Boas Saabs be Se SaaS e Dae e aetna eees se Paseo : See ee ese pears: Se ee asete 739 0 D9 0 oO Mirae letras | {frou oan Ef CH sara Et uy wet Re pay y Mew Dork Htate College of Agriculture Qt Cornell inithersity Ithaca, M. DV. Library ornell University Library SFP S1. 1912 Dr. David Robe ET 1924 003 444 795 nam 3 9 DR. DAVID ROBERTS’ PRACTICAL HOME VETERINARIAN ELEVENTH EDITION Revised to 1912 COPYRIGHT 1912 By DAVID ROBERTS D V. 5S. PRICE $1.00 Published by DR. DAVID ROBERTS’ VETERINARY CoO. 500 Grand Ave., Waukesha, Wisconsin, U.S. A. Dr. David Roberts Starting Out on a Special Dairy Train. Dr. David Roberts Addressing Live Stock Breeders on Diseases of Cattle from Special Dairy Train. 9 “ Dr. David Roberts’ Practical Home Veterinarian A BOOK CONTAINING much valuable information on the care and treat- ment of Cattle, Horses, Swine, Sheep and Poultry, and a review in alphabetical order of the diseases to which they are subject, together with the causes and symptoms, and the most efficient medicines for each. Also illustrations of a model dairy barn, different breeds of cattle and horses, and modern methods of administering treatment. Written and Compiled by DAVID ROBERTS, D. V. S. Cattle Specialist. President of DR. DAVID ROBERTS’ VETERINARY CO. 500 GRAND AVE. WAUKESHA, WISCONSIN. DR. DAVID ROBERTS FORMER STATE VETERINARIAN OF WISCONSIN General Index of Dr. David Roberts’ Practical Home Veterinarian Page ItKOUUCtOT YM cvascaces ie eeceg ose Cosme agen rien G7 eae cas Sen ee ara nene er orcegmae 14 Portraitof Drs David Roberts... sec: Phi sees Pav n eee ee Ree eke 4 BiograplyCalsSREtChie si. cag1h's cd lsoe: Oris meh boaanteys adiadund sows cbs eaeusl tae ance reed: 16 To the: Veterinaty “ProtesstOnasasunn Grp ceian ad urease ew cea eee ne seme 17 Department of Pree Advices: snes entire our eae oes eee a ee 18 Laboratory and: Expértimient: Statiotirs) px eccdasinac cccenten dat beac ota Le enays 18 Howto: Beaming av Sicle Amimallixi sys vette, te atetiaine aerancwse AAA per mu ar oe comera aides 18 @areand Treatment of a-Sick: Animal scaaccc eet Gu ye edu candace eae ae oro 19 Never Drench Catel Genect cect esis saacs saan lors G:teitoe ducati rs ee tea lial 19 How to-Give-a Cow Medicines « avec ys wen anew an ave a Reva aor e LO 20 Stock Tonic, How to Make Your Own... 0.0.0... c ccc ccc cece eens 151 WBablesotuG estate iit scars, -coims Sic yane a acwene Bed oe tepee ee eer etal at and Sel otaecearea aes ends aan 20 Method!of-Throwing: Cattle: ooo ean cee one aun eee Thdas eee Sele ee eae 20 Deseription
    calented, .RA AA ROME Shen me alse scan tt eMail 54 6 INDIEN—CATTLE SECTION. Page Afterbirth—How to Prevent Retention. ......... BEE Lee Ren pn at pt etc eae eee ee 55 A Tterbintli: Reet Cd— TOW COMI PCa es 5. ate ect cccreestete olen ances Galbrarn ey eva eevee noes onto 57 Anthrax—Symptoms and Treatment......... ar Lah arin ean aah aa ag ye batter 58 Appetite Depraved ..... siete oS Agi 1 eR pete ohn Stee iN one P Ae R Ne 58 BAEC IUN CSS Cla US Cag alec ees penis pene etic cata ra eae em eV a ea He uae ade aed he 59 Barrenness—How to Treat........... at apa nome tee Dee EAI Da nen ine REALE, 61 Black (beo-—Canise aid) Treatinneintcsi/s2 ¢eddus a aieneiess uct ales Some a lead booth CER SE 63 Bloating—How to Prevent and Treat............... ef V ILE uate cei ae 62 BGO PGISOnine* svar y er ee oe knees at eR eC sees Be Ne ken ceils CA aa ade FN A 63 BOnls—iowe stor diets x ket cud rte ence ae bi ae Oye hee pists ein ae an ein 2. 208 BOVE pe SUG PP UG Ces cy pens kee hey oe aa bees Sue eit ince ee Media HN RW sire WATE ack pra peer 63 sromchipis-—=Canlse——ELOws toe Uareats 5 nace ele ae ee heehee Voce: 22 eet A eevee eye 64 Calf Cholera—lHow to Know It and How to Prevent It......0.0.............. 64 Cali Clore ra hon to; sre atras cops ne aaes a euecll ae Giger ekcuntin Sue va ardaieleemern Akers oe 66 Galt TndieestiOn=-TOw tos INnGMelt, ose sails Peg ahs ee eae es ane ren ale inate 67 (aT aos Bas east 5h sn tedaln Oech 4 se: sty Vien eee eatta ad a eli toterh gs eager NES 67 Casting the Withers, or Expulsion of the Womb......... 0.0000. c cece eee 67 ast atin Gone As wamecate watery mh aenan Mt oasees eta cus cece Ch kates Sadek cy Sac ca Gaon 68 Gatarrhaly deer es Tera CV OIt seceid weccswecsersouiten onus weer eer Map etes ew ett pea ee a 68 GO Kan GS iyo. neeeeiaca awe neeel cutee leer NN es dance wa int Scene MARIN Sine tee OA Cares RON 68 (Gelearia Taian Na Ong poet gt cman eA age genn cae a AERA te ret a tt Avs Monee een ON geen aot ds 68 Gio SEG Wt Ter atic Ae ins teehee Sara tps id Sea pe tee OR Si wt RCT are lea 69 Golic: or ‘Cramps—=Syniptems and) Treatnent, 00. ean es sv eee ghee 69 GGnStip atic iain Calwesuraccc nanan ineureaa cutee a encan lute Teco cist ae Mastic a aca 69 ° Gonstipationvor Stoppage of Bowels ay Cattle... nic ccwa gates woman aie eure ees 69 (COME Or AP ROA EIST, a eves ee en eae Po a camer mat vivant ctona wha fod tana 69 Dehormiie EO we tor Operates i taassla ws tee dias sesh ad ye Aathaltlat Sea meegee a tianciad ok paket & 70 Diarrhoea ti -Cattle—How to. Ureate dt. 17.2 aac seuss senna reams Pas 70 yerDisedses =I reatmenty sce warawan nese ratn ae ure henne auaty eee a Ey aaa 70 Fevers—Use of Fever Thermometer—How to Control Fever.................. 71 Fustula HG wrtov linea tac 2) icc cate ei Oe ere Gn oem me f a) nee ona 71 TROOEs DISEASE: weer akan occ aver atl Wa Sie seanraece Rey yay iceueue a: Ue ee io eu ah aA cen ee 71 Founder—How to Know It—The Treatment.........0... 0.000.000.0000 eae He, TAOS baite ss lere mttayenl ty ik < conte soa Mie tone wei tees Sa eae clea eters REE nn Sinn clare ENE 72 Garget or Caled! Udder-—THowste: SCE eat eer cieeutiie iy vyweng agus wetweho vie Lins 72 Genitalydiseasevss Sees ae cas nike ee al rere eam UNI oath sceeiat) ae neon yh he REM Rk ed eae 73 (GeStatisine Peta dl 42th hel sas cal eae steer Zot ee tide earshot eoromeys EIR Ae Nemec 73 Gonotrheca: ti: Bulls Elow> t6, Mreats s ccs es ents see. «gates Wee eee ee tees 73 Grass:Stageers— TPreatnient fOr Sameer garg: ccuyeciceeoh Oc weds ae eaubolele ao tune 73 (Grebo s Ore Wa CS yee a su ee aa rah ane rad hes UR ones Mamata eee eS! 73 arg Bal istams Cattlereney cs psec co ccmeiin eiventge wees ecient ce a pata g at het codec oa 74 letaredan inl eiise Auten cncutten Mth pekaaln ee a alta monies a RR MiGee the Mee AMA tent A gh 74 lindigestron: aiid) stlre-sReine tyr 2.2 6 ane wae atend cx odee aewla aGwans epajacaua ahs wee eens 74 lnflammationsof the Daimes-—Flow 16. “Vl redte. no Bee 2 oe ea he se cre ae oes ae 75 Inflamniation of the Womb—How to Treat.c.....c.6 cede fea wave de teen ees 75 Innammation: of the Udder— The Treatinente.:cadiaeenanine extacteers eaten es a 75 Inflammation of the Testicles—The Treatment............. 000.2 c eee ee eee eeeen 75 Inflammation of the Tongue—The Treatment............00 0020. c cece cece eee 75 [nflammation: of the Joints—The Treatments sss: agusn cn canes omens ee eens coe 75 GG hate Bs Soke da catct my cis teats teeta ee oeny ena ieee ances nents oneal peta any ata ad hat 76 Toh ness 4 SAS et eo ce tereecennt ang kackern gaits Mh eRe NOES ce foeeltn Woh cages eye MDS atic 76 INDEX—CATTLE SECTION. 7 Page Thead (Poisoning sof Gather. c..4 pte aka nee ee ueute eis Be Gare wean ailomeeartee te 75 Leucorrheea or Whites—The Treatment....... 0.00000 ccc cece cece eee nents 76 TSG ake shea te: canis 3 eirehan cee orcas aytalateectea erancls Aullaara ctv rook tie an Pau ekoe RUA) atecsgk on 77 Luiip Jaw: ons esas Sse aw as oes neh ie ba ote cera eee RTS 7é TSG SPO VER ba. 35 sti alot Moreh ube dient tage alelua ire are Phyetive aang nares 77 Maimimitis—=Causé. and). Treatnientiachs vsevccevcitecn cic sie ninns aoe ee pak Sones 78 AVES S RIB 1 cp Mie eat ceategenegt cra ee deh Secrets he ace TTR PIER Cmte Re ete ee 78 Milk: Reversor Parturient: Banestssacarc «-cow.d eens olen anemone oma Sater ganeatee 78 Milk. Bloody: “or -Stringy— Treatment: vise ven conde wa eetoe tien aoe eae ee 79 Navel Diseases: Of Cale... sc saci aia toa au cotiuete © eens ductuind ea caer Delon anna 79 Paralysis-or- the: .Bowellsias aan. vcnae ce acne ceca erm deem Discs somos veadornre 60 Paralysis: of thé Hid Pattswas sacaweveu ges ek eu ey hn e uaog es quate beceeee 81 Parle VBE | seas mainline Se Guia Mahe Set le ALL ec a tase Jee nutes ee BBR ueeAle Puch ake hse Seagienadde tate eNNe 81 Rabies Letyie Stee kets ie rortamece pete ess wn ge oats meee ae enn Eanes dee pari 81 Red Water iii sCatihes =< ccutcn ctor sah Cee reg Wes Aes od ce Gees Se ue ts ee ue 81 Rheumatisin=—Cause sands Lreatimentscs scan cuiadeie 3c acs ahaa ad meine > mabe aeons &2 Ringing Bulls-—Use: of roGar:aractes cas oaivadee sane cio eee see en ay eos &2 Rineworm—f he: (Cause. wie wuss 5 ce he bee Gad eae aed eee arenes tal ats 2 SOUS 1m CAVES ee tdi cnc tanc sta ees ait Shh A ah ALE tus Wel eat ces gre A Pee Iai anss yaecre Si Bta spas 82 Siin, Diseasés=Llow. to. reat «nore nanan nas arte San an peewee uacees 82 Slobbering=—Hlow: to (Preatacten gccok s See aes ake oe te ea pins wen 82 Sores Mouth=“Preatiment: co:8 cnobc cutee ietue Lt dunn oe ttn et eattiarnc BE Rattus de mats 83 SG ee oS Fi Oa ber Sate ek Aare ns rial Sekt cnet Base at em Lae aseni rd tn ARO 83 Sprairis=HoOw 16: "Lneateatsncanwcqiausgoes 5 tok eee Se eee OR eta &3 Sunstroke Treatment: (cia 50S s nce hae ee AEE Solem omen oe es 83 Suppression ‘of Milk—Treatmenty cmtvacnpins cee consa neath ed ea ayhak ena ae 83 Surgical Opetations-\s. c4Usancads en aanta eet etal eee ieee Aaa ea core Gas 83 Meat Stoppage or Strichune’s aces aiden ci cant Kiem ie a Nn een onae ton ahah agtas 3 PRGA te SORE eS ent cnc tacsae es rd ein ge & aa eee AEN a Gla ngars ian & Oana mere see 84 TRE cites WaT ES totter eA ee eta seas eared ese NAN ai amin eae aed Ad MAN i ay aati 84 Tiles — FLOW sbO< DD CSELO View gsm a tacos reer Bite Aiba EA actors Mem Fon Sheath A csiceataneetele 88 TGberculosis— Mow too Wnow Utes: science Fehler mean ne heer as 85 Tuberculosis—=How to Apply: Mestiiiisios ak acee cease aeete comomga aera 86 Tumors Lhe: Lreatinent: succes ce oowiosea tates ae eee alutaaa Ne coan seals 87 Wicers—= How “fo. rea twa catadics pean ale fae eh oe a acca aa amend Savarese 88 Wirine eebALTieG” souk ck Sach fala ud Semana eangarer ska cero aa ens ore whats walle a pert 88 Vomiting Treatment” vxxasc cea een Ge einai lta Ran Batre eee 8&8 Warts ieee RRS Ee CBI eno ey eet ns aca eh mec ah a ccd onc cencwlitree nay toc oriaacnar iets 89 Wounds tow: to: bi eal Wen eiis echo annie hidse ta signs Sep Ee a eR ae 4 a das 89 Prescriptions—For Cattle Ailments—Tabulated.. 0.0.20... 600... eee ee 174-183 HORSE SECTION. EDT SCOR See Bee RSS SE eh baw ans eerting soe ate aking oe neatons asleep ee tal 101 LOLS ees NGOs Sic esnehone po costars y maieat aeenle ere lnk a Wee cares eee are nna laeeas 101 Draft: Horses. -ccseck ota wes: pee Ce ee hited neti ile Rare Shiai a a 102 Symptoms and Treatment Of Diseases Of ithe: FlOrses:wa5 cae naparneaiee oer seen 107 Abortion in Mares, or Slinking of the Foal...... 0.0.0.0... cece eee 107 PPSCOSS= = OW LOM Teather Ae teyantericratrm neta tadreasen namie re nize AAOMs dasha or tind seus tua Hs me 107 Asthma TPreatinent: «0.0.08 vaegeeaeiay sueae Ga vaneee Mees weed emt 107 Azoturia, or Paralysis of the Hind Parts, and Treatment of Same............ 107 Barrenness in Mares: 3240 sen: satan es sre ate heres Sep eae eens 108 8 INDEX—HORSE SECTION Page Barrenness in Mares—Ilow to Vreat............. een ee ee een es 109 Bloating—How to Treat..... : Se eeigid = ernereiete Sree schon 109 Blood -Poisoningo.kes 35 sate ae Pe RAE Rey Se TSE ann NN 109 Bog Spavin—How to Treat Oe ee eee 109 13 OWE: SPaAvalay Ahh, Gite eae ih ; Noh Rane wees sense a Rare ees 2 laren ed ona act 110 Broken Knee—How to Treat.... Fa el ne RES Ae NEON Sch Pete ane st Suse! 110 Broken Wind—How to Treat.... Ce Reh Aa PEA RTP ERI em MAR Mae ea 110 3ronchitis—How to Treat.............. Ants eka eect peda ane eeounegs re 110 3ruises—How to Treat...... SNe A Seta CN STAs Bee MA SY SOR CEE La es 110 Bruises of the Frog—How to Treat..... sea al ce Cerne ean Apel al nee 110 Buknis: an Scalds—Tireatinenit. ss secre eke eens atk eae elie ae wre ea aca 110 Calk Wounds—How to Treat....... meee untae Beart. pe Ra ch Ru heh tne narra nant 111 Gapped Elbow or Shoe Bolle Tl reatireiil oc ae.a cease Raed a eweewe kone 111 Gappe duiGee: ore eit een oe Ae cise cece VEN, met ek ices Ne ean enaele Mab he wamew neha suena 111 Gapped shock =o we tO ll Gea bic cso. cer pecusnia eartne accrue yba sree enn stanlaescsntudts 111 Castration, or Cutting Colts—How to Perform the Operation................. 111 Gatarrhal>bever—H ows Gv iat... ees heath dn cd a ieee salen 2 aoe veers 111 CROKE SHO We 10; SEROAR Cn cuesncckcceenigharn mnatiate na eieewinh ern ceeds WAAR Get cert nneadti 112 GockedAnkles-—How. tov reatins sec watne nau ads es Meee e eee ae ee ee ee 112 Goldin Sel Cad “EL OW: ston heath sh a anret) ton: ots hina te oe fk ta eneene a tanks Gl eres 112 EOC sali we WON shea Ebgcgssyen ers ga erhcec cis eA ee pea ety wale cierto eae fee ern 113 Constipatrou— How sto. pediterec3 sco as es ee is erie ive ne nas pea ah eae 113 Gore Owe tomcat ancek sake oon as zee oe SPA Creat AUNT H! SAN AO ATL 113 Gomes ETO we tok Ma Cate cutie Sscuse eects er mots bak he alas Anon tn aoe tomes Ameren oee ce Alsen 113 Cracked: (Flreels-— Flows t0)Dreat 5 caw ee ey cess Cui Ae een wa reese 8 Gora ae ge 113 Craimip:Of JiGintS-- Elo Wato Treats ccc tans apse D Boke aie DRE Sad alia ee 115 Gil be el Ow whole area beyay ee weer Mey a a orien OAD Riya ett RRL heee Na SRG Rien 115 Diarencea=—ElOw? “tO. mean. 45 sek i nae Oo wie INN hr a rene te hae are Sak Wo ae 115 ISTE PCE ssa nade uae 6 at aA sah es ie wes & ARGUED ER A toads Sect ee ree 115 Drench=—-How sto rence liar: aisle Aaa eee mune Mine syed: Udeyasaiaine Sa cteceaites aes 114 DEO pSV =O WAG ekeat .& vencre teh aes ot ce Cate daa a eae Ras aig ee Ce UR eat 116 Dysentéry—= The! “Ereatment) ciccsp aca aay Qomiganh sink San RE Aee Rach clad he nate aR 116 ECZ Cima O Wat Ox LInCatt eterno ors enact eens 2 entails Se NN Blais sot tropes 116 HEVERSIONPOr, ULETUSs a eaa.e cee oen ge Loaakde ty aausig ede ae nasa Bae che sig cab leach nage 116 Eye: inflamination Home tO Treat oc on Aiéae pee qucrceaiiad eho on aoe 116 Meer —= ErOwn Oo nt Callie ie aca yor Woe Sars wesc er ae yate eo aes CSU RUN Reyne = acl 116 Hrs tila Thos ste es beats tate Mero ot een nt haa Bronce ee aaratern Slaten Meccan eter ee et baa 116 Bilatulenten Colic== HOw stor ne altos «sere cen een ceadacevnnpans che vow w afte nels web eye Sacer atone 117 Plies Prowto; Get RAG: O fiscs wee Seu we. cus Ween ty saad gee mone sae nelle acrtne peenteaners 117 TOA itd Oar wees ys tarsta EAA A as SEERA RATE es Ee AT PETE cE RA Oe ee neh 117 Rounder Gatise anid: Cirea ten tics: cuatnt in sone ae gotethd seated cities eee ipeseetoun ate bob 117 Glanders—An Incurable Disease, How to Know It. 2.420. .2: 00.4; 28002 eeae eee 118 (Greases Reel ——RLOW sit Os eat wcrc se rela gear a aoreaseeuchernts ene Racha caste ek alanis toca ae Seep soe 119 Harnessor Collar Galls=Flow toi mean asec cee ab on tee ate ee tes AAs 119 Hea €S— home to wal eae, Aes eek vice Bd eee vives Se on nee Ne Se area den nat an 119 FIP PEde 5 cuccttiwecoy ee bowed ots eee oi eM NEe a OEE etadaanes Laee ous onan RS wee ens ahs 119 TAMpActlON Olathe: Baw ellseiaie vetoes seas als sea elt ecath ala We idoers te nee cast para Seo 120 Indigestion, or “Out. of ‘Condition’ —The Treatment: ssa: ey eeameracie 2 adie eee 120 ibnidenzae= LO we Tam RRC ates ta ac raercies ian cen chacetentin TRA GIAO lat Sate NA gonle ZBlate selon aes 120 Ens cctions— ows tor JA dinaii Ste ras 2 ne een gee des dacat et es Sayaka Aw Cade Gav aa ets 122 Kidney Disease—How to Treat...... 20.2. ce cece cee ete cece ees 122 INDEX—TIORSE SECTION. 9 Page Thamiteniess—Tlow “to: Tredtsissacuce yeea seas heeded pen es SESE da Sees tees 122 WMAINeNESS——Deep-Seated sai sole e250 ad-aiee esse BA roles Pusha ask e Gnaed agtaseamer Bee 122 Laryngitis How: 167 Uireate sank anoe dotunseocnces oad wakew mpd Aeon sere hee A grees 123 Leucorrhea—H ow: sto: TReatae sie cacoacss nee eran 4 aah Rie Bee Re 123 Ts1GO=- EL Owe COs DIESER Onis S25 caceeveitstecacocharauaannenah tee oc aes vonent aes a oneal espns ane Gnaeus 123 Usui. Rever— Flow tor orca ties wnanseearme rarer mo tomes uacceaeteahieie Mee rere duet hn lal tA ads 123 Isyi phan eitis—— El Ow? tor Werea tessa avec vtucaw es oa aoa atahownbatarice ea each asact Sok onbieae senate 124 Mange——EHowr toe Wireath acute rae, ten ne penis cn ee a Radel vomits one nomeman aia hoch 124 Moon Blindness=-How: to: Dreats oc.euidoace cis webe ooenee ees eee Ee 124 Mouth Sore— Tow: 16, Er a te canted eacvanaciia dang. pomronsebeaae 258.5: ty fualalavano Mer deaepaye a eunaaee ee 124 Nasal: Gleet=Floweto.- tinea tacicos senecectht ys cheuct card exes a emus ou ener asta ala Ror 124 Navel Disease in Colts—How to Treat......... 00.0 ccc cee cee eee ene enna 125 Navicular Lameness—How to Treat.....00. ccc cence ccc ee seca eeeeeneeeteces 125 © pein Jit TO We £60 ea take anys arate lov veces A a eres Be TE Sener 125 Paralysis—=Elow tO- ct ea tives 303 2c cis acbecvact: oe ea Gere eis toes ane op RAL ch aOR 125 Rarasites==El Ow? HOGI eStEO Vans wiusea eave ah catunie da earsaluv diy samme wereuniena nee eEeen 125 Parturition=-Carei Duming: oo ve ycrce geese rows GMOS Caca nae Sets See ee ORN aS 126 IB en istper eve ecu een tase tote e hAeG rme ae PER gh iat mater BRC ii see ee A ese cia Weer er 126 Pharynsitis—Hows tor Uinedbas ssc acaean leno natn Hae hOn S ace ne os A aes Mec ace 126 Taal Si destk Meese astaeasi Sarvabeneage ey ini joosciet eh man At rece ha eae ig hese RUE pA RRR rere ARR ee OES 126 Pimples How. 40> Ute ait. 55 cee cannes Ahn, Sed (oases ra 133 WirrmesRetarned Owe: sinatra yee tas 2 tie Mubeavrs. On ulcers tani tee ee he ations encase 133 A Weaasts Flo wir dor HR EMIONE tii tis va eeae AY whee te Mek ee ah bten UM wi = ere A Ah cence ered iy tae 133 Wank er Ohket=—klOwW fOr llantateias norte tts scan cua nhs meee An eudlete SA ws 133 WWaitichs (Gall S===Rlowmrto wlloteales 68 een nade chem oero ce en Aap ici Ripe Keyed ORR eee 133 WIE Ge GUT ES ase ces he eines seal m Rec ences mnt aa nahracn a AMA meade BUC UR. g wecveencelby dah nd 134 WWcG hiiS = Peat b> LOR a node Ae bo Oe ed Ae te AAR os Be Se ban eh rv a 134 Wiounds Ero witor Gare torte Ao ncn Na abe ci te RW aeE as RS RIS Secor tor gi on 134 Horse Owners Give Their Expenencess: o:4 2 259 eas pny ne ateaend ¢ whew ieee: 136 Prescriptions for Motse Aiments—T ablated 20... cca cca ceaanes aetac. 177-181 SWINE SECTION. Gare said Nia aeienreniti ab 4S Witte: tase a eek ee Gere aie ae ican edie een inert ates ae ee 138 SGleCHO IN: pcaiee eas yen Re rae Sane ee aaa a fou nN NUM eet melon Renu teal gunn hr 138 CE NCA A nahi ris od c. ohevins Hebi tac iain, hin lay a aN a eate NSIS ulehan sd Shae aU Nain ede Ga nen oy 138 Hows tomGebtsBiest. dveStilt Que iua a a carrito cise haere Uaaia ALAS, lou ands is oh egies tds 139 S PAHS SO Seca pette, zoo kehy Wika erences eB mtr cana i Cay ae cet nee cae a aya p cee en one 139 PAID OTTO WSU: SS OWES se pears rep ees Sees toe AGRA ate os corey ee en yes 8 payee ts iE neta en ees oa 140 Apoplessy Or Stage ens: <2 skeet ohare wetter ohn earn ol eager nck Ay s coments sa 141 GamkercGr Soren NiO uth: serance eck cae tee hag ene oe Sts ae e Ricuu tReet oe 141 Sais tite a alo Mirae Seek eet ae toe tN ce ati ic oce OR ie acres geal ease dpe nN Rs eect BAC on 140 Catarrhal “Fever anit EO oSic eG eens Base ag ee alee neers mee 8 Gee eets ihe 141 (CGOiSt PatiOtiae tia einer yeu a teeta eared Nowy cc reA ental ORS Onur ge dieMatn Sooke natant 141 TTS) fed rete 1 Ge aha cee ence costar acts se cata eh cer tence tee a en Caste eed a elena tea Fee 142 HAT ROWING = cuictre sone eee os yee aunt shore hae nate ate en entre be ea haa aera eS 140 (SSStARIOM hdd cece er ee ote pete hates eReader) ena tA ile Ad ial its 2 alle anne pa es 140 TAOS RICH OTe at = aaah tales aches sree eee raat ee rad ei meet tae eae A RC IA coe eae en es 142 TerGC=2O ta ERS sis ayes easels paper waa a remean at iNeed ecg Ds ts oe Re ede a ai teke Yl 143 IN Eatn Cd ayarees soho cee ate eh ely oe wea RAN ee agi Ad Boe eS Tenia he ints” vine RANG oP 143 Me aS eS? ca ecn eens eae tinal aR Rtg ec apahe thal & ee ie a aM A eA Soul ci hath uel tacnat neue a ER ant ke 143 MATS tS ihces Ses soncecoes Od See he tos eee aN ae I AN oe er bee oe Rh gat els 144 OTIS aos see aeeren ree acne easels Sagce en dare en Cy aaea cer nahn eer ata EA nema 144 RR GuUMALISII. Sowa bis teres dotnet eee aerator Cod Beimecute murs ones Gate Dena 144 Swine Diseases—Symptoms and Treatments............ 0. cece cece ee 140 FLAUNT St ese ect poeag he eatae odes Sri Pet sets dak avert ANY SR mnt caer eben ae a Un Bs aca 144 VEG TETAS? eaves pea heehee See cobaae SAG Sed momen Pea ma IN Aurea 2 ER os em dhs aie Aa 144 Prescriptions: for Switte Ailments—Tabulated sc... ceed ear ee ee une eee on 182 SHEEP SECTION. AL SEG Diy sole tiene ns eect event Se edie RS atora cos aren are mmiade reas auton ecaccee nals Giteasta i eye 146 Breeding Nee uur staan sg pA ae eon e puaeae a ann yede ean Weer ebay bess 147 Gate sand Matic ements 21 abatas esis cerr cece Sea aed emnnaa manne: Sere natal fe acon os 147 GAS EARL O Laie cee y tes ai ee OR ahd cal Deh ag ee See oa re Ane Dostana 147 Couplings rake hee oe eeeiteetesernede Be sting admenne Mertn araieeninks teres i tateane wham aN 147 INDEX—SHEEP SECTION 11 Page DOCK 111 ecm ores, Be teen oe Eon ten enter Raat er alsin) Patras Oa Nea amen g at nent 147 RCC CT Otay iis Aan Oi vedas PAR Pere oer eee ie Oaees Se etre eats Berna peta PN te sodden meee 147 GES Fa tO Ia Secees 4 Basel renee a fee J acre tae BUI Nhs Dn tule aren di ci eat earache sy 147 Tsseb tra an 3) ro ese ieee hoya ws Se aD nD as ds acne ra da nher tell dolac tie wee bet tes eee 147 RIB TAY S Bb ia teen rac dre hed ul ten aaa iid Arenas atv A aie lt ie, she Abie nse tea week ae icra real AAA 147 SES CH Olirneten seen eee Rese we ucrcr tee tartar ttf Aer eNO Nar et cme ae col See RA 148 SSI CSHE Peecios Honey erties a agit a thc Me gh eo ERIN Shay ede Pa me oem sd ee eRe 148 aS Otis wn. cig. ce geek estos BAS HO Soe Benigni cg Maun eh Dae arate sat ales a see cca Un we ora a miveoi hs 149 Diseases of Sheep—Symptoms and Treatment ........... 0.0.00 ee eee eee 149 Distemper or -Epizootie—How te Treats s: place clasp on tail so the thermometer cannot fall out and break. Leave thermometer in place for three to five minutes, remove and read figures. and then jot them down on test sheet (included in each outfit) opposite the number of the animal to be tested, as shown by the tag. These number tags are supplied free of charge with each outfit. Begin at cow No. 1 and test each animal in turn, taking each temperature in the same way, being careful to shake the mercury down below 100 before inserting the thermometer. ¥ This is done by holding the thermometer tightly, then giving it a quick jerk. Cs) A little vaseline applied to the rectum of each animal at beginning of test makes it easy to insert the thermometer. First Temperatures (First Day). Temperatures should be taken at 3 p. m., 5 p. m. and 7 p. m. Tuberculin should be injected after the 7 o’clock temperature. Injecting the Tuberculin. Fill this Hypodermic Syringe with Tuberculin. Pick up the skin of the animal, with the left hand di- rectly back of shoulder blade in this manner: ,@" and with a quick, short jab with the syringe insert the needle into the skin. Then press in piston to first notch on piston, this being half dram—2 CC, or one dose for a full grown animal. The entire herd should be watered and returned to their places. Next Temperatures (Second Day). Temperatures should be taken 10 hours after injection of Tuberculin and follow- ing every two hours. These are the hours: 6 a.m. 8 a.m. 10 a. m, 12 m. and 2 p. m. See Prescription No. 71, for Testing Cattle for Tuberculosis, page 177. TUBERCULOSIS. 87 Special Notice. Cattle suspected of being in the last stages of tuberculosis, or that have been tampered with to prevent reaction, or that have been tuberculin tested inside of sixty days, should have from 3 CC to 4 CC of tuberculin injected into them, and begin taking temperatures six hours after injection, and every two hours there- after until seven temperatures have been taken. Disinfecting Stables. All barns, stables, sheds, or buildings, where tubercular cattle have been housed, should be thoroughly swept, brushed and cleaned; all loose or unsanitary mangers should be removed, and the entire stable thoroughly disinfected by using a double strength solution of Disinfectall. The mangers, stanchions, gutters, walls, and partitions should be especially saturated with this solution, and all water used in preparing whitewash should contain Disinfectall as per directions. The ceiling, as well as the walls, should be whitewashed, and a liberal amount of the whitewash may be permitted to fall upon the floor, mangers, and gutters, as this has a tendency to purify and sweeten the stable. AUTOPSY OF TUBERCULAR COWS AT WISCONSIN STATE FAIR. A—Shows Healthy Lung. B—Shows Diseased Lung. TUMORS. As tumors come under the head of operations, it is needless to say that in their treatment absolute cleanliness, both of hands and instruments, is essential. The parts should be thoroughly washed with a solution of Germ Killer, and this followed with applications of Healing Oil. To heal the wound use alternately Absorbent and Healing Lotion. See Prescription No. 72, page 177. 88 DISEASES OF CATTLE. TICKS. Cattle Ticks are small parasites which attach themselves to the skin of cattle, and they are frequently the means of spreading Texas Fever, which is a fatal disease unless the Ticks can be destroyed before the last stages of it are reached. Treatment. The treatment consists in washing the whole animal thoroughly with a warm solution of Germ Killer; then applying to all parts of the body and thoroughly rubbing in Skin Ointment. All affected and exposed animals should be treated in this manner until all danger is past. Give Cow Tonic internally to tone up the system. See Prescription No. 73, page 177. ULCERS. An ulcer is an open sore on an external or internal surface of the body. Ulcers are caused by inflammation combined with poor reaction on the part of the tissue affected. Local injuries are the immediate exciting cause of external ulcers. Internal ulcers, such as those of the mouth, stomach and intestines, are caused either by injury by foreign bodies, such as a kick, or by micro-organisms and decomposed secretions or other contents. While the tendency of ulcers is to get well spontaneously, nature is best assisted by cleanliness of the parts by washing them thoroughly with a warm solution of Germ Killer and applying Absorbent to all affected parts, alternating with Healing Lotion. For ulcers of the mouth apply Healing Oil and give Fever Paste. See Prescription No. 74, page 177. URINE RETAINED. Retention of the Urine is usually brought on by any form of paralysis of the hind parts, such as occurs in Milk Fever. The treatment consists in passing a Catheter, which is a silver-plated tube about a foot in length and a quarter of an inch thick, into the bladder. This will allow the urine to flow freely. This instru- ment should be thus used in all cases of paralysis of the hind parts, as there is usually a retention of the urine. See Prescription No. 75, page 177. VOMITING. Symptoms, In the first place there is a loss of appetite, and the animal only takes part of its feed. Later on it fails to eat at all, and finally vomits what it has eaten. In other cases, the animal may be in a poor condition, and perhaps has been given food sparingly, then allowed to eat an over amount. In this case it is liable to eject or vomit from five to ten pounds; and will then oftentimes go on eating as though nothing had occurred. In either case, vomiting is due to indigestion, and the treat- ment consists in giving Cow Tonic to overcome indigestion, and to tone up the system. The bowels, which contain a lot of undigestible material, should be toned up and emptied by giving Laxotonic (per mouth), and from two to four quarts of warm water (per rectum). The animal should be given bran mashes made from linseed tea. To prevent the whole herd from becoming thus afflicted, mix Stokvigor with salt and place in sheltered trough where the cattle can have free access to same. See Prescription No. 76, page 177. DISEASES OF CATTLE. 89: WARTS Are little tumors, and often appear very suddenly and are liable to appear at any part of the body or limbs, angles of the mouth, corners of the eyes or tips of the ears. For this reason they are difficult things to remove, and great care should be taken in removing them. The only safe and reliable method is to apply Wartine, once daily, to warts of all kinds until they disappear. The large warts should be pulled out by the roots with the fingers or forceps; then apply the Wartine and Healing Lotion alternately to the wound thus made. See Prescription No. 77, page 177. WOUNDS. There are many different kinds of wounds, some being due to external injuries, others the result of an improper condition of the blood. Wounds of every nature, both surface and deep-seated, should be washed with a solution of Germ Willer. Use both Absorbent and Healing Lotion, alternately. Apply and inject same in the following deep-seated wounds, and into abscesses and fluid sacks, after they have been opened; capped knees, blood blisters (or bruises); fistulas, lump jaw, abscesses, or abscesses of the udder; punctured or lacerated wounds, such as are often caused by barb-wire, tin, glass, nails or slivers: sore feet due to cracking, and formation of ulcers between the claws; wounds left after removing large warts. It is difficult and important in all deep-seated wounds to keep proud flesh from forming, and to cause the wounds to heal nicely without a scar. This can be done if the above directions are carefully and closely followed. GERM KILLER cleanses the wound. ABSORBENT prevents proud flesh. HEALING OIL soothes and heals. Use Healing Oil for superficial or surface wounds such as cracked or inflamed skin; bruises or irritated skin, such as is often noticed on the knees, ankles, hocks. and hips, from lying on cement floors; cracked or sore teats; sore mouth, both around the mouth and inside; bites of insects; poisoned or inflamed condition of the skin, and all superficial irritations of the skin. Healing Oil should be used freely on the instruments and hands of the operator. It should also be applied to the scrotum of all live stock castrated, such as calves, colts, lambs and pigs. Healing Oil is invaluable to the veterinarian, or to parties who make a business of castrating stallions, bulls, boars, or rams, as it prevents infection and blood poisoning in alt surgical operations. See Prescription No, 78, page 177. The raising of live-stock and poultry is of incalculable importance to the country: meat, milk, cream, butter, cheese, eggs, feathers, wool, leather, and numerous by-products swelling the receipts from these sources to over- whelming figures. The annual receipts from the cattle industry alone in the single state of Wisconsin equal the total annual gold production of the U. S., $92,000,000.00; and this does not take into account the great value of cattle in fertilizing the soil. 90 A MODEL DAIRY BARN. DR. DAVID ROBERTS’ STOCK BARN, WAUKESHA, WIS. Size 36 ft. by 115 ft., with feed rooms and silos attached 147 ft. long. INTERIOR DR. DAVID ROBERTS’ STOCK BARN, WAUKESHA, WIS. Capacity 60 head of cattle. Stanchions for 44 cows, 3 bull stalls and remainder calf pens. A MODEL DAIRY BARN. 91 DESCRIPTION OF A MODEL DAIRY BARN. The reader has doubtless observed, when riding through the country, groups of buildings which look more like a small village than a properly arranged plan of farm buildings in which to house cattle, sheep, pigs, and poultry, and to store farm products and machinery. Has it ever occurred to you to question whether the arrangement and equipment of these buildings have proven satisfactory to the owner, in a measure proportionate to their cost? It is safe to say that ninety per cent of the owners of such buildings would change their plans, owing to the fact that they had experienced inconveniences. necessitating many unnecessary steps in the course of their daily duties in caring for the live stock on the farm. Perhaps the first improvement suggesting itself to the mind of the live stock owner would be to convert a number of small unhandy buildings into one large, well-ventilated barn, insuring greater economy in construction and operation. The second thought would be the elimination of the foul, dark, dingy, disease-breeding basement, by providing an abundance of sunlight through numerous windows, and ample ventilation and good drainage. Light and ventilation are as essential to the health of farm animals as they are to- human beings. Every farmer should make such changes in his old build- ings as will provide these necessities in abundance. By studying the detailed description of barn construction in this book, valuable suggestions along these lines may be obtained for the purpose. While the writer was a boy on the farm, it was generally thought by the people in that locality that the barns were quite modern and up-to-date; but with the passing years improvements have been made in every line, and the plans of barns have also been greatly improved upon. Having conducted a veterinary practice in Waukesha County for more than twenty years, and having visited many parts of the United States, the writer has had exceptional opportunities for observing the most practical methods of planning and building barns. During the year 1911 the writer purchased a tract of land located on the interurban line between Waukesha and Milwaukee. This farm contained a number of farm buildings which were located on the north side of the place. The location of the electric line on the south side offered an inducement to shift the old build- ings, but instead of moving these to a new location, they were left where they were and a space of land was measured off for new structures, which consisted of a dairy barn, a combined milk house and office, and a horse barn. After plans and specifications had been carefully prepared, showing in detail the size, shape and cost of a new dairy barn, the first step taken was to drive a 180- foot well down into the rock, insuring a bountiful supply of pure, cold water. A convenient well is a great advantage in the erection of new farm buildings, for it saves hauling water during the course of their construction, and it will be con- veniently useful for years-in supplying live stock on the farm. As the plans of the dairy barn provided for a wall of hard heads or granite boulders, the next move was to gather as many of these as possible on the farm. This is an excellent way of disposing of surplus stone. Before the walls of the barn were laid, all necessary drains from milk house, wash room, cattle mangers, and gutters were put in place. One drain or sewer is connected with the conductor pipes to carry off the water from the roof of the barn, and also connected with the cow mangers to carry off clean surplus : eae PLL 0 culruag NS “sSuIp[ing oy} Jo szird [[v 0} 19}VAN SadIOZ Jory wajsss dajyea pur dumd so1oy v YyLA peudinbe st puke ‘asnuy y[lUL jO oeptsul pa}vool St Puv YooL OY} O}UL pPal[lap [joa V Woy st Addns 19}UMm ay f, *ABAAVI 10}}I] PUB YOVI} pvay-1eao a[qnop ve ys peddinba ose st uavg ‘Parisep Jr wire}, Aq 1aq4I[ eAouar 0} aiqissod 41 Suryear ‘ureq Jo ypSueT eitjue YdNviy} spuajyxa AvMaaI ‘sdasuvm Sutids [vj}am YAM peddinba sae sued [ng “SUOTPOULIS YIM paptaoid aiv suod j[vo sv jjam sv suad [ng ‘SIIMAS Y]IA pa}o9UUOD aie SLeSuvM pu S1a}4Nn3 [Ty “PalTejS IIA YOOS BuLIIJVM IO] JUaTUaAUOD Yt Suryem ‘maysés Jd}VM YIM Po}vsUUO SWO}}OG JUSMIIG YIM UOML poctuvares Jo srasurjy ‘yUeMIaD SIOOY Lay}O [[V + YI YON JO 4Mq 9]}}v0 Yvausepun s100],T ‘quad BuyYSt] oajo9]a [wNprarpul sq pe}yst] St wivg ‘Jooid 4sOd1jJ Way} Zuryem ‘uaaamjaq ut teded Sulpling YM Suoo0g peyojem alqnop jo jI[Inq oe1B saynyo VyYT, ‘S1OJV[IJUAA PazIURA[LS YR peddes puv ‘yoor Ysnoiyy Jno Alp oIp Suruuns pure ‘yova seyout Fo Aq ST ezis ‘sajnyo p AG Utvg Jo Spud Y}Od 4v JOOP WoAT Usye} St Av [NOT ‘a1}1v90 OY} JO JUOTJ UI IIe Ysory SUINGIUSIP ‘Burllad Avau sazaysi3ar afquysn(pe FL YySnory} IySIY Joos F S19}u9 puv paeadn sassed aie ayy, ‘“Burplinq Jo apts}no wo [[vsa au0}s aaoqe ysnf poosv[d av yey} S1e4sIsel PT YSnoiy} UL usyv} st are ysoiy ‘sureygo Yout-g omy sq doqz ye play e1e puv prvsut diy 0} Woy} MOT[e 0} WOZ}0q ye paduIy aie sMOPUTAL ‘yooid yso1y Way}, Sulyvu ‘pezejs eqnop ‘smopurm Pe yA poy ys 499} 6 ‘LOOB 4sig jo Jystay ‘SIM ‘eyse_nem ‘Uleg H00%g ,sjleqoy pure ‘1q—ueld J00[Z punory 3 SPIEL LOO” APE) CBOLMS ys AnTTG Gaza ( ACM TALE es%OLL0— LD AIG Goal SS Lene PTAOLUS OE A MODEL DAIRY BARN. 93 water, and is run to a paddock which is far enough from the barn to be used as a pig pasture. The water runs into a shallow drinking trough and in this manner the pigs are regularly watered without extra effort. The overflow runs into a wallowing vat, which is occasionally sprinkled with a disinfectant, thus keeping the animals free from parasites and insects, such as lice and flies. A second drain is connected to the wash room, milk room, and gutters back of the cows, and carried to a low place suitable for sewerage, where it can be dried and purified by the rays of the sun, which is nature’s germ destroyer. This drain is used for wash water from the stable floors and gutters when scrubbed out. The urine in these gutters is absorbed and used for fertilizing, and is not allowed to escape into the sewer. If preferred it may be run into a urine cistern and later used for fertilizing purposes. The water pipes from the milk house to the cow barn, as well as the sewers, are placed deep enough into the ground to avoid freezing, so that water can flow from the milk house to the cattle mangers at all seasons of the year. The milk house measures about 20 ft. by 25 ft., with a partition in the center; one half of this building is used as an office, and has a hard wood floor; the other half for a milk room with a cement floor and a cement water tank so situated as to have the well at one end of the tank. The milk room is equipped with a two horse power gasoline engine, a thirty candle power electric light dynamo, a switch-board and a cream separator. The gasoline engine is connected to a shaft so that it can be used for pumping water, lighting the barn, and separating the cream at the same time, so that these three operations are performed at the approximate cost of one. The cement tank is so arranged as to support an air tank for forcing water to all parts of the buildings, and also to cool the milk cans immediately after milking. In this manner the cold water cools the milk, and the warm milk warms the cold water, and after the milk is cooled the water can be let into the cow mangers for the cows to drink. In this manner each milking animal is enabled to warm her own drinking water, which otherwise would necessitate artificial heat, at considerable expense and trouble, twice daily during the winter months. The milk house contains a small hot water heater connected with the air tank or water system, and also with a radiator in the office for heating same. From this heater hot water can be obtained at all hours of the day or night for washing cans, preparing hot mashes for the stock, etc. Now as to the plans of the barn itself. More thought and consideration should be given the plans of a barn than is usually given by the owner. Perhaps the first thing to consider is the expense incurred in building a barn. The owner should first make up his mind as to the amount of money he wishes to invest in a dairy barn, so that the plans may be drawn accordingly. The plans should provide for the. convenient accommodation of a certain number of cows, calves, and the herd bull, arranged in two rows, extending the entire length of the barn, the larger part of each row being assigned to cows and heifers in stanchions, with the balance of the space designed for bull pens and calf stalls. In this barn the cattle face out; the calf pens and bull stalls come right in line with the single stalls so as to leave a driveway through the entire length of the barn. In this manner the litter can be removed from the gutters or box stalls by litter carrier or team. The feed for cattle can be carried on feed trucks and distributed from the side aisles which run in front of the cattle on either side of the barn. 94 A MODEL DAIRY BARN. With the cattle facing out, it is important to have the fresh air enter the stable near the ceiling and just in front of them, while the foul air is taken from the stable by four large, well built, wooden ventilators, two at either end, and close to the center driveway, built of two thicknesses of dressed and matched boards with paper between, in order to keep these air chutes as near the temper- ature of the barn as possible. If filled with frost or ice the foul air will not escape as readily. These run through the roof of the barn and a little above the ridge, and have no bends or curves in them, because every bend and curve lessens the capacity of the ventilator. It is very important to figure the exact amount of ventilation required for a certain size stable, and it is an advantage to have surplus ventilation. For example: This barn requires ventilation to the amount of fifty thousand pounds of live stock, and is so constructed as to give a surplus, which is considered an advantage, as it is much easier to close the incoming and outgoing air chutes than it would be to open doors and windows to help out deficient ventilation. If however, it is desired to face the cattle in, it is important to bring fresh air from the outside of the building, between the floor and ceiling, and have it empty just in front and above the cattle. The foul air should be taken out through four well built ventilators, one located at each corner of the barn. Where the driveway is in the center, as in this building, it is important to arrange so that its surface is a very few inches above the level of the ground, and the gutters on either side of this driveway should be four inches deep next to it, and ten inches deep next to the cattle. The platform on which the cattle stand measures in length 4 ft. 8 in. on one side of the barn, and 4 ft. 10 in. on the other, and the bottom of the manger is 2 inches higher than the floor on which the cattle stand. The feed alley in front of the cows is 6 inches higher than the bottom of the manger, or 14 inches higher than the middle driveway. The entire floors, mangers and feed alleys are of cement, with the exception of the stall floors, which are of cork brick. This makes it practical to water all cattle in the stable without danger of rotting the mangers. By having the feed alley higher than the mangers, all leaves, or seed from hay. or roughage, can be swept into the mangers, but before watering the cattle the mangers should be swept out. In this way the entire barn is swept at least twice daily. CAUTION: Be sure that all cement floors traveled by the live stock have a rough surface, so as to prevent animals from slipping. The stone wall which comes up 3 ft. above the feed alley is built of hard heads and cemented smoothly on the inside, and is so constructed on the top surface as to support the entire weight of the barn. There are boxed between the studding of the barn, at intervals of about 15 ft., fresh air ventilators, with registers at the bottom on the outside to serve as intakes, and at the top on the inside. These ventilators can be opened or closed according to weather conditions. The windows are double glazed, hinged at the bottom, and permitted to swing in at the top, being held by two short- non-rustible chains, to prevent them from tipping in too far. The ceiling of the first floor is sheeted, which adds greatly to the appearance and warmth of the basement and also prevents dust and cobwebs from accumulat- ing between the rafters. The hayloft floor is of matched fencing, so as to prevent dust and dirt from sifting through. The frame of the barn can be built in different styles, but the writer favors plank construction, or what is A MODEL DAIRY BARN. 95 known as balloon frame, and this barn is so constructed, leaving a large, roomy hayloft, lighted by two large windows on either side by day, and electric lights by night. There are large rolling doors at one end, where hay and roughage can be taken in. This portion of the barn is equipped with a hay carrier and fork, making it easy to fill the barn through the end doors. This does away with what is commonly known as the barn floor driveway, which is an advantage in some people’s estimation, and looks like a disadvantage to others. The walls of the second floor are composed of shiplap lumber and the roof is covered with high grade cedar shingles. Connected with this barn are two silos, measuring 16 ft. by 35 ft., thus making it possible to preserve ensilage for both summer and winter feeding. These silos are built of brick with a thick coating of cement on the inside, and covered with a shingle roof. The silos are placed far enough from the main barn so as to leave space for feed rooms, both on first and second floors, which connect these silos with the barn. This is found to be an advantage, and also adds to the appearance of the barn. The barn is equipped with galvanized eave troughs and conductors, to carry the rain water into the drains, which arrangement prevents the water from soaking into the ground around it, as this is liable to cause a muddy condition when stock are permitted to walk through it. The writer is a firm believer in the protection of buildings from electrical storms by having them properly rodded with the only known protection, namely, lightning rods. There is a vast difference in the manner of rodding buildings, and for the benefit of those interested he will say, not only is this barn itself well rodded, but also the silos. Branch wires connect all hay carriers, litter carriers and silo door frames of iron or steel; in fact, anything that is of a conducting nature is connected with lightning rods, so that if struck by lightning, the electric current can be conveyed to the ground. Perhaps the most important part of the entire barn to consider is the first floor furnishings. Too much thought and careful consideration cannot be given to the selection and installing of equipments, which should consist of either galvanized piping, or metal painted pipes, so constructed as to form a partition between the animals. By this method of stabling the danger of cows stepping on one another’s teats and udders can be avoided. Swing stanchions have been installed, so that a cow can swing her head around and lick herself at her comfort and ease. The mangers are equipped with steel partitions, so that in feeding, cattle will not consume more than the amount intended for them, and this will also prevent them from reaching the next cow’s feed. In doing this they are very apt to slip and fall on their knees, causing what is commonly known as big knees in cattle. The metal mangers are weighted so as to swing upward, permitting the attendants to sweep out more conveniently before watering the cattle. The bull stalls are built of 1'4’in. painted iron pipes, equipped with stanchion, feed box, and watering bowl. These stalls drain to the gutters that extend back of the cows. The calf pens are so constructed as to accommodate about four calves in each. Each pen is equipped with a set of small stanchions and partitioned mangers, so that when feeding, calves can be tied in these and left for at least one half hour after they are through drinking milk, which prevents them from sucking one anothers ears, etc. This also enables the calf to get the amount of grain or 96 A MODEL DAIRY BARN. milk intended for it, instead of being crowded by a larger calf, which is Miable to get more than its share. One condition is just as bad as the other, namely, overfeeding or underfeeding. - All stalls have an iron bracket just over the stanchion of each animal, where: the name and number of every animal, printed on a cardboard, is slipped into an opening at the end of such a device. In this manner the attendant soon becomes familiar with the name and number of each animal. Every animal has an ear tag number, which number appears on the cardboard above mentioned. BOOK-KEEPING ON THE FARM. It is very essential to success that all live stock owners and farmers keep an accurate book account of all income and expenditures on the farm. but as time rolls on these detailed duties sometimes become burdensome and are apt to be neglected. Right here the writer wishes to offer a suggestion, gathered from actual experienec in conducting his own farm. Open a bank account with a sound and well established bank and deposit every dollar received from the farm with the bank. Pay all your bills and expenses by check on the bank, and at the close of the year you will have an accurate book account of every dollar received and every dollar paid out. From this record you can readily see the exact source of your income, and also see how much was paid out for improvements, and how much for the several items of expense. This will give you intelligent informa- tion as to what items of expense are too large, and where economy should be practised. Another great advantage in paying bills by check is, that you always have the record before you and you run no danger of paying bills twice. All of this book-keeping is done by your bank without any expense to you, and it puts the farm on a good business basis and enables you to determine your exact yearly income and expenses. Should you as a farmer or live stock owner, desire to borrow money, you can usually do it to the best advantage from the bank where you keep your account. They will advise you as to the rate of interest they charge, and will keep you posted as to when the interest and principal falls due. This, also, saves you a certain amount of book-keeping. Also should you have surplus funds, which you desire to loan, it is always best to consult your banker as he is well posted and will be glad to advise you as to what investments you should make. Surplus funds can be deposited with the bank and draw interest until a more permanent investment can be made. To make a long story short, make your banker your book-keeper and financial advisor. It would be more profitable to borrow money from your banker at 10 per cent to buy a pure bred sire to be placed at the head of your herd than to use a mongrel or grade bull at any price. Remember that high-grade, well-marked heifer calves will bring considerably more money than will calves without any indication of good breeding. For this reason your additional profits in one season will pay for a good, pure-bred sire. KING HENGERVELD PONDYKE NO. 47843. At head of Holstein Herd owned by Dr. David Roberts, Waukesha, Wis. His sons out of our large weekly and yearly record cows make splendid herd headers. His sire is % brother to Butter Butter Pontiac Clothilde Dekol 2d (7 day).. 37.21 Pontiac Pet (World’s weekly record). 37.68 Semi-official 1 yr. (World’s record)..1271.60 Pontiac Rag Apple, 4% yr. (7 day).. 31.62 FEARLESS LASSIE NO. 88352. Official Seven Day Record—Butter 24.306 Ibs. Owned by Dr. David Roberts, Waukesha, Wis. 98 COUNTY BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATIONS. COUNTY BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATIONS. For the advancement and improvement of live stock breeding, county associa- tions will be found exceedingly beneficial. In 1906 the writer had the pleasure of having all breeders interested in the breeding of pure bred Guernseys meet with him at his office at Waukesha, Wis., and organized what is now known as the Waukesha County Guernsey Breeders’ Association, which at the present time has about eighty members, who own fully 1,600 head of pure bred Guernsey cattle. The members of this Association are satished that through this organization there have been created an interest and a demand which have greatly advanced the price of pure bred Guernseys. The writer later issued invitations to all of those interested in the breeding of pure bred Holstein cattle to meet at his office March 1, 1909, at which time the Waukesha County Hlolstein-Friesian Breeders’ Association was organized. This organization has at the present time a membership of 110, who own about 1,800 head of pure bred Holstein cattle. Each of these Associations has created a demand for good cattle, which naturally has increased their valuation, as well as encouraged new breeders. Some of the best sires obtainable have been introduced into the herds owned by the members of these Associations, consequently the offspring of these numerous herds are rapidly growing into money. Buyers are attracted here from all parts of this and some foreign countries, which would indicate that Wisconsin is becom- ing well known as a pure bred state, and Waukesha County has established a reputa- tion for itself as being a great center for pure bred cattle. Wisconsin has more tuberculin tested cattle than any other state in the United States. Waukesha County has more tuberculin tested cattle than any other county in the state. This is another good reason why live stock owners desiring to purchase tuberculin tested pure bred cattle are attracted to Waukesha. Other Associations of pure bred dairy cattle have been organized in the state of Wisconsin and are meeting with splendid success. While the Ayrshire breed of cattle are not as prominent in the state of Wisconsin as some of the other breeds, they too are fast becoming a desirable breed to raise. In regard to selecting a breed of cattle, this must be left entirely to the one who intends to invest his money and spend his time in the care and breeding of them. The market sometimes enables one to decide just-what breed of cattle to go into. For instance: if there be a great demand for high testing milk, it is important to go into such a breed of cattle as will produce this quality. On the other hand, if the market calls for a large production of milk and does not require a high per- centage of fat, there are breeds of cattle which will produce this commodity. If the market be such as demands a reasonable quantity of ordinary percentage of fat, there are breeds of cattle which will meet these requirements. COUNTY BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATIONS. 99 It is very important when selecting a breed of cattle to choose the breed which will prove profitable, as when cattle are profitable the owner is inclined to think a great deal more of them, and consequently will give them better care and attention than he would otherwise. Perhaps the most economical manner in which to go into the pure bred breed- ing of cattle is to purchase a pure bred sire to be placed af the head of the herd. In this manner the entire herd can be graded up so that at the end of a few years they will look like pure breds, and have a great tendency to be an improve- ment over their dams. It is also advisable to obtain pure bred females and permit the pure breds to crowd out the grades. In this manner at the end of a few years a pure bred herd will have been established at practically a small expense to the owner. It is not advisable to use a grade sire at the head of any herd, regardless as to whether the calves are intended for raising, or veal, as many farmers will pay more for a nicely marked, high grade heifer calf for breeding purposes than can be obtained if sold for veal. When selecting a herd sire, it is very important to select one with excellent breeding back of him, and one whose sire and dam are not only well bred, but of splendid dairy conformation, as by so doing, and breeding this animal to a good grade individual, you will obtain heifers which are superior to their dams. The object of raising pure bred cattle in preference to grades may be looked upon from different standpoints, but it is a fact that pure bred cows should produce more than grade cows, owing to the fact that their ancestors have been bred with this object in view for generations back, while oftentimes grade dairy cows are crossed with the beef breed, thereby naturally diminishing their milk production. The breeder of pure bred cattle has two crops to market—milk and calves; milk at a market price, and calves at an advanced price, over the grade calf which is usually sold for veal. With this object in view it is natural for the average live stock owner to have’ an ambition to become a breeder of pure bred cattle, for which although there are a goodly number throughout the United States, there is still a steady increasing demand. As long as the population of the United States increases there will be an additional demand for the best dairy products, and in order to meet this demand, it behooves the live stock owner to be prepared with a constantly improving herd with which to meet this demand in our greatest national industry. y JACOBA IRENE AND BULL CALF—THE $10,000 JERSEY. One of Dr. David Roberts’ Patients at the National Dairy Show in 1909 HORSE SECTION. 101 The Horse History Breeds of Draft Horses Symptoms and Treatment of Horse Diseases How to Give Horses Medicine HISTORY. As far back as history goes, we find that the horse was the servant of man. The first mention of the horse is as a domestic animal, and not as a wild animal. The Arabs are renowned as early breeders of fine horses, and history tells us they considered their horses their companions, being kind in their treatment and holding them high in their affections. Great care and attention were bestowed upon breeding. In this manner they produced a breed of horses noted for its high intelligence, great speed and remarkable endurance. While they were always careful and considerate of their horses, still they expected always that a horse would do its best for them, and that it would endure many hardships. They were the first to establish pedigrees, and the line of breeding in their day was considered as important to them as it is today among high-class breeders. Breeders of horses at the present time are following in their footsteps closely, guarding carefully the pedigrees of their horses, giving them better care and closer attention, and in thig way producing a better grade and endeavoring at all times to reach the highest mark possible. To get the best results out of a horse it is necessary that he be treated with kindness and given the best care and attention. HORSE’S AGE. To tell the age of any horse, When four years old the third pair goes, Inspect the lower jaw, of course; At five a full new set he shows. The six front teeth the tale will tell, The deep black spots will pass from view And every doubt and fear dispel. At six years, from the middle two; Two middle nippers you behold The second pair at seven years; Before the colt is two weeks old; At eight the spot each corner clears. Before eight weeks two more will come, From middle ‘‘nippers’’ upper jaw Eight months the corners cut the gum. At nine the black spots will withdraw; The outside grooves will disappear The second pair at ten are bright; From middle two in just one year. Eleven finds the corners light. In two years from the second pair— As times goes on the horsemen know In three years ‘‘corners,’’ too, are bare. The oval teeth three-sided grow; At two the middle ‘‘nippers’’ drop; They longer get—project—before At three the second pair can’t stop; Till twenty, when we know no more. Dr. David Roberts. 102 HORSE SECTION. Percheron Mare. THE PERCHERON HORSE. This breed takes its name from the district of LaPerche in France, which is the chief center of horse breeding in that country. The breed originally derived its size and weight from the ancient Black horse breed of Flanders, and its style and quality from. sires of the Oriental breeds. In the early days the Percheron breed was used for hack and bus work, and was of suitable type and conformation for that purpose. More weight and larger bone have been developed by use of the heavy draft stallions of one or other of several breeds of the kind raised in France. Gray or white was the original color of the Percheron breed, but, recently black has become as common, although it is not so surely transmitted as the character- istic grey of the purely bred Percheron. Until recent years draft horses from France went by various names such as French Draft, Norman, Norman Percheron, and Percheron, but in the year 1883 the Percheron Horse Society of France was organized and the name Percheron adopted for the breed. The first volume of the Percheron Norman Stud Book of America was published in 1876, but the name Percheron was finally adopted as a result of similiar action in France. French draft horses also from France, and practically of the same breed as the Percheron, have a separate stud book, entry to which is based upon rules less stringent than those adopted by the Percheron Association. After prolonged HORSE SECTION. 103 dispute, matters pertaining to the registry of Percheron horses in America have at last been satisfactorily adjusted. The up-to-date Percheron stands about sixteen hands high, weighs from 1700 to 2200 pounds. The color is usually white, grey or black. He should have an intelligent head, which is a type peculiar to the breed; rather small ears and eyes; short, strongly muscled neck; strong, well laid shoulders and chest; a plump body; strong back, and heavy quarters. He usually is low down and_ blocky on short, clean legs, devoid of long hair, often called feathers, and has well shaped sound hoofs, has splendid action, and travels smoothly. Belgian Mare THE BELGIAN HORSE. The Belgian horse takes its name from the country in which it originated, namely, Belgium. The breeding of these horses constitutes one of the principal sources of wealth of the Belgian farmer, and the government aids and encourages the breeding of these horses. The Belgian Draft Horse Society was founded in Belgium in 1883 and has constantly increased in membership. 104 HORSE SECTION. There is no standard color for the Belgian breed, but red and blue roans are most popular, while bays and browns also exist. The typical Belgian horse is blocky, wide, heavy, on short clean legs. His neck is usually short and muscular, in fact he is inclined to be muscular or exceedingly fat at all times, and as a rule these Belgian horses are perhaps more readily and quickly fattened than those of any other breed. This makes the Belgian grade exceedingly popular with the professional horse breeders, as it requires but a short time to condition them for market. This breed is rapidly improving along the lines of activity, and owing to the kind, gentle disposition of the Belgian, they are becoming exceedingly popular. Shire Mare THE ENGLISH SHIRE HORSE. The English Shire horse originated from a cross between the black stallions of England and the native mares. They produced a very heavy, hairy legged draft horse many years ago, and this same animal is still bred pure, and gradually has been improved in many particulars. The black color is no longer a character- istics of the breed. The Shire horses of today are mostly bay or brown, and they are less coarse and sluggish than they formerly were. Perhaps the largest number of pure bred Shire horses are raised in Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire, England. The first volume of the Stud Book of the Shire Horse Society of England HORSE SECTION. 105 was published in 1880 and that of the American Shire Horse Association appeared a few years later. The Shire horse is of great weight and powcr. He is more massive than some of the other draft breeds, but lacks somewhat in quality. His body is short, deep, broad, round; the coupling extra strong and close, and the thighs and quarters heavy muscled. While he is immensely powerful, he is slow in motion, and sluggish in dispostion. His coat or hair is somewhat coarse and the legs, while extra heavy in bone, do not present the clean appearance of those of the Clydesdale. The strong, broad, short back of the Shire is greatly in his favor. The Shire horse usually weighs about a ton and many specimens exceed that weight. Clydesdale M.re THE CLYDESDALE HORSE. The Clydesdales are the draft breeds of Scotland and they have been bred pure for many generations. ‘They originated in a district in Scotland called Clydesdale, from which they derived their name. Heavy black stallions, as with all other heavy draft breeds, were freely used to found the Clydesdale, and records 106 HORSE SECTION. show that such horses were employed as early as 1715. Since that date great attention has been paid to the improvement of the breed and the preservation of purity of blood and records of pedigree. The Clydesdale color has been given much attention so that bay or brown, with white markings, such as white faces and white limbs predominate, while other colors such as grey, chestnut and black are less commonly met with. So carefully have these horses been mated, and so honestly have all matters pertaining to pedigree been conducted, that the purity of blood of recorded horses of this breed is beyond question, and assures a high pedigree of not only breed prepotency, but a remarkable degree of individuality. In 1877 the Clydesdale Society of Great Britain was founded and a Stud Book issued. The Clydesdale Society of America also was organized in 1877. The Clydesdale usually stands sixteen hands high and over, and weighs from 1800 to 2200 pounds. The head usually is of good shape, eyes practically perfect, ears of correct shape and size, neck of fair length, arched and muscular. Body powerful, back fairly good, croup of ideal type and well muscled; thighs and quarters strong and full of muscle; legs free from meatiness and notable for breadth development of tendons; clean dense bone, and quantity of fine, silky hair, oftentimes called feathers, which spring from the rear of the back tendons. Special attention has for many years been given by breeders to develop quality and action in this breed of horses. They are noted for their fast, elastic, energetic walking and trotting gait, which is a very desirable feature in draft breeds. Lip Nostril Forehead ) Shoulder | Point of Shoulder Breast Forearm DON DOVE WIS HODOWUIMEMBODH Zz ® 3 om ‘oot Withers Back Side Underline Flank NHR Boo tyr wn Croup Tail Hip Joint Thigh Stifle Point of Hock Hock torr Oe Cannon Foot Coronet Fetlock Pastern womwwwrmyn ALLYWHOOHDUIG When describing blemishes refer to numbers shown on this cut. DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 107 Symptoms and Treatment of Horse Diseases ABORTION IN MARES OR SLINKING OF THE FOAL. From the third to fifth month of pregnancy there is danger of mares aborting, and to avoid this danger they should receive good, clean, nutritious feed; the stables should be well lighted, well ventilated and well drained, and a good germ destroying disinfectant should be used to overcome and allay all foul odors, which usually indicate that there are germs present. The system of a mare at this time is in a very delicate condition, and if there be any time during the entire period of pregnancy that she requires a tonic it is at this period. The Breeding Tonic is especially prepared for this purpose and is invaluable for pregnant mares. The genital organs should be washed out with Antisepto Solution. See Prescription No. 79, page 177. ABSCESS. An abscess is a gathering of pus or matter in a sack, and it may develop in any part of the body. The most common location for them to form is between the angles of the lower jaw. This may be due to Distemper, or it may form on the withers, and is then known as Fistula Withers. If on the head, it is then known as Poll Evil. : Abscesses are caused by either impure blood or bruises. If due to impure blood, this should be overcome by giving Physic Balls and Horse Tonic. How to Treat Abscesses. An application of Antiseptic Poultice (see page 135) should be placed upon the seat of an abscess, continuing this treatment until it comes to a head, at which time it should be opened with a sharp, clean, pointed knife, at the lower part of the abscess, making a cut so as to allow all matter to flow out freely. The knife should first be dipped in a solution of Germ Killer and then in Healing Oil to prevent infection. Then make a solution of Germ Killer and wash out the cavity by the use of a syringe. After the abscess is thoroughly washed out, inject Healing Oil or Healing Lotion. See Prescription No. 80, page 177. ASTHMA. Asthma is similar to Heaves. (See Heaves, page 119.) See Prescription No. 81, page 177. AZOTURIA OR PARALYSIS OF THE HIND PARTS. This is a disease which comes on suddenly and is due to an acid condition of the blood. It sometimes affects the front parts as well as the hind parts, and the animal may come out of the barn feeling fine, ambitious, willing to go, and often goes faster than usual, but before it has gone very far it begins to lose its spirits, hangs back, sweats profusely, breathes hard and begins to knuckle over behind, geis lame in one or both hind limbs, and in a short time it is unable to go any farther and often falls helpless on the road. 108 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Treatment. ° Roll the animal on a stone boat and haul to the nearest warm, comfortable stable; place it in a large box stall, never in a single stall. Give one bottle of Colic Drench and follow with Kidney Aid according to directions. Half a bushel of dry, hot salt may be placed upon the kidneys. The body should be kept warm by placing a blanket on. Give four quarts of warm water injection (per rectum) by the use of a Flushing Outfit and the urine should be drawn by means of a catheter. The animal should be turned from side to side as long as it is unable to rise, and it should be kept down by hobbles until it is able to get up and stand alone. This will keep it from injuring itself by floundering. Give the animal all the water it wants to drink, with the chill taken off, while very little feed, if any, should be given during the first twenty-four to forty-eight hours. The animal should receive light food for several days. See Prescription No. 82, page 177. BARRENNESS IN MARES. Barrenness, sterility or failure to breed in mares is due to imperfect, unnatural, or diseased genital organs. Imperfection of the genital organs may be due to an undeveloped womb or ovaries. Unnatural Condition of the Organs. An unnatural, swollen and inflamed condition of the genital organs may be brought on by a retention of the afterbirth, this being allowed to be retained in a decomposed condition until the mouth of the womb becomes irritated, scalded and sore, so that when it closes it heals so firmly that it cannot always be opened without mechanical aid. Diseased Organs. The genital organs may become diseased from several causes, the main cause being neglect, when they become affected with a catarrhal discharge. This disease is called Leucorrhcea, or Whites, and if a mare be served while in this condition the semen of the stallion will be destroyed by this corrosive discharge, thus pre- venting conception. All Healthy Mares Should Breed. All reasonably healthy mares should be made to breed. This can be done with little trouble and slight expense if given proper attention. Many a valuable mare has been sacrificed or disposed of for the reason that she would not breed. This may have been due to a lack of proper information pertaining to this subject. It is a very important thing that a mare, in order to conceive, be in a reasonably healthy condition. The genital organs should be in a condition to perform their functional duties as nature would have them. A lack of secretion or an excess of secretion renders conception difficult. A lack of ambition or vigor, or an over amount of same, renders conception difficult. This should be overcome and controlled by the use of the Breeding Tonic, which contains ingredients that will regulate and control the genital organs. A mare should not be too thin (emaciated), thus lacking the strength which nature demands. Neither should she be too fat (plethoric), or over stimulated, for in this condition concep- tion would be difficult. Favorable Signs for Breeding. A mare before breeding should be carefully examined to make sure that there is no unnatural discharge from the vulva. An unnatural discharge from the vulva may be a mucus streaked with or containing drops of matter, or pus, having DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 109 a disagreeable odor and being of a very sticky nature, adhering to the tail or thighs. This would indicate a diseased condition of the genital organs and should be given prompt attention. Antisepto Solution Important. The genital organs of all barren mares should be washed out with this solution until they conceive, whether they have a discharge or not. This solution will overcome the acid secretion which kills the semen of the stallion and prevents the mare from conceiving. It will also prevent and destroy germs, soothe and heal all inflamed mucous membranes, thus preventing the formation of germs and the spread of the disease. Jf a mare be cared for according to the demands of nature and fails to get with foal, after being bred a reasonable number of times, she should have the mouth of the womb opened. This is done while the mare is in heat by inserting from one to two fingers. This will dilate the neck of the womb and make conception easy. Treatment of Barrenness. Barren mares should be given Breeding Tonic in their feed and their genital organs should be washed out with the Antisepto Solution. As barrenness is either due to a diseased or weakened condition of the genital organs, it is unreasonable to expect a mare to breed until this condition is over- come. The Breeding Tonic contains such ingredients as will tone and strengthen and regulate the genital organs, in this manner putting them in a strong, healthy breeding condition. The neck of the womb can be opened by the fingers, if necessary, after this treatment. See Prescription No. 83 for Treatment of Barren Mares, page 177. BLOATING. Bloating is due to indigestion and is caused by feed hard to digest. In order to avoid this trouble, which often proves fatal, see that your horses are digesting their feed. Their teeth should be well dressed. This bloating is more often called Wind Colic. It usually comes on rather suddenly and continues, if not checked, until the animal’s abdomen becomes very much distended, and unless the horse receives a dose of Colic Drench it may be necessary to resort to tapping. This is done on the right side of a horse, and the left side of a cow, and the seat of operation is located a little below the point of hip and the last rib. The instrument used is a trocar and a canula, which is usually a little smaller than a cattle trocar. Before the operation the parts should be washed with a solution of Germ Killer. Cut a slit one-fourth of an inch long through the skin before attempting to insert the trocar. The instrument should be thoroughly washed with a solu- tion of Germ Killer and dipped in Healing Oil. This will prevent infection. An injection of four quarts of warm water (per rectum) should be given by the use of a Flushing outfit. See Prescription No. 84, page 177. BLOOD POISONING. See Blood Poisoning in Cattle, page 63. See Prescription No. 10, page 177. 4 BOG SPAVIN. This is a distension of the synovial bersa and is located just in front and to the inside of the hock joint and is usually caused by strains. The treatment, which is very effectual in colts, consists in washing off the 110 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. hock thoroughly with soap and water, allowing it to dry. Clip off the hair and apply the Absorbent according to directions. The animal should rest during the treatment, but good results have followed even when the treatment has. been applied and the animal worked. See Prescription No. 85, page 177. BONE SPAVIN. Bone Spavin in horses is known by the limp and the enlargement, which is a hard, bony growth on the inner side of the hock joint, usually low down and a little forward of the center of the leg. In traveling there will be a quick hitch with the sound leg and a stiff movement of the lame leg, bearing the weight on the toe, most noticable in starting. The enlargement is due to a growth between the outer edges of the hock joint bones. Treatment. The proper way to treat this is to absorb the growth between the edges of the bone by the use of Bone Blister. When this is done the lameness will cease. See Prescription No. 86, page 177. BROKEN KNEE. Broken knee means that a horse has fallen on his knees and broken the tissues, oftentimes so extensively as to cause the joint oil to flow. The treatment consists in washing the parts thoroughly with a solution of Germ Killer. Then apply Healing Oil around the wound to the bruise, and apply Absorbent to the wound itself. Keep the animal quiet and free from exercise. If the animal has a desire to bite the sore, its head should be tied up. See Prescription No. 87, page 177. BROKEN WIND. Broken Wind is similar to Heaves and should be treated in the same manner. See Prescr eae No. 88, page 177. BRONCHITIS. Bronchitis is similar to Pneumonia or Lung Fever and should be treated in the same manner. See Prescription No. 89, page 177. BRUISES. Bruises and swellings affecting any part of the body should be treated by thoroughly rubbing in Badger Balm and applying Antiseptic Poultice. This should be repeated and continued until all heat and swelling have disappeared. See Prescription No. 90, page 177. BRUISES OF THE FROG. This is usually due to traveling on stony roads, and the treatment consists in applying the Antiseptic Poultice and continuing same until all soreness. heat and lameness have disappeared. See Prescription No. 91, page 177. BURNS AND SCALDS. All burns and scalds should be treated by applying Healing Oil or Badger Balm, followed with Antiseptic Poultice. See Prescription No. 92, page 178. DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 111 CALK WOUNDS. A calk wound is usually caused by one horse stepping on another one; and a horse may calk itself. Treatment. The hair should be clipped from the injured parts and the parts washed off with a Germ Killer solution; then by the use of the blacksmith’s knife all parts of the broken hoof should be trimmed down as closely as possible to give the wound a good drainage and prevent the formation of pus or matter which usually forms there. Lack of drainage will have a tendency to cause the horse to lose its hoof. Apply Healing Oil around the wound and touch the wound with Absorbent. Then apply Antiseptic Poultice to the entire wound. The animal should receive laxative and soft feed during the treatment. See Prescription No. 93, page 178. - CAPPED ELBOW OR SHOE BOIL. This is an enlargement usually due to bruising of the point of the elbow where a collection of liquid gathers in the form of a large sack. If the sack is quite large and very soft it should be opened and thoroughly washed out with a solution of Germ Killer; then inject the Absorbent. If the shoe boil is not ready to open it may be removed by applying the Absorbent. See Prescription No. 94, page 178. CAPPED KNEE. Capped Knee may be tteated in the same manner as Capped Hock. See Prescription No. 95, page 178. CAPPED HOCK. This is an enlargement due to bruising of the point of the hock and should always be looked after and treated in its earliest stage. The treatment consists in clipping off the hair, washing off the parts and when dry applying Absorbent. One washing is usually sufficient. If a blister is required, apply the Bone Blister according to directions. See Prescription No. 95, page 178. CASTRATION OR CUTTING COLTS. This is an operation which the owner of horses very seldom undertakes, but in case he should desire to do so, the parts should be thoroughly washed with a solution of Germ Killer and then apply a little Healing Oil. All the instruments used, and the operator’s hands, should first be thoroughly washed in a solution of Germ Killer and dipped in Healing Oil to prevent infection. See Prescription No. 96, page 178. CATARRHAL FEVER OR PINK EYE. Catarrhal Fever is similar to Distemper or Strangles, affecting the mucous membrane, especially the air passages, and if neglected often causes Pneumonia and Bronchitis. There is usually a discharge from both nostrils. First it is a thin, watery discharge, but it often becomes thick and matter-like. Again in many instances the horse may have Catarrhal Fever without discharging from the nostrils. There will be a soreness of the throat, inability to swallow, and loss of appetite. 112 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Treatment. ' If the temperature does not exceed 103 degrees the animal should be given a Physic Ball. Tf it should, omit the Physic Ball. Apply White Liniment to the throat from ear to ear. If there be loud breath- ing, apply Antiseptic Poultice from ear to ear to allay the inflammation. Give Trever Paste to reduce the temperature (in bad cases add one ounce of good whiskey to each dose of ever Paste), and give Horse Tonic to keep up the appetite, and warm water injections to loosen up the bowels. Make a solution of Germ Killer or Disinfectall and dip gunny sacks in it and hang them around the stables to destroy the germs. Allow the animal plenty of cold water to drink, and laxative food, such as bran mashes and grass in season. See Prescription No. 97, page 178. CHOKING. This is a stoppage of the food in the swallowing tube or gullet. Usually the obstruction stops just before entering the stomach, and as the animal swallows, each swallow is stopped in the tube until the tube, or gullet, is filled up with saliva and food. It will then begin to come out of the horse’s nostrils in a mixture of feed, froth and saliva. The animal, in its effort to swallow, appears to have a spasm, often squealing in a desparate effort to pass the food down. Treatment. Lead the animal down a steep embankment, stopping him at the steepest place, where the hind parts will be very much elevated above the front parts. Then, by pressing the head downward, a great part of the matter will pass out through the nostrils. You are then to lead him back into the stable; back him into a single stall, and by the use of a Drenching Hook draw his head up gently and give him half a dose of Colic Drench, but only give him one swallow at a time and that through the mouth, never through the nostrils. Then turn him loose in a large box stall. He should not be allowed to eat a mouthful of food of any kind. Neither should he be allowed to drink any water. In an hour lead him again down the embankment, and after so doing give him another dose of Colic Drench. This should be repeated in the manner described every hour until the horse recovers. Feed sparingly after he recovers. See Prescription No. 98, page 178. COCKED ANKLES. To prevent and overcome Cocked Ankles, the toe calk should be left off and the heel of the shoe raised with heel calks. Apply White Liniment to the tendons from the hock or knee to the ankle. This should be continued until the proper results are obtained. See Prescription No. 99, page 178. COLD IN THE HEAD. A cold in the head may be thought by most attendants to be Distemper, but as the treatment is like that of Distemper, it does not matter. The treatment consists of applying White Liniment to the throat from ear to ear, giving the Fever Paste to reduce the temperature, and giving the Horse Tonic to keep up the appetite. Warm water injections should be given (per rectum), to empty the bowels. See Prescription No. 190, page 178. DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 113 CONSTIPATION. Constipation in itself is not a serious ailment, but frequently leads on to more dangerous conditions and should be prevented and overcome by the use of a colic drench and four quarts of warm water injections (per rectum) by the use of a flushing outfit. The animal should receive Laxotonic, soft food and regular exercise. See Prescription No. 102, page 178. CORNS. Corns are brought on by improper shoeing and bruises of the feet, and the treatment consists in removing the shoe, poulticing the foot with Antiseptic Poul- tice, trimming out the diseased and bruised tissues and applying Absorbent accord- ing to directions. See Prescription No. 103, page 178. COUGHS. A Cough is due to an irritation of the throat and is often brought on by taking cold, or coming down with a catarrhal disease, such as Distemper, Influenza, etc. Treatment. Apply White Liniment to the throat from ear to ear and give the Fever Paste as directed; in stubborn cases a Physic Ball should be given, as in some instances the cough may be due to an irritation caused by Indigestion. See Prescription No. 104, page 178. CRACKED HEELS. Cracked Heels may be due to several causes, such as an impure condition of the blood, stocking and swelling of the limbs, traveling in cold, slushy mud, or snow water. Treatment. Give the horse a Physic Ball and follow with the Horse Tonic. Wash the affected parts of the heels with warm water and soap. After they are clean and dry apply the Badger Balm. After the parts are once cleansed, washing should be omitted entirely, as water has a tendency to irritate and aggravate the Cracked Heels. See Prescription No, 105, page 178. COLIC. There are only two kinds of Colic, Spasmodic and Wind Colic. They are often caused by a disturbance of the stomach and bowels, viz., indigestion and fermentation of feed. Wind Colic does not cause the animals to be in such intense pain as Spasmodic Colic, but in both cases they look around to their sides. There is pawing, stamping and kicking at the stomach; frequent getting up and lying down; rolling from side to side and oftentimes lying on the back. Colic is usually an ailment easy to detect, and unless it is given proper and immediate attention it often terminates in rupture or inflammation of the bowels, in which case death follows. 114 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Treatment. Back the horse into a single stall and by the use of a Drenching Hook drench him (see cut) with a dose of Colic Drench. Turn him into a loose box stall with plenty of bedding and give him an injection of four quarts of warm water (per rectum) by the use of a flushing outht. Place a blanket on him. Give another dose of Colic Drench in from one to three hours if necessary, and follow with Laxotonic; apply a quarter of a pound of mustard thoroughly mixed with a little warm water, making a thin paste, which should be thoroughly rubbed on the abdomen or belly. Apply lard over the mustard in 12 hours to prevent its blistering. Always allow a horse with Colic to lie down if he so desires. Never walk, trot or exercise a horse with Colic. A horse that is supposed to be subject to Colic should have his teeth examined and be given a Physic Ball and Tonic several times during the year, as this will prevent him from having Indigestion and Colic. See Prescription No. 101, page 178. DRENCH. A drench means a liquid dose of medicine which is given to a horse by pouring same down the throat. While this may be a simple act, it is, however, accompanied by great danger, therefore a little knowledge and good advice may be very beneficial to the one who does the drenching. Never drench a horse if he has a sore throat. Never drench a horse through the nostrils. i g % How to Drench a Horse. DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 115 How To Drench. Back the horse into a single stall. Fasten a Drench Hook to the rafters just above the horse’s head; by means of a rope place a loop around the front upper teeth, and gently draw the horse’s head up. The medicine should be well shaken before giving. Drench the horse slowly, by giving him one swallow of the medicine at a time, allowing him sufficient time to swallow before pouring more medicine into his mouth. A horse that is unable to swallow should have the medicine given to him in the form of a powder or paste, on the tongue, by the use of a spoon. Great care should be exercised in examining a horse’s throat to determine whether it is in a condition to be drenched or not. This can be ascertained by - pinching the throat with the thumb and finger, and if this causes the horse to cough, then great care should be taken in drenching the animal. CRAMP OF JOINTS. This ailment is of frequent occurrence in young horses and its presence will be discovered when an attempt is made to back the affected animal out of the stall. If able to back him out at all, it will be with difficulty, for when started, he may be unable to lift one of his feet; but in some cases the affected limb will snap and crack and the animal will move off apparently sound, but after standing a while will experience the same trouble. This affection is located in the hock joint, but is often mistaken for stifle trouble. Treatment. Apply White Liniment all around the hock joint and give Horse Tonic. See Prescription No. 106, page 178. CURB. A Curb is an enlargement which makes its appearance back of the hock just a little below the joint of the hock and is usually due to a bruise or strain. Treatment. During the hot or inflamed stage the parts should be thoroughly poulticed with Antiseptic Poultice until all the inflammation has subsided, then apply the Bone Blister according to directions. In stubborn cases it is well to alternate the Bone Blister with Absorbent according to directions upon the packages. This treatment will remove Curbs of every nature. The animal should not be worked or strained during the treatment. See Prescription No. 107, page 178. DISTEMPER. (See Catarrhal Fever, Cattle Section, page 68.) See Prescription No. 97, page 178. DIARRHOEA. Diarrhcea is an unnaturally loose condition of the bowels, where the feces o: manure passes away in a liquid condition, indicating a disturbance of the mucous membrane of the bowels. It may be caused by bad, or irregular teeth, indigestion, worms, or unwholesome food. Treatment. Have the teeth examined and dressed if need be, and give liberal doses of Worse Tonic and dry feed, such as bran and ground oats. Give the horse a reasonable amount of water, and it is better that the chill be taken off. Give Calf Cholera remedy in large doses. See Prescription No, 108, page 178. 116 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. DROPSY. Dropsy is a watery condition of the blood and is known by heavy swellings in the limbs and abdomen. The treatment consists in giving a Physic Ball and follow- ing with Horse Tonic. Give nutritious food and proper exercise. See Prescription No. 109, page 178. DYSENTERY. Dysentery is a watery condition of the bowel contents, similar to Diarrhcea, an 1 is treated in the same manner. See Prescription No. 110, page 178. ECZEMA. Eczema is a disease of the skin and exists in various forms, but the most serious form is known as Mange. This form is due to a parasite which is very hard to destroy, therefore, the disease is equally hard to overcome; nevertheless, all forms of Eczema and Mange can be permanently overcome and cured. Treatment. Give a Physic Ball and follow with the Horse Tonic internally. After the effects of the Physic Ball have passed away, the animal should be clipped (if the season will permit) and thoroughly scrybbed with soft soap and a solution of Germ Killer. After the parts become entirely dry the animal should be thoroughly rubbed with the Skin Ointment. This treatment should be repeated every few days until the disease is completely cured. See Prescription No. 111, page 178. EVERSION OF THE UTERUS. See Prescription No. 210, page 178. EYE INFLAMMATION. Inflammation of the eye may be due to an injury or to moon blindness. The treatment consists in bathing the eye with warm Antisepto solution several times daily, and injecting into the eye after each bathing some of the Eye Lotion. The animal should be kept in a dark stable during a very aggravated case of sore eyes. See Prescription No. 112, page 178. FEVER. A fever is an elevation of the temperature and is caused by a disturbance of one or more organs of the body, and the treatment consists in giving Laxotonic, followed by Fever Paste. Bran mashes and a liberal amount of cool water should also be given. See Prescription No. 113, page 178. FISTULA. A fistula is a chronic discharge from a tube-like channel leading into a deep seated abscess, with no tendency to heal. Fistulas are more common in horses than other animals and is a term commonly applied to a discharge from the withers, known as fistulous withers. Fistulous withers are usually caused from an external injury. At first a large swelling appears, on one or both sides of the withers. When this occurs it is sometimes advisable to apply the Antiseptic Poultice until the fever and inflammation have been reduced; then wash off parts thoroughly and clip off the hair and mane, and apply Lucky Four Blister every two weeks as per directions until the enlargement disappears, or has been brought to a head, at which time it may be opened at the lowest point and thoroughly drained, the operator making an incision from two to three inches long. The cavity is then to be thoroughly washed DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 117 out with a solution of Germ Killer, then Healing Lotion or Absorbent should be injected, full strength, into the cavity. In this manner fistulas can be successfully treated. See Prescription No. 114, page 178. FLATULENT COLIC. (See Colic, page 113, the treatment of which is the same.) FLIES. It is needless to say that flies are a nuisance to stock owners. However, they are not only a nuisance, but dangerous, for they are the means of carrying and spreading disease, thereby causing heavy losses to stock raisers and owners. They annoy horses to such an extent as to keep them in one continual fret and worry. It is impossible to keep a horse in flesh when thus continually disturbed. Milking cows are often so disturbed by flies as to cause their owners serious © loss, owing to the shortage of milk. It is for this reason that all horse and cow stables should be darkened during the fly season each morning, and the stables thoroughly sprayed with Fly Oil. This should be sprayed upon the cows while they are in the stable and a few minutes before milking time. When _ this 1s done the cow will quiet down and give her milk freely and naturally, yield- ing extra milk to pay many times for the Fly Oil. It is for this reason that a good Fly Oil is an invaluable preparation to have on hand during the fly season. “A word to the wise is sufficient.” See Prescription No. 115, page 179. FOALING. The required time of gestation, or the period in which a mare carries her colt, is eleven months, at which time special attention should be given the mare. Place her loose in a box-stall with plenty of bedding; the drinking water should have the chill taken from it, and her bowels should be kept in a natural condition by giving her laxative food. After the labor pains have appeared, it would be well to keep watch of her, and if she does not deliver her colt within a reasonable length of time—say, one hour—it will be advisable to make an examination. Upon doing so, if the colt be in a natural position, the nose and front feet are the first to be felt. If such be the case, the attendant may assist the mare in delivering her colt by pulling on the front feet. Any other position would indicate an unnatural condition. of foaling. When the colt is born the navel cord should be tied two inches from the body with a string soaked in Umbilicure; the navel cord should then be cut about four inches from the body. Umbilicure should be applied three times daily to the navel cord until it dries up and drops off. This will prevent the colt from becoming infected with navel diseases. Important in connection with this article is the article on Navel Diseases in Colts. See Prescription No. 116, page 179. FOUNDER. Founder is a congested condition of the feet, and so affects them as to leave ‘them in a diseased condition unless properly treated. An animal may be foundered by being overfed, by being watered or fed when in too warm a condition for receiving same, or by overdriving. The first thing noticed will be an inability to move, especially their feet. They 118 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. will stand with their hind feet pretty well forward and under the body, and if they are compelled to turn around suddenly, they will show evidence of great pain and lameness. Treatment. Bleed the animal by tapping the blood vessel in the neck. The seat of bleeding is about 12 inches from the angle of the jaw, and the operation should be performed by the use of a bleeding Flem on the left under-side of the neck. The blood vessel may be raised by tying a string around the neck three or four inches below the point of bleeding. This should be drawn up rather snug. By so doing the blood vessel will fill rapidly with blood. The Flem should be placed and struck with a piece of heavy wood about 12 inches long. Always tap the blood vessel lengthwise. After you have let out from two to four quarts of blood, the string on the neck should be loosened and a pin passed through both edges of the opening in the skin and a small string of mane wound around the pin in the form of a figure 8. This will prevent the animal from further bleeding. Give the animal a Physic Ball and reduce the temperature with Fever Paste. Keep the appetite up with Horse Tonic. Good big applications of Antiseptic Poultice should be placed on each foot. They should be kept moist in front and behind by pouring water on them every few hours; place a blanket on the animal if in cold, and a fly sheet if in warm weather. Give soft feed and plenty of water. If the animal shows signs of soreness in the feet in the course of 15 to 30 days an application of Lucky Four Blister should be made around the upper part of the hoof, and especially on the front feet. See Prescription No. 117, page 179. GLANDERS. Glanders is a slow, contagious, incurable disease, usually confined to horses, but it may be transmitted to man. The first symptoms of this disease is a discharge from the nose, and swelling of the glands between the lower jaw. As the disease advances small ulcers may be noticeable on the mucous membrane lining of the nose, and sometimes small sores on the hind limbs appear. ‘The discharge from the nose is of a sticky nature. The nose of a glandered horse is usually very dirty, owing to the dust and dirt adhering to this sticky discharge, which is quite different from a horse afflicted with distemper or a cold. The manger and feed box of a glandered horse is also usually smeared with this sticky material, and dirt collects on same. As there is no cure for glanders in horses, a description of this disease is given so as to enable the owner to detect it as early as possible, in order to avoid danger of becoming infected by this most dreaded disease. : Mallein may be used in determining whether a horse is afflicted with glanders, in the same manner as the tuberculin test is applied to cattle, taking temperatures and injecting the Mallein at the same hour as designated in that test. It is advisable to destroy the animal as early as possible after the disease has been detected. Mangers should be torn down and the stall thoroughly scrubbed, and saturated with a double strength solution of Disinfectall. The harness, halter, and bridle of an infected horse should also be thoroughly disinfected in the same solution. See Prescription No. 118, page 179. DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 119 GREASE HEEL. This is a swelling of the legs and a breaking out of the skin, extending from hoof to hock and from hoof to knee. It is more often due to a bad condition of the blood than anything else. Treatment. Give a Physic Ball and follow with Horse Tonic. Apply Badger Balm to ail inflamed parts and in severe cases apply Antiseptic Poultice over the Balm until the inflammation is gone, then continue with the Balm. Give the animal soft feed, such as bran mashes, grass, plenty of water, and keep him out of mud. Do not wash off the leg unless you have to, but if you do, use a solution of Germ Killer, as water alone has a tendency to aggravate the case. See Prescription No. 119, page 179. HARNESS OR COLLAR GALLS Are brought on from a chafing of the parts by the harness or collars. The parts chafed will first become hot, sore and inflamed; later on a scab will form, and if neglected when scab comes off, there is danger of a sore being left, under which pus cavities often form, causing no end of trouble. If they reach this stage it will necessitate opening of the pus cavities, and re- quire from 20 to 30 days to heal. Treatment. In ordinary cases of Harness and Collar Galls, apply Gall Balm; it will posi- tively prevent and cure all Galls. If pus has collected, open up the sack and wash out the cavity with a solution of Germ Killer, then inject Absorbent. See Prescription No. 120, page 179. . HEAVES. Heaves is a derangement of the blood vessels and air tubes of the lungs. The most common cause is Indigestion, or the animal may be out of condition. As soon as a horse gets out of condition there is great danger of an attack of Heaves. Treatment. Give a Physic Ball and keep the animal from eating from 12 to 24 hours, then give Horse Tonic to tone up the system and digestive organs, and follow treatment by giving a moderate amount of feed with Heave Powder in it. Give water spar- ingly and a reasonable amount of hay. Dampen all the feed. After you have given a Physic Ball, Horse Tonic and one package of Heave Powder, you can easily see how much you have improved him, and if he is not entirely cured, continue with the Heave Powder until he is well, and give a Physic Ball every two weeks. See Prescription No, 81, page 179. HIPPED. The term “hipped” means the knocking down of the points of the hip bone. This can be done without injury to any joint, and for this reason the animal usually recovers from all lameness, but is always left deformed, though still useful., Treatment. Apply Badger Balm to all hot or inflamed parts around the hip until all heat, swelling and inflammation have disappeared. Then make an application of Lucky Four Blister between hip and stifle, every two weeks, until the animal has fully recovered. See Prescription No. 121, page 179. 120 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. IMPACTION OF THE BOWELS. Impaction of the bowels means a stoppage of the bowels and the most frequent cause is overloading the stomach and bowels with bulky feed, such as straw or over- ripe hay. Another cause is paralysis of the bowels. It is for this reason that salts or oil should not be given a horse in this condition. You will know this trouble by noticing that the horse acts as if he had the Colic. He will lie down, get up, perhaps pass a little water and a little manure, but only enough manure to deceive you. He will stretch himself, look around to his sides, and perhaps keep on eating. Treatment. Give a dose of Colic Drench and follow in three or four hours with a dose of Laxotonic. Repeat the Colic Drench and Laxotonic every six hours, giving them at intervals of three hours. Give four quarts of warm water (per rectum) three times daily, by the use of the flushing outfit. If the animal be in great pain, one-fourth pound of powdered mustard, mixed with a little warm water to make a thick paste, should be applied to the abdomen or belly. Apply lard over the abdomen in 12 hours, to keep the mustard from blistering. A Physic Ball should not be given unless in the early stage of impaction. See Prescription No. 122, page 179. INDIGESTION OR “OUT OF CONDITION.” This is a derangement of the stomach and bowels and is brought on by eating too much when the stomach is not in condition to digest food. You will know this trouble by the following symptoms: He will eat plenty, but will not do well. There will be a rough coat, lack of ambition, bowels either too dry or too loose. This is spoken of as being “out of condition.” Treatment. Give a Physic Ball and follow with Horse Tonic. Repeat the Physic Ball every two weeks, and continue with tl: Horse Tonic until the animal has fully recovered, becomes fleshy, sleek, ambitious and able to do a good day’s work. Give ground oats, bran and good tame hay, and see that he has regular exercise. See Prescription No. 123, page 179. INFLUENZA. Influenza is a Catarrhal affection of the air passages, usually of the head and throat, but if neglected the disease will affect the lunge. It is similar to Distemper, and the care and treatment are much the same. Treatment. Give Fever Paste and apply the White Liniment to the throat from ear to ear. Keep up the appetite of the horse by giving Horse Tonic. Keep the bowels loose by giving Laxotonic and injections of four quarts of warm water (per rectum) by the use of flushing outfit. In very severe cases of influenza, one ounce (two tablespoonfuls) of good whiskey should be added to the Fever Paste. If there be loud breathing, apply Antiseptic Poultice to the throat. Disinfect stables with Germ Killer or Disinfectall, hanging around the sick stall sacks that have been dipped in the solution, three times daily. See Prescription No. 124, page 179. 121 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Dr. Roberts Giving a Physic Ball. SAS Vq3_\j How to Give a Physic Ball. 122 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. INJECTIONS. The usual method to inject warm water into the rectum of an animal is by the use of a flushing outfit, and this is a very important thing to do in all ailments and diseases except where the bowels are already too loose. An injection makes it possible and easy for an animal to empty and expel the contents of the rectum without straining enough to injure itself in any way. The amount of warm water used is from two to six quarts and is injected into the rectum b:, the use of a flushing outfit, placing the tube from four to twelve inches into the rectum, holding the funnel up as high as the hose will permit, and pouring warm water into it as fast as it will run into the animal. KIDNEY DISEASE. The chief work of the kidneys is to expel all impurities from the system, and if they fail to do this, you will soon have a sick animal. You will know it by a stiffened gait of the hind parts, the horse taking very short steps and being stiff in turning, showing an inclination to stretch as if wanting to pass water. This is a very serious disease and must receive prompt and proper attention. Treatment. In the early stage of the disease give a Physic Ball and follow with the Kidney Aid. Give warm water injections, bran mashes, good hay and plenty of drinking water. All horses should receive Kidney Aid daily when subject to this disease. See Prescription No. 125, page 179. LAMENESS. Lameness is a disease or an injured condition of a joint, ligament, tendon, hoof or muscle of an animal, and can be located usually by heat, swelling, inflammation, enlargements, and lack of action in any part of the body or limbs. The signs of locations are as follows. Hoof lameness improves with exercise. In cases of splint lameness a horse . walks as though sound, but trots lame. In shoulder lameness a horse stumbles con- siderably. Joint lameness is usually indicated by heat and swelling. Tendon lame- ness the same. In ligament lameness there is no swelling, no heat and there will be no recovery unless the trouble is located and treated. In ringbone and curb lame- ness there is always an enlargement present. Bone spavin lameness sometimes appears without enlargement. The animal starts off on the points of his toes, and warms out of it as he is exercised. Bog spavin or thoroughpin always shows an enlargement. Treatment. Apply Antiseptic Poultice until all heat and inflammation are gone from the seat of the injury; then the parts should be clipped, washed, dried and Absorbent thoroughly applied in each of the following ailments: Ligament Lameness, Bog Spavin, Thoroughpins, Capped Elbows, Wind Puffs, Corns, and all unnatural en- largements on the body or limbs. In other forms of lameness the parts should be prepared as above mentioned and Bone Blister applied to the following ailments: Splints, Curbs, Ringbones, Bone Spavins and Capped Hock. See Prescription No. 126, page 179. DEEP-SEATED LAMENESS. The parts should be clipped, washed, dried and Lucky Four Blister thoroughly applied where the following ailments exist: Shoulder Lameness, Sweeny, Stifle Lameness, Hip Joint Lameness, Sprained Joints, Tendons, and all .. parts DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 123 requiring good, deep, stimulating blister. Hoof lameness due to nail wounds, gravel or bruises, should be thoroughly poulticed with the Antiseptic Poultice, and all cavities washed out with a solution of Germ Killer, after which inject Healing Oil. Plug all holes in bottom of hoof with absorbent cotton dipped in Healing Oil to pre- vent foreign matter from getting into the wounds. The poultice should be applied after the hoof is thus treated, as it kecps down inflammation and lessens the danger of Lockjaw. See Prescription No. 127, page 179. LARYNGITIS Is an inflammation of the lining of the throat and is often accompanied by a swell- ing which causes the animal to breathe very hard. Unless proper care and treatment are given there is great danger of the horse smothering to death. In these cases it is often necessary to insert a silver tube through an incission made into the wind- pipe, at a point about 12 inches below the angle of the jaw. Treatment. Give Fever Paste. Apply White Liniment to the throat from ear to ear, and if there is hard breathing, apply the Antiseptic Poultice to the throat from ear to ear. Keep up appetite with Horse Tonic. Keep bowels open by warm water injections, disinfect stalls with solution of Germ Killer or Disinfectall. See Prescription No. 128, page 179. LEUCORRHOEA. This is a catarrhal or inflamed condition of the mucous membrane or lining of the genital organs, and is a very detrimental disease if neglected. It often prevents mares from getting with foal. Treatment. Give Breeding Tonic. Wash out the vagina with a solution of Antisepto, by the use of a flushing outfit. See Prescription No. 129, page 179. LICE. Lice are small insects which infest live stock and do a great deal more damage to them than the average stockman realizes. It is a positive fact that if a stock owner knew just how much untold agony, to say nothing of the loss of flesh, that lice cause, he would not sleep until he had done all in his power to destroy the restless pests. Treatment. Diolice should be thoroughly applied and dusted into the hair on all parts of the animal. See Prescription No. 130, page 179. LUNG FEVER. It is also called Pneumonia and is inflammation of the lungs. It may be caused in various ways, but the most comimon cause is taking cold and being neglected. A horse with Lung Fever may or may not have a cough. He will stand with his elbows turned out most of the time, and seldom ever lies down. Treatment. Apply White Liniment to both sides of the chest over the ribs and also the throat. Give Laxotonic to loosen the bowels. Give Fever Paste to reduce the fever. Give Horse Tonic to keep up the appe- tite. Give one gallon of warm water as an injection (per rectum) to keep the bowels 124 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. open. Dip gunny sacks in a solution of Germ Killer or Disinfectall three times daily and hang them around the sick stall to kill the germs which are always present. The stall should be ventilated. Plenty of sunlight. Keep stall warm in winter and cool in summer. Place a blanket on the animal if needed. Keep the stall clean, well drained and use plenty of bedding. Give plenty of cold water, bran mashes and grass in season. > See Prescription No. 131, page 179. LYMPHANGITIS. This is inflammation of the lymphatic glands of the body or limbs, and is more commonly known as “Monday Morning Disease.” It comes on from Sunday rest and high feeding. It is more often seen in the hind limbs than in the front ones, and is more liable to affect the left leg than the right. Treatment. Give a Physic Ball and follow with Horse Tonic. If the fever be high, give Fever Paste. Apply the Badger Balm to all swellings of the limbs or body and rub it in thoroughly. Give soft feed, such as bran mashes, grass in season, and lots of exercise when the animal is able to take it. See Prescription No. 132, page 179. MANGE. Mange is a skin disease which comes under the head of “Eczema.” See Prescription No. 111, page 179, MOON BLINDNESS. This is a disease of the eyes, and it is also known as Periodical Opthalmia. It gets both of the names from the fact that it affects a horse at regular periods and was formerly supposed to be controlled by the moon. It may affect one or both eyes at any time. Treatment. Remove wolf teeth, if any, by pulling them, instead of breaking them off. There is no treatment that will cure this disease, but improvement has been effected by giving the animal a Physic Ball and following with Horse Tonic. Bathe the eyes with a solution of Antisepto three times daily and then inject the Eye Lotion as directed, until all inflammation is gone. Keep animal in dark stable during the stage of intense inflammation. See Prescription No. 133, page 179. MOUTH SORE. If the animal’s teeth need dressing, have them dressed and apply Healing Oil to all sore or inflamed parts. Change bits if necessary. See Prescription No. 134, page 179. NASAL GLEET Is a Catarrhal Discharge from one or both nostrils and is often caused by a bad cold or Distemper. Treatment. Give a Physic Ball and follow with the Horse Tonic. Apply White Liniment to the nostril or nostrils affected, as high up as to come even with the lower part of the eyes, and within three inches of the hole of the nostril. This treatment should be continued until the animal is entirely cured. See Prescription No. 135, page 179. DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 125 NAVEL DISEASE IN COLTS. This is a disease that affects the navel cord, and this takes place oftentimes at birth, due to the part becoming infected by germs which not only cause the navel to become sore and inflamed, but enter the body at this point and cause a swelling of the joints of colts. This results in lameness and a gathering of matter or pus, and unless proper treatment is promptly given, the disease will cause a sloughing of the joints and death will follow. Treatment. It is better to prevent this disease than to treat it. This can be done by applying Umbilicure to the end of the navel cord for several days immediately after birth. Treatment of the Disease After it‘-has Caused the Joints to Swell. Give Fever Paste internally and apply Badger Balm and Antiseptic Poultice externally. Keep colt from lying on damp ground or wet stalls. See Prescription No. 136, page 180. NAVICULAR LAMENESS. This is caused by continual pounding on hard surfaces, such as pavements, and the treatment is not very satisfactory. Removing a part of or severing the nerves of the feet will enable an animal to do work for some time without limping, but there is great danger of the foot dropping off. OPEN JOINT. This means an injury to a joint to such an extent as to cause the joint water to flow out. The joint water forms as fast as it flows out, so as soon as the flow is stopped the joint fills up again with as much of the fluid as Nature requires to lubri- cate the joints. Treatment. Clip off the hair and wash the joint and wound with a solution of Germ Killer. When dry, apply Lucky Four Blister to the entire joint, as per direction given on Blister. Apply Absorbent to the wound. Do not disturb the scab or wash the wound after the first washing. If the discharge of joint water does not cease in four days, one pint of the Antisepto Solution, which is made by dissolving one table- spoonful of Antisepto in a pint of water which has been boiled and cooled to blood heat, should be injected once daily into the joint until discharge ceases. Follow with Absorbent. See Prescription No. 137, page 180. PARALYSIS This is a loss of power, both of motion and of sensation, but one may occur without the other. The kind of Paralysis which is most common is due to Azoturia or an excess of uric acid in the blood, and must be treated the same as Azoturia. See Prescription No. 138, page 180. PARASITES {s a term applied to a small living organism which lives on other animals, burrow- ing into the skin and producing irritation and a disease such as Mange in animals, or the Itch in human beings. For treatment see article on “Eczema.” See Prescription No. 139, page 180. 126 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. PARTURITION. This is the act of giving birth to the offspring. The animal should be placed in a loose box-stall and given plenty of bedding. After the mare has labored for several hours, she should be examined to sce if everything is all right. If she is not, she should be given special attention. After colt is born, the mare should be washed out with a solution of Antisepto (two quarts), then place one pound of lard (in chunks) into the womb. Do this once daily until she has recovered. See Prescription No. 140, page 180. PHARYNGITIS. This is very much like “Laryngitis” and the treatment is the same. See Prescription No. 141, page 180. PENIS. This is the genital organ of the male and should be given some attention, such as washing out the sheath with a solution of Germ Niller every sixty days, and if the penis be sore, apply Healing Oil. PILLS Are Physic Balls, of which all horses should receive no less than four each year, and at most, one every two weeks, until put in good condition. Whenever the blood is out of order, the skin rough or covered with pimples, or the animal has a staring coat, 10 gloss to it, or is unthrifty in any way, you will know he needs a Physic Ball and it should be followed with Horse Tonic. PIMPLES. Pimples are only an indication that the blood is out of order, and the proper method of treatment is to give a Physic Ball and follow with the Horse Tonic if the pimples do not disappear readily. Apply Skin Ointment to all parts affected. See Prescription No. 142, page 180. PINK EYE. (See Catarrhal Fever, page 111.) See Prescription No. 97, page 180. PLEURISY. Pleurisy is usually brought on by taking cold. It is an inflamed condition of the covering of the lungs and resembles Lung Fever. Give Fever Paste internally and apply White Liniment externally to both sides of the chest, also to the throat. Give warm water injections (per rectum) to keep bowels open, and care for the animal the same as you would in the case of Lung Fever. See Prescription No. 143, page 180. PNEUMONIA Is “Lung Fever” and the treatment is the same. (See page 123.) See Prescription No. 131, page 180. POLL EVIL. Poll Evil is a large, hot, painful swelling on the forward and upper part of the neck just between and back of the ears, and is usually caused by bruises or violence of some form, such as jamming the head against the ceiling of the stable, or rearing up and falling over backwards, the result being the same, regardless of the cause. After the parts become hot, inflamed and swollen, pus or matter usually forms, and unless it is overcome by absorption, the cavities become filled with pus and later on break open if not previously lanced. DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 127 When the disease first appears, the treatment consists in repeated applica- tions of Antiseptic Poultice until the fever and inflammation have been reduced; then wash off parts thoroughly and clip off the hair and mane, and apply a good application of Lucky Four Blister. This may be repeated every two weeks, or until the enlargement has disappeared or been brought to a head. In the latter case it should be opened at the lowest point and thoroughly drained, the operator making an incision from two to three inches long. The cavity then is to-be thoroughly washed out with a solution of Germ Killer, and the Healing Lotion or Absorbent injected once daily. In this manner any Poll Evil can be permanently cured. See Prescription No. 144, page 180. PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA. This is an intense swelling of the limbs, head and under the belly, including the sheath or udder. The swelling comes on slowly but steadily and must run its course, causing the eyes to close from the intense swelling. Treatment. Give a Physic Ball at once and give Fever Paste to reduce the fever. Give Horse Tonic to keep up appetite. Give warm water injections (per rectum) to keep bowels open and apply Badger Balm, well rubbed in, to all swollen parts. If the heels crack, use Healing Oil and Healing Lotion—first one, then the other, as directed. See Prescription No. 145, page 180. QUITTOR Is like a Fistula, only it is located in the foot, and is often caused by nail pricks, bruises or gravel in the foot. Treatment. Wash part with Germ Killer solution and poultice the feet with the Antiseptic Poultice until most of the fever is gone, then inject Absorbent. See Prescription No. 146, page 180. RING BONE. A Ring Bone is an unnatural growth of the bone, which takes place at the pastern joints and is liable to appear on any foot, but generally on the hind foot. Treatment. In the early stages of Ring Bone, clip off the hair and wash the parts thoroughly with soap and warm water. When dry, apply Bone Blister to the ring bone or any enlargement of like nature, and continue the treatment until all lameness is gone. See Prescription No. 147, page 180. RING WORM. Ring Worm is a skin disease and is due to parasites which live just beneath the skin and must be destroyed before the disease can be cured. The treatment is the same as for Skin Disease and Eczema. (See “Eczema,” page 116.) See Prescription No. 148, page 180. ROARING. Roaring is a disease of the throat and is caused by a neglected case of Dis- temper. It is very hard, and in fact, almost impossible to cure this disease except by an operation. The following treatment often proves beneficial : Apply Lucky Four Blister to the throat from ear to ear according to directions. Repeat every two weeks until at least four treatments have been given. See Prescription No. 149, page 180, 128 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. RUPTURE. Rupture is a term generally applied to an injury to the tissues which hold the bowels in their natural position. A rupture of this kind may appear in different locations, but the rupture which the stock breeder has to contend with, and the only one which he can treat and improve the condition, is a rupture in a suckling colt, where the bowels come down into the scrotum. This may occur at any time from the day of birth to full maturity. It will be detected by an unnaturally enlarged condition of the scrotum. The treatment is to apply Healing Oil once daily to the entire scrotum until it regains its natural size. See Prescription No. 150, page 180. SCALDS AND BURNS. Scalds usually occur from having water applied when too hot to any part of the animal. The most common kind of burns that horse raisers have to contend with, are caused by the horse getting tangled up in a rope, either by being tied too long or staked out to grass. This is called a rope burn and if neglected, often results in a serious, inflamed wound, which may leave a thick, diseased scar or ridge. Treatment. For either Scalds or Burns, apply the Badger Balm, and if it be where a poul- tice can be used, apply the Antiseptic Poultice. This can be continued until all heat and inflammation are gone. Then use Absorbent. See Prescription No. 151, page 180. SCRATCHES. Scratches or cracked heels is an inflamed, irritated and diseased condition of the skin, usually at the fetlock of either front or hind limbs, but more often the hind ones. If this be neglected, it is liable to terminate in what is called Grease Heel. Scratches may occur at all seasons of the year, but are more liable to come on in the spring. This goes to show that in many cases they are due to a bad condition of the blood. Treatment. Give a Physic Ball and follow with the Horse Tonic. Wash the legs and feet off thoroughly with a solution of Germ Killer. The washing should not be repeated after the limbs are once clean. Then apply the Badger Balm, and if it be a very severe case, apply the Antiseptic Poultice until all heat and swelling have dis- appeared. Continue with the Badger Balm until the skin is healed. The animal should be kept out of the mud and snow water, as all water and moisture are irritating to the skin when thus afflicted. See Prescription No. 152, page 180. SHOE BOILS. (See “Capped Elbow,” page 111.) See Prescription No. 94, page 180. SKIN DISEASE. Skin disease comes under the head of “Eczema” (see page 116). See Prescription No. 111, page 180. DISEASES OF TI HORSE. 129 SORES. There are various kinds of sores, some being superficial, and others deep seated. Both superficial or surface sores and deep seated sores or pus cavities may be caused by bruises, punctures, wire cuts, ete. Treatment. In all cases of sores, the first thing to be done is to cleanse them. This should be done with a solution of Germ-Killer. If it be a deep seated sore, the cavity should be thoroughly syringed out with this solution, and then Absorbent should be injected. If a surface sore, it should be cleaned in the same manner, then treated with the Healing Oil. If proud flesh appears, apply Absorbent. See Prescription No. 153, page 180. SORE THROAT Is an inflamed condition of the mucous membrane lining the throat, and it may be due to taking cold, inhaling smoke, or to Distemper or Catarrhal Disease. Treatment. Apply the White Liniment to the throat from ear to ear for three to four days, discontinuing for a few days and resuming the treatment later if needed. Give Fever Paste on the tongue. The appetite may be kept up by the use of Horse Tonic. The bowels should be kept open by giving four quarts of warm water (per rectum) as an injection, using flushing outfit. The animal should be allowed plenty of cold water and soft and nutritious feed, such as bran; flaxseed tea may be given freely. It is made of ground flax seed steeped in hot water and allowed to stand for several hours. Feed the entire mixture. See Prescription No. 154, page 181. SPAVIN. (See Bog and Bone Spavin, pages 109 and 110. See Prescription Nos. 85 and 86, page 181. SPEEDY CRACK. _ Ts similar to “Scratches” or “Cracked Heel,” and the treatment is the same (see pages 128 and 113. See Prescriptions Nos. 85 and 86, page 181. SPLINTS. A Splint is a bony enlargement which develops on the canon or shin bone of the horse between the ankle and knee or between ankle and hock. “They usually form on the inside of the front limb, but do occasionally appear on the outside. They vary in size from that of a small kernel to a hickory nut. They can usually be seen or felt very readily. Splint lameness has a peculiarity of its own, inasmuch as the horse is apt to walk perfectly sound and trot lame. The horse usually grows worse by exercise. Splints are usually caused by hard road work or injuries. [Either will produce a growth of bone beneath the thin tissue paper like covering of a bone, and it is this growth that produces lameness. The treatment of a splint consists in the application of ingredients such as are contained in Bone Blister. When this growth or enlargement is absorbed, it disappears and so does the lameness, if the animal is thus afflicted. They are seldom seen on the hind limbs See Prescription No. 155, page 181. 130 DISEASES OF TEE SEORSE SPRAINS. \ Sprain is an injury to the joint, Hgament, tendon or muscle, and is usually detected by heat, swelling, soreness or lameness. All heat, swelling and soreness should be overcome by applying the Antiseptic Poultice and if there be lameness after the heat and sweiling have been relicved, the Absorbent or Lucky Four Blister should be apphed See Prescription \v. 156, puge 18) STERILITY. (See Barrenness in Mares, page 108.) See Prescription No. 83, page 181. STRANGLES. Strangles is the same disease as Catarrhal Fever or Distemper (see page 111). See Prescription No. 97, page 181. STRING HALT Ts an injured condition of the nerves of the hind limbs, and is known by an unnaturally high lifting of the limbs. This trouble is incurable. A horse out of condition will show this disease more than one in a good, healthy state, so the only thing to do is to get the animal in a strong, healthy condition. This may be done by giving Physic Ball and Horse Tonic until the object has been attained. i See Prescription No. 157, page 181. SUNSTROKE Is simply prostration from heat, and occurs only in very hot weather. The animal may be going along as usual, but will suddenly get dizzy, weak, and sweat profusely, then suddenly stop sweating and begin to pant. His nostrils get large and he will hang his head, and it is at this point that he is lable to go down. Treatment. Cold water should be applied zo all parts of the body and head by the use of a light spray or by sponging. This should be kept up until he cools off. Move him to a shady place, where he may get fresh air, and give him one tablespoonful of Fever Paste and eight ounces of good whiskey as one dose, and follow every three hours with a tablespoonful of the Fever Paste and two ounces of good whiskey until he recovers. Give a gallon of tepid water (per rectum) by the use of the Flushing Outfit. Allow the animal to drink tepid water, and as he recovers, give him bran mashes and soft foods. See Prescription No. 158, page 181. SWELLING. Swelling is a hot, inflamed condition, and the treatment consists in giving a Physic Ball internally, following this with the Horse Tonic. Apply Badger Balm well rubbed in, and if possible to use a poultice, use the Antiseptic Poultice. See Prescription No. 139, paye 18). SWEENY. Sweeny is a shrmking of the muscles and is caused by an injury to the point of the shoulder; for this reason the hair should be clipped from. the entire shoulder blade, and the point of the shoulder. Lucky Four Blister or White Liniment should be applied to both the point of the shoulder and to the depression at the shoulder blade. DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 131 In many cases it is an advantage to use first one o: these remedies, then the other. The animal should receive daily exercise; sometimes a little light work may be beneficial, but heavy work is out of the question See Prescription No. 160, page 181. SHEATH. The sheath is the cover of the penis of the male, and the only attention that is usually required is to occasionally wash out with soap and warm water the collection of dust and dirt in the sheath, which sometimes produces bad results if neglected. It may cause portions of the skin to slough off, leaving raw surfaces, which ccme in continual contact with the balance of the unclean parts. If there be signs of soreness, the dirt from the sheath should be washed out at the point of the penis, and should be examined, as there is frequently a collection of cheesy-like material collecting just in front of the urethra, where there is a little blind sack that favors the collection of foreign matter. This gathering.is commonly known as a bean. It should be ex- amined and the sheath washed no less than four times a year. If there be soreness of any nature on the penis, the Healing Oil should be applied to the inner parts of the sheath. SYNOVITIS. This is inflammation of the synovial bursa and joints, the parts of the joints which come in contact with one another. This is commonly known as inflammation ef the joints. and may be recognized by heat, swelling and intense lameness. Bruises, slips or strains are frequent causes of synovitis. Treatment. -\pply Badger Balm thoroughly rubbed into the parts of the inflamed joints, then apply the Antiseptic Poultice. Continue this treatment until all heat and swelling have disappeared. If lameness continues, apply Lucky Four Blister according to directions, and repeat every two weeks until lameness is overcome. See Prescription No, 161, page 181. TEETH (IRREGULAR). All owners of horses should examine their horses’ tecth and should be able to tell by examination whether they should be dressed or not. The way to examine them is to back the horse into a single stall, remove the halter or bridle, and if need be put a neck strap on the animal, then stand directly in front of the horse and reach into the mouth, grasp the toregue and pull it out and to one side with one hand, and lift the sides of the checks with the other. In this way you will be able to see the full set of molars or grindevs. If they need dressing, the inside edges of the lower teeth and the outside edges of the upper teeth will be ragged, rough and sharp. Sometimes in examining a horse in this manner you will find one or more teeth considerably longer than the others, in which case, or where the edges are sharp, the teeth should be properly dressed by a qualified veterinarian who thoroughly under- stands dentistry. In fact, all horses should he thus examined, and especially horses that are out of condition. TENDON SORE. When a horse has a sore or !ame tendon, or when inflamed so as to produce lameness, it should first be thoroughly rubbed with Badger Balm. Then apply the 132 DISEASES, OF THE LIORSIE \ntiseptic Poultice until all heat and swelling have disappeared, after which remove the kuneness by applying Lucky Four Blister as directed. See Prescription \o, 162, page 181. TESTICLES. Swollen testicles may occur as the result of bruises, kicks or stings, and the trouble frequently happens to stallions during breeding season. Bathe parts with warm water, then apply Badger Balm, thoroughly rubbed in, and follow by the use of the Antiseptic Poultice. This is done by placing a wide bandage around the belly, just in front of the hips, then attaching another strip to it just at the point of the sheath: bring up between the thighs and along. the side of the tail and fasten to the other strip just over the loins or kidneys. In this manner a poultice may be applied easily, and its use is very Immortant in such cases. See Prescription for Scalds and Buris No. 151, page 180. THOROUGHPINS Ts an unnatural enlargement of the hock, and is indicated by a puff in front and outside of the hock, passing entirely through the hock. This trouble may happen to horses of any age, but the treatment 1s very much more satisfactory in young horses than in old ones, and is as follows: Treatment. Clip off the hair from all parts and wash with warm water and soap. .\ few hours later apply Absorbent to the puffs, both in front and at the side of the hock. In this manner all curable cases of Thoroughpins can be cured. See Prescription No, 163, page 181. THRUSH IN FEET. Thrush is known by a dark gray, unhealthy secretion of matter oozing from the middle or either side of the frog of a horse’s foot. This discharge, if neglected, is liable to cat its way through the sole of the foot, oftentimes involving the joints and sometimes causing intense lameness and swelling of the limbs. It is at this stage of the disease that blood poisoning is liable to set in and death results. This disease affects both horses and marcs, more often affecting the front fect of geldings or stallions and the hind feet of mares, this being due to the filth and moisture caused by the urine. Treatment. 2 Thrush is to be treated by cleanliness—the removal of all direct causcs and a return of the frog to its normal condition, The diseased or ragged condition of the frog should be pared away, and in severe cases the foot should be poulticed for a few days with the Antiseptic Poultice. The center of the frog and the grooves on cither side are then to be cleaned and well filled with wads of cotton soaked in Germ Killer (full strength). The foot should be dressed in this manner once daily. If there be intense fever in the feet and swelling of the limbs, this will indicate that the horse requires internal treatment. For this give a Physic Ball and follow with Horse Tonic; but in all mild cases of Thrush in the feet, pack the frog and affected parts with wads of cotton soaked in Germ Niller (full streneth) and you will over- come the discase. See Prescription No. 164, page 181. TUMOR. The only possible way for stock owners to remove Tumors is by use of the Absorbent. If that should fail to accomplish the result, the knife must be resorted to. See Prescription No. 165, page 181. DISEASES OF THE TLORSE 133 ULCER. An ulcer is an open sore on an external or internal surface of the body. Ulcers are caused by inflammation combined with poor reaction on the part of the tissue affected. Local injuries are the immediate exciting cause of external ulcers. Internal ulcers, such as those of the mouth, stomach and intestines, are caused cither by injury by foreign bodies, such as a kick, or by micro-organisms and decomposed secretions or other contents. While the tendency of ulcers is to get well spontaneously, nature is best assisted by cleanliness of the parts by washing them thoroughly with a warm solu- tion of Germ Niller and applying Healing Oil to all affected parts, alternating with Absorbent. For intestinal ulcers give Laxotonic and injections of warm water. See Prescription No, 166, page 181. URINE RETAINED. The retention of the urine in mares may be easily overcome by passing a female catheter, which is a silver plated tube a little larger than a lead pencil and about twelve inches long, into the neck of the bladder, which is located on the floor of the vagina. But the retention of the urine m a gelding or stalHon is a difficult matter to overcome, as an inexperienced person would be liable to have trouble in passing the male catheter, which is usually about ihree feet long. However, if there be re- tention in the mare or horse, a bottle of Colic Drench should be given, as this con- tains ingredients which act upon the urinal organs, and by so doing may overcome the necessity of drawing the water. See Prescription No. 167, page 181. WARTS Are little tumors which often appear very suddenly on any part of the body or limbs, angles of the mouth, corners of the eye, tips of the ears, etc. For this reason they are difficult to remove, and great care should be taken in their removal. The only safe and reliable method is to apply Wartine to warts of all kinds, until they are removed. It requires a longer time to remove some kinds of warts than others. The large warts should be pulled out by the reots with the fingers or forceps, and tien apply Wartine to the wound thus made. See Prescription No. 168, page 181. » WIND BROKEN. This trouble is very much like Heaves and should be treated in the same manner. (See Heaves, page 119.) See Prescription No. 81, page 181. WIND GALLS. Wind Galls are sometimes called Wind Puffs, either term being correct. They are enlargements of the synovial bursa, and usually appear on the fetlock joint of the front or hind limbs, but more often on the hind limbs. Treatment. Clip off the hair over the wind gall, wash the parts thoroughly with warm water and soap, and in a couple of hours apply Absorbent. Do this daily until the trouble disappears. Do not repeat the washing. The animal will improve more rapidly if kept from doing hard work, and kept off the pavement. See Prescription No. 169, page 181. 134 DISEASES OF THE HORSE WIRE CUTS. Wire Cuts are usually caused by wire containing barbs or sharp prongs. These barbs or prongs are usually in a rusty condition, and for this reason a wire cut 1s considerably more dangerous and harder to handle than most any other wound; wire cuts may also he produced by smooth or woven wire, but the animal, in such cases, must have come in contact with such wires with considerable force. When this occurs the bruise is usually as serious as the cut, and both have to be properly treated in order to obtain the best results. Barb wire cuts are very dangerous for the reason that when the animal comes in contact with a fence with sufficient force to produce an ugly gash there is great danger of the sharp, rusty barbs passing considerably deeper into the flesh than the wire itself, and by so doing may penetrate the joints in that vicinity. When this occurs you have to contend with both a wire cut and open joint. The open joint means the escaping of synovia, or joint water, from the joint. Treatment. All wounds should be thoroughly washed with a solution of Germ Killer. When the skin and muscles are cut to more than two or three inches in length it is advis- able to stitch up with silk or linen thread, bringing the skin together. This may be done successfully in several ways, but it is advisable to make stitches about one-half or one inch apart, passing the needle through both edges of the skin; then cut the thread sufficient in length to be tied in a hard knot. These are called interrupted sutures. Another method would be to begin at one end of the cut, passing the needle through the skin and back through the end of the thread, then to the opposite side of the wound, and in this manner drawing the edges of the skin together, sewing the entire wound without cutting the thread. This is called uninterrupted sutures. The entire wound should then be dressed with Healing Oil once daily. Daily washings of the wound with Germ Killer solution and Healing Oil are necessary. After the stitches are removed the wound may be washed once daily with Germ Killer solution. Apply Absorbent with a small brush to the wound itself, using Healing Oil to keep the skin moist. In this manner any wound may be treated with success, regardless of 1ts size. See Prescription No, 170, page 181, WORMS. There are several classes of worms, but the same treatment applies to the various kinds. It is a very important thing to rid your horse of worms and keep him from having them. In order to do this 1 package of Worm Powder should be given. It should he followed by a Physic Ball, which expels all destroyed and stupified worms, including the little deadly red worm, which is causing heavy losses. In connection with this treatment, two to four quarts of Germ Killer solution, half strength, should be given (per rectum) as an injection by the use of Flushing outfit, two or three times per week. This will rid the rectum of the little pin worms, which are sometimes very hard to eradicate. This treatment can be repeated if necessary. See Prescription No. 171, page 181. WOUNDS. There are many different kinds of wounds, which are caused in different ways. Most wounds are caused by external injuries, while others may be caused by im- proper condition of the blood. ‘ Wounds of every nature, both surface and deep seated, should be washed with a solution of Germ Killer; after they are thoroughly cleaned by injecting this solution into the cavity, use Absorbent and Healing Lotion alternately. DISEASES OF THE HORSE 135 tenis Methods cf Applying Antiseptic Poultice. A—Throat Pad. B—Pneumonia Jacket. C—Fetlock Pads. D—Fetlock Pads. E—Hock Bandage, Manytail. F—Poultice Bandage. G—Manytail Bandage. \pply and infect into the following deep seated wounds, and into Abscesses and and lluid Sacs, after they have been opened, such as Poll Evil, Fistulous Withers, Capped Elbow, Capped Hock, Distemper, Abscesses on any part of the body, open collar or harness Galls, Blood Blisters (or bruises), often seen at the point of the breast bone, abscess of the udder, punctured or lacerated wounds, such as may be caused by barb wire, tin, glass, nails or slivers, sore feet due to rope burns, wounds left after removing warts. It is a difficult and important thing in all deep seated wounds to keep proud flesh from forming, and to cause the wound to heal nicely without a scar. This can be done if the above directions are clearly and carefully followed. Germ Killer cleanses the wound. Healing Oil, soothes and heals. Absorbent prevents proud flesh. Use Gall Balm for superficial or surface wounds, such as Collar Galls, Harness Galls, Cracked or Inflamed Skin, Cracked Heels, Speedy Cuts (or Scratches), Bruises or Irritated Skin, such as is often noticed on the knees, ankles, hocks, and hips from lying on cement or rough floors without much bedding. For sore mouth, both around the mouth, and inside, bites of insects, poisoned or inflamed condition of the skin, use Healing Oil. Healing Oil should be used freely on instruments and hands of operator, also applied to the scrotum of all live stock castrated, such as calves, colts, lambs and pigs. Healing Oil is invaluable to veterinarians or to parties who make a business of castrating stallions, bulls, boars and rams, as it will prevent infection and blood poisoning in all surgical operations. See Prescription No. 172, page 181. 135 DISEASES Ol TLE TLORSE. Dr. David Roberts’ Absorbent Saves Valuable Race Horse. De, Davie Rovers, Waukesha, Wisconsin. Dear Stk —HElectric Maiden, 2:13'2, was afflicted with two large goiters on her neck. Thad great fear, and in fact had made up my mind that she was ruined as a race horse on account of these unnatural growths, but upon learning that you had an Absorbent specially prepared to remove unnatural enlargements from the body and limbs of a horse, I was determined to try it, so I purchased one bottle and applied it according to directions, and in a remarkably short time it reduced the enlarged glands to their natural and normal condition. I consider that your .\bsorbent has done more than I ever expected of any remedy. TI take great pleasure in recommending this valuable remedy to other horsemen. Yours truly, T. J. Dunear, Milwaukee, Wis. Wisconsin State Industrial School Uses Our Remedies in its Live Stock Department With Great Success. State INDUSTRIAL. SCHOOL, Waukesta, Wis. Dr. Davin Rozerts, Waukesha, Wisconsin. ° Dear Srk:—At one time [ was superintendent and manager of the Captain Pabst stables in the city of Chicavo. Later I conducted a livery business at the Aldine Square Livery on Vineent Avenue. At times T had as high as ninety head of boarding horses, and as a rule each owner or family employed their own veterinarians and used different veterinary prescriptions in the care and treatment of their animals. This necessitated the calls of many different veterinarians and the use of a great many different veterinary prescriptions, and it gave me a good opportunity to witness the different methods of treating animals, and the most iu- teresting of all things was to watch the results of different prescriptions, such as Condition Powders and Colic Cures, and with this experience I must say of all the Colic Cures I saw administered or administered myself to these different boarders, that of Dr. David Roberts’ Colic Drench has, in my opinion, saved more horses and brought about better results than any that I have witnessed or ex perienced, and I take pleasure in recommending your Colic Drench for all forms of colic. T have had considerable experience with your Horse Tonic, and like it very much and can highly recommend it for all horses out of candition. K. C. DousMAN, Manager of the Live Stock Dept. of the Wisconsin State Industrial School. Mr. vA. £. Conklin, of Salt Point, N. Y., under date of April 3, 1911, writes: “Your Colic Drench which you sent me | used on a neighbor's horse which was given 1p as dying, which the local veterinary could not help at all. The horse showed improvement inoan hour, and T followed it up with Lasotonic and he ” came out all O. Wk. SWINK SECTION 137 SWINE Care and Management of Swine Selection—Feeding—How to Get Best Results— Gestation—Farrowing Symptoms and Treatment of Swine Diseases Miscellaneous Information 138 CART AN D AIAN AGIEOMIEN POY SAVIN EE Care and Management of Swine. DUROC JERSEY SWINE. Duroe Jersey swine, sometimes called Jersey Reds, Durocs, etc., really orig- inated in New York State, but have been bred in Wisconsin for about thirty ycars. In 1883 a number of Wisconsin breeders of the so-called Red Hog, met at Elkhorn, Wis., and formed an organization, known as the Duroc or Jersey Red Swine Club, for the purpose of advancing the improvement of the breed, and using a registry of pedigrees. The Duroc Jersey pig should Le long, quite deep bodied, not round, but broad on the back, and holding the width well out to the hips and hams. The ead should he small, compared with the body, with the cheek broad and full. and considerable breadth between the eyes. The neck should be short and thick, and the face slightly curved, with the nose rather longer than in the English breeds; the ears rather large and lopped over the eyes and not erect. Bone not fine, nor yet coarse, but medium. The legs medium in size and length, but set well under the body and well apart, and not cut up high in the flank or above the knee. The hams should be broad and full well down to the hock. There should be a good coat of hair of medium fineness, inclining to bristles at the top of the shoulder; the tail being hairy and not small; the hair usually straight, but in some cases a little wavy. The color should be red, varying from dark, glossy, cherry red, and even brownish hair, to light yellowish red, with occasionally a small fleck of black on the belly and legs. The darker shades of red are preferred by most breeders, and this type of color is the most desirable. In disposition they are remarkably mild and gentle. When full grown they should dress from four hundred to five hundred pounds, and pigs at nine months old should dress from two hundred and fifty to three hundred pounds. SELECTION. No money can be made by selecting a half-wild breed of hogs, nor can success be achieved by selecting a good breed and starving the hogs or allowing them to shift for themselves. Hogs of the improved breeds are not so well able to take care of themselves as those of a half-wild breed, but when well cared for, will pay fifty per cent more profit than the other breed, for the grain fed. This is because they are more quiet and assimilate their food more perfectly. However good the breed may be, care should be taken in the selecting or coupling of animals, otherwise degeneration of the offspring will result. In the selection of stock for breeding, look first to the constitutional vigor. Without this, no matter what the beauty of form may be, disaster will come to the herd. Next examine the form, with regard to what you require. Then comes the question of early maturity and easy fattening qualities. In all farm animals tractability and quietness of disposition are essential. In swine this is especially so, as on the disposition of the animal largely depends the quality of fattening quickly and easily. FEEDING. The question of feeding swine comes under two heads, viz., that of feeding swine for breeding purposes and feeding for fattening only. In feeding the breeding animal attention should be given to feeding for a strong constitution, a more active animal, and perfect health. True economy in this will dictate that they have the warmest possible shelter in winter and that they be kept cool in summer, with some place where they can escape from insect enemies. They should have range sufficient for them to exercise their instinct in rooting for such underground vegetation as their nature may require. This promotes health and strengthens their constitution. These animals which are intended for fattening (and which are the very great per cent of swine in the country), and whose lives do not extend to beyond 15 months at most, are fattened, ready for sale, within ten months, and do not require this range and exercise. If the breeding stock have been kept healthy they should transmit health to the offspring, giving them a strong constitution on which to build. CARE AND MANAGEMENT OFF SWINE 139 The young pigs should be weaned when about six weeks old, allowing them plenty of skimmed milk and buttermilk, mixing at seven or eight weeks old a fair portion of ‘corn-meal mush, or, better still, light wheat and rye screenings ground together. Give them grass also as soon as they will eat it, and at three months old they may be put on clover. In addition to clover, give the young pigs all the milk and other slops of the house, and also give what corn they will eat. The older pigs will do well on clover and corn without the slops. The summer and early fall is the best season for fattening hogs. The gain during this time will be more rapid than at any other season. In the late fall, winter and spring the hoes should be housed in dry, warm sheds or barns. The fact should never be overlooked that it requires a certain percentage of the food to supply daily animal waste. The young animal converts into flesh more of the food given than a full grown one; no-matter how long the animal is kept, the daily waste goes on constantly. True economy is therefore to feed strong from birth and keep them growing as fast as possible. In this way you shorten the feed- ing period and get them to market quickly. Do not neglect the hogs. Feed them regularly and often enough so that they will not overeat, as this is apt to cause trouble with the hog as with the human being. Further, see that they have plenty to drink. Neglect to furnish abundance of pure water is a common source of loss and favors the outbreak of disease. Impure and germ laden water invites disease. Hogs which are being fattened are not given their natural exercise, neither are they at liberty to root in the ground, where they could get the roots and herbs neces- sary to their digestion. They are, therefore, on account of their confined condition, liable to contract disease. To aid their digestive organs and supply them with the proper ingredients to aid in digesting and assimilating their food, they should be given a small amount of stock tonic each day by mixing Dr. David Roberts’ Stok- vigor with ground oil cake, and giving this to them in their feed. HOW TO GET BEST RESULTS. The care of young hogs is important in getting the results, and “best results” are what every one is striving for. After you have used care in selecting and feeding your hogs, do not lose the benefit of it by not properly caring for them. A boar will be ready for service when six or eight months old, but it is better to wait until he is about ten months of age at least. The sow is capable of breeding at seven or eight months old. However, it is better to wait until she is ten or twelve. One litter of pigs per year is enough for the average sow, although some will raise two. If the sow has a warm place for farrowing, the earlier in the season the pigs are produced the greater will be the profit from them. SPAYING SOWS. The necessity of castrating the boar pigs, for pork-making purposes, is gen- erally admitted, but the importance of spaying such sow pigs on the farm or in the herd, as are not designed for breeders, has never been appreciated as it should, or as it is likely to be, when the rearing of swine is conducted on such business principles as its importance demands. The sows that were not intended to be kept as brood sows on the Roberts’ Stock Farm, at Racine, Wisconsin, and owned by the father of the writer, were spayed. The writer had a splendid opportunity of watching this little operation, considered so simple, yet requiring a thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the hog, as well as some skill. Open sows running with other hogs are a source of great annoyance, and where more than two or three are kept, there is scarcely a time when one of their number is not in heat, and continually chasing others, thus keeping them in a worried, ievered condition, extremely detrimental to their growth or fattening. Ti all sows are trimmed, this annoyance is avoided, the hogs are quiet and rest- jul, and much time, trouble and feed are saved. It was very noticeable on the old stock farm that sows thus spayed fed more kindly and profitably than those that were not, and the butchers or buyers preferred spayed sows to barrows, claiming that their meat had a sweeter taste than that of other pigs. 140 CARI AND ALANAGEMENT OF SWINIE. How to Spay Sows. They should be spayed under six months of age. This requires two attendants ; one holding the front feet forward, and the other the hind feet back, placing the sow on her right side. The hair should be shaved off the spot where the incision is to be made (a little back of the last rib, and about midway up and down), then cut a gash about one-half an inch deep ard two to three inches long, up and down; slip the flesh back each way about an inch, making a round gash, or wide incision, then turn the knife and stick the blade straight in gently, deep enough to go through the peritoneal lining, or covering of the bowel, at the upper corner of the incision; then put the Jeft fore-finger in, and with the right fore-finger tear the hole large enough to allow working room for the fingers; feel inside near the back of the first two fingers of the left hand for the “ovary,” a little knotty lump, which cannot be mistaken, for there are no others like it within reach; but if it is not found, as is sometimes the case, then feel for the tubes or womb, which is called pig-bag. At the end of these tubes are found the ovaries, which can be pinched off with a thumb and finger without much danger of causing any hemmorrhage or permanent injury. After these have been removed, slack up the upper hind leg, so as to close the gash, and sew up with two or three stitches, taking good hold, but going only skin deep. Apply Healing Oil over the wound, after the stitching has been completed. Healing Oil should also be freely applied to the operator’s hand, knife, and seat of operation, to avoid any infection. CASTRATION. Pigs should be castrated at from two to three weeks old. Never delay it later than the age of four weeks. This cperation should not be performed in cold, damp weather. . Give your hogs the best of care and attention, for without these the finest bred hogs in the land will soon degenerate and become only scrubs. See Prescription No. 173, page 182. FARROWING. The sow should have a quiet, dry, warm place and plenty of bedding. Rich food should not be fed for a few days before and after farrowineg. GESTATION. The average period of gestation in a sow is four months. This varies some- times several days. Whenever you have a good breeding sow keep her as long as you can, as young sows are often bad mothers. A sow will remain a good breeder for about eight years, unless she becomes overloaded with fat. This should be guarded against. DISEASES OF SWINE Diseases of swine are usually classed as infectious and contagious. The infec- tious form is known as Epizootic Catarrh. The contagious form usually appears as Hog Cholera, Pneumceenteritis. In the care of swine the prevention of disease is of the utmost importance. They are indeed subject to comparatively few ailments; but these few are generally of the most serious kind. In such cases the great difficulty is in administering the medi- cine, as the animals are usually too sick to take it in their feed. For this reason it is much more important to keep hogs in a healthy condition, and prevent them from having disease than it is to treat them after they have been taken sick. ABORTION IN SOWS. Abortion in sows may be divided into two forms, infectious abortion and acci- dental abortion; either one is a loss and a detriment to the stock owner. It is pretty thoroughly understood that the infectious form is the one which produces the greatest loss. Accidental abortion in sows may be brought on by injuries usually received by sows heavy with pig passing to and from pens or pastures in which there might be sills or boards under gates which they are compelled to cither jump over, or drag themselves over, inthis heavy pregnant condition. Llnufectious abortion DISEASES OF SWINE. 141 may be brought on by breeding sows having a weakened or catarrhal condition of the gen.tal organs, to a boar used on all sows. If the boar becomes infected he is then in a condition to infect all sows bred to him. The treatinent for infectious abortion in sows consists in the givine of Breeding Tonic and washing the genital organs of both sow and boar with a solution of sAnti- septo. The pens should be thors ihe disinfected with Disinfectall. See Prescription No, 174, puge 182. APOPLEXY OR STAGGERS. This disease usually afflicts fat hogs, but may attack any hog afflicted with indigestion. When a hog is thus afflicted the animal acts stupid, the eyes are red, the pulse hard and rapid, and the bowels constipated. As the disease continues the animal may become partly or wholly blind, going around in a circle and striking against objects, and usually falls unconscious. The limbs will stiffen; froth Nows from the mouth, and the breathing is hard, with a snoring sound. The first move to make when a hog is thus taken is to dash cold water over its head and pour a continual stream on the head, and the highe: up the pail or dish is held while pouring. the as impression it will have An animal should receive a quart or more of warm water injection per rectum, and be given a small dose He Laxotonic, dry on the tongue. The Laxotonic should be continued until the animal’s bowels are in a normal condition, at which time the disease will have passed away. See Prescription No, 199, paye 182. CANKER OR SORE MOUTH. Canker, or sore mouth, in pigs may be brought on by many different causes, such as the result of unhealthy milk from the sow, or from poison on her teats contracted by coming in contact with poisonous vines, or wet grass. In such an event the sow will have small lumps on the udder and sometimes sores. Next will be noticed blisters on the lips, tongue and mouth of the pigs. The tongue and lips become swollen and the roof and sides of the mouth inflamed and covered with deep red or white blisters. To overcome this the sow’s udder should be washed off with a mild solution of Germ Killer and apply Healing Oil to the udder and teats. If the little pigs do not get enough of the treatment from the udder and teats of the sow, it will be neces- sary to swab out their mouths with Healing Oil. See Prescription No, 200, page 182. CATARRHAL FEVER IN HOGS. The first sign of this disease is usually a discharge from the nose. The inflam- mation gradually extends to the throat. The animal snuffles and coughs some; the mucous membrane swells and the nose thickens and becomes twisted and dis- torted and ill shaped and, when exercised a little, the discharge from the nose becomes bloody. The animal still eats reasonably well, but will not fatten or grow, and gradually dwindles away and will die if not properly treated. For these cases it is necessary to give Hog Tonic internally and apply White Liniment to the throat from ear to ear. Fever Paste is oftentimes required to over- come their high temperature. The pen should be thoroughly disinfected with Dis- infectall, as the fumes of Disinfectall have a tendency to loosen the catarrhal con- dition of the nose, thereby enabling them to expel this mucous. See Prescription No. 201, page 182. CONSTIPATION. If pigs are constipated and no attention given to them, they usually grow worse. . Constipation usually indicates a fever, and if neglected, will soon cause what is known as pile, or eversions of the rectum, which is a very dangerous disease; for if it does not destroy the animal, it will reduce him to a condition that requires destruction. The bowels may hecome so protruded, ulcerated, and infected as to cause gangrene. 142 DISEASES OF SWINE Pigs thus afflicted should be given laxative food consisting of bran and linseed tea, Laxotonic should be given as per direction, warm water injections per rectum, and Badger Balm applied to the protruding bowel See Prescription No. 202, page 182. DIARRHOEA. — Small pigs are frequently taken with diarrhcea, in which case the pens should be disinfected by thoroughly using the Disinfectall, after which Calf Cholera Remedy should be added to a little sweet milk as directed and given them See Prescription No. 175, page 182. HOG CHOLERA. Ilog Cholera, like other diseases, does not always show the same symptoms, or always exist under the same conditions. What may be the most pronounced symptom in one case, may be entirely different in another outbreak of this disease. Such symptoms as diarrhtea or constipation, coughing, redness of the skin of the belly and inside of the thighs, are the general symptoms in Hog Cholera. However, one or more of these symptoms may be partially or entirely lacking in some of the cases. Certain conditions are usually observed on post mortem examination. The mesenteric glands and intestines are usually congested, ulcers are frequently present in the small intestines, while small red spots may be seen on the surface of the different organs, such as the kidney, liver, or heart. Hog Cholera is frequently associated with another very fatal disease, known as Swine Plague. This disease seems to invade the lungs to a great extent, while Cholera appears to affect the alimentary canal. The lungs of a hog afflicted with Swine Plague often contain ulcers and congested spots, while the bowels of a hog afflicted with Hog Cholera, as above stated, also contain ulcers and congested spots. A post mortem examination is often necessary to determine whether the disease be Swine Plague, or Hog Cholera, and while acting in the capacity of Wisconsin State Veterinarian, the writer, in order to determine positively as to which disease existed in a herd, conducted a number of post-mortem examinations. ‘They not only satished him, but proved instructive to the live stock owners as well. Dr. Roberts holding post-mortem <“ hog which proved to have hog cholera. Considerable interest has been displayed during the past few years in the Serum Treatment of Hog Cholera, this treatment being intended as a preventive rather than a curative, and for this reason it should be used on healthy hogs in vicinities where Hog Cholera exists. DISEASES OF SWINE 143 In order to obtain best results, when Hog Cholera has made its appearance among the hogs, it is advisable to thoroughly disinfect all feeding platforms, pens, and sleeping quarters with a strong solution of Disinfectall, The hogs should he fed sparingly on clean, wholesome feed, with Hog Tonic added to it as per direc- tions. The drinking water should be of the purest, and a little Disinfectall added to it, just enough to give it a bluish color. If one or more animals are attacked, those apparently well should be removed at once to newly disinfected quarters, and both bunches should receive the best of care and attention, including medicine, wholesome food, and pure water. If any more of them become sick, the hogs which have not as yet shown signs of sickness must again be removed to other pens, and so on, until the disease has been controlled. See Prescription No. 176, page 182. LICE ON HOGS. The hogs should be thoroughly washed or dipped in a solution of Disinfectall, as per directions. Older hogs can stand it a little stronger. After they have been thoroughly scrubbed or dipped in this solution, and a few applications of Diolice have been thoroughly sprinkled on them, you will have no further trouble with lice. See Prescription No. 179, page 182. MANGE. Mange, scab or itch, in the lower animals is a skin disease of a purely local nature, due to a parasite which produces an irritation, ulceration, and suppuration of the surface of the body, and is oftentimes termed a deep seated skin disease. It is a contagious disease, never originating spontaneously, and requiring for its development the passage of the parasites or their eggs, from diseased to healthy animals. In man this disease is termed itch; in the lower animals it is usually alluded to as mange, and in sheep it is a well-known destructive disease called scab. As this disease is due to a parasite which burrows deeply into the skin, it is a hard matter to overcome it without prompt and proper treatment, such as covering the entire body of the pig with soft-soap and leaving it on for a few hours, and washing the entire body with a warm solution of Germ Killer, scrubbing the animal thoroughly at the time of washing. After the animal has been washed, the Skin Ointment should be thoroughly rubbed into the skin, and especially over the infected parts. This treatment should be repeated several times in the course of ten days, for it is necessary to kill the mites which were in the form of eggs when the first treatment was given. The treatment does not affect the eggs, consequently it is necessary to repeat it a number of times. Hog Tonic should be given as an internal treatment, and the animal should be given good, clean, nutritious feed. ; See Prescription No. 203, page 182. MEASLES IN SWINE. Measles in swine is caused by a parasite called the bladder worm, contracted by eating the eggs from the tape worm of man in its food, just as trichinosis is caused by eating food containing the germs of this parasite. Dogs oftentimes carry and evacuate the eggs of the tape worm. For this rea- son care should be taken that swine do not eat this excrement. If the flesh of measly pork is eaten by man without its being thoroughly cooked, he is apt to become infected with a tape worm; hence it is never safe to eat measly pork, since there is always danger that the cyst may escape death in cooking. Measly pork is known by the cysts, some of which are nearly the size of a grain of barley, dis- tributed through the muscular and other tissue. In the living hog, when infected, there will be found small watery pimples of a pink or red color, just under the skin. There will also be weakness of the hind parts, and general lack of health. The best method of overcoming this trouble is to use preventives, such as giving the entire herd of hogs regular treatment for worms, as contained in our Worm Powder directions. See Prescription No. 204, page 182. 144 DISEASES OF SWINE PARALYSIS. Paralysis, or partial paralysis of the muscles of the loins or back in pigs is a frequent occurrence, but usually does not seem to interfere with the appetite or ceneral health of the animal. This condition is sometimes caused by a severe strain of the back, or blows on the back or loins, producing concussion of the spinal cord. The kidney worm often causes this condition, and for this reason all hogs should be given Worm Powder to rid them of these parasites, as the prevention of this disease will save a great deal of trouble and loss. If the cause is unknown, a liniment, such as the White Liniment, should be thoroughly rubbed in along the spine. The animal should be given comfortable quarters, with freedom from disturbance by other pigs. They should be fed on sloppy, soft food and sour milk, and if constipated, should be given warm injections per rectum daily, and small doses of Laxotonic as per directions until recovery. See Prescription No, 205, page 182. QUINSY. Quinsy, or sore throat in hogs, is of frequent occurrence, rapid in its progress and usually proves fatal. It is usually confined to fat hogs, or those highly fed. The first sign of the disease is swelling of the glands under the throat, followed by rapid and difficult breathing and difficult swallowing. When the throat becomes: sore and cankered, the tongue protrudes from the mouth and is covered with saliva. Hogs thus afflicted should be given sloppy food, such as ground oat-meal, corn meal, bran with linseed meal, sufficient to make it slimy. Fever Paste should be administered on the tongue with a spoon, and White Liniment applied to the throat from ear to ear. All abscesses should be opened and washed out with Germ Killer solution. Tf the bowels are constipated, small doses of Laxotonic should be administered in the feed and warm water injections per rectum daily. It is exceedingly daiigerous to drench a hog, whether it be afflicted with a sore throat or not. It is safer to give medicine in feed or on the tongue than to drench them. See Prescription No. 206, page 182. RHEUMATISM. Hogs afflicted with rheumatism usually act dull and are disinclined to move, and when they do move, they are apt to be lame in one er more limbs, with heat, swelling, or tenderness of a joint or tendon; or a group of muscles may be affected. This form of lameness seems to shift from one joint to another. In order to overcome this disease it is very important to empty the contents of the bowels. This can be done by giving small doses of Laxotonic as per directions, and warm water injections per rectum. It is sometimes necessary to add castor oil to the feed of pigs thus afflicted, as it has a tendency to soothe as well as to loosen the bowels. The sleeping quarters for pigs thus afflicted should be dry, warm and airy. They should not be permitted to cuddle together, as by so doing they become hot and sweaty, and later take cold, which has a tendency to bring on rheumatism. See Prescription No, 207, page 182. THUMPS Is an ailment due to contraction of the diaphragm and often affects the heart, and is often noticed in pigs which are afflicted with indigestion, Treatment consists in giving Hog Tonic to overcome indigestion, See Prescription No. 177, page 182. WORMS. For worms give Hog Tonic or Worm Powder accordiny to directions. See Prescription No. 178, page 182. SHEEP SECTION. SHEEP History Care and Management of Sheep Selection—Feeding Breeding Age—Gestation—Coupling—Lambing—Rams —Castration—Docking—Tagging—Shelter Prize Winning Lincoln Sheep Owned by Dr. David Roberts Diseases of Sheep--Symptoms and Treatment Miscellaneous Information 146 SHEEP SECTION History Domesticated sheep were first introduced on the American continent by Spanish discoverers and conquerors. On the second voyage of Columbus to the new world he brought with him some animals with which to stock the island of Hispaniola; among them were some sheep. His live stock was landed about the middle of December, 1493, at Isabella, where was founded the first Christian city of the new world. The vessels that followed from Spain from time to time brought supplies for the Colonies, including in their cargoes sheep which were landed at Hispaniola and Cuba. From these islands sheep were carried to the Isthmus of Panama. On Cortes’ return from Spain to the City of Mexico in 1530, misunderstandings arose between him and the magistrates, and he left the capital, taking up his resi- dence in the City of Cuernavaca, on the southern slope of the Cordilleras overlook- ing a wide expanse of country. Here he devoted himself to agriculture and the im- provement of his estate. .\mong other live stock, he imported large numbers of Merino sheep, which flourished and increased rapidly on the abundant pastures in the country around Tehuantepec. From these two localities, Panama and the City of Cuernavaca, went forth sheep in large numbers. From these Spanish sheep originated the immense herds in Mexico, New Mexico, Utah and Texas. Sheep were introduced into the Eastern States by the early settlers, and much attention was paid to the raising of them. The increase was slow, as there were many difficulties to overcome in caring for them, the principal one being that of protecting the sheep from wolves which abounded in that country in its early settle- ment. With the approach of the Revolution more attention was paid to the raising of sheep. A feeling of independence was felt throughout the country, and showed itself in the increase of flocks, that the domestic manufacture might be carried on, and there was an increased demand for homespun garments from those who had usually worn the fine products of the British looms. The press of the country urged upon the population the importance of increasing the number of sheep and im- proving them by selecting the best and disposing of the poorest, and one who con- tinued to wear a coat made of English material was not considered a patriot. The Revolutionary War caused a backward step in the character of the sheep at that date, and also retarded the increase. As large numbers of the citizens were in the army, the flocks were neglected, and many of the sheep were destroyed by the armies. Upon the close of the war many breeders endeavored to improve their flocks by importations from abroad, as well as by giving those which they still had better care and attention. Much was done toward improving the sheep by better care and attention, but as England was too jealous to permit her improved sheep to be exported for the purpose of improving those of the United States, she passed stringent exportation laws which practically prohibited the exporting of any sheep from England. Although means were found for evading this law, yet the number which the citizens of the United States succeeded in importing was but few, and made but a small impression upon the native flocks. George Washington, after the close of the Revolutionary War, was the first to improve the breed of his native sheep. He usually kept a flock of from seven to eight hundred sheep, and paid particular attention to their care and breeding, fully realizing that to get the most income from his flock they should be kept up to as high a standard as possible. From the time of the Revolutionary War the sheep industry has gradually increased, though it has often met with reverses of different kinds SHEEP SECTION. 147 Care and Management of Sheep Constant attention is necessary in the care and management of sheep. They are timid, without self-reliance, an easy prey to dogs. The necessity of keeping them in large flocks causes them to be especially liable to contagious and epidemic diseases. This care and attention should be given from the time the lamb is born. Often a little attention to a young lamb which is weak will enable it to take on a robust con- stitution and become one of your best sheep. BREEDING AGE. The proper breeding age for sheep is two years, and may continue until ten years old. From the age of three to eight years the best lambs will be produced. CASTRATION. Lambs should be castrated at from two to four weeks old. COUPLING. November is the season for coupling, but if breeding for mutton or wool, it may be later than this, as the lambs will be better if not dropped until after the time for grass. If the object be to sell lambs, the earlier in the season they are produced the more money they will bring. DOCKING. This should be done as soon as they recover from castrating, generally about three or four days afterwards. This should be done with a single stroke of a sharp knife, care being taken to sever the tail at a joint. The skin of the tail should be drawn to the body so that the end will cover the stub. Allow the flock to lie down and keep quiet so that they may lose the least amount of blood possible. FEEDING. Sheep eat a variety of vegetation other than the true grasses and will pick a living on pastures where other stock would starve. They can be turned into rough pastures and where brush is growing and will enjoy eating the nutritious shrubs, brush and tufts of grass, in this way helping to clean up the land while getting a good living. The feeding of grain and other feed to sheep should be taken up early enough in the fall so that they will not fall off in flesh before going into winter quarters. A good allowance of corn, oats and bran should be fed, together with plenty of good, clean hay, clover being preferable. There should also be plenty of good, clean water to drink. A trough with medicated salt should be provided so that the sheep may get it at will. The general diseases of sheep are as follows: Distemper or Epizootic Catarrh, Indigestion, and Paralysis or Stoppage of the Bowels. These are forms of disease that are the most troublesome, and need the most prompt attention. GESTATION. Ewes carry their lambs on an average of 152 days. This time may vary a few days. LAMBING. At lambing time the ewe should be provided with warm quarters so that the lamb may dry off and take the teat as soon as possible. Ewes are very apt to become indifferent to a weak lamb. RAMS. There should be one ram for each one hundred sheep or less. In the beginning of the season do not let the ram serve more than two or three ewes a day, increas- ing the number as necessity demands. As the season draws to a close, restrict him again, as an exhausted male cannot get strong offspring. 148 SILEIP SECTION ONE OF OUR PRIZE-WINNING LINCOLN SHEEP. Dr. David Roberts Veterinary Company exhibited a bunch of Lincoln Sheep at the following State Fairs: Wisconsin, Tlinois, Missouri, Minnesota, Indiana, Iowa and Kentucky, and won 57 (fifty-seven) prizes. 6 Championship prizes, 18 Second prizes, 1 32 First prizes. Third prize. SELECTION. In the selection of sheep for the foundation of a flock the first question to be set- tled is whether you are going to breed principally for wool or for mutton, and the next is the question of what breed to adopt. In deciding both of these questions your own inclinations should be considered, for you are apt to be more successful when your own inclinations are followed, as more interest will be taken. It is also advisable in deciding these questions to study good authorities on the sheep in- dustry and also to seek the advice of some well posted sheep raiser who has had experience in handling sheep. After these questions have been settled, the selections of the individuals follow. In this as with other stock, only strong, healthy, vigorous animals should be used for breeding. When you succeed in raising a particularly fine animal, one which shows the best points, keep that animal for your own use in breeding and dispose of some not as good in quality. By following this rule you will soon have a fine flock of vigorous and healthy sheep. SHEEP SECTION. 149 SHELTER. Sheep barns or sheds need not be expensive structures, as it is only necessary to provide shelter that will keep out wind and water, and at the same time admit of proper ventilation. About three to three and one-half square feet of shed room should be allowed for each sheep. Sheds opening to the south are preferable, as they provide the most protection. By giving your sheep such care and attention as they need, together with good feed and breeding, they will produce wool and mutton of the best quality, and in large quantities, and be a flock in which their owner will take much pride. TAGGING. This is important and should be performed as early in the spring as possible, certainly before the sheep are turned to grass. DISEASES OF SHEEP DISTEMPER. In Distemper, there is a slight watery discharge from the nostrils and eyes— there is a depression and more or less loss of appetite. The breathing is not changed unless the bronchial tubes are affected; the animals seldom cough. At the end of a week, unless the animal gets relief, the discharge from the nostrils becomes thick and pus-like, and sometimes tinged with blood. The eyes are half closed and the lids are gummed with a yellow secretion. There is a loss of appetite, and the animal will die unless promptly treated. Treatment. Immediately upon noticing the first animal affected with Distemper, the entire flock should promptly receive Sheep Tonic as a preventive treatment. The Sheep Tonic should be thoroughly mixed with their salt, and placed in a sheltered trough, to which they may have free access. No salt should be given in any other form during the treatment. A solution of Disinfectall (one oz. to a gallon of water) should be used to sponge. out their eves and nostrils. The sheds should be thoroughly disinfected (2 oz. Disinfectall to a gallon of water). Gunny sacks dipped in this solution should be hung arourd through the sheds, and a sack half full of shavings saturated with Disinfectail (full strength), and hung over the sheep, is of great benefit in such cases. See Prescription No. 180, page 182. GRUBS IN THE HEAD OF SHEEP. This is caused by the eggs of the gadfly being deposited in the nostrils of the sheep in July and August. From the nostrils they find their way (in a maggot form) through the sinuses, causing much pain. When the gadflies are seeking the sheep‘ the animals will crowd together with their noses to the ground, stamping violently at times, and will run from one place in the pasture to another. When the maggots reach their resting place they attach themselves by their hooks and are not easily dislodged. f Treatment. Treatment consists of an operation which none but a competent veterinarian should attempt, and this is not practical excepting upon valuable sheep. For this reason a more simple and cheaper treatment is required, which consists in giving the sheep, which are usually in a nervous, run-down condition, the Sheep Tonic, the dipping of gunny sacks and hanging them just above the heads of the sheep, and thoroughly spraying the sheds with a strong solution of Disinfectall. See Prescription No. 181, page 182. INDIGESTION. Give Sheep Tonic according to directions and medicate all salt given. See Prescription No. 182, page 182. 150 DISEASES OF SHEEP INTESTINAL WORMS. The presence of intestinal worms is seldom known to the ordinary observer, until after the death of a sheep. They can be detected by a post mortem examina- tion. If worms are found in this one animal, the presumption is good that other sheep are seriously infected. Treatment. Mix the Worm Powder thoroughly, according to directions, with their salt, and place in sheltered troughs where they may have free access to same. They should not receive salt in any other form. See Prescription No. 183, page 182. LUNG WORMS. These worms are usually found in wind-pipe, or bronchial tube, and sometimes in the lungs. They are small, thread-like, and long. There will be a husky cough, rapid breathing, loss of appetite and flesh The sheep will rub their noses on the ground. There may be dysentery, with a bad odor. Treatment. Give the Worm Powder according to directions, in the salt or in a little feed. Disinfect the sheep pens thoroughly with a strong solution of Disinfectall (2 oz. to a gallon of water). Gunny sacks dipped in the same solution should be hung around the pens, and a half sack of shavings saturated with Disinfectall (full strength) should be hung around at different points, over the sheep. The breathing of this medicated air destroys the worms. The sheep should receive good, nutritious feed, both during and after the treatment. See Prescription No. 184, page 182. DR. DAVID ROBERTS ON THE USE OF MEDICATED SALT IN PREVENTING LIVE STOCK DISEASES. Every animal must have, and will consume if permitted, a reasonable amount of salt, either daily or at frequent intervals, as nature demands. When we stop and consider that all domestic animals are kept under artificial conditions to a certain extent, depriving them of an opportunity of using their wild animal instinct, which in itself would protect them in a large measure from many of the diseases they are now heir to, we can readily under- stand that when they are deprived of this liberty they are more susceptible to disease. The bison, the wild horse, the Rocky Mountain sheep, and the wild boar require no special care in preventing or overcoming disease. They find their own preventives and curatives in the native wilds. Owing to the fact that our domestic or farm animals are deprived of this opportunity, we must, in order to obtain the best results, supply them with such ingredients as they would obtain had they been given their freedom. It is for this reason that I have prepared a MEDICATED SALT which contains roots, barks and herbs, and when placed where our domestic animals may have free access to it daily, prevents disease and loss to an unlimited extent. MEDICATED SALT aids digestion and assimilation, prevents fermentation, is healing and soothing to the mucous membrane of the digestive organs; at the same time it has a tendency to destroy, stupefy, and expel worms of all description, thereby enabling the animal to derive a greater benefit from the food which it consumes, thus developing into a strong, healthy, vigorous, profitable animal. PRICES OF MEDICATED SALT. Put up in 100 pound bags. TOO UGSS, Gece lca hoses me: $ 5.00 SOO ADS. ucts bee at eee: 23.00 F. O. B. Waukesha, Wis. How to Make Your Own Stock Tonic at Home By DR. DAVID ROBERTS Cattle Specialist The Originator of Condensed Stock Tonic. IMPORTANCE OF HEALTHY STOCK. It is a well-known fact that successful stock raising and dairying depend entirely upon the health and condition of your animals. If they be in a strong, healthy condition this is evidence that they are digesting and assimilating all the feed that they consume. A milch cow requires a certain percentage of the feed she eats to sustain her, the balance should go to the milk pail. This will be the case 1f she is in a good, healthy condition and digesting and assimilating her feed. NATURE’S CARE OF THE COW. A cow at pasture depends entirely upon nature to supply and regulate her feed. and it is during this season of the year that she produces the greatest amount of milk. This is because she is furnished with such ingredients as are required by nature to perfectly digest and assimilate her feed. She can only receive the feed that nature has provided for her, in its natural condition, during the grass season. COW UNDERGOES GREAT CHANGE. At the close of the grass season the cow is compelled to go into winter quarters, thereby undergoing a great change as to sunlight, fresh air, water, exercise and feed. While being in her winter quarters she is to a certain extent deprived of sunlight, and sometimes fresh air. She is usually watered at stated intervals. While at pasture she can partake of water in such quantity and at such times as she desires, the temperature. of which is regulated by nature. This is a great advantage over the ice cold water which she is often compelled to drink, or go without until the following day, at which time she is so thirsty that she is apt to partake so freely of it as to cause a chilling of the digestive organs, thus causing indigestion. Another common cause of indigestion is the lack of exercise. During the winter months, while a cow is shut in the stable so much of the time, it is impossible for her to get the exercise which it is her nature to have and which she gets during the summer months, while going to and from and roaming in the pasture hunting her feed. The last and most important cause of indigestion is the great and complete change that the cow is compelled to undergo, when required to change from the feed which nature provides in its natural form to the dry, fibrous and hard to digest fodders, which it is necessary that she be fed upon, not only to sustain her, but also to make a profit for her owner. A WINTER PROFIT PRODUCER. If a cow during the winter months can be made a profit producer, it can only be done by furnishing her with something to stimulate her digestive organs and keep them in a healthy condition, so that she may thoroughly digest and assimilate the feed that she eats. This can be done by adding to her regular ration such ingredients as she may need to tone up her system and thereby furnish her with a substitute for nature. A cow can produce more ,by receiving little feed and digesting it well, then by receiving much feed and only digesting part of it. 152 STOCK TONIC MAKE YOUR OWN STOCK TONIC. A good Stock Tonic can be prepared at home at very small cost and fed to a herd so that the saving of feed will pay for the Stock Tonic, and the increase in milk and the health of the herd will be clear gain, the latter being a very essential and important thing to consider. Tf this alone was the only benefit derived by feeding the Stock Tonic, it would be considered a good investment. ‘This Stock Tonic is not only a bone and muscle builder, a flesh and milk producer, but is also valuable as a health preserver and a preventive of disease. ONE DISEASED COW ENDANGERS THE WHOLE HERD. It is a well-known fact that a cow in a run-down condition is a hotbed for the germs of disease to infest and multiply in, thereby not only becoming a dead loss to the owner, but endangering the health of the whole herd. From this source many infectious diseases originate in herds and in this manner cause great loss to the owner. A COW’S YEARS OF USEFULNESS PROLONGED. Every dairyman owes it to himself to see that his cows are kept up to the highest point of productiveness. He should not be satished with the amount of milk that he is getting from a cow until he knows that she cannot be made to give any more. A cow can be kept up te her highest point of productiveness for many years, provided she digests and assimilates her food; on the other hand, when she fails to properly digest and assimilate her food her years of usefulness are very much shortened. A cow is similar to a machine, the more you feed the more she produces, the better care she receives, the longer she lasts—this Tonic to a cow is as oil te a machine. Therefore, when you have a good cow, why not take proper care of her and make her last for years in service, instead of neglecting her and thereby shortening her period of usefulness, making it necessary to replace her with another cow which you are not sure is going to be a proft producer? In replacing a neglected cow which might otherwise be good for many years, you not only risk getting a praft producer, but you are also taking chances on introducing into your herd, with every cow you buy, diseases which might cause you great loss. DISPOSE OF NON-PROFIT PRODUCERS. . If you have a number of cows in your herd which have passed the years of usefulness, dispose of them and give the balance of your herd the attention neces- sary to enable them to give the richest, highest test and largest flow of milk that it is possible for them to produce. In disposing of the cows in your herd that have proved themselves to be non-proht producers and those that have passed their years of usefulness, and bringing the balance of your herd up to the highest degree of productiveness, you are getting and saving all the profits from your herd, instead of putting part of the profit back in feeding and caring for the cows that have proved themselves to be non-profit producers. A few cows well kept are more profitable than a larger number poorly kept. QUICK MONEY IN BEEF. Beef cattle should be given such attention as to cause them to fatten quickly, shorten the feeding period and produce the highest and best grade of beef that is possible to be produced. To obtain these results, the best of attention should be given to them and such ingredients added to their feed as to cause perfect digestion and assimilation, thus enabling the animal to obtain a larger per cent of flesh and fat-forming elements from a certain amount of grain. STOCK TONIC 153 HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. To be successful in the breeding of cattle, and especially show cattle, much attention should be given them in order to produce strong, robust, healthy, superior individuals. In order to expect this, the calf from the moment that it drops should receive proper care and such food as will be digested and assimilated so as not to overtax the digestive organs. To avoid this, such ingredients should be added to the feed as will aid digestion and assimilation, thus causing rapid development of bone and muscle, and resulting in a perfect animal. PROFIT SAVED. While the use of unadulterated Stock Tonic is beneficial to your herd, you can save money by making it yourself, and by doing so you will also be sure of its absolute purity. WHERE YOUR PROFITS GO. All the bulky portions of Stock Tonic are products of the farm. You raise these products and sell them to your buyer; he in turn sells them to the large grain dealer at a profit. The large grain dealer sells to the buyers for the different mills at a profit. In these mills your products are ground up, sold and shipped to the Stock Tonic factories at a profit, where it is medicated, put up in packages and pails and labeled Stock Tonic. It is then sold to the wholesaler at a prot. The wholesaler sells to the retailer at a profit, and you buy from the retailer, paying him a proht. You, being the consumer, must pay all these different profits, together with all freight charges. These freight charges, where the goods are shipped so many times, amount to considerable, for each time that the goods change hands a new freight charge is made and they are most all made for short hauls, and you well know that a number of short haul charges amount to more than one single long haul. HOW TO SAVE YOUR PROFIT. You can save the middleman’s profit and the freight charges from one dealer to another on your products and back to the farm, by buying your ground flaxseed or ground oil cake, from your home dealer in such quantities as to assure vou of getting it at a reasonable price; or better still, buy or raise your own flaxseed and grind it yourself if you have a mill; if not, have it ground at your nearest home mill. You are then sure of getting the very best and purest ground flaxseed meal that can be had. When ground flaxseed is too high priced, use ground oil cake or you can use any kind of ground feed. By adding to this flaxseed meal or ground oil cake such roots, barks, herbs and seeds as nature demands for stock, you have a complete and perfect mixture in the form of a pure Stock Tonic. By feeding this Stock Tonic to your cattle in small quantities with their regular feed you will keep their digestive organs in good condition, so that they can thoroughly digest and assimilate their feed, which will enable them to produce you a profit and also to keep in a sleek, healthy condition. This, when fed to a milch cow, will cause her to yield the richest and greatest flow of milk that it is possible for her to give. When given to beef cattle with proper feed it will enable them to obtain a larger percentage of flesh and fat-forming elements from a certain amount of grain, causing them to fatten quickly, thus shortening the feeding period and producing the highest and best quality of beef possible to be produced. If you are in the breeding business, not only the prices which you can demand, but also your sales depend upon the strong, robust and healthy appearance of your stock. HOW TO MAKE YOUR OWN STOCK TONIC AT HOME. To prepare your own Stock Tonic at home, it is only necessary for you to have the medical parts (such as powdered roots, barks, herbs and seeds), to mix with the ground flaxseed or oil cake meal. These powders we can furnish you at the lowest cost and with a perfect guarantee of purity. 15+ STOCK TONIC We buy our roots, barks, herbs and seeds direct from the drug mills in large quantities, thereby getting the very lowest prices possible. They are shipped direct to our factory under a positive guarantee that they are absolutely pure. They are then carefully and scientifically mixed and placed in sealed cans, the contents of which we guarantee to be absolutely pure. This is the Stokvigor, by the use of which you are enabled to make an absolutely pure Stock Tonic. DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING YOUR OWN STOCK TONIC. Dr. David Roberts’ Stokvigor, 2 pounds ; Ground Flaxseed or Oil Cake Meal, 25 pounds. Stokvigor 12 pound can; groun:] Flaxseed or Oil Cake Meal, 150 pounds. Place such amount of Ground Flaxseed or Oil Cake Meal as you wish to use in large shallow box 4x4 ft. square and 1 ft. deep, spread over it the Stokvigor. in the proportion of 2 pounds to each 25 pounds of Ground Flaxseed or Oil Cake Meal. Then with a hoe or shovel turn back and forth five or six times, or until the Stokvigor is thoroughly mixed in. DIRECTIONS FOR FEEDING YOUR OWN STOCK TONIC. For milch cows—Give two tablespoonfuls twice daily in feed of any kind. For fattening steers or show cattle—Give two or three tablespoonfuls twice daily in feed. For raising or fattening calves—Two teaspoonfuls twice daily in feed or milk. For horses—Give two tablespoonfuls twice daily in feed of any kind. For brood mares—Give two or three tablespoontfuls twice daily in feed. Tor colts—Give one or two tablespoonfuls twice daily in feed. For hogs—For every pig of 50 pounds or less give one teaspoonful twice daily in feed or milk. For hogs over that weight give one tablespoonful twice daily in feed. For brood sows, suckling pigs—Give two tablespoonfuls twice daily in feed. For sheep—Give two tablespoonfuls twice daily in feed. Por Puan sheep—Give two tablespoonfuls twice daily in feed. This Stock Tonic will aid digestion, increase the flow of milk, save milk in raising calves, keep hogs healthy and fatten them quickly, sleeken and fatten horses. It is a bone and muscle builder and for this reason all young stock as well as matured animals should receive it. Calves and pigs receiving skim or separator milk should be given this Stock Tonic, as it aids digestion and prevents scours. Medicate all salt given to stock. Two pounds of Condensed Stock Tonic mixed thoroughly with 25 pounds of salt and put in troughs in a sheltered place where the cows can have free access to it in passing to and from the pasture will keep them in a healthy condition. This stock tonic is prepared especially for cattle, but has been used with such good results on other stock that we do not hesitate to recommend its use for all animals. SUCCESSFUL STOCKMEN HIGHLY ENDORSE DR. DAVID ROBERTS’ STOKVIGOR. Stockmen everywhere are warm in their praise of Dr. Davin Roperts’ Con- bENSED Stock Tonic, which not only has the advantage of greater economy than Stock Tonics of large bulk, but is backed by the reputation of one of the greatest living veterinarians, under whose personal direction it is prepared. “YOU HAVE STRUCK THE eee e Dr. David Roberts, Waukesha, Wis. Dear Sir:—I have used your Stokvigor with ane satisfactory results. Think you have struck the keynote, as there is no chance for adulteration where a stockman buys the ingredients of a stock tonic and mixes them himself. Yours truly, F. W. HARDING. STOCK TONIC 155 WISCONSIN INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL MAKES TEST—GIVES STRONG ENDORSEMENT. We gave your Stock Tonic a fair trial on all our horses and half of our herd of Holstein cows, and the difference between those receiving the tonic and those not recelving 1t was very marked, the former being very sleek and thrifty. After this ex- periment we feel we cannot -speak too highly of your tonic, and take pleasure in recommending it to all in need of a first-class stock tonic. Wisconsin INpUSTRIAL SeHoor. Per K. C. Dousman, Supt. Stock Dept., Waukesha. DROPS ALL OTHER FOODS AND USES DR. DAVID ROBERTS’ STOKVIGOR. Dr. David Roberts, Waukesha, Wis. Monroe, Towa. Dear Sir:—Enclosed find draft for which please ship to Prairie City, by freight, one dozen packages of your Stokvigor. After giving your tonic several tests I am ready to recommend it to others. I have used stock tonic at different times for the past eight years and some of the best I could get, but I must admit I got much the best results from yours. I am feeding’ nine calves on separator milk and adding your Stock Tonic, and they are doing fine, as good as some that are sucking the cow and no stock tonic. I have fed it to fattening hogs, to sows and to pigs with excellent results, better than anything I ever tried. I also had a chance to give it a severe test on my horses, especially on our family horse. She got in bad shape, coat of hair was rough, and she was not doing well. I fed her two different makes of stock tonic at different times, but did not help her. Last spring I fed yours to all my horses, her with the rest, and it caused her to shed off and get a nice coat of hair, and get fat so that several of the neighbors mentioned to me how well she was doing now. I used the oil meal to mix with it to save expenses. I also mixed your tonic with salt and fed it to my cattle when I turned them out on pure clover pasture that had a good growth and not one bloated. I shall drop all other tonics and use yours. Truly yours, C. Farrney. A PICTURE AND LETTER SENT ME BY ONE OF OUR THOUSANDS OF SATISFIED CUSTOMERS. Dr. David Roberts, Waukesha, Wis. Lawrence, Kans., Dec. 16, 1910. Dear Doctor: We have mailed you a photograph of one of our Holstein cows and three large, strong, healthy calves. This Cow, with the balance of the herd, received your treatment for abortion and we thought that this photograph would be the best evidence of results. We are getting calves by the carload again and they are strong and healthy. Respectfully, I. D. Wiggins & Sons. 156 POULTIEY “SEE TION: POULTRY Care and Management of Poultry on the Farm Feeding For Eggs For Fattening Poultry Diseases of Poultry—Symptoms and Treatment Valuable Poultry Pointers POULTRY SECTION, 157 Care and Management of Poultry on the Farm. I fear that the poultry end of the farming business is very much neglected. The hen on the farm has been considered a necessary evil, left to forage for herself and lay a few eggs in the season when prices are lowest. In cold weather it is more work to care for the chickens, and with no winter cggs forthcoming, they are considered unprofitable. During the hatching season it is believed that about so many chickens die anyway, whether they have good care or not This is a great mistake. There is no question that farmers can make more money out of poultry than the person who is raising poultry on a small place. Many waste products of the farm can be turned into profit by marketing poultry and eggs. It is an occupation in which the farmer’s wife can share. For this reason it behooves the farmer, or his wife, to give the matter of poultry raising most careful thought and attention. Modern methods and experiments have proven that with proper care, administered with a liberal amount of common sense, the rate of loss among chicks is very small, while the profits are greatly increased. Poultry raising on the farm is becoming of more and more importance. The farmer is learning that it is good business policy to secure and keep pure bred fowls. A great many farmers have already started to raise pure bred cattle and hogs, and well bred horses. If it is policy to secure cattle with high records, why not keep pure bred fowls from a good laying strain and add to the income from this source? It costs no more to maintain a flock of high-grade poultry than it does one of mongrels, yet the increase in market value, whether of eggs for hatching, or meat for table use, more than compensates for the original high cost of securing pure bred fowls. To realize the most profit from poultry on the farm, a breed of fowls should be selected that are rustlers, that will go out into the yards and field and pick up at least a part of their living during the summer months. Besides being good layers, they should have a good market value after their usefulness as egg producers has passed. The different varieties of Plymouth Rocks, Orpingtons, Wyandottes or Rhode Island Reds are among the general purpose fowls. If good breeding stock is made the basis of the flock, and they receive the proper care, the egg basket will be well filled, and the poultry department pay a good profit both summer and winter. POULTRY HOUSES. The two main factors in the successful raising of poultry are proper housing and proper feeding. Of these, perhaps, the most important is the housing. The comfort, health, and productiveness of the fowls depend almost entirely upon hous- ing. Dry, well ventilated houses, with plenty of light and sunshine, are necessary if the best results are desired. More diseases and losses are brought about by dampness, filth, and foul air, than by any other cause. Poultry will withstand severe cold much better than they will warm, poison-laden air, hence good ventilation is necessary. A house situated where it gets but little sunlight is unfit for poultry. Without sunshine, young chicks will make but a sickly growth and the older stock will soon degenerate. The cloth front houses are fast becoming popular among the best poultry raisers. This style of house gives plenty of fresh air without the drafts that are so dangerous to fowls. The poultry house should be placed on ground that is always well drained and a sandy soil is preferable. Low, ill-drained clay soil, where water stands on the surface, attracts filth and causes disease. It makes a poor footing and consequently harder work while tending the flock. On the higher, well drained ground, it is far less difficult to keep the house dry and clean: We prefer a location with a gentle slope to the south or southeast. It is desirable that the building be exposed to the sunlight as long as possible on winter days and at the same time be sheltered from the cold north wind. The amount of floor space allowed for each fowl depends upon the breed, the style of house, and the amount of confinement. Large hens require more space than small ones. Fowls that are confined a great part of the time, need more floor space than those that have free range. Ordinarily for hens of medium size, in flocks of twelve or more, three to six square feet of floor space per hen is suf- 15s POULTRY SECTION ficient; but if fewer than this, the space should be greater proportionately. The house should be high enough to accommodate those working in it, but no higher, as additional height inereases the cost and makes the regulation of temperature more difficult. If possible, build a scratching shed in connection with your poultry house. Make this with open front, covered with poultry netting and curtain of muslin or burlap, to let down in stormy weather. Such a shed allows much more Hoor space and permits the building of smaller roosting and nesting quarters at less expense. .\ house 12 feet wide by 20 feet long would be suitable for a flock of 50 fowls of the larger breed, or for 60 or 70 fowls of the smaller varieties. Much Hoor space can be gained by placing dropping boards under the roosts. These should be 8 or 10 inches from the roosts and ought to be cleaned at least once a week or oftener. The most suitable material for roosts are 2 by 2, or 2 by 4 timbers, with the uppermost corners slightly rounded. These should be made removable to facilitate cleaning. Vowls of the larger breed require 7 to 9 inches space on roost, the smaller ones require from 6 to 7 inches. The nests should be darkened as the hens naturally seek a secluded place in which to lay their eggs. A good place for the nests is under the front of the roosting platform, the entrance to the nests in the rear, with a hoard on hinges to give access from the front to gather the eggs and clean out the nests. The nests should be 12 to 14 inches square and of about the same height. The inside of the house, roosts, nests and other fixtures will be kept sweeter and cleaner if they are thoroughly whitewashed at least twice a year. Mux a ‘liberal amount of Disinfectall with the whitewash and you will be but little troubled with mites and lice. The main thing in housing poultry is to give them plenty of room. Overcrowding leads to disease, and disease cuts down the profits. BREEDING FOR VIGOROUS LAYING STOCK. The main thing, after selecting the breed you like best, is to secure good breed- ing stock with exceptional vigor and vitality. It is impossible to raise healthy, lively chicks, that will develop into strong, vigorous fowls unless you have the vigorous foundation stock to breed from. You must have vitality whether your fowls are bred for market purposes or for eggs. You cannot expect a profit from weak and sickly birds. ° A common nmustake among poultry raisers, and especially among farmers, is to use eggs for hatching collected from the whole flock. The chances are that a few of the eggs are from the best hens, but the majority of the chicks will be poorer stock and will not help to build up the flock. The proper way is to separate a few of the best hens from the remainder of the flock, mate them with a good, vigorous male bird and use only the eggs from this pen for hatching. In this way you know just what your breeders are and will make more improvement in your flock in one year than you will the other way in three. It is a good plan. in order to maintain the vigor and other good qualities of your flock to introduce new blood occasionally. This may be done by purchasing new male birds cach ycar or every second year, or you may buy eggs from some reliable poultry raiser and select the best stock hatched from these eggs for next season’s breeding. In either case be careful that you get equally as good or better stock than you already have. In buying new birds it is well to get them early enough to become accustomed to their new surroundings before the breeding season begins. The selection of new stock is important and requires some knowledge of the qualifications of poultry in general. One must consider the appearance, the shape, size, and color. He must consider the condition of the fowl, whether it is healthy and full of life and vigor, or whether it is weak and sickly. In purchasing birds for the improvement of your laying stock its past performance is most important. Be sure that it is stock from a strain of fowls that has produced winter eggs. In mating up your fowls for breeding, the age of the stock must be considered. Mating immature birds on both sides is rarely productive of strong chicks and generally means many chicks dead in the shell. Birds must be full grown and well matured before they are in a fit condition to reproduce themselves. Eggs from older hens are better for hatching than those from pullets. The usual and probably the best method is to mate a good vigorous cockerel with two-year-cld hens or 2 POULTRY SECTION. 159 strong cock bird with pullets. The number of hens to one male bird depends largely o:: the condition of the male and whether or not his attentions are well distributed. A safe rule may be from six to a dozen, but good results have been obtained with as many as thirty hens to one male, but in such cases the vitality of the chicks is sure to be lowered. INCUBATION. Where poultry is raised on an extensive scale, incubators and brooders are a necessity, since hens cannot be depended on to become broody in sufficient numbers and at the right time to furnish the early hatched chicks so necessary to the large poultry plant. But to the farmer who raises but a hundred chickens or less, the natural means of hatching is preferable. For those who prefer to use incubators, it is always best to follow closely the rules laid down by the maker of the incubator. He knows best just what his particular machine will do and just how it should be run. The same may also be said of brooders. : As a general rule, hen-hatched chicks are more vigorous than those hatched in incubators. Especially is this true where the farmer or his wife has not sufficient time to give proper attention to the incubator, or to properly look after the chicks when raised in a brooder. The hen knows better than the average farmer how to care for her little ones. If the farmer would spend as much time in caring for his setting hens and their chicks as he would with an incubator and brooder, he would probably have as many chickens in the fall, and they would be stronger and more vigorous than if he had hatched them by artificial means. If convenient, set several hens at the same time and when the hatch comes off, give all the chicks to as few hens as can conveniently care for them. Break up the other hens and get them to laying again as soon as possible. The setting hens should be in a secluded place by themselves. The constant noise and disturbance made by the rest of the flock is apt to break up their setting and cause them to leave the eggs before they are hatched. Very often a hen will get discouraged and leave the nest two or three davs before it is time for the hatch. Do not throw them away. Keep them in a warm place by the stove and in nine cases out of ten the heat generated by the eggs, or rather the chicks themselves, will complete the hatch and all be good and lively. The setting hens and their nests must be kept perfectly free from mites and lice. Nothing will discourage a setting hen quicker than the constant irritation caused by lice. Use Diolice freely on the hens and nests up to the third or fourth day before the hatch is to come off. Give the hens access to a good dust bath. Place plenty of fresh water, grit, and oyster shells where they can help themselves at will. About the tenth day it is a good plan to test the eggs. Very often enough clear eggs may be taken out so that the remaining eggs may be set under fewer hens. In this case, one or more of the hens can be broken up and put with the laying stock. Egg testers may be bought of incubator manufacturers or poultry supply dealers. A good home-made tester can be made in a few minutes by using an ordinary pasteboard shoe box, set on end. Place a small lamp inside and put the cover on. Cut a hole in the top for ventilation, and on the side opposite the cover cut a hole, just a trifle higher than the flame of the lamp, about the size of a silver half dollar. Darken the room when testing. Place the egg over the hole and turn slowly. If the egg is opaque, except the air space, it is fertile. If it is clear it is not fertile and should be thrown out. The clear eggs may be saved and boiled for feed for the little chicks. FEEDING FOR RESULTS. Feeding poultry of any kind is a problem of great importance. While a scien- tific knowledge of the balance ration is not necessary, the fundamentals of cor- rect feeding should be understood. The question is what to feed, how much and when. Fowls in a wild state live mostly on green food, bugs and worms, during the breeding season, thus getting the necessary rations for egg production. We want our hens to produce eggs the year round, if possible, therefore we must feed an egg producing ration and surround them with the proper environments. The three essentials are grain foods, animal foods and succulent green foods. If these three varieties are placed in sufficient quantities before the fowls, they will balance 160 POULTRY SECTION: their own ration and supply their own needs according to their individual require- ments. Overfeeding is more harmful than underfeeding. It tends towards fatness and laziness, and a lazy hen is not a laying hen, hence the necessity of feeding the proper amount in such a manner as to give the necessary exercise. Exercise is necessary to keep poultry in good condition. When fowls are confined, all grain food should be scattered in six inches or more of straw, leaves or some other sim- ilar litter. Of course, this is not so necessary for fowls that have free range. There are so many different methods of feeding poultry, varying with the variety of fowls, the climatic conditions surrounding them, and the purpose for which they are fed, that it is impossible to describe them all here, but a few sugges- tions may be helpful. FEEDING CHICKS. Do not feed young chicks for twenty-four hours after they are hatched. The first thing that chicks will look for is grit. Be sure to supply them with coarse sand or fine grit, for without this they cannot readily digest their food. Their first feed should consist of hard boiled eggs chopped fine and dry bread crumbs, to which a small amount of Dr. David Roberts’ Poultry Tonic should be added. This acts as a tonic and helps to assimilate and digest the food, thus warding off indigestion and bowel trouble, which carry off 75 per cent of the chicks that die under two weeks of age. This food should be fed for two days; then for eight or ten weeks prac- tice this system of feeding: In the morning feed mash composed of the following ingredients, in the proportion given: Waheats UB ranisecete cee cette Money chute ee oc Wali) Ss Matinee acess masks asctocnaawwen. came LS: Unbotted: Cornmcilyas 45 sts. oles 2 qs eee ceed 3° {Ibs. Middlings® 2cva vtec wcckae hes oes es senee, | ADS: Beem “Sia pSae eo nnen ee firs hs bk 4. Ibs. Crushed all: Mix with warm milk or water to a crumbly mass, not sloppy. Allow to stand at least fifteen minutes in a closed vessel or covered with a cloth, carpet, sack, or something similar. Feed just what they pick up clean without stuffing them- selves. One of the best indications whether or not you are feeding the correct amount is the fact that when the chicks are through their morning mash, they should at once start in quest of insects, bugs, etc.; but if overfed, they will sit around all drawn up as is usually the case from a derangement of their digestive organs. At noon, feed hulled or pinhead oats. In the evening, feed small wheat, or in place of the grains here mentioned, you may feed any of the commercial chick feeds which may be obtained of your grocer or feed store. Scatter this feed in fine litter of some kind and see how greedily they will search for it even when but two or three days old. In feeding young chicks always keep in mind that they need coarse sand or grit of some kind. If this system of feeding is kept up until the tenth week, you can feed chicks just the same as adult birds, and you should raise 90 per cent of those you hatch. FEED FOR GROWING AND LAYING STOCK. The feed for growing stock and the feed for laying stock should be practically the same. In both cases food is needed for building new material, for keeping the body warm and for replenishing the energy used in every movement. The ele- ments required for those purposes are found in the nearly right proportion in the ordinary grains, such as corn, wheat, and oats. The amount of benefit derived from these grains in feeding poultry will depend on the skill of the one who selects and mixes them. Growing and laying stock need more of the foods that are rich in protein and carbohydrates than of those that are rich in fat. A good balanced ration for layers is the following in the proportions given: : Wie at nae oreass rorya dereancs vedere ena members Goat 50 Ibs. OBES? chee on some ee onee ted a RS oS ees ne 15 Ibs. Wrihteat: -Bratiics ctu: sal atls Sacgeeta Sane cared 10 Ibs. Beet. (Scrape cc sccahnas serena oes Deere 5 Ibs. Dr. Roberts’ Poultry Voniews. dense os ens Y Ib. POULTRY SECTION. 161 Scatter the wheat and oats in the litter as a scratch food. Mix the bran, beef scrap and Tonic, and feed dry in « hopper. Supply the necessary green food, grit, oyster shells and plenty of pure water. In very cold weather add 20 lbs. of whole cracked corn to the scratching food. The smaller breeds can stand more corn than the larger varieties, because they are more active and use up more energy. Corn tends to fatten the larger fowls unless they are made to exercise a great deal. The question of feeding mashes, whether wet or dry, is one on which many poultrymen differ. Some get better results from the wet mash, others get better results from the dry mash. We prefer using both methods. A variety gives relish to the food. The more the fowls relish their food the more good will they get from it. A hot or warm mash, wet just enough with water or milk to make it crumbly, makes a good morning feed three or four times a week. When milk is fed to the chickens less beef scrap or ground bone will be required. Milk, either sweet or sour, is an excellent food for poultry. When fed in large quantities the flesh of the fowl is much whiter and more tender. For this reason there is a demand for milk-fed poultry, and a better price may be obtained. Dr. David Roberts’ Calf Meal is a good substitute for milk, as it contains the same elements. It may be profitably fed to poultry instead of milk and the same results be obtained at less cost. The following makes a good dry mash mixture for laying hens: Wheat: middhingsno00% cue ced tatoaeencas 6 parts. WiteateBiratian.cmecosies sayin eas nn ae 4 parts Cont Meal eke conta hatha eax teams Veoh 4 parts. Beet Sera pitos canis s ntsc te a eee 4 parts. Gill Nea liaaiet tion se Jems enamine ae ne Nie 1 part. Alfaltar Meals cise csaincus ns, cemeuaneeaeeatorp 1 part Dr. Roberts’ Poultry Tonic.............. 1 part Feed this mixture in a hopper, giving the fowls access to it in the afternoon only. If they have it in the morning they are apt to fill up on the mash and not get the exercise they need and obtain by scratching over the litter in quest of the whole grains. GRIT, CHARCOAL, AND OYSTER SHELLS. Very often the cause of failure in the poultry business may be traced to an insufficient supply of one or all of the following essentials in the poultry yard. All fowls, large and small, young and old, must have grit of some kind. They cannot grind their food without it, and their food must be ground up or it will not digest. A large percentage of bowel trouble in fowls can be traced to the lack or scarcity of grit. Do not make the common mistake of thinking that the fowls will find a sufficient quantity by themselves. With a flock of hens or ducks ranging constantly over the same ground day after day, every pebble is soon picked up and the supply of grit is exhausted. Even when the fowls have free range, a box or hopper should be kept well supplied with grit of some kind and placed where the fowls can help themselves at will. The importance of this cannot be too strongly impressed on the mind of the poultryman. Oyster shells are too soft to serve as grit. While they are a necessary part of the ration, supplying the elements for building bone and shell, they cannot take the place of grit. Cut clover is rich in lime and is a good food for producing egg shells, but granulated bone or oyster shells should be kept in boxes or hoppers so the fowls can supply their needs. Charcoal is an excellent aid to digestion and a good blood purifier. It may be fed in a granulated form in hoppers, or it may be powdered and fed in the mash. It will prevent many of the bowel disorders and is a valuable corrective of these troubles. Charcoal will readily absorb gases and impurities. This is one reason why it is such a valuable article of diet for the poultry. If it is the least bit damp it ought to be placed in a hot oven and thoroughly dried out before feeding. _ A plentiful supply of clean, fresh water is important. Laying stock especially needs lots of water. In ordinary circumstances a laying hen will drink nearly half a pint of water in a day. The drinking utensils must be kept scrupulously clean to prevent diseases and infection. They should be thoroughly scalded out at least once a week or oftener. The drinking water, if neglected, may be a great source. of contagion. The watery discharge from a roupy fowl dropping in the drinking 162 POULTRY “SECTION, water will infect the whole flock. For this reason a sick fowl should be kept entirely away from the remainder of the flock. In cold weather the water should be warmed enough to take the chill off, and if cold enough to freeze, see that fresh water is given twice or three times during the day. SUCCULENT GREEN FOOD. Every variety of poultry requires green food of some kind. This is as much a necessary part of their ration as hay is to horse or cow. They must have it all the year round in some form or other to insure the best results. There are various ways and methods of supplying this need. Garden vegetables, such as cabbages, carrots, or mangcls, are good. In feeding turnips, beets, or mangels, or other large roots, cut them in half and lay them with the flat side up and the chicken will pick them out clean. Or drive a spike or two through boards two or three feet long, fasten them to the wall of the coop and stick the roots on these. This is a cleaner method than leaving them on the floor. Smaller vegetables, such as carrots, pota- toes, etc., may be chopped fine or boiled and fed in the mash. One of the best green foods is sprouted oats, especially in winter time, when other fresh green stuff is hard to obtain. Soak the oats in warm water about ten hours, or over night. Drain off the water, but leave the oats in a deep pail or box, well drained; sprinkle daily until they begin to start roots. As soon as the roots start, put the oats in shallow boxes to a depth of about three inches. These boxes should have holes in the bottom to let the water drain off, but the oats must be wet daily to keep them growing. In a very few days sprouts will start and the feed is ready for the chickens. Sprinkle a little salt on them to make them a little more appetizing, and the chickens will leave all other food for the oats. The resulting increase in egg production more than pays for the trouble of sprouting the oats. In the summer time, where the fowls are confined and do not have access to grass or other green stuff, a parcel of ground in the yard may be spaded up and oats sown. Soak them in warm water about ten hours and sow very thick. They will soon sprout and the chicks will scratch them out, getting green food and exer- cise at the same time. Corn silage is excellent as a green food for poultry. They will quickly clean up every bit but the cobs and joints of the stalks that do not get broken up. This makes a cheap green food on the dairy farm where silos are in use. FATTENING FOR MARKET. Before marketing fowls of any kind it is advisable and profitable to separate them from the rest of the flock and give spccial feed until they are in a suitable condition for the table. It takes but little to fatten poultry, and a much higher price can be obtained for birds thus conditioned than for the ordinary run of fowls marketed without this finishing touch. To fatten a fowl, food is required that is rich in carbohydrates and fat, rather than being rich in protein, as these elements are converted into fat whenever the fowl is fed more than enough to keep it warm and keep it strong enough to per- form the work it has to do. Give all feed in troughs in order to keep the fattening stock inactive as much as possible, so the food consumed will develop fat instead of bone and muscle. For the first day or two feed a little less than they will eat up clean. This will make their appetites keen for the forcing feed that is to follow. The addition of Poultry Tonic to the ration will also have the effect of sharpening the appetite and more benefit will be gained from the food consumed. A good ration for fattening may be made up of equal parts of wheat bran, corn meal, and cut clover, or alfalfa. To every four quarts of the mash add a tablespoonful of Poultry Tonic. Dampen slightly with water or milk and feed once a day as a mash, preferably in the morn- ing. At noon feed any kind of meat scrap, or table scraps, that you may have, together with equal parts of wheat and cracked corn. The night feed should be mostly of corn. Be sure there is no food left over from one feeding to another. The sight of food before them all the time is apt to spoil their appetites so they will not relish the fresh supplv as they should. If you have no clover, or alfalfa meal, feed any other green stuff that you may have. Green food is necessary since the POULTRY SECTION. 163 forcing ration is too much concentrated for the fowl’s digestive organs unless they have exercise. An abundance of good, sharp grit must be supplied. The large amount of food consumed requires good grinding material to aid digestion. It is also necessary that plenty of clean, fresh water be kept before them all the time. STANDARD WEIGHT. Cock Cockerel Hen Pullet Ibs. Ibs. lbs. lbs. Dight-Brahmagcec te tee ke lakh denen § 12 10 9% 8 Dark Brahma and All Cochins........... 11 9 84 7 Tangshan’ oad wuts e tae soe penis eaten ee 10 8 7 6 Javas and Plymouth Rocks............... 914 8 714 614 DAML WiyandOttese (2.0. asc5.0 3 Ga cone sestotes acto 8% 7% 614 514 American Dominique..................... 8 7 6 5 Orpingtonsie. cera coke keen wink 10 8% 8 7 Minorcas and Spanish.................... 8 614 6% 5% A Td allUSIan Sac ripasaciun sannmtemne waeantaese 3 6 5 5 4 Rhode Island Reds............. 2.2.0... 84 714 614 5 SELECTION OF BREEDS. For meat: Brahma, Cochins and Langshans. For general purpose: (Meat and eggs combined.) Plymouth Rock, Wyan- dottes, Rhode Island Reds and Orpingtons. For eggs: Leghorns, Minorcas, Hamburgs or any of the smaller active breeds. DUCKS ON THE FARM. The raising of ducks and geese on the farm is a part of the industry that is not appreciated as it should be. There are thousands of farms all over the country which could be made more profitable by raising flocks of well-bred ducks or geese. To a certain extent ducks are more profitable than chickens. They are easier to raise, are less subject to disease, and take but little room. They are not unlike hens in one respect—a few pay better proportionately than many. A duck of the improved breeds will lay from 120 to 160 eggs in a year and usually begins in February. They are more profitable when sold as soon as they reach four or five pounds in weight. After that, feed that is given to ducks that are to be marketed is practically thrown away, as they gain but little in weight. The growth of the duck is more rapid than that of any other fowl known, thus making a broiler early in the season when prices are high. The feathers are always in demand. They can be plucked every six or eight weeks from those ducks that are carried beyond the broiler age. Ducks are never troubled with mites or lice unless they are housed with chickens or turkeys. They do not thrive if housed with other poultry. They do not have the same digestive apparatus as chickens, consequently the manner of feeding is different. Ducks require at least two-thirds of their diet in a wet, mash form, while chickens do better on a larger amount of dry grains—hence the difficulty of housing and feeding both kinds of fowls together. While ducks take naturally to water, they should have dry quarters and dry bedding at night. The most frequent cause of disease among ducks is filth and dampness. They are naturally more filthy than chickens, hence the necessity of keeping their house well supplied with clean, dry litter. Ducks rarely lay in nests, but prefer the floor, and in order to keep the eggs clean, the straw must be kept fresh and clean. They generally lay before eight o’clock in the morning, conse- quently it is better to keep them shut in until this time in o-der to get the eggs and prevent their stealing their nests. In mating, one drake to six ducks is about the right proportion. Select breeding stock that has lots of vigor and vitality. The ducks that are used for breeding pur- poses should have free access to some pond or stream of water. Swimming in water is to a duck what scratching is to the hen. It is their exercise, and exercise is necessary to give fertility to the eggs and vigor to the young ducklings. The feed for young ducks differs somewhat from that for little chickens in that ducks require more wet food, a good quantity of green stuff, and more animal 164 POULTRY SECTION. food of some kind. They can eat much more and grow much faster than chicks. Like chickens they should not be fed until the second day after they are hatched. The first two or three days’ feed may consist of hard-boiled eggs and dry bread crumbs broken up fine, to which should be added a small amount of coarse sand for grit. A good mixture for feeding after the third or fourth day may be made of six parts of corn meal, six parts wheat middlings, and one part of beef scrap or blood meal. To this add a small portion of Dr. David Roberts’ Poultry Tonic to aid in its digestion. Wet this mixture to a crumbly mass and feed all they will eat. The green food may consist of any kind of succulent vegetable, chopped up fine, grass clippings, or even weeds of a juicy character. I have known a flock of ducklings to grow and thrive on no other food but chopped weeds, mixed up with a little bran or corn meal, and an occasional feed of dry cracked corn. Of course, they had the run of the yard and picked up an occasional bug, or worm, which supplied their need of animal food. After the ducks are three or four weeks old, cracked corn and whole wheat may be given, but it must first be well soaked. If convenient give them all the milk they can drink. The pan or trough used for watering should be deep enough for the ducks to dip their bills into above the nostrils. Unless they can do this their nostrils get clogged and the ducks are apt to suffer in consequence. Give them all the fresh, clean water they want, but not enough to swim in. Although ducks are water fowls, they will quickly die if they get thoroughly wet before their plumage gets heavy enough to protect them. During the first week or two, grit should be added to their mash feed in the form of fine gravel or coarse sand. After this age they will pick it up themselves if kept in sufficient quantities where they can get it easily. They also need cracked oyster shells and charcoal kept before them all the time to get the best results. For laying and breeding ducks the following mash food is good: Wheat Brant no dace sven cepa ne kee Rees eee NS 10 parts Corn WMeAalien sae amy sienia te cite tianameee nee a ae Garona aes 10 parts Ground Oats: sais cecscsanrs sis cone Cmmtenaea teens ME aoe Mens TS 8 parts Cut Clover or Alfalfa Meal ....... a Ghent te watendedsta ee 6 parts GT eenichas ica Maser aie ceecare Donte tae ae eae ieeee Settee naan 2 parts Dr. Robests: (Poultry: Toni: t4.c2at eked oaeine anne amos 2 parts Mix with about four parts of boiled turnips or other vegetables and feed all they will eat twice a day. At noon give whole corn and oats. For green stuff, follow the suggestions as given for chickens on page 162. Ducks that are well taken care of are very seldom sick, They get colds and lameness from sleeping in damp quarters. In case of cold, remove the cause by putting clean, dry bedding in their house. If the cold is severe, causing a frothy scum over the eyes, treat the same as for roup in chickens. Ducks and geese are very hardy and you may depend on it that they will live and grow, even with very little attention, after the first few weeks, providing they have the proper kind and the proper amount of food. PROFIT IN GEESE. Geese are about the easiest fowls to raise on the farm, since they require but little care after they are four weeks old. They are grass eating fowls, and will thrive and grow on less grain than any other variety of poultry. They are hardier than other fowls, consequently do not require such comfortable quarters; a low shed for protection in stormy weather is sufficient. Low, marshy ground, suitable only for water fowls, can be profitably utilized by raising geese, providing they have a dry place to sleep in. In mating, one gander with from one to four geese is the rule. Breeding stock at pasture need but little attention. Those kept in confinement must be provided with plenty of green food, rather than too much grain. Do not let them get too fat. After a goose has laid nine or ten eggs she will become broody and want to set. Break her up as you would a hen and she will soon start to lay again. After she has jaid the third lot of eggs in this way, it is a good plan to let her set. The first eggs may be hatched under hens. The time for incubation is from thirty to thirty-two days. After the fifteenth day it is a good plan to moisten the eggs occasionally so the young goslings will be better able to break through the shell. POULTRY SECTION. 165 In caring for and feeding the young goslings, the suggestions given for ducks may be followed. Keep them warm and quiet until the second day and do not let them get damp or chilled. They require but little care and attention and as soon as they are strong enough, give them the run of the farm. TURKEYS NEED MORE ATTENTION. It is generally considered difficult to raise turkeys successfully, but this is partly due to improper care and attention during the first few weeks. Very many failures in turkey raising may be traced to the poor selection of breeding stock. Many diseases and losses among turkeys, more than in other poultry, is caused by lack of vigor in the old birds. Inbreeding and breeding from immature birds, or from run down stock, is sure to cause disaster. It is almost necessary to secure a new tom, entirely unrelated, each year. Do not depend on exchange of toms with turkey raisers in the neighborhood, especially if such exchanges have been made previously. It is better to purchase of some remote dealer so there may be no possibility of relationship. Vermin, filth, and dampness are often causes of loss among turkeys. The remedy is obvious. Keep them dry, clean, and free from lice. Breeding stock should be well matured. Turkey hens, two years old or more, are to be preferred. Be sure that both male and female are healthy and vigorous. The breeders should be separated from the rest of the flock and kept well fed but not over-fat. Being of roving nature, it is advisable to give them as wide a range as possible in order to give them exercise and at the same time allow them to pick up a large part of their feed. Provide nests in a secluded place. A good place for turkeys may be made by placing a barrel on its side and putting straw inside for the nest. Partly cover the barrel with brush or other material so it will be almost hidden. You may raise a few turkeys by hatching under a chicken hen, but the turkey mother is much more successful and is also cheaper, for she will take the young poults out on foraging expeditions so they secure the greatest part of their living from the fields; while otherwise they would have to be fed nearly all they would get. The time required for hatching is twenty-eight days. Let the turkey hen alone until she brings the brood from the nest. The young turkeys should not eat until they are thirty-six hours old. The first two days’ food may consist of hard-boiled eggs and stale bread crumbs. After that for three or four weeks, feed stale bread moistened with milk, with the milk pressed out so the bread will crumble. After two weeks mix a little Poultry Tonic with the bread crumbs. Do not allow them to get damp or chilled in the morning, and keep fresh, clean water and grit where they can help them- selves any time. As soon as they are strong enough to run with the mother they may have the run of the farm. Feed turkeys almost entirely on dry grains and green stuff as they do not thrive on mash foods. The profit in turkeys comes from raising as many as possible and having them ready for the Thanksgiving market. According to the U. S. census, there were nearly three millions fewer turkeys in 1910 than there were in 1900, or a decrease of nearly half. In view of the terrific loss in numbers of turkeys, their increasing scarcity has boomed the price until they are now a luxury. This surely means money to the successful raiser of turkeys. POULTRY DISEASES BRONCHIAL ROUP. Take a tail or wing feather, strip the web from it excepting just at the point. Dip feather into some Poultry Roup Paste, insert feather into the treachea (wind pipe) and give a quick turn. This is a delicate operation, but if you are careful there is no danger. See Prescription No. 186, page 183. 166 POULTRY DISEASES. CATARRHAL OR DIPHTHERIC ROUP Make a solution of one teaspoonful of Disinfectall to a quart of water, and wash head, eyes, nostrils and throat thoroughly. Then apply Poultry Roup Paste by rubbing some into nostrils, over head and comb, and well into the mouth. Feed nourishing soft food, reduce corn and increase meat foods. In order to effect a permanent cure, one must use a good tonic in connection with the above treatment. The best tonic extant is made by taking equal parts of wheat flour and Poultry Tonic, mixing same with just enough water so you can form it into pills about size of a large pea, and administer one or two of these pills three times a day until a cure is effected. See Prescription No. 185, page 183. CANKER. Associated with Roup, the symptoms being similar and the treatment the same Symptoms. A cheesy matter collects on the tongue, roof of the mouth and around the opening of the windpipe. Fowl usually breathe with mouth open. Treatment. Apply Disinfectall direct to the canker with a small brush or feather. Feed same as for Roup. See Prescription No. 187, page 183. CHICKEN POX. Caused by neglect or improper feed. Symptoms. Small bunches of hard substances appear just under the skin on the comb, face and wattle, and in a short time they exude a liquid matter which dries and gives the head a scabby or scaly appearance. Treatment. Feed same as for Roup. Wash affected parts with a solution of one part of Disinfectall to nine parts of warm water, dry with a cloth and apply Poultry Roup Paste. See Prescription No. 188, page 183. CHOLERA. This disease is quite prevalent among poultry, although many other diseases are diagnosed as cholera. Sometimes filth is the cause of this disease, which is contagious and oftentimes spreads rapidly through the flock. If a bird is suffering from the advanced stages of cholera, it is wise to kill it and burn the carcass. Symptoms. The first symptom is a watery discharge from bowels, lacking in color as the hours go by. The bird sits around with its feathers ruffled, head and neck drawn up close to the body, eyes closed, is very feverish and thirsty. It is inclined to remain standing just where it is. As the disease increases in violence the discharge increases, and the ability of the bird to move decreases. Treatment. Put one tablespoonfud of Poultry Cholera Medicine to every quart of mash, feed twice a day until all symptoms of the disease disappear. If the fowl is unable to eat, make pills of the Cholera Medicine by dampening it and administering one every four hours until a cure is effected. Follow up after a cure is effected by using Poultry Tonic in the feed. See Pr escription No, 189, page 183. POULTRY DISEASES. 167 CROP BOUND. Impaction of the crop is a condition known to many poultrymen. This is caused by the retention and swelling of grain, by the accumulation of dead gases or by some obstruction of the outlet of the crop. It is also caused by poor digestion, and occasionally a bird has had a fast, then when allowed all it will eat it stuffs its crop to the utmost capacity. Symptoms. Swell crop. Fowl stretches its neck occasionally as though choked or trying to swallow. Treatment. Take ordinary baking soda (saleratus), dissolve a tablespoonful in one pint of warm rain water, flush crop by pouring the water down the fowl’s throat. Knead crop gently between thumb and finger until the mass is broken up. Tie fowl by feet, lay its head downward, hold mouth open, work crop gently, and in this manner the crop may be emptied. In extreme cases, the knife must be resorted to, and when this is done the incision should be as high up as possible. After the mass is taken out, the opening should be sewed. Feed nothing but soft feed for eight or ten days, and a mixture of Poultry Tonic. It is a rare case when the fowl dies from the operation. See Prescription No. 190, page 183. DIARRHOEA In chickens and adult fowls is caused from too coarse food, filthy water, improper temperature, etc. Symptoms. Discharge or looseness of the bowels. Treatment. Use Poultry Cholera Medicine as prescribed for Cholera, using half the amount for chicks. See Prescription No. 191, page 183. GAPES. This is a parasitic disease prevalent among chicks. The worm that causes the disease is hatched from an egg containing embryo, and they attach themselves to the lining of the windpipe. They live and flourish until they become so numerous as to choke the chick, if nothing is done to hinder their progress. Treatment. The chicks go around with their mouths open, gasping for breath and making a gasping noise. Feed Poultry Tonic to your chicks and keep them free from lice, and they will never have Gapes. In case the chicks already have them, use the same treatment as for Bronchial Roup. See Prescription No. 192, page 183. LEG WEAKNESS. Caused from in-breeding, lack of nourishing food, overcrowding, damp quarters and sometimes from too wide a perch to roost upon. Symptoms. Unsteady gait. Bird will attempt to walk and topple over, either forward or backward, and in advance stages is wholly unable to walk. The feet and legs become feverish and dry. Treatment. Rub legs with Oil of Camphor and add fifteen grains of Iodide of Potassium to every quart of drinking water. Feed nourishing food, containing double the amount of Poultry Tonic that is usually given. See Prescription No. 193, page 183. 168 POULTRY DISEASES. LICE. These pests are the cause of more deaths among poultry than any disease. In fact, they are the cause of many of the diseases and ailments among poultry. One must wage a constant war against vermin to keep the fowls free from them. To keep the fowls free from vermin the following method should be used: To every gallon of whitewash add one-fourth pint of Disinfectall. Whitewash inside of poultry house and nests. Use Disinfectall in its purity on the roosts and dropping boards. Apply same with a paint brush or spray pump. Dust the poultry thoroughly with Diolice Power, and the most effective way of doing this, if you have no machine, is to place fowls’ legs between your knees, the head toward your body, raise the feathers with your left hand and dust the powder with right, being careful that the powder gets to the skin. To keep the air pure and healthful in your poultry house all the time, fill a burlap bag with shavings or excelsior thoroughly saturated with Disinfectall and hang the same in poultry house. See Prescription No. 194, page 183. MOULTING. This is not,a disease, but may be touched on just here. This change takes place once a year and if properly cared for, poultry will begin to moult in late summer. Ther. by early winter they will be through, and wil! have their entire coat of new feathers, and be ready to start in on their winter lay of eggs. This is a vital period for the hen, and it is important that she should be fed Poultry Tonic, as there is nothing better to aid in the growing of new feathers. See Prescription No. 195, page 183. PIP. Caused by the fowl being in a feverish condition. Symptoms. The tongue becomes very dry and parched, the point of it becoming almost like horn. Treatment. Give fowl two drop dose of tincture of aconite every two hours until the sixth dose has been given. Use same treatment in connection as prescribed for Diph- theric Roup. See Prescription No. 196, page 183. ROUP. This is a disease that comes from sudden changes of the weather or may be due to birds being exposed to drafts. It may be the result of hereditary tendencies, overcrowding, contagion, filth, ete. There are several forms of Roup, known as Catarrhal, Diphtheric, Cankerous, Bronchial and Pulmonic. Symptoms. Sneezing, discharge of the nostrils, difficult breathing, wheezing, rattling in the throat. Any one or several of these symptoms may be present, accompanied by a bad odor about the nostrils or mouth. Fowls thus affected want to sleep most of the time with the heads under the wings. Treatment. Apply Roup Paste three times daily to nostrils, head, comb and wattles and place a little of it in the mouth and throat by the use of a stiff feather. Better results can be obtained if head is washed and throat swabbed with a mild solution of Disinfectall. If there be a canker use Disinfectall full strength. When canker is killed remove with a flat stick and then apply the Poultry Roup Paste. POULTRY DISEASES. 169 Preventive. ‘All birds affected as above should be separated from the rest of the flock and the premises should be given a thorough cleaning and disinfecting. Especially should the drinking vessels and feed troughs be carefully attended to. To prevent the spread of the disease, use a teaspoonful of Disinfectall to every gallon of drinking water, also use Poultry Tonic, giving twice the amount prescribed for ordinary use. See Prescription No. 197, page 183. SCALY LEGS Caused from a small parasite propagated by filth, burrowing under the scales on the legs. Symptoms. Legs are very rough and unsightly. Treatment. Apply kerosene to the affected parts, then anoint with Badger Balm. WORMS. There are more than a dozen different kinds of worms that infest domestic fowls, yet there are but three that are common enough to warrant suggesting means of getting rid of them. They are the tape-worm, round-worm and pin-worm. The tape-worms are jointed, the same as are found in man, only much smaller. They have small hooks arranged so that they cling to the wall of the bowels and thus subsist on the nourishing elements of the food found there. Round-worms take their name from their appearance. They are seldom passed in the droppings. They multiply very rapidly and are often present in great numbers. Pin or thread worms are very small, being about the size of a thread, white in color, and from one-half to one inch in length. These are quite often found in the gizzard, having eaten through the lining and into the gizzard proper. Symptoms. Symptoms of the different worms are essentially the same. Indigestion, some- times accompanied by looseness of the bowels. Fowls sit around, draw up, feathers ruffled, comb becomes pale, fowl feverish. The surest sign is where the fowl “goes light,” i. e., eats well but seems to gain no weight, and in fact decreases in weight all the time. Treatment. Let the birds fast for twenty-four hours, then feed a bran mash twice a day, to which has been added some Worm Powder for Poultry. Use one tablespoonful to twenty-five head of poultry. As a preventive, use one-half of the amount once every two weeks. In extreme cases, coop the bird and do not feed it for twenty-four hours. Make a pill about the size of a pea from Worm Powder, and give to the fowl. Give light feed of bran mash, and in three hours give the bird a teaspoonful of Epsom Salts dissolved in water. See Prescription No. 198, page 183. POULTRY NOTES. The time to prepare your hens for winter laying is all the time. Don’t wait until the price of eggs is at its height in the winter before you begin to give the laying stock the proper care and feed. Keep them in good condition all the year around. Select the hens for breeding purposes early and do not force them for winter egg production. Save this vitality for the hatching season and get better hatches and more vigorous chicks. : Hatch your young stock in March and April. They will then be ready to lay by October and November and keep it up all winter, if they receive the proper 170 POULTRY NOTES. care and feed. From the best laying pullets select the hens for next season’s breeding and mark them with leg bands. In this way you will build up your flock for winter egg production. When the fowls are confined have a shallow box filled with road dust in which has been mixed a small amount of Diolice. Place the box where it will be in the sunshine as much as possible. This dust bath is a luxury for the hens and helps to rid them of lice and other vermin. In considering poultry for proht one must not overlook the value of the manure as a fertilizer. It should not be used as a top dressing, but mixed with soil and applied principally to garden crops. It is worth from two to three times as much as common barnyard manure. Hens that are over-fat are not good layers. Feed less corn and wheat and more green stuff. Make them exercise as-much as possible. An excellent way to feed oats is to let them soak over night, then boil until they are soft. Add a little bran or a portion of the mash mixture until it forms a crumbly mass. Feed while it is warm, and on a cold morning this mixture will be greatly relished by the fowls. Make a careful study of your birds and care for them according to their individual needs. All fowls are not alike. Some need more attention than others. Any disturbance among the hens that causes any degree of fright will notic- ably affect the egg yield for a time. Be very careful that no strange persons or animals cause any excitement among the laying hens. If you are troubled with hawks getting the little chickens, try raising a few guineas. Being of a wild nature they are constantly on the alert and will quickly give the alarm when they see a hawk or some strange animal approaching. Chickens and other fowls soon learn the signal and waste no time in seeking a place of safety. Guineas are very industrious and will pick up nearly their whole living, if given the run of the farm. They have never had much reputation as a table fowl, but on account of the gamey flavor of their flesh, they are fast becoming a favorite dish on the tables of first-class hotels and restaurants. This increasing demand for the guinea will add another source of profit to the farmer. A hen will not lay eggs if she is constantly tormented with lice or mites. Give your laying hens access to a good dust bath. Keep the roosts and walls sweet and clean with whitewash. Spray occasionally with Disinfectall and do not neglect to dust the hens once in a while with Diolice. Fight the vermin and keep the hens as comfortable as possible. In order to make the most profit from your poultry you must get the highest prices possible for the products, and at the same time keep the cost of production as low as possible. Every effort made in increasing the output of your poultry yard, and every convenience added to make the work easier and more efficient, is adding that much more to the value of the farm. Should the reader of this book fail to understand any of the descriptions or recommendations herein, or be unable to make application of them, if he will write the author for further information, it will be promptly given. Do not experiment with your live stock ailments. Obtain the best and most reliable veterinary medicines and give them strictly according to direc- tions. You will not only save time and money, but your animals. It is better to profit from the experience of others than to meet your losses when trouble overtakes you. There is a great difference between what a man knows. and what he thinks he knows. You should know how to trezt your live stock; if not, write Dr. David Roberts, 500 Grand Ave., Waukesha, Wis. Nem Cy i SUMO FIuUl PL , we G le Viale edimal: anh? Waukesha ts Nov, 20th,, 1903. Dr. D. Roberts, ‘City. You ask if you can refer to this Bank in placing before the public your Veterinary Remedies, Most certainly you can, One who can concoct remedies which evident= ly give great relief to the distressed dumo animal, is entitled to be called a benefactor, Your testimonials, which I have seen, from stock raisers, not only in the United States, but from Europe as well, are conclusive evidence as to the value of your remedies. Your record and manly efforts command approbation, If this short letter is of any service to you, then use it, Sincerely yours, He who will not profit by the experience of others gets knowledge when trouble overtakes him. It is never too late to make a start in the right direction. Keep your stock in a healthy, profitable condition. , You are at liberty to write me at any time about the care and treatment ef Live Stock and I will give you my best thought. Dr. David Roberts, Waukesha, Wis., 500 Grand Ave. NOTICE. We have no objection to live-stock journals or individuals quoting this book, providing always that they give due credit to the author. 172 HORSE SECTION. See Price List on opposite page 173 IN CONCLUSION. We desire to emphasize in the strongest possible terms our desire to be of practical assistance to the’ owners and breeders of Live Stock. We will consider it a privilege to answer by personal correspondence any questions relating to the care and management of Cattle, Horses, Swine, Sheep and Poultry. Dr. David Roberts himself will reply to all inquiries regarding diseases of live stock and their treatment. We guarantee the genuineness of every testimonial appearing in this book. In all cases where it is desired that Dr. David Roberts visit the herd, we will be pleased to arrange for such a visit, to any point in the United States or Canada, as soon as his other professional engagements will permit. It is impossible to cover in this condensed treatise all of the diseases of live stock. To do this would require many volumes. No matter from what disease your stock may suffer, if you will write us fully regarding same, Dr. David Roberts will write you personally, advising you as to the proper treatment and the method of administering same. In a word, the aim of this company is to render valuable service to owners and breeders of live stock everywhere. We desire to thank our friends for their patronage and generous indorsement ae ° . of our medicines and other products, and to extend to them our sincerest good wishes for their continued prosperity and success in raising the standard of their flocks and herds. Faithfully yours, Dr. Davin Rorerts’ VETERINARY Co.. 500 Grand Avenue, Waukesha, Wis., U. S. A. HOW TO ORDER. Purchase medicines from our dealer in your town. If no dealer and you have no order sheet, write plainly the name of medicine wanted and make remittance either by Post Office Order, Express Order or Bank Draft on Chicago or New York to Dr. David Roberts Veterinary Co., Waukesha, Wis., U. S. A. Remittance must accompany order, otherwise medicine will be sent C. O. D. PRICE LIST OF INSTRUMENTS. 1 Cattle Trocar ...........--2065 1.50 9 Milking Tubes, Metal........... $0.35 with rubber 9 Milking Tubes, Hard Rubber .... .50 : Bete ee ee Sg A adehanan cs -00 10 Womb Sound (Hard Rubber) 1.00 3 Fever Thermometer (plain) ...... .75 11 Womb Dilator ............0-0-- 1.00 4 Fever Thermometer (with chain and 12 Hypodermic Syringer acceaces che sh 2.50 Tail clasp) use. ade ee eee 125 13 Flushing OG AGE fcc m. t sossisen eo nals ese 1.00 5 Fever Thermometer (in metal case 13 Flushing Tube only ............-. .50 with chain and tail clasp)..... .50 13 Funnel and Rubber Tube naib a as 50 6 Teat Bistoury ......:0e eee eeeee 1.50 14 2 oz. Hard Rubber Syringe (with % Teat Expander ........-.++-s+5- 1.50 special tube) ...... fee oben wes 1.25 8 Teat Plug (Aluminum) ......... s2'5 14 1 oz. Hard Rubber Syringe ...... 15 8 Teat Plug (rubber) .......--+--- .50 15 Drenching Hook with Cord ...... 1.00 174 PRESCRIPTIONS—CATTLE PRESCRIPTIONS ABORTION IN CATTLE. k No. 1. Anti-Abortion Hypodermic Syringe Antisepto Disinfectell Flushing Outfit AFTERBIRTH—RETENTION PREVENTIVE. k No. 2. Breeding Tonic AFTERBIRTH RETAINED. Ix No. 3. Cow Cleaner Antisepto ABCESS. i No. 4. Antiseptic Toultice Germ tiler Absorbent Healing Lotion ANTHRAX. k No. 5. Anthrax Vaccine APPETITE DEPRAVED. k No. 6. Cow Tonic Stonvigor BARRENNESS. k No. 7. Breeding Tonic Antisepto Flushing Outfit Womb Sound Womb Dilator BLOATING. k No. 8. Laxotonic BLACK LEG. k No. 9. Black Leg Vaccine BLOOD POISONING. k No. 10. Germ Tiller Fever Poste Absorbent BOILS. kk No. 11. Antiseptic Poultice Absorbent CATTLE BRONCHITIS. K No. 12. Fever Paste Le xotonic Cow Tonic White Liniment CALF CHOLERA, R No. 13. Calf Cholera Remedy Loxotonic Disinfectall CALF INDIGESTION. hk. No. 14. Laxo‘on'ec Calf Cuolera Remedy CONSTIPATION IN CALVES. R No. 15. Castor Oil Laxotonic CALVING, Kk No. 16. I xotonic Umvilicure CLEANING. k No. 17. ~ Cow Cleaner Antisepto CASTING THE WITHERS. k No. 18. Antisepto L>xotonic Cow Tonic CASTRATING. k No. 19. Germ Tiller Healing Oil CATARRHAL FEVER OR PINK EYE. B No. 20. Antisepto Bye Lot:on Fever Poste Cow Tor'e Disinfectall CHOKING. Ik No. 21. Half Pint Raw Linseed Oil Laxotonic PRESCRIPTIONS—CATTLE. 175 COLD. R No. 22. White Liniment Fever Paste Laxotonic COLIC CR CRAMPS. k No. 23. Colic Drench Laxotonic CONSTIPATION OR STOPPAGE OF THE BOWELS IN CATTLE. RK No. 24. Laxotonic COW POX. RE No. 25. Cow Tonic Badger Balm Germ Killer Absorbent DEHORNING. BR No. 26. Horn Killer or Dehorning Clipper Healing Oil DIARRHOEA IN CATTLE. k No. 27. Cow Tonic Calf Cholera Remedy EYE DISEASE. & No. 28. Antisepto Eye Lotion Stokvigor & No. 29. Fever Thermometer Fever Paste Laxotonic White Liniment FISTULA. & No. 30. Germ Killer Absorbent Healing Lotion Cow Tonic FOOT DISEASE OR SORE FEET IN CATTLE. & No. 81. Germ Killer Healing Lotion Absorbent Antiseptic Poultice Cow Tonic FOUNDER. & No. 82. Laxotonic Fever Paste Antiseptic Poultice FROST BITES. R No. 33. Germ Killer Badger Balm GARGET-CAKED UDDER OR INFECTIOUS MAMMITIS. RE No. 34. Cow Tonic Badger Balm White Liniment : ee (In severe cases use in addition.) Antiseptic Poultice Germ Killer Disinfectall GENITAL DISEASE. Rk No. 35, Breeding onic Antisepto GONORRHOEA IN BULLS. k No. 36. Antisepto Breeding Tonic GRASS STAGGERS. Ik. No. 37. Laxotonic GRUBS OR WARBLES IN SKIN OF CATTLE. k No. 38. Healing Oil HAIR BALLS. No. 208. Medicated Salt HARD MILKERS. & No. 39. “‘Teat Plug Germ Killer Badger Balm INDIGESTION. R No. 40. Cow Tonic Laxotonic INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. K No. 41. Fever Paste White J.iniment Laxotonic INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB. & No. 42. Fever Paste Antisepto Laxotonic INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER. RK No. 43. Cow Tonic Germ Killer Badger Balm White Liniment Antiseptic Poultice » INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES. & No, 44. Germ Killer Badger Balm Antiseptic Poultice Cow Tonic INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE. Rk No. 45. Fever Paste Antiseptic Poultice INFLAMMATION OF THE JOINTS. & No. 46. Germ Killer Badger Balm Antiseptic Poultice ITCH. k No. 4%. Germ Iiller Skin Ointment Cow Tonic 176 PRESCRIPTIONS—CATTLE LEAD POISONING. I. No. 209. Laxotonic Todide Potassium 4 to 1 dram in drinking water once or twice daily LEUCORRHOEA OR WHITES. k No. 48. Breeding Tonic Antisepto LUNG FEVER. I. No. 41. Fever Paste White Liniment Laxotonic LUMP JAW OR ACTINOMY- COSIS. lk. No. 49. Absorbent Cow Tonic Iodide Potassium MAMMITIS. & No. 34. Cow Tonic Badger Balm White Liniment (In severe cases use in addition Antiseptic Poultice Germ Killer Disinfectall MILK BLUE. k No. 50. Cow Tonic MILK FEVER OR PARTURIENT PARESIS. k No. 51. Germ Killer Milk Fever Remedy Milk Fever Injector Laxotonic Cow Tonic MILK BLOODY OR STRINGY. No. 52 Cow Tonic NAVEL DISEASES OF CALVES. k No. 53. Umbilicure PARALYSIS OF THE BOWELS. k No. 54, Laxotonic PARALYSIS OF THE HIND PARTS. RK No. 55. Laxotonic White Liniment PINK EYE. K No. 20. Antisepto Eye Lotion Fever Paste Cow Tonic Disinfectall RED WATER IN CATTLE. RK No. 56. Kidney Aid RHEUMATISM. k No. 57. Cow Tonic White Liniment Antiseptic Poultice RINGING BULLS. k No. 58. Healing Oil RINGWORM. R No. 59. Cow Tonic Germ Killer Skin Ointment SCOURS IN CALVES. k No, 18. Calf Cholera Remedy Disinfectall Laxotonic SKIN DISEASE. kk No. 60. Cow Tonic Germ Killer Skin Ointment SLOBBERING. R& No. 61. Fever Paste Laxotonic SORE MOUTH. k No. 62. Antisepto Fever Paste SORE THROAT. R No. 63. Fever Paste White Liniment Laxotonic Antiseptic Poultice SPRAINS. k No. 64. Germ Killer Antiseptic Poultice Lucky Four Blister SUNSTROKE OR OVER- HEATED. kk No. 65. Fever Paste Whiskey SUPPRESSION OF MILK. & No. 66. Cow Tonic SURGICAL OPERATIONS AND LEAKY TEAT. k No. 67. Germ Killer Healing Oil TEAT STOPPAGE OR STRIC- TURE. R No. 68. Germ Killer Teat Plug Badger Balm Teat Expander Teat Bistoury PRESCRIPTIONS— TEAT SORE. k No. 69. Badger Balm TEAT WARTS. RE No. 70. Wartine TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE. R No. 71. Testing Outfit Complete Disinfectall TUMORS. R No. 72. Germ Killer Absorbent Healing Lotion TICKS. & No. 73. Germ Killer Skin Ointment Cow Tonic CATTLE—HORSES. ULCERS. k No, 74. Germ Killer Absorbent Healing Lotion URINE RETAINED. k No. 75. Catheter VOMITING. & No. 76. Cow Tonic Laxotonic Stokvigor WARTS. K No. 77. Wartine Healing Lotion WOUNDS. kK No. 78. Germ Killer Absorbent Healing Oil HORSES ABORTION IN MARES OR SLINKING OF THE FOAL. R No. 79. Breeding Tonic Antisepto Flushing Outfit ABSCESS. RE No. 80. Ggrm Killer ealing Lotion (In severe cases use in addition) Physic Ball Horse Tonic Antiseptic Poultice Absorbent ASTHMA OR HEAVES. & No, 81. Physic Ball Horse Tonic Heave Powder AZOTURIA OR PARALYSIS OF THE HIND PARTS. ; & No. 82. Colic Drench Kidney Aid BARRENNESS IN MARES. - EB No. 83. Breeding Tonic Antisepto Flushing Outfit BLOATING. k No. 84. Colic Drench io (In severe cases use in addition) Trocar Germ Killer Healing Oil BLOOD POSIONING. k& No. 10. Germ Killer Healing Oil Absorbent. BOG: SPAVIN. K No. 85. Absorbent BONE SPAVIN. RK No. 86. Bone Blister BROKEN KNEE. & No, 87. Germ Killer Healing Oil Absorbent BROKEN WIND. k No. 88. Physic Ball Horse Tonic Heave Powder BRONCHITIS. BR No. 89. Fever Paste White Liniment Laxotonic BRUISES. k& No. 90. Badger Balm Antiseptic Poultice BRUISES OF THE FROG. R No. 91. Antiseptic Poultice 178 PRESCRIPTIONS—HORSES. BURNS AND SCALDS. k No. 92. Healing Oil Badger Taim Antiseptic Poultice CALK WOUNDS. k No. 98. Germ Killer Healing Oil Absorbent Antiseptic Poultice CAPPED ELBOW OR SHOE BOIL. k No. 94. Germ Killer Healing Oil Absorbent CAPPED KNEE. kk No. 95. Absorbent . Bone Blister CAPPED HOCK. kk No. 95. Absorbent Bone Blister CASTRATION OR CUTTING COLTS. Rk No. 96. Germ Iviller Healing Oil CATARRHAL FEVER OR PINK EYE. R No. 97. Physic Ball White Liniment Antiseptic Poultice Fever Paste Horse Tonic Germ Isiller CHOKING. R No. 98. Drenching Hook Colic Drench COCKED ANKLES. k& No. 99, White Liniment COLD IN THE HEAD. R No. 100. White Liniment Fever Paste Horse Tonic COLIC. k No. 101. Drenching Hook Colic Drench Laxotonic Powdered Mustard CONSTIPATION. k No. 102. Colic Drench Laxotonic CORNS. kk No. 103. Antiseptic Poultice Avsorveut COUGHS. Rk No. 104. Physie Ball White Liniment Fever Paste CRACKED HEELS. kk No. 105. Physic Ball Horse Tonic Badger Balm CRAMPS OF JOINTS. k No. 106. White Liniment Horse Tonic CURB. k No. 107. Antiseptic Poultice Bone Blister Absorbent DISTEMPER. & No. 87. White Liniment Antiseptic Poultice Fever Paste Horse Tonic Germ Isiller DIARRHOEA. Kk No. 108. Horse Tonic Calf Cholera Remedy DROPSY. & No. 109. Phvsie Ball Horse Tonic DYSENTERY. k& No. 110. Horse Tonic Calf Cholera Remedy ECZEMA. k& No. 111. Physic Ball Horse Tonic Germ Killer Skin Ointment EVERSION OF UTERUS. R No. 210. Fever Paste Horse Tonic Antisepto EYE INFLAMMATION. R No. 112. Eye Lotion Antisepto FEVER. & No. 118. Fever Paste Laxotonic PRESCRIPTIONS—HORSES. 179 FISTULA. R No. 114. Antiseptic Porltice Lucky Pour blhster Germ Killer Healing Lotion Absorbent FLIES. R No. 115. Fly Oil FOALING. k No. 116. Umbilicure FOUNDER. & No. 117. Phvsic Ball Fever Paste Horse Tonic Antiseptic Poultice GLANDERS. R No. 118. Mallien GREASE HEEL. R No. 119. Phvsic Ball Horse Tonic Badger Balm Antiseptic Poultice Germ Killer HARNESS OR COLLAR GALLS. k& No. 120. Gall Balm Germ Killer Absorbent HEAVES. k No. 81. Physic Ball Horse Tonic Heave Powder . HIPPED. R No. 121. Badrer Balm Lucky Four Blister IMPACTION OF THE BOWELS. k No. 122. Colic Drench Laxotonic Mustard INDIGESTION OR OUT OF CONDITION. R No. 123. Physic Ball Horse Tonics INFLUENZA. BR No. 124, Laxotonic Fever Paste White Liniment Horse Tonic Antiseptic Poultice Germ Killer KIDNEY DISEASE. R No. 125. Physic Ball Kidney Aid LAMENESS. Kk No. 126. Antiseptic Poultice Absorvent or boue Blister DEEP SEATED LAMENESS. R No. 127. Lucky Four Blister Germ Killer Antiseptic Poultice Healing Oil LARYNGITIS. R No. 128. Fever Paste White Liniment Antiseptic Poultice Horse Tonic Germ Isiller LEUCORRHOEA. R No. 129. Breeding Tonic Antispeto Flushing Outfit LICE. R No. 130. Diolice LUNG FEVER. R No, 181. White Liniment Fever Paste Horse Tonic Germ Killer Laxotonic LYMPHANGITIS. B No. 182. Physic Ball Horse Tonic Fever Paste Badger Balm MANGE. & No. 111 Physic Ball Horse Tonic Germ Killer Skin Ointment MOON BLINDNESS. R No. 133. Physic Ball Horse Tonic Antisepto Eye Lotion MOUTH SORE. R No. 134. Healing Oil NASAL GLEET. & No, 135. Physic Ball Horse Tonic White Liniment 18¢ NAVEL DISEASE IN COLTS. & No. 1386. Umbilicure Fever Paste Badger Balm Antiseptic Poultice OPEN JOINT. k No. 187. Germ Killer Lucky Four Blister Antisepto Absorbent PARALYSIS. i. No. 138. Colic Drench Kidney Aid Laxotonic PARASITES. & No. 139. Physic Ball Horse Tonic Germ Killer Skin Ointment PARTURITION. k No. 140. Antisepto Fever Paste PHARYNGITIS. & No. 141. Fever Paste White Liniment Antiseptic Poultice Horse Tonic Germ Killer PIMPLES. k No, 142. Physic Ball Horse Tonic Skin Ointment PINK EYE. & No. 97. Physic Ball White Liniment Antiseptic Poultice Fever Paste Horse Tonic Germ Killer PLEURISY. i No. 148, Fever Paste White Liniment PNEUMONIA. R No. 131. White Liniment Fever Paste Germ Killer Horse Tonic POLL EVIL. RB No. 144. Antiseptic Poultice Lucky Four Blister Germ Killer Healing Lotion Absorbent PRESCRIPTIONS—HORSES. PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA. k No. 145. Physic Ball Fever Paste Horse Tonic Badger Balm Healing Oil Healing Lotion QUARTER CRACK. k No. 212. Lucky Four Blister Firing Iron QUITTOR. i. No. 146, . Germ Killer Antiseptic Poultice Absorbent RING BONE. k No. 147. Bone Blister RING WORM. R No, 148. Physic Ball Horse Tonic Germ Killer Skin Ointment ROARING. & No. 149. Lucky Four Blister RUPTURE. kK No. 150. Healing Oil SCALDS AND BURNS. R No. 151. Badger Balm Antiseptic Poultice SCRATCHES. R No. 152. Physic Ball Horse Tonic Germ Killer Badger Balm Antiseptic Poultice SHOE BOILS. ER No. 94. Absorbent A Lucky Four Blister SKIN DISEASE. & No. 111. Physic Ball Horse Tonic Germ Killer Skin Ointment SLOW SIRES. R& No. 211, Vigorine SORES. BR No. 153. Germ Filler Absorbent Healing Oil PRESCRIPTIONS—HORSES., 181 SORE THROAT. Rk No. 154, White Liniment Fever Paste Horse Tonic SPAVIN. kk No. 85. Absorbent for Bog Spavin R No. 86. Bone Blister for Bone Spavin SPEEDY CRACK. k No. 152. Physic Ball Horse Tonic Germ Killer Badger Balm Antiseptic Poultice SPLINTS. R No. 155. Bone Blister SPRAINS. k& No. 156. Antiseptic Poultice Absorbent Lucky Four Blister STERILITY. R No. 83. Breeding Tonic Antisepto Flushing Outfit STRANGLES. k No. 97. Laxotonic White Liniment Antiseptic Poultice Fever Paste Horse Tonic Germ Killer STRING HALT. k No. 157. Physic Ball Horse Tonic SUNSTROKE. R No. 158. Fever Paste Whiskey SWELLING. BR No. 159. Physic Ball Horse Tonic Badger Balm Antiseptic Poultice SWEENY. R No. 160. Lucky Four Blister White Liniment SYNOVITIS. k No. 161. Badger Balm Antiseptic Poultice Lucky Four Blister TENDON SORE. k No. 162. Badger Balm Antiseptic Poultice Lucky Four Blister THOROUGHPINS. kk No. 163. Absorbent THRUSH IN FEET, ik No. 164. Antiseptic Poultice Germ Killer Physic Ball Horse Tonic TUMOR. Rk No. 165. Absorbent ULCERS. k No. 166. Germ Killer Healing Lotion Absorbent URINE RETAINED. k No. 167. Catheter Colic Drench WARTS. kk No. 168. Wartine WIND BROKEN. kk No. 81. Physic Ball Horse Tonic Heave Powder WIND GALLS. No. 169, Absorbent WIRE CUTS. k No. 170. Germ Willer Healing Oil Absorbent WORMS. & No. 171. Worm Powder Physic Ball Germ Killer WOUNDS. R No. 172. Germ’ Killer Healing Lotion Absorbent 182 PRESCRIPTIONS—SWINE—SHEEP. SWINE ABORTION IN SOWS. k No. 174. Breeding Tonic Antisepto Disinfectall Flushing Outfit APOPLEXY OR STAGGERS. k No. 199. Laxotonic CANKER OR SORE MOUTH. kk No. 200. Germ Killer Healing Oil CASTRATION. k No. 173. Healing Oil CATARRHAL FEVER. R No. 201. Hog Tonic White Liniment Fever Paste Disinfectall CONSTIPATION. k No. 202. Laxotonic Badger Balm DIARRHOEA. RB No. 175. Disinfectall Calf Cholera Remedy HOG CHOLERA. RB No. 176. Hog Tonic Disinfectall LICE ON HOGS. k No. 179. Disinfectall Diolice MANGE. k& No, 203. Germ Killer Skin Ointment Disinfectall Hog Tonic MEASLES. k No. 204. Worm Powder Hog Tonic PARALYSIS. kK No. 205. Laxotonic White Liniment Worm Powder QUINSY. k No. 206. Fever Paste White Liniment Laxotonic Germ Killer RHEUMATISM. R No. 207. Laxotonic White Liniment THUMPS. k No. 177. Hog Tonic WORMS. R No. 178. Hog Tonic Worm Powder SHEEP DISTEMPER. & No. 180. Sheep Tonic Disinfectall GRUBS IN THE HEAD OF SHEEP. & No. 181, Sheep Tonic Disinfectall INDIGESTION. & No. 182, Sheep Tonic INTESTINAL WORMS. k No. 183. Worm Powder LUNG WORMS. k No. 184. Worm Fowder Disinfectall PRESCRIPTIONS—POULTRY. 183 POULTRY CATARRHAL OR DIPHTHERIC ROUP. R No. 185. Poultry Roup Paste Disinfectall Poultry Tonic BRONCHIAL ROUP. R No. 186. Poultry Roup Paste CANKER. R No. 187. Poultry Roup Paste Disinfectall CHICKEN POX. R No. 188. Disinfectall Poultry Roup Paste CHOLERA. R. No. 189. Poultry Cholera Medicine Poultry Tonic CROP BOUND. R No. 190. Poultry Tonic DIARRHOEA. k No. 191. Poultry Cholera Medicine GAPES. Kk No. 192. Poultry Tonic LEG WEAKNESS. R No. 193. Oil of Camphor Iodide Potassium Poultry Tonic LICE. k No. 194. Disinfectall Diolice MOULTING. R No. 195. Poultry Tonic PIP. k No. 196. Tincture of Aconite Poultry Roup Paste Disinfectall ROUP. Kk No. 19%. Disinfectall Poultry Tonic Poultry Roup Paste WORMS. & No. 198. Worm Powder Epsom Salts . Poultry Scene on Farm. Dr. David Roberts and his Arabian Team. Fig. 5. Attendant administering Hypodermic injection to cow in chute in barnyard, Flushing tank in readiness to cleanse genital organs with Antisento Solution.