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MANN LIBRARY NEw YorK STATE COLLEGES OF AGRICULTURE AND Home EcCoNoMICSs AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY Cornell University Libra 363.2.U5M34 ‘wii pe GLey *% 4 Aue wee THE APPLE IN WESTERN MARYLAND. 2-9 Osreme nts Lor deg ree not . Thesis by Faward L. larkelil. SPAS f Gan Zon if ‘eled Earl. History of the Apple, The apple tree is included in the naturel family cf nilents €@ Lied Hesecesur, Tar tie race. the type of the faniis, comprising most of the fruits grown in the temperate zone. Fotanists are agreed that «11 the varieties of the apple have been derived from the wild crab apple of the wcods and hedge rows, and are therefore artificial productions, the resuit cr Sskiliful seleetion, breeding and cultivation, being succept- $0) bie of indefinite improvement, and of an increase of variet- tes without Limit. Pyrus Melus, the common name of the apple, is derived from the Greek aplios, the Celtic api, and the Saxon mppei, each signifving a fruit. The original erab i8 arnend with smaii thorns, the leaves ere usually small and serrave, the fruit small and exceedingly acrid, and indiginous to most parts of Furope. It is not known positively from whence the Europeans derived the cultivated apple, “ut it was probably from Asia, Lhe home oF Pest of Cur Native Triste, “here can be little doubt that the apple was known in England hefore the political conquest of the Romans. Twenty nine varieties vere known in Ttaly at the time of the Christ- ¢jn era, and this number was greatly increased by the time of the Roman Conquest. Pliny makes the following statement in regard to the apple industry, "there are many apple trees in the villages near Rome, that let for the yearly sua edch, of 2900 sesterces (about $50), some of them yielding more pror- its to the owners than a small farm. A careful study of fruit crowing was made at this time which led to the invention of erafting. Vireil. writese -"Graft the tender shoots, Tinr children's children shalt enjoy the fruit.”* Professcr HK, FE, Van Deman cutlines the development cf the apple industry in the Tnited States as follcws,-~ "With tie first white settlers who landed on the shores ef America were brought the fruits they had in their old homes across the sea. Chief amcng these was the apple, which to +hem was like a part of those very oid homes. Vhey haa grown this fruit, and so had their favhers Tor generations betore then from which to make cider chiefiy, The old homesteads ef Fngland, france, Germany, and to a ssmali ex'.ent those of neignbcring countries had their celiars storea. With musty bar~ rele of the the hardest cf cider, and to Keep Up & 21ke suppiy in their homes in the new worla, was the main reason for planting apple orcnard here, J.ittle thought was then given to the consumption of epples in the tousands of ways that we now use them, and least of all as a disser fruit. There were then ne juicy Jonathans, eromatic Grimes, spicy Spitzenburgs cr melting Primates. The apples cf that day were mostly snail, scur and forbidding to the taste, except as the juice was ex- pressed -nd allewed to ripen into an aicohelic drink. The art of budding and grafting was then but little known and practisea Still less. Wor the most part seedlings sufficed, for anything thet would fill the cider barrell was good enough. "As the civilization of the American Colonies progressed, fhe apple orchards vere extended, but not only in sige and Numbers, but in quality of their Truit. Prom hard cider, the beverages were changed in some degreeto the more ineanuiried "apple jack”, an eve Vatering brandy, iresn from tne meignpor= hood stills, uwnitil at beecane an articie of export. Apple but- ter pot to be as common in the household economy as bacon. ‘this required good apples and the seedlings grew less and less sat- isfying and grafting grew apace. The rich mellow Fall Pi, pen and its like, was in.demand for thickening the boiling cider ‘ in +re great copper kettles hung over log fires in the making of tre toothsome apple butter. Dried apples becarnie an euuaily Lop- vlar erticle of diet, and invaded the public market, All of this called for better apples and niore or them, The climate and soil of North America seemed to be the icng looked for Paradise tiuat +he cold werld apple had becn seeking vor centuries, in which to flcurish and come into its intended supremacy as the fruit of the temperate zones, The varieties thought to be good were changed to still better ones, until now we have the best in: ail (-3-) the wide world. Tn no other country are there such apples found as grow here . And the territory is by no means restricted; for apple crehards flourish from the Atlantic to the Pacific," Notwithstanding the almcst universal cultivaticn of the apple in +he temperate ccne, it will be generally admitted that lecation and soil affect both quantity and quality. Coxe, one of ~he earlies writers on American Pomology, taintaineda that “the middie states are most favorable to the producticn of fine table apples and cider. It will probably be found tnat the River Mohawk, on the north and the River James on the South form the limit @f that district of the country which produces apples of that degree of richness and fievor for both purposes, T~ will not be denied shat apples grow well in the intericr and elevated parts of the Southern States, as «ell as in the favorable exposures in the Nerthern and Eastern, Host cf the fine varieties have been produced within these limits, Handsome and fsir apples are grown in Naine and Novia Scotia, but they de not posess the fine flavor of the apples of the middle States, The same is true of thé apple orchards produced in the Plains cf Georgia and the hills of St. Domingo. Cold and heat are equally necessary to the production of fine apples, - nei- ther predominating in soo great a degree." The preceeding parafraph clearly shows that the natural (~4~) advantages of the eastern pert of the United States for fruit erowing purposes were realized as eaily as the first part of the nineteenth century. The cultivatiou of the apple in the southern part of this section, hdwever, did not keep apace with the advancing civilization. The following letter printed in Hover's VNarazine in the year lois, gives an admirable des- crintion of conditions that lasted until comparatively recent vears in Nervlend, "Tn a brief newspaper account of the late Horticultural Exhibition at Foston, which has fallen under my eye, it has been see with surprise and admiration *hat apples and pears are cultivated in that vecinity in greater variety than most people suppose to exist in all of the world. How different are the tastes and habits of your people, in «his respect, from those wlio reside soutn of the Chesapeake, where estates of 900 or even a 1000 acres, exnibit no sign of anything Lixe system- atic horticulture. Instead of one hunared ana firty two varietie of pears, and twenty six sorts of apples, as presented by Mr. Manning of Salem, it is by no means uncommon to find in he south large estates vithout a single choice pear cr paliatabiec apple on then. "True, vou may see some of them near the old family man- sions, the stumps and decaying remnants of large old orchards (-5-) acd there too, vou may trace the faint cutlines of extensive gardens gone to utter ruin, "Before the Revolution, and even arter that time, our ancestors continued, as it would seem from mere force of habit, to plant fruit, but even that habit has died away in the boasted "march of intéllect"..Very few think now of planting anything , the fruit of which can not be enjo;ed in less tian ten or fif- teen vears, and the trees that are planted are rer the most partabandoned, as fondlings by their unnetural paren:s, without care or culture, exposed to 211 of the buffetings and peitings Of the pi~tless star, and. other ills that trees, as well es flesh are “heirs to”, The conditions described above, lasted throught this recion until comparatively recent years. Tne industry had gone into a rut, and was destined to remain there until modern scien- tifie methods werr applied te uplitt 1%, ard place 1% upon a seund tasis, Tithin the past twenty five years, there nis been an alrost complete revoluticn in the culfivaticn of Truit. The dav of t:e ignorant farmer, with his improvinent careiess metn- ods , and his large acerage of inproperiv eared fer land, 15 fast becoming a2 thing of the past. His place is being taken by the educated man who appiies te the profession of modern agriculture and horticulsureé improved and Sse1éentific methods, that enable them to make a fortune on a small fracticn of the (ee) acerare of tac farmer cr veaterday., The application of sound business principles has been combined with the require::cnts of scientific horticulture, and this has resuited in an indus- trv of creat profit, and undecubted stabilit:. Conditions in Western ‘iaryasud, Yhere has been very littie known untii recent yesrs of tle heorti¢ultural possibilities which exist in cervein percent, It was chiefly alcnrs these mountain Sites * at sides that manv of the farous peach orchards of Mryiand flow ished a fe. vears ago, and many that have survived the attacks of the vellows are still thriving in this section, Apple cr- chards ere heing set, out in many parts of this region, and the prospects are that within a few years all cf the best land for the purpose will have been purchased fer orchard planting er for Sneculetion. *. Mertens Sons, of Cumberland, laryland, have invested in a large area of land in the Green Ridge Vaili- lev, and thev are planting thousands of peach and apple trees every vear,. This valilev is located in the eastern ridge of Alleghany county,and occupies almost the entire area, from the boundary line of the state of Pennsvivania, in the north, to the Patomac river , in the south, Not far from here, near Handcoch, is the Tonoloway Orchard Company. lir. Cohill, whs organized this company, has been growing apples in this sec-~- tion for a number of years, «nd has been very successful. This company has twelve hundred acres under its controi, seven hindred of which are already planted with 51,000 trecs, The Alleghany mountains, in the extreme western part of the stat heave the greatest altitude ef the three ranres, Some cf its (-16-) ridges are 5,000 feet, or more, above sea ievel, Their sides are not too steep for orchrrds, and many excellent locations for commercial apple growing industries may be founa in this region. The western ridge, between the border of Western Mery- land and West Virginiz, has been purchased, and is being rap- idly cleared and pir-ntea with fruit trees, About 00,000 peach and apple trees have been set out here within the past ive years. The soils of Western liaryland are chiefly of Limestone roigin, and may be dividea into two distinct types, acecvrding to their location, The soils of the valley are renerally cla. shale, cr slate loams, or mixtures of this, ~he agricul ural value of these scils differs considerably. “The slate soils a are considered practically wortnless., The clay and shale loams in tyre vallevs, nd on the mountains are very productive, anda ere highly esteemea for fruit growing, as well as for genera1 agricultural purposes. The soiis of the greates importance for fruit growing are those on the mountain ridges, which are chiefly three distinct types, Hagerstown stony loam, Purter's stony loam, and Cecil loam. Hagerstown stony loam consists of a medium brown loam, which is about eight inches deep, Occassionally the amount of fine sand is sufficient to give the soil the cheracteror (oat) a. Tine loan, but such cases -re of small extent, The subsoil consists cf a heavy vellow loam which prades inty ¢lay loam of an averace depth of thirty inches, The mmount of etones present in both surface and sub-scil varies greatiy. From 25 to 40 percent of chert, quartzite, end hardened sandstone, a are commoniy Tound, and the amount is greater than this in local patches. Some of the ridges are covered to such an extent with chert, tnrat no fine soil can be seen, Apple trees are reported to do particularly well in tnese localities, They grow very vigorously and bear at an early age. The Hager: town stony loam is derived from a cherty form of limestone, and tre principal part of the stone content of the soil cone sists of fragments of chert which were originally imbedded in the parent limestone rock, These solls, where the toporraphy is such as +40 secure good drainage, are best adapted to the production of apples and peaches. ine surface soil of the Porter's stony loam consists cf lient to heavy brown loam, or ocesssionally clay loam from eight to twelve irches deep. “ne immediate subsoil is heavy loam, ut with increasing depth, this material erades into « clawr loam which usually extends to « depth of thirty six imehes, taoven in places if is replaced be a light red e@elay (-18~) at a Gerth of thirty inches, The st¢ne content varies wicely, The nost level portions contain from °9 to 50 percent of rneissfrernents, quartz, conglomerate, etc., but with few larre stones, The gneiss fragrents are usuatiy small, and because of their presence, this soil is usually termed, "Mou- nrain Gravel land", The ridges and steep slopes are ore ston’ than the more level areas, and the iatter often lead +o roushner land on the hirner slopes or tops of the nills and ridges, “umerous patches of rock outcrop, or rough ston; land are often fcund ecattered a bout the steepest parts of this land, Alon-~ Green Ridge, such areas occur as a strip along ‘he Son, ouverapping Mere “md *nere in arrecilar series, ihe HOpOrrAP IG TEBSAres of Ghe Teepe wre Muen Gi versizviéds In fer- eral, Its oderively, or steeniy roiling surfac® is much broken oy m- nv steep sided hills and ridrees, the tops and up- per surfaces cf wnich n: ve been mapped usually as rough stony land. Good surface drainage is provided for tnis tyve by its position, and in the steeper pinces, the draivace is often excessive, In these places siight washing results, and the crceps are unable to withstand tne drouth, This tyuve vf soil seens emminentiv adapted to the production of apples and pea- enes, Te trees thrive, and fruit ef excellent quality is pre (-19-) duced. The surface soil of the Cecil loai, to an average depth of ten inches consists of heavy red loam or clay loam, The subsoil consists of light red clay loam or clay, which usual- ly prades heavier in texture with increasing depth., but in places it. begins to grow lighter at a depth of thirty inches, and grades gradually into a mass of disintegrated ruck, Both soil and Sub-SOil often contain a uarge percentage of stones end boulders. Where not too numerous, the boulders have becn removed and used in the constructionuf fences about tne fielas Surface drainage is so rapid in most places where this soii is found that washing often occurs on cultivated land. The sb subsoil is so retentive of moisture, however, that the type seldom suffers from drouth. The least stony areas are weil suited to the prowing of apples, and where well drainea, cfrer eood oppertunities for the profitable development of the in- dustry. "he red appearance of many of the soils of Western Haery- land is due to the presence of a large amount of iron. The mean annual temperature in Western Maryland, as established by records extending over aperiod of thirty seven yearsis 51.5 derrees. Through the period of observation, the (20-) Lowest tempereture recorded was -19 degrees, and the highest 199 degrees, By a remarkable coincidence, tiie temperature is almost identical with that of Hcod Rivew., Each alse records the exact same minimum and maximum temperature, The mean tenpersture averages in Western Marviland for the same months were: January 39,8 July ied Februarv 32.2 August Me Lsgak: Pere 38.0 September 64.2 April 50,5 Oc7cber Bae Paar @S 69,9 November 41,4 June 70,1 December 50,5 During the long days of the growing seascn rrom May ist te October JSlst, this region enjovs an excellent divis- ien of sunshine and rain, The complete reecurd for the year 1909 will serve as an illustration. During this whole season ef 183 days there were 5% days upon which rain fell, Leaving 125 dry days, thus giving the region every benéfit that could be desired, both as to the amount of sunshine and -10isture, ae . The average rainfall over the eenter of this area, as establisned by and unbroken record of twenty four years, is (291) “°,8° inches a vear. The nean averages for each month of tue year fcr she same time show: January 2.16 inches July 5,86 inches February 2,57 " August “09 " March 0 s Seplemuer. 2.72 " Aprit 2 cad " October 2 4) : May 3.38 " Neveriber: 2,17 u June oy " December 2,20 ¥ This shows a well distributea annual rainfail, with a maximum during the su:nmer months and a mininun during the winter months. The actual number vf days throught the year 1999 upon which rain fell was 11”. During the leng pericd cf vears in which observations have been recorded, wseaasnalle frosts have rarely been known, and when they have occurred, thay were, with fev exe ceptions, not of sufficient severity to endanger tne apple erep. AS leoking to tne future, it is a sefe assertict tras the trees will never be endangered. Judging from the recsrds of the past thirty seven vears, late spring frosts way vccur at. very rere intervals anc endanger thé fruit crap, but this is a condition that is common to all fruit srowing sections, (~22-) The fruit, however, can readily be protected against frist in any case by the smudging process so widely practised in western orchard sections, where its use every-season is a necessity. The latest unseasonable frost recorded in spring was “av 12th, and the earliest in autumn September 23d, Soil and air drainage have been carefully investigated in many sections of Western Maryland, and have been pronounc- ed excellent for fruit growing purposes, especially in hilly anc mountainous sections, Suggestions Regardtg Orchard Management, Tt is practically impossible for any one to formulate a set cf rules that will enable a grower to realize tha largest possible profits from his orchard, The personal element det- ermines success or failure in any line cf industry, ana where this £&S absent, the results are doubtful. The general prin- ciples and practices apply to most cases, and they must be thoroughly understood by everyone who wisBs to make a success of fruit growing, they must be applied together with special practices, Well grown one or two year old treew are the best for “Marviand. One vear old trees have certain decided advantages ever two vear old trees, They are cheap:r, easier to handle, and thev may be headed where desired, Apple trees should be headed low, and from three to five branches should te sel- ected to form the foundation branches, These branches should be at least five or six inches apart, and weil piaced, so as to form a symmetrical top. Nurserymen usually cut off these branches in growing higher headed trees, Unless a two year old tree has been headed low in the nursery, it is usually necessary to force the development of new main branches i1cw on the trunk, and these are not always well placed, In adadit- ion to this is the factor of price which is wortiny cf cunsia- (-24-) * a = we BONO a A eke eration. Pudded trees seem preferable to root grafted ones, because the danger from crown gall is greater in the latter type. The necessary cuts made in root grafting prove easy points of infection for the spores of this disease. ixecept in the ver. cotdest parts of the state fall planting is reccommended, and for several reasons, The weather is usually good at this time of the year, and the trees can be planted out as late as the last of November, or the first of December. Other work is not heavy at this time af the year, and labor is not scarce. The trees become well established in the ground during the winter, and get an earlier start in the spring. The danger of other work or bad weather delaying spring planting is overcome, {tf spring plenting cam be done early, it is entirely satisfactory, and late planting is better than no planting at all. “Pe point is te de the planting in the fall, or before the growth starts én the spring, Most of the Maryland scils will grow gocd large trees, and forty feet apart each way is about therright distance for planting, thus requiring twenty seven trees te tne Bere, These are the permanent trees, and since it will be many (-25-) vears before they will neea ail of the ground, a temporary tree, or "filler", mey be set between each two permanent trees in the row, :nd also a filler row between each. two permanent rovs., This arrangement makes the trees twenty feet apart each way, and requires 1038 trees per acre, The planting arrangement is subject to a great manyimodifications and may re adapted to a great diversity of conditions, The roots of the young trees should be pruned somewhat before thev are set cut. All injured wood should be 1 emoved, and the remainder of the roots cut back to a length ef from three to four inches. Tf a one year old whij is planted, it should be cut bach very severely in the spring. Branches are selected later to form the framework. The pruning of a two year old tree is different. Select from three te five branches well distri- buted around the trunk at different heights, tc form the main branches. Cut these back from one hava to two thirds, depend- ing upon variety characteristics, ete, Maxe the cuts close to an outside bud to facilitate healing, ana to open up the head. If the tree is to be headed low, the first of the main branches shoudd be twe reet or less from the ground. If it is to be high headed, the first branches should be three of four feet from the ereund. (-26-) "he low headed trees have the advuntage over the high headed ones in being easier to sjray, prune and gather fruit from. They are less liable to injury from heavy winds, and the dropped fruit will be less bruised. The fruit widil coior and ripen as well on low trees as on high ones, In planting the trees in mellew and weil prepared soil the holes need be only deep enough to recieve the tree ease ily. In hard ground or sod the hole shouid be three feet or more in diameter, and deep enough to set the tree two inches or more below the point at which it stocd in the nursery row. The tap soil and subsdil shovld be placed in seperate piles, and the top soil placed in the hole first. The soil should be well worked among the roots and firmed by tramping with the feet. “he hole shoutd be well filled withthe subsoil placed on top. A little loose soil should be sprinkied on to, in spring planting to act as a mulch to retain the moisture, Tf the trees can not be planted as soon as they are recieved from the nursery, they should be heeled in et cnce, Tnis consists in digging a trench in which to stand or recline the trees, and shoveiing earth over the rocts and a part of the trunk, This keeps the roots from drying out until the + (-27-) trees are wanted for planting. she pruning cpperations recommended for young trees in Maryland are as follows: lst vear- This consists of the pruning done when the trees are planted, but if an; new shoots tend to make the tree unsymmetrical the tips should be cut off in. summer to check their growth. “his summer pinching of unsymmetrical shoots should be done whenever necessary in the following vearB,. end vear=- Cut out all surplus branches, and prune back the foundation branches from one third to one haif of tnéir growth, making the tree symmetrical, and leaving the central shoot longer than the others. Avoid the formaticn of cretcnes as they ere sure to split down vith a load of fruit, and ruin the trees, 3rd year- Prune ag much as mentioned for tise second vear. If twigs have grown on the foundation branches near the trunk do not touch them except to cut back to one or two buds to induce the formation of fruit spurs. This may need to be done several times during the summer, Do not Let two branches rub or cross, but remove one cf them. (~28-) 4th veer, and following- Until the trees begin to bear the foundation branches should be cut back annually to make them short and strong to support heavy loads of fruit without breaking down. After fruiting begins, not much pruning is necessarv except to thin out excess growth and kee, the Bead well enough opened to let the sunlight in and permis all of the fruit te become well colored. In cutting or sawing a limb from the trunk, cr a small limb from a larger one, the cut should be made close up to the surface from which it is removed, so as not to leave a wu Stub. Wounds made by proper pruning neal over readily, but stubs seldom heal over, but they decav, and lead the decay i inte the trunk, tus wetkening and eventually Killing it. Wherever the orchard land in Maryland is not too steep, intensive cultivation should be practised, It should be piow- ed in he spring, as soon as the land is in good plowing condition, and then be thoroughl: harrowed to work the soil into good tilth. Every ten days or two weeks the harrow should be run over the ground to loosen it up, unless a heavy rain has packed it down in the meantime when it should be harrowed as soon as dry enough. The point is to maintain a fine loose dust mulch on the surface cf the soil to prevent whe (-29-) the evaporation of soil moisture. This harrowing or cultivating shoula be continued until about the first of August when as soon as weather conditions are favorable, the seed for the cover crop shouid be sown, The commercial fertilizer, if used, should be applied and worked into the soil just before the cover crop is sown, In this wav the cover crop gets the immdiate effect of the fer- £11izers and when the cover crop is plowed under the fclliow- ing spring it soon decays and makes available plant food for the trees. The cover crop thus chec.:s the loss by leaching, and renders the plant foods in a much more evailable form for the use of the trees the folleving year. The cultivation for the succeeding years it about the same as thas suggested for the first vear. In verv hilly or mountainous sections, this complete cannot safely be adopted in the orchards on account of serious washing away cr the soil. It mav he necessary to plow strips eight or ten feet wide along the rows in tne spring, and cultivate these until August when the middles may be plowed, the fertilizers applied, and the cover crop sown, A cever crop used successfully in Western Maryland is a mixture of crimson (-50-) and red clover. The crimson clever grows rapidly in the spring and after it blooms and die: down on the unplowed middles, the red clever takes its place, thus making a live cover crop until the ground is plowed in preparation for the fall sewing, Tt is a goed practise to grow sore early maturing hoed crop between the rows of young trees until they come inte bearing, but extra fertilizer or manure must be applied for this crop so the trees will not be injured. Such crcps as early potatoes, tomatoes, melons, sweet corn, and anythig that is no» late maturing is best. Late cultivation for late maturing crops may cause late growth on the trees, and if this growth fails to mature it may be winter kilied, After the trees are in good bearing, the orchara ought | not to be planted to any other crop, Most varieties will tear fruit five or six vears after planting and usually a profit- able crop is produced two or three years later, The age of bearing varies with varieties and location. Small grains lixe wheat, rye,or oats should never be als lowed to mature in the orchard, because they require so much moisture which they use at the expense of the trees, Yurther- more, thev cannot be cultivated so as to prevent the loss (-31-) of moisture by evaporation, In a few favored localities, orchards do well in sod. There must be plenty of moisture so that neither trees nor gress will suffer. Usually sheep or hogs are pastured in these orcherds and they add considerable fertilizer to tiie soil. Hogs root up the ground more or less, thus cultiv:iting it in patches, but this is expensive cultiv:' tion, If the grass recomes large enough it is cut and allowed to remain where it falls. Sod culture is not recemmended for l’aryland where it can he avoided. Muleh culture is a great improvement over sod culture, Tn this svstem not only the grass growing ¢n the graund is cut and allowed to remain, but a large amount of straw, man-. ure and other coarse material is addea to form a heavy muich especially under the trees, Tt is impossibie to say what is the best fertilizer to use because it all depends upon the age of the trees, condit- fon of the orchard, the kind of scil, and the treatment it has recieved for several years. Some soils are rich in pot- ash and dificient in phosphoric acid, while others are just the reverse, Stable manure in large amounts is a@iways accept- able, unlessthe trees are making a rank growth. Cover crops add much plant food and humus to the soil and are necessary. Commercial fertilizers a-e depended upon to supply what is Still needed. Tf a regular svstem of fertilizing and cover- cropping is followed, the fertilizer ought to be applied when the ground is fitted for the cover crop seed in August. In other practices it should be applied eariy in the spring. A well regulated system of cover cropping should, in most cases supply all of the plant food elements necessary, without the application of the commercial fertilizers. Straying is a hitherto much neglected opperation in Maryland, tut its importance is beng recognized, and many of the srowers are spraying their orchards carefully. It is bevond the scepe of this article tc go inte the detaiis of Spraying, bwt 87 idea ¢f the value of this prectise sicy be geined from the following article taken from Bulletin Number 14° of the Mervland Arricultural Experiment Station. ""he profits from spraving are even harder to estimate than the cost of the operation. In “he experimental orchard eat VMarshell Hall in 1908, the crop of apples frem the unspray- ed trees was negligeble, scarcely worth. the picking, while on the trees spraved, even those which recieved but © single (=3%-) treatment, the crop was, in spite of the fact the trees were small and the blossoms very light, worth two and a half dol- lars per tree. Previous to this time the owners had not real- ized anvthing from the orchard. "The vield of apples obtained from the sprayed trees in the orchard cf the station, is at least double that from the unspraved trees, and when, asp in the case here, tne yieid per tree ts in the neighberhocd of ten bushels on the sprayed tr trees, the profits from spraying are easily above two dollars per tree. In several ef the agemonstratvion orchards, the prof its were even more marked than those given abcve. in an orenerd where thare aré forty trees per acré, with an cutlay of less than twenty cents per tree or eight dollars per acre, the orchard can be made to pay from eighty to.a hundred dollars more than it weuld otherwise neve peaia, No ve one can doubt the wisdom of the investment, The average farn- er would not hesitate to invest a like amount in fertilizers for His crops, if he were sure of a preporticnate increase in the vield. The orchardist cannet negiect spraying any more then he can allow his fields to go unfertilizea," Tt 18 well said that half of the profits of fruit frow- (-34-) ing ‘depend upon the manner in which the crou is handled at harvesting time. The fruit should be allowed to remain on the tree until it i8 Tully grown and tell colored, *na the’ great- est care should be exercised in picking it. The apple should be removed from the tree by a rolling and bending motion, ana not jerled. Careless picking distroys many fruit spurs, and injures tie ir ait Ge bruising, Tf the etems aré pulled out, the Skins broken, or the Flesh bruised in any was, the fruit will not keep vwelj and its value is greatly reducea, All of the work in connection with the handling of the fruit shoulda be most carefully supervised. Picking baskets of all descriptions are manufactured €or Pick ine the fruit im, ond mest of them serve the purpese very well, The main precaution abcut using a basket is to see that it is well padded toe prevent the bruising of the apples during picking. Pickers frequently prefer to use sacks instead of baskets, and there are numerous styles of these. Most of these, however, are too bulky to handie easily, and the fruit is often severly bruised by crushing them against the ladder. Paiis for picking are very popular in some of the apple sections of the west, and they are weil adapted for handling the very fancy varieties of fruit. The very best fruit should be packed in boxes us it io in the west. The commission men and city dealers advise again- s+*~1it, because there is not as much money in the bushel box for them es in the barrel. Nevertheless, the box should be used snd forced upon them. It is certainly the coming pack for fanev eastern apples. The second grade apples, and those to be used for culinary purposes may yell be packed in the barrel. (-36-) Varieties of Apples for Western Maryiand. The list of apples reported to be adapted to and suc~ cessfully grown in “estern Maryland is very lerge. Over one hundred and fifty different varieties of prize wimning appies are recorded tc have been exhibited by orchardists in this section withing the past five years. The foliowing list of varieties and number of trees planted wili give scone idea cof the chief commercial varieties and their relative importance. This is a list of the trees planted by the Tonoloway Orchard Company up to the fall of 1910, This If one of the largest erchards in Marvland, Variety “rees Vorjety Trees Yellow “ransparent 3000 J]Duchess of Olden. 5590 We, Marly Red 1000 Red Astrichan 600 Summer Rambo 16000 licIntosh 500 wealthy 291) 2000 Jonathan 6000 Yellow Bellflower 1000 ~—s- Grimes 7000 Winesap 2000 Staynan 1000 Baldwin 4000 Ben Davis 5000 Rome Beauty LOOO York Imperial 12000 From the above iist one would have no @aifficulty in selecting (<3'7=) the varieties that are best adapted to the section in which this orchard i8 lecated. The following is a list of the varieties that are author- atively classified as well adapted to successful cultivation in +his region. “his includes all of the stanaard commercial varieties, and the most popular of the non-commercial variet- ies. Varieties that can. be grown successfully: Akin Boiken Alexander Buckingham Anerican Summer Pearmain Carter Blue Arkansas Black Chenango Strawberry Bailey Sweet Colton Baldwin Cox Orange Baverd Delicious Beach Dominie Ben Davis Early Harvest RPismark Early Ripe Riack Ben Davis Karly Strawberry Blue Pearmain English Red Streak (-36-) Esopus Spitzenburg. Falawater Fall Pippen Fall Wine Vameuse Gane Golden Russet Golden Srect Gravenstein Green Newtown Grimes Golden Haas Henrv Clay Hubbardston Jacobs Jonathan July Tompkins Fing King David Kinnaird (-39) Lady Lady Sweet Lawver Longfield Lowell McAfee MeIntosh Red Megnet Meiden Blush Missouri liother Newtown Pippin Nickajack Northern Spy Northwestern Greening Oldenburg Ortilery Paragon Peerless Pewaukee es BPE ae gy % ; ys Porter Primate Ranbe Red Astrichan Red June Redstripe Rhode Island Greening Rome Beauty Roxbury Russet 5t. Larrnence Shiavassee Seith Cider Srokehouse Stark Starr ntarmean “inesap Summer Champion Surmer Rambo Sweetheart Talman Sweet Trenton Early Vandivere Virginia Beauty Wagener Walbridge Wealthy White Pippén Williams Favorite Williams Red Wilson Red June Wine Winesap Winter Banana Winter Paradise Wismer Dissert Wolf River Yates Yellow Bell flcwer Yeilow Transparen., York Imperial (-40-) It is by no means advisable te plant all of the varieties given in the accompanying list. The selection. of vurieties is one of the most important points te consider when contemplat- ime Orehard plantings 16st of the varietis tn the lis will grow in Western Marvland, but many of them wili do far better in other sectics of the country and their cultivation sheuld be confined te those regions best suited for them, A most eareful study of all available information relative to the adaptabilit. of the different varieties to a region, should be made before selecting. (-41-) Déscription of Varieties cf Apple» and Their Adaptation to Western Mary.iand,. The following descriptions of varieties of apples and t their adaptation is taken chiefl: from Bulletin 135 cf the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department cf Agric- ulture. The information is the result of a survey meae in . LOGOS by Mir. Hs Py, Gould, Pomdlogist in ¢harge of Truitt dist- rict investigations, This survey was very carefully made, and the results are quite reliable. He states in regard to he variets problem, “fhek range of varieties is inree, the- ugh the commercial sorts which are extensively culviveted, are few in number, This territcry, especially the Blue hidge, is rich in iceal varieties, and seedlings which are not pro- Ppuigated in any nursery sre known oni: in the Locelities. where +hev are grown. It is prebabbe that some of the local varic- ties mav fill en importsnt place in the future cevelcpmant ef the apple industry in these regions, Some of them have recieved iccal names, but many or them have no particular designation." Varieties. Faldwin. "OROURN One ot the most importan winter sorts in the North, the Baldwin apple is relatively uhimportant in these regions. It is frequently found in the older orch- ards, especially in the Virginia portions. The tree is rather irregular in bearing in most of these orchards, and the fruit drops badly, particlarly at the lower elevations, In the mountain orchards, fruit of exceptionally fine appearance for the variety is frequently produced, Its behavior in typical piedmont and Blue Ridge locations is indicated as follows: On Porter's black loam at elevations of 1,500 to 2,500 feet, probably also on Porter's sandy loam at sim- ilar locations, fruit of high quality for the variety is produced. This is of excellen: appearance, and may be ex- pected to keep until the holidays, under favorable condit- ions. Good fruit is produced on Porter's clay at 1,500 feet elevation, but it does not have the keeping qualities of those from higher altitudes, In other sections, partic- ularly in Bedford county, Virginia, it is growing to some extent on other types of soil, such as Cecil clay, Cecil sandy loam, and Murrill clay loam, with an elevation of 1,000 feet or less, Under these conditions, it matures as (43-) early as September, and frequently rots and drops before it is ripe. A few growers who have the Baldwin apple in the mountain orchards, particularly those in the northern por- tion of the Blue Ridge region, find it fairly satisfactory for local markets. There are other varieties, however, thet are more reliable croppers and better adapted to these con- ditions." The Baldwin is not a reliable variet:.’ for commercial planting in @ryland. Ben Davis. "There are few varieties of fruit as widely distributea in as many sections of the country as ‘he Ben Davis apple, and in the Piedmant and Blue Ridge regions it is one of the comparatively small number cf varieties which have attained a recognized commercial importance, The tree has no conspic- vous faults; it begins to bear moderately early, usually producing considerably by the time it reaches six or seven vears cf age. The crops are produced mainly in alternate years. The fruit when well grown is very attractive in app pearance and is veluable for its keeping and shipping qual- ities, but it is notoriously poor in dessert quality. (-44-) "In genera 1 it may tbe said that this variey is well adapted to the conditions in these regions, aside from those at the highest elevations, though there are apparently some exceptions to this, which are probably due to lécal condit- ions. In the Georgia ana South Carolina portions of the Pied mont sections and extending to an elevation of perhaps 1,400 or 1,500 feet, some excellent results have been obtained with it where the trees have been given moderately high cul- ture and thoroughly sprayed. “ruit grown under these condit- ions, however, ehould be marketed by the holidays, as it may be expected to deteriorate rapidly if held later than this.” The Ben Davis apple is not recommended for planting in Marviand. Esopus. "No important commercial plantings of this veriety exist in these regions, but in very limited number of trees, it may be found in a few widely seperated orchards. At the lower levelys it usually drops prematurely, and even on the Porter's black loam at 2,000 feet elevation, it often rots and drops seriously. In Albemarly County, Virgin- ia, at an elevation of abcut 1,000 fect, and on what is pro- (-45-) bably Cecil clay loam, it is said to be unusually promising as indicated by the behavior of a limited numbei of trees," Not recormended for Maryland. Grimes. "The occurance of this var idy is quite general throught these regions, and though not as vet grown in many of the orchards, it is of recognized commercial value, the impor- tance of which is undoubtedly increasing. The tree is consiac- ered by fruit growers generally as short lived, but nc par- ticular complaints of this kind have been noted by the grow- ers here. However, most of the trees are comparativel, young/ The tree is satisfactorily productive as a rule, though un- der the usual cultural conditions, it has "off! years, as dc most of the varieties. "Experiance thus far indicates that Grimes is a desir- able varietv to grow both for home use and commercial pur- poses in most of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge secticns where the conditions are Suitable for the planting of apple orch- ards. The relative elevation appears to be an important face tor in its erfect upon the durability @f the fruit. Produced at elevations of 2,000 feet in the upper sections of the (~46-) Blue Ridge region, it may be kept under fairly, favorable conditions until early winter. Grown in Ceéil County at 1,000 feet elevation it lacks its rich color and high fla- vor, the size is somewhat smaller, yet this combination of conditions appears to meet the requirements of the variety fairly well." Grimes attains highest perfection in this section, and is highly recommended for Maryland. Jonathan. "This variety occurs oniy rarely, and reference is here mgaade to it because of the possible value it may pos- sess for these regions. The tree is not alwaysa s vigorous as might be desired, but usually no sericus difficulty exis- ts in this respect. Fairly early bearing is a characteristic Normally its season is late fall or early winter, but if grown at noderately high elevations it would probably reach maturity sufficiently late to permit of its being handled in cold storage, for which it is especially well adapted. It possesses exceptionally high dissert qualityand ranks as an important commercial variety in some sections of the country. Wh (-47-) "Its behavior in the few places in these sections where it is known to occur indicates that it is worthy of careful consideration by those who are planting orchards at an elevation of 1,200 to 1,500 feet or more withing hRhese regions, The finest specimens found in these regions have come from the orchards which have the highest altitude of anv of those in the Blue Ridge. Observations have been confined to young trees, " The Jonathan is highly recommended for lNaryland. Miaden Blush. "This is not @ prominent variety for these regions, and has been mentioned only occasionally, but most of the reports concerning it.are favorable, On Cécil sandy loam at elevetions of 900 to 1,000 feet, it is inclined to rot sev- erely, but on the more clayey soils of the Piedmont region it does well. Its season of ripening varies considerably, ranging from summer to early fall. In some sections of the country where apples are grown extensively, this is a com- mercial sort of importance," It would be well for fruit growers on the higher ele- vations to give Maiden Blush a trial. (-48-) Rome Beauty. "Although this is a well known variety and well dis- tributed, it is rarely found in the regions in question. As a rule, wherever it has been planted it is growing under some other mame, and only a tree or two of it in a place. MY’st of the trees in this region are young, hence the varie- ty has not been tested for a sufficiently long period of time to definitely determine its merits. It appears, how- ever, to be promising for this section, especiali;, in the Blue Ridge region, and to be worthy of attention by those who are planting orchards or even small collections for home use. Rome Beauty is well recommended for Maryland. Winesap. "This is one of the four or five great commercial var- ijeties of the Piedmont section, «nd as & general-purpose winter apple for the Piedmont conditions, it is one of the most uniformly successful and satisfactory sorts grown in this region. The trees often begin bearing when they are theee or four years old and usually produce paying crops when six to eight years ¢ld. While not producing heavy crops (-49~) every year, they are more nearly annual than those of most varieties, especially when the trees are maintained under good cultural conditions, "} + + conditions in the northern part of the Piedlont region at 1,000 to 1,200 feet elevation do now produce the best results, and in the southern counties of Virginia, the conditions produce very excellen fruit, but less satisfac- tery results are secure d at points having eievations which much exceed that of the piedmont region, while still further south this variety can be grown at higher altitudes than is possible in the northern portion of the Piedmont. Its behay- ie~ thus indicates in an interesting way the corresponding relationship between altitude and latitude in their influec- @e upen the tehavior of this variety." The “inesap is well recommended for Liaryland and is especially well adapted to the lower elevations. Yellow Newtown. Synonyms: Albemarle Pippen, Newtown Pippen, New York Pippin, Virginia Pippin. "Tn these regions, the synonmy first menticned is the name by which this variéy is universally known, though the leading varietal name, according to the rules of the Amer- (-50-) ican Pomological Society, is as indicated. It is one cf the fev prominent commercial sorts of tmese regions, and doubt- lessranks first in importance, It is grown to some extent the entire length of the Blue Ridge rerion, but more exten~ Sively in Virginia and North Carolina, than at points fur- ther south. While it ranks as one of the teading commercial Sorts of these regions, and doubtless bears a more flatter- ing reputation than any of the others, there are comparat- ively few growers who consider it as profitable as some of the other varieties, and it is being planted extensively at present only in a few restricted sections, The greates pos- Sibilities of this variety can only be realized when it is grown under the best cultural conditions, As better methods of orchard management are adapted in these regions, it is possible that it will increase in commercial importance in the future for planting in locations to which it is espec- jally well adapted, because of the high favor in which the fruit is regarded both for export and domestic markets, and the relatively high prices which it generally brings. "The tree makes a Slow growth, and under usual methods of culture in these regions is late in coming into bearing. (-51-) It seldom produces crops that are of commercial value until it is twelve years old, and in the experiance cf many grow- ers, not until it is 18 or 20 years old. It is unusual for the tree to bear fruit of commercial consequence more often than every other year, and many orchards do not produce crops oftener than eve y three or four years, and even less in nu’ erous cases. The orchards which are given the best cul- tivetion are, as a rule, the ones which bear most regularly and abundantly and are relatively the most profitable. The tree is quite subject to twig blight in comparison with many other varieties, and bitter rot attacks the fruit quite seriously in some cases. The latter, however, yields readily to spraying, and hence is regarded with less con- cern than formerly." Yellow ‘lewtown is not highiy recommended for “‘aryland, but would probably do well in some secticns under the best conditions. York Imperial. The distribution of this variety is quite general thr- cught the southern apple growing region, The tree is fairly vigorous and healthy aside from its succeptability to blight which is soretimes serious, The tree begins to bear compar- atively young, end frequently produces profitable cro;js at Six or seven years of age. "Tt appears to be less influenced by soil conditions than by elevation. In the Piedmont orchards having less than 1,990 to 1,200 fect elevation serious rotting and prenature dropping are apt to occur, end while frequent excepticns to hhis have been observed, it is sufficiently constant to suggest that extensive plantings of it in this region should be made cautiously, if at all, except in the northern por- tion where it appears to be more free from serious fauits than almost any other commercial variet, that is being grown and is considered one of the most profitable sorts. In the Blue Fidge region above an elevation of 1,200 to 1,500 feet premature dropping is generally less severe than at lower points. Especially satisfactory results havé been usually obtained on Porter's clay at these riddle elevations, where heevv crops are expected at least in alternate years. If heavy droppings occur in such cases, a sufficient quantit:; of fruit usually remains on to result in a heavy crop. At higher altitudes this is consicered a valuable variety es- pesially in North Carclina, where it has grown at 2,900 to 3,500 feet altitude. (-53-) "It is frequently found advisable to harvest the crop of this variety somewhat earlier than that of most cf the other commercial sorts on account cf its tendency to drop, but this is not necessarily and objection in large orchards where the harvesting must extehd over a considerabie period of time." The York Imperial is a popular and reliable variety in “Waryland, where it is ailarge producer and a good keeper. It is a very profitable sec@nd grade commercial apple, for which there is a uniform demand, Other varieties recommended for planting in Western Marviland are the following; Stayian Winesap. ThiS variety is claimed by some to be the best commercial apple for Marvland. The fruit both in size and quality is far superior to the variety Winesap, from which it originated. It is hardy, vigorous, and long lived. It comes into bearing early and yields profitable crops the 6th or 8&th year. King David. A standard high grade apple. In size medium to lerge. Good keeping qualities. Tree is a vigorous grower and hardy. It is an early bearer, frequently yielding a (-54-) good crop by the fifth vear. The variety ripens in early winter. Winter Banana. The fruit is medium to large. Th e skin is thin and of a light yellow or cream color. Owing to its thén skin and tender flesh, its shipping qualities are con- B8iderably impaired, It is avery fancy fruit and bring the highest prices when grown to perfection, It is an early winter variety, and is not a late keeper. The tree is hardy and vigorous. [It bears early and frequently yield crops the fifth or sixth year, Wealthy. Medium to large in size. It has both good quality and good keeping qualities. Ripens in the late fall, but the fruit keeps well until early winter, The tree is vigorous and hardy and yiels well under most conditions in the regions to which it is adapted, It frequently bears by the trird or fourth year, and for this reason it is recom- mended as a filler, but it i8 a good perminent variety as well, Wagener. The fruit is of medium size, highly flavored, and of good quality. Usually comes into bearing very early but is often short lived. An early winter variety. The tree yields a fair quantity of fruit. This variety is recommen- (-55-) ded only as a filler, The varieties recommended above are merely suggestive, and are by no means conclusive. An attempt has been made to include the best varieties adapted to this section of the country, but there are probably others which are as good or better, but they have not been sufficiently tried out as yet. In general, therefore, these varieties are adapted to Western tliarvland conditions, but the grower must seléci those best suited to his own locality. INDEX, Page Early History of the Apple 1 -" Conditions in Western Maryland 5-14 General Characteristics of the Region Lo-i7 Soils 17-20 Temperature 20-21 Frosts 2a Rainfall 21-22 Suggestions for Orchard lianagement 24-56 Varieties of Apples for Western “Varyland 67-41 Notes on Varieties of Apples and Their Adaptability To Western *aryland Conditions 42-56 (-57-) Bibliography. American Pomology by John A. Warder. Fruit Trees, by William Coxe, Culture and Management of Fruit Trees, b: Witliam Forsyth. The Practical Fruit Gardener, by Stephen Switzer. The New American Orchardist, by William Kendrick. American Fruit Culturist, by John J. Thomas, Fruits and Fruit Trees of America, by Charles Downing. Principles of Fruit Growing, by L. H. Bailey. Encyclopedia Of American Horticulture, by L. H. Bailey. Magazine of Horticulture, by Hovey. 18435, etc. Pamphlets, descriptive of conditions in *estern Maryland, published by Mertens Company, Cumberland, liaryland. Apple Culture, Bulletin 144, Maryland Experiment Station. Plant Diseases and Spray Calender, Bulletin 145 , Maryland Experiment Station. Bulletin 151, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agric ulture, Summer Apples in the Middle Atlantic States, Bulletin lya, Bureau of Plant Industry. Orchard Fruits in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Regions of Virginia and the South Atlantic States, Bulletin 155, (-58-) Bureau of Plant Industry. The Apples of New York, by S. A. Beach. The American Apple Orchard, by F. A. Waugh. Year Book of the U. 5S. Department of Agriculture, 1907 -'10. ae ss 8 ? ee Ste >; =< I) = ee eee ice aise SS aa ese 5 Say > iat = Sa yeeesgue See Sees = = ote ae = aS = = = aS Coben 2 eed A Rainey pace He oN Petes nea Be py) ae cua me K Mendis ee Pe ee 5 aaa Poe iD Pea PUPP RNP eaee ote EEE LT eo) DP re ie i BLOT ‘ i eed ip f (NU At PO Sy Ahi, , regis la oi Brie y eae Bae ey sites tee Md Rar meee H yeh Pan He Repo TSE FSP if Sores ath Ae ares itr R PDs , ei iso se 7 Heaton KAM G ea: ye DOC Cara y SPW oa Vir PP ry ora oy Maat * best . 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