New York State College of Agriculture At Gornell University ‘Ithaca, N.Y. Library a3 University Library QK 306.B113 nT containing the MANUAL OF BRITISH BOTANY, CONTAINING THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. ABRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL ORDERS. BY CHARLES CARDALE BABINGTON, M.A., E.RB.S., F.LS., ere. ere., PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE. EIGHTH EDITION, CORRECTED THROUGHOUT. LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW. MDCCCLEXXI, “ Quod ad me attinet, ingenue fatear, me in rebus dubiis de specifica differentia numquam consulere Auctores, qui in herbariis plantis multis, sed eos modo, qui in natura plantis multum student. At iis, qui ad preeceptas opiniones experien- tiam suam concinnant et in singulo extern faciei lusu, neglectis notis easentiali- bus, formas transitorias vident, parum fido.”—FRIES. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. PREFACE. In this work it has been the Author’s wish to adopt in all cases those names which have the claim of priority, unless good cause should be shown for a contrary proceeding; and with this object he has carefully examined nearly all the best European Floras, comparing our plants with the de- scriptions contained in them, and in most cases with foreign specimens of undoubted authenticity. In the adop- tion of genera and species an endeavour has been made, by the examination of the plants themselves, to determine which are to be regarded as truly distinct,—thus, it is hoped, taking Nature as a guide. till, let it not be sup- posed that any claim is made to peculiar accuracy, or that the Author considers himself qualified to dictate to any student of botany; for he is well aware that there are many points upon which persons who have carefully studied the subject form different conclusions from those to which he has been led. The progress of our knowledge has caused changes in the nomenclature in successive editions of this book and in the Author’s views of the value of forms—as species or varieties. The inconvenience of these alterations to all, especially to statistical botanists, is fully admitted ; but the Author does not know of any mode by which it can be avoided if each edition is to be brought up as completely as is in his power to the contemporary knowledge of our plants. No alterations have been admitted until careful A2 iv PREFACE. study has convinced the Author that they are required. He may have fallen into error, but has earnestly endea- voured to discover the truth. Attempts have been made greatly to reduce the number of recognized species found in Britain; but the results ob- tained seem to be,so totally opposed to the teaching of the plants themselves, and the evidence adduced in their favour is so seldom more than a statement of opinion, that they cannot safely be adopted; nor does the plan of the present work admit of a discussion of the many questions raised by them. Also it has been laid down as a rule by some botanists, that no plant can be a species whose dis- tinctive characters are not as manifest in an herbarium as when it is alive. We are told that our business as descriptive botanists is not “to determine what is a species,” but simply to describe plants so that they may be easily recognized from the dry specimen. The Author cannot agree to this rule. Although he, in common with other naturalists, is unable to define what is a species, he believes that species exist, and that they may often be easily distinguished amongst living plants, although some- times separated with difficulty when dried specimens alone are examined. He thinks that it is our duty as botanists to study the living plants whenever it is possible to do.so, and to describe from them; to write for the use and in- struction of field- rather than cabinet-naturalists ; for the advancement of a knowledge of the plants rather than for the convenience of possessors of herbaria: also ‘that the differences which we are able to describe as distinguishing plants being taken from their more minute organs, does not invalidate their claim to distinction. It seems to be our business to decide upon the probable distinctness of plants before we attempt to define them—to make the species afford the character, not the character define the species. PREFACE, v This volume being intended as a field-book or travelling companion for botanists, it is advisable-to restrict the space allotted to each species as much as possible; and accordingly the characters and observations are only such as appear to be necessary for an accurate discrimination of the plants. Facts relating to their geographical distribution are there- fore usually omitted. Synonyms have been almost wholly omitted ; but the plates of the original English Botany or some other British plates are quoted. Syme’s English Botany may well be used by those who desire full de- scriptions of the plants ; and the plates in that work have often had valuable additions made to those of the old Eng- lish Botany, from which most of them are taken. Localities are only given for new or rare plants ; Mr. Watson’s works and the numerous local floras render it unnecessary incon- veniently to swell the present volume by their introduction. But in order to convey some idea of the distribution of plants throughout the United Kingdom, the letters E., S., or I. have been appended to the descriptions of such species as have, it is believed, been found in England, Scotland, or Ireland. The descriptions of a considerable number of plants which only occur in the Channel Islands, and are, therefore, not properly parts of the British Flora ; or which, although included in our lists, there is reason to suppose have never been really detected in Britain; or, although naturalized, have very slender claims to be considered aboriginal natives; or which are now supposed to be lost by the alterations made in the places where they were found by our predecessors; are included within []; and notices of a few plants concerning which more accurate information is requisite, are distinguished in a similar man- ner. It is hoped that by this arrangement the truly indi- genous species will be clearly distinguished from those which have litile or no claim to be considered aboriginal vi PREFACE. or even thoroughly naturalized. The attempt to do this is necessary for two seemingly contradictory reasons, namely :—the great tendency of many collectors to consider native any plant found growing upon a spot where it is not cultivated ; and the peculiar scepticism of some of our botanists concerning the claims of many local or thinly scattered species to be admitted as indigenous, even when their distribution upon the European continent is not un- favourable to the belief that they may inhabit Britain. It has been recommended that the descriptions of these ex- cluded species should be placed in an Appendix or even omitted; but as some of them are not unlikely to be observed by collectors, it is more convenient that they should be arranged with their allies. Those who desire to obtain a complete knowledge of the distribution of our plants should consult Watson’s Cybele Britannica, and Moore & More’s Cybele Hibernica, Full characters of the Natural Orders are to be found in most of the best ‘Introductions to Botany ;’ and it has therefore not been considered advisable to give them in detail in the present volume. In his definitions, the Author has endeavoured to point out the characteristic marks, more especially as far as British plants are concerned. In using this book the student will find it convenient to’ pay attention to the ttalicized parts of the generic and spe- cific characters, and, if they are found to agree with the plant under examination, then to compare it with the other parts of those characters, and also with those of allied genera and species, It is most desirable that the students of our native flora should not confine their attention to books published in this country. Owing to such an unavoidable restriction we fell far behind our continental brethren during the earlier part of the present century. A few modern works may be PREFACE. vii named which will assist them in their studies. Koch’s Synopsis Flore Germanice, ed. 2, and Grenier and Godron’s Flore de France are strongly recommended,—also, although in a rather less degree, Lloyd’s Flore de U Quest de la France, Brébisson’s Flore de la Normandie, and Cosson and Ger- main’s Flore des environs de Paris, ed. 2. Boreau’s Flore du Centre de la France, ed. 3, and the scattered papers of M. Alexis Jordan of Lyons are valuable for the study of varieties ; for many of their species can claim no higher rank, But, above all, the works of Fries deserve careful study—especially his Novitie Flore Suecice, with its three Mantisse, and Summa Vegetabilium Scandinavie. It is necessary to warn students against the very common error of supposing that they have found one of the plants de- scribed in a foreign Flora when in reality they have only gathered a variety of some well-known British plant. The tisk of falling into such errors renders it necessary to con- sult such works as those of Messrs. Boreau and Jordan with great caution, lest we should be misled by descriptions, most accurate, indeed, but often rather those of individuals than species. Amongst plants so closely allied as are many of those called species in some continental works, it is scarcely possible to arrive at a certain conclusion without the inspection of authentic specimens. The Author takes this opportunity of returning most sincere thanks to his botanical friends and correspondents (far too numerous to record by name) for the great assist- ance they have again rendered to him by the communica- tion of valuable suggestions, observations, and specimens. The book has been again carefully revised throughout, so as, if possible, to keep pace with the rapidly advancing knowledge of British plants. As many as possible of the real English names are given. All the genera and species could not be thus named, owing Vili PREFACE. to the absence of any recognized English terms which have been applied to them. It does not seem desirable to invent or adopt new English names, known only to botanists, for the few genera which have them not, the Latin name being sufficient in those cases, and better in the original than in an Anglicized form. As the portability of this volume is perhaps its most valuable quality, the Author cannot accede to the wishes of some young botanists by prefixing a short Introduction to Botany. Sufficient space is wanting to admit of its possessing that fulness of detail without which such an Introduction would be worse than useless. Oliver’s Lessons in Elementary Botany will be found of much use; but stu- dents should afterwards make themselves acquainted with the contents of some more elaborate treatise, such as Bal- four’s Manual, Masters’s edition of Henfrey’s Elementary Course, or Gray’s Structural Botany. It is hoped that those who use this book will favour the author with information of any (even the slightest) addi- tion, correction or alteration that may appear to be neces- sary, in order that it may be employed in the preparation of a future edition, as it is only through such assistance that the flora of an extensive country can attain to even a moderate degree of perfection. Cambridge, July 15, 1881. A GLOSSARY OF THE TERMS USED IN THE MANUAL. Accumbent; used to express the application of the edges of the cotyledons to the radicle in the seeds of Crucifers, Achenz ; a hard dry one-seeded superior pericarp. Acotyledonous; without distinct cotyledons. Acuminate; drawn out into a long point, but with the sides slightly hollowed. Acute; sharp; forming an angle less than a right angle at the tip. Adhering ; uniting together of two different parts, as a calyx to an ovary. Adnate ; attached throughout their whole length. Adnate an- thers have their lobes so attached to the filament. Stipules are often adnate to the petiole by one of their edges. Adpressed ; pressed close to any thing, Adpressed-serrate ; serrate with the teeth lying closely on each other or to the edge of the leaf. AE stival ; produced in summer, Albumen; nutritious matter contained in the seed to feed the young plant: more correctly calied perisperm. Alternate; placed successively on the opposite sides of an axis, as in the case of leaves; or opposite to the spaces between the parts of the next whorl in flowers. Amplexicaul ; clasping the stem with their base. Anastomosing ; veins combining with each other at their ends. Annual plants rise from the seed, flower, and die in the same ear, Ansiaiar forming a ring. Anterior; the part of a flower next the bract or in front. Anther ; the part of the stamen which contains the pollen. Apex ; the end furthest from the point of attachment. Apical; at or relating to the apex. Apiculate; having a very small hard point at the end, usually formed by the tip of the midvein. Apocarpous ; fruit formed of carpels which are quite separate. Approximate ; close together. Arching; curved into the form of an arch. Ad x GLOSSARY. Arcuate; curved so as to form a considerable part of a circle. Aril; an Sea from the placenta or seedstalk surrounding the seed. Arillode ; an aftergrowth from the lips of the foramen (or ter- minal opening of seed). Ascending; curving upwards into a vertical position. Asperous; rough with short raised points. Attenuate ; narrowing gradually to a point. Auricled ; having auricles, or appendages at the base of the leaves. : Awn; a long-pointed bristlelike appendage, as the beard of Barley. Awned; having awns. Axil; the upper angle formed by the union of the stem and leaf. Axillary; placed in an axil. Axis; the line passing through the centre of any thing; the common stalk of the flowers in a spikelet of Grasses. Baccate; pulpy like a berry. Base; the end nearest to the point of attachment. Beak ; a long pointed projection. Bearded; having long hair like a beard. Berry; a pulpy fruit containing several seeds; a true bacca when inferior, a wa when superior. Biennial plants spring from the seed in one year, flower in the following year, and then die. Bifariously ; arranged in two rows, one on each side of any thing. Bifid; divided halfway down into two parts. Bipartite ; divided nearly to its base into two parts. Bipinnate; when the divisions of a pinnate leaf are themselves pinnate. : Bipinnatifid; when the divisions of a pinnatifid leaf are them- selves pinnatifid. Biternate ; when the divisions of a ternate leaf are themselves ternate. Boatshaped; resembling a small boat. Bracteoles ; minute bracts. Bracts; small leaves somewhat different from the others, seated on the inflorescence. Bulb; a leaf-bud with fleshy scales, usually placed underground. Bulbiferous ; bearing bulbs on its stem. Bulblike ; resembling a bulb in appearance, but solid. Bulbous; having radical bulbs. Bulbous hairs have a round swelling at their base. Cespitose; growing in tufts from the root. GLOSSARY. xi Calyx; the outer whorl of leaflike organs forming the flower, usually green, called sepals. Capillary ; like very slender threads. Capitate; growing in heads or close clusters; having a knob like the head of a pin. Capsular; like a capsule. Capsule; a dry usually many-seeded seed-vessel. Carpel ; the divisions of the ovary or capsule: sometimes one carpel forms an ovary, being rolled up so that its edges meet. ; Carpophore ; the stalk of the ovary or capsule within the outer whorls of the flower. Cathkin; a deciduous unisexual spike of crowded flowers in which the perianths are replaced by bracts. Cauline; growing from the stem, not radical. Cellular tissue ; a collection of minute vesicles filled with fluid. Chaffy ; covered with minute membranous scales. Chanunelled ; hollowed somewhat like a gutter. Ciha ; hairs placed like eyelashes on the edge of any thing. Cihate; with cilia. Circinate; rolled up from the top towards the base like a crosier. Clavate; clubshaped. Claw ; the narrow base of a petal. Clawed ; having a claw. Cleft; deeply cut, but not to the midrib. Clubshaped ; a long solid body which is slender at the base and gradually thickens upwards. Cluster ; a kind of dense cyme; also the patches of capsules in Ferns. Cesious ; with a fine pale-blue bloom. Cohering; the attachment to each other of similar parts; as the petals forming a gamopetalous corolla. Collapsing ; shrinking together. The submersed and much- divided leaves of aquatic plants often collapse into a form like a painter’s pencil, when removed from the water. Columella; a cylindrical central placenta. : Commissure ; the inner faces of the carpels (mericarps) of Um- bellifere, by which they join. : Compound ; formed of many similar parts which ultimately and naturally separate from each other. A compound wmbel has small umbels on its branches. Compressed ; when flattened laterally. : Conduplicate ; folded upon each other lengthwise. Cone; fruit of a fir-tree. ; Conical; a solid figure narrowing to a point from a circular ase. Connute ; when two similar parts, as leaves, are slightly con- nected round the stem. xii GLOSSARY. Connective ; the continuation of the filament between the cells of an anther. Connivent ; converging. Constricted; narrowed at some point as if by the pressure of a string. Gia guns petals touch or overlap by their edges. Converging ; their points gradually approaching. Convolute ; rolled together lengthwise. Cordate; ovate, acute, with two rounded lobes at the base; like the figure of the heart on cards: a cordate-based leaf is of any shape, but has the two lobes at its base. Coriaceous ; leathery ; firm, dry, tough. Corm; a fleshy bulblike, but solid, not scaly underground stem. Corneous ; like horn. Corolla; the whorl of floral leaves between the calyx and stamens, usually coloured, called petals. Corymb; a raceme with the peduncles becoming gradually shorter as they a the top, so that all the flowers are about on a level. Corymbose ; in the form of a corymb. Cotyledons; the seed-lobes, often forming the first leaves of the lant. Cheenie ; with rounded marginal teeth. "When these are again crenate, the whole is doubly crenate: not bicrenate, which means having two such teeth. Crenatures; the blunt rounded teeth of a crenate leaf. Crenulate ; minutely crenate. Crested; having an appendage like a crest. Crowned; having an appendage on the upper side at the base of the limb, as some petals. Cruciform ; four parts, as petals, arranged-so as to form a cross. Crustaceous ; ee thin and brittle. Cuneate ; like a wedge, but attached by its point. Cuspidate ; abrupt, but with a point starting suddenly from the middle of its end. Cuticle ; the external skin. Cylindrical; nearly in the form of a cylinder. Cyme; inflorescence formed of a terminal flower, beneath which are lateral branches each having a terminal flower and lateral branches again similarly dividing, and so on. A globose cyme has flowers so placed as to form a globose mass. A scorpioid cyme produces only the external branch of each pair, except the first. Cymose; arranged in a cyme. Deciduous ; falling off. Declining; straight, but pointing downwards, GLOSSARY. xii Decumbent ; lying on the ground, but tending to rise at the end. Decurrent ; when the limb of a leaf is prolonged down the stem below the point of attachment of the midrib. Decussate ; opposite leaves, but the successive pairs placed at right angles to each other. Deflexed; curved downwards or towards the back, Dehiscence ; the mode in which an organ opens. Deltoid; fleshy with a triangular transverse section. Dentate ; with short equilateral triangular teeth. When these are again dentate, the whole is doubly dentate: not bidentate, which means having two teeth. Denticulate ; finely dentate. Depressed ; when flattened vertically or at the top. Determinate inflorescence ends in a flower. Dicotyledonous; with two opposite cotyledons. Didymous ; formed of two similar parts attached to each other by a small portion of their margin. Diffuse; widely spreading. Digitate; fingered ; of several leaves all starting from the top of the petioles. Dicecious ; with the sexes on different plants. Disk ; a fleshy space from which the stamens and pistils spring, or between them ; the central part of a head (capitulum). Dissepiments ; vertical plates dividing an ovary into parts; septa. Distichous; arranged above each other in two rows on opposite sides of an axis. Distinct ; separate from its neighbours. Divaricate ; spreading at an obtuse angle. Diverging ; gradually separating. Dorsal; attached to, or on the back. Drupe; a one-celled superior fruit, not bursting, fleshy exter- nally, stony within, containing one or two seeds, Echinate ; armed with straight slender prickles like a hedge- hog. Elliptic; oval but acute at each end. Elongate ; much lengthened. Emarginate ; slightly notched at the end. Embryo; the young plant as first seen in the seed. Entire; not toothed nor lobed at the edge. Epidermis; the skin. Epigynous; apparently seated upon the ovary. Eppetalous ; ce on the petals. -Epiphytes; plants growing upon others, but not deriving nou- rishment from their juices. Equalling ; when the ends of organs rise to the same height even though their relative lengths are different. xiv GLOSSARY. Equitant; when a conduplicate organ covers the edges of another similarly folded, and that covers a third, and go on. Erect; standing nearly eee to that from which it grows, as a seed rising trom the base of an ovary; at right angles to its support. ea Exceeding; when an organ extends beyond an adjoining organ, but is not necessarily itself longer than it. Excurrent; extending beyond the edge or point. Exserted; projecting beyond that which surrounds its base. Extrorse anthers have the slit by which the pollen escapes directed from the ovary. Falcate ; like a sickle. Falling short of ; the reverse of exceeding. Fasciculate; when several similar parts are collected into a bundle and spring from the same spot; often the developed leaves of an undeveloped axillary fraach form a fascicle. Fastigiate; when all the branches are parallel and point upwards. Feathery ; like a feather in structure. Felted ; tomentose. Fibre; a hair-like kind of elementary structure. Fibrous ; having many threadlike parts. Filament ; the stalk usually found supporting an anther. Filiform ; like a thread. Flaccid ; weak. Flexuose; zigzag, usually changing its direction at each joining. Floccose ; with little tufts like wool. Follicle; an inflated 1-celled carpel, opening by only one suture to which several seeds are attached. Forked; like a fork of two prongs. Frond; the leaflike part of Ferns. ‘ Fruit ; the seed-vessel with its ripe contents and any external appendages. Fruit-bearing; the state of the inflorescence when the fruit is ripe or nearly so, contradistinguished from flower-bearing. Fruticose; shrubby. Fugacious ; soon falling off. Funnel-shaped ; tubular below, but gradually enlarging upwards. Furcate ; forked. Fusiform; spindle-shaped ; thick, tapering to each end. Gamosepalous ; gamopetalous; when the sepals or petals are joined by their edges so as apparently to form one. Germen; the ovary. GLOSSARY. xv Gubbous ; swollen on one side. Glabrous ; without hairs or other clothing. Gland ; a wartlike cellular secreting organ usually raised above the surface. Glandular ; having glands. Glandular-hairy ; Savin hairs tipped with glands. Glandular-serrate; having short teeth tipped with glands. Glaucous ; green with a whitish-blue lustre. Gilobose; round like a globe. Glumes ; the scales enclosing the spikelet of flowers in Grasses ; the imbricate bracts enclosing the flowers of Sedges. Glumiferous ; having flowers covered by glumes. Granular ; covered with minute projecting points. Habit; the general appearance of a plant. Haft; a ot leafstalk; the linear part of a spathulate leaf or petal, Hastate enlarged at the base into two lobes directed nearly horizontally. Head; a close terminal collection of flowers surrounded by an involucre. Helmet ; the hooded upper part of a flower. Helmet-shaped ; arched and concave like a helmet. Herbaceous; the parts of plants which are not woody; also organs, or parts of them, of a green colour. Hermaphrodite ; having both sexes in one flower. Hilum or hile; the mark on a seed which indicates its place of attachment. Hispid; covered with stiff hairs. Hoary ; with greyish-white down. Hooded; formed into a hood at the end. Horizontal ; spreading at right angles to their support, as leaves _ ona stem. , Hybrid; amule. ‘ Hypogynous ; springing from below the base of the ovary and not attached to the calyx. Imbricate ; arranged over each other like the tiles of a roof. Imparipinnate; pinnate with a single terminal leaflet. Incise; deeply cut. . Included ; not extending beyond the organs surrounding it. Incumbent ; when the radicle is applied to the back, not edges, of the cotyledons. Incurved; curved inwards. _ Indefinite ; many but uncertain in number. Indehiscent ; not bursting. Xvi GLOSSARY, Indeterminate; inflorescence having always a terminal leaf- bud. Induplicate ; when the edges of organs arranged in a valvate manner are folded inwards. Indusium ; a thin membrane often covering the clusters of cap- sules of Ferns. Inferior; an inferior calyx or corolla is wholly free from the ovary; the reverse of superior. Inflexed; curved inwards. Inflorescence ; arrangement of the flowers. Innate; attached by their base to the apex of a stalk as are some anthers. Inserted ; growing upon. Internode; the space between two nodes; a joint. Interruptedly pinnate; when pairs of small pinne (leaflets) alternats with large pinnee. Introrse; anthers haying the slit by which the pollen escapes directed towards the ovary. Inverse ; inverted. An embryo is so called when its radicle is directed towards a point at the opposite end of the seed from the hile. Involucels ; the involucres of secondary umbels. Involucre; the whorled bracts at the base of an umbel or head ; or sometimes below a single flower. Involute ; rolled from the back of any thing, as towards the upper side of a leaf. Joinings ; the places where the parts of the stem are attached to each other; the nodes. Joints; the spaces between the knots, nodes, or joinings ; the parts joined. Keel; a prominent ridge. The two lower petals of a Pea-flower, _ within the others and united more or less by their anterior edge, form the keel. Kneed ; bent like the knee. Knots; the joinings or nodes of the stem in Grasses. Label; the terminal segment of the lip in Orchids. Laciniate ; divided into narrow irregular lobes. Lanceolate ; narrowly elliptic and tapering to each end. Lancet-shaped ; shortly and bluntly lanceolate. Lax ; loosely arranged. Leaflets ; the subdivisions of compound leaves. Legume; a one-celled and two-valved seed-vessel with the seeds arranged along the inner angle, as the pod of a Pea. Lenticular ; like a doubly convex lens. \ GLOSSARY. xvii Lngulate ; strap-shaped ; not very narrow nor long, and with nearly parallel sides. Lvgule; a membrane at the base of the limb of the leaf of Grasses. Lnmb; the flattened expanded part of a leaf or petal. Linear; very narrow and long, with parallel sides until near the end. Lingulate; tougueshaped ; long, fleshy, convex, blunt. ane ; applied to a corolla or calyx appearing to consist of two ips. Lobate; lobed; with large divisions. Loculicidal; opening down the back (or midrib) of the carpel. Lower part of a floral whorl; that furthest from the main exis; anterior. Innate; shaped like the new moon. Lyrate; a pinnatifid leaf with the lobes successively and gra- dually enlarging from the petiole, and ending in one still larger lobe. Marcescent ; fading but remaining in its place. Medullary ; relating to the pith. Medullary rays are plates of cells which connect the pith with the growing part next to the bark. Membranous; of the texture of membrane; thin and flexible. Mericarps; the carpels of Umbelliferse. Midrib; the large vein extending along the middle of a leaf from its petiole nearly or quite to the other end. Moniliform; cylindrical but constricted at regular intervals, Monocotyledonous; having one sheathing cotyledon. Monecious ; with the sexes in separate flowers on the same lant. Mondeépaloia ; monopetalous; when the sepals or petals are joined by their edges so as apparently to form one. Mucronate ; abruptly tipped with a short point of the same texture. Multifid; divided into many parts. Muricate; covered with short sharp points. Mono-, di-, &c. androus ; with 1, 2, &c. stamens. Mono-, di-, &c. gynous ; with 1, 2, &c. free styles or stigmas. Nectary; an organ which secretes honey. Netted; covered with lines connected together like network. Node; a point ina stem where a leaf is produced ; a joining. Nut; a hard dry 1-seeded eas ericarp ; also used for a glans,a hard dry 1- or few-seeded inferior pericrap not bursting and seated in a cup-like involucre, e. g. acorn. xvili GLOSSARY. Ob; in conjunction with terms means inverted; as obovate is ovate with the attachment at the narrow end. Oblong ; long oval, equally broad at each end. Ocrea; a tubular membranous stipule surrounding the stem. Opaque ; not shining. : Opposite ; when two similar organs grow one on each side of some body ; or different organs are opposed to each other with a stem between them. Orbicular ; nearly round and flat. Oval ; an ellipse; a figure rounded at each end, not broader at one end than at the other ; and about twice as long as broad. Ovary ; the young seed-vessel. has, Ovate ; eggshaped ; a short flat figure (thin like a leaf) rather broader below the middle of its length. Ovoid; a solid egashaped figure. Ovule ; the young seed. Palate; the prominent part of the base of the lower lip which closes the mouth of a ringent corolla. Pales ; the leaflike parts of the flower of Grasses, enclosing the stamens, pistils, and hypogynous scales. Palmate ; with lobes spreading like the fingers of a hand from the same point. Panicle; a raceme with branching pedicels; hence paniculate. Papilionaceous ; like the flower of a Pea. Papille; small elongated protuberances. Papillose ; with small long protuberances. Pappus ; the crest of the fruit in Composites, formed of the “altered limb of the calyx. Parabolic; starting from a broad base and gradually narrowing ae curved sides to a blunt point, as the divisions of a calyx. Parallel veins start several together from the base of a leaf, diverge slightly, then proceed parallel and simple, and converge at the apex. Parietal; on the inner surface of an ovary. Patent; spreading widely. Pedate; palmate of three lobes with the lateral lobes having similar large lobes on their upper edge. Pedicel; the branch of a peduncle. Peduncle; flowerstalk. Pellucid ; nearly transparent. Peltate ; when its point of attachment is on the face, not at the edge of a leaf or other organ. Pendulous ; seeds hanging from the top of an ovary. Pree ; with five angles having convex spaces between them. . GLOSSARY. xix Pentangular ; with five angles and five flat or concave faces. ihias cient cane live several years and flower more than once, usually many times. Perfect flowers have both stamens and pistils in an efficient state. Perfoliate; when the leaf completely surrounds the stem so that the latter seems to pass through it. Perianth ; the floral whorls when the calyx and corolla are not distinguishable. Pericarp ; seed-vessel, including adhering calyx if present. Perigynous; when the corolla and stamens are borne on the calyx but free from the ovary. Persistent ; not soon falling off. . Personate; a gamopetalous two-lipped corolla of which the lower lip is pressed upwards so as to close the opening. Petal-hke ; resembling petals in texture and colour. Petals; the divisions of the corolla. Petiolate ; having a petiole. Petiole; the stalk of a leaf: petiolule; of a leaflet, Phenoyamous; visibly furnished with stamens and pistils. Phanerogamous; pheenogamous. Phyllaries; the scales or bracts of the involucre of Compo- sites. Pilose ; with scattered rather stiff hairs, Pinne; the segments of a pinnate leaf. Pinnate; when leaflets are arranged on opposite sides of a com- mon stalk, A leaf is 2- or 3-pinnate when its primary or secondary divisions are pinnate. Pinnatifid ; a leaf deeply cut into segments nearly to the mid- rib, A 2- or 3-pinnatifid leaf corresponds to a 2- or 3- pinnate leaf. Pinnules ; the segments of a bipinnate leaf. Pistil; the ovary, style, and stigma taken together. Pith; a column of cellular tissue in the centre of the stem and branches of Dicotyledons. Pitted ; covered with small depressed spots. Placenta; the part of the carpel from which the ovules spring. Plane; flat; also an imaginary flat surface in which things are placed. Plicate; plaited. Plumule; the ascending leafy part of the embryo. Pod; a 1-celled and 2-valved seed-vessel with the seeds arranged along the inner angle. Pollen; the dust in the anther. Polygonal ; with many angles. Polypetalous ; with many separate petals. Polysepalous ; with many separate sepals. xx GLOSSARY. Pome; a compound fleshy many-seeded fruit, an apple or fruit resembling it. Pores; small, often roundish, holes. Porrect ; extending forwards. : Posterior ; the part of the flower nearest to the axis. Prickles; hardened epidermal appendages resembling thorns, but not woody. Primordial; the first flower of inflorescence. Procumbent, prostrate; lying on the ground. ; Prolonged; drawn out into a long point, like acuminate, but with no hollowing at the sides. Pubescence; closely adpressed down. Pubescent ; with pubescence. Pulverulent ; covered with fine powdery matter. Punctate ; having minute spots like pin-holes, real or apparent. Pyramidal; nearly in the shape of a pyramid. Pyriform; pear-shaped. Quadrate ; squarish. Raceme ; a spike with stalked flowers: hence Racemose ; flowering in a raceme. Rachis; the central stem of some kinds of inflorescence ; as the stalk common to several spikelets of Grasses; the stalk of the frond of Ferns above the lowest pinne. Radiate flowers; those at the margin of a head or other inflo- rescence which are long and spreading like rays. Radical; springing from just above the root. Radicle; the end of the embryo from which the root grows; also small roots. Raphides; minute needle-shaped crystals found in the cells of some plants. Rays (see Radiant); parts diverging in a circle from a central point. Receptacle; the dilated top of the stalk bearing the flowers in Composites; the common support of the parts of a flower. Reclinate and reclining; curved downwards. Recurved; bent moderately backwards. Reflexed; bent considerably backwards. Reniform; transversely oval, but broadly cordate at the base, Repand; with a rather wavy margin. Reticulate ; forming a network. Retrorse ; directed from the point of an organ. Retuse ; abruptly blunt with a notch in the middle. Revolute ; rolled back, as towards the underside of a leaf. Rhizomatous; having rhizomes, GLOSSARY. xxi Rhizome ; a prostrate more or less subterranean stem producing roots and leafy shoots. Rhomboidal; approaching a quadrangular, not square, figure attached by one of its more acute angles. Ringent ; a 2-lipped widely open corolla. Rootstock; a thick short rhizome or tuber. Rosette; a collection of leaves growing close together, like the petals of a double rose. : Rosulate; arranged in a rosette. Rotate; a monopetalous corolla with a short tube and very spreading limb. Rudimentary ; imperfectly developed. Rugose; covered with a network of lines enclosing convex spaces. Rugulose ; finely rugose, Runcinate; where the lobes of leaves are directed towards the base. Runner; a prostrate shoot rooting at its end ; a stole. Sagittate; like the barbed head of an arrow, the auricles or lobes pointing backwards. Salvershaped ; a corolla with a long slender tube and flat limb. Scabrous ; rough like a blacksmith’s hand. Scales ; minuterudimentary leaves ; very small flat semidetached parts of the cuticle. Scape; a leafless radical peduncle. Scarious; very thin, dry, and semitransparent. Scorpioid ; said of the branches of a cyme curved ina circinate manner, and the flowers produced only on the upper side. Secund ; all turned towards one side. Seed; the ovule arrived at maturity. Seedstalk ; the stalk connecting the hilum of a seed with the placenta. Sepals; the divisions of the calyx. Septicidal; when a fruit splits through the middle of the septa or partitions. Septifragal; when a fruit splits by the separation of the backs of the carpels from the septa. Septum; the division of an ovary formed by the inflexed edges of the carpels. Serrate; toothed like a saw. Serratures ; teeth like those of a saw. Serrulate; with very small sawlike teeth. Sessile; without a stalk. Seta; abristle; a bristle tipped witha gland; a slender straight prickle. Setaceous ; like a bristle. Setose; bearing bristles or setze usually ending in glands. xxii GLOSSARY. Sheath; the lower part of a leaf or its petiole, which forms a vertical sheath surrounding the stem. It is sometimes ' found alone. Silicle ;‘a silique not four times as long as broad. Silique ; a long podlike fruit of Crucifers having its edges con- nected by an internal membrane. Simple; not compound ; not branched. Sinuate ; having many large blunt lobes and notches. Slashed ; with deep Ee incisions. Smooth ; free from all kinds of roughness. . Sobole ; @ creeping underground stem producing roots and leaf- buds at intervals; an underground stole. : Soboliferous ; having soboles, or long underground shoots ending in suckers. Solitary ; growing singly. ; Spadix; a succulent spike bearing many sessile closely placed flowers. Spath ; a large bract often enclosing a spadix. Spathulate ; oblong, with a long linear claw or haft. Spike ; a long simple axis with many sessile flowers; hence sp7- cate flowers. Spikelet; the small group of flowers in Grasses enclosed within one or more glumes. Spine; a stiff sharp woody persistent thorn. Spinous ; furnished with spines. Spinulose ; with small, often very minute spines or prickles. Spiral vessels; fine tubes composed of membrane with spirally twisted fibres internally. Sporules ; the seedlike reproductive bodies of flowerless plants. Spur ; a tubular extension of the lower part of a petal or gamo- peualens corolla ; a loose prolongation of the base of a leaf eyond its point of attachment. Spurred ; fenniehe with a spur. Squarrose; covered with appendages spreading at right angles - or more. Stamen ; the male organ of a flower, usually formed of a fila- ment and anther. Staminode ; a scale on the inside of the upper lip of some Scro- phulariaceze. Standard; the upper or posterior petal of a Pea-flower, which is outside the others in the bud. Starhke; applied to flowers of which the petals are narrow and distant and radiant like a star. Stellate; radiating from a centre like a star. Stellulate ; like minute stars. Stigma ; the cellular part at the top of a carpel or style to which the pollen adheres. GLOSSARY. xxiii Stigmatic disk ; a broad surface at the top of the style, or form- ing the whole of it, upon which the stigmas are placed. Stipe; the stalk o Ferns up to the lowest pinna. Stepules ; leaflike appendages at the base of the petiole. Stipulodes ; spines beneath the whorls of branches in Chara. Stole; a lax trailing shoot from the crown of the root, rooting at intervals. Stoloniferous ; having stoles. Stomates ; minute organic openings in the skin of plants. et aped ; not very narrow nor long, and with nearly parallel sides. Streak; a straight line of peculiar colour or structure, or a furrow. Strie; very slight furrows or ridges. Striate; with slender streaks or furrows. Striped; having. coloured streaks, Stripes ; the vittee of Umbellifers. Style; the space between the ovary and stigma. Stylopode ; a fleshy disk crowning the ovary and supporting the style of Umbellifers. Sub; in composition means a near approach to ; as subrotund is nearly round, Subulate; awlshaped, tapering from the base to a fine point, a long narrow triangle. Sucker ; a stem produced at the end of an underground shoot. Superior ; above any thing; a calyx is superior when its tube is wholly attached to the ovary, half-superior when attached only to the lower half of it; an ovary is superior when wholly free from the calyx; a part of a flower placed next to the axis, Suspended ovules hang down from near the top of the ovary. Suture; the line of junction of similar organs cohering. Swordshaped ; very long, narrow, nearly parallel-sided, sharp- edged, acute. Sympode; a stem formed of a series of superposed branches so as to resemble a continuous axis. Syncarpous ; fruit formed of cohering carpels. Syngenesious flowers form a head and have 5 stamens with united anthers. Tailed; having a long slender point. hs Tassel-like; resembling a silken tassel or painter’s camel’s-hair pencil. ; . Tendril; a twisting slender organ for laying hold of objects. Terete; having a nearly round transverse section. Ternate ; growing in threes about the same point of a stem. XXIV GLOSSARY. Testa; the outer coat of a seed. Testaceous ; brownish yellow. Tetragonous; with four angles and four convex faces. Thorn; an abortive branch with a sharp point; distinguished from a prickle by being woody. : Three-veined; having three veins, usually of nearly equal size, proceeding from the base. Sometimes leaves are falsely three-veined when the ends of a series of lateral veins com- bine to form a submarginal vein near each edge of the leaf. Throat; the orifice of the tube of a gamopetalous corolla or gamosepalous calyx. : 2 Thyrsoid; having a close-branched raceme of which the middle is broader than the ends. : Tomentose ; covered with cottony entangled hairs, forming a matted shagginess called tomentum ; felted. ; Torulose ; wneven, alternately elevated and depressed like a knotted cord. Torus ; the part within the calyx to which the floral organs are tbc Transversely ; applied to forms like oval when attached by one of their longer sides. Triangular ; with three angles and three flat faces. Trichotomous; in forks of three prongs. Trifarious ; arranged in three rows. Trifid; dividing about halfway down into three parts. Trifurcate ; forked with three nearly equal prongs. Trigonous; with three angles and three convex faces. Tripartite; divided into three pee nearly to its base. Triquetrous ; having three angles and three concave faces. Truncate ; blunt as if cut off at the end. Tube; the pipe formed by the cohesion of the parts of a floral whorl. Tuber ; a thickened underground fleshy part of the stem. Tubercles ; little round knobs. Tubercular ; tubercled ; covered with little knobs. Tuberous ; like a tuber, but not part of the stem. Tubular ; hollow and nearly cylindrical. Tumid; swollen. Turbinate ; topshaped, conical and attached by its long point. Two-edged; compressed so as to have two sharp edges, Umbel; when many stalked flowers spring from one point and reach about the same level. Partial umbels are umbels seated upon the branches of an umbel, when the whole forms a compound umbel., Umbilicate ; pee, but having the attached organ hollowed to receive the top of the stalk, GLOSSARY. XXV Unilateral ; turned to one side. Upper part of a floral whorl; that next the main axis of the stem ; posterior. Urceolate ; like a pitcher contracted at the mouth. Utricle ; a bladder-like covering as in Chenopodiaceae, i. v. an achene with a membranous pericarp. The envelope of the nut of Carex. Valvate ; having valves or parts of an organ opening like little doors ; or organs fouchar only along their edges. Veins; bundles of vessels in leaves and their modifications. Ventricose ; swelling unequally on one side. Vernation ; the arrangement of leaves in a bud. Versatile; swinging freely on its support, as an anther attached by one point of its back. Villose ; shaggy with loose long soft hair. Viscous; clammy. Vitte; linear receptacles of oil in the fruits of Umbellifers stripes. Viviparous; bearing young plants in the place of flowers. Wedgeshaped ; like a wedge, but attached by its point. Whorl; formed of similar organs arranged in a circle round an axis. Whorled; arranged in whorls. Winged; having leaflike or membranous expansions. Wings; the lateral petals of a Pea-flower ; the flat membranous appendages of some seeds. When two terms are combined, as ovate-lanceolate, it means that the form or structure is compounded of the two, or lies between them. XXVi SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS OF BRITISH PLANTS. Tuts Synopsis has been prepared for the purpose of facilitating the discovery of the OnpER to which an unknown British Plant belongs. It must be used with caution, as a very slight error will totally mislead. The student must always commence with the pair of characters numbered 1 in the left-hand margin; and having determined with which of these his plant agrees, proceed similarly with the group of characters referred to by the number on the right-hand side of the page, and so on. For instance, having gathered a Hawthorn, he finds it to agree with the second character of number 1, ‘the first of number 38, the second of number 4, the third of number 29, and the first of number 80. It therefore belongs to ORDER xxvi. Rosackm and Suborder Pomp. Then turning to the body of the Manual (p. 97), he will examine the specimen by the characters given for that Order andits Suborder. Finding it to agree with them, a perusal of the generic definitions placed under PomEm will show that it is « Crategus. After a little experience in the examination of plants, the eye becomes so familiar with the principal Orders as to render this process unnecessary, except in doubtful cases. SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXVil 1 Leaves straight- or parallel-veined (belonging gene- rally to plants having 3-parted floral whorls or a 6-parted perianth) *....... isceheie te tees eee lemtaeSs 2 Leaves net-veined (belonging generally to plants having 5- or 4-parted floral whorls)+’.......... 3 2 Seeds in a seed-vessel 6.0... . cee cece ee ee ee veces 62 Seeds apparently naked on an axillary ‘scale or in a fleshy cup and solitary. Male fl. in catkins. L. linear or subulate.............. lxxix. Conifere. 3 Fl. with a calyx and corolla .........00..0.00 seuss 4 Fl. with a perianth (calyx undistinguishable from co- rolla)or none .......... B iestyes candarage ne OOe oe 50 4 Corolla polypetalous, inferior .......... ai Seale tients 5 Corolla polypetalous, superior ........... sodiaia.e ee 29 Corolla gamopetalous (petals cohering), superior.... 34 Corolla gamopetalous, inferior ............0.0..00e 39 5 Ovaries many, distinct or united, each bearing a style ; or solitary with one lateral placenta ............ 6 Ovary solitary ; placentas 2 or more, parietal or on the dissepiments, not forming a central axis ........ 13 Ovary solitary ; placentas central............. 00005 7 6 Corolla regular ........ sheng highdGonels herenee aeee 7 Corolla irregtlar «sua cskane oodaqenyse Se ases yates 10 7 Sepals distinct. Stamens hypogynous |........... 8 Sepals more or less combined below ............4. 9 8 Stamens few. Anth.adnate; connective extending be- yond them....... Lanta aieccaenes lxxx. Trilliacee. Stamens indefinite, usually many (when few, alternate with the petals). Anth. at top of filament, opening by two longitudinal clefts...... i, Ranunculacee. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals. Anth. at top of filament............ . li. Berberidacee. * The leaves of these plants (Monocotyledones) are nearly always parallel-veined. A few exceptions are Dioscoreacee (Tamus), Trilli- acee (Paris), and Aracee (Arum), which will be found by following either series of characters. Oare must be taken not to confound leaves having parallel veins which are connected by simple transverse veins with net-veined leaves. The broad leaves of Alisma, Potamogeton, and Hydrocharis are examples of the former. Pinnatifid leaves with linear lobes as in Anemone Pulsatilla, may be mistaken for parallel- veined leaves ; also the submersed leaves of Ranunculi. t The narrow leaves of some of these plants (Dicotyledones) are apparently parallel-veined. They are chiefly aquatics : Leaves divided in a pinnatifid way. : xxx. Haloragacee (Myriophyllum). Leaves repeatedly forked .........,.. lxxiii. Ceratophyllacee. Leaves simple ............0000+ xxx. Haloragacee Coppin 2 XXVili SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 9 Stamens as many as, or twice the number of the petals, inserted at the base of the calyx. No stipules. xxxiv. Crassulacee. Stamens 20 or more, inserted on the calyx. Leaves with stipules .......... xxvi. Rosacee (in part). 10 Leaves with stipules ....... 0. cece cece eee eens Leaves without stipules... .......0.eeeee sneer eeee 11 Stamens 10, mon- or diadelphous. . xxv. Leguminose. 12 Stamens many free. Fruit of 1 or more follicles. i. Ranunculacee (in part). Stamens 6, in two bundles .......... vy. Fumariacee. 18 Corolla regular. Petals 4 Corolla regular. Petals 5........... 0c cece ee eee Corolla regular. Sepals and petals many, gradually passing into each other........ iii. Nympheacee. Corolla irregula¥:, voces. cy ceded te ete ne ees 14 Sepals 2. Becnene MANY ssc ceceaee iv. Papaveracee. Sepals 4. Stamens tetradynamous....vi. Cruciferae. 15 Sepals equal, distinct, imbricate. Stamens 5. x. Droseracee. Sepals distinct; 8 inner twisted in the bud; 2 outer smaller or wanting. Stamens indefinite, many. vili. Cistacee. Sepals equal, more or less united below. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, from a shield- Hike disk: wos age ais nas aed xxviii. Tamariscacee. 16 Leaves with stipules. Sepals 5. Stamens 5, free. ix. Violacee. No stipules, Sepals2 or wanting. Stamens 6,in two bundles. Ovary closed.......... v. Fumariacee, 17 Calyx imbricate in the bud ................00005. Calyx valvate in the bud, or with distant lobes. Calyx and corolla regular 18, Stamens united into acolumn........ xv. Maivacee, Stamens fees ces waweesy amr eaadienanas ae leneetee ees 19 Stamens hypogynous ........,....... xvi. Tiliacee. Stamens perigynous, opposite the petals and equalling them in number ............ xxiv. Rhamnacee. Stamens inserted in the tube of the calyx, alternating with, or twice as many as, but below the petals. xxvii, Lythracee. 20' Corolla repular pc0.c2e swans sow ea Saew ease det das Corolla irregular.............-.. xx. Balsaminacee, 21 Calyx tubular ...... xiv. Caryophyllacee (Silence). Sepals distinct or slightly connected below 99 Ovary Lcelled ses ciond pagina aca veneds deca saunas Ovary many-celled ll 12 14 15 16 20 18 19 21 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. Xxix 23 Stamens opposite the petals. Sepals 2. xxxii. Portulacee. Stamens opposite the petals. Sepals 3—5.......... 24 Stamens 10 or fewer. Stipules none. xiv. Caryophyllacee (Alsinez). Stamens 5. Stipules present. Petals distinct. xiv. Caryophyllacee (Polycarpee). Stamens 5. Stipules present. Petals subulate. xxxili. Paronychiacee. 25 Stanions 166! oes editwiein gaint uae eae aca eens Stamens polyadelphous .......... xvii. Hypericacee. Stamens monadelphous or inserted in an hypogynous PIDG:. swage seca siaiued vis apaiagears aun spouse's oneal ala hs 26 Stamens 4—5. Stipules none........ xxii. Linacea. Stamens 10. Stipules none or united to the base of the petioles. Cells of ovary 5; each many-seeded. xxi. Oxalidacea. Stamens 10. Stipules present. Cells of ovary 5; each deseeded. vile pasties aieiaresmat xix. Geraniacee. Oe Style Lacey dak sacsaeisrangess saa newomereee Aare Styles 3—5. Anthers terminal ....xiii. Elatinacee. Styles 8—5. Filaments extending beyond the anthers. lxxx. Trilliacee. 28 Stamens 3. Petals3. Fruit fleshy. lxxi. Empetracee. Stamens and petals 4 or 5, inserted in an hypogynous GSI, poo ca sianceeee qneaeee xxiii. Celastracee. Stamens 5 or more. Petals 5. Caps. 1-celled, 3—4- VALVE wis.s wk wie dn dyn et eens xi. Frankeniacee. Stamens usually 8. Petals 5. Fruit winged, separating into two capsules .............. Xvili. Aceracee. Stamens 8—10. Capsules 5-celled, 5-valved. xlvii. Ericacee (Pyzrolee and Monotropez). 29 Ovary 1-celled with one pendulous ovule. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals. xl. Loranthacee. Ovary l-celled; placentas 2 parietal; ovules many. Stamens and petals 4—5, alternating. xxxv. Ribesiacee. Ovary 2—many-celled ; placentas central. Ora pome. 80 Stamens many, indefinite. Fruit a 1—5-seeded pome. xxvi. Rosacee (Pome). Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals, or twice AS MANY ... 1. kee eect e teens 81 Petals imbricate in the bud ............cccee eee Petals valvate in the bud ......... 0c cee esse eens Petals twisted in the bud. Sepals valvate. Style 1. xxix. Onagracee. 82 Petals5. Stamens 5. Styles2. Inflorescence umbellate. Seeds solitary..........000- xxxvil. Umbellifere. 24 27 28 28 30 31 383 XXX SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. Petals 4—5. Stamens5—10. Styles 2. (Calyx some- times inferior.) Capsule 2-valved. Seeds many. (Fruit with two horns.) ....xxxvi. Sarifragacee. Petals 4. Stamens4—8. Styles 4. Fruit of 4 hard Nts sia we igsa rave susie cees xxx. Haloragacee. 83 Fruit a berry. Stylesmorethan two. Leaves alternate. xxxviil. Hederacee. Fruit a drupe. Style 1. Leaves opposite. EXxix. Cornacee. Fruit dry. Styles 2. Leaves alternate. xxxvii. Umbellifere (in part). 34 Stamens inserted beneath an epigynous disk. xlvii. Ericacee (Vacciniex). Stamens inserted with the corolla and free from it .. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla or between Ibs -1OVES sic sas eis Heme oahu aaa em we aie alae aes $ 85 Filaments free................ xlvi. Campanulacee. Filaments united into 3 bundles. .xxxi. Cucurbitacee. 86 Anthers united. Flowers in a head. xlv. Composite. Anthers:free: pssasee cess omeiwamensy enon Sede 37 Flowers in a head. Calyx double. .xliv. Dipsacacee. Flowers corymbose or cymose ......... 0000s e eee 388 Fruit a double indehiscent pericarp, 2-celled, 2-seeded. xlii. Rubiacee. Fruit dry, with 1 perfect cell, 1-seeded; and often 2 empty cells. Stamens 1—3..xliii. Valerianacee. Fruit fleshy, with 1 or several seeds. Stamens 4—5. xli. Caprifoliacee. 89 Ovary and fruit 4-lobed, separating into 4 small 1-seed- ed nuts. Style from base of ovary ............ Fruit of several follicles. xxxiv. Crassulacee (Cotyledon). Ovary and fruit simple. Style terminal............ 40 Stamens 5. Corolla regular. Leaves alternate. liv. Boraginacee. Stamens 4, didynamous, or 2. Corolla 2-lipped. Leaves OPPOStO cd ceenmey Fake eae ee lvii. Labiate. 41 Ovary 1-celled, l-seeded. Calyx tubular. Stamens 5. lye Oo eiadrintdbecautpsaunse ais lxil. Plumbaginacee. Ovary l-celled, many-seeded .............0..000, Ovary with 2 or more cells (but fruit sometimes 1- COMO) suisse. cei crass gies eanad seeeton Co Seema doe ees 42 Corolla scarious, regular, 4-parted. Stamens 4. lxili. Plantaginacee. Corolla coloured ....... 0... cece cece ences e en ees 43 Corolla irregular. Stamens2....1x. Lentibulariacee. Corolla regular. Stamens 4—5, opposite to the seg- ments of the corolla............ lxi. Primulacee. Corolla irregular. Stamens 4, didynantous. lvi. Orobanchacee, 35 36 37 38 40 41 42 44, 43 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXxi 44 Stamens hygogynous, scarcely attached to the corolla, distinct. ...xlvii. Hricacee (Erices and Arbutez), Stamens upon the corolla ; filaments connected. xii. Polygalacee, Stamens upon the corolla, distinct ................ 45 Stamens 2. Corolla regular.......... xlix. Oleacee. Stamens 2 or 4, and didynamous. Corolla irregular. . Stamens 4 or 5, not didynamous .................. 46 Ovary 2-celled, not lobed; placentas central. lvii. Scrophulariacee. Ovary 2—4-celled, lobed .......... lix, Verbenacee. 47 Cells of ovary each with 1 or2 ovules ............ Cells of ovary each with many ovules........... a 48 Fruit fleshy, not bursting. Stigmas sessile. xlviii, Agquifoliacee. Fruit a capsule, bursting. Styles manifest. liii. Convolvulacee. 49 Fruit a double follicle .............. 1. Apocynacee. Fruit 2- or imperfectly 4-celled. ‘Leaves alternate. lv. Solanacee. Fruit 1- or imperfectly 2-celled, 2-valved. Leaves OPPOSTEC: sic .ss aiinase esis cue de eis li. Gentianacee. Fruit 3-celled, 3-valved .......... lui, Polemoniacee. 50 Flowers not in catkins ............. 0. cee eee eee Male flowers in catkins ........ Ixxviii. Amentifere. Flowers inconspicuous (rarely found). Plant formed of minute leaflike fronds, floating freely. xciv. Lemnacee. 51 Ovary one, superior. Perianth sometimes wanting .. OAT Y: MUTT OT oars cesta ns reeset a saudhadaninn Bea OU Ovaries many, distinct . 1.2.0.6... cece cece eens 52 Stamens 1 or 8. Fruit not aaa 1- or 4-celled, 1- f or 4-seeded. Limb of perianth of female flower very MINULG ee casercidg vans sewsias xxx. Haloragacee. Stamens4or5. Fruit not bursting, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Limb of perianth manifest... ... lxix. Santalacee. Stamens 4, Style filiform. Ovary 4-celled, many- sheded voces Gaawan eae ngs aces xxix. Onagracee. Stamens 5, syngenesious............ xlv. Composite. Stamens 6, on base of perianth. Style 1, trifid. Fl. Gicecious 1... eee eee eee lxxxi. Dioscoreacee. Stamens 6—12, epigynous. Style short. Stigma ra- diant. Ovary 3—6-celled, many-seeded. lxx. Aristolochiacee. Stamens 8—10. Styles 2. Ovary 1-celled, 2-beaked. many-seeded, opening like a cup. xxxvi, Saxifragacee. 45 46 47 48 49 51 54 53 XXxii SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 53 Sepals petal-like, deciduous. Anthers extrorse. i. Ranunculacee (Caltha). Sepals petal-like, persistent. Anthers introrse. i, Ranunculacee (Peonia). 54 Fruit separating into several carpels. No perianth.... Fruit not separating into carpels ............---06> 55 Carpels 4, not bursting. Stamen 1. Ixxiv. Callitrichacee. Carpels 3 or 2, opening, separating with elasticity. lxxii. Euphorbiacee. 56 Leaves with stipules ........: cece scence eee eee Leaves without stipules ......... 0. cece eee eee 57 Stipules sheathing the stem ...... lxvi. Polygonacee. Stipules attached to the petiole. xxvi. Rosacee (Sanguisorbez). Stipules free, deciduous. Ovary 1-celled. Perianth 4—S-parted 2... cece eee eee eee Ixxv. Urticacee. Stipules free, deciduous. Ovary 2-celled. Ixxvii. Ulmacee. Stipules free, deciduous. Ovary 1-celled. Female perianth scale-like, open... .Ixxvi. Cannabinacee. 58 Flowers moncecious or dicecious ....... eee sree eee Flowers perfect or polygamous ...........-- ss use 59 Fruit fleshy. Male fl. each of one 2-celled naked sta- men, crowded together on a spadix. xclii. Aracee (Aree). Fruit fleshy. Stamens 2 or 3. Perianth of scales im- bricated in several rows ........ lxxi. Empetracee. Fruit dry. Stamens 3 or more. Perianth tubular. Ixvii. Eleagnacee. Fruit dry. Stamens 12—20, Perianth 10—12-cleft. Ixxiii, Ceratophyllacee. 60 Perianth hardened over the fruit. xiv. Caryophyllacee (Scleranthez). Perianth not hardened over the fruit................ Perianth none. Fruit compressed linear and leaflike at the 6nd. si3 nea wiaed sas xlix. Oleacee (Fraxinus). 61 Perianth 3—5-cleft, herbaceous ..lxv. Chenopodiacec. Perianth 3-cleft, scarious ........ lxiv. Amaranthacea. Perianth tubular. Stamens perigynous. ' Ixviii. Thymelacee. Perianth 6—8-parted, herbaceous. Stamens hypo- PYNOUB ss sos aed ae wae yas ewe e lxxx, Trilliacee. 62 Leaves net-veined. Floral envelopes whorled........ Leaves net-veined. Perianth none. Fl. moncecious, on aspadix ...........000. xcili. Aracee (Aree), 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XxXxiil Leaves parallel-veined, persistent. Floral envelopes whorled, or NONE. ..... cece ence eee eens Leaves parallel-veined, persistent. Floral envelopes imbricate, bractlike 2.0... .... cece e eee eee e eens 63 Perianth inferior, Flowers perfect ..lxxx. Trilliacee. Perianth superior. Flowers dicecious. lxxxi. Dioscoreacea, 64 Ovaries several, each bearing a style or stigma ...... Ovary Lantern’ occ ieee rena ad ba sate beac te eon 4 Ovary), Superior ..«icjaipecs sade haga en Mie een aes 65 Perianth 4-parted, inconspicuous or none. xev. Potamogetonacee. Perianth 6-parted, conspicuous. Carpels not opening. lxxxvi. Alismacee. Perianth 6-parted, conspicuous. Carpels opening at their inner edge ............ lxxxix. Melanthacea. 66 Stamens and style united in a central column. lxxxiii. Orchidacee. Stamens free from the style .............-0eeee eee 67 Perianth wholly petal-like ............... eee ee eee Three outer segments of perianth resembling an herba- ceous calyx ............ lxxxii. Hydrocharidacee. Allthe 4 segments of perianth resembling an herba- coous calyx ..... 0. cece eee eee xl. Loranthacea. 68 Stamens 3, Anthers bursting outwards. lxxxiv. Iridacee. Stamens 6. Anthers bursting inwards. lxxxy. Amaryllidacee. 69 Perianth like a corolla of 6 petals. Flowers perfect .. Perianth more or less glumaceous, or partly coloured, OF WARNE so ccv ag cos sew ns dome Nea see ee eas 70 Perianth petal-like, conspicuous. Fruit dry, bursting with 3 valves........eeeeeeeaee lxxxviil. Inhiacee. Perianth petal-like, conspicuous. Fruit succulent, not DUTSNG asc acwd eee es lxxxvii. Asparagacee. Perianth herbacevus, scale-like. Fruit baccate, not bursting .............0.. xcili. Aracee (Orontes). 71. Flowers perfect. Perianth 6-parted. Stamens 6. xe. Juncacee. Flowers monoecious .......0. 0c cece eee e eee eens 72 Flowers on a spadix.... 0. cece eee ee eee ete eee Spadix wanting. ..a cc ccss ce cea vewe ser agesrennacees Flowers solitary ......-+.0eee eee xevi. Naiadacee. 73 Flower ona thick spadix. Spath wanting. Anthers wedgeshaped, erect; filaments long. xcii. Typhacee. b5 65 69 67 68 70 71 72 74 XXxiV SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. Flowers on a thick spadix in aspath. Perianth none. Anthers ovate; filaments very short. xciii. Aracee (Aree). 74 Flowers capitate. Stamens 2—5 ..xci. Hriocaulacee. Flowers 2 in a spath, one male, one female. (Floating.) xciv. Lemnacee. Flowers in two rows on one side of a spath, enclosed by a fold of the leaf ............4. xevi. Natadacee. 75 Leaves with entire sheaths. Anthers entire at the CNW) iad yaacas seetmeeiiaess xevii. Cyperacee. ae with split sheaths. Anthers notched at both ends ak edteek ws heaton wastegate ean xevill. Graminee. XXXV CLASSES, DIVISIONS, AND ORDERS oF BRITISH PLANTS. Class I. DICOTYLEDONES’. Stems when perennial composed of bark, wood, and pith. The wood furnished with medullary rays and increasing by the addition of concentric layers externally. Leaves usually net- veined, Cotyledons 2 or more, opposite or whorled.—Each floral whorl composed of 5 or 4 parts. Division 1. THatamirtorz. Pet. distinct (rarely 0) and as well as the stam. growing separately from the sepals, hypogyNous 2.6... ese c cece seer tee e enn eees 1 Division 2. CaALycIFLoRz. Pet. distinct and, as well as the stam., perigynous or epigynous ........0.+665 77 Division 3. CoroLLiFLor#%. Pet. united, at least at the base. Stam. mostly epipetalous .............6.. 169 Division 4, MonocHLaMyDE. Only a single perianth OP NONE: gieeinss ae ey ae oe emer eaten oo Re sees 297 Division 5. Gymnospermz. Ovules and seeds apparently naked, Ovary and styles wanting. Perianth wanting. 325 Division 1. THALAMIFLOR A. * Apocarpous, 1, Ranwnculacee. Stam. polyandrous (rarely pent- androus). Pistils usually many, of achenes or follicles.— Rarely (in Actea) a many-seeded berrylike carpel ...... 1 2. Berberidacea. Stam. 6 or 4, opposite the petals; anth. opening by valves from the bottom...........+. » 1 1 The characters are drawn to suit our plants. Xxxvi CLASSES, DIVISIONS, AND ORDERS. ** Appearing syncarpous from the fleshy disk enveloping the ovaries. 3. Nympheacee. Polyandrous. Pet. many, seated with the many stamens upon a fleshy disk.—Aquatic. Rhizome prostrate in mud. Leaves floating .......... #e* Syncarpous with parietal placentas. 4, Papaveracee. Polyandrous. Sep. 2, deciduous. Petia. “Pisth L. diienaicansahacte edi yeae wien ee Ragen 5. Fumariacee, Stam.in two bundles of 3 each; late- ral anth. of each bundle 1-celled. Sep.2, minute. Pet. 4, irregular, one or more of the upper gibbous or spurred at the base. Fl. very irregular 6. Crucifere. Stam. tetradynamous. Sep.4. Pet. 4. —F. cruciform 7. Resedacee. .Stam. 10—24, from an hypogynous 1- sided disk. Sep. 4—8. Pet, 4—8, irregular. Caps. OPeNiNG atthe COP) vnareinrrccpn seg peas ve gwen sewed 8. Cistacee. Polyandrous. Sep. 3, equal, and 2 smaller external. Pet. 5, regular, very deciduous: 9. Violacee. Stam. 5; anth. on inner side of dilated filaments which slightly cohere. Pet. 5, irregular ; lower SPUIP OM, 4. o. scsseiarnual Gua seouatiny cece hide oie anode trong analMlerg celine 10. Droseracee, Stam. 5. Cal. 5-cleft. Pet. 5, regu- lar.—L, bearing long hairs tipped with glands ll. Frankeniacee. Stam. 4 or more. Cal. 4—5-cleft, furrowed. Pet. 4—5, regular.—L. with revolute edges, not glandular eK Syncarpous with axile placentas. + FL. irregular. 12. Polygalacee, Stam. 8, in 2 equal opposite bundles. Anth. 1-celled tt Fl. regular (except in Ord. 20). 13. Elatinacee. Pet. 83—5. Stam. as many or twice as many as the petals. Caps. 8—5-celled.—L, opposite. Plants aquatic... . eee eee even 15 16 19 21 39 40 41 44 45 45 47 DICOTYLEDONES, XXXVil 14. Caryophyllacee. Pet.5 or 4. Stam, 8—10, rarely 5 or 4, Caps. 1-celled with a free central placenta.—L. OPPOSIEG sais. tase utes 29-5 saan lasers eevee age Graekhonaee Gedadi ie adhere 15. Malvaceae. Pet. 5, twisted. Stam. many, mona- delphous. Anth, 1-celled. Ovary of several carpels round a common axis. L. alternate...............08. 16. Tikacee. Pet,5. Stam. many, free or polyadel- phous, Anth. 2-celled. Ovary 5-celled—Trees with alternate leaves. ois 2. cee eden Sey aes eae ebalnme eel 17. Hypericacee. Pet. 5, twisted. Stam. many, in 38—4 bundles. Anth. 2-celled ....... cc cece ee eee 18.