E.R.Seuiss, M.D, Brooxtyn, x.y Brooxryy, December 20th, 1894. Librarian of Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. Dear Sir: Mr. Thomas Hanbury,the survivin: brother of the deceased Daniel Hanbury of London,England,has sent to the undersigned fifty copies of the volume of "Science Papers,chiefly Pharmacological and Botanical, b: Daniel Hanbury F.R.S. Fellow of the Linnean,Chemical and Microscopical Societies of London-" etc.etc. with a request that they may be distributed to those libraries where they would be most likely to be useful. If the volume be not already in your library,and if it would be useful and accept- able,the undersigned would be glad to send you a copy free of expense on receiving your acceptance and proper address. Very truly yours po ie Mp ee Eb guile apiath COWL Ds S- ‘ : 2 a Ongar London Macmillan &C W876 SCIENCE PAPERS, CHIEFLY PHARMACOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL. or ees DANIEL HANBURY, E.RS., FELLOW OF THE LINNEAN, CHEMICAL, AND MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON ; MEMBER AND LATE EXAMINER OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN ; MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL LEOPOLDINE-CAROLINE ACADEMY ; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETES DE PHARMACIE OF PARIS, BRUSSELS, ETC. EDITED, WITH MEMOIR, BY JOSEPH INCH, F.LS., FCS. Hondon: MACMILLAN AND CO. 7 1876. b [The Right of Translation and Reproduction is Reserved. ] 3 H23 A.7%0\% THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED TO The many Pearned Societies IN WHICH THROUGH LIFE HANBURY FOUND DELIGHT. CONTENTS. MEMOIR ‘ : 4 : : j : ; : i 3 SCIENCE PAPERS ; F . ; . ; ‘ : ; 43 ADDRESSES AND MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ‘ ‘ ‘ 403 APPENDIX . : ‘ : ; F ‘ : : ‘ é 487 £0: GOS Ss Ge Se) ILLUSTRATIONS. Portrait . : i Autograph Letter é Calumba Wood g : : Coccus Sinensis ‘ ; F Wax-tree and Insect , ‘ ‘ Smyrna Scammony : Large Round China Cardamom ‘9 » Coherent Seeds Small Round China Cardamom Hairy China Cardamom . Amomum Xanthivides (Fruit) Amomum Xanthioides (Capsules) . Bitter-Seeded Cardamom Ovoid China Cardamom . Galanga Cardamom Liquidambar Orientale ail) Royal Salep Royal Salep bulbs Larinus maculatus . Tréhala Larinus mellificus . Sclerotium Stipitatum Pachyma Cocos Map of China. Realgar Medicine Cup Zanthoxylum alatum Muricia Cochinchinensis . Quisqualis indica Boa-tam-paijang vel Biungtalat Hovenia dulcis Trapa bicornis Frontispiece. To er page 20 . To face page ” ” 57 63 65 88 95 96 97 98 101 103 104 106 107 140 156 157 161 161 161 202 203 211 221 229 231 232 236 238 241 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38, 40. 41. 42. 43. Ad, 45. 46. 47, 48. 49, 50. 51, 52. 53. 54, 55. 56, 57. 58. 59. 60. ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE. Gardenia. : é ; ‘ ‘ ‘ 3 ‘ : : 241 Gardenia florida. ; ; : : : 242 Melia. ‘ ‘ : ‘ : 244 Daphnidium Gobi 5 ; 4 ‘ ‘ ‘ 247 Yuth-kin . ‘i ‘ ‘ ; ‘ 3 ‘ 254 Convallaria J byoealien 4 ; ‘ : ‘ ; . 256 Chuen-woo . F s : : F 258 Tsaou-woo (Aconitum Teiowtenniy : ‘ ; 3 258 Che-moo . a‘ ‘ . : 3 : ; ‘ : 260 Sang-pwan-hea ‘ . % 262 The Wax-tree and Insect (Fr axinus Glmiinels ail Coca Pe-la) ‘ . . , ; i ; . Lo face page 273 Cordia Boissieri ‘ 5 o 280 Rope Bag for pressing Bilge of Pera ties 5 A 5 : 298 Gourds or Tecomates : : : ; 3 ; 299 Ancient Tributary Balsam Jar ; : : ‘ , ; 300 Peruvian Balsam. Collection at Juisnagua . . Lo face page 309 Cassia Moschata . : : ‘ : d ‘ * 324 Garcinia Morella_. ‘ 3 ; : ; 5 331 » Structure of anther . : A ‘ ‘ ‘ 331 Ipomecea simulans . ; : ‘ : : . Lo face page 349 Balsamodendron Myrrha ‘ 5 ‘ : : 4 : 379 B, Ehrenbergianum : : é : ; ; ; 380 Map of Myrrh-producing Byiniegs x ; : , ‘ 381 Chondodendron tomentosum . : . ; ; : 388 Cissampelos Pareira j ‘ ; 5 : : ; ; 389 True Pareira Brava ; 3 : ; 5 . To face page 391 Pareira Brava Root (?) . ; . ; ‘ : ‘ 5 391 Arms of the City of: Norwich . ‘ ‘ 5 ; ‘ 405 Arms of the City of Exeter . é é : ; ; ‘ 417 Since this Memoir was in print, the travels of Lieut.-Colonel N. Prejevalsky in Mongolia have appeared. The Russian explorer penetrated into the province of Kan-su, and while there ascertained beyond doubt that the true rhubarb of commerce was Rheum palmatum, and not Rheum officinale, as had been supposed. The passage therefore relating to the identification of the plant cannot stand good. Thanks are gratefully offered to the Linnean and Pharma- ceutical Societies for permission granted to republish many of these papers; to the Secretary and Librarian of both Societies for their kind assistance; and to Dr. Hooker for the loan of a valuable private manuscript. MEMOIR OF DANIEL HANBURY. MEMOIR OF DANIEL HANBURY.’ Ove bright autumn afternoon, whilst the British Phar- maceutical Conference met at Exeter, a small party of friends went over the grounds that had belonged to the late Mr. Veitch. The visit was arranged in honour of Daniel Hanbury, the President for the year, who, on this particular day, was in his happiest mood. Amongst the noble collection of trees that were the pride of the West of England, a number were unknown to the new proprietor; Hanbury named them in suc- cession, and described their habitat to the delighted owner. One trying day, when at the London Board of the Pharmaceutical Society he sat for many hours as botanical examiner, it was noticed that he had never asked the same question twice. I own then to feeling diffident in attempting to describe a man so profoundly master of his subject and of such admirable learning. Daniel Hanbury was born on September 11, 1825, and entered into rest March 24,1875. He was, therefore, 1 Founded on the Memoir contributed by the writer to the Chemist and Druggist. Bz Early Life. 4 MEMOIR OF DANIEL HANBURY. forty-nine years old when his earthly labours ceased. He was the eldest son of Daniel Bell and Rachel Han- bury ; his parents being both esteemed members of the Society of Friends. He left school early, and his great attainments in languages and in science were due entirely to his own industry. While at school he gained skill in water-colour drawing, an art which, when on his journeys, and specially at Mentone, he practised with assiduity. He had a delicate and graceful touch, and there was a beauty in these sketches which an artist would admire. oe At the bottom of Plough Court, which till lately was a narrow defile running out of Lombard Street, stands an old historic Pharmacy, whose reputation is insepa- rably connected with the name of William Allen. The philanthropist, though not the originator of the firm, was the first to create its celebrity. With him was associated John Thomas Barry, a man of infinite neat- ness ; exact in chemical experiment ; like Wollaston, fond of operating on minute quantities, and habitually trust- ing rather to self-obtained reactions than to information gained from books. The prestige of the former, and the example of the latter, influenced the life and practice of Daniel Hanbury, who at sixteen years of age began practical pharmacy in the well-known City firm of which his father was long the representative. At a much later period, the son was taken into partner- ship. The career we are about to trace upset the theory which maintains that the pursuit of science is incom- patible with the discharge of business duties. Daniel Hanbury was a good assistant, though a scholar; and while the chosen correspondent of the learned, he served _ EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS. in the Pharmacy, posted the ledgers, and was not. unmindful that physicians’ prescriptions should be ac- curately dispensed. Report speaks also of his care in buying, and that his judgment was infallible in recognizing specimens we know from experience. In this department of know- ledge he may fairly be classed with Guibourt. In the year 1844 he entered as a student in the Laboratory at Bloomsbury Square, and was elected a member of the Pharmaceutical Society in 1857. Throughout his life he was engaged in promoting its prosperity, both in private and in an official capacity— though never on its Council—and he was a member of the Phytological Club (1852), of which Professor Bentley was President, and which was intended to foster a love of Botany among the juniors and the students. The commencement of his business life (1841) is coincident with the first publication of the Transactions of the Pharmaceutical meetings, to which he became a regular contributor. His Papers, many in number and invariably of the same character, date from January 1850, and as in his person, dress, and manner, there was no visible change between the opening of the Great Exhibition and the time of his decease, so this com- munication on Turnsole or Tournesol, though short, is constructed on the same framework as the Pharmaco- graphia: it contains the same marshalling of facts and dates, the same citation of authorities, the same micro- scopic carefulness, while the last sentence might have been written yesterday :— “Tn conclusion, it may be observed as a curious fact, that although formerly in general demand, turnsole rags appear to Becomes a member of the Phar- maceutical Society, Papers. Special Note- Books. Scientific Papers. MEMOIR OF DANIEL HANBURY. have fallen into complete disuse everywhere but in Holland, in ‘which country all that are now produced are consumed. Of the uses to which they are applied by the Dutch, we are still in want of more precise information.” The secret of the construction of these papers, which were put together with laborious industry, is disclosed by the manuscripts he has left behind. In his library were found not only consecutive note-books, beautifully written and indexed, but others, each devoted to a special subject. Such for instance were— I. Papers relating to Rottlera tinctoria, Roxb., and Kamala. II. Notes on Turkish Materia Medica. III. Papers relating to odoriferous species of Andro- pogon, chiefly East Indian. IV. Papers relating to the Pharmacopceia of India. V. Notes and Memoranda relating to Storax and Liquidambar. VI. Notes on Cardamoms and various other Scitami- neous Fruits and Seeds. These contaimed memoranda, personal observations, letters, price lists, scraps from newspapers, and infor- mation drawn from commercial men, books ancient and modern, travellers, men of science, maps, and missionaries. Also notes and inquiries to and from young men who had obtained foreign posts and gone abroad. The com- plete series of his papers is over eighty in number ; they are beyond criticism, and are uniformly original. Many have made their appearance in various scientific journals—Engelish, American, and foreign. A reference has been given to such as have been translated in Buchner’s Neues Repertorium fiir Pharmacie, Munich—a publi- cation which Daniel Hanbury held in special esteem. CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. His first paper (as distinguished from a journal article) was on the resin of the Norway Spruce Fir (Abies excels), and was read at an evening meeting, March 1, 1850, Mr. Peter Squire, President, in the chair, His contributions to the history of Cuinese Materia Mepica were probably his most elaborate venture in the path of continuous research; one series extended over three years, and was prized highly by competent authorities. Their scope placed them beyond the range of ordinary readers, and it is doubtful whether the best channel had been selected for their publication. A new edition of these Notes on Chinese Materia Medica, with additional notes, references, and map, is now given. The original pamphlet was translated by his friend and correspondent, Dr. Theodor W.C. Martius, into German in 1863, under the title of Beitrdge zur Materia Medica China’s. The work contained the illustrative engravings, but not the Chinese characters.’ It was the practice of the chief writers for the Pharmaceutical journal to correct and arrange their own proofs. The printing-office was at the top of Beaufort Buildings, lately destroyed by fire. There, it is related by a contributor engaged on bis own manuscript, that the conscientious printer Birtles was overheard loudly bewailing his fate. When asked the reason why, he replied that Mr. Hanbury had sent in some more Chinese, but a block not being properly marked, he was not sure of the right way of printing. ‘Chance it,” was suggested. “No,” said the old man ; “that might do with other people, but Mr. Hanbury is very particular.” Brief indeed must be the running comment on his other contributions. 1 Speyer, 1863. Druck von Georg Kranzbiihler. 7 Abies exculsa, Chinese Materia Medica. Birtles the old printer. 8 Storax. Dioscorides, Solid Storax. Liquid Storax. MEMOIR OF DANIEL HANBURY. Srorax, begun in 1854, continued in 1857, and further considered in 1863, was an original research which was never absent either from his mind or notes. To elucidate its history formed one of the intentions of his travels in France and in the Holy Land. The solid Storax had been attributed, and Hanbury thought correctly, to the Styrax officinale, a plant answering exactly to the one described by Dioscorides. Other authors, specially Duhamel and the Abbé Mazeas, confirmed this opinion. Repeatedly, Hanbury failed to obtain personal and ocular demonstration of the fact. “I am bound (he writes, 1863) to acknowledge that the endeavours I have hitherto used to obtain the resin from trees’ in the South of France, Asia Minor, and Syria, have not been suc- cessful. In Syria it is now rare to find the Styrax forming anything better than a large bush, owing to the practice of cutting it periodically for fuel ; and although I have myself examined many small bushes, I have failed to find upon their stems any exudation.” Great therefore was his exultation when walking in his brother’s garden at Mortola, near Mentone (Dec 9, 1874), to find and to be able to collect some resin of Styrax officinale which exuded from the stem of a young tree. With regard to Liquid Storax, continued investi- gations led him to assign it to Liquidambar orientale, Mill, not without the matter having been the subject of much controversy. James Pettiver had given a minute account of: the collection of the liquid variety, stating that it was obtained from the island Cobross, at the upper end of the Red Sea. Dr. Landerer, of Athens, ascribed it to the Styrax officinale, and placed the spot of its production at Cos and Rhodes. The island STORAX—CARDAMOMS—PERUVIAN BALSAM. 9 mentioned proved to be non-existent ; while the British Consul at Rhodes, and Mr. Maltass of Smyrna, declared that Cos and Rhodes never had produced Storax. The question was revived by a pamphlet by Professor Krinos, who maintained that Liquid Storax was known to the ancient Greeks—that both the solid and liquid were the produce of one tree; and he proposed to alter the text of Dioscorides in order to support the theory. The arrival of specimens of leaves and fruits, from undoubted sources, settled Hanbury’s doubts—and the crowning proof of the accuracy of the old Greek author was a conspicuous object in his Museum Specimens. Some Rare Kinps or Carpamom, and the Linnean Cardamom Paper written by Professor Oliver and himself ona New Species oF Amomoum, will prove how he had caught the spirit of Pereira, and how fit he was to follow in his steps. He worked on the Zingiberacee “as though he loved them ;” amusing were his private comments on those who without much real learning had ventured on the intricacies of the theme; and had longer life been granted, Hanbury would have amplified and extended to the utmost a line of investigation which possessed for him a peculiar charm. The explanatory engravings which illustrate the Peruvian manufacture of Peruvian Barsam were supplied by ~ Dr. C. Dorat, and represent the collection of the Balsam at Juisnagua, near Sonsonate. Previous to this occurs a paper of antiquarian interest, on the use of the Balsam in the preparation of the Chrism in the Church of Rome. For the sake of these Peruvian sketches he was induced to undertake Spanish, and was able to say in 1864, with regard to the Description des Indes Occidentales, traduite de Espagnol (Amst., 1622) -—“I have also 10 Gamboge. Practical results, Varied learning. Ipomea simulans. MEMOIR OF DANIEL HANBURY. consulted the Spanish edition published at Madrid, 1601-15 ”—a fact that of a surety pleased his mind ; for it not only led him to an original source of knowledge, but took him back a few more years into the seventeenth century. One thing is remarkable in these papers, that however recondite in their speculations, they so constantly land the investigator in distinct, reliable, and practical result. His barque was never showy, nor, though classic, did it ever indulge in painted sails—still less was it swift ; but the steersman, quietly self-reliant, made straight for the destined port. In the “ Botanical Origin of Gamboge” (1864) the source of the commercial article was traced to Garcinia Morella; that of Savanilla-Rhatanhia (1865) to Kra- meria Taina, L. var. 8 Granatensis Triana. The Lesser Galangal (by the aid of Dr. Hance) to Alpinia offici- narum ; and the account of this, the Radi Galange of Pharmacy, was presented to the Linnean Society with accumulated historical] illustration. Another specimen of his varied and curious learn- ing is afforded by the short paper on ‘“ Penghawar Djambi,’ in which Dutch literature, old French and English poetry, German and Latin, Mr. John Smith and the British Museum, were pressed into the service of the writer. Tampico Jalap proved to be the root of a new species growing in the interior of Mexico, the Ipomea simulans, In his father’s garden at Clapham, this plant and the common Ipomea purya could be seen side by side, where both their points of difference and similarity might be observed at leisure. . The Ipomea simulans and the Liquidambar orientale CALABRIAN MANNA—OTTO. form the wreath round the marble medallion (an ex- cellent likeness by Woolner) which now adorns his brother’s house at Mortola, near Mentone. He is supposed to have attached most importance to his essay on Calabrian Manna (August 14, 1872), a previous historical note on the same subject (1870), and Pareira Brava (1873). Yet, if general opinion be con- sulted, the warmest praise will be bestowed on a com- munication read before the Pharmaceutical Society on Wednesday, March 2, 1859, “On Otto of Rose.” Mr. Morson occupied the chair, and there was not only a crowded, but a most appreciative audience. If I might. venture to express the conviction of his hearers, it was, and remains, one of his happiest efforts, and exhibits his powers in their perfection. The research shown is great, the arrangement faultless, and the whole thing well done. In order to prosecute these investigations, Hanbury had to acquire a sufficient knowledge of Turkish, and some notion of Arabic. To what extent this was carried I am not competent to judge, but that certain Oriental languages and Chinese, besides Spanish and modern Greek, were included in his studies, litera scripta manet —his own manuscripts will show. The point at issue in the PaRErRA Paper was that its botanical source was not Cissampelos Pareira, but that it is the root of Chondodendron tomentosum. The Pareira question, involving the spelling of the word Chondoden- dron v. Chondrodendron, gave rise to one of those exhaustive and rather overwhelming letters which he began to indite. He contended that a word which was backed by great weight of authority, that had been long in use, and had been a faithful servant in botany, might still satisfy the requirements of the present generation. 11 Knowledge of languages. Pareira brava. 12 MEMOIR OF DANIEL HANBURY. A similar missive was despatched to the Academy, and published April 3, 1875, in which he argues that the Linnean orthography of the word Cinchona may be maintained, though the Countess of Chinchon spelt her name otherwise, and Mr. Clements R. Markham followed her example. Etymolo. Lhese discussions on etymology are not strange to gical dis- many of his private circle ; still less his laborious efforts to arrive at the minutiee of correctness. During the past twenty years his correspondence was filled with abstruse notes and queries. He argued out the orthography of inquire v. enquire, the duplication of ¢ in accented and non-accented syllables, the meaning of Ava, as in Diarrhodon (4 pddav), Diachylum (&a yvadv), and Diacurcuma—the translation of Myrepsus, the explana- tion of Spagiria and Spagyrist ; the source of Latin and Greek quotations—the correct interpretation of an un- advisedly selected motto, Habenda ratio valetudinis, and the term pharmacist, which at length he determined to adopt. Now, when it is recollected that his social position, his connection with pharmacy, his place as a scientific man, and his delight in travel, brought him into familiar contact with various classes of society, and that from all he diligently gleaned information, we may understand the wealth of his acquired stores of know- ledge ; all of which, together with what he learnt from books, were devoted to rendering more full, accurate, and reliable the results of his own investigations. This is a specimen how he answered a casual note connected with Materia Medica :— “Tf I were living at Shanghai I would certainly use my best endeavours to obtain the plants which yield good Chinese rhubarb, notwithstanding the fact that all persons who have THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS. hitherto tried to do so have failed. Hankow is the city whence rhubarb is brought to the coast for shipment to Europe, and it is a journey of 600 miles from Shanghai; but it is by no means in the rhubarb country : no, that drug, or at least the best qualities of it, are produced in Kansth, 800 miles from Hankow, and in a region hitherto unvisited by Europeans.” (October 24, 1868.) Subsequently he verified the plant producing the rheum of pharmacy ; grew a specimen in the garden at Clapham, and introduced its cultivation at Banbury. An authenticated specimen of rhubarb taken from the very spot of its production was sent to him for inspection, but it came too late. It was with no affectation that he once wrote, “The fourth page of your note contains such a gross mistake about myself that I must correct it by assuring you that it is as hard as iron for me to compose a decent piece of English—in fact, quite impossible, unless it is written out two or three times.” For twelve years (from June 1860 to May 1872) he was on the Board of Examiners of the Pharmaceutical Society, being, according to his own view, seven years too long: he considered a five years’ tenure of office the furthest advisable period. During the whole time he confined his attention to Botany and Materia Medica. His strictly pharmaceutical work was limited, and it did not claim his first attention, though he compiled two volumes of autograph prescriptions. The one retained in his own possession was not remarkable. At the evening meetings of the Society he was a constant attendant, but not a speaker, for his was not the gift of the impromptu : all the more reason that we should give one specimen of what he thought about a subject that has again attracted notice. 13 Rhubarb. Examiner for twelve years. 14 Universal Pharma- copeeia, MEMOIR OF DANIEL HANBURY. “To most of your remarks on the subject of an Universal Pharmacopeeia I cordially assent. “ The idea strikes me as visionary, inconsiderate, unpractical. Consider how such a work might be made, and that it is to be equally suitable for Munich and Philadelphia, for Lyons and Liverpool. As it would be plainly impossible to get medical men and the public to abandon the Galenical formule they have been accustomed to, the Universal Pharmacopceia must contain a selection at least of those of all countries, and so become a very voluminous book. Or it must abandon formule altogether, and include only the simpler substances, such as carbonate of soda, corrosive sublimate, iodide of potassium, castor oil, and the like. In either case such a book would be practically useless, “But there are so many reasons why an Universal Phar- macopeeia cannot be, that it is difficult to select the most cogent. “Pharmacopeeias, as you say, do not happen to exist. They are formed to meet certain clearly defined requirements, and must differ according to the habits of the people who are going to use them, the drugs WHICH A COUNTRY PRODUCES, the climate, &c. The Indian Pharmacopeia, for instance, which is now being drawn up, is designed to afford to Europeans in India and to the many natives now being educated in the Government colleges, convenient formule: for prescribing (inter alta) various drugs commonly found in Inp1A. “How could the idea of an Universal Pharmacopeia be brought to bear in such a case as this ? “A decimal system of weights and measures would obviously be applicable in all countries; but the Latin language is scarcely so expansive, though I have always deprecated it being aban- doned in the British Pharmacopeeia. “You must not consider these hasty lines as either a ‘ notice’ or a ‘set paper, though you can of course use them in whatever way you think proper.” (March 26, 1867.) It has been already stated that at the evening meet- ings of the Society he would sit a silent and apparently PUBLIC MATTERS. an unmoved spectator, except when his own special subjects were introduced. Rarely, perhaps never, did he give the smallest utterance of opinion in public on poli- tical matters; and he shrunk like the sensitive plant from the touch of disputation. Yet, that this marked reticence was not to be interpreted as apathy, the quota- tion of these vigorous lines will show : “Tn reflecting on the scheme for admitting a number of per- sons without examination, I have approached (I will not say arrived at) conclusions different from those entertained by many of my friends. “ Principle, I think, ought to be placed above expediency. Now, did we not hold out to the world that on and after a certain date no one should be admitted a pharmaceutical chemist without examination? If we confer a title nearly equi- valent to this (quite so, perhaps, in the eyes of the public), do we not practically break faith? It seems to me that this is one of the cases in which the majority cannot bind the minority, because the compact is, so to speak, made individually. A man says, ‘I have spent my money and obtained this title on the distinct understanding that it was worth something, and that it could be got in no other way.’ ‘Ah, but, say we, ‘it would be a preat advantage to the Society at large if you would give up this right you think so much of, or at least consent to share it with others.’ ‘But no,’ he rejoins, ‘I don’t think so: let the others get it as I did, by paying for it in time and money ; or let them be content to do without it.’ “Now it strikes me that this giving away of the rights of others ought never to have been entertained any more than the idea of repudiating one’s debts: that however disagreeable, in- convenient, and apparently disadvantageous the compact existing between the examined pharmaceutical chemists and the Society may seem, it should be held sacred, and that it should never be made to give way on the plea of expediency. It is too much. like taking a wrong step in order to take a right one afterwards. But it will be urged, ‘Would you miss the opportunity of 15 Principle versus Expedi- ency. 16 Elected Fellow of the Linnean Society, 1855. Herbarium. MEMOIR OF DANIEL HANBURY. bringing all these outsiders into the fold?’ ‘Well, no, I would say, ‘I would admit them willingly if I could, only I cannot bestow on them that privilege which has been already conceded exclusively to others.’ ” We come in due order to that which was to him an unfailing pleasure—his election as Fellow of the Lin- nean Society, which took place in 1855. There he was supremely in his element ; intimate with a great number of the Fellows, and held in unreserved respect. ‘The Linnean Society” (he says in an explanatory letter to a friend, January 21, 1867) “has been a source of much interest and pleasure to myself; and I look back with much satisfaction to the many pleasant hours I have passed within the walls of its meeting-room and library, as I have attended the meetings regularly, and not un- frequently brought to them some of my friends. I have formed a larger acquaintance among the F.L.S. than many who have been longer connected with the Society, —always an advantage, as tending to give to these gatherings a more social character.” He frequently served on its Council; was actively engaged in the alterations which have been effected in the rather sump- tuous arrangements of its library and meeting-room ; and held the office of treasurer at the time of his death. An animated correspondence arose between himself and others of the Fellows respecting the best means to be employed in order to render the evening meetings at Burlington House at once more useful and more in- teresting. He was strongly of opinion that both objects might be effected. It is sincerely to be hoped that the Herbarium, to the arrangement of which he devoted many years, as well as his Museum specimens, may be allowed to remain intact. LINNEAN PAPERS—HONOURS. It would be a grievous thing to see so valuable a collec- tion dispersed in different directions. To the Transactions of the Linnean Society he con- tributed: “Note on Cassia Moschata” (H. B. et K.), xxiv. 161; “On the Species of Garcinia which affords Gamboge in Siam” (G. Morella), xxiv. 487; and, with Mr. Currey, ‘‘Remarks on Sclerotium Stipitatum and Similar Productions,” xxiii. 93. Numerous other com- munications will be found scattered through the Journal of the Linnean Society. Much laborious work was devoted to the compilation of the Pharmacopceia of India; and he had no incon- siderable share in drawing up the “ Admiralty Manual of Scientific Inquiry.” I feel no desire to enumerate his various honours, seeing that they were never alluded to by himself; suffice it to say that he was a Fellow of the Chemical Society (January 21, 1858), and in 1869 was on its Council ; that he was elected Fellow of the Royal Micro- scopical Society, June 1867; and that the crowning honour was bestowed also in 1867, when he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and placed on its Council in 1873. Let him speak for himself: “For some time I strenuously refused to allow myself to be placed among the candidates for admission to the R.S., feeling that it would be invidious were the honour of member- ship conferred on a pharmaceutist who had really accom- plished so little for science, and who had in many ways smaller merits than several others who could be selected. But it was urged, ‘You must leave that to the judgment of your friends.’ So this I did ; and I do not know who drew up my certificate, and, with one exception, by whom it was signed.” _ c 17 Currey and Hanbury. Scientific distinc- tions. Elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1867. 18 Friends and corres spondents. Jonathan Pereira. MEMOIR OF DANIEL HANBURY. In addition to his other better known distinctions, he could claim an alphabet of scientific titles, and he was Honorary Member or Correspondent of various learned societies ; while the University of Munich made him an Honorary Doctor of Medicine. Let us turn now to some more personal ‘traits of character apart from immediate scientific work. An old and beautiful adage says, “ Tell me with whom thou goest, and I will tell thee what thou doest.” Of this, no man was ever a more striking example than Daniel Hanbury. He did not affect the society of his brother pharmacists, but the savant, speaking whatever language, who could throw light on his cherished botani- cal researches, was welcomed as a brother. He has left behind him a voluminous correspondence, absolutely de- voted to scientific subjects, and unrelieved by a solitary domestic detail. It is matter of regret that he allowed his fancy so little play, and that his sympathies were too severely restricted in their range. We must take him as he was, and as he meant to be; and recollect that he adhered to the motto he himself transcribed from Fourcroy, ‘Il faut que chacun ne fasse que ce qu'il sait faire.” Chief among his companions was Jonathan Percira, whose loss was mourned in 1853 by universal Pharmacy. Hanbury paid him the sincere flattery of imitation ; the mechanism of his papers was directly copied from the object of his admiration. With him may be associated Nicolas Jean Baptiste Guibourt, the dry little lecturer in the Rue d’Arbalate, who wrote learned books and had Materia Medica at his fingers’ ends. Next may be mentioned Sefior Joaquim Correa de FRIENDS IN COUNCIL. Méllo, of Campinas, Brazil, for whose sake he learned Spanish, till when he had to trust to John Miers for the translation of his epistles. Such aid was not necessary when he received the welcome communications of G, Thuret, of Antibes; Gustave Planchon, of Paris; or Léon Soubeiran, of Montpellier. Amongst his cosmopolitan advisers, Moordeen Sheriff, of Madras, with his masterly “Supplement to the Indian Pharmacopceia” stands pre- eminent ; not forgetting Dr. H. F. Hance, to whom he was largely indebted; W. G. Milne, of Old Calabar ; Dr. Beke, famed for his Sinai expedition, or his widow who so courageously seconded her husband’s difficult task. To these might fairly be added as his intimates the chief scientific writers in America, and the distinguished members of the Linnean Society, notably its late Presi- dent, Mr. George Bentham ; Professor Thiselton Dyer ; and a very near friend indeed, Mr. Frederick Currey, with whom, as with Professor Oliver, he jointly worked. It would be unjust to his memory to pass over his friendship with younger men, or that he gladly availed himself of the help of Mr. Broughton and Mr. C. H. Wood in quinology ; or that of Mr. Charles Umney in laboratory details. Others pharmaceutically connected, indeed, but as well known in the world of science, were the objects of his regard. Such were Henry Bowman Brady, who had attained the same honours, and the two brothers, Henry Groves, of Florence, and T. B. Groves, of Weymouth. How he was associated with Dr. Hooker and John Eliot Howard is as little necessary to state, as to chronicle his uninterrupted intercourse with Professor Fliickiger, of Bern, L. A. Buchner, of Munich, or Professor c 2 19 Literary friends. Fellows of the Linnean Society. Quinolo- gists. 20 Richard Spruce and Colonel Yule. Children's Society. MEMOIR OF DANIEL HANBURY. Martius. The letters of Richard Spruce, the explorer of the Amazon and Rio Negro, as well as those of Colonel Yule, of Palermo, would each fill a decently sized volume. The latter writes thus :—‘ On your own account I should say, don’t be in a hurry to finish your book [the Pharmacographia]. It is a delightful em- ployment. NowI miss Marco Polo, and find other work very difficult.” Such was the circle in which he moved, and which made him appropriate to himself the words, * Acti jucundi labores, jucundior labor.” Hanbury had other friends from whose minds his memory will not easily fade—these were little children. For them he had always a smile of welcome and a cheer- ful word ; and in their society he was as unlike a staid and grave philosopher as heart could wish. His way of interesting and amusing them was a sight to see; he never talked down to them, but led them up to him, and yet the children’s delight was perfect. At home, and in his study among the varied curiosities and specimens, in the garden showing them rare or beauti- ful plants, Hanbury was never more charming than when surrounded by a group of children. : Remark has often been made about the nature of his handwriting ; it formed part of his character; it was legible to admiration—with no solitary flourish—each word stood in its own grounds, and there was plenty of breathing room between the lines—the ink always seemed black, and the printer was as glad to receive such copy as the individual reader. A fac simile of his handwriting is here presented :— lugh Curt Ianl “863 Iny SD éhiie Kua Eng lark Prise deee as not —et | oe A . wy ick —e sy aula _ Sho euelarze) ke had never Seen L Vowerwer, F kere ack) for Yor ae F rh? frmomy tel trosla,—tarr »~ 7% have arrlen 4 head sprarctics ee Aa Se rete Ke eee ; vw PGE. Hs thanthe-r [rhe bro tamed GF —Theenn. that marted ~foseok—Tneenre “ J kave no Ont 07 in ernGaee Yat a ak Tics (* en) ye yee eee. NORWICH—EXETER-—PARIS, 23 He was a prominent member from the commencement British of the British Pharmaceutical Conference, of which he ceutical was President, at Norwich in 1868, and at Exeter in oar 1869. That he should have accepted the position ex- cited some surprise, for he was never credited with an admiration of popular assemblies ; banquets he disliked, nor had his botanical researches led him to any practical experiments with Mcotiana tabacum. Nevertheless, he managed well, and made a good dinner speech at Norwich. Both his addresses were models of presidential discourses. It was at Exeter that, very early in the morning, with Chloral ' ‘ ae ass Hydrate, the aid of a small pocket dictionary, he translated the German description of chloral hydrate, being the first introduction of that remedy to an English public. He served on the juries of the International Exhibitions of 1862 and 1867, in the former year being secretary to the jury on vegetable products, and in the latter engaged on produits agricoles (non alimentaires). Seated round a social table, the guests were discussing Expositin . pe . niverselle, the merits of the Exposition Universelle. Hanbury was amongst the number, but never a word spoke he. They discussed the paintings, the Napoleon statue, and the fine arts generally—still the oracle was dumb. Return- ing homewards with a friend, a sudden joy lit up the face of Daniel Hanbury. ‘“I was fortunate, most fortunate,” said he, “for, on arriving at Paris, J found out a work- man’s entrance to the dry goods department, and so I was never compelled to sce the Exhibition once.” Reporting the Materia Medica of these Exhibitions Paris work. overtasked his constitution: he did not husband his strength, and a voice of warning may be raised against this unwise strain upon mental and physical powers. At 24 Cultiva- tion of the French language. Letter to Dr. Allemao, MEMOIR OF DANIEL HANBURY. the Exposition of 1867, he presented himself at the hour of opening, and never left until compelled to quit the building. To the fascinations of the gay city, even its innocent recreations, he was just as much a stranger as when botanizing at Naples he let Vesuvius continue its irruption without for a moment being diverted from his labours. It was matter of remark in his home circle how assi- duously he made use of every opportunity of associating with French people for the sake of conversing in their language. They were often invited to his father’s house, and he showed special interest in their society. He was seen to advantage when his thoughts were expressed in a language which he loved so well, and his style caught something of that charm which characterizes the graceful composition of our friends across the Channel. From this large section of his work, the following note is selected :— * LonpDRES, le 7 Février, 1863. “ MONSIEUR, “J'ai recu il y a trois jours avec beaucoup de plaisir, le paquet de plantes séches que vous avez bien voulu m’envoyer . par l’intermédiaire de M. Garrett, et je vous en rends grace trés sincérement. Je vous accuse réception aussi de votre honorée du 5™° Novembre. “Léchantillon de votre Myrospermum Erythroxylum bien qu'il ne comprend ni fleurs ni fruits, ne m’est point sans valeur. Si dans le temps il vous soit possible de m’envoyer deux ou troix légumes de la plante, j’en serais trés reconnaissant. On peut bien les envoyer dans une lettre. “Lautre Myrospermum répond assez bien au UM. toluifera, ELB.K.; je suis trés content d’en avoir un échantillon avec fruits, Les deux espéces de Myrocarpus m’ont fait beaucoup de plaisir. CONTINENTAL TRAVEL—SMYRNA, “Si je puis vous aider d’aucune maniére dans une affaire de science, surtout dans la botanique ou la pharmacologie, je vous prie de compter au moins sur ma bonne volonté. Agréez Monsieur l’assurance de mes sentiments devoués. «D. H. **Mr. le Docteur F, F. Allemao.” He loved to travel on the Continent, and particularly in the district of Auvergne and the southern provinces of France, where he cultivated the society of every botanist of note; he spent a pleasant summer vacation with the late Professor Martius in Bohemia, and he was a frequent visitor at his brother’s residence in Mentone. There he carried out those ideas of acclimatisation which he so well expressed in his first presidential address. With reference to his tours, it should be mentioned that as far as possible he made personal observations on everything connected with his special studies in every locality he visited. At Smyrna (1854) he gained infor- mation about the collection of scammony and its trade ; and owing to the kindness of Sidney H. Maltass, he was able to furnish interesting particulars. The striking characters of pure natural scammony were found to be— its pale yellowish-brown hue ; its transparency ; its great brittleness ; its property of readily affording a white emulsion when rubbed with water; and the scanty amount of a white residue which it leaves on being treated with ether. Scammony resin is to be distin- guished from scammony by affording hardly any emulsion when rubbed and wetted. At Grasse and Cannes he noted the flower manufac- tures, and described the process of enfleurage. He went to Sicily (1872) on purpose to learn something about the production of manna, and at the same time 25 Travels, Smyrna. Sicily. 26 India, Hooker and Hanbury. MEMOIR OF DANIEL HANBURY. gathered authentic information on the cultivation of liquorice aad the manufacture of the juice. It was in serious contemplation, had his life been spared, for him to visit the East, and particularly India, with the view of investigating on the spot obscure points connected with the origin of certain drugs and other vegetable products. These travels, almost without exception, were conse- erated to the sole object of extending pharmacological research. Having set before him one definite line of action, he pursued it to the unwavering exclusion of other influences, and neither the charms of scenery nor historic associations, still less the voice of pleasure, could tempt him from his course. Better and wiser had it been for him to have carried his bow occasionally unbent, and to have indulged in some degree of relaxation amidst his severer occupations. Scanty recollections have, for the most part, been preserved of these scientific expeditions, but the events - of the journey to the Holy Land have been recorded by his companion, Dr. Hooker. A brief outline of their tour will present some points of interest. Gaining Paris in the autumn of 1860, they found it in manifest pros- perity, wonderfully beautiful and grand. Even in the Jardin des Plantes there was some improvement, but the chief sight was the gardening in the squares, bright with exquisite and rare plants. Palms and cycas growing in least expected places, in spots as secluded as in Soho Square ; while in every part of the town the keep of grass borders, edgings, and shrubberies was perfect. On September 15, the two friends, with Capt. Wash- ington and others, left Trieste by the Austrian Lloyd’s steamship Vulcan for Beyrut, wid Smyrna. On board CORFU—THE ADRIATIC—SYRA, were a troupe of opera singers and dancers, the former of whom beguiled the tedium of the voyage. A Chios merchant enlarged on the hateful nature of the Turkish government, a theme not unfrequently suggested by occurrences on the way; there appeared, indeed, to be an universal opinion that any material improvement was impossible except under foreign intervention. At Corfu they tried to get some fresh Zante grapes for the Museum, but found that they were quite unknown there in a cultivated state, being confined to Zante and Cephalonia, where they are grown extensively. They passed by the Adriatic to the Ionian Islands, amongst which is the small island of Paxo, where tradition says the news of the death of the great god Pan was conveyed to the crew of a Venetian ship simultaneously with the occasion of the sufferings of our Lord. The most interesting part: was the narrow strait between Ithaca and Cephalonia: the scenery very rugged, and mostly covered with myrtle, laurel, arbutus, olive, and here and there clumps of evergreen oaks. Thence they went by the Strophades to the Arcadian coast; entered the Algean Sea, and skirted the Island of Delos, the reputed birthplace of Apollo, and which contained the second oracle of Greece. Syra is reached—the great centre of Greek commerce, and famous for its schools, in which children are taught Greek, and little girls and boys read Demosthenes in a pure tongue. Hanbury and Dr. Hooker now exchanged the Vulcan for a very large iron screw steamer named the Trebizond, which was bound for Smyrna. The-party was most agreeable and very happy, but Hanbury was “ atrociously upset.” The motion of the screw was execrable, making the whole cabin vibrate, and there was an abominable rattling 27 Voyage to the Holy Land, Corfu. Paxo, or Paxos, Syra. 28 Chios, or Khio, Gulf of Smyrna. Paphos the modern Bafa or Baffo. MEMOIR OF DANIEL HANBURY. of chains overhead, which was not conducive either to quiet thought or literary composition. Onward now to Chios, one of the many birthplaces of Homer; and though it may be doubtful whether it was there that the poet first saw the light, certain it is that the island is famous for mastich, grapes, and olives. Now the travellers approach the magnificent gulf of Smyrna, all along the coast of which the sultana raisin is culti- vated. The scenery is beautiful exceedingly: the green shore contrasting with the lofty rugged-topped moun- tains, covered here and there with scattered ranges of forest.. But though Nature is sublime, the country was found in a horrible condition, with bandits close outside the town. The richness of the botany of Asia Minor was a suffi- cient compensation for inevitable drawbacks. Smyrna itself has probably not less than 1,500 species in a radius of ten miles. There they saw olives with resin exuding, a sight which is very rare. Fig-packing was going on. Leaving Smyrna, with its wretched town, bad houses, and filthy, narrow streets, they sailed by L’Impératrice for Beyrt: passed the Ionian and Carian coast to Rhodes, and on Monday (Sept. 24) anchored off Cyprus, in which is Paphos, renowned for wine and honey. Next day Lebanon was in sight as a splendid long ridge rising high out of the eastern horizon. Beautiful is the situa- tion of Beyrit, at the foot of Lebanon, an undulating flat with rocky shore ; the houses all nestling in green foliage of mulberry, ricinus, olive, and fig. Vines, date, acacia, plane, and poplar grow in the little gardens, At the Hétel de Bellevue they held conclave about a Dragoman, and selected Habeeb Somah, who had accom- panied the Misses Beaufort. Mounted on most wretched LEBANON AND THE CEDARS. animals, they left Beyrft, being a party of eight riders, ten baggage horses and mules, and an escort, following the mountain route as marked on Van der Velde’s map. They went towards the bay through lanes filled with Saccharum, Donax, Rose, Asclepias, and Rubus, crossed the river Berytus, and thence wended their course along the seashore. The setting sun and the grass-green of the curling breakers as seen by transmitted light were exquisite. Lebanon was sighted, and the travellers halted at Ain el Houran, a cold, naked, desolate place, without bush or tree, but tufts of Tragacanth, which yielded the gum abundantly ; some flowers, and eternal Carduacez. The upper part of Lebanon they found to consist of red- bare rounded ridges, forming a great shallow amphi- theatre: at the bottom of which isa broad flat, with low undulating hillocks on which the Cedars stand. These form one small clump like a black speck in the great amphitheatre, and there is no other tree or shrub visible near them. The wood is intensely hard and close grained. A fine log was sent to Kew. No doubt the persistence of the trees is due to the peculiar nature of the well-drained moist light soil of the stony moraine. Below, they found some nice plants and Rhododendron ponticum ; also the T’ragacanth Astragalus, with the gum oozing out: specimens of which were secured. The Cedars, about 400 trees of various ages, stand on evident old glacial moraines, 6,000 feet in elevation, and occupy five or six hillocks. They are fifty to eighty feet high. The distinctive character of moraines consists in their being blocks of limestone of various composition, conglomerate, vesicular, and compact. Almost all Cardua- ceze disappear above the Cedars. Berbery, Tragacanth, and Acantholinum are the commonest shrubs, with 29 Ain el Houran, The Cedars, 30 Baalbec. Damascus. MEMOIR OF DANIEL HANBURY. small, pretty Crocus; some Alsineze and Compositee. No trees. Hanbury and Mr. G. Washington sketched and planned the Cedars. “ The largest is forty feet in girth, and three others are also very large; all the largest are very old and branch from the very base. The smallest are about twenty-seven inches in-girth, which by comparison of sections of older trees and rings would make the youngest about fifty years old. All are of much the same character ; are short-leaved, not glaucous, dark green, and very horizontally branched. Several trees stand well apart from the group.” [Dr. H.] Two ascents of Lebanon were made, nor were the travellers slow to admire the superb character of the view obtained from the summit. Baalbec was the next point of interest, and they camped in the hexagon of the great temple. They were lost in astonishment at the grandeur of the ruins, and the beauty of the moonlight- They gazed on the splendid purple of Lebanon in the setting sun, and the orange of Anti-Lebanon— “splendid,” Dr. Hooker remarks, “in spite of Turks and earthquakes.” And now Damascus burst upon the view. What can be said in new coined language of the magni- ficence of its panorama; or of the beauty and lovely situation of the city? Immense valleys, rich, bright green trees, mulberries, figs, walnuts, aspens, poplars, vines, and cypresses. Under such circumstances it is difficult to avoid turning poet as well as a botanist. The city forms a winding stream of clay-coloured houses meandering through the velvet green, the lights and shades of which are admirable. Yet the city itself has no recommendation but its site: the lanes were very bad, and there were loads of Turkish soldiers every- where. The two companions entered by low gates of JERUSALEM—NABLOUS—NAZARETH, masonry, and proceeded a long way through wretched lanes, amongst still more wretched bazaars, to the “street called Straight,” wherein was their hotel. Great alarm prevailed amongst the Christians, who were all leaving after the massacre, and ruins piled four feet deep were in every lane ; there were heaps of muti- lated corpses, bones, and stench; burnt books and pictures ; 3,500 to 4,000 troops; much sickness, dysen- tery, and diarrhoea, Amid such scenes, they went down their street, which is called, but is not, straight. Omit- ting the details of the route and the misery of the Jewish population, they came to Jerusalem: the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the Place of Wailing, the Mosque of Omar, and the hundred other scenes which will remain memorable throughout all time. At Nablous, the ancient Sychar, the bigoted Moslem inhabitants cursed the travellers, and the boys jeered at them in the street. They visited the Samaritan synagogue, and went by a filthy town route, almost on hands and knees, along dark alleys, to the Chief Rabbi’s house. He was a fine civil old man, who took them into a dingy chamber, and showed them the Samaritan Pentateuch. It appears, however, that a copy, and never the true, old book, is shown to strangers. So they were told at least by Professor Lewisohn, a Russian converted Jew, who had spent much time in Nablous. He has examined the original, and finds by the final letters of the columns that it is of the age of Phineas, son of Eli. 31 Jerusalem, Samaritan Penta- teuch, At Nazareth their quiet was disturbed by groups of Nazareth. women and girls, who crowded round the well by hun- dreds, waiting to draw water. They camped amongst the olives near the well outside the town ; all Saturday the disturbance was continued, nor on Sunday was the 32 Mount Carmel. The Druses, The Place of Sacrifice. MEMOIR OF DANIEL HANBURY. harmony less troubled ; from which the Doctor drew the inference, which was doubtless assented to by his friend, that in future it would be wise to leave well alone. Hanbury now went with the baggage direct to Tiberias, and on October 30, 1860, the five weeks in Syria and Palestine were at an end. One sight worthy of mention remains to be described. Mr. Rogers, Vice-Consul (son of the celebrated deceased wood-carver), met them at Caifa, and offered to take both to Mount Carmel, the place of sacrifice. They left, accordingly, on Friday, Nov. 2, and ascended obliquely eastward to the top of the ridge. They found arbutus, hypericum, oak, and pine. They proceeded along mountain tops, opening up beautiful views to southward of valleys and the wooded coast. Plenty of quercus, with red galls, were found south of Safed, as well as the common oak of the country, but no valerian on the heights. The daisy was common in the Druse villages, and the Lawrus nobilis, a small tree. At Esfia there were good houses, and the people were cleaner than usual ; but enormous manure heaps were left outside the village, resembling the slag heaps of Swansea, and they were never removed except by those natural scavengers, the wind and rain. There were a few olives, but little other cultivated forest trees, as they were both cut for fuel and burnt for manure, and the grass was grown for sheep. These Druses are a strange race ; they hate the Jews least, the Christians less, and the Moslems most; they believe in the transmigration of souls, and that the world was created with the existing number of inhabitants, who never alter in numbers. At 1 p.m. (Nov. 2) the pilgrims arrived at the place of sacrifice, and gained a splendid view—the finest they had seen in Palestine. Gilgal, Gilboa, Jezreel, Little MAGNIFICENT PANORAMA. Hermon, Nain, Tabor, and the Lake of Tiberias were displayed before them. The Mountains of Moab, Gilead, and Hauran, and the Nazareth Hills were conspicuous. They gazed upon Cana, Safed, and Acre, and the coast north almost to Tyre. Before them were stretched the plains of Zebulon, Esdraelon, and Sharon ; the hills of Samaria and the coast south to Jaffa. They descended by the spring whence water was brought for sacrifice, to the place where the prophets of Baal were slain, and so home by Kishon to the foot of Carmel. Not unnoticed by the way were the gall-oaks, storax, and the laurels. On Nov. 10 they anchored at Malta, arriving in four days’ time at Marseilles. The journey being thus happily accomplished, need we wonder that even Hanbury, reticent in expression and measured in his admiration, sometimes drew a contrast between the attractions of foreign travel and the more sober realities of “a shop in Lombard Street.” [Begun Sept. 15, 1860. Ended Nov. 14, 1860. ] A pleasant memory reaches us from Florence. Han- bury once paid a visit to his good friend Mr. Henry Groves. The object of the Italian visit was to obtain in- formation about manna, and also to see with his own eyes the various irides that grew in the neighbourhood. He stayed four or five days, and examined the drug stores of the city. Two miles distant, in the outskirts, grow the irides, in the grounds of the Certosa Monastery, and thither went the two companions to consider the lilies of the field. ‘They were enabled to see the three species that yield the crris root, and Hanbury took speci- mens of the roots, and afterwards figured and coloured them at the house. Another day he called on Professor D 33 View in Palestine. End of the Journey. Florence. Oris Root. 34 Order and precision. Popular work. Life of Jacob Bell. MEMOIR OF DANIEL HANBURY. Parlatore, the head of the Natural History Museum ; another day he did precisely the same thing—that is, was absorbed in his favourite study, and “how well he knew how to set about it can be verified by those who have seen him at work: the methodical, searching ques- tions which he placed to his informant were almost of the nature of a cross-examination, so desirous was he of eliciting the whole history. Nor was his precision con- fined to study, but in the house the servant remarked the methodical way he had in disposing his garments, and could not help exclaiming, in her Piedmontese dialect, ‘Giusmaria! questo 6 un Sior per ben!’ He was very abstemious at meal times, and could never be persuaded to take more than he thought good for himself under any circumstances.” His strictly popular work was confined to a paper on “ Prices,” in the Almanac of the Chemist and Drug- gist; “Details respecting Frangipani,” in Motes and Queries ; occasional remarks in the Atheneum ; a paper (reprinted afterwards) in Ocean Highways, “‘On the Botanical Origin of Myrrh ;” a note, often quoted, “ On the Adulteration of Saffron ;” a paper read before the Phytological Society (1858) “On the Botany of the Col de Lautaret;” and a sketch read at the Bath Conference (1864), called a “ Chemist's Holiday-Jottings in France,” in which, inter alia, he describes a visit to the Alps of Dauphiny, and the Monastery of the Grande Chartreuse. He did not fail, however, to remark the firs, pines, and turpentine ; nor the larch manna of Briangon, with its peculiar sugar called Melezitose. Mr. Hanbury was the author of the “Sketch of the Life of Jacob Bell” which appeared in September 1859. Both the biographer and the subject of the memoir were COUNTESS OF CHINCHON—LONDON INSTITUTION. cut off, “alas! at the early age of forty-nine years :” both were in the fulness and brightness of their powers ; both actively engaged when the last summons came. His very latest work is a review of Markham’s “ Memoir of the Countess of Chinchon,” to which allusion has been already made. His last sentence is as follows: “Tt is now several years since Mr. Markham lifted up his voice against this corruption [the Linnean spelling of the word CincHona], or, as he terms it in the present work, ‘this ill-omened mutilation of the Countess’s name ;’ but hitherto, it must be confessed, with but small effect. The new spelling has, indeed, been adopted in the official documents of the Indian Government, but it scarcely finds acceptance in a single scientific work on botany or chemistry.” There is also a posthumous paper in one of the Camden Society’s publications, treating of the accounts of the executors of Richard, Bishop of London, a.p. 1303, and Thomas, Bishop of Exeter, A.D. 1310. We must not forget to mention that he aided in the direction of the affairs of the London Institution, and was at home in its admirable library. The librarian (the late John Cargill Brough) had a host of pleasant and most characteristic recollections to relate respecting him. One was the famous instruction given to a visitor who wished to consult a work: “You will find the book up in the gallery; it is the second from the left-hand side from the door, on the bottom shelf. The librarian is a most obliging person, and be sure and ask him for a duster.” Those who have ever penetrated to those upper regions will acknowledge the necessity for the advice. The books treasured in his library at Clapham were D2 39 Memoir of Countess of Chin- chon. London Institu- tion. 36 MEMOIR OF DANIEL HANBURY. Library at not many, but well selected. There were the whole series Clapham. Mexican fungi. of botanical works, such as might have been expected in the library of any worshipper of Linneus, and numerous presentation copies of standard treatises, as was also natural. There were rare editions of celebrated authors, some of great value; a few specimens of the art of print- ing. There were Latin volumes of travel, and the nar- ratives of the early Dutch, Portuguese, and Spanish explorers. The classics—French, German, and Italian literature—were included; while pamphlets that were either remarkable or unique, were clothed with costly and sometimes curiously devised bindings. These lux- urious clothings were bestowed on single, not on collected tractates. And there stood the well-read and constantly exhibited work of his friend Colonel Yule, “‘ The Travels of Marco Polo,” which was seldom in his library, and was described to admiring visitors with warm praise ; then there were the Latin folios, a fine copy of the “ Medicee artis Principes,” Matthiolus, Avicenna, Galen, Valerius Cordus, and other ancient worthies; lastly, School Lexicons and Dictionaries of most elementary character, a few theological disquisitions, and so the total is complete. An admiring botanical friend, with whom he had long corresponded, but whom he had never seen, bequeathed him his collection of water-colour drawings of the Mexican fungi. These were executed in a superior manner, and went to enrich his store of art illustrations of his favourite studies. Besides, he had in his pos- session a large assortment of photographs and sketches which belonged rather to the portfolio of the traveller than to the pharmacologist, and maps coloured for special purposes. ITALIAN COAST-GUARD—CHARACTER. In 1870, Hanbury went to Mortola for a short time to superintend the estate of his brother Thomas, during the temporary absence of the latter in China. Judging from his letters he became head gardener as well as director- general. When there, comniiserating the condition of the Italian coast-guard on that part of the shore, he ordered from Florence a small collection of books for their amusement and instruction. These were chiefly translations of well-known English works. The gift was duly acknowledged by the official thanks of the Italian Government. It is due to the fine character of Daniel Hanbury to reveal the source of his unbroken equanimity—a deep spirit of devotion which found its expression, not in out- ward declarations, but in the uniform tenor of his life. Sometimes, indeed, the angel troubled the waters, and he was not afraid to give utterance to the sentiments of his heart—once more especially, when in an earnest conversation he contended for the spirituality and the vital influence of the communion of which he was a member. No pressure of literary work was allowed to interfere with his morning’s reading in the Tauchnitz edition of the New Testament. His name is absent from the lists of charity, but in works of benevolence he was muni- ficent. A constitutional reserve of manner did him perpetual injustice. He will be mourned longest and the most sincerely by those who were his associates, and by those whom his open-handed generosity relieved in their hour of need. Happily, the lamented early death of Daniel Hanbury did not take place before he had finished his great work in association with Professor Fliickiger, called the 37 Italian coast- guard, Private Character. The Phar- macogra- phitt. 38 MEMOIR OF DANIEL HANBURY. Pharmacographia. This was his most important under- taking, except his share in the compilation of the “ Pharma- copeeia of India.” ‘The title was not accepted hastily, nor without revision : “ Britannica” and “ Nova ” being at ae first suggested as additions. Neither did the form of its ee publication meet with universal approval, some objecting graphia, to the severity of its binding and the narrow margin of the page. He replied that an edition de luxe had not been in contemplation. Others thought that the absence of illustrations of microscopical structure was a defici- ency, an opinion to which he heartily assented. The two following memoranda taken from his note book will be read with interest :— “1873. = Left with printer the first portion of MS. of Pharmacographia. 11 “1874, are On the evening of this day (my 49th birthday) I made the last correction, and returned to the printer the Preface and Index for press.” The origin of the Pharmacograplia is thus de- scribed by Professor Fliickiger :— Flickiger’s “ Finally, Hanbury’s separate investigations were followed by account. 4 comprehensive work in which he displayed his best labours. His views on Incense had led in 1864 to an dcquaintance with Fliickiger, which from their first meeting in 1867 became the closest friendship. From that time forward they occupied them- selves in working out in common the same questions, which resulted in the thought of arranging their conclusions in a per- fectly systematic form. To this they were incited by the fact that English literature could produce no work answering to the views of the two friends. The task was taken in hand, and carried out both by writing and by word of mouth. « All that was possible was done to elucidate those doubtful THE “ PHARMACOGRAPHIA.” points of a practical and scientific nature which cropped up in unlooked for abundance.” It remains an imperishable memorial of his accurate research, of his varied reading, and the profound know- ledge of his subject. With it we may safely leave his reputation, and it forms a worthy termination of his unwearied diligence. He was a man who devoted himself to one book of Nature, but left no leaf uncut and no page unstudied. He was blameless and most kindly in private life, without a shade of ostentation ; one to whom might be applied in their full significance the words— “ Cui Pudor, et Justitiz soror, Incorrupta Fides, nudaque Veritas Quando ullum inveniet parem 1” Some may read with a certain interest this brief memorial, but by none would it have been perused with more affectionate sympathy than by the mother who so soon was called to follow her distinguished son. ‘Professor Dragendorff, of the University of Dorpat, and others, unwilling that a life consecrated to science should pass uncommemorated, have proposed that a gold medal, bearing the name of Daniel Hanbury should be awarded annually as the highest distinction Pharmacy can bestow. The medal to be adjudged to a scientific man, of what- ever nation, who has especially distinguished himself by genuine original research in the domain of Pharmaceutical science ; or better still, the natural sciences that have a bearing upon Pharmacy. ‘‘I incline to the opinion,” 39 Hanbu: Gold Medal. 40 MEMOIR OF DANIEL HANBURY. Professor gays the Professor, “that our science is confined to no “dont single nationality, and that consequently he who labours for the advancement of Pharmaceutical science acquires an international importance. Just such an eminent international position, I think, had Hanbury taken. An Englishman by birth, he lived and worked for all civilized peoples.” An additional claim to our respect is that Hanbury triumphed over social temptations; his surroundings whispered to him, Soul, take thine ease ; but, proof against seduction, he strove and toiled as though necessity had been his strong incentive. Those who think that easy circumstances and leisure are favourable to intellectual effort are tremendously mistaken. Hanbury worked on laboriously in spite of his pastoral life at Clapham or success in Lombard Street. And so an English name has been added to the list of those whom men hold in honour. SCIENCE PAPERS, CHIEFLY PHARMACOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL. SCIENCE PAPERS, ON TURNSOLE. ALTHOUGH the subject of these remarks may by some be considered more to concern the dyer than the pharmacist, I trust that, taken in connection with another substance well known to chemists, and often confounded under the same name, it may not prove altogether devoid of interest. Turnsole, or Tournesol, is a name applied to two! articles of different origin. The one is the Litmus of English chemists (Tournesol en pains of the French), a blue substance imported from Holland, and believed to be derived from some species of lichen. The property possessed by its solution, of being changed by acids from blue to red, is its most important character. The other species of Turnsole, and that on which I propose to offer a few remarks, is called Turnsole Rags (Tournesol en drapeaux). It is sold as, pieces of very coarse hempen cloth, of a purplish black colour. Steeped in water (which readily extracts all the colour) we obtain a bright purple solution, which is reddened on the addition of an acid or of an alkali. The plant affording this colour is the Croton tinctortuwm, Linn. Crozophora tinctoria, Endl. and Ja Maurelle of the French. It is indigenous in the south of France, and has been cultivated 1 The “Turnesol in linen” and “in cotton,” of Pomet, being manifestly different preparations, and no longer objects of commerce, are excepted. 1850. Turnsole Rags. 44 1850. Manufac- ture. Use of Turnsole. TURNSOLE—MANUFACTURE AND USES. for use since the year 1833, previous to which time the wild plants only were collected. The locality where the cultivation is carried on is restricted to the neighbourhood of the small town of Grand Gallargues, in the department of Gard. According to J. P. Hugues, to whose pamphlet (Une Excur- sian dans la Commune de Grand Gallargues dans 1835: Nismes, 1835), and a personal visit to the spot during the past autumn, I am indebted for most of these particulars, the plants, which vary from six to eight inches in height, and whose seeds are developed though not ripe, are cut in the month of August, ground to pulp in a mill, and the juice, which amounts to about half their weight, expressed. This juice is at first of a dark green colour, but speedily assumes a purple hue by simple exposure to the air. In it the cloths (which are merely pieces of coarse sacking carefully washed) are soaked, dried, exposed to the vapour of ammonia derived from a heap of stable manure or some similar source, and immersed in another portion of juice with which a quantity of urine has been mixed. A second drying completes the process, In this state the Turnsole is purchased by dealers, packed into large sacks, each capable of containing four quintals, and carried to the neighbouring ports, whence it is shipped to Holland. But little is known of the purposes for which Turnsole is purchased by the Dutch. According to the author before quoted, its use is confined to colouring the exterior of cheese, though it was formerly thought to have served in the manu- facture of blue paper, the colouring of wine, and confectionery. Pomet, in common with other old authors, imagined it formed the colouring matter of litmus, an opinion since entertained by Guibourt (Histoire des Drogues Simples: Paris, 1836), but relinquished in a subsequent edition of his works. Dr. Ure states the name Turnsole to have been applied to litmus in order to conceal the true origin of the latter substance. The manufacture of Turnsole has been carried on in the south of France from an early period. Pena and De Lobel (Stirpium Adversaria Nova: Lond., 1570) correctly describe the NOTE TO PEREIRA ON LITMUS. 45 plant and its locality, and mention its employment both in 1850. medicine and for dyeing. Itis also described by Pomet,and —~— figured in the English translation of his History of Drugs, printed in London in 1737. Pliny alludes to it under the name of Heliotropion tricoccon. In conclusion, it may be observed as a curious fact, that although formerly in general demand, Turnsole rags appear to have fallen into complete disuse everywhere but in Holland, in which country all that are now produced are consumed. Of the uses to which they are applied by the Dutch we are still in want of more precise information. Note addressed to Pereiru on Dutch Cake Litmus. Lonpon, 7th of 12th mo., 1850. My DEAR Dr. PEREIRAA—Some months ago I was favoured Samples of by thee with the sight of a specimen of litmus said to be free Litmus. from indigo, which thou hadst recently received from Holland. It was in much larger cakes than the ordinary kind, and of not nearly so fine and deep a blue colour. This induced me to examine two samples of litmus received by our house from Amsterdam in 1846, one of which agreed in its characters with that above-mentioned, while the other was of the usual sort, and of excellent quality. 1. The first of these, which I have since called litmus without indigo, afforded no crystals of indigo on being carefully heated. Its aqueous solution was of the usual intense purple, and the residuum when deprived of all the colour cold water would extract, was of a fine deep blue colour. 2. The second sample, litmus containing indigo, on being heated in a capsule, afforded the small copper-coloured crystals so characteristic of indigo. The aqueous solution possessed nearly the same amount of colour as the other, and of almost the same tint. The residuum was also deep blue. Neither Prussian blue nor cobalt could be detected in either sample. The remarkable point, however, in the history of these samples is, that the value of the litmus in large cakes (No. 1) is so much greater than that in small cakes (No. 2) that the difference in favour of the former amounts to more than 50 per cent. It is no easy matter to say what is the cause of this singular variation in price, as the cheaper litmus is of better appearance, and affords an amount of colour of similar richness, very nearly 46 RESIN OF NORWAY SPRUCE FIR. 1850. equal in intensity to that of the other sort. Almost the only ie difference that could be detected in these two samples (excepting the absence of indigo in one) was, that the residuum of No. 1, when coloured with an acid, was of a finer red than that of No. 2 similarly treated. This doubtless arose from the indigo in the latter partially obscuring the red colour. Various Accompanying these samples, which were from one of the ees of most respectable litmus manufacturers at Amsterdam, our cor- * respondent sent the price current of another maker, which I inclose for thy inspection. It offers no fewer than twenty- three different qualities of litmus, the cheapest of which is but a ninth part of the value of the most expensive. We were however informed (as we might indeed have easily supposed) that several of the lower qualities of this manufacturer were far from genuine. I remain, very respectfully thine, DaniEL Haneury. [The price current referred to was that of Jan Dekker, of Wormerveer, in Holland.] ON THE RESIN OF THE NORWAY SPRUCE FIR. (Abies eacelsa.) In the Materia Medica of the Lcndon Pharmacopeia two forms of the resin of the Norway Spruce Fir (Abzes excelsa) are enumerated: one, Royle,® &c. Hill, indeed, quaintly remarks, “It is a little unlucky that nobody has given us any description of this Rosa Mallas.”— But is ¢iis the only ambiguity? Let us first ask,—Does there exist any island of Cobross at the wpper end of the Red Sea ? Thanks to the excellent chart of the Red Sea made from the surveys of Messrs. Moresby and Carless in 1830-33, and to the minute Sailing Directions for the Red Sea, both published by the Hon. East India Company, we have a mass of very exact and positive information relating to its coasts, and to its islands from the largest, down to the very rocks and shoals. Now Petiver makes his island of Cobross to be “near Cadess, which is 3 days journey from Suez.” To what distance we ought to con- sider this to be equivalent, 1 know not; but it is evident from the chart already referred to, that there is no island in the Red Sea nearer to Suez than about 160 miles. Neither this island, nor any other in the Red Sea, bears the name of Cobross, or any other name which can be supposed to represent it,—that is, so far as my researches have gone, and I have taken much pains in investigating the subject. Again,—are there any islands in the Red Sea extensively wooded, as Petiver’s account would lead us to suppose? On this point, the minute information in the Sailing Durections, is entirely of a negative character. Distrusting my own judgment in such a question, I applied to John Walker, Esq., Geographer to the Hon. East India Company, and to the Rev. Charles Forster, author of the His- torical Geography of Arabia, gentlemen whose acquaintance with sources of information on such matters, might, I thought, suggest some explanation of Petiver’s statement : but neither of them has been able to throw any light upon it. Lectures on the Materia Medica (1770), vol. ii. p. 418. 2 Dictionnaire de Matiére Médicale, t. iv. (1882), p. 128. 3 Encyklop. d. med.-pharm. Nat. u. Rohwaarenk, bd. i. (1843) p. 94. * Histoire. des Drogues Simples, t. ii. (1849), p. 294. 5 Elem. of Mat. Med. vol. ii. (1850) p. 1216. 8 Manual of Mat. Med, (1853) p. 639. PETIVER AND LANDERER. Although I am unable to find a Cobross in the Red Sea, I must state that D’Herbelot in his Bibliotheque Orientale gives 135 1857. Cobross, Cobros, as a synonym of Cyprus: and also, that Pliny mentions # synonym of an island of Coboris or Covoris, which has been identified as one of the Sohar Isles, near Burka, a town situated on the East coast of Arabia, near the entrance to the Persian Gulf.) The position of either of these islands is, of course, perfectly irre- concilable with that of Petiver’s Cobross. It is somewhat surprising that of the many authors who have quoted Petiver’s account of Liguid Storax, none appears to have been struck with the fact that the drug is not said to be conveyed from “ Cobross” to Europe, but that it is “brought to Judda and so to Mocha,’—that is to say, it is carried to a spot some 1300 miles south of Suez. So much for the fallacies in Petiver’s account of “The manner of making Styrax Liguida.” In a future part of this notice, I will endeavour to show what traces of truth it contains. The next statement on which I propose to offer some remarks, is that of Dr. X. Landerer, of Athens, as contained in a com- munication published in Buchner’s Repertorium for 1839.? This communication, I translate thus -— The Storax plant, Styras officinale is found in various parts of continental Greece, as well as in some of the islands of the Archipelago. There, however, it forms but a small shrub and does not possess the agreeable odour ascribed to it by botanists. The bark of the plant occurring in Greece has not the slightest odour, which probably is due to neglect in cultivation. On the contrary, such is not the case with the plant as found in the Turkish islands of Rhodes and Cos, and especially with it as cultivated by the people of Cos. (a) As I obtained some time since in Syra from a merchant coming from Rhodes some information on the subject, I will make it public, not doubting that, though but little, it will be acceptable. 1 Forster’s Historical Geography of Arabia, Lond. 1844, Vol. ij. p. 230. 2 Hinige Worte iiber die Gewinnung des Storax liquidus vom Prof. und Leibapotheker X. Landerer in Athen, Buchner’s Rep. fiir d. Pharm. Bd, 18. 8. 359-362. Cyprus, Account by Dr. X. Landerer. 136 STORAX. 1857. The Storax plant is called in Cos and Rhodes Bovyoips Recah be (buchirt). At its flowering season, it fills the air with the most Dr. xX. agreeable vanilla-like perfume. At the period for the collec- Landerer. tion of the bark and younger twigs, which are employed for the preparation of Buchuri-jag, i.e. Styrax-oil (oil being called in Turkish, jag), permission is obtained from the Pasha residing at Rhodes, a small sum being paid for it. Those who are pro- vided with the permission to collect, now make with small knives longitudinal incisions and peel off from the stem the fresh pieces of bark in the form of little narrow ribbons. Owing to their adhesive juice they easily stick together [backen ste leicht zusammen]; from them are formed masses of one oke weight (= 2lbs.), which are reserved for the preparation of jag, or are immediately purchased by Rhodian merchants and sent to Rhodes. The preparation of Buchuwri-jag is effected by merely pressing the before-mentioned masses in presses somewhat warmed, called Styrakia, and not by boiling. The sag obtained by gentle pressure is of an unctuous consistence, a light grey colour, and diffuses a very agreeable vanilla-like odour. This is the only sort that is exported; but in Cos and Rhodes, it is also used in the preparation of a very odoriferous mass made by the addition of finely-powdered Olibanum and formed into cakes of the size of a fist, which are called Styrakia. The preparation of these masses belongs exclusively to the conventual clergy, who dis- tinguish their manufacture with the convent seal. By repeated warming and stronger pressure, an almost black Buchuri-jag is obtained, which is used by the inhabitants them- selves for the most healing ointments and medicines. The bark remaining after the expression of the jag is bound together and conveyed partly to Constantinople and partly to Syra and there used for fumigation. With regard to the decoction of the bark and the adulteration of Styrax-balsam with turpentine, the Rhodian merchant assured me that they would not know how to go about it; and that the adulteration with turpentine might,.in case of detection, involve even the punishment of death. {Note a.] The Storax trees appear at that place to be of important value, and are given to the young women as dowry, in the same manner as in Greece the bride is presented with so many Olive-trees. Erroneous That Dr. Landerer has been greatly deceived by his informant information. yyj]], I think, be very evident from the subjoined testimonies :— VARIOUS OPINIONS ENTERTAINED, 137 1. Niven Ker, Esq., who was for several years British Consul 1857. at Rhodes, informed me that he was quite ignorant of the carry- Testimonies ing on in that island of the manufacture described by Dr. cited. Landerer. 2. Sidney H. Maltass, Esq., of Smyrna, in a letter to me under date 7 October, 1853, speaking of Liquid Storax, says “ Cos and Rhodes produce none.” 3. Lieutenant Robert Campbell, R.N., H.B.M. Consul at Rhodes, writes from Rhodes under date 16 December, 1855, that Dr. Landerer, in attributing to the islands Cos and Rhodes the production of Storax, has committed an egregious error, as they have never produced it. Moreover, the evidence of Mr. Maltass proves, as I shall shortly show, that Styraw officinale is not the tree yielding Liquid Storac. There are other exceptional points in Dr. Landerer’s account which I will for the present pass over, remarking only that the statement that liability to the punishment of death is incurred in the case of a person being detected adulterating Storax with turpentine, is characterized by Lieutenant Campbell as “a mere invention.” Previous to detailing the information which I have collected as to the method of preparing Liquid Storax, it will be well briefly to review the various opinions which have been held as to its origin. 1. Many of the older writers on Materia Medica consider it Origin of an artificial compound; Dale, in particular, asserts that what ae was found in the London shops in his time (1693) was alto- gether factitious.? 2. Those writers who adopt Dr. Landerer’s statement, regard Liquid Storax as the produce of Styrax officinale, Linn. 3. By many authors, Liquid Storax is referred to Liguidam- bar styraciflua, Linn., a tree found in the southern part of the 1 “Verum quod in officinis nostris pro Styrace liquido venditur omnino factitia res est, ut certior factus sum & pharmacopolis variis Londinensibus.” —Pharmacologia, Lond. 1698, p. 427. 138 1857. Liquid Storax imported from the Levant. Personal Information STORAX, United States, in Mexico, and in other parts of Central America, However capable that tree may be of producing an analogous resin, it is well ascertained that the Liquid Storaxz used in England is all imported from the Levant; and there are suffi- cient reasons to conclude that such is also the case with that used on the continent, and that it is certainly not the produce of America. I therefore dismiss the supposition that the Liquid Storaz of commerce is of transatlantic origin. 4. By some authors, Liquid Storax has been conjectured to be the produce of Liguidambar altingiana, Blume. This tree is a native of the islands of the Indian Archipelago and of Burmah, where the inhabitants occasionally extract from it an odoriferous semi-fluid resin ; but the product is not abund- ant, nor does it resemble the Liquid Storax of commerce; there is not moreover, the slightest evidence of it reaching Europe in any quantity. It is, however, a curious fact that the name by which this tree is at the present day known to the Malays, is Rasamdla, a word very close to Petiver’s Rosa Mallas. To this I shall revert in a future page. 5, Liquidambar orientale, Miller, is regarded by Guibourt, Lindley, the authors of the French Codex, and some others, as the source of Liquid Stora, an opinion which I shall be able to show to be correct. Having brought under review the various opinions current as to the origin of Liquid Storax, and stated the points on which I consider them erroneous, I will now proceed to communicate the information which I have myself received regarding the drug from three valued correspondents in the Levant, namely, Sidney H. Maltass, Esq. of Smyrna, Lieut. Robert Campbell, R.N., H.B.M. Consul in the island of Rhodes, and Dr. James McCraith, of Smyrna. The information is still not quite perfect, but in all essential particulars I believe the following is a correct account of the LIQUID STORAX. 139 PREPARATION OF LIQUID STORAX. 1857. BorTanicaL Oricin.—The tree from which Liquid Storax is obtained, is Liguidambar orientale, Miller (Z. imberbe Aiton), as is proved by specimens of the leaves and fruits procured at my request by Mr. Maltass (see wood-cut). LocaLit1es.—South-west of Asia Minor.—Forests in the dis- trict of Sighala near Melasso; forests near Moughla, and near Giova and Ullé in the Gulf of Giova; also near Marmorizza and Isgengak opposite Rhodes. Mr. Maltass passed through a dense forest of Liguidambar Account by between the village of Caponisi and the town of Moughla on ™™ Maltass. the 7th or 8th of May, 1851. He describes it as consisting of trees resembling the plane, but evidently of a different species, the leaf being smaller, and each tree far denser in foliage than the plane usually is. “Ialso observed,” says he, “that most of the larger trees had the [outer] bark stripped off from the trunk and the inner bark scraped off. I gathered some of the fruit and leaves, and proceeded on my journey towards Moughla, my road lying for upwards of an hour through this beautiful forest. I observed that the trees were from twenty to thirty feet in height, but whenever there was a break in the forest and the trees had sufficient air and space, they were of larger growth, many of them being forty feet high, more especially in the immediate vicinity of streams of water. My guide assured me that in some places in the forest in the direction of Melasso, he had seen some of these trees sixty feet in height. He eould not tell me the name of the tree, but stated that an oil was produced from it called Buchur, and that the trees were mutilated to obtain it.” EXTRACTION OF THE Liquip Storax.—In June and July, the Extraction of outer bark is stripped off on one side of the tree and (according to Liquid Storax. Lieut. Campbell) made into bundles and reserved for the purpose of fumigation. The inner bark is then scraped off with a semi- circular or sickle-shaped knife and thrown into pits until a Liquidambar orientale, Mill. From a specimen obtained by 8. II. Maltass, Esq., from the coast of Asia Minor, opposite Rhodes, LFitch, de? ] LIQUID STORAX. sufficient quantity has been collected. Mr. Maltass states that it is then packed into strong horse-hair bags and subjected to pressure in a wooden lever press. Upon removal from the press, hot water is thrown over the bags and they are pressed a second time, after which the greater portion of the resin will have been extracted. Lieut. Campbell’s account is a little different: he says the inner bark is boiled in water over a brisk fire, upon which the resinous part comes to the surface and is skimmed off. The boiled bark is next put into hair sacks and pressed, boiling water being added to assist in the extraction of the resin, or, as it is termed, yagh-(i.e. o7i). Dr. McCraith says that the Storax collectors, who are chiefly a tribe of wandering Turcomans called Yurwks, are armed with a triangular iron scraper with which they scrape off, together with the juice of the tree,a certain quantity of bark, which they collect in leathern pouches suspended to their belts, When a sufficient quantity has been obtained, it is boiled in a large copper and the separated liquid resin is run into barrels. The residual bark is placed in hair-cloth and pressed in a rude press, the extracted resin being added to the general mass. The product obtained by the processes here described, is the grey, opaque, semi-fluid resin, well known as Liquid Storax. The bark from which the Liquid Storaz has been extracted, is emptied out of the bags and exposed in the sun to dry, after which it is shipped to the Greek and Turkish islands and to many towns in Turkey, where it is much esteemed for the pur- pose of fumigation, although since the disappearance of the plague, its employment has greatly diminished. This is the substance known to pharmacologists as Cortex Thymiamatis or Storax Bark, as is proved by abundant speci- mens sent me by Mr. Maltass. ADULTERATION. — Mr. Maltass says that Liquid Storax is rarely pure, being adulterated by the admixture of sand and ashes. ComMERcE.— Lieut. Campbell states that the quantity of 141 1857. Storax Bark. 142 1857. STORAX, Liquid Storax annually extracted amounts to about 20,000 okes Exportation of (500 cwt.) from the districts of Giova and Ull& and 13,000 okes Liquid Storax. (395 cwt.) from those of Marmorizza and Isgengak.1 Eastern names. It is exported in casks to Constantinople, Smyrna, Syra and Alexandria. Some is also packed with a certain proportion of water in goat-skins and sent, either by boats or overland, to Smyrna, where it is transferred to casks and shipped mostly to Trieste. It appears from Mr. Maltass, that formerly the whole, both of the resin and the residual bark, was bought by the merchants of the island of Rhodes, but at what period and under what circumstances this occurred, I have not been able to learn.? Though I have no pretensions to be an Oriental scholar, I may be allowed to offer a few words respecting some of the eastern names of Liguid Storax and the bark which remains after its extraction. Liquid Storavisknown tothe Turks by thename, sty eshiss 3,3 Kara ghyunluk yaghy, ie., Black Frankincense Oul4 It is also called el ge Bukhur yaghy, i.e. Incense Oil and sometimes (according to Mr. Maltass) eh dlew Sighala yaghy, i.e. Sighala Oil, from the district between Melasso and Macri, where much of it is collected. The Greeks designate it Eripa& vypa, but often use the Turkish name Bukhur yaghy. 1 e English commerce, forty okes are reckoned as equal to one hundred- weight. Dr. Landerer’s account appears to have reference to this period ; and even his statement of the cultzvation of the Storax plant (whatever plant is intended) has some support from the following passage in Duhamel’s Tratté des Arbres, t. ij. p. 288. “ Au Levant on cultive aux environs de Stanchir [Cos], les arbres qui donnent le Storax, et on les multiplie par marcottes.” Dr. Landerer’s Bovxodpr, it will also be observed, is traceable in the Turkish name bukhur. 3] will here acknowledge the assistance kindly afforded me by Dr. Green- hill, the translator of Rhazes, on the subject of Arabic names ; and also that of J. W. Redhouse, Esq. with regard to Turkish names, 4 Olibanwm is called in Turkish 8,5 ghyunluk. 4 LIQUID STORAX. 143 In a Report of the External Commerce of Bombay to which 1857. my attention was directed by my friend Dr. Royle, the term —~ Rose Malloes is applied to a drug enumerated under the Rose Malloes. category of Import by Sea into the Port of Bombay. The recurrence of this strange name, which Petiver’s account of Liquid Storax had made familiar, struck me as very curious, and I wrote to Bombay for a sample of the drug so called. This was kindly procured for me at the Bombay Custom House by Dr. Carter, and proved to be our ordinary Liquid Storam. It is imported chiefly from the Red Sea, which it doubtless reaches from Alexandria, to which port I found it was shipped from Rhodes. Here then is the explanation of Petiver’s state- ment of the drug being carried southward from Suez—it being in fact, on its way to India. His term Cotter Mija is the Arabic dado ys Katr maya, date Eastern names. maya being one of the Avicennian terms for Storax, and 3 katr (literally a drop), a prefix indicating its liquid nature.? The only other author with whom I am acquainted that alludes to Rosa Mallas is Garcia,? who, when describing the various sorts of Benzoin, mentions “Roga-malha,” which he asserts is the name applied by the Chinese to Liguid Stora. Whether it is the resin of the Rasamdla (Liguidambar 1 The following is an extract from the Report referred to :— “ Rose Malloes.” cwt. qr. Ib. “From Aden ».. 5 O DO value 186 rupees » Arabian Gulf . .41 0 0 a, ae » PersianGuif. . .12 0 0 » 480 , Total . .58 O O 2240 rupees.” 2 Lib. ii: cap. 623. (ed. Venet. 1564).—It can scarcely be doubted, that in this chapter on “Miha vel Meha” which the translators have rendered Storaz, Avicenna refers to the modern Liquid Storax, The passage is as follows : “* * Storax humida alia est, que extrahitur per se ipsam gumma: et alia est que extrahitur cum decoctione : per se autem extracta, est citrina, et quando antiquatur, declinat ad aureum colorem, et est [preciosa et grata] : sed que extrahitur ex cortice est nigra: et illud ideo quoniam extrahitur cum decoctione corticis illius arboris, et quod extrahitur, est storax humida : et quod remanet sicut fex et vinacia, est sicca.” 3 Aromatum et simplicium aliquot medicamentorum apud Indos nascentium Historia, Antv. 1574. 144 1857. Greek names. STORAX. altingiana Bl.) that is here intended, and whether the Rosa Muilas of Petiver and the Rose Malloes of the Bombay List are. but corruptions of the same term applied to a different sub- stance, are points which I shall not attempt to decide. The residual bark after the extraction of the Liguid Storax, is known to pharmacologists as Cortex Thyniamatis, Cortex Thuris, Thus Judeorum, Narcaphthum, Storax Bark or Red Storux,! and is called in Turkish lye shi,f 8 Kara ghyunluk yaprak or more correctly oth, Esi8 38 Kara giyunluk yapraghi, literally Black Frankincense Leaf. In modern Greek it is known by the simple name of Zrupaé. The name Ovptaya (Incense) does not appear to have any special application to Liquidambar Bark. Belon has asserted that this bark is called Mawrocapno? and authors have quoted the name on his authority. I cannot but think this an error; Mavpo «xamvo signifies literally Black Smoke, and in modern Greek it is used by metonymy for Black Tobacco. It does not appear to be nowapplied to the Liquid- ambar bark. The name NdoxadOov or Napxadéov used by Dioscorides to designate a certain odoriferous bark from India,3 has been thought by many authors to have reference to the modern Cortez Thymiamatis. But if the latter were collected in the days of Dioscorides, that author, a native of Asia Minor, could scarcely have been so ignorant of the locality of its production, as to have regarded it as an Indian drug. Moreover, neither the names Nacxadéov nor NapxadOov (nor Adcagfov used by Paulus Aigineta* perhaps for the same substance) are known in modern Greek. I confess therefore I do not see evidence for 1 Amygdaloid Storax is also sometimes called Red Storax. 2 “ Je vei aussi descharger vn brigantin dessus la riue du port [de Rhodes], plein d’vne drogue propre en medecine, appellée Storax rouge. Les Grecs la nomment maintenant Maurocapno. Et m’a lon dit qu'il croist en Visle.”— Belon, Observations de plusievrs Singularite &c. (1554) liv. 2. chap. 14. 3 NdoxapOov, of S€ vdpxapOor, kal Totro ex tis "Ivins Kopi¢era or d€ proddes, ovxapivov Aemicpacw €orxds, Ovpidpevov bia thy edwdiay, Kal puyvipevoy Tois okevagticois Gupiduact, apedoty Kal pyrpay éoteyvopévyy trobuptacbev. Diosc, de Mat. Med. ed. Sprengel, lib. i. c. 22. 4 Lib. 7. ¢. 22. STORAX. identifying the Dioscoridean drug with the product of Liquid- ambar. The conclusions to which this long investigation leads, may be thus briefly summed up :— 1. That the original and classical Storax was produced by Styrax officinale, Linn. 2. That, always scarce and valuable, it has in modern times wholly disappeared from commerce. 3. That the accounts of the collection of Liquid Storax given by Petiver and Landerer are in many important par- ticulars grossly erroneous. 4, That Liquid Storax is the produce of Liguidambar orientale, Miller, and that it is collected in the south-west of Asia Minor. 5, That the bark of Liguidambar orientale, Miller, after Liguid Storax has been expressed from it, constitutes the Cortex thy- miamatis of Europe. 6. That there is no evidence of the NadoxadOov of Dioscorides being the bark of Liguwidambar orientale. ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON STORAX. (Storax, nachtrdgliche Bemerkwngen.) WueEn I had the honour of laying before the Pharmaceutical Society some observations on Storax,! I hoped to be able to com- municate at no distant interval such additional information as would complete the history of that drug. During the six years that have since elapsed, I have not lost sight of the subject, and although I am still unable to determine all the points I wished to clear up, I am induced, by reasons which I will presently explain, again to bring it before the Society. To render my remarks more intelligible, I will briefly recapi- tulate the conclusions which my former paper was intended to establish, and which are the following :— 1. That the Storax of ancient times was produced by Styrax officinale, L. 2. That this substance has disappeared from the commerce of modern days. 1 Pharm. Journ. vol, xvi. p. 417. 145 1857. Conclusions respecting Storax. 1863. Recapitula- tion. 146 1863. Professor Krinos of Athens. Ancient History of Storax. ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON STORAX. 3. That the resin called Liguid Storax is produced by Liquid- ambar ortentale, Mill., a tree indigenous to the south-west of Asia Minor, where the drug is collected. These conclusions I had reason to believe were generally ac- cepted, until I received a few weeks ago a pamphlet by Professor Stamatios D. Krinos, cf Athens, which somewhat disputes their correctness. In vindicating my own opinions, however, I wish to draw attention to the new facts put forth in the learned essay of the Greek Professor of Pharmacology, and to couple with them some additional information on Storax of which I have become possessed. Professor Krinos, whose pamphlet, entitled Iept Srvpaxos SiatpiBy pappaxoypapicyn (A Pharmacographical Essay on Storax), is in modern Greek,? commences by stating that he will endeavour to show :— J. That Liquid Storaw was known to the ancient Greek physicians. 2. The reasons why he presumes that the text of Dioscorides requires a slight change. 3. That the Solid Storax of ancient authors was not the pro- duce of Styrax officinale, L., but of the tree called in modern Greek Zvyda and by botanists Liguidambar orientale, namely, the same tree as that from the bark of which Liquid Storax is obtained by decoction and expression. In support of the first proposition Dr. Krinos gives an elabo- rate review of the ancient accounts of Storax, from which, but especially from the statements of the later Greek writers, he draws the conclusion that Liquid Storax was a drug with which they were acquainted. In the works of Paulus Aigineta, he ob- serves, we first find mentioned, besides Solid Storax, a second kind, Liquid Storax, and also the resin of the tree, Zuy¢a, which is the same thing as Liquid Storax. Aetius, who lived in the sixth century is cited as mentioning a Liguid Storax; and also a spurious treatise of Galen, the writer of which referring to the 1 "Ey ’AGnvais, 1862, 8vo, p. 27. 2 I am indebted to the kindness of D. P. Scaramanga, Esq., for translat- ing the pamphlet. ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON STORAX. 147 resin of Svyéa explains that it is synonymous with Liquid Storax. 1863. The Arab authors are then reviewed, and subsequently the pharmacologists of the last and present century. The learned author then points out that the word fuy/a, properly signifying ¢vyla, the maple, is now applied in the south-west of Asia Minor to Maple: Lnquidambar orientale, a tree which resembles a maple or a plane. He also states that about the year 1841, he proved that Liquid Storax was obtained from this tree, and that an account of this fact was published at the time in the Melissa, an Athens newspaper. The second proposition of Professor Krinos is that the text Proposal to of Dioscorides is incorrect. Dioscorides states that the Storax- iar tue tort tree resembles the quince, which is certainly the case if Styrax officinale is intended, but by no means so if Liguidambar orien- tale1 But Professor Krinos holds that the Storax (solid and liquid) of ancient authors is not the produce of Styrax at all: hence the difficulty of admitting the statement of Dioscorides, and the extraordinary proposal of altering the text so as to cause that author to say that the tree resembles not a quince but a maple. In reply to this I may remark that it would be needful to alter Pliny also, and that such a mode of disposing of the difficulty, unless supported by some obvious ambiguities in the early MSS. of these ancient authors, is surely inadmissible. The third proposition, that the Solid Storax of the ancients was derived from Liguidambar and not from Styraz, is one from which I entirely dissent; still, I am free to admit that a solid resin derived from the former tree may have passed as Storax in ancient times, though I am entirely unacquainted with such a substance. Professor Krinos assumes that as no resin: pro- duced by Styrax officinale now finds its way into commerce, it is impossible to believe that that tree ever really yielded any. In this I do not concur: I have already shown that two respect- able authors of the last century, Duhamel and the Abbé Mazéas, actually collected Storax from this tree, the one in Provence, 1 In modern Greek, the Storax-tree is called ’Aypia Kuéaryja, te. Wild Quince. L 2 148 ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON STORAX. 1863. the other in the neighbourhood of Rome. I have also ascer- tained within the last few weeks from Dr. Kotschy, of Vienna, that in the neighbourhood of Alexandretta, the Styraz, which Solid Storax. there grows to a tree, still yields its odorous resin. On the other hand, I am bound to acknowledge that the endeavours I have hitherto used to obtain the resin from trees in the south of France, Asia Minor and Syria have not been successful. In Syria it is now rare to find the Styrax forming anything better than a large bush, owing to the practice of cutting it periodically for fuel, and though I have myself examined many such bushes I have failed to find upon their stems any exudation. I believe, however, that where the Styrax attains the dimensions of a tree, better results will be obtained and the correctness of the ancient accounts will be fully vindicated. Not only does the statement of Dioscorides that the Storax-tree resembles a quince indicate that he could not possibly have had the Liquidambar in view, but moreover the allusion made by him, and especially by Pliny to localities in Syria where Styrax trees, but not Liquidambar, are still found, lends some weight to the argument. The geogra- phical distribution of Liguwidambar orientale is very restricted, in which respect it differs from Styraz. In the extreme south- west of Asia Minor it is gregarious, forming forests of from 20 Statement by to 60 feet in height. Dr. Kotschy informs me that he has Ms coe reason to believe it occurs at Narkislik, a village near Alex- ' andretta and also on the Orontes. He also tells me that six fine old trees, certainly planted, exist at the convent of Antiphoniti on the north coast of Cyprus, but that there are no other in the vicinity: that the tree is there called £vAov tod ’Edévrn (Governor's wood), and that it and the bark are used as incense in the churches. He adds that there are two trees of the same kind at the convent of Neophiti near Papho, but no others on the island. Professor Krinos states that the Liquidambar is common in Syria, a fact which is not borne out by the researches of botanists who have visited that country,! not one of whom has noticed its occurrence. « As Boissier, Gaillardot, Blanche, Roth, Bove, Michon, De Saulcy, Lynch, Erdel, Ehrenberg, Hooker, &c. ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON STORAX. For these reasons, I am not prepared to renounce the opinion that the Storax-tree of Dioscorides and other ancient writers was the Styraz officinale of modern botanists, nor can I abandon the idea that, like its congener S. Benzoin, it is capable of yielding an aromatic resin, which was once obtained in suffi- cient abundance to form an article of trade. Before quitting the subject of Storax, I think it desirable to offer a few observations on some of the substances that are known in pharmacy under that name, and first we will take Styrax calamita. This drug, as found in English commerce, is so singularly variable that it would be difficult to suppose it a natural pro- duct. At Trieste, where certainly some of it is manufactured, it is prepared (as I have ascertained on the spot) by mixing the residual liquidambar bark called Cortex Thymiamatis, reduced to coarse powder, with Liquid Storax. Such a mix- ture I have prepared myself, and can assert that it constitutes excellent “Styrax calamita.” When first mixed (in the pro- portion of 3 to 2) it forms a somewhat moist and clammy mass, which in the course of a few weeks develops an infinity of minute silky crystals, giving the whole an appearance of mouldiness. If the bark is scarce, common sawdust, I am informed, is substituted for it ; and olibanum, red earth, and honey are also employed in producing Styraw calamita of inferior quality. The drug is said to be manufactured also at Venice and Marseilles. According to Professor Krinos, the Greek monks, particularly those of the island of Symi, prepare by mixing olibanum with Liquid Storax certain resinous cakes which they sell for incense under the name of yevdouooyoriBavov or ctovpaxu. It is a com- pound of this sort that, in, my opinion, constitutes the Black Storazx described by Guibourt, Pereira and others, and not unfrequently found in continental drug warehouses. In fact I have more than once prepared such a mixture, which is remarkably fragrant and quite devoid of the coal-tar-like odour of Liquid Storax; an efflorescence of cinnamic acid generally develops itself on the surface of the mass. It is also this 149 1863. Styrac cala- mita. Black Storax. 150 1883. 1857. Grasse. MANUFACTURES OF GRASSE AND CANNES. substance which appears to constitute the precious incense used at Easter in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jeru- salem, and of which small pieces are sold to the pilgrims at an enormous price,—not indeed for burning, but chiefly to be carried as a charm. In conclusion, I wish to express an earnest desire that any traveller visiting Asia Minor or Northern Syria, or resident in either of those countries, would carefully examine the stems of Styrax officinale with a view to discover any adherent resin,—still more that he would perforate the trunk of that tree and observe after the lapse of some time whether such perforation is fol- lowed by an exudation of resin. [N. Repert. f. Pharm. xii. 241.] SOME NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURES OF GRASSE AND CANNES. (Manufacturen von Grasse and Cannes—dtherische Oele.) THAT portion of the South of France which borders the Mediterranean between Toulon and Nice is noted for its mild, salubrious climate, and also for the growth and manufacture of several productions of interest to the druggist and the perfumer. A recent visit to the district in question, and especially to the towns of Grasse and Cannes, having given me the oppor- tunity of seeing something of the manufactures there carried on, T have thought that a few lines on the subject might prove acceptable to English readers. Let it be remembered they are but the notes of a passing stranger, and as such not to be taken for more than they are worth. Grasse is a town of some 13,000 inhabitants, lying at the foot of a range of mountains, and open to the Mediterranean from which it is distant about eight or nine miles. The olive is cultivated in great abundance in all the adjacent country, and grows far more luxuriantly than in many other olive districts of the South of France. The mildness of the climate is still more manifested by the orange trees, which, with here and there a date-palm, form a striking ornament of the little town gardens GRASSE AND CANNES, of Grasse. The other plants that are cultivated are the rose, the jessamine (Jasminum grandiflorum, L.), mignonette (Reseda odorata, L.), and tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa, L). Cannes, a sinall town situated on the shore of the Mediter- ranean, about ten miles from Grasse, enjoys a climate still more favoured. The orange is cultivated more extensively ; the rose, jessamine, and other plants under culture at Grasse are like- wise grown on a large scale at Cannes; and in addition we find the geranium (Pelargonium Radula, Ait. var. 8 rosewm) and Cassie (Acacia Farnesiana, Willd.), the latter in considerable abundance. Two species of orange are cultivated about Grasse and Cannes, one known as the bitter orange or bigaradier, the more esteemed and more extensively grown, the other as the sweet or Portugal orange. Orange-trees are grown in all the country in the neigh- bourhood of Grasse, but especially in places in the vicinity 151 1857. Cannes. Orange trees. of the coast. When the season arrives, the flowers are col- . lected by itinerant agents called Commissionaires, who bring them from the growers to the distillers, their remuneration being the small commission of one sow per kilogramme, or about +d per Ib. The finest Neroli and finest orange flower water are dis- tilled from the flowers of the bigaradier. Inferior Neroli, not worth more than half the price of the finest, is yielded by the flowers of the sweet or Portugal orange. The essential oil called Essence de Petit Grain is distilled from the leaves of the bigaradier: the distilled water mixed with that of the flowers, is sold as an inferior quality of orange flower water. Roses are cultivated close to the town of Grasse, as well as in all the country adjacent, often on a very small scale and in situations apparently very arid. In the month of May the flowers are collected daily, and brought by the growers to the manufactories for sale. The rose water of Provence is of very superior quality: essential oil or otto of roses is separated from it after distilla- tion. This otto differs from the Turkish, even from the purest Distillates. Provence Otto. 152 1857. Jessamine, Cassie. Geranium. Distillation. MANUFACTURES OF GRASSE AND CANNES. specimens, in remaining congealed at a much higher tempera- ture. In the market it commands a far higher price than the Turkish otto, being worth from 1800 to 2000 francs the kilogramme. It is but little in demand, and the supply is comparatively small. The jessamine, which is cultivated upon an extensive scale, is Jasminum grandiflorum, L., a species with large white, ex- ceedingly fragrant flowers. The plants are all grafted upon stocks of Jasminum officinale, L.: they are planted close together in rows, and are not allowed to attain a height of more than about two feet. They are kept of this low stature in order to facilitate their protection from cold, which is effected by heaping the earth completely over their stems at the commencement of winter. Jessamine flowers are in season in July and August : they are chiefly employed to communicate their odour to oils and pomades. Jessamine water was shown to me by one manufacturer. The Cassie, Acacia farnesiana, Willd., is cultivated chiefly about Cannes, where it is to be seen. forming a bush or small tree. Its flowers, which are very fragrant, are used in perfuming oil and pomade: they are produced in September, and are worth five to six francs the kilogramme. The geranium is cultivated for the purpose of obtaining its essential oil. The tuberose is grown at Cannes as well as at Grasse, its deliciously fragrant flowers being used, like those of the cassie, for scenting oil and pomade. The establishments where the distillation of essences and waters, and the manufacture of other articles of perfumery are carried on, are many of them of considerable extent, and kept up ina style of great completeness. The stills are of copper, and heated by a naked fire; they are mostly, if not all, of small size, compared with the great stills used in this country. Their small capacity is, however, compensated by their numbers, some manufacturers having a dozen and others twice that number. In one operation which I saw in progress, the charge + Equal to (say) 41s. to 45s. per oz. INFUSION—ENFLEURAGE. of the still with leaves of the bigarade orange was about 80 lbs. In addition to the manufacture of essential oils, an important branch of industry consists in the preparation of scented fatty oils and pomades. These are prepared by one of two processes, called respectively Infusion and Enfleurage. Infusion consists, as the name implies, in infusing the sub- stance whose odour is to be extracted, in a mixture of lard and beef-fat melted in a water-bath, or in warm olive oil. The chief substances thus treated are the flowers of the rose, cassie, bitter orange, and violet. Mignonette is also sometimes sub- jected to this process. The flowers are immersed entire, except in the case of orange flowers, which are previously bruised. After immersion in the fatty menstruum for a requisite period, the mixture is strained off and the residue pressed. The pomade is preserved in large metal vessels, some of which have a capacity of 300 kilogrammes. The process of Enflewrage is resorted to in extracting the odour of the flowers of tuberose, jessamine, and mignonette. The ap- paratus required is merely a number of shallow wooden frames of about 18 by 15 inches, inclosing at half their depth a sheet of glass. The edges of the frames rise about an inch above each surface of the glass, and being flat, the frames stand securely one upon another, forming often considerable stacks. The technical name for the frames is chassis: those just described are called chassis aux vitres, or chassis aux pommades, to distinguish them from a different form, which is used where oil has to be submitted to the process of Enflewrage. The process in the case ‘of pomade is thus conducted: the unscented fat (which has about the consistence of spermaceti ointment) is weighed into portions, each sufficient for one side of the sheet of glass of a chassis. It is then spread over the glass with a spatula in a layer hardly a tenth of an inch thick, care being taken by employing a little inner frame during the spreading, that the fat does not come in contact with the woodwork of the chassis. One surface of the glass having been thus coated, the other is coated in like manner; and the chassis is ready to receive the 1538 1857. Infusion. Enfleur age. 154 1857. Enfleurage. Extracts, MANUFACTURES OF GRASSE AND CANNES. flowers. These are now thinly sprinkled, rather laid one by one, upon the surface of the fat, where they are allowed to remain until the next day or day after, when they are removed and fresh flowers supplied. The chassis, charged with fat and flowers, are stacked one upon the other, forming in fact a number of little rectangular chambers, the upper and lower surfaces of each of which are of glass covered with a thin layer of fat sprinkled with flowers, the sides being of wood. In one manufactory which I inspected, only one surface of each chassis was coated with fat, the jessamine flowers being placed in an abundant layer upon the other surface: in another estab- lishment, flowers of mignonette were being similarly treated. In this arrangement the flowers do not, of course, come in con- tact with the fat, but the latter is simply suspended above them - to receive and absorb their odour. The flowers require changing either daily or every other day for forty or fifty days before the pomade is sufficiently impregnated with their odour. It is essential that all flowers employed in this process should be collected during dry weather. When oil has to be impregnated with the odour of flowers, a chassis is used which is of larger size, and has a diaphragm of coarse wirework instead of glass. Upon this diaphragm is laid a cotton cloth of a peculiar, thick, absorbent texture, soaked with oil; flowers are then spread upon it, and renewed daily until the requisite odour has been obtained. The oil is then pressed from the cloth and filtered: each cloth imbibes about 2 lbs. of oil. The preparations called by the perfumers Hxtracts are made by treating the highly-scented oil or pomade with spirit of wine, so as to dissolve out the essential oil which either may have ab- sorbed from the flowers with which it has been placed. This process is more usually conducted by the general perfumer than by the distiller and manufacturer of Grasse or Cannes, the busi- ness of the latter being more particularly with what he terms the matieres premieres. The pomade or oil, after having yielded to spirit the greater portion of its odour, is yet valuable for other purposes to which it can readily be applied by the manu- facturing perfumer. ROYAL SALEP. NOTE ON A DRUG CALLED ROYAL SALEP. (Konigs-Salep.) AMONG some specimens of Materia Medica from Bombay, for which I am indebted to the kindness of the late Dr. J. E. Stocks, is one which was received under the designation of Bad- shah Saleb or King Salep. The specimen being a solitary one, and no information respecting it, beyond that conveyed by its name, having reached me, it remained almost unnoticed until within the last few months, when an original package, contain- ing about 100 lbs. of an unknown and unnamed drug from Bombay, was offered for sale in the London market. Upon seeing samples of this drug, I recognised it as Badshah Saleb ; and having obtained from this source a more abundant supply I have been able to some extent to investigate it, and the results of that investigation I will now detail. In the first place the name Badshah Saleb rlsatol is partly Persian and partly Arabic,—Badshah being the Persian for King, and Saleb the Arabic original of our word Salep. The term may therefore be rendered King Salep or Royal Salep ; and it has doubtless been applied on account of the drug being re- garded as Salep of pre-eminently large size. That it is in reality very distinct from true Salep—in fact, that it is not a ¢uber, but a bulb—was pointed out to me by my friend Dr. Lindley, who has further suggested its botanical origin. I will, however, first describe the drug as met with in commerce. Royal Salep consists of dried bulbs (Fig. 1, 2), whose dimen- sions from base to apex vary from 1} to 2 inches. The largest specimen weighs 730 grains: the average weight, taking twenty bulbs, was found to be 337 grains. Allowing for considerable irregularity occasioned by drying, the form of the dried bulbs may be described as usually nearly spherical, sometimes ovoid or nearly oblong, always pointed at the upper extremity, and having at the lower either a depressed cicatrix, or frequently a large, white, elevated, scar-like mark. Their surface is striated 155 1858. Name. [Badshah Saleb. ] 156 1858. Salep Bulbs. Botanical Origin of Royal Salep. ROYAL SALEP. longitudinally, besides which there is mostly one broad and deep furrow running in the same direction. They are usually trans- lucent, transmitted light showing them to be of an orange- brown ; by reflected light they are seen to vary from a yellowish brown to a deep purplish hue—sometimes shaded at the base into an opaque yellowish white. In substance the bulbs are dense and horny: they may be cut with a knife, but can hardly be powdered. After several hours’ maceration in water, they become soft, opaque, and of a slaty or purplish hue, and increase greatly in volume, regaining in fact their natural size and form (see Fig. 3). If in this state a bulb Fic. 2. . 1, Royal Salep,—natural size. be cut longitudinally into two equal portions its distinctness from an orchis tuber will be at once manifest. Instead of the homogeneous, fleshy mass of the latter, we find a single fleshy envelope or scale of excessive thickness whose edges overlap each other; this scale surrounding an elongated, flattened bud (Fig. 4). ° Although this single convolute scale is all that remains in the dried bulb, it is supposed by Dr. Lindley that other scales ex- ternal to it have been stripped off previous to drying. Of the plant affording Royal Salep, and of its place of growth, nothing appears to be known. I have not been able to discover any notice of the drug in the works of Kempfer, Forskal, Ainslie, ROYAL SALEP, 157 Roxburgh, Royle, or O'Shaughnessy. Honigberger, in speak- 1858. ing of the sorts of Salep used at Lahore mentions one re- —_ sembling a dried fig, which I suppose may be the drug under notice, but he gives no account of it. Dr. Lindley’s examination Dr. Lindley’s of the bulb leads him to the opinion that it is possibly that of | Y” some species of Tulip, of which there are four known to occur in Affghanistan, Zulipa Oculus-solis (St. Amans), and some other species, when grown in favourable localities, certainly pro- duce very large bulbs, which have moreover but few scales; but I am ignorant of any having a scale of such enormous thickness Fie. 3. é Royal Salep—Fic. 3, the bulb, Fic. 1, after maceration in water. Fic. 4, longitudinal section of a bulb after maceration. as that seen in the drug under notice. It is obvious, however, that the question of botanical origin cannot be determined from our limited materials. Upon the uses of Badshah Saleb, I can say very little: from Uses of the bulb being mucilaginous and saccharine, I presume it may a answer some of the purposes for which orchideous tubers are valued. At the same time it has a bitterish and slightly acrid taste that quite unfits it as a substitute for Salep in this country. The decoction of Badshah Saleb is far less mucilaginous than that of true Salep: it is not rendered blue by the addition of a solution of iodine. [W. Repert. f. Pharm. vii. 271.] 158 1859. Larinus maculatus. Tréhala. TWO INSECT-PRODUCTS FROM PERSIA. TREHALA. (Zwei persische Insectenproducte von Larinus maculatus and L. mellificus.) At the Evening Meeting of the Pharmaceutical Society, January 5, 1859, Mr. Daniel Hanbury, in presenting to the Society a specimen of Larinus maculatus and its cocoon, begged to offer a few remarks upon the insect, and to explain upon what grounds it deserved a place in a collection of pharmaceutical sub- stances. Mr. H. stated that among the drugs sent from Constanti- nople to the Paris Exhibition of 1855, were certain insect-cocoons, called Tréhala, which are used in the East in the form of decoction, onaccount of their saccharine and amylaceous properties. In an interesting paper lately published, M. Guibourt has pointed out that under the Persian name of Schakar tigal, these cocoons were described by Father Ange, in his Pharmacopwia Persica, so far back as the year 1681, but that until attention was drawn to them in 1855, they were practically unknown to pharmacologists. Mr. H. added that from specimens collected by Mr. Loftus at Kirrind, in Persia, in the year 1851, and now in the British Museum, it had been ascertained that the insect which produces Tréhala is Larinus maculatus of Faldermann. ‘This insect, which is a beetle about half an inch in length, belonging to the family Curculionide, forms its cocoons upon a species of Echinops, probably the £. persicus of Fischer. The cocoons are interesting in a chemical point of view, from the fact of their affording a peculiar species of sugar, to which the name 7'réhalose has been given by M. Bertelot. ? 1 Comptes Rendus, 21 Juin, 1858, p. 1213. 2 Tbid., 28 Juin, 1858, p. 1276. TREHALA OR TRICALA. 159 1859. NOTE ON TWO INSECT-PRODUCTS FROM PERSIA. (Read before the Linnean Society, December 16th, 1858.) In the month of June last, my friend Professor Guibourt, of Paris, laid before the Académie des Sciences! some account of a remarkable substance called Tréhala, the cocoon of a Curcu- Tréhala. lionidous insect found in Persia, where, as well as in other parts of the East, it enjoys some celebrity as the basis of a mucilagin- ous drink administered to the sick. Specimens of this substance, as well as of another insect-pro- duct of Persia, together with the insects themselves, were pre- sented a few years ago to the British Museum by W. K. Loftus, W. XK. Loftus. Esq., who obtained them while engaged by the British Govern- ment on the question of the Turco-Persian boundaries. — The precise determination of the species of these insects being a matter of doubt, they have at my request been lately examined by M. Jekel, of Paris, an entomologist with whom the family of M. Jekel’s Curculionide has long been an especial study. One of these tification. insects M. Jekel has identified with a species of wide distribu- tion ; the other proving undescribed, he has drawn up a descrip- tion of it, which, accompanied by a figure, I have the honour to lay before the Linnean Society. To this, I venture to adda few observations upon the productions to which I have alluded. The first of these is Tréhala or Tricala, under which name it Tréhala, or formed part of the collection of Materia Medica sent by M. Tvicala. Della Sudda, of Constantinople, to the Paris Exhibition of 1855, and since deposited in the Ecole de Pharmacie in Paris. Tréhala (Fig. 2) consists of cocoons of an ovoid or globular form, about 2 of an inch in length; their inner surface is com- posed of a smooth, hard, dusky layer, external to which is a thick, rough, tuberculated coating of a greyish-white colour and earthy appearance. Some of the cocoons have attached to them the remains of the tomentose stalk of the plant upon which they were formed; others have portions of a tomentose spiny leaf 1 Comptes Rendus, 21 Juin, 1858, p. 1213. 160 1859. Description. Larinus maculatus. Habitat. TWO INSECT-PRODUCTS FROM PERSIA. built into them; and, more rarely, one finds portions of the flowering heads of the plant, a species of Echinops, similarly inclosed. Many of the cocoons are open at one end and empty ; others have a longitudinal aperture, originally closed by the stalk of the plant, and still contain the insect; a few are en- tirely closed. Specimens of this insect, extracted from the cocoons sent to Paris were examined in 1856 by my friend Mr. W. Wilson Saunders, who pronounced them to be Larinus maculatus of Faldermann,—a determination also arrived at by M. Jekel from specimens presented by Mr. Loftus to the British Museum. Respecting these latter, one of which is represented in Fig. 1, M. Jekel makes the following remarks:— “ LARINUS MACULATUS, Faldermann, Faun. Transcaue. ii. p. 228, 449, tab. 6. f, 10, et iii. p. 198—Schonh. Gen. et Sp. Curcul. iii. p. 112 et vii. 2. p. 7—Hochhuth, Bull. Moscou, 1847 No. 2. p. 538 (var. ¥). “Var. y. Larin. Onopordinis, Sch. loc. cit. iti. p. 111 (excl. synon.). “Of this species, Mr. Loftus captured several specimens, all of small size: from some of them the pollinosity had been rub- bed off, as is represented in the figure by Mr. Ford (vide Fig. 1), which shows only a part of the inferior layer of tomentum and the greyish ground of the dorsal and lateral macule ; the latter, being the most densely coloured in fresh specimens, are always the most persistent. These belong to Schénherr’s var. y, which that author formerly regarded as the Larinus Onopordinis, Fabr. Others of Mr. Loftus’s specimens, which are very fresh, belong to Var. 8; none to the typical variety, which is often larger in size. “This species has a very extended habitat : I have received it from European Turkey (Frivaldski), Beyrouth, Caucasus, Persia (Dupont), &c. &c.; and it is recorded by Schénherr as also found in Barbary and Portugal. “This is the insect which proceeds from the rough chalky- looking nidus figured by Mr. Ford. Vide Fig. 2.” The entomological question being so far disposed of, I may be permitted a few remarks upon the properties which have ob- tained for Tréhala a place among drugs and dietetic substances. The first author who gives any account of the substance is TWO INSECT-PRODUCTS FROM PERSIA, 161 Father Ange, who, in his “Pharmacopea Persica,! describes it 1859. in the following terms :—“ Est autem istud medicamentum ve- Father Ange. luti ¢ragea ex nucleo pistacii integro confecta; nam revera sac- Fia. 1. Tia. 2. The cocoons of Larinus maculatus, called in Turkish Tréhala. Fie 3. Larinus mellificus, Sekel. charum istud exterius corrugatum et agelomeratum adheret cuidam nucleo, in quo non fructus, sed vermiculus quidam nigricans Persice C-hezoukek bombycis instar reconditur et moritur.” 1 Pharmacopea Persica ex idiomate Persico in Latinum conversa, Lutet. Paris, 1681, p. 361. M 162 1859. Mr. Loftus. Dr. Honig- berger. M. Bourlier. M. Guibourt. TWO INSECT-PRODUCTS FROM PERSIA. Father Ange also states that the substance is called in Persian Schakar tigal (xs ju) literally Sugar of nests ; but his Arabic names, Schakar el ma-ascher (, ieedl ym) and Saccar el aschaar, apply to an entirely different substance, namely, to a saccha- rine matter exuded, after the puncture of an insect, from the stems of Calotropis procera, R. Br.1 of which plant he gives a quaint but tolerably characteristic description. Mr. Loftus, who obtained the specimens which he presented to the British Museum, at Kirrind in Persia, in September, 1851, gives as the Persian name of the cocoons Shek roukeh—a term, probably, the same as the “ C-hezoukek” (a misprint?) of Father Ange, but the signification of which I have not been able to discover. Another notice of the same substance, with a figure, is briefly given in Dr. Honigberger’s Thirty-five Years in the East (Lond. 1852, vol. ii. pp. 305-6), where we read that Manna teeghul, or Shukure teeghal, which are certain insect-nests of a hard texture, rough on the outside, smooth within, about half an inch in length, and of a whitish colour, are imported into Lahore from Hindostan. M. Bourlier published in 1857 an interesting note on the same substance,? which has been followed by M. Guibourt’s communication to the Académie des Sciences, and still later by amemoir on the chemical history of Tréhala by M. Marcellin Berthelot, also presented to the Academy.’ From the investigations of M. Guibourt, it appears that the cocoons are composed of a large proportion of starch (identical with that found in the stem of the £chinops, upon which the insect forms its nest), of gum, a peculiar saccharine matter, a bitter principle, besides earthy and alkaline salts. 1 This saccharine substance is noticed by Avicenna as Zuccarum alhusar (Lib. ii. Tract. ii. cap. 756, ed. Valgr. Venet. 1564), and also by Matthiolus (Comm. in Lib. ii. Diose. cap. 75). It is likewise referred to by Endlicher (Enchiridion Botanicum, p. 300), Royle (Illustr. of the Bot. of the Himalayan Mountains, vol. i. p 275), Mérat and De Lens (Dict. de Matiére Médicale, t. i. p. 467), &e. 2 Revue Pharmaceutique de 1856, par Dorvault, p. 37. 3 Comptes Rendus, 28 Juin 1858, p. 1276. TWO INSECT-PRODUCTS FROM PERSIA. . 163 The saccharine principle, which has been especially examined 1859. by M. Berthelot, and named by him 7réhalose, is a body analo- M. Berthelot. gous to cane-sugar, but possessing distinctive properties, which separate it from that and all other varieties of sugar. M. Bourlier states that Zréhala, which is abundant in the Tréhala | shops of the Jew drug-dealers of Constantinople, is frequently peg used by the Arab and Turkish physicians in the form of a nople. decoction, which is regarded by them as of peculiar efficacy in diseases of the respiratory organs. The second insect-product to which I would draw attention, HU. Product. is a saccharine substance resembling dark honey. Mr. Loftus, who obtained it near Kirrind, 13th July, 1851, and whose specimen is in the British Museum, states that it is exuded from a species of thistle when pierced by a Rhynchophoreus insect ; but he fails to inform us for what purposes it is used by the inhabitants. Mr. Loftus having also presented the Museum with excellent specimens both of the plant and insect, I am able to state that the former is Echinops persicus, Fisch. and the latter a new Zchéinops per- species of Larinus, to which M. Jekel has applied the name Sp eon Larinus mellificus, and of which he has drawn up the following _—_fieus. description :— “LARINUS MELLIFICUS, Jekel (Fig. 3). Breviter ovatus, convexus, niger, nitidus; infra subtiliter, lateribus thoracis margineque elytrorum intus medio versus angulariter ampliata, apicem occupante griseo-cinerascenti tomentosis; rostro leviter punctato, basi utrinque bicanaliculato cum elevatione media lata subcariniformi; thorace subconico antice tubulato, supra confertim sat rude punctato, lateribus subrugoso ; elytris striato- punctatis, interstitiis latis, planis, transversim subtilissime rugulosis, cum abdomine tenuissime alutaceis, punctis majoribus remotioribus impressis; pectore, lateribus, pedibusque rugoso- punctatis, femoribus infra fortiter oblique costato-rugosis ; tibiis intus, anticis fortius crenulatis. Long. (rostr. excl.) 16-18, lat. elytr. 8-9 mill. “Patria—Persia, prope Kirrind, ubi ZLchinopsidis speciem frequentat, cujus plante caules ab hoc insecto puncti materiam quamdam saccharinam sudant.” W. K. Lojtus, Mus. Brit. M 2 164 1859. 1859. Importance of authentic specimens. OTTO OF ROSH, Very similar to ZL. Onopordinis, but proportionably more elongate and less convex ; rostrum and thorax longer; pilosity of the body underneath much thinner and shorter: thighs thicker, more clavate, the anterior evidently costate-rugose underneath ; without whitish marks on the elytra, and without that layer of light-brown earth-like pollinose transudation which is often wanting in rubbed specimens of Larinus Onopordinis, The freshest specimens have the griseous margin of the elytra, which parts from the base under the shoulder, obliquely and angularly ampliate interiorly towards the middle, where it reaches the second stria. This griseous pilosity fills all the tips of the elytra, leaving bare only the sutures, an angular notch behind the middle (which forms with that apical part of the suture a kind of hook on each elytron), and two round spots, one submarginal fronting the tip of the notch, the other larger, discoidal, behind the foot of the notch, much above the tip. [M. Repert. f Pharm. viii. 535.] ON OTTO OF ROSE. (Losenél.) THE importance of authentic specimens is well understood by naturalists. The botanist, who has had the opportunity of verifying the Linnean name of a plant. by comparing it with Linnzeus’s own specimen, is sensible that no more satisfactory proof is wanting. The entomologist who can appeal to the specimens of Fabricius, or the zoologist who can point to those named by Cuvier as identical with his own, feels that he can rightfully adopt the names given by those authors. Nor is the student of Materia Medica much less in need of authentic or type specimens as standards of comparison. Yet how difficult it would be to point to a specimen of Sarsaparilla as indubi- tably the root of one particular species of Smilax, or to find in our museums a specimen of myrrh or olibanum, or gam- boge, with indisputable data as to its botanical origin and place of production. PRODUCTION OF OTTO. These observations have been suggested by the difficulty which occurs to the druggist in the purchase of Otto of Rose. The wholesale price of the article varies from 14s, to 26s. per ounce, a fact indicative of a wide range of qualities. But as- suming that the most expensive article is the purest, it will be found to differ materially from the Otto described by our best authors. Pereira states! that at temperatures below 80° F., Attar of Roses is a crystalline solid; and the same assertion is made by Dr. Royle. Brande states® that it melts at 84°; Redwood, that it fuses between 84° and 86°4 Martiny gives 86° as its fusing point. Chevallier, Richard, and Guillemin say that it is concrete below 84° to 86° Dr. Jackson states, of the Otto made at Ghazeepore, that it melts at 84°." Yet the Otto of the London market, as all druggists know, is 165 1859. Price of Otto. never found with so high a fusing-point, and, in fact, there is but Fusing point. a portion of that which arrives, of which one could say that it is solid above 60° F. These discrepant facts have long engaged my attention, and believing that the general subject of Otto of Rose merits the notice of pharmacists, I have placed on paper the observations which I have collected. For convenience I think it best to discuss the subject under three heads, namely, Production, Adulteration, and Chemical Characters. First, then, the PRODUCTION OF OTTO oF JOSE. The Otto of Rose with which at the present day the English market is supplied, is produced in Turkey, on the plains lying south of the Balkan mountains. 1 Elements of Mat. Med. Ed. 3, vol. ii., p. 1812. * Manual of Mat. Med. Ed. 2, p. 432. 3 Manual of Chemistry. Ed. 6, p. 1551. * Supplement to the Pharm. Hd. 3, p. 861. 5 Hncyklop. d. Med.-Pharm. Nat.-und Rohwaarenk. Bd. ii, p. 389. 6 Dict. des Drog. T. iii., p. 158. 7 O’Shaughnessy’s Bengal Dispensatory (p. 328), in which work Dr. Jack- son’s interesting account is given at length. Production. Turkish Otto. Collection of Otto. OTTO OF ROSE. Otto of Rose is also collected in Provence, in the South of France, by the distillers of. rose water, and this Otto, the production of which is very limited, realizes a large price. In the state of Tunis, in Persia, and in the northern parts of India,!- Otto of Rose is also manufactured, but none from these countries finds its way into the London market. With regard to Turkey, the chief localities in which the rose is cultivated for the production of Otto, are Kizanlik, a large town lying on the southern side of the Balkans, about seventy miles to the north of Adrianople. At Eski-Zaghra, in the valley of the Tunja, to the south-east of Kizanlik, the rose is also cultivated on a large scale, and at Carlova;? also on the southern side of the Balkans, and about 100 miles from Adrianople much Otto is said to be produced. The flowering season commences in May and the roses are usually collected before sunrise every morning. When the weather is dry and hot, the flowering season is short, and the roses blooming about the same time, it is impossible to collect them all. The process followed is the simple one of distilling the roses with water in copper stills of no very considerable dimensions, and collecting the Otto from the distilled product. In very favourable seasons, the three districts above men- tioned can produce from 300,000 to 360,000 meticals, which, at six meticals to the ounce, would give from 50,000 to 60,000 ounces. This, however, is of rare occurrence, as, independently of hot weather, other causes, as frost, or caterpillars, may reduce the crop. I am informed that in the year 1854, the crop in the three districts above named though not abundant was calculated at 250,000 meticals, equal to 41,666, ounces; in the year 1855 it 1 Ghazeepore on the Ganges 1s famous for its manufacture of Rose Water and Otto of Rose. The latter I would willingly have examined, but have been unable to obtain a specimen, or, in fact, of any Indian Otto of Rose in a state of purity. : Tunisian Otto of Rose, valued at an enormous price, was sent to the Great Exhibition of 1851, but I had no opportunity of obtaining a sample. 2 Sometimes spelt Carloya, but I cannot find it under either name, even upon the best maps. ADULTERATION OF OTTO. was estimated at 30,000 ounces; while in 1856 it did not much exceed 13,000 ounces. The Otto of Rose is transported from the producing districts in large, flat, tin bottles, covered with thick, white felt, and bearing a calico label inscribed with Turkish character. By the dealers at Constantinople it is transferred to cut and gilt glass bottles imported from Germany, and in these it usually finds its way to the markets of Europe. Sometimes, however, the large tin bottles are imported into London, it being supposed (and with some reason) that the Otto they contain has escaped being tampered with at Constantinople. According to the official returns prepared for the Board of Trade the quantities of Otto of Rose imported into the United Kingdom upon which duty was paid, were, during four years, as under:— 1854. . . 1251 lbs., equal to 20,016 ounces. 1855. . . 1012 ~,, 4 16,192, 1856. . . 1522 ,, 4 24,352 157. « @ 159th. ., 5 25,456, The duty is one shilling per pound. ADULTERATION OF OTTO OF ROSE. Although in Turkey the adulteration of Otto of Rose is sometimes practised by the producers, and especially of late years, since the repeal of a law in 1840 or 1841, prohibiting such adulteration under pain of death, it is chiefly at Constan- tinople that this fraudulent practice takes place. Among the substances which have been used for the adultera- tion of Otto of Rose, I may mention two as specially deserving attention. The first is spermaceti, which, in Turkey, is, I am assured, frequently mixed with the cheaper qualities of Otto; the second, which is far more systematically and extensively employed, as well as more difficult of detection, is an essential oil, called in Turkish, Zdris Yaghi2 It is not unfrequently 1 T give this upon the authority of Mr. Edward Schnell, of Adrianople, to whom, through my friend Mr. Maltass, I am indebted for other particulars respecting the production of Otto of Rose in the Balkan. 2 I have taken some pains to discover the signification of this name, but without much success, My friend Mr. Redhouse, thinks it is otee ype 167 1859, Otto in tin bottles. Adulteration with Spermaceti. 168 1859. Origin of Idris Oil. Jeddah a trading not a mwanufac- turing place. OTTO OF ROSE. imported into London from Turkey, and is then known in the London drug trade as Turkish Essence of Geranium. Let us consider what is its origin. The Catalogue of the Turkish Section of the Great Exhibition of 1851 states that it is brought from Mecca. A sample presented by M. Della Sudda to the Ecole de Pharmacie of Paris, has likewise this origin as- signed to it,! I am, moreover, informed by my friend Mr. Maltass, that the Idris oil found at Smyrna is all brought by the pilgrims arriving from Mecca. M. Guibourt has stated to me upon the authority of a gentleman at Constantinople, that the dealers there affirm that the oil in question comes from India by way of Egypt. Although it is thus tolerably evident that the essential oil called Zdris Yaght is imported from Mecca, or perhaps from Jeddah, the port of Mecca, all that we know of these places tends to show that it is not produced there. Mecca appears to have no manufactures, but to be entirely supported by the pilgrims who flock to its holy places: besides which, the nature of the country and the climate utterly forbid the idea of a green herb being produced in quantity for distillation. Jeddah is also without manufactures, but it has a large trade with various ports on the Red Sea, as well as with India. Burckhardt, who visited it in 1814, has left a minute description of the various trades carried on, and even the number of persons engaged in each; and it is perfectly clear from his account, that even for the most trifling manufactured articles, Jeddah is dependent either on Egypt or India.? From Bombay, on the other hand, an essential oil is ex- ported, which is undistinguishable from the Turkish Essence of Idris yaght, which may signify marsh-mallow oil: and as there is a word in Turkish (| g%,S4)) Ebé-guméji) which is used to denote both the marsh- mallow and oue of the common garden geraniums, so it is possible that the Arabic _ 2c idris may have the same double signification :—though the application of any term signifying geranium to the essential oil in question, is, as I shall show, only correct in so far as that there is a similarity of odour. 1 Journal de Pharm, et de Chimie. Tome xxix., p. 310. 2 Travels in Arabia, Lond. 1829, 4to, p. 41, &e. TRADE OIL OF GERANIUM. 169 Geranium! This liquid is known in India as Roshé or Rosé 1859. Oil,? and in the London market as Oil of Ginyer-Grass or of Roshé Oil Geranium. It is the produce of the more northern parts of !rom Bombay. India, where it is obtained by the distillation of certain grasses of the genus Andropogon, but the precise species of which I am at present unable from personal knowledge to name. From the Report cf the External Commerce of Bombay for the year 1856-7, a valuable mass of statistics, compiled by R. Spooner, Esq., Reporter-General, and published by authority of Government, I find that Roshé (or Rosia) Oil was exported from Bombay during the year in question to the extent of 1922 gallons. Of this enormous quantity, 541 gallons were shipped to Mngland, and the remaining 1381 gallons to the Arabian Gulf. The Report does not state to what ports in the Arabian Gulf this quantity of Roshé Oil is shipped; but as none is reported as shipped to Aden or Suez (for which places, as for the United Kingdom or France, there are special returns), it is plain that it is shipped to other ports than these. Now, although there are several other ports in the Arabian Import trade Gulf, it is Jeddah, the port of Mecca, that stands foremost in ae importance. To quote a competent authority :? “From its position, it is the enérepdt of all goods coming from India and Egypt. The merchants of Cosseir, Yambo, Hodeyda and Massowah draw their supply from it.” According to Burton, the value of the import trade of Jeddah with India amounts to about 25 lacs of rupees (£250,000) annually.* Coupling these facts with the testimony of the Turks, that the volatile oil called Idris Yaghi is imported from Mecca, and still more with M. Guibourt’s information that it is brought from India, I think there is good circumstantial evidence for ' T must, however, admit that in English trade-lists the two are separately enumerated, the Turkish fetching a higher price. 2 This orthography, Professor H. H. Wilson informs me, is the most correct, the word being Marathi, and written &. (Vide Molesworth’s Marathi and English Dictionary, 2nd. ed., Bombay, 1857). It is, however, often spelt Rosa, Rosia, Rowsah or Keosa. 3 R. Innes, Esq., of Cairo, quoted in Parkyn’s Life in Abyssinia, vol. i, p. 402. 4 Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah, vol. iti. p. 379. 170 1859. OTTO OF ROSE. identifying it with the Roshé Ou that is imported from Bombay ; and when we consider the immense influx of pilgrims every year to Jeddah, the transport of the drug northward to Egypt and Turkey is easily explained. Although I have thus demonstrated (as I think) the identity of the Turkish Jdris Yaghi with the Roshé Oil of Bombay, and therefore proved them the produce of one or more species of Andropogon, growing in India, it may be proper that I should Idris Oil not briefly state other reasons for considering that this volatile oil true Essential Oil of Gera- nium. has no claim to the name often given to it of Essence of Geranium. I may say, then, that it differs from true essential Oil of Geranium, such as is distilled from a variety of Pelargonium Radula, Ait., in the South of France. 1. In odour. 2. In optical properties, in having (according to the observa- tions of my friend Dr. De Vry) no rotatory power when examined by polarised light, whereas, French Oil of Geranium possesses the power of right-handed rotation.* 3. In chemical properties, inasmuch as when exposed to the vapour of iodine, it does not acquire the intense coloration that occurs when Oil of Geranium is so treated. 4, In commercial value, true Oil of Geranium being worth six times the price of Idris Yaghi, and ten times that of the Bombay Roshé Oil. Before being mixed with Otto, the Idris Yaghi is subjected by the Turkish dealers to some purifying process, chiefly, it would seem, with a view to diminish its colour, a pale colour in Otto of Rose being deemed a sign of goodness. CHEMICAL CHARACTERS OF OTTO OF Ross, As I have already observed, there exists regarding the tem- perature at which Otto of Rose liquefies, great discrepancy between the statements of authors and the result of observations made upon the Otto of commerce. 1 But, as some essence of geranium from Algiers, examined by the same observer, was found to have the power of left-handed rotation to an almost equal extent, it is obviously possible that by mixing the two, an essence having no rotatory power might be produced—an improbable explanation, CHEMICAL CHARACTERS OF OTTO. Otto of Rose, it is well known, consists of two bodies, a liquid essential oil or elesoptene (upon which I have made no experiments) and a stearoptene. The stearoptene I find to be, when pure, a colourless crystallizable substance, devoid of odour and taste, fusing at 95° F., very slightly soluble in alcohol of sp. gr. ‘838 in the cold, but more soluble if heated. It is soluble in the liquid portion or eleoptene of Otto of Rose, but, according to its abundance, separates more or less readily with a depression of temperature. It dissolves readily in ether, chloroform, or olive oil, but not in solution of potash or ammonia. These two bodies, the eleoptene and stearoptene, exist, according to my observations, in the Otto of different districts in very different proportions, and to their relative amounts I attribute much of the variation which I find in the specimens examined. The amount of stearoptene was determined in a series of parallel experiments, conducted simultaneously by treating a given weight of Otto with aleohol (sp. gr. ‘838), throwing the precipitated stearoptene upon a filter and thoroughly washing it with fresh alcohol; the same amount of alcohol being employed in each case. The stearoptene was then pressed for some days between paper, and after exposure to the air and drying over oil of vitriol, was weighed! The fusing-point was determined in each case by the same ther- mometer placed by the side of the bottle, and the observations were confirmed by repeated trials. The English and French samples experimented upon were obtained direct from the manufacturers, and mostly upon my personal application. The Turkish sample No. 7 was manu- factured at Kizanlik, where Messrs. Herman, from whom I received it, have an establishment. certainly, of the absence of rotatory power in the Idris Yaghi, but one which it is fair to mention. 1T am quite aware that this method of determining the amount of stearoptene is not free from objection, since, the more abundant the elxoptene, the less will the stearoptene (in which it is soluble) be precipitated when the Otto is first treated with alcohol. 171 1889. Elzoptene and Stearoptene. Determina- tion of Stearoptene. 172 1859. Variation of fusing-point. OTTO OF ROSE. The results I have tabulated as under :— TABLE SHOWING THE RESULTS OF A COMPARATIVE EXAMINATION OF TWELVE SAMPLES OF OTTO OF ROSK. to a Place of Snes Fusing Percentage i nd Point of Other Characters. Manufacturer’s Name. * | Stearoptene. ENcuisu. London—Messrs. Allen | 91° F. 68'1 Of a pale straw colour, crystalline, odour and Hanbury's. weak and uot remarkably fragraut. London—Mr. Whipple, | 87° F. 50°6 Resembles No. 1. at Messrs, Barron and Co's. Frencu. Paris—M. Chardin Ha- | 85°5° F 60°8 A crystalline mass, of a pale green colour; dancourt. odour weak but agreeable. Grasse — M. Antoine} 74° F 3r-2 Of a straw colour; when congealed, form- Chiris. ing a highly crystalline mass; odour very fragrant, Grasse—M. Mero. 71°, 419 Of a brownish yellow; forming, when - congealed, a trausparent mass of platy crystals. Cannes—MM. Herman | 7v° F. 35 0 Resembles No. 4. Fréres. TURKISH. Kizanlik. 65° F 67 Colour very pale yellow; when congealed, it constitutes a confused mass of platy crystals ; odour exceedingly fragrant. S sealG. 8.& Co. | 63°F 73 Co’our very pale yellow; a mass of platy erystals when congealed. 62°F 64 Resembles No, 8. ? 62° F 66 The finest Otto of the London market. In its characters it resembles No. 8. ? 61° F. 46 Resembles No. 8. a second quality. | 56°F 4°25 Wholesale price in London, in large quantities, 14s. per ounce. percentage (50 to 68) of stearoptene. This table shows that the fusing-point of Otto of Rose, and the proportion of stearoptene varies greatly in different samples. But it will also be observed that there is a similarity in the Otto produced in each locality. Thus, that of the South of England and North of France (samples Nos. 1, 2, and 3) has a high fusing-point (varying from 85° to 91°), and contains a large The Otto of the South of France fuses betwen 70° and 74°, and affords from 35 to 41 That of Turkey, if we may consider per cent. of stearoptene. BOTANICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL INQUIRIES. samples Nos. 8,9, and 10 as equally genuine with No. 7 (Messrs. Herman’s), fuses at from 65° to 62°, and affords from 7°3 to 6:4 per cent. of stearoptene.1 Sample No. 11 may be regarded with some suspicion from its resemblance to No. 12—the latter being acknowledged of inferior quality. Whether the differences that exist in the characters of the various kinds of Otto are the result of climate or of the method of manufacture, or whether (especially in the case of the Turkish Otto) they are to be traced to a difference in the species of rose are questions for determining which I have at present no sufficient data. [LWV. Repert. f, Pharm. viii. 365.] BOTANICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL INQUIRIES AND DESIDERATA? (Botanisch-pharmacognostische Aufgaben.) BY SIR WILLIAM J. HOOKER, assisted by DANIEL HANBURY. ArFRICA—WEST Coast, ALSO East Coast, INCLUDING THE rp SEA AND ARABIA. CopaL.—Information is much desired respecting the varieties of this substance which are found in commerce, and which are ex- ported from the West Coast of Afria. Some copal is believed to be dug from the ground, but one variety at least is collected from the tree. This is the Sierra Leone copal, and is produced by Guibourtia copallifera, Bennett—XKobo of the natives : specimens of this tree, including the ripe pods, are requested: it grows at Goderich and in other localities near Sierra Leone. GRAINS OF ParaDIsE.—Although Amomum Melegueta, Roscoe, the plant which yields this drug, is now well known, there are some other interesting species nearly allied, with which botanists 1 The test used in Turkey by the persons who purchase Otto from the pro- ducers, is to plunge a small vial of it into waterat 10° Réaumur (= 55° F.). If, in the space of five minutes the Otto congeals, it is regarded as genuine. 2 Extracted from the Admiralty Manual of Scientific Inquiry. Third edition, 1859. 173 1859. 1859. 174 BOTANICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL INQUIRIES. 1859. are very imperfectly acquainted. It is, therefore, desirable to procure specimens of such plants from various parts of the West Coast of Africa. These specimens should comprise the flowers and fruits, as well as the foliage. As the flowers are very delicate, it is necessary to preserve some specimens in spirit of wine or in dilute acetic acid. Some specimens of the fruits should also be preserved in the same manner. As the specimens often grow intermixed, and as flowers and fruits are produced at different seasons, special care is requisite to avoid confusion. Korarima CARDAMOM is the name under which the late Dr. Pereira has described an Abyssinian cardamom, having the shape and size of a small fig, which is exported from Mussowah, a port at the southern end of the Red Sea. This drug, which has long been known in medicine, is perforated at the smaller end, and when strung upon a cord, is commonly used by the Arabs and Abyssinians as beads for their mesbehas or rosaries. It is said to be brought to the market of Baso in Southern Abyssinia from Tumhé, a country situated in about 9° N. lat. and 35° E. lon. The plant for which the name Amomum Korarima has been proposed is entirely unknown. OL1BANUM—The Olibanum found in European commerce is believed to be produced partly on the African coast near Cape Gardafui, and partly on the southern coast of Arabia, whence it is shipped to Bombay. % Olibanum is also produced in India by certain species of Bos- wellia called Salai or Saleh, one of which is B. glabra, Roxb., another B. thurifera, Colebr. It is extremely doubtful if the Olibanum afforded in India by these trees finds its way to Europe, but information on this point is desired. African Olibanum is yielded by a tree called Pldésslea floribunda, Endl. (Boswellia, Royle) ; but as the drug varies considerably in appearance, it is highly probable that it is obtained from more than one species. The variety called Lubdn Mattee, from its being shipped at Bunder Mattee, is, for instance, a very different drug from ordinary Olibanum. A resident at Aden may beable MYRRH—GUM TRAGACANTH—STORAX. to gather some information upon this subject, as well as upon the next. Myrru.—tThis celebrated drug is collected in great quantities by the Somali tribes on the African coast, near the southern extremity of the Red Sea, whence it is brought to Aden for shipment to Bombay. A variety of myrrh, which is probably yielded by another species, is also produced (according to Vaughan) in a district lying forty miles to the east of Aden, to which place it is brought forsale. A third variety, distinguished by the Arabs as Bissa Bol, is also collected by the Somali tribes, and sent by way of Aden to India. It is a point of much interest to determine with accuracy the plants which afford these several sorts of myrrh, and for this end it is earnestly requested that those who have any opportunity for investigating the subject will not neglect to do so. Asta Minor, Persia, CENTRAL ASIA. Gum TraGAcanTH is produced in Asia Minor by several species of Astragalus, which it is desirable further to identify. Travellers and others who have the opportunity should preserve specimens of any species seen to yield the gum, as well as specimens of the gum itself; noting at the same time whether the latter was obtained from incision in the stem, or whether exuded spontaneously. Fine gum tragacanth is produced at Caissar (or Kaisarieh) and Yalavatz, in Asia Minor, at which places the practice of making longitudinal incisions in the stem of the shrub is adopted; the gum is also collected at Isbarta, Bourda, Angora, &c. Gum tragacanth is frequently adulterated with another gum, which has been called False Tragacanth, Hog Gum, Bassora Gum, or Gum Kutera, At Smyrna it appears to be known as Cara- man Gum. What is its origin? One of its properties is to swell up into an opaque mass upon being placed in water, in which, however, it does not dissolve. Srorax.—None of the Storax found in commerce in modern times is derived from Styrax officinale, L.; yet it is certain that 175 1859. 176 BOTANICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL INQUIRIES. 1859. this tree is capable, under favourable circumstances, of yielding a highly fragrant resin which was once much valued. Authen- tic specimens of this resin, which is the original and legitimate Storax, are much desired. It was formerly produced in the south of Asia Minor, where the tree is still found in great abundance. SALEP.—Obtain specimens of the different plants which yield salep in Asia Minor, Persia, and Cashmere, and especially of hose that afford the best kinds. What is the plant which affords the drug called Badshah Saleb, or Royal Salep? Where is it pro- duced, and for what purpose is it valued? It has been exported to England from Bombay. SumspuLt Roor.—Nothing definite is known respecting the botanical origin of this remarkable root, which is said to come into Europe by way of Russia. It is probably produced some- where in Central Asia. ASSAFG@TIDA.— Although the ordinary assafcetida of commerce is doubtless the produce of Narthexr Assafectida, Falc., there are some varieties of the drug which, it is reasonable to conclude, are derived from other species. One of those sent from India to the Great Exhibition of 1851 was a brown pellucid gum resin, containing pieces of the stalk of the plant, and-differing con- siderably from ordinary assafcetida. Another variety, which has long been known, has been called Stony Assafetida, from its containing about 50 per cent. of gypsum, an addition which, in the case of so cheap a drug, it is difficult to understand. Assafcetida is produced in Persia, and reaches Europe by way of Bombay. SAGAPENUM, a gum-resin resembling assafcetida, but not ac- quiring a pink colour upon expesure to the air, and of not so strong an alliaceous odour. As it is occasionally shipped from Bombay, it is presumed that it is produced in Persia. Though it has been used in medicine for ages, its botanical origin is not ascertained ; from analogy, however, we may infer that it is the produce of some large plant of the Nat. order Umbellifere. GALBANUM—RHUBARB—CATECHU—GRASS OILS, Compared with assafcetida and galbanum, sagapenum is a rare and costly drug. GALBANUM.—The remarks we have made upon sagapenum apply to a great extent to the gum-resin known as Galbanum. Galbanum is, however, a far more abundant substance than sagapenum. It occurs in trade in two varieties, which are so distinct as to lead to the inference that they are yielded by distinct plants. Galbanum is said to be imported into Russia in large quantities by way of Astrachan, but that which reaches England comes principally from Bombay. OPOPANAX, another foetid gum-resin, the produce, according to most authorities, of Opopanaxz Chironiwm, Koch, a large umbelliferous plant, native of the south of Europe, and of Asia Minor. There is no modern account of the collection of this drug, nor is its place of production ascertained. RHUBARB.—Determine the true source of the various sorts of medicinal rhubarb, especially of the Chinese rhubarb sold at Kiachta to the Russians, and of that exported from Canton. Strange to say, we are still in the dark respecting the real origin of this most valuable drug! In this and all snch cases the drug should be procured by one who is an eye-witness to it being gathered, and specimens of the foliage, flowers, and fruit, care- fully dried for the herbarium on the spot, should accompany it. Inpra, S1AM, INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO, CHINA, &c. CatEcHu.—Observe the processes by which the various kinds of Catechu, Cutch, Terra Japonica, and Gambir are obtained ; and if from trees, whether from others besides Acacia Catechu, Areca Catechu, and Uncaria Gambir. We wish to identify the trees with the respective extracts. Grass O1s—The grasses used in India for affording the fragrant essential oils known as Lemon-grass Oil or Essence of Verbena, Ginger-grass Oil, Citronelle, &c., require investigation. What, for instance, is the source of the essential oil imported from Ceylon as Oil of Lemon-grass? It is considered quite distinct from Citronelle, which is also a production of the island. N 177 1859. 178 1859. BOTANICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL INQUIRIES. BENZOIN or GuM BENJAMIN.—Obtain complete specimens of the tree which affords this drug in Siam. CaRDAMoMS.—The so-called Wild or Bastard Cardamom of Siam is produced by Amomum wxanthioides, Wallich, a plant of which complete-and well-preserved specimens are requested, in order that it may be described and figured. The seeds per se have been imported into England, while the empty capsules are found in the drug-shops of China. Are the latter exported from Siam to China? What is the origin of the cardamom called by the Chinese Yang-chun-sha, the Hairy China Cardamom of pharmacologists? It is said to be produced in the province of Kwang-tung, and it may be a native of Cochin China. Nothing is known of the origin of the scitamineous fruit to which the name Large Round China Cardamom has been given, and which is known to the Chinese as T'saou-kow. The same remark applies to the Bitter-sceded Cardamom, Y%h-che-tsze, and Ovoid China Cardamom, Tsaou-Kwo or Qud-lew; it is pro- bable that all of them are productions of the south of China, or of Cochin-China. : Cassia BArK.—Specimens are much desired of the tree which affords this bark in Java, on the Malabar coast, in the south of China, and in Cochin-China. Botanical specimens should in all instances include good samples of the bark, young and old, obtained from the same tree. Cassia Bups.—These are the immature fruits of a Cinna- momum, native of Cochin-China, specimens of which are requested. An inferior kind of Cassia Buds, known as Lovengoopoo, is found at Madras. What is the species that affords it ? Aromatic Barks of other Lawrinew, as Culitlawang, Massoy, Sintoc, are objects of commerce in the Indian Archipelago, and are but imperfectly known in Europe. The traveller should embrace the. opportunity, when it occurs, of secing the bark collected, and of obtaining authentic specimens of it, and of GALANGAL—ELEMI—SARSAPARILLA—RHATANY. the tree yielding it. Massoy Bark is produced on the west coast of New Guinea. GALANGAL Root—Endeavour to procure the plant affording this drug, which is imported from the south of China. ELemi.—tThis resin is abundantly produced in the forests of the Philippines, where it often assists in giving a cheerful blaze to the fire of the traveller. It is also exported from Manilla as adrug. The tree that affords it is probably a Canariwm, but it is desirable to have complete specimens, in order to ascertain the species with exactness. Elemi is also produced in Mexico, where it is known as Copal. It occurs in commerce in scraped pieces, which are semi-cylindrical, yellowish, semi-opaque, and having the usual strong and fragrant odour of Elemi, ‘This drug is the produce of Hlaphrium elemiferum, Royle, a tree occurring near Oaxaca, of which specimens are requested in order that it may be further examined and described. There are other resins, of whose origin little is known, which have been imported from Mexico, Brazil, and other parts of tropical America as Elem. CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA. SARSAPARILLA.—The species of Smilax, the roots of which constitute the various sorts of sarsaparilla found in commerce, are very imperfectly known. Good botanical specimens, com- prising flowers, fruits, and leaves, and accompanied by the stem and roots, should be carefully preserved, and transmitted to England for determination. The so-called Jamaica Sarsaparilla grows near the Chiriqui Lagoon, in the state of Costa Rica, and a species very similar, if not identical with it, at Bajorque, on the Rio Magdalena, New Granada. Other sorts of sarsaparilla are produced in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Brazil, &c. That of Guatemala grows in the department of Sacatepeques in that state. Ruatany Roor.—aA variety of this drug has been exported of late years from Savanilla, in New Granada. Obtain specimens of the plant from which it is derived. N 2 179 1859. 180 1859. BOTANICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL INQUIRIES. Matamspo Bark, a highly aromatic bark, produced in New Granada. Of its origin nothing certain is known. BALsAM OF CoPAIVA is imported from several parts of Brazil; it varies somewhat in properties, and is the produce of several species of the genus Copaifera. It is desirable to obtain the balsam of each species, with a specimen in flower and leaf, and, if possible, in fruit, of the tree affording it, and the name of the district where the tree grows, and its native appellation there. LicnaLor.—The name of a remarkably aromatic wood sent to the Paris Exhibition of 1855, from the department of Vera Cruz in Mexico. By what tree is it afforded ? LIGNUM NEPHRITICUM.—This rare wood was sent to the Paris Exhibition of 1855 from Mexico. To what tree is it to be referred ? CINCHONA BARK, or PERUVIAN BARK.—This valuable drug, the only source of quinine, is derived from various species of Cinchona growing along the whole chain of the Andes, from New Granada to Bolivia. Of these trees it may be said that good, pressed, botanical specimens of any species are interesting and desirable. Such specimens ought to include the flowers and fruits, and in every case to be accompanied by several pieces cf the bark, young and old, stripped from the very tree from which the botanical specimens were gathered: all being most carefully and clearly labelled upon the spot with every particular worthy of note. A point of considerable interest, still to be determined, is the proportion of alkaloids contained in the young and old bark. For this determination two or three pounds of each sort of bark are requisite; and for a perfectly fair experiment they ought to be collected from the same individual tree. The attention of Englishmen residing in the countries indi- cated is especially requested to this by no means unimportant question. Batsam oF Peru.—The drug known under this designation is produced, not in Peru, but in Central America, in a district BALSAM OF PERU—BALSAM OF TOLU. lying between Acajutla and Port Libertad, in the western part of the state of San Salvador, known as the Balsam Coast. The tree which affords it may also be found at Ispanguasate (where it has been planted), and near Chiquimulilla, and on the coast of Suchultepeques. Of this tree, which is the Myrospermum Pereire of Royle, good flowering specimens are much desired, as are also fresh seeds, in order that the plant may be raised in our hot-houses. The seeds should be transmitted by post, as their vitality is not long retained. The balsam, which is called Balsamo negro, is brought for sale to Sonsonate, previously to shipment at Acajutla. Although the plant above mentioned is undoubtedly that which affords the balsam of Peru of commerce, yet there is reason to think that a balsam of similar character was formerly extracted from other species. Monardes (1565) states that balsam of Peru is lighter than water, but the balsam of modern times is heavier. Inquire into this. Is not balsam prepared at Chongon, near Guayaquil? Is any produced in Mexico? We have received the seeds of a Myrospermum from that country. BaLsaM oF ToLv.—Myrnsxylon Tolusfera, H. B. K., the tree which affords this substance, is very imperfectly known. It grows in New Granada, in the neighbourhood of Turbaco, and especially in the high savannas near Tolu, Corozol, and the town of Tacasuan. Itis also found at the mouth of the river Sinu, near El Zapote, and here and there on the banks of the Rio Magdalena, in the environs of Garapatas and Mompox. Is it not possible to obtain at least the seeds, not to mention a supply of good botanical specimens, of this famous tree, and some account of the extraction of, and trade in, the balsam it affords ?- * * * * * * On PRESERVING PLANTS FOR THE HERBARIUM. This is by no means the difficult process which many have imagined. The object is to prepare the specimens in such a manner that their moisture may be quickly absorbed, the colours, 181 1859. 182 1859, BOTANICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL INQUIRIES. so far as possible, preserved, and such a degree of pressure imparted that they may not shrivel in drying. For these purposes, provide a quantity of paper of moderate folio size and rather absorbent quality—brown or stout grey paper answers the purpose exceedingly well. An excellent kind, when not to be used in a hot and moist country, is Bentail’s botanical paper, 16 inches by 10, which costs (folded) lis. a ream; or of larger size, namely, 20 inches by 12, 21s. per ream. It is sold by Newman, No. 9, Devonshire Street, Bishopsgate Street, London. Ina hot and moist region, brown paper may be employed with advantage. Two boards are requisite, of the same size as the paper, or a trifle larger, one for the top, the other for the bottom, of the mass of papers. Some pieces of millboard placed between the specimens, if these are numerous or particularly thick and woody, are very useful. . For pressure nothing is better than a heavy weight on the topmost board, or, while travelling, three leathern straps and buckles, two to bind the boards transversely, and one longitudinally. Thus provided, gather your specimens, if the plant be small, root and stem ; if large, take off portions of the branches, a foot or rather more in length, always selecting those which are slender and in flower, or in a more or less advanced state of fruit. Long slender plants, as grasses, sedges, and many ferns, may be doubled once or twice. Place them, as quickly after being gathered as you can, side by side, but never put one upon the other, on the same sheet of paper, taking care that one part of the bundle be not materially thicker than the other; and lay over the speci- mens one, two, three, or more sheets of paper, according to the thickness of your paper and of your plants; and so on, layer above layer of paper and specimens, and subject the whole to pressure. In a day or two, according to the more or less succu- lent nature of the plants and the heat and dryness of the climate, remove them into fresh papers, twice or oftener, till the moisture be absorbed, and dry the spare papers in the sun or by a fire, for future use. If the specimens cannot be laid down as soon as gathered, they should be deposited in a tin box, which indeed is essential PRESERVING HERBARIUM PLANTS. to the botanist when travelling; there they will remain unin- jured for a day and night, supposing the box to be well filled and securely closed, to prevent evaporation. Some very succulent plants, and others with fine but rigid leates—the heath and pine tribe, for example—require to be plunged for an instant into boiling water ere they are pressed. In this case the super- abundant moisture must be absorbed by a cloth or by blotting- paper. When sufficiently dry the specimens should be put into dry papers, one sheet or folio between each; except they are unusually woody (which is the case with oaks and pines), and then more paper must be employed, care being used to distribute the specimens pretty equally over the sheets, and thus a great many may be safely stowed in a small compass. A slip of paper should be placed with each specimen, stating its name, if known, and the date and place of collection. Specimens so arranged are now ready for transport, either packed in boxes or covered with oilcloth. Mosses and cryptogamous plants may be generally dried in the common way: those which grow in tufts should be separated by the hand to form neat specimens. Seaweeds require a slight washing in fresh water, and common blotting-paper is the best for removing the moisture from this tribe of plants. It is almost needless to add that all plants, whether living or dried, ought to be transmitted to Europe with the least possible delay ; the latter, especially in hot or moist climates, are often soon destroyed by the depredations of insects. 183 1859. 184 1871. ECONOMIC BOTANY. INQUIRIES RELATING TO PHARMACOLOGY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY. (Botanische Fragen und Desiderata.) BY PROFESSOR OLIVER, AND DANIEL HANBURY. Extracts from the Admiralty Manual of Scientific Inquiry. Asta Minor, ARMENIA, AND PErsIA. GuM TRAGACANTH, vide page 175. SToRAX, vide page 175. SALEP, vide page 176. Larca AGaric (Polyporus officinalis, Fries)—This fungus now comes from Northern Russia, where it grows on the stems of Larix sibirica, Ledeb. During the middle ages it was exported from Asia Minor; and in the Paris Exhibition specimens from this region, that is to say, from the Gulf of Adalia, were ex- hibited. What is the tree from which this Asiatic Agaric is obtained ? ASSAFQTIDA, vide page 176. SAGAPENUM, vide page 176. GALBANUM, vide page 177. OPOPANAX, vide page 177. AFRICA—WEST COAST. Copal, vide page 173. GRAINS OF PARADISE, vide page 173. AFRICAN TURMERIC is said to be the rhizome of Canna speciosa, Rosc., but further investigation is desirable. Living roots might easily be procured at Sierra Leone, and sent to England for cui- tivation. AFRICAN MaMMEE (Ochrocarpus africanus, Oliv.), native of Sierra Leone and Prince’s Island. Specimens of the tree, and (in alcohol) of the fruits, which are as large as an orange, are requested. BITTER KOLA—BITTER WOOD—DRAGON’S BLOOD. BirtER Koxa of Fernando Po.—The common Bitter Kola (Cola Nuts), largely used by the natives of West Tropical Africa, is known to be the produce of a wide-spread tree Cola acwmin- ata, Br., but the origin of the Bitter Kola of Fernando Po is still uncertain. There can be no doubt that it is the seed of a Gut- tifer (Garcinia or Xanthochymus), so it must be sought on a tree with strictly opposite leaves; the seeds probably contained in a pulpy fruit. Baxsam or Sr. THOMAS is the name of a tree growing in the island of St. Thomas, in the Gulf of Guinea. Specimens in flower and fruit, also of the resin, if it afford such, with inform- ation as to the mode of procuring it, would be acceptable. It is probably a species of Sorindeia. Bitter Woop.—A species of Quassia (Q. Africana, Baill.) is found in the Gaboon and Camaroons rivers. Specimens of the wood are required to show whether it may serve as a substitute for the Tropical American species (Q. amara). What is the Kpokpoka tree of West Tropical Africa, from the .. fibre of which the “dodo” cloth is prepared? Specimens in flower are wanted. Specimens in flower or fruit of any shrubs or trees of Upper Guinea, affording elastic guns, india-rubber or gutta-percha, with accompanying gum and mode of its collection, are particularly requested. AFRICA—EastT COAST, INCLUDING THE RED SEA, ARABIA, AND MADAGASCAR. Myrxu, vide page 175, OLIBANUM, vide page 174. KoraRIMA CARDAMOM, vide page 174. Dracon’s Bioop, of the Island of Socotra—By what plant is it afforded ? CATHA EDULIS, called in Arabic Kat. A large supply of the dried leaves of this shrub, say one hundred pounds, should be procured for chemical examination. The plant grows in Southern Arabia and in Abyssinia. 185 1871. 186 1871. ECONOMIC BOTANY. KAMALA.—A peculiar sort of Kamala, evidently not derived from Rottlera tinctoria, Roxb. has been imported from Aden. Nothing is known of its place of growth or of the plant by which it is afforded. (PHarm. Journ. ix. (1868), p. 179.) Kousso.—Fresh seeds of the Kousso tree, Brayera anthelmin- tica, Kunth, should be procured for cultivation. Gum Arasic.— Acacia Verek, Guill. et Perrott.,a tree growing all over the northern part of Central Africa, from Senegambia to Abyssinia, is said to produce the best sort of gum arabic. Frag- ments of the stem, with the gum exuding, from Western as well as from Eastern Africa, are requested, in order to ascertain the identity or diversity of the gum produced by one and the same plant in different localities. CaLumBa Roor—Whether this drug is furnishéd wholly by Jateorhiza Columba, Miers, or in part by J. Miersiz, Oliv., both of them plants of Mozambique (but the latter found also in Madagascar), is not known. Travellers visiting the localities where the drug is collected should obtain good specimens of the plant, as well as living roots, which are fleshy and easily trans- ported without earth. TANGHIN of Madagascar (Tanghinia venenifera, Poir.).—A specimen is requested of the poisonous milky juice. A portion should be partially dried with a gentle heat; another portion should be mixed with spirit of wine and sent in a fluid state. CAOUTCHOUC, or INDIA-RUBBER.—In Madagascar, as well as in Mozambique, there are several trees said to yield this substance. Good specimens and definite information should be collected. Inp14, SIAM, AND THE INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. CATECHU, vide page 177. BENZOIN, or GUM BENJAMIN.—It would be interesting to ob- tain good specimens of the tree which affords this drug in Siam in order to compare them with Styrax Benzoin, Dryand., which produces the Benzoin of Sumatra. ACONITE ROOT—SALEP—MANNA—HEMP. CAMPHOR OF BLUMEA GRANDIS, D.C.—Some pounds of it are desirable, in order that its nature may be investigated. (See ‘Pharmacopeeia of India,’ p. 128.) Misumi Bitter, or Misumr Tira.—The small yellow rhizome of Coptis Tecta, Wall., a drug known in medicine since a remote period, is produced in the Mishmi mountains to the east of Assam, and probably also somewhere on the confines of China further north. The plant which yields it is very little known, and complete specimens are desirable. It is possible that some second species may furnish a portion of the drug. AconiTE Root has been imported in considerable quantities from India. In what district is it collected, and from what species of Aconitum ? AROMATIC BARKS, known as CULITLAWANG, Masoy, and Sinroc, derived from trees of the order Lawrinec, are objects of considerable trade in the Indian Archipelago, The traveller should embrace the opportunity, when it occurs, of seeing the bark collected, and of obtaining authentic specimens of it, and of the tree yielding it. Masoy Bark is produced on the west coast of New Guinea. SALEP.—The tubers of several species of Orchis and Eulophia are collected and sold in India under the name of Salep. It is desirable to ascertain what species of Orchidaceous plants furnish this substance, especially in the Himalayas and in Cashmere. Manna.—It has for many years been asserted that a kind of manna is produced in the East on a species of Tamarisk. It requires to be determined whether any oriental Tamarisk yields a saccharine substance of the nature of manna, and whether it is collected, and where. Hemp.—A_ very rough but tenacious hemp is produced in Northern India, at Kangra, and elsewhere, and bears the name of “ Kangra hemp” or “ Himalayan hemp.” Is this the produce of Cannabis Sativa, of which there is some doubt? 187 1871. 188 1871. ECONOMIC BOTANY. Tanyin—What is the source of the “ Tanyin fruit” of the Burmese trade lists, and what its uses ? Mocuaras.—This brown astringent substance, which is found in the bazaars of India, is said to be partly derived from Salmalia Malabarica, part is said to be an exudation from the trunk of the.Areca palm (Areca catechu). It would be well to ascertain if any astringent substance is exuded, or whether any galls are formed, as some suggest, on Areca catechu. The source or sources of the Mocharas should be determined. RaJau-canes, exported from Borneo. The species of palm yielding these is unknown. What tree affords the so-called Amboyna or Kyabocca wood ? GUTTA-PERCHA is, even up to the present day, little known. It is said to be yielded by several plants, such as species of Lsonandra, Chrysophyllum, Sideroxylon and others. Attention should be paid to the vernacular names, such as Gutta-percha, Ugiato putih, Kotian, Tuban or Taban, etc. Abundant and care- fully preserved wet and dry specimens of the leaves, flowers, and fruits of the different kinds, the products of the same individuals from which the dried specimens are obtained, are greatly ueeded. CaouTcHouc, or INDIA-RUBBER.—In the Malayan Archipelago there are many trees which yield caoutchouc. Urceola elastica is the source of the Borneo india-rubber. What trees produce the so-called Singapore rubber, and the Java, Sumatra, and Siam kinds? Are they species of Ficus ? In Assam Micus elastica is the chief, if not the only source of india-rubber. But Ficus laccifera may also yield it. Is any india-rubber collected from the latter, and is it kept separate or mixed with that of F elastica ? Specimens of each, accompanied by good dried specimens, would be valuable. Are there no other trees capable of yielding india-rubber in quantity ? Waillughbeia edulis, the “Luti-am” of Chittagong and Silhet, is said by Roxburgh to yield good india-rubber. Specimens of the india-rubber, and also carefully-prepared and abundant specimens of the leaves, flowers, and fruit, both dried and in spirit, are much needed. RHUBARB—CAMPHOR—CHINA ROOT. Cuina, CocHIN-CHINA, AND THE PHILIPPINES. RxUBARB.—The true source of the rhubarb produced in the western provinces of China and the adjacent regions is still un- ascertained. It is desirable to obtain living roots or seeds of the plants, as well as a full account of the collecting and dry- ing of this well-known drug. CamPHoR.—That of commerce is obtained from Formosa and Japan. Is any produced in China, and where? The Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum Camphora, Nees) is well known to flourish in many localities of the central provinces. What is the camphor said to be obtained from a species of Artemisia (wormwood) called Ngati? Choo-shih-tsze ; the small seed-like nuts or achenes of Brousonetia papyrifera, Vent. (Morew), Paper Mul- berry Tree. These are roundish seed-like bodies, somewhat smaller than the seeds of white mustard, slightly compressed and keeled on one side, of a pale brown, or, when fresh, orange colour. The fleshy part of the compound fruit is saccharine and edible ; what virtues the seeds are supposed to possess I do not know. The 1 Bentham, Flora Hongkongensis, Lond., 1861, 8vo. Cassia Tora. Juglans Camiriwn, Brousonetia papyrifera, 232 1860-62. Chinese Fruits. Quisqualis indica as an anthelmintic. Chebulic Myrobalans. Astringent Purgative. NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA, inner bark of the tree is used in Japan for the manufacture of paper, as is fully described by Keempfer.t (Bi m : @ She-keun-tsze; Fruit of Qutsqualis indica (L. Comlretacee) ; Pun-tsaou, Fig. 385. These fruits (Fig. 3) are about an inch in length, oval or oblong, pointed at either extremity, and sharply pen- atagonal. The woody pericarp is thin, fragile, and of a deep mahogany colour and incloses an oily seed. Loureiro states that the seeds used daily are recommended as an anthel- Fic. 3, mintic and in the rachitis of children.” Their anthelmintic properties, though recorded by Rumpbius and several subsequent writers besides Loureiro, have not attracted much attention in Europe. Re- cently, however, Dr. E. J. Waring, of Travancore, has pub- lished a paper on some of the principal indigenous anthelmintics of India, in which he has quoted some favourable reports of the properties of the seeds in question.? From these it appears that the seeds are chiefly used against /umbrici, especially when occurring in children. They are sometimes given almost ad libitum, but generally the dose of four or five good seeds is found to be sufficient. ayy F Ho-tsze fH) Hy BB Ko-lih-le 3 Fruits of Zermin- alia Chebula, Roxb. (Combretacee) ; Chebulic Myrobalans. These fruits are well known in English commerce on account of their astringent properties, which render them valuable in various processes of dyeing. In medicine they have been held in esteem for ages, not only on account of their astringency, but also from their mildly purgative properties. Hill remarks that when given in substance they do not exert their purgative faculty at all, but are astringent only, whereas when admin- 1 History of Japan (Scheuchzer’s translation), Lond., 1727, Appendix, . 22. Po Flor. Cochinch., p. 337. 3 Indian Annals of Medical Science, No, 12 (1860), NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA, istered in infusion or decoction they open the bowels in a very gentle and easy manner! In China, Europeans, I am informed, occasionally have recourse to myrobalans as an aperient—at the instance, I suppose, of native practitioners. The dose is from 2 to 4 drachms in infusion. ye = F- Tsang-urh-tsze ; Fruits of Xanthium strumariwm, L. (Composite) Bentham, Flor. Hongkong, p. 181; Pun-tsaou, Fig. 252; Qam’lh ew, Cleyer, Med. Simp. No. 114; Kempf. Amen., p. 892. AXanthium strumarium, an almost ubiquitous weed in tem- perate and warm climates, is found both in China‘and Japan. Its leaves, under the name of Herba Lappe minoris, were formerly official in Europe, and were administered internally in scrofula, herpes, &c., and externally as an application to scrofulous tumours.” Be De $ Shay-chwang-tsze ; Fruits of Cnidiwm Monnieri ; Cusson (Umbellifere).—_ XE chodm ¢u, Cleyer, Med. Simp., No. 37 ; Pun-tsaou, Fig. 157. Minute ovoid umbelliferous fruits; mericarps, with very prominent equal ribs, one vitta between each; commissure bi- vittate, Cnidium Monniert has been found by the Russian botanists in inundated spots on some of the islands of the Amoor, where, however, it does not appear to be a common plant. It also occurs in the neighbourhood of Pekin? NE B Fe-shth ; Seeds of Torreya nucifera, 8. et Z. (Tax- inew); Taxus nucifera, L.; Podocarpus nucifer, Loud.—Fey-isy, Tatarinov, Catal. Med. Sin., p. 23; Fi vulgd Kaja, Keempf. Amen, p. 814, Fig. p. 815; Pun-tsaou, Fig. 672. From 1 to 1} inch long, ovoid or oblong, cylindrical, pointed at the upper extremity, less so at the lower. The testa is of a 1 History of the Mat. Med. Lond., 1751. 4to, p. 503. Myrobalans were included in the Materia Medica of the London Pharmacopeia down to the year 1721. ; 2 Murray, App. Medicam., vol. i. (17938), p. 212 ; Geiger, Pharm. Univers, (1835), i,p.128. 3 Maximowicz, Primitie Flore Amurensis (1859), pp. 126, 472. 233 1860-62. Chinese Fruits, Herba Lappe minors, Cnidium Monniert. 234 1860-62. Chinese Seeds. Salisburia adiantifolia, Gingkoic acid. NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. cinnamon-brown colour, woody and fragile, marked longitudinally with broad, shallow striz, and having a smooth scar at the base, near to which, and opposite each other, are two small oblong prominences. The nucleus, which is deeply corrugated, is covered by a thin brown membrane ; its base is marked by a conspicuous cicatrix. The seeds of Torreya nucifera are eaten like hazel nuts, and although reputed somewhat laxative, are considered wholesome. In Japan an oil is expressed from them, which is used for culinary purposes. A oe Pih-kwo; 4B Ay Yin-hiing (Silver-almond) ; Seeds of Salisburia adiantifolia, Sm. (Taaxinew).— Gingko biloba, L.; Gingko, arbor nucifera folio adiantino, Kempf. Amen, p. 811; Pun-tsaou, Fig. 658. These are nut-like, oval pointed seeds, from 4 an inch to an inch long, keeled lengthwise on two sides, and having a smooth, fragile, bony, pale brown, outer shell or testa. The nucleus of the seed consists of amylaceous albumen inclosing a pair of long, narrow cotyledons, the whole enveloped in a delicate reddish- brown membrane. Salisburia adiantifolia is commonly cultivated both in China and Japan, where it attains a large size. The male plant was introduced into Europe about a century and a half ago; the female much more recently. The tree is not uncommon in gardens; and in the warmer part of the Continent it ripens its handsome, plum-like, yellow fruits perfectly. The seeds, Kempfer tells us, are eaten to promote digestion “ ac tumentem ex cibo ventrem laxare!” The pulp, which has a penetrating offensive smell of butyric acid, has been chemically examined by Dr. Schwarzenbach,’ who has extracted from it by means of ether a peculiar crystallizable fatty acid, which has been named Gingkoic acid, and which has the composition C,, H,, O, -+- HO. Gingkoic acid forms tufts of acicular crystals, which have not been obtained colourless, but are of a brownish yellow; it is easily soluble in alcohol or ether, and exhibits in either case 1 Vierteljahresschrift fiir Praktische Pharmacie, Bd. vi., 424. NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 235 a strong acid reaction. It fuses at 95° F., and congeals at 50°. 1860-62. Heated with solution of potash, it formed a soap-like compound. chinese The other constituents of the pulp are pectin, gum, glucose, Fruits. citric acid, and chlorophyll? K tf — Ta-hai-tsze ; Fruits of Erioglossum ? or Nephelium ? (Sapindacee) ; Boa-tam-payang, Guibourt, Hist. des Drogues, tome iii, page 543, Bunytalai (otherwise written Poung-ta-rat) of the Siamese.” This fruit is of some interest as having been introduced into France about twenty years ago as a certain specific in diarrhcea and dysentery. Its claims to this character, which were tested in the Hopital Beaujon in Paris, did not however hold good, no results being obtained from its use, but such as were attributable to the effect of repose, diet, and a mucilaginous beverage. But the drug had the merit of an unknown origin, a barbarous name, and avery high price,’ and notwithstanding the unfavourable report made upon it by those officially appointed to give it a trial, it continued for some time to be prescribed. Boa-tam-paijang, for such is the name under which it was Boa-tam- introduced into Europe, though in Bangkok, whence I have a neh gtalat. received specimens, it is better known as Bungtalai, is pro- duced in Camhodia, from a tree which has not at present been botanically determined. Sir Robert H. Schomburgk, British Consul at Bangkok, succeeded in obtaining fresh seeds which germinated, but the young plants thus raised perished before attaining maturity. The leaves which Sir Robert sent me are about 5 inches long, simple, entire, oblong or ovate, acuminate, rounded or subcordate at the base, and perfectly glabrous on both 1 In the Annales de Chimie et de Physique for March, 1864, M. Béchamp publishes a paper on the existence of several odoriferous and homologous fatty acids in the fruit of Gingko biloba, L. He has found therein, formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, caproic, and caprylic acids, butyric, acetic and caproic predominating. Chem. News, May 7, 1864, p. 226. 2 Are they not the “ Lukkrahbow Seeds,” of which 48 piculs are reported as shipped from Bangkok (all to Hong Kong) in 1871? Commercial Reports of H. M. Consul-General in Siam for 1871, p. 6. They are actually the seeds of Scaphium scaphigerum, Wallich. See my note in Pharm. Journ., iv. (1863) p. 109. 3 In the wholesale price list of MM. Menier, druggists, of Paris (1854), it is quoted at 200 francs per kilogramme, 1.¢. £3 12s. per lb. 236 1860.62. Chinese Fruits. Guibourt’s analysis of Boa-tam- paijang.. NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. sides. The fruits, as found in commerce (Fig. 4), are from 2 to 14 inch long, ovoid, usually somewhat elongated at the lower extremity, which terminates by a large oblique cicatrix. Exter- nally they are of a dark brown, deeply wrinkled, though generally less so at the superior extremity. The pericarp, whichis from 335 to #, of an inch in thickness, consists of a thin epidermis, beneath which lies a dry, black resinous-looking pulp, surrounding a fragile shell lined with a whitish membrane (the testa of the seed ?). The central part of the fruit is 4 occupied by two cotyledons, ® Which in their dried and j shrunken state are thin and y concave: the radicle is in- ferior, very short and tur- binate. When the fruit is Fic. 4, (The right hand figure represents a macerated in water, its outer fruit cut longitudinally.) shell or pericarp increases enormously in volume, forming a large gelatinous mass." It is this mucilaginous property that confers a value on the fruit in the eyes of the inhabitants of China and Siam, in both which countries the jelly is sweetened and eaten asa delicacy. Boa-tam-patjang has been analyzed by Professor Guibourt, and found to consist of the following substances :— In the pericarp. Green oil : ne. & 06 Bassorine . . 2 ow oe ee 0904 Brown astringent matter . . 1 160 64:90 Mucilage . . .. . pt: Woody fibre and epidermis . . 3:20 In the nucleus. Fathy matter. ; « = « «+ « «208 | Saline and bitterextract. . . . O21 35-10 Starch sale kee We ES I 31-91 | Cellular tissue ee ae es 100-00 1 Sir R. H. Schomburgk has been told that where the trees grow by a road-side, their fruits sometimes drop to the ground so abundantly, that if NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. id c= Hwae-shih ; Legumes of Sophora Japonica, L. (Legu- minosee). Sophora japonica is a tree of very common occurrence in China and Japan, and not unfrequent in the gardens of Europe. Its flowers, called Hwae-hwa, are largely used in China for dyeing yellow, or rather for rendering blue cotton green, and the legumes are said by Endlicher to have a similar application.? These latter, in the dried state, are from 1 to 4 inches long by 3 to 74, of an inch wide, wrinkled, fleshy, semi-transparent, more or less contracted between the seeds, which usually do not number more than six in each legume. ie #4 Tsaou-ked; Legumes of Gleditschia Sinensis, Lam. (Leguminose), Mimosa fera, Lour.; Tatarinov, Catal. Med. Sin., p. 57. The valves of the broad, flat pods are regarded, according to Loureiro, as attenuant, stimulant, and purgative. They are also lauded for their effects in the removal of phlegm and other viscid humours, and in the form of a sternutatory or suppository are said to be peculiarly efficacious in apoplexy, hemiplegia, and paralysis. th ‘_ Hg Poo-kwith-che; Legumes of Psoralea corylifolia, L. (Leguminose) ; Pun-tsaou, Fig. 177. These are flat, oval or reniform, black, one-seeded legumes, which being very small and indehiscent may readily be mis- taken for seeds; they are about two lines long, and are sometimes surrounded by the calyx, which is 5-lobed and marked with prominent nerves and minute glands. The fruits of this Psoralea have an aromatic flavour, and are used in India (of which country the plant is a native) as a stomachic, as well as in certain inveterate cutaneous diseases.* they become wetted with rain, such a mass of glutinous jelly is formed as to render the passage of the road on foot or horseback a matter of difficulty. 1 Martius on Wai-fa, tle flower-buds of Sophora Japonica, Pharm. Journ., Aug., 1854, p. 64. “ 2 Enchiridion Botanicum, p. 677. 3 Ainslie, Mat. Indica., vol. ii., p. 141 237 1860-62. Sophora japonica. Chinese Legumes. Psoralea corylifolia, 238 1860-62. Hovenia dulcis, Citrus fusea. NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. Ae a eG Fe-tsaou-tow ; Dialium sp,? (Leguminose). These are smooth, black seeds (Fig. 5), # of an inch in diameter, of a compressed spherical form, each furnished (when perfect) with a large, rigid, persistent podosperm. A transverse section shows a pair of plane cotyledons, between the flat sides of which and the thick and hard testa, lies a layer of black, horny albumen. Of the origin and application of this drug I have no infor- mation. pa FE Ff Che-keu-tsze ; Fruits of Hovenia dulcis, Thunb. (Rhamnece), Sicku ; Keempfer, Amen. 808, 9; Pun-tsaou, Fig. 684. The curiously-contorted, fleshy, fruit-bearing peduncle is edible, and said to have the flavour of pears. It is used in China and Japan to diminish the effects of an excess of wine. Fic. 5.—(The figure in the centre shows the transverse section of a seed slightly magnified. ) HE EPP Hae-kin-sha; Spores of a Fern (Filices); Pun- tsaou, Fig. 325; Cleyer. Med. Simp. No. 173. A light, mobile, rufous-brown powder, which, when thrown into the air and ignited, burns like lycopodium, for which substance it might be substituted. AW GR Che-kith ; Dried Fruits of Citrus fusca, Lour. (Awran- tiaceee), Flor. Cochinch. ed. Willd. 571. My specimen of this drug consists of the fruit cut into halves and dried; in this state it forms circular discs of from one to two inches in diameter, nearly flat on the cut side, convex on the exterior. The peel is firm and excessively thick, being about half the diameter of the dried pulp: externally it is rough and of a deep blackish-brown, internally of pale buff. It is bitter and agreeably aromatic. NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 239 Loureiro states that Citrus fusca is widely diffused in Cochin 1860-62. China, but less common in China. He adds that the entire chinese peel of the fruit is considered attenuant, deobstruent, and Frits. mildly cathartic. The zest of a thick-skinned orange or citron dried in very thin slices, is found in the Chinese drug shops under the name of $j El Ketth-pih ay 5.4 Tsing-pe; Immature Fruits of Citrus——? (Auran- tiacee) ; Cin-pi, Tatarinov, Catal. Med. Sinens., p. 12. In Tatarinov’s Catalogue, these fruits are referred to Citrus microcarpa, Bge. a plant which Professor Bunge describes as “frutex in caldariis Pekinensibus frequens, fructu maturo mense Januario et Februario onustus.”* I do not know what further range this plant may have, but if it is only cultivated on a small scale with artificial heat, it can hardly be the source of a common drug like that under notice: I think it best there- fore to leave the species of Citrus undefined. The fruits called TZsing-pe are from 4 to % of an inch Tsing-pe. in diameter, and resemble the Bacce Awrantii of European pharmacy, except that the latter have a somewhat less rough exterior. & Fae ga Ma-tow-ling ; Fruits of Aristolochia Kempferi, Willd., Sp. Plant. VI., pars i, p. 152 (Aristolochiee) ; Hoffmann et Schultes, Journ. Asiatique, Oct. Nov., 1852, p. 275; Kampf. Icones, tab. 49; Pun-tsaou, Fig. 388, Oval fruits of 1 to 12 inch in length, formed of six thin and papery valves, inclosing large, flat, obtusely-triangular, winged seeds. Each fruit is supported on a pedicel at least as long as itself. In Tatarinov’s Catalogue the name Ma-tow-ling is referred to A. contorta, Bunge, an identification I have not been able to confirm, though I have had the kind assistance of Professor 1 T. T. Cooper observed immense quantities of orange peel being dried at Main-yang, a town about 50 miles west of Hankow. Travels of a Pioneer of Commerce, 1871, p. 38. 2 Mémoires présentés a V Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Peters- bourg, tome 2 (1835), p. 84, 240 1860-62. NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. Bunge. A. contorta is found in the neighbourhood of Pekin, Chinese Seeds 2nd occurs also in the Amoor country. and Nuts. Cuscuta. Nelumbium Speciosum. Water Lily. &, aA F- Too-sze-tsze; Seeds of Cuscuta Europea, L. (C. major, Bauh.) (Convolvulacec) ; Pun-tsaou, Fig. 3'79 ; Tt sii ch, Cleyer, Med. Simp. No. 9; Tu-sy-tsy, Tatarinov, Catal, Med. Sinens., p. 61. Roundish seeds of a light brown colour, about the size of black mustard. The long filiform embryo, spirally rolled round the fleshy albumen, which is characteristic of the genus Cuscuta, may be readily seen if a seed be soaked in water and its testa then removed. For the species of Cuscuta to which these seeds are referred, I adopt the authority of MM. Hoffmann and Schultes;! but although C. Huropea is found in Japan, and probably occurs in China also, there is another species, C. Chinensis, Lam., the seeds of which I find to be extremely similar, so that it is very likely they may pass under the same native name. I am not aware what virtues are ascribed by the Chinese to this drug. The entire plant (Herba Cuscute majoris) was formerly official in Europe as a purgative. SHE F- Lnen-isze; Nuts of Nelumbiwm speciosum, Willd. (Nelumbiacece) ; Pun-tsaou, Fig. 703. These nuts, which in shape and size resemble small acorns, are produced by the well-known Nelumbrium or Egyptian Bean, called in China Water Lily, a plant extensively cultivated both in that country and in India, as well for its ornamental flowers as for its various useful properties. The nuts have a farinaceous kernel, which, when boiled or roasted, is good to eat. The thick fleshy rhizome is likewise edible when cooked ; the starch which it contains, separated by rasping and washing, constitutes a sort of arrowroot, called by the Chinese xu 1 Gaou-fun. ge Ling; Fruits of Trapa bicornis, L. (Haloragew) ; Pun- tsaou, Fig. 704. 1 Journal A statique, Oct., Nov., 1852, p. 288, NOTES ON CHINESHK MATERIA MEDICA. The plant is abundant on canals and shallow lakes, from the surface of which its singular fruits (Fig. 6) are collected in immense quantities, on account of their kernels, which, when roasted, are edible. t a, F- Che-tsze ; Wy E Shan-che; Dried Fruits of two or more species of Gardenia (Rubiacew) ; Che-tsze, Pun-tsaow, Fig. 783; Czzi-isy (Che-tsze), Fructus Gardenie floride, Tatarinov, Cat. Med. Sinens., p. 1'7. Under the above Chinese names (otherwise spelt Tchi-tse and Chan-tcht) I have received the dried fruit of two species of Gardenia. The larger (Fig. 7), called Che-tsze, occurs as a smooth, oblong, orange-brown, imperfectly two-celled berry, of from 14 @iih to 2 inches in length, crowned with the } f remains of the calyx, which are pro- WN i longed down the sides of the fruit in Yi six promineut ribs. The pericarp is fragile and horny, marked internally by two narrow projecting receptacles. The seeds are numerous and imbedded in a dark orange pulp. Bs Dr. T. W. C. Martius has presented Rieow: me with specimens of this fruit under the name of “ Wongshy” (Whang-che ia TNE ), and refers it to Gardenia radicans, Thunb. The smaller fruit (Fig. 8), called Shan-che, is from 7§ to $ an inch in length, of an ae form, smooth, six-ribbed, furnished R 241 1860-62. Trapa bicornis, Gardenia, Gardenia radicans, 242 1860-62. Gardenia Jlorida, Gardenia radicans. Gardenia grandifiora. NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. on the inner surface of the pericarp with two narrow wing-like receptacles opposite each other. The seeds are nidulant in an orange pulp. The precise species of Gardenia affording each of these fruits is not yet clearly made out. There appear to be at least three plants whose fruits are used on account of their colouring properties. These are: 1. Gardenia florida, L., a large, very ramous shrub, native of Japan, China, India, &e. Major Champion found it in abundance in several localities in Hong Kong Mr. Fortune has informed me that it is common in the hilly districts at some distance from Shanghai, and that its fruit is collected for dyeing purposes, but not produced so abundantly as that of G. radicans. — 2. Gardenia radicans, Thunb., a much smaller plant than G. florida, with a decumbent rooting stem. It is a native of Japan, China, India, &c. Mr. Fortune has given me its Chinese name as Whang-tsze, and stated that its fruit is commonly col- lected in the north of China for its colouring properties. 3. Gardenia grandiflora, Lour., a native of Cochin-China. Loureiro mentions that its fruits impart a beautiful colour to silk, and that they are also used medicinally in decoction, in fevers, and in a variety of other complaints.? The fruits of these Chinese Gardenias (which are so similar in properties that the analysis of one will probably serve for the other two) have been examined by several chemists, amcng whom, as the most recent, may be mentioned Mr. Lorenz Mayer, of the laboratory of Professor Rochleder, of Prague. According to the investigations of this gentleman,? the splendid yellow colour of the Gardenia is due to a body named crocine, which appears to be identical with the polychroite of saffron. Crocine is uncrystallizable ; when in powder it is of a bright red colour ; Fia. 8. 1 Hooker’s Journ. of Bot., vol. iv. (1852), p. 193. 2 Flor. Cochinch., p. 183. 3 On the Yellow Colouring Matter of the Fruit of Gardenia grandiflora, by F. Rochleder. Chemical Gazette, Sept. 1, 1858, p. 331. Pharm. Journ. and Trans., vol. xviii. (1859), p. 626. NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 243 it dissolves readily in water or alcohol, its solution possessing 1860-62. the colour of chromic acid. Salts of lead give orange-red pre- cipitates with a solution of crocine; if a concentrated aqueous Crocine and solution be treated with sulphuric acid, the mixture assumes Crocetine. an indigo-blue colour, which changes to violet. By the decom- position of crocine, a body called erocetine is obtained. The composition of crocine is, (2 O,, Hy, 0.) -+- HO; that of crocetine C,. H,, O,,. 7 fa Kan-lan ; Fruits of two or more species of Canarium (Burseracee) Pun-tsaou, Fig. 668; Chinese Olive. Chinese Olive. Most persons who have lived in China are acquainted with a small edible fruit, which from its oblong shape and being generally sold preserved with salt, has acquired the name of Chinese Olive. The stones of this fruit are also well known from being frequently carved into beads and other ornaments. The Chinese olive, I need hardly observe, has not the least affinity with the true olive (Olea Zuropea, L.), but belongs to the natural order Burseracee and genus Canarium. The precise species, for there are probably two or three, are not well made out. Loureiro describes in his genus Pimela, now referred to Cana- rium, two plants yielding edible fruits, namely, P. nigra (Canarium Pimela, Konig and Sims, Annals of Botany, vol. i, 1805, p. 361, tab. 7, Fig. 1) and P. alba (Canarium album, Raeuschel, Nomenclator Botanicus, ed. 3, 1797, p. 287).4 Dried specimens of the fruits of these plants were presented to me by the late Mr. Reeves. That of Pimela nigra is an oval Pimela nigra drupe 14 inch long, covered with a smooth black skin. The et P, alba. pulp, which is rather firm, surrounds a large, obscurely triangular pointed stone. The fruit of Pimela alba resembles that of P. nigra, except that it is of a pale brown and has its outer skin much corrugated by drying. Besides these, and probably distinct from them, there are, according to my friend Mr. Lockhart, two other fruits used by the Chinese and commonly sold at certain seasons, the one at 1 Information on this subject is given in a paper by Hance, on the so- called Olives of Southern China, Pharm. Journ., Feb. 25, 1871, p. 684. R 2 244 1860.62. Melia. NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. Shanghai, the other at Foo-chow. As I have not seen either of these fruits, I can offer no opinion upon them; but to those resident in the districts in question, I would address the request for specimens, including the pressed and dried flowers and leaves of the plants, in order that their botanical names may be deter- mined. It is also desirable to ascertain in each case, how the fruit is used by the Chinese, by what names it is known, and if the tree is cultivated or grows spontaneously. Mil i + Chuen-léen-tsze ; Fruits of Melia sp. (Meliacee) ; Czuan-lan-tsy, Tatarinov, Catal. Med. Sinens., p. 15; Pun-tsaou, Fig, 745, \ M, 3 Fic, 9.—Three seeds, natural size; longitudinal section of a seed ; half-seed (testa removed) showing leafy cotyledon. A fleshy, globular drupe about an inch in diameter, covered with a shining, thin, horny, yellowish-brown skin, within which, surrounded by dried pulpy matter, is a large stony endocarp furrowed longitudinally and containing seven or eight cells of which, however, not more than six are usually developed. Loureiro gives Xun-lién (Chuen-léen) as the Chinese name of Melia Azedar ach, L., but the fruits of that tree are five-celled and much sinaller than those in question, The drug under notice is used in China as a vermifuge. KR A F Ta-fung- tsze ; Seeds of Chaulmoogra sp. (Pangiee) ; Pun-tsaou, Fig. 773 ; Da-fyn-tsy, Tatarinov, Cat. Med. Sinens., p. 19. These seeds (Fig. 9), which are imported into China from NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. Siam, are from {ths to {ths of an inch long, of an oblong or ovoid shape, very irregular, owing to mutual pressure in the fruit of which they formed a part. They consist of a hard woody outer shell (testa), to whose surface, portions of firm, dry pulp, or of the rind of the fruit, are often adherent—sometimes so as to unite two or three seeds into a mass. The albumen is oily and incloses large, heart-shaped, leafy cotyledons. The plant affording these seeds is not well ascertained. It is doubtless a species of Chaulmoogra : probably, judging from the resemblance of the seeds, nearly allied to the Indian C. odorata, Roxb. The seeds of the latter plant are larger, and have a thinner and smoother testa than is the case with those found in the Chinese shops. Both seeds have a reputation as a remedy in skin complaints, especially in that most frightful of eastern diseases, leprosy. Dr. Hobson, late of the Canton Hospital, whose experiments appear to have been made with the seeds of the Indian Chaulmoogra, reports respecting them,! that he has found them to effect a cure in mild cases of leprosy, not of long standing ; that the remedy (consisting of the powdered, oily nucleus of the seed) was administered in one drachm doses twice a day during a period of four mouths or more, and that the expressed oil of the seeds was occasionally rubbed on the affected surfaces. The first appearance of improvement observed was in the eruption becoming less prominent, and red, minute white scales appearing round the circumference of the patches, and the central parts assuming the character of healthy skin. Saline aperients are to be administered occasionally during the course of treatment. HE Hy Léen-keaou; Fruits of Forsythia suspensa, Vahl. (Oleacece) ; Siebold et Zuccarini, Flora Japonica, p. 10, t. 3. As found -in Chinese commerce, these are little boat-shaped, brown capsules, 4 to # of an inch long, with a thin longitudinal partition. They constitute the valves of the fruit, which, in its perfect state, is thus described by Endlicher:—“Capsula ovata, compressiuscula, sublignosa, corticata, bilocularis, loculicido- 1 “On the Leprosy of the Chinese.” Med. Times and Gazette, June 2, 1860, p. 558. 245 1860-62. Chaulmoogra, reputed remedy for leprosy. Forsythia Suspensa, 246 1860-62. Sterculia platanifolia. Daphnidium. Cubeba, NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. bivalvis, valvis planiusculis, medio septiferis. Semina in loculis pauca, pendula, compressa; testa membranacea hinc in alain angustam, inde in marginem angustissimam expansa. Embryo in axi albuminis carnosi, parci rectus; cotyledonibus foliaceis, radicula brevi, cylindrica, supera.! Be. Aa) Ff Woo-tung-tsze ; Seeds of Stereuia platanifolia, Lin. fil. (Sterculiacee)? Spherical, about the size of peas, externally covered with a shrivelled, shining, pale-brown skin. HL S$ Hii Peth-ching-kea; Berries of Daphnidium Cubeba, N. ab E. (Laurinee); Lawrus Cubeba, Lour.; Cady Mang tang (Cochinchinese). The Chinese name Peth-ching-kea, under which I have received these berries, appears to be also applied to cubebs ; and in fact, if one may judge from the wood-cut in the Pun-tsaou (Fig. 690), it is to the latter drug that it properly belongs. Whether the Chinese confound the two and use them indiscriminately, or whether they consider one as a mere variety of the other, I am unable to say. The friend who obtained one specimen in my possession, presented it to me marked “ Cubebs,” and I believe he is not the only person who has fallen into such an error. M. Rondot, in his Commerce d’ Exportation de la Chine (Paris, 1848), enumerates cubebs as a production not only of Java, but of China likewise; he also mentions that the Chinese cubebs are exported exclusively to India, whence we may conclude that they are not suitable for European markets, Are not these Chinese cubebs the drug under notice ? The drug which I have received consists of small berries, which, in size, form, and general appearance, much resemble peppercorns or cubebs ; examined attentively, however, they are seen to be one-seeded globular berries (Fig. 10) attached to a pedicel sometimes half an inch long; at the base of each berry traces of the perianth are visible. The pericarp is thin, fleshy, and in the dried state, corrugated. The seed is globular, 1 Gen. Plant., p. 573. 2 Well figured in Baillon’s Hist. des Plantes, Malvacées, 1872, p. 60. NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA, with its cartilaginous, shining brown testa surrounded, longi- tudinally by a narrow ridge. The cotyledons are hemispherical, thick, and oily ; the radicle superior. In endeavouring to assign a botanical origin to this drug I have been guided chiefly by two considerations :—1, The evident laurineous structure of the berries. 2, Their superficial resemblance to cubebs. Turning to Loureire’s Flora Cochin- chinensis, we find, under the name Lawrus Cubeba, a tree described, the fruit of which so remarkably coincides with the drug under notice, that I cannot but conclude the two are identical. This tree was transferred by Nees ab Esenbeck, in his Systema Laurinarum, to the genus Daphnidium, but he borrowed the description of it from Loureiro, and had evidently examined WN iW Fic. 10.—T'wo berries, natural size ; berry magnified, and transverse section of ditto; cotyledon with radicle (magnified). no specimen—in fact, it is apparently unknown to recent botanists. Loureiro describes its fruit as “ Bacca globosa, nigra, pedunculata, minima: semine globoso.” He adds that the berries are strengthening, cephalic, stomachic, and carminative, and that in decoction they are useful in vertigo, hysterical affections, paralysis, melancholy, and impaired memory—pyro- perties which are possessed by the bark, though to a less degree. The fresh fruits are used for the preserving of fish. The odour of the berries is fragrant, their taste is aromatic and somewhat pungent, and occasions a flow of saliva. They have the size, form, and colour of black pepper. Each berry is attached to a slender, rather long pedicel, whence they might be called not inappropriately Piper caudatwm. 247 1860-62. Botanical origin of Daphnidium Cubeba. 248 1860-62. Legumes of Prosopis. Large round China Carda- mom. NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. Daphnidium Cubeba is cultivated in Cochin-China, and probably in Southern China also.. Loureiro omits to give its Chinese name. a E Ya-tsaou; Legumes of Prosopis? (Leguminose) ; Ya Cad, Cleyer, Med. Simp., No. 223. These are the pods of some leguminous tree at present unde- termined, but which, judging from analogy, is probably not far distant from the genus Prosopis. They are from two to four inches long, and from 3, to = of an inch broad, more or less sickle-shaped and compressed, their upper edge prolonged into a narrow wing. The anterior extremity is pointed, the posterior attenuated into a sort of stalk. The pods are indehiscent, and have thick pulpy valves, which are externally smooth and of a deep brown. The substance of the pod, when chewed, even in very small quantity, produces an extremely disagreeable sense of acridity in the fauces. Its properties are thus quaintly described by Cleyer: “Intrat hepar et stomachum. Catarrhos solvit. Aperitivum est meatuum. Tumores complanat.” The drug is said to be produced in the province of Szcehuen.” Et TR Tsaou-kow ; Large Round China Cardamom, Pharm. Journ., xiv., 353, Fig. 1, 2. Although this species of cardamom, as well as those that follow, have already been described and figured in the Pharma- ceutical Journal, it will probably add to the value of this paper if I briefly recapitulate the characters by which they are distin- guished, and the chief points of interest attaching to them. The Large Rownd China Cardamom varies considerably in size, my specimens being from 1% inch to 5 of an inch in length. The capsules are somewhat oval or globular, pointed at either extremity, obscurely three-sided (except at the base, where the triangular character is strongly marked) ; they are sometimes attached to a long pedicel. The pericarp closely invests the mass of seeds; it is brown and strongly marked by interrupted longitudinal ridges; it is hardly aromatic. The seeds are 1 “ On some Rare Kinds of Cardamom.” Pharm. Journ., xiv., 352 ; also, Journ. de Pharmacie et de Chimte, Mai et Juin, 1855; Bonplandia, 1 Juni,1855. NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. coherent into a three-lobed mass; they are generally light greyish-brown, somewhat oblong aid angular, with a deep furrow on one side; they favs a slight aromatic odour and taste, the latter siecustive of thyme, though much weaker. This cardamom, as generally met with in the Chinese shops, has been deprived of its husks. It is a native of the South of China and of Cochin-China, whence it is exported. It appears to be much employed in Chinese medicine as a stomachic, but it must be very inferior in power to some other species. Small Round China Cardamom.—Cardamome ronde de la Chine.—Guibourt, Hist. des Drog., éd. 4, tome ii. (1849), p. 215, _ Fig. 113, 114 (excluding other synonyms) ; Pharm. Journ., xiv., 354, Fig. 3. A smaller fruit than the preceding, which it much resembles. The following description of it is taken from M. Guibourt’s Histoire des Drogues :— “ Capsules pedicelled, nearly spherical, from seven to eight lines in diameter, slightly striated longitudinally and much wrinkled in all directions by drying; it is probable, however, that the fruit was smooth when recent. The capsule is thin, light, easily torn, yellowish externally, white within. The seeds form a globular coherent mass. They are rather large and few in number, somewhat wedge-shaped, of an ashy-grey, a little granular on the surface and present on the outer face a bifurcate furrow, shaped likea Y. They possess a strongly aromatic odour and taste.” To this description I may add that, compared with the Large Round China Cardamom, the capsules in question are more wrinkled in a network manner, more fragile and thin, and (from immaturity ?) much less adherent to the mass of seeds ; they even are more globose, not triangular at the base, but flat, or even depressed like an apple. Their colour, in all the specimens I have seen, is a brownish-yellow. I cannot confirm M. Guibourt’s remark as to the highly aromatic properties of the seeds. This cardamom, which appears to bear the same Chinese name as the foregoing, is attributed by M. Guibourt to the Amomum globosum of Loureiro. 249 neeos 62. Small round China Carda- mom. 250 1860-62. Ovoid China Cardamom. Xanthioid Cardamom. NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. r=J et Tsaou-kwo; Ovoid China Cardamom. Fruit of Amomum medium, Loureiro, Flor, Coch., ed. Willd. (1793), p. 5 (Scitaminew) ; Cao-go, Tatarinov, Catal. Med. Sinens., p. 5; Pharm, Journ. xiv., 419, Fig. 9. The Ovoid China Cardamom is a product of Southern China, and abundant in the drug shops of Singapore, as well as in those of China. It is an oval or oblong, three-celled, three-valved and obscurely three-sided fruit, of from 1 to 1 inch in length. The pericarp is of a dusky greyish-brown, deeply striated longi- tudinally, thick and coriaceous, frequently covered on the surface with a whitish efflorescence; it is but slightly aromatic. The seeds are very large, often upwards of three lines in length, sharply angular, hard and striated, having a powerful and peculiar aromatic smell and taste. The seeds of the Ovoid China Cardamom are used by the Chinese for a variety of disorders, and, according to Loureiro, are also employed as a condiment. Amomum medium is a plant known at present only through an unsatisfactory description by Loureiro in his Flora Cochin- chinensis. , py {= we Sha-jin-k6 ; Capsules (deprived of seeds) of Amomum xanthioides Wallich (Scitaminee); husks of the Xanthioid Cardamom. Pharm. Journ., xiv., 418, Fig. :7. These empty capsules are mostly attached to a common sialk, which, when perfect, is about five inches long and beset with the remains of sheathing bracts. The superior portion, which is much stouter than the rest, bears the fruits closely crowded together on short, bracted pedicels. No bunch in my possession bears more than twelve fruits, but from the number of pedicels on some specimens it would appear that the flowers at least are often twice as numerous. The capsules having been deprived of seeds are shrunken and compressed, but after soaking in boiling water they acquire their proper volume, becoming nearly spherical and about three-quarters of an inch in diameter. The pericarp is covered with long, acute, recurved spines, which are longest near the base. NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. Amomum sxanthioides is a native of Burmah, where it was discovered by Wallich in 1827. It also occurs in the Laos country and Cambodia, where its fruits are collected for use. The plant being but little known, it was with much pleasure that I learned from Sir R. H. Schomburgk, by a note under date March 28, 1861, that he had just succeeded, after many endeavours, in procuring living specimens, which he had in cultivation at Bangkok, and from which he hoped to obtain flowers and fruits. The seeds of A. xanthioides deprived of their pericarp, are sometimes sold in the London market as Malabar Cardamoms, for which they are not a bad substitute. To what uses the Chinese apply the husks, which are devoid of aroma, I am unable to say. BG AR By Yang-chun-sha ; Hairy China Cardamom. Pharm, Journ., xiv., 354, Fig.’4, 5. A small scitamineous fruit supposed to be that of Loureiro’s Amomum villosum, a Cochinchinese plant, of which very little is known. It is sometimes sold attached to the stalk, sometimes removed from it. The scape, which, when perfect, is about three inches long and reclinate, bears as many as eight or ten capsules upon its superior extremity. The capsules are from six to ten lines in length. In the dried state they are oval, occasionally nearly spherical, more or less three-sided, bluntly pointed, with a scar at the summit, rounded at the base, and attached by a pedicel one to two lines long. The pericarp is externally dark brown, marked with obscure longitudinal striw and covered with asperities, which, after soaking in water, are seen to be short, thick, fleshy, closely-crowded spines. It has, when bruised, an aromatic and tar-like odour; the seeds have a similar tar-like odour and taste, not unmixed with the aromatic warmth of the Malabar cardamom ; they are angular, and upon removal of the pericarp, remain united in a three-lobed mass. The scape is densely villous; the pericarp of the immature fruit is slightly so, but in the mature fruits this character is not observable. A plant producing this cardamom grows on the mountains of Pursat in Cambodia.! 1 Thorel, Notes Médicales du Voyage d’Exploration dw Mékong et de Cochinchine, Paris, 1870, p. 30. 251 1860-62. Amomum Aanthioides. Hairy China Cardamom. 252: NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 1860-62. This cardamom is said to grow in the province of Kwang- "tung, and in the Yang-yun district of Southern China. lt appears to be frequently used in medicine by the Chinese, and is, no doubt, a good representative of the Elettaria cardamom official in Europe. Bitter-seeded tt Ay Ff Vth-che-tsze ; Bitter-seeded Cardamom. Pharm. Cardamom. Joywrn,, xiv., p. 418, Fig. 8; Pun-tsaou, Fig. 173.1 The capsules are mostly oval, some ovate-oblong, and a few nearly spherical, pointed at the extremities, six to ten lines long. The pericarp is of a deep dusky brown, coriaceous, devoid of hairs, beset longitudinally with interrupted ridges usually about eighteen in number; it has an agreeable aromatic smell and taste. The seeds are obtusely angular and adhere firmly together; they are distinguished by an aromatic, bitter, myrrh-like taste. It is not known what plant produces this little fruit. The MS. catalogue of the collection of Chinese drugs at the Royal College of Physicians of London, mentions the province of Kwang-tung as its place of growth, and it is also said to grow in the island of Hainan. ar BE = - Kaou-leang-keang-tsze ; KL B oe Hung- tow-kow ; Fruits of Alpinia Galanga, Willd. (Scitaminee); Ga- Guage aes langa Cardamom, Pharm. Journ., xiv., Fig. 10, 11. damom. Capsules about half an inch in length, of an oblong form, somewhat constricted in the middle, or occasionally pear-shaped ; some are obscurely three-sided. Each fruit is prominently crowned with the remains of the calyx; in a few, the lower ex- tremity is still attached to a slender pedicel. Most of the cap- sules are much sbrivelled on the outside, apparently from having been gathered while immature; a few, however, retain a plump and smooth appearance. The pericarp varies externally in colour according to its maturity, from a pale to a deep reddish- brown ; internally itis whitish. It is glabrous; in the mature 1 Received from R. Swinhoe a specimen of this drug, which he says is from Hainan, where the aborigines use it as tea. He adds that there is “good reason ” to believe it to be the fruit of the alpinia which affords the Galangal Koot of commerce, 15, vij., 70 NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 253 fruits thin and brittle, not splitting into valves; in the shrivelled 1860-62- fruits it appears stronger, from its close adherence to the mass of seeds. Upon removal of the pericarp the seeds are seen united in a three-lobed mass, completely invested in a whitish integu- ment, each cell or lube containing, usually, two seeds, placed one above the other. The seeds are ash-coloured, flattish, and somewhat three-cornered; finely striated externally towards a large conspicuous hilum which faces the wall of the capsule, and which is connected with the axillary placenta by a long, broad Suniculus, Each seed is nearly surrounded by a tough aril; opposite the Azlwm a scar-like depression is observable. The seeds. have a pungent, burning taste, and aroma resembling the Larger Galangal Root ; the pericarp is similarly aromatic and biting. Authentic specimens of the fruit of Alpinia Galanga grown Alpinia in the Calcutta Botanic Garden, and kindly placed at my ees disposal by Dr. Thomson, are identical with the Chinese drug. He Lg a we Tung-po-tow-kow ; Round or Cluster Carda- _ Round or mom. Fruit of Amomum Cardamomum, L. (Scitanvinee) ; also cee called in Chinese Hang-kow, Seaou-kow, &e. A well-known fruit, described in all the larger works on Materia Medica, but which in recent times had become rare, its place being supplied by the Malabar cardamom (Llettaria Cardamomum, Maton), the seeds of which are very similar in odour and taste. Since, however, the opening of Siam to European commerce, round cardamoms have been frequently imported into London from Bangkok. Note about TZsing-mtth-heang—From the Trade Report for Ningpo for 1868 by Acting Commissioner Bowra, published in the Reports on Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1868. Shanghai Customs’ Press, p. 51. Of the medicines exported from Ningpo fully one-third is a root known locally as Pa-chth} ( Ay AK ) or to the annual value of about 79,853 taels. (= £ 26,617). It is 1 Hance, who has examined the living plant, makes of it a new species which he calls Aristolochia recurvilabra. Vide Trimen’s Journ. of Bot. March, 1873, p. 72; Pharm. Journ., March 15, 1873, p. 725. 254 NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 1860-62. cultivated in the Shao-shing prefecture, and highly esteemed as a remedy in rheumatism. It is worth $10 to $15 per picul, and is mainly sent to Hé-nan and Sz-chinan. It is not the put- chuk of India, though said to be sometimes palmed off as such. The plant, which resembles the English birthwort, is a common Green Put. garden creeper in Ningpo. chuk, It is exported from Ningpo as Green putchuk. ROOTS, Chinese Roots. i & Yuh-kin.—Tubers of a species of Curcwma (Scita- Yuh-kin. mine); Pun-tsaou, Fig. 179; Tatarinov, Catal. Med. Stnens., p. 32; Yo-kin, Cleyer, Med. Simp., No. 65. Oblong or ovate tubers (Fig. 11) tapering at either end, from 2 to 14 inch in length, covered externally with a thin, ad- herent, brownish-grey cuticle, usually (but not invariably) smooth. When broken, they exhibit a shining frac- . ture, and are seen to consist of a hard \ semi-transparent, horny, orange-yel- ; low substance, easily separable into J two portions, an inner and an outer. The tubers have an aromatic odour, anda slight taste resembling turmeric, and contain an abundance of starch. Fig. 11. Many scitamineous plants produce at the extremities of the roots spring- ing from the rhizome, starchy tubers such as those above de- scribed. Dr. Roxburgh calls them pendulous tubers, from their descending into the ground beneath the rhizome. They are usually less aromatic, and more amylaceous, than the rhizome: from those of some species of Curcwma, the so-called East Indian arrowroot is manufactured. The plant producing Yu%h-kin is undetermined ; it is a native of the south of China, and is most probably a species of Curcwma. 1 See figures given by Rumphius, Kempfer, Roscoé, and others. NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 255 Kk Wy Vith-chith; Rhizome of Bambusa Arundo, Nees nee (Graminee) ; Yé chd, Arundo Bambos, Lour. (non Linn.) Pith-chith. This drug consists of a rhizome of a pale yellowish-brown colour and somewhat translucent, in contorted pieces of some inches in length, flattened or nearly cylindrical, 3, to 4; of an inch in greatest diameter, marked with concentric rings at un- equal distances, and dotted with the remains of radical fibres. The pieces are moist, compressible and flexible, but break readily with a short fracture. They have a sweetish, mucilaginous taste, with but little odour. When macerated in water, they regain their natural dimensions, becoming three times as thick as in the dry state. The root and young shoots of this bamboo are stated by Loureiro, in the medical language of the day, to be resolvant and attenuant, to promote diaphoresis and diuresis, and to purify the blood. 74 7k Tsang-shtith ; Rhizome of Atractylodes sp. (Com- Tsang-shith. posite); Pun-tsaou, Fig. 102. Portions of a rhizome from 4} to $ of an inch in diameter, occurring in oblong, jointed, occasionally branching pieces, of 11 to 3inchesin length. They are invested with a rough, brown cuticle, and some pieces are beset with radical fibres. The cut surface exhibits a spongy whitish substance, scattered through which, cells filled with resinous-looking matter of a deep orange colour may be seen with a lens! Tsang-shith has a slightly aromatic odour, though but little taste. It is enumerated among the drugs of Kiang-nan and Hoo-kwang. According to MM. Hoffmann and Schultes,? three species of Atractylodes, namely, A, lancea D.C, A. lyrata 8S. et Z, and A. ovata D.C, are known by the Chinese name above given. Thunberg, who de- scribes two of them under the genus Atractylis, does not allude to their possessing medicinal properties. Z B Heuen-sting ; Hiwen sen, Cleyer, Med. Simp., No. 443 geuen-sting. Pun-tsaou, Fig. 110; Siuan-szen, Tatarinov, Cat. Med. Sinens, p. 48. 1 This resinous-looking matter is not removed by water, alcohol, or ether. 2 Journal Asiatique, Oct., Nov., 1852, p. 275. 256 1860-62. Corydalis ambigua. NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. Fleshy roots of about four inches in length and one inch in diameter at the middle, whence they taper to either extremity. They are longitudinally wrinkled and furrowed, and covered with an adherent brown cuticle ; internally they are fleshy and black ; they have a sweetish taste and but little odour. SE iB oa Yen-hoo-stih ; Tubers of Corydalis ambigua, Chamisso et Schlechtendal in Linnea, t. 1. (1816), p. 558 (Fumarie); Pun-tsaou, Fig. 133. Little, hard, brown tubers, of somewhat flattened spherical form, averaging half an inch in diameter. Externally, they are covered with a thin wrinkled cuticle; when broken, they exhibit a bright yellow, semi-transparent, waxy appearance. Corydalis ambigua Cham. et Schl, from which, according to Messrs. Hoffmann and Schultes,! this drug is derived, is a plant of Siberia and Kamtschatka, throwing up its flowers upon the melting of the snow in early spring; it is also found in the Amoor country. I am indebted to Dr. E. Regel, of St. Peters- burg, for an authentic specimen of the tuber of this plant, com- parison of which with the Chinese drug is confirmatory of their identity. BB PA xs Mth-mun-tung ; Tubers of Ophiopogon Japoni- Convallaria cus, Ker (Smilacee); Convallaria Japonica, L.; Mondo, Kempf, Japonica. Amen., p. 823, with Fig.; Pun-tsaou, Fig. 268; Mé mien tum, Cleyer, Med. Simp., No. 14. This drug consists of cylindri- cal fleshy tubers, from 1 to 2 inches in length, and from 4 to + of an inch in diameter, taper- ing at either extremity (Fig. 12). They are of a pale yellowish grey colour and translucent; somewhat shrivelled through drying, soft, flexible, yet easily broken. A central ligneous cord, resembling a stiff thread, runs longitudinally through each, 1 Op, cit., p. 286. NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 257 The tubers have a slightly saccharine and aromatic taste, with 1860-¢2. a somewhat terebinthinous not unpleasant odour. Their aqueous —_ decoction is not rendered blue by iodine. Ophiopogon Japonicus, a low-perennial with a creeping rhi- Ophiopogon zome, produces small tubers as expansions of the radical fibres : i aa that they are really identical with the drug found in the Chinese shops, I have been able to convince myself by actual comparison. Kempfer, who figures the plant well, states that a second species called in Japanese Zemondo, and common in the province of Temondo. Satzuma, produces larger tubers, and is therefore preferred. Two varieties of Ophiopogon Japonicus are described by Thunberg ;+ one of them may possibly be identical with Kempfer’s Temondo. According to Loureiro, the tubers of his Commelina medica (Aneilema, R. Br.) are called Mth-mun-tung. The drug under notice is in frequent use among the Chinese, the candied tubers being eaten as a medicine. K PA x Téén-mun-tung ; Tubers of Melanthium Cochin- Melanthiwn chinense, Lour.; Tian-myn-dun, Tatarinov, Catal. Med. Sinens., Sica p. 56; Pun-tsaou, Fig. 401. These, like the preceding, are fleshy, translucent, yellowish- brown tubers, of the thickness of a writing quill to that of the little finger, and often 3} inches in length. They are usually flattened, and more or less contorted and longitudinally furrowed. They have a mucilaginous, slightly saccharine taste, but do not possess any marked odour. Loureiro states that this drug is regarded as diaphoretic and expectorant, and that it is administered in phthisis and also (in the form of decoction ?) to allay feverish thirst and heat. It is also preserved with sugar as a sweetmeat. It appears to be produced in the province of Chekiang. According to Loureiro, the plant is frequent in dry hedges both in Cochin-China and China. IK a Mith-heang ; Root of Aucklandia Costus, Fale. (Com- es posite), Linn. Trans., vol. xix. part i, (1842), p. 23; Aplotaxis sas Lappa, Decaisne, in Jacquemont’s Voyage dans [ Inde, tome iv. 1 Flora Japonica, p. 139. 8 258 1860-62 Putchuk. Chuen-woo. Tsaou-woo [Aconitum Japonicum]. NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. (1844), Botanique, p. 96, pl. 104; Mu-sian, Tatarinov, Cat. Med Sinens., p. 40; M0d-hiam, Cleyer, Med. Simp. No. 18; Costus Root or Putchuk. This root is collected in enormous quantities in the mountains of Cashmere, whence it is conveyed to Calcutta and Bombay, and there shipped for China. The drug has a pungent, aromatic taste, with an odour resem- bling that of orris root. There is an excellent account of it, with a figure, in Professor Guibourt’s Histoire des Drogues, tome iii. p. 25. ) i\ A=) Chaen-woo ; Root of ? Aconitum sp. (Ranunculacee). Conical or top-shaped tuberous roots (Fig. 13), » about 1: inch in length, covered with a i, blackish-brown cuticle; internally they are white and amylaceous. They taste slightly bitter, and leave a persistent sensation of numbness and tingling on the tongue with some acridity in the throat. Ground to powder, and mixed with an equal quantity of the root T'saou-woo (next described) and of the flowers Maou-yang-hwa, also in powder, a compound is obtained which is re- puted to produce local anesthesia. This powder, moistened, is to be applied to the surface of the part to be operated upon for two hours previous to the operation, by which means, it is alleged, insensibility to pain will be produced. Fic, 13. Bs B Tsaou-woo; Root of Aconitum Japonicum, Thunb. ; Tatarinov, Catal Med. Sinens., p. 5. Blackish tuberous roots analogous to the last, but smaller in size and less regular in form (Fig. 14). ahey are from ,%, of an inch to upwards of one inch in 5 length, and from 2, to 4; of an inch in diameter ; oblong or ovoid, either h tapering or rounded at their ex- ¥ tremities, covered with a smooth or furrowed blackish cuticle; inter- nally, they are white and inodorous. They are used with the preceding NOTES ON CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. 259 for producing insensibility to the pain of a surgical operation. 1860-62. According to Dr. Christison,! they are also the basis of anex- tract used to poison the arrows employed for killing game.? Dr. C., who examined some of this extract, reported that it had evidently been prepared with care and skill, and that a minute portion of it, applied to the tongue or lips, occasioned an intense sensation of numbness and tingling. This aconite root is said to be produced in the province of Chekiang ; I refer it to Aconitum Japonicum, Thunb. upon the authority of MM. Hoffmann and Schultes,> but itis highly probable the Chinese name is riot restricted to a single species.* 8 7K F Tsing-mitih-heang ; Root of