-nerved equally bifid as long
as the tube of the cor. connected in front, cor. curved tubular
slightly compressed above, upper lip 2-lobed toothed, lobes inflexed,
lower, lip of 3 nearly equal acute lobes toothed, stam. inserted
above the base of the cor. glandular-hairy in the lower half
within.—E. B. 568. O. major (L.) Fries.—Stigma bilobed yellow.
Upper lip of the cor. usually with an elevated point between the
lobes. Cor. glandular externally. The stam. sometimes have a
few hairs on their upper half. Anth. whitish when dry. Stem
2—3 feet high.—Parasitical upon Centaurea Scabiosa, rare.
P.? VI. VII.

5. O. Picridis (F. W. Schultz); sep. 1—3-nerved entire or
toothed in front below gradually narrowed into 1 or 2 subulate
points, cor. tubular-bellshaped its back nearly straight and com-
pressed slightly curved at each end, lips denticulate wavy upper
not notched its sides porrect, stam. inserted below the middle of
the cor.-tube hairy in their lower half within, style glandular be-
low in front and above throughout, stigma bilobed.—Lobes of
the stigma just touching, purple. Auth. fuscous, pale purple or
228 56. OROBANCHACEA.

yellowish.—Parasitical upon Picris. Comberton, Camb. Tenby,
Pemb. Isle of Wight. A.? VII. E.

6. O. Hedere (Duby); sep. l-nerved ovate below suddenly
narrowed into 1 or 2 subulate poimts nearly or quite as long as
the tube of the cor., cor. tubular arcuate, lips denticulated wavy,
upper one bilobed porrect, lobes of the lower lip nearly equal the
middle one longest, stam. inserted below the middle of the cor.-
tube glabrous with a few scattered hairs on their lower part
posterior pair distant below, style glabrous with a few hairs on
the upper part, stigma scarcely bilobed.—O. barbata R., Bab.,
E. B.S. 2859. not Poir.—Lobes of the stigma attached together
by at least + of their circumference, yellow. Anth. fuscous, rather
Baer when dry, St. purplish.—Parasitical upon Ivy. P. VI.

Il. E. I.

7. O. minor (Sutt.) ; sep. many-nerved ovate below suddenly
narrowed into 1 or 2 subulate points as long or longer than the
tube of the cor., cor. tubular arcuate, lips obtusely denticulated
wavy, upper lip bilobed porrect, lobes of the lower lip nearly
equal, stam. inserted below the middle of the cor.-tube glabrous
with a few scattered hairs below posterior pair near together and
parallel, style glabrous with a line of distant hairs on its anterior
side, stigma bilobed.—E. B. 422.—Stigma approximately lobed,
lobes only just touching at one point, purple. Anth. yellow
when dry.—Parasitical chiefly upon Trifolium pratense. A.? VI.
Vii.

8. O. amethystea (Thuill.); sep. many-nerved ovate below
suddenly narrowed into 1 or 2 subulate pomts, cor. tubular its
back curved immediately from the base otherwise straight, lips
unequally acutely denticulate wavy, upper lip hooded porrect
notched, lobes of lower lip unequal middle one larger, stam. in-
serted in the curvature of the cor. glabrous with many hairs at
the base within, stigma bilobed.—A/t. Fl. Par. t.19. E. O. Eryn-
git Duby.—Lobes of stig. “ divaricate, purple.” (Hore. Phytol.
u. 239,.)—* Parasitical upon Daucus maritimus.’? Whitsand Bay,
Cornwall. A.? VI. VII.

** Sep. 4 or 5, connected below. Bracts3. Valves of capsule
separating at the top. Pue ipa Desf.

(9. O. arenaria (Bork.) ; cal. of 5 sep. tubular with triangular-
subulate teeth shorter than the tube of the cor., cor. tubular
slightly curved in front, the middle of the tube compressed on the
back, throat slightly inflated externally glandular, lobes of the lips
obtuse with reflexed margins, lower lip hairy within, suture of
the anth. hairy.— Atl. Fl. Par.t. 19. L.—Stigma scarcely 2-lobed,
style pale yellow (?), glandular. Filaments glabrous with a few
hairs at their base. Lateral bracts limear-subulate, intermediate
57. SCROPHULARIACER. 229

lanceolate attenuated above. St., scales, and cal. glandular-pu-
bescent.—Parasitical upon Achillea Millefolium? in the Channel
Islands. P. VII. VIII]

10. O. c@rulea (Vill.) ; cal. of 5 sep. tubular with lanceolate
acute teeth shorter than the tube of the cor., cor. tubular curved
in front, middle of the tube compressed, lobes of the lips acute
with reflexed margins, lower lip hairy within, anth. glubrous.—
E. B. 423, Atl. Fl. Par. t.19. k— Stig. scarcely 2-lobed, white.
St., scales, bracts, cal., and cor. glandular- ubescent.—Grassy
pastures. Herts. Norf. Isle of Wight. P. VI. VII. E.

[11. O.ramosa(L.); cal. of 4 sep. tubular with triangular ovate
acuminate teeth, anth. glabrous, st. usually branched.—E. B.
184.—I have not seen living specimens.—Parasitical upon Hemp.
Very rare. A. VIII. [X.]

2. Laruraa Linn.

1, L. squamaria (L.); st. simple, fl. pendulous secund, lower
lip of the cor. 3-cleft.—E. B. 50. G. E. Smith S. Kent. t. 3.—
Bracts ovate or lanceolate. Style straight or curved. Upper lip
nearly entire, or bifid—Woods and thickets, parasitical upon
Hazels, &e. P.IV. V.

Order LVIT. SCROPHULARIACES.

Cal. 4—5-cleft, persistent. Cor. irregular or 2-lipped or per-
sonate, deciduous, imbricate in zstivation. Stam. on the cor.,
usually 4, didynamous or 2 or 5. Ovary free, 2-celled. Style
simple ; stigma 2-lobed. Fr. capsular, 2-celled; placenta central.
Embryo straight, in axis of fleshy albumen.—Fig. of all the
genera except Mimulus and 11 and 13 are in G. F. G. Gam. i.

* Stamens 5.

1. VerBascum. Cal. of 5 sepals. Cor. rotate; segments
unequal, spreading. Stam. unequal, 2 or more hairy at the
base.

** Stamens 4, didynamous.

2. Dierrauis. Cal. im 5 deep segments. Cor. bellshaped,
oblique, 4—5-fid.

3. ANTIRRHINUM. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. personate, gibbous
at the base (no distinct spur); lower lip 3-fid with a promi-
nent palate closing the mouth. Caps. opening by 2 or 3
pores at the top, 2-celled.

4, Linaria. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. personate, spurred; lower
230 57. SCROPHULARIACES.

lip 3-fid, with a prominent palate closing the mouth. Caps.
with valves or teeth at the top, 2-celled.

5. Scropuuxaria. Cal. 5-lobed (in S. vernalis 5-cleft). Cor.
globose; limb minute, of 2 short lips, upper 2-lobed, lower
3-lobed. Often the rudiment of a fifth stamen. Caps.
opening by 2 valves with their margins inflexed, 2-celled.

6. Limostiua. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-fid, bellshaped, equal.
Caps. globose, 2-valved, placenta central, free or connected
with a short dissepiment below, 1-celled.

7. Metampyrum. Cal. tubular, 4-toothed. Cor. ringent ;
upper lip compressed laterally with reflexed margins; lower
furrowed, 3-fid. Caps. oblong, obliquely acuminate, com-
pressed. Seeds 1—2 in each cell, smooth.

{Mimutus. Cal. prismatical,5-toothed. Cor. ringent ; upper
lip folded back at the sides. Seeds numerous. ]

8. Pepicutaris. Cal. inflated, 5-toothed. Cor. ringent;
upper hp compressed laterally ; lower plane, 3-lobed. Caps.
compressed, acute. Seeds numerous, angular.

9. Ruinantuus. Cal. inflated, 4-toothed. Cor. ringent ;
upper lip compressed laterally ; lower plane, 3-lobed. Caps.
compressed, obtuse. Seeds numerous, compressed, with an
orbicular margin.—Alecterolophus (Hall.).

10. Barrsia. Cal. bellshaped, 4-fid. Cor. tubular, ringent.
Caps. pointed, cells many-seeded. Seeds compressed at the
hilum and with winged ribs at the back (large).

11. Eurracia. Cal. tubular, 4-cleft. Cor. tubular, 2-lipped.
Caps. pointed, cells many-seeded. Seeds slightly angular,
very minute, crenate-ribbed ; hilum basal.

12. Eupurasta. Cal. tubular or bellshaped, 4-fid or 4-toothed.
Cor. tubular, 2-lipped. Caps. obtuse or emarginate, cells
many-seeded. Seeds rather angular, longitudinally ribbed ;
hilum subapical.

13. SisrHorpia. Cal. in 5 deep spreading segments. Cor.
rotate, wrregularly 5-cleft. Caps. compressed, orbicular,
2-seeded, 2-valved.

#*** Stamens 2.

14. Veronica. Cal. 4—5-parted. Cor. rotate, unequally
4-lobed, lower lobe the smallest. Caps. compressed, 2-
celled.
VERBASCUM. 231

1. Versascum Linn. Maullein.

* Leaves strongly decurrent.

1, V. Thapsus (L.?); 1. ovate-oblong crenate densely woolly
on both sides all decurrent, st. simple, spike dense, pedicels
shorter than the calyx, cor. rotate, segments oblong obtuse,
filaments woolly, 2 longer nearly glabrous, anth. all nearly equal.
—E. B. 549. V. Schrader Koch.—St. 4—5 feet high. Fl. about
twice as long as the calyx. Filaments with white wool, the 2
glabrous ones about 4 times as long as their slightly decurrent
anthers.— Waste ground. B. VII. VIII. Great Mullein.

2. V. thapsiforme (Schr.); “1. decurrent crenulate woolly,
upper ones acuminate, racemes spiked, segments of the cor. un-
equal obovate, 2 of the anth. oblong.” Fries —Fl. much larger
than those of V. Thapsus, about 4 times as long as the calyx.
‘The 2 glabrous filaments scarcely twice as long as their greatl
decurrent anthers.” Koch.—Kent. Hudson. B. VII. VIII. E.

** Leaves not decurrent, flowers in clusters.
+ Flowers yellow, hairs on the filaments white.

3. V. Lychnitis (L.); 1. crenate nearly glabrous above woolly
and powdery beneath, lower 1. elliptic-oblong wedgeshaped below
scarcely stalked, upper 1. sessile ovate-acuminate with a rounded
base, st. angular panicled above with ascending branches, stam.
equal, filaments all with white hairs.—E. B. 58.—-Fl. on short
stalks, small, numerous, cream-coloured.—Road-sides and waste
places. B. VI—VII. White Mudlein. E.

4. V. floccosum (W. and K.); 2. obscurely crenate clothed with
mealy deciduous wool on both sides, lower 1. oblong-elliptical at-
tenuated into a stalk, upper L. sessile acuminate, st. terete panicled
above with patent branches, stam. nearly equal scarlet with white
hairs.—V. pulverulentum Sm., E. B. 487.—Fl. on very short
stalks, which, as well as the calyx, are densely covered with wool,
bright yellow. Cal.-teeth often glabrous.—[In V. pulverulentum
(Vill.), of which Schreber saw authentic specimens, the stem-l. are
subsessile ovate-oblong rather acute unequally and doubly ser-
rate, the upper surface of all the leaves only slightly woolly, the
wool is not deciduous as in our plant, and the st. and branches
are angular. |—Road-sides in Norf. and Suff.; and Den of Cullen,
Scotland. B. VII. Hoary Mullein. E. Ss.

+t Flowers yellow, hairs on the filaments purple.

5. V. nigrum (L.); 1. doubly crenate nearly glabrous above
subpubescent beneath, lower 1. cordate or ovate-oblong with long
stalks, upper 1. cordate-ovate nearly sessile, st. angular, raceme
232 57. SCROPHULARIACES.

elongated, pedicels twice as long as the calyx, stam. equal with
purple hairs.— EF. B. 59.—FI. in clusters on a nearly simple long
spike, small, bright yellow.—f. tomentosum (Bab.); 1. subpubes-
cent above woolly beneath, fl. smaller.—y. nigro-lychnitis; lower
1. ovate-oblong or lanceolate attenuated into a stalk subpubescent
above downy beneath.—Banks and way-sides. 8. Alderney.
y. Sussex. P. VIL VII. Dark Mullein. E. 8.

*** Teaves all decurrent, flowers solitary or in pairs.

6. V. Blattaria (L.); 1. crenate glabrous, lower 1. ovate-oblong
obtuse sinuate at the base attenuated, upper 1. oblong or sub-
cordate semiamplexicaule, pedicels solitary nearly twice as long
as the bract, stam. and anth. unequal.—L. B. 393.— Panicle
glandular pilose. Fl. yellow. Filaments with purple hairs, the
2 longer hairy only on the imside.—On gravelly banks, rare. B.
VIII. Moth Mullein. E.

7. V. virgatum (With.);'1. doubly serrate slightly glandular-
hairy, lower 1. oblong-lanceolate sublyrate lobate-crenate-serrate
the base attenuated, upper 1. oblong acuminate semiamplexicaule,
pedicels 1\—5 together shorter than the bracts, stam. nearly equal.
—E. B.550.—Panicle glandular-pilose. Fl. yellow. Filaments
with purple hairs, 2 rather longer and hairy only within.—On
gravelly banks, rare. B. VIII. E.I.

2. Dierrauis Linn.

1. D. purpurea (L.); 1. ovate-lanceolate crenate downy be-
neath, lower |. attenuated into a footstalk, sep. ovate-oblong acute
3-nerved downy, cor. obtuse glabrous externally, upper lip
scarcely cloven, segments of the lower lip ovate rounded.—E. B.
1297. St. 11.—L. often crenate-dentate or -serrate. Fl. some-
times white or flesh-coloured. St. 3—4 feet high. Hedge-banks
and woods. P. VI.—VIII. Fozglove.

38. ANTIRRHINUM Linn.

*1. A. majus (L.); 1. lanceolate opposite or alternate glabrous,
fl. racemose, sep. ovate obtuse much shorter than the cor., upper
lip bifid—E. B. 129.—Height 1—2 feet. Cor. 1} in. long,
purplish-red or white —Old walls and calcareous cliffs. P. VII.
—IX. Great Snapdragon.

2. A, Orontium (L.); 1. linear-lanceolate opposite or alternate,
fl. loosely spiked distant, sep. linear longer than the corolla.—
E. B. 1155. St. 27.—About a foot high. Fl. purple-— Dry
sandy and gravelly fields. A. VII. VIII. E. I.
LINARIA. 233

4, Linaria Mill.

*]. L. Cymbalaria (Mill.); 1. roundish-heartshaped 5-lobed
labrous, st. procumbent.—Antirrhinum Sm., E. B. 502. St. 70.

0.—Stems slender, rooting. Fl. solitary, axillary, upon long
stalks, pale blue-—Old walls. V.—X. Ivy-leaved Toadflaz.

2. L. Elatine (Mill.); 1. ovate-hastate, lower 1. ovate, spur
straight, peduncles glabrous, st. procumbent.—Antirrhinum Sm.,
E. B. 692. St. 70. 11.—FI. solitary, axillary, upon long slender
stalks, small, yellow, with the upper lip purple.—Gravelly an
chalky corn-fields. A. VII.—IX. E. I.

3. L. spuria (Mill); 1. roundish-ovate, spur curved upwards,
peduncles hairy, st. procumbent.—Antirrh. Sm., E. B. 691. St.
70. 12.—Fl. similar to the last but larger. L. with here and
there a small tooth—In this species and the two preceding
some of the fl. are often regular with 5 spurs or partially so with
2, 3, or 4.—Gravelly and sandy corn-fields. A. VII—IX. E.

4. L. minor (Desf.) ; 1. linear-lanceolate obtuse-glandular-pu-
bescent mostly alternate, fl. solitary axillary, peduncles 3 times
as long as the calyx, segments of the upper lip diverging, seeds
oblong sulcate.—Antirrhinum Sm., E. B. 2014. St. 70. 15.—
Fl. small, with the tube, upper lip, and spur of the cor. purplish,
lower lip yellowish. St, erect, 4—10 in. high, branched, glan-
dular-pubescent.—Sandy and gravelly fields. A. VI.—VIII.

[5. L. Pelisseriana (Mill.); glabrous, 1. linear, the lower ternate
or quaternate upper alternate, sterile branches radical prostrate
with ternate lanceolate or ovate I., fl. racemose, peduncles as long
as the bracts, sepals linear acute twice as long as the capsule,
seeds discoidal with a fimbriated wing smooth externally tuber-
cular within.—E. B. S. 2832.—Fl. purple with darker veins. St.
one or more from each root, erect, about a foot high. Caps.
bilobed.—Jersey. A. VI.]

*6. L. supina (Desf.); glabrous, rachis ped. and sep. glan-
dular-hairy, |. linear blunt mostly whorled, sep. linear-spathulate
shorter than the caps. or spur, seeds smooth discoidal with an
orbicular striated margin.—L. maritima DC. Icon. Gall. 12.—
Fl. capitate-racemose, yellow, throat and spur with slender purple
lines. Style entire.—Catdown Quarries, Plymouth; and Poole,
Dorset; a ballast plant. Perhaps a native at Hayle, and St.
Blazey’s Bay, Cornwall. A. VII. VIII. E.

(L. purpurea (Mill.); glabrous, 1. linear-lanceolate scattered,
lower 1. irregularly in fours, fl. narrowly racemose, sep. linear
shorter than the caps. and long incurved spur, seeds angular
with a network of elevated lines.—Fl. purple or yellow with the
lips purple ; spur two or three times longer than the ped. which
234 57. SCROPHULARIACES.

is usually shorter than the bract. St. erect, leafy —Old walls,
an escape from gardens. P. VII. VIII.] E.

7. L. repens (Ait.); glabrous, 1. linear scattered or partly
whorled, fl. racemose, sep. lanceolate as long as the spur but
shorter than the caps., seeds angular with transverse elevated lines.
—E. B.1253. L. striata DC., Koch, R. 1. t. 423.—F1. white with
blue veins. St. erect, branched, leafy, 1—12 foot high, slender.
Seeds much smaller than those of L. vulgaris. It is now gene-
rally allowed that the L. italica and L. sepium (Man. ed. 2) are
hybrids between this and L. vulgaris ——Calcareous soils, particu-
larly near the sea, rare. P. VIL.—IX.

8. L. vulgaris (Mill.); glabrous, rachis and peduncles glan-
dular-hairy, 1. linear-lanceolate scattered crowded, fl. racemose
imbricated, sep. ovate acute glabrous shorter than the caps. or
spur, seeds tubercular-scabrous with a smooth orbicular margin.
—E. B. 658. St. 18. 13.—Fl. large, yellow, rarely milk-white
with an orange palate. St. erect, 2 feet high, as well as the 1.
glabrous. Common and partial flower-stalks occasionally gla-
brous.—The var. Peloria with 5 spurs and an equal and regular
cor. is sometimes, though rarely, found. #. B. 260.—8. latifolia
(Bromf.) ; 1. narrowly lanceolate, fi.-l. often lanceolate very glau-
cous, fl. twice as large in a few-fi. lax raceme, ped. glabrous, spur
directed perpendicularly downwards. L. sepium Ten. ?—Hedges
on a gravelly soil. 8. Isle of Wight. P. VI. VII. Yellow
Toadflax.

5. SCROPHULARIA Linn.

* Cal. of 5 rounded lobes. Cor. purplish, upper lip with a scale
on its inner side (staminode).

1. S. nodosa (L.); l. ovate acute subcordate glabrous doubly
and acutely serrate, lower serratures largest, st. acutely 4-angu-
lar, cymes lax, sep. roundish-ovate with a narrow membranous
margin, staminode transversely oblong slightly emarginate—
E. B. 1544. St. 23. 14.—Root tuberous, thick, knotty. St. 2—3
feet high. Bracts small, lanceolate, acute. Fl. greenish-purple,
lurid, sometimes milk-white. Caps. ovate-—Moist hedges and
thickets. P. VI. VII. Knotted Fiqwort.

2. S. Ehrharti (C. A. Stev.); 1. ovate-lanceolate acute sub-
cordate glabrous sharply serrate, lower serratures smaller, st. and
petioles winged, cymes lax few (4—8)-flowered, sep. roundish
with a broad membranous margin, staminode bifid with diverging
lobes.—Stev. A.N. H.v.t 1. E. B.S. 2875. S. aquatica St.
23. 15.—St. tall. Bracts leaflike, lanceolate, acute. Fl. dark
purple. Caps. subglobose, obtuse.—Wet places. P. oe

B.S.
LIMOSELLA.—MELAMPYRUM. 235

3. S. aquatica (L.!); 1. cordate-oblong rounded-obtuse gla-
brous crenate-serrate, st. and petioles winged, cymes dense corym-
bose many (8—15)-flowered, sep. roundish obtuse with a broad
membranous margin, staminode roundish-reniform entire.—E. B.
854. S. Balbisii Horn., Koch.—St. 2—5 feet high. Bracts
linear, obtuse. Fl. dark purple, occasionally milkwhite. Caps.
ovate, pointed.—In wet places. P. VIL. VIII.

4. S. Scorodonia (L.); 1. cordate-triangular with large double
teeth downy on both sides, st. bluntly quadrangular downy, cymes
lax few-flowered, sep. roundish downy with a membranous mar-
gin, staminode roundish entire.—-H. B. 2209.—St. 2—3 feet high.
L. wrinkled. Bracts leaflike, lower exactly like the leaves. .
purple. Caps. ovate, acute—In moist places. West of Corn-
wall. Tralee, Kerry. Jersey. P. VII. E. I.

** Cal. of 5 deep acute segments. Cor. yellow, no staminode.

5. 8S. vernalis (L.); 2. downy cordate-acute doubly serrate, st.
winged hairy, cymes axillary corymbose with leaflike bracts, sep.
oblong with a recurved apex.—E. B. 567. St. 23.16.—St. about
2 feet high. Fl. yellow, inflated, their mouth much contracted.
Caps. ovate, acute. Differmg greatly from the other species and
allied in appearance to some of the Calceolarie.—Waste places,
rare. P. IV. V. E.S.

6. Limosexxa Linn. Mudwort.

1. L. aquatica (L.); 1. lanceolate spathulate on long stalks,
ped. axillary crowded shorter than the petioles—E. B. 357. St.
30. 15.—St. 0, except the naked scions. Fl. small, white, or
rose-coloured. Caps. minute, ovate.—Muddy places where water
has stagnated. A. VII.—IX.

7. Mretampyrum Linn.

1. M. cristatum (L.); spikes densely imbricated 4-sided, bracts
heartshaped acuminate pectinate-dentate lower ones with a long
leaflike recurved point.—E. B. 41.—Bracts rose-coloured at the
base. FI. yellow, tinged with purple. L. linear-lanceolate, acute,
entire, with dark netted veins beneath.—Woods and thickets in
the eastern counties. A. VII. Crested Cow-wheat. E

2. M. arvense (L.); spikes lax conical, bracts ovate-lanceolate-
attenuate pinnatifid with subulate segments and with a few large
glandular points beneath, cal. hispid as long as the tube of the
cor. with elongate-lanceolate-attenuated teeth from an ovate base,
cor. closed.—£E. B. 53 (bad).—Bracts purple-rose-colour. Fl.
yellow variegated with rose-colour and purple. _L. linear-lanceo-
late, acute, rough-edged, slightly downy on both sides, entire.—
236 57. SCROPHULARIACES.

Corn-fields and dry banks in the eastern counties and the Isle of
Wight. A. VII. Purple Cow-wheat.

3. M. pratense (L.); fl. axillary secund in distant pairs, upper.
bracts lanceolate with 1 or 2 teeth at the base, cor. 4 times as
long as the glabrous calyx closed, lower lip protruded.—E. B. 113.
—Teeth and tube of the cal. about equal in length. L. lanceo-
late, or ovate-lanceolate or with a cordate base, entire, varying

reatly in size. Fl. large, pale yellow—fS. M. montanum

Johnst.) ; smaller in all its parts, bracts quite entire, 1. linear-
lanceolate hispid, the 2 lowest obovate-lanceolate blunt.— Woods
and thickets. 8. Mountains. A. VI.—VIII.

4. M. sylvaticum (L.); fl. axillary secund in distant pairs,
bracts all entire linear-lanceolate, cor. about twice as long as the
glabrous calyx open, lips equal in length.—E. B. 804.—Teeth of
the cal. longer than the tube. L. linear-lanceolate, entire. Fl.
ne the size of the last, deep yellow.—Alpine woods.
A. VII.

[Mimulus luteus (Willd.) ; 1. roundish ovate nerved, lower ones
stalked, uppermost clasping, st. creeping; fl. yellow; a native
of America, is naturalized in many boggy places. P. VI.—IX.]

8. Pepicuaris Linn.

1. P. palustris (L.); st. solitary erect branched throughout,
1. pinnatifid, segments oblong blunt lobed, cal. ovate pubescent
2-lobed, lobes incise-dentate crisped.—E. B. 399.—Upper lip of
the cor. with a short truncate beak with a triangular tooth on
each side. Fl. large, crimson. St. 12—18 in. high, angular,
with alternate branches. Crown of the root with a whorl of
ovate-acute scales.—Marshy and boggy places. A.? V.—VII.
Marsh Louse-wort. Red Rattle.

2. P. sylvatica (L.); st. branched at the base erect, branches
long spreading prostrate, 1. pmnatifid, segments ovate lobed, cal.
oblong glabrous irregularly 5-lobed, upper lobe lanceolate, other
lobes with 3 leaflike divisions —E. B. 400. St. 13.14.—Upper hp
of the cor. as in the last. Fl. large, rose-colour. Summit of the
ped. with a loose membranous cuticle inclosing the base of the
calyx as observed by Dr. Bromfield. Primary st. erect, often very
short, branches prostrate. Crown of the root with a whorl of
ovate-lanceolate crenate undivided reflexed leaves. —Wet heathy
and rather hilly pastures. A.? V.—VIII.

9. Rurnantuvs Linn.

1. R. Crista-galli (L.) ; 1. oblong-lanceolate serrate, fl. in lax
spikes, cal. glabrous, lobes of the upper lip of the cor. short
BARTSIA.—EUPHRASIA. 237

roundish, bracts ovate incise-serrate, seeds with a membranous
border.—E. B. 657. R. I.! f. 974.—Lateral lobes of the upper
lip of the cor. very blunt, shorter than broad, bluish. Bracts
green throughout, nectary ovate. St. 1—2feet high Meadows
and pastures. A. VI. Yellow Rattle.

2. R. major (Ehrh.) ; 1. linear-lanceolate serrate, fl. in crowded
spikes, cal. glabrous, Jobes of the upper lip of the cor. oblong,
bracts with an attenuated point incise-serrate.—Cal. often slightly
downy on its edges. Lateral lobes of the upper lip of the cor.
longer than broad, purple; the central part truncate. Anth.
very villose. Bracts yellowish with green poimts.—Mr. Bentham
calls this R. angustifolia (Gm.) and applies the name of R. major
(Ehrh.) to the foreign R. hirsutus (Lam.) but gives no reason for
the change. The latter plant has apparently never been found
in Britain.—z«. platypterus (Fries) ; seed not twice as broad as its
wing. R. major Koch. R. I. f. 975.—8. stenopterus (Fries) ; seed
quite twice as broad as its wing. R. major E. B. 8. 2737.—y.
apterus (Fries) ; seed not winged but rounded and longitudinally
ribbed or furrowed on the back. R. Reichenbachii Drej.—Cul-
tivated land. a. Hastings. Mr. Borrer. 8. North of England
and Scotland. . Arbroath, S. Mr. W. F. L. Carnegie. mle
VIII. .S.

10. Barrsta Linn.

1. B. alpina (L.); 1. opposite ovate slightly clasping bluntly
serrate.—E. B. 361. St. 17. 15.—St. square, 4—8 im. high,
simple. Root creeping. Fi. forming a short dense leafy spike,
purplish-blue, downy. Cal. purplish, viscid. Anth. hairy.—
Alpine pastures, rare. P. VI. VIL.

11. Eurracta Grised.

1. E. viscosa (Benth.); 1. opposite, upper 1. alternate ovate-
lanceolate sessile acutely-serrate.—E. B. 1045. Bartsia Sm.—L.
sometimes linear-lanceolate. St. round, 3—12 in. high, simple.
Root fibrous. Fl. distant, axillary, upper ones crowded, yellow.
Anth. hairy. St., 1., and cal. viscid.—Damp places in the west
of England, south-west of S., and south of I. A, VII—IX.

12. Eveurasia Linn.

i. Euphrasia. Anthers unequally mucronate.

1. E. officinalis (L.); 1. ovate or oblong-lanceolate nearly sessile
serrate (3—5 teeth on each side), cor. glabrous, lobes of the lower
lip emarginate, of the upper lip patent sinuate-dentate, anth.
hairy.—E. B. 1416.—St. 1—8 im. high. Fi. axillary, solitary,
sessile, crowded towards the ends of the branches. A peculiarly
238 57. SCROPHULARIACES,

variable plant. Fries “ pro tempore’ distinguishes 2 species—
1. E. officinalis (L.); 1. ovate, floral-l. cordate-triangular or
-ovate ;—2. E. gracilis (Fries) ; 1. oblong-lanceolate, floral-1. with
a wedgeshaped base ;—No. 1 is common in Britain; No. 2 is less
generally distributed, it inhabits mountain sides and elevated
heaths and is more slender and elegant than No. 1.—The caps.
varies in shape, the upper lip of the cor. in toothing, and the
whole plant except the cor. in pubescence.—Pastures, woods,
heaths. A. VI.—VIII. Eye-bright.

ii. Odontites (Duby). Anthers with 2 equal points.

2. E. Odontites (L.); 1. narrowed from near the base opposite
linear-lanceolate-attenuate remotely serrate, floral-l. usually
longer than the fl. with 2—4 teeth and an entire end, cal.-seg-
ments as long as their tube lanceolate acute, cor. pubescent, lobes
of the lower lip oblong-obtuse, anth. with 2 equal points hairy,
caps. oblong.—Bartsia Sm., E. B. 1415.—St. about a foot high,
much branched. Fl. numerous, pink, in leafy unilateral spikes.
Filaments, anth., and stam. hairy.—. E. rotundata (Ball); 1.
sessile lanceolate crenate-serrate, fl.-l. nearly entire equallig or
falling short of the fl., cal.-segments $ as long as their tube
broadly triangular, cor. pubescent, lobes of lower lip broadly
rounded nearly equal, caps. broadly oval almost rounded. Fila-
ments, anth., style, and stigma nearly glabrous. A. N. H. ser. 2.
iv. 30.—Corn-fields and waste places. A. VII. VIII.

13. SistHorpia Linn.

1. S. europea (L.).—E. B. 649.—An elegant trailing plant with
slender filiform creeping stems, and alternate long-stalked round-
ish reniform leaves with a few large crenations. Fl. very small,
axillary, solitary, on short stalks, pmkish, inconspicuous.—Dam
shady places in the south and south-west. P. VI—IX. KE. 1.

14. Veronica Linn.

* Racemes axillary. (Root perennial.)

1. V. seutellata (L.) ; 1. linear-lanceolate acute sessile minutely
denticulated, racemes alternate, fruitstalks reflexed, caps. of 2
flattish orbicular lobes, st. erect.—E.B.782. St. 58. 3.—Root
stoloniferous. St. weak, elongated. Fi. pale flesh-coloured, with
darker lines. Sep. small, lanceolate, acute, shorter than the
capsule.—f. pubescens (Koch); st. hairy. V. Parmularia “ Poit.”
a boggy places. P. VI.—VITI.

2. V. Anagallis (u.); 1. lanceolate serrated acute sessile, ra-
cemes opposite, fruitstalks spreading, caps. elliptical slightly
notched, st. erect.— Ei. B, 781.—Root stoloniferous. St. thick,
VERONICA. 239

hollow, varying much in height. Fi. pale blue. Sep. lanceolate,
longer than the capsule. Racemes sometimes clothed with glan-

dular hairs. Whole plant usually glabrous.—In stagnant water.
P. VI.—VIU. Water Speviaele ‘

3. V. Beccabunga (L.); 1. stalked elliptical obtuse crenate-
serrate, racemes ee fruitstalks spreading, caps. roundish
tumid slightly notched, st. procumbent at the base rooting.—E. B.
655. St.12. 1.—Fl. bright blue. Whole plant glabrous.—8. V.
limosa (Lej.); bracts longer than the pedicels, 4. pink or flesh-
coloured.—Ditches and streams. 8. Dalkeith Park near Edin-
burgh. Prof. Balfour. P. V.—VIII. Brooktlime.

4. V. Chamedrys (L.); 1. nearly sessile cordate-ovate incise-
serrate, racemes opposite, fruitstalks ascending, caps. flat obcor-
date deeply notched ciliated shorter than the cal., st. bifariously
hairy ascending.—E. B. 623. St. 58. 6.—FI. large, numerous,
handsome, blue. Sep. lanceolate, acute.—Hedge-banks. P. V.
VI. Germander Speedwell.

5. V. montana (L.); 1. stalked broadly ovate serrate, fruit-
stalks ascending, caps. orbicular notched their margins crenulated
and ciliated longer than the cal., st. diffuse hairy all round pro-
cumbent.—E. B.766. St.58.5.—Fl. few, pale blue. Caps. very
large, quite flat. Sep. ovate-lanceolate, acute——Woods and
thickets in hilly districts. P. V. VI.

6. V. officinalis (L.); 1. shortly stalked elliptical serrate, ra-
cemes dense many-flowered, fruitstalks erect, caps. obcordate trun-
cate obtusely notched longer than the cal., st. prostrate creeping
hairy. —E. B.765. St. 58. 4.—Racemes erect, much longer than
the leaves. Caps. not always notched.—8. glabra; st., l., and
calyx smooth. V. Allionii (Vill.) is very different.—y. V. hirsuta
(Hopk.); 1. ovate-lanceolate, caps. abrupt undivided. #. B.S.
2673. Much smaller than the true V. officinalis. I have not
seen wild specimens.—Dry banks and heaths. 8. Mountains.
y- Dry heath, Carrick, Ayrshire. P. VI—VIII. Common Speed-
well.

** Racemes terminal, cor.-tube longer than broad.

7. V. spicata (L.); 1. ovate or lanceolate crenate-serrate entire
at the end, lower 1. obtuse stalked, raceme spiked elongate dense,
bracts longer than the pedicels, caps. ovate emarginate with a
very long style.—St. erect, branching at the base. Spike nearly
always solitary. Fl. blue. Lower 1. oblong with a wedgeshaped
base, or ovate with a rounded or slightly cordate base. E. B.2.
V. hybrida (L.) E.B,673.—Rare. On chalky heaths near New-
market and Bury; and on limestone cliffs. P. VII. VIII.
Spiked Speedwell. E.
240 57. SCROPHULARIACES.

*** Racemes terminal, cor.-tube very short. + Seeds flat.

(8. V. fruticulosa (L.) ; 1. elliptical or lanceolate obtuse sub-
crenate, lower 1. smaller, ruceme glandular-pubescent few-flowered
(many-flowered Sm.), caps. elliptical abrupt, valves bifid.—E. B.
1028. St. 56. 1.—Fl. flesh-coloured. I have not seen native
specimens.—Ben Cruachan. Dr. Walker. Ben Lawers. Dr. R.
Brown. P. VII] S.

9. V. saxatilis (L.); 1. elliptical serrate at about the middle,
lower ]. smaller, raceme pubescent with crisped hairs not glandular
few-flowered, caps. ovate-attenuated, valves bifid. —E. B. 1027.
St. 56. 2.—Fl. bright blue. St. decumbent, woody.—Exposed
alpine rocks. P. VII. S.

10. V. alpina (L.); 1. elliptical or ovate dentate or entire,
lower 1. smaller, raceme hairy with patent hairs not glandular few-
flowered, caps. oblong-obovate emarginate crowned with the very
short persistent style—H. B.484. St.56.3.—Fl. bright blue.
St. simple, except at the base, 4—6 in. high. Hairs jomted.—
Summits of highland mountains. P. VII. VIII, 8.

ll. V. serpyllifolia (L.); 1. ovate or elliptical slightly crenate,
lower 1. smaller and rounder, raceme elongate many-flowered, caps.
obcordate broader than long crowned with the long persistent
style. B.1075. St.58.1.—Fl. whitish with blue veins. St.
rooting below, afterwards erect.—8. V. humifusa (Dicks.); stems
quite prostrate, racemes shorter.—Roadsides and damp places.
B. Highland mountains. P. V.—VII.

12. V. arvensis (L.); 1. cordate-ovate crenate, lower 1. stalked,
uppermost 1. lanceolate entire resembling bracts longer than the
flowers, raceme slightly spiked many-flowered lax, pedicels very
short, caps. obcordate broader than long compressed ciliated on
the keel.—E. B. 734. St. 58. 11.—St. ascending, sometimes a
foot long, prostrate below; or not 2 in., when the spike com-
mences close to the root. Fl. pale blue. Caps. smooth, with
rounded lobes which are longer than the style. Seeds 12—14.
Bae lanceolate, unequal.—Gravelly and sandy places. A. TV.—
VI.

13. V. verna (L.); ¢. pinnatifid, lower 1. stalked ovate serrate,
upper |. lanceolate entire resembling bracts, raceme slightly spiked
many-flowered lax, pedicels very short, caps. obcordate compressed
ciliated on the keel— E. B.25. St. 13. 1.—St. erect, 1—3 in. high,
simple, or branched im the lower part. Caps. smooth or downy,
with rounded lobes. Style very short. Seeds 12—14. Sep. h-
near-lanceolate, unequal.—Sandy heaths near Bury, Thetford and
Mildenhall, Suff. A. V. E.
58. LABIATA&. 241

+t Seeds concave.

14. V. triphylios (L.); 1. fingered, lower 1. ovate entire or den-
tate stalked, raceme slightly spiked lax many-flowered, pedicels
longer than the calyx, caps. obcordate compressed smooth ciliated
on the keel—E. B. 26. St. 8. 1—St. erect with spreading
branches, 4—5 in. high. Fl. deep blue. Pedicels usually longer
than the leaves. Sep. oblong, obtuse. Known by its spreading
st., deeply fingered 1., and dark blue flowers.—Sandy fields. Bury
and Mildenhall, Suff. Acomb near York. A. IV. E.

**** Flowers oaillary, solitary ; seeds concave.

15. V. agrestis (L.); 1. all stalked cordate-ovate incise-serrate,
sep. oblong obtuse, stam. inserted at the very bottom of the cor.,
caps. of 2 turgid keeled lobes, seeds about 6 in a cell.—Z. B.S.
2603. St. 58. 14. R. I. f. 440.—St. procumbent. Caps. some-
times hairy all over, at others ciliated on the keel. L. usually
longer than the peduncles. Lower part of the cor. white—[V.
opaca (Fries) with spathulate sep. and fewer seeds is probably
British. Koch says that its stamens are inserted much higher up
the cor. than in either of its allies.]|—Fields and waste places.
A.IV.—IX. Green Field Speedwell.

16. V. polita (Fries); 1. all stalked cordate-ovate incise-ser-
rate, sep. broadly ovute acute, stam. inserted at the very bottom
of the cor., caps. of 2 turgid lobes, seeds 8—12 in a cell.—E. B.
783, St. 58. 16. R. I. £. 404. 405.—St. procumbent. Caps. with
short dense usually glandular pubescence, rarely glabrous. L.
usually shorter than the peduncles. Fl. wholly blue.—§. grandi-
‘flora; cor. as large as that of V. Buxbaumii.—Fields and waste
places. 8. Berwickshire, and near Cambridge and Bury St. Ed-
monds. A.IV.—IX. Gray Field Speedwell.

*17. V. Buxbaumii (Ten.) ; 1. all stalked cordate-ovate incise-
serrate, sep. lanceolate acute, stam. from the bottom of the cor.,
caps. of 2 divaricated lobes compressed upwards and sharply
keeled, seeds about 8 in a cell.—#. B. S. 2769. St. 56.5. R. I.
430. 431.—St. long, procumbent. L. shorter, than the peduncles.
F). twice the size of those of the preceding, as large as those of
V. Chamedrys, blue. Fields. A. IV.—IX.

18. V. hederifolia (L.); 1. with 5—7 large toothlike lobes all
stalked, sep. cordate ciliated, caps. of 2 turgid lobes, seeds 2 in
each cell —E. B. 784. St. 56. 6.—St. procumbent, fl. pale blue.
—Fields and banks. A.IV.—VI. Ivy-leaved Speedwell.

Order LVIII. LABIATA.

Cal. tubular, regular or 2-lipped, persistent. Cor. 2-lipped,
upper lip entire or bifid, lower 3-cleft. Stam. 4, didynamous,
M
242 58. LABIATSE.

rarely 2. Ovary free, 4-lobed. Style 1, from the base of the
lobes ; stigma bifid. Fr. in 1—4 small nutlike portions.— Figures
of all the genera will be found in G. F. G. Gam. u.

Tribe I. MENTHOIDEAs. Cor. bellshaped, nearly regular.
Stam. distant, straight, diverging upwards.

1. Menrua. Cor. 4-fid, tube very short. Cal. equal, 5-
toothed. Stam. 4, anth.-cells parallel.

2. Lycorus. Cor. 4-fid, scarcely longer than the equal 5-
toothed calyx. Stam. 2, anther-cells parallel or ultimately
divergent, 2 upper stam. 0 or rudimentary, or rarely perfect.

Tr. Il. MONARDEZ. Cor. 2-lipped. Stam. 2, fertile, par-
allel under the upper lip of the corolla.

3. Sautvia. Two upper stam. wanting or rudimentary ; fila-
ments with 2 diverging branches, one bearing a perfect anth.-
cell, the other barren. Cor. ringent. Cal. tubular, 2-hpped.

Tr. Il. SATUREHNEM. Coy. 2-lipped. Stam. 4, distant ;
cells of anth. separate, divergent ; connective dilated.

4. Ortcanum. Stam. divergent, connective subtriangular.
Upper lip of cor. straight, nearly flat; lower patent, .3-fid.
Cal. with 5 equal teeth and 10—13 nerves; throat hairy.
Spikes 4-sided, resembling catkins, imbricated with bracts.

5. Tuymus. Apices of stam. patent. Anth.-cells at first
nearly parallel, afterwards divergent ; connective subtrian-
gular. Upper lip of cor. straight, nearly flat; lower patent,
3-fid. Cal. 2-lipped and 10—13-nerved; throat hairy. Fl.
whorled, axillary or spiked.

6. CALAMINTHA. Apices of stam. connivent under the upper
lip of the corolla. Anth.-cells at length divergent ; con-
nective subtriangular. Upper lip of cor. straight, nearly flat ;
lower patent, 3-fid. Cal. 2-lipped.

Tr. IV. MELISSINEAG. Cor. 2-lipped. Stam. distant ; anth.-
cells connected above.

7. Mexissa. Apices of stam. connivent under the upper lip
of the cor. Anth.-cells divergent. Upper lip of cor. con-
cave; lower patent, 3-fid. Cal. 2-lpped; upper lip flat,
with 3 teeth, the lateral teeth folded at their midrib.

Tr. V. SCUTELLARIE AS. Stam. approximating, parallel un-
der the upper lip of the cor. Cal. 2-lipped, closed in fruit.

8. ScurmLLarta. Apices of the stam. incurved. Filaments
58. LABIATAE. 243

simple. Anth. of the 2 longer and inferior stam. 1-celled,
of the shorter and superior 2-celled. Cor. 2-lipped, upper
lip concave. Cal. ultimately closed and compressed; lips
entire, upper one with a concave scale on its back.

9. PRuNELLA. Two inferior stam. longest. Filaments bifid,
one branch barren. Anth. all 2-celled. Cor. ringent; upper
lip concave, entire. Cal. ultimately closed and compressed,
upper lip flat, truncate, 3-toothed ; lower bifid.

Tr. VI. NEPETEA. Stam. approximating, parallel under the
upper lip of the cor., 2 inferior shortest. Cal. tubular.

10. Nerera. Anth.-cells diverging. Cor. ringent; upper lip
flat, straight, emarginate or bifid. Cal. 5-toothed.

Tr. VII. STACHYDEAL. Stam. approximating, parallel under

the upper lip of the cor., 2 inferior longest. Cal. tubular or
bellshaped, spreading in fruit.

* Stamens longer than the tube of the corolla.

ll. Meurrris. Anth. approaching in pairs and forming a
cross, bursting longitudmally. Upper lip of the cor. flat,
entire, straight ; lower lip with 3 rounded nearly equal lobes.
Cal. membranous, bellshaped, ample, variously lobed.

12. Lamium. Anth. approachmg in pairs; cells diverging,
bursting longitudinally. Upper lip of the cor. arched; late-
ral lobes of the lower lip minute toothlike or obsolete rarely
elongated. Cal. bellshaped, 5-toothed ; teeth nearly equal.
—Galeobdolon (Huds.) has the lobes of the lower lip of the
cor. nearly equal and acute.

13. Lzonurus. Anth. approaching; cells nearly parallel,
bursting longitudinally. Upper lip of cor. nearly flat, lower
with 3 obtuse lobes. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed, 2 lower teeth
rather the longest. Nuts flatly truncate.

14. GaLzopsis. Anth. approaching in pairs; cells opposite,
bursting by 2 valves transversely. Upper lip of cor. arched,
lower lip 3-lobed with 2 teeth on its upper side, lobes un-
equal. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed; teeth equal or 2 upper
ones longest. Nuts rounded at the end.

15. Sracuys. Anth. approaching in pairs; cells diverging,
bursting longitudinally. Upper lip of cor. concave, lower
of 3 unequal lobes. Cal. tubular-bellshaped with 5 equal
teeth. Nuts obtuse and convex at the end.

16. BauLora. Anth. approximating in pairs; cells diverging,
bursting longitudinally. Upper lip of cor. erect, concave ;
M2
244 58. LABIATA.

lower 3-lobed, middle lobe cordate. Cal. funnel-shaped with
5 equal teeth. Nuts convex and rounded at the end.

** Stamens included in the tube of the corolla.

17. Marrusium. Anther-cells diverging, bursting longitu-
dinally. Upper lip of cor. straight, erect, flattish, cloven ;
lower 3-lobed, middle lobe the largest. Cal. tubular;
teeth nearly equal or 2 longer. Nuts flatly truncate.

Tr. VIII. AJUGOIDEZ. Cor. with the upper lip very short
or split deeply bifid and appearing as if wanting.

18. TEvcRIUM. Stam. parallel, protruding between the deeply
divided lobes of the upper lip of the cor., inferior longest ;
cells bursting longitudinally. Cor. with the upper lip deeply
bifid, lobes elongate; lower lip 3-lobed. Cal. tubular, 5-
toothed, teeth equal or the upper one larger.

19. Asuca. Stam. parallel, protruding far beyond the upper
lip of the cor., inferior longest ; cells bursting longitudinally.
Cor. with the upper lip very short, 2-lobed; lower 3-lobed,
much longer than the upper. Cal. ovate-bellshaped, nearly
equally 5-cleft.

Tribe I. Menthoidee.
1. Mentua Linn. Mint.

* Throat of the calyx naked. Inflorescence determinate. Fl. in
spiked whorls or terminal heads.

1. M. rotundifolia (L.) ; 1. sessile elliptic-obtuse crenate-serrate
wrinkled shaggy beneath, spikes linear-cylindrical dense, bracts
lanceolate, “ fr.-cal. not contracted at the mouth.”—L. B. 446.
Sole Menth. 3.—Viscid. Whorls of spike nearly all close together.
Scent acrid Waste places, rare. P. VIII. 1X. Round-leaved
Mint. EL

2. M. sylvestris (L.): 1. subsessile ovate or lanceolate serrate
hoary beneath, spikes linear-cylindrical dense, bracts subulate,
“ fr.-cal. contracted at the mouth.”— FE. B. 686. Sole 1. and 2.—
Whorls of spike nearly all close together. Scent sweet.—a. L.
lanceolate, acute, rather narrowed below.—6. M. velutina (Lej.) ;
1, elliptical-cordate. 3. rotundifolia Sole 4.—y.? crispa; 1. deeply
cut and crisped. FE. B..S,2785. This may belong to M. aqua-
fica but is scarcely determinable.— Waste ground in damp places.
P. VIII. IX. Horse Mint. E.

3. M. viridis (L.); 1. glabrous sessile lanceolate acute serrate,
spikes lax cylindrical, bracts subulate.—£. B. 2424. Sole 5.—
Cor. glabrous. Whorls of the spike rather distant. L. glandu-
MENTHA. 245

lar below.—8. crispa (Benth.).—In marshy places, rare. 8. Glen
Farg, Perthshire. Hooker. P. VIII. Spear Mint.

4. M. piperita (L.) ; 1. stalked ovate-lanceolate or oblong ser-
rated, upper l. smaller, bracts lanceolate, spikes lax short obtuse
interrupted below, cal. tubular glabrous below with lanceolate
subulate teeth. E. B. 687.—St. and 1. nearly glabrous or hairy
on the nerves beneath. Cal. glandular.—f. sylvestris (Sole) ;
1, ovate rounded and almost heartshaped below, spikes elongated.
Sole 24.—Wet places, rare. P. VIL. VIII. Pepper Mint.

5. M. aquatica (L.); 1. stalked ovate serrate rounded or
slightly cordate below, uppermost 1. like bracts and shorter than
the whorls, whorls few subglobose capitate the uppermost terminal,
cal. tubular with triangular subulate teeth hairy as well as the
pedicel —M. hirsuta Sm., E. B. 447.—Cal. glandular. Inflores-
cence capitate, determinate. FI. in terminal and axillary stalked
clusters rather than whorls.—M. citrita Ehrh. M. odorata Sole 9.
E. B. 1025. is a glabrous variety of this species.—In wet places.
P. VIL. VIII. Capitate Mint.

** Throat of cal. naked. Inflorescence indeterminate. FT. in
axillary, distant whorls ; none amongst the uppermost l., or
shorter than them.

6. M. pratensis (Sole); 7. nearly sessile ovate-lanceolate acute
serrate, floral 1. similar the smaller ones longer than the whorls,
whorls distant subglobose, pedicels glabrous, cal. bellishaped,
teeth hairy.—Sole 17. M. gentilis Sole 15. E.B. 449. “ Cer-
tissimé est vera M. gentilis (L.).” Fries. M. gracilis Sm.—St.
and 1. usually glabrous. L. paler beneath, glandular. Cal.
glandular.—Marshy places, rare. P. VIII. IX. E.

7. M. sativa (L.); 1. stalked ovate or elliptical serrate, upper
ones similar but smaller all longer than the whorls, whorls all
distant dense, cal. tubular or bellshaped, teeth triangular-lanceo-
late acuminate.—Uppermost leaves often barren.—e. vulgaris ;
cal. and pedicels hairy. M. sativa Sm., E. B.448.—6. M. rubra
(Sm. not Fr.); pedicels and lower part of the calyx glabrous, st.
slightly branched reddish, whole plant nearly glabrous. E. B.
1413.—y. M. gentilis (Sm.); pedicels and lower part of the cal.
glabrous, teeth shorter triangular, whole plant nearly glabrous,
st. much branched green, 1. all of nearly the same size. The
characters of this variety closely approach M. arvensis.—6.? M.
acutifolia (Sm.); pedicels and cal. hairy all over, 1. ovate-lanceo-
late tapering at each end. E. B. 2415. A specimen from near
Settle, Yorkshire, only differs from Smith’s plant by having
glabrous pedicels.—Var. «, 8, and y are closely connected by in-
termediate forms.—Wet places. 6. Banks of the Medway, but
not found for many years. P. VII. VIII. Whorled hairy Mint.
246 58. LABIATA.

8. M. arvensis (L.); 1. stalked ovate or elliptical serrate,
upper l. similar and equally large, whorls distant, cal. bellshaped,
teeth triangular as broad as long.—e. vulgaris; |. narrowed be-
low. M. arvensis Sm., E. B. 2119.—8. M. agrestis (Sm.); 1.
somewhat cordate below, upper ones nearly sessile. HE. B.2120.
—Corn-fields. P. VII—IX. Corn Mint.

*** Throat of the calyx closed with hairs. PuLEcium Opitz.

9. M. Pulegium (L.); 1. stalked elliptical obtuse slightly cre-
nate all similar, whorls all distant globose many-flowered, cal.
tubular hispid closed with hairs in the throat.—E. B. 1026.
Sole 23.—St. prostrate. L. often recurved, uppermost axils
empty. The smallest of our species and remarkably different in
habit.— Wet places. P. VIII. IX. Penny-royal. ELL.

2. Lycopus Linn.

1. L. europeus (L.); 1. stalked ovate-oblong sinuate-dentate
or pinnatifid, sterile stam. wanting, nuts within the tube of the
calyx.—E. B. 1105.—L. glabrous or pubescent, opposite. Fl.
small, in dense whorls. {L. exaltatus is distinguished by having
2 barren stamens and much longer seeds.]|—Banks of streams
and ditches, P. VII. VII. Gypsy-wort.

Tribe II. Monardee.

3. Sauvia Linn.

1. S. verbenaca (L.); 1. oblong obtuse cordate below sinuate
and crenate or dentate stalked, upper 1. short broad cordate ses-
sile clasping, bracts cordate acuminate, tube of the cor. as long as
the calyx.—E. B. 154.—Varies with the 1. incise-dentate. Re-
markable for its enlarged very broad sessile upper leaves.—Dry
gravelly banks. P. V. VI. English Clary.

2. S. clandestina (L.); 1. oblong cordate below sinuate-den-
tate or incise-dentate stalked, upper 1. oblong acute sessile scarcely
cordate or clasping, bracts cordate acuminate, tube of the cor.
longer than the calye.—Probably distinct from the preceding but
very difficult to distinguish on paper.—Dry gravelly banks, rare.
Lizard Point, Cornwall. Jersey. P. VII. E.

3. 8. pratensis (L.); 1. oblong-ovate cordate below crenate-
dentate stalked, upper 1. small sessile lanceolate acute, bracts
cordate acuminate, cor. thrice as long as the calyx.—E. B. 153.
—Known by its large flowers.—Near Cobham, Kent. Near
Middleton Stoney, Oxfordshire. P. VII. E.
ORIGANUM.—CALAMINTHA. 247

Tribe III. Satureiinee.

4. Ornicanum Linn.

1. O. vulgare (L.); 1. stalked broadly ovate obtuse, bracts
ovate longer than the cal., heads of fl. roundish panicled crowded.
—E. B. 1143. St. 3. 13.—Bracts usually purple. L. often
shghtly toothed.—Dry uncultivated places. P. VIII. Marjoram.

5. Taymus Linn.

1. T. Chamedrys (Fr.); st. bifariously hairy, fl. whorled or
capitate, 1. ovate or oblong more or less attenuated into a short
petiole flat fringed with long hairs, floral 1. similar, upper lip of
the cor. ovate 4-angular, upper lip of the cal. with short ovate-
lanceolate lower with subulate ciliated teeth.—T. Serpyllum Sm.,
E. B. 1514.—L. nearly glabrous, or densely hairy. St. procum-
bent, woody.—[The true T. Serpyllum (L.), Fr. H. N. v. 7, ap-
pears to be different having uniformly hairy prostrate creeping
st. distinct from the ascending capitate fl.-stems. It has not
been seen in Britain.]|—Dry heaths. P. VI—VIII. Wild
Thyme.

6. CatamintHa Moench.

* Fl. in whorls of 2 dichotomous cymes.

1. C. Nepeta (Clairv.); 1. ovate serrated pale beneath shortly
stalked, cal. subcampanulate obscurely 2-lipped its teeth shortly
ciliated all nearly the same shape the upper ones slightly shorter,
cymes dichotomous many-flowered, common stalk about as long
as the primary partial stalk.— FE. B. 1414, St. 70.3. Thymus
Sm.—Hairs in the throat of the cal. protruded.—Dry banks, rare.
P. VII. VIII. Lesser Calamint. E,

2. C. officinalis (Moench ?); 1. broadly ovate slightly serrated
gxeen on both sides on longish stalks, cal. tubular ventricose in
front distinctly 2-lipped its teeth with long cilia those of the upper
lip triangular and ascending of the lower twice as long and subu-
late, lower lip of the cor. with distant segments the middle one
longest, cymes scarcely dichotomous few-flowered, common stalk
not 4 as long as the primary partial stalk.— Thymus Calamintha
Sm., EZ. B.1676. C. ascendens Jord.—Hairs in the throat of the
cal. included. Larger in all its parts than the preceding —D
banks, rare. P. VII.--IX. Common Calamint. E. 1.

3. C. sylvatica (Bromf.); 1. broadly ovate sharply serrate, cal.
tubular distinctly 2-lpped, teeth with long cilia those of the
upper lip patent or reflexed, lower lip of the cor. with overlapping
248 58. LABIATAE.

segments all nearly equally long, cymes many-flowered, common
stalk about as long as the primary partial stalk —E. B. S. 2897.
C. officinalis Jord.—Hairs in the throat of the cal. few, included.
Root slightly creeping. L. large. Cal.-teeth tinged with purple.
Cor. very large, tube much protruded, middle lobe of lower lip
short and broad.—Isle of Wight. P. VIII.—X. E.

** Whorls of 6 simple separate peduncles. Acinos Moench.

4. C. Acinos (Clairv.) ; 1. ovate subserrate acute with revolute
margins, cal. tubular gibbous below distinctly 2-lipped, upper
lip with short triangular teeth lower with subulate teeth all con-
verging in fruit—H. B. 41]. St. 70.5. Thymus Sm.—St. 6—8
in. long. Fl. blue.—Dry gravelly places, and limestone rocks.
A.? VIL VII. Basil Thyme.

*** Fi], in dense axillary whorls. Bracts forming a kind of
involucre. CLINoPoDIUM Linn.

5. C. Clinopodium (Speun.); 1. ovate obtuse rounded below
slightly crenate, whorls equal many-flowered, bracts setaceous as
long as the calyx.— E. B. 1401. Clinopodium vulgare Sm.—St.
1—1} foot high. Fi. purple in 2 or 3 dense whorls, the upper-
most terminal—Dry bushy places. P. VII. VIII. Wild Basil.

Tribe IV. Melissinee.

7. Meuissa Linn. Balm.

*1. M. officinalis (L.); 1. ovate crenate-serrate acute paler be-
neath, cal. subeampanulate slightly ventricose in front distinctly
2-lipped, upper lip flat’ truncate with 3 short broad teeth, lower
with 2 lanceolate teeth.— St. 11.—St. 2 feet high. Fi. in axil-
lary secund whorls.—Naturalized in the south. P. VII. VIII.

ELL.

Tribe V. Scutellarice.

8. ScureLuaria Linn.

1. S. galericulata(L.); 1. shortly stalked all oblong-lanceolate
cordate below crenate-serrate, fl. axillary opposite secund, calyx
without glands.—E. B. 523.—Cor. large, blue. St. 6—12 in.
high, stout. Distinguished from S. hastifolia hy wanting the
glandular hairs on the calyx, although that part is downy, and
the different shape of the leaves. This genus has a curved elon-
gated support (carpophore) to its nuts.—Banks of rivers and
ditches. P. VII. VIII. Common Skull-cap.

2. S. minor (L.); 1. shortly stalked, lower 1. broadly ovate,
PRUNELLA.—LAMIUM. 249

intermediate ovate-lanceolate with the base cordate, upper 1.
lanceolate with a rounded base, fl. axillary opposite secund, cal.
pubescent.— E. B. 524.—Cor. small. St. 4—8 in. high, slender,
—Moist heaths and boggy places. P. VII.—IX. Lesser Skull-
cap.

9. Pruneua Linn. Self-heal.

1. P. vulgaris (L.); 1. stalked oblong-ovate obtuse, upper lip
of the cal. with short truncate mucronate teeth, lower lip with
ovate-lanceolate mucronate teeth, longer stam. with a straight
spinous tooth at their apex.—E. B. 961.—L. nearly entire or
slightly toothed; on continental specimens they are sometimes
pmnatifid. Fi. blue, rarely white, whorled, crowded into a dense
spike, with 2 broad obcordate acuminate bracts under each whorl.
Cal. reddish-purple.—In damp pastures. P. VII. VIII.

Tribe VI. Nepetee.

10. Nepeta Linn.

1. N. Cataria (L.); 1. stalked cordate acute incise-serrate
whitish-pubescent beneath, whorls dense many-flowered rather
stalked spiked, nuts smooth and glabrous.-—E. B. 137.—FI.
white. St. 2—3 feet high, downy or mealy. Stam. at length
curved outwards.— Waste places. P. VII. VIII. Cat-mint. E. I.

2. N. Glechoma (Benth.); 1. cordate-reniform crenate, whorls
axillary stalked secund 3—4-flowered, cal.-teeth ovate aristate,
nuts oblong with impressed dots.—LE. B. 853. Glechoma hede-
racea Sm.—St. procumbent, creeping. Anth. in pairs forming a
cross.—f. hirsuta; cal.-teeth elongate linear-lanceolate—Hedges
and thickets. 8. Scotland. P.IV.—VI. Ground-ivy.

Tribe VII. Stachydee.

11. Meuittis Linn.

1. M. Melissophyllum (L.).—E. B. 577 and 636.—L. oblong-
ovate or slightly cordate. Upper lip of the cal. with 2 or 3 teeth.
Fl. purple with a white margin or variegated in different ways,
large. St. 1—2 feet high.—M. grandiflora (Sm.) is only a slight
variety.— Woods in the south. P.V. VI. Bastard Balm. E.

12. Lamirum Linn.

* Lower lip of cor. with one large obcordate lobe with 1—2 teeth
on each side of its base.

1. L. amplevicaule (L.); 1. roundish-cordate ey incise-
M
250 58. LABIATE.

crenate, lower 1. stalked, upper sessile clasping, cal.-teeth longer
than their tube (green) at length connivent, cor.-tube straight.—
E.B.770. R. 1. £.373.—Nuts small, three times as long as broad,
with a small triangular oblique terminal space. Cor.-tuhe much
longer than calyx, slender, naked within. The cor. does not
always expand but still the anth. are fertile and fr. is produced.
—Sandy and chalky fields. A. V.—VIII. Hendit.

2. L. intermedium (Fries); |. incise-crenate, lower 1. stalked,
upper reniform-cordate sessile, cal.-teeth longer than their tube
luspid always spreading, straight cor.-tube with a faint hairy ring
within.—E. B. S. 2914.—Nuts twice the size of those of the pre-
ceding, as broad as but longer than those of the following, with
a large triangular terminal rather oblique space. Tube of the
cor. equal, cylindrical. Cal.-teeth usually purple, rigid. —Isle of
Wight. Shropshire. Common in Scotland. Sligo, Ireland.
A. VIL—IX.

3. L. incisum (Willd.); 2. cordate incise-dentate all stalked,
upper broadly ovate crowded, cal.-teeth as long or longer than
their tube always spreading, tube of the cor. straight naked
withn.—F. B. 1933.—Uppermost 1. wedgeshaped below. St.
few slender and elongated or numerous thick and short. Tube
of the cor. equal, cylindrical, sometimes with a faint ring of hairs
within.—Cultivated and waste ground. A. IV.—VI.

4. L. purpureum (L.); 1. cordate crenate-serrate all stalked,
upper ovate crowded, cal.-teeth as long as their tube always
spreading, tube of the cor. a little curved below with a ring of
hairs within.—E. B. 769.—Cor. pale purple, lip spotted with
red; tube narrowed below. Nut about twice as long as broad.
A form of this plant with more deeply cut leaves is often taken
for L. incisum.—Waste and cultivated ground. A. V.—VIII.
Red Dead-nettle.

5. L. album (L.); 1. cordate-ovate: acuminate deeply serrate
stalked, cal.-teeth as long as the tube all separated by acute
angles, upper one distant from the others, lower lip of the cor.
with 1—3 lateral teeth, tube as long as the calyx with an oblique
ring of hairs within —E. B. 768. St. 8.—St. 12—18 im. high.
FI. large, white. The separation of one tooth from the others in
the calyx of this species is remarkable——Waste ground. P. V.
VI. White Dead-nettle.

+6. L. maculatum (L.); 1. cordate-ovate acuminate deeply
serrate stalked, cal.-teeth longer than their tube 3 upper ones
separated from the other 2 by broad obtuse angles, lower lip of
the cor. with 1 lateral tooth, tube longer than the calyx with a
transverse ring of hairs within. —E. B. 2550.—St. 12—18 in.
high. Fl. purple. L. marked with white, cordate-ovate (L. ma-
LEONURUS.—GALEOPSIS. 251

culatum R. I. t. 215.); or green, triangular-cordate (L. levigatum
R. I. t. 216.).—Fifeshire. Clova. P. VI.—VIII. E.? 8.

** Lower lip of cor. in 3 entire nearly equal acute lobes.
GaLEOBDOLON Linn.

7. L. Galeobdolon (Crantz); 1. ovate acuminate truncate be-
low coarsely serrate stalked, upper 1. lanceolate attenuated below,
helmet of the cor. elongated entire, lower lip in 3 entire nearly
equal lobes.—E.B. 787. G. luteum Sm. G. montanum Reich.!
—F. yellow. St.12—18 in. high. Lower 1. coarsely and even
doubly serrate —[G. luteum Reich. ! has the 1. all ovate-acumi-
nate and the lower ones simply crenate with a minute apiculus. |
—Woods and thickets. P. V. VI. Archangel.

13. Leonurus Linn.

tl. L. Cardiaca (L.); lower |. palmately 5-fid incise-dentate,
upper ones 3-lobed entire wedgeshaped below, tube of the cor.
with an oblique ring, helmet nearly flat, lip spreading the middle
lobe entire —E. B, 286, St. 9. 2.—St. 3 feet high. Cor. hairy
externally, purple. Fl.im crowded whorls. Cal.-teeth sharp.—
Hedges and waste places, rare. P. VIII. Motherwort.

14. GaxLeopsis Linn.

1. G. ochroleuca (Lam.); st. softly pubescent with deflexed
hairs not thickened at joinings, 1. ovate-lanceolate serrated soft
and downy on both sides, upper 1. ovate, cal. glandular shaggy,
upper lip of the cor. deeply notched.—E. B. 2353. St. 62.5. G.
villosa Sm.—Cor. large, pale yellow. St. 10—12 in. high.—
Sandy corn-fields, rare. A. VIL. VIII.

2. G. Ladanum (L.); st. softly pubescent with deflexed hairs
not thickened at joinings, 1. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate ser-
rated or nearly entire downy on both sides, cal. shaggy with ad-
pressed hairs and a few gland-tipped hairs intermixed, upper lip
of the cor. slightly notched.—E. B. 884. St. 62. 3—Cor. purple
variegated with crimson and white, shaggy externally. St. about
a foot high. When the fl. are half the usual size it is G. inter-
media Vill., R.! G. parviflora Lam.—8. G. canescens (Schult.) ;
1. narrow nearly entire, bracts often reflexed at the end, cal. and
upper part of st. clothed with patent hairs.—In gravelly and
sandy districts. 8. near Southampton on shingles. A. VIL IX.
Red Hempnettle.

3. G. Tetrahit (L.); st. hispid thickened at joinings, 1. oblong-
ovate acuminate serrate, cal. tubular teeth and tube nearly equal,
tube of the cor. as long as the cal., upper lip ovate.—E. B. 207.
St. 62. 6.—Tube of the cor. slender, slightly inflated. Fl. pur-
252 58. LABIATA.

plish, variegated or white. Cal.-teeth as long as the tube, which
is shorter but quite as broad and more strongly ribbed than in
the next species, rather inflated below the mouth. Nuts wholly
green, the oblique top longitudinally marked with veins all spring-
ing from the wholly acute inner angle of the nut. L. shghtly
pubescent above. Fl. large; middle lobe of lower lip of cor.
subquadrate, flat, crenulate, obtuse or slightly emarginate.—f.
G. bifida (Boenn.); middle lobe of lower lip of cor. oblong entire
emarginate, margins at length revolute. A more slender plant
with paler 1. and smaller fl. The middle lobe of the lower lip
purple with « pale margin, its base with a yellow 2-lobed spot
and several minute dots.—Woods and cultivated ground. A.
VIT.—IX. Common Hemp-nettte.

4. G. versicolor (Curt.); st. hispid thickened at the joinings,
1. oblong-ovate acuminate serrate, cal. bellshaped, teeth shorter
than the tube, tube of the cor. much longer than the cal., upper lip
roundish-oval.—E. B. 667. St. 62. 8.—Tube of the cor. inflated
above. FI. very large, yellow, with usually a broad purple spot
upon the lower lip. Cal.-teeth shorter than the tube. Nuts
with the oblique summit dark brown, inner angle rounded off
almost to the base. Difficult to distinguish upon paper from G.
Tetrahit.—Cultivated ground. A. VII. VIII.

15. Sracnys Linn.

1. S. Betonica (Benth.); spike oblong interrupted below,
whorls many-flowered, st. erect, lower |. ovate-oblong with a cor-
date base crenate obtuse with long stalks, upper 1. oblong-lan-
ceolate serrate acute sessile, bracts linear-lanceolate as long as
the cal., cal. nearly glabrous, stam. shorter than the lip.—Beto-
nica officinalis Sm., E. B. 1142.—Whorls sometimes separated
considerably. Tube of the cor. exserted. The English plant
has the subulate-spinous cal.-teeth of B. officinalis (R.); and the
round crenate not emargimate lower lip of B. hirta (R.)— Woods
and thickets. P. WII. VIII. Betony.

2. 8. germanica (L.); whorls many-flowered, st. erect woolly,
1. oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate with « cordate base crenate-
serrate stalked, wpyper 1. lanceolate acute sessile, all densely silky,
cal. silky, teeth acute mucronate spinous, bracts equalling the
ealyx.—E. B.829.—F. purple.—Chalky soil in Oxfordshire and
Bedfordshire. P. VII. Downy Woundwort. E.

3. 8. sylvatica (L.); whorls 6—8-flowered, st. erect, 1. cordate-
ovate serrate with long petioles, floral 1. linear entire, cal.-teeth
lanceolate very acute, bracts minute—E. B. 416.—Cal.-teeth
rather spinous. Petioles and 1. nearly equal. FI. reddish pur-
ple. Nuts opaque, punctured and irregularly tubercular.  L.
BALLOTA.—MARRUBIUM. 253

clothed with scattered adpressed hairs or densely silky on both
sides.— Woods and thickets. P. VII. VIII. Hedge Woundwort.

4. S. palustris (L.); whorls 6—10-flowered, st. erect, J. linear-
or ovate-lanceolate subcordate below acute crenute-serrate nearly
sessile, cal.-teeth lanceolate very acute, bracts minute.—E. B.
1675. Sé. 18. 10.—Cal.-teeth rather spmous. Lower 1. with very
short stalks, uppermost sessile. Fl. dull purple. Nuts shining,
very minutely dotted.—8. S. ambigua (Sm.); 1. stalked ovate-
lanceolate cordate below serrate. Petioles sometimes half as
long as the leaves.—River-sides and damp places. P. VII. VIII.
Marsh Woundwort.

5. S. arvensis (L.); whorls 4—6-flowered, st. decumbent or
ascending, 1. ovate-cordate obtuse crenate stalked, floral 1. ovate-
oblong sessile acute, cal.-teeth lanceolate-aristate, cor. scarcely
longer than the cal., bracts minute.—E. B. 1154.—F. pale pur-
ple. Nuts covered with minute dots and scattered tubercles.—
Corn-fields. A. VIII. IX.

*6, S. annua (L.); whorls 4—6-flowered, st. erect, lower 1.
ovate-oblong obtuse crenate-serrate stalked, floral 1. lanceolate
acute, cal.-teeth lanceolate very acute, tube of the cor. longer
than the cal., bracts mmute—E. B. S. 2669.—Fl. yellowish.
Nuts minutely rough.—Near Gadshill, Kent. A. VIII. IX.—E.

16. Batuota Linn. Horehound.

1. B. fetida (Lam.) ; 1. crenate-serrate, bracts linear-subulate,
cal.-tube funnelshaped, cal.-teeth broadly ovate short suddenly
acuminate mucronate carinate-reflered.— E. B. 46. R. I. £. 10411.
—St. 2—3 feet high. Lower 1. cordate; upper ovate. Fi. pur-
ple or white.—f. borealis (R.); cal.-teeth with very short points,
whole plant including the cor. covered with thick down.— Waste
places. 8. St. Vincent’s rocks, Bristol. Mr. Borrer. Bray,
Wicklow. Mr. J. Ball. P. VII. VIII.

2. B. ruderalis (Sw.) ; 1. crenate-serrate, bracts limear-subulate,
cal.-tube narrow and elongate, cal.-teeth ovate gradually acumi-
nate aristate erect-patent.—R. I. f. 1039!.—St. 2-3 feet high.
Lower |. cordate; upper ovate. Fl. purple Sr white—Waste
places, rare. P. VII. VIII.

17. Marrvusium Linn.

1. M. vulgare (L.); st. erect hoary, 1. ovate and attenuated
into a petiole or roundish-cordate crenate hoary rough, whorls
many-flowered, cal.-teeth 10 subulate recurved-patent woolly be-
low their upper half glabrous.—E. B. 410.—St. 1—2 feet high
with numerous whorls of small flowers. My Scottish specimen
254 58. LABIATAE.

has the |. rather dentate than crenate.—8. M. apulum (Ten.); 1.
roundish-cordate densely woolly—Waste places, “‘ frequent.”
P. VIII. 1X. White Horehound.

Tribe VIII. Ajugoidee.

18. Tevcrium Linn.

1. T. Scorodonia (L.) ; st. erect, 1. oblong-ovate with the base
cordate crenate-serrate green on both sides, racemes lateral and
terminal one-sided, floral 1. ovate acute rather longer than the
pedicels, upper lip of the cal. undivided ovate, lower with 4 teeth,
tube of the cor. exserted.—E. B. 1543.—St. 1—2 feet high. L.
wrinkled; sometimes oblong, truncate below or sub-cordate,
coarsely and unequally dentate. FI. yellowish—Woods and
shady places. P. VII. VIII. Wood Sage.

2. T. Scordium (L.); st. procumbent below, 7. sesstle oblong
dentate green on both sides, floral 1. similar, whorls 2—6-flowered
axillary distant, cal.-teeth short equal. B. 828.—More or less
hairy or woolly. JL. attenuated or broad or even cordate below.
FL. purple.—T. scordioides is only a state of this caused by situa-
tion. (Phytol. ii. 129.)—Wet places, rare. P. VII. VIII. E.1.

3. T. Chamedrys (L.); st. ascending, 1. ovate incise-crenate
wedgeshaped and entire below green on both sides, floral 1. simi-
lar smaller nearly entire, whorls racemose 5-flowered, cal.-teeth
lanceolate nearly equal.—E. B. 680.—St. much branched, lower
part woody. F. purplish with darker lines. Lower floral 1.
exactly like the stem-l., upper 1. gradually smaller and broader
below.—Ruined walls and dry banks, rare. P. VII.

[T. regium (Schreb.) is said to have been found on the Blorenge
near Abergavenny. I fear some mistake has occurred.]

4. T. Botrys (L.); st. ascending, 1. trifid or pinnatifid with
oblong entire or cut segments green on both sides, floral 1. similar,
whorls axillary 4—6-flowered, cal, gibbous at base inflated-tubu-
lar, cal.-teeth lanceolate equal.—Central st. erect ; branches as-
cending. FI. many, pale purple.—Box Hill, Surrey. A. VIII.
IX. E.

19. Asuea Linn.

1. A. reptans (L.); fl. whorled, st. solitary with creeping
scions, 1. ovate or obovate entire or crenulated stalked, stem-l].
sessile —E. B. 489.—Lower whorls distant, upper ones spicate.
Tube of the cor. with a ring of hairs within. Fl. blue, rarely
white.—Wet places. P. V. VI. Common Bugle.

2. A. pyramidalis (L.); fl. whorled, most or all of the whorls
59. VERBENACEZ.—60. LENTIBULARIACEE. 255

spiked, st. solitary without scions, 1. ovate-oblong entire or cre-
mulated, radical 1. attenuated below, stem-l. sessile upper ones
longer than the fl—E. B. 1270.—Tube of the cor. with a ring of
hairs within. Fl. bluish-purple. Whorls crowded in a pyra-
midal and tetragonal form. Plant often hairy—Highland pas-
tures, veryrare. P, V. VI. s.

3. A. alpina (L.); fl. whorled, whorls distinct, st. solitary
“without scions”’ (Sm.) “stoloniferous” (Fries), 1. ovate-lan-
ceolate obtuse dentate-serrate stalked, floral 1. 3-lobed the upper-
most entire.—E. B. 477.—L. all nearly of the same size. Whorls
all distant. Lip 3-lobed, central lobe entire. I have seen no

specimens.—Mountains, very rare. Derbyshire. Cave Hill,
Belfast. P. VII. E.I,

4. A. Chamepitys (Schreb.); fl. solitary aaillary, st. much
branched spreading, 1. deeply trifid, segments linear entire, floral
1. similar longer than the flowers.—H. B.77.—Hairy. Lowest
1. much broader and toothed rather than 3-lobed. Fl. yellow
with dark spots. St. reddish-purple.—Sandy and chalky fields
in Kent, Essex, Swrey. A. V.—VII. Ground Pine.

Order LIX. VERBENACEA.

Cal. tubular persistent. Cor. irregular, tubular. Stam. didy-
namous, or 2. Ovary 2—4-celled; style 1, terminal ; .stigma
bifid. Fr. a caps. or berry, with 2—4 nucules more or less ad-
hering.

1. Verpena. Cal. 5-fid. Cor. irregular, 5-lobed, slightly
2-lipped. Stam. included, 4, didynamous, or 2. Capsule
dividing into 4 nuts.—G. F. G. Gam. ii. 50.

1. VerBena Linn. Vervain.

1. V. officinalis (L.) ; st. erect solitary 4-angular, |. ovate-ob-
long, trifid or laciniate-multifid rough, spikes filiform somewhat
panicled, stam. 4.—E. B. 767. St. 3.—St. rather hispid, 1—2 feet
high. L. lobed and serrate. Spikes long, slender, with, small
distant pale purple flowers.—Waste ground. P. VII. VIII.

Order LX. LENTIBULARIACE.

Cal. permanent, inferior, divided. Cor. irregular, 2-lipped,
spurred. Stam. 2. Ovary free, 1-celled of 2 carpels. Stigma
2-lipped; lower lip smaller or obsolete. Caps. 1-celled; pla-
centa large, free, central.

1. Prneuicuta. Cal. 2-lipped, lower of 1 bifid, upper of 3
segments. Cor. ringent, spwred.—G. F. G. Gam, 1. 24.
256 60. LENTIBULARIACES.

2. Urricunaria. Cal. 2-leaved, lower often notched, upper
entire. Cor. personate, spurred.—G. F’. G. Gam. i. 25.

1. Prnevicura Linn. Butterwort.

1. P. vulgaris (L.); spur subulate shorter than vemless border
of cor., cor.-segments very unequal oblong-obovate rounded sepa-
rated entire—E. B. 70.—L. all radical, fleshy, covered with
minute crystalline points, pale green; when the plant is gathered
they curve backwards so as to hide the root. FI. purple. Caps.
ovate, acute.—Bogs. P. V. VI.

2. P. grandiflora (Lam.); spur subulate cylindrical often
notched as long as veined border of cor., cor.-segments very un-
equal broadly obovate rounded contiguous “the middle one of the
lower lip notched.”— FE. B. 2184.—Much larger than P. vulgaris.
Fl. very large, deep purple. Caps. oval, rounded at the end.
Length of spur variable-—Bogs. Kerry and Cork. P.V. VI. I.

3. P. alpina (L.); spur conical shorter than unequal border of
cor. and curved towards lower lip, caps. acuminate, scape gla-
brous.—E. B. S. 2747.—Fl. small, yellowish, spur remarkably
short and conical.—Bogs. Skye. Black Isle, Ross. P. VI. 8.

4. P. lusitanica (L.); spur cylindrical obtuse decurved shorter
than the nearly equal limb of the cor., caps. globose, scape downy.
—E. B. 145.—Fl. small, pale, yellowish, spur short and cylin-
drical. [P. villosa, distinguished from this by its acute spur and
obconical capsule, may be expected in the north of Scotland. J]—
Bogs in the western parts of the country. P. VI—IX.

2. Urricutaria Linn.

1. U. vulgaris (L.); spur conical, upper lip of the cor. as long
as the inflated palate, anth. cohering, |. pinnate-multifid, bladders
upon the leaves.—F. B. 253.—F. bright yellow, rather large.
Scape 4—6 in. high. St. floating in the water—([U. neglecta
(Lem.); upper lip nearly 3 times as long as palate, anth. free,
1. more distant, bladders on both stem and leaves ; is probably a
native.|—P. VI—VIII. Greater Bladderwort.

2. U. intermedia (Hayne) ; spur conical, upper lip twice as long
as the inflated palate, |. 3-parted, segments linear dichotomous,
bladders separate from the leaves.—H. B. 2489.—F'. paler, with
a much longer upper lip than in No. 1. Bladders on leafless
shoots. Increasing by buds at the end of the shoots and seldom
flowering.—Ditches and pits, rare. P. VIII.

3. U. minor (L.); spur very short obtuse, upper lip as long as
the palate, lower hip ovate with reflexed sides, 1. dichotomously
multifid, bladders upon the leaves.—H. B. 254.—Scarcely any
61. PRIMULACES. 257

spur. Fl. small. Sep. subrotund, acuminate. Plant much
smaller than either of the others. [U. Bremii (Heer); a rather
stronger plant with an “ orbicular flat lower lip and subrotund
subreniform minutely apiculate sep.;” is probably a native. ]—
Ditches and pits. P.VI—VIT. Smailer Bladderwort.

Order LXI. PRIMULACEA.

Cal. 4—7-cleft, permanent, inferior. Cor. regular, 4—7-fid.
Stam. upon the cor., opposite to its segments. Ovary free, 1-
celled, with a free central placenta. Style 1. Stigma capitate.
Fr. a capsule. Seeds peltate ; embryo transverse in fleshy albu-
men.—For fig. of genera see G. F. G. Gam. 1.

1. Primuua. Cal. tubular, 5-fid. Cor. salvershaped, tube
cylindrical up to the insertion of the stamens. Stam. 5, in-
serted and included in the tube of the cor. Caps. many-
seeded, 5-valved with 10 teeth.

2. Horronia. Cal, 5-parted, divided almost to its base.
Valves of caps. remaining connected at the top. Seeds with
the hilum close to one end. Otherwise like Primula.

3. CycuamEen. Cal. bellshaped, half 5-cleft. Cor. with a
short bellshaped tube and 5-partite reflexed limb. Stam. 5,
inserted at the bottom on the tube of the cor., included.
Caps. many-seeded, opening with 5 teeth.

4. Lysrmacuia. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate, scarcely any
tube, limb 5-parted. Stam. 5, at the base of the cor. Caps.
with 5 valves (in L. nemorum sometimes 2-valved or inde-
hiscent, in L. thyrsiflora few-seeded).

5. ANAGALLIS. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate, tube none, limb
5-parted. Stam. 5, at the base of the cor. Caps. many-
seeded, opening all round transversely.

6. CentuncuLus. Cal. 4-parted. Cor. with a subglobose
inflated tube and spreading 4-parted limb. Stam. 4, inserted
in the throat of the cor. Caps, many-seeded, opening all
round transversely.

7, TRrENTALIS. Cal. 7-parted. Cor. rotate, 7-parted, tube
none. Stam. 7, inserted at the base of the cor. Caps. many-
seeded, opening with 5 revolute fugacious valves. Seeds in-
vested with a reticulated tunic.

8. Guaux. Cal. bellshaped, 5-parted, coloured. Cor. none.
Stam. 5, inserted at the base of the calyx. Caps. few-seeded
(about 10), opening with 5 valves.
258 61. PRIMULACE.

9. Samoxus. Cal. 5-parted its tube adhering to the lower
half of the germen, persistent. Cor. salvershaped, tube short,
limb 5-parted with mterposed converging scales. Stam. 5,
inserted near to the base of the tube of the cor. Caps. 4
inferior, many-seeded, opening with reflexed teeth.

1. Primuua Linn.

1. P. vulgaris (Huds.) ; 1. oblong-ovate wrinkled crenate, scapes
single-flowered, cal. tubular, teeth linear-lanceolate attenwated
very acute, limb of cor. flat with a circle of scalelike folds at the
slightly contracted mouth, caps. ovate } the length of cal., long
straightish teeth of fr.-cal. meeting at top.— WH. B. 4. St. 14.6.
P. acaulis (Jacq.) Koch.—L. narrowing gradually into the foot-
stalks. Scape and cal. villose.—B. caulescens ; 1. slightly con-
tracted below, scape umbellate, fl. erect. This is often mistaken
for P. elatior.—Woods and thickets. P.1IV.V. Primrose.

2. P. veris (L.); 1. ovate contracted below wrinkled crenate,
scapes umbellate many-flowered, cal. bellshaped, teeth short ovate,
limb of cor. concave with a circle of scalelike folds at the slightly
contracted mouth, caps. elliptical 3 the length of inflated cal.,
short teeth of fr.-cal. converging. —E. B. 5. St.14.4.  P. offici-
nalis (Jacq.) Koch.—Scapes and cal. tomentose. Cal. teeth 3 of
the length of the tube, terminating in an obtuse or slightly acute
angle. Cor.-segments cordate.—It is probable that hybrids are
formed between this and P. vulgaris, nm England, which are mis-
taken for P. elatior, but they are almost unknown on the Conti-
nent.—Meadows and pastures. P. IV. V. Cowslip. Paigle.

3. P. elatior (Jacq.); 1. ovate contracted below wrinkled den-
ticulate, scapes umbellate many-flowered, cal. tubular, teeth lan-
ceolate acute, limb of cor. concave, segments cordate oblong, tube
not crowned nor contracted at the mouth, caps. linear-oblong
equalling cal., teeth of fr.-cal. patent.—E. B.513. St. 14.5.—
Segments of the corolla so narrowly cordate as to be almost square.
Limb of the cor. rarely flat. Fl. nodding. Fr. erect.—Woods
and meadows in the eastern counties. P.IV.V. Ozlip. fF.

4. P. farinosa (L.); 2. obovate-lanceolate mealy, cal. oblong-
ovate, teeth linear, limb of cor. flat, segments obcordate rounded
below distant as long as the tube.—E. B.6. St. 14.—F. pale lilac
with a yellow centre. Colour of the cor. and breadth of segments
very variable. Germen obovate. Stigma capitate-—North of
England and south of Scotland. P. VI. VII. Bird's-eye oe
rose. 5.

5. P. scotica (Hook.) ; 1. obovate-lanceolate mealy, cal. swollen,
teeth short ovate obtuse, limb of cor. flat, segments broadly obcor-
date approximate half the length of the tube.—Z. B. S. 2608.
HOTTONIA.—LYSIMACHIA. 259

—Half as large as the preceding. FI. bluish-purple with a yel-
low centre. Germen globose. Stigma with 5 points—Sandy
heaths of the north of Scotland. P. VII. s.

2. Horronia Linn. Water-violet.

1. H. palustris (L.); fl. whorled stalked upon a long solitary
cylindrical stalk., cor. longer than the calyx, l. pectinated.—E. B.
364.—L. submerged crowded. Fl. rising above the water, purple
and yellow. Style longer than cal., stam. inserted in tube, anth.
and filaments about equal in length; or style shorter than cal.,
stam. inserted at top of tube, filaments 3 or 4 times as long as the
anthers. The former of the varieties is apparently barren.—Ponds
and ditches. P. V. VI. E. I.

3. CycuAMEN Linn.

Tl. C. hederifolium (Willd.) ; 1. cordate angular crenate, throat
of the cor. with 5 teeth.—H. B. 548.—Stem a large depressed
tuber. L. appearing to be radical. Fi. nearly white, upon long
stalks which roll up after flowering and bury the germen.—Sand-
hurst and Gouldhurst, Kent; Notts. P. X. E.

4. Lysmacaia Linn.

1. L. thyrsiflora (L.); racemes axillary stalked dense, 1. oppo-
site lanceolate—E. B. 176. Naumburgia R.—St. 1—2 ft. high.
Fl. small very numerous. Cor. divided almost to its base mto
narrow segments separated by minute teeth, yellow and as well
as the cal. spotted with orange. Stam. combmed below into a
short ring.— Marshes in the north. P. VI. VII. E. 8.

2. L. vulgaris (L.); st. erect, panicles compound terminal and
axillary, 1. ovate or ovate-lanceolate nearly sessile opposite or 3 or
4 in a whorl, cor.-segments entire with glabrous edges, stam. 5
combined for half their length.—£. B. 761.—St. 2—3 feet high.
L. variable in size, shape and pubescence. Panicle much branched
or nearly simple.—Sides of rivers and pools. P. VII.

*3. L. ciliata (L.) ; st. erect, ped. axillary opposite or whorled
racemose, J. opposite or 4 in a few of the uppermost whorls ovate-
lanceolate subcordate with ciliated stalks, cor.-segments roundish
crenate obtuse cuspidate, filaments 10 free 5 sterile—E. B. 8.
2922.—TFl. yellow. Ped. nodding at the end. St. 3 feet high. ?
—Near Serbergham, Cumb. Mr. W. Backhouse. P. VII. E.

4. L. Nummularia (L.) ; st. prostrate creeping, fl. solitary ax-
illary, sep. ovate acute, filaments glandular connected at the base,
1. opposite roundish or ovate shortly stalked.—E. B. 528.—Pe-
duncles shorter than the leaves. Fl. occasionally in pairs.—
Damp places. P. VI. VII. Money Wort.
260 61, PRIMULACES.

5. L. nemorum (L.); st. prostrate, fl. axillary solitary, sep.
linear-lanceolate, filaments smooth distinct, 1. opposite ovate acute
shortly stalked.— EF. B.527.  Ephemerum R.— Peduncles longer
than the 1. Caps. 5-valved but usually dividing longitudinally
into 2 parts, sometimes indehiscent. Stam. distinct.—Woods
and damp shady places. P. VI.—VIII.

5. ANAGALLIS Linn.

1. A. arvensis (L.); st. procumbent or erect, fl. axillary soli-
tary, 1. opposite sessile ovate or ovate-oblong.—Cor. rotate. Pet.
slightly longer than the cal., crenate. Filaments distinct.—e. A.
arvensis (Sm.); st. mostly procumbent, pet. fringed with minute
glandular hairs (usually scarlet), 1. ovate. E.B.529. Fl. some-
times flesh-coloured (A. carnea Schrank), wholly white or white
with a pink eye.—f. A. cerulea (Sm.) ; st. mostly erect, pet. with-
out glandular hairs (usually blue), 1. ovate-oblong. E. B. 1823.—
Probably distinct ; Mr. Borrer suspects that each varies with red
or blue flowers.—Corn-fields. A. VI. VII. Scarlet Pimpernel.

2. A. tenella (L.); st. procumbent creeping, fl. axillary solitary,
1. opposite stalked roundish, cor. funnelshaped, pet. much longer
than the calyx entire, filaments connected below.—E. B. 530.—
This plant differs so much in habit from the rest of the genus as
almost to deserve generic distinction——Spongy bogs. P. VII.
VIII. Bog Pimpernel.

6. Centuncuuus Linn.

1. C. minimus (L.); 1. ovate alternate acute, fl. nearly sessile,
cor. without glands at the base.—£. B. 531.—Usually very mi-
nute. St. usually prostrate. Cor. pale rose-colour.—Damp sandy
and gravelly places. A. VI. VII. Bastard Pimpernel.

7. Trrentauis Linn.

1. T. europea (L.); 1. oblong-obovate obtuse.—E. B. 15.—
St. 4—6 in. high, with the 1. mostly collected at the top. Fl. on
slender peduncles, white with a yellow ring. Parts of the fl. and
fr. varying from 7 to 9 in each whorl. Valves of the caps. soon
falling off.—North of E.; highlands of S. P. VI. E.S.

8. Guaux Linn.

1. G. maritima (L.).—E. B. 13.—St. mostly procumbent.
L. opposite, ovate, glabrous. Fl. axillary, sessile, pink, with
obtuse segments. Remarkable in this order by its want of pet.—
Sea-shores and salt marshes. P. VI.—VIII.

9. Samoxus Linn.
1. S. Valerandi (L.); 1. obovate or roundish blunt, upper 1.
62. PLUMBAGINACE. 261

blunt with a point, racemes many-flowered ultimately elongated,
caps. subglobose.—. B. 703.—Remarkable in this order by its
cal. adhering to the germen and by having a crown to the corolla.
—Damp watery places. P. VII. VIII. Brook-weed.

Order LXIL. PLUMBAGINACE.

Cal. 5-cleft, persistent, inferior, plicate. Cor. regular, 5-fid
or nearly 5-petalous. Stam. 5, hypogynous, or adnate to the
base of the pet. Ovary free, of 5 carpels, 1-celled, 1-seeded ;
ovule 1, pendulous by a stalk arising from the bottom of the cell.
Styles 5. Fr. a utricle. Seed inverted. Embryo in the axis of
farinaceous albumen. Radical superior.

1. Srarics. Fl. spiked. Cal. scarious above. Cor. 5-parted.
Caps. not bursting. —G. F. G. Gam. i. 4.

2. ArmertA. Fl. in a head with an inverted cylindrical
sheath. Caps. not bursting.—G. F. G. Gam. i. 3.

1. Srarice Linn.

1. S. Limonium (L.); 1. elliptic-oblong stalked mucronate
1-ribbed strongly nerved, scape subterete branched above corym-
bose, spikelets 1—3-flowered ascending forming dense 2-ranked
patent or recurved spikes, cal.-segments entire acute with inter-
mediate teeth, outer bract pointed small.—E. B.102.—Scape
usually not branched in its lower half, often not until near the
corymbose top. Spikes short, spikelets densely imbricate.—
Muddy salt marshes. P. VII—IX. Sea-Lavender.

2. S. Bahusiensis (Fries); 1. oblong-lanceolate stalked mucro-
nate l-ribbed faimtly veined, scape slightly angular usually
branched from below the middle panicled, spikelets 1|—3-fiowered
unilateral rather distant forming aa erect or incurved spikes, cal.-
segments acute denticulate with intermediate teeth, outer bract
pointed small.—S. rariflora Drej., E. B.S. 2917.—Scape nearly
always branching from near its base, not at all corymbose, much
branched below. Spikes long; spikelets often 1-flowered, not
imbricate.—Salt marshes. P. VII. VIII.

3. S. Dodartii (Gir.); 1. obovate-spathulate narrowed into a
broadly winged stalk 3-ribbed below, scapes rigid alternately
branched, no sterile branches, spikelets 2—4-flowered densely
imbricate 2-ranked forming linear thick suberect spikes, cal.-
segments blunt entire without intermediate teeth.—Scape usually
not branched in its lower half; branches often simple, short.
Bracts with white margins or slightly pmk—Rocky shores. P.
VIL. VIII. E.

4. S. occidentalis (Lloyd); 1. lanceolate-spathulate rather acute
262 63. PLANTAGINACES.

narrowed into a long winged stalk obscurely 3-ribbed below,
scapes slender wavy dichotomously branched from near the base,
Sew lowest branches sterile, spikelets 2—-4-flowered imbricate 2-
ranked forming linear slender suberect spikes, cal.-segments blunt
entire without intermediate teeth. binervosa G. E. Sm.,
£. B. 8. 2663. 8. spathulata Hook.—Seape usually branching
quite from the base ; branches repeatedly forked, elongate. Bracts
deeply tinged with pink.—Rocky shores. P. VII. VIN. E.S.

5. &. caspia (Willd.); 1. obovate or lanceolate spathulate nar-
rowed into a petiole, scapes branched from near the base granular-
scabrous, numerous branches slender repeatedly and acutely forked
uppermost alone bearing dense terminal spikes of 2—3-flowered
2-ranked spikelets, cal.-segments ovate-cuspidate denticulate—
S. reticulata Sm, E. B.323.—Remarkable for its much divided
sterile branches which fork at an acute angle. L. small.—Muddy
sea-shores of Norf. and Suff. P. WIT. VIII.

2. Armeria Willd.

1. A. maritima (Willd.) ; 1. linear 1-nerved, scape downy, inv.-
bracts very obtuse 1—3 outer ones mucronate, cal.-segments
acute, cal.-tube hairy or pilose-striate.—L. all radical, many,
narrow. FI]. rose-coloured or white.—a. A. maritima (Boiss.) ;
1. flattish above, inv.-scales broadly green on the back outer ones
ovate-mucronate, cal.-tube uniformly hairy equalling the primary
pedicel.—f. A. pubescens (Link); 1. flattish above, inv.-scales
broadly green on the back outer ones triangular-ovate acute, eal.-
tube hairy on the ribs otherwise glabrous equalling the primary
pedicel. Statice Armeria Sm., LE. B. 226. Pedicels shorter in the
mountain plant.—y. A. pubsgera B. scotica (Boiss.); 1. subtri-
quetrous grooved and dotted above, inv.-scales scarious a little
thickened on the back, cal.-tube uniformly hairy twice as long as
the primary pedicel.—s. A. duriuscula (Bab.); 1. subtriquetrous
grooved above, inv.-scales broadly green on the back, eal.-tube
hairy on the ribs only equalling the primary pedicel Muddy
and rocky sea-shores. 6. rare. 8. also on mountains. P. IV.

ake

[2. A. plantaginea (Willd.); 1. all similar 3—5-nerved linear-
lanceolate with a narrow membranous margin, scapes glabrous
rough, outer inv.-bracts triangular or lanceolate cuspidate others
ovate or obovate with a broad membranous margin obtuse, pedi-
cel not 3 as long as the pilose-striate cal.-tube—E. B. 8, 2928.—
Distinguished by its leaves.—Jersey. P. VI. VII.]

Order LXIII. PLANTAGINACE.
Cal. 4-parted, persistent, imbricate, mferior. Cor. 4-parted
PLANTAGO. 263

regular, scarious. Stam. 4, hypogynous, or at the base of the
tube, alternate with the segments of the cor.; filaments at first
doubled inwards. Ovary free, of 1 carpel, 1-celled, or with a cen-
tral compressed 2—4-winged placenta and thus 2—4-celled.
Ovules 1,2. Style 1. Caps. opening transversely. Seeds pel-
tate or erect. Radicle inferior.—G. F. G. Gam.i. | and 2.

1. PLrantaco. Fi. perfect. Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. with an
ovate tube and 4-parted reflexed limb. Stam. on the corolla.
Caps. bursting transversely, 2—4-celled, 2—4-seeded.

2. LirrorpLtia. Moneecious. Male fl. stalked; sep. 4; tube
of the cor. cylindrical, limb 4-parted; stam. hypogynous ;
filaments very long. Fem. fl. sessile; sep. 3; cor. oblong,
narrowed at both ends; style long; caps. 1-seeded.

1. Puantaco Linn.

* Placenta 3—4-winged, thus forming 3—4 cells. Seeds 1 in
each cell.

1. P. Coronopus (L.); 1. linear pinnatifid or dentate, scape
round, spike slender, bracts subulate from an ovate base erect,
midrib of lateral sep. with ciliated membranous wing.—E. B, 892.
—Tube of the cor. glabrous. Extremely variable in size and
amount of pubescence, woolly or nearly glabrous. L. varying in
width, nearly entire or even doubly pinnatifid. Spikes slender
and 14 in. long, or spherical with 2—6 flowers.—Gravelly barren
spots near the sea and inland. A.? VI. VII. Buck’s-horn
Plantain.

** Placenta 2-winged. Seeds 1 in each cell. Cor.-tube
pubescent.

2. P. maritima (L.); 1. linear grooved fleshy convex on the
back, scape round, spike cylindrical, bracts ovate mucronate, sep.
not winged.—E. B. 175.—L. usually woolly at their base, nearly
flat and broad or linear, toothed or quite entire, glabrous or hairy;
3-nerved, nerves equidistant. Scape glabrous or hairy. In a
Cornish variety the I. are only 1—2 lines in length and semicylin-
drical, scapes very short, spikes sometimes only 3- or 4-flowered.
—Sea-coast and at foot of mountains. P. VI.—IX.

*** Placenta 2-winged. Seeds 1 in each cell. Cor.-tube
glabrous.

3. P. lanceolata (L.); 1. lanceolate attenuated at both ends
5-nerved, scape furrowed, spike ovate or oblong-cylindrical,
bracts ovate acute or cuspidate, 2 lateral sep. keeled.—E. B. 507.
—L. nearly glabrous, lanceolate, length 4—12 times the breadth.
Spike short, cylindrical.—f. edata ; 1. elongate-lanceolate, spike
264 64. AMARANTHACEA,

very long cylindrical, scape often 2 ft. high and 1. 1} ft. long.—
y. spherostachya (W. and G.); 1. linear-lanceolate 3-nerved,
spike globose, scapes 2—3 times as long as the 1. terete or slightly
suleate. Root with long lateral fibres, neck clothed with dense
wool. Scape and 1. with silky adpressed hairs.—d. lanuginosa
(Koch) ; 1. lanceolate with long spreading silky hairs prostrate.
—a. and 8. in meadows and pastures, y. sandy places. 6. Orkney.
Mr. J.T. Syme. P. VIVID. Ribwort Plantain.

4. P. media (L.); 1. elliptical with short broad stalks pubes-
cent, scape round, spike cylindrical, bracts ovate-acuminate, sep.
not keeled.—E. B.1559.—L. usually lying flat on the ground.—
Meadows and pastures. P. VI.—IX.

ee Placenta 2-winged. Seeds 2—4 in each cell. Cor.-tube
glabrous.

5. P. major (L.); |. broadly ovate on longish channeled stalks,
scape round, spike long, bracts ovate-obtuse keeled about as
long as the cal., sep. with a prominent dorsal nerve-—E. B, 1558.
—L. ascending. Seeds about 8.—8. microstachya (Koch) ; scape
weak shorter than 1., spike lax, 3—6-flowered.—Fields and waste
places. 8. turf-bogs, Cunnamara, Ireland. P. VI—VII. Great
Plantain. :

2. Lirrore ua Linn.

1. L. lacustris (L.).—E. B. 468.—F. white. Fertile fl. ses-
sile. Stalks of the male fl. 1—2 im. long. L. all radical, linear,
fleshy, somewhat channeled.—Margins of lakes. P. VI. VII.

Subdivision IV. MONOCHLAMYDEZ.

With a single perianth only, that is the cal. and cor. not dh-
stinguishable, or wanting.

Order LXIV. AMARANTHACEA.

Perianth 3—5-parted, scarious, persistent. Stam. hypogynous.
Ovary free, 1-celled; ovule 1 or several, suspended from a free
central seed-stalk. Style 1 or 0. Stigma simple or compound.
Embryo curved round central farinaceous albumen.—L. without
stipules or sheaths.—G. F. G. Monochl. 71.

1, Amarantuus. Fl. moneecious. Perianth 3—5-parted.
Stam. 3—5. Styles3. Caps. 1-celled, 1-seeded, bursting
transversely.
65. CHENOPODIACEA. 265

1, AMARANTHUS Linn.

[l. A, Blitum (L.); fl. 3-fid 3-androus, clusters small lateral
the upper ones in a small naked spike, st. diffuse glabrous.—
E. B, 2212.—Waste places near towns. A. VIII.] E.

Order LXV. CHENOPODIACE.

Perianth 5-parted, persistent. Stam. from the base of the
perianth. Ovary free or cohering with the tube of the perianth ;
ovule 1, attached to the base of the cell. Styles divided, or
rarely 1. Fr. not bursting, dry, membranous, included in the
perianth which often becomes enlarged or fleshy. Embryo curved
round farinaceous albumen, or spiral, or doubled together with-
out albumen; radicle next the hilum.—L. without stipules or
sheaths.—For figures of the genera see G. F. G. Monochl.

Tribe I. SALSOLEA. Fi. uniform, perfect. Seeds without
albumen. Embryo spiral. St. continuous. L. semicylin-
drical or terete.

1. Suzpa. Perianth 5-parted, without appendages. Stam.
5, from the receptacle. Stigmas2—3. Pericarp membra-
nous. Seed horizontal or vertical ; testa crustaceous.—Brac-
teated.

2. Sausoua. Perianth 5-parted, segments ultimately with a
transverse dorsal appendage. Stam. 5, from an hypogynous
ring. Styles 2. Pericarp membranous. Seed horizontal ;
testa membranous.—Bracteated.

Tr. Il. BETE. F'. uniform, perfect. Seeds with albumen.
Embryo curved round the circumference of the seed. St.
continuous. L. flat.

3. CHenopopium. Perianth 3—5-parted, persistent, un-
altered. Stam. 5, from the receptacle. Stigmas 2—3.
Pericarp thin, free. Testa crustaceous. Seed vertical or
horizontal.— Without bracts.

4. Bera. Perianth 5-parted, persistent. Stam. 5, from a
fleshy rmg. Styles 2—3. Pericarpimmersed and adhering
to the tube of the perianth. Seed horizontal, attached late-
rally. Testa membranous.

Tr. IJ. SALICORNIE. FI. uniform, perfect. Seeds and
embryo as in Tr. II. St. jointed.

5. Sauicornia. Perianth fleshy, tumid, undivided, imbedded
m an excavation of the rachis. Stam. 1—2. Style very
N
266 65. CHENOPODIACES.

short, stigma bifid. Pericarp membranous. Seed vertical,
covered by the persistent perianth.

Tr. IV. ATRIPLICEA. F1. monecious, of two forms, rarely
perfect. Seeds and embryo as in Tr. II. St. continuous.

6. AtripLex. Perianth 3—5-parted, stam. 5, style 0. Pe-
rigone compressed, of 2 more or less connected parts. Stig-
mas 2. Pericarp membranous, free. Testa crustaceous.
Seed vertical, attached by a lateral hilum either near the
base or by means of an elongated seed-stalk in the middle
of the side; radicle basal.

7. Oprone. Perianth 3—5-parted, stam. 5, style 0. Peri-
gone of 2 parts connected to the extremity, 3-toothed,
wedgeshaped below. Stigmas 2. Pericarp very thin, ulti-
mately adhering to the tube of the perigone. Testa membra-
nous. Seed vertical, pendulous from an elongated seed-
stalk, radicle terminal.

Tribe I. Salsolee.

1. Suapa Forsh.

1. S. fruticosa (Forsk.); st. erect shrubby, 1. obtuse semi-
cylindrical, styles 3, seeds smooth and shining.—E. B. 635,
Salsola Sm. Schoberia Mey.—St. 2—3 feet high, with nume-
rous erect leafy branches and axillary flowers. Seed horizontal.
—On the south and east coasts, rare. P. VII. VIII. E.

2. S. maritima (Dum.); st. herbaceous, 7. acute semicylindrical,
styles 2, seeds reticulate-striate shining. —E. B. 633.—Chenopo-
dium Sm.—St. erect or procumbent with numerous spreading
branches. Seed horizontal.—Sea-shore. A. VIJ—IX.

2. Sausoxa Linn.

1. S. Kali(L.); minutely hairy, st. diffuse, 1. subulate spinous
rough, fl. axillary solitary, segments of the enlarged perianth
cartilaginous as long as their patent rather coloured roundish
wings.—E. B. 634.—St. angular, rigid, much branched.—Sandy
sea-shores. A. VII.

Tribe II. Betee.

3. CHEenopopium Linn.
* Perianth enveloping the fruit, seed horizontal.
+ Leaves undivided.
1. C. olidum (Curt.); 1. ovate-rhomboidal entire mealy, fi. in
CHENOPODIUM. 267

leafless dense spikes, seed shining slightly rough (very small), st.
diffuse —E. B. 1034, St.75.14.—Whole herbage covered with a

greasy pulverulent foetid substance.—Waste places by road-sides.
A. VIII. IX.

2. C. polyspermum (L.); 1. ovate-elliptical, fl. in axillary leaf-
less cymose racemes, seeds shining minutely punctulate blunt at
the edge.—E. B. 1480 and 1481. Leight. t.5. St.75. 12 and 13.
—Racemes more or less cymose or spicate. St. erect or pro-
cumbent. L. acute or obtuse. C. acutifolium and C. polysper-
mum are undistinguishable.—Damp waste places. A. VIII. IX.

tt Leaves toothed angled or lobed.

3. C. urbicum (L.); 1. triangular sinuate-dentate or nearly
entire their base contracted into the petiole, spikes erect nearly
leafless compound, seeds very minutely rough blunt at the edge.
—L. with short triangular teeth. Seed almost as large as rape-
seed.—B. C. intermedium (M. and K.); 1. with large acute teeth.
LE. B. 717.—Near Oxford. Sm. Fl. Br. 8. Waste places. A.
VIII.

4. C. album (L.); 1. rhomboid-ovate sinuate-dentate entire
below, upper ones lanceolate nearly entire, fl. im compound
branched nearly leafless racemes, seeds smooth and shining bluntly
keeled at the edge.—E. B. 1723. St. 75. 6.—Axillary racemes
spicate dense, 1. mealy.—f. C. viride (L.); racemes cymose, 1.
green often quite entire. St. 75. 7.—Waste places. A. VII.
VIII.

5. C. ficifolium (Sm.); 1. unequally 3-lobed from a wedgeshaped
base, lobes ascending, middle lobe elongate oblong-lanceolate den-
tate obtuse, upper 1. linear-lanceolate entire, fl. in erect nearly
leafless cymose racemes, seeds excavate-punctate shining blunt
and not keeled at the edge—E. B. 1724. St. 75. 10.—Seeds
smaller than in C. album.—Waste ground, rare. A. VIII. IX.

6. C. murale (L.); 1. rhomboid-ovate unequally and sharply
toothed entire below, fl. in divaricately-branched leafless cymes,
seeds elevate-punctate opaque acutely keeled at the edge.—E. B.
1722. St. 75. 5.—Waste ground near towns and villages. A.
VIII.

7. C.hybridum (L.); 1. subcordate angulate-dentate acuminate,
teeth large distant, fl. in aggregated panicled leatless cymes, seed
eacavate-punctate opaque blunt and not keeled at the edge —
E. B.1919. St. 75. 2.—Seeds very large. L. with 2—4 large
teeth on each side.—Waste places, rare. A. VIII. ‘

N
268 65. CHENOPODIACES.

** Perianth not covering the fruit, seed mostly vertical.
+ Stigmas short.

8. C. rubrum (L.); 1. rhomboid irregularly toothed and sinu-
ated entire below, fl. in erect compound dense leafy spikes, seeds
very minute smooth shining blunt and slightly keeled at the edge.
—E. B.172\.—St. erect, often a foot high. Pericarp very loose.
Seed vertical or horizontal in the terminal fl. Fl. generally in-
complete. Cal. 4- rarely 5-cleft. Stam. 1 or 2. Mr. Leighton
has sent a variety with much more triangular 1., shorter spikes
and larger seeds, grown from seed obtained near London.—
Waste places, particularly salt marshes. A. VIII. IX.

9. C. botryoides (Sm.) ; 1. triangular somewhat toothed, fi. in
compound dense leafy spikes, seeds very minute smooth shining
acutely keeled at the edge.—E. B. 2247.—St. prostrate, spreading,
4—5 in. long. Pericarp loose. Seeds vertical.—Moist sandy
places near the sea. Cornw., Suff., Northumb. A. IX.

10. C. glaucum (L.); 1. oblong sinuate-dentate, fl. in erect nearly
simple leafless spikes, seeds very minute reticulate-rugose acutely
keeled at the edge—. B. 1454? (C. botryoides?) St. 75. 1.—
St. spreading, often prostrate. Seeds reddish, vertical or hori-
zoutal.— Waste sandy soil. A. IX.

tt Stigmas elongated.

11. C. Bonus-Henricus (L.); 1. triangular-hastate entire, fl. in
compound leafless spikes, seeds smooth and shining.—Z£. B.
1033. St. 74. 13.—St. a foot high. L. large, dark green, used
instead of spinage.—Waste places near villages. P. VIII.

4, Beta Linn.

1. B. maritima (L.); st. many from the crown of root pro-
strate, 1. triangular-ovate narrowed into a petiole, spikes elongate
simple leafy, bracts lanceolate longer than the 2-flowered clusters,
segments of the perianth with entire keels —E. B. 285. B. vul-
garis (H. and A.), but proof that it is the same species is wanting.
—Root thick, fleshy. St. 6—12 in. long, prostrate below,
spreading in a circle, afterwards ascending.—Sea-shore. P. VII.
—IX. Sea Beet.

Tribe III. Salkcornee.

5. SaLicornia Linn.

1. S. herbacea (L.) ; herbaceous, divisions of the st. compressed
rather thickened upwards notched, spikes cylindrical tapering
ATRIPLEX. 269

stalked, fl. 3 on each side middle fl. placed highest.—E. B. 415.
—St. usually erect, branched, 3—12 in. high. Fi. placed in tri-
angles. Stam. 1 or 2. Seed about twice as long as broad.—f.
S. procumbens (Sm.); st. procumbent. E. B. 2475.—Muddy
sea-shores. A. VIII. IX. Jointed Glasswort.

2. 8. radicans (Sm.); divisions of the st. compressed deeply
notched scarcely thickened, spikes oblong obtuse nearly sessile,
middle fl. scarcely higher than the others.—E.B.1691.  S. fru-
ticosa Sm. (not i E. B. 2467.—St. procumbent or ascending,
rooting. Seed hardly longer than broad. Muddy sea-shores.
P. VIII. IX. Creeping Glasswort. E.I.

Tribe IV. Atriplicea.

6. ArrreLtex Linn.}

A. Polygamous ; sep. of fem. fl. distinct, seed vertical ; perfect
fl. 3—5-parted, seed horizontal.

([*1. A. nitens (Rebent.); st. erect, }. triangular-cordate-hastate
sinuate-dentate shining above glaucous beneath, upper 1. elongate-
triangular, fr.-perigone ovate-acuminate entire separate to the
base.—A large coarse plant introduced by accident. Sea-shore
near Ryde, Isle of Wight. A. VIII. IX.]

B. Monecious ; sepals of fem. fi. united below.
* Stem with resinous stripes.
+ Leaves not lobed.

2. A. littoralis (L.); st. erect, 1. linear-lanceolate entire or
rarely toothed, fr.-perigone ovate-rhomboid acute toothed tubercled
on the back with spreading Se ea B. 708. St. 79. 12.—Di-
stinguished by the form of its open-pointed perigone, and 1.
usually entire.—Salt marshes. A. VIJ.—IX.

3. A. marina (L.); st. erect, 1. oblong-lanceolate irregularly
toothed or rarely entire, fr.-perigone obcordate-triangular obtuse
toothed tubercled on the back closed.—St. 80. 1.—Distinguished
by its toothed 1. and form of perigone.—Salt marshes. A. VII.

++ Lower leaves with lateral spreading or ascending lobes.

4. A. angustifolia (Sm.!); st. erect or prostrate, 1. lanceolate
entire, the lower l. with 2 ascending lobes from 2 wedgeshaped
base, fr.-perigone rhomboidal acute entire with prolonged lateral
angles longer than the fr. and collected into nearly simple inter-

1 See Woods in Phytol. iii. 587, and Tourist’s Flora, 315.
270 65. CHENOPODIACEE.

rupted spikes the larger leaflike and not tubercled, seeds black
and polished.—E. B. 1774. A. patula Wahl., Koch, St. 79. 5.
~—Spikes wandlike with distant clusters of fi., valves of the peri-
gone of the fr. reticulated Common. A. VII.—X.

5. A. erecta (Huds.); primary st. mostly erect, lower |. ovate-
oblong with 2 ascending lobes from a wedgeshaped base irregu-
larly sinuate-dentate, upper 1. lanceolate, fr.-perigone rhomboidal
denticulate acute more or less muricated on the back scarcely
longer than the fr. and collected in branched dense many-flowered
spikes, seeds black and polished.—E. B. 2223.! Koch in St.79. 6.
—Branches ascending or prostrate. Upper 1. mostly entire.—
Common upon cultivated land. A. VIT.—X.

6. A. deltoidea (Bab.); st. mostly erect, 1. mostly opposite
nearly all hastate-triangular with spreading lobes, fr.-perigone
ovate-triangular muricated on the back scarcely longer than fr.
united only at the base, fr. panicled in dense spikes, seeds thick
black and polished or afew dark brown and larger and with large
perigones.—«. A. deltoidea (Bab.); 1. all hastate-triangular
toothed, fr.-perigone toothed muricated on back, spikes dense.
E. B.S. 2860.—[8. A. microsperma (W. and K.); 1. often alter-
nate, upper |. subulate-hastate entire, fr.-perigone entire its back
rough. Pl. Hung. rar. t. 250. A. ruderalis St. 79. 8.—] y. A.
triangularis (Willd.); st. and branches prostrate, 1. often alter-
nate, uppermost 1. lanceolate entire, fr.-perigone slightly toothed
or entire. A. prostrata Bab.—Cultivated and waste ground. y.
Sea-coast. A. VI.—X.

7. A.hastata (L.); st. mostly erect, lower 1. hastate-triangular
with spreading lobes, uppermost 1. lanceolate entire, fr.-perigone
triangular-rhomboidal slightly muricated on the back longer than
fr. united only at base, fr. in nearly simple interrupted sprkes,
larger seeds dark brown shagreened compressed, smaller black
and shining.—A. patula Sm., E. B. 936. A. latifolia St. 79. 7.
—Cultivated and waste ground. A. VI.—X.

8. A. Babingtonii (Woods); st. spreading procumbent or as-
cending with spreading branches, J. mealy ovate-triangular some-
what 3-lobed unequally sinuate-dentate, upper 1. lanceolate den-
tate and often 3-lobed at the base, fr.-perigone rhombordal-acute
toothed tubercled on the back united on both sides, clusters axil-
lary and terminal few-flowered, seeds minutely tubercular-rugose.
—A. rosea Bab. E. B.S. 2880, not L. A. crassifolia Fries, pro-
bably not of Mey.—Fr.-perigone large, typically forming a dia-
gonal square a little rounded at the lateral angles.—Sea-shore,
common. A. VII.—IX.
66. POLYGONACE.E. 271

** Stem buff-coloured, nearly without stripes. Perigone of fr.
hard and thick.

9. A. arenaria (Woods) ; st. spreading procumbent with spread-
ing branches, J. triangular-rhomboidal smuate mealy beneath,
spike of male fl. dense naked, fertile fl. axillary, fr.-perigones
rhomboidal-3-lobed with the lateral lobes truncate the back 3-
ribbed the 2 lateral ribs often terminating in tubercles, seeds
rough opaque.—A. laciniata Sm. (L. in part) E.B. 165.—Plant
et fippe ous Fr.-perigones large, very broad.—Sea-shore.
A. VIT.—IX.

7. Ostonr Geert.

1. O. pedunculata (Moq.); st. herbaceous wavy branched, 1.
obovate entire attenuated below, upper 1. narrower, fr.-perigone
long-stalked inversely wedgeshaped 2-lobed with a small inter-
mediate tooth.—E. B. 232. St. 80. 5. Atripler Sm.—Muddy
salt marshes near the east and south coasts of England; Cunna-
mara, Ireland, very rare. A. VIII. IX. E. I.

2. O. portulacoides (Moq.); st. woody, 1. obovate-lanceolate
entire attenuated below, fr.-perigone inversely triangular rounded
below subsessile with 3 equal lobes above and muricated on the
back.—E. B. 261. St. 80.4. Atriplec Sm.—Common on the
sea-shore. P. VIII—X. Sea Purslane.

Order LXVI. POLYGONACE.

Perianth 3—6-parted, imbricate. Stam. definite, from the base
of the perianth. Ovary 1, free, with 1 erect ovule. Styles and
stigmas several. Fr. not bursting, a nut, naked or covered by
the enlarged perianth. Embryo inverted, usually on one side of
farinaceous albumen ; radicle remote from the hilum.—Stipules
usually cohering in the shape of ochres.—For figures of the ge-
nera see G. F. G. Monochl.

1. Rumex. Perianth 6-parted; inner segments large, conni-
vent. Stam. 6, disposed in pairs. Styles 3. Stigmas mul-
tifid. Nut triquetrous, covered by the enlarged immer seg-
ments of perianth, embryo lateral.

2. Oxyria. Perianth 4-parted; 2 inner segments larger.
Stam. 6. Stigmas 2, multifid. Nut compressed, with a
membranous wing, larger than the persistent segments of
perianth, embryo central.

3. Potyconum. Perianth 5-parted. Stam. 5—8. Styles
29--3. Nut trigonous or compressed; embryo lateral, in-
curved ; cotyledons not contorted.
272 66. POLYGONACES.

4. Facopyrum. Perianth 5-parted. Stam. 8. Styles 3,
Nut trigonous; embryo central; cotyledons large, leaflike
contort-plicate.

1. Rumex Linn.

* Fl. perfect. Herbage not acid. Lapathum Tourn. Docks.

1. R. maritimus (L.); enlarged pet. rhomboidal narrow, each
with a lanceolate entire point a prominent narrow oblong tubercle
and upon each side 2 setaceous teeth as long as the pet., whorls
crowded many-flowered leafy, |. all linear-lanceolate—E. B.725.
—Nut very small with elliptical faces. L. equally narrowed at
both ends.—Marshes principally near the sea. P. VIJ. VIII.

[R. limosus (Thuil.); enlarged pet. ovate-oblong on each side
2 setaceous teeth, whorls distant, 1. all linear-lanceolate narrowed
at both ends. R. palustris Koch, St. 73.2. Gold Dock Pet.
t.2.f.7. A plant having this character should be looked for.
See Bot. Gaz. i. 296.]

2. R. palustris (Sm.) ; enlarged pet. ovate-oblong, each with a
lanceolate entire point a prominent narrow oblong tubercle and
upon each side 2 or 3 setaceous teeth shorter than the pet., whorls
distant many-flowered leafy, root-1 narrowly lanceolate rounded
or slightly decurrent below.—E. B. 1932.—Nut 3 times as large
as that of R. maritimus, with ovate faces. Upper I. linear-lan-
ceolate narrowed below.—Marshy places, rare. P. VII.—IX. E.

3. R. conglomeratus (Murr.); enlarged pet. linear-oblong ob-
tuse, each bearing a large tubercle and entire or obscurely toothed
at the base, whorls distant leafy, 1. oblong pointed, lower |. cordate
or rounded at the base—H. B. 724. R. acutus Sm. R. glome-
ratus R. I. f. 552.—Nut ovate, acute. Enlarged pet. broadest
near the base, the sides nearly parallel. Unopened anth. white.
Branches mostly spreading.— Wet places. P. VI.—VIII.

4. R. sanguineus (L.) ; enlarged pet. narrowly oblong obtuse en-
tire only one bearing a tubercle, whorls distant leafless, 1. ovate-
lanceolate, lower 1. cordate or rounded at the base.—Z. B. 1533.
—Nut ovate-elliptical, acute. Enlarged pet. broadest above their
middle. A very few of the lower whorls often each accompanied
by a small leaf. Veins of the 1. bright red. Branches ascend-
ing.—B8. R. viridis (Sibth.); veins of the 1. green. Unopened
anth. pale yellow. R. Nemolapathum Ehrh.?—Woody places,
rare. 8. Woods and road-sides, more frequent. P. VI.—VIII.

5. R. pulcher (L.); enlurged pet. triangular-ovate reticulated
with raised nerves toothed below one principally tubercled,
branches spreading, whorls mostly leafy, lower J. fiddleshaped or
cordate-oblong obtuse, upper 1. lanceolate acute, st. procumbent.
RUMEX. 273

—E. B. 1576.—St. straggling. Whorls distant. Nuts ovate,
acute.—Dry waste places. P. VII.—IX. Fiddle Dock.

6. R. obtusifolius (L.); enlarged pet. ovate- or oblong-triangular
obtuse toothed below with an oblong or ligulate entire point one
principally tubercled, lower 1. cordate-ovate obtuse, upper 1. ob-
long or lanceolate, branches ascending.—E. B. 1999. Height
2—3 feet. Whorls distant, leafless. Nut elliptical, acute. Di-
stinguished by its radical 1. and the point of the petals.— Pastures
and waste ground. P, VII.—IX.

7. R. pratensis (M. and K.); enlarged pet. unequal cordate
dilated and toothed at the base with a small entire triangular point
one principally tubercled, 1. oblong-lanceolate acute, lower 1.
slightly cordate below.—E. B. S. 2757.—Whorls approximated
but not crowded, mostly leafless. Nut elliptical. One of the
enlarged pet. larger than the others, sometimes all 3 are equally
tubercled.—Marshy places, rare. P. VI.—IX.

8. R. crispus (L.); enlarged pet. cordate entire or crenulated
one principally tubercled, 1. lanceolate acute wavy crisped.—E. B.
1998.—Height 2—3 feet. L. narrowed or truncate below. Nut
elliptical. Enlarged pet. equal, sometimes all equally tubercled.
—Road-sides, fields, &e. P. VI.—VIII. Curled Dock.

9. R. aquaticus (L.); enlarged pet. broadly cordate membra-
nous entire or wavy without tubercles, 1. lanceolate, lower 1. some-
what cordate, petioles flat and margined above.—E. B. S. 2698.
R. domesticus Hartm., Fries, Koch —Height 3—4 feet. L. very
large. Whorls crowded, mostly leafless, forming a large dense
lobed panicle. Nut elliptical, acute——Damp places in the north
of England and in Scotland, preferring spots liable to be flooded.
P. VI. VIII. E. S.

10. R. Hydrolapathum (Huds.) ; enlarged pet. ovate-triangular
nearly entire all tubercled, J. lanceolate acute tapering below, pe-
tioles flat but not margined above.—E. B. 2104.—St. 3—5 feet
high. L. often more than a foot long. Whorls crowded, mostly
leafless. Nut elliptical—Ditches and river-sides. P. VII. VIII.
Great Water Dock.

*11. R. alpinus (L.); enlarged pet. cordate-ovate membranous
entire or denticulated without tubercles, 1. roundish-cordate obtuse
with channeled petioles, upper 1. ovate——E. B. S, 2694.—Whorls
crowded, mostly leafless. Nut elliptical, acute——Formerly cul-
tivated. P. VII. Monk’s Rhubard. E. S$.

** Fl, diecious. Herbage acid. Acetosella Tourn. Sorrels.

12. R. acetosa (L.); enlarged pet. roundish-cordate entire
membranous with a very minute tubercle at the base, sep. reflexed,
nd
274 66. POLYGONACES.

1. oblong sagittate, stipules laciniate-dentate—R. Pseudo-acetosa
Bert., E. B. 127.2—Height 1—2 feet. Whorls leafless. Nut el-
liptical with acute angles—Smith describes under this name the
R. hispanicus (“Munting,” Koch) which is occasionally cultivated.
—Meadows and pastures. P. V. VI.

13. R. Acetosella (L.); petals scarcely enlarged ovate not
tubercled, sep. ascending, 1. lanceolate-bastate or linear with en-
tire lobes, stipules torn.— E. B. 1674.—Height 6—10 in. Whorls
leafless. L. very variable in breadth.—Dry gravelly places. P.
V.—VII.  Sheep’s Sorrel.

[R. scutatus (L.); 1. hastate-ovate slightly fiddleshaped, has
been found “ naturalized” near Edinburgh, and elsewhere. ]

2. Oxyria Hill. Mountain Sorrel.

1. O. reniformis (Hook.).—E. B. 910.—St. 8—10 in. high,
usually leafless. L. radical, reniform, slightly notched at the end,
with the nerves radiating from the insertion of the long footstalk.
Pedicels thickening upwards, jomted in the middle. The per-
manent pet. not enlarged.—Lofty mountains. P. VII. VIII.

3. Potyconum Linn.

* Stem simple, bearing one spike. Ochree cylindrical, truncate.
Root a rhizome. Nut triquetrous. Stam. 8. Styles 3.
Bistorta.

1. P. Bistorta (L.); spike dense, 1. ovate subcordate, root-l.
with winged footstalks, stam. half as long again as the perianth,
nut triquetrous its faces ovate smooth.— EB. B. 509.—St. 1—1}
foot high. Root large. Fl. flesh-coloured.—Moist meadows.
P. VI. and X. Snakeweed.

2. P. viviparum (L.); spike lax bulbiferous bearing fl. on its
upper part, 1. linear-lanceolate with revolute margins, lower 1.
elliptical with wingless footstalks, stam. twice as long as the peri-
anth, nut triquetrous its faces ovate-lanceolate smooth and shi-
ning.—E. B. 669.—Height 4—8 in. Spike slender, the fl. on the
lower part replaced by small red bulbs. FI. white, sometimes
very few in number.—Mountain pastures. P. VI. VII.

** Ochree cylindrical, truncate. Root fibrous. Nut com-
pressed or triquetrous. Stam. 4—8. Styles 2—3. Fil.
spiked, rarely capitate.—Fl. purple or white. L. without or
with a central dark spot. Persicaria.

3. P. amphibium (L.); spike dense ovate-cylindrical, 1. stalked
ovate oblong (floating) or oblong-lanceolate or narrow-lanceolate
rough at the margins, ochree membranous narrow, nut com-
POLYGONUM. 275

pressed smooth shining, stam. 5, root creeping.—E. B. 436.—
St. long when floating. Spikes generally solitary and terminal.
Fl. rose-coloured. Very variable in the form of its leaves ac-
cording to its habitation. Floating or growing upon mud or on
boggy ground. P. VII.—IX.

4. P. lapathifolium (L.); spikes oblong cylindrical dense, 1.
oblong-lanceolate or ovate attenuated at both ends glandular
beneath, ochree narrow not fringed the upper ones shortly fringed,
peduncles and perianth glandular-scabrous, nut compressed its
faces roundish acuminate both hollowed smooth shining scarcely
covered by the perianth, styles distinct at length divergent and
reflexed.—E. B. 1382.—a. P. pallidum (With.); 1. all oblong-lan-
ceolate wavy, spikes axillary or terminal solitary, bracts auricled
glandular, joinings of the st. scarcely thickened. P. lapathifolium
R. I. f. 688.—8. P. nodosum (Pers.) ; lower 1. ovate or elliptical
even, spikes usually 2 together, bracts auricled glabrous, joinings
of the st. tumid. R.I.f.689, Fries —These varieties are quite con-
nected by intermediate forms. According to Fries, in var. «. the
veins of perianth are arcuated and recurved; in var. 8. branched
and converging at the end. Height 1—2 feet. Fl. pale. St.
sometimes spotted and 1. hoary.—Waste and damp places. A.
VII.—IX.

5. P. laxum (R.) ; spikes elongated slender, 1. lanceolate much
attenuated at both ends wavy glandular beneath, ochree lax
shortly fringed the floral ones horned, ped. and perianths glan-
dular scabrous, nut compressed its faces roundish acuminate both
hollowed shining shorter than the perianth, styles connected be-
low at length divergent and reflexed—FE. B. 8. 2822. R.If.
685.—Smaller than the preceding. St. often prostrate. Spikes
slender and interrupted tthe typical form) ; or spikes thicker and
continuous (represented in E. B. 8.), and 1. white and woolly be-
neath.—Damp gravelly places. A. VII.—IX. E,

6. P. Persicaria (L.); spikes compact ovate-oblong cylindri-
cal, 1. lanceolate plane minutely tubercled, ochree lax strongly
fringed, ped. and perianths smooth, nut compressed and gibbous
on one side or trigonous its faces roundish acuminate smooth
scarcely covered by the perianth, styles connected half-way up at
length patent.—E. B. 756.—St. 1—2 feet high. L. more or less
covered with hairs on both sides, sometimes woolly on the under
side when it is P. incanum of authors. Ped. sometimes slightly
hairy, never glandular.— Waste and damp ground. A. VI.—X.

7. P. mite (Schrank); spikes erect filiform interrupted, 1. lan-
ceolate slightly wavy, ochree lax funnelshaped pilose strongly
fringed without glands, perianths without glands, nut (large)
compressed its faces roughish ovate acute rather shming conver,
stam. 5, styles connected half-way up “arrect.” E. B. S. 2867.
276 66. POLYGONACER.

—St. 1—3 feet high, often much branched. Ochree all friged.
Spikes thickening upwards.—Wet places. A. VIII. IX. E.

8. P. Hydropiper (L.); spikes drooping filiform interrupted,
1. lanceolate wavy, ochree ventricose glabrous fringed glandular,
perianths glandular, nut (large) compressed its faces ovate acute
rugose-punctate opaque convex, styles 2 nearly distinct.—E. B.
989.—St. 1—3 feet high. Upper ochrez funnelshaped, scarcely
fringed. Nut rounder than in P. mite. Spikes sometimes erect.
—Wet places. A. VIII. IX.

9. P. minus (Huds.) ; spikes erect filiform slender lax, |. linear-
lanceolate plane, ochree close pilose fringed without glands, peri-
anths without glands, nut (small) compressed its faces ovate acute
smooth shining convex, styles connected for at least 4 their
length.— E. B. 1043.—St. procumbent, diffuse. Spikes ascend-
ing. Much smaller than P. Hydropiper, fl. and fr. only half the
size. Ochree all fringed.—. erectum (Bab.); st. erect, 1. nar-
rower.—Wet gravelly places. A. VIII. EX.

*** Ochree 2-lobed. Root fibrous. Nut triquetrous. Stam. 8.
Styles 3. Fl. axillary, 1—3 together. Avicularia.

10. P. aviculare (L.) ; 1. lanceolate or elliptical plane stalked,
ochree lanceolate acute with few distant simple nerves at length
torn, nut triquetrous striated with ruised points opaque about as
long as the perianth.—E. B. 1252.—L. usually blunt sometimes
acute. The varieties are innumerable. FI. either very distant and
scattered, or so much collected as almost to form a leafy spike.
St. erect or procumbent. A form with very short jomts and L.,
small fl. and much branched stems occurs on the sandy coasts of
the south of England; another (P. littorale Lmk) with more nu-
merous fl., fleshy elongated st. and ]. is found on the sea-shore.
A corn-field plant with long slightly branched st., very long joints,
scattered fl., long and much torn ochre, and lnear-lanceolate
acute 1., is possibly P. virgatum Loisel.— Waste places.—A. V.—
IX. Knot-grass.

ll. P. Raii (Bab.); fl. 1—3 together axillary, 7. elliptic-lan-
ceolate flat, ochree lanceolate acute with few distant simple nerves
at length torn, nut triquetrous smooth shining longer than the pe-
rianth —E, B. 8.2305. P. Roberti Loisel.?, Hook. P. dubium
Deak.—St. long, straggling, prostrate. L. bending towards the
stem. Resembling P. aviculare in habit, but P. maritimum in
fruit. Filaments broader at the base. A variety with smaller I.
and fl. occurs in the Channel Islands. P. Roberti (Lois.) seems
to include forms of Nos. 10, 11 and 12.—Sandy sea-shores. A.
VIII. IX.

12. P. maritimum (L.); fl. 1—3 together axillary, 7. elliptical-
67. ELEAGNACER. 277

lanceolate coriaceous with revolute edges, ochree lanceolate with
numerous branched nerves at length torn, nut triquetrous smooth
shining longer than the perianth.—E. B. S. 2804.—St. procum-
bent, quite woolly below, often much buried. L. convex above,
diverging from the stem. Filaments broader at the base.—On the
sands of the sea-shore near Christchurch Head and in the Chan-
nel Islands. The Killiney Station and also, I believe, Caroline
Park near Edinburgh, belong to P. Rati. P. VIII. IX. E.

**** Ochree semicylindrical. Root fibrous. Nut triquetrous.
Stam, 8. Styles3. Fl. racemose. Tinaria.

13. P. Convolvulus (L.); st. twining angular, 1. cordate-sagit-
tate, seyments of perianth bluntly keeled, nut triquetrous opaque
striated with minute points.—E. B.941.—St. climbing or pro-
strate, much shorter than in the next species. The perianth is
sometimes winged, when the plant is often taken for P. dumeto-
rum.—Cultivated and waste land. A. VIL.—IX.

14. P. dumetorum (L.); st. twining striated, 1. cordate-sagit-
tate, segments of perianth winged, nut triquetrous very smooth and
shining. —E. B. 8. 2811.—St. climbing to the height of 4 or 5 feet.
—-Thickets in the south. A. VIL—IX. E.
4. Fagoryrum Gaert. Buck-wheat.

*), F. esculentum (Moench) ; st. erect without prickles, fl. in
cymose panicles, stam. 8, 1. cordate-sagittate acute, nut trique-
trous acute with entire angles—E.B. 1044. Polygonum Fago-
pyrum Sm.—Naturalized in many places, being often sown as food
for game. A. VII. VIII. E.§.

Order LXVII. ELHZAGNACES.

Mostly dicecious. Perianth tubular; limb 2—4-toothed, in
male fl. 4-parted. Stam. 3 or more, inserted on the throat.
Anth. 2-celled, nearly sessile, bursting on the inner side longi-
tudinally. Ovary free, 1-celled, with 1 erect ovule. Fr. crus-
taceous, inclosed within the fleshy persistent perigone. Albumen
thin and fleshy. Radicle inferior.—See G. F. G. Monochl. 44.

1. Hipropua#. Dicecious. Male fi. in a sort of catkin;
ovate scales 1-flowered. Perianth of 2 leaves adhering by
their points. Stam. 4 with very short filaments. Female
fl. solitary. Perigone tubular, cloven at the summit. Style
short. Stigma elongate. Nut 1-seeded, in the large coloured
berrylike perigone.

1. Hipropuak Linn. Sea Buckthorn.
1. H. rhamnoides (L.).—E. B. 425.—A thorny shrub with
278 68. THYMELACE2.—69. SANTALACES.

linear-lanceolate silvery leaves. FI. appearmg with the young
leaves. Fr. orange. Height 4—6 feet.—Sandy spots and cliffs
of the south-east and east coasts chiefly. Sh. V. E. 8.

Order LXVIII. THYMELACES.

Perianth tubular, inferior, often coloured, 4—5-cleft. Stam.
definite, in the orifice of the tube. Anth. 2-celled, bursting lon-
gitudinally. Ovary free, 1-celled, ovule 1, pendulous. Fr. a nut
or drupe. Albumen 0 or thin and fleshy. Radicle superior.

1. Dapuys. Perianth 4-fid, deciduous. Berry fleshy, 1-seeded.
Stam. 8, shorter than the perianth, inserted im the tube in
2 rows.—G. F. G. Monochl. 46.

1. Darang Linn.

1. D. Mezereum (L.) ; fl. subternate lateral sessile, tube hairy,
segments ovate acute—E. B. 1381. St.8.—FI. purple, or pale red,
appearing before the lanceolate 1. which are ‘narrowed below.
Berries red. A small shrub.—Woods rare. Sh. III. Mezereon,

E.

2. D. Laureola (L.); racemes axillary of about 5 glabrous
drooping bracteated fl., 1. lanceolate attenuated below glabrous
evergreen.— E. B.119.—A small shrub, 1—3 feet high, slightly
branched, naked below. FI. yellowish-green, funnelshaped.
Berries bluish-black.— Woods and thickets. Sh. II—IV. 4.8.

Order LXIX. SANTALACEA.

Perianth adnate to the ovary; limb 3—5-fid; estivation val-
vate. Stam. 4—5, opposite to and inserted at the base of the
seements. Ovary l-celled; ovules 1—4, pendulous from near
the apex of acentral placenta. Style 1. Fr. drupaceous, l-seeded.
Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen.

1. Tuestum. Perianth 4—5-cleft, top- or funnelshaped.
Stam. 5, with a fascicle of hairs at their base. Style 1.
Stigma simple. Nut drupaceous, crowned with the persist-
ent perianth.—G. F. G. Monochl. 48.

1. Taestum Zann.

1. T. humifusum (DC.); st. procumbent or ascending racemose,
racemes branched or simple, fl.-stalks as long or longer than the
fl., fr.-stalks patent, angles of fr.-stalks and edges of bracts and
upper |. denticulate-scabrous, fr. oval-oblong, 1. 1-nerved lear.
—T. linophyllum Sm., E. B, 247.—Plant always parasitical.
Root woody. St. nearly always procumbent. L. very slender ;
70. ARISTOLOCHIACES. 279

nerves usually obscure. Middle bract in the lower part of racemes
longer than the flowers. Tube of perianth very short, open, fun-
nelshaped ; segments triangular, spreading, with a tooth on each
side. Fr. oval, longer than the persistent perianth which is
usually only inflexed at the end, strongly ribbed and slightly re-
ticulated.—Chalky and limestone (oolite) hills. P. VI. VII. E.

[T. intermedium (Schyad.); st. more erect panicled, panicle
pyramidal, the lowest branches longest, 1. linear-lanceolate 3-
nerved; is said to be a native of Britain, but all the specimens
which I have seen belong to T. humifusum.]

2. T. humile (Vahl); racemes spiked, fl. nearly sessile, fr.
strongly ribbed and reticulated sessile crowned with the very
short inflexed perianth, J. fleshy linear 1-nerved.—R. I. ix. 542.
—Fr. 4 or 5 times as long as the persistent inflexed perianth.
Middle bract much longer than the flowers.—I gathered 2 spe-

cimens of this plant somewhere near Dawlish in Devonshire, in
1829. P. VIL. VIII.

Order LXX. ARISTOLOCHIACEA.

Perianth adnate to the ovary below, tubular above, with a
lobed dilated usually irregular hmb. Stam. 6—12, epigynous.
Ovary 3—6-celled. Style simple; stigma radiant. Fr. many-
seeded. Seed with a minute embryo at the base of fleshy albu-
men,—For fig. of genera see G. F. G. Monochi. 50, 51.

1. ARIsToLocH!A. Perianth tubular, swelling at the base;
mouth dilated on one side. Anth. 6, adnate to the short
columnar style under the 6-lobed stigma. Caps. 6-celled.

2. Asarum. Perianth bellshaped, 3-fid. Stam. 12, inserted
at the base of the style. Anth. attached to the middle of
the filaments. Stigma 6-lobed. Caps. 5-celled.

1. Aristotocuia Linn. Birthwort.

*1. A. Clematitis (L.); root creeping, st. erect simple, 1. cor-
date stalked glabrous, fl. aggregate —H. B. 398. St. 6. 16.—Fi.
pale yellow.—Naturalized near old ruins. P. VII. VII. E.

2. Asarum Linn. Asarabacca.

1. A. ewropeum(L.); 1. reniform obtuse.—E. B, 1083. St. 2. 7.
—St. short, with 2 leaves, between which there is a solitary
drooping dull green fl.; segments of the perianth ovate and in-
curved. Filaments extending beyond the anthers. Woods inthe
north, rare. P. V. E.
280 71. EMPETRACEH.—72. EUPHORBIACES.

Order LXXI. EMPETRACE#.

Dicecious. Perianth of hypogynous scales imbricated in several
rows. Stam. equal in number to the inner row and alternate
with them, free. Ovary free, on a fleshy disk, 2—9-celled.
Ovules solitary, ascending. Style 1. Stigma radiant. Fr. fleshy
ae bony cells. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. Radicle
inferior.

1. Emperrum. Cal. 3-parted. Pet. 3. Stam. 3 in the
male fl. Style short, stigma dilated peltate with 6—9 rays.
Berry globose, 1-celled. Seeds 6—9.—G. F. G. Monochl. 42.

1. Emperrum Linn. Crowberry.

1. E. nigrum (L.); procumbent, |. linear-oblong their margins
meeting in a white line beneath.—F. B. 526.—A small procum-
bent leafy heathhke shrub. FI. axillary, small, purple. Stigma
with 9 rays. Berries black.—Mountain heaths. Sh. V.

Order LXXIT. EUPHORBIACEZ.

Fl. usually monecious. Perianth lobed or 0. Male flowers
of 1 or more stamens. Anth. 2-celled. Fem. fl. of 1 superior
2—3-celled ovary. Styles 2—3. Stigma compound or simple.
Caps. opening with elasticity ; cells 2—3, with 1 or 2 suspended
seeds in each. Embryo in fleshy albumen. Radicle superior.—
For fig. of genera see G. F. G. Monochl. 36. 40. 41.

1. Buxus. Fl. moncecious.—Male. Cal. 3-parted. Pet. 2.
Stam. 4.—Fem. Cal. 4-parted. Pet. 3. Caps. with 3 horns,
3-celled, 6-seeded.

2. Eupuorsia. Fl. incomplete, collected into monecious
heads consisting of 1 female and numerous male flowers. In-
volucre campanulate, with 5 divisions and 5 alternate glands.
Males consisting of a single stamen upon « pedicel, inter-
mixed with scales and surrounding the female. Fem. a single
pistil. Styles 3. Stigmas bifid. Caps. 3-celled, bursting
at the back. Seeds solitary, pendulous.

3. MercuriaLis. Fl. dicecious or moncecious. Perianth
3-parted.—Male. Stam. 9—16.—Fem. Style short, forked.
Caps. 2-celled. Cells 1-seeded, bursting at the back.

1. Buxus Linn. Box.

1. B. sempervirens (L.); 1. ovate-oblong coriaceous shining
above, petioles ciliated, anth. ovate-sagittate.—E. B.1341.—A
EUPHORBIA. 281

small bushy tree of 10-—12 feet in height.—Dry chalky hills,
rare. T.IV.—VI. E.

2. Evpvorsia Linn. Spurge.
A. Leaves with stipules. Flowers axillary.

1. E. Peplis (L.) ; st. procumbent forked, heads axillary soli-
tary, caps. keeled, seeds smooth, 1. opposite stalked half-oblong-
heartshaped nearly entire glabrous——£. B. 2002.—St. usually
much tinged with purple, glaucous.—Loose sand. Southern sea-
coast. A. VII.—IX. E. I.

B. Stipules 0.
* Inv.-glands roundish or transversely oval.

2. E. Helioscopia (L.); umbel 5-fid then 3-fid and 2-fid, bracts
and ], membranous obovate-wedgeshaped serrated upwards, caps.
smooth glabrous, seeds netted rugose.—E. B. 883.—Waste and
cultivated ground. A. VI.—IX. Sun Spurge.

3. E. stricta (Koch); umbel twice 3—5-fid then bifid, general
and first partial bracts and 1. oblong clasping, other bracts broadly
cordate blunt with a minute apiculus, inv.-glands oval, stam.
rarely more than 2 in each inv., caps. with prominent cylindrical
tubercles, seeds smooth oval brown and shining, seed-stalk cor-
date.—St. erect, 2—3 ft. high, much branched. Umbel mode-
rate. Inv., caps., and seeds small—Limestone woods in Glou-
cestershire and Monmouthshire. P. VII. VIII. E.

4. E. platyphylla (Koch); umbel 3—5-fidthen repeatedly bifid,
}, and general bracts long-obovate with a cordate base, partial
bracts all cordate apiculate, stam. 7—8 in each inv., inv.-glands
oval, caps. with shortly conical tubercles, seeds obovate brown
and shining, seed-stalk nearly reniform.—E. stricta Sm., E. B.
333 (starved).—Plant more diffuse than the preceding, erect,
slightly branched. Inv., caps., and seeds twice as large.—Fields.
A. VI.—VIII. E.

5. E. hiberna (L.); umbel about 5-fid, bracts and 1. ovate or
elliptical entire blunt, invol.-glands reniform, caps. warted_gla-
brous, seeds obovate smooth somewhat shining brownish.—E. B.
1337.—Height 1—2 feet. L. broad, usually pilose beneath.
—S.W. of Ireland and N. Devon. P. VI. E. I.

6. E. palustris (L.); umbel irregular about 5-fid then 3-fid
and 2-fid, bracts all elliptical glabrous, 1. broadly lanceolate mi-
nutely serrate slightly hairy, invol.-glands transversely oval, caps.
warted, seeds obovate minutely punctate smooth.—£. pilosa L.
E. B. S. 2787.—St. 2—4 feet high, leafy throughout, annual.
Caps. usually hairy.—The form with glabrous l., the original E.
282 72, EUPHORBIACES.

palustris (L.), has not been found in Britain.—Shady places near
Bath. P. V. VI. E.

*7. E. coralloides (L.); wmbel 5-fid then 3-fid and 2-fid, bracts
ovate-oblong the tertiary ones ovate all hairy, l.lanceolate minutely
serrate woolly, invol.-glands transversely oval, caps. nearly smooth
woolly, seeds obovate minutely punctate and with faint reticulate
bands.—E. B. §.2837.—Height 2—3 feet. Usually naked below.
—Slinfold, Sussex. Introduced. B.? V. VI. E.

** Tnvolucral glands triangular-lunate or with 2 horns.
+ Seeds smooth. Bracts united.

8. E. amygdaloides (L.); umbel 5- or many-fid then 2-fid,
bracts rounded connate, 1. ovate-lanceolate hairy beneath entire,
invol.-glands lunate (yellow) with 2 horns, caps. with very minute
tubercles glabrous, seeds roundish-ovate smooth.—Z£. B. 256.
E. sylvatica L.—St. 2—3 feet high, leafy, purple below, biennial.
—Woods and thickets. P.III. IV. Wood Spurge. E. I.

LE. Characias (L.) E. B. 442. has no claim to be considered
as anative. It does not grow in Needwood Forest. |

tt Seeds smooth. Bracts separate.

LE. Cyparissias (L.). E. B. 840. and Jacq. Aust. 435. seem
to represent a form of #. Esula not the Linnean E. Cyparissias,
which has J. linear entire glabrous, invol.-glands lunate, caps.
nearly smooth, and is probably not a ‘attee|

9. E. Esula (L.); umbel many-fid then 2-fid, partial bracts
cordate obtuse mucronate, J. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate nar-
rowed below glabrous denticulate, invol.-glands with 2 horns,
“ caps. scabrous, seeds obovate smooth.” —E. B. 1399. R.v. 146.
—St. 12—18 in. high, leafy, with a few axillary leafy branches
without flowers. Root creeping.—Woods, rare. P. VJ. ae

E.S.

10. E. Paralias (L.); umbel usually 5-fid then 2-fid, bracts
rather reniform, /. coriaceous elliptic-oblong, invol.-glands 5 with
3 or 4 short points, caps. wrinkled, seeds smooth.—E. B.195.
—Root woody, tough. Flowering st. about a foot high, barren
stems shorter numerous. LL. closely imbricated—Sandy sea-
coast. P. VIII. IX. Sea Spurge.

Ttt Seeds rough, tubercled or pitted. Leaves alternate,
scattered.

ll. E. portlandica (L.); umbels 5-fid then 2-fid, bracts
broadly rhomboidal acuminate, 1. obovate or obovate-lanceolate
blunt subapiculate, invol.-glands 4 lunate with long horns, caps.
rough at the angles, seeds pitted and netted almost white.—E. B.
73. CERATOPHYLLACES. 283

441.—Glaucous, smooth. Scarcely a foot high. L. spreading.
Seed-stalk conical, hooded.—Sea-coast. P. VIX.

12. E. Peplus (L.); umbel trifid then forked, bracts ovate
blunt mucronate, J. broadly ovate stalked, lower 1. suborbicular,
invol.-glands 4 lunate with long horns, caps. smooth with thick-
ened rough keels, seeds oval pitted. E. B. 959.—Light green,
smooth, erect, 6—10 in. high —A common weed. A. VII. VIII.
Petty Spurge.

13. E. eavigua (L.) ; umbel trifid then forked, bracts lanceolate
acute unequal below, /. linear blunt with a mucro or acute, invol.-
glands rounded with 2 horns, caps. smooth with slightly thick-
ened and tubercled angles, seeds angular wrinkled.—E. B. 1336.
—Height 3—6 in., usually branched at the base. Seeds small,
white.—Corn-fields. A. VI.—VIII.

tttt Seeds rough. Leaves opposite.

14. E. Lathyris (L.); umbel 3—4-fid then 2-fid, bracts ob-
long-ovate attenuated acute, |. linear-oblong sessile, upper 1. cor-
date at the base, glands of the mvolucre lunate with blunt horns,
caps. smooth with a dorsal line.—E. B. 2255.—St. solitary, 2—3
feet high, purplish. L. numerous, in 4 rows.—Truly wild in a
few stony and rocky woods, where it appears for 2 or 3 years after
the bushes have been cut. Also naturalized on cultivated ground.
B. VI. VII. Caper Spurge. E. 8.

3. Mercuriatis Linn. Mercury.

1. M. perennis (L.); st. simple, 1. stalked oblong-lanceolate
rough, female fl. on long common stalks, root creeping. —E. B.
1872.—St. a foot high, usually naked below. All the fl. in lax
spikes.—8. M. ovata (Steud.); 1. nearly sessile ovate.— Woods
and thickets. 8. Hurstpierpoint, Suss. Mr. Mitten. P.IV.V.

2. M. annua (L.); st. branched, 1. stalked ovate or ovate-ob-
long smooth, female fl. nearly sessile, root fibrous.—E. B. 559.
St. 29.16.—Height 6—12 im. Bright green. Much branched.
—B. M. ambigua (L.); 1. lanceolate, fl. whorled male and female
intermixed. H. B.S. 2816.—Waste and cultivated land. £. Jer-
sey. Isle of Wight. Dr. Bromfield. A. VIII. IX.

Order LXXTIT. CERATOPHYLLACEA.

Fl. moneecious. Perianth free, in many divisions. Anth. 12
—20, sessile, 2-celled, 2-pointed; cells again partially divided.—
Perigone none. Ovary, l-celled. Seed 1, pendulous. Embryo
straight ; cotyledons 4, alternately smaller.—Only one genus.
284 74. CALLITRICHACEA.

1. Ceratoruytium Linn.

1. C. demersum (L.); segments of 1. linear-filiform, fr. with
a spe on each side near the base and tipped with the curved
subulate style—E. B. 947.—L. 2—4 times forked, dark green ;
segments of uppermost 1. broader and more rigid.—Ponds and
ditches. P. VI. VII.

[C. platyacanthum(Cham.) ; fr. winged on each side at the base ;
has not occurred. ]

2. C. submersum (L.); segments of 1. setaceous, fr. destitute
of spines and tipped with the short curved style-—E. B.679.—
L. pale green. Young fr. smooth but when ripe covered with
cylindrical tubercles.— Ponds and ditches. P. VI. VII.

Order LXXIV. CALLITRICHACEA.

Fl. mostly moncecious, solitary, minute, usually with 2 white
bracts, no perianth. Stam. 1. Filament long. Anth. reniform,
l1-celled, opening transversely at the top.—Perigone none. Ovary
1, 4-angled, 4-celled. Styles 2, subulate. Fr. dry, 4-celled, 4-
lobed; separating into 4, 1-seeded, indehiscent carpels. Em-
bryo in axis of fleshy albumen. Radicle superior, long. Coty-
ledons short, terete.—Only one genus.

1. Canuirricue Linn.

1. C. verna (L.); fr. nearly sessile, lobes parallel in pairs
bluntly keeled on the back, styles constantly erect, bracts falcate.
—E. B. 722. R.v. 129.—Fr. small; keels of each pair of lobes con-
verging. Floating 1. spathulate, rarely linear. Bracts shorter
than fruit.—Common in stagnant and slowly running water. A.
or P. IV.—IX. Water Starwort.

2. C. platycarpa (Kiitz.); fr. nearly sessile, lobes parallel in
pairs slightly winged on the back, styles erect in flower reflexed
closely over the edges of the fruit, bracts faleate—E. B. S. 2864.
R.v. 129.—Fr. twice as large as that of C. verna, pale when dry.
L. all ovate or spathulate in British specimens.—[C. stagnalis
(Scop.) is similar but with its lobes spreading in a cross. |—Com-
mon, especially on mud. <A. or P. V.—IX.

3. C. pedunculata (DC.); fr. stalked or nearly sessile, lobes
parallel in pairs obtusely keeled on the back, styles divaricate in
fr. reflexed over the sides of the fruit, bracts 0.—E. B. S. 2606.—
L. linear, upper ones broader in the middle. Fr. stalked, small,
the size of that of C. verna.—8. sessilis (Bab.); 1. linear, upper
floating 1. ovate-spathulate, fr. sessile. This is probably the C.
tenuifolia Pont hamulata (Kiitz.) is ike var. 8. but has fal-
75. URTICACER, 285

cate deciduous bracts.] J cannot identify our plant with any fo-
reign species.—Marshes. 8. lakes. A. or P. VI.—IX.

4. C. autumnalis (L.); fr. nearly sessile, lobes spreading in a
star broadly and acutely winged at the back, styles spreading,
bracts 0, 1. all linear and broadest at the base —E. B. S. 2732.—
Fy. 4 times as ne as in C. verna, dark brown, | or 2 of the lobes
often abortive. L. dark green, all submersed, very abrupt at the

end.—Rare. Anglesea. Several Scottish lakes. Cong, Mayo.
A. or P. VIL—IX,

Order LXXV. URTICACEZ.

Fl. moneecious, dicecious, or rarely perfect. Perianth inferior
4—3—6-parted, imbricate or entire in the female flowers. Stam.
definite, free, inserted at the base of the perianth and opposite to
its lobes. Ovary free, 1-celled ; ovules solitary. Stigmas 1—2.
Fr. not bursting. —See G. F. G. Monochl. 28. 29. 30.

1. ParieTArRia. FI. polygamous, surrounded by an involucre.
Perigone bellshaped, 4-parted. Stam. 4. Style filiform.

2. Urrica. Fl. moneecious or dicecious. Males in loose
racemes; perianth 4-parted; stam.4. Females in capitate
racemes; perigone 2-parted; stigma sessile.

3. Humuuus. Fi. dicecious. Males with the perianth 5-
parted; stam.5. Females with the perigone scalelike, open,
hidden by the scales of an oval catkin ; stigmas 2, elongated.

1. Parretarsa Linn. Wall Pelletory.

1. P. erecta (Koch); 1. oblong-oval attenuated at both ends
triplinerved, perianth bellshaped equalling the stamens.—St.
mostly erect and simple. Inv. of two 3-lobed 3-flowered seg-
ments with a flemale fl. between them, and two small simple
segments alternating with them; each lateral lobe of each seg-
ment bearing a pair of small leaves on its face with the lateral fl.
between them.—Old walls. P. VI.—IX.

2. P. diffusa (Koch); 1. oval acute at both ends triplinerved,
perianth of perfect fl. ultimately elongated and twice as long as
the stam. (red).—P. officinalis Sm., E. B.879.—St. prostrate or
ascending, diffuse, branched. Iny. of two 3-lobed_1-flowered
segments with a fem. fl. between them and a simple lobe in front.
—Old walls. P. VII.—IX.

2. Urtica Linn. Nettle.

+l. U. pilulifera (L.); 1. opposite ovate ovate-lanceolate or
cordate-acuminate coarsely toothed, clusters of fr. globose stalked,
286 76. ULMACEA,

seeds granulate.—E. B.148.—8. U. Dodartii (L.); 1. ovate or
ovate-lanceolate nearly entire.—About towns or villages m the
east of England. A. VI—VIII. Roman Nettle. E.

2. U. urens (L.); 1. opposite elliptical serrate, spikes axillary
nearly simple two together shorter than the petiole, seeds smooth
opaque.—E. B. 1236.—Common weed. A. VI—IX. Small
Nettle.

3. U. dioica (L.); 1. opposite cordate serrate, spikes axillary
panicled longer than the petioles, seeds smooth opaque.—E. B.
1750.—B. angustifolia (W. and G.); 1. ovate-lanceolate rounded
but not cordate at the base.—Common. P. VI.—IX. Great

Nettle.
3. Humuzus Linn. Hop.

1. H. Lupulus (L.).—E. B. 427.—Well known from its long
climbing stems, opposite rough 3—5-lobed serrated leaves, and
remarkable catkins. Male fl. in loose panicles.—A true native
in many parts of England. P. VII.

Order LXXVI. ULMACEZ.

Fl. perfect, not im catkins. Perianth inferior, bellshaped,
3—8-cleft, imbricate. Stam. definite, inserted at the base of the
perianth and opposite to its segments. Ovary free, 1—2-celled;
ovules solitary. Stigmas2. Fr. not bursting.

1. Utmus. Fi. perfect. Perianth bellshaped, 4—5-cleft,
persistent. Stam.5, Styles 2. Caps. compressed, winged
all round.

1. Utmvus Linn. Elm.

1. U. suberosa (Ehrh.); 1. shortly acuminate more or less
doubly serrate, fl. 4--5-fid, lobes ciliated, fr. obovate or oblong
notched, seed-cavity chiefly above the middle of fr. and near the
notch.—U. campestris (L.) includes this species and the follow-
ing.—e. U. campestris (Sm.); 1. scabrous above pubescent be-
neath (without glands?). Z#. B.1886. U. suberosa FE. B. 2161.
U. major (Sm.)1., fl. and fr. larger. E. B. 2542?—B. U. glabra
(Sm.); 1. rather coriaceous shining smooth or subscabrous above
glabrous except in the axils of the veins beneath, young 1. stip.
and fr. with subsessile glands. E.B. 2248. U. stricta (Lindl.);
branches rigid erect close—z. throughout England. £8. South
of England and Ireland. T.III.—V. Common Eln. E. I.

2. U. montana (With.); 1. much acuminate doubly serrate
scabrous above rather downy beneath, fl. 5—7-fid, lobes ciliated,
77. AMENTIFERS. 287

fr. oblong or roundish notched seed-cavity chiefly below the mid-
dle of fr. and distant from the notch.—E. B. 1887.—Branches
large, spreading. L. broad. Fr. hoplike.—Woods and hedges.
T. TL. 1V. Wych Elm.

Order LXXVIT. AMENTIFERA.

Fi. moncecious or dicecious, rarely perfect. Barren fl. capitate
or in catkins ; sometimes with a membranous perianth. Fertile
fl. clustered, solitary or in catkins. Ovary usually simple. Stigmas
lor more. Fruit as many as the ovaries, bony or membrana-
ceous. Albumen usually wanting. Embryo straight or curved,
plam. Radicle mostly superior.—Young leaves with stipules.—
For figures of the genera see G. F. G. Monochl.

Tribe I. SALICINEA. F\.all m catkins. Fr. naked, 2-valved,
1-celled, many-seeded. Seeds erect, comose.

1. Saurx. Catkins consisting of imbricated entire scales.
Stam. 1—5. Fr. a 1-celled follicle with 1—2 glands at its
base. Perianth 0.

2. Popuuus. Catkins with lacerated scales. Stam. 4—30,
from a little oblique cupshaped perianth. Fr. almost 2-celled,
with a cupshaped perigone.

Tr. Il. MYRICEA. Fi. all in catkins. Fr. drupaceous, sur-
rounded by the scales of the ovary become fleshy and ad-
herent.

3, Myrica. Catkins with concave scales. Stam. 4—8.
Stigmas subulate. Drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. Perianth 0.

Tr. Il. BETULINEA. Fi. all in catkins. Ovary 2-celled,
each with 1 ovule. Fr. naked, indehiscent, membranous,
2-celled, 1-seeded. Seeds pendulous, not comose.

4. Breruua. Scales of the barren catkins ternate, the middle
one bearing the stamens. Perianth0. Scales of the fertile
catkin 3-lobed, 3-flowered, membranous, deciduous. Styles
2, filiform. Fr. with a membranous margin, 1-seeded.

5. Atnus. Scales of the barren catkins 3-lobed, 3-flowered.
Perianth 4-parted. Scales of the fertile catkin ovate, 2-
flowered, coriaceous, persistent. Styles 2. Ovary com-
pressed, 4 minute scales at its base. Fr. not winged, 2-
celled.

Tr. IV. CUPULIFERA. Male fl. ina catkin. Fem. solitary
or aggregated or spiked. Perigone adnate to the ovary,
288 77. AMENTIFERS.

with a denticulated limb, sometimes evanescent, surrounded
by a coriaceous involucre.

6. Facus. Barren fl. in a globose catkin. Penanth 5- or 6-
fid. Stam. 8—15. Fertile fl. 2 together within a 4-lobed
prickly involucre. Stigmas 3. Ovaries 3-cornered and 3-
celled. Nut by abortion 1—2-seeded.

7. Castanea. Barren fi. in a long cylindrical catkin. Pe-
rianth 6-parted. Stam. 8—20. Fertile fl. 3 within a 4-
lobed muricated involucre. Stigmas6. Ovary 5—8-celled.
Nut l-celled with 1—3 seeds.

8. QuERcus. Barren catkm long, pendulous, lax. Stam.
5—10. Perianth 5—7-cleft. Fertile fl. solitary with a cup-
shaped scaly involucre. Stigmas 3. Ovary 3-celled. Nut
1-celled, 1-seeded, surrounded at the base by the enlarged
cupshaped involucre.

‘

9. Coryius. Barren catkin long, pendulous, cylindrical.
Scales 3-lobed, middle lobe covering the 2 lateral lobes.
Stam. 8. Anth. l-celled. Perianth 0. Fertile fl. several,
surrounded by a scaly involucre. Styles 2. Nut 1-seeded,
inclosed in the enlarged coriaceous laciniated involucre.

10. Carpinus. Barren catkin long, cylindrical. Scales round-
ish. Stam. 5—14, Anth. 1-celled. Fertile fl. in a lax
catkin. Scales large, leaflike, 3-lobed, 2-flowered. Styles 2.
Nut ovate, 1-seeded.

Tribe I. Salicinee.

1. Saurx Linn.’ Willow.

I. PEDUNCULAT& LATERALES.

Catkin and its leafy stalk deciduous together, lateral, appearing
with the leaves.

* Scales of the catkins soon falling.

i. Pentandre (Borr.). Stam. more than 2. L. glossy, glabrous.
Trees.— Stipules soon falling.

1. S. pentandra (L.); 1. ovate-elliptical or ovate-lanceolate
acuminate glandular-serrate, “ stip. ovate-oblong straight equal,”

1 T have ventured to place many plants as varieties which are consi-
dered as distinct by my able friend Mr. Borrer. I do so with much
hesitation, being very imperfectly acquainted with many of them, but
following the example of most modern botanists, and am especially in-
debted to the valuable researches of the Rev. J. E. Leefe.
SALIX. 289

stam. 5 or more, caps. ovate-attenuated glabrous, stalk twice as
long as the gland, style short, stig. bifid —H. B. 1805.—Height
18—20 feet. Top of the petioles glandular. Foliage fragrant.
River-sides in the north. T.V. VI. Bay-leaved Willow.

+2. S. cuspidata (Schultz?); 1. oblong-lanceolate acuminate
glandular-serrate, “ stip. half-cordate oblique, stam. 3 or 4,” caps.
ovate attenuate glabrous, “ stalk 3 or 4 times as long as the
gland,” style short, stig. emarginate.— Loudon’s Arboretum 1439.
S. Meyerrana Willd.—Height 20—30 feet. Top of the petioles
glandular.—Near Shrewsbury. T. VI. E.

ii. Fragiles (Borr.). Stam. 2, distinct. L. glabrous. Trees.

3. S. fragilis (L.) ; 1. lanceolate pointed serrate, stip. 1-cordate,
caps. obovate-lanceolate stalked glabrous, stigmas rather thick
bitid.—a. S. decipiens (Hoffm.), caps. tapering, style longer than
the cloven stigmas. HE. B. 1937. Branches smooth, highly po-
lished, reddish-brown ; young shoots often crimson.—8. 8S. fra-
gilis (L.); caps. oblong-ovate, style short, stigm. bifid. E. B.
1807. Branches round, very smooth, brown, brittle in the spring.
Crack Willow.—y. S. Russelliana (Sm.); caps. stalked lanceo-
late acuminate, style as long as the bifid stigmas. EH. B. 1808.
Branches polished, round, smooth. L. gradually attenuated,
very glaucous beneath. Wood and bark highly valuable. Bed-
ford Willow.—Damp meadows and osier-grounds. T. IV. V.

i. Albe (Borr.). Stam. 2. L. hairy with adpressed silky
hairs when young. Catkins lax. Trees.

4. S. alba (L.); 1. elliptic-lanceolate glandular-serrate acute
silky on both sides when young, caps. nearly sessile ovate-acumi-
nate glabrous, style short, stigmas thick recurved bifid.—E. B.
2430.—Height 50—80 feet. Scales shorter than stam., as long
as caps. in #. and 8, exceeding them both in y._ Branches silky.
—B. S.cerulea (Sm.); 1. less silky beneath. EB. B. 243].—. 8.
vitellina (Sm.); branches bright yellow, 1. shorter and broader.—
Wet places. T.V. White Willow. ;

** Scales of the catkins persistent.

iv. Triandre (Borr.). Stam.3. L. lanceolate approaching to
ovate, glabrous. Catkins lax. Osiers, naturally trees.

*5, S. undulata (Ebrh.); 1. lanceolate much acuminate serrate
glabrous except when young, stip. ¢-cordate acute, caps. stalked
ovate acuminate, pedicel twice as long as the gland, style elongate,
stigma bifid, scales very shaggy.—S. lanceolata Sm., E. B. 1436.
Height 12—15 feet. L. sometimes undulated, often quite silky

o
290 77. AMENTIFERE.

when young. Germ. glabrons (sometimes downy in foreign
specimens).—Near Lewes, Suss. T. IV. V.

6. S. triandra (L.); 1. oblong-lanceolate acute serrated gla-
brous, stip. 3-cordate blunt, caps. stalked oblong-ovate glabrous,
stigma nearly sessile, scales glabrous.—E. B. 1435.—Height 20—
30 feet. Germen not furrowed. L. narrowmg down to the
stalk, somewhat paler beneath, or (S. triandra Curt.) lanceolate
wavy paler and glaucous beneath.—8. S. Hoffmanniana (Sm.);
1. somewhat rounded below ovate-lanceolate, stip. larger, scales
shaggy towards their base. E. B. S. 2620.—y. S. amygdalina
(L.); 1. oblong-ovate acute rounded below, caps. ovate tumid
furrowed, young shoots furrowed. E. B. 1936.—Wet woods and
osier-grounds. T. IV. V. E.S.

[S. petiolaris (Sm.) E. B. 1147. is stated by Lindley not to be
a European plant and is therefore omitted. ]

II. SessILES LATERALES.

Catkins lateral, sessile, without leaves or with two or three
small leaves or leaflike bracts at the base, stalk sometimes elon-
gated in fruit so as to resemble a leafy shoot but deciduous with
the catkin. Scales discoloured or purple at the end.

v. Purpuree (Koch, Borr.). Filament 1 with a 4-celled an-
ther, or forked with 2 anthers each of 2 cells. <Anth. purple,
ultimately black. Catkins bracteated at the base.

7. S. purpurea (L.); 1. lanceolate broader upwards acumi-
nate attenuated below finely serrate glabrous, caps. ovate very
downy sessile, style very short, stigm. ovate, anth. 1, stip. 0.—
a. S. purpurea (Sm.); decumbent, twigs purple, fertile catkins
very compact. FE. B. 1388.—8. 8. Woolgariana (Borr.); erect,
twigs yellowish-gray, 1. cuneate-lanceolate glaucous beneath,
stigmas obtuse. E. B. S. 2651.—y. S. ramulosa (Borr.); erect,
twigs pale yellowish, 1. oblong-lanceolate paler beneath, stigmas
sessile bifid—é. S. Lambertiana (Sm.); erect, twigs purplish-
glaucous, |. oblong-linear-lanceolate slightly narrowed and some-
what rounded below, stigmas ovate emarginate. EE. B. 1359.—
Marshes and river-banks. T. III. IV.

8. S. Helia (L.); 1. oblong-lanceolate broader upwards acu-
minate attenuated below finely and slightly serrate glabrous,
caps. oblong-ovate very pubescent sessile, style short, stigmas
almost linear emarginate, anth. 1, stip. 0.— E. B. 1343.—Height
10—12 feet. Twigs pale yellowish or tinged with purple, po-
lished. ‘Style nearly as long as the stigmas.” Closely aihed
to S. Lambertiana, but that is stated to have “ ovate-emarginate
stigmas.” —Wet places. T. III. IV. Rose Willow.
SALIX. 291

9. S. rubra (Huds.); 1. linear-lanceolate acuminate glabrous
green on both sides, caps. oblong-ovate very pubescent, style
elongated, stigmas ovate undivided, anth. 2 (yellow 2), filaments
combined below, stip. linear. —E. B. 1145.—Height 10—20 feet.
Twigs usually tawny. L. like those of S. viminalis but without
the white pubescence.—Low meadows. T. IV. V.

10, §. Forbyana (Sm.); 1. lanceolate-oblong serrated glabrous,
style nearly as long as the linear divided stigmas, anth. 1, stip.
linear-lanceolate.—E. B. 1344.—Height 5—8 feet. Twigs gray-
ish-yellow. L. rather paler and somewhat glaucous beneath.—
Wet meadows. Sh. IV.

vi. Viminales (Borr.). Stam. 2. Anth. becoming yellow or
brown. Catkins bracteated at the base; scales discoloured at
the end. Stalks of the caps. 0, or shorter than the gland. Pu-
bescence of the 1. silky.

11. S. viminalis (L.); 1. linear or linear-lanceolate obscurely
erenate white silky and shining beneath, stip. small sublanceo-
late, capsule very shortly stalked lanceolate-subulate, style elon-
gated, stigmas undivided. B. 1898.—Height 10—20 feet.
Branches wandhke, long, slender. Gland longer than the stalk
of the caps.—f. intricata (Leefe) ; 1. broader, caps. shorter and
broader, style very short, stigmas from the first cloven reflexed
and entangled.—y. stipularis (Leefe) ; 1. lanceolate, stip. linear-
lanceolate denticulate or }-cordate acuminate, stigmas elongated.
—Wet places. Sh. IV. V. Common Osier.

12. 8. stipularis (Sm.); 1. lanceolate very obscurely crenate
white and downy beneath, stip. 4-cordate acute, caps. ovate nearly
sessile, style very short (Sm.) elongate (Hook.), stigmas linear
undivided.—E. B. 1214.—Height 10—20 feet with upright
brittle reddish-brown twigs.—Wet places. Sh. III.

13. S. Smithiana (Willd.); 1. elongate-lanceolate obscurely
crenate white beneath, stip. reniform }-cordate, caps. stalked lan-
ceolate-subulate, pedicel about as long as the gland, style elon-
gate, stigmas long linear mostly entire.—Twigs erect, somewhat
downy, brittle—«. S. Smithiana (E. B. 1509); 1. rounded at
base white with satiny down beneath, stip. small narrow }-lunate.
—B. S. rugosa (Leefe); 1. greenish-white and rather silky beneath,
stip. $-cordate acute, style moderate, stigmas linear broad undi-
vided.—y. S. ferruginea (And.); 1. greenish-white and rather
silky beneath, stip. }-ovate or reniform, style elongate, stigmas
linear-oblong undivided. E. B. S. 2665. Bushy.—Wet places.
Sh. IV. V.

14. S. acuminata (Sm.); 1. lanceolate-oblong pointed finely
toothed glaucous and downy scarcely silky beneath, le 4-cor-
0
292 77. AMENTIFERZ.

date, caps. ovate tapering, style conspicuous, stigmas ovate un-
divided, buds downy.— E. B. 1434. Loud. 1464.—Height 25—30
feet.—Damp woods and hedges. Sh. or T. IV.

vii. Capree (Koch). Stam. 2. Anth. becoming yellow or
brown. Catkins bracteated at the base. Stalks of the caps. at
least twice as long as the gland. Trees or shrubs with an exposed
trunk.

A. Cineree (Borr.). L. rugose not turning black ; pubescence
crisped not silky. Stigma subsessile. Stip. without basal
glands.

15. S. cinerea (L.); 1. elliptic- or lanceolate-obovate pointed
subserrate downy beneath, stip. -cordate, caps. lanceolate-subu-
late, stigmas simple or bifid, buds downy.— E. B. 1897. —Height
20—30 feet.—a. S. cinerea (Sm.); 1. obovate-lanceolate rather
thick reddish beneath, stip. }-cordate acute, style very short
thick. £. B. 1897.—8. S. aquatica (Sm.); 1. obovate-elliptical
thinner downy and rather glaucous beneath, stip. reniform, style
obsolete. FE. B. 1437.—y. S. oleifolia (Sm.); 1. obovate-lanceo-
late rather rigid downy and rather glaucous beneath, stip. small
rounded. EE. B.1402.—Very variable——Wet places. T. or Sh.
TI. IV. Sallow.

16. S. aurita (L.); 1. obovate repand-dentate recurved-apicu-
late much wrinkled more or less downy above pubescent beneath,
stip. roundish or reniform large stalked, caps. lanceolate-subulate,
stig. generally entire, buds glabrous or slightly downy.—E. B.
1487.—Height 3—4 feet. Edges of 1. deflexed, point hooked.
Stigmas and scales often reddish—Damp woods. Sh. IV. V.

17. S. Caprea (L.); 7. ovate or elliptical flat acute crenate-
serrate wavy at the margins deep green with a downy midrib
whitish above and cottony beneath, stip. subreniform, caps. lan-
ceolate-subulate, style very short, buds glabrous—E. B. 1488,
—A small tree, 15—30 feet high. Catkims very thick, blunt.
L. large and broad; spring 1. nearly entire—. S. sphacelata
(Sm.); 1. elliptic-obovate discoloured at the point. E. B. 2333.
—Woods and hedges in dryish places. §8.subalpine. T. IV. V.
Great Sallow.

B. Nigricantes (Borr.). L. punctate beneath, turning black in
drying. Style very long. Stip. with basal glands.

18. 8. nigricans (Fries); young shoots and 1. downy, 1. ovate-
elliptical or lanceolate more or less glaucous beneath thin, point
of stip. straight.—e. germen and stalk silky, st. erect.—a. 9. co-
tinifolia (Sm.); 1. roundish elliptical or subcordate. EF. B. 1403.
—b. S. nigricans (Sm.); 1. elliptic-lanceolate. E. B. 1213.—
SALIX. 293

c. 8. Forsteriana (Sm.); 1. elliptic-obovate acute, stip. vaulted,
catkins long. EH. B. 2344.—8. S. rupestris (Donn); awlshaped
germ. and stalk silky or glabrous below, st. trailing, 1. elliptic-
obovate. EH. B, 2342.—y. germen glabrous, stalk downy or gla-
brous, st. erect.—a. S, Andersoniana (Sm.); 1. elliptic-oblong
acute, caps. awlshaped not wrinkled. E. B. 2343.—b. S. damas-
cena (Forbes) ; 1. broadly elliptical or subrhomboidal acute, caps.
not wrinkled. E. B. 8. 2709.—c. S. petrea (And.); 1. oblong
or sublanceolate, caps. wrinkled near the top. E. B. S.2725.—
? S. hirta (Sm.) ; 1. elliptic-cordate pointed, “ caps. very pubes-
cent” (Leefe) “glabrous” (Arn.) not wrinkled.—Sides of
streams, osier-grounds and mountains. Sh. IV.—VI.

C. Virentes (Fries.). L. smooth, scarcely any crisped pubescence
beneath, not turning black. Style manifest.

19. S. lawrina (Sm.); young shoots and |. densely downy or
hairy towards the end, ]. afterwards glabrous dark dull green
above glaucous beneath (young 1. turning black).—a. stalk of
germ. hairy.—a. S. propinqua (Bork ts 1. elliptical acute, germ.
silky towards the end, style longer than stigmas. B. B.S. 2729.
—b. S. tenuior (Borr.); 1. elliptic-oblong acute, germ. silky,
style as long as stigmas. FE. B. S. 2650.—c. 8. laurina (Sm.) ;
1. obovate-lanceolate narrow acute, germ. silky, style longer than
stigmas. S. bicolor Sm., E. B. 1806.—8. 8S. tenuifola (L.);
germ. and style quite glabrous, |. elliptical acute. E. B. 8. 2795.
—Thickets and river banks, chiefly in England. Sh. IV. V.

20. S. phylicifolia (L.); shoots and 1. soon quite glabrous,
1. rigid dark shming green above glaucous beneath not turning
black.—a. germ. and stalk silky or hairy.—a. S. radicans (Sm.) ;
1. oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, style elongated. S. phylicifolia,
E. B. 1958.—b. S. Davalliana (Sm.); 1. oblong-lanceolate
pointed, style as long as stigmas. E. B.S. 2701.—c. 8. Weigeliana
(Willd.) ; 1. roundish or elliptical obscurely crenate (acute at both
ends in fertile plant), style longer than stigmas cloven. FE. B.S.
2656.—d. S. nitens (And.); 1. elliptic-lanceolate acute at both
ends turning rather blackish, style longer than stigma undivided.
E. B. S. 2655.—e. S. Croweana (Sm.); 1. elliptic-obovate rather
acute at both ends, style as long as stigmas, stam. free below.
E. B. 1146.—f. S. Dicksoniana (Sm.); 1. elliptic rather acute,
style about as long as stigmas, catkins short. FE. B. 1390.—8.
lower part of germ. and stalk glabrous.—a. 8. laxiflora (Borr.) ; 1.
broadly obovate narrowed to the base, stigmas cloven. E. B.S.
2749.—b. S. tetrapla (Walk.); 1. lanceolate narrowed to both
ends, stigmas undivided. E. B. S. 2702.—y. germen glabrous.
—a. S. Borreriana (Sm.); 1. lanceolate narrowed to both ends,
stalk of germ. hairy, style elongate. E. B.S. 2619.—b. S. philly-
reifolia (Borr.); 1. elliptic-lanceolate narrowed at both ends,
294 77. AMENTIFERZ.

stalk of germ. glabrous, style as long as stigmas. FE. B. S. 2660.
—Small branching shrubs. Mountain valleys. IV. V.

vii. Fusce. Stam. 2. Anth. fuscous-yellow when empty.
Catkins bracteated at the base. Stalks of the caps. very rarely
not longer than the gland. Shrubs with a subterranean creep-
ing trunk. LL. silky beneath.

A. Rosmarinifolie (Borr.). Small erect shrubs.

21. 8. rosmarinifolia (L.); 1. linear-lanceolate silky beneath
quite entire or remotely glandular-toothed, stip. lanceolate, ger-
mens silky lanceolate-acuminate, scales short hairy, “ style about
as long as the lnear-divided stigmas.”—E. B. 1365.—A slender
upright shrub, 3 feet high. Catkins very short, at first droop-
ing. Whole plant becoming nearly black i drying. Style short.
— Several parts of the north.” Sm. Sh. IV. ?

22. S. angustifolia (Wulf. 2) ; 1. lmear-lanceolate silky beneath
when young afterwards nearly glabrous remotely glandular-
toothed, stip. very minute, germens densely silky ovate-acuminate,
scales very villose and nearly as long as the young germens, style
as long as the erect lanceolate entire stigmas.—S. Arbuscula Sm.,
E. B. 1366. (excl. large 1.) not Koch, Fries.—A shrub about a foot
high. L. very much attenuated at both ends.—Clova. Dum-
fries. Sh. IV. 8.

23. 8. Doniana (Sm.); 1. lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate acute
slightly serrate livid with scattered silky hairs beneath, stip. linear,
germens very silky ovate-oblong longer than the bearded oblong-
ovate scales, style very short, stigmas short emarginate.—E. B.S.
2599.—Shrub about 6 feet high. ‘“ Stam. monadelphous, anth.
ultimately luteo-fuscous not black.” (Koch.) Closely allied to
the Purpuree.—Scotland. Sh. V. S.

B. Repentes. Small procumbent shrubs.

24. S. fusca (L.?); 1. elliptical or elliptic-lanceolate acute
entire or minutely glandular-serrate glaucous and silky beneath,
germens lanceolate silky, style moderate, stigmas ovate bifid.—
a, S. repens (Sm.); 1. elliptic-lanceolate with a straight point, st.
depressed with short upright branches. E. B.183.—8. S. fusca
(Sm.); 1. oblong-oval straight, st. deeumbent below then erect
much branched. HE. B.1960.—y. 8. prostrata (Sm.) ; 1. elliptic-
oblong with a twisted point, st. prostrate with elongated straight
branches. E. B. 1959.—6. S. ascendens (Sm.); 1. elliptical with
a recurved point, st. recumbent with long somewhat ascending
branches. EF. B. 1962. 8S. parvifolia Sm., E. B. 1961.—e. S.
incubacea (L.) ; |. elliptic-oblong with a twisted point, stip. stalked
ovate acute. E. B. S. 2600.—¢. S. argentea (Sm.); 1. broadly
SALIX. 295

elliptical with a twisted point, stip. stalked oval. E. B. 1364.
—Heaths at various elevations. Sh. III. IV.

25. S. ambigua (Ehrh.); 1. oval obovate or lanceolate slightly
toothed with a recurved point somewhat rugose above soft and
silky beneath, stip. stalked half-ovate acute, germens lanceolate-
subulate silky, style very short, stigmas short at length cloven.
—E. B. 8. 2733.—a. 1. oval or obovate moderately hairy.—8.
major ; 1. obovate very silky on both sides.—y. spathulata; 1. ob-
ovate or ovate-lanceolate moderately hairy or silky, style somewhat

glen ated.—6. undulata; 1. ovate-lanceolate—Gravelly heaths.

ix. Arbuscule. Stam.2. Anth. yellow or brown when empty.
Catkins subsessile bracteated at the base ; scales discoloured at the
end. Stalks of the capsules 0 or shorter than the gland. Shrubs
with an exposed trunk.

26. S. Arbuscula (L., Fries); 1. lanceolate-ovate or ovate gla-
brous smooth glaucous and opaque beneath finely serrated, ger-
mens oblong-ovate silky, stigmas bifida. S. carinata (Sm.); 1.
ovate finely toothed minutely veined folded into a keel, catkins
cylindrical with rounded hairy scales. E. B. 1363.—8. 8. pru-
nifolia (Sm.); 1. broadly ovate toothed smooth on both sides, st.
erect much branched. E. B. 1361.—y. S. venulosa (Sm.); 1.
ovate toothed naked reticulated with prominent veins above, st.
erect much branched. E. B. 1362.—6. S. vacciniifolia (Sm.) ;
1. lanceolate-ovate serrated smooth and even above silky beneath,
st. decumbent. FE. B. 2341.—Highlands. Sh. IV.—VI. 8.

27. S. Lapponum (L.); 1. lanceolate or elliptical subacuminate
entire cottony or silky beneath with crisped hairs wrmkled above
and when young downy, germens ovate-lanceolate silky, stigmas
linear.—a. S. arenaria (L.); 1. ovate-lanceolate reticulated and
somewhat downy above veined and woolly beneath, style as long
as the sessile woolly germen, stigmas linear. E.B.1809. Ger-
men with a long slender reddish style.—8. S. Stwartiana (Sm.) ;
1. ovate-lanceolate shaggy above densely silky almost cottony
beneath, style as long as the almost sessile woolly germen, stig-
mas capillary deeply divided. E. B. 2586.—y. S. glauca (Sm.) ;
1. ovate-lanceolate even and nearly smooth above woolly and
snow-white beneath, germens sessile woolly, style very short with
thick ovate stigmas. E. B. 1810. Germen blunter. Style
elongating and the stigmas becoming linear and deeply cloven as
the fruit ripens. [S. glauca L., Wahl., Koch, has subterminal
catkins with very long leafy stalks and belongs to the next sec-
tion.]—Breadalbane and Clova Mountains. Sh. VI. VIL 8S.
296 77. AMENTIFERE.

a. Hastate. Stam.2. Anth. permanently yellow. Catkins
appearing before the 1., sessile, terminal and lateral with very
shaggy and silky scales. L. broadly elliptic or roundish.

[28. S. hastata (L.); 1. broadly elliptic wavy thin and crackling
quite glabrous beneath, stip. unequally heart-shaped longer than
petioles, catkins with silvery hairs, germ. subulate glabrous
stalked.—S. malifolia Sm., E. B. 1617.—A very doubtful native.
Sands of Barrie. Sh. V.]

29. S. lanata (L.); 1. broadly oval pointed entire shaggy be-
neath, stip. oval, catkins with yellow silky hairs, germ. conical
glabrous.—E. B. S. 2624.—A low (2 ft.) and very beautiful
shrub. Clova and Glen Lochay Mountains. Sh. V. VI. Ss.

III. PenpuNCULATAE TERMINALES.

Catkins on long leafy persistent shoots from the terminal or
subterminal buds. Chamelyzx Fries.

xi. Myrsinites (Borr.). Catkins at the extremity of the termi-
nal shoot, or of those from the last but one or two of the buds,
but in such a manner as to appear to be an elongation of the
branch. Small bushy plants.

30. S. Myrsinites (L.) ; 1. elliptical or lanceolate serrate shining
often hairy with prominent veins, germens subsessile ovate-sub-
ulate downy, style elongate —St. much branching.—a. S. arbu-
tifolia (Sm.); 1. ovate or lanceolate rather acute. S. Myrsinites
8. Sm.—8. S. Myrsinites (Sm.); 1. elliptical serrate nearly
smooth, catkins short, style short, stigmas cloven. E. B. 1360.
—Highlands. Sh. VI. S.1.

31. S. procumbens (Forbes); 1. oval minutely serrated bright
green and shining on both sides, catkins elongated cylindrical,
germens subsessile ovate-lanceolate downy, style short deeply
cloven, stigmas bifid.— EB. B. S. 2753.—Scales of the catkin nearly
black, longer and more hairy than in S. Myrsinites. A low pro-
cumbent much branched shrub.—Highlands. Sh. VI. 8.

{Fries states that S. retusa (L.) was found by Mr. Winch in
Scotland, but there is no such plant in his Herb.]

xii. Reticulate (Borr.). Catkins opposite to the terminal leaves
with a bud between them.

32. S. reticulata (L.); 1. nearly roundly-elliptical very obtuse
entire reticulated with veins and glaucous beneath, germens sessile
oblong-ovate downy, style short, stigmas bifid.—E. B. 1908.—
A procumbent much branched shrub, Catkins on long stalks.—
Lofty mountains. Sh. V1. Ss.
POPULUS. 297

xii. Herbacee (Borr.). Catkins exactly terminal.

33. S. herbacea (L.); 1. round or oval obtuse or retuse serrate
shining glabrous reticulated with veins, germens subsessile ovate-
conical glabrous, style short, stigmas bifid—E. B. 1907 —A
very minute herblike shrub ; the stems extend far amongst loose
stones on the tops of mountains. Edges and veins of 1. hairy.—
Alpine situations. Sh. VI.

Index to the Salices.

S. acuminata, 14.
alba, 4.

ambigua, 25.
amygdalina, 6.
angustifolia, 22.
Andersoniana, 18.
aquatica, 15.
arenaria, 27.
argentea, 24.
Arbuscula, 26, 22.
arbutifolia, 30.
ascendens, 24,
aurita, 16.
bicolor, 19.
Borreriana, 20.
czerulea, 4.
Caprea, 17.
carinata, 26.
cinerea, 15,
cotinifolia, 18.
Croweana, 20.
cuspidata, 2.
damascena, 18.
Davalliana, 20.
decipiens, 3.
Dicksoniana, 20.
Doniana, 23.
glauca, 27.

ferruginea, 13.
Forbyana, 10.
Forsteriana, 18.
fragilis, 3.
fusca, 24.
hastata, 28.
Helix, 8.
herbacea, 33.
hirta, 18.
Hoffmanniana, 6.
incubacea, 24.
intricata, 11.
Lambertiana, 7.
lanata, 29.
lanceolata, 5.
Lapponum, 27.
laurina, 19.
laxiflora, 20.
Myrsinites, 30.
nigricans, 18.
nitens, 20.
oleifolia, 15.
pentandra, 1.
petrea, 18.
petiolaris, 6.
phillyreifolia, 20.
phylicifolia, 20.
procumbens, 31.

propinqua, 19,
prostrata, 24.
prunifolia, 27.
purpurea, 7.
radicans, 20.
ramulosa, 7.
repens, 24,
reticulata, 32.
rosmarinifolia, 21.
rubra, 9.
rugosa, 13.
rupestris, 18.
Russelliana, 3.
Smithiana, 13.
stipularis, 11, 12.
Stuartiana, 27.
tenuifolia, 19.
tenuior, 19.
tetrapla, 20.
triandra, 6.
undulata, 5.
vacciniifolia, 26.
venulosa, 26.
viminalis, 11.
vitellina, 4.
Weigeliana, 20.
Woolgariana, 7.

2. Popuxus Linn. Poplar.

1. P. alba (L.); 1.-buds downy, 1. roundish-cordate angularly
toothed cottony and snowy-white beneath, 1. of the young shoots
cordate palmately 5-lobed, stig. 4 (yellow).—E. B. 1618.—A large
tree with suckers. L. generally lobed, scales of the catkins
notched at the end.— Damp woods. T.IV. White Poplar. Abele.

2. P. canescens (Sm.); 1.-buds downy not viscous, 1. roundish
angularly toothed cottony and white beneath, 1. of young shoots
cordate-ovate undivided, stig. 8 (purple).—Z. B. 1 oe large

0
298 77. AMENTIFERE.

tree with suckers. L. not lobed except occasionally the youngest.
Scales of catkins deeply cut at the end.—Damp woods. T. IV.
Gray Poplar. E.

3. P. tremula (L.); 1.-buds glabrous slightly viscous, |. nearly
round acute serrate glabrous on both sides, young 1. slightly
downy, stig. 4 erect.—E. B. 1909.—A rather large tree, with
suckers. Peduncles vertically compressed. Scales of the catkins
deeply palmately cut. Stig. erect.—Woods. T. III. IV. Aspen.

4. P. nigra (L.); 1. triangular acuminate serrate glabrous,
“catkins lax cylindrical, stig. 4 simple spreading.”—E. B. 1910,
—A large tree without suckers. L. remarkably triangular. Young
shoots glabrous. Scales of the catkins palmately cut, glabrous.—
Damp places, river-banks. T. II. Black Poplar.

Tribe IT. Myricee.

3. Myrica Linn.

1. M. Gale (L.); 1. lanceolate broader upwards serrate, st.
shrubby.—E. B. 562.—Height 3—4 feet. Bushy. Catkins ses-
sile, erect. Fr. with resinous glands. L. fragrant when bruised.—
Bogs. Sh. V. Sweet Gale. Bog Myrtle.

Tribe III. Betulinee.

4. Betuxa Linn. Birch.

1. B. alba (L.); 1. rhomboid-triangular doubly serrate abruptly
acuminate, scales of the fem. catkins 3-lobed, lateral lobes falcate-
refleced, fr. obovate-elliptical —E. B. 2198 (upper fig.). B. alba
Koeh. B. odorata R. xu. 626. B. verrucosa Fries !—L. usually
glabrous, often covered with resmous spots above, always having
a manifest tendency to a rhomboidal form. Young shoots mostly
with resinous tubercles. Stip. ovate-lanceolate, acute, thrice as
long as broad, circinate ; sides not deflexed. Buds conical. Young
twigs often very long and pendulous. he catkin-scales distin-
guish this from the next; the shape of the 1. also is different.—
Rathercommon. T.IV.V. White Birch.

2. B. glutinosa (Fries!); 1. rhomboid-ovate or cordate un-
equally serrate acute, scales of the fem. catkins 3-lobed, lateral
lobes ascending, fr. broadly obovate——E. B. 2198 (lower fig.).
B. alba R. xii. 623. B. pubescens Koch.—L. usually glabrous,
always more or less ovate. Stip. ovate, blunt, twice as long as
broad; sides deflexed. Buds ovate. Not so elegant a tree as
the preceding and often little more than a bush. Twigs some-
times pendulous.—f. B. pubescens (Ehrh.); 1. peduncles and
young twigs downy.—Common. T.IV.V. Common Birch.
ALNUS.—CORYLUS. 299

3. B. nana (L.); 1. roundish crenate glabrous, crenations ob-
tuse, scales of the fem. catkin digitate-trifid, lobes equal, fr. or-
bicular with a very narrow membranous margin.—E. B. 2326.—
A small procumbent shrub with minute leaves and little catkins.
—Turfy places in the Highlands. Sh. V. Dwarf Birch. s.

5. Aunus Tourn. Alder.

1. A. glutinosa (Gaert.); 1. roundish obtuse wavy serrated
glutinous rather abrupt ‘vith a wedgeshaped base, axils of the
veins beneath downy.—E. B. 1508. R. xu. 631. S#.29. 15.—
Trunk and branches crooked. Male catkins long and pendent ;
fem. ones short, ovate or oblong, very persistent. A moderately
large tree.—8. incisa; leaves deeply cut.—Wet places and river-
banks. 8. Galloway. S. Dr. Balfour. T. III.

Tribe IV. Cupulifere.

6. Fagus Linn. Beech.

1. F. sylwatica (L.); 1. ovate glabrous obsoletely dentate ciliate
on the edges.— E. B. 1846. R. xii. 639.—A large tree.— Woods,
particularly on calcareous soils. T. III. IV.

7. Castanea Tourn. Chestnut.

Tl. C. vulgaris (Lam.); 1. oblong-lanceolate acuminate mu-
cronate-serrate glabrous on each side.—Fagus Sm., E. B. 886.
R. xii. 640.— Height 50—80 feet. A magnificent tree. A doubtful
native, often planted. T.V. Sweet Chestnut. E.

8. Quercus Linn. Oak.

1. Q. Robur (L.); 1. deciduous stalked obovate-oblong sinuate,
lobes blunt, inv. much shorter than the ripe nut its scales ad-
pressed.—a. Q. pedunculata (Ehrh.); young branches glabrous,
petioles short, fr.-catkins long-stalked, fr. scattered. E. B. 1342.
—B. Q. intermedia (D. Don); young branches glabrous, petioles
short, 1. stellate-downy beneath, fr.-catkins shortly stalked, fr.
approximate. Mart. Rust. 11.—y. Q. sessiliflora (Sm.); young
branches downy, petioles long, 1. glabrous beneath, fr.-catkins
subsessile, fr. approximate. . B. 1845.—Woods. T. IV. V.

9.’ Coryius Linn. Hazel.

1. C. Avellana (L.); stip. oblong obtuse, 1. roundish-cordate
acuminate, involucre of the ovoid fr. bellshaped spreading torn
at the margin.—E. B.723.—A shrubby tree. Young twigs hairy
and glandular. L. downy beneath. Male catkins long, pendu-
lous. Fem. fl. in ovate buds. Stigmas bright crimson.—Hedges
and copses. Sh. TI. IV. Hazel Nut.
300 78. CONIFER.

10. Carrinus Linn. Hornbeam.

1. C. Betulus (L.); scales of the fruit 3-parted, segments
lanceolate the middle one longest.—E. B. 2032,—A small tree.
L. ovate, acute, plaited when young, deeply and sharply doubly
serrate.—Damp clayey woods and hedges. T. V.

Subclass II. GYMNOSPERM 4.
Seeds quite naked.
Order LXXVIII. CONIFER.

FL. moncecious or dicecious. Barren fi. of one or more mona-
delphous stamens, in a deciduous catkin about a common axis.
Anth. of 2 or more lobes bursting outwards, often terminated by
a scalelike crest. Fertile fl. usually in cones sometimes solitary.
Ovary spread open in the shape of a scale and placed in the axil
of a membranous bract, in the solitary fl. apparently wanting.
Ovules naked, in pairs on the face of the ovary and inverted, or
(in the solitary fl.) erect. Fr. a cone, or solitary naked seed.
Testa hard crustaceous. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen.
Radicle next the apex. Ligneous tissue marked with circular
disks.

Tribe I. TAXINEA. Male fi. in catkms. Fem. fi. solitary,
naked or bracteated.

1. Taxus. Catkins of male fl. oval, scaly below, flowering
at the top. Stam. numerous. Anth. peltate, 3—8-celled.
Fem. fl. scaly below. Style 0. Ovule surrounded at the
base by a ring which becomes a fleshy cupshaped disk sur-
rounding the seed—G. F. G. Monochl. 14.

Tr. Il. CUPRESSINEZ. Male fl. in catkins. Anth. 4—7,
inserted on the edge of the subpeltate scales. Fem. fl. few
in a small catkin. Ovules pointing from the axis.

2. Junrperus. Anth. 4—7, 1-celled, inserted on the lower
edge of the scales. Scales of the fem. catkin imbricated,
lower ones barren. Ovules 3, surrounded by a 3-fid fleshy
involucre formed of the 3 uppermost connate scales of the
catkn.—G,. F. G. Monochl. 12.

Ty. WI. ABIETINEA:. Fi. in catkins. Anth. 2, 1-celled.
adnate to the underside of the scales. Fem. fl. a flat scale-
like open ovary in the axil of a membranous scale. Ovules
in pairs on the inner face of the ovary, pointing towards the
axis.
TAXUS.—PINUS. 301

3. Pinus. Male catkins crowded, racemose. Scales of the
cone (carpels) thickened and angular at the end. Seeds with
a crustaceous coat, winged.—G. I’. G. Monochl. 6.

Tribe I. Tazxinee,

1. Taxus Linn. Yew.

1. T. baccata (L.); 1. 2-ranked crowded linear acute, fl. axil-
lary sessile-—E. B. 746.—A low tree, trunk often attaining a very
considerable bulk. Fr. roundish.—§. T. fastigiata (Lindl.); 1.
scattered, fr. oblong, branches fastigiate——Mountainous woods

and limestone cliffs. $8. North of Ireland. T. III. IV. Yew.
B. Irish Yew.

Tribe II. Cupressinee.

2. Juniperus Linn.

1. J. communis (L.); 1. 3 in each whorl spreading linear sub-
ulate mucronate keeled longer than the ripe fruit.—H. B. 1100.
—Fruticose, erect. L. with a broad flat shallow channel above,
the keel beneath with a slender furrow. Berries black, tinged
with blue, about half the length of the leaves.—Dry hills, espe-
cially on a calcareous soil. Sh. V. Juniper.

2. J. nana (Willd.); 1. 3 in each whorl incwved linear-lan-
ceolate mucronate keeled equalling the ripe fruit.—E. B. 8. 2743.
—A prostrate shrub with longer berries and shorter leaves than
the last.—Mountains. Sh. V.

Tribe III. Abietinee.

3. Pinus Linn.

1. P. sylvestris (L.); 1. in pairs, young cones stalked recurved
ovate-conical, wing thrice as long as the seed.—E. B. 2460.—A
lofty tree. Cones referred by the late Prof. Don to P. Mughus (a
variety of this species) have been found at considerable depths in
the Irish bogs.—Highlands. T. V. VI. Scotch Fir. Ss.
Class Il. MONOCOTYLEDONES.

Stems destitute of medullary rays, consisting of cellular
tissue amongst which the vascular tissue is mixed in bun-
dles, increasing by the addition of new matter within.
Leaves mostly alternate and sheathing with parallel simple
veins connected by smaller transverse ones, rarely net-
veined. Cotyledon one, or if more they are alternate.

Subdivision I. DICTYOGEN i.

Leaves net-veined, deciduous. Floral envelopes whorled.

Order LXXIX. TRILLIACE.

Perianth inferior, 6- or 8-parted; in 2 whorls ; outer whorl or
calyx herbaceous; inner or corolla coloured, or in our plant her-
paceous. Stam. 6—10. Anth. linear ; filament subulate. Ovary
superior, 3—5-celled. Ovules indefinite, in two rows in each cell.
Styles as many as the cells, distinct; stigmas inconspicuous.
Fr. succulent, not bursting. Seeds with a leathery skin. Embryo
minute, in fleshy albumen.

1. Paris. Perianth subherbaceous, 8-parted, 4 inner divi-
sions narrower than the others. Stam.8—10. Anth. on the
middle of the subulate filament.—G. F. G. Monocot. ii. 58.

1. Paris Linn.

1. P. quadrifolia (L.); 1. usually 4 in a whorl.—E. B. 7.—St.
1 ft. high, from the extremity of a long rhizome, usually with 4,
occasionally from 3—6, ovate 1. at its summit. F). solitary, ter-
minal. Sep. lanceolate. Pet. subulate, Styles 4. Berry 4-celled;
cells with 4—8 seeds. No root leaves.—Damp woods. P. V.
Herb Paris.

Order LXXX. DIOSCOREACEZ.

Perianth superior, petaloid 6-parted. Stam. 6, mserted into
the base of the segments of the perianth. Anth. bursting in-
wards. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, erect.
81. HYDROCHARIDACEA, 303

Style 1. Stigmas 3, reflexed. Fr. baccate, or dry and flat.
Embryo minute, quite inclosed in the albumen.

1. Tamus. Perianth bellshaped, limb 6-parted. Male with
6 stamens. Fem. with the perigone adhering to the ovary
and persistent. Stam. very short, abortive.

1. Tamus Linn. Black Bryony.

1. T. communis (L.); 1. undivided cordate acute —E. B.91.—
Dicecious. Root large, thick, fleshy. St. very long, twining.
Racemes axillary, on long stalks. FI. yellowish-green, regular,
small. Berry red.—Hedges and thickets. P. V. VI. E.

Subdivision II. FLORID.

Leaves parallel-veined, persistent. Floral envelopes
whorled.

Order LXXXI. HYDROCHARIDACE,

Sep. 3, herbaceous. Pet. 3, regular, coloured. Stam. epigy-
nous. Ovary solitary, inferior; placentas parietal, sometimes
projecting into the centre of the ovary. Stigmas3—6. Fr. dry,
or succulent, not bursting, 1- or spuriously many-celled. Seeds
numerous. Albumen 0, Embryo straight, cylindrical.

1. Hyprocuaris. Dicecious. Cal. 3-parted. Pet. 3. Male
with 9—12 stamens in 3 rows surrounding 3 abortive styles.
Fem. with 3 abortive filaments and 3 fleshy scales surround-
ing the 6 deeply bifid styles. Caps. 6-celled, many-seeded.

2. Srratiores. Dicecious. Cal. 3-parted. Pet. 3. Male
with 12 or more stamens surrounded by numerous abortive
ones. Fem. with 6 deeply bifid styles. Berry 6-celled,
many-seeded.

3. Anacuaris. Dicecious. Cal. 3-parted. Pet.3. “Male.
Sep. ovate-oblong. Pet. lmear or none. Stam. 9; filaments
combined into a column below.” Fem. with a long filiform
tube, 3 abortive filaments and ligulate stigmas. Caps. 1-
celled, few-seeded.

1. Hyprocuaris Linn. Frog-bit.

1. H. Morsus-rane (L.).—E. B. 808. St. 44.16. R, 112—
Floating. Creeping. L. stalked, roundish-reniform, entire. Fi.
white, delicate, springing from a pellucid membranous sheath.
Seeds covered with beautiful prominent spirally twisted ‘cells.—
Ponds and ditches. P. VI. VII. EBL
304 82. ORCHIDACEA.

2. Srratiores Linn. Water Soldier.

1. S. aloides (L.); 1. swordshaped-triangular cilate-spinous.
—E. B. 379, R. 111.—Creeping extensively in the mud. L.
numerous rigid like those of an aloe. Stalk compressed, 5 or 6
in. high with 2 1. near its summit. Fl. white, delicate. The
plant rises to the surface of the water to flower and sinks again
afterwards.—Fen-ditches in the east of England ; naturalized in
Scotland. P. VII.

3. Anacuaris Rich.

+1. A. Alsinastrym (Bab.) ; 1. 3 in a whorl oval-oblong obtuse
serrulate, (male fl. unknown,) fem. fl. with a tubular bifid spath
many times longer than the sessile germen, sep. and pet. broad
nearly equal, stigmas reflexed.—A. N. H. Ser. 2.1. t.8.—St. long,
branching, whorls of leaves many and close together. Fl. sub-
tended by a leaflike bract placed within the whorl of leaves. Fi.
very small. Sep. tinged with green and pink externally, incurved,
hooded, with a narrow diaphanous margin. Pet. flat, diapha-
nous, recurved, oblong. Filaments at first curved outwards,
their points placed under the hood of the sepals, afterwards erect,
Inear, blunt, diaphanous. Anth.0. Stigmas recurved, linear,
or deeply bifid. Sep. pet. and stigmas of about equal length.
Style adnate on 3 sides to the tube.—In water. Possibly intro-
duced from America where the same or closely allied species are
found. Dunse Castle. Whiteadder River. S. Canals in the
centre of England. Nottingham. P. VII.—IX. ES.

Order LXXXIT. ORCHIDACEA.

Sep. 3, usually coloured. Pet. 3, 2 above, 1 below (lip) fre-
quently lobed and spurred and unlike the others. Stam. 3, united
in a central column, 2 lateral abortive, or (in Cypripedium) the
middle one abortive. Pollen powdery or adhering in masses.
Ovary 1-celled, inferior, with 3 parietal placentas. Style forming
part of the column with the stam.; stigma a viscid space in front
of the column. Caps. 3-valved. Seeds very numerous, minute.
Testa loose, reticulated.

Tribe I. OPHRYDINE AS. Pollen-masses in divisible lobes
which are indefinite in number and waxy. Anthers wholly
adnate.

* Cells of the anther with a rostellate process between their bases.

1. Orcuis. Perianth ringent, hooded. Lip 3-lobed, spurred.
Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses im a common pouch.
82. ORCHIDACE. 305

2. GYMNADENIA. Glands of the pollen-masses without a
pouch. Otherwise like Orchis.

3. Aczras. Lip without a spur. Otherwise like Orchis.

** Cells of the anther without any process between their bases.

4. Haspenaria. Perianth ringent, hooded. Lip 3-lobed or
entire, spurred. Glands of pollen-masses naked.

5. Opurys. Perianth patent. Lip variously lobed, without
aspur. Glands of pollen-masses each in a distinct pouch.

6. Herminium. Perianth bellshaped, segments all erect.
Lip 3-lobed, tumid beneath at the base, without a spur.
Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses exserted, naked.

Tr. Il. LIMODORE:. Pollen-masses granular, granules in
only a slight state of cohesion. Anthers free.

* Stigma rostellated.

7. Goopynra. Perianth ringent. Lip saccate at the base,
entire, included. Stigma subcordate. Rostellum erect, bi-
partite, with a large squarish appendage between its slender
segments.

8. SprranTHEs. Perianth rigent. Lip channeled, clawed,
fringed. Stigma roundish. Rostellum straight, bifid with
an elongate near appendage between its points.

9. Listera. Perianth ringent. Lip deflexed, 2-lobed. Stigma
transverse. Rostellum elongated, entire, acute, with a mi-
nute globose appendage at its somewhat reflexed apex.
Column very short.

10. Neorria. Perianth hooded. Lip deflexed, 2-lobed, sac-
cate at the base. Stigma transverse. Rostellum flat. broad,
prominent, entire, without an appendage. Column elongated.

11. Eprpactts. Perianth patent. Lip interrupted, the basal
division concave, terminal one (label) larger with 2 projecting
plates at its base above. Stigma nearly square. Rostellum
short, tenninated by a globose appendage. Anth. terminal,
erect, sessile, 2-celled; cells without septa. Column short.
Germen straight, on a twisted stalk.

** Stigma without a rostellum.

12. CEPHALANTHERA. Perianth converging (in C. rubra
spreading). Lip interrupted, the basal division saccate, jointed
to the recurved label. Stigma transverse. Rostellum 0,
Anth. terminal, erect, moveable, shortly and thickly stalked,
306 82. ORCHIDACEA.

2-celled; cells with imperfect septa. Column elongated.
Germen sessile, twisted.

Tr. WI. MALAXIDEZ. Pollen cohering in granules or masses
which are definite in number and at length waxy and con-
fluent. Aunther free.

13. CoraLLorruiza. Perianth converging. Lip with 2 pro-
minent longitudinal ridges at the base, 3-lobed, lateral lobes
small, middle lobe large slightly emarginate. Spur short or
obsolete. Stigma triangular. Rostellum obsolete but with
a large globose appendage. Anth. terminal, 2-celled, open-
ing transversely. Column elongated. Germen slightly
stalked, straight.

14. Mazaxis. Perianth patent. Lip posterior, erect, entire,
similar to the pet., smaller than the sepals. Spur 0. Stigma
rhomboidal. Rostellum short, entire, acute. Anth. terminal,
continuous with the short column out of the apex of which
it appears as if it were excavated, with 2 imperfect cells.
Pollen masses connected at their apex. Germen upon a
twisted stalk.

15. Sturmia. Perianth patent. Lip anterior, erect or ob-
lique, entire, dilated, much larger than the sepals. Spur 0.
Stigma roundish. Rostellum obsolete, but with an appen-
dage consisting of 2 tubercles. Anth. terminal, deciduous,
moveable like a lid, with 2 distinct cells. Column elongated.
Germen on a twisted stalk.

Tr. IV. CYPRIPEDIE. Intermediate anther barren peta-
loid, 2 lateral anthers perfect.

16. Cypripepium. Perianth patent. Lip ventricose, inflated.
Column trifid above, the lateral lobes bearing stamens, mid-
dle lobe sterile dilated. Two lower (lateral) sepals com-
bined. Germen straight.

Tribe J. Ophrydinee.
1, Orcuis Linn.
* Glands of the pollen-masses separate, lip erect in estivation.
+ Bracts mostly 1-nerved, root-knobs undivided.
{ Lip 3-lobed, lobes broad and short.

1. O. Morio (L.); lip 3-lobed crenulate, middle lobe truncate-
emarginate, spur ascending subclavate rather shorter than the
germen, sep. and pet. obtuse connivent, anth. obovate rather acute.
—E. B, 2059. R. xiii. 363.—St. 6—12 in. high. _L. lanceolate,
ORCHIS. 307

lower spreading, upper adpressed. Fl. few, in a lax spike, pur-
ple; sep. (rarely patent) and pet. marked with green veins, con-
verging so as to form a sort of helmet; lip pale in the middle,
spotted with purple. Fl. sometimes white—Meadows and pas-
tures. P.V. VI. Green-winged Meadow Orchis. ede

2. O. mascula (LL.) ; lip 3-lobed crenate, middle lobe emargi-
nate, spur ascending rather longer than the germen, sep. acute,
2 outer reflened wpwards, pet. converging, anth. obcordate
apiculate—E. B. 631. R. xiti. 390.—St. a foot high. L.
mostly radical, elliptic-lanceolate, usually spotted with purple.
Lowest bract often 3-nerved. Fl. in a lax spike, purple; centre
of the lip whitish at the base, spotted and downy. Sep. and pet.
tae veins.—Woods and pastures. P.V. arly purple

rchis.

tt Lip 3-lobed, middle lobe dilated bifid and often with an inter-
mediate tooth.

3. O. fusca (Jacq.); lip pinnately 4-lobed with raised rough
red points, basal lobes linear-oblong, terminal lobes broader and
shorter with an intermediate tooth, spur about 4 as long as the
germen, sep. connivent into an ovate helmet including the pet.,
bracts minute.—£. B. 16. R. xiii 378.—St. 1—2 ft. high. L.
ovate-oblong obtuse. Fl. in a rather dense spike ; helmet dark
purple, variegated ; lip paler—Chalky bushy hills in Kent. P. a

4. O. militaris (L.); lip pinnately 4-lobed with raised rough
red points, basal lobes linear, terminal lobes broader and shorter
with an intermediate tooth, spur about 4 as long as the germen,
sep. connivent into an ovate-lanceolate helmet including the pet.,
bracts minute.—F. B. S. 2675. R. xii. 376.—Smaller than the
preceding. Helmet ash-coloured or pale purple. Lip purple,
white in the middle, spotted, with a linear space between the pairs
of lobes.—Chalky hills in Berks., Oxf., Bucks., and near Tring,
Herts. P. V. i.

5. O. Simia (Lam.); lip pinnately 4-lobed, lobes all long nar-
row 1-nerved linear with an intermediate setaceous tooth, spur }
as long as the germen, sep. connivent into an ovate-lanceolate
helmet including the pet., bracts minute. —O. tephrosanthos E. B.
1873. R. xii. 373.—More slender than the preceding. Helmet
dark purplish. Lip with remarkably slender segments, dark
purple with or without small rough raised points; a linear space
between the pairs of lobes which are about equal in length_—
Chalky hills in Berks., Oxf., and Kent. P. V. E.

6. O. ustulata (L.); lip pinnately 4-lobed, lobes linear-oblong,
spur } the length of the germen, sep. connivent into a roundish
helmet including the pet., bracts elongate —E. B. 18. R. xiii. 368.
308 82. ORCHIDACEA.

—S8t. 4d—6 in. high. L. lanceolate, acute. Spike oblong, dense.
Fi. small, numerous. Helmet dark purple. Pet. linear-lanceo-

late, obtuse. Lip white with purple spots.—Calcareous hills.
P. VI E.

tt Bracts with 3 or more nerves, root-knobs undivided.

[7. O. laxiflora (Lam.); lip 3-lobed, lateral lobes rounded and
crenulated in front longer than the truncate slightly emarginate
intermediate lobe, spur shorter than the germen cylindrical, 2 la-
teral sep. reflexed upwards, pet. connivent, anth. obcordate api-
culate. —E. B. S. 2828. R. xui. 393.—St. 1—2 feet high, round,
angular and rough upwards. L. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate.
Bracts 3—5-nerved. Spike elongate, lax. Fl. bright purple—
Wet meadows and bogs in Jersey and Guemsey. P. V. VILL]

ttt Bracts with 3 or more nerves, root-knobs palmate.

8. O. maculata (L.); lip 3-lobed flat crenate, spur subulate
shorter than the germen, 3 sep. patent, pet. connivent, st. solid.
—E. B. 632. R. xiii. 407.—St. about a foot high. L. usually
spotted with purple, lower obtuse or rarely acute, upper linear-
lanceolate resembling the bracts. Spike ovate, afterwards elon-
gated ; lower bracts longer than the germen, upper equalling it.
Fl. pale purple, more or less streaked with purple. Lateral
nerves of bracts inconspicuous. Middle sep. with a flat acute
point. Lip usually flat, deeply 3-lobed, lateral lobes rounded,
middle lobe longer and narrower.—Damp pastures and heaths.
P.V. VI. Spotted palmate Orchis.

9. O. latifolia (L.); lip obscurely 3-lobed its sides reflexed cre-
nate, spur subulate shorter than the germen, two lateral sep. pa-
tent, pet. connivent, st. hollow.—E. B. 2308.—Ahbout a foot
high. L. seldom spotted. Bracts longer than the fl. Middle
sep. usually hooded at the end.—The following forms are con-
sidered as species by many authors and deserve attention.—a.
O. latifolia (Fr.) ; 1. spreading oblong obtuse, upper 1. lanceolate
acute, lower bracts longer than flowers. R. xin. 402.—8. O. in-
carnata (L.); 1. erect approaching the st. lanceolate attenuated
hooded at the end not spotted, all the bracts usually longer than
the flowers which are often crimson.—y. O. angustifolia (R.) ;
1. erect-patent linear-lanceolate narrowed from the base, upper
1, lear erect, lower bracts equalling the fl. upper ones shorter.
O. Traunsteinerit Koch. R. xii. 394.—Marshes and damp mea-
dows. P. VI. Marsh Orchis.

** Glands of the pollen-masses united, root-knobs undivided.
Anacamptis Rich.
T Lip erect in estivation.
10. O. pyramidalis (L.); lip with 3 equal lobes and 2 tuber-
GYMNADENIA.—HABENARIA. 309

cles at the base above, lobes oblong truncate, middle lobe some-
times emarginate, spur filiform longer than the germen, lateral
sep. ovate-lanceolate acute spreading, bracts 3-nerved.—E. B.
110.—St. 12—18 im. high. L. linear-lanceolate, acute. Spike
pyramidal, afterwards cylindrical. Fl. rose-purple, sometimes
white.—Caleareous pastures. P. VII. Pyramidal Orchis.

tt Lip spiral in estivation. Himantociosseum Spr.

11. O. hircina (Scop.) ; lip 3-parted downy, segments linear,
middle one very long twisted, lateral much shorter wavy, spur
very short.—FE. B. 34. R. xii. 359. 360.—St. 2—3 feet high.
“ Cal. green, spotted with dull purple internally.” Lip purplish
white and spotted at the base.—Bushy chalk hills in Kent and
Surrey, very rare. Gt. Glenham, Suff.! Mr. E. N. Bloomfield.
P.V. Lizard Orchis. E

2. GymnapEniA R. Br.

1. G. conopsea(R.Br.); lip 3-lobed, lobes equal entire obtuse,
lateral sep. spreading, spur filiform twice as long as the germen,
root-knobs palmate.—Orchis Sm., E. B.10.—St. a foot high. L.
linear-lanceolate. Spike cylindrical elongated. Bracts 3-nerved.
FL rose-purple, fragrant. Pollen-cells open in front and below,
stopped below by oblong glutinous valves quite distinct from the
stigma, and to the broader ends of which the glands of the pollen-
masses are attached.—Hilly pastures. P. VI. VII.

2. G. albida (Rich.); lip 3-lobed, lobes unequal entire, middle
lobe longest and broadest, sep. and lateral pet. connivent, spur
much shorter than the germen, root-knobs clustered.— Habenaria
R. Br. Orchis Sm., E. B. 505. Peristylus Lindl.—St. 6—12 in.
high. L. oblong, obtuse, upper lanceolate acute. Spike elon-
gated, cylindrical, dense. Bracts 3-nerved. Fl. small, yellowish-
white, fragrant.—Mountain pastures. P. VI. VIL.

3. Aceras R. Br.

1. A. anthropophora (R. Br.); lip 3-parted, segments linear-
filiform, middle one bifid and often with an intermediate tooth.
—E. B. 29. R. xii. 357.—Root-knobs ovate. Height 8—12 in.
Spike long, lax. Fl. greenish-yellow. Sep. ovate, acute, connivent,
margined with purple, including the linear-lanceolate obtuse pe-
tals.—Dry chalky places. P. VI. E

4. Hapenaria R. Br.

* Spur very short, usually inflated. Ca:LocLossum Hartm.

1. H. viridis (R. Br.) ; spur 2-lobed, lip linear flat 3-pointed
middle point the shortest.—Orchis Sm., BE. B. 94. R. I.f. 813.
310 82. ORCHIDACER.

Peristylus Lindl.—Lip with 3 tubercles at its base, 1 central, 2
lateral. Stigma oblong, slightly emarginate above. Glands of
the pollen-masses connected by an elevated transverse line. Sep.
and pet. connivent. Root-knobs palmate. Fl. green, lip browner.
St. 6—8 in. high.—Pastures. P. VI. VIL. Frog Orchis.

** Spur slender, PLATANTHERA Rich.

2. H. bifolia (R. Br.) ; spur twice as long as the germen, lip
linear entire, pet. connivent obtuse, anth. oblong truncate tts cells
porallel.—E.B. S. 2806. R. I. f. 1143.—About a foot high. Root-
1. usually 2, elliptical. Stem-l. small, lanceolate, resembling the
bracts. Spike slender. Fl. white. Central line between the
cells of the anther a furrow in front and a keel behind. Stigma
truncate, emarginate with pointed lobes.—Heathy places. P.
VI. VII. Lesser Butterfly Orchis.

3. H. chlorantha (Bab.); spur twice as long as the germen,
lip linear entire, pet. connivent obtuse, anth. truncate its cells
twice as distant at the base as at the top.—Orchis bifolia Sm.,
£.B.22, R.I.f. 1145.—Usually taller and stouter than the pre-
ceding. Spike usually lax but sometimes dense. FI. larger.
Central line between the cells of the anther a prominent ridge in
front and a groove behind. Stigma very broad, slightly pomted
in the middle.—Moist woods and thickets. P.V. VI. Great
Butterfly Orchis.

5. Orurys Linn.

1. O. apifera (Huds.) ; lip tumid 5-lobed, 2 lower lobes pro-
minent and with a hairy base, 2 intermediate reflexed truncate,
terminal acute elongated reflexed, anth. with a hooked point, pet.
oblong bluntish downy.—£. B. 383. R. 1. f. 1159.—About a foot
high. Fl. few, large, rather distant. Sep. whitish, tinged with
purple. Lip velvety, brown variegated with yellow. “ All the
lobes of the lip sometimes reflexed, intermediate overlapping the
terminal one.”—On calcareous soils. P. VI. VII. Bee Orchis.

E.L.

2. O. arachnites (Reichard) ; lip somewhat tumid entire or with
4 shallow inflexed marginal lobes and a terminal inflexed flat
rather heartshaped appendage, anth. with a straight or hooked
point, pet. deltoid downy.—E. B.S. 2596. O. fuciflora R. I.
f. 1162—1165.—Sep. pmkish. Lip velvety, dark purple, varie-
gated with yellow; appendage green, never reflexed.—Chalk
downs near Folkestone and Sittingbourne, Kent. P. IV.—VI.
Late Spider Orchis. E.

3. O. aranifera (Huds.); lip tumid obscurely 3-lobed, middle
lobe large emarginate without an appendage, auth. acute, pet. linear
HERMINIUM.—SPIRANTHES, 311

glabrous.—E. B. 65. R. I. f. 1154—1156.—Smaller than the
two preceding and with fewer flowers. Sep. green. Pet. green,
quite glabrous. Lip deep brown, hairy with paler or yellowish
glabrous lines often resembling the Greek letter II, entire at the
end or notched with a central point.—8. O. fucifera (Sm.) ; lip
usually undivided often with a gland in the notch, pet. scabrous.

£. B.S, 2649.—Chalky places. 8. Kent and Sussex. P.IV.V.
Spider Orchis. E.

4. O. muscifera (Huds.); lip oblong trifid with a broad pale
spot in the centre, middle lobe elongated bifid, anth. short obtuse,
pet. filiform. E. B.64. R.I.f. 1146. St. 40. 15.—Slender,
about a foot high. Sep. green. Lip brownish-purple, central
spot subquadrate bluish. Pet. very narrow, purple.—Damp cal-
careous thickets and pastures. P.V. VI. Fly Orchis. EI.

6. Herminium R. Br.

1. H. Monorchis (R. Br.); lip 3-lobed, central lobe longest,
pet. with a lobe on each side.—#. B. 71.—Root-knobs very un-
equal and distant. L. usually 2. St. about 6 in. high. Sep.
ovate, greenish. Spike dense, slender.—Calcareous soil in the
south. P. VI. VII. Musk Orchis. E.

Tribe II. Limodoree.

7. GoopyveRA R. Br.

1. G. repens (R. Br.); 1. ovate stalked reticulated, sep. pet.
and lip ovate-lanceolate.—E. B. 289.—St. 6—8 in. high, bear-
ing lnear adpressed bracts. Root creeping. Whole upper part
of the plant covered with minute stalked glands. L. reticulated
with brown.—Fir forests of the north, P. VIII. s.

8. SprrantueEs Rich.

1. S. autumnalis (Rich.) ; root-knobs ovate-oblong thick, root-
1. ovate-oblong, stem-l. like bracts, spike dense.—Z. B. 541.
Neottia Sm.—St. 4—6 in. high. Spike spiral. Fl. greenish-
white. Column and operculum acute with an obtuse ovate
membranous process between them on each side.—Dry calcareous
and gravelly places. P. VIII. IX. Fragrant Lady’s ii

2. S. estivalis (Rich.) ; root-knobs elongated cylindrical, root-
1. oblong-lanceolate, stem-l. narrowly lanceolate, spike lax.—
E. B. 8, 2817.—Spike spiral. Fl. with a larger lip. Column
and operculum acute with the intermediate processes lanceolate
acute.—Bog between Lyndhurst and Christchurch in the New
Forest. St. Owen’s Pond, Jersey. P. VII. VIII. E.
312 82. ORCHIDACES.

3. 8. cernua (Rich.); root-knohs elongate-cylindrical, root-l.
linear-lanceolate, stem-]. triangular-lanceolate, bracts shorter than
the fl., spike dense 3-ranked, sep. and pet. equal obtuse -ad-
hering together, lip blunt spathulate-—Neottia gemmipara Sm.,
E. B.S. 2786 (bad). Linn. Trans. xix. t. 32.—Spike about 12
in. long. Fl. fragrant.—Castleton Bearhaven, Co. Cork. P.
VIII. TX. L

9. Listera R. Br.

1. L. ovata (R. Br.); 1. 2 opposite ovate, lip bifid, column
with a crest which includes the anther.— FE. B. 1548. St. 29. 14.
—St. 1 ft. high. Spike elongated, very lax. Fl. small, greenish.
L. large.—Woods and pastures. P. V. VI. Tway-dlade.

2. L. cordata (R. Br.); 1. 2 opposite cordate, lip 4-lobed,
column without a crest.—E. B. 358.—Height 3—5 in. St.
slender. Fl. very small, in a lax spike, greenish. Lip with 2
basal and 2 terminal linear lobes.—Turfy mountainous moors.
P. VI.—VIII.

10. Ngeortra Linn.

1. N. Nidus-avis (Rich.).—#. B. 48. Listera Hook., Sm.—
Whole plant pale reddish-brown. Root formed of numerous
short thick fleshy fibres from the extremities of which the young
plants are produced. See Leight. Fl. Shrop. 434. St. a foot high,
with sheathing brown scales. L. none. Spikes dense, cylindri-
cal, many-flowered. Lip lmnear-oblong with 2 spreading lobes. —
This is the original Neottia of Linneus. Act. Ups. 1740. p. 33.
~—Shady woods. P.? VI. Bird’s-nest.

11. Epipactis Rich.

1. E. latifolia (All.); 1. broadly ovate longer than the inter-
nodes, upper |. ovate-oblong, lower bracts longer than the f..,
label entire roundish-cordate with a small recurved point falling
short of the broadly ovate sep. and pet., basal hunches smooth.—
E. B. 269.—L. ovate, very broad, the very uppermost sometimes
lanceolate-attenuated ; lowermost leafless sheaths close. Lower
bracts leaflike, lanceolate, attenuated. Fl. green with the lip
purple, sometimes all purple. Peduncle shorter than the downy
germen. Label of the lip broader than long, crenate. Ina slender
form of this the upper |. are lanceolate, label cordate blunt with
a minute apiculus, and sep. ovate-lanceolate.— Mountainous
woods. P. VII. VIII.

2. E. media (Fries) ; 1. ovate-oblong the upper ones lanceolate
acute, lower bracts longer than the fl. and fr., label entire trian-
gular-cordate acute equalling the lanceolate sep. and pet., basal
hunches plicate-rugose.—R. I. f. 1141, 1142.—Narrower and
CEPHALANTHERA. 313

more elongate in all its parts than E. latifolia. Only the very
lowest 1. ovate, intermediate lanceolate, upper 1. lanceolate-atte-
nuated and merging gradually into the linear-lanceolate bracts ;
sheaths funnelshaped. Fi. “green tinged with purple.” Pe-
duncle shorter than the downy germen. Label longer than
broad, crenate.—8. E. purpurata (Sm.); 1. ovate. lanceolate the
upper ones narrower, label falling short of the ovate-lanceolate
sep. and pet., hunches plicate-crenate. E.B. 8.2775. Fl. “ yel-
low-green tinged with pink.” St. and 1. much tinged with
purple. Peduncle shorter than the downy germen. Label
longer than broad, entire, exactly like that of E. media but with
a more attenuated point.—Woods. Salop. Matlock. Abberly,
Wors. 8. Woburn. Reigate. Crawley, Suss. P. VIII. E.

3. E. ovalis (Bab.); 1. ovate-oblong acute the upper ones lan-
ceolate, 1 or 2 lowest bracts longer than the fi. but shorter than
the fr., label transversely oval acute mucronate equalling the
ovate acute sep. and pet., basal hunches plicate-rugose.— E. B. S.
2884. Helleborine &c. No. 2. Ray. 383.—L. small; sheaths
funnelshaped, rather close. Bracts all much smaller than even
the uppermost leaf. Fl. varying from a dark yellow to blackish-
red, peduncle shorter than the downy germen. Label trans-
versely oval, crenate, with a small acute point and elevated folded
and tubercularly crenate hunches above. St. 6—18 in. high.—
Settle, Yorkshire.. Little Doward Hill, Heref. Mr. Purchas.
Ormes Head. Rev. A. Bloxam. P. VII. E.

4. E. palustris (Sw.); 1. lanceolate, bracts shorter than the
somewhat drooping fl., label roundish obtuse crenate equalling
the perianth.—E. B. 270.—St. 12—18 in. high. Cal. purplish-
green, pet. and lip white tinged with purple-—Moist places, not
rare. P, VII. VIII.

12. CepHALANTHERA Rich.

1. C. grandiflora (Bab.) ; 1. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, bracts
longer than the glabrous germen, lip obtuse included.—E. B. 271.
C. pallens Koch.—Fl. white, lip marked with several elevated
longitudinal lines. Sep. erect, blunt.—Woods, usually on a cal-
careous soil. P. VI. E. I.

2. C. ensifolia (Rich.) ; 1. lanceolate, bracts much shorter than
the glabrous germen, lip obtuse included.—E. B. 494.—-Fl. white,
lip with several elevated white lines and a yellow spot in front.
Outer sep. acute.—Woods, rare. P. V. VI.

3. C. rubra (Rich.); 1. lanceolate acute, bracts longer than
the downy germen, lip acute as long as the pet.—E. B.437. Epi-
pactis Sm.—F'. purple, lip white with a purple margin, marked

P
314 82. ORCHIDACEA.

with numerous wavy longitudinal lines.—Woods, very rare.
‘‘ Bank sloping to the south on Hampton Common, Gloucester-
shire.” Sm. P. VI. VII. E.

Tribe III. Malaxidee.

13. CoraLLtoruiza Hall.

1. C. innata (R. Br.); spur very short or wanting.—F£. B,
1547.—Root of thick fleshy much branched fibres. ce of few
yellowish flowers. Sep. and pet. lanceolate, acute. Lip oblong,
white, with a few pwrple spots, sometimes with 3 equal lobes.—
Boggy woods, rare. P. VII. Ss.

14. Manaxts Sw.

1. A. paludosa (Sw.); st. with 3—5 oval concave leaves, lip
coneave acute.—E. B. 72,.—St. 1—4 in. high, 5-edged. Sep.
ovate, spreading, 2 turning upwards. Lip above, erect, 3-nerved,
its base surrounding the column. L. fringed at the end with
bulbous gemme. Forming a small bulbous hybernaculum.—
This plant and the next rather grow upon the moss as epiphytes
than amongst it.—Spongy bogs. P. VIII. IX.

15. Sruraua Reich.

1, S. Loeseliz (R.); 1. oblong-lanceolate, st. triangular, lip
obovate longer than the petals—Malaais Sm., E. B.47. Liparis
Rich., Hook., Lindl.—St. 6—10 in. high. Fl. 6—12, in a lax
spike, yellowish. Sep. lanceolate. Pet. lmear. Hybernaculum
large, ovate, inclosed in the whitish sheaths of the decayed
leaves. An epiphyte ?—Liparis is the name of a genus of insects,
and also of fish. I follow Koch in adopting Sturmia here.—
Spongy bogs in Norf., Suff., and Camb., very rare. P. VI.—E.

Tribe IV. Cypripediee.

16. Cypripepium Linn. Lady’s Slipper.

1. C. Calceolus (L.); st. leafy, middle lobe of the column
nearly ovate obtuse deflexed, hp slightly compressed shorter
than the calyx.—E. B. 1.—St. 12—18 in. high, downy, bearing
3 or 4 large ovate pointed leaves. I'l. usually solitary, or 2,
large; sep. 1—14 in. long, dark brown; pet. dark brown, rather
narrower than sep.; lip | im. long, inflated, yellow, reticulated
with darker vemms.—Dense woods mm the north, very rare. P. V.
VI. E.
83. IRIDACER. 315

Order LXXXTII. IRIDACEZ.

Perianth tubular, 6-parted, petaloid, in 2 often unequal rows.
Stam. 3, epigynous, opposite the outer segments of the perianth.
Anth. bursting outwards. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Style 1.
Stigmas 3, dilated, often petaloid. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved,
valves bearing the dissepiments in the middle. Seeds numerous.
Embryo cylindrical, inclosed in horny or fleshy albumen. Ra-
dicle pointing towards the hilum.

1. SisyrincHium. Perianth 6-cleft ; segments nearly equal,

patent. Stigmas 3, involute, filiform. Filaments connate
below.

2. Inrs. Perianth 6-cleft; alternate segments reflexed.
Stigma 3-parted, petaloid, covering the stamens.

3. TRICHONEMA. Perianth regular, 6-cleft ; segments spread-
ing. Stigmas 3, bifid; lobes slender.

4. Crocus. Perianth regular, funnelshaped with a long tube ;
limb bellshaped. Stigma 3-fid or 3-parted; lobes widening
upwards.

1. Sisyrincuium Linn.

1. S. anceps(Lam.); scape 2-edged nearly simple nearly leaf-
less, spath about 4-flowered “longer than the flowers,” segments
of perianth emarginate mucronate.—Redoute Lil. v. 282.—St.
about 1 foot high. L. grasslike. Spath with lanceolate valves,
shorter than the fl. in my Irish specimens. Perianth blue; seg-
ments narrowed below.—Woods near Woodford, Galway. Mr.
Jas. Lynam. P. VII.

2. Iris Linn.

1. I. Pseud-acorus (L.); 1. swordshaped, st. round, perianth
beardless, its inner segments narrower and shorter than the
stigmas.— FE. B. 578. R. ix. 344.—Fl. yellow.—“ 8. citrina; fi.
smaller, segments of the perianth narrower, the inner ones more
acute, st. taller. Fl. paler.” Hook.—Wet places. 8. Ayrshire.
P. VI. VIL. Yellow Flag.

2. I. fetidissima (L.); 1. swordshaped, st. compressed, peri-
anth beardless, its mner segments about as long as the stigmas.
—E. B. 596. R. ix. 347.—Herb green, not glaucous, yielding an
unpleasant smell when bruised. Fl. lead-coloured or bluish,
rarely yellow.— Woods and thickets. P. VI. VII.

[*I. tuberosa (L.); 1. tetragonal, segments of the perianth
acute, root tuberous. Penzance. Cork.—EZ. B. S. 2818.]

p2
316 83. IRIDACER.

3. TricHonema Ker.

1. T. Columne (R.); scape 1-flowered usually solitary shghtly
nodding, 1. filiform compressed furrowed recurved, spath longer
than the tube of the cor., style shorter than the stam., stigmas
bifid.—E. B. 2549. R. ix. 354. T. Bulbocodium Sm.—A small
bulbous plant not more than 4 in. high. Fl. pale purple or
violet, yellow in the lower part within.—Sandy places. Dawlish
Warren, Devon. Jersey and Guernsey. P. III. IV. E.

4. Crocus Linn.
* Scapes enveloped in a tubular sheath.

*1. C. vernus (Willd.); 1. and fl. at the same time, spath
simple, throat of the cor. fringed with hairs, stigma shortly 3-fid,
lobes erect wedgeshaped jagged at the end, bulb clothed with
slender anastomosing fibres.—E. B. 344.—Fl. violet-purple.—
Near Nottingham ; and Mendham, Suff. P. III. E.

[C. sativus (L.); 1. succeeding the fl., spath double, throat
bearded, stigma in 3 deep linear divisions drooping, bulb clothed
with slender anastomosing fibres.—E. B. 343.—F. purple. L.
usually appearing just before the fl. fades.—Formerly cultivated
near Saffron Walden, not naturalized. P.IX. Saffron.]

2. C. nudiflorus (Sm.); 1. succeeding the fl., spath simple,
stigma in 3 deeply laciniated divisions erect, bulb with a mem-
branous coat.— HE. B. 491. C. speciosus Hook., E. B. S. 2752.
not Bieb.—L. linear, appearing in Dec. (Sm.) March (Dr.
Mitchell). Fl. purple. Stigmas only a little higher than the
anthers, or rising considerably above the anthers.—Meadows.
Between Nottingham Castle and the Trent ; Warwick ; Warring-
ton; Halifax. P. IX. E.

** Scapes naked.

{C. diflorus (Mill.); 1. and fl. at the same time, spath double,
stigma longer than the stam. erect deeply trifid, divisions trun-
cate and slightly notched at the end, bulb with «a membranous
coat.—E. B.S. 2645. C. precox Haw. C. minimus Hook.—Fi.
pale lilac with yellow and purple stripes.—In the park (site of
old garden) Barton, Suff. Not indigenous. P. Ty

[C. aureus (Sib.); 1. and fl. together, spath simple, stigma
shorter than the stam. shortly 3-fid, segments truncate or slightly
notched at the end, bulb coated with compact fibres—E. B. S.
2646.—Fl. yellow.—With the preceding. P. III.]
84. AMARYLLIDACE. 317

Order LXXXTV. AMARYLLIDACEA.
Stam. 6. Anth. bursting inwards. Otherwise like IRIDACE A.

1. Narcissus. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, with equal seg-
ments, and a bellshaped crown within. Stam. alternately
shorter, within the crown.

2. Levcosum. Perianth 6-parted, bellshaped, the segments
all equal and thickened at their points. Stam. equal.

3. GaLantuus. Perianth 6-parted, 3 outer segments spread-
ing, 3 inner shorter erect emarginate. Stam. equal, subulate.

1. Narcissus Linn.

*1. N. bdiflorus (Curt.); 1. linear obtuse “acutely” (Sm.)
‘obtusely ” (Koch) keeled, scape compressed 2-edged striated
2-flowered, crown very short concave crenate at the pale (white)
margin.—E, B. 276. R. ix. 365.—Pet. of a pale sulphur-colour.
—Sandy fields in the south. P. IV. V. E. I.

(2. N. poeticus (L.); 1. linear obtuse obtusely keeled, scape
compressed 2-edged mostly 1-flowered, crown very short con-
cave crenate at the red margin.—E. B. 275. R. ix. 364.—Pet.
white, broadly ovate, crown yellow. Heathy open fields on a
sandy soil. Norf., Kent. P. V.] E.

3. N. Pseudo-narcissus (L.); 1. lmear obtuse not keeled, scape
2-edged 1-flowered, segments of perianth scarcely longer than
tube, crown bellshaped crisped at the margin and crenate as long
as the perianth, pedicel within the spath short.—Z. B. 17. R. ix.
369.—Fl. large, yellow— Woods and thickets. P. III. IV. Daf-
fodil.

[N. lobularis (Schult.); “segments of perianth exactly twice
as long as tube, crown 6-lobed.”” Tenby.—N. minor (L.) ; “ crown
6-lobed as long as the perianth, pedicel long.” Below Penrice
Castle, Glam.—N. incomparabilis (Curt.); crown erect $ as long
as perianth, otherwise like No. 3. In several places in the south.
These are not native plants. |

2. Levucosum Linn. Snowflake.

tl. L. estivum (L.); spath many-flowered, style thickened up-
wards.—E. B. 621. R. ix. 362.—Bulbous. Height 2—2} feet.
Fl. white, drooping, tips greenish. L. broadly linear, keeled.
Scape 2-edged. Spath usually as long as the flowers.—Wet
meadows. P.V. Summer Snowflake. E.
318 85. ASPARAGACER.

3. GaLtantuus Linn. Snowdrop.

1. G, nivalis (L.)—E.B.19. R. ix. 363.—F. white, drooping,
with the inner segments greenish. Scape l-flowered. L. 2,
ee broadly linear, glaucous. Bulbous.—Thickets. P. II.

I.

Order LXXXV. ASPARAGACEA.

Perianth inferior, petaloid, 6-parted or 4—8-parted. Stam. 6
or 4—8, inserted into the receptacle or on the perianth. Anth.
bursting inwards. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules 1 or many
in each cell. Styles 1—3. Fr. succulent, not bursting. Root
not bulbous.—In this and the two succeeding Orders I follow
Koch, who appears to have paid great attention to them. For
figures of the genera see G. F. G. Monocot. ii.

1, Asparacus. Perianth 6-parted, bellshaped, tubular below.
Stam. 6. Ovary 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled. Style 1. Stig-
mas 3, refleced.—F\. by abortion dicecious.

2. ConvaLLaRia. Perianth bellshaped, 6-parted, deciduous.
Ovary 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled. Stigma blunt, trigonous.
Berry with l-seeded cells. Fl. jointed to pedicel.

3. Potyconatum. Perianth tubular, 6-toothed, tardily de-
ciduous. Ovary 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled. Stigma blunt,
trigonous. Berry with l-seeded cells. Fl. not jointed to
pedicel.

4. MaranTHEMuM. Perianth 4-parted,segments horizontally
patent or reflexed, deciduous. Stam.4. Style 1. Stigma
blunt. Berry 2-celled, cells 1-seeded.

5. Ruscus. Perianth 6-parted to the base, persistent. Male
with the filaments connected into a tube on the top of which
the 3 anth. are placed. Fem. the same but the anthers barren.
Style 1. Stigmas capitate. Berry 3-celled, cells 2-seeded.

1. AsparaGus Linn.

1. A. officinalis (L.); st. herbaceous mostly erect without
spines branched, 1. fasciculated terete flexible setaceous.— FE. B.
339.—Root creeping. Stems numerous, scaly, erect, or rarely
procumbent, scarcely more than a foot high (in cultivation 3 feet).
—Wild state of the garden Asparagus. Sea-coast, rare. Kynance
Cove, Cornwall. South coast of Anglesea. Giltar Point, Pemb.
Gosford Links, Scotl. P. VIII.
86. LILIACE®. 319

2. ConvaLuaria Linn.

1. C. majalis (L.).—E. B. 1035. St. 14. 10.—About a foot
high. L. 2, ovate-lanceolate, radical. Scape semicylindrical.
Fl. racemose, nodding, pure white, globose-bellshaped, fragrant.
—Woods and thickets. P.V. Lily of the Valley. E.S.

3. Potyconatum Tourn.

1. P. verticillatum (All.) ; 1. linear-lanceolate whorled, st. erect
angular.—E, B. 128. R. x. 435.—St. 2 feet high. L.3—5 in
a whorl. Berries red— Woods. Den of Rechip, and Craighall,
Perthshire. Smalesmouth, Northumberland. P. VI. E. 8.

2. P. officinale (All.) ; 1. ovate-oblong half clasping glabrous
alternate, st. angular, peduncles 1—2-flowered, filaments glabrous.
—Convallaria Polygonatum (L.), E. B. 280. R. x. 434.—Height
1—1} foot. Berry bluish—Woods, rare. P. V. Solomon’s
Seal. E.

3. P.multiflorum (All.) ; 1. ovate-oblong half clasping glabrous
alternate, st. round, peduncles 1- or many-flowered, filaments
downy.—E. B. 279. R. x. 433.—Height 2 feet. Berry bluish.
—Woods. P.V. Solomon’s Seal. E. 8.

4, Maranruemum Wiggers.

*]. M. bifolium (DC.); st. with 2 alternate stalked triangular-
cordate leaves.—Ger. Herb. p. 409.—Convallaria L., St. 13. 6.
R. x. 436.—St. 6—8 in. high. Root filiform. L. very deeply
cordate. Raceme terminal, resembling a spike. Fl. small, seg-
ments reflexed. “Berry yellow with brown spots.”—Woods.
Howick, Northumb. (now eradicated). Mr. R. Embleton. Ken-
wood, Middlesex. Mr. E. Edwards. Dingley Wood, Preston ;
and Harwood near Blackburn. Gerard. P. V. E.

5. Ruscus Linn.

1. R. aculeatus (L.); 1. ovate-attenuate very acute rigid bear-
ing the fl. upon the middle of their upper surface, fl. solitary
rarely in pairs with a flat subulate scarious 1-nerved bract.—
E. B. 560. R.x.437.—Foliage evergreen. Fl. very minute. The
apparent |. are flattened shoots.—Thickets. Sh. III. IV.
Butcher’s Broom. ES.

Order LXXXVI. LILIACEZ.

Perianth inferior, petaloid, 6-parted. Stam. 6, inserted into
the receptacle or on the coh Anth. bursting inwards.
Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules many in each cell. Style 1.
320 86. LILIACE.

Stigmas 3 or}. Fr. dry, capsular, bursting with 3 valves bearmg
the dissepiment on their middle.—For fig. of genera see G. F. G.
Monocot. ii.

Tribe I. TULIPEZ. Leaves of the perianth distinct. Cells of
the caps. many-seeded. Seeds flat (in Lioydia angular),
placed closely one above another ; testa pale or fuscous, not
crustaceous.—St. usually more or less leafy. Root bulbous.

1. Tuurpa. Perianth-l. 6, without nectaries, deciduous. Anth.
erect. Style 0. Stigma 3-lobed. Seeds flat.

2, Frivituaria. Perianth-l. 6, deciduous, a nectariferous
depression at the base of each. Anth. attached above their
base. Style 3-fid at the apex. Seeds flat.

(3. Litrum. Perianth-l. 6, deciduous, spreading or reflexed,
a longitudinal nectariferous furrow at the base of each.
Anth. attached above their base. Stigma capitate. Seeds
flat. ]

4. Luoyp1a. Perianth-l. 6, persistent, patent. Stam. in-
serted at the base of perianth. Anth. erect. Style filiform.
Stigma trigonous. Seeds angular above, flat beneath.

Tr. Il. ASPHODELE. Fi. not jointed to their stalks.
Leaves of perianth distinct. Cells of the caps. few-seeded.
Seeds various in form, usually with a black crustaceous testa.
—St. usually leafless. Root bulbous.

5. ORNITHOGALUM. Perianth-]. 6, spreading, persistent.
Stam. on the receptacle and adhering only slightly to the
perianth. Anth. incumbent, attached by their backs.—F.
white or yellow, never blue.

6. Gacua. Perianth-l. 6, spreading, persistent. Stam. ad-
hering to the base of the perianth. Anth. erect.—Fl. corym-
bose or umbellate.

7. Sctuua. Perianth-l. 6, spreading, deciduous. Stam. on
the base of the perianth. Anth. incumbent.—Fl. racemed,
never white or yellow.

8. AuLtium. Perianth-l. 6, rather spreading. Stam. at the
base of the perianth. Anth. incumbent.—Fl. umbellate.
Spath of 1 or 2 leaves.

Tr. II. ANTHERICEA. F'. jointed to their stalks. Leaves
of perianth slightly connected below. Cells of caps. few-
seeded. Seeds various in form.—Root not bulbous.
TULIPA.—LLOYDIA. 321

9. Simeruis. Perianth-l. 6, spreading, deciduous. Stam.
on the base of the perianth. Filaments bearded. Anth.
incumbent. Caps. 3-celled, 6-seeded.

Tr. IV. HEMEROCALLIDE. Leaves of the perianth com-
bined below. Cells of the caps. few-seeded. Seeds various
in form, testa (in our plants) black.

10. ENpymion. Perianth tubular-bellshaped of 6 connivent
leaves with reflexed points, combined below. Stam. inserted
below the middle of the perianth, filaments decurrent.

11. Muscart. Perianth globose or subcylindrical, narrowed
at the mouth, 6-toothed. Stam. inserted at about the mid-
dle of the tube, filaments not decurrent.

Tribe I. Tulipee.

1. Tuxipa Linn. Tulip.

tl. T. sylvestris (L.) ; st. 1-flowered glabrous, fl. at first droop-
ing, inner segments of perianth and base of the stamens bearded.
—E. B. 63. St. 29.11. R.x.446,—FI. yellow, rarely produced
in a wild state——Chalk-pits in the eastern counties. Several
places in Scotland. P.IV.V. Wald Tulip. E. 8.

2. Fririnuaria Linn. Fritillary.

1. F. Meleagris (L.); st. single-flowered leafy, 1. all alternate
linear-lanceolate-—E. B. 622. St.18.4. R. x. 442.—About a
foot high. F. flesh-coloured with numerous dark spots, some-
times white.— Meadows and pastures in the east and south. P. V.

E.

3. Lintrum Linn.

(*1. L. Martagon (L.); 1. whorled elliptic-lanceolate, st. pu-
bescent-scabrous, fl. nett perianth reflexed.— E.. B. S. 2799.
R. x. 451.—Height 1—1} foot. FI. violet-flesh-coloured with
dark purple spots.—Copses. P. VI. VII. Turk’s-cap Lily.] E.

[L. pyrenaicum (L.) ; 1. scattered linear-lanceolate, fl. nodding,
perianth reflexed.—Between S. Molton and Mollond, Devon.
Mr. G. Maw.]

4. Luoypia Salisd.

1. L. serotina (R.); root-l. semicylindrical, st.-l. dilated below
and sheathing, fl. mostly solitary, nectary a transverse plait.—
E. B. 793. St, 28. 2. R. x. 440. Anthericum Sm.—Height
5 or 6in. St. and 1. springing separately from the root. St.-L.
several, short. Fl. white with reddish lines internally —Welsh
mountains, very rare. Snowdon. Glyder Fawr. P. VI. E.

PS
322 86. LILIACES.

Tribe II. Asphodelea.

5. OrnnitHoGaLuM Linn.

*]. O. umbellatum (L.); fl. corymbose, peduncles longer than
the linear-lanceolate bracts, filaments lanceolate simple, 1. linear
glabrous.—E. B. 130. _R.x.467.—L. longer than the stem ; or
filiform and shorter. Height 8—12 in. Fl. white with a broad
green longitudinal band externally—Meadows and pastures.
P.V. Common Star of Bethlehem. E. §.

2. O. pyrenaicum (L.); fl. in an elongated raceme, peduncles
at first spreading afterwards erect, bracts lanceolate-acuminate,
filaments dilated below with a long point, 1. fugacious linear
grooved.—E. B. 499.—St. leafless, 2—3 feet high. Raceme
very long. Fl. greenish-white, segments of the penanth variable
in breadth. L. withering before the stalk appears, rarely con-
temporaneous.— Woods. Extremely common near Bath. Sussex.
Bedfordshire. P. VI. Spiked Star of Bethlehem. E.

*3. O. nutans (L.); fl. few in a lax nodding raceme, peduncles
shorter than the bracts, filaments flat membranous trifid, the
lateral points acute middle one very short bearing the anther, 1.
linear-lanceolate.—E. B. 1997. Albucea R. x. 473.—Height
9—12 in. Fl. large, white, greenish externally.—Fields and
orchards, rare. P. IV. V.

6. Gacea Salisb.

1. G. lutea (Ker.); radical 1. usually solitary lnear-lanceo-
late flat, bracts 2 opposite, peduncles umbellate simple glabrous,
segments of the perianth oblong obtuse, bulb ovate solitary.—
E. B.2). R.x.477. Ornithogalum L.—St. about 6 in. high,
shorter than the leaves. Bracts lanceolate, 1 of them often longer
than the yellow flowers.— Woods and thickets, rare. P. III. IV.

E. 8.
7. Sciuua Linn.

1. S. autumnalis (L.); 1. linear numerous, raceme lax, pe-
duncles ascending, bracts 0.—H. B. 78. R. x. 463.—Height
4—6in. FI. purplish-blue with a green line down the back, in
perfection before the 1. appear.—Dry pastures in the south and
west. P. VIII. Autumnal Squill.

2. S. verna (Huds.); 1. linear channeled hooded at the end
numerous, raceme few-flowered corymbose, bracts lanceolate as
long or longer than the peduncles—E. B. 23. R. x. 463.—
Height d—5 in. Fl. blue. L. as long or longer than the stalk.
—Western and northern coasts. P.IV.V. Vernal Squill.
ALLIUM. 323

[S. difolia (L.); 1. limear-lanceolate usually only 2, raceme
lax slightly corymbose, ped. erect, bracts 0.—&. B. 24.—Said to
grow in the west of England. P. IV.]

8. Auuium Linn.

* Stam. alternately broader and 3-pointed, the middle point
alone bearing an anther. Porrum Tourn.

+ St.-L. flat or keeled, not hollow.

*1. A. Ampeloprasum (L.); st. leafy below, 1. lmear, spath
elongated, umbel globose compact, stam. exserted, anther-bearing
point of 3-pointed filaments as long as the undivided part, bulb
compound of 2—4 divisions.—E. B..1656.—Bulb with large off-
sets within its coats. St.2—6 feet high. L. long, linear. Spath
calyptriform, parting at the base and falling off in one piece be-
fore the fl. open; horn 1—2 in. long. FI. pale purple, the keel
of the outer subemarginate segments greenish and roughish.
Germen rather globose, nectarial projections at about the middle,
lower spaces slightly excavated. Head-bulbs rare, when present
small, the size of peas.—Clhiffs on the Steep Holmes Island in
the Severn (remains of former cultivation, Borr.). Gt. Arran
Island, Galway. Mr. Andrews. Indigenous on cliffs in Guernsey.
P. VIII. E.

2. A. Babingtonii (Borr.); st. leafy below, 1. acutely keeled,
spath long-poited, wmbel loose irregular with hemispherical
bulbs, stam. exserted, anther-bearing point of 3-pointed filaments
rather shorter than the undivided part and with an incurved apex
when young, bulb compound of few (2) divisions.—E. B. §. 2906.
A. Halleri Bab., not G. Don.—St. 4—6 feet high. L. long, linear,
broad. Heads large, with numerous bulbs about as large as a
hazel-nut. Spath usually deciduous in two pieces or persistent ;
horn 1—2 in. long. Fi. pale reddish purple, rather few, more
conical than in the preceding, only slightly opening; outer seg-
ments with a green keel, ovate-oblong, with callous points, edges
and back rough with minute pellucid points; inner segments
slightly emarginate and without pomts. Lengthened stalks,
1—2 in. long, bearing secondary heads are usually present. Ger-
men rather conical, nectarial projections below the middle, lower
spaces rather deeply excavated—Roundstone, and S. Isles of
Arran, Galway. Cornwall. P. VIII. E. 1

3. A. Scorodoprasum (L.!); st. leafy below, 1. flat, sheaths
2-edged, spath short and broad with a very short point, umbel
globose with numerous spherical small bulbs, stam. included or
equalling the perianth, anther-bearing point of 3-pointed fila-
324 86. LILIACEZ.

ments shorter than the undivided part or the lateral points, bulb
with numerous purple offsets.—E. B. 8.2905. A. arenarium L.|,
Sm.—St. 2—3 feet high. L. with scabrous margins. Heads
small. Fl. few, purple; the segments all with a minute apiculus,
outer with the edges and keel rough. Head-bulbs deep purple.
—Sandy woods and fields in the north. P. VI, VII. E. 8.?

+t Stem-leaves hollow.

4. A. vineale (L.); st. leafy below, J. terete slightly channeled
above, spath 1-valved short with a slender elongated point, umbel
globose with numerous bulbs, stam. exserted, anther-bearing
pouit of 3-pointed filaments equalling the undivided part and half
as long as the lateral points —E. B. 1974. R.I.t.404. A. are-
narium Fries.—St. 2 feet high. L. faded at the time of flower-
ing. Heads with few pale rose-coloured fl. with green keels and
long stalks. Head-bulbs small, oval, acute, greenish.—f. A. com-
pactum (Thuil.); umbel without fl., head-bulbs terminating in a
leaflike point.— Waste ground and dry fields. P. VII. Crow
Garlick.

5. A, spherocephalum (L.); st. leafy below, 1. subcylindrical
channeled above smooth, spath 2-valved short, umbel globose
without bulbs, stam. twice as long as the perianth, anther-bearing
point of 3-pointed filaments as long as the undivided part longer
than the lateral points, bulb accompanied by stalked offsets.—
E. B.S. 2813.—St. 1—2 feet high. LL. usually faded before the
time of flowermg. Heads with numerous rose-coloured or purple
fl., keels darker and rough. A. descendens (L.) scarcely differs.—
St. Vincents Rocks, Bristol. Mr. H. O. Stephens. Sands in
Jersey. P. VII. E,

** Stam. all simple, not 3-pointed, connected at the base.
Spath 2-valved, 1 valve with a long point. St.-l. narrow.

6. A. oleraceum (L.); st. leafy below, 1. channeled above
ribbed beneath, spath with 1 of the points very long, umbel with
bulbs, stam. equalling or shorter than the perianth.—E. B. 488.
—Height 1—2 feet. L. (of the Bristol plant) thick, fleshy, solid,
nearly flat but slightly and broadly channeled above, with 4 ribs
beneath. Segments of perianth obtuse.—8. complanatum (Fries) ;
stam. shorter than the perianth, |. of equal thickness throughout,
curved upwards at the sides so as to appear channeled, with nu-
merous ribs ou both sides. Perhaps a distinct species. A. cari-
natum Sm., HL. B. 1658.—Borders of fields. 8. Mountains in the
north. P. VII. VIII.

[A. carinatum (L.) has protruded stamens. }
SIMETHIS. 325

**% Stam. all simple and distinct. Spath 2-valved, short.
Leaves hollow.

7. A. Schenoprasum (L.); st. naked or with one leaf, 1. terete
or slightly flattened above subulate, spath ovate pointed about as
long as the flowers, umbel many-flowered globose without bulbs,
stam. simple about half the length of the lanceolate segments of
the perianth—E. B. 244].—St. about 6 in. high. L. straight
mostly with even strie. Pet. lanceolate. Barren bulbs with 2
leaves. Fl. pink. Bulbs forming dense tufts—8. A. sibiricum
(L.); 1. curved and bent downwards with crenulated strie, pet.
lanceolate-attenuate, barren bulbs single-leaved, style longer than
the young germen.—E. B. S. 2934.—Height 6 in. to 2 feet.
Heads large. This plant has retained its characters for several
years in Mr. Borrer’s garden and is probably a distinct species.—
Meadows and pastures in mountainous situations. 8. Rocks and
cliffs near the sea. Tintagel; between Kynance Cove and Mul-
lion ; Cornwall. P. VI. VII. Chives. E. 8.

*kE* Stam. all simple. Leaves flat, all radical.

[8. A. triquetrum (L.); st. triquetrous, 1. linear acutely folded
and keeled, spath 2-valved about equalling the erect bulbless lax
umbel, stam. half as long as the oblong segments of the perianth.
—R.x.503.—Bulb ovate. L. angularly folded, acute. Segments
of perianth white with a slender green midrib.—Hedges in
Guernsey. P.V. VI.]

9. A. ursinum (L.); st. naked triangular, 1. stalked ovate-lan-
ceolate, spath 2-valved ovate, umbel level-topped lax without
bulbs, stam. simple.—E. B. 122.—Bulb slender, oblong. L. few,
broad, smooth, bright green. Stalk 1, as tall or taller than the
leaves. FJ. white. Smelling strongly of garlick when bruised.—
Damp woods and hedges. P.V. VI. Ramsons.

[A. ambiguum (Sm.); st. terete, 1. broadly linear attenuate,
umbels few-flowered with a few bulbs, spath 3—4-valved, stam.
about half the length of the perianth—Rochester. Eye Castle
Hill, Suff. Nota native. H. B.S. 2803.]

Tribe III. Anthericee.

9. Srmetruis Kunth.

1. S. bicolor (K.).—E. B. S. 2952.—Root of fleshy fibres.
L. linear, flat or a little keeled upwards. St. and 1. inclosed in
sheathing scales and surrounded by brown fibres. Fl. panicled.
Pet. purple without, white within. Seed-stalks thick, white.
Seeds black.—Sandy heaths. Near Bournmouth, Dorset. On
hills and by sea-side, Derrynane, Kerry. P. V. E.I.
326 87. COLCHICACES.

Tribe IV. Hemerocallidee.

10. Enpym1on Dumort.

1. E. nutans (Dum.) ; 1. linear, raceme nodding, fl. bellshaped
cylindrical, apex of the sep. revolute, bracts 2.—Scilla Sm., E. B.
377. Agraphis Link.—Scape about a foot high. FI. blue, rarely
white. Stam. united to the perianth half-way up. _L. shorter
than the scape.—Woods and thickets. P.V. nglish Blue-bell.

11. Muscari Tourn. Grape Hyacinth.

1. M. racemosum (Mill.); fl. ovate nodding crowded upper
ones nearly sessile abortive, 1. linear flaccid reeurved.—Hyacin-
thus Sm., E. B.1931.—Seape 1 ft. high. Fl. dark blue.—Sandy
fields. Plentiful near Pakenham, Suffolk. P. V. E.

Order LXXXVII. COLCHICACEA,

Perianth inferior, 6—7-parted. Stam. 6, on the receptacle or
perianth. Anth. attached below their middle, bursting outwards.
Ovaries superior, | of 3 cells, or 3 of 1 cell more or less connected.
Ovules numerous. Styles 1—3. Fr. bursting inwards of 3 se-
parate 1-celled follicles, or more or less combined into a 3-celled
septicidal capsule.—See G. F. G. Monocot. i.

1. Cotcuicum. Perianth funnelshaped with a very long tube ;
limb 6-parted, petaloid. Caps. 3, connected throughout,
l-celled, opening at the inner edge, many-seeded.

2. ToFIELDIA. Perianth 6-leaved. Caps. 3, connected to
above the middle, 1-celled, opening at the inner edge, many-
seeded.

1. Contcutcum Linn. Meadow Saffron.

1. C. autumnale (L.); 1. flat lanceolate erect.—E. B. 133.—
Root large, tuberous. L. a foot long and often an inch broad,
dark green, smooth. FI. several, bright purple, radical, with
very long tubes, the germen remaining under ground and appear-
ing in the spring with the leaves —Meadows. P. IX. X.

2. Torretpia Huds.

1. T. palustris (Huds.); pedicels naked at the top but with a
3-lobed bract at the base.—H. B. 536 (not good). T. borealis
Wahl. St. 78. 8.—St. 4—8 in. high. LL. swordshaped, about
2 in. long, in 2-ranked radical tufts. Fl. in a short dense spike,
at first sessile, afterwards slightly stalked with @ bract at the base
of the stalk but none under the perianth. This is the true plant of
Hudson.—Mountain bogs. P. VII.
88. ERIOCAULACEH,—89. JUNCACES. 327

Order LXXXVITI. ERIOCAULACEA.

Fl. capitate, unisexual. Perianth glumaceous, 2—6-parted.
Stam. 2—6, if in two rows the inner row most developed. Anth.
2-celled. Ovary superior 2—3-celled. Ovules solitary pen-
dulous. Dehiscence of caps. loculicidal. Seeds coated with
wings or rows of hairs. Embryo lenticular, on the outside of
farinaceous albumen, at the extremity remote from the hilum.

1. Errocauton. Fl. in a compact scaly head. Barren fl. in
the centre. Perianth 4—6-fid, the inner segments united
nearly to the summit. Stam.4—6. Fertile fl. in the cir-
cumference. Perigone deeply 4-parted. Stigmas 2—3.
Caps. 2—3-lobed, 2—3-celled ; cells 1-seeded.

1. EriocauLon Linn.

1. E. septangulare (With.); scapes striated longer than the
cellular compressed subulate glabrous 1., #1. 4-cleft hairy at the
extremities as well as the scales, stam. 4, caps. 2-celled—E. B.
733.—Roots of numerous white jointed fibres. St. varying im
height according to the depth of the water, usually with 6 or 8
rarely 7 or 10 angles, each corresponding with a bundle of vessels
surrounding a central bundle. Fertile fl. 4-parted nearly to the
base, 2 lateral divisions keeled compressed obtuse fringed black.
Each fl. with a broad blunt black scale in front shorter and
broader than the flower.—Peaty lakes and pools in Skye and a
few of the neighbouring islands; and in Cunnamara. P. at

Order LXXXIX. JUNCACE.

Perianth more or less glumaceous, 6-parted. Stam. 6, on the
base of the segments, or 3 opposite to the outer series. Anth.
2-celled. Ovary 1—3-celled, superior. Ovules 1, 3, or many
in each cell. Style 1, stigmas usually 3. Fr. capsular, 3-valved,
loculicidal, sometimes not bursting. Embryo subcylindrical, very
minute, within firm albumen, near the hilum.—For fig. of genera
see G. F. G. Monocot. ii. 28. 29. 30.

1, Narruecium. Perianth partly coloured, of 6 linear-lan-
ceolate persistent leaves. Filaments woolly. Style undivided.
Stigma simple obtuse. Caps. pyramidal, 3-celled, 3-valved.
Placenta extending only a short distance up inner edge of dis-
sepiment. Seeds with a long Jiliform appendage at each end.

2. Juncus. Perianth glumaceous, 6-leaved. Filaments gla-
brous. Style undivided. Stigmas 3, filiform. Caps. 3-
celled, 3-valved. Seeds attached to the inner edge of the
dissepiments.
328 89. JUNCACER.

3. Luzuua. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved, without dissepiments.
Seeds 3, at the base of the cell. Otherwise like Juncus.

1. Narruectum Huds. Bog Asphodel.

1. N. ossifragum (Huds.); 1. linear-swordshaped, pedicels
with 1 bract at the base and another above their middle, perianth
longer than the stam. and considerably shorter than the caps.—
E. B. 535. St. 78.3. R. x. 421.—St. 6—8 in. high, slightly
leafy, decumbent and rooting below. L. mostly in radical 2+
ranked tufts, half the height of the stem. Cluster continuous.
Fl. bright yellow,—Turfy bogs. P. VI. VII.

2. Juncus Linn. Rush.

* Barren and fertile stems subulate with leafy sheaths below.
L. long, resembling the stems, or reduced to a mucro. Seeds
with a loose testa forming a sack at each end (appendaged).

1. J. maritimus (Sm.); st. naked, 1. radical terete sharp-
pointed, panicle compound erect, segments of perianth equal
lanceolate’ acute as long as the elliptical mucronate capsule.—
E. B. 1725. R.ix.402.—St. erect, ]—2 feet high. Panicle elon-
gated, lax.—Salt marshes, but not verycommon. P. VII. VIII.

2. J. acutus (L.); st. naked, 1. radical terete sharp-pomted,
panicle very compound mostly compact, segments of perianth
equal half the length of the roundish ovate caps., 3 inner ones
obtuse with a membranous border.—E. B. 1614. St. 71. 6.
R. ix. 401.—St. erect, rigid, with a very sharp rigid poimt, 3—6
feet high. Panicle dense, corymbose. Fr. twice as large as that of
the preceding.—Sands on the sea-coast, rare. P. VII. VIII. E. I.

** Barren and fertile stems subulate with sheaths at their
bases which are either leafless or with rudimentary leaves.
Seeds with a close testa (not appendaged).

3. J. effusus (L.); st. naked faintly striated soft, pith conti-
nuous, panicle close or diffuse, caps. obovate retuse not apiculate,
stam. 3.—H. B. 836. R. ix. 413.—Height 1—2 feet. L. alto-
gether wanting or reduced to minute slender filaments at the top
of sheathing scales. Panicle diffuse, branched; or more or less
dense, globose. Anth. oval, short.—Marshy ground. P. VII.
Soft Rush.

4. J. conglomeratus (L.); st. naked faintly striated soft, pith
continuous, panicle close or diffuse, caps. obovate retuse api-
culate, stam. 3.—E. B. 835. St. 71.3. KR. ix. 408.—Height
1—2 feet. L. none or reduced to minute slender filaments at the
top of the sheathing scales. Panicle globose, dense; or more or
JUNCUS. 329

= diffuse. Anth. linear.—Marshy ground. P. VII. Common .
ush.

5. J. glaucus (Sibth.); st. naked deeply striated rigid, pith
interrupted, panicle loose much branched erect, segments of pe-
rianth lanceolate-subulate rather longer than the elliptic-oblong
mucronate capsule, stam. 6.—E. B. 665, St. 71.5. R. ix. 415.
—Panicle ascending, diffuse. Fr. black. St. rigid, attenuated,
glaucous. Sheaths dark. L. none or reduced to minute slender
Aeneas at the top of the scales —Wet places. P. VII. -Hard

ush.

6. J. diffusus (Hoppe); st. naked finely striated rigid, pith
continuous, panicle loose much branched erect, segments of peri-
auth lanceolate-subulate longer than the obovate-obtuse mucronate
capsule, stam. 6.—St. 77.10. R. ix. 414.—Very similar to the
preceding, but caps. much smaller. St. green.—In wet places,
rare? P. VII. VIII. E. 8.

7. J. balticus (Willd.); st. naked very faintly striated rigid,
pith continuous, panicle erect slightly branched, segments of
perianth ovate-lanceolate acute, caps. elliptical scarcely trigonous
obtuse mucronate —E. B. 8.2621. St.71. 2. R. ix. 411.—Root
creeping widely. L. none or reduced to very minute points at the
top of the sheathing scales.—Distinguished from J. arcticus by
its rounded not trigonous capsules, and from J. glaucus by its
extensively creeping root, scarcely striated st. and continuous
pith.—Sandy and wet sea-coasts. P. VII.

8. J. filiformis (L.); st. naked filiform faintly striated, panicle
simple of few (about 7) fl. placed near the middle of the st., seg-
ments of perianth lanceolate acute, caps. roundish-obovate obtuse
mucronate.—E. B. 1175. St. 36.10. R. ix. 412.—L. none or
as in the preceding plants. St. remarkably slender, about 1 ft.
high ; small panicles placed very low.—Stony margins of lakes in
the north. P. VII. E. S.

*& No barren stems.
+ Fl. capitate or solitary and terminal. Seeds appendaged.

9. J. castaneus (Sm.); st. bearing 2—3 channeled 1., heads
terminal solitary or 2 or 3, segments of perianth elliptic-lanceo-
late acute half as long as the ovate-oblong pointed trigonal cap-
sules, root creeping.—E. B. 900. St. 71.14. R. ix. 393.—St.
8—12 in. high. Root with lax rumners. Caps. chocolate-coloured.
Filaments about twice as long as the anthers.— Micaceous moun-
tain bogs at a great elevation, rare. P. VII. VIII. E.? 8.

10. J. triglumis (L.); st. naked round, |. radical subulate chan-
neled, head solitary terminal of 1—3 erect fl. usually as long as
330 89. JUNCACER.

the membranous bract, segments of the perianth elliptical-oblong
obtuse rather shorter than the ovate-oblong obtuse-mucronate
caps., root cespitose.—E. B. 899. St. 28.3. R. ix. 392.—Root
scarcely creeping. St. several from one root, 3—6 in. high, per-
fectly round. Caps. chestnut-coloured. Filaments many times
longer than the anthers.—Boggy places on mountains. P. VII.
VII. E. 8.

11. J. biglumis (L.); st. naked channeled on one side, 1. radi-
cal subulate compressed (not channeled), head usually shorter
than the leaflike bract solitary terminal of 2 unilateral f1. one of
which is stalked, segments of perianth oblong-obtuse rather
shorter than the turbinate retuse caps., root fibrous.—E. B. 898.
—S8t. 2—4 in. high, seldom more than ] from each root. Caps.
light brown with purple margins. Anthers short.—Boggy spots
on mountains, rare. P. VIII. Ss.

12. J. trifidus (L.); st. with 1 leaf on its upper part, the basal
sheaths awned, upper sheath with a short l., head terminal of 1—3
fl. with two setaceous leaflike bracts, segments of perianth acute
shorter than the rounded elliptical beaked caps., root. creepmg.—
E. B. 1482. St. 71. 12. R. ix. 394.—St. crowded, erect, slender,
2—6in. high. Occasionally the stem-]. is wanting and sometimes
it has a second head in its axil. Remarkable for its long seta-
ceous bracts. Perianth and caps. dark brown.—Damp rocky
places on mountains. P. VII. VIII. ‘

tt Flowers in a terminal head or 2 heads one above the other,
or in panicled heads. Seeds not appendaged.

[13. J. capitatus (Weigel); st. naked erect simple, 1. radical
filiform, head terminal mostly solitary shorter than the setaceous
bract, segments of the perianth unequal, outer ovate-lanceolate
acuminate-aristate twice as long as the truncate apiculate caps.,
stam. 3.—E. B. S. 2644.—Plant 1—4 in. high. L. half as long
as the stems. Heads large, of 3-—6 sessile flowers.—Sandy
ground in Guernsey and Jersey. A. VI. VII.]

14. J. obtusiflorus (Ehrh.) ; st, 2-leaved and as well as the in-
ternally jointed J. terete, panicle repeatedly compound spreading
divaricate, segments of perianth equal obtuse as long as the ovate
acute trigonous (pale brown) capsule.—E. B. 2144. St. 77. 12.
R. ix. 404,—Erect, 2—3 feet high. St. and 1. not compressed.
Segments of perianth pale, often tinged with purple, quite blunt
or with asmall inflexed point.—Marshes, rather rare. P. VIL—
IX.

15. J. acutiflorus (Ehrh.); st. 3—4-leaved and as well as the
internally jointed J. subcompressed, panicle compound pyramidal,
segments of perianth acuminate-aristate inner ones longest all
JUNCUS. 331

rather shorter than the narrow-ovate acuminate rostrate trique-
trous (pale brown) capsule.—E. B. 238. R. ix. 406. J. sylvaticus
Hoppe in St.78. 1, Koch.—St. erect, 14—2 feet high. L. shghtly
ene Clusters 5—6-flowered.—Boggy places. P. VI.—
VII.

16. J. lamprocarpus (Ehrh.); st. 3—6-leaved and as well as
the internally jointed 7. compressed, panicle repeatedly compound
erect forked, segments of perianth equal acute the inner ones ob-
tuse all shorter than the ovate attenuated mucronate triquetrous
(dark brown) capsule.—E. B. 2143. St.71.16. BR. ix. 405.—St.
erect, 12—18 in. high. lL. compressed, with numerous internal
divisions. Clusters 4—8-flowered.—Boggy places. P. VII. VIII.

(J. alpinus (Vill.), R. ix. 403, having an acute dorsal angle to
the sheaths of its leaves and blunt segments to its perianth which
are mucronate below their summit ;—J. atratus (Krock.), R. ix.
407, having “ more deeply striated leaves” than either of the 2
preceding species and the inner acute segments of the perianth
about as long as the ovate-attenuate capsule; and J. nigricans
(Drej.), R. ix. 407, with unequal acute segments of perianth and
a subglobose capsule ; will probably be found in Britain. ]

17. J. nigritellus (D. Don); st. 3—4-leaved and together with
the internally jointed 1. nearly cylindrical, panicle slightly com-
pound erect, segments of periunth nearly equal (3 imner rather
longer and broader) all acute shorter than the linear-oblong tri-
gonous rostrate (black) capsule.—E. B. 8. 2643, not Koch, Kunth.
—St. erect, 6—12 in. high. L. scarcely at all compressed.
Clusters of more numerous fl. than in the preceding. Caps.
brown, at length black and glossy, more abruptly poimted than
in J. lamprocarpus.—Boggy places in the north. P. VI. VIII.

18. J. supinus (Moench); st. filiform, 1. setaceous slightly
channeled and faintly jointed internally, panicle nearly simple
irregular elongated with few distant clusters, segments of the
perianth equal acute (3 inner rather obtuse) nearly as long as the
elliptical very obtuse mucronate (pale brown) capsule, anth. as
long as their filaments.—Z. B. 801. St.13.8. R.ix.397. J. uli-
ginosus and J. subverticillatus Sm.—Extremely variable in size
and the direction of its stems, sometimes erect, at others prostrate
and rooting at every joint, or floating. Fl. often viviparous.
Stam. 3 or 6.—8. J. nigritellus (Koch); caps. shorter, stam. 6,
filaments nearly twice as long as the elliptical anthers. St. 78. 2.
—Boggy and wet places. 8. Ivy Bridge, Devon (in a bog).
Mr. Keys. Cunnamara, Galway. P. VI.—VIIL.

+t Flowers solitary, remote or corymbose and forming a termimal
panicle. Seeds not appendaged.

19. J. squarrosus (L.); st. leafless simple, 1. linear channeled
332 89. JUNCACEZ.

radical, panicle terminal compound with cymose branches, seg-
ments of perianth ovate-lanceolate acute or rather obtuse as long
as the obovate obtuse mucronate capsule, anth. 4 times as long
as their filaments.— Z. B. 933. S¢. 36. 11. R.ix. 400.—St. erect,
6—12 in. high. L. numerous, somewhat spreading, rigid, half
as long as the stem. Caps. pale brown, shining.—Wet heaths
and moors. P. VI. VII.

20. J. compressus (Jacq.); st. with 1 leaf in the middle, 1. linear
channeled, panicle terminal compound subcymose usually shorter
than the bract, segments of perianth oval oblong obtuse shorter
than the roundly ovate shortly mucronate capsule.—E. B. 934.
St. 36. 13. R. ix. 399.—St. slender, erect, round and leafy below,
naked and compressed above. Floral bracts usually pale. Style
half the length of the ovary. Anth. oblong, about as long as the
filaments.—Damp places. P. VI.—VIII.

21. J. Gerardi (Lois.); st. with 1 or more leaves, 1. linear
channeled, panicle terminal compound subcymose usually longer
than the bract, segments of perianth oval-oblong obtuse about as
long as the oval-oblong strongly mucronate capsule.—J. cenosus
Bich., Sm., E. B. §.2680. St. 71.8. R. ix. 398.—St. trigonous
in its upper part. Floral bracts usually shining brown. Style
as long as the ovary. Anth. elongate, at least twice as long as
the filaments.—Salt marshes. P. VI—VIII. Mud Rush.

[22. J. tenuis (Willd.); “st. above shortly dichotomous pa-
nicled, 1. linear-setaceous grooved, fl. solitary approximate mostly
sessile, caps. nearly spherical shorter than the very acuminated
leaves of the perianth.” Hooker —E. B. 2174. J. Gesneri Sm.—
Distinguished from the following by its capsule-—On marshy
ground, Clova Mountains. Mr. G. Don. P. VII.]

23. J. bufonius (L.); st. leafy dichotomous, 1. setaceous, fl.
solitary unilateral scattered mostly sessile, segments of the peri-
anth unequal lanceolate-acuminate longer than the oblong obtuse
capsule.—E. B. 802. St. 36. 12. R. ix. 395.—St. 4—8 in. high,
usually with only 1 leaf on the slender stems.—8. fasciculatus
(Koch); st. shorter (2—3 in. high) and thicker, fl. 2 or 3 to-
gether.—Marshy and wet places. A. VII. VIII. Toad Rush.

[J. pygmeus (Thuil.), J. triandrus (R. ix. 391) with a pyrami-
dal caps., and like J. bufonius 8, will probably be found in sandy
places near the sea in Britain. ]

3. Luzuta Cand.

1. L. sylvatica (Bich.); 1. linear-lanceolate hairy, panicle sub-
cymose doubly compound, peduncles elongated, clusters about 3-
flowered, segments of perianth bristle-pomted as long as the
LUZULA. 333

ovate-mucronate capsule, filaments very short, seed minutely
tubercled at the end.—E. B. 737. St. 36.14. R. ix. 390. DB.
maxima DC., Koch. Juncus sylvaticus Huds.— Underground st.
woody. St.12—18 in. high. L. broad, shining, striated with
hairy edges. Panicle much longer than the leaflike bracts.—
Shady places. P.IV.—VI. Great Woodrush.

[L. nivea (DC.); panicle patent overtopped by bract, ped.
mostly 4-flowered, segments of perianth acute longer than caps.,
anth. almost sessile.—Fl. whitish.—Bromhall Woods, Dunferm-
line, but planted. 8.]

2. L. Forsteri (DC.); 1. linear hairy, panicle subeymose only
slightly branched, ped. 1-flowered erect with both fi. and fr., style
equalling stam., filaments $ as long as the anth., caps. acute
scarcely shorter than perianth, seeds with a straight blunt crest.
—E. B. 1293. St. 77. 2.—St. slender, about a foot high.—
Thickets, rather rare. P. V. E.

3.7 L. Borreri (Bromf. MS.); 1. linear-lanceolate hairy, pan.
subcymose long very slightly branched, ped. 1—2-f1., upper ones
refleved after flowering, style equalling stam., filaments about 3
as long as anth., caps. acute shorter (?) than the perianth, seeds
with a slender reflexed crest.—St. slender, more than a foot high.
Bracts at base of pan. narrow, scarcely leaflike. Ovary not taper-
ing into the style. Caps. perhaps equalling the perianth when
ripe. Seeds as large as those of L. Forsteri and with a long
crest folded back upon the seed. Only 2 seeds have been found
(Mr. W. H. Purchas).—Dr. Bromfield’s absence from England
prevents my obtaining his present opinion upon this plant, but I
adopt his proposed name for it most willingly and insert it doubt-
fully as a species. See Phytol. iii. 983.—Isle of Wight. Sussex.
Ross, Herefordshire. P.1V. V. E.

4. L. pilosa (Willd.); 1. lanceolate hairy, panicle subeymose
only slightly branched, peduncles 1—3-fl., upper ones reflexed
after flowering, fl. solitary, style (excluding stigmas) exceeding
stam., filaments about half as long as the anth., caps. blunt
scarcely as long as the perianth, seeds with a falcate crest.—E. B.
736. St. 77. 3.—St. slender, 6—12 in. high.—Thickets. P. V.

5. L. campestris (Willd.) ; 1. linear hairy, panicle of 3 or 4
ovate dense sessile or stalked clusters, segments of perianth lan-
ceolate-acuminate longer than the obtuse apiculate caps., fila-
ments much shorter than the anthers, seeds nearly globular with a
basal appendage —E. B. 672. St. 77. 5.—St. 4—6 in. high.
Anth. linear, about 6 times as long as the filaments.— Pastures
and dry places. P. IV. V.

6. L. multiflora (Lej.); 1. lear hairy, panicle of numerous
ovate dense sessile or stalked clusters, segments of perianth nar-
334 90. ALISMACE.

rowly-lanceolate strongly acuminate longer than the obtuse-api-
culate caps., filaments about as long as the anthers, seeds nearly
twice as long as broad with a basal appendage.—E. B. S. 2718.
St.77.7. L. congesta Sm.—St. 8—20 in. high. Filaments more
than half as long as the rather short small anth. and often equal-
ling them. Panicle with the clusters nearly all stalked, or (8. L.
congesta, Le}., L. campestris 8. Hook.) contracted into a rounded
lobed head.—Moorish and turfy places. P. VI.

7. L. spicata (DC.); 1. nayrow slightly channeled hairy,
panicle an oblong lobed nodding spike, clusters shorter than their
bracts, segments of perianth narrow acuminate bristle-pointed,
filaments half as long as the anthers, caps. obtuse apiculate, seeds
oblong with a very slight basal appendage.—E. B. 1176.—St.
3—12 in. high. L. short, slender. Spike 3—1 in. long, nodding.
Partial bracts tapering, bristle-poimted—Mountains.  P. VII.

8. L. arcuata (Hook.); 1. channeled slightly hairy, panicle sub-
umbellate of few 3—5-flowered clusters on long drooping pedun-
cles, segments of perianth broadly-lanceolate bristle-pointed, fila-
ments equalling the anthers, caps. roundish-ovate, seeds oblong
obtuse or apiculate scarcely appendaged below.—E. B. S. 2688.
—St. slender, 2—5 in. long. L. short, curved, narrowly linear.
Panicle of 3—5 small clusters, ] nearly sessile, the others on
long deflexed stalks.—Highest summits of the Caimmgorum and
Sutherland mountains. P. VII. VIII.

Order XC. ALISMACEA.

Perianth free, 6-parted, coloured. Stam. 6—9 or more.
Ovaries 3—6 or numerous. Styles and stigmas the same. Fruit
not bursting, ]- or many-seeded. Embryo straight or curved,
albumen 0.—See figures of genera in G. F. G. Monocot. ii.

Suborder I. ALISMOIDE.

Three inner segments of the perianth petaloid. Seeds 1—2 in
each cell, erect or ascending. Placenta sutural. Embryo cylin-
drical, doubled upon itself, radicle next the hilum.

1. Atisma. Fl. perfect. Stam. 6. Carp. numerous, ]-seeded,
not bursting.

2. Actinocarpus. Fi. perfect. Stam. 6. Carp. 6—8,
2-seeded, combined at the base and spreading in a radiant
manner.

3. Sacirraria. Fil. moncecious. Male fl. with numerous
stam. Female fl. with numerous l-seeded compressed car-
pels upon a globose receptacle.
ALISMA. 835

Suborder II. BUTOMEZ.

Three inner segments of the perianth petaloid. Seeds nume-
rous, minute. Placenta ramified over the inner surface of each
follicle. Embryo straight or curved, radicle next the hilum.

4. Buromus. Perianth 6-parted, coloured, resembling a co-
rolla, Stam. 9, 3 interior. Follicles 6, connected below,
bursting inwards.

Suborder III. JUNCAGINEZ.

Perianth uniform, herbaceous, inconspicuous, or 0. Seeds
1—2, erect, approximated at the base. Embryo straight, radicle
at the opposite end from the hilum, plumule coming through
a lateral cleft in the embryo.

5. Scurucuzeria. Perianth of 6 reflexed leaves. Stam. 6,
with slender filaments. Ovaries 3. Stigma sessile, downy.
Fruit compressed, inflated, diverging, 1—2-seeded.

6. TricLocHin. Perianth of 6 erect deciduous leaves. Stam.
6, anth. almost sessile. Ovaries 3—6. Stigmas sessile,
feathery. Carp. attached to an angular axis from which
they at length separate at the base.

Suborder I. Alismoidee.

1. Auisma Linn.

1. A. Plantago (L.); fi.-stalk panicled with whorled com-
pound branches, carp. rounded at the end with | or 2 strie on
the back, fr. depressed obtusely trigonous, 1. cordate-ovate or
lanceolate.—E. B. 837. R. vi. 57.—L. all radical, on long
stalks. Submersed 1. linear. Flower-stalk 2—3 feet high. FI.
pale rose-colour.—f. A. lanceolatum (With.); 1. lanceolate nar-
rowed below.—By water. P. VII. VIII. Great Water-plantain.

2. A. ranunculoides (L.); fi.-stalks umbellate, carp. acute with
5 angles collected into a globose squarrose head, 1. linear-lanceo-
late acute.—E. B. 326. R. vii. t. 55.—L. all radical, on long
stalks. Flower-stalks from a few in. to 2 feet high, terminating
in a simple umbel or 2 umbellate whorls of simple peduncles.
FL. pale purple.—. A. repens (Dav.); plant depressed, umbels
rooting and proliferous, fl. larger. E. B. 8. 2722.—Turfy bogs.
B. Margins of lakes in Wales and Scotland. P. VI. VII. Lesser
Water-plantain.

3. A. natans (L.); st. floating and rooting leafy, peduncles simple
from the joinings of the stem, carp. striate beaked, floating 1.
stalked oblong obtuse, radical 1. (leafless petioles) linear-tapermg
336 90. ALISMACEE.

sessile.—E. B. 775. R. vii. t. 54.—St. slender, floating, the few
lowest joimings rooting. Root-l. in small tufts. Fl. rather
large, white with a yellow spot.—Lakes, rare. P. VIII.

2. Actinocarpus R. Br.

1. A. Damasonium (R. Br.); stalks with 1—3 whorls of f1,,
carp. subulate compressed opening longitudinally, 1. cordate-
oblong.—#. B.1615. Alisma Sm. Damasonium stellatum Kunth.
—L. all radical, floating, on long stalks. Pet. white. Carp. large,
with 2 stalked seeds, 1 from the lower angle erect, the other from
the upper horizontal.—Ponds and ditches, rare. P. VI. VII.—E.

3. SacitrariA Linn. Arrowhead.

1. S. sagittifolia (L.); 1. arrowshaped with lanceolate straight
lobes, fi.-stalk simple, fl. whorled—E. B. 84. R. vii. t. 53.—
Stoloniferous ; each runner ending in a tuber. L. remarkably
arrowshaped, rising above the water. The submersed I. are
really leafless petioles. Fl. white.—Ditches and rivers. P. a

E.I.

Suborder II. Butomee.

4. Buromus Linn. Flowering-rush.

1. B. umbellatus (L.).—H#. B. 651. R. vii. t. 58.—Flower-
stalk radical, 2—3 feet high, longer than the leaves, bearing an
irregular many-flowered simple umbel with scarious bracts and a
membranous 3-leaved involucre. FI. rose-coloured. L. all radi-
cal, linear, triangular.—Rivers and ponds. P. VI. VII.

Suborder III. Juncaginee.

5. ScHEUCHZERIA Linn.

1, S. palustris (L.).—E.B. 1810. St.78.4. R.x.419.—St.
6—8 in. high, erect. L. distichous, few, alternate, semicylindri-
cal, obtuse, with a minute pore on the upper side at the apex.
Raceme terminal of about 5 greenish flowers. Caps. about 3,
much inflated —Sphagnous parts of bogs. Lakely Car, Borough-
bridge; Thorne Moor, Doncaster, Yorkshire. Bomere, Shrop-
shire. Methvin, Perthshire. P. VII. E. 5.

6. TrigLocain Linn.

1. T. maritimum (L.); fr. ovate of 6 combined capsules.—
E. B. 255. R. vii. t. 52. St. 78. 5.—L., all radical, linear. FI. in
91. TYPHACEA. 337

a lax simple spike or raceme, greenish. Fr. with 6 angles and
constricted below the stigm., or without angles or constriction.—
Salt marshes. P. VII. VIII.

2. T. palustre (L.); fr. lmear angular of 3 combined capsules.
~—E. B. 366. R. vii. t. 51.—Taller than the preceding but closely
resembling it. Stoloniferous.—Marshy places. P. VI. VII.

Order XCI. TYPHACEZ.

Fl. moneecious, many, closely placed on a spadix without a
spath ; barren and fertile on different parts of the spadix. Pe-
rianth of 3 or more scales or bristles. Stam. 1—6, distinct or
monadelphous. Anth. erect.—Fertile fi.: Ovary free, solitary,
1-celled ; ovule 1, pendulous. Style short. Stigma simple. Fr.
dry or spongy. Embryo with a cleft on one side.

1. TypuHa. Sterile and fertile spikes cylindrical. Stam. sur-
rounded with bristles. Anth. 3 together on one filament.
Ovary surrounded with bristles, at length stalked.

2. SparGanium. FI. in dense globose heads, each with a
single 3-leaved perianth. Fruit dry, sessile.

1. Typua Linn.

1. T. latifolia (L.); 1. limear nearly flat, sterile and fertile
spikes contiguous.—E. B. 1455. R. ix. 323.—St. 6—7 feet
high. L. overtopping the inflorescence, very broad. Spikes
very long. Style longer than the bristles; stig. oblique, lmear-
subulate rounded below.—[In T. Shuttleworthii(Koch), R. ix. 322,
the stig. does not protrude beyond the bristles.|—Ponds and
lakes. P. VI. VII. Great Reed-mace.

2. T. angustifolia (L.); 1. linear channeled below, sterile and
fertile spikes a little separated from each other.—E. B. 1456.
R. ix. 321.—St. 5—6 feet high, much slenderer than in the pre-
ceding. L. very narrow, overtopping the inflorescence. Spikes
very long, slender, separated by an interval of about an inch.
Style longer than the bristles; stig. elongate, filiform.—[T. gra-
cilis (Suhr.), R. ix. 320, has a rounded spathulate stigma. ]—
Lakes and ponds. P. VI. VII. Lesser Reed-mace.

(3. T. minor (Sm.); 1. linear-setaceous overtopped by the
distant spikes.—E. B. 1457—Reported to have been found on
Hounslow Heath. Dillenius. P. VII.] E.

Qa
338 92. ARACEA.

2. SparGanium Linn.

1. S. ramosum (Huds.) ; 1. triangular at the base with concave
sides, st. branched, stigma linear.—E. B.744. R.ix.326.—About
2 feet high. L. long. Fl. in spherical heads.—Ditches. P. VII.
Branched Bur-reed.

2. S. simplew (Huds.) ; 1. triangular at the base with flat sides,
st. simple, stigma linear —E.B.745. R. ix. 325,—About 1 foot
high. St. not branched but the lower heads of fl. are stalked.
—Ditches. P. VII. Simple Bur-reed.

3. S. natans (L.); st. simple flaccid, floating 1. very long linear
from a dilated sheathing base, heads many scattered, male heads
several sessile, fr. stalked oblong not longer than its subulate beak.
—S. afine Schn., R.ix.417.—St. much thicker than in the next
plant. L. grass-green, very long. Male heads fewer in our
plant than im the Swedish. See Fries Summa 559.—In lakes.
Island of N. Uist ; and Galloway ; Scotland. Snowdon. P. VII.

E.S.

4. S. minimum (Fr.) ; st. simple flaccid, |. linear floating blunt
not enlarged at the base, heads few, only 1 male head, fr. sessile
ovate shortly beaked.—S. natans Sm., £. B. 273. RB. ix. 324.
—St. slender. L. pale, pellucid, long. —Lakes and ditches. P.
VIL. VIil.

Order XCIT. ARACEA.

Fi. moncecious or perfect, placed on a spadix and usually in
a spath. Barren and fertile fl. usually on different parts of the
spadix. Perianth none, or of 4—S scales. Stam. many or de-
finite. Anth. turned outwards. Ovary free, with | or more cells.
Stigma sessile. Fr. succulent. Embryo slit on one side.

.. Acorus. Spath 0. Fi. on a sessile spadix. Perianth
u-leaved, inferior, persistent. Stam. 6, filiform.

2. Arum. Spath convolute at the base. Perianth 0. Male
fl. of 1 sessile 2-celled anther. Fem. fl. placed lower, of |
pistil. Top of spadix naked. Fy. succulent.

1. Acorus Linn.

1. A. Calamus (L.); scape with a long leaflike prolongation
beyond the spadix.—E. B. 356. R. x. 429.—St. 5—6 feet high,
resembling the ]., swordshaped, flattened. Spadix completely
covered by the flowers, 2—3 in. long, lateral. St. and 1. sweet-
scented when crushed.—In water, rare; more common in Norf.
and Suff. P. VI. Sweet-flag. E. 8.
93. LEMNACE. 339

2. Arum Linn.

1. A. maculatum (L.); 1. all radical hastate-sagittate green or
spotted with purple, spadix clubshaped straight obtuse shorter
than the spath.— E. B. 1298.—Root tuberous. L. with branch-
ing veins. Spath large. Spadix with ovaries at the base ; above
them whorls of anth.; above these a few filaments, probably
abortive ovaries; club naked. Berries scarlet, remaining after
the rest of the plant has disappeared.— Hedge-banks and thickets.
P.IV.V. Cuckow-pint.

Order XCITI. LEMNACEA.

Fl. moneecious, 2, in a spath but without a spadix, solitary.
Perianth 0. Stam. 1—2, distinct. Ovary l-celled. Style short.
Stigma simple. Fr. bladdery, not bursting. Seeds with a coria-
ceous ribbed testa.—Floating, frondose, no distinction of st. or
leaf.

1. Lemna. Spath membranous, urceolate. Stam. 1—2.
Anth. 2-celled, didymous (cells bilocular?).—FI. from just
below the edge of the frond. Increasing chiefly by buds. -

1. Lemna Linn. Duckweed.

1. L. trisulca (L.) ; fronds thin pellucid elliptic-danceolate tailed
at one end serrated at the other, roots solitary.—E. B. 926.
R. vii. 19.—Roots tipped with a sheath. Fronds half an in. long,
proliferous at right angles. “Filaments recurved, filiform.”
Schleid. Plants truly annual, producing gemme which survive
the winter as in the other species. Stagnant water. A. VI.

2. L. minor (L.); fronds obovate compressed opaque, roots
solitary.—E. B. 1095. R. vii. 15.—Fronds 1—2 lines long, nearly
flat beneath, of a compact texture. “ Filaments recurved, fili-
form.” Schleid.—Stagnant water. A. VI. VII.

3. L. polyrrhiza (L.); fronds roundish-obovate compressed,
roots numerous clustered.— FE. B. 2458. R. vii. 17. Spirodela
Schleid., Endl.—Fronds half an in. long, green above, purple be-
neath. “ Filaments narrowed below.” Schleid.—Stagnant water.
A. FI. have not been seen in Britain.

4. L. gibba (L.); fronds obovate nearly flat above hemispheri-
cal and spongy beneath, roots solitary ~—£. B. 1233. R. vii. 16.
Telmatophace Schleid., Endl—Fronds 1—2 lines long, remark-
ably gibbous and cellular beneath. “‘ Filaments recurved, dilated
in the middle.” Schleid. See an excellent account of the germi-
nation of this plant, by Mr. Wilson, in Bot. Mise. i. 145. t. 42,—
Stagnant water. A. VI—VIII. 5

a
340 94. POTAMOGETONACEE.

Order XCIV. POTAMOGETONACE.

Fl. perfect or imperfect. Perianth inferior, 4-parted, or 0, or
replaced by a membranous spath. Stam. free, 1,2 or 4. Ovaries
4, distinct, each with 1 ovule, and 1 sessile stigma. Fr. a drupe
inclosing a hard nut, or a dry nut, not bursting, l-seeded. Albu-
men 0. Embryo with a thin skin having a lateral cleft.

1. Poramoceton. FI. perfect. Perianth 4-parted. Anth.
4, sessile, opposite to the divisions of the perianth. Ovaries
+, styles 0. Drupes 4, sessile.—Fl. sessile, spiked.

Rupria. Fl. perfect. Perianth0O. Stam. 2, the cells con-
siderably separated, filaments very short scalelike. Ovaries 4,
styles 0. Nuts 4, with long stalks.—FI. about 2 together.

3. ZANNICHELLIA. Fl. imperfect, axillary. Barren with 1
stam. and no perianth. Fertile with a bellshaped perianth,
persistent style, peltate stigma. Nuts 3—5 or more, very
shortly stalked.

to

1. Potamoceton Linn. Pondweed.

* LL. alternate, upper 1. floating and sometimes opposite ; stipules
Sree.

1. P.natans (L.); 1. all stalked, upper coriaceous floating ovate
or elliptical plicate at the base, petioles plane-concave above, lower
leafless petioles linear or setaceous, fr. (large) rounded on the
back when fresh keeled when dry, peduncles equal. E. B. 1822.
R. vii. 50.—A creeping rhizome. Lowermost l. (phyllodes) often
quite setaceous ; upper |. more or less cordate at the base, when
pressed flat a ridge is formed on each side of the base, jointed to
their stalks a little below the limb. Sep. stalked, rhomboidal,
rounded. Fr. 14—2lin. long.—Ponds, ditches, and slow streams.
P. VI. VII.

2. P. oblongus (Viv.); 1. all stalked, upper subcoriaceous
floating oblong-elliptical subcuspidate not plicate, petioles plane-
concave above none leafless, lower 1. linear-lanceolate, fr. minute
obtuse and rounded on the back, peduncles equal.—E. B. S. 2849. .
—St. ereepmg below. Petioles longer than leaves. Lower l.
often very narrow. Spikes rather short and regular. Sep.
transversely elliptical, stalked. Fr. reddish, 1 lin. long, having a
faint keel and rather obscpre lateral ridges when dry.— Ditches,
small streams, ponds. P. VII.

3. P. plantagineus (Duer.); 1. all shortly stalked membranous
ond pellucid blunt not cuspidate nor plicate, upper elliptical, pe-
tioles plane-concave above, lower l. oblong,,fr. minute rounded on
the back when fresh keeled when dry, peduncles equal.—E. B. S..
POTAMOGETON. 341

2848. R. vil. 45.—St. creeping below, branched, sometimes
throwing out long scions from its upper axils. L. all beautifully
transparent and netted with veins, the upper often nearly sessile
and nearly orbicular, sometimes slightly cuspidate. Spikes long,
cylindrical. Sep. ovate. Fr. greenish, $ lin. long.—Stagnant
peaty water. P. VI. VII.

4. P. rufescens (Schrad.) ; submersed 1. lanceolate narrowed
at both ends subsessile membranous pellucid entire not apiculate,
floating 1. subcoriaceous obovate obtuse narrowed into a short
petiole, stip. without wings, fr. acutely keeled, peduncles equal.
—E. B. 1286. R. vi. 32. P. fluitans Sm.—St. simple. Upper
L alone slightly coriaceous, often tinged with purple, longer than
their stalks ; submersed 1. all nearly, if not quite, sessile, with
chainlike reticulations near the midrib. Sep. “ transversely oval.”
—Ditches and slow streams. P. VII.

5. P. lanceolatus (Sm.); swbmersed 1. lanceolate narrowed at
both ends entire not apiculate, floating 1. subcoriaceous elliptic-
lanceolate stalked, stip. lmear-lanceolate acute uppermost broader,
£8. 33548% » peduncles equal.— EE. B, 1985. (not BR.) P. nigrescens
Fries ?—St. very slender, slightly branched, floating 1. not always
present, submersed 1. with chainlike reticulations near the midnb.
Uppermost stip. apparently with 2 stronger dorsal ribs. Fr. un-
known.—Streams, rare. P. VII. VIII. E. 8.

6. P. heterophyllus (Schreb.) ; submersed 1. lanceolate narrowed
at both ends sessile denticulate and apiculate, floating 1. sub-
coriaceous elliptical stalked, stip. broadly lanceolate obtuse sith
2 stout prominent ribs, lower ones linear-lanceolate, fr. obtuse on
the back, peduncles swelling upwards.—E. B. 1285. R. vu. 41—
43. P. gramineus Fries, Koch.—St. much branched below.
Lower stip. without the two strong ribs and equally nerved, upper
ones widely spreading. Dry fr. slightly marked with 3 ridges on
the back.—[P. nitens (Weber) has the submersed 1. rounded and
clasping at their base.]—Ponds and ditches. P. VI. VIL.

** L,. all submersed, membranous, lanceolate or broader ;
stipules free.

7. P. lucens (L.); 1. pellucid oval lanceolate stalked dentecu-
late and apiculate, stip. winged, fr. obtuse on the back and slightly
keeled when fresh, peduncles swelling upwards, spikes cylindrical
densely flowered.—E. B.376. R. vii. 36.—All the stipules have
two prominent wings on their back. Spikes long, about equal-
ling the peduncles. According to Mr. W. Wilson “ ovate-lanceo-
late moderately acute coriaceous 1.” sometimes occur. When the
dimb of the 1. is much reduced in size and the midrib promiment
and resembling a long spine, it is the P, acuminatus Schum.—
Common in deepish water. P. VI.
342 94. POTAMOGETONACEZ.

8. P. longifolius (Gay); 1. pellucid elongate-lanceolate nar-
rowed below entire apiculate, stip. winged, fr....... » peduncles
very long swelling upwards, spikes with few subverticillate distant
flowers.—E. B. S. 2847.—St. long, slender. L. distant, quite
entire, nearly sessile with very short stalks. Stipules green, lan-
ceolate, with 2 narrow wings on the back. Ped. 6—8 in. long,
much thicker than the stem, suddenly contracting at the spike
which is about an inch long and has the fl. rather more whorled
than they are represented in F. B.S. Fr. unknown.—Deep water.
Lough Corrib, Galway. Mr. J. Ball. P. VIII.

9. P. prelongus (Wulf.); 7. pellucid elongate-oblong half-
clasping blunt and hooded at the end entire, styp. not winged, fr.
rounded (rarely keeled) on the back when fresh keeled or winged
when dry, peduncles very long equal, spikes many-flowered.—
E. B.S, 2858. R. vii. 33.—St. long, growing in deep water and
forming dense masses of foliage just below the surface. Pedun-
cles 6—12 in. long. Spikes 1—2 in. long.—Rivers and ditches,
rare. P. VI.

10. P. perfoliatus (L.); st. round, 1. pellucid cordate-ovate
clasping not hooded, fr. rounded on the back when fresh keeled
when dry, peduncles equal—E. B. 168. R. vii. 29.—St. long,
slightly branched. Peduncles rather thick and short. Spikes
short.—Lakes and streams. P. VII.

ll. P. erispus (L.); st. compressed, 1. pellucid linear-oblong
blunt sessile serrate wavy, fr. with a long beak keeled on the
back when dry, peduncles equal.— FE. B. 1012. BR. vii. 29—30.
—St. much branched. Ped. elongated. Spikes few-flowered.
Beak as long as the nut. LL. usually erisped at the edges, occa-
sionally flat (P. serratum Huds.).—Ditches and streams. P. VI.

*** T,. all submersed, alternate, linear ; stipules free.

12. P. zosterefolius (Schum.); st. flattened, J. linear-acumi-
nate with 3 principal and numerous close parallel intermediate
nerves occupying the whole surface, spikes cylindrical upon long
peduncles, sep. transversely oval, fr. obovate keeled, style ter-
minal.—B. B.S. 2685. R. vii. 27. P. cuspidatus Sm., P. com-
pressus Fries, Koch.—Peduncles 2—4 in. long. Spikes 10—15-
flowered. L. suddenly acuminate or apiculate.—Rivers and lakes.
P. VI. E.S.

13. P. acutifolius (Link) ; st. flattened, J. lear acuminate with
3 principal and numerous close parallel intermediate veins occu-
pying the whole surface, spikes ovate about as long as the short
peduncle, sep. rhomboidal, fr. reniform keeled, style facial.»
E. B. 8. 2609, _R. vii. t. 26.—Peduncles very short. Spikes
4—6-flowered. L. gradually acuminate. Styles a continuation
POTAMOGETON. 343

of the inner edge of the fr. which has a tooth near the base.—
Marsh ditches in Sussex, Hertfordshire and Norfolk. P. VI. E.

14, P. gramineus (L.?, Sm.); st. slightly compressed with
rounded edges, J. linear 3-nerved, spikes ovate dense continuous
about as long as the short ped., sep. rhomboidal, fr. obovate
keeled.— HE. B. 2253. P. obtusifolius Koch, R. vii. t. 25.—St.
slender, much branched. Peduncles very short. L. rounded off
to a slight poimt at the end, with oblong reticulations next the
midrib but wanting the numerous parallel nerves of the two pre-
ceding species.—Ponds and ditches, rare. P. VI. VII.

15. P. compressus (L.); st. slightly compressed, J. linear
5-nerved suddenly apiculate, spikes short lax 2 or 3 times shorter
than their compressed clavate ped., sep. transversely oval, fr. ob-
liquely oval obtusely keeled.—E. B. 418. R. vii. 24, not Fries,
nor Koch.—Lateral nerves nearer together and nearer to the
margin of the |. than to the midrib, no intermediate veins.— Like
No. 14 rather than 16.—Ditches. P. VI. VII.

16. P. pusillus (L.); st. subterete, 1. linear 3-nerved, spikes
short rather lax 2 or 3 times shorter than their ped., sep. roundish
reniform, fr. obliquely oval obtusely keeled.—H. B. 215. R. vii.
22.—St. slender. L. narrow, rather acute without intermediate
parallel veins, the lateral nerves equidistant between the midrib
and margin. Ped. scarcely compressed, not thickened.—[P. ru-
tilus (Wolfg., Fries) has 3-nerved attenuate-cuspidate 1., semite-
rete st., and oblong-elliptical fr. without a keel; P. gracilis (Fries)
has l-nerved attenuate-cuspidate 1., terete st., and globose-ellip-
tical fr. without a keel.|—Ponds and ditches. P. VI.

17. P. trichoides (Cham.); st. subterete, 1. subsetaceous 1-
nerved finely pointed, spikes short lax long-stalked, fr. semicir-
cular obscurely keeled, inner edge with a tooth near its base.—
Linnea ii. t. 4. R. vii. 21.—St. very slender a little thickened
below the joinings. L. not transversely vemed. Floral stip. large.
Ped. not thickened. Sep. roundish, stalked. Fr. often verrucose
on the back and with a tubercle on each side at its base when
fresh —Bixley near Norwich. P. VII. VIII.

*ekk T) all submersed, alternate, linear, sheathing.

18. P. flabellatus; lower 1. broadly linear abruptly apiculate
or acuminate 5-nerved with transverse veins, floating 1. narrow
acute 3-nerved, fr. (2 lmes long) roundish-obovate rounded on
the back, nut with a prominent keel—P. zosteraceus Bab. (not
Fr.).—Floating st. branched and spreading like a fan. Broad
lower 1. usually decayed at the time of flowering. Lateral nerves
of upper 1. at the margin, of lower |. distant from it. Spikes
344 94. POTAMOGETONACES. *
slightly interrupted. Back of fr. without ridges, rounded when

fresh ; inclosed nut with faint lateral ridges Ponds and ditches.
P. VI. VII. E.

19. P. pectinatus (L.); 1. formed of 2 interrupted tubes, lower
narrowly linear flattened slightly grooved above, upper setaceous,
fr. (2 lin.) roundish-obovate rounded on the back, nut with 2
lateral ridges but (usually) no keel.—H. B. 323. R. vii. 19.—
St. branched, forming linear masses. L. very gradually acute, all
1-nerved, no marginal nerves and scarcely thickened there ; up-
per L. with an oval section. Spikes slightly interrupted. Back
of fr. without ridges, rounded when fresh ; nut with strong lateral
ridges. Varying greatly in length and size of st. and leaves—
Ponds and streams. P. VI. VII.

20. P. filiformis (Nolte!); 1. linear-setaceous 1-nerved with
transverse veins, spikes greatly interrupted, fr. (12 lin.) obovate
rugose rounded on the back without keel or ridges when dry, nut
round-hacked.—L. like those of the preceding but longer. Fr.
smaller. Whorls very distant on the spikes. Peduncles very
long.—Rare. Forfarshire and Berwickshire. P. VI. VII. 8.

wicket T,, all opposite, submersed ; stipules none.

21. P. densus (L.); 4%. ald opposite pellucid clasping elliptical-
lanceolate or lanceolate, spikes shortly stalked ultimately reflexed.
—E. B. 397. R. vii. t. 28.—L. crowded, rather recurved. Spike
4-flowered. Sep. triangular.—Ditches. P. VI. VII.

2. Ruppia Linn.

\. R. maritima (L.); ped. elongating often spirally twisted,
anth.-cells oblong 13 times as long as broad, nut ovate rather
obliquely erect.—R. vii, 26.—Whole plart stronger than the next.
L. very narrowly lmear. Sheaths large inflated—Salt marshes
in the south. P. VI. VIII. E.

2. R. rostellata (Koch); anth.-cells squarish as long as broad,
nut gibbous at base obliquely ascending.— E. B. 136? R. vii. 25.
—Whole plant very slender. L. rather filiform than linear.
Sheaths small, close. Nut less obliquely ascending than in con-
tinental specimens.—Salt marshes. P. VII. VIII.

3. ZANNICHELLIA Linn.

1. Z. palustris (L.); style at least half as long as the fruit.—
E. B. 1844.—Floating. L. slender, opposite, filiform. Fl.
axillary, sessile. Anth. 2—4-celled. Style 3 as long as fruit.
Stigma generally notched at the margin.—B. Z. pedicellata (Fr.) ;
style as long as the fruit. Clusters usually stalked. Pedicels
95. NAIADACEH.—96. CYPERACEA. 345

elongated.—[Z. polycarpa (Nolte), style scarcely a sixth of the
length of the nut, has not been found in Britain.]—Stagnant
oy 8. Brackish water. A. or P. V.—VIII. Horned Pond-
weed,

Order XCV. NAIADACEZE.

Fl. moneecious or dicecious, in a spath. Perianth 0. Stam.
free, 1—3. Ovary 1, superior with 1 ovule. Stigma 1, sessile ;
or 2 or 3, filiform. Fr. a nut inclosed in the persistent spath,
i-celled, 1-seeded, not bursting. Albumen 0. Embryo with a
thin skin having a lateral cleft.

1. Zostera. FI). imperfect. Stam. and pistils inserted in
two rows upon one side of a spadix. Spath linear, leaflike.
Fl. naked. Anth. 1. Ovary 1; style 1; stigmas 2.

2. Natas. FI. imperfect, solitary, sheathed, no perianth.
Barren fl. of 1 stamen. Fertile: style short; stigmas 2 or 3,
filiform.

1. Zostera Linn.

1. Z. nana (Roth); 1. linear 1-nerved, ped. filiform, nuts
smooth.—E. B. S. 2931. R. vii. 2.—Plant small, scarcely 3 m.
long. L. slender. Ped. quite as long as the inflated oblong-
lanceolate spaths.—Mnuddy estuaries of the south coast of En-
gland. P.? VII. VIII. E

2. Z. marina (L.); 1. linear 1—7-nerved, nuts striated. —E. B,
467. R. vii.4.—Plant long. L. broad. Ped. rather strong.—
Z. angustifolia is a slender form, growing on mud, which has
fewer nerves in its 1. and rather longer peduncles.—In the sea.
P.2 VII. VIII.

2. Natas Linn.

1. N. flewilis (Rostk.); 1. very narrow and very minutely den-
ticulate, sheaths ciliate-denticulate—L. ternate or opposite, 1-
nerved, pellucid, remotely denticulate. Ovary solitary, axillary,
sessile, oblong. Style short—Near Roundstone, Cunnamara,
Galway. Mr. D. Oliver, Jun. A. VUI.

Subdivision III. GLUMIFERA,

Leaves parallel-veined, persistent. Floral envelopes imbri-
cated.

Order XCVI. CYPERACEZ.

FI. perfect or unisexual, each with a scale or glume imbricated

on a common axis. Perigone 0, or rarely membranous. Stam.
ab
346 96. CYPERACEZ.

hypogynous, definite, with sometimes a row of bristles or abortive
filaments. Anth. erect, entire at the apex. Ovary l-celled, 1
ovule at its base, often surrounded by bristles. Style simple,
trifid or bifid. Embryo inclosed within the base of the albumen.
—L. with entire sheaths —For figures of the genera see G. F. G.
Monocotyl. ii.

Tribe I. CYVPERE4. F'. perfect. Gl. 2-ranked. Perigone 0.

1. Cyperus. Spikelets 2-ranked. Gl. of ] valve, numerous,
keeled, nearly all with flowers. Bristles 0.

2. Scua@nus. Spikelets 2-ranked, 2—4-flowered. Gl. 6—9,
lower ones smaller, empty. Bristles few or 0.

Tr. Il. SCIRPEAs. FI. perfect. Gl. imbricated on all sides.
Perigone 0.

* Lower gl. empty or smaller.
3. Cuapium. Spikelets 1—2-flowered. Gl. 5 or6. Bristles 0.

Nut with a thick fleshy coat, tipped with the slender base of
the style.

4. Ruyncuospora. Spikelets few-flowered. Gl. 6 or 7.
Bristles about 6. Nut compressed convex on both sides
crowned with the dilated base of the style.

** Lowest gl. empty or larger, sometimes all fertile.
+ Bristles scarcely equalling the gl. or 0.

5. Eveocnarts. One or2 lowest gl. larger, empty. Bristles
3—6. Nut compressed, crowned with the persistent dilated
base of the style.

6. Scirpus. Glumes nearly equal, or 1 or 2 lowest larger
empty. Bristles about 6 or 0. Nut plane-convex or tri-
gonous, tipped with the filiform not dilated base of the style.

7. Biysmus. Two lowest gl. largest and empty. Bristles
3—6. Nut plane-convex, tipped with the not-dilated base
of the style. Spzkelets bracteated, alternate, forming a close
distichous compound terminal spike.

tt Bristles ultimately much exceeding the glumes.

8. ErropHorum. Glumes nearly equal, lowest sometimes
empty. Bristles ultimately silky. Nut trigonous.

Tr. Wl. ELYNE. Fi. diclinous. Perigone 0 or formed of
1 or 2 scales.

9. Kopresia. Spikes aggregate. Lower fl. fem., perigone
CYPERUS.—CLADIUM. 347

of 1 scale inclosing the germen and covered by the glume.
Upper fl. male, without any perianth.

Tr. IV. CARICEA. Fi. diclinous. Nut completely inclosed
in the urceolate perigone.

10. Carex. Fi. in imbricated spikes, each covered by a
glume. Female fl. with a single urceolate persistent peri-
gone, 1 style and 2—3 stigmas. Male fl. of 3 stam., without
a perianth.

Tribe I. Cyperee.

1. Cyverus Linn.

1. C. longus (L.); spikelets linear-lanceolate in twice com-
pound umbels, peduncles of partial umbels erect unequal, stig-
mas 3, root creeping.—E. B. 1309. St. 52. 10.—St. triangular,
2—3 feet high. Umbel very large, lax, unequal, its base with 2
or 3 long leaves. Glumes brownish-red, with green keels and
pale margins.—South of England, rare. P. VIII. IX. E.

2. C. fuscus (L.); spikelets linear-lanceolate in small roundish
heads at the extremities of the branches, gl. spreading, stigmas 3,
root fibrous.—E. B. 8. 2626. St. 52. 5.—A small nearly pro-
strate plant. Stems numerous, 2—5in. long. Heads with 3 un-
equal |. at the base. Glumes fuscous, with green keels.—Little
Chelsea, Middlesex. Peat-pond, Shalford Common, Godalming,
Surrey. Mr. J. D. Salmon. Jersey. A. VIII. TX. E.

2. Scuanus Linn.

1. S. nigricans (L.); st. round naked, spikelets 5—10 col-
lected into a terminal roundish head overtopped by the lower
bract, gl. scabrous at the keel—E. B.1121. Sz. 40. 9.—Root
of strong black fibres. St. 8—12 in. high, clothed at the base
with blackish-brown smooth shining scales some of which ter-
minate in setaceous erect leaves which are shorter than the stem.
Bristles variable in number, short, rough with upward spines.
Stigmas 3. Anth. terminating in a pomt. Gl. dark-brown or
black.—Turfy bogs. P. VI.

Tribe II. Scirpee.
3. Cuapium Pat. Br.

1. C. Mariscus (R. Br.) ; panicles lateral and terminal repeat-
edly compound, spikelets capitate, st. roundish leafy smooth, 1.
rough on the margins and keel.—E. B. 950.—Root creeping.
St. 3—4 feet high. L. very long, rigid, narrowed and triquetrous
348 96. CYPERACES.

towards the end, the margins and keel with fine but very acute
serratures. Fi. in each spikelet 1—3, but usually only one nut
is produced.—Bogs and fens, rare. P. VII. Common Sedge.

4. Ruyncuospora Vahl.

]. R. alba (Vahl); spikelets in a compact corymb about as
long as the outer bracts, stam. 2, bristles with declining teeth,
base of the style without teeth. B. 985. St. 40. 7.—Root
slightly creepmg. St. 6—12 in. high. L. narrowly linear.
Spikelets whitish. Bristles 9—12. Filaments slender.—{. sor-
dida ; spikelets brownish, in small oval clusters often overtopped
by the outer bracts.—Turfy bogs. P. VII.

2. R. fusca (Sm.); spikelets in an oval head considerably
shorter than the outer bracts, stam. 3, bristles with ascending
teeth, base of the style with erect teeth —H.B. 1575. St. 40. 6.
—Root creeping extensively. St.6—8 in. high. L. nearly fili-
form. Spikelets brown. Bristles 6. Filaments dilated.—Bogs,
rare. South-west of England. Ireland. P. VII. VI. E.1.

5. Eveocuaris R. Br.

1. E. palustris (R. Br.); spikes terminal solitary oblong,
glumes rather acute, lowest 4 surrounding the spike, stigmas 2,
nut cbovate obtuse plane-convex with rounded margins smooth
crowned with the broadly-ovate base of the style and shorter than
the 4 bristles, base of the st. clothed with membranous almost
transversely truncate sheaths.—E, B.131. St.9. R. viii. 297.—
Often only slightly creeping. Sheaths with a very obtuse point
on one side.— Wet and marshy places. P. VI.

2. E. uniglumis (Link); spikes terminal solitary oblong,
glumes rather acute, lowest almost surrounding the spike, stig-
mas 2, nut obovate obtuse rather compressed with rounded mar-
gins smooth crowned with the conical base of the style and
shorter than the bristles, base of the st. clothed with transversely
truncate sheaths.—R. vii. 296.—Eztensively creeping —Wet
sandy places, especially near the sea. P. VI. VII.

3. E. multicaulis (Sm.); spikes terminal solitary oblong,
glumes obtuse, stigmas 3, nut acutely triquetrous smooth crowned
with the broad triquetrous base of the style as long as the 6 bristles,
base of the st. clothed with obliquely truncate rather acute sheaths.
—E.B.1187. St.78.11. R.viii. 296.—Slightly creeping. Sheaths
with a rather acute point on one side—Marshy places. P. VIL.

4. E. acicularis (Sm.); spike terminal solitary ovate, glumes
obtuse, stigmas 3, nut obovate-oblong compressed longitudinally
SCIRPUS. 349

ribbed and transversely. striated crowned with the turbinate base
of the style, bristles short deciduous.—E. B. 749. St. 10.
R. viii. 294.—Root fibrous with slender runners. St. numerous,
slender, erect, 3—4 in. high. Spikes very small.—In damp
places upon heaths. P.?, A. (Koch) VII. VIII.

6. Scirpus Linn.
* Bristles 6. Spikes numerous.—} St. triangular ; panicle leafy.

1. S. maritimus (L.); spikes stalked or sessile in a dense ter-
minal cluster, bracts several leaflike, gl. bifid with acute lobes and
a central point, nut obovate trigonous smooth.—E, B. 542. St.13.
3. R. vii. 310, 311.—Root creeping, sometimes tuberous. St.
1—3 feet high, leafy. Spikes large, sometimes solitary. Stigmas
3, or rarely 2.—Salt marshes. P. VII.

2. 8. sylvaticus (L.); spikes clustered in a large cymose very
compound terminal panicle, clusters stalked and sessile, general
bracts several leaflike, gl. obtuse with a minute apiculus, nut ob-
ovate obtusely trigonous.— EH. B.919. St. 36.8. R. viii. 313.—St.
2—-3 feet high. Spaces very numerous, small, greenish, ovate.
L. broad, flat. Stigmas 3.—[S. radicans (Schk.), spikes all
stalked, scions long and rooting, will probably be oan’: =Darp
woods and banks. P. VII.

tt Stem triangular; panicle naked.

3. S. carinatus (Sm.); st. round below bluntly trigonous up-
wards, spikes in a small cymose panicle, g/. notched mucronate
slightly punctate-scabrous and pilose frmged, nut “ convex on the
back smooth.”—E. B. 1983. $8. Duvalii Sé. 36. 2. R. vii. 308.—
St. 2—4 feet high, convex-faced, with 1 or 2 long sheaths at the
base, the uppermost terminating in a leaf of 3 or 4 in. long.
Lower bract much longer than the panicle. Stigmas 2.—By
rivers, near London and in Sussex. P. VI. VII. :

4. S. triqueter (L.); st. acutely triquetrous throughout, spikes
in asmall cymose panicle, g/. notched mucronate glabrous fringed,
lobes rounded obtuse, nut “ roundish-obovate plane-convex
smooth.”— E. B. 1694. St. 36.3. R. vi. 305.—St. 3—4 feet high,
with flat or concave faces; 1 or 2 long sheaths at the base, the
uppermost terminating in a short broad triquetrous leaf. Lower
bract long and rigid, resembling a prolongation of the stem.
Spikelets small, stalked and sessile. Anth. with a short beardless
point. Stigmas 2.—Muddy banks of the Thames near London ;
and the Arun, Sussex. P. VIII.

[5. S. pungens (Vahl); st. acutely triquetrous throughout,
spikelets few sessile, gl. notched mucronate smooth, lobes acute,
nut roundish-obovate plane-convex smooth.—E. B.S. 2819. R.
350 96. CYPERACEA.

vii. 304. St. 36.4. S. tenuifolius DC. S. triqueter 8. Sm.—St.

from afew inches to 13 foot high, slender with several sheaths at

the base terminating in long narrow keeled leaves. Lower bract

very long and rigid, resembling a prolongation of the stem.

Spikelets large, ovate, obtuse, all sessile. Anth. with a subulate

ve point. Stigmas 2.—St. Ouen’s Pond, Jersey. P. VI.
II.

+TT Stem terete.

6. S. lacustris (L.); st. round, spikes in a terminal twice com-
pound panicle, gi. notched mucronate glabrous fringed, nut ob-
tusely trigonous obovate, stigmas 3.—E. B. 666. St. 36. 1. R. viii.
306.—St. 4—6 feet high, naked, with 1 or 2 long sheaths at the
base. Anth. bearded at the end. Panicle terminal, the bract
sometimes resembles a continuation of the stem. Sometimes the
sheaths bear long nearly flat floating leaves.—Rivers and ponds.
P. VI. VIL. Bull Rush.

7. S. Tabernemontani (Gm.); st. round, spikes in a terminal
compound panicle, gi. notched mucronate punctate-scabrous
fringed, nut compressed roundish-oblong smooth, stigmas 2.—
R. vii. 307. 8. glaucus Sm., E. B.2321.—St. 2 feet high, with 1
or 2 long sheaths at the base. Anth. not bearded. Panicle
smaller than in the preceding. Lower bract short. Fr. convex
on one side.—Rivers and ponds. P. VI. VII.

** Bristles 4—6. Spikes solitary, terminal. BmorTuryon Dietr.

8. S. cespitosus (L.); st. nearly round striated with imbricated
leafless acute scales and sheathswith short subulate 1. below, spikes
terminal solitary ovate few-flowered, g]. ovate membranous pointed,
2 outer gl. as long as the spike inclosing it and terminating in long
rigid leaflike points, nut obovate oblong mucronate smooth, bristles
longer than the nut with a few erect teeth near the tip.—E. B.
1029. St.10. R. viii. 300.—St. 3—6 in. long, numerous, erect,
many of them barren. Bristles 6.—Barren turfy heaths. P.
VI.—VIII.

9. S. pauciflorus (Lightf.); st. round striated with a few thin
narrow leafless scales and one tight abrupt leafless sheath below,
spikes terminal solitary ovate few-flowered, gl. ovate keeled mem-
branous at their edges, 2 outer gl. obtuse shorter than the spike
and inclosing it, nut obovate mucronate reticulate-striate, bristles
shorter than the nut with declining teeth—E. B. 1122. St.10. R.
viii. 299.—St. 3—10 in. long, numerous erect many of them bar-
ren. Bristles 6—Boggy moors and heaths. P. VI.—VIII.

10. S. parvulus (R. and 8.); st. round with one close-pressed
leafless sheath, J. filiform acute radical slightly dilated at the base
and clasping the st., spikes terminal solitary oval few-flowered,
SCIRPUS. 351

gl. ovate obtuse keeled membranous, 2 outer ones rather longer,
nut obovate-oblong mucronate smooth, bristles twice as long as
the nut with declining teeth throughout.— St. 85. 1. R. viii. 299.—
Root fibrous with capillary scions. St. about an inch high, several
from the same root. St. and 1. with 2 or 3 longitudinal fibres
and more or less perfect transverse lines. Bristles 4—6.—On a
mud-flat near Lymington, Hants. Rev. G. E. Smith. A. VII. E.

*** Bristles 0.—t Spikes solitary. Enzociton Link.

11. S. fluitans (L.); st. floating branched leafy, 1. fasciculate,
fi.-stalks alternate with a sheathing 1. at the base, spikes terminal
ovate few-flowered, gl. obtuse keeled membranous at their edges,
2 outer gl. larger shorter than the spike and inclosing it, nut ob-
ovate, stigmas 2.—E. B. 216. St. 85.2. R. vii. 298.—St. rooting
from the lower joinings and spreading to a great extent in a zig-
zag manner.—Ditches and ponds. P. VI. VII.

Tt Spikes 1—3. Isouepis R. Br.

12. S. setaceus (L.); st. round leafy at the base, spikes termi-
nal, lower bract elongated so as to resemble a short continuation
of the st., gl. obtuse mucronate, nut trigonous obovate longitudi-
nally ribbed and transversely striated, stigmas 3.—E. B. 1693. St.
10. R. vii. 301.—St. tufted, slender, 3—6 in. high. Spikes small,
sessile, considerably shorter than the lower bract. Gl. brown
with whitish margins and a green keel. Wet sandy and gravelly
places. P.? VII.

13. S. Savii (S. and M.); st. round leafy at the base, lower
bract shorter or slightly longer than the terminal spikes, gl. ob-
tuse submucronate, nut subglobose rough with minute points,
stigmas 3.—E. B. S. 2782. R. viii. 301.—Closely resembling S.
setaceus. Spikes varying considerably in length, sometimes ! in.
long. Gl. scarcely mucronate, greenish, usually with a brown
spot on the upper part of each side.—f. monostachys (Hook.) ;
spike small solitary, bract very short. I. pygmea Kunth.—In
many places near the coast. P.? VII.

+t Spikes numerous, in heads. Hotoscna@nus Link.

14. S. Holoschenus (L.); st. round, spikes in dense globular
sessile or stalked heads, lower bract erect long, gl. obovate emar-
ginate mucronate.—E. B. 1612.—St. 3—4 feet high, round quite
up to the cluster. Upper bract patent or ascending; lower very
long, with a flat open white channel. Gl. variegated with fuscous
and white, pilose. Anth. with an elongated entire pomt.—Sandy
coast of Somerset and Devon, rare. P. IX. E
352 96. CYPERACE.

7. Biysmus Panz.

1. B. compressus (Panz.); st. rather triangular, spikelets 6—8-
flowered, outer gl. shorter than the spikelet, bristles 3—6 strong
persistent with declining tecth, 1. flat rough on the edges and
keel.— Scirpus Sm., E.B.791. St. 85.6. R. viii. 293.—St. 6—8
m. high. Outer gl. of lowest spikelet with a subulate leaflike
point which often overtops the spike. Glumes reddish-brown,
striated. Nut lenticular, shortly stalked, crowned with the long
persistent style, shining.—Boggy pastures. P. VI. VII. E.S.

2. B. rufus (Link); st. round, spikelets 2—4-flowered, outer
gl. as long as the spikelet, bristles 1—6 slender deciduous with
patent or ascending teeth, 1. channeled not keeled smooth.—
Scirpus Sm., E. B.1010. St. 85.7. R. vii. 293.—St. slender.
G). dark-brown, polished, not striated. Nut ovate with a long
beak and very short stalk, opaque.—Marshes near the sea on the
northern and western coasts. P. VII.

8. Erropyorum Linn. Cotton-grass.
* Bristles 4—6, at length crisped. Spike solitary.

1. E. alpinum (L.); st. triquetrous scabrous, 1. very short,
spike oblong.—E. B.311 (excl. the leafy shoot). R. vii. 288. St.
10,—A slender elegant plant now nearly lost through the drainage
of its place of growth.—Moss of Restenet, Forfar. Mr. Brown.
Durness, Sutherlandshire. Prof. Balfour. P. VI. 8.

** Bristles very numerous, not crisped.—f Spike solitary.

2. E. vaginatum (L.); st. triangular above round below, spike
oblong, nut obovate, |. long setaceous triquetrous-chamneled,
upper sheath inflated leafless—E. B. 873. R. viii. 289.—Bogs and
moors. P. V. Hare’s-tail Cotton-grass.

[3. E. capitatum (Sm.); “st. entirely round with a swelling
sheath, spike roundish, glumes membranous.” — E. B.2387.—Ben
Lawers near perpetual snow. Mr.G. Don. Mr. Don’s authentic
specimen (Herb. Hook.) resembles E. capitatum, but the upper
part of its st. is triangular. P. VIII.] Ss.

tt Spikes more than one.

4. E. angustifolium (Roth); st. nearly round, peduncles
smooth, 1. lmear channeled their upper half triangular, filament
equalling } of anth., nut elliptic-acuminate or obovate triquetrous.
—E. B. 564. R. viii. 291.—Tall and rather slender. L. triangular
through more than half their length. Bristles 3 or 4 times as
long as the spikes.—8. minus; st. and]. very slender. E. gra-
cile Sm., E. B. 2402 (not Koch). An alpine form has but one
KOBRESIA.—CAREX. 353

nearly sessile spike.—y. elatius (Koch); st. strong tall, 1. 2—3
lines broad the triangular part commencing above the middle. E.
polystachion Sm.—Bogs. 8. in mountainous districts. P. V.
VI. Common Cotton-grass.

5. E. latifolium (Hoppe); st. triquetrous in its upper half,
peduncles scabrous, |. linear nearly flat contracted above the mid-
dle into a triangular point, anth. equalling 4 of filament, nut ob-
pyriform triquetrous.—R. viii. 292. E. pubescens Sm., E. B. 8.
2633. E. polystachion EF. B. 563.—A tall rather slender plant.
L. about 2 lines broad, triquetrous point short. Several of the
elegant spikes upon longish stalks which are not downy but sca-
brous. Bristles 2 or 3 times as long as the spikes. Bogs, rather
rare. P.V. VI.

6. E. gracile (Koch) ; st. subtriquetrous, peduncles downy, 1.
narrowly linear triquetrous, auth. equalling + of filament, nut
oblong-linear triquetrous.—E. B. 8. 2886. R. viii. 290. E. tri-
quetrum Hoppe, Sé. 10. 2.—A tall slender plant. Spikes about
4, most of them on downy not scabrous stalks. Gl. with many
ribs. Bristles about twice as long as the spike-—Bogs. Hagnaby,
Yorkshire. White-moor Pond, Guildford. P. VI. VII. E.

Tribe IIT. Elynee.
9. Kosresia Willd.

1. K. earicina (Willd.).—E. B. 1410. Schk. Rrr. 161. R. viii.
193.—St. erect, 6—12 in. high. L. slender, shorter than the stem.
Spikes 4—5, aggregated at the summit of the stem, 6—8-flow-
ered. There is an abortive stam. (?) at the base of the nut, but
some authors consider each fl. as a separate spike, and this as

representing a second flower.—Moors. Yorkshire. Durham.
Perthshire. P. VII. E.S.

Tribe IV. Caricee.

10. Carex Linn.!
i, Monostachye. Spike simple, solitary.
* Diewcious. Stigmas 2.
1. C. dioica (L.); fem. spike ovate dense, glumes obtuse, fr.

1 In the description of the Carices fruit must be understood to mean
the nut or true capsule covered by the persistent bottleshaped perigone,
and it is to be examined when ripe. The glume described is always
taken from the fertile spike unless it is otherwise stated. Schk. refers
to the plates of Schkuhr’s Riedgraser ; H.to Hoppe’s Caricol. Germ. in
Sturm Deutschl. Flora; and R. to Reichenbach Ic. Fl. Germ. Cent. viii.
See also for an excellent Monograph Andersson’s Pl. Scand.
354 96. CYPERACES.

ascending ovate many-nerved angles rough near the summit, nut
roundish oval, st. and 1. smooth, root creeping.— FE. B. 543. Schk.
A.l. H.a. 1. R.194.—About 6 in. high. Sometimes the male
spike has a single fruit at its base.—Spongy bogs. P. V. VI.

2. C. Davalliana (Sm.); fr. deflered ovate-lanceolate ribbed
angles rough near the summit, nut “ linear-oblong,” st. and mar-
gins of the 1. rough, root fibrous —B. B. 2123. Schk. A. 2. W.2.
H. a, 2. R. 194.—About 6 in. high —Lansdown near Bath, now
lost by drainage. P. VI. E.

** Androgynous. Stigmas 2.

3. C. pulicaris (L.); upper half of spike barren, fr. remote at
length deflewed oblong narrowed at both ends compressed, nut ob-
long-obovate, gl. deciduous — FE. B. 1051. Schk, A. 3. H. a. 3.
R. 195.—St. slender, 6—12 in. or more in height, erect, smooth.
L. slender, erect, smooth. Fr. dark brown.—Bogs. P. VI.

*** Androgynous. Stigmas 3.

4. C. rupestris (All.); spike with the upper half barren, fr.
obovate triquetrous with a very short beak adpressed scarcely
longer than the persistent gl., “nut obovate acutely triquetrous.”
—E. B.S. 2814. H.b.4. R.198.—St. 3—6 in. high, acutely tri-
angular, rough upwards. J. flat ending in a tortuous rough
slender triangular point. Gl. fuscous. Fr. paler.—Lofty moun-
tains. P. VII. 8.

5. C. pauciflora (Lightf.); spike with 1—3 terminal barren
florets, fr. 2—4 lanceolate-subulate terete patent or reflexed longer
than the deciduous gl., nut linear-oblong obtusely trigonous.
—E. B. 2041. Schk.A.4. H.b.1. R.196.—St. usually about 5
inches high, slender. L. 2 or 3, much shorter than the stem.
Fr. pale yellow, striated—Bogs. Scotland. Northumberland,
P. VI. VII. E. 8,

ii. Homostachye. Spikelets androgynous in a compound con-
tinuous or interrupted spike. Stigmas 2.

* Spikelets sterile at the end.—t Rhizome far-creeping.

6. C. incurva (Lightf.); spikelets collected into a roundish
head, fr. inflated broadly ovate acuminate-rostrate, beak smooth
obliquely truncate, nut obovate compressed, st. smooth about as
long as the leaves.— EH. B.927. Schk. Hh. 95. H.a.5. R.199.—
Root creeping extensively. St. 2—3 in. high, usually recurved so
as to bring the large head down to the ground. Beak of fr. occa-
sionally rather scabrous.—Sandy shores of the north. P. VI. S.

7. C.divisa (Huds.) ; spikelets collected into a somewhat ovate
head, fr. plane-convee ovate many-nerved, beak acutely bifid with
CAREX. 355

Jinely serrated edges, nut broadly oblong compressed, gl. with an
excurrent rib, lowermost bract leaflike, st. roughish at the summit.
—E. B. 1096. Schk. R. and Vv. 61.—St. slender, a foot high. Fr.
nerved upon both sides. Spike often interrupted below.—Near
the sea on the southern and eastern coasts. P. V. VI.

8. C. disticha (Huds.); spikelets collected into an oblong in-
terrupted spike upper and lower ones fertile intermediate barren,
fr. ovate-lanceolate nerved narrowly margined bifid with serrated
edges above, nut (usually abortive) elliptical, gl. shorter than the
fr. acute the midrib not reaching the summit, st. with scabrous
angles.—C’. intermedia Good., E. B. 2042. Schk. B. 7. H. a. 14.
R. 210.—-Height 1—2 feet. Fertile fr. about as long as gl.;
abortive twice as long. Lowermost bract with a slender leaflike
point.—Marshy places. P. V. VI.

9. C. arenaria (L.); spikelets collected ito an oblong inter-
rupted spike upper barren lower fertile intermediate barren at the
end, fr. ovate nerved winged and finely serrate from the middle to
the bifid summit of the beak, nut bluntly ovate, glumes longer
than the fr. acuminate, st. scabrous above.—E. B. 928. Schk. B.
and Dd. 6. H.a.13. R. 209.—Height 1 foot. Rhizome far-
creeping and superficial. Lowermost bracts with slender leaflike
points.—Sandy places. P. VI.

+t Cespitose.—{ Green. Spike simply compound. Fr.
squarrose, conical.

10. C. vulpina (L.) ; spikelets compound collected into a cylin-
drical crowded spike, fr. ovate-acuminate plane-convex nerved,
beak bifid finely serrate, nut oval compressed tipped with a beak
slightly thickened upwards, gl. mucronate shorter than the fruit,
st. acutely triquetrous with scabrous angles, bracts setaceous.—
£E. B. 307. Schk.C.10. H.a.16. R.217.—Height 2 feet. St.
firm; faces concave. L.broad. Fr. palish green. Beak of the
nut constricted, its base narrower than the base of the style.—
Wet places. P. VI.

11. C. muricata (L.); spikelets approximate, spike oblong
dense or interrupted below, fr. ovate-acuminate plane-convex
obsoletely nerved bifid finely serrate above divergent, nut ovate
compressed its beak extremely short, gl. mucronate shorter than
the fruit, st. smooth with rough angles—E. B. 1097. RB. 215.
C. contigua H. a. 10.—Height 1—2 feet. St. slender but strong.
L. narrow. Lowermost spikelets not more than their own length
distant from each other. Fr. much larger than that of No. 12,
with a broad flat beak with very sharp edges.—Gravelly pastures.
Pp. VI.

12. C. divulsa (Good.); spikelets distant the upper ones ap-
proximate, fr. ovate acute plane-convex obsoletely nerved bifid
356 96. CYPERACES.

smooth ascending, beak slightly rough at the edges, nut ovate-
oblong compressed its beak extremely short, gl. mucronate shorter
than the fruit, st. smooth with rough angles above, bracts short
setaceous.— FE. B. 629. Schk. Dd. and Ww. 89. H.a.16. R. 220.
—Height 1—2 feet. St. lax, slender, flaccid. Spikelets grayish,
usually distant, 1 or 2 lowest often lengthened into a short branch.
Fr. with a thick green margin slightly rough near the summit.—
Moist shady places. P. VI.

tt Brownish. Panicled. Fr. ascending, gibbous on its back.

13. C. teretiuscula (Good.) ; spike compound oblong, spikelets
densely aggregated, fr. ovate with 2—5 central nerves on the con-
vex side, beak bidentate serrulate subtriquetrous strongly winged
on the convex side, nut turbimate convex on both sides, beak ex-
tremely short, style not thickened at the base, st. trigonous and
scabrous above with convex faces —E.B. 1065. Schk. D. 19.2. 69.
H.a.9. R. 222.—Root forming scattered simple tufts. St.
1—2 feet high, slender.—8. C. Ehrhartiana (Hoppe) ; root more
cxspitose, spike elongated, spikelets rather loosely aggregated,
nut narrowed from below the middle, st. triquetrous above.—
Boggy meadows, rare. £8. near Manchester. P. VI.

14. C. paradoxa (Willd.); spikes narrowly panicled lower
branches rather distant, fr. ovate with numerous short elevated
ribs near its base, beak bidentate serrulate with no wing on its
convex side, nut rhomboidal constricted below convex on both
sides with a short beak, style slightly enlarged at the base, st.
trigonous and scabrous in the upper part with convex faces.—
E. B. 8. 2896. Schk. BE. 21. H.a. 12. R.222.—Root densely
tufted, crowned with the fibrous remains of decayed leaves. St.
1—2 feet high, slender.—Bogs. Ladiston, Mullingar, Ireland.
Ascham bog and Heslington field, York. P. VI. VII. E, I,

15. C. paniculata (L.); spikes panicled with elongate diver-
ging branches, fr. ovate many-nerved with a bifid frmged subtri-
gonous beak, nut ovate obtuse narrowed below compressed-trique-
trous, beak slightly thickened upwards, st. triquetrous with flat
faces —E. B. 1064. Schk. D. 20. Ttt. 163. H.a.19. R. 223,
—Root forming dense elevated tufts. St. stout, 2—3 feet high.
Panicle usually large and spreading or reduced to a slender com-
pound (or even simple) spike. Bracts all much shorter than the
spike —Bogs. P. VI.

** Snikelets sterile at their base (or at both ends).

+ Cespitose. Spikes and 1. glaucous.

16. C. Boenninghauseniana (Weihe); spikelets several upper
ones simple crowded lower distant composed of aliernate spicule,
CAREX. 357

fr. lanceolate plane-convex tapering strongly serrated from below
the middle, beak deeply notched on one side, nut ovate-ellip-
tical pointed, gl. equalling the fruit, root tufted, lower bract as
long as, or longer than the spike—E. B. S. 2910. H. a. 34.
Kunze Riedg. 22. R. 219.—St. 1—2 feet high, triangular with
shghtly convex faces and rough edges. Inflorescence often a foot
long. Rachis straight with 3 rough edges. Gi. ovate, membra-
nous, silvery brown, smooth. Lower spikelets composed of spi-
cule disposed alternately in the manner of a spike along the
rachis of the spikelet. Spikelets sterile at both ends. Bracts,

except the lowest, short. L. channeled.—Marshes and pond-
sides. P. VI. +B

17. C. axillaris (Good.) ; spikelets several upper ones simple
crowded lower distant composed of several crowded spicule, fr.
ovate-lanceolate plane-convex tapering bifid serrated above, nut
obovate with a beak, gl. shorter than the fruit, root tufted, lower
bract as long as, or longer than the spike.—E. B. 993. H. a. 33.
—St. 1—2 feet high, acutely triangular. Rachis straight with 3
rough angles. Gl. ovate, membranous, brownish, midrib often
rough, extending to the point. Spicule of the lower spikelets
crowded into the axils of the bracts. Bracts, except the lowest,
short. L. flat. Spikelets sterile at both ends.—Marshes. P. VI.

18. C. remota (L.); spikelets several all simple upper ones
crowded lower distant, fr. ovate-acuminate plane-convex bifid at
the end serrated above, nut ovate with a beak, gl. shorter than
the fr., root tufted, bracts elongated.—E. B. 832. Schk. KB. 23.
H.a. 35. R. 212.—St. 1—2 feet high, trigonous with convex
faces. Rachis with 2 rough angles in its upper part. Gl. oblong,
membranous, greenish-white, midrib smooth usually not reaching
the point. Several of the bracts elongated. L. channeled.
Sometimes with a thick rooting densely proliferous rhizome.—C.
tenella (Sm.) is said to differ by its small spikelets with a terminal
sterile fl., and fr. equally convex on both sides. Schkuhr refers
his C. gracilis and C. tenella to C. loliacea (L.) which has the
lowermost fi. sterile and ribbed fruit. It should be looked for
“im a wood by the Esk, Angusshire.”—Damp places. P. VI.

19. C. stellulata (Good.); spikelets about 4 roundish rather
distant, fr. divergent broadly ovate acuminate plane-convex stri-
ated, beak bifid with serrated edges, nut ovate obtuse tapermg
below, gl. shorter than the fruit.— E. B. 806. Schk. C. 14. H. a.
28. R. 214.—S8t. 6—12 in. high, triquetrous, nearly smooth,
lowermost spikelet often with a short bract. Gl. ovate, mem-
branons, reddish with a green keel and white edges. Fr. greenish.
—Boggy places. P. V. VI.

20. C. curta (Good.); spikelets 4—6 elliptical approximate,
fr. erect ovate acute plane-convex faintly striated, beak short
358 96. CYPERACES.

notched not split rough at the edges, nut elliptical, beak very
short style persistent, glumes ovate shorter than the fruit.—
E. B. 1386, Sehk.C.13. C. canescens H.a.31. R. 206.—St. a
foot high, triquetrous, smooth except at the top. Lowermost
spikelet often with a setaceous bract. Gluwmes membranous,
whitish with a green keel, blunt, apiculate. Fr. whitish—Bogs.
P. VI.

21. C. vitilis (Fr.); spikelets 4—8 ovate or oblong approxi-
mate, fr. erect ovate plane-convex faintly striate, beak short split
to its base on one side rough at the edges, “ nut elliptical,”’ glumes
ovate shorter than the fruit.—C. curta 8. alpicola Wahl., H. and
A. C. Persoonii Sieb., Bab., R. 206.—Creeping. St. 6—12 in.
high, triquetrous, smooth except at the top. Lowermost spikelet
often with a setaceous bract. Gi. membranous, brown with a
white margin.—Mountains. P. VII. VIII. E. 8.

tt Czspitose. Spikes yellowish.

22. C. elongata (L.); spikelets numerous oblong approximate,
fr. patent oblong-acuminate plane-convex with many ribs on both
sides, beak almost entire with rough edges, nut linear-oblong
tapering below beak very short style persistent, gl. shorter than
the fruit, bracts none or one very short.—E. B. 1920. Sehk. E. 25,
H. a. 32. R. 218.—St. 1—2 feet high, triquetrous. Gl. ovate,
dark brown with a green keel and whitish edges, obtuse some-
times apiculate. Upper spikelets crowded, lower lax, the interval
between them not exceeding their own length.—8. C. Gebhardi
(R.); smaller, with short panicled spikelets Marshes, rare.
P. VI. E. I.

ttt Cespitose. Spikes fuscous.

23. C. lagopina (Wahl.); spikelets 3—4 roundish-elliptical
contiguous terminal one longer, fr. erect elliptical acuminate
plane-convex narrowed below nearly entire at the point with
smooth edges, nut elliptical tipped with the persistent style, gl.
ovate nearly as long as the fruit.—H. a. 24. R. 204. C. lepo-
rina Linn. Fl. Lap. not Fl. Suec. E. B.S. 2215.—St. 4—8 in.
high, smooth, triangular. Glumes reddish with the margins
paler. Fy. yellow.—Loch na Gar, and Cairn Toul, Aberdeenshire.
P. VITI. 8.

24. C. ovalis (Good.); spikelets about 6 oval contiguous, fr.
erect ovate-attenuaie plane-convex narrowed below bifid at the
point with membranous margins serrulate above, nut elliptical with
a short cylindrical beak terminating in the persistent style, gl.
lanceolate as long as the fruit. E. B.306. Schk. B. 8. C. lepo-
rina H, a. 22, R. 211.—St. 1—2 feet high, triangular, smooth
CAREX. 359

or roughish above. Gl. lanceolate, acute, brown with a paler
membranous margin. Fr. yellowish Meadows. P. VII.

ttit Rhizome far-creeping.

25. C. brizoides (L.); spikelets about 5 contiguous curved, fr.
lanceolate plane-convex bifid at the end and serrulate from near
the base, gl. rather shorter than the fruit.—H. a. 23. R. 207.—
St. 1 ft. high. Gl. acute, silvery brown. L. long, slender, equal-
ling or overtopping the spikes.—Studley Wood, Yorkshire. Mr.
W. Mac Ivor. Vil. 3 : E.

ui. Heterostachye. Spikes separate, terminal barren or an-
drogynous, the rest fertile.

* Terminal spike androgynous. Stigmas 3. Fr. scarcely
beaked.

26. C. Vahlii (Schk.) ; spikes 1—4 roundish or oblong conti-
guous nearly sessile, fr. obovate triquetrous scabrous above with
a short notched beak longer than the ovate rather acute glumes,
nut obovate triquetrous blunt with a short cylindrical beak, bract
scarcely overtopping the spikes, st. triangular rough towards the
summit.—H. B. 8. 2666. Schk. Gg. 94.and Ppp. 154. R. 235.—
St. 6—12 in. high, erect. Gl. brown or black.—Glen Callater
and Glen Fiagh, Clova. P. VII. Ss.

27. C. Buxbaumii (Wahl.); spikes 3—4 oblong sessile conti-
guous, the lowest shortly stalked rather distant, fr. oval obtuse
compressed (ultimately trigonous) bidentate subscabrous above
shorter at the base of the spike than the cuspidate glumes, nut
obovate trigonous blunt apiculate, lower bract leaflike—E. B. S.
2885. H.b. 11. Schk. X. and Gg. 76. R. 235.—St. 1—2 feet
high, triquetrous, rough. Sheaths of the l. connected by netlike
filaments. Gi. nearly black with a green keel prolonged into a
cuspidate point. Fr. glaucous-green.—Dr. Boott has shown that
this is the true C. canescens (L.), but it is better not to change
the name by which it is universally known.—Island near Toom
bridge in Lough Neagh. P. VI. IL.

28. C. atrata (L.); spikes 3—4 ovate-oblong shortly stalked
contiguous ultimately drooping, the lowest rather distant and
with a longer stalk, fr. elliptical-triquetrous with a short terete
slightly notched beak broader but not longer than the acute glumes,
nut elliptical triquetrous blunt apiculate, lower bract leaflike——
E. B. 2044. Sehk.X.77. H.b. 8. R. 237.—St. 1—1} ft. high,
triangular, smooth. L. flat, broad. Gl. dark purple; midrib
slender, pale. Fr. yellowish.—Alpine rocks. P. VI. VIL—E. S.
360 96. CYPERACER.

** Terminal spike barren. Stigmas 2. Fr. with a short entire
beak.

+ Lowest sheaths at base of st. leafless, webbed. L. ultimately
revolute-edged. Gl. blunt.

29. C. stricta (Good.); spikes erect, barren 1 or more, fertile
elongate-cylindrical, bracts auricled lowermost leaflike short, fr.
oblong-elliptical acute compressed on both sides nerved closely
imbricated, nut nearly round shortly beaked, sheaths of 1. with
filamentous network.—E. B.914. R.230. C. cespitosa H. and A.
—Densely cxspitose. St. 2—3 ft. high, acutely triangular, rigid.
L. short, narrow. Gl. lanceolate, acute, equalling or shorter than
the fr., narrow, dark purple; keel green. Fr. in 6—9 regular
rows.—Marshes. P. VI.

[30. C. cespitosa (L.); spikes erect near together, barren 1,
fertile subsessile oblong, bracts with long narrow auricles lowest
alone slender leaflike short, fr. elliptical lenticular not nerved
rather patent, sheaths of 1. webbed.—R. 229. C. pacifiea Drej.—
Cespitose. St. slender, acutely triangular. St. lax. L. shorter
downwards. Spikes close together. Gl. lanceolate, dark purple ;
keel rather paler —‘“ Britain. Dr. Greville.” Fries. P. V.]

Tf St. leafy at base; sheaths not webbed. L. ultimately revo-
lute-edged.

31. C. acuta (L.); barren spikes 1—3, fertile 3 or 4 slender
cylindrical-acuminate erect in fruit, lowermost bract leaflike
often surpassing the stem with elongate auricles, fr. oblong len-
ticular nerved biconvex, nut roundish-obovate with a short slender
beak, gl. acute—E. B. 580. Schk. Ee. Ff. 92. H. a. 44. R. 231,
232.—St. 2—3 feet high, acutely angular, rough at top. L. broad.
G). narrow-lanceolate acute, on the male spikes spathulate-lan-
ceolate, purple with a green keel. Fr. pale, blunt or acute, round
or oval, spherical or flattened. Fertile spikes usually with a few
barren fl. at the end, nodding when in flower —Wet places. P. VI.

32. C. rigida (Good.); spikes erect, barren 1, fertile oval or
shortly cylindrical dense subsessile, lower bract leaflike, fr. ellip-
tical doubly convex without nerves, nut roundish blunt with a
slender beak, st. acutely triangular rough towards the top, J. with
deflexed edges.—E. B. 2047. H. a. 40. R. 225. C. sawatilis L.?
—Stoloniferous. St. 6 in. to afoot or more high. L. broad,
flat, keeled, rigid. Bracts without sheaths. Spikes near toge-
ther, short, rarely narrowed and laxly flowered below. Gl. about
as long as the fr., purple with a green keel. Nut rather longer than
broad.—In wet and stony places on mountains. P. VI. VII.
CAREX, 361

TTt St. leafy at base; sheaths not webbed. L. ultimately invo-
lute. Gi. narrower than fruit.

33. C. aquatilis (Wahl.); spikes erect, barren 1 or more, fer-
tile 3 or 4 elongated narrowed below lower ones stalked, bracts
leaflike erect overtopping the stem, jr. elliptical lenticular without
nerves broader than the gl., nut oblong narrowed below with a
short slender beak, st. trigonous smooth.— E. B. S. 2758.—Tufted
(stoloniferous Fries). St. 1—4 ft. high, with convex faces and
obtuse angles. Spikes rather distant. Gl. usually short, always
much narrower than the yellowish green fr., reddish-purple with
a pale midrib.—Alpine table-lands of the Clova mountains and
in the valley by the bridge at Clova. P. VII. Ss.

34. C. vulgaris (Fries); spikes erect, barren 1 or 2, fertile
3—4 subsessile cylindrical, bracts with short auricles leaflike,
fr. elliptical plane-convex with many nerves below and a short
entire beak, nut roundish very blunt, st. acutely triangular rough
towards the top.—C. cespitosa Sm., E. B.1507. C. Goodenovii
Gay.—St. about a foot high. L. slender, not keeled. Bracts
without sheaths. Spikes near together, short. Gl. blunt, shorter
than fr., purple; keel slender, pale green. Fr. greenish or with
apurple tinge. Nut rather broader than long.—Marshes. P.V. VI.

35. C. Gibsoni (Bab.); spikes erect, barren 1, fertile 2—4
oblong narrowed downwards slightly stalked, bracts with short
auricles leaflike, fr. lanceolate acute with many nerves not
reaching the summit, nut broadly obovate very blunt with a short
thick beak, st. acutely triangular or triquetrous rough towards
the top.—A. N. H. x1. t.5.—Creeping. St. 6—8 in. high. L.
flat, not keeled ; sheaths not filamentous, lowest leafless. Lowest
bract long. Spikes lax below. Glumes } shorter than the fr.,
oblong, blunt, purplish-brown with a broad green band up the
midrib ; on the barren spike paler, obovate-lanceolate. Perigone
nearly twice as long as the nut, gradually narrowed from below
the middle to the top. Nut rather broader than long.— Nearly
allied, I think, to C. vulgaris rather than C. acuta.—Hebden
Bridge, Yorkshire; said to be now lost by drainage. Mr. S.
Gibson. P. VI. E.

*** Terminal spike barren. Stigmas 2. Fr. with a short
2-toothed beak.

36. C. pulla (Good.) ; barren spikes 1 (rarely 2), fertile 1 or 2
roundish-ovate lower one stalked bracteated sheathless erect, fr.
ovate nerveless inflated, beak short, nut roundish mucronate,

1. bluntish.—E. B. 2045. Schk. Ce. 88.—St. 6—8 in. high.

1. dark purple, tipped with white, midrib dark purple. Fr.
dark purple paler at the base, longer than the gl., stalked —
This is the C. saxatilis (Linn. Herb.), but Swedish botanists con-

R
362 96, CYPERACES.

sider that name as belonging to C. riyida.—Wet parts of the
higher Scottish mountains. P. VI. 8.

37. C. Grahami (Boott); barren spikes 1 or 2 slender acute,
fertile 2 or 3 ovate obtuse lower one stalked bracteated sheath-
less, fr. oblong-ovate nerved inflated narrowed into a short bifid
beak, gl. acute.—E. B. S. 2923.—St. 1—2 ft. high. Gl. fuscous
with the tip and midrib pale. Fr. pale or darkish brown, nearly
twice as long as the gl., with several strong ribs on each side.
Nut too young in all my specimens.—Glen Fiadh, Clova. Ben
Cruban, Killin. P. VII. 8.

*ekE Terminal spike barren. Stigmas 3. Beak of fr. short,
membranous or none.

+ Fy. glabrous. Spikes erect. Barren spike 1.

38. C. pallescens (L.); fertile spikes ovate or oblong with
exserted stalks approximate, bracts leaflike, gl. mucronate, fr.
ovate-oblong convex on both sides striated obtuse, beak 0, nut
linear-elliptical narrowed at both ends trigonous.— FE. B, 2185.
Schk. Kk. 99. H. b. 44.—St. slender, acutely triangular, rough
above, 1—13 foot high. Spikes obtuse, pale green, the barren
one sessile darker. —Marshy places. P. VI.

39. C. panicea (L.); fertile spikes remote subcylindrical with
distant fl. on exserted stalks, bracts leaflike sheathing, gl. rather
acute, fr. ovate-subglobose inflated with a short terete truncate
beak, nut obovate-oblong bluntly trigonous with a cylindrical
beak.—E. B. 1505. Schk. Ll. 100. H. b. 33.—St. 1—2 feet
high, erect, smooth. Fertile spikes about 2. Gl. oblong, more
or less acute, dark brown with a green keel and membranous
pale margins. Lowermost bract about as long as its spike, the
rest shorter, sheaths close——Marshy places. P. VI.

40. C. vaginata (Tausch!); fertile spikes remote with distant
fl. on exserted stalks, bracts sheathing scarcely leaflike, gl. blunt-
ish, fr. ovate triquetrous glabrous with a short terete smooth very
obliquely truncate and emarginate beak, nut elliptical triangular
“with a beak slightly thickened upwards.”—H. b. 17. Kunze
Riedg. 15. C. pheostachya Sm., E. B. 8.2731. C. Meilichoferi
Sm., E. B. 2293.—St. 5—6 in. high, smooth. Fertile spikes
1—2. Glumes bluntish. Bracts with funnelshaped sheaths.—
Highland mountams. P. VII. s.

tt Fr. glabrous. Spikes laxly pendulous, barren 1.

41. C. limosa (L.); fertile spikes 1 or 2 upon very long stalks
ovate densely-flowered with occasionally a few barren fl. at their
summit, bracts auricled slender strongly keeled, gl. ovate mucro-
nate, fr. roundish-obovate compressed strongly ribbed with a very
CAREX. 363

short entire beak, nut obovate bluntly trigonous with a beak, 7.
narrow linear complicately-channeled rough at the edges through-
out.— FE. B. 2043. Schk.X.78. H.b.49. R.238.—Creeping.
St. 1 ft. high. L,. and bracts very slender. Gl. purple, with a
green keel, about as long as the pale fr. which is broadest above
the middle. Nut pale—Spongy bogs. P. VI.

42. C. irrigua (Hoppe); fertile spikes 2 or 3 upon long stalks
ea densely-flowered with occasionally a few barren fl. at their
base, bracts auricled leaflike rather broad nearly flat, gl. ovate-
lanceolate attenuated acute, fr. roundish-ovate compressed faintly
ribbed with a very short entire beak, nut elliptical triangular with
a beak, 1. linear flat smooth at the edges except near the apex.—
E. B. 8. 2895. H.b. 48. R. 238.—Creepmg. St. a foot or
more in height. LL. and bracts 2 or 3 times as broad as in the
preceeding. Gl. wholly purple, usually longer than the pale fr.
which is broadest below the middle. Nut pale.—Spongy bogs.
Muckle Moss, Northumb. Terregles, Dumfries. Benima near
Loch Lomond. P. VI. E. 8.

43. C. ustulata (Wahl.) ; fertile spikes 2 or 3 upon short stalks
ovate densely-flowered, bracts scarcely leaflike or sheathing, gl.
ovate acute, fr. elliptical compressed rough-edged with a cloven
beak, nut elliptical triangular on a long stalk, root fibrous.—E. B.
2404. Schk. Y. 82. H. b. 47.—St. 3—10 in. high. _L. very
short, broad. Gl. dark purple with a slender pale midrib. Fr.
dark purple paler below. Nut fuscous. I have seen no specimens.
—Ben Lawers. Mr. G, Don. P. VII.

44. C. rariflora (Sm.) ; fertile spikes 2 or 3 upon long stalks
oblong few-flowered lax, bracts with very short sheaths, gl. very
broad blunt as long as the fr., fr. oblong with 3 blunt angles and
depressed sides, beak extremely short entire, nut roundish-oblong.
—E. B. 2516.—Creeping. St. 6—8 in. high, smooth. Gl. folded
round the fr., dark brown, midrib pale terminating in a minute
apiculus. Fr. pale, faintly nerved; nut darker.—Elevated bogs.
Highlands, rare. P. VI. :

45. C. capillaris (L.); fertile spikes wpon long stalks half m-
cluded few-flowered lax, one bract sheathing several flowerstalks,
gl. blunt, fr. oblong triangular turgid narrowed below terminating
in a slender membranous beak, nut obovate triquetrous blunt with
a short beak.—E. B. 2069. Schk. 0.56. H.b. 53. R. 241.
—St. very slender, 2—6 in. high, smooth. Peduncles rough,
several usually inclosed in one sheath. Gl. short, broad, obtuse,
midrib not reaching the summit, shorter than the small smooth
brown fruit. Nut pale. Root tufted—Teesdale. Scottish High-
lands. P. VI. 3 E. S$.

R
364 96. CYPERACES.

46. C. strigosa (Huds.); fertile spikes about 4 distant rather
drooping slender lower ones with exserted stalks, bracts leaflike
sheathing, fr. oblong-lanceolate narrowed at both ends triangular
nerved with an obliquely truncate mouth, nut elliptical triangular
punctured, 1. broad.—E. B. 994. Schk. N. 53.—St. 2 feet high.
Sheaths covering nearly the whole length of the peduncles.
Spikes laxly-flowered. Gl. elliptic-lanceolate, diaphanous, green-
ish down the back.—Groves and thickets, rare. P. V. VI.

47. C. pendula (Huds.); fertile spikes about 5 distant droop-
ing cylindrical very long densely-flowered, bracts leaflike lower
ones with sheaths nearly equalling the flowerstalks upper scarcely
sheathing, fr. elliptical subtriquetrous tumid with a short trigo-
nous emarginate beak, nut elliptical narrowed at both ends trian-
gular.— FE. B. 2315. Schk.Q. 60. R.243. C. Agastachys Ehrh.
Hb. 57. C. maxima Scop.—St. 3—6 feet high, rough at the
angles above. Fertile spikes often 3 or 4 in. long; upper ones
frequently with barren fl. at the summit. Gl. ovate, mucronate,
brown with a green keel. Fr. green, ciliated at the mouth.—
Damp woods. P. V.

ttt Fr. hairy. Bracts sheathing. L. in sterile tufts. Base
of st. leafless. Barren spike 1.

48. C. humilis (Leyss.); fertile spikes 2 or 3 remote about 3-
flowered inclosed in the membranous sheathing leafless bracts, fr.
obovate subtrigonous narrowed below with an entire oblique mouth,
* nut obovate triangular with a short beak.”—H.b. 15. C. clan-
destina Good. HE. B. 2124. Schk. K. 43. R. 239.—St. about
2 in. high, erect, concealed amongst the leaves. Bracts large,
wholly membranous, nearly hiding the fertile spikes. L. all
radical, linear, channeled, rough.—Limestone hills in Wilts and
Somerset. P. IV. E.

49. C. digitata (L.); fertile spikes 2 or 3 distant linear erect
lax, bracts membranous sheathing obliquely truncate lowermost
with a setaceous leaflike point, fr. obovate triquetrous narrowed
below equalling gl., beak short nearly entire, “nut elliptic-oblong
triangular shortly-stalked and shortly-beaked.”—E. B. 615.
Schk. H. 38. H.b. 14.—St. 6—8 in. high, erect, sheathed at
the hase, leafless, taller than the flat radical leaves.—Woods on
limestone, rare. P.IV. V. E.

ttt Fr. hairy or downy. Bracts not sheathing (except in 50).
St. densely leafy at the base. Barren spike 1.

50. C. precox (Jaeq.); fertile spikes 1—3 oblong-ovate near
together sessile, bracts clasping the lowest leaflike and slightly
CAREX. 365

sheathing, gl. broadly ovate-acuminate, fr. ovate-rhomboidal tri-
gonous with an entire mouth, nut obovate narrowed below trigo-
nous, base of the style surrounded by a prominent ring, stoloni-
ferous.—E. B. 1099. Schk. F. 27. H.b.24.—St.3—12 in. high.
Lewegncet spike sometimes slightly stalked.—Dry places. P.

51. C. montana (L.); fertile spikes 1—3 ovate near together
sessile, bracts small membranous the lowest with an awlshaped
point, gl. of fertile spikes obtuse notched and mucronate, fr. nar-
rowed below oblong-obovate trigonous with a short notched beak,
nut oblong narrowed below with a pyramidal beak, root fibrous
from a short rhizome.—E. B. S. 2924. Schk. F.29,  H.b. 21.
C. collina H. and A.—St. about a span long, slender. L. narrow.
Gl. very dark; midrib narrowly yellowish. Fr. hairy, its beak
purple.—Near Tonbridge Wells. Mr. W. Mitten. Wynd Cliff,
Chepstow. Mr. W. H. Purchas. P. VI. VII. E.

52. C. pilulifera (L.); fertile spikes about 3 roundish near
together sessile, bracts small lowest scarcely leaflike awlshaped
not sheathing, gl. broadly-ovate mucronate, fr. stalked subglobose
with a short bifid beak, nut subglobose subtrigonous narrowed
below, root fibrous —E. B. 885. Schk. 1. 39. H. b. 20.—St.
6—12 im. long, slender, at age decumbent. Base of the style
enlarged.—Wet heaths. P. V.

53. C. tomentosa (L.); fertile spikes 1 or 2 nearly sessile cy-
lindrical obtuse, lowermost bract leaflike with a very short sheath,
gl. broadly ovate acute, fr. obovate subtrigonous scarcely beaked
slightly emarginate, nut obtuse trigonous narrowed below with a
short beak constricted at its base, root creeping.—E. B. 2046.
Schk. F. 28. H.b. 28.—St. a foot high, with 3 sharp angles,
rough upwards, erect. Beak of nut slightly swelling upwards.
Fr. with copious white down, mouth very broad.— Water-mea-
dows at Merston Measy, Wilts. P. VI.

+tttt Barren spikes usually more than 1.

54. C. glauca (Scop.); fertile spikes 2 or 3 erect or drooping
cylindrical densely flowered long-stalked, bracts leaflike scarcely
sheathing, gl. ovate acute, fr. obtuse elliptical slightly scabrous
entire at the small point, nut roundish-ovate triangular.—H. b. 67.
Schk. O. P. 57. R. 269. C. recurva Huds., E. B. 1506.—
—Root creeping. St. a foot or more in height. Barren spikes
variable in number. Fertile spikes often with barren fl. at the
summit. “Stigma sometimes 2.”—. C. Micheliana (Sm.); gl.
blunt, fr. smaller. E. B. 2236.—y. C. stictocarpa (Sm.); fertile
spikes ovate, fr. obovate dotted. EH. B. 8. 2772.—Damp places.
Pp. VI.
366 96. CYPERACE.E.

eH Terminal spike barren. Stigmas 3. Beak of fr. bifid
or 2-toothed.

+ Beak of fr. plane-convex. Barren spike 1, or rarely 2. Fr.
glabrous. Bracts long, sheathing, leaflike.

55. C. flava (L.); fertile spikes roundish-oval subsessile, lowest
spike with a nearly included stalk, bracts leaflike with short
sheaths, gl. obtuse, fr. ovate inflated ribbed smooth narrowed
into a deflexed rough-edged bifid beak, nut obovate trigonous
punctate-scabrous, st. bluntly-trigonous smooth.—E. B. 1294.
Schk. H.36. H.b.22. R.273.—St.6—12in. high. L. broad.
Barren spike cylindrical, obtuse; gl. obtuse. Fertile spikes
usually near together, sometimes distant; gl. with a green mid-
rib slightly rough and often excurrent at the end. Beak of the
fr. curved downwards. Wet places. P. V. VI.

[C. Mairit (C. and G.!), which has glumes with a scabrous
point, fr. obsoletely nerved gradually narrowed into a setose-
ciliated beak, is likely to oceur.]

56. C. Gideri (Ehrh.); fertile spikes roundish-ovate subsessile
near together, lowest spike with an included stalk, bracts leaflike
with short sheaths, gl. obtuse (?), fr. subglobose inflated ribbed
smooth with an erect parallel-sided rough-edged bifid beak,
nut obovate-trigonous punctate-scabrous, st. bluntly trigonous
smooth —E. B.1772. H.b. 23. R. 272,—Much like, but pro-
bably distinct from C. flava. Fertile spikes smaller.—Bogs.
P. VI. VIL.

57. C. fulva (Good.); fertile spikes oblong-oval distant with
exserted stalks, bracts leaflike weth elongated sheaths, gl. acute
not mucronate, fir. ovate triquetrous nbbed smooth with a straight
rough-edged bifid beak, nut obovate trigonous nearly smooth.—
E. B. 1295.2? R. 252.—St. acutely triangular, rough-edged,
about afoot high. Barren spike spindleshaped, acute ; gl. obtuse.
Lowest bract frequently, but not always, reaching up to the bar-
ren spike. Root sometimes creeping.—8. C. Hornschuchiana
(Hoppe); fertile spikes oblong on longer stalks more distant, fr.
more inflated and more strongly ribbed, st. bluntly triangular
smooth except sometimes near the top, lowest bract longer than
its own spike. H.b.40., Koch. R. 252. C. speirostachya Sm.,
E. B.S. 2770.—Boggy places. 8. Peaty bogs, chiefly on moun-
tains. P. VI.

58. C. extensa (Good.); fertile spikes oblong near together
subsessile lower one rather distant with a short included stalk,
bracts very long leaflike, g/. mucronate, fr. ovate triquetrous
ribbed narrowed into a straight smooth-edged bifid beak, nut ob-
long-elliptical narrowed at both ends triangular smooth.—E. B.
CAREX. 367

833. Sehk. V. Xx. 72. H.b. 32. R. 274.—St. usually curved,
&8—12 in. high, bluntly triangular, smooth. Barren spike nearly
sessile, blunt, its gl. blunt. L. and bracts very narrow, con-
volute, long.—Marshes, chiefly near the sea. P. VI.

59. C. punctata (Gaud.); fertile spikes erect cylindrical with
slightly exserted ped. particularly the lowest, bracts with sheaths,
gl. ovate shortly awned, fr. ovate tumid obsoletely ribbed pellucidly
punctate with a linear bidentate smooth beak, nut ovate-rhomboidal
narrowed at both ends triangular rough.—H. b. 37. Kunze Riedg.
6. RB. 251.—St. smooth, 1—2 feet high, slender. Spikes distant
or the upper ones approximating ; peduncles usually slightly, the
lowest often greatly exserted, rough; lowest spike frequently
very distant. Gl. pale red with a broad green longitudinal
dorsal band. Fr. pale. Nut brown. Gl. of barren spike blunt.
—Marshy places near the sea. Banks of the Menai near Bangor.
One mile west of Charlestown, Cornwall. H.and A. Guemsev.
P. VI.

60. C. distans (L.); fertile spikes remote erect oblong, upper
ped. included, bracts with sheaths, gl. mucronate, fr. ovate trique-
trous equally ribbed pellucidly punctate smooth, edges of the bifid
narrow beak rough but inner edges of the notch serrulate, nut
triquetrous roughish oblong-elliptical attenuated at both ends.—
E. B. 1234, Schk. T. 68. H. b. 42. R. 253.—St. smooth,
seldom exceeding a foot high, slender. Spikes distant, short ;
lower ped. half exserted. Gl. brownish. Fr. greenish-brown.
Nut yellowish. Barren spike cylindrical, clavate, with blunt
glumes.—Marshy places especially near the sea. P. V.

61. C. binervis (Sm.); fertile spikes remote the upper ones
approximating cylindrical their ped. mostly mcluded the lower
elongated with exserted ped., bracts with sheathing bases, gl.
mucronate, fr. ovate triquetrous with 2 principal green sub-
marginal ribs on the outer surface, beak broad bifid rough at the
edges, nut obovate attenuated below roughish.—E. B. 1235. Schk.
Rir. 160. H.b. 39. R. 255.—St. triangular, smooth, 1 foot
high. Spikes often very distant; upper ped. often quite in-
cluded, never much exserted, lower often greatly exserted. Gl.
dark purple, with a greenish-yellow midrib. Fr. brown or deeply
tinged with purple, 2 prominent ribs always green; nut brown.
Barren spike with brown glumes.—Dry heaths. P. VI. VII.

62. C. levigata (Sm.); fertile spikes remote cylindrical, ped.
more or less exserted, bracts with sheathing bases, gl. acute, fr.
ovate-attenuate striate, beak long deeply bifid with scabrous edges,
nut subpyriform attenuated below triangular smooth.—E. B. 1387.
Schk. Bbb. 116. and Sss. 162. H.b. 38. R.254.—St. smooth,
2—3 feet high. Spikes distant, erect or drooping. Gl. often
368 96. CYPERACE.E.

acute on the barren spike, always so on the others, purple with
a paler dorsal longitudinal band. Fr. green; not yellowish. L.
broad.—Marshes and wet thickets, rather rare. P. VI.

63. C. depauperata (Good.); fertile spikes erect remote with
3 or 4 fi., ped. exserted, bracts sheathing leaflike, gl. acute, fr.
large nearly globose, beak long bifid with rough edges, nut elliptical
trigonous with bluntish’ angles.—E. B. 1098. Schk. M. 50.—
St. 1—2 feet high, bluntly triangular, smooth. Gl. of the barren
spike blunt. Known by its very large and few fr. with numerous
nibs. Spikes very distant—Dry woods, very rare. P. a ‘
2

tt Beak of fr. round or compressed. Barren spikes 1 or more.
Fr. glabrous, nerved.

64. C. sylvatica (Huds.) ; fertile spikes about 4 distant slightly
drooping linear with long half-exserted stalks, bracts leaflike
sheathing, fr. elliptical triangular obscurely nerved narrowed into
a long cloven smooth beak, nut obovate-elliptical triangular, 1.
narrower than in the preceding.—E. B. 995. Schk. Ll. 101. H.
b. 55. R. 242.—St. about 2 feet high, smooth, its top and the
fr.-beak rarely a little rough. Sheaths scarcely covering half the
length of the peduncles. Gl. ovate, acute, diaphanous with a
green keel.—Damp woods. P. V.

ttt Beak of fr. round or compressed with patent cusps.
Barren spikes many. Fr. hairy, nerved.

65. C. filiformis (L.); barren spikes 2, fertile 3 or 4 remote
erect sessile oblong, bracts leaflike lowermost slightly sheathing,
gl. oblong-ovate cuspidate and ciliated at the point, fr. downy ob-
long-ovate narrowed upwards into an obliquely truncate beak
ending in 2 lateral points, nut narrowly elliptical attenuated at
both ends triquetrous, 1. slender channeled —£. B. 904. Schk.
K.45. H.b.31. R.265.—St. 2 feet high. LL. with filamentous
sheaths below.—Peat-bogs. P. V.

66. C. hirta (L.); barren spikes 2 or 3, fertile 2 or 3 remote
erect oblong-cylindrical stalked, bracts leatlike the lower with
long sheaths nearly equalling the peduncles, gl. elliptic-lanceolate
with long slender ciliated pomts, fr. hairy oblong-ovate narrowed
upwards into a deeply divided beak, nut obovate narrowed below
triquetrous, 1. flat hairy —E. B. 685. Schk. Uu. 108. H. b. 58.
R. 257.—St. 13—2 feet high, leafy. L. and sheaths shaggy,
rarely glabrous. Fr. tawny. Occasionally the spikes are com-
pound at the base and very long-stalked, and the gl. much
lengthened.— Wet places. P. IV.
CAREX. 369

tttt Beak of fr. round with patent cusps. Barren spikes
many, rarely 1. Fr. glabrous.

{ Barren spike 1.

67. C. Pseudo-cyperus (L.); fertile spikes about 5 drooping
cylindrical densely-flowered upon long stalks near together, bracts
leaflike scarcely sheathing, gl. setaceous scabrous dilated at the
base, fr. ovate-lanceolate ribbed much attenuated into a deeply
bifid beak, nut elliptical triangular, st. with acute rough angles.—
E. B, 242. Schk. Mm. 102. H.b. 56. R. 275.—St. 2—3 feet
high. Fertile spikes 142 in. long.—Damp places, rare. P. VI.

E. I.

{i Barren spikes many. Bracts not sheathing.

68. C. ampullacea (Good.); fertile spikes 2 or 3 remote cylin-
drical erect stalked, bracts leaflike without sheaths, fr. subglobose
inflated, suddenly narrowed into a long slender beak, nut obovate
triquetrous, st. smooth obtusely angled.—E. B. 780. Schk. Tt.
107. H.b.65. R.277.—St. 1—2 feet high, with rounded faces
and slight angles. L. glaucous, channeled.—Very wet bogs.
P. VI.

69. C. vesicaria (L.); fertile spikes 2 or 3 remote cylindrical,
bracts leaflike without sheaths, fr. ovate-conical inflated nar-
rowing gradually into a subulate bifid beak, “nut elliptical tri-
quetrous,” st. with acute angles.—E. B.779. Schk. Ss. 106.
H.b. 64. R.276.—St. 2 feet high, with flat faces and 3 strongly
marked angles, roughish near the top. L. rather broad, green.
—? involuta ; 1. narrow folded into a }-cylinder, midrib of fem.
glumes terminating in an apiculus, fr. narrower. Probably distinct.
—Wet bogs. 8. Hale Moss, Manchester. Mr. J. Sidebotham.
Congleton, Chesh. Mr. E. Wilson. P. V.

70. C. paludosa (Good.) ; glumes of the barren spikes obtuse,
anth. apiculate, fertile spikes cylindrical obtuse, bracts leaflike
without sheaths, fr. oblong-obovate compressed with a short bifid
beak, “ nut roundish-obovate triquetrous.”—E. B. 807. Schk.
Oo. 103.—St. 2—3 feet high, angles rough. L. broad.—f. spa-
dicea ; g|. of fertile spikes with a long scabrous beak.— Wet places.
8. Littlehampton, Suss. Mr. Mitten. P. V.

71. C. riparia (Curt.); glumes of the barren spikes acute, anth.
with a long point, fertile spikes acute cylindrical, bracts leaflike
without sheaths, fr. oblong-ovate convex on both sides narrowed
into a short broad cloven beak, “ nut pyriform trigonous.”—E,
B.579. Schk. Qq. and Rr. 105. H.b. 66.—St. 3 feet high, angles
rough. L. broader than in the preceding.—Wet ai P. Vv.

R
370

96. CYPERACE.

t{t Barren spikes many. Bracts sheathing.

[72. C. hordeiformis (Wahl.) ; barren spikes 2, fertile 3 oblong
remote with short exserted stalks, bracts overtopping the spikes
long Jeaflike flat, fr. large ovate plane-conver scabrous winged
ciliate-serrate narrowed into a long bifid beak.—Schk. Ddd. 121.
C. secalina Sm. not Willd.--Fr. very large, twice as long as the

glumes.—Forfarshire, but doubtless an error.

C. acuta, 31.
Agastachys, 47.
ampullacea, 68,
aquatilis, 33.
arenaria, 9.
atrata, 28.
axillaris, 17.
binervis, 61.
Benninghauseniana,
16.
brizoides, 25.
Buxbaumii, 27.
ceespitosa, 30.
cespitosa, 29, 34.
canescens, 20, 27.
capillaris, 45.
clandestina, 48.
collina, 51.
contigua, 11.
eurta, 20.
curta, 21.
Davalliana, 2.
depauperata, 63.
digitata, 49.
dioica, 1.
distans, 60.
disticha, 8.
divisa, 7.
divulsa, 12.
Ehrhartiana, 13.
elongata, 22.
extensa, 58.
filiformis, 65.
flava, 55.

Index to the Carices.

fulva, 57.
Gibsoni, 35.
glauca, 54.
gracilis, 18.
Grahami, 37.
hirta, 65.
hordeiformis, 72.
Hornschuchiana, 57.
humilis, 48.
incurva, 6.
intermedia, 8.
involuta, 69.
irrigua, 42.
levigata, 62.
lagopina, 23.
leporina, 23, 24,
limosa, 41.
loliacea, 18.
[Mairii, 55.]
maxima, 47.
Meilichoferi, 40.
Micheliana, 54.
montana, 51.
muricata, 11.
Gideri, 56.
pacifica, 30.
pallescens, 38.
paludosa, 70.
panicea, 39.
paniculata, 15.
paradoxa, 14.
pauciflora, 5
pheostachya, 40.
pendula, 47.

P. VI. S.

Persoonii, 21.
pilulifera, 52.
praecox, 50.
Pseudo-cyperus, 67,
pulicaris, 3.
pulla, 36.
punctata, 59.
rariflora, 44.
recurva, 54,
remota, 18.
rigida, 32.
riparia, 71.
rupestris, 4.
saxatilis, 36.
secalina, 72.
spadicea, 70.
speirostachya, 57.
stellulata, 19.
stictocarpa, 54,
stricta, 29.
strigosa, 46.
sylvatica, 64.
tenella, 18.
teretiuscula, 13.
tomentosa, 53.
ustulata, 43.
vaginata, 40.
Vahlii, 25.
vesicaria, 69.
vitilis, 21.
vulgaris, 34.
vulpina, 10.
97. GRAMINEA, 371

Order XCVII. GRAMINEA.

Fl. perfect or unisexual, 1, 2 or more seated on a common axis
which is contained within an involucre of | or 2 valves (glumes)
or rarely wanting, the whole forming a locusta or spikelet. Each
fl. of 1 or 2 scales (pales) of which the outer or lower is simple
and usually keeled, the inner with 2 nerves or keels. Hypogy-
nous scales 2, 3, or none. Stam. hypogynous, 1—6. Anth. ver-
satile, notched at both ends. Ovary l-celled. Styles usually 2,
rarely 1 or 3. Embryo on the outside of the albumen and at its
base.—L. with split sheaths!.

Tribe I. PANICEAS. Spikelets dorsally compressed, 1-flowered
or with 1 fl. and an inferior rudiment resembling a third
glume or a neuter flower. Glumes 2, unequal, the lower
often very small. Styles elongated. Stigmas feathery.

1. Dierrarta. Spikes fingered. Spikelets in 2 rows on one
side of a flattened rachis, unarmed, 1-flowered with an in-
ferior rudiment. Glumes 2, lower very small, upper 3-
nerved. Sterile fl. of one 5—7-nerved pale, resembling the
upper glume and equalling the flower.

2. EcuHInocHLoa. Spikes compound, secund in the whole
and in each part. Spikelets on one side of a flattened rachis,
2-flowered, inferior fl. rudimentary. Glumes 2, lower small,
3-nerved, upper equalling fi. 5-nerved mucronate. Outer
pale of sterile fl. resembling and equalling upper glume.

3, Seraria. Spike cylindrical, compound. Spikelets sur-
rounded by an involucre of bristles, 2-flowered, inferior fl.
rudimentary. Glumes 2, lower small 3-nerved, upper equal-
ling fl. many-nerved. Sterile fl. of 1 pale resembling the
upper glume.

Tr. TL. PHALARIDEA. Spikelets laterally compressed, 1-
flowered, with 1 or 2 or more below resembling the glumes.
Styles long. Stigmas filiform, protruded from the summit
of the spikelet.

4. PHauarts. Glumes 2, navicular, carinate, membranaceous,
nearly equal, exceeding the flower. Pales coriaceous, un-
equal, closely investing the fruit. Rudimentary fl. 1—2,
each consisting of a single scale.

1 Nearly all the genera of this Order are beautifully figured in the
Gen. Fl. Germ. Monocotyl. vol. i. In the 2nd edition of Reichenbach’s
Icon. Fl. Ger. vol. i. (Agrostographia), the numbering of the figures is
altered totally from that of his edition 1; I have thought it better there-
fore to omit specific reference to it.
372 97. GRAMINER.

5, ANTHOXANTHUM. Glumes 2, unequal, membranous, lower
small l-nerved, upper exceeding the fl. 3-nerved. _Pales
scarious. Stam. 2. Rudimentary fl. 2, each consisting of
a single notched scale awned on the back.

(6. HizrocuLor. Glumes 2, nearly equal, membranous,
about equalling the flowers. Fl. 3; 2 lower male, 3-an-
drous, upper pale with 2 keels; upper herm., 2-androus,
upper pale with 1 keel.]

Tr. I. PHLEINE4. Spikelets laterally compressed, 1-
flowered or with a superior rudiment. Glumes nearly equal.
Styles and stigmas as in Tr. II. Inflorescence a spikelike
panicle.

7. Puteum. Glumes parallel at the midrib truncate with a
terminal seta or acute. Fl.1. Pales 2, membranous, lower
3-nerved obtuse, without awns, or with a minute central
point.

8. ALoprecurus. Glumes membranous, acute (in 4. genicu-
latus blunt). Fl. 1. Pale 1, scarious, 5-nerved, awned on
the back, the margis usually connected below. “Styles
usually combined.”

9. Knappra. Inflorescence a somewhat \-sided raceme.
Glumes not keeled, blunt. Fl. 1. Pale 1, scarious, very
hairy, obtuse, not awned.

Tr. IV. AGROSTIDE. Spikelets and glumes as in Tr. III.
Stigmas sessile or nearly so. Inflorescence panicled.—Glumnes
unequal in Apera.

10. Gasrripium. Glumes membranous, acute, unarmed,
ventricose at the base, much exceeding the flower. Fl. 1.
Pales 2, membranous ; lower truncate or toothed at the end,
with or without a dorsal awn.

11. Potypocon. Glumes scarious, nearly equal, each fur-
nished with « long seta from just below the emarginate sum-
mit. Pales falling short of the glumes, outer usually awned
from below the summit.

12. Mitium. Glumes membranous, nearly equal, unarmed.
Pales 2, nearly equal, unarmed, about equalling the glumes,
hardening on the fruit. Spikelets convex on the back, or
slightly dorsally compressed.

13. AGrostis. Glumes membranous acute, unarmed, the
upper one smaller. Pales unequal, scarious, with or without
a dorsal awn, falling short of the glumes. Seed free.—In
A. canina the inner pale is wanting.
97. GRAMINES. 373

14, Aprera. Spikelets with the rudiment (pedicel) of a supe-
rior floret. Lower and lesser glume l-nerved; upper and
larger 3-nerved, about equalling the lower pale. Otherwise
like Agrostis.

[Tr. V. STIPACEA:. Spikelets in an equal panicle, 1-flowered,
without any rudiment. Outer pale convolute and hardened
upon but not attached to the frit, the extremity rolled up
and jointed to a long awn. ]

[15. Stipa. Florets stalked. Pales coriacous, the inner entire.
Awn evidently jointed to the pale, kneed and twisted.]

Tr. VI. ARUNDINE. Spikelets laterally compressed, 1-
flowered, or with a superior rudiment, or many-flowered.
Fi. enveloped in long (short in Psamma) silky hairs. Styles
and stigmas various. ‘“ Awn, when present, not twisted.”

16. ARuNDo. Glumes nearly equal, the lower rather the longer.
Floret 1, with or without the superior rudiment of another
reduced to a pedicel. Outer pale awned. Panicle diffuse.
Styles short. Stigmas feathery.

17. Psamma. Glumes nearly equal, the lower rather the
shorter. Floret 1, with a superior rudiment of another.
Outer pale with a short awn. Panicle spikelike. Styles
short. Stigmas feathery.

18. Puracmires. Glumes unequal, the lower much smaller.
Florets 2—6, unarmed, the lower ones imperfect. Panicle
diffuse. Styles elongate. Stigmas plumose.

Tr. VII. CHLORIDE. Spikelets laterally compressed, 1-
flowered in our plants and sometimes with a superior rudi-
ment, placed in 2 rows on one side of a flattened rachis.

19. Cynopon. Spikes fingered, 1-fiowered with a superior
rudiment. Glumes nearly equal, patent. Pales equal, outer
boatshaped compressed embracing the inner. Styles long,
distinct. Stigmas feathery, protrudmg below the summit
of the floret.

20. Spartina. Spikes upright, in a raceme, 1-flowered.
Glumes unequal, the upper long and acuminate. Pales un-
equal, outer boatshaped compressed retuse. Styles elon-
gated, united half-way up. Stigmas filiform, protruding at
the summit of the floret.

Tr. VIII. ORYZEZ. Spikelets laterally compressed, 1 -flower-
ed. Glumes wanting in our plant.

21. Lezrsia. Pales 2, compressed, keeled, awnless ; lower
374 97. GRAMINES.

much broader. Stigmas protruding from the side of the
florets. Nut inclosed in the pales.

Tr. IX. SESLERIE 4. Spikelets laterally compressed, with
2 or more fl., without hairs. Styles 0 or very short. Stigmas
very long, filiform, protruded from the summit of the florets.

22. SesuERIA. Panicle spiked; spikelets sessile, tiled all
round. Glumes 2—6-flowered, nearly or quite equalling
the spikelet. Outer pale keeled, membranous; with a sca-
rious margin, ending in 3 or 5 points, dorsal rib evanescent.

Ty. X. AVENE. Spikelets with 2 or more florets (except in
Lagurus), upper often barren. Glumes equalling (or nearly)
the spikelet. Fl. usually swrounded by stiff hairs. Awn
twisted and kneed (wanting in our Triodia).

23. Lacurus. Panicle spiked. Glumes 1-flowered, scarious,
ending in a long fringed seta. Outer pale ending in 2 long
setze and with a dorsal kneed twisted awn.

24. Arra. Panicle lax. Glumes 2-flowered, with or without
the rudiment of a third (which is sometimes perfected in
A, cespitosa). Outer pale terete on the back with or with-
out very faint lateral nerves, awned. Awn dorsal, kneed (in
A. cespitosa straight). Ovary glabrous. Fr. not crested.

25. CorYNEPHORUS. Awn clubshaped, straight, joimted m
the middle, the upper portion clavate, a tuft of hairs at the
jomt. Otherwise like 4ira.

26. Trisetum. Spikelets crowded. Glumes 2—6-flowered.
Outer pale keeled with faint lateral nerves, ending in 2 acute
teeth, awned. Awn dorsal, kneed and twisted. Ovary gla-
brous. Fr. neither crested nor furrowed.

27. Avena. Glumes 2+ or more-flowered. Outer pale with
lateral nerves, awned, ending in 2 points. Awn dorsal,
kneed and twisted. Ovary hairy at the top. Fr. crested
and furrowed.

28. ARRHENATHERUM. Glumes 2-flowered with a rudiment,
lower fl. male with a long dorsal kneed and twisted awn,
upper with a short straight awn. Pales herbaceous, ending
in 2 points. Ovary hairy at the top. Fr......

29. Hotcus. Glumes 2-flowered, lower perfect awnless (or

very rarely awned), upper usually male with a dorsal awn.
Pales hardening on the fruit.

30. Trrop1a. Glumes 2—3-flowered. Outer pale rather
coriaceous, smooth, rounded on the back, bifid with an in-
97. GRAMINEA, 375

termediate broad point sometimes becoming the base of a
kneed awn.

Tr. XI, FESTUCE. Spikelets with 2 or more flowers, upper
often barren. Glumes failing short of the lowest flower.

Styles very short. Stigmas protruded from the base of the
flower.

31. Kazteria. Glumes unequal, upper one with 2 or 3 ribs,
shorter than the compressed 2—5-flowered spikelet. Outer
pale nerved, keeled, acuminate (or with a straight subapicular
seta). Seed loose. Styles terminal.

32. Muxtca. Glumes nearly equal, with lateral ribs, nearly
as long as the ovate spikelet of 1 or 2 flowers rounded on the
back and a clublike rudiment of ] or 2 more. ‘Pales harden-
ing on the loose fruit. Styles terminal.

33. Moxinia. Glumes unequal, without lateral ribs, shorter
than the lanceolate spikelet of 2 or 3 semicylindrical flowers
and a subulate rudiment of another. Pales hardening on
the loose fruit. Styles terminal.

34. CaraBrosa. Glumes unequal, very short, rounded or
truncate, without lateral ribs, much falling short of spikelet.
Flowers usually 2, rounded on the back, distant. Outer
pale membranous, with 3 parallel ribs ending in teeth which
do not quite extend to the summit and are connected by the
scarious margin. Styles terminal.—The upper glume has 2
very short faint lateral nerves. Awn 0.

35. Poa. Glumes rather unequal. Outer pale with 3 or 5
parallel nerves, membranous below, scarious at the tip, com-
pressed, keeled, unarmed. Styles terminal.

36. Giycerra. Glumes unequal, submembranous. Outer
pale with 6—7 strong prominent distinct and parallel ribs
and a scarious margin, subcylindrical, unarmed. Styles
terminal.

37. ScteRocHLOA. Glumes unequal, membranous. Outer
pale with 5 faint but distinct and parallel nerves, membra-
nous, cylindrical below, unarmed, often keeled at the tip or
with a very minute mucro. Styles terminal.

38. Briza. Glumes nearly equal, broad, 3-ribbed. Fl. 3—8,
densely imbricated in a short distichous spikelet. Outer
pale boatshaped, heartshaped, obtuse, rounded on the back,
unarmed. Glumes and pales membranous with a scarious
margin. Styles terminal. “Fr. free.” (Woods.)—Outer
pale with 7—9 faint nerves.

39. Cynosurus. Glumes nearly equal, scarious, with a strong
376 97. GRAMINEA.

keel, with 1 or more flowers. Outer pale rounded on the
back with a terminal seta. Each spikelet with a pectinated
bract (abortive spicula) at its base. Panicle spicate, 1-sided.

40. Dacryiis. Glumes unequal, herbaceous, many-flowered,
the larger keeled. Outer pale compressed, keeled, 5-nerved,
the dorsal nerve fringed and excurrent just below the summit
forming a short seta. Spikelets crowded, subsecund.

41. Festuca. Glumes unequal, herbaceous, many-flowered.
Outer pale rounded on the back, very acute, or with the
dorsal nerve excurrent at or just below the apex (if elongated
usually called an awn), lateral nerves slightly converging
and vanishing below the apex. Inner pale minutely ciliated
on the ribs. Styles terminal.—Rachis with acute angles.
Sheaths of the leaves divided to the base.

42. Bromus. Glumes unequal, herbaceous, many-flowered,
lower 1-nerved, upper 3—5-nerved. Fi. lanceolate, com-
pressed. Outer pale with a long seta (usually) founded on
3 nerves from below the tip. Styles below the summit of
the fruit, /ateral.—Sheaths of the 1. divided half-way down.

43. SzrRAFALCcUS. Glumes unequal, herbaceous, many-
flowered, lower 3—5-nerved, upper 7—9-nerved. F. oblong,
turgid. Outer pale with a short seta (usually) founded on
3 nerves from below the tip. Styles below the summit of
the fruit, ateral.—Sheaths of the 1. scarcely divided half-
way down. Spikelets narrower upwards.

44. Bracnypopium. Glumes unequal, many-flowered. Outer
pale rounded on the back setigerous at the summit, lateral
nerves slightly converging not vanishing upwards. Inner
pale fringed on the ribs with rigid sete. Styles terminal.—
The unequal glumes alone distinguish this from Triticum.

Tr. XII. HORDEIE. Spikelets solitary or 2 or 3 together,
sessile on opposite sides of a channeled and toothed rachis.
(Lateral spikelets often stalked in Hordeum.) Otherwise
like Tr. XI.

45. Triricum. Glumes opposite, nearly equal, many-flowered,
embracing the flowers. Spikelets solitary.

46. Louium. Glume solitary, or that next the rachis small,
with 3 or more flowers. Spikelets placed edgewise on the
rachis, solitary.

47. Evymus. Glumes 2, both on the same side of the spike-
let, without awns or sete, with 2 or more perfect flowers.
Spikelets 2 or 3 together.
DIGITARIA.—SETARIA. 377

48. HorpEumM. Glumes 2, terminating in long sete, with 1
perfect flower and a stalklike rudiment next the common
rachis. Spikelets in threes, often partially barren.

Tr. XII. ROTTBOELLIEA. Spikelets of one perfect flower
placed edgewise on the rachis.

49. Narpus. Spikelets’in 2 rows on one side of the rachis,
of one flower. Glumes 0. Outer pale keeled, tapering into
a subulate point. Stigmas elongate, filiform, protruded at
the apex of the flower.

50. Leprurus. Spikelets solitary, imbedded alternately on
opposite sides of the rachis, of 1 flower and a superior rudi-
ment. Glumes 1—2 opposite to the rachis, cartilaginous,
covering the flower. Pales scarious. Stigmas feathery.

Tribe I. Panicee.

1. Drerraria Scop.

(1. D. sanguinalis (Scop.); 1. and sheaths hairy, fl. oblong-
lanceolate glabrous with downy margins (?).—E. B.849, P. 70.
—St. ascending, a foot long.—Not a true native ; occasionally
found in fields. A. VIII.] E.

2. D. humifusa (Pers.); 1. and sheaths glabrous, fl. elliptical
downy with glabrous nerves.—E. B.S. 2613. P. 71.—St. mostly
rocumbent, 4—8 in. long. Spikes usually 3 or 4, springing
Rom nearly the same point. Spikelets in pairs, one on a longer
stalk than the other.—Sandy fields, rare. A. VII. VIII. E.

2. Ecuinocuioa Pal. de Beauv.

*]. E. Crus-galli (Beauv.); spikes alternate or opposite, spike-
lets near together, upper gl. and sterile floret awned or mucro-
nate hispid, rachis hispid. B. 876. P. 67. Panicum Sm.
Oplismenus Kunth.—A strong coarse grass; found occasionally
on cultivated land—Near London. A. VII E

3. Seraria Pal. de Beauv.

*]. S. viridis (Beauv.); panicle spikelike, involucral bristles
with erect teeth, pales smooth.—Ponicum Sm., E. B. 875. P. 68.
—Fields near London and Norwich. A. VII. VIII. E.

*2. §. verticillata (Beauv.); panicle spikelike, involucral
bristles with declining teeth, pales smooth.— Panicum Sm., E. B.
874. P. 69.—Fields near London and Norwich. A. VII. VIII.
E.
378 97. GRAMINEX.

*3. 8. glauca (Beauv.); panicle spikelike, involucral bristles
with erect teeth, pales transversely rugose.— R. i. ee
Surrey. Mr. Borrer. A. IX.

Tribe II. Phalaridea.

4. Poanaris Linn.

*1. P. canariensis (L.); panicle ovate spikelike, gl. winged on
the keel, wing entire, rudimentary fl. 2 half as long as the fertile
f., pales pilose.—Z. B. 1310. P. 9.—St. 1—2 feet high, termi-
nating in a compact compound panicle. Gl. large, pale yellow
variegated with green lines and remarkably winged at the back.
—Scarcely naturalized. A. VII. Canary-grass.

[2. P. paradoxa (L.}; panicle spikelike, gl. of fertile fl. with
a toothed wing on the keel many-nerved, rudimentary fl. several
much shorter.—R. i.—St. decumbent below, then ascending, 1—3
ft. high, branched. Lower part of pan. usually barren ; branches
with about 6 spikes. Wing of barren gl. obtuse, toothed —
Swanage, Dorset. A doubtful native. A. VII] E.

3. P. arundinacea (L.); panicle upright with spreading
branches, fl. clustered, gl. not winged, rudimentary fl. 1 or 2
small hairy.—E. B. 402. P. 9. Baldingera R.—St. 4—5 feet
high, from a creeping root. Panicle 3—4 in. long. Gl. keeled.
<P. picta ; J. variegated with white lines.—By water. P. VI.

IT.

5. AnTHOxANTHUM Linn.

1. A. odoratum (L.); panicle spikelike oblong compound,
glumes about as long as the awns.—E. B. 647. P. 8.—About a
foot high.—Very common in pastures. P. V. VI. Sweet Vernal-
grass.

6. HizrocHyoer Ginel.

[l. H. borealis (R. and 8.); pee divaricate, pedicels gla-
brous, fl. without awns.—E. B. S. 2641. P. 31.—About a foot
high.—Glen Kella or Cally, near the Spittle of Glen Shee, For-
farshire. Mr. G. Don. P. VIE] s.

Tribe III. Phleinee.

7. Pureum Line. Cat’s-tail-grass.

1. P. asperum (Jacq.); panicle cylindrical, gl. wedgeshaped
truncate swelling upwards rough.—E. B. 1077. St. 26.5. P. 79.
ALOPECURUS. 379

—St. often branched, clothed with leaves almost up to the pani-
cle. Outer pale entire, not awned.—Dry open fields, rare. A.
Vi. E.

2. P. Boehmeri (Wibel); panicle cylindrical, gl. linear-lanceo-
late obliquely truncate mucronate scabrous.—E. B. 459. P. 80.
—3t. leafy below, the upper half naked, accompanied by sterile
leafy shoots. Outer pale entire, not awned.— Dry chalky fields,
rare. P. VII. 7 E.

[3. P. Michelii (All.); panicle nearly cylindrical, gl. lanceolate
acuminate.—E. B. 2265. P.7.—St. accompanied by sterile leafy
shoots. Gl. ciliated throughout their whole length. Outer pale
entire, more than half as long as the glume.—On the rocky parts
of the Clova mountains. Mr. G. Don. P. VIL VIII] 8.

4. P. arenarium (L.); panicle oblong somewhat narrowed be-
low, gl. lanceolate acuminate.—E. B. 222. St. 29.1. P. 7.—St.
varying greatly in height. Sheaths inflated. Gl. ciliated in the
neue half only. Outer pale notched at the summit, } the length
of the glumes. “ Stigma very short.”’—Sandy places near the sea.
A. VI.

5. P. pratense (L.); panicle cylindrical, gl. oblong truncate
ciliated on the back bearing a seta of less than half their length.
—E. B.1076. P.77 and 78.—Root slightly creeping, in dry
places rather tuberous (P. nodosum L.). Panicle 1—5 im. long.
Awns sometimes longer. Outer pale jagged at the summit.—
Meadows and pastures. P. VI. Timothy-grass.

6. P. commutatum (Gaud.) ; panicle ovate-oblong, gl. truncate
glabrous ciliated on the back bearing a scabrous seta of 3 of their
length, sheath of the upper 1. inflated 3 or 4 times as long as its
leaf, upper ligule very short and obtuse.—P. alpinum Sm., not
Linn. £. B. 519 (bad). P. 6.—Root somewhat creeping. St.
6—12 in. high. Panicle not exceeding an in. in length.—Per-
haps not distinct from the true P. alpinum (Linn.!), which has a
longer panicle, gl. bearig a ciliated seta, the upper sheath
scarcely inflated and only twice as long as its leaf, uppermost
ligule oblong and acute.—Wet alpme moors at an elevation of
2500—3500 feet. P. VII.

8. Atorecurus Linn. Fox-tail-grass.

1. A. pratensis (L.); st. erect smooth, panicle cylindrical ob-
tuse, gl. acute connected below ciliated downy, pale equalling
the glumes, awn projecting more than half its own length beyond
the pale—E. B.759. St.8. 1. P.4.—Root fibrous, scarcely
creeping. St. 1—3 feet high. In salt marshes the base of the
st. becomes fleshy and the plant may be taken for A. bulbosus.
380 97. GRAMINES.

Upper sheath slightly inflated. Ligule short, obtuse. Spike
1—3 in. long, branches 1—6-flowered. Anth. yellow. Styles
combined.—Rich pastures. P. TV.—VI.

2. A. alpinus (Sm.); st. erect smooth, panicle oblong, glumes
acute connected below hairy, pale equalling the glumes, awn pro-
jecting 3 of its length beyond the pale—E. B.1126. P.4.—
Root somewhat creeping. St.decumbent at the base, then erect,
9—12 in. high. Ligule short, obtuse. Uppermost 1. usually
(not always) short and broad, 4 of the length of its inflated sheath.
Awn from about the middle of pale, sometimes wanting. Styles
combined. Spike not exceeding an inch long; silky branches
4—6-flowered.—On mountains at an elevation of 2500—3500
feet. Lochna Gar. Ben Lawers. Clova. P. VII. S.

3. A. geniculatus (L.); st. ascending bent at the knots smooth,
panicle cylindrical, g/. obtuse connected below ciliated rather
longer than the pale, awn from near the base of the pale and pro-
jecting half its length beyond it, anth. linear.—E. B. 1250. P.5.
—Root fibrous. St. about a foot long, branching below. Knots
generally (in dry places) oval and fleshy. Upper sheath inflated.
Ligule oblong. Gl. membranous at the top except the midnh,
often villose or hairy below. Pale when laid open oblong, obtuse,
slightly notched. Anth. ultimately violet-yellow. Styles mostly
combined. Spikes 1—2 in. long. —Wet places. P. VI. VII.

4. A. fulvus (Sm.); st. ascending bent at the knots smooth,
panicle cylindrical, glumes connected below ciliated rather shorter
than the pale, awn from just below the middle of the pale and
scarcely extending beyond it, anth. short and broad.—E. B. 1467.
P.5,—St. 1—2 feet long, procumbent below. Ligule oblong.
Spikes 2—3 im. long. Anth. at first white, afterwards orange-
coloured.—Wet margins of ponds. P. VI.—IX. E.S.

5. A. bulbosus (L.) ; st. smooth, panicle cylindrical acuminate,
gl. distinct abruptly acute downy longer than the pale, awn from
near the base of the pale and projecting half its length beyond it.
—E. B.1249. P.76.—St. 1 foot long, ascending or decumbent,
in a circular tuft, kneed, the lowermost knots forming ovate fleshy
knobs. Upper sheath inflated. Ligule oblong. Pale when laid
open truncate emarginate with a small tooth in the middle.
Styles combined. Panicles about an in. long, less decidedly
racemose than in our other species, pedicels usually 1-flowered.—
Salt marshes in the south, rare. P. VI. E.S.

6. A. agrestis (L.); st. erect scabrous upwards, panicle taper-
ing slender, gl. acute connected below nearly glabrous, awn from
near the base of the pale and projecting half its length beyond
it—E. B. 848. P. 3.—St. 1—2 feet high, slender. Sheaths
roughish. Ligule prominent, obtuse. Gl. glabrous but with a
KNAPPIA.—AGROSTIS. 381

row of fine short cilia on the back. Styles combined.—A very
troublesome weed. A. IV.—XI. E. S.?

9. Knappra Sm.

1. K. agrostidea (Sm.),—E. B.1127. P.73. Sturmia minima
Hoppe in St. 7.1. Chamagrostis Koch. Mibora verna R.—An
elegant but very small grass. Root small, fibrous. St. nume-
rous. L. short, rough. Spikes slender; spikelets 5—10, sessile,
from one side of the rachis, but still rather alternate. Pale
shorter than the glumes, hairy, truncate, ragged. Mibora
(Adans.) is the oldest name, but I have thought 1t better to fol-
low Smith.—Sandy maritime pastures, rare. A. TII—V. — E.

Tribe IV. Agrostidea.

10. Gastriptum Pal. de Beauv.

1. G. lendigerum (Gaud.); gl. lanceolate acuminate, outer pale
awned, awn rather longer than the glumes.—E. B. 1107. P.86.
—St. 3—12 in. high. L. roughish at the edges. Ligule oblong.
Panicle close, almost spiked, lobed. Gl. remarkably ventricose
and shining at the base. Pales very small—Damp places espe-
cially near the sea, rare. A. VI.—IX. E.

11. Potyrocon Desf.

1. P. monspeliensis (Desf.); setae more than twice as long as
the rather obtuse glumes.—E.B. 1704. P. 11.—Root fibrous.
St. a foot or more high. Panicle dense, lobed, pale, silky, often
2 in. long. Gl. linear, hairy. A most beautiful grass.—Salt
marshes. A. VI. VII. E. 8.

2. P. littoralis (Sm.) ; setze equalling the acute glumes.—E. B.
1251. P.81.—Root somewhat creeping. St. a foot or more
high. Panicle close, lobed, purplish. Gl. linear-lanceolate.—
Muddy salt marshes, rare. P. VI. VII. E.

12. Mitium Linn.

1. M. effusum (L.); panicle diffuse, pales acute, st. smooth,
1. lanceolate-linear.—E. B. 1106. P. 17.—Root fibrous with
scions. St. 3—4 feet high. Branches of the panicle long, in
distant alternate tufts, im flower horizontal, afterwards deflexed.
—Damp shady woods. P. VI.

13. Agrostis Linn. Bent-grass.

1. A. setacea (Curt.); panicle close oblong, branches and
pedicels scabrous, gl. unequal acute, outer pale erose at the top
382 07. GRAMINE.

4d-ribbed, lateral ribs terminating in short sete, awn from the
base of the pale and twice its length, 1. setaceous, sheaths rough,
ligule oblong acute —E. B. 1188. P. 83.—Root tufted. L. short,
involute, almost capillary. Branches of the panicle short. Mid-
rib of outer glume scabrous in its upper half, slightly excurrent
at the apex. Inner pale very minute with a tuft of hairs at its
base.—Dry heaths in the south-west. P. VII. E,

2. A.canina(L.); panicle spreading when in flower otherwise
close, branches and pedice)s scabrous, gl. unequal acute, outer
pale erose at the top 4-ribbed, awn from below the middle and
Jonger than the pale, lower 1]. setaceous tufted, stem-l. narrow,
sheaths smooth, ligule oblong acute.—E. B, 1856. P. 15.—Root
creeping and tufted with trailing leafy shoots. St. decumbent
below, then erect. L. narrow; radical myolute. Branches of
the panicle long, slender. FI. tinged with purple or green.
Outer gl. not erose at the top; midrib scabrous from rather be-
low the middle. Inner pale 0, or very minute. The awn is
eae very short or rarely absent,—Peaty heaths, P. VII.

3. A. vulgaris (With.); panicle spreading durmg and after
flowering, gl. nearly equal, outer toothed on the upper part of
the keel, ligule short truncate—H. B. 1671. P. 12. 13.—St.
long, ascending or decumbent below and rooting at the knots,
often producing long prostrate scions. Sheaths mostly smooth,
Pedicels toothed. Fl. rarely awned.—8. A. pumila (Light.);
cespitose, st. 2—3 in. high, fl. often awned usually infested with
smut.—Rather dry places. P. VII.

4. A.alba(U.); panicle compact after flowering, glumes nearly
equal, outer toothed throughout its keel, ligule elongate acute.—
E. B. 1189. P. 13. 14.—St. procumbent and rooting below,
then erect, often with long prostrate scions. Sheaths roughish.
Panicle spreading when m flower, afterwards close. Pedicels
very much toothed. Florets sometimes though rarely awned.—
B. maritima ; st. procumbent, rooting at the knots, panicle lobed,
E, B. 1532.—Fields, &e. 8. Sea-sands. P. VII,

14, Aprra Adans.

1. A. Spica-venti (Beauv.); panicle spreading, anth. linear-
oblong.— Agrostis Sm., E. B. 951. Anemagrostis (Trin.) P. 17.
—St. 1—2 feet high. Panicle very light and elegant. Branches
spreading, horizontal when in flower. Awn 3 or 4 times exceed-
ing the pale. Rudiment of the second fl. a small pedicel with a
tuft of hair on each side, at the hase of the inner pale-—Sandy
fields, rare. A. VI. VII. E. §.

2. A. interrupta (Beauv.); panicle close, anth. oval.—E. B. 8.
STIPA.—PSAMMA. 383

2951.—St. 2—6 inches high. Branches of panicle mostly
dividing from their base, never spreading. Awn 3 or 4 times
exceeding the pale—Sands at Thetford, Suffolk. A. VI. VII.

h.

Tribe V. Stipacee,

15. Srrpa Linn, Feather-grass.

[1. S. pennata (L.); awn very long twisted feathery its base
glabrous.—E. B. 1356.—A beautiful plant with remarkably long
awns, common in gardens.—On rocks in Long Sleadale 6 miles
north of Kendal, Westm, Dillenius, P. VI.] E.

Tribe VI. Arundinee.

16. Arunpo Linn.

1. A. Calamagrostis (L.); panicle loose erect, awn very short
from the bottom of the notch at the top of the outer pale and
scarcely extending beyond it, hairs longer than the pales, no rudi-
mentary fl,—H. B. 2159. P.84. Calamagrostis lanceolata Koch,
—St. slender, 3—4 feet high.—Wet places, rare. P. VII. E,

2. A. Epigejos(L.); panicle rather close lobed, awn from about
the middle of the outer pale, hairs longer than the pales, no rudi«
mentary fl—E. B.403. P. 16. Calamagrostis, Hook.—St. 3—5
feet high.—* 8. glauca (Fries); more slender, 1. narrower, pani-
ele effuse.”—Damp shady places. 8. Near St. Ives, Hunts,
Rev. W. W. Newbould. P. VII.

3. A. stricta (Schrad.); panicle close, gl. lanceolate rough on
the keel one (at least) 3-nerved, outer pale nearly as long as the
inner gl. deeply notched at the top longer than the hairs, awn
from below the middle of the pale and scartely extending beyond
it straight, rudiment of a second fl. present, l. of the barren shoots -
slender.—F. B. 2160.—Cal. stricta Nutt.—St. erect, 2—3 ft.
high. L. broad; those of the barren shoots much narrower.
Uppermost ligule short, blunt; longer and acute in the Irish
plant. Fl. tinged with purplish-blue—The Irish plant has
shorter branches to its panicle.—Bogs. Formerly found near
Forfar. Oakmere, Cheshire. Lough Neagh, Antrim. P. VI,
VII.

17. Psamma Pal, de Beauv.
1. P. arenaria (R. and §.); panicle cylindrical narrowed up-
wards, gl. and pales linear-lanceolate acute, hairs 3 of the length

of the pales.—Arundo Sm., E.B.520. Ammophila R. P.8.—
St. erect, stiff, 2—3 feet high. L. rigid, involute; acute, glaucous,
384 97. GRAMINEA.

—The name of Ammophila was given to a genus of Hymenopte-
rous insects by Kirby in 1798.—Sandy sea-shore, bmding the
shifting sands. P. VII. Sea-reed. Marram.

18. Puracmitres Jrin. Reed.

1. P. communis (Trin.); panicle diffuse, spikelets 3—5-flower-
ed, fl. longer than the glumes.—Arundo Sm., EH. B. 401. P.
29.—St. 5—6 feet high, erect. Panicle large, purplish. _L. flat,
broad.—Dr. Bromfield mentions (Phyt. i. 146.) a state with pro-
strate stems 20-—40 feet long; found on the south coast of the
Isle of Wight.—Marshes. P. VIII.

Tribe VII. Chloridee.

19. Cynopon Rich.

1. C. Dactylon (Pers.); spikes 3—5 digitate, pales smooth
edges and keel slightly ciliated, 1. downy beneath, scions prostrate.
—E. B. 850. P. 72.—Creeping. Scions long, branched.
Flowering st. 4—6 in. high, termmating in a single cluster of
spreading many-flowered slender spikes. Spikelets purplish. L.
on the barren shoots flat, spreading.—Sandy shores. Dorset.
Devon. Cornwall. P. VIII. E.

20. Spartina Schreb.

1. S. stricta (Roth) ; 1. jointed to their sheaths shorter than
the spikes, spikes 2—3, rachis scarcely extending beyond the
last spikelet, outer gl. hairy.—H. B. 380.—St. 1—2 feet high.
L. narrowing to the base where they easily separate from their
sheaths. Spikes pressed close together. A remarkably rigid
plant.—Muddy salt marshes. P. VIII. E.

2. S. alterniflora (Loisel.); 1. continuous with their sheaths
as long or longer than the spikes, spikes numerous, rachis pro-
duced beyond the spikelets and flexuose, outer gl. glabrous.—
E. B. S. 2812. P. 75.—St. 2—3 feet high. L. broadest at the
base and not separating from their sheaths more easily than at
any other part. Spikes pressed close together.— Mud-flats in the
river Itchin at Southampton. P. VII. E.

Tribe VIII. Oryzee.
21. Lerrsta Soland.

1. L. oryzoides (Sw.); panicle patent with wavy branches,
spikelets 3-androus half-oval ciliated on the back.—E. B. S. 2908.
—Creeping. St. 1—2 ft. high, “never procumbent and rooting
SESLERIA.—AIRA. 385

at the joints as erroneously stated in E. B.S.” Borrer. L. broad,
rough-edged ; uppermost horizontal at the flowering season.
Panicle rarely, if ever, protruded in this country, mostly inclosed
in the sheath of the uppermost leaf—Marsh-ditches in Sussex
and Hampshire. P. VIII. IX.

Tribe IX. Sesleriee.

22. SesteRia Scop.

1. S. caerulea (Scop.); raceme ovate slightly 1-sided, outer
pale terminating in 4’ teeth, the dorsal rib rough with a short ex-
current point, 1. abrupt with a minute rough poimt.—E. B. 1613.
P. 27.—Roots tufted. St. 6—12in. high. Raceme about half
an in. long, bluish-purple. Styles combined. Stigmas very long,
linear, at first combined almost to the summit, afterwards sepa-
rate.—Mountains. Banks of the Shannon, I. P. IV. V.

Tribe X. Avenee.

23. Lacurus Linn.

[1. L. ovatus (L.).—E. B. 1334. P. 88.—St. 4—12 in. high.
L. broad, lanceolate. Spikes ovate, soft, with long protruded
awns.—Sandy places in Guernsey. A. VI. VII.]

24, Arra Linn.
* Outer pale truncate, jagged. Nut free, not furrowed on the back.
+ Awn straight. DescHampsia Beauv.

1. A. ce@spitosa (L.); panicle spreading, 1. flat, gl. slightly
rough at the midrib, awn from below the middle of the pale and
scarcely extending beyond its summit.—#. B. 1453. P. 23.—
Root tufted. St. 1—4 feet high. L. rigid, roughish, their
margins involute when dry. Branches of the panicle rough.
Outer pale with 4 nerves in addition to that which terminates in
the rough awn. Rudiment of the third fl. often scarcely, if at
all, distinguishable, or, in other cases, half the length of the up-
per fl. and somewhat clavate——f. brevifolia (Parn.); radical 1.
short, sheaths and st. smooth, panicle small. P.106. Vivipa~
rous states are often called A. alpina and produce scions.—y. lon-
giaristata (Parn.); awns exceeding the fl., sheaths rough. P. 105.
—Meadows, thickets, &c. 8. and y. Mountains. P. VII.

+t Awn bent, twisted at the base.

2. A. alpina (L.); panicle close, 1. mostly involute, gl. smooth
on midrib, awn from above the middle of the pale and scarcely
s
386 97. GRAMINES.

extending beyond its summit.—E. B. 2102. P. 23.—Height
6—12 in. L. narrow, rigid, roughish on the upper surface.
Branches of the panicle quite or nearly smooth, lower ones lax,
nae erect. Fl. often viviparous.—Tops of highland ae

. VOL. :

3. A. flexuosa (L.); panicle spreading triply forked with wavy
branches, 1. very narrow subsetaceous, awn from near the base of
the pale and extending considerably beyond its summit, pedicel
of the. second fl. less than 3 of its length, ligule truncate.—E. B.
1519. P.107.—St. erect, slender, about a foot high. L. solid,
nearly terete. Upper sheaths rough from above downwards.
Outer pale notched at the summit.—Heathy places. P. VIL.

** Outer pale bifid. Nut adnate to the pales, “ furrowed on
the back.” Arropsts Fries.

4. A. caryophyllea (L.); panicle spreading triply forked, gl.
rounded at the base, awn from below the middle of the pale and
extending considerably beyond its attenuated deeply bifid point.
—E. B.812. P. 24. Avena Koch.—St. 6—12 in. high. L.
short and narrow. Sheaths roughish from below upwards. Spike-
lets very small, rounded below, chiefly collected at the ends of
the branches ; no rudiment of a third floret.—Dry gravelly places.
A. VI.

5. A. precov (L.); panicle spikelike oblong, gl. scarcely
rounded at the base, awn from below the middle usually near the
base of the pale and extending considerably beyond its attenuated
deeply bifid point—E. B. 1296. P. 25. Avena Koch.—Height
1—6 in. Panicle close, oval or oblong. No rudiment of a third
floret. L. very narrow. Often with difficulty distinguished from
the preceding.—Dry and sandy places. A. IV. V.

25. CorynePunorus Pal. de Beauv.

1. C. canescens (Beauv.); panicle rather dense elongated,
glumes longer than the fl. acuminate, awn from near the base of
the pale, 1. setaceous—Aira Sm., E. B. 1190. P. 110.—St.
tufted, slender, 6—8 in. high. L. numerous. Panicle close,
spreading when in full bloom. Spikelets variegated with purple
and white. Anth. dark purple. Lower portion of the awn dark
yellow, straight, cylindrical, longitudinally striated and shghtly
twisted ; upper part clavate, white tinged with purple.—Sandy
coasts of Norf., Suff., and Jersey, A. VI. VII. E.

26. Trisetum Pers.

1. T. flavescens (Beauv.); panicle much branched diffuse equal,
glumes very unequal about 3-flowered.—P. 54. Avena Sm., E. B.
AVENA.—-ARRHENATHERUM. 387

952.—St. about a foot high. Radical 1. and sheaths hairy. Li-
gule very short, obtuse. Spikelets yellowish. Upper glume ob-

long-lanceolate acuminate. Floral axis hairy, hairs short.—
Fields. P. VII.

27. Avena Linn.

* Upper glume 5—9-nerved. Spikelets ultimately pendulous.

1. A. fatua (L.); panicle erect, spikelets about 3-flowered
drooping, fl. shorter than the glumes hairy at the base, outer
pale bifid at the end.—E. B. 2221. P. 27.—Height 3 feet. FI.
with long fulvous hairs at their base by which it may be distin-

guished from A. sativa, the cultivated Oat.—Corn-fields. A.
VIL. Wild Oat.

2. A. strigosa (Schreb.); panicle secund, spikelets of about
2 fl. drooping, fl. as long as the glumes, outer pale ending in 2
long straight bristles—E. B. 1266. P. 26.—Height 3 feet.
Very like A. sativa but readily distinguished by the bristles at
the end of the fl—Corn-fields. A. VII.

** Upper glume 3-nerved. Spikelets erect.

3. A. pratensis (L.); panicle erect with simple or slightly di-
vided branches, fl. erect 3—6 longer than the glumes, l. scabrous.
—E. B.1204, P. 52.—Height nearly 2 feet. St. usually nearly
round. L. usually short, narrow, acute. Branches of the pa-
nicle generally simple bearing only one spikelet.—8. longifolia
(Purn) ; 1. much longer.—y. alpina; st. often compressed and
sheaths carinate, branches of the panicle often bearig several
spikelets, spikelet with more numerous fl., inner pale less acute,
1. broader. I believe that none of these characters are permanent.
E.B.2141. P.53.—A. planiculmis of Hooker (E. B. 8. 2684.)
appears to me to belong to this species, differmg in its greatly
compressed st., strongly keeled sheaths and more branched pa-
nicle. In @. and £. the lowest fl. sometimes slightly falls short
of the longer gl., in y. exceeds it—Dry pastures and mountain-
ous places. P. VI.

4. A. pubescens (L.); panicle erect nearly simple, fl. erect 2 or
3, scarcely longer than the glumes, lower J. and sheaths hairy.—
E. B. 1640. P. 53.—Height 1—2 feet.—Chalky and limestone
districts. P. VII.

28. ARRHENATHERUM Pal. de Beauv.

1. A. avenaceum (Beauy.); 1. flat.—Holcus Sm3 E. B. 813.
P. 25.—Height 2—3 feet. Root fibrous. Knots of the st. gla-
brous sometimes downy.—f. A. bulbosum (Lindl.); base of the
st. with swollen knobs, knots downy. P. 26. I ae plant

s
388 97. GRAMINES.

preserving its characters on rich as well as barren soil.— Hedges
and pastures. P. VI. Oat-grass.

29. Hoxucus Linn.

1. H. lanatus (L.); upper gl. obtuse apiculate. awn smooth
except for a short distance from the tip.—E. B. 1169, P. 21.—
Height 1—2 feet. Sheaths downy. Inflorescence panicled, often
pinkish. Lower fl. awnless. Awn at length curved like a fish-
hook and included within the glumes, quite smooth or slightly
rough at the point. Root fibrous—Meadows aud pastures.
P. VII.

2. H. mollis (L.); upper gl. acute, awn rough throughout its
whole length —F. B. 1170. P. 21, 22.—Height 1—3 feet.
Knots of st. usually downy. Sheaths nearly smooth. Inflores-
ceuce not so compact as in the preceding, whitish. Lower fl.
awnless. Awn at length bent at an angle, protruding beyond the
glumes. Root creeping. Sometimes the lower fl. has an awn;
rarely the upper is perfect. Occasionally the spikelets are much
smaller and the plant only 12—18 in, high—Thickets or open
places on a light soil. P. VII.

30. Triopia R. Br.

1. T. decumbens (Beauv.); panicle racemose, spikelets few
oval, fl. about 4 scarcely extending beyond the glumes without
awns.— FE. B.792. P.30.—St.6—12 in. high. L. flat. Sheaths
rather hairy. Ligule a tuft of hairs. Spikelets few, 1—7. Gl.
smooth, coriaceous, hiding the fl. Outer pale with 3 points,
5-ribbed, hairy at the base—Mountain pastures. P. VII.

Tribe XI. Festucee.

31. Kaxueria Pers.

1. K. cristata (Pers.); panicle compact spikelike interrupted
below, outer pale acute 3-ribbed, 1. narrow rough at the edges
ciliated.—Aira Sm., E. B. 648. P.19.—Root crowned with the
undivided sheaths of the old leaves. St. 6—18 in. high, downy
particularly in the upper part. L. rough and ciliated at the edges,
otherwise glabrous ; or together with the sheaths villose. Glumes
and pales glabrous or downy; glumes minutely toothed at the
keel; outer pale minutely toothed on the midrib. Sometimes
the 1. become eonvolute when dry. In dry places the 1. are much
shorter than the st., in damper places elongated and often nearly
equalling the stem.—Dry pastures. A large form on damp ledges
on Ben Bulben, Co. Shgo. P. VI. VII.
MELICA.— POA. 389

32. Mexica Linn.

1. M. uniflora (Retz); panicle branched slightly drooping,
spikelets erect with 1 perfect glabrous fl., 1. flat, ligule short ob-
tuse with a slender acuminate lobe on one side.—F. B. 1058.
P. 18.—Shady and rocky woods. P. VI.

2. M. nutans (L.); panicle a nearly simple lax secund raceme,
spikelets pendulous with 2 perfect glabrous fl., 1. flat, ligule short
obtuse.—E. B. 1059. P.18.—Damp shady woods in hilly di-
stricts. P. V. VI.

33. Motinia Schrank.

1. M. cerulea (Moench) ; panicle erect elongate narrow, spike-
lets 1—3-fl., outer pale 3- (rarely 5-) nerved awnless, upper part
of the st. naked —#. B. 750. P. 20.—St. 1—2 feet high. L.
long, linear, attenuated, all from near the base of the stem.—f.
M. depauperata (Lind].); spikelets 1-f1. few, outer pale often but
not constantly 5-nerved. P.19.—Wet heaths. 8. Alpine situa-
tions. P. VIT. VIII.

34. Catasrosa Pal. de Beauv.

1. C. aquatica (Presl) ; panicle equal with half-whorls of pa-
tent branches, 1. broadly linear obtuse.—E. B.1557.  P. 20.—
Creeping. St. long, procumbent or floating below. L. flat,
broad. Branches of the panicle springing in threes or fives from
alternate sides of the rachis. Spikelets usually 2- (sometimes
3—5-) flowered. Gl. very thin, often tinged with purple. FI.
distant.—8. minor ; st. 2—3 in. high, spikelets mostly 1-flowered.
—Ponds and ditches. 8. Wet sands. P. VI. VII.

35. Poa Linn.

* Root fibrous ; no stolons.

+ Lower branches of the panicle solitary or in pairs. Dorsal
and marginal nerves of the outer pale hairy.

1. P. bulbosa (1..) ; panicle close erect, spikelets ovate of 3 or
4 acute webbed fi., outer pale with 3 silky nerves, upper sheath
below the middle of the st. much longer than its leaf, ligule
prominent acute.—E.B. 1071. P.89.—Root fibrous. Base of
the st. swollen and resembling a bulb. L. with a narrow white
serrated margin. The st. soon wither and the bulbs hie loose
upon the sand until the autumn, when they again fix themselves.
——Sandy sea-shores of the south and east. P. IV. V. E,

2. P. annua (L.); panicle spreading erect with a triangular
outline, spikelets ovate-oblong of 5 or 6 free fl., outer pale with
390 97. GRAMINES.

5 nerves all more or less silky, upper sheath longer than its leaf,
ligule oblong acute.—E. B. 1141. P. 40, 41.—Root fibrous.
St. ascending or prostrate. L. flaccid, often wavy, broad.
Branches of the panicle patent or divaricated.—f. supina; outer
pale glabrous or with a very few hairs on the midrib, branches of
the panicle erect-patent, 1. narrow.—Very common. A. III.—X.

3. P. minor (Gaud.); panicle oblong subovate, spikelets of 3
or 4 webbed fl., outer pale with 5 nerves the dorsal and marginal
hairy, upper sheath longer than its /eaf which is folded and slightly
incurved but tapermg at the summit, uppermost knot covered,
upper ligule long acute, lower ones short rather blunt.—P. flecu-
osa Sm., FE. B. 1123.2 not of others.—Root fibrous. St.6—8 in.
high. Fl. often viviparous.—Lofty mountams. Loch-na-Gar.
Ben Nevis. P. VII. VIII.

4. P. lava (Haenke !) ; panicle lax slightly drooping, spikelets
oblong-ovate of 3 free fl., outer pale with 3 hairy nerves, upper
sheath longer than its leaf which 1s flat and taper-pointed, upper-
most knot covered, ligules all long acute.—P. 38.—Root fibrous.
St. 6—12 in. high. TF. often viviparous; sometimes, it is said,
slightly webbed.— Lofty mountains. Ben Nevis. Loch-na-Gar.
P. VII. VIII. S.

5. P. alptha (L.); panicle erect spreading when in flower,
spikelets ovate of 3 or 4 free fl., outer pale with 3 hairy nerves,
upper sheath longer than its leaf which is folded and rounded
behind the summit, uppermost knot exposed, ligule long pointed.
—E.B.1003. P. 37 and 94.—Root fibrous, tufted. St. 6—12
in. high, basal sheaths common to it and the tuft of leaves. Fl.
often viviparous.—Lofty mountains. P. VI. VII.

6. P. cesia (Sm.); panicle erect slender, spikelets ovate of
2—5 acute free fl., outer pale with 5 nerves the dorsal and mar-
ginal hairy, upper sheath about as long as its leaf, uppermost knot
near to the base of the stem, ligule obtuse ——Root fibrous. St.
6—12in. high. Lowest fl. longer than the large glume.—«. cesia;
spikelets of 4 or 5 fi., panicle rather spreadmg. P. cesia Sm.,
E. B.1719. P.40.—. glauca; spikelets of 2 or 3 fl., panicle
rather close, 1. broader.—Mountains. «. Ben Lawers. Clova.
B. Ben Nevis. P. VII. E. 8.

+t Lower branches of the panicle in fives or 2 or 3 together.
Dorsal and marginal nerves of the outer pale hairy.

7. P. nemoralis (L.); panicle rather drooping slender, spike-
lets ovate-lanceolate of 3 or 4 webbed f1., outer pale with 5 nerves
the dorsal and marginal hairy, upper sheath not longer than its
leaf, uppermost knot at about the middle of the st. exposed,
ligule extremely short truncate—E. B. 1265. P. 36.—Root
POA. 391

slightly creeping. St. slender, 1—2 feet high. Sheaths smooth.
—B. angustifoha ; st. and panicle very slender, 1. long and nar-
row, uppermost knot near the panicle, spikelets few 1—2-flow-
ered.—y. glauca; st. slender, panicle with many long-stalked
spikelets, plant glaucous.—d. P. montana (Parn.); spikelets few
of 2 or 3 free fi., knots 4 or 5, uppermost rather above the middle
ee P. 39.—Shady places. y. and 6. Mountains. P.

8. P. Parnellii (Bab.) ; panicle erect large rather close oblong,
spikelets ovate of 2 or 3 acute free /fl., outer pale with 5 nerves
the dorsal and marginal hairy, upper sheath usually longer than
its leaf, upper knot at about the middle of the st. exposed, ligule
very short truncate.—E. B. S. 2916. P.93,.—St. ascending, | ft.
or more high, compressed; knots 5 or 6, uppermost not above
the middle of the stem. Ligule 6 times as broad as long, but
longer than that of P. nemoralis to which this is perhaps too
nearly allied. Occasionally there is a slight trace of a web to
the florets—High Force and other parts of Upper Teesdale.
P. VI. E.

9. P. Balfourii (Parn.) ; panicle erect rather spreading, spike-
lets ovate of 3 or 4 webbed fl., outer pale with 5 nerves the dorsal
and marginal hairy, upper sheath about as long as its leaf, upper
two-thirds of the stem without knots, ligule prominent obtuse.—
P. 66. E. B.S. 2918.—Root creeping. St. 3—15 in. high ;
knots about 3, uppermost within the lower third of the stem.
Lower fl. as long as the larger glume. I cannot join this to P.
nemoralis without more proof of their identity than has yet ap-
peared.—Tops of mountains. P. VII. E. 8.

+tt Lower branches of the panicle subverticillate. Dorsal
nerve of the outer pale hairy; marginal glabrous.

10. P. trivialis (L.); panicle diffuse, spikelets ovate of 2 or 3
acute webbed fl., outer pale with 5 nerves, upper sheath much
longer than its leaf, ligule acute long. —E. B.1072.  P.35.—
Root tufted. St. 1—2 ft. high. Sheaths slightly rough.—8. par-
viflora (Parn.) ; spikelets small 1—2-flowered, plant slender.—
Moist and shady places. P. VI.

** Root creeping by long stolons.

11. P. pratensis (L.); panicle diffuse, spikelets ovate of 3 or 4
webbed fi., outer pale with 5 prominent nerves the dorsal and
marginal hairy, upper sheath much longer than its leaf, ligule
prominent obtuse.—E. B. 1073. P. 31—34.—Very variable in
size. St. compressed and sheaths nearly always smooth. Fi.
strongly webbed.—f. subeerulea ; spikelets broader, 1. broad and
short, upper l. compressed rounded at the end behind. E. B. 1004.
392 97. GRAMINEA.

—y. angustifolia; spikelets small, 1. slender long, lower 1. invo-
lute.—Common. P. VI. VII.

12. P. compressa (L.); panicle rather unilateral spreading
when in flower otherwise close, spikelets ovate or oblong-ovate
of 5—7 obtuse slightly webbed f1., outer pale with 3 hairy nerves,
upper sheath about as long as its leaf, uppermost knot at about
the middle of the stem, ligule short truncate.—E. B. 365. P. 37.
—St. decumbent at the base, then erect, very much compressed,
1—13 ft. high. Outer pale with no intermediate nerves.—f. P.
subcompressa (Parn.); outer pale 5-nerved, intermediate nerves
glabrous faint. P.90.—Dry situations. P. VII.

13. P. polynoda(Parn.) ; panicle erect ovate-lanceolate, spike-
lets ovate or ovate-lanceolate of 4 or 5 not webbed fl., outer pale
with 5 nerves the dorsal and marginal hairy, upper sheath not
longer than its leaf, uppermost knot above the middle of the stem,
ligule prominent obtuse.—P. 91.—St. decumbent at the base,
then erect, compressed, 1—1} ft. high; knots 7 or 8, the second
at about the middle of the stem. LL. acute. Panicle with short
branches. Lowest fl. not longer than the large glume.—f. den-
ticulata (Parn.) ; midrib of outer pale not hairy but denticulated
throughout, ligule shorter, often one convoluted hair at the base
of the fl. P. 92.—Dry stony places. P. VI. VII. E. 8.

36. Giycertia R. Br.

1. G. aquatica(Sm.); panicle erect repeatedly branched spread-
ing, rachis semiterete, branches scabrous, spikelets linear-oblong
of 5—10 fl., outer pale obtuse, 1. smooth with slightly compressed
sheaths.—E. B.1315. P.44.—Root creeping. St.3—6 feet high,
smooth, slightly compressed. Sheaths very long. L. long, rough
on the edges and keel. Ligule short. Panicle large. Branches
angular, slender, branched. Outer pale with the central nerve
extending to the summit.— Watery places. P. VII.

2. G, fluitans (R. Br.); panicle secund slightly branched very
long, branches nearly simple roughish, spikelets linear of 7—12
adpressed lanceolate-oblong acute fl., outer pale nearly thrice as
long as broad, sheaths compressed.—P. 95.—St. ascending root-
ing below, or floating. Sheaths nearly smooth, attlated. pale
green, acute. Ligule elongate. Panicle remarkably elongated,
often nearly simple; branches without callosities, ascending,
lowermost usually in pairs. Spikelets adpressed. Outer pale
rather shorter than the inner, with a triangular central pomt.
Anthers about five times as long as broad, purple, pale yellow when
empty.—Stagnant water and wet places. P. VI.—IX.

3. G. plicata (Fries); panicle compound, branches compound
nearly smooth erect when in flower divaricate with fruit, spikelets
SCLEROCHLOA. 393

linear of 7—20 oval-oblong rather acute fl., outer pale twice us
long as broad, sheaths compressed.—R. vii. 79. G. fluitans Sm.,
E. B. 1520, P. 45.—8t. ascending, rooting below. Sheaths
rough, furrowed. lL. glaucous, bluntish, plicate when young.
Ligule shorter. Panicle much branched; branches with callosi-
ties at the base, lowermost about in fives. Outer pale with 3
teeth at the end. Anth. about 3 times as long as broad, cream-
coloured, fuscous when empty.—8. G. pedicellata (Towns.) ;
branches of pan. simple roughish, spikelets of 9—12 blunt florets.
L. more acute, simply folded when young. Lowermost pan.-
branches about in threes. Anth. about 4 times as long as broad,
yellow when young. Probably distinct. A. N. H. ser. 2. v. 105.—
Stagnant water and wet places. P. VI.—VIII.

37. ScLterocHioa Pal. de Beauv.
* Glumes with 3 nerves.

1. S. maritima (Lindl.); panicle branched, lowermost branches
in pairs, or simple, branches ultimately erect, spikelets linear ad-
pressed 4—8-flowered, rachis terete, outer pale obtuse apiculate,
midrib not reaching to the apex, root stoloniferous.— Glyceria Sm.,
E. B.1140. P. 42.—Root fibrous with rooting or ascending scions.
L. involute ; the central ridge on their upper surface strongly
marked, the others faint. Anth. about 6 times as long as broad.
Outer pale with involute margins. Ligule bluntish.—8. hispida
(Parn.) ; st. compressed, rachis furrowed on one side and as well
as the branches of the panicle rough. P. 99.—Sea-coast, in damp
places. P. VI. VII.

2. S. distans (Bab.); panicle branched, branches elongated ul-
timately spreading or deflexed lowermost in fours or fives, spike-
lets linear 3—6-flowered, rachis semiterete rather flat on one side,
outer pale obtuse, midrib not reaching to the apex, root fibrous.
—Glyceria Sm., E.B. 986. P. 41.—Root fibrous, without rooting
scions. St. decumbent below. L. flat, short, with 8—10 equally
prominent ridges upon their upper surface. Ligule short and
truncate. Margins of the outer pale not involute. Spikelets and
fl. half the size of those of the preceding.—f. obtusa (Parn.); pan-
icle more compound, spikelets about 7-flowered, outer pale trun-
cate and broader, ligule shorter. P. 96 and 97. Sea-shores and
waste sandy places. @. Leicestershire. P. VJ.—VIII.

3. S. Borreri (Bab.); panicle branched, branches ultimately
erect-patent lowermost generally in fours, spikelets lmear 4—7-
fl., rachis terete, outer pale with a rigid apiculus formed by the
extremity of the dorsal nerve, root caspitose.—Glyceria EB. B.S.
2797 (1837). P.98. G. conferta Fries (1839).—St. 6—12 in.
high. L. short, flat, with very long sheaths. Ligule a trun-

s
394 97. GRAMINE.

cate. Margins of the outer pale not involute. Spikelets and ff.
half the size of those of S. maritima and S. procumbens. Branches
of the panicle short, scarcely elongated after flowering, hispid.—
Muddy salt marshes. P. VI. E.

4. S. procumbens (Beauv.); panicle ovate-lanceolate compact
distichous rigid, spikelets linear-lanceolate of about 4 fl., rachis
angular, outer pale obtuse with an apiculus formed by the ex-
tremity of the dorsal nerve, root fibrous.—Glyceria Sm., E. B.
532. P.42.—-St. procumbent, (rarely when growmg im water
erect,) rigid. L. flat, with inflated sheaths. Panicle about 2 in.
long, with very short rigid branches spreading in 2 rows. Fi.
large.—Salt marshes. A. VII. VIII.

** Glumes 1- (rarely 3-) nerved.

5. S. rigida (Link); panicle lanceolate rigid distichous, spike-
lets linear acute of 7—10 fl., outer pale obtuse with a mucro,
upper gl. reaching to the base of the third fl., root fibrous —
Glyceria Sm., E. B.1371. P. 43.—St. slender, wiry, erect. L.
nearly flat, acute. Panicle 1—2 in. long, nearly simple. Outer
pale indistinctly nerved. Fi. small.—Dry places. A. VI.

6. S. loliacea (Woods) ; panicle racemose narrow rigid secund,
spikelets oblong of 8—12 fi., outer pale obtuse with a mucro,
upper gl. reaching to the base of the fourth fl., root fibrous.—
Triticum Sm., BE. B. 221. P.43.—St. stout, slightly curved,
ascending. L. flat, convolute when dry. Spikelets usually soli-
tary, alternate, all directed to one side; footstalks very short and
stout. Outer pale with well-marked marginal nerves.—Sandy
sea-coast. A. VI. VII.

38. Briza Linn.

1. B. minor (L.); spikelets tnangular of about 7 f1., gi. longer
than the lowermost fl., panicle diffuse, ligule elongate lanceolate
acute.— E. B. 1316. P.101.—St. very slender, about ] foot high.
Spikelets pale green. Outer pale roundish-cordate cartilaginous
and very gibbous in the middle of the back.—Dry and sandy fields
in the extreme south. A. VII. E.

2. B. media (L.); spikelets broadly ovate of about 5 f1., gl.
shorter than the lowermost fl., panicle diffuse, ligule truncate very
short.—E. B. 340. P. 30.—St. slender, erect, 1—12 foot high.
Panicle light and elegant, with slender: branches. Spikelets
usually purplish. L. Iear-acuminate. Outer pale oblong, car-
tilaginous, but not gibbous on the back.—Pastures. P. VI.
Quaking-grass.

39. Cynosurus Linn.

1. C. eristatus (L.); raceme spikelike linear, fi. with a very short
DACTYLIS.—FESTUCA. 395

awn.—E, B. 316. P.28.—Marked by its unilateral spike and
curious crested appendage to the spikelets, which is sometimes
viviparous.—Pastures. P. VIII. Crested Dog’s-tail-grass.

2. C. echinatus (L.); raceme contracted close ovate, fl. with
awns about as long as the pales.—Z. B. 1333. P. 28 and 129.—
St. erect, 1—2 feet high. Scales of the appendage with long.
points. — Sandy places in the extreme south, very rare. Guernsey
and Jersey. A. VII. E.?

40. Dacryuis Linn.

1. D. glomerata (L.); branches of pan. with ovate clusters of
spikelets, st. erect, |. limear flat with scabrous margins, root cz-
spitose.—E. B. 335. P.29.—A coarse well-known grass. Panicle
usually with long spreading or divaricated distant branches each
bearing an ovate cluster of spikelets ; sometimes the branches are
wanting, and then the whole inflorescence consists of one of
these clusters—Meadows. P. VI. VII. Cock’s-foot-grass.

41. Frsruca Linn.
* Root leaves very narrow. Awn terminal. Vuurta.

1. F. uniglumis (Sol.) ; raceme 2-ranked secund, lower gl. very
minute, fl. compressed keeled shorter than their awns.—E. B.
1430. P.112.—St. 6—12 in. high, erect, leafy nearly to the top.
Raceme close. Lower gl. usually scarcely distinguishable —
Sandy sea-shores. A. vi E. 1.

2. F. bromoides (L.); panicle secund, gl. very unequal, fi.
terete shorter than their awns scabrous.—St. 6—8 in. high, more
or less leafy. Lower gl. always shorter than the upper, often very
small; upper gl. equalling lowest floret.—a. F. bromoides (L.):
flowering panicle erect-patent. E.B.1411. Lower branches of
the panicle often equalling half its length.—8. F. pseudo-myurus
(Soy.-Will.) ; flowering panicle narrow spikelike nodding at the
end. F. Myurus Sm., E.B.1412.not Linn. Lower branches of
the panicle always very short. Perhaps distinct—Dry waste
places. A.? VI. VII.

3. F. ovina (L.); panicle close subsecund, spikelets of about
6 fl. mostly with awns of half their length, /. all involute-seta-
ceous, ligule bilobed, root fibrous cxespitose.—E. B.585. P. 56,
57.—Very variable. L. short, slightly curved, tufted. Root
ceespitose, not truly creeping. Fl. with short awns, glabrous, or
glumes and outer pales hairy. Mr. Woods finds “ a slender creep-
ing rhizome.”—f. vivipara ; spikelet converted into a leafy shoot.
E. B. 1355.—y. tenuifolia; 1. very long setaceous, fl. without
awns, sometimes viviparous.—d. duriuscula; flowering panicle
pyramidal, branches almost divaricated, lowermost sheath pubes-
396 97. GRAMINES.

cent, stem-l. at first lat. F. duriuscula Fries.— Dry hilly pastures.
8. and y. on mountains. P. VI. Sheep’s Fescue-grass.

4. F. rubra (L.); panicle close subsecund, spikelets of about
6 awned fl. |. involute-setaceous, ligule bilobed, root stoloniferous,
suckers terminating in erect shoots with distichous leaves.— E. B.
2056. F. duriuscula P. 58, 59, 60., Sm. (in part).—Root truly
creeping. St.-l. flat, or (F. sabulicola Duf.) involute setaceons.
Fl. with short awns, glabrous, hairy, or villose. L. variable in
length and breath and the fl. in size—Common in dry sandy,
rarely in wet, places. P. VI.

** Root leaves broad and flat. Awn 0, or dorsal.
ScCHEDONORUS.

+ Uppermost ligule prominent. Outer pale 3-nerved.

5. F. sylvatica (Vill.); panicle erect diffuse much-branched,
branches rough, spikelets of 3—5 awnless acute fl., outer pale
scabrous, dorsal rib serrated throughout, |. lanceolate-limear with
scabrous margins, root tufted—Poa P. 44 and 100. F. Cala-
maria Sm., E. B. 1005.—Root scarcely creeping. St. 2—4 feet
high, covered at the base with imbricated broad acute leafless
sheaths. L. very long broad, roughish on both sides, the upper-
most ]. smaller than the others. Outer pale very acute, the
midrib extending nearly to the apex or slightly beyond it. Ovary
pilose at the top.—f. F. decidua (Sm.); 1. narrower, fl. about 2.
E. B. 2266.—Woods in mountainous districts. P. VII.

tt Uppermost ligule very short. Outer pale 5-nerved.
BucEtTum.

6. F. gigantea (Vill.); panicle drooping branched, spikelets
of about 5 awned fl., dorsal rib of outer pale nearly smooth not
extending to the apex but terminating in a scabrous awn twice
as long as the pale, \. linear-lanceolate.—E. B. 1820. P. 47.—
St. 3—4 feet high. L. very long, broad, roughish on both sides,
except near the base on the under side. Ligule unequal, auricled.
Outer pale roughish, membranous, often bifid at the apex, thus
scarcely agreeing with the genus. Top of the ovary glabrous.
Styles terminal.—§. F. triflora (Sm.); panicle smaller and more
erect, spikelets scattered of about 3 flowers. E. B. 1918.—
Moist woods and thickets. P. VII.

7. F. arundinacea (Schreb.); panicle diffuse patent, branches
mostly im pairs each bearing 2 or more spikelets divaricated after
flowering, spikelets very numerous of 5—6 fl., dorsal rib of outer
pale terminating at or just below the apex and forming a short
awn, ). limear-lanceolate.—F. elatior Sm., E. B. 1593. P. 46
and 47.—Plant 3—5 ft. high, forming large tufts. One at least
BROMUS. 397

of each of the lower pairs of branches is divaricated after flower-
ing.—Banks. P. VI. VII.

8. F. pratensis (Huds.); panicle close, branches in pairs one
bearing @ single spikelet the other several never divaricated,
spikelets of 5—10 f1., dorsal rib of outer pale terminating at or
Just below the apex or forming a very short awn, 1. linear-lanceo-
late.—E. B. 1592. P. 46. F. elatior Koch.—A smaller plant
than the preceding. Branches of the panicle ascending, not diva-
nicated after flowering; one of each pair nearly always reduced
to a single spikelet. Spikelets leaning to one side. In this
and the preceding the outer pale is obtuse or acute according
as the midrib is or is not attached up to the summit.—f. F.
loliacea (Huds.); spikelets solitary alternate, truly distichons,
lower ones stalked, upper sessile. This var. is distinguished from
Glyceria fluitans, to which it bears much resemblance, by its
very short ligule, 3-ribbed upper glume and 5-ribbed outer pale.
FE. B. 1821. P. 45,113 and 114. Mr. Borrer considers these
pee 2 1 distinct. They deserve careful study.—Wet meadows.

42. Bromus Linn.'

* Spikelets broader upwards when in flower.

1. B. erectus (Huds.); panicle erect, spikelets lanceolate, fl.
remote subcylindrical, outer pale indistinctly 7-nerved 4 longer
than the smaller glume and longer than its awn, root-l. very
narrow ciliated.—#. B. 471. P. 51.—St. 2—3 feet high, erect.
Upper |. broader than the others, sheaths somewhat hairy, the
hairs pointing upwards.—8. villosus; outer pale hairy.—On dry
sandy and chalky soil. P. VI. VII.

2. B. asper (L.); panicle drooping with long slightly divided
branches, spikelets lanceolate, fl. remote linear-lanceolate, outer
pale hairy 5—7-ribbed twice as long as the smaller glume and
longer than its awn, l. broad bairy—E. B.1172. P. 51.—St.
4—65 feet high. lL. broad, flat, the lower ones broadest, sheaths
with hairs pointing downwards.—Damp woods and thickets. A.
or B. VII.

** Spikelets always broader upwards.

3. B. sterilis (L.); panicle drooping, with long slightly divided
branches, fl. remote lnear-lanceolate, outer pale glabrous shorter
than its awn with 7 distinct equidistant ribs, 1. pubescent.—E. B.
1030. P. 50.—Height 1—2 feet. L. broad, flat.— Waste places.
A. VI.

4. B. diandrus (Curt.) ; panicle erect, branches scarcely divided
short, spikelets lanceolate, fl. linear remote subcylindrical, outer
pale 7-ribbed about as long as its awn, 2 lateral ribs close together

1 Synonymous with the genus Schedonorus of Fries.
398 97. GRAMINES.

intermediate one faint —E. B.1006. P.50. B. madritensis Linn.
—St. 6—12 in. high, glabrous. Rachis and pedicels scabrous.
Remarkable for its erect panicle. Inner pale but little shorter
than the outer.—8. rigidus (Bab.) ; panicle compact, pedicels very
short, upper part of the st., pedicels, rachis and glumes pubescent.
—Dry sandy places, rare. 8. Channel Islands. A. VI. VII.—E. 8.

[B. tectorum (L.); resembling B. diandrus, pan. secund droop-
ing, inner pale much shorter than the outer.—Hoddesdon, Herts,
introduced. |

(5. B. maximus (Desf.); panicle erect lax at length nodding,
branches slightly divided elongated after flowering, spikelets
downy, outer pale 7-ribbed about half as long as its awn.—
E. B. §. 2820. P. 115. Parnell’s figure erroneously represents
the styles as terminal.—Height 1—2 feet. A most beautiful grass.
—Sandy places. Channel Islands. A. VII.]

43. Serraracus Parlatore’.

1. S. secalinus (Bab.); panicle loose drooping in fr. slightly
compound, simple peduncles about equalling the oblong glabrous
spikelets, fl. at first loosely mmbricated afterwards distinct about
as long as the straight awn, outer pale not overlapping the next
fi., 1. hairy with nearly smooth sheaths.—Bromus Sm., E. B.
1171. P.49, 121 and 122.—In fr. the fl. are quite separate and
the spikelets pendulous. Summit of the larger glume half-way
between its base and the summit of the second fi. on the same
side. Outer pale not twice as long as broad, longer than the
inner, 7-ribbed.—§. B. velutinus (Sm.); panicle nearly simple, fi.
larger downy. P. 123. E.B.1884.?—Corn-fields. 8. Between
Edinburgh and Newhaven. Sm. A.? VI. VIL.

2. S. commutatus (Bab.); panicle loose slightly drooping com-
pound, simple peduncles equalling or longer than the oblong-
lanceolate spikelets, fl. loosely imbricated about as long as the
straight awn, 1. and sheaths hairy.— Bromus Schrad. P.124. B.
pratensis Sm., E. B. 920.—Outer pale only shghtly overlapping
that of the next fl. at the base when in fruit, Summit of the
larger glume half-way between its base and the summit of the
second fl. on the same side. Outer pale twice as long as broad,
longer than the inner, glabrous or downy, 7-ribbed.—8. multi-
florus (Parn.); fl. more numerous, summit of the large glume
rather more than jalf-way between its base and the summit of
the second floret. P.125.—Common. A.? VI. VII.

3. 8. mollis (Parl.); panicle close erect compound or simple,
spikelets ovate somewhat compressed pubescent, fl. closely m-
bricated about as long as the straight awn, midrib of the glumes
and pales not scabrous, l. and sheaths hairy or downy.—Bromus

1 Corresponds to the genus Bromus of Fries.
BRACHYPODIUM. 399

Sm., E. B. 1078. P.116.—Summit of the larger glume half-way
between its base and the summit of the third jl. on the same side,
or a little longer (var. ovalis Parn. 117, when the spikelets are
short and oval), or almost half-way to the summit of the fourth
floret (var. pratensis Parn. 118, when the spikelets are longer).
Outer pale longer than the inner. Simple peduncles not longer
than the spikelets.—8. velutinus; panicle quite simple, peduncles
very short, spikelets and 1. densely pubescent.—Common. 8.
Sandy ground in Devon and Comwall. A.? V. VI.

4. S. racemosus (Parl.); panicle close or elongated erect usu-
ally simple, spikelets ovate somewhat compressed glossy, fl.
closely imbricated about as long as the straight awn, midrib of
the glumes and pales scabrous towards the top, 1. and sheaths
slightly hairy Bromus Sm., E. B. 1079. P. 119.—Summit.of
the larger glume half-way between its base and the summit of
the third fl. on the same side. Simple ped. not longer than the
spikelets. Outer pale longer than the inner.—f. arenarius;
panicle nearly or quite simple, ped. very short.—See Dr. Par-
nell’s account of these species (Brit. Grasses) and Mr. Watson’s
paper (Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 82.).—Common. 8. Sandy ground
in the south. A. VI.

[S. arvensis (Godr.); panicle spreading erect compound,
spikelets linear-lanceolate, pales equal in length, outer 7-ribbed
with 2 prominent ribs near each margin, anth. 4 times as long as
broad.— B. B. 1984. P.126.—Summit of larger glume half-way
to summit of the second fl. on the same side.—Southampton ;
Durham coast; Hebden Bridge, Yorkshire. Accidentally mtro-
duced. A. VI. VIL]

[S. patulus (Parl.); panicle spreading compound at first erect,
spikelets lanceolate, pales unequal 7—9-ribbed, 2 lateral ribs
prominent, anth. twice as long as broad.—P. 127.—Accidentally
introduced. Yorkshire. A. VI.]

LS. squarrosus (Parl.) ; panicle drooping simple, spikelets ovate-
lanceolate subcompressed, fl. nearly glabrous imbricated com-
ressed, awn divaricating, 1. pubescent.—E. B. 1885. P. 118.—
Said to have been found in Somerset and Sussex, probably intro-
duced with corn seed. A. VI. VII.]

44. Bracuyropium Pal. de Beauv.

1. B. sylwaticum (R. and 8.); spike drooping, spikelets (at first)
terete alternate distichous, awns of the upper fl. longer than their
pales, 1. flat linear-lanceolate flaccid, root fibrous.—E. B.: 729.
P. 61.—St. usually solitary or 2 or 3 from the same root, erect,
1—2 feet high. Sheaths and inner side of the 1. hairy. Ligule
short, blunt, notched or torn. Pales hairy.—Woods and hedges.
P. VI. E. 1.?
400 97. GRAMINEE.

2. B. pinnatum (Beauv.) ; spike erect, spikelets (at first) terete
alternate distichous, awns of the upper fl. shorter than their pales,
1. flat linear-lanceolate rigid, root creeping.—E. B. 730. P. 182—
137. B. gracile R.—St. several, erect, 1—2 feet high. Pales
scabrous or hairy. Ligule short, truncate.—f. ceespitosum ;
1. very narrow and involute, st. very numerous, spikelets small
smooth.—On dry limestone soil. 8. near Bath. P. VIL.

Tribe XII. Hordeiee.

45. Triticum Linn.

1. T. caninum (Huds.); spikelets 2—5-flowered, 3-ribbed gl.
and 5-ribbed outer pale awned, axis and edges of the rachis hispid,
1. flat rough on both sides, root fibrous.—E. B. 1372. P. 62.
Agropyrum R.—Spikelets approximate.—a; spikelets 4—5-
flowered, outer pale shorter than its awn.—f§. T. biflorum (Brig.);
spikelets 2—4-flowered, outer pale much longer than its awn, |.
nearly smooth.—Banks. 8. Rocks on Ben Lawers. Mr. G. Don.
P. VII.

2. T. repens (L.); spikelets 4—8-flowered, gl. acute 5—7-
ribbed, outer pale acute, axis scabrous, rachis with rough angles,
1. flat roughish a single row of hairs upon each ridge above, root
creeping. —E. B. 909. P. 62. The outer pale often has an awn
which is seldom more than half its length. Rachis glabrous or
downy but always with small ascendimg rigid bristles on its
angles.—8. littorale (Bab.); rachis nearly or quite smooth, fl.
awned, edges of |. involute—Common. £.Sea-shores. P. VII.
Couch-grass.

3. T. junceum (L.); spikelets 4—6-flowered, gi. obtuse 6—11-
ribbed, outer pale obtuse, axis smooth or slightly downy, rachis
smooth, 1. involute finely and closely downy above, root creeping.
—E. B. 814. P. 63.—Spikelets distant. Rachis easily sepa-
rating at the knots. Producing decumbent barren leafy shoots.
—Sandy sea-shores. P. VIJ. VIII.

4. T. laxum (¥Fr.); spikelets 5—8-flowered, gl. obtuse about
7-nerved, outer pale obtuse apiculate, axis downy, rachis smooth
or slightly rough at the angles, 2. scabrous above with very many
acute points flat involute when dry, root creeping.—T. junceum
8. scabrum Bab. T. pungens R., not Koch.—Spikelets often ap-
proximate. Rachis not brittle. St. prostrate or ascending.
Producing decumbent barren leafy shoots.—Sandy sea-shores,
probably not rare. P. VII. VIII. E. S$.

[5. T. cristatum (Schreb.) ; spikelets 4—5-flowered closely im-
bricated, gl. with a terminal awn, outer pale with an awn about
as long as itself, rachis and axis slightly downy, 1. hairy above,
LOLIUM.—ELYMUS. 401

st. rough.—E. B. 2267.—* On steep banks and rocks by the sea-
side between Arbroath and Montrose.”” Mr. G. Don. P. VII.]_ S.

46. Lozium Linn.

1. L. perenne (L.); spikelets 3—11-flowered, gl. equalling the
lowermost floret, outer pale usually awnless, root producing leafy
barren shoots, margins of young l. simply folded—E. B. 315.
P. 65.—St. 1—1i foot high, usually bent at the lower knots.
Whole plant rather dark green.—f. aristatum; outer pale with
a long awn.—y. L. tenue (L.); spikelets few-flowered, 1. slender.
—Sometimes the spikelets becomes converted into branches ;
occasionally the rachis is so much shortened as to form a broad
ovate close distichous spike—Common. P. VI. Rye-grass.

*2. L. italicum (A. Braun); spikelets 9—14-flowered, outer
pale with a long awn, root with leafy barren shoots, margins of
the young 1. involute.—L. perenne (several varieties) P. 138—141.
L. multiflorum H. and A. (not Lam.).—St. numerous, straight,
in close tufts, 14—3 feet high. Number of fl. variable. Whole
plant, especially the spikelets, paler in colour than the preceding.
Ligule short, abrupt.—[Probably the true L. multiflorum (Lam.)
is confounded with this in Britain ; it has no barren shoots and
is annual.|—In cultivated fields. B. or P. VI. Italian Rye-
gTass. E. S.

3. L. linicola (Sond.); spikelets 7—11-flowered exceeding the
gl., outer pale longer than its awn or awnless, no barren shoots.
—E, B. 2955.—St. erect. Outer pale cartilagenous below, nar-
rower than the inner, tumid in fruit.—Cultivated fields. Hurst-
pierpoint, Sussex. Catterick Bridge, Yorkshire. A. VI. “a

4. L. temulentum (L.); spikelets about 6-flowered equalling or
shorter than the glume, outer pale as long as its awn, no barren
shoots. —E. B. 1124. P. 142.—St. erect. Ligule short. Inner
glume usually present, often bifid —f. L. arvense (With.); fl.
4—5 without or with short awns. FE. B. 1125.—Cultivated fields.
A. VI—VIII. Darvel.

47. Exymus Linn.

1. E. arenarius (L.); spike upright close, rachis flat not winged,
gl. lanceolate downy not longer than the spikelets.—E. B. 1672.
P. 64.—Closely resembling Psamma arenaria, but readily dis-
tinguished by its broad |. and short ligule. St. 3—4 feet high.
—Sandy sea-shores. P. VII.

2. E. geniculatus (Curt.); spike lax bent downwards, rachis
winged, glumes awlshaped glabrous longer than the spikelet.—
E. B. 1586. P. 131.—St. 3—4 feet high. Spike 1—2 feet long,
402 97. GRAMINEA.

remarkably bent downwards at the second or third pe
a salt marsh near Gravesend. Mr. Dickson. P. VII. :

48. Horpeum Linn. Barley.

1. H. sylvaticwm (Iuds.); glumes all awlshaped not ciliated
rough, lateral fl. perfect, middle fl. often barren, outer pale with
an awn of twice its length. P. 130. Elymus europeus Linn.,
Sm., E. B. 1317.—Closely resembling H. pratense. Middle fi.,
if barren, with shorter glumes which have their edges volute
so as to appear setaceous. The spikelets have a second fl. oc-
casionally.— Woods and thickets on a calcareous soil. P. VII.
VIII. E.

2. H. pratense (Huds.); glumes all setaceous not ciliated
rough, lateral fl. imperfect, outer pale of the fertile middle fl. with
an awn of about its length. E. B. 409. P. 11.—Glumes of the
lateral fl. shorter—Damp meadows. A. VII.

3. H. murinum (L.); glumes of the middle spikelet linear-
lanceolate ciliated, of the lateral ones setaceous rough, lateral fl.
imperfect.— EB. B. 1971. P. 10.—Awn longer than the outer
pale. Lateral gl. sometimes slightly cihate.—f. arenarium
(Bab.); lower part of the st. buried, lengthened and rooting,
thus appearing to have a creeping root.— Waste places. 8. Sands
on the sea-shore. A. VI. VII.

4. H. maritimum (Wither.); gl. scabrous, inner one of the
lateral fl. half-ovate, the rest setaceous, lateral fl. imperfect.—
E. B. 1205. P. 10.—The smallest species—Sandy pastures
near the sea. A. VI.

Tribe XIII. Rottboelliee.

49. Narpus Linn. Mat-grass.

1. N. stricta (L.).-—E. B. 290. P.2.—St. and 1. erect, slender,
rigid. Height 5—8 in. Spike close. Outer pale with a short
rough awn, coriaceous, often purplish; mner membranous.—
Moors and heaths. P. VII.

50. Lerrurus &. Br.

1. L. incurvatus (Trin.) ; spike cylindrical-subulate, gl. 2
equalling or slightly longer than the flowers.—Rottboellia Sm.,
E. B. 760. P. 2.—St. 2—6 in. long. Spike long, curved when
dry.—8. filiformis; spikes much more slender filiform searcely
atalleurved. L. filiformis (Trin.?), Parn. 3.—Sandy salt marshes.
A. VIL.
403

II. FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

Substance of the plant wholly of cellular tissue (except-
ing in the Subclass Ductulose which has a few ducts).
No woody fibre. No true flower with stamens and pistils.
No distinct embryo or cotyledons.

Class III.
CRYPTOGAMEA DUCTULOSA.

Plants with a few ducts amongst the cellular tissue’.

Order XCVITI. EQUISETACEZ.

Leafless branched plants with a striated fistular stem, articu-
lations sheathed at their base. Sporules surrounded by elastic
clavate filaments and inclosed in thece arising from the peltate
scales of terminal cones.—Vernation straight. Cuticle abound-
ing in silex. Only one genus.

1. Eauisetum Linn. Horse-tail.

* Fertile stems mostly unbranched and succulent ; barren stems
with whorled branches.

1. E. arvense (Iu.); sterile st. with few furrows slightly sca-
brous, branches rough with 3 or 4 simple angles, fertile st. simple
with few lax distant sheaths.—£. B. 2020. N. 77.—Sterile st.
many, procumbent or ascending, with numerous whorls of
roughish usually simple branches having 3- or 4-toothed sheaths,
each tooth long and acute with | rib extending to its end ; general

1 Those who desire to obtain an intimate acquaintance with the
British Ductulose are referred to Newman’s History of British Ferns,
ed. 2. which is quoted (N.) in these pages.
404 9&8. EQUISETACES.

outline attenuated upwards. Fertile st. short, with few (4—5)
sheaths, appearing before the sterile ones. Sterile and fertile st.
always distinct.—Damp meadows. P. IV.

2. E. umbrosum (Willd.); sterile st. with about 20 strize very
scabrous with prominent points particularly above, branches sim-
ple with 3 or 4 simple angles, fertile st. simple with numerous
crowded deeply toothed sheaths.—N. 63. E. Drummondii Hook.,
E. B. S.2777.—Sterile st. 1—1} ft. high, nearly naked below, with
numerous whorls of slender branches in the upper part having
3- or 4-toothed sheaths, each tooth blunt with one rib vanishing
upwards ; general outline remarkably obtuse at the top. Branched
fertile st. with larger sheaths and whorls of about 6 branches ;
simple fertile st. short (4—6 in.), with numerous loose and still
larger yellowish-white sheaths with black prominent ribs upwards
and 12—20 teeth.— Wet places, rare. P. IV.

3. E. Telmateia (Ehrh.); sterile st. nearly smooth with about
30 striz and branches, branches rough doubly-angular simple,
fertile st. simple with numerous crowded large deeply toothed
sheaths.—N. 67. E. fluviatile Sm., E. B. 2022.—Sterile st. 3—6
ft. high ; occasionally bearing a small terminal catkin ; furnished
from top to bottom with whorls of slender branches which have
4 angles each with a longitudinal furrow, and 4-toothed sheaths
each tooth with 2 denticulated ribs. Fertile st. stout 1 foot or
more in height with numerous pale brown sheaths with 30—40
teeth ; catkin large.—Wet places. P. IV.

** Sterile and fertile stems similar, simple or branched.

4. E. sylvaticum (L.); sterile and fertile st. with about 12
furrows and numerous whorls of slender compound spreading or
deflexed branches, sheaths lax ending in 3 or 4 blunt lobes.—
E. B. 1874. N. 59,--St. 12—18 in. high. Sheaths of the branches
with 3 long acute teeth each having a rib extending to its end.
Fertile st. occasionally simple. Catkin blunt. General outline
of ae st. pyramidal, of fertile abrupt.—Wet shady places.
P. IV. V.

5. E. limosum (L.); st. smooth with many slight furrows, teeth
of the sheaths short rigid acute, branches erect simple whorled
often abortive.— FE. B. 929.—Usually growimg in water. St. about
2 ft. high, very smooth, simple below. Sheaths rather short.
Catkin blunt.—a. E. limosum (Fr.); teeth of the sheaths not fur-
rowed, sheaths of the branches green with minute black tips to
the round-backed ribs, branches often wanting. —([8. E. fluviatilis
(Fr.); st. more deeply furrowed, teeth of the sheaths short dark
brown acute, rib furrowed on the back.\—In stagnant water.
[8. Reported to be anative.] P. VI. VII.
EQUISETUM. 405

6. E. palustre (L.); st. with 6—8 deep furrows branched
reneneut sheaths loose pale with acute wedgeshaped teeth
tipped with brown and membranous at the edges —E. B. 2021.
N. 43, 47 and 49.—St. slightly rough. Catkin blunt. Sheaths
of the colour of the st. or paler; teeth brown with nearly trans-
parent margins, rib furrowed on the back. Branches usually
barren, or (8. polystachion) each terminating in a catkin. Occa~
sionally (y. nudum DC.) the angles and teeth are fewer and the
st. nearly or quite simple and dwarf—Spongy bogs. y. Sand
places. *P, Vi. VII. s iSen aunt :

7. E. hyemale(L.); st. simple very rough with 14—20 slender
furrows, sheaths close whitish but the top and bottom black, teeth
slender black deciduous.—E. B. 915. N.17.—St. 1—2 ft. high,
simple. Catkin with an apiculus. Sheaths widest at their top,
at first green with a black crenate rim after the teeth have fallen,
then entirely black and ultimately pale in the middle and black
above and below.—Damp banks and woods. P. VII. VIII.

8. E. Mackaii (Newm.); st. simple or very slightly branched
very rough with 8—12 furrows, sheaths close ultimately wholly
black, teeth slender persistent.—N. 24. E. elongatum Hook. not
Willd. E. trachyodon (Braun) Koch?—St. 1—3 feet high,
simple or with solitary distant branches. Catkins with an api-
culus. Sheaths quite cylindrical, pale green with a black band
beneath the eoatht Out ultimately wholly black. Teeth much more
persistent than in the preceding, usually black.—Mr. Newman
has shown (Phyt. i. 306.) that this is not the E. elongatum
(Willd.), the European form of which is the same as E. ramo-
sissimum (Desf.) and E. ramosum (Schleich.) Koch.— Mountain
glens. P. VII. VIII.

9. E. variegatum (Weber and Mohr); st. simple or very
slightly branched very rough with 4—10 furrows, sheaths slightly
enlarged upwards green below black above, teeth obtuse each
tipped with a deciduous bristle-—N. 31.—St. about a foot high,
erect, usually simple except at the base. Lower half of the
sheaths green like the stem, upper part black ; teeth persistent,
ovate, black in the centre, with a white membranous margin.
Catkin apiculate.—8. arenarium; st. procumbent, usually more
slender, teeth of the sheaths wedgeshaped. LE. variegatum Sm.,
E. B. 1987.—y. Wilsoni (Newm.); st. erect tall (3 ft.), sheaths
with a black rig at the summit, teeth short obtuse. N. 39.—
Wet places, or in water, chiefly in mountainous districts. 8. sandy
places near the sea. y. “in a ditch at Mucruss, Killarney.” Mr.
W. Wilson. P. VII. VUI.
406 99. FILICES,

Order XCIX. FILICES.

Leafy plants with a rhizome or trunk. L. or fronds with a
circinate vernation (Tribe VIII. excepted), simple or divided.
Fructification springing from the veins on the under side or at
the edge of the |. and consisting of 1-celled theez stalked and
with an elastic ring or sessile and without a ring.

* Thece with an elastic marginal ring.

Suborder I. POLYPODIACE,

Thece in clusters on the back of the frond, opening trans-
versely ; ring vertical, usually incomplete.

Tribe I. POLYPODIEE. Sori nearly circular, without an
indusium, seated upon the back of the lateral veins.
]. AtLosorus. Sori circular, at length confluent, concealed
by the reflexed margin of the frond.
2. Potypopium. Sori circular, naked; margin of the frond
flat, not reflexed.

3. Woopsta. Sori circular with an inferior involucre divided
at the edges into numerous capillary segments.

Tr. Il. ASPIDIE. Sori nearly circular, covered by an in-
dusium, seated upon the back of the lateral veins.

4. Lasrrea. Indusium reniform, attached by the sinus.
Veins distinct after leaving the midrib, not uniting with
those of the adjoining lobe.

5. PotysticHum. Indusium circular, attached by the centre.
Veins distinct after leaving the midrib.

6. Cysropreris. Indusium attached by its broad hooded

base under the sori, with a lengthened fringed free extremity
at first covermg the thecze.

Tr. WI. ASPLENIE. Sori oblong or linear, covered by an
indusium opening longitudinally on one side, placed on the
side of the lateral veins.

7. ATHyRIuM. Sori oblong-reniform. Indusium opening
towards the central nerve or midrib, margin fringed.

8. AspLeNIUM. Sori elongate straight. Indusium opening
towards the central nerve or midrib, nearly flat.

9. ScoLopeNDRIUM. Sori elongate, straight, 2 together. In-
dusia of each pair opening towards each other.
99. FILICES. 407

10. Cereracu. Lateral veins anastomosing, sori attached
to their middle on the side next the midrib, except in the
lowest. Indusium (?) a narrow nearly erect membrane on
the back of the vem. Whole back of the frond covered
with chaffy scales.

Tr. IV. ADIANTEA. Thece covered by a marginal or sub-
marginal elongated part of the frond, or by a separated por-
tion of the cuticle resembling an indusium.

11. Buecunum. Thece in a continuous line parallel to the
midrib upon a longitudinal anastomosing part of the trans-
verse veins, and covered by a continuous scarious indusium.

12. Preris. Thece in a continuous marginal line covered by
a continuous indusium formed of the reflexed margin.

13. Ap1tantrum. Sori marginal, oblong or roundish, covered
by distinct reflexed portions of the margin of the frond.

Suborder IJ. HYMENOPHYLLACE.

Thecz opening irregularly ; ring oblique, excentric, transverse,
complete; receptacle termmating a vein at the margin of the
frond.

Tr. V. HYMENOPHYLLEA.

14. TrrcHomanss. Thece onan elongated filiform receptacle
within a cupshaped involucre of the same texture with the
frond.

15. HymenopuyLium. Thece ona narrow subclavate re-
ceptacle within a two-valved involucre of the same texture
with the frond.

** Thece without an elastic ring.

Suborder III. OSMUNDACEX.

Vernation circinate. Rachis woody. Thece regularly 2-valved,
stalked, in clusters at the extremity of the frond.

Tr. VI. OSMUNDEA.

16. OsmunpDaA. Thece clustered, arranged in a branched
spike terminating the frond.
408 99. FILICES.

Suborder IV. OPHIOGLOSSACEZ.

Vernation straight. Rachis succulent. Thece regularly 2-
valved, sessile, in clusters on a separate branch of the frond.

Tr. VII. OPHIOGLOSSE.

17. Borrycutum. Thece distinct, disposed in a compound
spike attached to a pmnate or bipinnate frond.

18. OpurocLossum. Thece connate, disposed in a simple
distichous spike attached to an undivided frond.

Suborder I. Polypodiacee. Tmbe J. Polypodiee.

1. ALLosorus Bernh.

1. A. crispus (Bernh.); barren fronds 2—3-pinnate, leaflets
wedgeshaped or linear-oblong often bifid at the end, leaflets of
the fertile fronds oblong.—N. 103. Pteris Sm., E. B. 1160.
Cryptogramma R. Br., Hook.—Fertile frond nearly triangular.
Veins alternate, often forked and each branch terminating in a
sorus without an indusium but concealed by the reflexed margins
of the leaflet. Height 6—12 in. St. slender, very brittle—
Stony places on mountains. P. VII. Rock Brakes.

2. Potyropium Linn.

1. P. vulgare (L.); fronds deeply pinnatifid, lobes linear-ob-
long somewhat serrated all parallel upper ones gradually smaller.
—E, B.1149. N. 111.—Rhizome brown, densely scaly, creep-
ing. Fronds strapshaped. Sori large, on the upper part of the
frond. Lateral veins of the pmnz with 4 branches of which the
lowest terminates in a sorus. Pinne occasionally bifid at the
end, sometimes deeply serrate or even (P. cambricum L.) doubly
pinnatifid.—On shady banks, walls and old trees. P. VIII—X.
Common Polypody.

2. P.? Phegopteris (L.); fronds pinnate, pinne linear-lanceo-
late united at the base pinnatifid with linear-oblong blunt lobes,
lowest pair of pinne turned downwards and forwards the rest
upwards, sori marginal.— #. B. 2224. N.115.—Rhizome nearly
black, wiry, slightly scaly, creeping extensively. Fronds trian-
gular. Pine very acute, pointing upwards, rather hairy, con-
nected by their whole width with the rachis; the lowest pair
quite distinct, with a minute stalk, standing forwards and pomt-
ing from the others. Lateral veins of the lobes simple, extend-
ing to the margin.—Roth (Fi. Germ. iii. 73.) found an evanescent
indusium, which no other person appears to have seen, and there-
WOODSIA.—LASTREA. 409

fore referred this and the following to Polystichum. Newman

places them in Lastrea.—Damp places, loving th f water-
falls. P. VII.—IX, nana NPR

3. P.? Dryopteris (L.); fronds ternate glabrous, divisions pin-
nate, pine pinnatifid obtuse the uppermost nearly entire, sori
marginal.—, B. 616. N.123.—Rhizome black, wiry, creeping,
slightly scaly. Stalk slender, brittle. The three divisions of the
frond loosely spreading, the middle one rather the largest. Ver-
nation resembling 3 little balls on wires. Not at all glandular.
~—Shady mountamous places. P. VI. VII.

4. P.? calcareum (Sm.); fronds triangular subternate glandu-
tar-mealy, lower branches pinnate, pinnz pinnatifid obtuse the
uppermost nearly entire, sori marginal— FH. B. 1525. N. 131.
P. Robertianum (Hoffm.) Koch.—Very different in habit from the
preceding and always covered with very minute stalked glands
giving a mealy character to the surface. Frond not so decidedly
3-fid, the lower branches being much smaller in proportion to the
middle one ; all the 3 erect, rigid—On broken limestone ground.
P. VII. VIII. E.

3. Woonstia R. Br.

1. W. ilvensis (R. Br.) ; frond lanceolate or oblong pinnate
hairy beneath.—N. 137 and 147.—Our plants seem to me to
form only one species although they present 3 different appear-
ances, viz.—«. tlvensis ; fronds lanceolate, pmnz oblong deeply
lobed or pimnatifid blunt, lobes ovate crenate. W. ilvenses
E. B.S. 2615. In the continental plant the pinne are narrowed
from the base and rather acute.—. gracilis; frond linear-lan-
ceolate, pinne triangular pinnatifid, lobes 5—9 oval entire or the
lowest crenate. W. hyperborea EB. B. 2023, Tausch! Pol. hyp.
B. gracile Wahl.—y. alpina ; fronds oblong, pinnz triangular-oval
lobed, lobes 3—5 rounded very blunt. Pol. hyperboreum Wahl.
Acrost. alpinum Bolt. t.42.—A very small plant; fronds 1—3 in.
long, hairy and scaly. Rhizome tufted.— Exposed alpine rocks,
very rare. o«. Glyder-Fawr, N. Wales. Falcon Clints, Teesdale,
Durham. £8. Ben Lawers. Mr. Dickson! y. Ben Lawers. Mr.
W. Wilson! Clogwyn y Garnedd, Snowdon. P. VII. E.S.

Tribe II. Aspidiee.

4. Lastrea Presi.

1. L. Thelypteris (Presl) ; fronds pinnate, pinne linear-lanceo-
late pinnatifid slightly downy but without glands, lobes oblong
with revolute edges, sori submarginal.— Aspidium Sm., N. 183.—
Earlier fronds barren, later fertile, lanceolate, 2 or 3 lowest pairs

T
4160 99. FILICES.

of pmne decreasing in size. Lobes blunt entire, appearing acute
on the fertile fronds from the revolute margins ; lateral veins
alternate forked extending to the edge. Sori at length confluent,
midway between the midrib and edge. Rhizome creeping.—
Marshy and boggy places. P. VII. VIIT. Marsh Fern.

2. L. Oreopteris (Presl); fronds pinnate, pinne linear-lan-
ceolate pimnatifid glandular beneath gradually decreasing from
about the middle of the frond to near the root, lobes oblong,
flat, sori marginal. — Aspidium Sm., E.B.1019. N. 187.—
Fronds remarkably narrowed downwards, rising in a circle from
a tufted rhizome, fragrant when bruised from the numerous
glands on their under surface. Lobes blunt, entire ; lateral veins
simple or forked. Height 2—3 feet. The indusium is often
scarcely distinguishable——Mountain heaths. P. VII. Sweet
Mountain Fern.

3. L. Filiz-mas (Presl) ; fronds subbipinnate, pmnules obtuse
and serrated, sori near the central nerve, lateral nerves forked.—
Aspidium Sm., E. B. 1458. N. 198.—Fronds only slightly nar-
rowed downwards and the lowest leaflet of considerable size,
rising in a circle from a tufted rhizome. Pinnules a little com-
bined at the base, usually very blunt. Stipes and rachis nearly
glabrous, yellow, or densely clothed with purple scales. Indu-
sium very persistent. Height 3—4 feet. incisa (Moore) ;
pinnules more distinct rather acute, teeth patent lower ones with
2 or 3 notches towards the end.—y. abbreviata (DC.) ; sori con-
fined to the base of the pinnules, plant dwarf about 1 ft. high.—
Woods and banks. y. Cumberland and Yorkshire. Wyck,
Gloucestershire. P. VI. VII. Male Fern.

4, L. cristata (Presl) ; fronds lmear-lanceolate subbipinnate,
pinne short triangular-oblong pinnatifid, pmnules serrated the
lowermost lobed and almost pimnatifid, lateral nerves of the lobes
with several branches.—Aspidium Sm., B. B. 2125. N. 203.—
Fronds long and narrow, quite erect, from a tufted rhizome.
Stipes very long, with scattered large brown blunt scales. Lateral
nerves with numerous branches in the Holt plant, fewer in that
from Oxton. Height about 2 feet.—@. L. uliginosa (Newm.);
“pmnules of fertile fronds oblong pomted deeply lobed somewhat
aristate-serrate, lowest sometimes scarcely decurrent. The barren
fronds resemble L. cristata; the fertile L. spinulosa’’ Moore. 1
am very imperfectly acquainted with this plant.—Bogs and boggy
heaths. Norfolk. Nottmghamshire. Cheshire. P. VIII. — E.

5. L. spinulosa (Presl); fronds lmear-lanceolate bipinnate,
pinuules oblong incise-pinnatifid, segments serrate spinose-mucro-
nate, indusium persistent without marginal stalked glands, stipes
clothed with broad roundish concolorous scales.—Aspidium Sm.,
POLYSTICHUM. 41l

E. spmosa N. 209.—Fronds nearly erect; the lowest pinnz
equalling those that follow. Sori mostly in 2 rows.—Marshy
places and wet woods. P. VIII. IX.

6. L. rigida (Presl); fronds triangular-lanceolate bipinnate
glandular, pmnules oblong blunt lobed and serrate, segments
2—5-toothed not spinulose, lateral nerves 3-fid, indusium per-
sistent fringed, stipes clothed with long pointed concolorous
seales.— Aspidium Hook., E. B. 8. 2724. N. 191.—Fronds
erect, lanceolate with the lower pinne rather short and trian-
gular; or triangular with the lower pinne elongated; upper
pinne narrow; all pimnate. Pinnules truncate below with a
narrow attachment. Stipes short, scaly. Covered with minute
stalked glands. Height 1—2 feet.—Ingleborough, Arnside Knot,
and near Settle. P. VII. VITI. E.

7. L. dilatata (Presl); frond ovate-lanceolate bipinnate, pin-
nules pinnate or pinnatifid, segments acutely serrate spinose-mu-
cronate, indusium with marginal stalked glands, stipes clothed
with long pointed scales with a dark centre and diaphanous mar-
gin.— Aspidium Sm., L. multiflora N. 215.—Fronds arched, often
drooping, convex ; the lowest pinne shorter than the following.
Fronds of young or starved plants often triangular, of older and
perfect ones never. Sori scattered. The largest scales of the
full grown plant should be examined.—f. L. collina (Newm.);
frond lanceolate, pinnules ovate blunt bluntly mucronate-serrate,
N. 223.—Woods, banks, &e. 8. Westmoreland. P. VIII. IX.

8. L. Fenisectt (Wats.); frond triangular bipmnate, pinnules
pinnate or pinnatifid, segments serrate spmose-mucronate, indu-
sium jagged at the edge, stipes clothed with long narrow lacini-
ated concolorous scales.—Nephrodium Feenisecii Lowe! L. re-
curva N. 225.—Frond elongate-triangular concave above; the
lower pinnz much the largest. A smaller plant than the two
preceding. Sweet-scented.—Damp places. P. VII. IX.

5. Porysticnoum Roth.

1..P. Lonchitis (Roth); fronds rigid lear simply pinnate,
inne not lobed serrate spinous their base auricled above oblique
below.—N. 163. Aspidium Sm., E. B. 797. Stipes very short.
Fronds narrow very rigid and leathery. Pinnz oyet copie and
twisted (most in the Irish, much less so in the Welsh plant),
lower ones usually auricled both above and below.—Young and
simple pinnate fronds of the next species are often distinguished
from this with difficulty.—Alpine rocks. P. VII.

2. P. aculeatum (Roth); fronds rigid linear or lanceolate bi-
pinnate, pinnules obliquely decurrent acute.—N. 169. A. lobatum
Kunze. A. aculeatum and A. lobatum Sm.—Stipes ay short.

T
412 99. FILICES.

First upper pinnule of each pinna longer than the others, its
lower side (next the main rachis) usually nearly straight, its upper
acutely auricled and forming an acute angle with the lower and
with the partial rachis at the point of attachment. In young
plants the pinne are serrate or pinnatifid or with one or more
pinnules distinct. A few of the lowest pinnules are often slightly
stalked but very differently from those of P. angulare—f. A. loba-
tum (Sm.); pinne less divided than in the type of the species
and the fronds linear-lanceolate and more rigid—Hedge-banks,
P. VI. VIII.

3. P. angulare (Newm.); fronds lax drooping lanceolate bi-
pinnate, pinnules truncate below distinctly stalked bluntish—N.
173. Aspidium Sm., E. B. 8.2776. A. aculeatum Kunze.—
Stipes usually elongated. First upper pinnule scarcely longer
than the others, its lower side rounded below, its upper with a
large bluntish auricle and forming an obtuse angle with the lower
at the summit of the short stalk which is nearly at right-angles
with the partial rachis, similar or rather more deeply serrate
than the others; all short broad and bluntish : or first upper pin-
nule deeply pinnatifid; all more acute: or pinnules all narrower
and acute.—Sheltered wood and hedge-banks, chiefly in the west.
P. VIL. VIII.

6. Cystopreris Bernh.

1. C. fragilis (Bernh.); frond lanceolate bipinnate, pinne
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pimnules oblong-ovate rather narrowed
below acute or bluntish prunatifid or cut serrated.—Clusters of
sori rarely confluent. Pinne rather wedgeshaped at their base.
—xa. C. anthriscifolia (Roth) ; pinmnules ovate acute cut, segments
oblong toothed. Cystea fragilis Sm., N. 155.—. C. cynapifolia
(Roth) ; pmnules obovate cut, segments obovate toothed or re-
tuse at the end. C. fragilis E. B. 1587.—y. C. angustata (Sm.) ;
pinnules lanceolate acute cut, segments lanceolate-oblong cut,
teeth acute. E. B.S. 2790. N. 156. C. regia Roth.—The
varieties are intimately connected.—Rocks and Walls. . Craven,
and N. Wales. P. VIL.

2. C. dentata (Sm.); frond lanceolate bipinnate, pmne ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, pinnules cordate-ovate or ovate blunt broad
below bluntly toothed or rarely pinnatifid—E. B. 1588 (bad).
N.154. C. fragilis Roth.—Sori more marginal than m the pre-
ceding species, ultimately confluent. Pinne of young fronds re-
flexed. In well grown plants the pinne are suddenly widened
to their full extent just above their narrow stalklike base.—C.
Dickieana of the gardens (Moore 83) which has overlapping pin-
nz, broad blunt pmnules, and scattered sori, is a form of this
plant found in a damp cave near Aberdeen.—Rocks and walls.
Breadalbane Mountains and Cumberland. P. VII. E. 58.
ATHYRIUM. 413

_[3._C. alpina (Desv.); frond lanceolate bipinnate, pinnee ovate,
pinnules ovate deeply pinnatifid with broadly and shortly linear
segments partly cloven and slightly toothed at the end.—N. 157.
E. B.163.—Fronds very much divided but compact and close.
—On a wall at Low Layton, Essex, where it is still occasionally
found. Not a true native. P. VI.]

_4. C. montana (Link); fronds triangular tripinnate, pimne and
pinnules spreading, lobes pinnatifid with linear notched segments.
—Moore 89.—-Fronds in shape like those of P. caleareum, small,
short, very finely divided. Lower pair of pinne much the largest ;
their lower larger than their upper pinnules. Stipes long, slender.
Rhizome creeping extensively, black. Breadalbane Mountains.
Ben Lawers. Corrach Uachdar. P. VIII? 8.

[Onoclea sensibilis is naturalized in one spot near Warrington. ]

Tribe III. Aspleniece.

7. Atuyrium Roth.

1. A. Filix-feemina (Roth); frond lanceolate pinnate or pinna-
tifid, pinne linear, pinnules linear-oblong deeply serrate or pin-
natifid.—a. A. converum (Newm.); frond bipinnate, pinnules
toothed narrowly triangular-lanceolate convex remote not con-
nected toothed, upper ones minute confluent, sori ultimately con-
fluent. N. 245. A. rheticum Roth. Pinnules long, narrow,
with deflexed edges, inclosing the sori; their attachment broad ;
segments gradually decreasing from the base of pmnule.—8. A.
Filiz-feemina (Roth) ; frond bipinnate, pinnules pinnatifid oblong-
lanceolate bluntish flat remote not connected, segments oblong
patent with lateral and terminal sharp teeth. N. 237. Frond
much divided, dark green. Pinnules much narrowed at their
base. Sori distinct.—y. A. molle (Roth); frond pmnate, pin-
nules toothed oblong blunt or slightly pomted flat remote all
connected by wing of midrib or lower ones distinct, segments
ovate bidentate lowest with 3 uppermost with 1 tooth. N. 245.
Frond scarcely more than pinnate, bight green. Pinnules
attached by a broad decurrent base. Sori distinct, in 2 rows.
Sometimes (A. trifidum Roth?) the pimnules are much less con-
nected, moderately cut, have a narrow attachment, and lobes with
more numerous but connivent teeth.—d. A. latifolium (Bab.
MSS.); frond bipinnate, pinnules ovate blunt flat contiguous
(overlapping) laciniate distinct, lobes oblong. Height 3—4 feet.
Breadth 8—9 inches. Dark green. Pinnules with a narrow
stalklike attachment. Sori distinct, in 2 rows.—Wet shady places.
6. near Keswick. P. VI. VII.

[2. A. fontanum (Presl); frond linear-lanceolate bipmnate.
414 99. FILICES.

pinne oblong-ovate, pinnules obovate-cuneate with few deep
sharp teeth.—E. B. 2024.—This plant does not associate well
with the genus.—Formerly on Amersham church, Bucks. Found
by Hudson “ above Wybourn in Westmoreland.” P.] E.?

8. ASPLENIUM Jinn.

* Ultimate subdivisions with a distinct midvein.
ASPLENIUM Newm.

1. A. lanceolatum (Huds.) ; fronds lanceolate doubly pinnate,
pinuules ovate deeply and sharply toothed or lobed, sori short
nearly marginal.— E. B. 240, N.249.—Fronds sometimes nearly
linear and simply pinnate, always narrowed at the base. Sori
short oblong, ultimately rather confluent into roundish masses.
—Rocks and walls, rather rare. P. VI.—IX. E.

2. A. Adiantum-nigrum (L.); fronds triangular attenuated
twice or thrice pinnate, pinne and pinnules triangular sharply
toothed, sori elongated central— E.. B. 1950. N.255.—Sori 2 or
3 times as long as in the preceding, placed near the midrib and
ultimately confluent in oblong masses often covering the whole
under surface of the pinnule.—Rocks and walls. P. VIL—IX.
Black Spleenwort.

3. A. Trichomanes (L.); frond linear pinnate, pinne roundish-
ovate erenate stalked, nerves forked below the sori.—E. B. 576.
N. 285.—Rachis black. A curious variety is occasionally found
with its pinne deeply but irregularly pmnatifid with linear notched
segments.—Rocks and walls. P. V.—X. Common Spleenwort.

4. A. viride (Huds.); frond linear pinnate, pinne roundish-
ovate or rhomboidal crenate stalked, nerves simple or forked
beyond the sori—E. B. 2257. N. 281. Rachis green. Sori at
length confluent.—Rocks on mountains. P. VI.—X.

5. A. marinum (L.); frond linear simply pinnate, pinne stalked
ovate or oblong serrate unequal and wedgeshaped at the base.—
E. B. 392. N.275.—Varying greatly in size. Sori not confluent.
—Maritime rocks. P. VI.—X.

** Ultimate subdivisions without a distinct midvein.
Amesium Newm.

6. A. Ruta-muraria (L.); fronds bipmnate, pinnules rhomboid-
wedgeshaped notched or toothed at the end, indusium jagged.—
E. B, 150. N. 261.—Fronds 3—4 in. long.—Rocks and old walls.
P. V.—IX. Wall Rue.

7. A. germanicum (Weiss); fronds simply and alternately pin-
nate, pinnules narrow-wedgeshaped the lowermost ternate, in-
SCOLOPENDRIUM,—PTERIS. 415

dusium entire at the edge.—N. 265. A. alternifolium Sm., E. B.
2258.—Fronds 3—4 in. long.—Rocks, very rare. P. VI—IX.—8.

8. A. septentrionale (Hull); fronds 2- or 3-cleft, segments
elongate-lanceolate bifid —E. B. 1017. N.269.—Segments of
the fronds very narrow, narrowing gradually downwards, with
1 or 2 short bifid lateral teeth, and bifid at the end.—Dry clefts
of rocks, rare. P. VI.—X. E. 8.

9. ScoLOPENDRIUM Sin.

1. S. vulgare (Sym.); frond oblong strapshaped smooth sim-
ple with a cordate base, stipes shaggy.—E. B. 1150. Phyllitis
Scolopendrium N. 289.—Fronds 1—2 feet long, acute, often
crisped and occasionally the end is multifid—Damp and shady
places. P. VII. VIII. Hart’s-tongue.

10. Cereracu Willd.

1. C. Officinarum (Willd.); fronds pinnatifid covered beneath
with dense scales, pinne alternate or opposite obtuse sessile.—
Notolepum Ceterach N. 293. Scolopendrium Ceterach Sm., E. B.
1244.—Fronds 3—6 in. long, green and smooth above, wholly
covered by very numerous scales beneath, amongst which the
thecze are almost hidden.—Old walls and rocks. P. IV.—X.

Tribe IV. Adiantee.

11. BLecunum Linn.

1. B. boreale (Sw.); barren fronds pectinate-pimnatifid with
broadly-linear rather obtuse pinne, fertile frond pinnate, pinnx
linear acute.—E. B. 1159. Lomaria Spicant N. 89.—Each lateral
nerve of the fertile pine extending half-way to the margin and
then turning at right angles and proceeding up the pinna until
it reaches the next nerve. hecz: attached in a continuous row
to the longitudinal portions of the combined lateral nerves. Rather
a Blechnum than Lomaria.—Stony and heathy places. P. VII.

12. Preris Linn.

1. P. aquilina (L.); fronds tripartite, branches bipinnate, pin-
nules linear-lanceolate the lower ones usually pinnatifid, seg-
ments oblong obtuse.—E. B. 1679. N.93. Eupteris Newm.
(Phytol. ui. 278).—Fronds annual, 1—5 feet high, very much
divided with spreading branches. Thece attached to the margi-
nal vein, lying upon a fine membrane and covered by the mem-
branous continuation of the epidermis. Inferior pinnules pinna-
tifid or sinuate or entire.—Woods and heaths. P. VII. Brakes
or Brachen.
416 99. FILICES.

13. Apiantum Linn. Maiden-hair.

1. A. Capillus-Veneris (L.); frond irregular, branches and
roundish-wedgeshaped lobed thin pinnules alternate, lobes of the
fertile pinnules terminated by a transversely linear-oblong re-
flexed lobe covering several roundish sori, sterile lobes serrated.
—E. B. 1564. N. 83.—Rhizome blackish, shaggy. Fronds
6—12 in. high. Stipes and rachis slender, nearly black. Pin-
nules not jomted to the partial stalks—Damp rocks near the
sea. P. V.—IX.

Subord. II. Hymenophyllacee. Tr. V. Hymenophyllee.

14. TricHomManes Linn.

1. T. radicans (Sw.); fronds 3 or 4 times pinnatifid glabrous,
segments uniform linear, imvolucres solitary mm the axils of the
upper segments, seta at first included ultimately very prominent.
—E. B. 1417. T. speciosum Willd., N. 305.—The frond in fact
consists of hard wiry branched ribs each furnished throughout
with a rather membranous wing. Rhizome black, downy, very
long. Fronds rather triangular, very much divided, 4—8 in.
long. Involucres scarcely winged.—f. Andrewsii (Newm.);
fronds lanceolate, involucres winged. N.315.—Very damp shady
places. Rare. Formerly at Bellbank, Yorkshire, from whence
I have an old specimen exactly like Bolton’s figure t. 30. South
and south-west of Ireland. P. IX. X. E. I.

15. HyMENopHYLLUM Sm.

1. H. tunbridgense (Sm.); fronds pinnate, pimne distichous,
segments linear undivided or bifid spinosely-serrate, involucre
compressed spinosely serrate, rachis broadly winged.—E. B. 162.
N. 321.—Slender and delicate. Rhizome very long, threadshaped.
Pinne, rachis and involucres in the same plane. Valves of the
involucre adpressed throughout the greater part of their length,
slightly gibbous at the base.—Amongst moss in damp and shady
places. P. VII.

2. H. Wilsont (Hook.); fronds pinnate, pinne recurved, seg-
ments linear undivided or bifid spinosely-serrate, involucre in-
flated entire, rachis slightly bordered. L. B. S. 2686.—Resem-
bling the preceding, but the pinne curve backwards and the
involucres forwards. Valves of the involucre convex or gibbous
throughout, touching only by their edges which are quite entire.
Amongst moss in damp and shady places. P. VII.
100. mMarSILEACE2.—101. Lycopopiacex. 417

Suborder III. Osmundacee. Tribe VI. Osmundee.

16. Osmunpa Linn. Flowering-fern.

1. O. regalis (L.) ; fronds bipinnate, pinnules oblong nearly
entire dilated and slightly auricled at the base, clusters panicled
terminal.— EF. B. 209. N. 331.—Fronds erect or drooping, 1—8
feet high.—Boggy places. P. VII.—IX.

Subord. IV. Ophioglossacee. Tr. VII. Ophioglossee.

17. Borrycurum Sw. Moon-wort.

1. B. Lunaria (Sw.); frond pmnate solitary, pine lunate or
fanshaped notched or crenate.—E. B. 318. N. 137.—Height
3—6 in. Pinne sometimes deeply notched, occasionally bearing
a few thecee. Fronds usually solitary, but sometimes there are
two on the same stalk.—Pastures. P. VI. VII.

18. OruiocLossum Linn. Adder’s-tongue.

1. O.vulgatum (L.); frond ovate obtuse.— EF. B. 108. N. 349.
—Height 4—12 im., erect. Spike clubshaped, usually rather
longer than the frond, sometimes very long.—Pastures. V. VI.

Order C. MARSILEACEA.

Creeping plants with alternate erect leaves having a circinate
vernation. Fructification consisting of globular nearly sessile
coriaceous bodies with 3 or 4 cells and containing sacs including
either other bodies that germinate or loose granules.

1. Pinuuarta. Involucres solitary, nearly sessile, globose,
coriaceous, 4-celled. Cells containing bodies of 2 kinds,
granules and membranes containing minute grains.

1. Pinutaria Linn. Pillwort.

1. P. globulifera (L.).—E. B. 521. N. 393.—Rhizome slender,
creeping, producing leaves and roots at regular intervals. L. very
slender, erect. Inv. slightly stalked, axillary, nearly spherical,
hairy.—Margins of ponds and lakes. P.

Order CI. LYCOPODIACE.

Leafy plants with simple imbricated leaves; or stemless with
erect subulate leaves. Fructification of axillary sessile thecw
418 101. LYcOPODIACEA.

with 2 or 3 valves and no ring, including minute powdery matter
or sporules.

* Capsules not opening.

1, Isonres. Fructification inclosed within the swollen base
of the leaves. Sporules of two kinds attached to filiform
receptacles.

** Capsules bursting.

2. Lycoropium. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved, containing pow-
der ; or 3-valved, containing 1—4 granules.

1. Isoztes Zinn. Quillwort.

1. I. lacustris (L.); 1. subulate roundish-quadrangular with 4
longitudinal jointed tubes.—F. B. 1084. N.381. R. vii. t. 1.
—Rhizome a blunt tuber. L. slender, broad and flat at the base
but elsewhere between cylindrical and quadrangular.—Bottom of
lakes and ponds in hilly districts. P.

2. Lycoropium Linn.

* Caps. all |-celled. Sporules like powder. Lycopopium Koch.

]. L. clavatum (L.); 1. scattered incurved with a filamentous
point, spikes stalked 2 or 3 together cylindrical, scales ovate-
triangular membranous finely incise-serrate.—E. B. 224. N. 353.
—St. prostrate, long. Branches short, ascending. Spikes on
long stalks, pale yellow. Scales on the stalks irregularly disposed
in whorls.—Heaths. P. VII. VIII. Common Clubmoss.

2. L. annotinum (L.); 1. scattered lanceolate mucronate ser-
tulate, spikes sessile solitary terminal, scales roundish with an
attenuated point membranous and jagged.— E. B. 1727. N.361.
—St. prostrate, long. Branches rather long, erect, each year’s
growth marked by a spot where the leaves are adpressed. Spikes
cylindrical, greenish-yellow, not persistent.—Stony mountains.
Rare in Caernarvonshire and Cumberland. Common in the
Highlands of Scotland. P, VIII.

3. L. alpinum (L.); 1. in four rows imbricated acute keeled
entire, spikes sessile solitary terminal, scales ovate-lanceolate
flat, branches erect. clustered forked level-topped.—E. B. 234.
N. 365.—St. prostrate, long. Fertile branches usually twice di-
chotomous, each division ending in a short cylindrical yellowish-
green spike rather thicker than the branch.—Elevated mountains.
P. VII. Savin-leaved Club-moss.

4. L. Selago (L.); 0. in eight rows crowded uniform linear-
lanceolate acuminate, caps. not spiked but in the axils of the
common leaves, st. erect forked level-topped.— EF. B. 233. N.375.
—St. short, erect or slightly decumbent, densely leafy. No se-
102. CHARACEA. 419

parate spikes. At the extremity of the stems a few curious vivi-
ee buds may usually be found; they are well illustrated by
Mir. Newman (p. 378). Occasionally the stems in sheltered situa-
tions become much elongated.—Heaths, chiefly on mountains.
P. VI—VIII. Fir Club-moss.

5. L. inundatum (L.); 1. scattered linear acute turned upwards,
spikes terminal sessile leafy solitary upon short erect branches.
—E. B. 239. N. 369.—St. short, prostrate, rooting. Branches
few, simple, short, erect, fertile—Boggy heaths. P. VIII. IX.

** Caps. of two kinds. SpuaGineLua Koch.

6. L. selaginoides (L.); 1. scattered lanceolate ciliated, spikes
terminal solitary sessile leafy upon short erect branches.—H. B.
1148, N. 371. S. spinulosa Koch.—St. prostrate, much branched,
rooting, slender. Flowering branches simple, short, erect. In
addition to the 2-valved thecze, this plant produces others which
are 3-valved and contain 2—4 large grains.—Boggy spots chieily
in mountainous places. P. VIII.

Order CII. CHARACEA.

Leafless branched plants with stems formed of one or more
arallel tubes. Two kinds of fructification ; round red globules
anthers ?) formed of 8 valves, inclosing cells containing granular

matter and spiral filaments; oval nucules formed of | cell with
5 filaments folded spirally round it and containing minute granules
which appear at last to unite into a single seed. —Plants green,
aquatic.—The position of this order is very doubtful, and opinions
are various concerning its structure. It is placed here simply
from convenience.

1. Cuara. The only genus.

1. Cuara Linn.

I. Nrretia Ag.—Crown of nucule of 10 cells forming 2 cir-
cles lying upon each other, never spreading, generally falling off
before the seed is ripe. Stems more or less pellucid, composed
of one tube.

i. Nitella. Globules terminal at the forks of the branchlets.
* Branchlets only once divided into 1-jointed segments,
6—8 in a whorl, similar.

lL. C. flewilis (L.); moncecious, st. slender equal flexible trans-
parent, branchlets pointed not mucronate nearly equally forked
420 102. CHARACEZ.

or trifid, nucules and globules together in the forks of the
branchlets without bracts —E. B. 1070. Aél. Fl. Par. 40 C.—
Rather slender, green pellucid. Primary branches seldom more
than once divided. Sometimes the axillary branchlets are much
more divided and clustered (C. nidifica of collectors). Nucules
with 6 strie.—Ditches. A.V. E.S.

2. C. syncarpa (Thuil.); dicecious, st. slender equal flexible
transparent, branchlets bluntish apiculate nearly equally forked
or trifid, nucules or globules at the forks of the branchlets with-
out bracts.—Atl. Fl. Par. 39 (not good).—Slender, diaphanous
resembling C. flewilis. Nucules with 5 striz and scarcely any
crown.—Stagnant Water. Sussex; Cambridgeshire ; Caernarvon-
shire. Galway. A. V. E. I.

** Branchlets usually repeatedly divided, terminal segments of
2 joints, last joint usually like a mucro. Branchlets 6—8 in
a whorl, similar.

3. C. translucens (Pers.); moncecious, st. thick equal flexible
transparent, sterile branchlets simple not articulated, upper ones
ending in 2 or 3 short points, fertile whorls of small trifurcate
branchlets very small and closely placed, nucules small oblong
usually in threes just below the 3 bracts surrounding the terminal
globule.—E. B. 1855. Ati. Fl. Par. 40 B.—Strong. Fertile
whorls appearing capitate. Globules solitary. Nucules with 7
striz.—Deep stagnant pools. A. VII. E. 8.

4. C. mucronata (A. Br.) ; moncecious, st. slender equal flexible
transparent, branchlets strongly mucronate nearly equally forked
or trifid, nucules and globules together at the forks of the
branchlets without bracts.—Aél. Fl. Par. 40 D.—Rather thick.
Secondary branchlets once or twice forked, terminal subdivisions
rather shorter than the others. ‘ Nucules with 4 or 5 strie.”—
Marsh ditch, W. Grinstead, Suss. Mr. Borrer. A. VII. E.

5. C. gracilis (Sm.); monecious, st. slender equal flexible
transparent, branchlets in lax whorls repeadly divided into 3 or 4
segments, terminal segments mucronate shorter than the others,
globules and nucules each solitary but together at the subdivisions
of the branchlets without bracts.—#. B. 2140. R.I. 793. Ail.
Fi. Par. 41 E.—Small, slender, branching in a lax open manner.
Nucules subglobose, with 4 or 5 striz, large in proportion to the
plant.—St. Leonard’s Forest, Suss. Mr. Borrer. A. IX. E,

6. C. tenuissima (Desv.); moneecious, st. slender equal flexible
transparent, branchlets short in dense compact subglobose whorls
repeatedly divided into 3—7 segments, terminal segments mu-
cronate longer than the others, globules and nucules each solitary
but together at the subdivisions of the branchlets without bracts.
CHARA. 421

—R. I. 792. Atl. Fl. Par, 41 E.—Very small and slender.
Branchlets very much divided, forming little globose compact
masses which are often much incrusted. Nucules subglobose,
with 6—8 striec, minute but 3 times the diameter of the branchlets
and placed outside of them. Globules much larger than the
nucules.—Peaty ditches. Cambridgeshire. A. VIL. VIIL  E.

u. Polypella. Globules lateral on the jomings of the chief ray
of the branchlets between the lateral rays (bracts) which are
always shorter than the chief ray.—Rays of many decreasing
joints.

7. C. Smithii (Bab.) ; dioecious, st. slender equal flexible trans-
parent, branchlets blunt those forming the primary whorls simple
sterile long jointed (?), others on axillary branches many densely
crowded having 3 short and 1 long bract at their first joming,
globules stalked subtended by the 3 shorter bracts, nucules un-
known.— C. nidifica Sm. (not Miill.), E. B. 1703 (principal figure).
—Small. Branchlets in bird’s-nest-like masses, springing from
the axils of the simple branchlets of the primary whorl.—Lancing,
Sussex. Mr. Borrer. A. IX.?

8. C. prolifera (A. Br.) ; monecious, st. slender equal flexible
transparent, branchlets blunt those forming the primary whorls
simple sterile long usually of 3 or 4 joints, others on axillary
branches many densely crowded bearing 3 short and 1 long bract
at their first joming, globules sessile in company with one or
more nucules and subtended by the 3 shorter bracts.—Small.
Like the preceding. Nucules small, faintly striate. Granules
sessile (?). The presence of true bracts distinguishes this species,
C. Borreri, and C. Smithit from C. polysperma and C. flewilis.
—Ditches. Cley, Norfolk. Copford, Essex. A. IV. E.

9. C. Borrert (Bab.); moncecious, st. slender equal flexible
transparent, branchlets strongly mucronate those of the primary
whorls simple sterile long jointed, others on axillary branches
many densely crowded bearmg 3 short and 1 long bract at their
first and sometimes second joming, globules stalked or sessile in
company with several nucules and subtended by the 3 shorter
bracts.—C. nidifica Borr., E. B. S. fol. 2762, note.—Like but
larger than Nos.7and8. Branchlets suddenly contracted below
the acute apiculus. Larger “bract’’ occasionally bearing a
cluster of bracts.—Marsh ditch, Henfield, Sussex. Mr. ae
A. VIL. :

10. C. polysperma (A. Br.); moncecious, st. slender equal
flexible transparent, barren and fertile branchlets of the primary
whorls once or twice unequally branched, middle branch longest,
branchlets of axillary branches many densely crowded much sub-
422 102. CHARACER.

divided into short jomts mostly finely pomted, nucules and
globules placed at the jomings of the branchlets between the
lateral rays—Small. Branches with 2 or 3 ascending branchlets,
often again branched, at their first joining ; often but not always
there is a simple branchlet beneath and at rt.-angles to the mam
branch at that point. Globules stalked, directed downwards,
few. Nucules clustered, sessile, directed upwards.—Running
water. Bury St. Edmonds. Cambridge. A.IV. E.

II. Cuara Ag.—Crown of the nucule of 5 cells forming a
single circle, sometimes spreading, persistent. Stems usually
coated with smaller tubes.—Granule taking the place of one
of the bracts. A double row of spines at base of each whorl.

* Stem coated with as many tubes as there are branchlets in each
whorl.—Branchlets coated.

11. C. erinita (Wallr.); dicecious, st. slender coarsely striated
thickly beset with setaceous patent clustered spines, branchlets
abbreviated, bracts whorled slender equal, nucules narrowly ob-
long shorter than the bracts.—JVallr. Ann. Bot. t. 3.—Slender.
St. erect, flexible, smooth, densely crowded, slightly branched,
pale green. Whorls of 8—10 short branchlets each of 7 joints
with 6 bracts at each joing. Nucules solitary with 13 strie
and a prominent crown.—Stagnant brackish pools. Burdoch
Pool, Falmouth, Comwall. Rev. W. L. P. Garnons. A. VIII.

E.

** Stem coated with twice as many tubes as there are branchlets
in each whorl, those opposite to the branchlets bearing spines
or tubercles, the others not.

12. C. vulgaris (L.?2); monoecious, st. scabrous finely striate
brittle, upper part of the branchlets without external tubes, bracts
only on the inner side of the branchlets long, two 2—4 times as
long as the nucules, two equalling them.— FE. B. 336. C. fetida
A. Br., Atl, Fl. Par. 37.—Diffuse, usually incrusted. The
spimose or tubercular (primary) cortical tubes less prominent than
the secondary oues, collapsing when dry so as to place the spines
in fwrows. Branchlets seeming of one joint. Nucules with 13
strize and a short crown, with the globule. Ditches and streams.
A. VIL—VIII.

13. C. hispida (L.); moncecious, st. thickened upwards spirally
sulcate rough brittle with setaceous spmes, branchlets elongate,
bracts whorled (inner ones longer), nuceules ovate shorter than the
bracts solitary with a globule—E. B. 436. Atl. Fl. Par. 38 B.
—Opaque, greenish white, usually incrusted. St. covered with
minute tubercles; spines very many, sometimes few, upon the
CHARA. 423

depressed primary tubes. Branches elongate, acuminate, of 7
ia with 4—6 short bracts at each joining. Ditches and pits.
. V.—VIII.

14. C. tomentosa (L.); dicecious (?), st. thickened upwards
spirally suleate rough brittle with scattered obtuse papille,
branchlets incurved, bracts unilateral ovate-oblong mucronate-
acute, nucule shorter than the bract on each side of it longer than
the three in front.—C. latifolia Willd., Hook. Icon. 532.—Opaque,
whitish green. St. covered with minute tubercles; papille distant,
rather whorled, short, blunt, on the prominent primary tubes.—
Belvidere Lake, Westmeath, Ireland. A. I.

*** Stem coated with 3 times as many tubes as there are branchlets
in each whorl, two rows of secondary between each pair of
primary tubes on which latter alone the spines or tubercles
are placed.

15. C. aspera (W.); dicecious, st. finely striate smooth flexible
with setaceous patent spines, branchlets short, bracts whorled
slender (2 inner longer), nucules narrowly oblong shorter than
the bracts.— E. B. 8. 2738.—Not opaque, pale green. St. densely
crowded ; spines scattered, often very short, or irregularly
whorled. Branchlets 6—9 in a whorl, of 7 jomts, 4—5 bracts
at each joining. Nucules oe striz 12 or 13, crown pro-
minent.—Stagnant water. A. VIIT.

16. C. fragilis (Desv.); moneecious, st. slender finely striate
smooth not spinous, last 1—3 joints of branchlets without external
tubes, bracts on the inner side of the branchlets about as long or
longer than the oblong nucules.—Atl. Fl. Par. 38 C. C. Hed-
wigii E. B. S. 2762. C. pulchella E. B. 8. 2824.—Slender, green,
not incrusted. Nucule with 13 or 14 striz and a long crown,
with the globule. Bracts usually shorter than the nucules, one
equalling them ; or all longer.—Stagnant water. A. ev

Posrcript.— Whilst this sheet is passing through the press I
have learned from Mr. Purchas that the two supposed seeds of
Luzula Borreri, mentioned at page 333, belong to L. pilosa.
The true seeds of L. Borreri are “ as large as those of L. pilosa
but have a straight blunt crest” as described by Dr. Bromfield.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX

OF

THE ORDERS AND GENERA.

*,* The names in italics are synonyms,

Acer, 57.
Aceras, 309.
Aceracez, 57.
Achillea, 170.
Achyrophorus, 186.
Acinos, 248.
Aconitum, 10.
Acorus, 338.
Actea, 11.
Actinocarpus, 336.
Adiantum, 416.
Adonis, 5.
Adoxa, 147.
Aigopodium, 137.
A&thusa, 140.
Agraphis, 326.
Agrimonia, 88.
Agropyrum, 400.
Agrostemma, 46.
Agrostis, 381.
Agrostis, 382.
Aira, 385.

Aira, 386, 388.
Airopsis, 386.
Ajuga, 254.
Albucea, 322.
Alchemilla, 89.
Alisma, 335.
Alisma, 336.
Alismacez, 334.
Alliaria, 24.
Allium, 323.
Allosorus, 408.
Alnus, 299.
Alopecurus, 379.
Alsinanthe, 50.
Alsine, 48.
Alsines, 41.
Althea, 54.
Alyssum, 26.
Alyssum, 26.

Amaranthacee:, 364.

Amaranthus, 265.

Amaryllidacez, 317.

Ambrosiacez, 200.
Amentiferz, 287,
Amesium, 414,
Ammophila, 383.
Anacamptis, 308.
Anacharis, 304.
Anacyclus, 172,
Anagallis, 260.
Anchusa, 220.
Andromeda, 206.
Androsemum, 60.
Anemagrostis, 382.
Anemone, 4.
Angelica, 142. _
Antennaria, 175.
Anthemis, 169.
Anthericum, 321.

Anthoxanthum, 378.

Anthriscus, 145.
Anthyllis, 77.
Antirrhinum, 232.
Antirrhinum, 232.
Apargia, 187.
Apera, 382.
Aphanes, 89.
Apium, 136.
Apocynaceze, 211.
Aquifoliacee, 210.
Aquilegia, 10.
Arabis, 21.
Aracez, 338.
Aracium, 192.
Araliacez, 147.
Arbutus, 205.
Arbutus, 206.
Archangelica, 142.
Arctium, 179.

Arctostaphylos, 205.

Arenaria, 49.
Arenaria, 48, 50, 51.
Aristolochia, 279.
Aristolochiacer, 279.
Armeria, 262.
Armoracia, 28.
Arnoseris, 185.
Arrhenatherum, 387.
Artemisia, 173.
Arthrolobium, 83.
Arum, 338.
Arundo, 373.
Arundo, 374,
Asarum, 279.
Asparagacez, 318.
Asparagus, 318.
Aperugo, 219.
Asperula, 151.
Aspidium, 409-412.
Asplenium, 414.
Aster, 166.
Astragalus, 78.
Astrantia, 135.
Athamanta, 141.
Athyrium, 413.
Atriplex, 269.
Atriplex, 271.
Atropa, 225,
Atropez, 225,
Avena, 387.
Avena, 386.
Azalea, 208.
Beothryon, 350.
Baldingera, 378.
Ballota, 253.
Balsaminacee, 64.
Barbarea, 20,
Barkhausia, 190.
Bartsia, 237.
Bartsia, 237, 238.
Batrachium, 5.

U
426

Bellis, 167.
Berberidacez, 11.
Berberis, 11.
Berula, 138.

Beta, 268.
Betonica, 252.
Betula, 298.
Bidens, 169.
Blechnum, 415.
Blysmus, 352.
Boraginacez, 218.
Borago, 220.
Botrychium, 417.
Brachypodium, 399.
Brassica, 24.
Brassica, 25.
Breea, 183.

Briza, 394.
Bromus, 397.
Bromus, 398,
Bryonia, 117.
Bucetum, 396.
Buffonia, 46.
Bunium, 137.
Bupleurum, 138.
Butomus, 336.
Buxus, 280.
Cakile, 32.
Calamagrostis, 383.
Calamintha, 247.
Callitrichacez, 284.
Callitriche, 284.
Calluna, 206.
Caltha, 9.
Calyciflore, 65.
Calystegia, 217.
Camelina, 28.
Campanula, 202.
Campanula, 203.
Campanulacee, 200.
Caprifoliaceze, 149.
Capsella, 31.
Cardamine, 22.
Carduus, 182, 185.
Carduus, 186.
Carex, 353.
Carlina, 179.
Carpinus, 300.
Carum, 137.
Carum, 138.
Caryophyllacez, 40.
Castanea, 299.

INDEX.

Catabrosa, 389.
Caucalis, 144.
Celastracex, 65.
Centaurea, 180.
Centranthus, 156.
Centunculus, 260.
Cephalanthera, 313.
Cerastium, 52.
Cerastium, 52.
Cerasus, 87.

Ceratophyllacee, 283.

Ceratophyllum, 284.
Ceterach, 415.
Cherophyllum, 145.
Cherophyllum, 145.
Chamenerion, 114.
Chamagrostis, 381.
Chara, 419.
Characee, 419.
Cheiranthus, 19.
Chelidonium, 14.
Chenopodiacez, 265.
Chenopodium, 266.
Chenopodium, 266.
Cherleria, 49.
Chlora, 213.

Chrysanthemum, 171,

Chrysocoma, 167.
Chrysosplenium, 129.
Cicendia, 214.
Cichorium, 186.
Cicuta, 136.
Cineraria, 176.
Circewa, 116.
Cirsium, 183.
Cistacee, 33.
Cistus, 33, 34.
Cladium, 347.
Clematis, 3.
Clinopodium, 248.
Cnicus, 183.
Cnidium, 141.
Cochlearia, 27.
Cochlearia, 28.
Celoglossum, 309.
Colchicacez, 326.
Colchicum, 326.
Comarum, 92.
Composite, 159.
Conifere, 300.
Conium, 146.
Conringia, 23, 24.

Convallaria, 319.
Convallaria, 319.
Convolvulacez, 216.
Convolvulus, 216.
Conyza, 168.
Corallorhiza, 314.
Coreopsis, 170.
Coriandrum, 147.
Cornacez, 148.
Cornus, 148.
Corolliflore, 149.
Corrigiola, 119.
Corydalis, 15.
Corylus, 299.
Corynephorus, 386.
Cotoneaster, 110.
Cotyledon, 124.
Cracea, 79.
Crambe, 32.
Crassulacex, 121.
Crategus, 110.
Crepis, 190.
Crithmum, 142.
Crocus, 316.
Cruciferze, 16.
Cryptogamee, 403.
Cryptogramma, 408.
Cucubalus, 43.
Cucurbitacex, 117.
Cuscuta, 217.
Cyclamen, 259.
Cynodon, 384.
Cynoglossum, 220.
Cynosurus, 394.
Cyperacee, 345.
Cyperus, 347.
Cypripedium, 314.
Cystea, 412.
Cystopteris, 412.
Cytisus, 73.
Dabeocia, 208.
Dactylis, 395.
Damasonium, 336.
Daphne, 278.
Datura, 226.
Daucus, 143.
Delphinium, 10.
Dentaria, 22.
Deschampsia, 385.
Dianthus, 41.
Dichodon, 52.
Dicotyledones, 1.
Dictyogenze, 302.
Digitalis, 232,
Digitaria, 377.
Diotis, 171.
Dioscoreacex, 302.
Diplotaxis, 25.
Dipsacacex, 157.
Dipsacus, 158.
Doronicum, 176.
Draba, 26.
Drosera, 37.
Droseracex, 37.
Dryas, 105.
Ductulose, 403.
Echinochloa, 377.
Echinophora, 146,
Echinospermum, 219.
Echium, 221.
Eleagnacee, 277.
Elatine, 39.
Elatinacez, 39.
Eleocharis, 348.
Eleogiton, 351.
Elodes, 62.
Elymus, 491.
Elymus, 402.
Empetracee, 280.
Empetrum, 280.
Endymion, 326.
Ephemerum, 260.
Epilobium, 113.
Epimedium, 11.
Epipactis, 312.
Epipactis, 313.
Equisetacez, 403.
Equisetum, 403.
Eranthis, 10.
Erica, 206.
Ericacez, 204.
Erigeron, 166.
Eriocaulacee, 328.
Eriocaulon, 328.
Eriophorum, 352.
Erodium, 62.
Ervum, 78.
Eryngium, 135.
Erysimum, 24.
Erythrea, 213.
Eufragia, 237.
Euonymus, 66.
Eupatorium, 165.
Euphorbia, 281.

INDEX.

Euphorbiacez, 280.
Euphrasia, 237.
Eupteris, 415.
Exacum, 214.
Fagopyrum, 276.
Fagus, 299.
Fagus, 299.
Farsetia, 26.
Fedia, 156.
Festuca, 395.
Filago, 174.
Filices, 406.
Florida, 303.
Feeniculum, 141.
Fragaria, 92.
Frankenia, 39.
Frankeniacee, 39.
Fraxinus, 211.
Fritillaria, 321.
Fumaria, 15,
Fumariacez, 14,
Gagea, 322.
Galanthus, 318.
Galeebdolon, 251.
Galeopsis, 251.
Galium, 153.
Gastridium, 381.
Genista, 70.
Gentiana, 214,
Gentianacez, 212.
Geraniacez, 60.
Geranium, 60.
Geum, 106.
Glaucium, 14.
Glaux, 260.
Glechoma, 248.
Glumifere, 345.
Glyceria, 392.
Glyceria, 393.
Gnaphalium, 175.

Gnaphalium, 174, 175.

Goodyera, 311.
Graminee, 371.
Grossulariacez, 124.
Gymnadenia, 309.
Gymnosperme, 300.
Gypsocailis, 206.
Habenaria, 309.
Habenaria, 309.
Halianthus, 49.
Halimus, 270.
Haloragacee, 116.

427

Haloscias, 141.
Hedera, 148.
Helianthemum, 33.
Helleborus, 10.
Helminthia, 188.
Helosciadium, 136.
Heracleum, 143.
Herminium, 311.
Herniaria, 119.
Hesperis, 23.
Hieracium, 192.
Hieracium, 193.
Hierochloe, 378.
Himantoglossum, 309.
Hippocrepis, 84.
Hippophaé, 277.
Hippuris, 117.
Holcus, 388.
Holcus, 387.
Holoschenus, 351.
Holosteum, 50.
Honkeneja, 48.
Hordeum, 402.
Hottonia, 259.
Humulus, 284,
Hutchinsia, 29.
Hyacinthus, 326.
Hydrocharidacee,303.
Hydrocharis, 303.
Hydrocotyle, 135.
Hymenophyllum, 416.
Hyoscyamus, 226.
Hypericacez, 57.
Hypericum, 57.
Hypocheeris, 186.
Hypopitys, 209.
Theris, 29.
Tlex, 210.
Tilecebrum, 120.
Impatiens, 64.
Inula, 167.
Inula, 168.
Tridacez, 315.
Tris, 315.
Isatis, 31.
Isnardia, 116.
Isoetes, 418.
Isolepis, 351.
Jasione, 201.
Juncacee, 327.
Juncus, 328.
Juniperus, 301.
u2
428

Knappia, 381.
Knautia, 158.
Kobresia, 352.
Keeleria, 388.
Koniga, 26.
Labiatez, 241.
Lactuca, 188.
Lagurus, 385.
Lamium, 249.
Lapsana, 185.
Lapsana, 185.
Larbrea, 51.
Lastrea, 409.
Lathrea, 229.
Lathyrus, 82.
Lavatera, 56.
Ledum, 207.
Leersia, 384.
Leguminosae, 67.
Lemna, 339.
Lemnacez, 339.

Lentibulariacex, 255.

Leontodon, 189.
Leontodon, 187.
Leonurus, 251.
Lepidium, 30.
Lepigonum, 120.
Lepturus, 402.
Leucojum, 317.
Libanotis, 141.
Ligusticum, 141.
Ligustrum, 211.
Liliacex, 319.
Lilium, 323.

Limnanthemum, 215.

Limosella, 235.
Linaria, 231.
Linacex, 63.
Linnea, 150.
Linosyris, 167.
Linun, 63.

Liparis, 314.
Listera, 312.
Listera, 312.
Lithospermum, 222.
Lithospermum, 222.
Littorella, 264.
Lloydia, 323.
Lobelia, 201.
Lolium, 401.
Lomaria, 415.
Lonicera, 150.

INDEX.

Loranthacex, 148.
Lotus, 77.
Luzula, 334.
Lychnis, 45.
Lycopodiacez, 417.
Lycopodium, 418.
Lycopsis, 220.
Lycopsis, 221.
Lycopus, 245.
Lysimachia, 259.
Lythracez, 111.
Lythrum, 112.
Maianthemum, 319.
Malachium, 52.
Malaxis, 314.
Malaxis, 314.
Malcolmia, 22.
Malva, 54,
Malvacez, 54.
Marrubium, 253.
Marsileacezx, 417.
Maruta, 171.
Matricaria, 172.
Matthiola, 19.
Meconopsis, 14.
Medicago, 71.
Melampyrum, 235.
Melica, 389.
Melilotus, 72.
Melissa, 248.
Melittis, 249.
Mentha, 244.
Menyanthes, 215.
Menziesia, 208.
Mercurialis, 283.
Mertensia, 222.
Mespilus, 110.
Meum, 142.
Meum, 141.
Mibora, 381.
Microcala, 214.
Milium, 381.
Mimulus, 235.
Moehringia, 49.
Moenchia, 52.
Molinia, 389.
Moneses, 210.

Monochlamydee, 264.
Monocotyledones, 302.

Monotropa, 210.
Montia, 118.
Mulgedium, 194.

Muscari, 326.
Myosotis, 222.
Myosurus, 5.
Mprica, 298.
Myriophyllum, 116.
Myrrhis, 146.
Myrrhis, 145, 146.
Naiadacex, 345.
Naias, 345.
Narcissus, 317.
Nardus, 402.
Narthecium, 329.
Nasturtium, 20.
Nasturtium, 28.
Naumburgia, 259.
Neottia, 312.
Neottia, 311, 312.
Nepeta, 249.
Nephrodium, 411.
Nitella, 419.
Notolepum, 414.
Nuphar, 12.
Nymphea, 12.
Nympheacez, 11.
Obione, 271.
Odontites, 238.
Cnanthe, 139.
(£nothera, 115.
Oleacez, 210.
Olismenus, 377.
Onagracex, 113.
Onobrychis, 84.
Onoclea, 413.
Ononis, 70.
Onopordum, 182.
Ophioglossum, 417.
Ophrys, 310.
Oplismenus, 377.
Oporinia, 187.
Orchidacee, 304.
Orchis, 306.
Orchis, 309, 310.
Origanum, 247.
Ornithogalum, 322.
Ornithogalum, 322.
Ornithopus, 83.
Orobanche, 226.
Orobanchacee, 226.
Orobus, 80, 83.
Osmunda, 417.
Oxalidacess, 65.
Oxalis, 65.
Oxycoccos, 209.
Oxyria, 274.
Oxytropis, 78.
Peonia, 11.
Panicum, 377.
Papaver, 13.
Papaveraceee, 12.
Parietaria, 285.
Paris, 302.
Parnassia, 38.
Paronychiacex, 118.
Pastinaca, 143.
Pedicularis, 236.
Peplis, 112.
Peristylus, 309, 310.
Petasites, 165.
Petroselinum, 136.
Peucedanum, 142.
Phalaris, 378.
Phelipea, 228.
Phleum, 378.
Phragmites, 384.
Phyllitis, 414.
Phyllodoce, 208.
Physospermum, 147.
Phyteuma, 201.
Picris, 188.
Pilularia, 417.
Pimpinella, 138.
Pimpinella, 137.
Pinguicula, 256.
Pinus, 301.

Pisum, 86.
Plantaginacex, 262.
Plantago, 263.
Platanthera, 310.

Plumbaginacee, 261.

Poa, 389.

Poa, 396.
Polemoniacex, 215.
Polemonium, 216.
Polycarpon, 120.
Polygala, 38.
Polygalacez, 38.
Polygonacez, 271.
Polygonum, 274.
Polygonum, 277.
Polypodium, 408.
Polypogon, 381.
Polystichum, 411.
Populus, 297.
Portulacezx, 118.

INDEX.

429

Potamogetonacex,340. Samolus, 260.

Potamogeton, 340.
Potentilla, 90.
Poterium, 88.
Prenanthes, 189.
Primula, 258.
Primulacez, 257.
Prunella, 249.
Prunus, 87.
Psamma, 383.
Pteris, 415.
Pteris, 408.
Pulegium, 246.
Pulicaria, 168.
Pulmonaria, 221.
Pyrethrum, 172.
Pyrola, 209.
Pyrola, 210.
Pyrus, 110.
Quercus, 300.
Radiola, 64.
Ranuculacez, 1.
Ranunculus, 5.
Raphanus, 32.
Reseda, 32.
Resedacez, 32.
Rhamnacee, 66.
Rhamnus, 66.
Rhinanthus, 236.
Rhodiola, 122.
Rhynchospora, 348.

Rhytispermum, 222.

Ribes, 124.
Robertsonia, 125.
Roemeria, 14.
Rosa, 107.
Rosacee, 84.
Rottboellia, 402.
Rubia, 155.
Rubiacez, 151.
Rubus, 92.
Rumex, 272.
Ruppia, 344.
Ruscus, 319.
Sagina, 46.
Sagittaria, 336.
Salicornia, 268.
Salix, 288.
Salsola, 266.
Salsola, 266.
Salvia, 246.
Sambucus, 149.

Sanguisorba, 88.
Sanicula, 135.
Santalacex, 278.
Saponaria, 43.
Sarothamnus, 70.
Saussurea, 179,
Saxifraga, 125.
Saxifragacez, 125.
Scabiosa, 158.
Scandix, 145.
Schedonorus, 396, 397.
Scheuchzeria, 336.
Schoberia, 266.
Scheenus, 347.
Scilla, 322.

Scilla, 326.
Scirpus, 349.
Scirpus, 352.
Scleranthus, 121.
Sclerochloa, 393.
Scolopendrium, 415.
Scolopendrium, 415.
Scrophularia, 234.
Scrophulariacee, 229.
Scutellaria, 248.
Sedum, 122.
Selaginella, 419.
Selinum, 142.
Sempervivum, 124.
Senebiera, 31.
Senecio, 177.
Senecio, 176.
Serrafalcus, 398
Serratula, 180.
Serratula, 180.
Seseli, 142.
Sesleria, 385.
Setaria, 377.
Sherardia, 151.
Sibbaldia, 89.
Sibthorpia, 238.
Silaus, 141.
Silene, 43.
Silenez, 41.
Silybum, 185.
Simethis, 325.
Sinapis, 25.
Sinapis, 25, 26.
Sison, 137.

Sison, 137.
Sisymbrium, 23.
430

Sisymbrium, 24.
Sisyrinchium, 315.
Sium, 138.
Sium, 137.
Smyrnium, 147.
Solanacee, 224.
Solanum, 225.
Solidago, 168.
Sonchus, 190.
Sonchus, 190.
Soyera, 192.
Sparganium, 338.
Spartina, 384.
Spartium, 73.
Spatularia, 126.
Specularia, 203.
Spergella, 47.
Spergula, 120.
Spergula, 47, 48.
Spirea, 87.
Spiranthes, 311].
Spirodela, 339.
Stachys, 252.
Staphylea, 66.
Statice, 261.
Statice, 262.
Stellaria, 50.
Stellaria, 54.

Stenhammaria, 222,

Stipa, 382.
Stratiotes, 306.
Sturmia, 314,
Sturmia, 381.
Suzeda, 266.
Subularia, 31,
Swertia, 215.
Symphytum, 221.
Tamariscacez, 112.
Tamarix, 112.

INDEX.

Tamus, 303.
Tanacetum, 173.
Taraxacum, 189.
Taxus, 301.
Teesdalia, 29.

Telmatophace, 339.

Teucrium, 254.
Thalamiflore, 1.
Thalictrum, 3.
Thesium, 278.
Thlaspi, 28.
Thlaspi, 31.
Thrincia, 187.
Thymelacez, 278.
Thymus, 247.
Thymus, 247.
Thysselinum, 143.
Tilia, 56.
Tiliaceze, 58.
Tillaa, 122.
Tofieldia, 326.
Tordylium, 143.
Torilis, 144.
Tormentilla, 95.
Tragopogon, 187.
Trichomanes, 416.
Trichonema, 316.
Trientalis, 260.
Trifolium, 72.
Triglochin, 336.
Trigonella, 78.
Trilliacee, 302.
Trinia, 136.
Triodia, 388.
Tripolium, 166.
Trisetum, 386.
Triticum, 400.
Triticum, 394.
Trollius, 9.

Tulipa, 321.
Turgenia, 145.
Turritis, 21.
Tussilago, 166.
Tussilago, 166.
Typha, 337.
Typhacee, 337.
Ulex, 69.
Ulmacee, 286.
Ulmus, 286.
Umbellifere, 129.
Urtica, 285.
Urticacez, 285.
Utricularia?856.
Vaccinium, 208.
Valeriana, 155.
Valeriana, 155, 156.
Valerianacee, 155.
Valerianella, 156.
Vella, 28.
Verbascum, 231.
Verbena, 255.
Verbenaceze, 255.
Veronica, 238.
Viburnum, 150.
Vicia, 78.
Villarsia, 215.
Vinca, 211.
Viola, 34.
Violacex, 34.
Viscum, 149.
Vulpia, 395.
Wahlenbergia, 203.
Woodsia, 409.
Xanthium, 200.
Zannichellia, 344.
Zostera, 345.
INDEX

OF THE

POPULAR ENGLISH NAMES.

Abele, 297.
Aconite, 10.
Adder’s tougue, 417.
Alder, 299.
Alexanders, 147.
Alkanet, 220.
Anemone, 4.
Archangel, 251.
Arrow-head, 336.
Asarabacca, 279.
Ash, 211.
Aspen, 298.
Asphodel, 328.
Avens, 106.
Awlwort, 31.
Bald-money, 142.
Balm, 248.
Balm, bastard, 249.
Balsam, 64.
Barberry, 11.
Barley, 402.
Basil, 248.
Beech, 299.
Beet, 268.
Bell-flower, 202, 203.
Bent-grass, 381.
Betony, 252.
Bilberry, 208.
Bindweed, 216.
Birch, 298.
Bird-cherry, 90.
Bird’s-nest, 312.
Bird’s-nest, yellow,
210.
Birthwort, 279.
Bitter cress, 22.
Bitter-sweet, 225.
Black thorn, 89.
Bladder-nut, 66.
Bladder-wort, 256.
Blue-bell, 326.

Blue-bottle, 181.
Bog-Myrtle, 298.
Borage, 220.

Box, 280.

Bracken, 415.
Brakes, 415.
Brakes, rock, 408.
Brooklime, 239.
Brookweed, 261.
Broom, 73.
Broom-rape, 226.
Bryony, red, 117.
Bryony, black, 303.
Buckbean, 215.
Buckthorn, 66.
Buck-wheat, 277.
Bugle, 254.
Bugloss, 221.
Bugloss, viper’s, 221.
Bullace, 89.

Bull Rush, 350.
Burdock, 179.
Burnet, 88.
Bur-reed, 338.
Butcher’s Broom, 319.
Butter-bur, 166.
Butterwort, 256.
Cabbage, 24.
Calamint, 247.
Campion, 45, 46, 47.
Canary-grass, 378.
Candy-tuft, 30.
Caraway, 137.
Carrot, 143.
Catchfly, 44.
Catmint, 249.
Cat’s-tail-grass, 378.
Celery, 136.
Centaury, 213.
Chamomile, 170.
Chamomile, corn, 169.

Chamomile, wild, 172.
Charlock, 25.
Charlock, jointed, 32.
Cherry, 90.

Chervil, 145.
Chestnut, 299.
Chickweed, 50.
Chickweed, water, 54.
Chicory, 126.
Chives, 325.

Cicely, 146.

Clary, 246.
Cleavers, 152.
Cloud-berry, 105.
Clover, 75.
Club-moss, 418.
Cock’s-foot-grass, 395.
Cole-seed, 25.
Coltsfoot, 166.
Columbine, 10.
Comfrey, 221.
Coriander, 147.
Coralwort, 22.

Corn Cockle, 47.
Corn Marigold, 172.
Corn Salad, 156.
Coriander, 148.
Cotton-grass, 352.
Cotton-thistle, 182.
Couch-grass, 400.
Cowbane, 136.
Cowberry, 209.
Cow-parsnep, 143.
Cowslip, 258.
Cow-wheat, 235.
Crab tree, 111.
Cranberry, 209.
Crane’s-bill, 60.
Crosswort, 152.
Crowberry, 280.
Crowfoot, 5, 7, 8, 9.
432

Cuckow-pint, 339.
Cudweed, 174.
Currant, 124, 125,
Daffodil, 317.
Daisy, 167.
Dame’s Violet, 23.
Dandelion, 189.
Danewort, 149.
Darnel, 401.
Dead-nettle, 250.
Deadly Nightshade,
225,
Devil’s-bit, 158.
Dewberry, 107.
Dock, 272.
Dodder, 217.
Dog Rose, 109.
Dog’s-tail-grass, 394.
Dog-wood, 148.
Dropwort, 88.
Duckweed, 339.
Dwale, 225.
Dyer’s-weed, 70.
Dyer’s-woad, 32.
Elder, 149, 150.
Elecampane, 168.
Eln, 286.
Enchanter’s Night-
shade, 116.

Evening Primrose,115.

Eye-bright, 238.
Feather-grass, 382.
Fennel, 141.

Fern, 410.
Fescue-grass, 396.
Feverfew, 172.
Figwort, 234.

Fir, 301.

Flag, 315.

Flax, 63.

Fleabane, 167, 168.
Flixweed, 23.
Flowering-fern, 417.
Flowering-rush, 336.
Forget-me-not, 223.
Fools’ Parsley, 140.
Fox-glove, 232.
Fox-tail-grass, 379.
Fritillary, 321.
Frog-bit, 303.
Fumitory, 15.
Furze, 69.

INDEX.

Gale, 298.

Garlick, 324.
Glasswort, 269.
Globe-flower, 9.
Goat’s-beard, 187, 188.
Gold-of-pleasure, 28.
Golden Rod, 167.
Golden Samphire, 168.
Golden Saxifrage, 129.
Gooseberry, 124.
Goose-grass, 152.
Gorse, 69.

Gout Weed, 137.
Grape Hyacinth, 326.
Gromwell, 222.
Ground-ivy, 249.
Ground Pine, 255.
Groundsel, 177.
Guelder-rose, 150.
Gypsy-wort, 246.
Hairbell, 203.
Hare’s-ear, 139.
Hart’s-tongue, 414.
Hawkweed, 192.
Hawthorn, 110.
Hazel, 299.
Heartsease, 37.
Heath, 206, 207, 208.
Hedge Mustard, 23.
Hellebore, 10.
Hemlock, 146.

Hemp Agrimony, 165.
Hemp-nettle, 251.
Henbane, 226.
Henbit, 250.

Herb Paris, 302.
Hog-weed, 143.
Holly, 210.
Honeysuckle, 150.
Hop, 284.
Horehound, 253.
Horehound, white, 254,
Hornbeam, 300.
Horned-poppy, 14.
Horse radish, 28.
Horseshoe Vetch, 86.
Horse-tail, 403.
Hound’s-tongue, 220.
Houseleek, 124,

Ivy, 148.

Jacob’s Ladder, 216.
Jack-by- the-hedge, 24.

Juniper, 301.
Knapweed, 180, 181.
Knot-grass, 276.
Lady’s Fingers, 80.
Lady’s Mantle, 89.
Lady’s Slipper, 314.
Lady’s Tresses, 311.
Lambs’ Lettuce, 156.
Larkspur, 10.
Lettuce, 189.

Lily of the Valley, 319.
Lime Tree, 56.
Ling, 206.
Live-long, 122.
London Pride, 125.
London Rocket, 23.
Loosestrife, 112.
Louse-wort, 236.
Lovage, 141.
Lucerne, 71.
Lungwort, 221.
Madder, 155.
Maidenhair, 416.
Mallow, 55.

Maple, 59.

Mare’s Tail, 117.
Marjoram, 247.
Marram, 384.
Marsh Mallow, 58.
Marsh Marigold, 9.
Masterwort, 143.
Mat-grass, 402.
Meadow Rue, 4.
Meadow Saffron, 326.
Meadow-sweet, 88.
Medick, 71.
Medlar, 110.
Melilot, 72.
Mercury, 283.
Mezereon, 278.
Milk Thistle, 185.
Milkwort, 38.
Millefoil, 171.
Mint, 244,
Mistletoe, 149.
Money Wort, 259.
Monk’s-hood, 10.
Monk’s Rhubarb, 273.
Moonwort, 417.
Motherwort, 251.
Mountain Ash, 112.
Mousetail, 5.
Mudwort, 235.
Mugwort, 173.
Mullein, 231.
Mustard, black, 55.
Mustard, white, 25.
Navew, 24.
Needle Whin, 70.
Nettle, 285.
Nightshade, 225,
Nipplewort, 185.
Oak, 299.
Oat, 387.
Oat-grass, 388.
Orchis, 307—311.
Orpine, 122.
Osier, 291.
Ox-eye, 171.
Ox-lip, 258.
Ox-tongue, 188.
Peony, 11.
Paigle, 258.
Pansy, 37.
Parsley, 136.
Parsley Piert, 89.
Parsnep, 144.
Pasque-flower, 4.
Pea, 86.
Pear tree, 111.
Pearlwort, 47.
Pelletory, 285.
Penny cress, 29.
Penny-royal, 246.
Penny-wort, 135.
Periwinkle, 211.
Pheasant’s-eye, 5.
Pig-nut, 138.
Pilewort, 8.
Pillwort, 417.
Pink, 42, 43.
Pimpernel, 260.
Plaintain, 263.
Plowman’s Spikenard,
168.
Plum, 90,
Polypody, 408.
Pond-weed, 340.
Poplar, 297.
Poppy, 13.
Primrose, 258.
Privet, 211.
Purslane, water, 112,
Purslane, sea, 271.

INDEX.

Quaking-grass, 394,
Quillwort, 417.
Radish, sea, 32.
Ragwort, 178.
Ragged Robin, 46.
Rampions, 201, 203.
Ramsons, 325.
Rape, 25.
Raspberry, 92.

Red Rattle, 236.
Reed, 384.
Reed-mace, 337.
Rest-harrow, 73.

Ribwort Plantain, 264.

Rock Brakes, 408.
Rocket, 20.
Rock-rose, 34.
Rose, 107.
Rose-root, 122.
Rowan-tree, 111.
Rush, 328.
Rye-grass, 401.
Saffron, 316.
Saintfoil, 87.
Sallow, 292.
Salsify, 188.
Samphire, 142.
Sauce-alone, 24.
Saw-wort, 180.
Scabious, 158.
Scorpion-grass, 223.
Scurvy-grass, 28.
Sea Buckthorn, 277.
Sea Holly, 135.
Sea-kale, 32.

Sea Lavender, 361,
Sea Pea, 86.
Sea-radish, 32.
Sea-reed, 384.
Sea-rocket, 32.
Sedge, 348.

Self heal, 249.
Service tree, 111.

Sheep’s Scabious, 201.
Shepherd’s Needle,
145.

Shepherd’s Purse, 31.
Silver Weed, 90.
Skull-cap, 248.

Sloe, 80.

Snakeweed, 274.
Snapdragon, 232.

433

Sneezewort, 170.
Snowdrop, 318.
Snowflake, 317.
Soapwort, 44.
Solomon’s Seal, 319.
Sorrel, 273.
Sorrel, mountain, 274.
Sorrel, wood, 68.
Sowthistle, 190.
Spearwort, 7.
Speedwell, 239.
Spindle-tree, 66.
Spleenwort, 413, 414.
Spurge, 281.
Spurrey, 121.
Squill, 322.
St. John’s-wort, 57.
St. Patrick’s Cabbage,
125.
Star of Bethlehem,
322.
Star-thistle, 181, 182.
Starwort, 284.
Stitchwort, 50, 51.
Stock, 19.
Strawberry, 92.
Strawberry, barren, 91.
Succory, 186.
Sundew, 37.
Sweet Briar, 109.
Sweet-flag, 338.
Sycamore, 59.
Tamarisk, 112.
Tansy, 173.
Tares, 81.
Teasel, 158.
Thistle, 182.
Thorn-apple, 226.
Thorow-wax, 139.
Thrift, 261.
Thyme, 247.
Timothy-grass, 379.
Toad-flax, 233, 234.
Traveller’s-joy, 3.
Tree-mallow, 56.
Tulip, 321.
Turk’s-cap Lily, 321.
Turnip, 24.
Tutsan, 60.
Tway-blade, 312.
Valerian, 156.
Vernal-grass, 378.
434

Vervain, 255.
Vetch, 82, 84.
Violet, 35, 36.
Wall-flower, 19.
‘Wall Pepper, 123.
Wall Rue, 414.
‘Water Cress, 20.

Water Hemlock, 136.

Water-lily, 12.
Water Milfoil, 116.
Water-plantain, 335.
Water Soldier, 306.

INDEX.

Water Starwort, 118.

Water-violet, 259.

Wayfaring tree, 151.

Weld, 33.

Whin, 69.

White Beam tree, 111.

Whitethorn, 110.

Whitlow-grass, 27.

Whortleberry, 208,
209.

Willow, 288.

Willow, rose, 290.

THE END.

Willow Herb, 113.
Woad, 32, 70.
Woodbine, 150.
Woodruff, 151.
‘Wood-rush, 333.
‘Wood Sage, 254.
Wormwood, 173.
Woundwort, 252.
Yarrow, 171.
Yellow Rattle, 236.
Yellow-wort, 213.
Yew, 301.

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