268 \ S89 SIG c =f ) Cornell University Library Ithaca, New York BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891 avacucw wus book copy the call No. and give to the librarian. vette snnesnnnnumunnun HOME USE RULES Oden wee terecesneasanenees dene sneeceeessenseonaee Rene cone ene ents tone n ers aaeerneeanne seas enene® ere eEeeeeeererrt rer et ty oes beveseeccoseuenaseteae pees peegeeerenacencceeaesoes All Books subject to recall All borrowers must regis- ter in the library to borrow books for home use. All books must be re- turned at end of college year for inspection and repairs. Limited books must be + returned within the four week limit and not renewed. . Students must return all _ books before leaving town. Officers should arrange for the return of books wanted during their absence from town. Volumes of periodica}s * and of pamphlets are held in the library as much as possible. For special pur- poses they are given out for a limited time Borrowers should not use their library privileges for * the benefit of other persons. Books of special value and gift books. when the . giver wishes it, are not allowed to circulate. Readers are asked to re- port all cases of books ” marked or mutilated. Do not deface books by marks and writing. Cornell University Library QE 261.S89 1916 HAN 3 1924 004 553 495 engr S SOE VOW MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ENGLAND AND WALES ON THE, THICKNESSES OF STRATA IN THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES EXCLUSIVE OF ROCKS OLDER THAN THE PERMIAN. BY A. STRAHAN, ScD., LL.D., FBS. T. V. HOLMES, H. DEWEY, ©. H. CUNNINGTON, B.Sc. W. C. “SIMMONS, BSc, W. B. RB. KING, BA. xp D: A. WRAY, BSo. » PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF HIS MAJESTY’S TREASURY. - "LONDON: PRINTED - ‘FOR HIS MAJESTY’S | STATION ERY OFFICE By JAS. TRUSCOTT anne Lrp., Cannon Sreerr, B.C. And to be purchased from STANFORD, Lrp., 12, 18 and 14, Lone AcRE, Lowpon ; _W. a A. K. JOHNSTON, Lirp., 2, St. ANDREW Square, EDINBURGH “ HODGES, FIGGIS’& Co., Lrp., Grarron StREET, DUBLIN. From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps; or through any Bookseller, from T. FISHER UNWIN, Lmiren, 1, ApepHt TeRRacs, Lonpon, W.C., whois the Sole ‘Whales agent tothe Trade outside the County of London. 1916, ‘Price Four Shillings and Siwpence. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ENGLAND AND WALES, AND USEUM OF PRACTICAL GEOLOGY. (OFFICE: 28, J: ERMYN. STREET, LONDON, 8.W.) LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. &e. ‘The publications include Maps, Memoirs, Museum Catalogues, Catalogue of Photographs, Guides, : A fogs list can be obtained from’ the Ordnance ‘ ‘Survey Office, Southampton, price 6d. The Maps. and Memoirs can be obtained from the Ordnance - Survey, or from Agents. Museum Catalogues, Guides, &e., are sold at the Museum. INDEX MAP OF THE BRITISH ISLES. On the seale of 1-25th inch to the mile (1 td: 1584000). -Price—Coloured, 2s,, Uncoloured, 12. QUARTER-INCH MAP OF ENGLAND AND WALES (i-inch-to the mile, or 1 to 963440). Sheet. Solid, Drift. Sheet. oe Dit 8d. & de pie Mes Oe TITLE SHEET 20 — 13° with a < 17, (FISHGUARD, e 1 with 2 ALNWICK, "BERWICK, MIL - &e.) ‘ ae a eee 14, (ABERYSTWYTH, HEREFORD) ww 2 6 3. (CARLISLE and 1. OF May) wo 26 — 15. (BIRMINGHAM, OXFORD). 26 = 4. (Gast teral om STOCKTON, &e.)... 2 6 — 16. (CAMBRIDGE, IPSWICH)... w 2 6 2 5 wit 6. GesGaeree and ISLE OF 18. (BRISTOL, CARDIFF, GoJo w 26 — MAN) wo 2 6 — 19. ane QUILDFORD, ‘SOUTH- z. (MANCHESTER, “LEEDS, &e.) ww 26 AMPTON) 26 — 8. eb eee EO! WH AD and : 20 with 24. (LONDON,. DOVE, and GRIMSBY) 2 02 0 BRIGHTON) eee 2624 9 with iD (HOLYHEAD, “ SHREWS- 21 with 25. (FALMOUTH "with isLals BURY, &.) ... 26 — OF SCILLY) 26 — 11, {STAFFORD, DERBY, LINCOLN, 22. (PLYMOUTH and. LYME REGIS)... 26 — &e.) aes 6 — 23. (EVURRENOUITE < to SELSEY 12. (LOUTH ana YARMOUTH)... wo 26 2 6 BILL) 20 —+ x INDEX to COLOURS and SYMBOLS 26 —, ONE-INCH MAP, NEW SERIES (1 inch to the mile, or 1 to 63360) WITH ACCOMPANYING MEMOIRS. © ‘ These are published in either a “Solid” or a “ Drift? Edition, or in both. The majority of them are’ > gecompanied by Explanatory Memoirs. New Series Sheets 1 to 73 correspond to. the Quarter Sheets of. . the Old Series Map 91 to 110. Some of these are now colour-printed, and are given in the table below; the .- rest are gtill issued as sheets of the Old Series Map. Price of Map. Price of Map. Solid. Drift. Memoir. Solid. Drift. Memoir. ad. ad. 8d. ad ad 8d. 38. STOOKTON.... «. .«. 6 3 16 \—~¥| 300, ALRESFORD . a = £8 9 34.GUISBROUGH .. .. 6°38 16 216 | 31. WELLINGTON and 35 ond 44, SCALBY and- ; : GHABD.. an aa. se eS a 8 a eater ganes i 1 6 2 8 314, RINGWOOD | ws we =O 6 COUd:«CO a j ; A is Uae is. EETON 406 16 16 | sg navaNT = 46 Lo 62. RIPON and THIRSK |. 9 9 1 6 with 42 317. CHICHESTER de 16 10 63, PICKERING - 96 16 10) 355 BxETER ice Uae oes, 16 320 64. SCARBOROUGH ... ow 6 9 1 ot 46 326 and 340. SIDMOUTH A Ey AMBOROUGEH. snes t 6 16 and LYME REGIS 16 18 : oun see Be BG mae Beate a et gg 6d we) (1 gg «| (828. DORCHESTER... 16 10 6, DRIFFIELD “Tae 16 0 9 | 329. BOURNEMOUTH... ..53 16 O06 65. BRIDLINGTON ... .. 16 1 6 #41 0 | 330. NEW FOREST (pts.), 71. SELBY aa 39 16 #16- I. of WIGHT (pts) .. 76 16 — 72. BEVERLEY . a 538 16 = 331. PORTSMOUTH and I. OF 73. HORNSEA .. 1. Be WIGHT Sy = FETE = 110. MACCLESFIELD, ~ CON- 332. BOGNOR oe SO 1, BO 6 GLETON srs Bie SS 16 236 333, WORTHING and’ _ROT- 112. CHESTERFIELD | i 16 380 TINGDEAN — 2:6 .— 118. OLLERTON ar tS 16 20 334. NEWHAVEN and “BAST. 123, STOKE-UPON-TRENT ". 16 16 1 6- BOURNE ~ ow = 16 O08 125. DERBY and WIRKS- io 335. TREVOSE HEAD | oo 16 WORTH... we a 8 0 '| «2888 CAMELFORD Og é 28 126, NEWARK and -NOT- 337. TAVISTOCK and i oy a GE QE LAUNCESTON wow. > 141. LOUGHBOROUGH and : ; 338. DARTMOOR... 1.0. i é 3 ; -~ — 16 2 0 | 339. NEWTON ABBOT... ". _ 142. MELTON MOWBRAY (©. — 16 2 3 |, 341. WEST FLERT = a = i é os 15. ATHERSTONE and A : 342. PORTLAND and WEY- OHARNWOOD ... ..11 83 16 20 MOUTH ww ue CO GS ie LEIOESTER — oo 8 3 16 3 0 | 345. SWANAGE .. 0. OL 16 187, HUNTINGDON .. .. — 60 — | 34. NEWQUAY ©: 2 DT o46 39 303. ;BEDFORD eee Ge 347. BODMIN and ST 228. HAVERFORDWEST ep ~ 36 AUSTELL ..° | peer: er a 229. GARMARTHEN .... .. 16 16 2 0 | 348. PLYMOUTH and LIS.” 230. AMMANFORD .. «6. 1601 6 8 KEARD... —- 16 1 231, MERTHYR TYDFIL .. 16 16 241 6 | 349. IVYBRIDG See Ee Th eg fc #82, ABERGAVENNY ... ... 18 1 6 9 0 | 360. TORQUAY ~ — 16 20 346. WEE WER .. «. 16 2 8 O 8 | 351 and 35% LAND’S” END 23 : m7. ‘SWANSEA oo ow 16 #16 26 - DISTRICT eae — 26 248. PON PRIDD - 16 16 416 | 3%FALMOUTEH “and as WPORT (Mon.)” 16 16 16 TRURO 264. - HENLEY-ON: ‘THAMES .. — 16 2 0 | 383. MEVAGISsEY “27 z a Fe 261 1 BRIDGEND vt cm 16 16 1 6 | 355. KInespripae 2 7 =} : ze 203. Howontrox 16 16 920 | 386. START POINT is i 13 and ‘NEW- 357 and 360. ISLES Os e o — 16 26 SCILLY .. js 268 READING diay as 69 16 16 | 359. LIZARD . |. Be ase, f : 16 989. DEVIZES 7 ne os = 26 LONDON .(4 Sheets), each toe 1 7. 983, ANDOVER |. = : : i a 8 ee ae ae es 284, BASINGSTOKE = : ; wo ae ae a AUNTON sa Som aan 16 2206 Ishi OF WIGHT “(Special . 120 woe ne rs 8 ie 298. SALISBURY Soe nee ee woPtiné ix Special a 299. WINCHESTER — 16 16 | oxBhRD (specter Se a a MEMOIRS OF THE GHOLOGICAL SURVEY ENGLAND AND WALES ON THE THICKNESSES OF STRATA IN THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES EXCLUSIVE OF ROCKS OLDER THAN THE PERMIAN. BY A. STRAHAN, Sc.D., LL.D., F.B.S., T. V. HOLMES, H. DEWEY, C, H. CUNNINGTON, B.Sc., W. C. SIMMONS, B.Sc., W. B. R. KING., B.A., anv D. A. WRAY, B.Sc. PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THK LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF HIS MAJESTY’S TREASURY. LONDON: PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE By JAS. TRUSCOTT anp SON, Lrtp., Cannon Street, H.C. And to be purchased from E. STANFORD, Lrp., 12, 13 and 14, Lone Acrg, Lonpon; W. & A. K. JOHNSTON, Lyop., 2, St. Anprew Square, Epinpurcs ; HODGES, FIGGIS & Co., Lrp., Grarton Street, DuBLIN. From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps; or through any Bookseller, from T. FISHER UNWIN, Lmiten, 1, Apetput Terrace. Lonpon, W.C., whois the Sole Wholesale Agent to the Trade outside the County of London. —— 1916. ort td LENE LIS Dp 1 PERARY . Price Four Shillings and Siapence. s Qe abl S&4Y IA tb A 464487 ili. PREFACE. This Memoir is designed to give such records of the thicknesses of strata in England and Wales, as are founded on reliable measurements of open sections or on results obtained from borings. The investigation, however, is not carried below the Permian group. The thicknesses of the Carboniferous rocks, especially as regards the Coal Measures, are already recorded so fully in other publications that it seemed inadvisable to add to the bulk of. this volume by repeating them. The older Paleozoic rocks also’ are left out of account. Their dimensions are always difficult and often impossible to ascertain, nor would any prac- tical purpose ‘be served by attempting to do so. : The records are grouped under counties and the counties are arranged alphabetically. The arrangement is not free from objection, for it involves the ignoring of the geographical posi- tion of the counties, and does not facilitate the tracing of the changes in dimensions undergone by each formation in its range through the kingdom. On the other hand, to have completed the account of each formation separately throughout its range would have involved much repetition, and would have rendered it diffi- cult for the reader to ascertain the sequénce of strata likely to be met with at any one locality. Such confusion as may be caused by the alphabetical arrangement has been minimised by inserting the names of adjacent counties on each county map. 238 Difficulties, not wholly unforeseen, arose after the work had been commenced. Discrepancies in measurements in closely adjoining sections or boreholes were in some cases so great as to raise doubts as to the correctness of the classification. In such formations as the Selbornian for example, the plane of separation between the sandy member (the Upper Greensand), and the clay- member (the Gault), is ill-defined and is not likely ‘to have been placed at the same horizon in independent observations. While,’ therefore, there are great variations in the recorded thickness of: either of these members, the aggregate thickness of the two together is a more significant measurement. ; That rapid variations would have to be recorded in the sub- divisions of the Wealden was anticipated. Not only do the sand- and clay-beds graduate one into the other, but the subdivisions shown upon the Geological Survey Map all, more or less, have a lenticular form. Of the Oolitic subdivisions also few lend them- selves to a precise lithological definition. The general question of correlation has not been touched. It would be out of place for example to enquire what strata in the Southern Counties correspond in age to the Tealby and Speeton Beds of the North. The practical purpose is served by record- ing the dimensions of each in their respective districts. The occurrence of unconformities raises a more serious ques- tion from the point of view of the scientific geologist. A large proportion of the records are founded on boreholes. Fossil evidence is generally scanty under such circumstances, and there has seldom been sufficient opportunity for studying the relations (3804) Wt. 323—8. 500. 3/16. I.T.&8. G14. % 2 iv of the formations to one another. Without doubt, gaps ranging in magnitude from a pronounced unconformity to a slightly incomplete sequence, frequently occur. It must not be assumed, therefore, that the records give the full development originally attained by the formations in all localities. For example, in the Richmond boring (p. 185), 871 ft. does not represent the original. development of the Oolites; a part was removed by denuda- tion before the Lower Greensand was laid down. On the other hand, this and other records furnish evidence of the position of a shore-line along which the Oolitic sediments were deposited, and past which some of the Oolitic formations never extended. Each section of the Memoir is accompanied by a map of the county or counties described. All names mentioned in the text are inserted when possible, but not necessarily all towns. The maps are intended merely to enable the reader to locate the records. They show also the divisions of the New Series one- inch maps. The preparation of the Memoir was originally undertaken by Mr. C. Fox-Strangways. When he died, before a commencement had been possible, it became necessary to distribute the work which he had proposed to carry out. The considerable task of collecting records from the publications of the Geological Survey was in the main performed by Mr. T, V. Holmes, formerly a member of the staff. The further work necessary in bringing the records up to date from other sources, published or unpublished, in selecting and tabulating the data and in writing the explanatory text, was carried out by members of the staff. The Counties of Bedford, Cambridge, Cumberland, Durham, Gloucester, Huntingdon, Lincoln, Norfolk, Northampton, Northumberland, Somerset, Suffolk, Warwick, Westmorland, Worcester and York, with North and South Wales, were dealt with by Mr. W. B. R. King. Five Counties, namely, those of Derby, Leicester, Nottingham, Rutland and Shropshire, were written by Mr. D. A. Wray; Buckingham, Cornwall, Devon and Kent by Mr. H. Dewey; Cheshire and Lancashire by Mr. W. C. Simmons before his resignation, and Wiltshire by Mr. C. H. Cunnington. For the remainder I am jointly responsible with Mr. Holmes. A. STRAHAN, Director. Geological Survey Office, Jermyn Street, London, S.W., 2nd December, 1915. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire with Fig. 1 Berkshire and Oxfordshire with Fig. 2 Buckinghamshire with Fig. 3... Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire with Fig. 4 Cheshire with Fig.5 —... sas isi Cornwall, see Devon. Cumberland and Westmorland with Fig. 6 Derbyshire with Fig. 7 ... ash rauien Devon and Cornwall with Figs. 8 and 9 Dorset with Fig. 10 wee aos oe ee Durham, see Northumberland. Essex with Fig. 11. Gloucestershire with Fig. 12 Hampshire, including the Isle of Wight, ius Fig. 1B Hertfordshire, see Middlesex. ‘ Huntingdonshire, see Cambridgeshire. ee dead Kent with Fig, 14 bee Gro o Lancashire with Fig. 15 Ba iaten & Leicestershire and Rutland with Fig. 16 Lincolnshire with Figs. 17 and 18 Middlesex and Hertfordshire with Fig. 19 Norfolk with Figs. 20 and 21 ... Northamptonshire, see Bedfordshire. Northumberland and Durham with Fig. 22 ..... ... Nottinghamshire with Figs. 23 and 24 Oxfordshire, see Berkshire. Rutland, see Leicestershire, Shropshire with Fig. 25... Somerset with Fig. 26 Staffordshire with Fig. 27 Suffolk with Figs. 28 and 29... Surrey and Sussex with Fig. 30 Warwickshire and Worcestershire with Fig. 31 Westmorland, see Cumberland. Wiltshire with Fig. 32 ... Worcestershire, see Warwickshire. Yorkshire, East, with Figs. 33 and 34 a ae Wales, North, with Fig. 35 abe Wales, South, with Fig. 36... i ao Index... sas aot ages, CARRE PAGE 16 28 27 32 36 40 45 52 58 63 69 75 79 86 92 97 102 106 lll 114 120 125 129 136 140 146 153 155 159 vi LIST OF a ee ee eee The Illustrations enumerated on p. v. are all Comity — showing the situations of places referred to in-the text, with the exception of :— PAGE. Fig. 18.—Map of Lincolnshire, ela contours in ‘the rovk-surface e below sea-level... eee oe eee eee fate Si eee 8B" Fig. 21.—Map of Nortols, showing contours in Bile rocksnumtare a below sea-level eee tee deny Seve sn “99. . Fig. 24.—Map of Nottinghamshire, Sige ‘contours’ in the base of the Permian and in the base of the Keniper Be eee. aie wee 110. Fig. 29.—Map of Suffolk, snney ‘contours in ‘the e rock surféos ee aes sea-level wes eee ey ae a Fig. oS ore alae ee in the Lower and’ Middlé Oolités of wee fee ane wees 19! Nog Pf Ww NY Oo 6 10. ll. BEDFORDSHIRE anp NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. Table of Strata exposed or proved in borings. Thickness in feet. ‘ Alluvium and River Gravel ... .. upto3d Superficial... Gisgial dif nL upto 376 Eocene ... Reading Beds ... ac ws sa 10 (Upper Chalk... ie sae ae 100 Middle Chalk ... — aus a 220 Lower Chalk... i a aes 200 Gretna Upper Greensand a Hon .. upto 20 Gault... . i sisi ee 150-300 (Lower Greensand a sil aa 170-280 Kimmeridge Clay ise se 10 Corallian Am ptnill clay) ae aes 40-60 Oxford Clay —... as bie dag 300-500 Kellaways Beds ai sie ae 10-50 Oolitic Cornbrash a sik si a 2-15 "1 Great Oolite Clay as be see 3-20 Great Oolite Limestone se sa 7-31 Upper Estuarine Series a ne 15-30 | Lincolnshire Limestone sid és 0-80 Northampton Beds... 3 a 3-68 Upper Lias st we aie ei 60-210 Liassic Middle Lias ius wits sors sie 100 Lower Lias sit st we sia 500 Found only in borings in Northamptonshire :— vinta Bhaetic ... aie eae. a9 eee 20-36 siarole ees ike ies aes aus Bh 27-87 Paleozoic and older rocks es aes oes sis — AUTHORITIES. T. Roberts. Jurassic Rocks of the Neighbourhood of Cambridge, 1892. Jurassic Rocks of Britain, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii, 1893. » 35 Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iv, 1894. 7 5 Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. v, 1895. ee . Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. i, 1900. ” 53 Mem. Geol. Boru. wol. ii, 1903. . B. Thompson. Victoria History t of the Counties of England, Novianipion- shire, 1902. . Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, Mem. Geo. Surv., vol. iii, 1904, . J. Hopkinson and J. Saunders. Victoria History ee the Counties, of England, Bedfordshire, 1904. Water Supply of jpediordshize @ and. Norehaamptonshie, ‘Mem. Geol, Bie; 1909. R. HE Rastall. Wseicas s in the Field, Gedl. aes 1910, p. 124 hs . ; BEDFORDSHIRE AND NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. Fic. 1. BEDFORDSHIRE AND NoRTHAMPTONSHIRE. a LINCOLN SHIRE a 1 in ~) an Marholm 9 fe Collyweston ip Sep htrets bho go SS N+ ; : aa A CAM {7| Oundle , Cc/ B yf . (Kettering “'8Rb00 . Ara ? Lge 2 s fe “Brack! WY = Ampthill rlese peer x waa . 2 ya © 220 ay Leighton 221 a uzzard \Yyea bitave \ 2 ~ | Houghton regis z 2 Termin Luton o @ waa 9 Scale of Miles HERT 5 10 218 FO5 4, A219 SUPERFICIAL. Alluvium and River Gravel. The part of Northamptonshire which lies north of Peterborough is covered by fen-deposits of gravel, silt and peat, to a thickness of about 15 ft. : In the valleys of the Nene and Ouse the gravels reach a thick- ness of 80 or 35 ft. (10). Glacial. The glacial deposits generally consist of boulder-clay with underlying gravels. The gravels, when present, range from 20 to 40 ft. in thickness (10). The boulder-clay varies from a few feet up to more than 100 ft. In Bedfordshire exceptional thicknesses have been found at Henlow, 376 ft., Northill, 104 ft., and Woburn, 106 ft.; in Northamptonshire at Rushden, 16 ft., and Clapton, 114 ft. BEDFORDSHIRE AND NORTITAMPTONSTIIRE, 3 Buried channels have been recorded near Northampton, by Mr. Beeby Thompson; and ‘‘ at Furtho an old valley of the Ouse has in its midst boulder-clay to a thickness of 100 ft. or more.”’ (7). The drift at Henlow extends to a depth of over 200 ft. below sea- level and is thought to occupy a channel which has been traced past Hitchin. Eocene. The Reading beds form a few outliers in the south of Bedford- shire. They have a thickness of about 10 ft. CRETACEOUS. Chalk. Only the lowest beds of the Upper Chalk occur in Bedfordshire. The greatest thickness present is probably not more than 100 ft. The Middle Chalk has a thickness of about 220 ft., of which 160 ft. may be assigned to the Terebratulina Zone and 60 ft. to that of Rhynchonella cuviert (6). The Lower Chalk is 200 ft. thick, 80 ft. belonging to the zone of Ammonites varians and 120 ft. to the zone of Holaster sub- globosus. The Totternhoe stone has a thickness of 20 to 22 ft. (6). Upper Greensand and Gault. The Upper Greensand has a development of about 20 ft. near Totternhoe but is absent over most of the county (10). The Upper Gault is estimated as being between 25 to 30 ft. in thickness (9, 5), and the Lower Gault as being from 160 to 180 ft. (5). Another estimate gives the Lower Gault as varying from 150 to 280 ft. (9). The total thickness of the Gault may be regarded as ranging between 300 ft. in the south to 150 ft. in the east (10). Lower Greensand. The Lower Greensand near Leighton Buzzard and Woburn may be from 170 to 280 ft. (10), but it thins to the N.E., being only a few feet thick in parts of Cambridgeshire. OorrTic. Kimmeridge Clay. This formation is found only near Ampthill, where 10 ft. of the lowest beds are believed to be present. Ampthill Clay. The Corallian beds are represented in Bedfordshire by the Ampthill Clay. One estimate gives the thickness of that bed as 200 ft. (1), but other records give from 40 to 60 ft. (10). The Ampthill section shows that there it amounts to 61 ft. (4). 4 BEDFORDSHIRE AND NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. Oxford Clay with Kellaways Beds. The Oxford Clay, in the absence. of proof derived from borings, has' been estimated to have a thickness’ of 400 to 500 ft. (10), or 300 to 400 ft. (9). About 10 to 50 ft. of strata are =e to the Kellaways beds (9, 10). Cornbrash. This rubbly limestone varies fr om 2 to 15 ft. in thickness. Near Bedford it is a single layer of rock (3). Through Northampton- shire it is about 5 ft. thick, but near Peterborough it expands. to about 15 ft. (10). Great Oolite Clay. The Great Oolite Clay varies from a few feet in Bedfordshire to 10 to 20 ft..in Nona plimshire (10). At ene it is 12 ft. thick (8). Great Oolite Gee ‘ This roel averages 15 to 30 ft. in Bedfordshire (11), while in Northamptonshire it is generally 25 ft. thick (10). It seems to be thinning northwards, as only 7 to 16 ft. are recorded in borings in the Peterborough district. Upper Estuarine Series. . The Upper Estuarine Series of Bedfordshire varies from 15 ft. to a little over 30 ft. Near Northampton the thickness i is 15 ft., and 1 near Bedford 27 ft. (8).- Lincolnshire Limestone. : * - This is an oolitic limestone of variable development: . It is shsent in Bedfordshire but reaches 80 ft. in the northern “part of Northamptonshire. It is absent at Peterborough and Oundle (10). * , In the north-western part of Northamptonshire the basal part, for a thickness of 2 to 10 ft., is sandy, and constitutes a ee weston slate (3). Northampton Beds. These sands have a maximum thickness of 70 or 80 ft. The general thickness is about 14 ft. in Northamptonshire. Some 12 ft. of sands in Bedfordshire have been referred to this horizon, but they are known only in borings (9). Lrassic. The Upper Lias of Bedfordshire is between 60 and 70 ft. iiek (10). Near Northampton, 180 to 190 ft., in the south-west of the county 140 ft., and in the north-east, towards Peterborough, only about 85 ft., represent the thicknesses of clays assigned: to this subdivision. The Middle Lias, so i as’ regards | Bedfordshive, ay: have a thickness of 97 ft. assigned to it. BEDFORDSHIRE , AND NORTHAMPTON SHIRE, 3 In Northamptonshire it has a thickness of about 100 ft. At Orton; west of Kettering, a boring showed 6 ft. of Marlstone and 112 ft. of Middle Lias Clay (2). -The Marlstone group ranges up to 21 ft. at Northampton sind 40 ft..in the western parts of the county (10). The Lower, Lias is about 500 ft. thick in Northamptonshire. The Upper Clay group is about 350 ft. and the Lower Limestones and Clay group about 150 ft. (2, 10). At Orton the Lower Lias was 531 ft. TRIASSIC. The Bhastio — have been found in four borings in North- amptonshire. The united thicknesses of the White Lias and the black shales.amounted to 36 ft. at Gayton. At Kingsthorpe 20 ft. of conglomerate containing limestone-pebbles are recorded. as occurring between the Lias and Trias. The Keuper beds consist of red marls, sandstones and con- glomerates. At Kingsthorpe they were sunk into for 87 ft., and at Gayton and Orton were proved to be 82 ft. and 27} ft. respec- tively. The Bunter was absent in all the borings.” BEDFORDSHIRE AND NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. aaah | | | *9u098 ee |FL. 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Re Upper Bagshot Sand ‘eon obsent si to 200 | Bracklesham Beds sagt 28s 40-60 Eocene... Lower Bagshot Sand ..: ade sas 100-120 | London Clay... wae et be 50-350 Reading Beds ... 34 i ies 70-90 Upper Chalk 2. ee 300-340 Middle Chalk... a ve aa 150-200 Lower Chalk... ee 200-240 Cretaceous | Upper Greensand, 30 to 15 ft. ) Selbor- Gault, 190 to 264 ft. i ner 240-300 Lower Greensand - ... sink Etec > 0-100 Wealden ... Sich atau ose evi 0-50 Purbeck Beds... .... eae up tod Portland Beds... ... nee ath 0-100 Kimmeridge Clay __ ... eae a 100-200 Corallian wie eae su sie 80-100 ai Oxford Clay, about ©... ees ng 450 Coline “\ Cornbrash . ss fe en 10-21, Forest Marble ... 18-38 - Great Ooliteand oe Estuarine Series 100-180 Inferior Oolite ... ' 7-36 - Northampton Sand .... aa age 0-17 {ope per... is she os a 14-82 Liassic Middle ... bee: 12h a ee 65-100 SLOWER cane) ee hee Coca pi 447 Proved in borings only : — - ah hs ( Rhaetic ... aes tie sia sign? SERIC 5s “(Keuper Marl ... soe aa ate } O87 Paleozoic... aie ‘as ee de fet 5a — AurHorrttzs. 1. The Geology of the London Basin, Mem Geol. Surv., vol. iv, 1872. 2. Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. i, 1900. a x : Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii, 1908. 4 7 bs Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii, 1904. 5. Jurassic Rocks of Britain, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iv, 1894. 6. 35 3 Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. v, 1895. 7. Water Supply of Berkshire, em. Geol. Surv., 1902. 8. Water Supply of Oxfordshire, Wem. Geol. Surv., 1910. 9. Geology of Oxford, em. Geol. Surv., 1908. ' SUPERFICIAL. The superficial deposits vary greatly. Thus, near Old Windsor Lock, valley-drift (gravel and sand). was 16 ft. thick; at Clewer Green, valley-drift (clay above gravel) was 8 ft.;.and at a brewery in Thames Street, Mink 25 or 30 ft, of gravel lay’ on Chalk (1). BERKSHIRE AND OXFORDSHIRE. 9 Fic. 2. BERKSHIRE AND OXFORDSHIRE. No WIRE My Scale of Miles t 4 5 10° + Cpe. S ot 20 Ey, XN % = ae < ive aie ae IG z= ro = ; |! “eR 5 -Burford 236 = oF Mine. Wy "t ills G, pean ie 2 ie Wheatley Tame Z 3 oar Hill “Cuddesdon i Los Nunhanh;March 7+ ‘eld | —— wy ; Wheatfield CliftonHampdeh Baldon 7 Tee = | Faringdon Culham) yBurcot.-- ee + _ 8 Goosey, Qenchworth S : Shrivenham 42583 254 2o5 = TU Quftingtan 1 _sWentage *"Nettlebed D 1 ‘Ips & . x Challow lpsden Gare mn. T a Warégra Ds Waltham\. ‘; é “Selawrenser Lu ee Winkfield, Clewer Gréen “Hurst Warfiéld 269 ( feford * \\stratfield. Mortimer Riiier poll 6 & -- 0 P S Hi 1 R |E e 284 285 Eocene. Bagshot Beds. In Berkshire the Bagshot Beds include an upper division of buff or whitish sand which occurs in outliers only, and of which the full thickness is nowhere present; a middle division, known also as the Bracklesham Beds, which consists of yellow and green glauconitic sand and brownish laminated clays, and attains a thickness of 40 to 60 ft.; a lower division of brown or white sand with thin beds of clay, which reaches a thickness of 100 to 120 ft. in the south-eastern part of the county, but is not so thick else- where. The greatest thickness of Bagshot Beds traversed in one boring was found at Wellington College, Sandhurst, where the Upper Bagshot (top absent) and the Bracklesham Beds together accounted for 82 ft. and the Lower Bagshot for 110 ft. (7). 10 BERKSHIRE AND OXFORDSIIRE. London Clay. In Berkshire the London Clay. reaches its greatest development of 350 ft. towards the east and dwindles thence to little more than 50 ft. in the western part of the county. The following thick- nesses in feet are extracted from well-records and are arranged in geographical order from east to west:—-Old Windsor, more than 197; Ascot, 3491; Wellington College, 346; Wokingham, more than 273; Woolhampton, 176; Sandleford, 118}; Newbury, 61; Inkpen, 52. The thickness at Sandleford as compared with that at Newbury indicates a southward expansion, which is rendered probable by a consideration of the development in Hampshire (p. 66). ‘The identification of the top and bottom of the London Clay, however, is difficult in boreholes (7), and the thickness at Newbury may be slightly greater than that given. In Oxfordshire the London Clay occurs as small outliers only. Reading Beds. In Berkshire the Reading Beds consist of variously coloured clays in the upper part, with a thickness of 30 to 50 ft.; and of brown or green sands in the lower part, with a thickness of 20 to 40 ft. The total thickness varies from less than 70 to 90 ft. Borings at the following places have proved the full thickness of Reading Beds. The localities are arranged approximately in geographical order from east to west, and the thicknesses are eiven in feet:—Windsor, 70 to 87; Ascot, 73; Winkfield, 78; Warfield, 78; Waltham St. Lawrence, 61; Wellington, 66; Wokingham, 70; Bearwood, 86; Hurst, 68; Tilehurst, 51 to 47; Burghfield, 76 to 70; Stratford Mortimer, 69; Bradfield, 68 to 74; Aldermaston, 70 to 73; Newbury, 80; Sandleford, 92; Inkpen, 75. It appears that the westward attenuation of the London Clay is not shared by the Reading Beds, nor is there much variation in a north and south direction between Waltham and Wellington, or between Tilehurst and Stratford Mortimer. In Oxfordshire the Reading Beds occur as outliers only. At Nettlebed they have been estimated to be about 40 feet thick (1). CRETACEOUS. Chalk. In Berkshire the Winkfield boring quoted on p. 15 shows 337 ft. of Upper Chalk (including the supposed Chalk Rock), 169 ft. of Middle Chalk (including the supposed Melbourn Rock) and 219 feet of Lower Chalk. Though the exact division into Upper, Middle and Lower is attended with doubt, the total of 725 ft. for the whole of the Chalk seems to be a reliable measure- ment. At Wargrave the thickness of the Upper Chalk was proved to be 819} ft. (7). The Chalk Rock consists of hard chalk crowded with nodules, mostly green-coated, and is about 9 ft. thick. The Melbourn Rock at the base of the Middle Chalk is hard and nodular, and about 14 ft. thick. A third rock, known as the Totternhoe Stone occurs in the Lower Chalk, about 70 or 80 ft. below the Melbourn Rock; it is about 2 ft. thick in parts of Berkshire, but has not been identified west of Chilton, BERKSHIRE AND OXFORDSHIRE. 1] The Winkfield boring gives the only direct measurement of the whole Chalk. In other parts of the county the Middle Chalk is estimated at about 150 ft., and the Lower Chalk at about 220 ft., increasing to 240 ft. in western Berkshire. In Oxfordshire the Upper Chalk has been estimated at 300 ft. (Nettlebed), and the Middle Chalk as at least 200 ft. (Ipsden), while the Lower Chalk is about 200 ft. thick. Upper Greensand and Gault (Selbornian). The Upper Greensand consists in the upper part of 10 to 30 ft. of sand with grains of glauconite, and in the lower part of 50 or 60 ft. of calcareo-siliceous strata, marly in places and containing layers of malmstone and chert. The Gault is a grey or dark bluish clay, graduating upwards into the Upper.Greensand and varying from 190 to 264 ft. in thickness. In Berkshire the thicknesses assigned to the Upper Greensand and Gault respectively were 31 and 264 ft., making a total for the Selbornian of 295 ft. At Wantage the thicknesses were 65 and 229 ft., making a total of 294 ft. At Sotwell a thickness of 76 ft. was attributed to the Upper Greensand. In Oxfordshire the respective thicknesses of Upper Greensand and Gault have been estimated at 54 and 280 ft., making a total for the Selbornian of 284 ft. (2). At Shillingford 144 ft. of Gault were bored through and the total thickness of the formation is estimated at 190 ft. (8). At Wheatfield 197 ft. (top absent) were proved. Lower Greensand. This formation occurs in patches only in Berkshire and Oxfordshire, between the Gault and Upper Oolitic strata. It is absent along the greater part of the outcrop and, as proved in borings, in part of the tract covered by Upper Cretaceous rocks. In Berkshire it is developed south of Shrivenham, at Far- ingdon and thence eastwards to near Uffington. It consists of brown and white sand with some ironstone in the upper part, and of ferruginous pebbly gravel containing many fossil sponges in the lower part, with a total estimated thickness of 70 to 100 ft. At Wantage, on the other hand, a boring passed from Gault into Kimmeridge Clay with little or no Lower Greensand intervening, (7), but at Winkfield, (7), brown sand was bored into for 9 ft. below the Gault and believed to belong to the Lower Greensand. (See also Slough, p. 22, and Ottershaw in the table facing p. 134.) In Oxfordshire the most extensive outcrop is that which borders the Thames from Clifton Hampden to Nuneham. At the former place it was proved in a well to exceed 37 feet in thickness and to rest on Kimmeridge Clay (8). At Shillingford it was proved to be 25 ft. thick (8). An outlier on Hurst Hill shows 20 ft. of Lower Greensand between Gault and Kimmeridge Clay, but on Boar’s Hill the thickness appears to exceed 50 ft. (9). Wealden. The lower part of the Wealden formation is represented in Oxfordshire by the Shotover Sands. These ferruginous sands B 12 BERKSHIRE AND OXFORDSHIRE. and sand-rocks with their grey clay-bands occur as an outlier on Shotover Hill, and emerge from below Gault for some miles north of Thame. At Brill Common (Buckinghamshire) and Shot- over Hill their estimated thickness is 45 to 50 ft., but the top is absent. In the main outcrop the part visible varies from 10 to 15 ft. in thickness according to the inequalities of the surface of Portland Stone on which they rest. OoLrric. Purbeck Beds. In Berkshire the Purbeck Beds have not been recognised, and in most parts are certainly absent. In Oxfordshire they are known cnly at Shotover, where they are represented by 4 ft. of clay and limestone, lying between the Shotover Sands and the Portland Beds (9). Portland Beds. In Berkshire Portland Beds are not known. In Oxfordshire they emerge at intervals from beneath the Lower Greensand and Gault and form outlers. At Shotover they include an upper division about 40 to 50 ft. thick, of sand (a decalcified and silicified limestone) and about 4 ft. of clays with greenish sands and rubbly limestone; and a lower division about 60 ft. thick, of yellow and greenish sands with huge spheroidal coucretionary masses, or further east of clayey sands about 25 ft. thick. The total thickness is estimated at rather more than 100 ft. South of Wheatley, however, a well in Horsepath Parish proved only 381 ft. of Portland Beds between the Shotover Sands and what was supposed to be Kimmeridge Clay. Kimmeridge Clay. The thickness of Kimmeridge Clay varies from 100 to 200 ft., but the whole formation is not always present under the Lower Greensand. In Berkshire the following thicknesses have been proved :— Challow, 1953 ft.; Denchworth, 140 ft.; Wantage, 94 ft.?; Faring- don, 3 ft. At the last-named and probably also at Wantage, a part of the formation was missing in consequence of pre-Cre- ‘taceous denudation. In Oxfordshire the thickness varies from 111} ft. at Shilling- ‘ford to 120 at Burcot, 94 at Culiam, and in a northward direction to 111 at Marsh Baldon, and 180 at Cuddesdon. At Shillingford, Burcot and Culham, part of the formation may be missing from the cause above mentioned. Corallian. The Corallian Beds include an upper division of oolitie lime- stone (the Coral Rag) and a lower division of sand and calcareous or cherty sandstone (the Lower Calcareous Sandstone). They outcrop continuously across both counties. In Berkshire they were traversed at Faringdon, and under 103 ft. of Coral Rag (top absent) a thickness of 51 ft. of Lower BERKSHIRE AND OXFORDSIURE, 13 Calcareous Grit was proved. At Goosey the whole Corallian was 82 ft. thick, and at Wantage a boring penetrated for 77 ft. in Corallian, but the position of the junction with the Kimmeridge Clay was open to doubt. In Oxfordshire the full thickness of Corallian was ascertained to be 792 ft. at Shillingford, more than 92 ft. at Culham, and more than 80 ft. at Cuddesdon. Oxford Clay. The Oxford Clay is a grey or pale-blue clay with bands of septaria ; it forms a broad outcrop across Oxfordshire and occupies a part of Berkshire. In Berkshire it was proved to exceed 112 ft. in thickness at Goosey (base not reached) and 258 ft. at Wytham (top absent) (7). In Oxfordshire it was proved to exceed 265 ft. at Oxford and 155 ft. at Arncot, in each case the top being absent (8). The full thickness therefore has not been traversed in any one boring, but it has been estimated to he 450 ft. (6). Cornbrash. This thin but constant band of irregular rubbly limestone with clay-partings does not appear at the surface in Berkshire but outcrops continuously across Oxfordshire. In Berkshire the Cornbrash has been proved in one boring only, at Wytham, where it was 19 ft. thick (7). In Oxfordshire it has been traversed in several borings and proved to vary from 10 ft. to 20 ft. 10 ins. in thickness (8). Forest Marble. The Forest Marble consists of alternations of irregular false- bedded and shelly limestone with clays. In Berkshire the Forest Marble has been reached in the Wytham boring only, and was found to be 244 ft. thick (7). In Oxfordshire it has been proved by borings to be 182 ft. thick at Arncot, 322 at Oxford, 204 at Kidlington, 38 at Ishp, 21} at Bicester (8). Measurements at the outcrop give 12 to 19 ft. as the thickness (5). Great Oolite and Upper Estuarine Series. The Great Oolite includes an upper part of oolitic limestones © with marls and a lower part of shelly limestones clays and sandy flags (Stonesfield Slate). The Upper Estuarine Series consists of variegated clays, sandy clays and irregular beds of limestone. In Berkshire, in the Wytham boring, 96 ft. of strata attributed to the Great Oolite intervened between the Forest Marble and Inferior Oolite (7). In Oxfordshire the Great Oolite series forms a wide and con- tinuous outcrop. It has been bored through and its thickness proved at the following places (8):—Burford, 62} ft. (top absent); Arncot, 56} ft.; with Estuarine Series below to 41 ft. (base not reached); Oxford, 88 ft. (Upper Estuarine Series, 281 ft.); Kidlington, 1445 ft. and clay (Estuarine Series?}, 36 ft.; Bicester, 84} ft., and Estuarine Beds, 44 ft. (base not reached). At the B 2 14 BERKSHIRE AND OXFORDSHIRE. Inferior Oolite. This subdivision consists chiefly of oolitic limestones, ferru- ginous and pebbly at the base. In Berkshire it has been seen only in the Wytham boring, where it was 35} ft. thick. In Oxfordshire it was proved at Burford to be 272 ft. thick, and at Oxford 161 ft., while at Kidlington a “hard rock’’ 7 ft. thick was supposed to represent it (8). Variations in thickness are due partly to the fact that the upper beds overlap the lower beds eastwards. Northampton Sand. This is a ferrwginous sand and sand-rock which near North- ampton represents the base of the Inferior Oolite and some under- lying sands (Midford Sands). In Oxfordshire it was supposed to have been recognised in a boring at Bicester where there were 17 ft. of loose sand below the Estuarine Beds, and at Mixbury where 5 ft. of “hard rock’’ intervened between the Estuarine Beds and the Upper Lias. Liassic. In Berkshire the Lias is the oldest rock as yet proved to exist. In the Wytham boring the Upper Lias was 144 ft. thick, and the Middle and Lower Lias were penetrated for a distance of 170 ft. without reaching the base. In Oxfordshire, in the Burford boring, the Upper Lias was 814 ft. thick, the Middle Lias 98 ft. 1 in., and the Lower Lias 447 ft. 4 in., making a total of 626 ft. 11 ins. At Kidlington Lias, with possibly some Rhaetic beds, was bored into for a thick-. ness of 133 ft. At Kingham a boring starting in the Upper Lias ended as supposed, in Lower Lias at a depth of 120 ft., proving: the Middle Lias to be 641 ft. thick. At Mixbury, below North-. ampton, Beds, 134 ft. of strata were assigned to the Upper Lias,. and 36 ft. (base not reached) to the Middle Lias (8). TRIASSIC. This formation has been proved in one spot only in Oxford-. shire. At Burford below the Lias the boring traversed black shale, green marl and limestone for 91 ft., and then 375 ft. 11 ins. of variegated marls with gypsum, which rested on Coal Measures. The variegated marls may be safely assigned to the Keuper Marl; the black shale and green marl represent the Rhaetic but: may include some Keuper Marl. 15 BERKSHIRE AND OXFORDSHIRE. = | 96607 es = = Ss =e, — | _— _— ‘ (somnsvayy [20D) soo o1ozowpeg BOP gee = fi) ae = = =, ae * (sodney pur onoeyy) sera, ELPP ' ae,” |i) SI == = may ge JOMOT 36 $oq 0, | Sel -— OLT on f a ee a. =P a $18 — | We} ter _ = a 1S pis = = a = a > oe 3 = = pueg u0jdureqs0Ny ELS 0g L eae 491 fge = : = = *** @qT[0Q JOLIeyUy (quesqe i Eret 98 | $83 = oso eS — sellog ourrengsy zadd doy)¥z9 (| fr ect 88 96 SP li) Re os = O}T]OQ yeers) = { £0 | aa £¥6 = = = a[qreyl 9se10,, = SF ( &I LI 61 a a = Yserqutog (quesqe (quesqe (quosqe (quesqe - ' — = do9) Z doy) cg | doy) oTz | doy) gaz $P 09 = = “+ Ler prorX9 =a = aS = an pre $98 om — IoMO'T mS ae = ao = — i = = qaddg 5 “HTet00 —_ = = oy = a F111 = = Ae eSpeuunry oF a aa a i 2 gs ae 6 OF puestecrx) IaMO'T (quesqe | acs =F = = a = do4) HFT = $96 gee qjnexy = = = — = = a a 1é puesueory 1eddq oF ae ae = = a = oa 61g IoMo'T = == | a a a a 69T appa “area —_ fo=— — ae = = — | 08T 04 Les seddg 8L “* speg Surpeey — = me = = a — § — BIF, | Quesqe | \ | dog) get fejQ uopuoT | (quosqe — — — | a = oo i doy) 261 = spog yoyssegq ; . BO Qo BQ fie. El yeel ee og) biog. ¢ s g B | €22 | oe sa Poe ee ae a e eI aBé ae 5 B |; BB | gs g | 48 4 nn ae ; a § ps wm * | (qaaf wr sessouyory 7 ) ‘HUTHSCTAHOAXO CNV WaTHSWaAd NI SONTUOR TVdIONTYd 16 : BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. Table of Strata exposed and proved in borings. Thickness in feet. Superficial .. Alluvium, Glacial Drifts, &c. ... ae —_— London Clay... dud. austen ... up to 200 Eocene mi} Reading Beds irae 36-78 ‘Upper Chalk, with the Challis ae at | its base 330 | Middle Chalk, with the Melbourn Rock atits base... < 200-220 Lower Chalk, includin ‘the Totternhoe Cretaceous: Stone ... tp 180 Upper Greensand | sisi Sui on 10-20 Gault... aes si es 200-248 Lower Greensand se ... up to 250 Wealden (Shotover Sands) ee .-. up to 45 Purbeck Beds... bt aig ae 20-30 Portland Beds ... ie wee nt 60 Se Kimmeridge Clay a6 ae 100 Corallian (Ampthill Clay) Sus sib 40-50 Oxford Clay and Kellaways Beds... 420 Oolitic —...{ Cornbrash 5-8 Sete Forest Marble and Great Oolite Clay... 13-40 ’ Great Oolite Limestone he 15-25 Upper Estuarine Series 15-33 Lower Estuarine Series and North- ampton Sands (Inferior Oolite) ... 8-27 oe Liassic ... Upper Lias wa ans or aya 120 Proved in borings only :— canes Middle Lias re bie afi aes to 22 Taner { Lower Lias fi ae se = 2404 Paleozoic Rocks fae fee sia gos ae —_ AUTHORITIES. = 1. Geology of the London Basin, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iv, 1872. 2. Geology of London, Alem. Geol. Surv., vols. i and ii, 1889. 3. Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. i, 1900. 4 3 Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii, 1903. 5. sy = ilem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii, 1904. 6. Jurassic Rocks of Britain, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii, 1893. 7 35 35 em. Geol. Surv., vol. iv, 1894. 8 $3 3 Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. v, 1895. 9. A. M. Davies and J. Pringle, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lxix, 1913, p. 308. 10. H. B. Woodward, Victoria History of the Counties of England, Bucking- hamshire, 1905. SUPERFICIAL. Of the superficial deposits the alluvium has been estimated to attain in places a thickness of 20 ft.; valley-gravels, 25 to 30 ft.; Glacial sands and gravels, 20 to 25 ft., and the chalky boulder- -clay to range up to 50 ft. (10). The clay-with-flints rests on a surface BUCKINGIIAMSHIRE, 17 which has been eroded irregularly in great hollows or pipes 50 ft. deep or more (10). It therefore varies indefinitely in thickness, but may average about 30 ft. Vie. 5. BuckIncuaMsulRre. : = oe se eal ems x0 wNSHIRE } Sal ~ e Pores Hiiey) “ ra Ae atpke Coldingten “p02? A : an = ye - > Stony: pratfo, I “1 Denshanger* \eBradwelt 2 " Akel Ampthlil eee ea ehny Stretror 2 Thornborougn au ecchiax oo 220 ‘Winslow inslade ve O Ge “Stewhle D i oa wee Wing- es .Quainton|* » tN 7 eludgershall ~ ¢z LX Waraton pereere: eltarswort! = oO Aylesbury @ u are Sione in Tring ye D eLongGrendon 1 © oO aw Oo oo Su x a) m = 0 0 g fia * Dorneye lough /)m A et re y o /R om 269 Se Sy ws . Scale of Miles 7. 2p 2 = 2 a 29 fy 18 BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, Eocene. The London Clay is the newest formation in Buckinghamshire, but nowhere retains its original thickness. At Iver 103 ft. of the clay was proved in a well (2). There may be 200 ft. in the extreme south-east of the county. The Reading Beds include dark grey and red mottled clays, variegated sands and pebble-beds. They vary in thickness from 36 to 78 ft. The following localities are arranged from north to south :—Slough, 36 to 54 ft.; Dorney Common, 78 ft.; Datchet, 78 ft. In each of these well-sections the full thickness of the Reading Beds was passed through (2). CRETACEOUS. Chalk. The Chalk is divisible into Upper, Middle and Lower, or into zones characterised hy assemblages of fossils. The Lower Chalk has a thickness estimated at 180 ft. (4), the Middle Chalk, 200 to 220 ft. (4), and the Upper Chalk, 380 ft. (5). The thicknesses of the zones have also been estimated as indi- cated in the subjoined table (4 and 5) :— Thickness in Zones, feet. Marsupites cit se sie be 50 Upper Micraster coranguinum oye ab 200 Chalk. ) Micraster cortestudinarium ... on 60 Holaster planus gas ais a 20 Middle Terebratulina... a is sas 140-160 Chalk. | eagrohonelia i vi 60 Actinocamax plenus ... aie bien 3 oe alk Holaster subglobosus ... ats sins 70-80 * | Ammonites varians sisi aes sae 100 The three well-known bands of hard chalk, the Totternhoe Stone, Melbourn Rock and Chalk Rock occur in Buckinghamshire, but the Totternhoe Stone is only feebly represented over much of the county. The Melbourn Rock, which occurs low down in the main escarpment of the Chiltern Hills, is a rock-like white chalk about 9 ft. thick. The Chalk Rock consists of three beds of cream- coloured limestone containing some glauconite grains, alternating with layers of nodules set in a matrix of soft chalk, and in all may be as much as 10 ft. thick. Upper Greensand and Gault (Selbornian). The Upper Greensand consists of greenish sands and marls with malmstone; it is seldom more than 10 or 12 ft. thick (3), but a boring at Slough proved 19 ft. The Gault is a stiff dark- blue and pale calcareous clay which is divisible into an upper and a lower part, the former attaining a thickness of 70 ft. and the latter 145 ft. (8). In a boring at Thame Park (Oxon, just outside Bucks) there was 200 ft. of Gault and 280 ft. in another boring at Tring (Herts). A boring near Long Marston 2 The Geology of the Country around Windsor and Chertsey, Mem. Geel. Save. 1915, p. 104. he 2s) eid BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, 19 (Herts) proved 70 ft. of Upper Gault and 145 ft. of Lower Gault (3), while in two others, one at Marsworth and another at Bulbourne, the Gault was 238 ft. and 248 ft. respectively in thickness (8). Lower Greensand. This formation rests upon the denuded edges of the folded Jurassic rocks and comprises a variable group of sands, clays and fuller’s earth. It occurs in disconnected patches below the Gault and is absent under a large part of the county. The greatest thickness attained has been estimated at 250 ft. (10). Wealden. Iron sands (Shotover Sands), containing fresh water shells and resting upon Purbeck or Portland Beds, form outliers upon Muswell Hill and Brill Common. They attain a thickness of about 45 ft. and are clearly remnants of an originally extensive deposit. Oorrtic. Purbeck. Purbeck Beds occur as outliers in the Vale of Aylesbury and comprise a series of marls, limestones and calcareous sands which vary in thickness from 20 to 30 ft. (8 and 10). Portland Beds. These extend from near Thame (in Oxfordshire) to Aylesbury, and also form outliers. They comprise about 33 ft. of sands and limestones in the upper part and about 20 ft., mostly of clay, in the lower part (10): At Long Crendon the thickness of the limestone has been estimated at 32 ft., and that of the Lower Portland Clay below at 30 ft. _Kimmeridge Clay. The outcrop of this formation extends from the south-west across the county as far as the neighbourhood of Stewkley, where it is unconformably overstepped by the Gault. It presents its full development only in those spots where it is overlain by Port- land Beds and then is estimated to reach 100 ft. Its extent to the south-east beneath the Cretaceous rocks is unknown. Corallian. These beds consist of a series of sands and calcareous sandstones and limestones, and in this form extend from Shabbington northwards through Oakley to Quainton (10). From Quainton north-eastwards the Corallian is rarely visible, and appears to be represented by the Ampthill Clay. This clay crops out near North Marston, also at Stewkley and to the south of Linslade. At Ampthill in Bedfordshire it is 61 ft. thick; in Buckingham- shire it is supposed to be 40 to 50 ft. (10). 20 BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. Oxford Clay and Kellaways Beds. The Oxford Clay including Kellaways Beds extends from near Ludgershall to Winslow and Fenny Stratford and is about 420 ft. thick. Most of the formation is clay, but some 20 or 80 ft. of sand and loam near the base represent the Kellaways Beds (10). A boring at Bletchley entered the upper part of the Oxford Clay at a depth of 9 ft. and ended as supposed at the base of the Kella- ways at 410 ft. At Calvert a boring starting in the Oxford Clay reached the base at a depth of 98 ft. (9). Cornbrash. This formation consists of rubbly limestone with marl or clay- bands, altogether from 5 to 8 ft. in thickness (7). A large outlying mass of Cornbrash with some Kellaways Beds occurs north of Buckingham beneath glacial drift. Forest Marble and Great Oolite Clay. The Forest Marble was represented in the Calvert boring by oolitic and shelly limestones and marly clays, with a total thickness of 38 ft. 9 ins. The Great Oolite Clay is a formation of uncertain thickness and varying character. It consists at times of black, red or green clay, passing into tough blue shelly oolite (Forest Marble) which at Bicester (Oxfordshire) is about 18 ft. in thickness. The clay at Buckingham is some 15 ft. thick, but northwards it is less developed. At Bradwell there is 13 ft. of marly clay with sand and limestone (7 and 10). Great Oolite Limestone. The Great Oolite Limestone crops out over much of the northern part of the county and has been worked in many quarries which are but 10 to 15 ft. deep. Ina pit at Bradwell about 16 ft. of limestone, and in the valley south-west of Thornborough about 21 ft., are exposed (7 and 10). The total thickness is believed to be about 25 ft. Upper Estuarine Series. The Upper Estuarine Series, consisting of black and variegated clays with white and brown sands, occurs at Stoke Goldington and along the borders of the Ouse to near Olney and is from 15 to 20 ft. in thickness. It has been proved in Salcey Forest, and at Denshanger and Stony Stratford (10), but in the country from Aynho to Towcester it is difficult to make any satisfactory divisions in the Great QOolite (7). The Great Oolite Clay, Lime- stone and Upper Estuarine Series are classed together with a united thickness of about 60 ft. . Lower Estuarine Series and Northampton Sands. In Buckinghamshire these estuarine and marine groups occupy the place of the sands and oolitic limestones of the Cotswolds. ? Geol. Mag., 1889, pp. 356-357. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, 21 The Lower Estuarine Series consists of loam and sand and appears to be about 8 ft. thick (10). The Northampton Sands are exposed only along the Ouse Valley and have been doubtiully met with in borings on the north-east of Stowe Park near Akeley and near Stony eae A well north of Olney proved 27 ft. of these beds (7). \ At Chetwode a boring proved alternations of rock and clay in thin beds to a depth of 230 ft. The boring commenced in Oxford Clay and ended in Middle Lias. None of the subdivisions of the Great or Inferior Oolite Series were recognisable. The Calvert, Bletchley and Chetwode borings prove that there is a considerable area in North Bucks, where the Oolitic rocks older than the Oxford Clay are not normally developed. Liassic. The Upper Lias is the oldest formation exposed in Buckingham- shire and is estimated to reach 120 ft. at a maximum (10). At Calvert it was believed to be absent, but the Lower Lias to be represented (p. 22). 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Alluvium se bas ast ai 0-30 Suipentcnal { Glacial Deposits “a ane rig 0-180! { Upper as mies sig to 237 Chalk ...+ Middle a ae sine 210-230 Lower br aie ee 160-170 Crptaeons aa Ss ce ek, | Lower Greensand sins vay ae 12-120 Kimmeridge Clay ol sist age 100-142 Corallian (Ampthill Clay Ere a 26-150 Oxford Clay with Kellaways Rock ... 400-700(?): Cornbrash i wie ae ies 0-15 Great Oolite Clay ee wae Ses 5-40 Oolitic Great Oolite Limestone ees ae 10-17 Upper Estuarine Series oO \ Lincolnshire Limestone, 0 to up- wards of 5 ft. ass ans apse Lower Estuarine Series : Northampton Sands... ee + about 17 Proved in borings only :— ssa Upper Lias sis Ei aes sis 85-101 Lassie... { wile and Lower Lias dis oe to, 265 AUTHORITIES. . Geology of the Neighbourhood of Cambridge, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1881. . Jurassic Rocks of Britain, ib., vol. iii, 1893. 5 » vol. v, 1895. . Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, ib., vol. i, 1900. ” ” 1 2 3. 3 ‘i » vol. iv, 1894. 4 5 6 si 5 », vol. ii, 1903. 7. 3 3 5 vol. iii, 1904. 8. J. E. Marr and A. E. Shipley, The Natural History of Cambridgeshire, 1904. 9. R. H. Rastall. Geology in the Field, Geol. Assoc., 1910, p. 124. SUPERFICIAL. Alluvium. The alluvial deposits find their widest development in the Fen Country. Their average thickness lies between 20 and 30 ft. and they consist of alternations of peat, silt and gravel. Those of the rivers Cam and Ouse have an average thickness of about 10 ft. with a maximum of 30 ft. Glacial. Of these variable deposits the most important member, the chalky boulder clay, ranges up to 180 ft. in thickness. This was proved near Caxton and at Old North Road Station (9). 1 Not including some exceptional thicknesses found in buried, channels. 24 CAMBRIDGESHIRE AND HUNTINGDONSHIRE, A boring recently made at Whittlesford! has proved that the Drift extends there to a depth of more than 455 ft. and more than 335 ft. below sea-level. This deep hollow forms a continuation of the channel described on p. 54. Fie. 4. CAMBRIDGESHIRE AND HUNTINGDONSHIRE. E 144 son 4'45 | Oo ° | Le > 157 ae | o? Downham Market oO ie Ln veeeeroraut Nh, Bf iton *Farcet J xy NTINGRONSHIRE, |--N { 5 Bluntisham - ao if. An a MN M con ( NI -NORTHA D cS Huntingdon w 187 mi86 Oakington + om oO Elsworth , ee Ln : ambridge _—— | Oo a Old North Rdad 3} om = Ss) Sse | #@f& & fouwst| 8s 2 9 & x a & BS oO . @ =a a@a|| Es n o o> eBiee|@ ieee] @ | Sei pe| oe!) 2 jge2) en) s8/ 6 | F | 2 | Fe Be | ae : we} & | SB) eB} gs ois S| BE] Re | 8 ae |ae| & oe lee BY |B ga\ 27 | oe a2i/8 | 3 & ee 25| |. 8 = eg B : ° 3 ra a 33 * $ : i "yaaf Un sassauyouyy “AUIHSAHO NI SONIYOR IVdIONIUd 32 CUMBERLAND axp WESTMORLAND. Table of Strata. ; Thickness in feet. ; Alluvium sas stil ies en a Superficial .. { Glacial ie Hod ae oes ... up to 186 Liassic .... Lower Lias ah oe in ... up to 210 Stanwix Shales ... ata eee .. upto 23 Kirklinton Sandstone ... ies oes 400 Triassic ... « Gypseous Shales ae a a 900 St. Bees Sandstone... i ips 2,000 ( Gypseous Shales ie ns site 0-250 |e eas Limestone ... oe ae 1-30 Permian .../ Plant Beds (Hilton Shales)... ees 150 Penrith Sandstone and Brockram ... 1,500 Carboniferous and older rocks bis La de _ AUTHORITIES. 1. T. V. Holmes. Permian, Trias and Lias of the Carlisle Basin. Quurt. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxvii, 1881, p. 286. . J. G. Goodchild. An Outline of the Geological History of the Even Valley or Edenside, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xi, 1891, p. 258.° — 3. —_———. The St. Bees Sandstone and its Associated Rocks. Ivenp. rit. Assoc. for 1892, p. 722. 4. Geology of the Country around Carlisle, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1899. . J. G. Goodchild. Victoria History of the Counties of England, Cumber- land, 1901. 6. J. E. Marr. The Geology of the Appleby District, Westmorland, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xx, 1908, p. 129. bo qr SUPERFICIAL. cAlluvium. Broad alluvial flats with peat-mosses form the low ground bordering the Solway. On the coast near Silloth blown sand covers wide areas and in places reaches a thickness of 30 ft. Glacial. The Glacial drifts cover much of the low-lying ground. They may be divided into esker-grayel and sand and a boulder-clay with earthy gravels. The esker-gravel varies in thickness up to 100 ft., while the greatest proved thickness of the boulder-clay is 186 ft. This was found in a boring near Abbey Town (4) Lrassic. The Lower Lias forms a small outlier at Great Orton. A boring has proved 210 ft. of shales and limestones belonging to the zone of Psiloceras [Ammonites | planorbis (4), and possibly including some Rhaetic Beds. = CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORLAND. Fic. 6. CumBrrnanpD AND WESTMORLAND. 33 aN wae ae 16 Linehow. on Ses 1g | Cry Stainton AStanwix” } ot Silloth; Great Orton- Cariis/ so ee ae yTown | \ Kirktinet ee 4 a FIRTH 22 Ca cis < B 23 aN 1 E PKL A N 24, pie Fal ', Wir Sts Bede = lHexd_| itehaven ee, eas 37 cale 9 Sw 38 s 1 |B S s ae 4 =) i e's nH Q 49 Scale of Miles 5 10 20 Ui Re rE eg TRIASSIC. Rhaetic beds have not been proved to exist in this area, and the highest Triassic rocks known to occur are found in the Carlisle basin, where they have been termed the Stanwix Shales. Their maximum proved thickness is 28 ft. Beneath the Stanwix Shales lie the red and white Kirklinton Sandstones, with a thickness of not less than 400 ft. (4). Between the Kirklinton and St. Bees Sandstones some gypseous shales, which have only been found in borings, are supposed to intervene (1 and 4). A part of these was traversed in the Abbey Town boring (p. 35); they are estimated to reach a thickness of 3 ' CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORLAND, 900 ft. They must vary rapidly in thickness, for they are absent between Carlisle and Kirklinton. The St. Bees Sandstone is the most conspicuous member of the Triassic group of this area. It consists of micaceous red sand- stones, of which the thickness in the north of the Eden Valley 1s estimated at 1,500 to 2,000 ft. Northwards and eastwards from Carlisle the St. Bees Sandstone overlaps all the underlying red rocks and rests upon the Carboniferous. ‘At the base of the St. Bees Sandstone, in the Carlisle basin and near St. Bees Head, there crops out another group of gypseous shales which are estimated as having a thickness of 250 ft. (5). At Seascale, on the coast to the west of the Lake District, the St. Bees Sandstone has been bored into for 2,000 ft. without being bottomed.! In a later account Prof. Gregory gives the total depth of the boring as 3,200 ft., and tentatively suggests that the boring may have been in Kirklinton Sandstone down to a depth of 2,073 ft. and in St. Bees Sandstone for the remaining 1,127 ft.? PERMIAN. The Magnesian Limestone and its associated plant-beds (Hilton Shales) form the upper, and the Penrith Sandstone and Brockrams the lower group of the Permian. In the Whitehaven area the Permian Brockram occurs in faulted strips in the coal-field. In places it reaches 180 ft. in thickness. The Magnesian Limestone is found along the southern edge of the coal-field and has a maximum thickness of 30 ft. in the west at St. Bees Head, but thins to 1 or 2 ft. in the east. In the Eden Valley the Magnesian Limestone is only a foot or two thick, but at this horizon are the Hilton plant-bearing shales with gypsum, which have an estimated maximum thick- ness of 150 ft. (3). . The Penrith Sandstone is a red sandstone without mica, in which respect it differs from the St. Bees Sandstone. In parts of this sandstone secondary quartz has been deposited in crystalline continuity with the original rounded sand-grains. The Brock- rams occur chiefly in the southern part of the Eden Valley, where there is one at the base and another in the middle of the Penrith Sandstone. They consist of angular blocks of rock, mainly Car- boniferous Limestone, firmly cemented together. Estimates of the thickness of the Penrith Sandstone group near Appleby vary from 1,000 ft. to 1,500 ft. (8). In the north of Cum- berland this group is much reduced in thickness and is locally absent (2). . : ‘ a Summary of Progress for 1909 (fem. Geol. Surv.), 1910, p. 5. 2 Geol. May., 1915, p. 146. CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORLAND. Some Borings in Cumberland and Westmorland. Thicknesses in feet. 30 | | 3 = he ’ . 8 a a ar) § E 8 P E | 8 3 a 3 5 o |; ‘Ss z ma; a), m1 & a 3 Alluvium _ 124 | — —_— 7 _ Glacial — 186 | 41 18 _— 36 | Lias ee | —_— 210 —_— _— 1 | Stanwix Shales —- } eis = 23 =a \ | to | Kirklinton — = a = 394 | 171 Trias! Sandstone ; Upper Gypseous ; to Shales} —. | 734 | 367 | 182 3s to ! to |touched to ‘St. Bees Sandstone 2,000 | 87 | 69 | 36 DERBYSHIRE. Table of Strata. ; Thickness. in feet. ‘ : Alluvium on mee Soe ee 15-30 Buponieial es { Giantal we eee FO TO Keuper Marl... ae S05 ... up to 380 Triassi Lower Keuper Sandstone 2 50-150 niassic +++ \ Bunter Pebble Beds... wb ... up to 1,000 Lower Mottled Sandstone... ... impersistent Permi ( Magnesian Limestone ... 23 ant 60-140 SrUMa 2) Basement Beddw. . anna 36-88 Carboniferous... ats on oe ie she — AUTHORITIES. 1. The Triassic and Permian rocks of the Midland Counties of England, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1869. 2. The Geology of the Country between Atherstone and Charnwood Forest, %b., 1900. 3. The Geology of the Country between Derby, Burton-on-Trent, Ashby-de-la- Zouch and Loughborough, ib., 1905. 7 4. H. H. Arnold Bemrose. The Victoria History of the Counties of England, Derbyshire, 1905. 5. The Geology of the Leicestershire and South Derbyshire Coalfield, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1907. . The Geology of the Southern Part of the Derby and Notts Coalfield, 7b. 1908. > 7. The Geology of the Northern Part of the Derbyshire Coalfield, etc., ib., 1913, SUPERFICIAL. Alluvium. The alluvial deposits cover a considerable area alongside the Trent and appear to extend to a depth of 20 to 30 ft. Thus a boring at Sawley showed the Trent gravels to be 25 ft. thick, whilst four borings across the southern border of the county near Burton-on-Trent showed respectively 19 ft. 2 in. of sand, clay, peat and gravel, 24 ft. of gravel in another, 30 ft. of gravel in a third, and 31 ft. of gravel in the fourth (3). Alluvial deposits, but of smaller extent, occur in the Derwent, Erewash and Rother valleys. Valley gravels are also found at various levels above the Trent and the Derwent (7). Glacial. In the neighbourhood of Matlock and Ashover some patches of boulder-clay occur (7), and near Ashbourne a well sunk at Spital Hill showed 70 ft. of drift overlying Keuper Marl. Further to the east at Blackwall, near Kirk Ireton, a section shows 25 ft. of glacial sand and gravel (4). Near Derby a well sunk at Spondon two miles from the town showed upwards of 30 ft. of boulder-clay, while four miles south-east of Derby, at DERBYSHIRE. ov Chellaston Hill, a boring passed through 40 ft. of boulder-clay into chalky sand 6 ft. deep. This was underlain by 10 ft. of loamy sand and gravel and rested on Keuper Marl (4). In the extreme south of the county also the ground is overlain by glacial deposits, which, however, are not so thick and important here as in the Soar Valley and Loughborough district in Leicestershire to the south-east. A boring made near Burton-on-Trent on the 400-ft. contour proved 16 ft. of boulder-clay (3). Fig. 7. DERBYSHIRE. < utto ae is Cc. A Hardw, : Ve e a rn AMSHIRE he + Te Dee Mansti eld Kirkbypin-Ashtield & ¥ SAS a Ze LZ cansowirenous ! 5 Scale of Miles 3 10 * A LA : ep 2 Ashbourne’ : nN 124 muggint ch A ‘ : Bi ve Derby «Spondon D 0 woes | Sawley. . | E i, “Chellaston 140 Sb Ron Ingleby . Burton-on-Trent. -Bretby_/|4| @ t wwadiincote a Castle Gfesle ;. d 2 s ae oe? 155 | - LES 20 38 DERBYSHIRE. TRIASSIC. Along the southern and eastern margins of the Derby and Nottingham Coalfield the Trias does not much exceed 800 ft. in thickness. The groups represented are : — . Keuper Marl. Trias Keuper Waterstones with a basal conglomerate. ts ‘** ) Bunter Pebble Beds. ‘ Lower Mottled Sandstone. Keuper. The Keuper Marl with thin sandstones and bands of gypsum occupies a much larger proportion of the surface of South Derby- shire than the other Triassic 1ocks. Nowhere, however, in the county is the full thickness developed. The marl rests con- formably upon and graduates down into the sandstones below, but as the Charnwood Hills are:approached it overlaps all the underlying Triassic rocks till it comes to rest on the old rocks themselves. ; Across the eastern border of the county 389 ft. of Keuper Marl was bored through at Edwalton, while at Sawley the same forma- tion was traversed for 112 ft. in a boring which started well below its top (3). A boring at Burton-on-Trent in Staffordshire showed 297 ft. of Keuper Marl; another in Derbyshire, but close to Burton, at Egginton Common, showed 99 ft. of Keuper Marl with gypsum. In none of these cases, however, is the full thickness of the Keuper Marl shown (3). It reaches 1,000 ft. in parts of Staffordshire, but is likely to be less in Derbyshire. The Lower Keuper Sandstones or ‘ Waterstones ’ consist of beds of white and pink sandstone with marl-bands, having at their base beds of breccia. They appear to vary in thickness from 50 to 100 ft. but to thicken westward to 150 ft, or more (5). Bunter. The Bunter is but feebly represented at the outcrop, its total thickness falling short of 100 ft. in the neighbourhood of Dale, but each member gradually widening eastward and also westward though not to so marked an extent. The Pebble Beds are per- sistent over the area, while the Lower Mottled Sandstone is often absent (6). The maximum thickness of the Pebble Beds in the area around Kirk Iveton, Turnditch and Mugginton is about 180 ft., whilst in the district south of Belper the whole of the Bunter seldom exceeds 30 to 40 ft. In the neighbourhood of Ashbourne the Pebble Beds are stated to be at least 120 ft. thick. The variations in the thickness of the Bunter are attributable to the irregularity of the pre-Triassic floor on which it was spread. In the neighbourhood of the Millstone Grit (6), the irregularity is especially pronounced. Further south, in the neighbourhood of Repton and Ingleby, the Pebble Beds attain a thickness of nearly 200 ft. n the extreme south of the county, where they form the only represen- tative of the Bunter, they have probably a maximum thickness of 1,000 ft., 600 ft. being found in a boring at Chilcote (5), but DERBYSHIRE. 39 over most of the ground they are less well developed, and towards the east the gradually thin away altogether, on the margins of the Leicester coalfield. PERMIAN. The principal outcrop of Permian rocks occurs in a narrow north and south strip near the eastern boundary of Derbyshire. In this county the Lower Magnesian Limestone, with the base- ment beds, alone is present. The basement beds usually consist of a breccia with overlying grey marls and thin limestones, repre- senting the Marl Slates. Close to the county boundary at Kirkby- in-Ashfield in Nottinghamshire they are 4 to 5 ft., and the marls and thin limestones from 15 to 20 ft. thick. In the Sherwood Colliery at Mansfield the breccia is 8 ft. and the grey marl series 88 ft. thick. Where it enters Derbyshire north of Teversall the series is seldom over 30 ft. (7). About 12 ft. of it is seen in the Rowthorn railway cutting, and at Hardwick Old Hall a deep trench showed magnesian limestone passing down into 16 ft. of thin limestones and mar]-partings, the total thickness of the basement beds here being 25 ft. (7). Further north still, at Clowne, the basement beds appear to be represented by 12 to 18 ft. of quicksands overlain by 15 to 20 ft. of grey marls (7). From Clowne northwards to the Yorkshire border the base of the Permian consists of ‘ quicksands.’ At Shireoaks the ‘ Sand- rock’ at the base of. the Permian is 1 ft. 8 ins. and the marly series 54 ft. thick (7). The Magnesian Limestone where it enters Derbyshire is about 100 ft. thick. Thus it is 142 ft. at Sherwood Colliery, Mansfield, and about 65 ft. around King’s Mill, Sutton, and 103 ft. at Shireoaks Colliery (7). In the extreme south of Derbyshire some marls and breccias which have been provisionally classed as Permian cover a small area. About 50 ft. represents their maximum development, and they apparently occur along hollows in the underlying Carboni- ferous rocks. At Castle Gresley they are about 24 ft. thick, while at Swad- lincote the breccias and marls of the so-called Permian average 15 ft. At Bretby Colliery they are represented by 6} ft., and further south by 8 ft., of breccia. For records of borings near to the borders of Derbyshire reference should be made to the tables relating to Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire. 40 DEVON anv CORNWALL. Table of Strata. ( Thickness in feet. Superficial... Alluvium, Gravels, &c.... eats She _ Pliocene ... ase a sna ssi om eile ee eee Beds wae “ ... up to 456 Eocene ... Blackdown and Haldon Giavels .. upto 40 Upper Chalk... fie wis ... upto 90 Middle Chalk... ins aes one 100-236 Cretaceous Lower Chalk... as eee 2-60 | Upper Greensand on Selbornian a 65-200 Liassic .... Lower Lias dies a za ae 105 nes fn ae id Sa .. up to 45 ee Keuper Marls_ ... ise or ae 1,300 EERSSIC . | Upper Sandstone eas wa ... up to 302 Pebble Beds 2d aoe ae 80 | Permian Marls ... . fis 200-800 Permian ... ‘ Lower Sandstone and Breccias ... up to 900 | Clay with Breccia (Watcombe Clay) ... 20-700 Carboniferous and older rocks ... ists wae on —_ AUTHORITIES. 1. Jurassic Rocks of Britain, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol iii, 1893. 2. Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. i, 1900. 3. ae 3 Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii, 1903. 4, 5 his Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii, 1904. 5. Geology of the Country around Exeter, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1902. 6 5 <5 around Torquay, J/em. Geol. Surv., 1903. 7 near Sidmouth and Lyme Regis, Mem. Geol. Surv., 2nd Ed., 1911. 8. Geology of the Country around Newton Abbot, Jem. Geol. Surv., 1918. 9. W. A. E. Ussher. Victoria History of the Counties of England, Devon, 1906. 10. x Geology in the Field, Geol. Assoc., 1910, p. 859. SUPERFICIAL. Tracts of gravel, angular detritus (or ‘head’) and alluvium flank most of the rivers in Devon, and raised beaches occur around the coast. The Alluvium fills deep channels and attains a thick- ness up to 80 ft. both in the north and south of the county (5 to 8). Deposits of blown sand and talus (‘head’) overlie the raised beaches and may average 12 ft. in thickness, but in North Devon reach 50 ft. Angular detritus, where it fills up, hollows, mes hs be 40 ft. thick, but more usually averages ‘about 10 to t The terrace-gravels lie principally at two levels, about 50 and 100 ft. respectively above the modern rivers. The higher gravel in the Axe Valley is 60 ft. thick, but this is exceptional, the average being 15 ft. (5 to 8). DEVON AND CORNWALL. Fie. 8. DEVONSHIRE. 41 277 293 f S &. 29 eek staple . E 3! S H S LACK DO) B HILLS WN A Exete: feavitreé|~~ Seato) folaton gale oF CBs Bint a Branscombe Heathf f ae meg 23 ea Salcombe R Bh siamo Ks Bovey Tracey. fel’ 339 Combe: 2 feciman tcombe daleighs ier xmouth lawlish 340 ~ wy a bY L stocks q Matis 3 ee : oe 4 2 Abs Dart. 35 mou = > r 0 Bolt H e 0 ed Noes S 356 ei © Start Point wv vad Scale of Miles 5 to Fig. 9. CoRNWALL. ro Scale of Miles ie. St. Agnes Head awe 346 lands End s Lizard Point c Crousa Downs 42 DEVON AND CORNWALL. a PLIOCENE. Small relics of Pliocene Beds occur near St. Erth in the Land’s End district, at Crousa Downs in the Lizard district and at St. Agnes Head on the north coast of Cornwall. The deposits include sand, gravel and clay, and in places exceed 20 ft. in thickness. OLIGOCENE. The clays and sands with lignite at Bovey Tracey are probably of Oligocene age (8). Their total thickness is unknown, but a boring at Heathfield proved 456 ft. of clay, sand and lignite (8) without reaching the base. Eocene. Widespread deposits of uncertain age, possibly Eocene, and consisting of angular and subangular detritus associated with either clay or sand, cover the upland plains. They maintain a fairly uniform thickness of some twenty feet (7). The Eocene gravel of Haldon Hills is 40 ft. thick in places (8). CRETACEOUS. Chalk. -On the coast of Devon there are two principal outliers of Chalk, one between Lyme Regis (Dorset) and Seaton, and the other between Seaton and Branscombe. Lower Middle and Upper Chalk are in part represented, but zones above that of Micraster cortestudinarium are absent. There is a remarkable variation in the thicknesses of the strata assigned to some of the zones, and especially to that of Terebratulina. The changes observable in the cliff are indicated in the following table. The localities read from west to east (7) :— Brans- : ‘ ‘ ae combe | White- |,,. Chief Stratigraphical Divisions. Zones. ae cliff. Pinhay. : Beer. feet. feet. feet. Chalk with flints ... | Micraster cor- 30 20+ 50+ Upper testudinarium. Chalk. \ Chalk with flints and | Holaster planus ... 60 34 40 _ phosphatic nodules. Chalk with flints ... | Terebratulina ... |90 to 156! 70 72 | Hard and soft nodular : | chalk with flints ere locally in upper part Rhynchonella | 20-80 28 60 ; | Bes Stone, and hard gumert quartziferous chalk. Calcareous sandstone | Holaster subglo- | 14-30 2-3 2-3 Lower Chalk. and arenaceous bosus and Am- chalk with quartz- monites (Schloen- grains. bachia) varians. Inland the Lower and Middle Chalk are found in the faulted tract between Offwell and Widworthy east of Honiton; and also DEVON AND CORNWALL. 43 at Membury. At Membury there seems to be from 50 to 60 ft. of Lower Chalk and probably not more than 80 ft. of Middle Chalk (9). ' In Devon parts of the Chalk assume the characters of sand- stones and limestones. The change is especially noticeable in the lower part of the formation, for the three hard bands known as Chalk Rock, Melbourn Rock and Totternhoe Stone all assume a sandy facies, while the Lower Chalk consists at its base of calcareous sandstone of variable thickness which is overlain by a bed of quartziferous limestone. These arenaceous beds are exposed on the coast from Lyme Regis nearly as far as Sidmouth, and inland at Wilmington near Widworthy. At the base of the Middle Chalk there is a bed of freestone (Beer Stone) which consists of granular limestone almost entirely composed of com- minuted fragments of Inoceramus shells. There is no regular bed of Melbourn Rock, but a bed of hard yellowish nodules is probably its equivalent (8). Selbornian.. These beds form the bold uplands of East Devon, the best sections being exhibited in the cliffs near and east of Sidmouth. They are divisible into two main groups, the Chert Beds and the Greensands. This series has an average thickness of 200 ft. which is fairly constant in Hast Devon. It thins further west, especially in its lower division. At Black Ven in Dorset the thickness of the greensand under some chert beds is 119 ft. Further west at Whitecliff the chert beds and greensand are 68 and 88 ft. respec- tively. Below Beer Head the total thickness is some 156 ft., while still further west beyond Branscombe it is about 170 ft. (7). At Peak Hill west of Sidmouth the lower beds are about 20 ft. thinner (7), the total estimated thickness being about 65 ft. (2). At Great Haldon Hills the beds appear to be 65 ft. thick and at Little Haldon about 90 ft., a well at a house on the hill proving that thickness. In the inland districts of Devon there are few localities where the formation is complete. The lower or Blackdown sands have been estimated at from 80 to 100 ft., and in places the base of the sand is 200 ft. below the summit of the ridges and there is no reason to suppose the total thickness is less than along the coast (2). The te proved in the shafts of the tunnel on the London and South-Western Railway at Honiton show that the basement beds increase in thickness from east to west, but this is due to the surface of the underlying Red Marl being uneven. The five shafts from east to west penetrated the following thicknesses of greensand :—179, 221, 218, 169 and 91 ft., the variation being partly due to change of surface level (2). LiASsic. The Lower Lias is exposed in the cliffs east of Seaton and there consists of blue limestone thickening eastwards from 70 to 85 ft., covered by 16 ft. of clay and shale, and this by indurated grey D 44 DEVON AND CORNWALL. marl, giving in all a thickness of 105 ft. (1 and 9). There is reason for believing that the stone-beds of Lyme Regis, in the neighbouring part of Dorset, diminjsh in thickness towards the north. The only available information as to the thickness of the Lias in Devon is derived from the coast-sections. TRIASSIC, Rhaetic. The coast-sections east of Seaton show that the White Lias is 25 ft. and the Black Shales 20 ft. thick (7). New Red Series. The underlying Keuper Marls have been estimated at 1,300 ft. in thickness, the uppermost 35 ft. being grey and the remainder chiefly red. A boring for coal near Lyme Regis penetrated 1,130 ft. of these marls without reaching their base (7 and 9). The sandstones ‘which underlie the marls rise into the cliffs at Sidmouth and thence after a brief interval extend westwards to Budleigh Salterton. A borehole for the water supply of Exeter, made at Dotton Lane near Colaton Raleigh, started in sandstones at an estimated depth of 100 ft. from their junction with the overlying marls, and continued in them to a depth of 302 ft. Thence to the bottom, a further distance of 36 ft., the boring was in pebble-beds (7). The Budleigh Salterton Pebble Beds are perhaps as much as 80 ft. on the coast but appear to diminish inland (7). PERMIAN. The Permian heds of Devon consist of a series of breccias and sandstones overlain by marls, all most variable in thickness but showing a remarkable attenuation towards Exeter. The marls extend along the coast from Exmouth to near Bud- leigh Salterton and northwards to the borders of Somerset. On the coast they can scarcely be less than 800 ft. thick but they thin northward to 200 ft. near Somerset (9). The Lower Sandstone and Breccia have an estimated thickness of 460 ft. (8), while 832 ft. of the underlying boulder-breccia was proved in a boring at Combe, near Teignmouth, without the base being reached (8). There can scarcely be less than 500 ft. of the Watcombe breccia on the coast, but it appears to diminish rapidly northwards to 20 or 30 ft. near the Teign estuary (9). A boring at Heavitree commenced in this series and encountered 697 ft. of sandstone and marl. The Watcombe Clays have a restricted distribution on the coast and are probably nowhere more than 150 ft. thick (9). 45 DORSET. . Pable of Strata exposed and proved in borings. Thickness in feet. saad ( Allavium, Valley Gravel oe thie —_ pupeRnet ( Plateau Gravel, Clay with Flints ... _ Pliocene .., Elephant Bed of Dewlish es aie — Oligocene ... Creech Barrow Limestone... sits — ( Bagshot Beds ... wine ae ais to 400 Eocene... {London Clay... a a ais 100-250 Reading Beds ... be . be 70-100 Chalk (Upper, Middle and ee, ... up to 1,320 = Greensand and Gault (Sel- Cretaceous .. bornian) 5 aN .. up to 170 | Lower Greensand. ste sre ies 0-198 | Wealden aie aes S03 ... up to 2,350 Purbeck Beds... ane ee sn 189-395 Portland Beds ... ane ... average about 260 Kimmeridge Clay sisi sist ... 900 to about 1,200 Corallian sie 120-216 ae Oxford Clay with i Kellaways B Beds... about 500 Oalisic Cornbrash . about 30 Forest Marble ... ie ais 80-130 Fuller’s Earth (Pullonian) aes ... about 150 Inferior Oolite ... ; ee is 15-45 Midford Sand... 5 ie 135-150 Liassic ... Lias (Upper, Middle tee een ... about 900 Proved in borings only :— «oot Bhaetic Beds... 60 PERRSUE it a Marl... proved to be more than 1,168 Authorities. 1. Jurassic Rocks of Britain, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii, 1893. 2. 3 3 tb., vol. iv, 1894. 3. es “3 ib., vol. v, 1895. 4, Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, ib., vol. i, 1900. 5. a 3 ib., vol. ii, 1903. 6. * PF Ps ab., vol. iii, 1904. 7. Geology of the Country around Ringwood, ib., 1902. 8. 3s a Bournemouth, ib., 1898. 9. 55 $5, Dorchester, 2b., 1899. 10. Geology of the Isle of Purbeck and Weymouth, ib., 1898. 11. Geology of the Country near Sidmouth and Lyme Regis, 1b., 2nd Ed, 1911. SUPERFICIAL. Plateau Gravel abounds in south-east Dorset at various levels ‘from 330 ft. downwards. The higher outliers consist mainly of angular flints, the lower of much subangular material derived from the Eocene deposits. There are good sections at Moreton Station in the gravel of the lower plateaus. It is there about 8 ft. thick, which appears to be about the average (9). Clay- with-flints is found on the higher parts of the Chalk, especially near Dorchester, but it 1s seldom more than 56 ft, thick (9). D2 flard Point anage 343 i’ [ ci — Ly 5; os T= a ed Zz Nga K S32 88 $ s aa ¢ Z ~ & 8 “ = eS 3 & < a ® > ow S. SN || = Be a 4 | ee = 2 0 Ss /" Qo oO zo( EO Gi “2 e - 23 cS 2 a St Q ° oO A ll: Se x % = $ 3 Z gf 8 > S ds 8 3 S|, 3 2 x * $8 i & xe 3 gs ef o. ae f S a a i = sO 3 ie my 3 5 = §. Ss o aa “o § G : t+ Seal o o = Sh © o os O24 2c 2 f 3 ‘ n wi 1 ow S| nt N ° Oo A , qd ' ‘PLIOCENE. The only Pliocene deposit known in Dorset occupies a cleft or fissure in the Chalk at Dewlish. OLIGOCENE. The existence of a limestone, probably of Oligocene age, on Creech Barrow has been demonstrated by Messrs. W. H. ‘Hudleston, Geol. Mag. for 1903, pp. 149 and 197, and H. Keeping: ib. 1909, p. 555. Eocene. Bagshot Beds. The Bagshot Beds in this county mainly consist of sand and gravel with seams of pipe-clay and lenticular. masses of car- bonaceous loam or clay containing fossil leaves. Westward the- DORSET. 47 deposits become coarser and more gravelly. The top of the Bagshot Beds has not been seen, but a thickness of several hundred feet is believed to be attained (8). . London Clay. This formation, as developed in Dorset, consists largely of sand or sandy loam (9). I+ is partly overlapped westwards by Bagshot Beds. At Fordingbridge, just within the Hampshire border, it was found, in a well-section, to be 118 ft. thick and also to contain many seams of clay with septarian nodules (7). Nearer Dorchester it has thinned out to less than 100 ft. (9); but further south, at Studland and near Lulworth, it was estimated to be 260 ft. and 150 ft. respectively, in both cases, however, the sharp folding of the strata making an estimate difficult (10). _ Reading Beds. . Near Dorchester the Reading Beds contain a certain amount of the characteristic red-mottled clay, but mostly consist of coarse sand and fine gravel. In'a well-section at Fordingbridge their thickness was found to be 73 ft. 6 in. (7). In the Bournemouth district it is said to be about-70 ft. (8), and near Dorchester 70 or 80 ft. (9). At Studland it has been estimated at 100 ft., but the beds there are distorted by folding. CRETACEOUS . : Chath. The Chalk shows a marked attenuation westwards in all its subdivisions, and is, moreover, partly overlapped in the same direction by the Tertiary Beds. - In South Dorset we have a series of estimates ranging from Swanage through the Isle of Purbeck, but the disturbed and crushed condition of the strata renders precise measurement impos- sible. Near Swanage these estimates give, for the Upper Chalk, 1,049 ft., for the Middle Chalk, 128 ft., for the Lower Chalk, 143 ft. Thence westwards to White Nothe, at the west end of the ‘Isle,’ the measurements show Upper Chalk, 956 ft., Middle Chalk, 134 ft., and Lower Chalk, about 80 ft. Still further west, on Blackdown, the overlap. by the Tertiary Beds is so marked that there are only 300 to 500 ft. left of the Upper Chalk (10). _In North Dorset the thickness of the Upper, Chalk is about 950 ft. (6), while that of the Middle Chalk ranges from 100 ft. to 70 or 80 ft., the attenuation being westwards. The Lower Chalk varies from 180 ft. near Shaftesbury to 80 or 90 ft. westwards, chiefly through a diminution in the thickness of the Chalk Marl (5). Upper Greensand and Gault (Selbornian). The Gault Clay passes gradually westwards into a glauconitic sandy clay or silt, which is indistinguishable lithologically from the Upper Greensand. While therefore the united thickness of the two members of the Selbornian remains fairly constant, with a slight tendency to thicken westwards, the relative thicknesses ot sand and clay change greatly. In South Dorset they vary as 48 DORSET. follows: —Near Ballard Point, sand 65 ft., clay 91 ft.; at Worbarrow, sand becoming loamy below, 124 ft., clay 46 ft. ; at Lulworth, sand with some clay in the lower part, 129 ft.; at White Nothe, sand 102 ft., sandy clay and clay 48 ft. In West Dorset the united thicknesses amount to 160 or 170 ft. (10). ‘Between Shillington and Okeford Fitzpaine the clay is about 60 ft. thick, but no trace of it has been seen at Beaminster, where the sand is about 100 ft. thick (4). The Gault rests with a pro- nounced unconformity upon all the older rocks in turn. Lower Greensand. The upper subdivision of the Lower Greensand consists chiefly of sand, but includes a dark clay with selenite in the upper part and is interlaminated with clay in the lower part: The lower subdivision consists of reddish clay (Atherfield Clay) with some sandstone and with a sandy base. Both subdivisions thin away westwards. The sands not infrequently throw out strong springs of chalybeate water. In South Dorset, near Swanage, the upper sandy subdivision is 149 ft. and the lower clayey subdivision 49 ft. thick. In Worbarrow Bay these thicknesses are reduced respec- tively to 104 ft. and 32 ft., while in Mupe Bay the thickness of, the whole formation is not more than 66 ft. The Lower Green- sand is not seen again in Dorset west of this bay (10). In North Dorset the Lower Greensand crops out from beneath the Gault near Shaftesbury and Okeford Fitzpaine. Three miles south of Shaftesbury it consists of fine sand with thin layers of coarse quartz-sand in the upper part, and is estimated to be between 30 and 40 ft. thick (A. J. Jukes-Browne, Geol. Mag. for 1891, p. 456). At Okeford Fitzpaine it is represented by a few feet of sand between the Gault and the Kimmeridge Clay (R. B. Newton, Geol. fag. for 1896, p. 198). Wealden Beds. This formation consists in Dorset of extremely variable sands and pebbly grits, irregularly interbedded with red or mottled clays. At the eastern end of the Isle of Purbeck, it includes, at its top, about 35 ft. of fossiliferous shales. The Wealden Beds ave thickest in the eastern part of the county. Westwards they thin rapidly, and at the same time become increasingly coarser in grain. At Swanage iheir thickness is estimated at 2,350 ft., and at Worbarrow Bay, at 1,237 ft. (10). In Lulworth Cove the strata are so distorted that no reliable estimate of thickness is possible. OoLitTic. Purbeck Beds. In South Dorset the Upper Purbeck Beds consist of clays and shales with thin limestones, which pass insensibly upwards into the Wealden clays. The Middle Purbeck also are largely made up of shales and alum-shales but include many courses of lime-. stone. The Lower Purbeck, which near Swanage consist largely of clays, with limestone in the lower part only, contain more lime- stone towards the west. Carbonate of lime (‘beef’), with: DORSET. 49 sulphates of lime and of alumina, occurs in many beds. All three subdivisions thin away somewhat vapidly westwards; they are overstepped by the Gault near Portisham, and are not seen again in Dorset, but they re-appear in Wiltshire. Near Swanage the thick- nesses of the Upper, Middle and Lower Purbeck Beds respectively are: —60 ft., 166 ft. and 169 ft. ; at Worbarrow, 49 ft., 89 ft. and 152 ft.; at Ridgway, 49 ft., 52 ft. and 88 ft. (Vert. Sects. of the Geol. Survey, Sheet 22). Portland Beds. In South Dorset these consist of a massive limestone in the upper part and of loamy calcareous sands in the lower part, the latter becoming more clayey downwards so as to graduate into the underlying Kimmeridge Clay. The limestone as developed near Swanage is about 100 ft. thick and includes bands and nodules of black chert in the lower half. The Portland Sand is about 100 to 120 ft. thick. Westwards the limestone thins gradually to about 70 or 80 ft. in Portland, and the sands probably AON in the attenuation, but their base is extremely indefinite In North Dorset the Portland Beds are not seen at the surface, ia crop out in the Vale of Wardour (Wiltshire, pp. 148, 144). Kimmeridge Clay. This formation consists chiefly of shale with a few thin layers of argillaceous limestone. Some of the shale is bituminous and one band has been worked under the name of ‘Kimmeridge Coal.’ The fact that the Kimmeridge Clay graduates up into the Portland Sand has led to apparent discrepancies in the state- ments of its thickness. Allowing a thickness of 100 to 120 ft. for the Portland Sand, the thickness of the Kimmeridge Clay may be estimated to be about 900 ft. in the Isle of Purbeck, and to lie between 1,100 and 1,300 ft. north of Weymouth (10). In North and West Dorset the Kimmeridge Clay forms a broad outcrop, but its thickness has never been ascertained. Corallian. These beds reach their greatest development, ‘so far as regards England, in the neighbourhood of Weymouth. — They include the following strata in descending order : — S. Dorset. N. Dorset (3). , feet. feet. Thin limestone, locally converted into haematite and calcareous grit... ... about 12 15 Clays with calcareous bands, &c., and cal- careous sandstones wot site .. about 20 2 92 Clays wis oes Pe sist fel as 25S Reddish calcareous grits aa oa oe 142 58 Oolitic limestone and marl wate ee 60 § Laminated sands with calcareous ‘ doggers ’ 10 \ Sandy clays Q as a8 me ra 40 25 Calcareous grits, &e. ... ois ies es 35 J 50 DORSET. The aggregate thickness may be taken as being 200 ft. in South Dorset and not more than 120 ft: in North Dorset. Oxford Clay with Kellaways Beds. The Oxford Clay consists of clay and shale with septarian nodules. The Kellaways Beds, at its base, are represented near Weymouth by thin bands of calcareous sandstone of variable thickness. The total thickness of the group in Dorset may be taken at about 500 ft. (8). Cornbrash. This formation though thin is constant in occurrence. It con- sists of rubbly and nodular limestones, not oolitic, separated by layers of clay or shale, and makes a small but characteristic scarp in the landscape. It ranges from 30 to 40 ft. in thickness in South Dorset (10) and from 20 to 25 ft. in North Dorset (2). Forest Marble. The Forest Marble consists of grey clays with false-bedded oolitic, shelly limestones, irregularly interstratified but the lime- stones predominating towards the middle. The base of the Forest Marble is arbitrary, so that estimates of thickness in South Dorset have varied from 80 to upwards of 1380 ft. (2 and 10). In North Dorset the thickness is estimated at 180 ft. (2). Fullonian. This formation in Dorset consists chiefly of clay with some lenticular bands composed of oyster-shells. The Fuller’s Earth Roek, consisting of earthy limestones which separate the Upper and Lower Fuller’s Earth Clays, has not been distinguished in South Dorset, but has been traced from North Dorset northwards to near Bath (Somerset). In South Dorset the Fullonian attain their maximum develop- ment, and have been estimated to be 150 ft. thick (2). In North Dorset the Fuller’s Earth Rock has been seen to a_ thickness of 34 ft., and the Lower Fuller’s Earth Clay to a thick- ness of nearly 50 ft. (2). Inferior Oolite and Midford Sands. The Inferior Oolite in Dorset consists mainly of bands of oolitic, earthy or sandy limestone, while the Midford Sands are composed of micaceous yellow sands, with bands or nodular masses of calcareous sandstone. On the coast, near Bridport, the total thickness of the Inferior Oolite was found to be about 15 ft., but in a boring at Castleton, Sherborne, about 45 ft. were assigned to this formation. In the same boring the total thickness of the Midford Sands was 135 ft., but a thickness of 150 ft. or more is said to be attained in some parts of Dorset (2). Liassic. The Upper Lias consists mainly of bluish-grey clay and shale, with nodules of argillaceous limestone, the lowest bands being DORSET. 51 pale earthy limestones and marls or clays. The Middle Lias is chiefly composed of micaceous sands with ‘ Doggers,’ mica- ceous marl and clay with nodules of grey earthy limestone, sandy limestones, and calcareous sandstones. The Lower Lias consists mostly of clays or shales and limestones. In South Dorset, from observations made on the sea-cliffs, it is estimated that the Upper Lias is about 70 ft. thick, the Middle Lias 345 ft.; and the Lower Lias 485 ft.—total about 900 ft. (1). TRIASSIC. Rhaetic. These beds, as shown by a boring at Lyme Regis (11), consist of white limestones and marls in the upper part, with a thick- ness of 28 ft., and of dark shales and occasional thin limestones in the lower part, with a thickness of 32 ft. Keuper Marl. In the Lyme Regis boring referred to above, the marls were penetrated to a thickness of 1,168 ft. without reaching their base. The uppermost 81 feet were grey and green marls, part of which is included by some authors’ in the Rhaetic group, while the remainder consisted of red and green marls with gypsum (11). 52 ESSEX. Fable of Strata exposed or proved in borings. Thickness in feet. j Alluvium ee cen a eee 0-70 Superficial .. ( River Gravel... ae ee ues 0-40 \Glacial Drift ae 0-more than 340 Pliocene ... Crag Bi 9a ia ss asa a few feet. Bagshot Beds ... Sui a8 oe to 45 ‘London Clay... bind shes aoe to 532 ‘Hoare ; Oldhaven Beds, 0-25 feet 36 cis *** ' Woolwich and Reading Beds, 20-60 fect : 30-181 \Thanet Sand, 0-100 feet oe Cretaceous Upper, Middle and Lower Chalk “ie —_— Proved in borings only :-— Upper Chalk, 4204 feet zi ane Middle Chalk, 2284 feet os cat 647-890 Cretaceous | Lower Chalk, 173} feet ra aie ; | Upper Greensand and Gault ... sine 61-200 Lower Greensand (supposed). . i — Oolitic ... Clays of doubtful age ... a ats’ _— Paleozoic Rocks i wits di at aja — AUTHORITIES. 1. The Geology of the Eastern End of Essex . . . Mem. Geol. Surv., 1877 2. The Geology of the N. W. part of Essex. . . . ib., 1878. 3. The Geology of London and of part of the Thames Valley, ib., vols. i and ii, 1889. 4. Records of London Wells, 7b., 1913. 5. Water Supply of Essex, ib. In the Press. SUPERFICIAL. Alluvium and River Gravel. The deposits of clay, silt, and peat classed under the head of Alluvium acquire an unusual importance owing to their wide extent in the Essex marshes. On the north shore of the Thames as far east as Purfleet, the Alluvium averages about 15 ft. in thickness, and rests upon about 20 ft. of gravel (ballast). It includes beds of peat formed by the growth of aquatic plants and by the drifting of wood (3 and 5). At Tilbury there are more numerous alternations of clay and peat, and the total thickness reaches 50 ft. in places, while the underlying gravel may be 10 or 20 ft. (5). Near Corringham, to the west of Canvey Island, the Alluvium includes a bed of peat 2} to 3 ft. thick, and extends to a depth of more than 50 ft. Dark gravel with a thickness up to 27% ft. underlies it (5). ESSEX. 53 In Canvey Island mud and sand extend to a maximum depth of 80 ft., but the underlying gravel in such cases is absent. In the same neighbourhood the sand is 30 ft. and the gravel 40 ft. thick (5). On Foulness Island the Alluvium consists of brown and dark sand, and extends to a depth of 70 ft. as a maximum. Shingle and ballast intervene in places between it and the Tertiary Beds (8). ° nu 4 = ty S [3 Bl : & = ae c | w = = ou Oo @ = z = °O wn 2 © a . is Zz é On Be =e « 24 yi x Wetae | i. =) a so 5 < cs 4 & 8 — *5 2 a so S| se eee mm 8 9 o 8 | G 2/0 8\ S Sey eo ou : >(o Soy US rx Cae Bie cy pal © 3 MA 99\ wy ay MN 3 ° s2\s Ve a g Jv & 3): > o 5 r : srs Se s\S zs S| 6 c\ € ¢ : 3) ag 9 + S| ¢ s & a S| ay sf 3S 3 Ls s ss 8 SB oS = s Qn S+ 32 are ” TX SY s S| 8 > * * o wi Nes 3 x se \s 7 uk 7s s s2 ys o, ae g ne es : O HSq Glacial. A great sheet of boulder clay which stretches across Cambridge- shire and Suffolk enters Essex and extends, in outliers, as far south as Brentwood. The Drift ranges up to a thickness of con- siderably more than 100 ft., but in such cases consists of boulder- clay with sand and gravel, in varying sequence. Gravel may form the bulk and boulder-clay may occur in subordinate bands, but over a large part of the county boulder-clay occurs at the. surface and is underlain by sand and gravel. \: SEE gee 04 ESSEX. The following are some of the most notable thicknesses met with in wells (5):— _ In the one-inch Map 2051 :—Ashdon, 57 feet; Chrishall, not bottomed at 72; Great Chesterford, mostly sand and gravel 156; Littlebury, loam, clay and sand, not bottomed at 218 ; Little Chesterford, boulder- clay 126 on 6 feet of gravel. 7 In the one-inch Map 2061 :—Birdbrook, boulder-clay 75 feet on sand 43 feet ; Foxearth, clay and gravel 51; Henny, sand and gravel 76 ; Ovington, boulder-clay 104 on sand 21; ‘Tilbury-juxta-Clare, boulder-clay (supposed) 95 feet. In the one-inch Map 2221 :—Arkesdon, brown clay 105 ; Debden, brown and blue clay 734; Debden Cross, boulder-clay 126 on sand and gravel 75 ; Elsenham, clay, gravel and sand 86; Great Hallingbury, clay and sand not bottomed at 128 feet; Great Saling, boulder-clay 12 on sand and gravel 63; Newport, clay, loam and sand not bottomed at 340 feet in one well, but bottomed at 185 feet in another ; Quendon, clay, gravel and sand to 794; Radwinter, clay and gravel 91; Rickling, boulder- clay 22 on gravel and sand 61; Stansted Mountfitchet, gravel 67 ; Takeley, boulder-clay 72; Thaxted, boulder-clay 284 on gravel and sand 484; Wenden, clay, loam, sand and gravel 253 feet on boulder- clay 19 feet ; Wimbish, boulder clay 44 on gravel and sand more than 32 feet. In the one-inch Map 2231 :—Bocking, boulder-clay 29 on sand and gravel 224; Coggeshall, clay and sand 35 on clay 37; Halstead, boulder-clay 20 on sand 70; Wakes Colne, boulder-clay 31 on sand and gravel 30 feet. In the one-inch Map 240? :—Harlow, clay and sand 66 ; Hatfield Broadoak, gravel and sand 6 or 7 on clay 120 feet ; Little Hallingbury, gravel and boulder-clay 55 on sand to 5; Sheering, clay, loam, sand and gravel to 75 feet. In the one-inch Map 241" :—Chelmsford, gravel and sand to 67; Witham,’ gravel and silt 40 on boulder-clay 29 feet. j In pea Map 2581 :—Helion Bumpstead, boulder-clay 125 on sandy oam 114. In this list the records at Quendon, Newport, Wenden, Littlebury and Great Chesterford call for especial notice. They range along the valley of the Cam and show the existence of a deep channel extending to below sea- level,“ and ranging, as recently proved by a boring at Whittlesford in Cambridgeshire (p. 24) for upwards of 11 miles. In the following table the records referred to are arranged from north to south. The elevations are given in feet, and the height of the rock-surface above or below Ordnance Datum is indicated by the signs + and — respectively. z) 3 Be < ue ‘3 2 | Ps e BP | § | ge a +> 5 a mie 6 a 5 oD o# oS ° o rQ ae z 2. zc 2 3 3&8 + | 5 | @/| 2 | € |2é8 ee Ee I ea = 4 6 | eS — Elevation of surface 300 200 , 230 157-142 | 120 More | More . | More ; : than than | | than Depth to base of Drift ses 142 340 ) 272 218 ° 156 | 455 More More | ' More than than , than —140 —335 | Elevation of rock-surface .... +158 —40 —6l —1 parse em ets 29 22 orn east SS es : sd scale oa ee Pap oe Pp. ae Soe not admit of the insertion of all the names here mentioned. ey are therefore located approximately by refer to the New Series One-inch Map, ss ae Eas 2 W. Whitaker. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlvi, 1890, p. 333. ‘ys ESSEX. 55 PLIOCENE. Crag. A few outliers of Red Crag are found in the north-eastern part of Essex, resting on the London Clay. They consist of coarse current-bedded ferruginous sand. The sand is crowded in parts with broken shells, and in the lower part contains rolled phos- . phatic nodules (1). It is of limited distribution, and only a few feet thick. Eocene. Bagshot Beds. These sands graduate down into the London Clay by alterna- tions of sand and loam. They include gravels composed chiefly of flint-pebbles imbedded in a clayey matrix. Two of the borings in the table following p. 56 started in Bagshot Beds, and at Great Warley a thickness of 45 it. was definitely assigned to that _ formation. At Brentwood there may be probably a thickness of 41 ft. (5); in other outliers somewhat less has survived denuda- tion. At Laindon, or Langdon, Hill the Bagshot Beds were not bottomed at 394 ft. (3 and 5). London Clay. This sub-division, except for the passage beds at the top, con- sists almost wholly of soft brown, blue, or grey clay, with occa- sional septaria. Its thickness has been determined as more than 582 ft. at Ingatestone, and ‘as 493 ft. at Great Warley, where it is overlain by Bagshot Beds. At Brentwood a boring shows 483 ft., under what was thought to be Bagshot Beds. Among other notable but incomplete measurements may be mentioned 417 ft. at Southend, 410 ft. at Rayleigh, 394 ft. at Chelmsford, 385 ft. at Burnham, and 380 ft. at Shoeburyness (5). Though the London Clay attains its full development under outliers of Bagshot Beds, it is far from doing so under outliers of Crag. In the latter case the part removed by denudation before the Crag was deposited may amount to upwards of 300 ft. A large proportion of the wells in Essex have been sunk through the London Clay, and for the thickness of that formation existing at any given spot, reference should be made to the Geological Survey Memoir on the Water Supply of Essex, now in the press. Lower London Tertiaries. Under this general title are included : — Southand North and East Essex. West Essex. Oldhaven and Blackheath Beds—fine sand Ft. Ft. crowded with flint-pebbles_ ... sic 25 to 0 Woolwich and Reading Beds, grey shelly clay, and sands irregularly inter- . bedded with brightly-coloured clays 20 ~~ to 60 Thanet Sand, quartzose sand with some green grains and argillaceous matter. At the base a layer of ‘unworn flints with a green coating ...’... -«. 10-100 to «0 36 ESSEX. The Oldhaven Beds, where characteristically developed, are separable from the London Clay above and the Woolwich Beds below. To the south-east of London they consist chiefly of perfectly rolled shingle, and at times eat deeply into the under- lying strata, or even overlap them. In Essex the pebbly facies is represented, but the beds may consist almost wholly of sand. In the north and west the Oldhaven Beds are absent. The Woolwich and Reading Beds vary rapidly in character, clay or sand predominating in neighbouring spots. They rest on a somewhat eroded surface of the Thanet Beds, end contain flint-pebbles at their base. Where they rest directly on the Chalk, a layer of angular and green-coated flints rests upon the surface of the Chalk, and that surface is eroded and piped. In northern Essex the Woolwich Beds range from 50.to 60 ft. in thickness, and in Southern Essex from 20 to 50 ft. The Thanet Sand maintains a greater regularity in its character than the Woolwich Beds, but is not always present. It reaches its greatest thickness of more than 100 ft. towards the east, and is absent or thin through much of northern Essex. These sub-divisions in the strata between the London Clay and the Chalk are often difficult to determine. Taken together, they show the following measurements, as deducted from the table fol- lowing this page :— In West Essex! their thickness ranges from a minimum of 44 it. in the north (Felstead) to a maximum of 147} ft. in the south (Horndon). In Mid Essex’? it ranges from a minimum of 44 ft. in the north (Henny) to a maximum of 181 ft. in the south (Southend). In East Essex! it ranges from a minimum of 30 ft. in the north (Harwich) to a maximum of 129 ft. in the south (Foulness). CRETACEOUS. Chalk. The Upper Chalk and a part of the Middle Chalk come to the surface in Essex, but the whole of the formation has been traversed in borings at Loughton, Hast Ham, Weeley and Harwich. From these it appears that the total thickness ranges from 6853 to 647 ft. in the south-west of Essex and from 822} to 890 ft. in the north-east of the county. A further expansion takes place in Suffolk (p. 128). In the Weeley boring the three subdivisions of the Chalk were recognised with some probability; 420} ft. were assigned to the Upper, 228} ft. to the Middle, and 178} to the Lower Chalk (5). Uppen Greensand and Gault. The Upper Greensand and Gault together decrease in thickness from 200 ft. in the south-west of Essex (Hast Ham) to 76 ft. at Weeley and 61 ft. at Harwich in the north-east. This attenuation continues in Suffolk and Norfolk (pp. 128 and 100). At Loughton 30 ft. of green sand and calcareous sandstone, lying above the + By West Essex is meant that part of the county which is included in the New Series One-inch Maps 205, 222, 239, 240, 256, 257 and 271; Mid Essex is that art which lies within Sheets 206, 228, 241 and 258; and East Essex is included in heets 224, 242, 259. The limits of these sheets are indicated in Fig. 11, p. 53, To face page 56. WEST ESSEX, FROM NORTH TO SOUTH. PRINCIPAL BORINGS IN ESSEX. (Thicknesses in feet.) MID ESSEX FROM NORTH TO SOUTH. a a . : | | ; | . ¥ B&B = g | | i | | 8 E 2 & | | : ; ¢ ® Q 33 2 | a ! E a a 3 2 = |fa ‘ - | | | e ob ; : S | g | B é = ; E a (ct sa 2 |g |3 Sp | eae | ig 13 |3 ‘ Sg Vg. Plage) DPS bis i oe en oe ie mics = We at | $a |Aa| $a les! go! Po] del o/ 3s) §s| asi Es|te| go lsse cc] Bel Bel Bel Fe! Se] ue l8e Belgas ge| Se! aq|4e! go|2o| So| se] aa | Se. Be | Be Sa | Be 8/38 |e8 | S38 (Sco 8H) 4S!' '9!189 158 22 )38 |AS | LS) Bo Zee go se | ae | 8a |)e6), 25) 88/28 88) SR 2S | e288 | 84! 2a] Ss lsd} @a}sa] #8 )e8 2868 | 26! 4-/48 | 3x gS | BS | oN | eS (SES) EN | SU] AN | GN] BA) et] BS) gt | BA] BA BSS BR) 28) 88) 38) $8) ea] gS) $8 BN | Be Ba | ga | go | se ae) oS | se gu] 2a) sa PS | ES | Pe] BS | oh A |e |S +E ja |e |e |e | 8 S |\& |4 |4 1% |a SS (2° |e |e le |e ie | = 6 # |G wm a |S |S |e i4 ae | | z j= # [a | AS) a fe | | | 1 1 | ! | Alluvium and Gravel pee ety Pact Woes hee se a ee a gh ipa cage a arg Baie “ae Fe aig alanis Ie lip hades "Tee eee a sees Arlee tee Se fee Pee ee | ee fae Pee Be | ee a eee | Glacial os PBL | cae se) cage ee ete ree ee Pei eel eh eS Ape als eens Of en MM se eae Nels sd a ae Lege iri I egg ced ek ig elt eee UL Sag, Pek eh ale, Shel eg | ee oe els get feces! sce Ee ee Bagshot Beds _— _— _ — — — = — a <= as = ey = = = = — |(?)41] 45 = _ a = ae Bos a ae aes eas ae es = oe ee as aes = — = | London Clay — | 209 | 99 | 225 | 181 | 14 | 874 | 268 | 532 | 54 | 483) 19 | 10 | 384) 167 | — | 1114) 39 | 52 [483 | 493 | 106 | 40 | 165 | 136 | 205 | 97 | 167 | 394 | 336* | 2064 | 242 | 179 | 156 | 233 | 341 | 410 | 385 | 359 | 417 380 | | Oldhaven Beds —/—;/—];—}]—-j—-]— \ ze hat We te ft Sea Nees Me Be MN ge ST I eee OG gal es \ —f{—_]— 4} — | — | 18 —{|—|u —j{—{]— | a (?) 26 65 | | 434 62 | 81 to Woolwich Beds = 58 50 | 50% | 105 | 413/86 | 35 | 53 | 36 ) 3648, 49 | 383] 493] 47 34 | co | 45 | 42 | 41 | 38 r | 1473} 142 | 140 | 345 ;>181 | 21 44 | 574 100 \ , 57 | 102 1064 84 | 103 | +103 ( | 140 | Thanet Sand — 21 Sr Sale 49 | 36 40 47 | 40 |S 37 «52~«| «734 | 73 | 814] 104 | 10 | — | 33 | 363] 25 | 38 48 | 63 |S ey cee Se (?) 10 to to to to to to to to | to to to to | to to to to to to to to to to to to to | to to to to to to to ; to to to Upper Chalk 54 | 100 | 1293! 76 | 116 | 56 9 | 34 | 1533 | 3093 | 56 | 55 | 50 | 345} |. — | 1387 235 | 2242 | 16 | 3353; — | 80 | 110 | 17 | 523] 30 | 107 54 304 | 284 | 243 | 58 | 55 t to | 35L_|_14| — |_80_| 302_| 309 a —_— 2k aor ee S803 ee |b 0 | a Beis Middle Chalk Big) Sait ask GB ead es See, oe | cca tomes eres veer aay eee Pee ae Wa cee A cee ee ees Bh oe | ee) ee | to Lower Chalk ey _ — _ — _— ‘\ — — — = _ _— ae —_— = = — — = = eat a aot at = a — ee! = = 8 | to _- Upper Greensand and Gault... fi — —_ —_ —_ —_— _— — —_ |— = — — — | 172! | 2002 a a — cad oa es = = —= = = oa Ss ae as = ca cee ae = bees ae a — tae Jurassic Fi _ _ _ = _ _ _ — _ _— _— — _ | _ — _ — _— _ _ _— _ _— _ _ _ _— — _ _— _— _ — — — — — — — ot — | | to Palzwozoic Rocks coe bo _— —-); | | 45 — _ — _ — — — — — — —_— — — — => —_— —_ =< —|/|—-— —_ sas <= —-|— | | | | | | « | | | | | | re a a * These numbers refer to the New Series one-inch Map. 1 The base of the Gault is believed to have been reached. ‘This may include some superficial deposits. * Of which 37 feet were described as Upper Greensand. > Of this thickness 24 feet may have belonged to the London Clay. 3 Other records near Ilford show Woolwich Beds up t PRINCIPAL BORINGS IN ESSEX. (Thicknesses in feet.) EAST ESSEX FROM NORTH TO SOUTH. H. MID ESSEX FROM NORTH TO SOUTH. a : Ea 4 \ a ! © 2 : a oD < : iS 2 : a 3 | a n | > {ta : 3 a a $ a 3 i . | & e | : 3 ‘ : a = : 4 ; , 3 5 Ba a a : a & ‘ q a 7 gg 2 excl 8 |e: g_ Aue. Be 8 ig 3 | 3 | 3 3 5 < | 4 ig 3 B ‘ e | 3 ep 4 x | 4 * : ° i BO Bet sf) $5) SS) ES TS se) $s a te /ds 88,08 ' 44/24 3\/ta\2a/8a| se ,te Pel Se), Se | se | se] bo | 82 | a! Sa) oa| 8a + | SH) sa | sq] £o 5 | =, inl a comes oe go | — ond — = — — Be 1 faa Ser — a ue = aca — as — St] — ~~ Se s — ~~ i ~— a gers las fe a 6 | | 5 a a q | = is 16 a 15 |= | lz le ce a | RE] a a |e S 3 | 4 | a | | i Ee ee 5 & 4 | 1 Es call ste Ef |i ! | | | ; as ci : 7 ~ i 5 i) = a — | 2% ) 18 | lt | | | is | — | a] —} — [ @:—.— |] 54) mW | 7; 2 | |] — | — | 2] — | — | — | 20 7 70 SSeS ee |e Pe | Tb abr, Tae | oe ell) eh Se fs ee ek er ee ee PB ee | pgs i) cee | ee, | eee ee et ae lf es —-;}—}]—}]— | — J@ar} 4) — 7 - zy | | | eet Id beeen sacs | Sees! |p es oc Ot | j 1 | i 167 — | 11g) 39 | 52 | 483 | 493 | 106 | 40 | 165 | 136 | 205 | 97 | 1674 | 304 | 3364 | 2064 | 242 | 179 | 156 | 233 | 841 | 410 | 385 | 359 417 | 380 | (?)9) 236 | 72 | 17 | 111 | 36$) 23 | 125 | 116 | 200 | 170 | 303 — pe ee ee ep cog]! S Sada eee Sed | ae hee ee I alg Sa) |) ay set the aes. 1 Ms i | (?) 26 131 pl) se |] ee tp eg — |(?13 43} 62 | 81 | to | | 36 |) 3648: 49 | 383 | 493] 47 34 | (oO | 45 | 42 | 41 38 v 1473] 142 | 140 | 343 | (p18L | 21 | v4} 37 | 55 | 38 | 59 | 50 | 20 57 | (107 | 80° | (?) 30 102 1064 84! 103 | +103 || ———= F140 | ( \ i 4o |S 372 | 52 | 731 | 73 | 81$|104 | 10 | — | 33 | 363] 25 | 38 48 | 63 |J Sa eee) | acd | (?) 106 104 6}/—);—}—-—] — a — | (?) 86 to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to | to to to to to | to to to to to to | to to to to to to to , — |187_ | 235 | 2247 | 16) 3353 | — so | 110 | 17 524 | 30 | 107 5h 304 | O84 | 243 58 55 351 13 | — | 80 | 302 | 309 22 26 43 40 | 267 | 110 4204 | 123 | 243 20 59 | — ee ee ——e ———— | a 1488 comme | oN SS | ae | _mmrmanxs GBS BOLT |! exec iirc |] Ieee fet aah Bc ek Se See eet Nee oe ed ef) ie Te thes eee ol oe eh ee BY ze es | can NN) cane at a eae a | s90 | 2984) — | — | — | — | | to \ a ee | Ret iI hes tN | ee s}/—}]/—!—-;/—}]—-]—- 1734) — |; — | —) — to i ‘ews ass 172! ||-300?) | [ce] ee ee ee ee ee eee ee ee ee eh pee fe ee Te ee ee ee ee ee Se ee Pee Se Or a fe ef ee to | | to to —~ | 56 | Fe faepePepoeley_eyoe}] ]]= | | 69. | 1287 | | ee ee | 4 | : | d | | \ | | — sess eee ee Se ee * Of which 37 feet were described as Upper Greensand. 3 Other records near [ford show Woolwich Beds up to 55 fect and Thanet Sand up to 59 feet in thickness. ault is believed to have been reached. * OF this thickness 24 feet may have belonged to the London Clay. This may include some superficial deposits. ESSEX. 57 Gault Clay, was assigned to the Upper Greensand, and at Kast Ham a thickness of 37 ft. was assigned to that formation, pre- sumably a similar evidence (5). Lower Greensand. Lower Greensand is sometimes assumed to have been reached at Loughton, but as a fact no specimen was obtained that could be so described. Water was struck and boring-operations ceased about 172 ft. below the base of the Chalk (3). OoLitTic. Rocks of Oolitic age are believed to have been reached at Saffron Walden. All however that is known is that a great mass of marl and clay was passed through which was believed to include part of the Kimmeridge and Oxford Clays (2). 58 GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Table of Strata. Thickness in feet. Alluvium oF Sua: -iseaiel sti to 20 Supertiaial .. f Ale 4, con) Sa oe. ee. eS Oxford Clay... ma 8 ies not proved. Kellaways Rock se site sete 75 Cornbrash bes aes oe ca 13-16 a Forest Marble ... isis ads es 40-100 Oolitic Bradford Clay ... oe ats i 0-8 Great Oolite ... soy cee eae 70-160 Fuller’s Earth ... sis sige sine 1-84 Inferior Oolite ... sist ot 3% 50-250 Midford Sands ... ie iia iste 12-145 Upper Lias aia a ws ase 100-200 Liassic Middle Lias ae sia on fee 60-280 Lower Lias sie ate oe eee 961 Bhaetic ... een ey wee es 20-484 oat Keuper Marl... Pr i ies 481 toes Eee Sandstone ae: ses dies to 74 Bunter ... ee wae aah Bais — Paleozoic rocks AUTHORITIES. Jurassic Rocks of Britain, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii, 1893. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iv, 1894. 59 5 Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. v, 1895. L Richardson, Geology in the Field, Geol. Assoc., 1910, p. 329. . Summary of Progress for 1912, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1913, p. 90. ” Ed oP wh SUPERFICIAL. Glacial. Glacial deposits occur only in the north-eastern parts of the county. The greatest thickness was found on the hill above Mickleton Tunnel, where 76 ft. of sandy drift lies upon the Lias (1). : OoxrrIc. Oxford Clay with Kellaways Beds. The full thickness has not been ascertained in Gloucestershire, but a boring at South Cerney showed 106 ft. of Oxford Clay and Kellaways Beds, of which about 75 ft. were assignable to the Kellaways Beds (3). Cornbrash. The Cornbrash consists of about 13 to 16 ft. of rubbly lime- stone (2). Forest Marble. The Forest Marble consists of shelly marl, green and grey clay and rubbly limestones with some sandstone. It is more than 100 ft. at Cirencester (2), but at Tetbury 60 ft. (2), and at Coln Rogers only 40 it. thick (2). The basal bed, known as the Bradford Clay, is never more than 8 ft. thick and in many places cannot be distin- guished as a distinct bed (2). GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 59 Fia. 12. GLOUCESTERSHIRE. > Tewkedbury | &y y } *Cleeve Hill x Cheltenham po -on- = a sAndoversford, the-Water Leckhampton NOLErOVE Riss /raton Birdlip : Glo, — Chedworth fa, 23 5+Coln Roger On 233 234 STEIRSHIRE)\to DD GLiO Stroud \cirencester Fairford Vn t SO Ino “a Q f \ Minchinhampton aaa ss auth bor G BERKS] Nibley, Wooton-under- Edge 251M, ) ‘ALITOO YOLMGANI HHL AO SNOMLOWS CHANSVAW GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 61 Midford Sands. The Midford Sands form a passage into the Upper Lias. They reach their greatest thickness of. 145 ft. in the south. Liassic. The total thickness of the Lias in North Gloucestershire is given as 1,360 ft. (1). In the south of the county it is much thinner. The Upper Lias varies from 100:ft. on Bredon Hill to 150 ft. at Dumbleton and 200 ft. at Leckhampton (1). The Middle Lias varies from 60 ft. to 280 ft. At Wooton-under- Edge it is estimated as being 200 ft. thick. The upper 2 to 15 ft. of the Middle Lias is a hard ferruginous sandy limestone, known as the ‘ Marlstone’; the lower beds are sandy clays with ferruginous bands and nodules (1). The boring at Mickleton (p. 62) proved the Lower Lias to be 961 ft. thick (1). : TRIASSIC. The Rhaetic beds are well exposed in the banks of the Severn where the river runs along the junction of the Jurassic and Triassic rocks. The upper division is known as the White Lias, which is about 20 ft. thick; below this lie about 30 ft. of black shales with some grey sandy beds and the well-known bone-bed at the base (4). In the north of the county, at Mickleton and Batsford, the Rhaetic group. as thus defined, had a thickness of 44 and 48? ft. respectively (1, 5). Below the Rhaetic shales lie the Tea-green Marls which pass downwards into the normal red marls of the Keuper. In the Batsford boring there were 481 ft. of marls above 74 ft. of Keuper Sandstone (5). In the south of the county the basal bed of the marls is often a dolomitic conglomerate which lies in hollows in the pre-Triassic floor. as A small area around Bromsberrow is occupied by Upper Bunter Sandstone (4), but elsewhere in the county this formation appears to be absent and the Keuper rests directly on the Carboniferous or older rocks. E2 62 GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Principal Borings in GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Thicknesses in feet. | : q S Bal a 6 ose bs 2|5 | Sag) ce Ve) be 3/3 /8 8 5 | 21 3 3 5 A 3 3 5 a A a 5 a x R I iE ——— Alluvium and Glacial — | — | — | 25 |-19 | 11°; — | 18 ‘ 1: i Oxfordian ... bare eee pe — — 26 es — | 106 Cornbrash_ ... wee oS — —_— — | 13h | — sesh te : | Forest Marble pe Pca I eee | ie BS. 3 Biss | to to Great Oolite Baise Ss hb ae —_— 6 53 554 | 160 —_ : oo Fullers Earth | ... | — [- — — — — 44, | 84 + — : : 4 to Inferior Oolite ai = — {187 | — | — | to 48 ; — Midted Guais> ae) = ce eile bce ee Pee Upper Lias ... ‘ | — — to — — = — — Middle Lias ... ... | 280 — —_ —_— —_ —_ noe — Lowey Wises iy (OBE VATE) Sd ee ee ee . =e TRiaeto ax, qa Aw ABR eh eee [oe ee op es , , to | Keuper Marl .. | 57 | 481 —;yo—- [opel ueye Keuper Sandstone ... | — 74 — — i — — to ! i Palewroie ... | — [67 | — | — | — |) — | — Les 63 HAMPSHIRE, INCLUDING THE ISLE OF WIGHT. Table of Strata. Thickness in feet. Peat, Alluvium . Sai ass ate —_— : Valley Gravel... — Superival Plateau Gravel, eee and Gravel with flints ... — ‘Hamstead Beds ais bas .. up to 256 : Bembridge Beds ae aig ants 70-120 _ ligoesne as Osborne Beds... os aids Sis 80-119 Headon Beds... . sins 147-212 Upper Bagshot or Bardon Sand and Headon Hill Sand... ; 80-244 tisceine Barton Clay and Bracklesham Beds ... up to 580 “| Lower Bagshot Beds ... ‘ w26 15-662} ft. London Clay... ee a on 118-336 Reading Beds ... a Si ais 60-163 Upper, Middle and Lower Chalk __... up to 1,645 Upper Greensand and Gault (Sel- + Cretaceous .. bornian) 333 ot 270-330 Lower Greensand | ‘ if 400-800 Wealden Beds ... “supposed more than 2,000 AUTHORITIES. 1. Geology of the London Basin, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iv, 1872. 2. Geology of the Weald, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1875. 3. Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. i, 1900. 4. 5) 55 Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii, 1903. 5. a ei Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii, 1904. 6. Geology of the Isle of Wight, Mem. Geol. Surv., 2nd Ed., 1889. 7. Geology of the Country around Southampton, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1902. 8. 55 Ringwood, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1902. 9. Water Baivle: of Hampshire, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1910. 10. eanlees of the Country around Basingstoke, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1909. 11. as Andover, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1908. . SUPERFICIAL. Peat- bogs are common in the New Forest over areas of water- logged sand (7). Clay-with-flints, or unstratified angular gravel- with-flints, is spread widely on the Chalk slopes of central Hamp- shire. Plateau-gravel covers considerable areas in southern Hampshire and the Isle of Wight; the gravel of St. George’s Down is dug to a depth of more tion 30 ft., but the full thickness may be considerably more. North of St. George’s Down there are shallow pits in plateau-gravel showing 5 or 10 ft. of gravel resting on Oligocene Clay (6). OLIGOCENE. The Hamstead Beds are marine, freshwater and estuarine marls. They attain a thickness of about 256 ft. in Hamstead Cliff, and exceed 200 ft. at Parkhurst Forest and at Wootton (6). The Bembridge Beds are freshwater, estuarine and marine clays and marls resting on limestone. They reach their greatest thick- ness of about 120 ft. at the east end of the Isle of Wight but 64 HAMPSHIRE. dwindle to 70,ft. _ towards the agit: The Bembridge Limestone is about 15 to'16 ft. thick at Headon Hill; at Sconce from 16 to 20 ft. and in Whitecliff Bay 24 to 27 ft., but it appears to be thin near Newport (6). The Osborne Beds are composed of clays, shales, marls and con- cretionary limestones. Their thickness varies from about 80 ft. at the east and the west ends of the Isle of Wight to 103 to 119 ft. cat Cowes and Newport (6) and 117 at Wootton (9). The Headon Beds are composed of freshwater, estuarine and marine sands, clays and limestone-bands of a variable nature. Their total thickness is estimated to be 147 ft. at Headon Hill and 212 ft. at Whitecliff Bay (6). At Boldre they were bored through for 168 ft. (top absent) and at Bembridge for 114 ft. (base not reached). At Newport their. full Shiekness, was proved to be 204 ft. (9). “- Wie. 13. Hampsuire, ineEUSINE awe IsLE or WIGHT. 267 i} 268 Ee |e See ee ao wl Sherfield wii Ramsdell. 4 g ‘Monk Sherborné Rotherwick. & 2B2 ‘N Basingst kes OF merstield. ° aod zx 284 eae ie Chofidall i i —_ Bentley js 3 | | y /ton 7 ~ 299 NS Alresford i oo 300 Petersfiek -Bishopstoke | c So Bishop's Waltham | -\¢ edingoridge "Bramshaw " 2 316 wo , Ld ia NEW 3 15 Seyfried a _sWickham = > Netley Swanwick : wo 0 nfs wood , OREST \ 3 > Titénrield. puayling Ports Quéh SD ; ; 329 © Hol JZ Ie [ams *Boldr @ AlverstoKé? * x : 3 0/, WE wes eae Sra ° baile a [ge Barton Wootton’s eee hrisehurch~ amstes, mPa agnUR 7 *% As Rey. 33 Fad | Senne wport” Brading Alum Beyclaateon St,Gbonge's Dorin~/ Whitecliff Bay ae Ie eae We po " oe Seale cof Miles eo 20-6.) . a aa at ast ‘i a Nip oN HAMPSHIRE. 65: EocrEneE. Barton and Bracklesham Beds. In the Isle of Wight, between the Headon Beds and the Barton Clay lie some yellow and white sands known as the Barton (or Headon Hill) Sands, which probably belong to a higher zone than the Upper Bagshot series of the London Basin. At Headon Hill they are about 110 ft. thick; in Alum Bay they are probably from 140 ft. to 200. ft. At Bembridge they were proved to be 244 ft. thick (9). In Whitecliff Bay they are 184 ft. (6). On the main- land the Barton Sands are usually from 80 to 100 ft. thick (7). Barton Clay in that district is well shown at Barton and Hordwell. It consists of sandy clays and sands, with layers of septaria, and its thickness in South Hampshire may amount, in places, to nearly 350 ft. At Dibden it was proved to be 349 fit., at Lymington 227 ft., and at Milton 125 ft: thick (9).: But the gradual passage of the Bracklesham Beds beneath into the Barton Clay above makes the exact limit difficult to determine. In the Isle of Wight a measured section in.Alum Bay showed a thickness of 255 ft. of Barton Clay; another in Whitecliff Bay 162 ft. 1 in. (6). _ The Bracklesham Beds are mainly of marine origin. In Alum Bay the lower beds are‘clays and marls, the middle beds sands, and the upper beds dark sandy clays. The lower beds contain lignite. They are best shown in Whitecliff Bay, where their total thickness is about 580 ft. (6), though in Alum Bay it is only about 155 ft. ig A borehole made for the supply of Horse Sand Fort, in the channel between the Isle of Wight and the mainland, entered Bracklesham Beds under the recent deposits and did not reach their base at 569 ft., proving them to be more than 471 ft. thick. On the mainland they have been proved to exceed at South- ampton, 232 ft.; at Netley, 260 it. ; at Gosport, 294-ft.; at Bishop’s Waltham, 96 ft.; in all these cases the top ‘being absent. In several wells the thicknesses of Bracklesham and Lower Bagshot Beds are more suitably quoted in combination, in consideration of the difficulty of separating the two formations. Thus, at Christ- church, the thickness of Bracklesham (top absent) and Bagshot Beds exceeds 370 ft. at Bournemouth ; nearly 300 it. of sand, all attributed to the Lower Bagshot, have been proved. At Aldershot a part of the Bracklesham Beds with the Lower Bagshot amounted to 168 ft. a ee Ce . Lower Bagshot Beds. he In northern Hampshire the thickness has been estimated at 50 to upwards of 100 ft., though there are places where there seems to be room for not more than 30 to 40 ft. between the Bracklesham Beds and the London Clay (10). Clays are developed in the lower part and a bed of the exceptional thickness of 28 ft. was sunk through at Ramsdell (1). The boring at Wellington College, just outside the Hampshire boundary and quoted on p. 15, showed 158 ft. of Lower Bagshot Sand and 34 ft. of passage-beds into London Clay. In southern Hampshire, onthe mainland, the Bagshot Beds consist mainly of sands, loam.and.flint-pebbles. In the east their thickness is perhaps. not more than 15.ft., while westward, north 66 HAMPSHIRE, of the New Forest, it is 200 ft. or more (7). At Southampton and Portsmouth the thickness ranges from 30 to 45 ft.-and at Titch- field it is about 25 ft. (9). To the west of the Test it is estimated at not less than 100 ft. and near Bramshaw is believed to reach 200 ft. (7). : : In the Isle of Wight the Lower Bagshot Beds attain a thickness of 6623 ft. towards the west, in Alum Bay, and include beds of pipe-clay and some lignite. At the eastern end of the island the pipe-clay has disappeared, and the thickness is reduced to about 100 ft. or possibly the upper portion has become inseparable from the Bracklesham Beds (6). London Clay. This formation consists chiefly of blue clay with septarian nodules, but becomes sandy in its upper part, so as to graduate into the Bagshot Beds. In northern Hampshire it has been proved to be about 241 ft. thick near Rotherwick (9), 3353 ft. at Dogmersfield (Pilcot) (10) and to exceed 332 ft. at Aldershot (9), but it dwindles rapidly westwards and is probably not more than 60 or 70 ft. thick on the north-western margin of the county (11). In southern Hampshire, on the mainland, the following measurements (9) are arranged from east to west :—Portsmouth, 300 to 332 ft.; Gosport, 327 to 336 ft.; Southampton, 301 ft.; Christchurch, 325 ft.; Fordingbridge, 118} ft. In the Isle of Wight the thickness has not been determined in borings but is estimated at 320 ft. in Whitecliff Bay, and at 233 ft. in Alum Bay, at the eastern and western ends of the island respectively. — 4 Reading Beds. In northern Hampshire the Reading Beds include a consider- able thickness of mottled clay in the upper part, and sands with clays in the lower part. At Aldershot the thickness assigned to them varies greatly, but may be taken to average 68 ft. Near Crondall, Odiham and Monk Sherborne it varied from 60 to 75 ft. At Rotherwick, farther within the Tertiary area, it was about 80 ft., and at Sherfield, 684 ft. (9). In southern Hampshire, on the mainland, these beds have been bored through in many places (9). The following localities are arranged from east to west:—Havant, 109 ft. or more; Hayling, 120 ft. ; Gosport and Alverstoke, 130 to 97 ft.; Wickham, 102 ft. ; Swanwick, 113 ft.; Bishopstoke, 99 ft.; Southampton, 85 ft.; Fordingbridge, 73} ft.; Christchurch, 98 ft. In some of the borings the whole or nearly the whole of the Reading Beds con- sisted of clay. In the Isle of Wight also the Reading Beds consist almost entirely of clays, usually mottled. The thicknesses, as estimated, diminish from east to west as shown in the following localities : — Whitecliff Bay, 163 ft.; Brading, 140 ft.; Ashey, 92 ft. ; Downend, 110 ft.; Alum Bay, 84 ft. (6). CRETACEOUS. Chalk. The Chalk of Hampshire has not been completely traversed in any one boring, and though it has been tapped by borings in parts HAMPSHIRE. 67 of the Hampshire Tertiary Basin, its base has not there been reached. The base, however, comes to the surface near the north- western, eastern and southern margins of the county. The following estimates of thickness have been made :— North of the Hampshire ° Tertiary Basin. ‘Isle of Wight. oe Bae Basing- a riots, | Airstion® | Andover | Salisbury | South: | wast End. | Wost kina. Ft. Ft. Ft. Ft. Ft. Ft. Ft. Upper Chalk | 380 | 550 |400-500| 790 1,240-| — | 1,200-|} 1,350 Middle Chalk | 200 | 200 | 120-150] 80-100 | 7’555 |, 194 | 150 , Lower Chalk} 170 |180-190] 220 | 190 206 | 161 * That is the parts of Hampshire which lie nearest to Salisbury in Wiltshire. The irregularity in thickness of the Upper Chalk is partly accounted fior by the unconformity at the base of the Tertiary deposits, and it has been generally assumed that its thickness over much of central Hampshire amounts, to 680 or 700 ft. In the Middle and Lower Chalk a westward attenuation is to be noted. » Upper Greensand and Gault (Selbornian). In the north-eastern part of Hampshire the Selbornian group includes a few feet of green sand (which is developed near and. south of Alton), a group of marls and malmstone more or less siliceous,‘and a lower division of clay with some sand at the base. The malmstone-division passes down into the clay, and is by its fossils allied to Upper Gault. In the north-western part of the county a few feet of greenish sand come'in above the malmstone, and develop both westwards into Wiltshire and southwards into the Isle of Wight. In the Isle of Wight a division of the Selbornian into an upper member consisting of sand with much chert in the upper part (Upper Greensand) and a lower member consisting chiefly of clay (Gault) is ‘more readily made, though here also the one passes down into the other. The following table gives the relative thicknesses of the litho- logical divisions referred to : — " N. E. Hampshire |N. W. Hainylitve! Isle of Wight (10). (9). | (6). Greensand .:.... «.. | Oto a few feet. 121 to 80 Marls, malmstone and |More than 130)‘ 94} to 73 passage-beds ae 100 \ Clay... Bog Fe 170 ‘Unknown. 146 to 120. Sand... ve srs 15 = Ss 68 HAMPSHIRE. A well at Bentley is reported to have traversed more than 373 .ft. of Gault under 60,ft. of what was believed to be forthe most part Upper Greensand (9). These exceptional thicknesses may be due to local disturbance and require confirmation. At Alton the ‘‘ Malm Rock ’”’ was proved in a well to be 80 ft. thick and the Gault 192 ft., the latter pessibly including some Lower Greensand. These measurements agree approximately with the estimates given in the Table on p. 67. On the other hand at Steep a well starting in Gault'reached its base at 241} ft. depth, showing-the total thickness here to be probably over 250 ft., with- out including any Upper Greensand, which may here be 80 ft. in thickness. ie Lower Greensand. This ee crops out on, the eastern margin of Hampshire and in the Isle of Wight, but has not been proved in other parts of the county. i 2 In eastern Hampshire its thickness has been estimated at 426 ft., made up as follows (2, Plate IV.) :—- , Near Petersfield. i ; Feet, ., Folkestone Beds, almost wholly sands sie nies «100 " Sandgate Beds, sands and clays site ing dist: ye RS 15 Hythe Beds, calcareous stone, chert, and sand with some clay 200 Atherfield Clay ... os ine ‘ aa 5 At Petersfield several wells have been sunk in the Lower Green- sand, but none afford complete measurements. The deepest, starting and ending in this formation, was sunk to 279 ft. depth. In the Isle of Wight the following measurements have been made :— | Isle of Wight. East End. | West End. : Ft, Ft. Carstone, brown sand with pebbles ses ails 723 6 Sandrock Series, white and yellow sand with som clay-beds va ais aes wes eis) 934 814 Ferruginous Sands, white and dark sand with a little clay ... was aes sa eae ats 3674 -2514 Atherfield Clay wee aise des eee et 834 60 617, 399 At Atherfield, on the south side of the island, the thickness is estimated at over 800 ft. It appears, therefore, that the Lower Greensand is thinning in a direction a little west of north towards central Hampshire. i a Wealden. On the mainland in Hampshire nothing is known of these beds. In ‘the Isle of Wight there are exposed to view nearly 1,000 ft. of Wealden Beds, consisting in the upper part of shales, but in the main of red and variegated clays with irregular sandstones. The total thickness of the Hees can only be guessed at, but is likely toexceed 2,000 ft. | ae Lo face page 63. PRINCIPAL BORINGS. (Thickuesses in feet.\ CENTRAL NORTHERN HAMPSHIRE. HAMPSHIRE, SOUTHERN HAMPSHIRE. ISLE OF WIGHT. ones ~ pon Sos conte te PRES Se 193 a = = SS wee Fin ey series os ca -~ Es ait a 4 hl | | | q | | | iS | . | @ a a! ¢ | | a “a >) a a eae 3 ($6 3 \ | he Sid] 5 . # ge, . lef lea| ? elEigi2 e884 an} e Ste Pe) See age Fite te | BS leet s 219 8 & ie ek a 's6 8) ee ie i] 6) ei a Ss ee f 6.6 Be | ee 2 7 2 5 2 = e | hs B Ee % 5 2 = = o | & q z e” | 2 ee e | os | oS eS = a 5 3 ot 5 oo Se TS 3 £ = z a a), Laie 3 4 2 = iz 2 SE S jee, © 'S3 |S, 8s |S ss & 2 7S Be) feet See oer BS Ss | g |e | & ae ae ne z & 35 2 82 8 ':48 1/432 8 | 4 & © & FB A | aaa B 2{(e8:+2 sla |e BB 1 2te 8 ae Superticial 38 | — —-;-i kh 7 - 5 — 14 94 13 15 24 43) — 8 = 12 17 57 10 12 — 70} f % Hamstead Beds ve | | 29 15 — = | | \ f 1 Bembridge Beds ... rs | = tee | =o | 116 | | 1183 | 51 — \ { | | i | Bembridge Limestone oe | \ ' | \ | \ | 9 6 | 16 1 aa | \ to Osborne Beds ad | =) | — | 74 | 103/119 _ 254) 4, 0 — |: | | | | | to | EA | Headon Beds a | | | 1213 | | | | | 994 | 1694 | 204 — j 250 sexs Headon Limestone | i | | ane | as bows) Wrcaee as me = | \ to | | Upper Bagshot or Barton Sand... ; — _— — — — | 128} | 105 | 105 72 | - | Tos Peed ees | . | | — Barton Clay ! 125 | 227 ay ee | | | | to | to to | more \ \ | $y Bracklesham Beds 2 wef — = 53 | — 311) — _— a — 484 — 43 124 55 4 | than | 1634} — 291 1) | ATLy | to io. 260 99 fee tee Lower Bagshot Sand _.... wet 2S 40 — /115! | -— 62 — — t= 6 348 | 313 I = — | 324 /toll 254) — 25 iJ | ' ‘ | / to | to | pe OL , i London Clay aa cid we | 241 3354 | 2474 | 332 | 327 31 = SL 4, ES 1183 | — — a — | 301 eet 166 6£ 327 | 3800) 118 221 | to | rea at | | sy \ f i Woolwich and Reading Beds ... | 80 | 413 | 683) | — | 84 —_— — —- io 734 || == = om = — | 85 — | —_— 97 130 | 126 1225 | 120 to , to to to | , to to | to to | to | epee Chale ae. aa wae (BOe NG, 9 a ee ee oe ots Svea ee ig! Se: | ae [700 “Hog A808, se ee ee ee |< —! —= Ces: — a ee | Middle Chalk | | los | | | Lower Chalk sa a al | | ee a 1 | Upper Greensand | | 80 | | = = = oe — — — — - — — | ; Gault | 192% 236)" oe ee ee de aye, se ee ee, ee is oO \ | Folkestone Beds ... side nee = | coe ase Spf ae = 8} - | | foe = rS — SS os = — | | 0 | | | fl Sandgate Beds ; | | \ \ 27 \ | | | | | | | | Hythe Beds wi nits saee nyo _— — |: | | | | | | ee !' The uppermost 35 feet may be Bracklesham Beds. ‘ Identification as Bracklesham Beds doubtful. 2 Possibly including some Lower Greensand. 5 Base of Reading Beds not fixed precisely. 3 Total thickness estimated at over 250 feet. 69 KENT. Table of Strata exposed and proved in borings. Thickness in feet. Blown sand, shingle, alluvium, valley Superficial gravel, brickearth, aby ® with flints ... — : Plateau gravel =... wee — Pliocene ... Lenhami Beds aia see dae an — Lower Bagshot Sand ws ais — : London Clay a din proved to 300 Hocene... \ Oldhaven a Blackheath Beds eee 20-60 Woolwich and hci Beds... site up to 61 Thanet Sand 3 ne sie 50-129 West Kent. Hast Kent. Chalk ‘ sie .. 650 about 900 Selbor- ( Upper Greensand ed se nian. Bape sa ‘i pas ioe ; 244-63 Lower Folkestone Beds ee ...) From 30-40 in the Green- Sandgate Beds . < ‘i north to about 210 egudk Hythe Beds... aes ve in the south. Atherfield a i oi i 20-43 Cretaceous | Weald Clay... x as ... More than 720 in West ; Kent to 15 in East Kent. ( Upper Tunbridge Wells Sand... Hast- \ Grinstead Clay... 150-180 ings .4 Lower Taio Wells Sand .. Beds. | Wadhurst ay : ses 160-235 Ashdown Sand . wad iss 300 or more 681 proved at East Grinstead. Proved in borings only :— Purbeck Beds a aa oa es to 562 Portland Beds... sae 2 sae 14-131 Kimmeridge Clay ... vee es is up to 622 Jurassic and ) Corallian Beds... ae ait iv up to 342 Triassic. Oxford Clay sini ae ue soe up to 243 Great Oolite Series sae au se up to 189 Lias as ais aise sisi ane up to 173 Trias ae aiid ase aus aa 0-81 Paleozoic Rocks... es wt aie — oe _—. ' The Jurassic and Triassic formations gain rapidly in develop- ment towards the south-west. AUTHORITIES. 1. Geology of the London Basin, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iv, 1872. 2. Geology of the Weald, Mem. Geol, Surv., 1875. 3. Geology of the London District, Mem. Geol. Surv., vols. i. and ii, 1889. 4. Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. i, 1900. 5. ” a ay ss vol. ii, 1903. 6. 7 FA es * vol. iii, 1904. 7. Water Supply of Kent, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1908. 8. G. W. Lamplugh. Victoria History of the Counties of mugland, Kent, 1908. 1878. part x, p. 29, 1905. Journ. Soc. Arts, vol. lv, pp. 456, 457. 9 ' vol. xxxiv, p. 913. ’ KENT. Stratigraphical Geology, 1912. 2 ”» >» 14. W. Boyd Dawkins, Rept. Roy. Comm. on Coal Supplies, 12. Pliocene Deposits of Britain, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1890. 15. 10. Summary of Progress for 1911, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1912. 13, J. Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 9. Mesozoic Rocks in Kent, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1911. IAS Jukes-Browne. 70 my | Pa ga a ppay i 129s ° : n fre SN, 2 ; ees Pa | ci e Pc gee ISUNyYMeY S$ UE a? by Kauwioy cae = i cOe XN 2y2 VN ° ae Sy s sang jeysnoy é : 5//12M aBpIIQUNL TS 4 eUHy® sun) ae puso ays ext aap a T oN if 2hM. oe “KPI Fe . der » | mee 3 f : -|\ + plomsuswoy . Med O62 voaSujuoy- \y 682: “weyua7 88 2 £82 c | PUT SS Syeouanss yoIMpues ees, c oi : as 5 NS! P : Kweyyayreg RINOLSY~-| s UYSIMIT agsno* stain ay peaastinig psojid9 : = : : ty qoimjoo, rb SmUsaLo Yae Hae on «© sane ZSz ee an “INDY. FT “OTT KENT, 71 SUPERFICIAL. There are broad spreads. of alluvium on the borders of the Thames and Medway, also between the Isle of Sheppey and the mainland; between Canterbury and Thanet, and at Romney Marsh. Beneath the alluvium of the Thames a deep channel filled with gravel has been proved at the following locstition: At Deptford, on the west, the total thickness of alluvium and gravel is 36 ft., increasing eastwards to about 40 to 50 ft. at Greenwich, Woolwich and Plumstead; 50 to 60 ft. at Erith and Dartford, to 77 ft. at Cliffe and 87 ft. at Sheerness. A similar deep channel occurs beneath the Medway alluvium. The deposits which fill it measure in thickness 27} ft. at Snodland, 42 to 50 ft. in the neighbourhood of Cuxton, Chatham and Rochester, increasing to over 90 ft. near Upchurch. The deposits beneath Romney Marsh are of about the same thickness, a well at Lydd proving some 60 ft. of alluvium. The marsh between Canterbury and Thanet is underlain by 40 ft. of sand and clay at Sandwich (7) and about 60 ft. at Ebbsfleet (10). . Thick beds of gravel and sand rest on terraces about 80 ft. above the Thames between Dartford and Gravesend and attain a thick- ness of over 40 ft. There are also patches of gravel on some of the hills, as at Shooter’s Hill. The Clay-with-flints overlies wide areas on the Chalk Downs. It consists of red or light-brown stiff clay enclosing unrolled flints and varies in thickness from a few inches to 20 ft., but is incon- stant. Occasionally a loam or brickearth laterally replaces the clay-with-flints. PLIOCENE. A small outlier of fossiliferous Lower Pliocene sands occurs on the edge.of the North Downs, at Lenham, and ironstones, probably of the same age, here and there rest on the highest part of the Down as far as Folkestone (12). These sands usually fill cylindrical hollows in the Chalk, some- times to a depth of 8 ft. Eocene. Bagshot Sand. Only the lower part of the Bagshot Sand remains in Kent. In the Isle of Sheppey some 20 ft. of sand with thin lamin of clay overlie the London Clay (1). At Shooter’s Hill about 30 ft. of even-bedded sands and loam with ironstone concretions are found above the London Clay. These resemble similar beds at Claygate in Surrey which immediately underlie the Bagshot Beds. London Clay. The full thickness of London Clay has been proved only in the Isle of Sheppey, where a well at Minster traversed 300 ft. of it; this is not quite the original thickness, but cannot be far short of it as the Bagshot Beds lie only a short distance away. At Sheer- ness three wells pierced from 263 to 291 ft. of the clay. The area of North Kent between Sheppey and London is mostly covered with the Lower London Tertiaries, but outliers of London Clay occur here and there, as at Swanscombe and in the neighbourhood 72 KENT, of Woolwich and Bromley; these, however, are not more than 20 ft. thick. Hast: of Sheppey denudation has greatly reduced the thickness; at Whitstable 65 ft., and in Canterbury 40 to 63 ft., of London Clay remain (7). Oldhaven and Blackheath Beds. These consist in West Kent mainly of beds of flint: pebbles in quartz-sand, while in East Kent sand. preponderates. Their average thickness is some.20 ft., but they reach 60 ft. locally, as at Bexley Heath and in the neighbourhood of Blackheath. Woolwich and Reading Beds. These beds vary in character, but are fairly uniform in. thickness. The lower beds are glauconitic sands with seams and layers of pebbles, underlying mottled brick-red, green and ochreous plastic clay, these being succeeded by greyish clay and sand. The Woolwich Beds suffered some erosion before the deposition of the Oldhaven Beds, especially in Hastern Kent. The following list of wells which are arranged from west to east indicate the thickness assigned to these beds in Kent (7):— Deptford, 54 ft.; Greenwich, 49 ft.; Hither Green, 61 ft. ; Frinds- bury, 60 ft.; Sheerness, up to 58 tt, Thanet Sand. This sand increases in thickness from west to east as shown by subjoined measurements from well-sections (7) :—Beckenham and Deptford, 52 ft.; Eltham, 49 ft.; Erith, 51 ft.; Frindsbury, near Bodice: 122 a Sheerness, 93 to 117 ft.; Monkton Thanet, 129 ft. CRETACEOUS. Chalk. In Kent the total ‘thickness of the Chalk is shown in the Table of borings following p. 74, as 696 ft.'at Erith, 656 ft. at Cliffe, 682 ft. at Chatham, 734 ft. at Chartham near Canterbury, and is known to exceed 834 and 820 ft. respectively at’ Womenswold (Ropersole) and Coldred, at both of which places the borings commenced in Chalk. The thicknesses, in feet, of the several zones into which the Chalk has been separated have been estimated as follows :— Inland (3). ‘The Coast.+ Approximate thickness. Zone of Marsupites ... sae «. less than 116 | ae 100 as exposed, 5 tcraster coranguinum .... 280 Upper Chalk. i 2 corteaneaieiain. } 300 { 56 Chalk Rock... as ae 8 Zone of Holaster planus ie ee 50 344 } » Lerebratulina gracilis --» 50-100 161 Middle Challe » ‘Rhynchonella cuvieri and : ; " Melbourn Rock... ... 50-60 70, ( cs Belemnitella plena ... 4 : 3 olaster subglobosus with Lower Chalk . “| Totternhoe Stone bes 80 193 » Ammonites varians ... 60-120 910 1 Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xvi, 1900, p. 320 and (5). KENT, 73 The coast-sections give a total thickness of 910 ft., 90 ft. more than the thickness pierced in the Coldred (Waldershare) boring, ae did not commence in the highest zone of the Chalk of East Kent.: Inland there is no certain knowledge of the thickness of the Upper Chalk; but at Cliffe it was proved to exceed 428 ft. On the coast the Middle Chalk measures 230 ft., the zone of Rhynchonella cuvieri being 70 ft. and the zone of Terebratulina 160 ft. thick (5). Inland the united thicknesses of these zones are estimated to be no more than from 100'to 160 ft. (3). The base of the Middle Chalk is well defined in Kent by the hard and nodular Melbourn Rock (5). . Senet The Lower Chalk maintains a uniform thickness from west to east. At Chatham Dockyard it was supposed to be 191 ft. (5), while on the coast it is 193 ft. thick. tat From the records cited above it is seen that the Chalk increases in thickness from west to east, an increase which is attributable to less having been removed by pre-Tertiary erosion in an easterly direction. Upper Greensand and Gault (Selbornian). The Selbornian of Kent consists mainly of stiff clay, but thin beds of sand overlie the clay'in some localities in the west of the county. This sand is usually referred to as the Upper Greensand. It is nowhere more than 12 ft.*in thickness and its: identification from cores is difficult. . oo oe The Gault or clay-member of the Selbornian (4 and 7) is generally thicker on the west than nearer the coast. It has been proved in many borings, mostly near the Thames and in East Kent, ‘but not so frequently in the intervening area. There are, however, two borings in the valley of the Medway: which indicate about 230 ft. of Gault, one at Lower Halling, where there was 225 ft., and the other at Wouldham with 234} ft. At Sundridge, near Sevenoaks, there was over 244 ft. of Gault, the maximum thickness proved in Kent. Both north and east it decreases.. Some four miles north of Wouldham the thickness ranges from 190 ft. to 208 ft. as seen in the borings at Stroud, Chatham, Frindsbury and Cliffe ; a northerly decrease of 20 to 30 ft. Towards the coast there is a decided but variable diminution. The following borings, including those made in search of coal in Kast Kent, showa general thinning of the Gault towards the east. At Charing and Wye (for water), about 190 ft.; Elham, 127 ft:; Alkham, 164. ft. ; Hougham, 137 ft.; Dover Prison Well, 148 ft: Further north the Gault was 119 ft. at Womenswold, 156 ft. at Coldred,: and 148 ft. at Nonington. Beneath the Isle of Thanet, however, there is a remarkable diminution, the well at Margate Waterworks. proving only 63} ft. and Ebbsfleet boring 110 ft. (10). Lower Greensand. Approximate thickness in feet. Folkestone Beds. Coarse sands see 110 Sandgate Beds. Mostly clay and silt 10-80 Lower Hythe Beds. Soft sandstone, some- Greensand. times calcareous; some beds of chert ... sae digs 60-180 _Atherfield Clay. Stiffclay ... ... 20-43 74 KENT. In borings these divisions can seldom be recognised. The Lower Greensand increases in thickness from north-east to south-west, as shown by the borings quoted in the accompanying table. At Alkham or Swingfield the Ellinge boring passed through 583 ft. of Lower Greensand, of which 19 ft. 8 in. were attributed to the Atherfield Clay (7). Two wells in Folkestone penetrated about 230 ft., including Atherfield Clay. Another series of wells farther west proves the persistence of the south-westward thickening of the Lower Greensand. A well at Chatham pierced 41 ft., one at Boxley, near Maidstone, 215 ft., while at Kemsing 209 ft. were found. The variation in thickness is confined to the upper beds, and of these, chiefly to the Hythe Beds. From Hythe to Maidstone the thickness’ of the Hythe Beds is only 70 or 80 ft., but it increases rapidly westwards and reaches 160 ft. at Sevenoaks. This thickening is due to an incoming of an upper set of sands with layers of chert (7). The Atherfield Clay, on the other hand, maintains an average thick- ness of 20 ft., but was 43 ft. in the Dover boring (9). Wealden. The Weald Clay increases in thickness in a south-westerly direction from 15 ft. at Ebbsfleet boring (10) to more than 721 ft. at Foley House near Maidstone (7). No Weald Clay was found - at the Erith and Chatham borings. Following a line parallel with and south of this line we find that the clay rapidly attenuates eastwards. At Wrotham it is 669 ft. thick; at Hothfield, near Ashford, 400 ft.; at Brabourne, 109 ft., and at Dover, only 50 ft. (7 and 9). : The Hastings Beds show a. similar attenuation towards the east, and a thickening in a south-westerly direction. The follow- ing three lines of boreholes indicate this : — (1) At Erith, Chatham and Ebbsfleet they were absent. (2) At Wrotham, 189 ft.; Foley House, 145 ft. (incomplete); at Pluckley, 310 ft.; Ashford, more than 278 ft.; Brabourne, 200 ft.; Dover, 35 ft. (3) Penshurst, more than 552 ft.; near Tunbridge Wells, more than 393 ft. ; Hawkhurst, more than 304 ft.; Lydd, more than 345 ft. (7 and 9). JURASSIC AND TRIASSIC. Our knowledge of these formations is based, as far as regards Kent, solely on deep borings. The most reliable measurements are quoted in the following Table. The Jurassic rocks gain in thick- ness rapidly towards the south-west. Trias has been met with in one boring only. Presumably it would be found to attain a greater thickness in a southerly direction. Lo face page 63. PRINCIPAL BORINGS. (Thickuesses in feet.) CENTRAL NORTHERN HAMPSHIRE. HAMPSHIRE. SOUTHERN HAMPSHIRE. ISLE OF WIGHT. A soa tennant —_——-—— Seer: tie 3 ~ st — _ pace ss —— wht ns —$—$— $$. =" ~ ar irr ee 7 aaa ! ot 7 2 7 \ S | | \ | | | ¢ | § | ee J ¢' ¢ | | | Z a lil < a | 2 a tt & | le xd my 2 gs 1 Tess et ee ze < 3 | § a ~ gs | 2 e | $ 4 g, 2 E as a | 3s 2” & a rs S 5 . fee 4 & = ° Gs PS. : ep 3 5 S & 3 38 Bo. ga, 2 18 Za & a z é a I) eae SS | € z is a | = z nn) Sago ee ee = So Se, i a = = I 5 a 5 5 6 | - ia aol lg = a 2 z 5 3 a 3S a x a = 3 S88 32/32 8/2 & & - Spe i abel ee ir Be |e 5 ai eB fe » | 8 z —e 3 2 Ge, 6 (46/388) 3 a & £8 BB 2) A as GF ele AS le |e 8°21 2° 2 8 ap Superticial eg | = a ee a8 qh oss 5, —: 14 94 13 15 44, — a en 7 ly 87 10 | 12 — | 70} t 1 Hamstead Beds we | | 29 15 — — | | | 15 Bembridge Beds ... ee | ee | | — | | | | 116 { : 11183] 51; — ' \ | | ' | | Bembridge Limestone Be | | 1 i \ | | | | 9 6 | 16 1 _ | | to Osborne Beds a | ! - | | | | — | 74 | 1034] 119 2541) 4, ) — ls | | | | | \ | to | m Headon Beds : | | | 1214 | | 304} 204 | — [$250 ) — | | | | ; | | | | (993 | 1694 | 204 j Headon Limestone | | | eae ee glen. fae, a ae me | | | | to | Upper Bagshot or Barton Sand...» — =< —_ saan — | 128} 1 105 | 105 72 \ ' | a == = | | |_14 ! | | | ti ——— | Barton Clay | | | 125 | 227 349 like | | | to | to to | more \ | | to Bracklesham Beds oe — — 53 | 31} —_ — — — 484 — 43 | 128 55 41 than , 1634 | — 291 1) 471} | | to to) 260. | ' C99 _— Lower Bagshot Sand | 15 40 qh | 62 = — — 6 | 348 | 313 -— _ — | 32 /toll 254) — 25 | ; — to | to | ! | to | London Clay 241 335} | 2474-332 327 «| BL — |) — C8 ee ascites ees (ger le ee | 6k 887-00? 7 ATe.- eer fn to | | | —- | Woolwich and Reading Beds | @ tata) ea) — | Bh) ee te ep ee ee ee ee | Be | TRO | eG: | dee” | 120 to to to to | I to to to to to Upper Chalk i594 — 216 | — 1857 | | 7) —- = - SS \ to’ — | — | 598 9 | 70 109,302 — — | —~ -~] ~~) = ae | 1853 ey ra ea laa ane ee Middle Chalk | | | sf fee 268 | —— Lower Chalk = _ Upper Greensand 80 | | 5 = = = = a = — i as = | ! \ Gault | inet SAG! Se ee ee eS SE OS SS yes, eo eantbcae jes tly os i Rep, Brit. Assoc, for 1887, p. 377. 4 ‘Geology of the Country around Wigan,’ Mem. Geol. Surv., 1860, p. 24. 5 ‘Geology of the Burnley Coalfield,’ Mem. Geol. Surv., 1875, pp. 120-121. Tou fuce puge 78. PRINCIPAL BORINGS, &c., LANCASHIRE. Superficial Deposits ... Keuper— Marls | Sandstone Trias Bunter— | Upper Mottled Sandstone "Pebble Beds \ Lower Mottled Sandstone ( Marls Permian ‘ \ Sandstone Carboniferous... er S 3 a : | ‘ we | 3 3g B ; a a3 z 4 a ae i “2a da 2 z E Su i) og ma 5 S 44 ; & (il bs : ae 2 5 = = oe) i a ° a0 od ers 2 3 BR 2S 8 oS ° & o3 oa > 3 Se wy ~~ mn » ol q 25 = 3 5 a 2a oe ¥ z Se BS a a a S a aS 4 Ra Ft.in. | Ft. Ft. | FR | Fe | Ft.in. | Ft. in Ft.in, 9 Ftein. Ft. in. | | | | | 59 2 | 58 — | #0 | 2% | 30) 9 6/) N81 WH 61 0 | | | | to | | 428 971 — | 26? = fl _ = = — | to | | | = | BS eB ee ee = — a = i | | | | | | | | ee a a | a 101 | to | 353 4 = — |; lo | — $36 9411 | 244 6 480 4 | 139 0 \ to | = = od |S me = hy = se | = = to 130 10-242 128 0 ‘181 11 253.10 = as = | se | S&S —— 6 0 82 1 12 6 | to | to to to = = ee ee 172 3 | a 919 3 781 8 30 0 | eee cee Deacon’s Brewery, Ardwick. It. in. 167 6 184 0 to 6 9 / 954 10 Colliery, Clayton Openshaw. .in. = 4 + to 263 0 ku ew se 3 Ss d 3 Se o > ais ‘ “s ae Se oO o na =o = en ua z a's Zs Sy i a Ae oS Ft. in Ft. in. Ft to | 26 0 163 3 | 198 aos coe Ih pee 23° «0 = tou hed | j | (245 6 | — — ! | ‘ 423 10 — | — to | es ee ly SS opposite Thelwall Wildgreave Farm Warrington. It. to 231 | — : lee ESS cree snr UEP Eta pn (RP Le ee eet ieee 1 From a MS. Section. The version does not agree with that published in the Brit. Assoc. Rep. for 1890. 79 LEICESTERSHIRE anp RUTLAND. Table of Strata. Thickness in ai Feet. es uvium ae a ee + up to 30 Superficial { Gianial Deposits vad it .. up to 150 Cornbrash wie hel ss a 5-15 Great Oolite Clay ea sts ve 20-30 Oolitic Great Oolite Limestone ee bs 30-35 Upper Estuarine Series me ie 15-30 Lincolnshire Limestone is sine 30-120 Northampton Sands_... as a 0-30 f Upper Lias ae ais ise ee 80-200 Liassic ...¢ Middle Lias isk a age sie 60-120 \LowerLias .. «1. 650-750 Rhaetic ... fee wae sis aed 16-38 ae Upper Keuper Marls, &c. .... up to 525 Triassic... Keuper ee Keuper Sandstones... up to 330 Bunter ... sie ste ‘is eats 0-1,000 Permian (so-called) “ies at a ane aie 0-50 Carboniferous and older rocks ... aes ee eae —_— AUTHORITIES. ag The Geology of Rutland, Mem. Geol. Surv., 18'75. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Reports of the Committee toe investigate the Circulation of the Underground Waters, &c, 1875-1895. 3. The Geology of S.W. Lincolnshire, &c., Mem. Geol. Surv., 1885. 4. The Jurassic Rocks of Britain, b., vol. iii, 1893. 5 6 te ” ” b., vol, iv, 1894. . The Geology of the Country between Atherstone and Charnwood Forest, ib., 1900. 7. The Geology of the Country near Leicester, 2b., 1903. 8. The Geology of the Country between Derby, Burton-on-Trent, Ashby-de- la-Zouch and Loughborough, 7b., 1905. . The Geology of the Melton Mowbray District, 71b., 1909. © SUPERFICIAL. Recent. The Alluvium and valley-gravels along the principal streams, the Soar and the Wreak, range in thickness from 4 or 5 ft. to 30 ft. or more (8). Glacial. The Glacial Deposits are thicker and more important east of Leicester and the Soar valley than in the western half of the county. They fill and level up minor irregularities of the pre- lacial surface and reach a thickness of at least 150 ft. in the old hollows (6). Around Melton Mowbray also they are 200 ft. thick in places (1). A boring at Gartherpe, near Waltham-on-the- Wolds, traversed at least 50 ft., but aiong iho Rutlandshire border the thickness seldom exceeds 10 ft. 80 LEICESTERSHIRE AND RUTLAND. Near Loughborough and in Leicester glacial drift ranges from 8 to 80 ft. (2). At Rotherby the boulder-clay and associated sands were found to be at least 26 ft. thick, whilst further east at Hallaton a well is said to have been sunk to a depth of 150 ft.,.the ‘ spoil-heap ’ consisting of boulder-clay only (2). ~ : At Fleckney a well showed 30 ft. of boulder-clay resting on 16 ft. of'sand and gravel. as 7 > oe 3 > = & g ee: SN eS aces yY oO 2 T\O SE bo © s| 8 oO we Six = NS a S By Zz 2-25 a. eg nu 3 ag Seas -fOoN 2 1,8 Soeehes + e ae § wes PBs ° 3 : See Sees S$ ~~ a 4 \ | S85 aes a Sas teen ss - 3 Bs Ssv “9 oc o 5 & => FEES 5° Bie: s f= ai? = 8’ 228 § 4 ie 3s = 8,3. 2:8, 5 ‘ : S83 x Q a oo ‘SRE ELV oO x a c =o |S 5° b& r BW == s is = \s8° L/A8s ; a <_< S| |’ = ry z 2S « a . Ss s fy °° S$ & a + S | § g 8 © a 2 Sees) S 8 Qe ° 2 o s ec w ot eo eS a 4 > . s 2 x = fae? £58 Zz: - 4 S $= 9. SSSR) Se “SS fF * % z= T ce 2\ ts A Ss Os 2 Na 3 A - 8% 9 S dee A WN WAS Ah. M4 There also appears to be a thick sheet of boulder-clay in the + south-west of the county from the neighbourhood of Market Bosworth southwards. This, a well at Hugglescote showed over 30 ft. of boulder-clay resting on gravel; a boring to the immediate north-east of Market Bosworth showed 40 ft. of boulder-clay; another at Bosworth Wharf 27 ft.; and another at Kingshill over 100 ft. (6). At Osbaston, near Market Bosworth, a brickearth tree from stones extended to a depth of 40 ft. below the present valley (6). LEICESTERSIIIRE AND RUTLAND. 81 All around Hinckley the boulder-clay appears to be thick, the pre-glacial valleys being fully 60 ft. deep below the general level of the country. Two borings at Hinckley showed the glacial beds to be 90 and 150 ft. respectively, while at Sharnford, five miles to the south-east of Hinckley, they were at least 80 ft. thick (2). In the Lutterworth district about 50 ft. is the recérded thick- ness at Ullesthorpe, three miles north-west of the town. =" OOoLITIC. Cornbrash. Cornbrash forms three small outliers in Rutlandshire, viz., north of Clipsham, south of Ryhall, and Luffenham Heath. It never exceeds 15 ft. in thickness and is often much less (1). Great Oolite Clay. This subdivision is represented in small outliers on the eastern borders of Rutlandshire and also at Luffenham Heath in the same county close to the River Welland. It attains a maximum of 20 to 30 ft. (1). Great Oolite Limestone. This rock forms numerous outliers in East Rutland. In the railway-cutting at Essendine it is 30 to 35 ft. thick, and this appears to be the average development in the district (1). 4 Upper Estuarine Series. The lowest subdivision of the Great Oolite, like the others, | is represented in East Rutlandshire only. It almost invariably has a conspicuous band of ironstone nodules at the base and its total thickness probably never exceeds 30 ft: and often is much less (1). At Ketton and near Stamford and Grantham (Lincolnshire) it varies from 20 to 30 ft. ve Lincolnshire Oolite. This rock appears in North Northamptonshire as’ a wedge between the Lower and Upper Estuarine Series and rapidly thickens in a northerly direction, forming a conspicuous escarpment in Rutland and Lincolnshire. In Leicestershire it is only repre- sented in detached outliers along the eastern borders of. the county and to the north of Melton Mowbray. Across the Rutland border at Wakerley on the Welland it is 30 ft. thick, rapidly expanding eastwards to 74 ft. at Stamford (1). Hast of. Emping- ham a thickness of 60 ft. 9 ins. is recorded in Lincolnshire. ‘In the neighbourhood of Waltham-on-the-Wolds it is mot fully developed and may be 20 to 30 ft. (9), but its full thickness ‘cannot be less than 100 to 120 ft., and as much as 182 ft. has been’recorded from a well-boring at Boothby Pagnell in Lincolnshire. phate ‘ | Northampton Sands. These beds are subdivided into a lower part consisting of ferruginous sandstone and ironstone, and an_upper series of sands and clays frequently termed the Lower Estuarine Series. &2 LEICESTERSHIRE AND RUTLAND. At Nevill Holt, near Market Harborough, the Northampton Sands are about 20 ft. thick (1), and are no less at Uppingham and Bisbrooke: also at Seaton and Morcot. On the south of the River Welland, at Wakerley, the lower bed of ironstone is 9 ft. thick and the overlying sands and clay 7 ft. From here the North- ampton Sands thin rapidly eastwards to only 2 or 3 ft. and finally disappear near Tixover where the Lincolnshire Limestone rests on the Lias clays. At Lufienham the total thickness is not more than 10 ft. Westwards at Pilton and Wing there are about 15 to 20 ft. of these sands and at Manton only 4 ft. Around Edithweston, Whitwell and Exton they range from 10 to 20 ft. At Stamford the ironstone is 16 ft. thick and the overlying sands 8 ft. At Ketton the ironstone is 18 ft. and the overlying sands 9 ft. Around Cottesmore and Market Overton the total is at least 20 ft. Further north around Waltham the Northampton Sands are 20 to 30 ft. thick, but at Croxton Kerrial only 12 ft. (3). Liassic. in Rutland the Upper Lias does not exceed a thickness of about 200 ft. Thus it was found to be 193} ft. thick at Stamford in Lincolnshire and 176 ft. at Hambleton. In the west of the county it is not more than 110 to 120 ft. thick below the outliers of Inferior Oolite at Ranksborough and Whatborough Hill; and 180 ft. below Robin-a-Tiptoes and at Belton (7). In Leicester- shire it ranges between 110 and 180 ft., and near Melton Mow- bray and Grantham averages about 120 ft. (3). The Middle Lias consists of two subdivisions : — Marlstone, calcareous sandstone passing into ironstone. Lower clays, and shales with bands of limestone. In the south both are thin, and at Market Harborough the marlstone is absent. On the south side of Slawston Hill it is scarcely traceable, and the Middle Lias as a whole has a thickness of 60 to 70 ft. (4). Northwards of Hallaton the marlstone is less than a foot in thickness, 2 ft. thick at Godeby and Horninghold, 2} ft. at Allexton (1), 6 or 8 ft. around Oakham and Barleythorpe and 9 ft. at Langham (1). In a boring near Oakham, however, the Marlstone rock-bed is 18 ft. thick, and at Hambleton, to the east, 15 ft.. Between Leicester and Oakham at Tilton-on-the-hill and Somerby the marlstone is 18} ft. thick, while it appears to be still thicker about Billesdon and Burrow-on-the-hill (1). In the Melton Mowbray district it reaches 30 ft. and maintains this thickness to the county boundary (3). The underlying Middle Lias clays correspondingly expand in a northerly direction and reach a thickness of about 100 ft. in the Melton Mowbray district, but further north, in Lincolnshire (3), they do not exceed 40 ft. The Lower Lias in the south of Leicestershire may be upwards of 750 ft. thick. In the neighbourhood of Melton Mowbray it appears to be about 650 ft. and in the Vale of Belvoir 670 ft. (9). A boring close to Billesdon, commencing in the Lower Lias, proved the thickness to exceed 600 ft. (1). LEICESTERSHIRE AND RUTLAND. 83 TRIASSIC. Rhaetic. The Rhaetic group includes ‘ White Lias’ Marls with inter- bedded bands of limestone, and below these black paper-shales. _ These beds have not been traced south of Wigston though there is no doubt they occur some distance to the west of Lutterworth under drift gravels. South of Leicester, at South Wigston, the White Lias is 204 ft. thick and the shales below 17 ft. At Hum- berstone the Rhaetic beds are about 20 ft. thick (7), and near Melton Mowbray average about 32 ft., of which 12 to 18 ft. are assignable to White Lias (9). Approximately the same thicknesses are found across the northern border of Leicestershire. Keuper. Upper Keuper Sandstone. Keuper Marl. Lower Keuper Sandstones and Waterstones. The Upper Keuper Sandstone is but locally developed. The Keuper Marl covers the greater part of Leicestershire west of Leicester and overlapping the Lower Keuper Sandstone abuts directly on the old rocks. The rock-floor on which it rests is most irregular in form. In the extreme south-west of Leicestershire a boring at Hinckley showed 12 ft. of Upper Keuper Sandstone and 396 ft. of Keuper Marl on Lower Keuper sandstones and marls which were bored through to a depth of 303 ft. (2). At Sapcote Freeholt, 2 miles east of Hinckley, a boring (by some referred to as ‘ Elmesthorpe’) was commenced in Keuper Marl, proved the thickness at that spot to be 470 ft. The marl was con- glomeratic at its base for a few inches and rested on Coal Measures, underlain by Cambrian Rocks. At Market Bos- worth the Keuper beds were found to be 744 ft. thick, with 10 ft. of breccia at their base. Of these the upper 370 ft. appear to be referable to the Keuper Marl. Around Leicester the Keuper reaches a thickness of about 700 ft., of which about 100 ft. may be classed with the Lower Keuper Sand- stone. A deep boring near the town showed 525 ft. of Keuper Marls underlain by 106 ft. of Keuper Sandstone resting on black slaty rocks (7). The variable thickness of these beds is shown by the record of a boring at Humberstone where the full thickness of the Upper Keuper Sandstone is 100 ft., of the Upper Keuper Marl 250 ft., and of the Lower Keuper Sandstones 232 ft. (2). A still further variation is shown by the boring at Hathern, near Lough- borough. Here, under Keuper Marl, Lower Keuper Sandstone, 140 ft. thick, rests on Bunter (2.and 8). Near Melton Mowbray only the upper part of the Keuper Marl is represented, and the maximum thickness is at least 630 ft. Bunter. The Pebble Beds only are represented, and they occur at a few isolated places around the western part of the Leicestershire coal- field. They probably have a maximum thickness of about 1,000 ft., 1 Quart. Journ Geol. Soc., vol. xlv, 1889, pp. 29, 30, 84 LEICESTERSHIRE AND RUTLAND, 959 ft. having been proved at Chilcote’ in Derbyshire just across the county boundary. To the east, however, they gradually thin away and were probably more continuous to the east of a line drawn through Castle Donington and Ashby. In a boring: at Hathern, however, near Loughborough, a thickness of 60 ft. has been doubtfully assigned to them (8). PERMIAN (so-called). Small outliers of so-called Permian occur close to the Coal Measures on the western borders of Leicestershire and may reach 50 ft. in thickness at a maximum. Their outcrop is most irregular and they appear to occur principally along hollows in the under- lying Carboniferous rocks. In the Swadlincote district, north-west of Ashby, the average thickness of the marls and breccias pro- visionally termed Permian appears to be about 15 ft., and the same thickness has been proved in a boring at Overseal, five miles to the south-west of Ashby-de-la-Zouch. The thickest beds of breccia are stated to be those around Packington. hay, 1 ‘Geology of the Leicestershire and South Derbyshire Coalfield,’ Mem. Geol. Surv., 1907, pp. 331-3382. In Fig. 16 Chilcote has been inserted by error on the Leicestershire side of the county boundary. , 85 LEICESTERSHIRE: AND RUTLAND. | | | — (“C600 — — | 0 S1o — "9069, —OOT9OF ae aye ~ Sypoy Toyo pue 2 sioxoptuoqaey — a oes es nae — i — — oer #3 doqungy > e : © OLF | (Or - , ' a — — 0 901 BES 0} | eyooaaq) fi | OPT Suoqspung tednoy MOT | os tegeteT 96 | oh — , & ge oc | BLE | EL | OLT 04 | On: ae oe went eo a ral me = ee iy ae ae: a =< ; NORGE UNS asdney reddy =f) eas — = 6 OL soe to | 9 | te “ “onoomy J = _ — — 7 8 _— | a Ae Be caer | 7 | ar 0 670 9F 09 — = = a | = ans ae sery SIP I ** OISSery or a 0 9LT 08 - = ea = mat i re re se sery soddq oa / SS 9 OT : St, ma = 8 | oi ce. “*_- spuwg uoydureyjJ0N ? ... OT4T[O = — =< _—. a —_— | — — — ali errysupooury 190 88 Or — P — oor | 248.) OFT) | lok "* sysodaqy dle T is = oa eee in i — oe Bw Apeeed te “TeIANITY rpgiodns ‘Md ‘Mi Ur MT a | ‘Mo; MW | = |. es : : 5 7 : B Oo} ss eA i: BB ££ a FO : 2 oe ee ee ee ee: Fe | 8 o es 38 > a 9 8 3 — : + 2 oa ow ' Oo. 5 oO ® ® a B & q Ba + 5 * | s a" & gE et & g S — g P Gap Ss | 4 ® wr ® i Wn be -e > i 5 "| ge Fo Ug t & | 36 an ne i Ho . | BS | ( ‘soyour pun qa] us sassouyouy,y) ‘ANVILOY GNV AYIHSUMLSAOIAT NI SONIWVOM TVdIONTUd 86 LINCOLNSHIRE. Table of Strata exposed and proved in borings. Thickness in feet... ‘ : Alluvium .. upwards of 60 Superficial { Seal . up to 166 : Upper Chalk not known. | Middle Chalk 80-100 Lower Chalk 75-80 Red Chalk ; ce ' Carstone me ae up to ppresceow Tealby Limestone and up to 40 Ironstone ... -- | 19-995 ; UP Tealby Clay with | \ up to 190 Claxby Ironstone ... P Spilsby Sandstone ite 6-50 | Kimmeridge Clay . up to 320 Corallian Clay 15-20 Oxford Clay... 300-450 Kellaways Beds... 7-25 Cornbrash mes 3-15 Oolitic ( Great Oolite Clay 5-35 Great Oolite Limestone 12-25 Upper Estuarine Series 20-35 Lincolnshire Limestone lew 36-132 Lower Estuarine Series ; up to 15 Northampton Beds or Dogger 2-35 Upper Lias . 25-200 Liassic Middle Lias 40-100 : Lower Lias ies 290-765 eer Rhaetic ... eat ve ae about 25 TORS 8: ‘Steuer Marls and Waterstones 900-1,000 Proved in borings only :— Triassic Bunter 800 Permian 545 Limestones and marls ... Carboniferous Rocks oe ae 1. Geology of the Country around Lincoln, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1888. 2. Jurassic Rocks of Britain, ib., vol. iii, 1893. 3. 7 5 ab., vol. iv, 1894. 4, Pf 53 2b., vol. v, 1895. 5. Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, 7b., vol. i, 1900. 6. ” is ab., Vol. ii, 1903. 7. Water Supply of Lincolnshire, ib., 1904. 8. A. J. Jukes-Browne. Geology in the Field, Geol. Assoc., 1910, p. 488. 9. B. Smith. Geol. Mag. for 1912, p. 252. SUPERFICIAL. Alluvium. Alluvium and valley-gravels cover over 47 per cent. of the area of Lincolnshire. Much of the alluvial land is below high tide level. It is com- posed of peat, clay, marl and silt, generally about 20 ft. thick, but in places, such as Long Sutton, Mablethorpe and in the lower parts of the Trent Valley, exceeding 60 ft. LINCOLNSHIRE. Fic. 17. Linconnsuire. 87 80 Appleby NG unthorpes Eléhar} Harbrough.. OR T SEA i a Nettleton = N Gainsborough MV i Otby | | *Tealb arkét Rasen . ee 102 Benniworth-~lO 3 4 = O/ Driby, ‘KirminglLoM-Great Gri | my A udleby ( Utterby Mablethorpe nsby 91 Donna Nook rN) 104 Bodlth eLincoln at \ Woodhall 113 he Rea “Martin 4 ke Ny ‘~ Vé Caythorpe. f Sudbrookés|.2.7 Grantham Boothb mas i ee ff eS, wees Billinghay. Dalby. Spilsby. | Z| “Glax by \ Willocghby Burgh-le-Marsh peer 16 Ny Swaton | . Hechington, Bost # 9 143 a fhuoe fhe Long Sutton NORFOLK Scaie of Miles 5 i0 “Baston “ | RUT LA NDA foaled 157 “Stamford 158 on NORTHANTS ce: | @, » ee N & The glacial deposits consist of boulder-clays and gravels, and cover 20 per cent. of the surface area of the county. They are developed chiefly in the depression between the Oolitic and Cretaceous escarpments, on the east of the Chalk Wolds and under Glacial. the alluvial deposits of the Fen country. A pre-boulder-clay sea-cliff runs from Barton:on-Humber past Ulceby and south-east to Utterby and from thence about two miles east of Louth to Willoughby. To the east of this line the drift has a thickness ranging from 50 ft. near the cliff to 100 ft. on the coast. Under the Fen country bordering the Wash the boulder-clay is over 100 ft. thick, a fact which has been proved at Boston, 88 LINCOLNSHIRE. Fossdyke, Crowland and Long Sutton. In the valley of the Witham also the rock-surface lies below sea-level, so that if the drifts were removed the sea would flow into the valley of the Trent through the Lincoln Gap (1), as.shown in Fig. 18. There seems also to be a buried channel cutting across the Wolds from Habrough (Harbrough on Fig. 17) to Kirmington, at both of which places there is a great thickness of drift. Fic. 18. Map oF Lincotnsurre, showing contours in the rock-surface below sea-level. (In the shaded Jarea the rock-surface is above sea-level.) | . Xe R TH «abi SEA 88S) $1. ke 2 ul c io; F uJ a - Ww 113.9 > uj ‘acl al 126 <« > THE WASH 142 aos/ | Scale of Miles 4 5 10 e CRETACEOUS. Chalk. Of the Upper Chalk the lower part only exists in Lincolnshire. ‘The Middle Chalk is from 80 to 100 ft. thick, 70 to 80 ft. being LINCOLNSHIRE. 89 assignable to the Terebratulina Zone and 10 to 13 ft. to that of Rhynchonella cuvieri (6). _The Lower Chalk is from 75 to 80 ft. thick, compared with 55 ft. in North Norfolk, the chief increase being in the lower parts of the Ammonites varians Zone (6). The Red Chalk has a thickness of 12 ft. at the south end of the Lincolnshire Wolds, but at the north end it has thinned to 4 or 5 ft. (1 and 5). The Lower Cretaceous Series includes : — Carstone or Ferruginous Sand. 3 Tealby Limestone with an Upper Ironstone ‘ roach’. Tealby Beds... { Teal? Clay with the Claxby Ironstone. Spilsby Sandstone, a hard grey calcareous rock, usually weathered to a loose brown and white sand. ' All these bands, with the exception of the Tealby Limestone, attain their greatest development at the south end of the Wolds and thin steadily northwards. The limestone, however, is doubt- fully represented in the south by 40 ft. ef ‘roach,’ and only ‘becomes a distinct rock-bed from néar Donnington northwards. The Carstone is 40 ft. thick in the south but disappears before reaching the Humber (1). The Tealby Beds are 2193 ft. thick at Skegness, and of this 191 ft. may be assigned to the Tealby Clay (7). At the outcrop further west the clay is 100 ft. thick, and thence northwards towards Tealby it attenuates to 26 to 30 ft. (1). The Tealby Lime- stone ranges from 10 to 16 ft. in thickness near Tealby and Claxby, but is-less further north. The Spilsby Sandstone thins northwards along the outcrop and also south-eastwards ; at Skegness it appears to have been only 26 ft. thick (7) :— | Sid | Peet Oat BG ‘ a 3 a gS os = . 23,2) & |e ee| es, 2) 22.2 Se a 35 > qa = | = =O | I 3 3 SS o 1) oO eo a | @ 16 | Bale) 2) aa! g | 2 qa} A | q | ieee —— | rim. | we | ve me | we [we] me | re Red Chalk ll | 6 6 | 5 ? 4] 4 4 ga ‘Carstone tae 12} 26 | | do | a) ol oye ‘Tealby Beds ... | 135 | 65 | 60 | 60 | 68 |20-40/ 10] 0 | 1-3 | (about) tel Spilsby Sandstone 50 | 42 | 36 | 30 |(2)7| 35 | 15 | 9 | 1o | | (about) (about) Oo.iTIC¢c. Kimmeridge, Corallian and Oxford Clays with Kellaways Beds. These formations underlie the alluvial tracts of the Fens and ‘the Ancholme Valley. The thickness of the Kimmeridge Clay is estimated at 320 ft. (7). The Corallian is represented by some -20 ft. of black clay with much selenite, while the Oxford Clay is about 300 ft. thick in North Lincolnshire and over 450 ft. in the south of the county. At Woodhall a boring, starting in super- ficial deposits, passed through 468 ft. of Kimmeridge and Oxford 90 LINCOLNSHIRE, Clays into the Kellaways Beds (7). It is believed that there may be about 800 or 900 ft. of clay between the Spilsby Sandstone and the Kellaways Beds. The Kellaways Beds, at the base of the Oxford Clay, consist of an alternating series of buff sandstones, sands, loams and clays, with usually clay or shale from 7 to 18 ft. thick at the base. The full thickness at Sudbrooke is about 25 ft. (7). Cornbrash. The Cornbrash is a fossiliferous rubbly limestone averaging about 7 ft. thick (4, 7) in Central Lincolnshire, but thinning northwards to about 3 ft. Southwards it increases to about 16 ft. at Stamford. Great Oolite Clay and Limestone. The Great Oolite Clay consists of dark-gray, purple and greenish clays with oyster-beds and lignite. It ranges from 5 to 35 ft. in thickness. ‘The Great Oolite Limestone comprises hard shelly and oceca- sionally oolitic limestones with shales and marls. The aggregate thickness varies from 12 to 25 ft., but the formation disappears to the north of Brigg and is not persistent as a limestone under the Fenland. The Upper Estuarine Series and Lincolnshire Limestone. The Upper Estuarine Series consists of white sands, green clays, with shelly marls and limestones, and is from 20 to 35 ft. thick. The Lincolnshire Limestone, an oolitic rock which forms a notable source of artesian water in South Lincolnshire, becomes less homogeneous in North Lincolnshire, where it includes an upper part of oolitic limestone (Ponton Beds) about 20 ft. thick, and a lower part, about 45 ft. thick, in which clays appear. The aggregate thickness ranges from 36 ft. nt Crowland to 182 ft. at Boothby Pagnell. At Lincoln it has thinned to 70 ft., and further north to 60 ft. (8). The Lower Estuarine Series and Northampton Beds or Dogger. The Lower Estuarine Series and Northampton Beds or Dogger vary from about 10 ft. up to 35 ft. The beds are worked for iron- stone in places. In the central parts, near Lincoln, the Estuarine beds are practically absent, while in the north of the county the me and some white sands measure from 20 to 30 ft. in thick- ness (8). Liassic. The Upper Lias of North Lincolnshire does not exceed 26 ft. at Appleby, but thickens southwards to 80 ft. at Lincoln, 120 ft. ag Grantham, 135 ft. at Crowland, and 200 ft. at Caythorpe ig Oy The Middle Lias comprises a lower clay-zone from 40 to 80 ft. thick and an impersistent upper sandstone- and ironstone-group. This rock-bed or marlstone is 30 ft. thick near Grantham (7), but at Lincoln is represented by a single layer of stone which thickens To face page 90. Alluvium Glacial Chalk Red Chalk ‘ Lower Greensand— Carstone Roach ... sae Tealby Clay ... Claxby Ironstone Spilsby Sandstone Kimmeridge Clay Corallian a Oxford Clay Cornbrash sas Great Oolite Clay Great Oolite Limestone Upper Estuarine Series Lincolnshire Limestone Lower Estuarine Series Northampton Beds Upper Lias Middle Lias Lower Lias Rhaetic ... au nse cee Keuper Marl and Waterstone ... Bunter Permian ... Bi us et Coal Measures Stamford. Crowland. Boothby Pagnell. ww a Long Sutton. 57 100 Grantham. PRINOIPAL BORINGS IN LINCOLNSHIRE. Swaton. w 00 (Thicknesses in feet.) Heckington. Boultham Billinghay. Woodhall. Martin. (Lincoln).! S or Oe ow a | 61 25 17. 36h. 22; 10 | 22 Burgh-le-Marsh. Willoughby. 108 18 to 16 Gainsborough. Driby. Benniworth. Louth. lo | Mablethorpe. Scunthorpe. Appleby. I | Barton-on- Humber. 'to77 | 1024) — | | | | 1 From an unpublished section by Mr. Henry Preston. | ? The Haxey boring is sometimes referred to as the South Carr on Idlestop boring. Details as to the divisions of the Permian and Trias will be found in the table following p. 110. | It is situated close to the boundary between Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire. {151 557 to 4574 Berks we suite LINCOLNSHIRE. 91 northwards to 5 ft. ‘The total thickness of the Middle Lias does not exceed 100 ft. (8). The Lower Lias thickens from 290 ft. in the north of Lincoln- shire to about 700 ft. in the south of the county (2, 7). TRIASSIC. Rhaetic. The Rhaetic beds consist of black shales about 26 ft. thick. The boring at Boultham showed 22 ft. of these above the uppermost green marls of the Keuper. Keuper and Bunter. The Keuper consists of red and green marls with subordinate sandstones. The Lower Keuper Sandstone or Waterstones seem to have passed into a marly facies, and not improbably some of the beds referred to as Keuper Sandstones in the borings are of Bunter age (9). On this view the Trias in the Lincolnshire borings will be divided as shown in the preceding Table, and may be regarded as consisting of about 900 to 1,000 ft. of Keuper and 800 ft. or more of Bunter. PERMIAN. The Permian Limestones and Marls were passed through at Haxey and proved to be 545 ft. thick (7). G 92 + MIDDLESEX ann HERTFORDSHIRE. Table of Strata exposed and proved in borings. Thickness in feet. . Alluvium and Valley Gravel ... ae — Superficial ones Drift and Plateau Gravel... — Bagshot Beds ... eee ann sind to 80 London Clay (proved to 353 ft.) probably 400-450 Eocene... ( Reading Beds, 31 ft. to 98 ft. denver © Thanet Sand, distinguishable in borings 31-107 only, Off. to85f. .. ae f Upper Chalk... ois ie or 190-275 Middle Chalk... oe aa an 200-267 Cretaceous ( Lower Chalk... ae see aN 170-208 Upper Greensand } setpomian ...{ UP #0, 44 Proved in borings only :— Jurassic... see sia wes in ies ite to 64 Paleozoic ates aes ie isis es late —_ AUTHORITIES. 1. Geology of London, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. i, 1889. 2. 35 <6 Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii, 1889. 3. Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. i, 1900. 4. 3 55 Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. ii, 1903. 5. 3 3 Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii, 1904. 6. Geology of the London District, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1909. 7. Records of London Wells, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1913. South of a line from Watford to Hatfield and thence to Ware the surface is occupied mainly either by Eocene or Superficial deposits; north of this line it is formed of Chalk, with Eocene outliers here and there, except where, on the northern border of Hertfordshire, small areas of Gault are included within the county boundary. SUPERFICIAL. Recent Alluvium occupies considerable areas in the valleys of the Lea and the Colne. Older river-deposits cover a much larger space west of the Lea, in the valley of the Thames, between the outfall of the Lea and that of the Colne, and including the area now occupied by London. Thus we find at Chiswick, Valley Drift (sand and gravel), 40 ft.; at Hatton (west of Hounslow), River Gravel, 14 ft.; at Haggerston, Valley Drift (sand and gravel), 7 ft. (2). Glacial Drift also varies greatly in thickness. Thus, at Finchley (North End) there was 42 ft. of Boulder Clay above 18 ft. of sand and gravel of Glacial age. At Finchley Common, MIDDLESEX AND HERTFORDSUIRE. 93 25 ft. of Boulder Clay and then London Clay (2). The Boulder Clay of this district is a tough clay containing many fragments and pebbles of chalk and of flint, with occasional beds of sand and gravel. Plateau Gravel, sometimes called Pebble Gravel, and consisting of pebbles of flint and quartz, with a certain amount of loam or clay, overspreads some of the higher ground. It may be seen at Pinner, Stanmore, Totteridge, Chip- ping Barnet, and other places (6), but is of no great thickness. The material on the dip-slopes of the Chalk in Hertfordshire and elsewhere, which is known by the general name of Clay-with- flints, varies indefinitely in thickness and in character. Fic. 19. MippLesrx anp HertForDSHIRE. 204 eae a epee, re > aes Ve S S 4 ‘ goo™ x .Ware RDS ArRE + SLEA Hatfield 240 & Cheshunt Chipping'Barnet [4 Bushe ‘ & [Ponders End + eee \ : v . ee 2 .Edmonton : t p simi ® 255 z Pinter Heng Finchley ort cbanisen 257 Harrow: Vv 256 “Highgate oo. Hatpstead> .Kentish Town a Willesden SN sHagkerston 5 Q Southat "VP oni VM End ZZ Sep Chis Westminster (U AT a Ld . m i KIE N T 269 271 Ss é 2 @ Scale of Miles Eat i? se 20 94 MIDDLESEX AND HERTFORDSHIRE. ' EOcENE. SH. aoe. Saegehet. The Bagshot Beds occur as outliers at Harrow, Hampstead, and Highgate Hills. At Hampstead there may be a thickness of about 60 or 80 ft. of this formation which has survived denudation (1). Ht consists mainly of fine sand with thin layers of clay, and the lower part is generally loamy. London Clay. London Clay is seldom at its full thickness except where the Bagshot Beds overlie it. At Hampstead, in a borehole, a thickness of 353 ft. was traversed, but the boring started upwards of 50 ft. below the top of the formation. Between Hampstead and the Thames, where a part only of the formation is present, the thick- ness met with is occasionally less than 100 ft. (2). Reading Beds and Thanet Sand. The Reading Beds occupy but a small proportion of the surface, but have been traversed in a large number of wells. Their delimi- tation from the Thanet Sands is always difficult, and in well- sections often impossible. The two are therefore grouped together in the Table on p. 92. The Reading Beds consist generally of red and mottled clays of various colours irregularly bedded with loams, sands and a more or less persistent pebble-bed. The Thanet Sand is usually glauconitic. In Hertfordshire the Thanet Sand is rarely, if ever, recog- nisable, and the thickness of Reading Beds varies from 31} to 68 ft. In Middlesex the united thicknesses of Reading Beds and Thanet Sand vary from a minimum of 27} ft. (Pinner) to a maxi- mum of 107 ft. (Hast London) in an eastward direction, and from a minimum of 56 ft. (Hendon) to a maximum of 103 ft. (West- minster) in a southward direction, but the changes in thickness indicated by these figures proceed with much irregularity. Aggregate Thickness of Reading Beds and Thanet Sand in Middlesex. Feet. East Middlesex :—Ponder’s End and Edmonton southwards to Tottenham and London City... 62-107 ¢ Central Middlesex :—Hendon and Finchley south- wards to Hampstead and Westminster ... Fi 56-103 ‘West Middlesex :—Pinner and Harrow southwards to Southall and Staines eo oe : 273-80 In East and Central Middlesex about 30 to 40 ft. of the thick- nesses given above are assigned to the Thanet Sand, but in West Middlesex the amount so assignable is greatly reduced, and the subdivision disappears before it reaches the outcrop. CRETACEOUS. The thicknesses of the Chalk, Upper Greensand and Gault have been determined in the deep borings enumerated in the Table on_p. 96. MIDDLESEX AND HERTFORDSHIRE. 95 Chalk. The Upper Chalk includes at its base the Chalk Rock, which consists of bands of! hard nodular limestone of a yellowish tint, but showing a green coating on many of the nodules. The bands are interbedded with soft chalk, and the whole attains a thickness of about 15 ft. A specimen assignable to the Chalk Rock was obtained from a depth of 161 to 169 ft. in the boring at Bushey, and it is estimated that the total thickness of Upper Chalk in that neighbourhood must be about 190 ft. (5). At Kentish Town and Mile End 244} and 259 ft. respectively were assigned to the Upper Chalk. Further south the thickness increases to upwards of 400 ft. (p. 73). The Middle Chalk includes at its base the Melbourn Rock, a hard nodular yellowish chalk about 9 ft. thick. An average thick- ness of 220 ft. is assigned to this subdivision in Hertfordshire (4). At Bushey it appears to have been about 267 ft. (2) and at Mile End 200 ft. (2). The Lower Chalk contains at about 100 ft. from its top the Totternhoe Stone, a hard stony chalk about 20 ft. thick, some- times occurring in two bands with marly chalk between, and containing green-coated nodules. Below this the Lower Chalk includes a variable thickness of Chalk Marl. The total thickness of the Lower Chalk varies from 170 ft: ‘to 200 ft. in Middlesex and Hertfordshire (1 and 4). At Cheshunt 184 ft. were assigned to it, and at Bushey 255 ft.?, of which 119 ft. were supposed to consist of Chalk Marl. At Tottenham Court Road the thickness was 208} ft., including 32 ft. of Chalk Marl. At Mile Fnd the thickness was 195 ft. (2). Upper Greensand and Gault. The Upper Greensand is the lithological name for so much of the upper part of the Selbornian as can be described as a sand or sandstone. That part varies in thickness from 12 to nearly 44 ft. in the counties under consideration. The Gault, which is the name applied to the remaining portion of the Selbornian and which characteristically denotes a clay, varies from 130 to more than 200 ft. in thickness. The united thickness of the Upper Green- sand and Gault varies from 138 ft. (Southall) to 252 ft. (Willesden) as reported, but it is almost certain that the base of the Chalk was not correctly determined at Willesden. Much of the so-called Gault is Chalk Marl. JURASSIC. The Jurassic rocks have been proved at Tottenham Court Road only. They consisted in the main of limestone attributable to the Great Oolite. Their distribution in Middlesex and Hertfordshire is unknown, except so far that they were absent in the other borings mentioned, but were present in parts of Surrey (Richmond and Streatham, p. 185). MIDDLESEX AND HERTFORDSHIRE. 96 ‘q[Ned) O44 UI pepnpoUur uossq oAvy 09 sreodde [Ivy APSO oulog , "ALBYO JO 490} [BQ posioawsy pus yleyO oy} Jo doy oy} Mojeq Joo} BZ Hoge poyeys SUIIOG OUT, , ‘SLUGH CNV XGSHICCIN NI SONIHOR TVdIONTHd | eRe | ‘a $881.09} 0809 | FFzr oF — -FLg 04 GOF 97) = LG 0F $63 07 | «G8 09 “ SyOOY C1ozosyed “2 #9 es Ay Sake ss a — i i ‘+ syooyy olssvine: ost 091 (|) 60% | Feat Foor qney) ——— FLLT | {818 2693 81 | 0203 | ter 8s; _ pP (oeay : 2 “+ puesusery) eddy qe peg SFO fecg | = gag GL¢ O6F GOL OTL 089 &L¢ *Te4O . gg LG 1G \ pe 201 , ks a pueg jouryy, Bi. OP Sag 09 Ik IF #19 fig) | | = 9£ = spog Surpeoy pue yOIMjoo, \ S BA aa Q z a ~p od Q tas ee | ge | ge | Be | $8 | BFa| BF OF | F VBSee Pa | Fe | *8 | es | £2 | See | Be F ZB 1S. 83 gs 2 & > 2s eo So a ge a | 24: o 8, oO 5 5 O Fe So ot & oF oe 5 =e jee} ws 4 2 a6 me ae Pe pe i fen] s* rs g ® | Ss | fei Ss | SP | Ses] Ss q a | ge? . . + . D e me ee ae | 8 Z | Fg 8 3 a Woe s (78f ut sassouyory,7,) Pee oF WD NF SO Ccantrkarwmr ww 97 NORFOLK. Table of Strata exposed and prove in borings. Thickness in Feet. : Alluvium sis ead sate .. up to 120 mugeriierl Glacial... ane a Se ... up to 300 ; Forest-bed Series ea ag .. upto 30 PHONG “asp Crag ais aint a sie .. up to 208 London Clay... oe st weg 310 Tipe: ave { Reading Beds ... sii oh 23 46 Upper Chalk... os Me oo 1,150 ( Middle Chalk ... ae sa sti 100-200 Cretaceous { Lower Chalk... aio igs S3: 56-125 | Gault and Red Chalk... 0... 4-60 Lower Greensand ae ae ons 93-170 Proved in borings only :— Jurassic ... Clays ... aes so ayaa sae to 630 AUTHORITIES. . Geology of the Fenland, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1877. . Geology of the Neighbourhood of Norwich, 7b., 1881. . Geology of the Country around Cromer, 7b., 1882. Fakenham, Wells and Holt, 7b., 1884. East Dereham, ib., 1888. ” ” ” ” . Geology of the Country near Yarmouth and Lowestoft, 2b., 1890. . Pliocene Deposits of Britain, ib., 1890. . Geology of South-Western Norfolk and Northern Cambridgeshire, ib., 1893. . Jurassic Rocks of Britain, 7b., vol. v, 1895. . Geology of the Borders of the Wash, ib., 1899. . Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, 2b., vol. i, 1900. ab., vol. ii, 1903. ib., vol. iii, 1904. 2” ” ” ” . F. W. Harmer. Geology in the Field, Geol. Assoc., 1910, p. 108. . Summary of Progress for 1910, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1911. SUPERFICIAL. Alluvium. The chief alluvial deposits of Norfolk are found in the Fen Country in the west, and in the district of the Broads in the east. in The Fen alluvium consists of peat, silt. and gravel, and varies thickness from about 30 to 50 ft. (1). The average thickness of the alluvium in the Broads is probably about 20 ft., but at Potter Heigham it reaches 58 ft., while at Great Yarmouth a thickness of 120 ft. of ‘‘ Recent Estuarine deposits ’’ is recorded below 30 ft. of shingle and sand (6). 98 NORFOLK. & Te a si u) ar © xX rc o So f. ve a Nn O!|&§s 3 os Oo” sYte a & = ¢ |e =% oa s 2 wf |e ee Rm Lz s - oS s = A Ss os NS > $ oO 9 One iT oO ot & so . 3 Lo Fic. 20. Nogroxx. «Saham Tone Py Fi \Warborough——§_ "Markham 130 Hunstanton st Dereham Stoke Ferry BS ¢ eCrimplesham 160 20 ) 4Dersingham Sandringham N 9 Me e Q ¢ Em __| © DSL = e | a IDSs =, be oe —3s 5° = a Nv 2 oOo” Oo n CAMB R | : | e THE wasn [/ ‘me Glacial. The glacial clays, sands and gravels cover large areas in the central, uorthern and south-eastern parts of Norfolk. They generally extend to a depth of 100 ft., and in the Cromer district these deposits, in the form of contorted drift, have a development of 200 to 300 ft. (14). oy The rock-surface on which the glacial drift rests lies below the level of the sea in many parts of the Fen ‘Country, and also in a coastal strip extending from near Cromer to. Yarmouth and along the southern boundary of the county as far west as Diss. At Yarmouth its depth below the sea is no less than 150 ft. (6). The parts of Norfolk in which the rock-surface lies at more than 80 ft. NORFOLK. 99 and at more than 100 ft. below sea-level are shown on the map forming Fig. 21. Channels in the Chalk which have been filled up with glacial material are not uncommon in East Anglia, but one only has so far been encountered in Norfolk. At Saham Toney a boring proved that superficial deposits extend to more than 100 ft. below sea-level (15). ~----4MOAE THAN © ~----4/00F' BELOW BELOW- SEA-LEVEL |—-----4SEA-LEVEL 30-100F7- é- _ Sane ae : mA ee = ae Palnimnas ABOVE, & TO ~ 30F? BELOW SEA-LEVEL . Map or Norrorx, showing contours in the rock-surface below sea-level. Qa) “Se PLIOCENE. The Forest Bed Series occurs on the coast from Sheringham eastwards to beyond Trimingham. It is on the average about 16 ft. thick, but near Overstrand reaches 24 ft. At Trimingham the Forest Bed and Weybourn Crag have a total thickness of 40 ft. (3, 7). The Grey occurs in Kast Norfolk but is generally covered by glacial deposits. At Norwich and in the Bure Valley it averages 100 NORFOLK. 30 ft. (7), but it thickens rapidly southwards, being 208 ft. at Wheatacre and 129 at Beccles. In the north, near Cromer (8), it is only about 10 to 15 ft. thick. Eocene. Lower Eocene Beds have been found in two borings. At Great Yarmouth there is a thickness of 310 ft. of London Clay, but the upper part has been removed by erosion. The Reading Beds are 46 ft. thick in the same neighbourhood, but probably do not extend west of a line running almost due north from Beccles to Kecles (6). CRETACEOUS. Chalk. The highest Chalk known to exist in England occurs in this county. In eastern Norfolk the total thickness of the Upper Chalk has been estimated at 1,150 ft. (13), in which are comprised the zones enumerated below (13) :— Zones of the Upper Chalk at Norwich. Feet. Zone of Osirea lunata... sis oie. qiden anes 110 Zone of Belemnitella mucronata ie Sat si 250 Zones of Actinocamax quadratus and Marsupites ... 400 Zones of Micraster coranguinum and M. cortestudin- arvum a ss was as 340 Zone of Holaster planus ... ae obs its aia 50 The Middle Chalk is about 100 ft. thick in North Norfolk but is nearer 200 ft. in thickness on the Suffolk boundary. ‘Near Stoke Ferry the total thickness of the Lower Chalk is probably about 125 ft., but this decreases rapidly northwards; at Marham it is about 90 ft., and at Hunstanton it is reduced to about 56 ft.’ (12). This thinning is observable both in the Chalk Marl and Holaster subglobosus Zone. The Chalk Marl thins from 70 to 75 ft. to 181 ft., while the upper zone thins from about 04 ft. to 38 ft. At Norwich the Chalk-without-flints is 102 ft. thick (12). . Gault. ‘The whole of the Gault clay near Stoke and Dereham is very marly, and the upper part becomes more calcareous northward.’ In this direction the beds representing the Gault clay thin rapidly. At Stoke Ferry they are 58 it.; at Roydon, 19 ft.; at Dersingham, 7 ft., and at Hunstanton, 4 ft. At Dersingham the upper part is a red clayey marl and at Hunstanton the whole is a red earthy limestone (11). s The boring at Halkham Hall, quoted in the following table, showed 8 ft. of red marl over 10 ft. of blue clay, but at Norwich the Gault was represented by more than 38 ft. of blue clay et This seems to show that the different facies which the Gault Clay assumes in its passage into the red rock of Hunstanton are arranged in belts running in a north-east to south-west direc- tion. NORFOLK. IN PRINCIPAL BORINGS (Thicknesses in feet.) “IOWILOID | “THeYysUIIOYS | “u0zUeIsUN_, | | to 261 | to 259 519 116 56 to4 “UeYSTe MA “N "OLayseq poo Ay Uu0yhery | | “MeYysUIsIOg | | ‘UeYysuLIpueg | uur ‘ygnowe x yeors) “POUNION “ysnosi0q ren AIT 90S ‘Aouoy, weyey Tueyso[Cdurndy | “meyoleg *M | *a1087VOT MA | “UreYpooyy | 100 310 109 Forest Bed Series Alluvium Glacial a 5 London Clay ‘NOL abnd aonf of, Upper and Middle Chalk Lower Chalk Reading Beds Gault Lower Greensand i | to 102 to 187 | Kimmeridge Clay NORFOLK. 101 Lower Greensand. North of Sandringham the Lower Greensand is divided into three groups : — Ft. Carstone... sts se oe ee 40 Snettisham Clay ... es sis a 30 Sandringham Sands sie aie .. 100 The Snettisham Clay is in part represented by flaggy sandstone. It thickens northwards but is not known south of Sandringham (10, 14). ‘JURASSIC. Jurassic clays: have been-penetrated under the Ten deposits at Lynn to a depth of 680 ft. Probably most of this is Kimmeridge Clay, but the lower part may be Oxfordian. At Downham Market the Kimmeridge Clay was proved to be over 187 ft. thick (9). 102 NORTHUMBERLAND anp DURHAM. Table of Strata. Thickness in feet. . Alluvium... iat ais a -. upto 50 Superficial t Ginaat wae wah as a8 ste to 300 + ai Keuper Marls ... asi ais sae to 110 Triassic... eee sae aes ais «. to 1,200 Magnesian Limestone ... ete ot 299-900 : “Mar! Slate ae aay a6 ... Usually 3, but Permian ... up to 15. Yellow Sands ... eee Boe ee 0-104 Carboniferous... ae dee 83 aes Sey — AUTHORITIES. 1. W. J. Bird. Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc., vol. xix, 1888, p. 564, 2. An Account. of the Strata of Northumberland and Durham as proved by Borings and Sinkings [six vols.]. NV. of Eng. Inst. Min. Hng., 1878-1897. G. A. Lebour. Victoria History of the Counties of England, Durham, 1905. . D. Woolacott, Quart. Journ. Genk: Soc., vol. lxi, 1905, p. 64. E. J. Garwood. Geology in the Field, Geol. Assoc., 1910, p. 661. C. T. Trechmann, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lxix, 1913, p. 184. - D. Woolacott. On the Geology of North-East Durham and South-East Northumberland, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xxiv, 1913, p. 87. IO mR w SUPERFICIAL. Alluvium. The largest spread of Alluvium is found in the estuary of the Tees below Stockton; it includes freshwater and marine deposits and has a maximum thickness of 50 ft. (3). ! Glacial. Glacial Beds cover most of the coastal districts where the eleva- tion is less than 1,000 ft. They consist of a lower boulder-clay, which in places reaches 300 ft. in thickness, and an overlying series composed of sand and gravel with laminated clays (8, 4). The boulder-clay .is thickest where it fills buried valleys belonging to a pre-glacial river-system. The most important member of the system was the Tyne, but another buried channel follows the present course of the Wear to Durbam and runs thence northwards past Chester-le-Street to near Newcastle, where it joins the Tyne buried valley at a depth of 140 ft. below present sea- level. Between Chester-le-Street and the Tyne the buried channel is known to miners as the ‘ Wash’ (4). TRIASSIC. The Keuper Marl is met with only in borings and only in the south-east of Durham, where 110 ft. have been found above the Triassic Sandstones. The latter form the surface to the south- NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURITIAM. east of a line drawn from West Hartlepool to Darlington, and reach about 1,000 ft. in thickness. Underlying the sandstones are 300 ft. of saliferous marls containing beds of gypsum, anhydrite and rock-salt, and alternating with sandstones. Where the cover of overlying strata has been sufficient to prevent solution the bed of rock-salt varies in thickness from 60 to 100 ft. (1, 3). Fic. 22. NortuuMBERLAND anD DURHAM. iS Hartlepool West Hartlepoo. fe “Seaton Carew hak ‘ s| i “Salt Holme Scale of Miles 10 29 PRE-GLACIAL RIVER CouRSES. 103 104 NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURUAM. PERMIAN. The Permian of Durham consists of the Magnesian Limestone, Marl Slate and Basal Yellow Sands. ; The chief of these is the Magnesian. Limestone, which varies from 299 to 900 ft. in thickness and may be divided into three groups : — The upper group consists of about 100 ft. of yellow-bedded lime- stones; these are underlain by 250 ft. of concretionary and non- concretionary limestones and marls and 10 ft. of flexible limestone. The middle group is 300 to 150 ft. thick and consists of brec- ciated limestones. The lower group is formed by bedded brown limestones and is from 40 to 200 ft. thick (7). The Marl Slate is a persistent ‘ thinly-laminated arenaceous argillaceous calcareous bed’ which is usually 3 ft. thick but has a maximum development of 15 ft. Beneath the Marl Slate there le in places yellow sands which fill hollows in the Carboniferous floor. These sands vary in thick- ness from 0 to 104 ft. ' ; In Northumberland two small outliers of Magnesian Limestone with its basal beds are found near Tynemouth. 105 DURHAM. — os = = = os = ss ee — — — — fe “+ gnoreyruoqie) 04 04 0% | 9 0} | | 9% ese ah ete a a a ae — — — spueg AO[eX. 903 (| oop jg | — | ee fee | ee eS ee ee a ee ee aqElg [EP ) weywaeg | tego | oc i gus | — 19 | GLI | L6 | ¥6 ‘fos | 4 quOSoUY] WeIsoUude]] cq | 04 0} 04 0} 04 04 04 : | souojs er ae ory 66E | G83 «| S&P | OG | 68T SEE — | Sho | -pueg pure spreyl SNOIOFTTRG | | SLIT (8& Serr, a=; as — | go | 993 | 769 (| LEP | PEL | 9F8 — 1|we fo souojspueg : — So i ee 1) eee ee - => | OIL — _ — | 98 Tey dodneyy Lg cg 89 0s | us L8 FL COL | 66 LL SII 99T | OL Tee) pus wnianyy ee. — 4 2 © ee S | ae} e rd mn a ae Ble 8 ee y S| By < 8 | 2 jas} ie ° oe a | eo = td i oO = ae = Be de cee oe 5 e i 2 | ee: 8 Bo) es 3 BP tee ele) Fe Le) ae pees 8 Fe lee * PB pe | ey ® m | B bei * g | 3s i @ , 8 | 3 e S| 3 B “| aie | : : (oof us sassouyory) “NVYHANG wt ssuyoq pedourg 106 NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. Table of Strata. Thickness in feet. ‘ Alluvium site ie sigs «. up to 33 Superficial { Ginalal deposits OT UIN upto 100 Lower Lias ie sas oa .. up to 150 Rhaetic ... ae ae8 ais Zin 30-34 Giiaasio Keuper Marl and Waterstones ee 740-770 ***’) Bunter Pebble Beds and Lower Mottled Sandstone... ae as ee 200-680 ; Permian Marl ... ote wai we 0-118 : | Upper Limestone es a a 0-84 Permian .... Middle Marl... ae is Pe 0-153 | Lower Magnesian Limestone ... aa 0-273 | Marl Slate and Breccia... ind sa 0-180 Carboniferous... ies sid 2 aed See —_ AUTHORITIES. 1. The Geology of the south-west part of Lincolnshire with parts of Leicester- shire and Nottinghamshire, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1885. 2. J. ¥. Blake. The Victoria History of the Counties of England, Notting- hamshire, 1906. 3. The Geology of the Country between Newark and Nottingham, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1908. 4, The Geology of the Melton Mowbray District and south-east Nottinghamshire, ab., 1909. 5. The Geology of the Country around Ollerton, 7b., 1911. 6. The Concealed Coalfield of Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire, ib., 1913. 7. The Water Supply of Nottinghamshire, ib., 1914. SUPERFICIAL. Alluviuwm and River Gravel. The river-gravels and alluvium cover some 170 square miles in the county. The Trent valley is floored with about 15 to 26 ft. of gravel which is in places overlain by some silty loam or clay (7). The river-deposits as a whole range up to 82 or 33 ft. in thickness (3). Glacial. Glacial Drift is represented by isolated patches of sand and gravel sometimes associated with boulder-clay. By far the largest continuous tract lies south of the Trent on the Leicestershire border between the Vale of Belvoir and the Soar valley, and forms a spur projecting northward from the main mass of chalky boulder- clay of Leicestershire. In places the drift attains a thickness of 80 to 100 ft., composed occasionally wholly of boulder-clay but more often including small lenticles of sand and gravel (7). NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. Lrassic. 10 The lowest subdivision only of the Lias is represented in the county. In the neighbouring parts of Lincolnshire the Lower Lias shales have an approximate thickness of 650 ft., and consist. mainly of impervious clays and shales, but the Nottinghamshire. border includes less than half the breadth of the outcrop (7). Fic. 23. NorrinGuaMsitIReE. > & 9 100 > z& en Retforde x ; Wor ksepe “Manton \ “Gamston Bevercotes Tux ford? ae Mapstield Colliery vt che Ra of iti Wollaton® ™ Southwell ¢ °Oxton i < eThurgarton , ee Epperstorie A© Edwa/ton________«Barnstone \. sClipston ‘Ruddington TD nual és © N ee < hEast Leak 142 re : oF € & as Es * Dog Age ae Scale of Miles 1p 108 NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. TRIASSIC. The complete Triassic sequence has been met with in the Owthorpe and South Scarle borings only. At Owthorpe it attains a thickness of 1,057 ft., and at South Scarle of 1,450 ft., the difference indicating a northerly increase of 394 ft. in 21 miles (6). The Bunter shows a more rapid increase than the Keuper, but the Rhaetic appears to be fairly uniform in thickness throughout the county. The Trias of Nottinghamshire includes representations of the following subdivisions : — Rhaetic. _ Marls. Keuper Waterstones. Bunter Pebble Beds. Lower Mottled Sandstone. Rhaetic. The Rhaetic Beds consist of light-coloured marls with lime- stones in the upper part (White Lias) and of black shales in the lower part. They make a fairly prominent escarpment in the south-west of the county. At East Leake a railway-cutting through the Normanton Hills showed about 20 ft. of the dark shales, overlain by grey shale with thin limestones which passed up. into the Lias, but of which about 12 ft. was assigned to the Rhaetic (4). At Stanton-on-the-Wolds 13 ft. of the black shales are seen, and at Owthorpe where the Rhaetic is fully developed the black shales. are 14 ft. thick and the White Lias 20} ft (4). The same thick-. nesses approximately are maintained northwards. Keuper. The north-eastward expansion of the Keuper is proved in the borings of which abstracts are given on the table following p- 110. The thickness of 893} ft. at South Scarle appears to be an, overestimate due tc the difficulty of distinguishing Keuper from Bunter. The thickness assigned to the Bunter is cor- respondingly too small. . The Waterstones average about 100 ft. in the southern part of the county, but increase to 150 ft. at Thurgarton (8), 174 ft. at Kelham (7), and 289 ft. at Newark (8). Bunter. The Pebble Beds are rather coarse red sands with scattered pebbles of quartzite and other rocks. Northwards both the size and number of the pebbles decrease and at the same time bands of marl and loamy sands make their appearance, till the Pebble Beds cease to be distinguishable from the Lower Mottled Sandstone. (6). The northward expansion of the Bunter is illustrated by the borings quoted later. The record of only 437 ft. in the South Carr or Haxey boring (7) may be-an under-estimate as explained above. That the expansion continues into the extreme north- eastern part of the county is shown by the record of 856} ft. at Thorne in South Yorkshire, just over the county-boundary (6). a NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, 109 PERMIAN. The Permian succession is as follows :— Upper Permian Marl. Upper Limestone. Middle Marls. ' Lower Limestone. 5 Basement Beds, Mar] Slate and Breccia. All these divisions diminish in thickness southwards and dis- appear two miles north of the Trent Valley, Eastwards the thicken as proved in various borings. The Upper Permian Marls are nowhere exposed in the south of the county and first appear in the Bevercotes boring as a band of variegated marl 8 ft. 2 ins. thick (6). From, thence they thicken in a north-easterly direction . like the other subdivisions of the Permian and Trias. The Upper Limestone, which cannot be recognised further south than Mansfield, thickens in a north-easterly direction at a uniform rate as shown in the Table following p. 110. The Middle Marls consist of red clays and marls with inter- calations of red sandstone. At Cinderhill they show a thickness of 26 to 30 ft. (2), and north of Mansfield of 80 to 40 ft. At the latter place they are first overlain by the Upper Limestone. From the Table referred to it appears that the measurement of 158 ft. obtained at Bevercotes represents the maximum of the Middle Marls in the county (7). The Lower Limestone commences at Radford as a coarse brecciated dolomitic rock followed by a grit (2). In the southern part of the county it is about 30 ft. thick, but it expands suddenly a mile south of Mansfield and exceeds 300 ft. in South Yorkshire. The Basement Beds have at their base a breccia which crops out in the southern part of the county and is shown by borings to be persistent. It is seldom more than 3 ft. thick, but reaches 12 ft. near Mansfield (2). In the borings at Shireoaks and Haxey in the northern part of the county no breccia has been observed (7). Above this comes the * marl-slate,’ consisting of sandstones and shales. In the south it is represented by 138 to 24 ft. of yellow and red marly beds, but it expands rapidly north-eastwards (7). The map forming Fig. 24 shows, firstly, contour-lines at intervals of 500 ft. in the base of the Keuper (that is the top of the Bunter), from sea-level down to 1,000 ft. below sea-level; and secondly, similar contour-lines in the base of the Permian (that is the surface of the Coal Measures) down to a depth of 2,000 ft. below sea-level. ; From it the depth to the Bunter and the depth to the base of the Permian may be calculated at any point provided that the elevation of the surface is known. It shows also the angle of dip and the direction of strike in the Bunter and Permian. South of Nottingham several large faults affect both formations but there is no reason to suppose the existence of any important post-Permian faults between Nottingham and the Yorkshire border. H 2 110 NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. Fic. 24. Map or Norrixcuamsuire, showing contours in the base of the Permian and in the base of the Keuper. R ey 4 . e ES Scale of Miles Ooo ye 8 10 20 .—.—.— indicates a contour-line 500 {t. below sea-level in the 500 base of the Permian (or top of the Coal Measures). aoe a Mieeaae indicates a contour-line 500 ft. below sea-level in the base of the Keuper (or top of the Bunter). To face page 110. PRINCIPAL BORINGS AND SINKINGS IN NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. (Thicknesses in feet and inches. The sign + indicates that the base was not reached.) 1 in. Ordnance Map (N.8.). 142. 126. 125. 114. 113. : i see SS = is x eee | | ty | | : | | | dg | | 84 | = |f so | | x . : Retreat (earareser | re lee ee 4 By) OB = pe z eb s | & q oe, » Ik ae R S$ Ss | 8 g g rc aq | 3 s | 546 ° is 50 5 w g > g a E | a 5 B 2 © 3 S 4, E as a a | oy s S af § s 4 a | i) 28 qa | 3 2 } oss s iS 3 D = a o M4 S| = 3 | 3 | % 3 & 3 fa o | 8 a EA 4 & a | «a 4 5 ao] 4 B a | 2 | & 3 = i Alluvium and Soil, &c. 1 — 11 9 21 goes pfs 2788 21 | 106 — a 6 — 21 1 ‘10 | 9°9 80 1-2 32 Glacial < 6 =) fi = |i ran =. || bs 6 an = a. ae oes = ae Lower Lias — 126 | | | — — 29 — | — | — — _— —_— Triassic— \ | | | Rhaetic ... — 34°6 | 15 a 2ey ph) a — | oe = Keuper Marl 386 627 | 509 389 ) 199 — | > 92°9 — 397°6 _ = _ 688 — — | — _ —_ 105°7 Keuper Waterstones 73°9 121°6 192 50°8 5 z i |i) 69 150 59°6 174 _— _ _— 205°6 —_— —_ 27°9 92°8 a Bunter Pebble Beds 220°7 274 |) Vaca seats eon a3 326 : = ses 3186 | 1799 | 171-4 | 5679 | 56b-4 104211 Lower Mottled Sandstone absent. | absent |5 7° | paeeey |g 2a8 ig. (ge ; 493°5 | 117-34 t 7 } 374°6 = 62°6 223 96 wig | 141 | 107 } se Permian— | =| Upper Marls 4 | | | , absent absent absent — | absent absent — absent 118°6 absent absent 3:2 67°6 20 58 Upper Limestone : \ /| absent | absent absent — absent absent —_— absent 43°6 absent absent 25°6 19°8 22°6 84 Middle Marls 3 ; | bi || absent | v ‘| _ 35 9:2 39 26°9 150 15:2 14:2 | 1534 2304+) 68°8 132°9 Lower Limestone Sen eran a eee 29°5 ea 15 OP) cee Sh ai |) aa | Bo 88 143_| 686 | 2023 ——~| 260 | 273 Marl Slates aie sie || 13 J 24 — 21°53 85°6 46.5 |) 118 — 98°7 26°6 — 35°10 9 (2) Basement Breccia or Sands... | 9 8 6 ae 1 26 18 8 1 = 211 6 jay nil nil -Carboniferous | 1183 + | 963 + | 1135 4 | 796 + | 39 + 341°6 + 87510 +) 1387 + — | 960 + | 1434 4 | 1285-4 +/ 1300 12 + — | 1294 + yon — | 1314 + | 1448-7 + | easures. | a RO [SUI ecu SSNS ON lil SHROPSHIRE. Table of Strata. Thickness in feet. Alluvium ai ae 288 .. up to 40 Superficial ( River Gravel... es si ... up to about 20 Glacial Drift ... ve se ... upto 210 dencuié Middle Lias ite ia sea aus 30 Liassic ... tower Lias ayer ai es ... over 400 Rhaetic ... sais its ahd .. up to 24 Keuper Marl... iio cate .. up to 3,000 Keuper Sandstone including Water- Triassic... stones ... oe se ne da 450 Upper Mottled Sandstone... ira 500 Bunter Pebble Beds... vee ace 600 Lower Mottled Sandstone ae a 80-650 Carboniferous (?), ‘ Permian of Salopian type ’ ie — AUTHORITIES. 1. R. I. Murchison. The Silurian System, 1839. 2. The Triassic and Permian Rocks of the Midland Counties, Mem. Geol. Surv, 1869. 3. Reports of the'Committee to investigate the Circulation of the Underground Waters, &c., Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1875-1895. 4. The Jurassic Rocks of Britain, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii, 1893. 5. T. C. Cantrill. Victoria History of the Counties of England, Shropshire, 1908. SUPERFICIAL. Alluvium and River Gravels. Broad spreads of alluvium occur within the county, notably in the valleys of the Severn, the Teme, and the Rea. At the con- fluence of the Tanat, Vyrnwy and Severn alluvium and river- gravel occupy a wide expanse and attain a thickness that can be hardly less than 30 to 40 ft. Glacial. _ The glacial deposits occur principally in two areas, one including almost all the part of the county lying north of Shrews- bury and west of Market Drayton, and the other keeping to the eastern borders of the county south of Shrewsbury. In the former area a shaft 1} miles north-west of Gobowen showed a thickness of 170 ft. of boulder-clay with sand and gravel, while the Daywell Colliery close by was sunk through 180 ft. of drift. Near Oswestry the thickness is 32 ft. in the town; 35 ft. at Messrs. Ireland and Co.’s Colliery; 85 ft. at the Crosswilling shaft- sinking; 85 ft. at Dryll Colliery, one mile south of Oswestry; 125 ft. at Pen-y-lan shaft in the immediate vicinity, and 80 ft. at Trefonen, 2} miles south-west of Oswestry. Farther east it is further reduced, three wells at West Felton showing 12, 20 and 380 ft. respectively of glacial sand and gravel. The glacial sands 112 SHROV SHIRE. Fig. 251! SaxorsHrre. «Brockhurst 12 CHESHIRE Ne 123 FLINTSHIRE Snip uch ioe | 5 ae 7 Market — A ‘ arKe - a Gee. en: ie “ 139 »Preston “Woon Felton 138. &. peri Ail *AWaP LJanymynech mrs ae e dnall oO a VANS Melerey eS ae RoyesSunitorne| > CyfeBarderael ; edt yee Wellington 3 ee 153 o onbridges Tie z Cosford ie = ‘ *Claverley m pee. om \ 2 Stourbridge* 182 one e Ero, o% "sain wo nee 1 Pon! : Scale of Miles 0 are at least 30 ft. thick in the shamieasioel of Tiptead, 3 miles south-east of Oswestry. North of Ellesmere they are 150 ft. thick, and about 70 ft. between Ellesmere and Cockshutt. At Petton, 5 miles west:of Wem, 120 ft, of glacial gravel is recorded (5). On the northern margin of the county 96 ft. of sand has been proved at Whitchurch and 100 ft. of drift west of Market Drayton. The same thicknesses occur around Prees and Wem, but at Preston Brockhurst, 3. miles Beniaees! of Wem, the. drift is‘only 10 ft. thick (8, 5). In the neighbourhood of Binewsiuy the thickness of the glacial beds varies up to more than' 100 ft. At Dunn’s Heath, three miles north of the town it exceeds that amount (5), but to the immediate east, at Sundorne, falls to 34 ft. (3). Two wells in the town itself show thicknesses of 84 and 83 ft. of drift,: while the Grammar School well apparently commenced in solid rock (3). To the west of the town at Bicton there is a thickness of 38 ft. of glacial gravel and clay, while at Atcham, 4 miles to the south-east of Shrews- bury, the drift is as much as 210 ft. thick (8). SHROPSHIRE. 1138 > ie the second area, to the south-east of Shrewsbury, the drift is more irregularly distributed, though in places thicknesses of over 200 ft. are recorded. A well at Wellington traversed 45 ft. of drift (3); while at Ironbridge a thickness of more than 200 ft, is attained. The drift is also widely spread around Claverley, east of Bridgnorth, but in the south-west of the county it occurs only in scattered patches. At Harwood, near Pontesbury, it is -at least 50 ft. thick, while farther south a well near Craven Arms railway-station was sunk 46 ft. in glacial gravel. In the branch- valleys of the Smethcott Brook the glacial drift is stated to have a thickness of more than 50 ft.2' ~ ' Lrassic. The Middle and Lower Lias form an outlier around Prees. The sandy marlstone of the Middle Lias:is 8 to 10 ft. thick at Prees and below it are sandy beds passing down into more argillaceous strata which have been pierced to a depth of 20 ft. The total thickness of the Middle Lias is estimated at about 30 ft. At Woolliston, 2 miles north-east of Prees, shafts sunk in search of coal have pierced the Lower Lias to a depth of 400 ft. without reaching the base (4). TRIASSIC. ee Rhaetic. The Rhaetic beds are not visible in the outlier of Prees, but just across the Cheshire county-boundary, at Audlem, 24 ft. of black shales with marls overlie the uppermost green marls of the Keuper and are overlain by glacial drift (5). Keuper. There are no boring-records available for the total thickness of the Keuper in Shropshire. A boring recently made at Haughton, near Baschurch, revealed ‘a thickness of 328 ft. of jKeuper Marl, but it probably began low down in the marl. ‘ Taking all things into account 3,000 ft. is the least thickness of the Keuper Marl which would be found if these beds were pene- trated below the Lias of Prees. And if we add 450 ft. for the thickness of the Lower Keuper Sandstone, the thickness of the Keuper Beds in Shropshire is 3,450 ft.’ (2). The Lower Keuper Sandstone near Stourbridge across the south-eastern border of the county is.400 ‘to 500 ft. thick (2), and in the Peckforton Hills in Cheshire 400 ft. (2). Bunter. The Upper Mottled Sandstone may average about 500 ft. in thickness. It has been estimated to reach more than that in Cheshire (p. 30) and not less than 215 ft. in Worcestershire (p. 188), At Grinshill it has been sunk through for more than 222 ft. (1). A boring at Cosford (p. 124) traversed a large part of the Bunter. ~ , oO gh) The Pebble Beds have been estimated at 600 ft., but no definite line can be drawn either at their top or their base. The Lower Mottled Sandstone varies from 80 ft. south-east of Market Drayton to upwards of 650 ft. near Bridgnorth (2). ? Lapworth and Watts ‘Geology in the Field.’ Geol: Assoc., 1910, p. 764. 114 SOMERSET. Table of Strata. Thickness in feet. Superficial Alluvium... wes sis hs ed to 85 | Middle Chalk... ae 298 3 an Lower Chalk... or oes ae : Crebaceens a Upper Greensand mee Bae en 100-180 att | Gault... ace an ahs she to 90 Corallian es fe on ab 120 Oxford Clay with Kellaways Beds... 400 Cornbrash ah aoe 35 aa 20-25 Oolitic Forest Marble (with Bradford Clay) ... 90-130 **) Great Oolite ... me ae ue 0-110 Fuller’s Earth ... asa oe ae 35420 Inferior Oolite ... aes ee ae 7-118 Midford Sands ... Jee aes hea 0-200 | Upper Lias Se Cue Saal Ao 10-50 Liassic ... . Middle Lias see se te sa to 230 | Lower Lias se se sds ies to 500 Rhaetic ... oes site ve Sai 20-75 gas Keuper Marl... ged ies ad to 1,350 ew Upper Sandstones ae on wis to 300 Paraian Pebble Beds... aes wa aa to 100 : Lower Marls_... ae ca ne to 200 Lower Sandstones ah eh ei to 500 Carboniferous and older rocks ie oe dk — AUTHORITIES. 1. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1878, p. 408. 2. Jurassic Rocks of Britain, Jfem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii, 1893. 3 ” 5 ib., vol. iv, 1894. 4. 3 eA ib., vol. v, 1895. 5. Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, ib., vol. i, 1900. 6 Sy x 2b., vol. ii, 1903. 7, Summary of Progress for 1908, » SOS snk ai, wine sa OO 2c2,2 (O18 arte BA ara'S ji 6 : aw A Peas = Oa. Oo SFr Od a aw oe Ops az oro on o HSE Bn oso 4 way BOBBY a Sow ee eee oe “2 . ofc a Oo Be Boosh og ead’s So Ro od ROS a Baa aa. o gars He ww ino Ot sg as oe a Pe, Bao” Ep CGD a sy AO ead gejfe ioe} ¢ | ee) B salse) 2] else) ee | & So | & Be 5 a= S | 8s | a 2 a > o a a =o oo ‘4 af a > o ® a ge |, 3h | PE) 3 | be eli aaaeee it (see |, Seo) OQ ° o* B ia gS 8 £ oo ay mM s Ro 5 o ea] & 5 ® 3 o 18s z eo = : S s BS | Bs 3 BS oS q& : ome |S & 3 ae B 5 aa g E 0g 5 Q Aes. Ba 5 HO gs = £ 2 g5 : ee ae “sayour pun yaaf Ur sassauyory 7) “AUIHSCaACAHAVES NI SONIYOP TVdIONIUd ¢ 125 SUFFOLK. Table of Strata exposed and proved in borings. Thickness in : feet. ‘ Alluvium -... aa ie .. up to 40 Superficial 7 Qiacial Drift |. .. up t0 470 ‘Forest Bed Series na sia se ll-14 : Norwich Crag... ie es ... up to 166 BOOORE osc TES Gia am eke a 20-30 Coralline Crag... ras viet sie 50-60 London Clay... ses sie ... upto 170 POET! | Reading Beds ... ie am .. upto 70 Cretaceous Upper Chalk... a aes waa —, Proved in borings only :— ‘Upper Chalk... aie a .. up to 556 Middle Chalk... we id a 164 Cretaceous (Lower Chalk... il site re 154 Gault... sais ss ici ate 50-73 Lower Greensand sit it nis 0-41 Palzozoic Rocks a ate ahs cue we — AUTHORITIES. Geology of the Country around Ipswich, Hadleigh and Felixstow, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1885. ~ 2. Geology of the Country near Yarmouth and Lowestoft, ib., 1890. 3. Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, 7b., vol. i, 1900. 4, Pr ss ib., vol. ii, 1903. 5. 55 a 4b., vol. iii, 1904, ‘6. The Water Supply of Suffolk, «Culford IBacaer he U | r K Kelsa/e og eG 8 -Roughame 190 Saxe yndham—~—s eiston zZ a ih Benhall’ 19] 00M 0S. Ash bocking—Wickham Ideburgh Brettenham. Needham 5 Market t= D- Hartést Market ®0ulge’| Melton bg . 3S gE © / | 23682 Sry\ Seg” § S 38 : oN 2 4 x o mn 7 See's euse o Xk 3 As ~ 33 w o¢. AS ev co ae a 5 ~N 2 7 c - “ey oS Nt aa gy ~) )«, = 6 - s|| orarsess| SSE“ (8 § co {}x0 oF « wee 335 & 8 ”, > = al 3 xe BSS8e.8 st eo | | OS 3 5 © a “2 oF a Wy so-* ac = % Seles Stk g 3 z [ge ems — Soe = 3 e Bae t—— %” sa SFo = § B95 s3 w 4 Spek ¢ $ E eo WPYSX3 B= 1 BS s\ 3 E\ ow yode Bg ae . e Sos oa ev RSS E bs SON ao f Be © e PRs is S “a a HS) az ovors 3.3 “0 =\ 3 oon \2 ono (09) » OS ASS %, |e So a as s Coa aa ~ SEES gf a — / 4 SO! 2 oO aaa. W ® PLIOCENE. The Lenham Beds whick occur in small patches on the Chalk of Surrey, at Steadley, east of Guildford, and at Chipstead, south of Croydon, consist of patches of yellow sand 5 to 12 ft. thick with a few flint-pebbles, and ferruginous, or occasionally glau- conitic, grit with casts of fossils (8). SURREY AND SUSSEX. 18st Eocene. Barton, Bracklesham and Bagshot Soin i In Surrey the Barton Beds, shown on the Old Series Gédlogical Map, Sheet 8, as ‘ Upper’ Bagshot Sand,’ form a number of out- liers, in none of which is their full thickness represented. The Bracklesham Beds under these outliers, where alone they are fully present, consist of loams, laminated clays and green sands, with lignite and ironstone. They vary in thickness from 40 to 50 up to 65 ft. In the Brookwood boring they attained 65 ft., and in the Ottershaw boring may have been 89 ft. in thickness, but this is exceptional and the record seems to require confirmation. The Bagshot Beds, or the ‘ Lower Bagshot Sand’ of Sheet 8, are composed of white and crimson sands with occasional beds of loam and clay, and local developments of pebble-gravel. The thickness probably seldom exceeds 120 ft. In the Ottershaw boring 124 ft. are assigned to the Bagshot Beds, on the supposi- tion that the Bracklesham Beds were 89 ft. thick.* A well at Bagshot reached, below 9 ft. of gravel, what was judged to be the top of the London Clay at a depth of 454 ft. and was carried a further depth of 192 ft. in the clay (14). In Sussex the Bagshot Sands are thin and inseparable from the Bracklesham Series. A boring at Selsey starting in the latter reached .the London Clay at 360 ft. and proved the Bracklesham Series to consist of green and black sands and clays. Their total thickness is estimated to be 500 or 600 ft. (12). London Clay. In Surrey the London Clay varies in thickness from 400 ft. (Chobham) to 371 ft. (Brookwood) and 336 ft. (Ottershaw).) At Cobham between undoubted London Clay and undoubted Reading Beds there occurred 100 ft. of ‘ coloured grey clay,’ somewhere within which presumably lies the junction of the two formations. In Sussex the full thickness of London Clay and Reading Beds was proved at Hunston to be 233 ft. (12), of which presumably about 70 or 80 ft. may be assigned to the Reading Beds. At Hastergate the thickness of the London Clay was proved to be more than 208 ft. (12), and at Merston more than 292: ft. Blackheath Beds. These sands and pebble-beds, which are developed in north- western Kent, are known to occur in the north-eastern part. only of Surrey. They may be seen at Croham Hurst, the Addington Hills, and other spots near Croydon. In wells at the last-named place they vary from 12 to 37 ft. in thickness. At Caterham a deep pipe in the Chalk, filled with Blackheath pebble-beds, was encountered. Woolwich and Reading Beds and Thanet Sand. In Surrey the Woolwich and Reading Beds comprise white or crimson sands and mottled clays, mostly of a bright colour. They 1 «The Country around Windsor and Chertsey,’ Mem. Geol. Surv., 1915, p. 112. 1382 SURREY AND SUSSEX. contain also pebble-beds and some lignite. At their base is a greenish sand with worn or unworn flints. The Thanet Sand is not recognisable in western Surrey and is seldom easy to define precisely in borings in the central and eastern parts of the county. Near Egham, Cherie, Chobham, Frimley and Woking, the strata between the London Clay and the Chalk are all assigned to the Woolwich and Reading Beds, and vary in thickness from 68 ft. (Frimley) to 104 ft. (Chertsey). At Kingston, Putney, Mortlake, Lambeth and Battersea, the thickness ranges from 73 to 108 ft., in which are included 20 to 30 ft. of Thanet Sand. At Norwood an aggregate thickness of 71 to 97 ft. includes 29 to 38 ft. of Thanet Sand. In Sussex the Woolwich and Reading Beds are mainly clays. At Chichester, in a brewery well, there were 97 ft. of mottled clays belonging to this series; at Hastergate, 109 ft. 6 ins.; at Fishbourne (a mile west of Chichester Cathedral), 106} ft.?; at Merston (Bognor Waterworks), 99'ft. 6 ins.; at Pagham, 104 ft.; at Walberton, 148 ft.?; and at Worthing, 102 ft. (12). CRETACEOUS. Chalk. In Surrey the total thickness of the Chalk is shown in the Table following p. 184 as 646 ft. by the Ottershaw boring,’ near Chertsey, 670 ft. by the Richmond boring, 623 ft. by the Streatham Common boring, and 817} ft. by the East Horsley boring (14). The Chalk Rock, which forms the base of the Upper Chalk, is not well developed, but the Melbourn Rock at the base of the Middle Chalk occurs in characteristic nodular form, with a thickness of about 8 to 12 ft. In Sussex the whole of the Chalk is traversed by a boring at Chichester. The thickness was ascertained to be 790 ft., of which 604 tt. was believed to consist of Upper and Middle Chalk (12). At East Lavant the total thickness bored through was more than 1,012 ft., of which 5971 ft. were attributable to Upper Chalk, 2121 ft. to Middle Chalk, and 202 ft. to Lower Chalk. The boring started about 200 ft. below the top of the Chalk. The thickness of the Upper Chalk therefore must be about 800 ft., and that of the whole formation about 1,212 ft. At Telscombe, near Brighton, a boring started a little below the top of the Chalk and proved Upper Chalk, 418 ft.; Middle Chalk, 212 ft.; Lower Chalk (including possibly some of the Upper Greensand), 328 ft. The total thickness is thus about 958 ft., which is a probable amount, but the proportion assigned to the Lower Chalk seems excessive. The variations in the thickness of the Upper Chalk are largely due to pre-Tertiary denudation, but there is, apart from this, a general thickening from north to south through Surrey and Sussex. Upper Greensand and Gault (Selbornian). The Selbornian rises from beneath the Chalk in a narrow out- crop at the foot of the North Downs. The Upper Greensand, with a thickness of 16 to 35 ft., passes down into a sandy marl and so 1 ¢The Country around Windsor and Chertsey,’ Mem. Geol Surv., 1915, p. 112. SURREY AND SUSSEX. 133 into the stiff clay which constitutes the Gault. It contains an abundance of grains of glauconite and varies in character from sand to calcareous sandstone. In Surrey the greatest thickness of Gault yet met with amounted to 343 ft., and was proved at Caterham, and the total thickness of Selbornian was there 3774 ft. as compared with 278 ft. at Ottershaw.! At Richmond and Streatham the Sel- bornian was only 217 ft. thick. In Sussex, at Beddingham, near Lewes, a boring starting in the Upper Greensand passed through 28 ft. of that formation, 310 ft. of Gault Clay, and 6 ft. of Lower Greensand. Another at West Firle, 44 miles south-east of Lewes, proved the Gault to be not less than 327 ft. thick. At Eastbourne one boring only has traversed the whole of the Upper Greensand, with the result of proving that it is 47 ft. thick and that the Gault is not less than 261 ft. thick (13). In another case the thickness of undoubted Gault was ascertained to be 286 ft., but there is a doubt whether some of the underlying strata should not also have been included in the Gault. At Telscombe the thickness of Upper Greensand and Gault was respectively 10 ft. and 312 ft. At Chichester the Upper Greensand was proved to be not less than 84 ft. thick. The greatest thicknesses of Gault were found at West Firle (827 ft.) and at Jevington (846 ft.), in both cases the top being absent. It would appear from these figures that the average thick- nesses of the Selbornian in Sussex vary as follows. The thickness _ of Gault in West Sussex is not known, but is inferred from a comparison of the measurements in Mid-Sussex and Hampshire : | West Sussex. Mid-Sussex. -| East Sussex. . | | Feet. Feet. i Feet. Upper Greensand ... ...jnot less than 84. 10 | 28-47 Gault ae ..| 250 (supposed) 312-327 | 310-286 | 338-333 Total of Selbornian «| about 300 | 332 Lower Greensand. In Surrey this formation is absent in the north-eastern part, as for example at Streatham, but is present in an attenuated form at Richmond and Chertsey, and has been found also at Slough in Buckinghamshire. Southwards it expands and includes the following subdivisions in descending order (2 and 14).:— { | West Surrey. [Hast Surrey. se Feet. Feet. ; = Folkestone Beds, essentially a sand-forma- tion, loose and coarse in grain ... a 120 to nearly 300 100 Sandgate Beds, fine-grained sand and clay... not 40 He distinguishable. Hythe Beds, sand, sandstone and chert, . calcareous beds in the upper part 200-300 152-180 Atherfield Clay stk ans re 60 30 1 «The Country around Windsor and Chertsey,’ fem. Geol: Surv., 1915, p. 112. 184 SURREY AND SUSSEX. A boring near Reigate traversed 297 ft. of sand with but little clay. There was nothing to distinguish the strata from Folkestone Beds, but it was presumed that the boring touched a lower sub- division. The same remark applies to.strata recently proved at Kingscote Mill, near Dorking, where a boring starting in yellow, red and white sands did not reach their base at a depth of 300 ft. Near Reigate the Atherfield Clay was proved to be 55 ft. thick (2 and 14). At Oxted the Sandgate Beds, as supposed, were 80} ft. thick and the Hythe Beds 152} ft. (14). At Tatsfield the Folkestone Beds were 211 ft. and the Sandgate Beds, as supposed, 6} ft. thick (14), but the base of the Folkestone Beds could not be fixed precisely, and it would be safer to say that the Folkestone and Sandgate Beds together were 217 ft. thick. In Sussex the Lower Greensand is sometimes absent or doubt- fully represented, as for example at Eastbourne Waterworks and _ at Jevington (12). In its absence the Gault rests on Weald Clay. At West Firle, near Lewes, the Lower Greensand is 12 ft. thick, and thence expands rapidly westwards. In Mid-Sussex, at Henfield, a boring proved Folkestone Beds (top absent) 57 ft., Sandgate Beds, 126 ft., and touched what may have been Hythe Beds (12 and,13). In West Sussex the greatest thicknesses attained are estimated to be:—Folkestone Beds, about 140 ft.; Sandgate Beds, 100 ft.; and Hythe Beds, 200 ft. (12, p. 4). A boring at Petworth House shows the thickness of the Atherfield Clay there to be 50 ft. Thus the thickness of the Lower Green- sand as a whole in West Sussex is about 490 ft. Wealden Beds. This formation includes : — Feet. Weald Clay, brown or blue clay or shale and stone- bands, with mottled clays and subordinate sand- beds ... 00k taal ens wa ie i 1,000 Tunbridge Wells Sand (with Cuckfield Hastines | Clay and Grinstead Clay) ... io 160-380 : > ds, , Wadhurst Clay ... ate st tes, 136-227 CdS.) Ashdown Sand ... 0 ue. ween 74-298 Fairlight Clay, upwards of... ifs 388 . In Surrey the Wealden. Beds are absent towards the north as shown by the borings at Richmond and Streatham, but they come in southwards with rapidly increasing thickness. .The greatest thickness proved in a boring was met.with at Dunsfold. Of the 1,201 ft. there traversed.900 ft. at least may be assigned to the Weald Clay, and the remainder with some doubt to the Hastings Beds,. The thickness of the Weald Clay had previously been estimated to lie between 900 to 1,000 ft. near Leith Hill, but to diminish thence both eastwards and westwards (2). A small part only of the outcrop of the Hastings Beds falls within Surrey. The various subdivisions into which. this,,croup of strata|is separable in Sussex are often difficult to recognise. in borings, but:the following figures may be quoted (14). At Ling- field a boring passed through 60 ft. of Tunbridge Wells Satid, 34 ft.'of Grinstead Clay and 55 ft. of clay, shale and rock., Near Reigate a boring passed through 553 ft. of Weald Clay and was ~earried for a further 357 ft. in, Hastings Beds. 9.0 SOME BORINGS IN SURREY (Uhicknesses in feel.) SURREY. AND SUSSEX. SUSSEX. To face page 134: av | A | ing | rs | | | F - | g a ‘ | 5 a ; | s OS BR a ae E E d q a3 (rset. |i ; x d | rd Po Bice 2e | 2 | ee ; ao | 2 ae & S Be | g <= S 5 | €3 ‘ ge | % 33 | % B | & ee s a Has @ | a | = 2s Ss on EY | a o a s Pe < = | & 8 3 a > © a 5 3 + | § oo 3 - 2 + iS ae \ os 2 % 2 7 2 S -2-n iS | % 65 me aS S | « ae 3 | a 3 A aS a | 5 | wo Barton Beds (Upper Bagshot Sand) ... ok -- — _- 100 (part) 3 (part) a — | os | 225 eee — = — Bracklesham Beds | £92 — — 40 = 65 — — — — | -= — _— — | — Bagshot Sand 1247 = as 100 _ 105 80 (party{ — | 9 — a as = = os (or more) | | London Clay | 336 160 (part) 153 (part)| 400 0 192 371 4622 = = an i ae 60 (part); — Blackheath Beds sf — = en | os = eae a ae | 89 (part)3 aes | = — eee == — Reading Beds | 100 593 2434 50 — 893 5 —s — = — — — 97 | — Thanet Sand es — 223 35 — = ake 42 20 (part) —_ as | —_ a a xs | = { Upper a | 300 2213 to 150 — eb to 250 to 66 — — —— — 418 } 604 | | 1012 Chalk... / Middle ..| | 6461 |150 (about) 219 = — — 817 |2 a49 = = = 212 | | (part) | Lower als 220 (about) 1824 = a _ 5 oe S = 3284 186 | *P Upper Greensand HD og 16 | 28) — — a = 173 344 — — a 10 to 84 | — ae cs | © _—— TS | Gault Angee 201, «1883 fs a ae fae to 6 343 si a = 312 = _ Lower Greensand aia to 12 10 | = e Boh de gate | = = to 30 = = ak to 5 = ae ( Weald Clay — — = — aos as as aes = ; as fon mee as is Wealden ... i Hastings Beds = a | a __ = = ee a = } to 1201 | = 345 (part) — — _— Purbeck Beds . a ; — — — — = — = = — — 116831 (part)} 466 — _— —_— Portland Beds ... a) — | — — — ro — — — — — 1053 141 — _ _— Kimmeridge Clay oo — — — — — — — — — 1290? | to 1114 — — —_— Corallian te | — | — — — = as a= = = es 222 ? eo = ioe a Oxford Clay .! eee — — = es oe = ee des = to 120? oe =e m2 = Great Oolite Series ol a 874 384 a= 2s ss ed ag zat — = = am == = Paleozoic . — to 2074 to 151 | a | = | ae | a = = — = — = = = | —Sa ES | | a — — 1 «Coun ry around Windsor and Chertsey’ (Mem. Geol. Surv.). 3 Occupying a deep pipe in the Chalk. 2 Including 100 feet of coloured grey clay, part of which may be Reading Bed:. 4 Probably including some Upper Greensand. SURREY AND ‘SUSSEX. 1385 In Sussex the Weald Clay has been proved to exceed *200 ft. in thickness at Eastbourne and 376 ft. at Keymer (12). The Tunbridge Wells Sand with the Cuckfield and Grinstead » Clays have a combined thickness varying from about 160 ft. in the east to 380 ft. near Cuckfield (2). The Wadhurst Clay is known to be 186 ft. thick at Catsfield, 180 ft. at Uckfield, and 2e7 ft. at Cuckfield (12). The Ashdown Sand has been proved to be 74 ft. 8 ins. thick at Fairlight, and 293 ft. 6 ins. at Horsted Keynes. The greatest thickness proved of the Fairlight Clay is 888 it. 3 ins., at Hastings Waterworks, where, however, its base was not reached. The total of the above maximum thicknesses. of the subdivisions amounts to 1,288 ft. 9 ins. Should the Fair-. light Clay (unlike the higher beds) decrease in thickness west-. ward the total thickness of the Hastings Beds in Sussex is not. likely to be less, on the average, than 1,100 ft. or thereabouts. ‘ QOOLITIC. In Surrey strata of Oolitic age have been proved to exist by the borings at Richmond and Streatham Common. Northwards, in Middlesex and Buckinghamshire, they are known to be absent; but, on the other hand, ‘southwards in Sussex and eastwards in Kent they attain a considerable development. At Richmond the Oolitic strata were 87} ft. thick .and were all assigned to the Great Oolite Series ; those at Streatham were 38} ft. thick and were assigned with doubt to the Forest Marble subdivision of the same series. Beyond the general probability that the Jurassic rocks are likely to be present, nothing can’ be said at present with regard to, their development under the southern part of Surrey. In Sussex the Purbeck Beds crop. out in a small area near Brightling and Battle. They were proved in a boring near Battle to be 466 ft. thick, under 345 ft. of Hastings Beds. A previous. boring at Mountfield, usually known as the Sub-Wealden Exploration, had started in the Purbeck Beds and had been ae down into the Oxford Clay as shown in the preceding Table 136 WARWICKSHIRE axp WORCESTERSHIRE. Table of Strata. Thickness in feet. . Alluvium aie es ‘i aes to 20 Superficial fara i Geo le. me ae oelee +48 Great Oolite Series cae sit sis to 100 Molitig asx ‘ete: Oolite Series... ay aa to 180 . Upper Lias oe a8 ee te 100-120 Liassic ...{ Middle Lias aah sia nes anf 250-280 Lower Lias se bes ae ae 960 Rhaetic ... in cate ee suis 30-50 ay ee sibs oes 5k he 600-1,000 Triassic 4 ( Sandstone Bes SG ce up to 400 & { Upper Mottled Sandstone... to 215 g Pebble Beds ei io aie to 350 & \ Lower Mottled Sandstone sed — Palzozoic and older rocks ase aa Se a — AUTHORITIES. 1. Jurassic Rocks of Britain, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii, 1893. 7 : Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iv, 1894. 3. H. B. Woodward. Victoria History of the Counties of England, Wor- cestershire, 1901. . T. C. Cantrill, b., Warwickshire, 1904. . C. A. Matley, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. Ixviii, 1912, p. 252. oe SUPERFICIAL. Alluvium. Alluvial deposits occupy no great part of Warwickshire or Worcestershire and do not appear to exceed 20 ft. in thickness (3, 4). Glacial. The Glacial beds are best developed in the northern parts of the counties and around Rugby (1), where they are, in places, over 100 ft. thick (Table, p. 139). Generally, however, they do not exceed 50 ft. Over large areas the solid rocks form, or are near, the surface. OotiTIc. The highest of the Mesozoic strata existing in these counties is a smal] outlier of the Great Oolite Series in a detached part of Worcestershire, near Daylesford. The Inferior Oolite Series consists of clays, sands and oolitic limestones and-has an estimated maximum thickness of 180 ft. (8, 4). Luassic. The Upper Lias occupies small areas in the south-east of the counties, where its thickness is estimated as being between 100 and 120 ft. (8, 4). It ‘is for the most part a clay formation, WARWICKSHIRE AND WORCESTERSHIRE. 137 Ww | a a a =~ a S4tNy,, % Be +2 x <% = ~ Ss & ° G9 ri Bs Kos Soy ay om Bs vy as vo fe : 7 OD Si, ww © oO 2 2 Pi o Ts Sxy nu “ : a? VASE Eu’ |g ee ay \ 8 sig 8y % % A oe S = {o $ TN D 5 S39, Se |" z oy << Qo c S a . Ae Sif Se = 8 AL TSE cbe Se eye § 7S > a ~ = 8 L. : SS TN EE = £5 N a | > SBIR = 21 oo ee SEs Be po g @s.s BE sys Kw oO as x 27 2 oc : s | Sb8 aH E ‘i ol a 7 oe o 8 > me s Slow 9 y oO & Ss a : yo” cM % nN oO o : Sw 2 = & & > <9 22 fs ° s : ¥& J ~O \e oo t \ uJ = eo é c 9? x oe n ¢O 8 © oe 7 24M | no having occasional nodules of limestone. A few more persistent bands of limestone occur at the base, and these are associated with about 20 ft. of paper shales which are slightly bituminous.’ (8). The Middle Lias has also a narrow.outcrop and is from 250 to 280 ft. thick (38, 4). ‘It is a somewhat variable formation, . . . the lower part comprising micaceous loams, clays and sands, while the upper part is a rock bed of ferruginous and sandy.limestone, sometimes termed the Marlstone, . . . which is 8 or 10 ft. thick’ (8). The Lower Lias ‘ consists of a group of argillaceous limestones, overlain by a thick mass of blue and grey clays with only occa- sional bands of limestone’ (8). It is found in the south and south-east of the counties from Rugby to Stratford-on-Avon and in the ground between Worcester, Droitwich and Alcester. In Gloucestershire, near the border, the Mickleton boring (see p. 62) proved 961 ft. of clays and limestones, and this probably represents the average thickness of the Lower Lias of Warwick- shire and Worcestershire (1, 3). 138 WARWICKSHIRE AND WORCESTERSHIRE. TRIASSIC. Rhaetic. The Rhaetic Beds consist of limestones, clays and black shales and are about 30 ft. thick (3). Some estimates range up to 50 ft., but these probably include some of the green uppermost beds of the Keuper Marl (4). ; Keuper. The Keuper Marl varies from about 600 to 1,000 ft. in thick- ness (3, 4). At Moxhull a boring is reported to have traversed 700 ft. of the marl without reaching the base. At Rugby Rhaetic Beds were reached at a depth of 468 ft. (1), and the base of the Keuper Marl at 1,140 ft. The combined thickness ot the Rhaetic and Keuper Marl was theretore 672 ft., of which not less than 10 ft. may be assigned to the Rhaetic. At King’s Heath (p. 189) the thickness of the marls exceeds 611 ft. (J. Harrison, Geol. Mag., 1886. p. 453), and at Stoke Prior Salt Works a shaft commencing below the top of the marls proved 460 ft. of them without reaching their base (R. I. Murchison, ‘Silurian System,’ p. 31). About 100 to 120 ft. below the top of the Marls there are 30 ft. of coarse grey sandstones and bluish-green shales known as the Upper Keuper or Arden Sandstones (5). The Lower Keuper Sandstone is one of the chief water-bearing strata of the district, and is known to exceed a thickness of 300 ft. at Bromsgrove and 200 ft. at Stretton Baskerville. Further to the south-east it is less well developed, and in places, as on the east of the Warwickshire inlier of Paleozoic Rocks, it is over- lapped by the Keuper Marl. , Bunter. The Bunter, also a notable source of underground water, attains its greatest development in the north-western parts of the counties, and is believed to be absent south-east of a line drawn a little south of Stourport, Bromsgrove and Birmingham to Tamworth. A well at Ansell’s Brewery, Aston, starting in Keuper Sand- atone, reached the top of the Bunter at 192 ft. and the base at 435 ft., showing the thickness to be 243 ft., but at Burcot, N.E. of Bromsgreve, in a well which started in Bunter, the depth to the base was upwards of 400 ft. The Upper Mottled Sandstone has-a thickness of more than 215 ft. at Bromsgrove and the Pebble Beds are estimated to be 350 ft. (4). The Lower Mottled Sandstone has been estimated to be 650 ft. thick, at Bridgnorth (Shropshire),1 but thins out south of Stour- port. 1 *The Triassic and Permian Rocks... ,’ Mem. Geol. Surv., 1869, p. 32. 139 WARWICKSHIRE AND WORCESTERSHIRE. “BUI, Wey “AA Wor; UoMetas0jUyT 7 | | | | } “syo0y te eae Gch Meee eee meee ee fso | — — | 18 | FLT} — Jop[O pu snosepuoqreD | 4 d 04 04 0} 04 0} 04 Se ee oles Ne a Tea ci Nerd ee eer eT ODT aD speg e[qqed i : 04 de lien Oo a | — fe eT ae | a te | fe | Or] eo | 00g jpuopung pepiogy maddy j f ' 0} sO 006' ELT’ — | FOL! 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Superficial Alluvium, Valley Gravels, &c. aes to 20 Lower Bagshot Sands ... wa ... 50 (top not seen) Eocene London Clay... ae ee se 0-150 Reading Beds ... ae ec sod 15-66 Upper Chalk... sia sie sie 200-790 Middle Chalk... es “it ave 80-150 Lower Chalk |... Roe ft bores aes 180-250 Cretaceous ( Upper Greensand ae oe --- 50-160) 150- Gault... ag ge -- 70-90 § 250 Lower Greensand. tat ae aes 040 Wealden .. Ses Has Ce ae ae 0-30 Purbeck Beds... iene aie 0-85 Portland Beds ... Biee gia see 0-105 Kimmeridge ore ms vs se 0-450 Corallian . eiish wise oe 0-120 Oxford Clay ...5 2. | we ee 500 pgentat Kellaways Beds Sele ok ons sin 10-60 Oolitic +S Combrash ws 15-20 Forest Marble ... sts i aes 50-100 Great Oolite ... si oa ts to 160 Fullonian ous ai inte at 65-150 Inferior Oolite ... bas ou és 25-40 Midford Sand ... ws “iss at 40-100 Upper... eb sis Sake de canes Liassic ...4 Middle ... ase aig ro oes 450 { Lower ‘i see ales ae Proved in borings only :— Triassic ... Rhaetic ... Paleozoic Rocks es AUTHORITIES. Geology of Parts of Wilts and Gloucestershire, Mem. Geol. Surv., 1858. I 2. Geology of the London Basin, 7b., vol. iv, 1872. 3. Woodward, H. B. On a Well-sinking made by the Great Western Railway Company at Swindon, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlii, 1886, pp. 287-308. 4. The Jurassic Rocks of Britain, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii, 1893. 5. ” ” ib. vol. iv, 1894, 6. ar oy ab. vol. v, 1895. 7, Geology of the Country round Salisbury, +b., 1903. Devizes, ib., 1905. : ‘ ” Hungerford and Newbury, tb., 1907. 10. The Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, ib., vol. i, 1900. 11. * ” ib., vol. ii, 1903. ” ” 12. ” ” ib., vol. iii, 1904. WILTSUIRE, 141 SUBERFICIAL.. sek ane es Alluvium, ete. a i None The Superficial Deposits reach no great thickness. Near Salis- ‘bury, at Wadden Farm, the valley-gravels proved to be 20 ft., and in a well at Chippenham town, 18 ft. thick. Vie. 32. Winrswire. falmesbury \ Wooton Basset ra : ‘Burderop ——- a St. - “d gbourne St.George ee mi Marlborough? e Hunggrford \ Ge *Monkton Farleigh Chisburye fi ebedayn *“Melksh ‘edwyny ||Bradford-onAve fe pavas ne et wo Seen scape nay analy pe sTrowbridge Oo c se eEasterton .Upavon c Coulston* ‘Market Lavington am w 28! »Westbury 282 283 } SWA LIS’ BUR Y = = PL AI_N ” o J WS a \ a oO »Monkton 5 297 299 Fonthill Bishops «Sutton Mandeville 313 Scale of Miles ee ee: Sg Eocene. Bagshot Beds. The Bagshot Beds occur in the south-east, between Alderbury cand ‘West Grimstéad, and, as small outliers, in the Hungerford: K2 142 WILTSHIRE. district. Nowhere is the full development reached, and over most of the area the thickness is inconsiderable; near Alderbury it has been estimated at 50 ft, (7). London Clay. The thickness of the London Clay is greatest in the south-east, near Alderbury, where it is given as 160 ft. (7). Further north, the Hungerford outliers indicate either a rapid attenuation in a north-westerly direction or else the replacement of the clay by sands of Bagshot type. Thus at Kirby House (Berks) the clay proved to be 46 ft. thick (9), near the Bedwyns 12 or 15 ft. (2), and at Leigh Hill it is represented only by a few inches of black flint-pebbles. At Chisbury Camp the London Clay is absent and sands of Bagshot type rest directly on Reading Beds (9). Reading Beds. A thickness of 50 ft. has been assigned to the Reading Beds near Alderbury (7), and over the greater part of the Hungerford area it is stated to vary between 60 and 80 ft. (9). Near the Bedwyns, however, it falls to 12 to 15 ft., indicating an attenua- tion analogous to that noted in the London Clay. CRETACEOUS. Chalk. As the plane on which the Lower Tertiary Beds were deposited cuts across the gently dipping Chalk, it reaches a lower horizon in the north-west than in the south-east. Consequently the highest zones of the Chalk occur only in the Salisbury district bordering the Eocene Area. Here the thicknesses of the zones of the Upper Chalk are given as follows (7) :— Feet. Zone of Belemnitella mucronata... aia ia Say 70-80 », Actinocamax quadratus... vais sie was 170 » Marsupites ae wee fs its wee 230 » Micraster coranguinum ii aoe pe 230-250 » Micraster praecursor and Holaster planus... 70 making a total of about 790 ft. But over most of the eastern part of Salisbury Plain no greater thickress than 500 ft. is developed (8), and on the south side of the Vale of Pewsey, where no zone occurs higher than that of Micraster coranguinum, Tt falls to 200 ft. On the north side of the vale the thickness below the Eocene cannot be more than 300 ft. (12). The Middle Chalk is thinnest in the southern and western parts of the county. Near Monkton Deverill, at Lower Pertwood Farm, a boring showed it to be only 80 ft., and at Westbury and War- minster it has been estimated at 90 ft. At Warminster, a section in Arn Hill Quarry shows thicknesses of 48} ft. for the Terebra- tulina Zone and 31 ft. for the Rhynchonella cuviert Zone, exclud- ing the Melbourn Rock. Northwards the sub-division thickens from 100 ft. at Devizes to 140 ft. at Swindon, and in the south- eastern part of the Vale of Pewsey reaches 140 to 150 ft. (11). The Lower Chalk thickens northwards in a like manner; at Shaftesbury it is 180 ft. thick, increasing to 200 ft. in the Vale : WILTSIUIRE; 143 of Wardour and to 250 ft. at Warminster. In the Devizes district it has been estimated at 250 ft., of which 170 ft. may belong to the Ammonites varians Zone and 80 ft. to that of Holaster sub- globosus (8). At the boring at Pond T'arm, Easterton, the probable thickness is 253 ft. Upper Greensand and Gault. The Upper Greensand varies irregularly in thickness. Thus, in the Vale of Wardour and at Warminster it is estimated at 150 to 160 ft., decreasing to 80 or 90 ft. at Westbury, to thicken to 150 ft. at Devizes, while at Pond Farm, Easterton, a boring proved it to be 165 ft. thick. Northwards it again decreases till at Calne it is only 50 to 70 ft. (10). The variations in the relative thicknesses of Gault and Upper Greensand are largely due to the fact that the one graduates into the other and that it is not possible to draw a lithological boundary between them at a constant horizon. The lower part of the Selbornian, the Gault, has a uniform thickness of 70 to 90 ft. over the greater part of the county. In the north-east, however, it must expand considerably, in view of the fact that it is 229 ft. thick in the Wantage district in Berk- shire. Lower Greensand. Resting unconformably on the Jurassic rocks and itself over- lapped by the Gault, this formation is of variable thickness and is frequently absent. In the Vale of Wardour, at Dinton,.a well proved it to be 263 ft. (7), and from this point it thins out west- wards to disappear at Fonthill Abbey; on the south side of the vale it attains a thickness of 30 ft. at Totterdale. Northwards it is absent as far as Devizes, but there reaches 40 ft. as a probable maximum. In the Wootton Bassett district, at Broad Hinton, a boring proved it to be 23 ft. thick, and at Swindon it has been estimated at 25 ft. Wealden. Clays and marls of this age occur but only in the Vale of Wardour, in the neighbourhood of Dinton and Sutton Mande- ville, where their maximum thickness cannot exceed 80 ft. (7). Oo.itte. Purbeck Beds. The Purbeck Beds are met with in the Vule of Wardour and in a small outlier near Swindon. Elsewhere their outcrop is hidden by the overlapping Cretaceous, but they may be anticipated to exist beneath Market Lavington, Pewsey, and the Marlborough Downs. They are represented in the Vale of Wardour by marls and limestones with a thickness estimated at 85 ft. (6). Portland Beas. The Portland Beds occur as disconnected outcrops in the Vale of Wardour, south of Devizes and again at Swindon, where, from their absence in a boring at Burderop (6) it is deducted that they occur as an outlier, the southern margin of which is concealed 144 WILTSHIRE. - by the Cretaceous. In the Vale of Wardour they are capable of division into an upper: group of limestone and a lower group: of sands and clays, the thicknesses (at Chilmark) being 67 ft. and 38 ft. respectively. In the Swindon outlier, owing to an uncon- formable overlap by the Purbeck Beds, the Portland sequence is not complete. It is believed to attain a thickness of 86 ft. 6 ins. (6). Kimmeridge Clay. ; In the Swindon district the thickness of the Kimmeridge Clay has been estimated at 300 ft. (6), and at Toot Hill, between there and Wootton Bassett, a well starting in the clay reached the Corallian at 240 ft. Near Devizes, the full development is pro- bably reached east of Coulston, but at Seend only the lower part of the Kimmeridge Clay occurs, the upper beds having been over- lapped by the Cretaceous. A’ well recently sunk at Marston was commenced about 30 ft. below the top of the Kimmeridge Clay and did not reach the base at a depth of 412 ft. A thickness of 450 ft. may be assigned provisionally to the Kimmeridge Clay of this locality. gob Corallian. The Corallian Beds are thickest on the Dorset borders (120 ft.), whence they thin in a northerly direction. At Westbury they have been estimated at 116 ft. and at Calne 80 ft., but in the Swindon boring only 40 ft. were encountered, while at Wootton Bassett this thickness dwindles to 33 ft., and in Rod- bourn Lane to 27 ft. (6). In the Highworth district a well at Reddown, showed the full thickness to be' 79 ft. (Table). - Oxford Clay with Kellaways Beds. The Oxfordian of this county comprises the Oxford Clay and a lower group of sandy clays, sandstones and rubbly limestones, known as the Kellaways Beds. The thickness of the Oxford Clay is about 500 ft. over most of the county, and-in the Swindon boring, quoted in the Table, was proved to be 510 ft. 7 in. (6). At Foxham, near Chippenham, it was penetrated to 420 ft. without the base being reached. The Kellaways Beds are thickest in the north, where, at Swindon, they proved to be 62 ft. 2 in. thick. At Chippenham they vary between 42 ft. and 60 ft., and near Trowbridge between 10 ft. and 12 ft. (6). Cornbrash. ' This formation varies between 15 ft. and 20 ft. in thickness; at Melksham Spa in proved to be 20ft. and at Swindon 18 ft. 3 ins. (5). + = - é Forest. Marble. The Forest Marble (including Bradford Clay) shows a pro- gressive thinning to the north-east. South of Bradford-on-Avon it is from 60 to 100 ft., diminishing to 60 ft. between Corsham and Malmesbury and to 56 ft. 5 ins. at Chippenham (Mr. Brother- hood’s well). The Swindon. boring terminated, after penetrating 33 ft. of the Forest Marble, in what appeared from the fossils to be. Bradford Clay (5). _ aa To face page 144, SOME BORINGS IN WILTSHIRE. (Thicknesses in feet.) giles § o a q fz) a )8 | Bl gl : |% | @ 2 | 2 - g | 4 g| 8 ; | 3 oo u as 3 "ao 3 oo au Os & aa a & a 2 g = 80 3 3 = E ee] n me 5 x35 = e§ | 3 n > g : mS s go me me | = : > g 5 g as a Bo > e be & pq 3 qa § ge | os 24 2 oe; 68 g : 3 ‘g a ° S at é oo) 3 3 E ma a = a a L) as a | 8 a s 3 | | Bagshot Beds 2c ees ave wee = — — | az, = London Clay ba ee se ar = | | | | aos as Reading Beds sae ag wee ous — = | — ~— we — ses =) | — co ee top | | | not seen | | Upper Chalk he 8, cgi 880 | | | hi 852 = a top | | | to not seen | Middle Chalk eis aes iy ar 140? 40 | | | an) = | top | not seen | | Lower Chalk ase sts ee «| — | 253 188000 — , top a ee jh) cee a, = top | not top | not seen |! seen not seen | Upper Greensand ... Me ane wef o— + 165 44 | 109 ) 847 116 - | — — es — | | to | | to | to | not esi | Gault wax we ss er ee = | 8 = | 67 49 38 | _— _ eee ate Lower Greensand ... ae awa saa _— — | _ | — 23 213° CS! 263 = ae as = | | | to | Wealden... oe ee say] | = | 7 Ie ass az) = = Purbeck Beds ae i a wef oo — | => oS as mee, prone eee ll | ree a a Portland Beds sk Bee ate avs; _ — — = | a a | | | | to to | top | top | | | | not seen | not seen Kimmeridge Clay ... eb ine sae] _ | — — | ae 50 13 | ae | 64 23 ‘cok oe Corallian ss... a wikis ea wee | —- — _— = —— — | — 40 79 —_ ‘oes | | top | | not seen Oxford Clay ays see is as _— _ - | = Se = — | 611 touched 274 = Kellaways Beds ove ae see eee. _— — — sot me — | ees 62 = 20 oes Cornbrash ... wie ee oe al — — — eae is ok | os 18 = 20 coe | | | to to Forest Marble ze ate ae ae | a |p) _— as — = | = 33 = 37 an Great Oolite _— | — — — oe a | sas eT et =e es Fullonian eS veh jee a — | — — a= a = = aan! By bide as a Inferior Oolite aus aes ee wee | _ — — | ee aoe ee a eee Ut ae ae ae | | top | not seen Lias ... ive sae rer iva oo _— -- _ — ~ — _ = = — 434 Rhaetic isa es es ina ize | — — | = os 34 | | | | | to Carboniferous Limestone ... see Pee —- | - — _— — — = | ae — a 305 —_—_—————— WILTSHIRE, 145 The Bradford Clay is a band of variable thickness, often absent, as in the case of Monkton Farleigh. South of Bradford it is 10 ft., thinning to 6 ft. at Corsham and from 2 to 6 ft. in the tract between that place and Malmesbury (5). Great Oolite. At Tetbury (Gloucestershire) the Great Oolite is 160 ft. thick, and in the Box district it is often as much as 120 ft. But near Bradford it falls to 60 to 80 ft. and wedges away rapidly in a southerly direction, so that it is possible that it may be absent under Southern Wiltshire (6). Fullonian. | The Fullonian reaches its greatest development in the Combe Monkton district, where it is estimated at 1385 to 150 ft. Thence northwards it thins to 65 ft. at Slaughterford (1) and to 84 ft. at Tetbury, in Gloucestershire (5). 5. ig Inferior Oolite and Midford Sand (Bajocian). The. Bajocian only. enters the county near Bath, where the thickness of the Oolite has been estimated at 25 to 45 ft., and near Bradford, where it has been taken as 40 ft. Near Bath the Midford Sand varies between 40 and 100 ft. (5). Lzrassic. The Lias is met with only near Box, where a boring at Lucknam,' starting a little below its top, reached Rhaetic Beds at a depth of 434 ft. TRrassic (in a boring only). Rhaetic. In the Lucknam boring, Rhaetic beds with a thickness of 34 ft. were found resting directly on Carboniferous Limestone, which were penetrated to 300 ft. 1 Unpublished MS. 146 YORKSHIRE (EAST). Table of Strata. Thickness in feet. Alluvium te ai ait ... upwards of 100 Superficial {ial we LL ip to 189 Chalk ete Zee de -.- to 1,450 Cretaceous (Rea Chalk. aes aie ie ie 2-30 Speeton Clay ... tee eae ove 300 Kimmeridge a is ae as 500 ? Corallian ae eh 1. up to 370 Oxford Clay... aes ois .» up to 150 Kellaways Rock ise se -. up to 100 Oolitic Cornbrash oa ‘in ae .. upto 16 Upper Estuarine Series as .» up to 200 Scarborough or Grey Limestone ... upto 104 Cave Oolite or Millepore Bed .. -.. up to 30 Middle or Lower Estuarine Series... up to 390 Dogger and Blea Wyke Beds . .. upto 100 Upper Lias ae wes is .» up to 250 Liassic Middle Lias es Ate Pe ee 3-140 Lower Lias ict ses sia --- 100-800 Nd tee ss Bes sae kis 20-40 Triassic | Keeper and Bunter... .» +. to 2,100 Permian ... Marls and Limestones ... see «. to 1,000 Carboniferous and older rocks ... sie sii aie _ AUTHORITIES. 1. R. Tate and J. F. Blake. The Yorkshire Lias, 1876. 2. The Geology of Holderness, &c., Mem. Geol. Surv., 1885. 3. The Geology of the Country around Northallerton and Thirsk, 7b., 1886. 4. G. W. Lamplugh, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlv, 1889, p. 575. 5. Jurassic Rocks of Britain, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. i and ii, 1892. 6. Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, 7b., vol. i-iii, 1900-1904. 7 . The Geology of the Oolitic and Cretaceous Rocks South of Scarborough, ib., 2nd Ed., 1904. 8. Royal Commission on Coal Supplies, Final Report, 1905. 9. The Water Supply of the East Riding of Yorkshire, Jfem. Geol. Surv., 1906. 10. P. F. Kendall. Victoria History of the Counties of England, Yorkshire, 1907. 11. The Geology of the Country North and East of Harrogate, Mem. Geol. Surv., 2nd Ed., 1908. 12. The Concealed Coalfield of Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire, ib., 1913. SUPERFICIAL. Alluvium. Alluvial deposits occupy large areas and extend to a great depth along the lower reaches of the Derwent through the Vale of Pickering, and of the Ouse and Aire through the Vale of York. A large number of wells has been sunk in them (9). In the Vale of Pickering mention may be made of a thickness of YORKSHIRE. 147 79 ft. found at Thornton Dale, 97 ft. at Old Malton and 150} ft. recorded at Millington. In the Vale of York it is seldom possible to differentiate the alluvial and the glacial deposits. The two together generally exceed 50 ft. and in places 100 ft. in thickness. Fire. 33. East Yor«KSHIRE, NORTH wske t ROBIN HOODS BAY PEAK SEA carborough ™d J Windnses Market Weight, 70 . 7 el mee 72 “Beverle 73 A N / Cc Lf N Seley, ottingham. | -Barlow*—| .Cariton , 78 Spaith 79 Reg | Thorne *Barnby Dun t 5 eArmthorpe ., eo x SY sure 4 Glacial. On the Holderness Plain the glacial drift varies from as much as 140 ft. in places on the coast to about 50 ft. near a pre-glacial sea-cliff, which runs from Bridlington, through Driffield, Beverley and Cottingham, to Hessle, and is continued in Lincolnshire (2). Boulder Clay occurs also on the coast north of Flamborough Head. It is 1894 ft. thick at Filey (9), but does not rise above the 800 ft. contour on the Cleveland Hills. On the Chalk Wolds the drift is absent or thin; it is, however, widespread in the Vale 148 ° YORKSHIRE. of York, where it fills a buried valley-system, the bottom of which is below sea-level. At York the rock-floor is about 50 ft. below sea-level, at Selby about 90 ft., and at Barnby Dun 170 ft. (10). CRETACEOUS. Chalk. : The Upper Chalk of Yorkshire, which has no flints in the higher beds, has been proved to a thickness of 860 ft. in the southern part of the county. Estimates of the Middle Chalk in the northern part of its out- crop vary from 150 to 200 ft. (6). “The thickness of the Lower Chalk in Yorkshire varies con- siderably. Near South Cave it is about 72 ft.; at the extreme north-west corner of the Wolds . . . it is not more than 60 ft. and possibly less, while at Speeton it attains a thickness of 128 ft. It is evident, therefore, that a rapid diminution of thickness takes place from east to west.’ (6). An estimate of the total maximum thickness of the Yorkshire Chalk is given as 1,450 ft. (6). Red Chalk and Speeton Clay. The Red Chalk is 30 ft. thick at Speeton but thins gradually to 2 ft. near Acklam, expanding again to 10 ft. at the Hum- ber (9). The Speeton Clay repr esents the beds which come between the Gault and Kimmeridge Clay in the south of England. It is 300 ft. thick at Speeton, but thins epidls inland and cannot be traced far (4). Ooxittic. , During the whole of the Jurassic period the controlling factor in the variations of the thicknesses of the beds was an axis of ea (or non-subsidence) which ran east and west through arket Weighton. Along this axis both the Oolites and the Lias are either thin or missing, and it is only on its northern side that the Estuarine Beds attain their great development. Kimmeridge Clay. Near Knapton there is 500 ft. of black shale (7), which, how- ever, probably includes some Speeton Clay. The Kimmeridge Clay is cut out over the Market Weighton axis, but on the south side by the Humber there is 100 ft. “of clays, ‘the upper vart of which is probably Kimmeridgian. Corallian. In the northern parts of their outcrop the Corallian Beds are divided as follows : — Feet, Upper Calcareous Grit... a pee 40 Upper Limestone and Coral Rag a or 50 Middle Calcareous Grit .. 3 see Pe 50 Lower Limestone os ste we egy 60 Greystone or Passage Beds... ie ies 40 Lower Caleareous Grit ... sie — .. 180 ‘sery jo doy, o> é = 7 Ee. 5 ‘spag oy4M Belg PUB 12330q “PPL WOOT OL : ae cle ct “pagy ax0do THN He a “SOLIIG AUTLENYST OTDPU oe G youoy NOLL wale e n Sorry 10 YBNoLoqavdg id ; a “sallag aulszenysg todd sy) pm 4 Deteeeee ze “"ysvay ato) wgeee . eee? “you ae - = ee) - - SAVAB[[I 5) = — “£eID => = — pox = = -- = __-------- fa “WO [ Bad snoalBoyeg A prt TOMOT Ped ____ Fea uuidenibeeacseeseseeee “uBTTTBI0D L A£e1Q eSpii0ut eden ee rer ies - 0 SB ie “AAA “ysnos10q.ivog "yeag 6 8 4 -aTepesoy pus ayepuoz AON 9 nee Leonie “YITON, ‘SIT WoyzaTquae LT a] ‘ortYS440 X JO'S9q[00 ETPPUN PUE JOMOTT OYJ UL SUOT}Dag eAljeredMOD “FE ‘OL SS ee, “L733 009 oor ooc 00% oo! os a : a1vos “pa: sacenee a a ( aaodoy IT - i “sIMH “oqepopug, | 9100 exp ‘SITY wo,oTquteH = UsipreaoH Aquryy ¥ g T ‘150 YORKSHIRE. The thicknesses given relate to Kirkby Moorside, where they attain their maximum development (5). The total thickness is greatly reduced on the south of the Vale of Pickering, being 160 ft. at Malton, 125 ft. at Grimston, and only 80 ft. at Acklam (5). The Corallian group is absent over the Market Weighton axis, and to the south of it, when recognisable, is represented by clays. Oxford Clay with Kellaways Rock. The greatest thickness of the Oxford Clay is found north of Filey, where it amounts to 150 ft. (5). At Scarborough the forma- tion reaches 120 ft., but over most of its northern and western. out- crop it is from 50 to 70 ft. thick (5). Like the other Jurassic beds ‘it thins over the Market Weighton axis, being 20 ft. at Acklam (5); but to the south it is overlapped by the Chalk. Near the Humber the lower part of the 100 ft. of clays referred to under Kimmeridge Clay is probably Oxfordian. South of the Cleveland Hills and in the northern part of Hambleton Hills the Kellaways Rock, consisting of thick-bedded sandstone and sandy shales, is 70 to 100 ft. thick. At Scar- borough it is 75 ft., but thins southward to 10 ft. at Filey and Acklam (5). It is absent over the Market Weighton axis but is 30 to 40 ft. thick south of this line. It thins again to the Humber, and ceases to be recognisable as a distinct bed. Cornbrash. Some hard ferruginous limestone and calcareous shale, which are regarded as corresponding to the Cornbrash of the Southern Counties, are developed in the northern part of Yorkshire and are usually about 10 to 16 ft. thick (5). Upper Estuarine Series. The Upper Estuarine Series at Peak is 200 ft. thick (5). In the district around Scarborough it varies from 124 to 200 ft., and in the Hambleton Hills from 100 to 200 ft. Further south at Brandsby and Kirkham it is about 50 ft. thick (5). South of Kirkham the Upper and Middle Estuarine Series are not separable in the absence of the Scarborough Limestone. At Acklam the beds between the Cave Oolite and the Kellaways Beds are 50 ft. thick. These thin southwards to less than 10 ft, near the Market Weighton axis, but thicken again to 20 ft. at the Humber. Scarborough or Grey Limestone. The Scarborough Limestone at Peak is 104 ft. thick; near Scar- borough it varies from 7 to 20 ft., while from Cleveland to Kirkham it is generally between 30 and 50 ft. thick. South of Kirkham it thins away in clays and cannot be traced (5). Middle and Lower Estuarine Series. In the north-east of Yorkshire, at Peak, these beds attain a thickness of 890 ft.; at Hawsker they are about 285 ft. thick, at YORKSHIRE, 151 Ruswarp 270 ft., in the Hambleton Hills 200 ft., and at Kirkham 150 ft. (5), At Kirhy Underdale the Cave Oolite and Lower , Estuarine Beds are 30 ft. thick, but in South Yorkshire have thickened to 80 ft. (5). Cave Oolite or Millepore Bed. The Cave Uolite is developed in the south of the Hambleton Hills and extends to the Humber. It forms the dividing line between the Upper and Lower Estuarine Series. in this area and has a thickness varying from 10 to 30 ft. (5). In the north, on the coast, it is known as the Millepore Bed and has a maximum thickness df 20 ft. (5). Dogger and Blea Wyke Beds. The Dogger and Blea Wyke Beds are variable, sandy, fer- ruginous deposits having a thickness of 100 ft, at Blea Wyke Point, near Peak, ard 70 ft. in Rosedale. In the Cleveland area they vary from_0 to 15 ft., but are always thin in the south (5). Lrassic. The Upper Lias near Whitby is generally about 210 ft. thick, although at times it probably reaches 250 ft. (5). It thins south- wards to 80 or 90 ft. in the district near Malton and over the Market Weighton axis is overlapped by the Chalk. Near the Humber it is about 40 ft. thick (6). The Middle Lias is about 120 or 140 ft. thick in the north, but also thins southward, being 380 ft. near Malton and from 3 to 9 ft. in the Market Weighton area. In the Cleveland area the upper part contains valuable ironstone-bands. This Ironstone Series is 120 ft. thick at Robin Hood’s Bay but thins to the north- west and west, being 93 ft. thick in Eskdale, from 60 to 80 ft. at Grosmont, and 60 ft. on the escarpment above Northallerton. (‘ Geology of Eskdale, etc.,’ 1885, and ‘Geology of North Cleve- land,’ 1888, Mems. Geol. Surv.) The Lower Lias is estimated as having a total thickness of 800 ft., near Whitby (10). This becomes reduced southwards to 400-150 ft. between Malton and the Humber (1, 5, 8). TRIASSIC. Rhaetic. Around Northallerton there seems to be about 40 ft. of Rhaetic (10), consisting of black shales and limestones, while in Cleveland there are 20 ft. of these beds. In the south and in the Vale of York they are about 30 ft. thick (8). Tate and Blake give the black shales of the Rhaetic as being 14 ft. thick (1). Keuper and Bunter. The Keuper occupies the low ground of the valleys of the Ouse and the lower parts of the Swale and’ Tees. The Keuper Marl has been proved to be 700 ft. thick north-east of Selby, while in the Middlesbrough area it is probably between 500 and 600 ft. 152 YORKSHIRE. In the northern part of the county the Keuper and Bunter cease to be distinguishable, and around Middlesbrough the ‘sand- stones are in the aggregate between 850 to 1,100 ft. thick; while the maximum thickness of 1,400 ft. has been proved north-east of Selby. A boring at Thorne showed that the full thickness of the Triassic sandstones there exceeds 856 ft. (3, 12). Below the sandstones in the-north of the county is a series of miarls and saliferous beds of about 350 ft. in thickness. I PERMIAN. The Permian group thickens from 430 ft. in the extreme south of the county to 624 ft. at Selby (12) and to over 1,000 ft. north- east of that town. It is probably thinner in the districts between Knaresborough and Leeming Lane but thickens again to as much as 1,000 ft. in places near Middlesbrough (38, 11). In the south of the county the beds are divided as follows (12) : — Feet. Upper Permian Marl ais wieh oe 56~131 Upper Permian Limestone si a 42-109 Middle Permian Marl alas ace isi 34-125 Lower Permian Limestone ab .. 110-312 Mar! Slate and Breccias ... is .. up to 24 To face page 152. SOMa BORINGS IN YORKSHIRE. SOME ESTIMATES IN YORKSHIRE AREAS. (One-inch maps.) (Thicknesses in feet.) (Thicknesses in feet.) | : | hs | | | | : td eel eos : = Ea | vB ws ; 1 a : = ee : | | | or eae er: ae om we, we Zi. 7 i au é | : | | @ 3 1 os = Sond ay ot wo ia wt 3 a om ov! E dj i ear ees | = | Bf Fe | aSe Bo i a" a BSE | bani" $ w]e g e Z | & 3 0hC«<é | Z gue 8 wh Bw B ;a 8 poe Saag Sung Ve Ele i]s /28)/e/5/8)8 |) Pl el gi a] a] g8e@ | 282 | goed | she | Sha | seat | cage | A A B a | a | o 4 AOA BO A OA OA AO A | AOA I t | | \ | | \ | | i oma a — ; =. = res eee oa ascaeiios = aetna aes oat 2 e E ona = sae aes canines i a —— —_ —— \ | \ | Alluvium ... 00. eee 220-2 60 [og 45 |) ? if se Miso h ee ekgo) | 90 30 60 | 50 | | ie as = — 50 — Cinch aa) ak. Gee. Seal 5 fog aR ee |} 70 120 } oa | me 180 OF ag |} 6e = 70 150 = = 130 = Chiglk. Sac: ak, a GE eee I aed ee ee 40 43 | — | — |to8s8| | bos 1000 a 1100 = = a Red Chalk ae, ctkin, aig ! Ss oc meer gt ates Wake I ese ici 1h cet 6 2 to 30 25 Tis 1) ee a Speeton Clay... ae we) — | — - = | — — 15 to 20 — — Kimmeridge Clay ee ee | | ! to2a| 75 | 47 | — | — . 0 t ; Sandycroft,. See an t fH ne Se “Chester i Hawarden ‘ Bn 8 \Sa/tney I 0 9 , o éhton = a inherton | 2 ' eh vec Scale of Miles ' 5: 10 | 3 154 NORTH WALES. SUPERFICIAL. Alluvium. The estuary of the Dee lies for the most part in Flintshire. As far up as Chester it is filled with alluvium resting generally on Boulder Clay. The alluvium consists of marine sand, which at Gorst’s Farm, Sealand, was proved to be 75 ft. thick; at Bettis- oo 50 or 60 ft., and at Foryd, near Rhyl, 58 ft. (8 and 2). Glacial. Glacial deposits cover most of the low-lying Triassic ground both in the Vale of Clwyd and in the Dee Valley. The greatest thicknesses are attained along a preglacial valley of the Dee, which runs through Broughton, Lower Kinnerton, Pulford, to the west of Holt. The following thicknesses have been met with (3, 4) :—72 ft. at Gorst’s Farm, Sealand; 153 ft., No. 2 Sandycroft boring, Sealand; 228 ft. ae bottomed), No. 6 Hawarden Castle Colliery boring, Manor Hall Farm; 272 ft. (not bottomed), Lower Kinnerton. In the Vale of Clwyd the glacial beds were upwards of 284 ft, thick at the Talargoch Mine. In both the Vale of Clwyd and the Dee Valley there are large areas where the solid rock is below sea- level (2, 3). The Boulder Clay along the Welsh Border is generally stiff chocolate-coloured calcareous clay with few boulders. TRIASSIC. . In the Vale of Clwyd the Trias is represented by a soft red highly current-bedded sandstone which is assigned to the Lower Mottled Sandstone. It has been proved to be not less than 500 ft, thick at Foryd, near Rhyl (2). Triassic rocks occur also on the Welsh Border. The greatest proved thickness is 859} ft., in Sealand (8). Most of the Trias of the Welsh Border is assignable to the Bunter but Keuper Beds come within a detached part of Flintshire which lies south of Malpas in Cheshire : — Somz BoRINGS IN NortH WALES. Thicknesses in feet. P No. 3 Gorst’s No. 2 ine Foryd. |Talargoch, Farm, | Sandy- St. Bar. | Saltney. Sealand. | croft. ear: tholomew Church. Alluvium 58 i 15 423 43 27 to 304 Glacial... ... | 40 284 | 72 153 6 1514 , tu Trias... +. | 499 a = = 859} 197 out to to to to ee Carboniferous... 149} — 225 491 698 aay 155 SOUTH WALES. Table of Strata. Thickness in feet. ; Alluvium, &c. ... des Sats dee to 64 Superficial { Gtoaal wie cine ‘iar she a to 300 Liassic ... Lower Lias ie 204 seu asi to 277 ne Rhaetic ... ais st sine ode 18-33 TaSIe x. {eee ees ‘jes 6 bts itt to 400 Paleozoic Rocks wats “it sate dts sist —_ AUTHORITIES. 1. Jurassic Rocks of Britain, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii, 1893. 2. Geology of the Country around Bridgend, ib., 1904. 3. Geology of West Gower and the Country around Pembrey, ib., 1907. 4. A. Strahan. Geology in the Field, Geol. Assoc., 1910, p. 826. 5. Geology of the Country zen Cardiff, Mem. Geol. Surv., 2nd Ed., 1912. 6. Geology of the Country around Swansea, 7b., 1907. SUPERFICIAL. Alluvium and Gravel. The alluvial deposits which border the estuary of the Severn range from 30 to 50 ft. in thickness near Newport and Cardiff. They include silts, layers of peaty matter, and occasionally old land-surfaces with tree-stools in position of growth. The lowest land-surface observed, in the Barry Docks, lay at 35 ft. below Ordnance Datum (8). The gravel-terrace on which much of Cardiff is built varies from 8 to 20 ft. in thickness. Farther west, at the Morfa Colliery, the depth from the level of the Margam Marsh to the surface of the rock was 71 ft. 10 ins., but in this was included 29 ft. 4 ins. of clay and gravel which may be of Glacial age. In the alluvial flats near Briton Ferry the depth to the rock varies 50 to 100 ft., and in the Tawe Valley, three miles above Swansea, about 60 ft. of clay and quicksand were encountered, with trees embedded at a depth of 20 ft. Near Llanelly alluvial deposits similar to those of the coast near Cardiff extend to a depth of more than 64 ft. (6). Glacial. The Glacial deposits attain great depths in the valleys, but for the most occupy narrow strips. In the Tawe Valley, at Swansea, glacial gravel extends to a depth of 300 ft., down to a level 150 ft. below Ordnance Datum (6). Many records of these extremely variable deposits will be found in the Memoirs on the South Wales Coal Field and in the Vertical Sections of the Geological Survey, Sheets 80, 81, 83-85, 87. SOUTH WALES, 156 ie 1 3 gN = ; : AsseG, " bv es SoJIN 32 9/895 — 7 QUIOd YOOULBALT +92 ywseue , bmog ussygno, a a3 p/siQMo, eg9ge PjIQMo) 292 Joan’ y oO a aL Ss { a MUOUAZ 910d Lr2 *ROSUBM 2 ore } Ajjaue, ““SHIVM HLoog a 98 ‘ST SOUTH WALES. 157 Liassic. The highest beds of the Lias left by denudation in Glamorgan- shire belong to the Semicostatus Zone of the Lower Lias, and the total thickness of the beds above the top of the Rhaetic is esti- mated at 277 ft. (2). The Lower Lias, however, appears in South Wales under two aspects. In the one it keeps its normal character as a series of alternating clays and limestones, while in the other it consists of conglomerates and limestone-breccias, evidently littoral deposits accumulated in the immediate neighbourhood of Liassic coast- lines. The lowest beds of the littoral type are known as the Sutton Series, and are from 25 to 40 ft. thick, but vary rapidly owing to the inequalities of the surface of Carboniferous Limestone on which they rest. Above the Sutton Series is the Southerndown Series, which is about 50 ft. thick in places, and consists of hard massive bluish conglomeratic limestones and shales (2). These shore-deposits of a sinking area are each in turn overlapped by higher beds and are ‘not always present. TRIASSIC. Rhaetic. Rhaetic Beds and Keuper Marl are well represented in South Wales, but Keuper and Bunter Sandstones are absent. The Rhaetic, like the Lias, appears under a normal and a, littoral aspect. In the districts of Penarth and Chepstow it consists of white marls and black shales with thin limestones, all of normal type. At Lavernock Point the upper 11 ft. belong to the White Lias, below which comes about 22 ft. of black shales with the bone-bed near the base and a thin conglomerate resting in pockets in the tea-green marls. At Chepstow the Rhaetic is 18 ft. thick. The littoral facies of the Rhaetic commences near Cowbridge and becomes increasingly abnormal westwards. The shales first pass into a massive oolite and farther on into a massive sand- stone (2, 5). Keuper Marl. The distribution of the Keuper Marl is influenced by the Triassic topography. The Keuper main-land lay to the north of a curving line running more or less east and west and passing a little south of Llantrisant. Offshore there were several islands, the chief of which lay south of Bridgend and extended from the east of Cowbridge to the sea near Southerndown.! On the slopes of each of these land-areas lie breccias composed of their detritus, while farther away marls appear among the breccias and eventually wholly replace them. On these slopes. too each member of the Trias in turn overlaps its predecessor and comes to rest on the paleozoic rocks. 1 See map in ‘The Geology of the Country around Bridgend,’ Mem. Geol. Surv., 1904, p. 24, and reproduced in ‘The Geology in the Field,’ Geol. Assoc., 1910, p. 845. é 3 L - The highest beds of the Keuper are the tea-green marls, which have an average thickness of from 20 to 45 ft. (5). These graduate downwards into red marls of the usual type except where they rest on the old land-surface, when they pass into breccia (2). The greatest thickness of the Keuper seems to be about 400 ft. near’ Cardiff, but under the circumstances referred to above the depth of marl varies greatly. A small outlier of conglomerate, which occurs at Port Eynon, forms the most westerly exposure of the Trias (8). On the banks of the Severn the Keuper presents the normal type of tea-green marls above and red marls below. SOME BORINGS AND ESTIMATES IN SoUTH WALES. Thicknesses in feet. = #8 & 2 afar & ts 2, Sage 5 ; 3 Z gees a & z O a 8d eS ica) Oo a a, Alluvium and Glacial — — —_— 20 26 49 Lias 37 1 — _— —_— Rhaetic 18 193 — _ — to Keuper see ea 76 1 60 117 367 Carboniferous and older to to to to rocks - —_ —_ 257 649 40 INDEX. A. Abbey Town, 32, 33, 35. Acklam, 148, 149, 150. Acre House, Nettleton, 89. Adderley, 29. Addington Hills, 131. Ainsdale, 75. Aire Valley, 146. Akeley, 21, 22. Alcester, 137. Aldeburgh, 125, 127, 128. Alderbury, 141, 142. Aldermaston, 10. Aldershot, 65, 66, 68*. Alkham, 73, 74. Allexton, 82. Alluvium, Beds. and Northants., 1, 2, 6; Berks., 8; Bucks., 16; Camb., 23; Cheshire, 27; Cumb., 32, 35; Derbysh., 36; Devon and Corn., 40; Dorset, 45; Essex, 52, 53, 56* ; Glos., 58, 62; Hants., 63; Kent, 69, 71; Lanes., 75, 76; Leic., 79, 85; Linc. 86, 90*; Midx., and Herts., 92; Norfolk, 97, 100*; Northumb. and Durham, 102, 105 ;* Notts., 106, 110*; Shrops., 111; Som., 114, 119; Staff., 120, 124; Suffolk, 125, 128*; Surrey and Sussex, 129; Warw. and Worc., 136, 139; Wilts., 140,141; Yorks., 146, 147, 152*; North Wales, 153, 154; South Wales, 155, 158. Alresford, 67. Alsager, 27. Altcar, 77, 78*. Alton, 67, 68, 68*. Altrincham, 29. Alum Bay, 65, 66. Alverstoke, 66, 68*. Alveston, 139. Ampthill, 19. Ampthill Clay, 1, 3, 6, 16, 19, 23, 25. Ancholme Valley, 89. Andover, 67. Andoversford, 60. Annesley, 110*. Ansell’s Brewery, 138. Appleby (Linc.), 34; (Westmorland), 90, 90%. Arden Sandstone, 138. Ardwick, 78, 78*. Arkesdon, 54. Arlesey, 6. Armthorpe, 152*. Arncot, 138. Arn Hill Quarry, 142. Arnold-Bemrose, H. H., 36. Ascot, 10. Ashbocking, 128*. 159 Ashbourne, 36, 38. Ashby, 84. Ashdon, 54. Ashdown Sand, 69, 129, 134, 135. Ashey, 66. Ashford, 74. Ashover, 36. Ashton, 6, 7. Ashton-in-Makerfield, 78, 78*. Aslackby, 90*. Astley, 78, 78*. Aston, 138, 139. Atcham, 112. Atherfield, 68. Atherfield Clay, 48, 68, 69, 73, 74, 129, 133, 134. Audleby, 89. Audlem, 29, 113. Axe Valley, 40. Aylesbury, 19. Aynho, 20. B. Bagshot Beds: Berks., 8, 9, 15; Dorset, 45-47; Essex, 52, 55, 56*; Hants., 63, 65, 66, 68*; Kent, 69, 71; Midx. and Herts., 92, 94; Surrey and Sussex, 129, 131, 134* ; Wilts., 140, 141, 144*. Ballard Point, 48. Bamber Bridge, 77. Barking, 56*. Barleythorpe, 82. Barlow, 152*. Barnby Dun, 148. Barry Docks, 155. Barton Beds: Hants, 63, 65, 68*; Surrey and Sussex, 129, 131, 134*. Barton (Hants.), 65. Barton-on-Humber, 87, 90*. Baschurch, 113. Basford, 110*. Basingstoke, 67. Baston, 90*. Baston Bridge, 118, 119. Batcomhe, 118. Bath, 50, 116-119, 145. Batheaston, 117. Batsford, 61, 62. Battersea, 132. Battle, 134*, 135. Bawdsey, 128*. Beaminster, 48. Bearwood, 10. Beccles, 100, 128*, Beckenham, 72. Beckton, 56*. Beddingham, 133. Bedford, 4, 6. * Table following the page named. 160 Bedfordshire, 1-7. Bedwyns, 142. Beer Head, 43. Beer Stone, 42, 43. Beeston Castle, 31. Belper, 38. Belton, 82. Belvoir, Vale of, 82, 106. Bembridge, 64, 65, 68*. Bembridge Beds, 63, 64, 68%. Benhall, 128*. Benniworth, 90%. Bentley, 68. Berkshire, 8-15. Bettisfield Colliery, 154. Bevercotes, 109, 110*. ‘Beverley, 147. Bexley Heath, 72. Bicester, 13, 14, 20. Bicton, 112. Bidston, 30, 31. Billesdon, 82. Billinghay, 90*. Binley, 139. Binney, EK. W., 78. Birdbrook, 54. Bird, W. J., 102. Birkdale, 75. Birling Gap, 130. Birmingham, 138. Bisbrooke, .82. Bishopstoke, 66. Bishop’s Waltham, 65. Blackdown Beds, 40, 43. Blackdown Hills, Dorset, 47; Somer- set, 116. Blackhall Colliery, 105. Blackheath, 72. Blackheath Beds: Essex, 55; 69, 72, 74* ; Surrey, 129, 131, 134.* Blackpool, 75, 76. Black Ven, 43. Blackwall, 36. Blakedown, 139. Blake, J. F., 106, 146, 151. Blake Mere, 27. Blea Wyke, 151. Blea Wyke Beds, 146, 149, 151, 152*. Bletchley, 20-22. Boar’s Hill, 11. Bocking, 54. Boldre, 64. Bolton, 78. Boothby Pagnell, 90, 90*. Bootle, 30, 77, 78, 78*. Bordesley, 139. Boston, 87, 90*. Bosworth Wharf, 80, 85. Botesdale, 125. Boulge, 128*. Boultham, 90*, 91. Bourne, 90*. Bournemouth, 47, 65, 68*. Kent, INDEX. Bourne Vale, 124. Bourton-on-the-Water, 60. Bovey Beds, 40, 42. Bowness, 35. Box, 145. Boxley, 74. Boyd-Dawkins, W., 70. Brahbourne, 74, 74*. Bracklesham Beds: Berks.,9; Hants., 63, 65, 66, 68*; Surrey, 129, 131 134*. Brackley, 6, 7. Bradfield (Berks.), 10; (Essex), 56*: Bradford Clay, 58, 114, 116, 144, 145. Bradford-on-Avon, 144, 145. Brading, 66. Bradwell, 20. Braintree, 56*. Bramfield, 128*. Bramshaw, 66. Brandon (Suffolk), 125; (Warw.), 139. Brandsby, 150. Branscombe, 42, 43. Brantham, 128*. Breccia (Permian), 109, 110*, 120, 123, 152. Bredon Hill, 61. . Brent Knoll, 117. Brentwood, 53, 55, 56*. Bretby Colliery, 39. Brettenham Park, 128*. Bridgend, 157. Bridgnorth, 113, 138. ‘Bridgwater, 114. Bridlington, 147. Bridport, 50. Brigg, 90, 90*. Brightling, 135. Brighton, 132, 134*. Brill, 12, 19. Briton Ferry, 155. Broad Hinton, 143, 144.* Broads, The, 97. Brockram, 32, 34. Bromham, 6, 7. Bromley, 72. Bromsberrow, 61. Bromsgrove, 138, 139. Brookwood, 13F, 134.* Broughton, 154. Bruton, 117. Buckingham, 20. Buckinghamshire, 16-22. Buckland Denham, 119. Budleigh Salterton, 44. Bulbourne, 19. Bungay, 126, Bunter: Glos., 58,61; Leic., 79, 83, 85; Linc., 86, 90,* 91; Shrops., 111, 113; Staff., 122, 124; Warw. and Worc., 136, 138, 1389; Yorks., 146, 151, 152. 3 Burcot (Oxon.), 12, (Wore.) 138. * Table following the page named. INDEX. Burderop, ee Bure Valley, Burford, fae Burghfield, 10. Burgh-le-Marsh, 90.* Buried Valleys, 99, 102, 121, 126, 154. Burnham, 55, 56.* Burrow-on-the- Hill, 82. Burscough Bridge, 78.* Burton-on-Trent, 36-38, 120, 124. Bury St. Edmunds, 125. Bushey, 95, 96. Cadbury, 117. Calne, 143, 144. Calvert, 20-22. Cambridge, 25. ‘ Cambridge Greensand,’ 25. Cambridgeshire, 23-25, Cam Valley, 54. Canterbury, 71, 72. Cantrill, T. C., 111, 120, 123, 186. Canvey, 52, 53, 56.* Cardiff, 155, 158. Carlisle, 33, 34. Carlton, 152.* Carr, South, 108. Carstone : Hants. ., 68; Linc., 86, 89, 90* ; Norfolk, 101. Castle ‘Cary, 117. Castle Donington, 84. Castle Gresley, 39. Castleton, 50. Castor, 6, 7. Caterham, 131, 133, 134.* Catsfield, 135. Cave Oolite, 146, 149-151. Caxton, 23. Caythorpe, 90. Cephalopoda Beds, 60. * Chalk: Beds., 1, 3, 6; Berks. and Oxon., 8, 10, 11, 15; Bucks., 16, 18, 22; Camb., 23, 24, 25; Devon., 40, 42, 43; Dorset, 45, 47; Essex, 52, 56, 56*; Hants., 63, 66, 67, 68*; Kent, 69, 72, 713, T4* ; Line., 86, 89, 90*; Midx.: and "Herts. . 92, 94-96; Norfolk, 97, 100, 100*; Somerset, 114, 115, 119; Suffolk, 125, 128, 128*; Surrey and Sussex, 129, 132, 134* ; Wilts., 140, 142, ** 143, 144* ; Yorks., 146, 148, 152.* Chalk Rock, 10, 16, 18, 43, 72, 95, 132. Challow, 12. Chard, 115, 116, 118, 119. Charing, 73. Charnwood, 38. Chartham, 72. Chartley, 124. 161 Chatham, 71-74. Cheddleton, 120. Chedworth, 59, 60. Chellaston Hill, 37. Chelmsford, 54, 55, 56.* Chepstow, 157, 158. Chert Beds, 43, 116, 119. Chertsey,-132, 133. Cheshire, 27-31. Cheshunt, 95, 96. Chester, 29, 30, 154. Chester-le-Street, 102. Chetwode, 21. Cheveley, 24. Chichester, 132, 133, 134.* Chilcote, 38, 84. Chilmark, 144. Chiltern Hills, 18. Chingford, 56.* Chippenham, 141, 144. Chipping Barnet, 93. Chipping Norton Limestone, 22. Chipstead, 130. Chisbury, 142. Chiswick, 92, 96. Chobham, 131, 132, 134.* Chorlton-on-Medlock, 78. Chrishall, 54. Christchurch, 65, 66. Cinderhill, 109. Cirencester, 58, 59. Clacton-on-Sea, 56.* Clapton, 2, 6, 7. Claverley, 113. Claxby Ironstone, 86, 89, 90.* Clay-with-flints, 45, 63, 69, 71, 93, 129. Claygate Beds, 71. Cledford Bridge, 29, 31. Cleeve Hill, 60. Cleveland, 147, 150, 151, 152.* Clewer Green, 8. Cliffe, 71, 72, 73. Clifton Hampden, 11. Clipsham, 81. Clipston, 110.* Clitheroe, 78. Clowne, 39. Clwyd, Vale of, 154. Clypeus Grit, 60. Cockshutt, 112. Coggeshall, 54. Colchester, 56.* Coldred, 72, 73. Collyhurst, 30. Collyweston Slate, 4. Colne Valley, 92. Coln Rogers, 58. Combe, 44. Combe Monkton, 145, Congleton, 27, 29. Coombe Rock, 129, 130. Coombs, 128.* * Table following the page named. 162 Corallian: Beds., 1, 3; Oxon., 8, 12, 18, 15; Bucks., 16, 19, 22; Camb. and Hunts., 23,25; Dorset, 45, 49, 50; Kent, 69, 74*; Linc., 86, 89, 90*; Som., 114, 116; Sussex, 129, 184* : Wilts., 140, 144, 144* ; Yorks., 146, 148-150, 152.* Coralline Crag, 125, 127. Cornbrash: Beds. and Northants., 1, 4, 6; Berks. and Oxon., 8, 18, 15; Bucks., 16, 20, 22; Hunts., 23, 26; Dorset, 45, 50; Glos., 58,62; Leic. and Rutlarid, 79, 81; Linc., 86, 90, 90*; Som., 114, 116; Wilts., 140, 144, 144*; Yorks., 146, 149, 150, 152*, Cornwall, 40-42. Corringham, 52. Corsham, 144, 145. Cosford, 113, 122, 124. Cottesmore, 82. Cotteswold (or Cotswold) Hills, 60. Cottingham, 147. Coulston, 144. Cowbridge, 157, 158. Cowes, 64. Cowpen Marsh, 105. | Crag: Essex, 52, 55; Norfolk, 97, 99, 100, 100* ; Suffolk, 125, 127. Craven Arms, 113. Creech Barrow Limestone, 45, 46. Crewe, 31. Crewkerne, 115, 116. Crimplesham, 100.* Croham Hurst, 131. Cromer, 98, 100, 100.* Crondall, 66, 68.* Crosby, 77. Crosswilling Shaft, 111. Crousa Downs, 42. Crowland, 88, 90, 90.* Croxton Kerrial, 82. Croydon, 130, 131. Cuckfield, 135. Cuddesdon, 12, 13. Culford, 128, 128.* Culham, 12, 13. Cumberland, 32-35. Cuxton, 71. D. Dalby, 90.* Dale, 38. Dane’s Moss, 27. Darlington, 105. Dartford, 71. Datchet, 18, 22. Davies, A. M., 16. Daylesford, 136. Daywell Colliery, 111. Debden, 54. Dee Valley, 28, 154. INDEX. De la Beche, H. T., 117. Delamere, 27. Denchworth, 12. Denshanger, 20. Deptford, 71, 72. De Rance, C. E., 27. Derby, 36. Derbyshire, 36-39. Dereham, 100, 100*. Dersingham, 100, 100*. Derwent Valley, 36, 146. Devizes, 142-144. Devon, 40-44. Dewlish, 45, 46. Dibden, 65, 68*. Dickinson, J., 78. Dinton, 143, 144*. Diss, 98, 100*. Dodleston, 28. Dogger, 146, 149, 151, 152*, Dogmersfeld, 66. Donnington, 89. Dorchester, 45, 47. Dorking, 134. Dormey Common, 18. Dorset, 45-51. Dotton Lane, 44. Doulting, 118. Dover, 73, 74. Downend, 66. Downham Market, 25, 100*, 101. Driby, 90*. Driffield, 147. Droitwich, 137. Dryll Colliery, 111. Dumbleton, 61. Dundry Hill, 117, 118. Dunn’s Heath, 112. Dunsfold, 134, 134*. Durham, 102. Durham County, 102-105. E. Earls Colne, 56*. Fast Bergholt, 128*. Eastbourme, 133-135. Eastergate, 131, 132. Fasterton, 143, 144*. East Ham, 56, 56*, 57. East Horsley, 132, 134*. Kast Lavant, 132, 134*. East Leake, 108. Eaton Hall, 31. Ebbsfleet, 71, 73, 74, 74*. Eccles, 100. Eccleston Hall, 78. Eden Valley, 34. Edge Green, 78, 78*. Edithweston, 82. Edmonton, 94. Edwalton, 38, 110*. Egginton Common, 38. * Table following the page named, INDEX. Egham, 132. Elham, 73. Eller Beck Bed, 149. Ellesmere, 112. Ellinge, 74. “ Elmsthorpe Boring,” 83. FElsenham, 54. Elsham, 89. Elsworth Rock, 25. Eltham, 72. Elton, 26. Ely (Camb.), 25; (Glam.), 158. Empingham, 81. Enville, 128. Epperstone, 110*. Erewash Valley, 36. Erith, 71, 72, 74. Eskdale, 151. Essendine, 81. Essex, 52-57. Etton, 6. Euston, 128%. Exton, 82. F. Fairlight, 135. Fairlight Clay, 129, 134, 135. Farcet, 26. Faringdon, 1], 12. Farington, 77. Farnborough, 68*. Felixstowe, 125, 127, 128*. Felstead, 56, 56*. Fenny Stratford, 20. Fens, 87, 89, 97, 98. Ferruginous Sands, 68. Filey, 147, 149, 150, 152*. Finchley, 92, 94. Fishbourne, 132. Flamborough Head, 147. Fleckney, 80. Fleetwood, 75, 77, 78*. Flintshire, 154. Fobbing, 56*. Foley House, 74. Folkestone, 71. Folkestone Beds: Hants., 68, 68*; Kent, 69, 73, 74* ; Surrey and Sussex 129, 133, 134. Fonthill Abbey, 143. Ford, 31. Fordingbridge, 47, 66, 68*. Forest Bed: Norfolk, 97, 99, 100*; Suffolk, 125, 127. Forest Marble: Beds. and Northants., 6; Berks. and Oxon., 8, 13, 15; Bucks., 16, 20, 22; Dorset, 45, 50; Glos., 58, 62; Som., 114, 116; Surrey, 135; Wilts., 140, 144, 144*. Foryd, 154. . 163 Fossdyke, 88. Foulness, 53, 56, 56*. Toxearth, 54. Foxham, 144. Fradley, 124. Freshwater, 68*. Fressingfield, 126, 128*. Frimley, 132. Frindsbury, 72, 73. Frodsham Beds, 29. Frome Stone, 116. : Fuller’s Earth: Dorset, 45, 50; Glus., 58,59; Som., 114,117,119; Wilts., 140, 144*, 145. Fuller’s Earth Rock, 50, 117. Furness, 77, 78. Furtho, 3. . G, Gainsborough, 90.* Gamlingay, 25. Gamston, 110.* Garthorpe, 79. Garwood, E. J., 102. Gayton (Northants.), 5-7: (Norfolk), 100.* Gedling, 110*. Gibson, W., 120. Glacial deposits, Beds: and Northants., 1, 2,6; Bucks., 16, 17; Camb. and Hunts., 23, 24; Cheshire, 27, 28, 29, 31; Cumb. and Westld., 32, 35; Derbysh., 36, 37 ; Essex, 52-54, 56* ; Glos., 58, 62; Lanes., 75-77; Leic., 79-81, 85; lLinc., 86-88, 90*; Midx. and Herts., 92, 93; - Norfolk, 97-99, 100*; Northumb. and Dur- ham, 102, 105, Notts., 106, 110*; Shrops, 111-113; Staff., 120-122, 124; Suffolk, 125-126, 128* ; Warw. and Worc., 136, 139; Yorks., 146, 147, 152 ;* North Wales, 153, 154; South Wales, 155, 158. Glastonbury, 114, 117, 118. Glemsford, 126, 128.* Glinton, 6, 7. Gloucestershire, 58-62. Gobowen, 111. Godeby, 82. Goodchild, J. G., 32. Goosey, 13. Gosport, 65, 66, 68*. Grantham, 81, 82, 90, 90.* Gravesend, 71. Great Baddow, 56.* Great Chesterford, 54. Great Dunmow, 56*. Great Haldon Hills, 43. Great Hallingbury, 54. * Table following the page named. 164 Great Oolite Series: Beds. and North- ants., 1,4, 6; Berks. and Oxon., 8, 13, 15; Bucks., 16, 20, 22; Hunts., 23, 26; Glos., 58, 59,62: Kent., 69, 74*; Leic. and Rutland, 79, 81 ; Linc., 86, 90, 90*; Midx. and Herts., 95; Som., 114, 116; Surrey, 134,* 135; Worce., 136; Wilts., 140, 144*. 145. Great Orton, 32, 35. Great Saling, 54, 56.* Great Warley, 55, 56*. Greenwich, 71, 72. Grey Limestone—See Scarborough Limestone. Grimston, 150. Grinstead Clay, 69, 129, 134, 135. Grosmont, 151. Gryphite Crit, 60. Gubblecote, 22. Guildford, 130. Gypseous Shales, 32-35. H. Habrough, 88. Haggerston, 92. Haldon Gravels, 40, 42. Halewood, 77. Hallaton, 80, 82. Halstead, 54, 56.* Hambleton, 82, 85. Hambleton Hills, 149-151. Hampshire, 63-68. Hampstead, 94. Hamstead Beds, 63, 68.* Hanwood, 113. Harbury, 139. Hardaker, W. H., 120. Hardwick Old Hall, 39. Harlow, 54. Harmer, F. W., 97, 125. Harrison, J., 138. Harrow, 94. Hartwell, 6, 7. Harwich, 56, 56.* Hastings Beds: Kent, 69, 74, 74*; Surrey and Sussex, 129, 134, 134,* 135. Hastings Waterworks, 135. Hatfield, 92. Hatfield Broadoak, 54. Hatfield Peverel, 56.* Hathern, 83-85. Hatton, 92. Haughton, 113. Havant, 66, 68.* Haverhill, 126. Haverton Hill, 105. Hawarden Castle Colliery, 154. Hawkhurst, 74. Hawsker, 150. Haxey, 90*, 91, 108, 109, 110.* INDEX. Hayling, 66, 68.* Hazlegrove, 30, 31. “ Head,” 40. Headon Beds, 63-65, 68.* Heathfield, 42. Heaton Park, 78, 78.* Heavitree, 44. Heckington, 90*. Helion Bumpstead, 54. Hemington, 117, 119. Hendon, 94. Henfield, 134. Henlow, 2, 3, 6. Henny, 54, 56, 56.* Hertfordshire, 92-96. Hessle, 147. Heswall, 30, 31, 78. Highgate, 94. Highworth, 144, 144.* Hilton Shales, 32; 34. Hinckley, 81, 83, 85. Hitchin, 3. Hither Green, 72. Holderness, 147. Holkham Hall, 100, 100.* Holmes, T. V., 32. Holt, 154. Honiton, 43. Hooton, 29. Hopkinson, J., 1. Hopwas Breccia, 124. Hordwell, 65. Horndon, 56, .56.* Horniughold, 82. Hornsea, 152.* Horsepath, 12. Horse Sand Fort, 65, 68.* Horsted Keynes, 135. Hothfield, 74. Hougham, 73. Houghton Regis, 6. Howardian Hills,149. Hoxne, 127. Hudleston, W. H., 46. Hugglescote, 80. Hull, 152.* Humberstone, 83, 85. Humber Valley, 148, 150, 151 Hungerford, 141, 142. Hunstanton, 100, 100.* Hunston, 131. Huntingdonshire, 23-26. Hunts Cross, 77. Hurst, 10, 11. Hythe, 74. Hythe Beds: Hants., 68, 68*; Kent, 69, 73, 74, 74*; Surrey and Sussex, 129, 138, 134. I. Idlestop, 90*. Tlford, 56.* * Table following the page named. INDEX. Tminster, 117, 118. Inferior Oolite : Berks. and Oxon., 8, 14, 15; Dorset, 45,50; Glos., 58, 59, 60, 62; Kent, 74* ; Som., 114, 117, 119 ; Worc., 136; Wilts:, 140, 144*, 145. Ingatestone, 55, 56.* Ingleby, 38. Inkpen, 10. Ipsden, 11. Ipswich, 128.* Tronbridge, 113. Tronstones, 82, 151. Irthlingborough, 6, 7. Irton, 152.* Islip, 13. Iver, 18. J. Jevington, 133, 134. Jukes-Browne, A. J., 26, 48, 70, 86, 116. * K. Keeping, H., 46. Kelham, 108, 110.* Kellaways Beds : Beds. and Northants., 1, 4,6; Bucks., 20, 22; Hunts., 23, 26; Dorset, 45, 50; Glos. 58; Kent, 74*; Linc., 89, 90; Som., 114, 116; Wilts., 140, 144, 144*, Yorks., 146, 149, 150, 152.* Kelsale, 128.* Kempston, 6. Kemsing, 74. Kendall, P. F.. 146. Kent, 69-74.* Kentish Town, 95, 96. Kessingland, 128.* Kettering, 5. Ketton, 81, 82. Keuper, Northants., 1, 5, 7; Oxon., 8, 14, 15; Cheshire, 27, 29-31; Derbysh:, 36, 38; Devon, 40, 44; Dorset, 45, 51; Glos., 58, 61, 62; Lanes., 75, 77, 78*; Leic., 72, 83, 85; Lince., 86, 9g0*, 91: Durham, 102, 103, 105; Notts., 106, 108, 110*; Shrops., 111, 113; Som., 114, 118, 119; Staff., 120, 122, 124; Warw. and Worc., 136, 188, 189; Yorks., 146, 151, 152, 152*; South Wales, 155, 157, 158. Keymer, 135. Kidlington, 13-15. Kimmeridge Clay: Beds., 1, 3, 6; Berks. and Oxon., 8, 11, 12, 15; Bucks., 16, 19, 22; Camb. and Hunts., 23, 25; Dorset, 45, 49: Essex, 57; Kent, 69, 74*; Linc., 86, 89, 90*; Norfolk, 100*, 101; Surrey and Sussex, 129, 134*; Wilts., 140, 144,144*; Yorks., 146, 148, 152.* 165 Kingham, 14. King’s Heath, 138, 139. Kingshill, 80, 85. King’s Mill, Sutton, 39. Kingsthorpe, 5-7. Kingston, 132. King, W. W., 120, 139. Kirby House, 142. Kirby Underdale, 149, 151. Kirkby-in-Ashfield, 39. Kirkby Moorside, 150. Kirkham, 150, 151. Kirk Ireton, 36, 38. Kirklinton Sandstone, 32, 33, 35. Kirmington, 88. Kirton, 128.* Knaresborough, 152. Knutsford, 29. Laindon, 55. Lambeth, 132. Lamplugh, G. W., 69, 146. Lancashire, 75-78.* Langham, 82. Lansdown, 117, 119. Lantern Marshes, Orford, 125, 128.* Lapworth, C., 113, 120. Lavernock Point, 157. Layer Marney, 56.* Lea Bridge, 56.* Leagrave, 6. Lea Valley, 92. Lebour, G. A., 102. Leckhampton, 59-61. Leeming Lane, 152, 152.* Leicester, 79, 80, 82, 83, 85. Leicestershire, 79-85. Leigh (Essex), 56* Leigh Hill, 142. Leighton Buzzard, 3, 6. Leiston, 128.* Leith Hill, 134. Lenham Beds, 69, 71, 129, 130. Leyton, 56.* Tias: Beds: and Northants., 1, 4, 5,7; Oxon., 8, 14,15; Bucks., 16, 21, 22 ; Camb. and Hunts., 23, 26 ; Cheshire, 27, 29; Cumb., 32, 35; Devon, 40, 43; Dorset, 45, 50,51; Glos., 58, 61, 62; Kent, 69, 74*; Leic., 79, 82, 85; Linc., 86, 90, 90,* 91; Notts., 106, 107, 110* ; Shrops., 111, 113; Som., 114, 117-119; Warw. and Worc., 136, 139; Wilts., 140, 144,* 145; Yorks., 146, 151, 152* ; South Wales, 155, 157, 158. Lidgate, 125. Linby, 110.* Lincoln, 88, 90. Lincolnshire, 86-90.* (Lanc.) 78.* * Table following the page named. 166 Lincolnshire Limestone: Beds. and Northants., 1, 4, 6; Hunts., 23, 26; Leic. and Rutland, 79, 81, 85; Line., 86, 90, 90.* Linehow, 35. Lingfield, 134. Linslade, 19. Linton, 24. Little Aston—See Streetley. Littlebury, 54. Little Chesterford, 54. Little Haldon, 43. Little Hallingbury, 54. Liverpool, 75, 77, 78. Llanelly, 155. Llantrisant, 157. London, 92-96. London Clay: Berks. and Oxon., 8, 10, 15; Bucks., 16, 18, 22; Dorset, 45, 46; Essex, 52, 55, 56*; Hants., 63, 66, 68*; Kent, 69, 71, 74*; Midx. and Herts., 92, 94; Norfolk, 97, 100, 100* ; Suffolk, 125, 127, 128, 128*; Surrey and Sussex, 129, 131, 134* ; Wilts., 140, 142, 144.* Long Crendon, 19. Long Marston, 18. Long Sutton, 86, 88, 90.* Loughborough, 80, 83. Loughton, 56, 56,* 57. Louth, 87, 90.* Lower Calcareous Grit, 148, 149. Lower Estuarine Series: Bucks., 16, 20-22; Hunts., 23; Rutland, 81; Linc., 86, 90, 90* ; Yorks., 146, 150, 151, 152.* Lower Greensand: Beds. and North- ants., 1, 3,6; Berks. and Oxon., 8, 11, 15; Bucks., 16, 19, 22; Camb. and Hunts., 23, 25; Dorset, 45, 48 ; Essex, 57; Hants., 63, 68; Kent, 73,74; Linc., 86, 89, 90*; Norfolk, 97, 100*, 101; Suffolk, 125, 128, 128* ; Surrey and Sussex, 129, 133, 134, 184* ; Wilts., 140, 148, 144.* Lower Halling, 73. Lower Keuper Sandstone: Lanc., 75, 77, 78*; LTeic., 79, 83, 85, 91: Shrops., 111, 113. : Lower Kinnerton,.154. . Lower Mottled Sandstone: Cheshire, 27, 30,31; Derbysh., 36,38; Lanc., 75, 78, 78*; Notts., 106, 108, 110* ; Shrops., 111, 113; Staff., 120, 122, 124; Warw. and Worc., 136, 138 ; North Wales, 153, 154. Lowestoft, 125-128.* Lucknam, 144.* Ludgershall, 20. Luffinham, 81, 82. Lulworth, 47, 48. Luton, 6. Lutterworth, 81, 83. INDEX. Lydd, 71,74. | Lyme Regis, 42-44, 51. Lymington, 65, 68.* Lynn, 100,* 101. Lytham, 75, 76. M. Mablethorpe, 86, 90.* Macclesfield, 28, 29, 31. Maendy, 158. Magnesian J.imestone: Cumb. and Westld., 32, 34; Derbysh., 36, 39; Durham, 102, 104, 105; Notts., 106, 109, 110* ; Yorks., 152. Maidstone, 74. Maldon, 56.* Malmesbury, 144, 145. Malm-rock, 68. Malton, 150, 151, 152.* Malvern Link, 139. Manchester, 78. Manningtree, 56.* Mansfield, 39, 109, 110.* Manton, 82, 110.* 3 Marfleet, 152.* Margam Marsh, 155. Margate, 73. Marham, 100. Marholm, 6, 7. Market Bosworth, 80, 83, 85. Market Drayton, 111, 113. Market Harborough, 82. Market Lavington, 143. Market Overton, 82. Market Weighton Axis, 148, 150, 151. Marlborough Downs, 143. Marl Slate: Derbysh., 39; Durham, 102, 104, 105*; Notts., 106, 109, 110* ; Yorks., 152. Marlstone, 5, 61, 82, 117, 137. Marr, J. E., 23, 32. Marsh Baldon, 12. Marston (Cheshire), 29-31 ; 144, Marsworth, 19, 22. Martin, 90.* Mary Knoll, 139. Matley, C. A., 136. Matlock, 36. McMurtrie, J., 114. Medlock Vale, 78.* Medway Valley, 71. Melbourn Rock: Berks. and Oxon., 10; Bucks., 16, 18; Devon, 43; Kent, 72, 73 ; Midx. and Herts., 95 ; Som., 115; Surrey and Sussex, 132. Melksham Spa, 144, 144.* Melling, 78.* Melton, 127, 128.* Melton Mowbray, 79, 81, 82, 83, 85. Melton Ross, 89. (Wilts.), * Table following the page named. INDFX, Membury, 48. Mendip Hills, 117, 118. Mersey Valley, 77. Merston, 131, 132. Mickleton, 58, 61, 62. Middle Estuarine Series, 146, 149-151, 152.* Middlesbrough, 105, 151, 152, 152.* Middlesex, 92-96. Middlewich, 29, 31. Midford, 117. Midford Sand: Oxon., 14; Dorset, 45, 50; Glos., 58-62; Som., 114, 117, 119; Wilts., 140, 144* 145. Milden, 126. Mildenhall, 128.* Mile End, 95, 96... Millepore Bed, 146, 149. Millington, 147. Milton, 65, 68.* Milverton, 118. ; Minchinhampton, 59. Minster, 71. -Mixbury, 14. Monk Sherborne, 66. , Monkton Deverill, 142. Monkton Farley,.145. Monkton Thanet, 72. Morcot, 82. Moreton, 45. Morfa Colliery, 155. Mortlake, 132. Morton, G. H., 27, 15, 71, 78. Moseley, 139. Mountfield, 134,* 135. Moxhull, 138. Mugginton, 38. Mundon, 56.* Mupe Bay, 48. Murchison, R. I., 111, 138. Muswell Hill, 19. N. Narborough, 100.* Nayland, 125. Nazeing, 56.* Needham, 100.* Needham Market, 126, 128. Needwood Forest, 122. Netley, 65, 68.* Nettlobed, 10, 11. Nettleton, 89. Nevill Holt, 82. Newark, 108. Newbury, 10. Newcastle, 102. New Forest, 66. Newmarket, 24,°25. 167 Newport (Essex), 54 (Mon.), 155. Newtondale, 149. Newton, R. B., 48. Nibley, 60. Nonington, 73. Norfolk, 97-101. 3; (I.W.), 64, 68* _Normanton Hills, 108. Northallerton, 151, 152.* Northampton, 3, 4, 6, 7. Northampton Sands:, Bed. and Northants., 1, 4, 7; Berks. and Oxon., 8, 14, 15; Bucks., 16, 20, 21; Hunts., 23; Leic. and Rutland, 79, 81, 82, 85; Linc., 86, 90, 90.* Northamptonshire, ae North Downs, 71. Northill, 2, 6. North Marston, 19. Northumberland, 102-105. North Wales, 153, 154. North Walsham, 100.* Northwich, 29, 31. Norton, 105. Norton St. Philip, 116. Norwich, 99, 100, 100.* Norwich Crag, 125, 127, 128.* Norwood, 132. Notgrove, 59, 60. Nottinghamshire, 106-110.* Nuneham, 11. Nunney, 117. Oakham, 82, 85. Oakington, 25. ~ Oakley, 19. Oakmere, 27. Odiham, 66. Offwell, 42. Ogbourne St. George, 144.* Okeford Vitzpaine, 48. Oldhaven Beds: Essex, 52, 55, 56, 56* ; Kent, 69, 72, 74.* Old Malton, 147. Old North Road, 23. Old Windsor, 8, 10. Oligocene, Devon, 40, 42; 46; Hants., 63, 64. Olney, 20, 21. Openshaw, 78, 78.* Orford, 125, 128.*- Ormskirk, 77. Orton, 5-7. Osbaston, 80. Osborne Beds, 63, 64, 68.* Oswestry, 111. Otby, 89. Ottershaw, 131-134.* Oulton Broad, 127, 128.* Oundle, 4. Dorset, 45, * Table following the page named, 168 Ouse Valley (Yorksh.), 146, 151. Over, 25. Overseal, 84. Overstrand, 99. Ovington, 54. Owthorpe, 108, 110.* Oxford, 13-15. Oxford Clay : Beds. and Northants., 1, 4,6; Berks. and Oxon., 8, 13, 15; Bucks., 16, 20, 22; Camb. and Hunts., 23, 25, 26: Dorset, 45, 50; Essex, 57; Glos., 58, 62; Kent, 69, 74*; Linec., 86, 89-90*; Norfolk, 101; Som., 114, 116; Surrey and Sussex, 129, 134*; Wilts., 140, 144, 144* ; Yorks., 146, 149, 150, 152.* Oxfordshire, 8-15. Oxted, 134. Oxton, 110.* P. Packington, 84. Pagham, 132. Parkhurst Forest, 63. Park Royal, 96. Parr, 78. Patricroft, 78. Paulton, 118, 119. Pea Grit Series, 60. Peak Hill (Devon), 43. Peak (Yorksh.), 149-151. Peakirk, 6. Peat, 27, 63, 75; 76, 114. Pebble Beds: Cheshire, 27, 30, Derbysh., 36, 38, 39; Devon, 40; Lanc., 75, 77-78*; Leic., 88, 84; Notts., 106, 108, 110* ; Shrops., 111, 113; Som., 114, 118; Staff., 122, i ; Warw. and Worc., 136, 138, 139. Peckforton Hills, 113. Peldon, 56.* Pelton, 112. Penarth, 157. Pendleton, 78. Penning, W. H., 26. Penrith Sandstone, 32, 34. Penshurst, 74. Pen-y-lan Shaft, 111. Permian: Cheshire, 27, 30, Cumb. and Westmorland, 32, 34; Derbysh., 36, 39; Devon, 40, 44; Lanc., 75, 78, 78*; Leic. and Rut- land, 79, 84; Linc., 86, 90,* 91; Durham, 102, 104; Notts., 106, 109- 110*; Som., 114, 118; Staff., 120, 122-124; Yorks., 146, 152, 152.* Peterborough, 4, 6,7, 26. Petersfield, 68, 68.* Petworth House, 134. Pewsey, 142, 148, 144.* Pickering, Vale of, 146, 150. 31; 31; INDEX. Pilcot, 66, 68.* Pilton, 82. Pinhay, 42. Pinner, 93, 94. Pitsea, 56.* Plant Beds, 32, 34. Plateau gravel: Dorset, 45; Hants., 63; Kent, 69: Midx. and Herts., 92, 93; Surrey and Sussex, 129. Pliocene: Cornwall, 40, 42; Dorset, 45; Essex, 52, 55 ; Kent, 69, 71; Norfolk, 97, 99-100*; Surrey and Sussex, 129, 130. Pluckley, 74, 74.* Plumstead, 71. Polden Hills, 118. Ponder’s End, 94. Pond Farm, Easterton, 143, 144.* Pontesbury, 113. Ponton Beds, 90. Port Clarence, 105. Port Eynon, 158. Portisham, 49. Portland Beds: Oxon., 8,12; Bucks., 16, 19, 22; Dorset, 45, 49; Kent, 69, 74*; Surrey and Sussex, 129, 134,* 185; Wilts., 140, 143-144.* Portland Island, 49. Portsmouth, 66, 68.* Potter Heigham, 97. Prees, 112, 113. Prescot, 78. Preston, 76-78. Preston Brockhurst, 112. Prestwich, J., 70. Pringle, J., 16. Pulford, 154. Purbeck Beds—See under Portland Beds. Purbeck, Isle of, 47-49. Purfleet, 52. Puriton, 118, 119. Putney, 132. Q. Quainton, 19. Quendon, 54. R. Radford, 109. Radstock, 117-119. Radwinter, 54. Rainworth, 110.* Raised Beach, 40. Ramsdell, 65. Ramsey, 56.* Ranksborough, 82. Rastall, R. H., 1, 28. Rayleigh, 55, 56.* * Table following the page named, INDEX, Reade, T. M., 29, 77, Reading Beds: Beds., 1, 3, 6; Berks. and Oxon., 8,10, 15; Bucks., 16, 18, 22: Dorset, 45,47; Essex, ‘52, 55- 56* ; Hants. , 63, 66, 68* ; Kent, 69, 71, 72, 74%. Midx. and "Herts, 92, 94, 96 ; Norfolk, 97, 100, 100* ; Suffolk, 125, 128, 128*; Surrey and Sussex, 129, 131, 132, 134* ; Wiits., 140, 142, 144.* Rea Valley,-111. Red Chalk: Linc., 86. 89, 90*; Nor- folk, 97,100; Yorks., 146, 148, 152.* Red Crag: Essex, 55; Suffolk, 125, 127, 128.* Reddown, 144, 144.* Reedness, 152.* Reigate, 134. Repton, 38. Rhaetic Beds: Northants., 1, 5, 7; Oxon., 8, 14, 15; Cheshire, 29; Cumb., 32; Devon, 40, 44; Dorset, 45, 51; Glos., 58. 61, 62; Leic. and Rutland, 79, 83, 85; Linc., 86, 90,* 91; Notts., 106, 108, 110* ; Shrops., 111, 113; Som., 114, 118, 119; Staff., 120, 122; Warw. and Wore., 136, 138, 189; Wilts., 140, 144,* 145; Yorks., 146, 151, 152*; South Wales, 155, 157, 158. Rhyl, 154. Richardson, L., 58, 114. Richmond, 132-135. Rickling, 54. Ridgway, 49. Rillington, 152.* Ringwood, 68.* Rissington, 59. River Gravels: Beds. and Northants., 1,2; Berks. and Oxon., 8; Bucks., 22; Derbysh., 36; Devon and Corn- wall 40; Dorset, 45; Essex, 52, 56* ; Notts. . 106; Shrops., lll; Staff., 120, 124. Roach, 36, 89, 90.* Roberts, T., 1. Robin-a-Tiptoes, 82. Robin Hood’s Bay, 151. Rochester, 71. Rock-salt, 103. ‘Rodbourn Lane, 144. Romford, 56.* Romney Marsh, 71. Ropersole, 72. Rosedale, 149, 151. Rosewell, 56.* Rotherby, 80. Rother Valley, 36. Rotherwick, 66, 68.* Rougham, 125. Rowthorn, 39. Roydon (Essex), 56* ; Ruddington, 110.* Rugby, 136-139. (Norfolk), 100. 169 Rushden, 2, 6, 7. Ruswarp, 150. Rutland, 79-85. Ryhope, 105. Ss. Saffron Walden, 56,* 57. Saham Toney, 99, 100.* St. Agnes Head, 42. St. Bees Head, 34. St. Bees Sandstone, 32-35, 78. St. Erth, 42. Sainter, J. D., 29. St. George’s Down, 63. St. Helens (I. of W.) 68 ;* (Lanes.) 78. Salcey Forest, 20. Salisbury, 67, 141, 142. Saltholme, 105. Saltney, 154. Sandbach, 29, 31. ; Sandgate Beds: Hants., 68, 68*; Kent, 69, 73, 74*; Surrey and Sussex, 129, 133, 134. Sandleford, 10. Sandringham, 100,* 101. Sandrock Beds, 68. Sandwich, 71. Sandy, 25. Sandycroft, 154. Sankey Bridge, 77. Sapcote Freeholt, 83, 85. Saughall, 29. Saunders, J., 1. Sawley, 36,38. Saxmundham, 127-128.* Scarborough, 146, 149, 150, 152.* Sconce, 64. Scunthorpe, 90.* Seaham, 105. Sealands, 154. Seascale, 34, 35. Seaton (Devon), 42, 43; (Northants.), 82 Seaton Carew, 105. Seedley, 78.* Seend, 144. Selbornian Beds : Beds. and Northants., 1, 3,6; Berks. and Oxon., 8,11, 15; Bucks., 16, 18, 19, 22; Camb., 23, 25; Devon, 40, 43; Dorset, 45, 47, 48; Essex, 52, 56, 56,* 57; Hants., 63, 67, 68, 68*; Kent, 69, 73, 74*; Midx. and Herts., 92, 95, 96; Norfolk, 97, 100, 100*; Somerset, 114, 116, 119 ; Suffolk, 125, 128, 128%; Surrey and Sussex, 129, 132, 133, 134* ; Wilts., 140, 143, 144.* Selby, 148, 151, 152, 152.* Selsey, 131. Sevenoaks, 73, 74. Severn Valley, 61, 111, 155, 158. Shabbington, 19. * Table following the page named. ; 170 Shaftesbury, 42, 47, 48. Sharnford, 81. Sheering, 54. , Sheerness, 71, 72. Sheppey, Isle of, 71. Sherborne, 50. Sherfield, 66. Sheringham, 99, 100.* Sherwood Colliery, 39. Shillingford, 11-13, 15. Shillington, 48. Shipley, A. E., 23. Shirdley Hill Sand, 76. Shireoaks, 39, 109. Shoeburyness, 55, 56.* Shooter’s Hill, 71. Shotley, 127, 128.* Shotover Sands, 11, 12, 16, 19. Shrewsbury, 111-113. Shrivenham, 11. Shropshire, 111-113. Sidmouth, 43, 44. Silloth, 32. Skegness, 89, 90.* Skelton, 121. Skillaw Clough, 78. Slaughterford, 145. Slawston Hill, 82. Slough, 18, 22. Smestow, 122, 124. Smethwick, 121, 124. Smith, B., 86. Snaith, 152.* Snettisham Clay, 101. Snodland, 71. Soar Valley, 79, 106. Sodbury, 60. Soham, 25. Somerby, 82. Somerset, 114-119. Sotwell, 11. Southall, 94-96. Southampton, 65-67, 68.* South Carr, 90.* South Cave, 148. South Cerney, 58. Southend, 55-56.* Southerndown Beds, 157. Southport, 75-77. South Scarle, 108, 110.* Southwold, 127, 128.* Speeton Clay, 146, 148, 152.* Spilsby Sandstone, 86, 89, 90.* Spital Hill, 36. Spithead, 68.* Spondon, 36. Stafford Common, 124. Staffordshire, 120-124. Staines, 94. Stainton, 35. Stamford, 81, 82, 90, 90.* Stanmore, 93. Stansted Mountfitchet, 54. Stanthorne, 29, 31. INDEX. Stanton-on-the-Wolds, 108. Stanwix Shales, 32, 33, 35. Steadley, 130. Steep, 68, 68.* Stewkley, 19. Stisted, 56.* Stockport, 29-31, 78. Stockton. 102. Stoke (Norfolk), 100; (Warw.), 139. Stoke Ferry, 100, 100.* Stoke Goldington, 20. : Stoke Prior Salt-works, 138. Stoke-upon-Trent, 122. Stone, 22. Stonesfield Slate, 13, 59. Stony Stratford, 20-22. Stourbridge, 113. Stourport, 138. Stowell, 117, 119. Stowe Park, 21. Strahan, A., 75, 155. Stratford Mortimer, 10. Stratford-on-Avon, 137, 139. Streatham Common, 132-135. Streatley, 123, 124. Strensall, 152.* Stretham Ferry, 25. Stretton Baskerville, 138, 139. Stroud, 60, 73. Studland, 47. Stutton, 128, 128.* Sub-Wealden Exploration, 135. Sudbrooke, 90. Suffolk, 125-128.* Sundorne, 112. Sundridge, 73. Surrey, 129-135. Sussex, 129-135. Sutton (Cheshire), 29; (Derby), 39. Sutton Mandeville, 143. Sutton Series, 157. Swadlincote, 39, 84. Swale Valley, 151. Swanage, 47-49. Swanscombe, 71. Swansea, 155. Swanwick, 66. Swaton, 90.* Swindon, 142-144.* Swingfield, 74. Sydney, 28, 31. T. Takeley, 54. Talargoch Mine, 154. Tamworth, 138. Tanat Valley, 111. Tarporley, 31. Tate, R., 146, 151. Tatsfield, 134. Tawe Valley, 155. * Table following the page named, INDEX. Tealby Beds, 86, 89, 90.* Tees Valley, 102, 151. Teignmouth, 44. Telscombe, 132, 133, 134.* Teme Valley, 111. Tetbury, 145. Tettenhall, 122, 124. Teversall, 39. Thame, 12, 18, 19. Thames, River, 71, 73. Thanet, Isle of, 71. Thanet Sand: Essex, 52, 55, 56, 56* ; Kent, 69, 72, 74* ; Midx. and Herts., 92, 94, 96; Surrey and Sussex, 129, 132, 134.* Thaxted, 54. Thompson, B., 1, 3. Thorne, 108, 152, 152.* Thornton Dale, 147. Thrapston, 4. Thundersley, 56.* Thurgarton, 108, 110.* Tilbury, 52, 58, 59. Tilbury-juxta-Clare, 54. Tilehurst, 10. Tilton-on-the-Hill, 82. Timsbury, 118. Titchfield, 66, 68.* Tixover, 82. Tollesbury, 56.* Toot Hill, 144. Tottenham, 94. Tottenham Court Road,.95, 96. Totterdale, 143. Totteridge, 93. Totternhoe, 3. Totternhoe Stone: Beds., 3; Berks. and Oxon., 10; Bucks., 16, 18; Devon, 43; Kent, 72; Midx. and Herts., 95. Towcester, 20. Trechmann, C. T., 102. Trefonen, 111. Trent Valley, 36, 86, 88, 106, 109, 120. Trigonia Grit, 60. Trimingham, 99. Tring, 18. Trowbridge, 144. Tunbridge Wells, 74. Punbridge Wells Sand, 69, 129, 134, 5. Turnditch, 38: - Twyford, 112. Tynemouth, 104. Tyne Valley, 102. Uz Uckfield, 135. Uffington, 11. Ulceby, 87. Ullesthorpe, 81. Upavon, 144.* * Table following 171 Upchurch, 71. Upper Calcareous Grit, 148. Upper Estuarine Series: Beds. and Northants., 1, 4, 6; Berks. and Oxon., 8, 12, 14; Bucks., 16, 20, 22 ; Camb. and Huats., 23; Leic. and Rutland, 79, 81; Linc., 86, 90, 90* ; Yorks., 146, 148-150, 152.* Upper Greensand—See Selbornian. Upper Keup2r Sandstone, 83, 85, 138. Upper Mott!:d Sandstone: Cheshire, 27, 30, 31: Lanes., 75, 77, 78*; Shrops., 111, 113; Staff, 120, 122, 124; Warw. od Worc., 136, 138, 139, Upper Sandstone (Devon), 40 ; (Somer- set), 114, 118, 119. Upper Whitbourne, 144.* Uppingham, ‘°?. ~ Upton, 6, 7. Upware, 25. Ussher, W. A. E., 40. Utterby, 87. Vv. Valley Gravel: Dorset, 45; Hants., 63; Kent, 69,71; Midx. and Herts., 92; Notts., 106; Surrey and Sussex, 129; Wilts., 140, 141. Vyrnwy, 111. Ww. Wadden Farm, Salisbury, 141. Wadhurst Clay, 69, 129, 134, 135." Wakerley, 81, 82. Wakes Colne, 54. Walberton, 132. Waldershare, 73, 74.* Walney Island, 75. Waltham Abbcy, 56.* Waltham-on-the-Wolds, 79, 81, 82. Waltham St. Lewrence, 10. Walthamstow, 56.* Walton, 6, 7. Walton-on-Naze, 56.* Wantage, 11-13, 143. Wardour, Vale of, 143, 144. Ware, 92, 96. Warfield, 10. Wargrave, 10. Warminster, 142, 143. Warrington, 77, 78.7.4 Warwick, 139. Warwickshire, 136-139. Wash, The, 87. Watcombe Clay and Breccia, 40, 44. Waterstones: Leic., 83; Linc., 86. 90,* 91; Notts., 106, 108, 110*; Shrops., 111; Staff., £20, 122, 124, Watford, 92. Watts, W. W., 113. the page named. 172 Wealden Beds : Berks. and Oxon., 8, 11, 12; Bucks., 16,19; Dorset, 45, 48 ; Hants., 63, 68; Kent, 69, 74, 74*; Surrey and Sussex, 129, 134-135; Wilts., 140, 143, 144.* Wear Valley, 102. Weeley, 56, 56.* Welland Valley, 81, 82. Wellington College, 9, 10, 15, 65. Wellington, 113. Wem, 112. Wenden, 54. Westbury, 142-144. West Gowes, 68.* West Dereham, 100.* Westerfield, 128.* West Felton, 111. West Firle, 133, 134. West Grimstead, 141. West Ham, 56.* West Hartlepool, 105. Westminster, 94. Westmorland, 32-35. Weston-super-Mare, 114, 119. Weybourne Crag, 99.. Weymouth, 49, 50. Whatborough Hill, 82. Wheatacre, 100, 100.* Wheatfield, 11. Wheatley. 12. Whitaker, W., 54. Whitby (Cheshire), 31 ; (Yorks.), 151, 152.* Whitchurch, 112. Whitecliff (Devon), 42, 43; (Hants.), 64-66. Whitefield, 144.* Whitehaven, 34. White Heather Laundry, 96. White Lias: Glos.,.61; Leic. and Rutland, 883; Notts., 108; Somer- set, 118; South Wales, 157. White. Nothe, 47, 48.. Whitmore, 122. Whitstable, 72: * Whittlesford, 24, 54. Whitwell, 82. Wickham, 66. Wickham Market, 126. Widnes, 77, 78:* Widworthy, 42. Wight, Isle of, 63-68. Wigston, 83. Wildgreave Farm, 77, 78.* Wilford, 110.* INDEX. > Willesden, 95, 96. Willoughby, 90.* Wills, L. J., 153. Wilmington, 43. Wiltshire, 140-145. Wimbish, 54. Wincanton, 116. Wincham, 29, 31. Windsor, 8, 10. Wing, 12, 22. Winkfield, 10, 11, 15. Winsford, 29, 31. Winslow, 20. Wirral, 29. Witham (Essex), 54. Witham Friary, 116. Witham Valley (Linc.), 88. Witney, 15. Woburn, 2, 3, 6. Woking, 132, 134.* Wokingham, 10. Wolds (Linc.), 89; (Yorks.), 147, 148. Wolseley, 124. Wolverhampton, 122, 124. Wombourne, 124. Womenswold, 72, 73. Woodbastwick, 100.* Woodbridge, 128.* Woodhall, 89, 90.* Woodward, H. B., 16, 26, 136, 140. Woolacott, D., 112. Woolhampton, 10. Woolliston, 113.- Woolverstone, 128.* Woolwich Beds—Sec Reading Beds. Wooton-under-Edge, 61. Wootton, 63, 64. Wootton Bassett, 143-144.* Worbarrow, 48, 49. Worcester, 137. Worcestershire, 136-139. Worthing, 132. Wouldham, 73. Wreak Valley, 79. Wrotham, 74. Wye, 73. Wytham, 13-15. Y. Yarmouth, 97, 98, 100, 100.* Yellow Sands, 102, 104, 105, Yeovil, 117. York, 148, 152.* Yorkshire, 146-152.* 7 * Table following the page named. ONE-INCH MAP, OLD SERIES (1 inch -to the mile, or 1 to 63360). Nos. 1 to 110, which have not yet been replaced by New Series Maps, are issued as whole sheets ad quarter-aheets, hand-coloured, i “ Solid oe ” editi i i Boren Mera, ? anaes red, in either a “ Solid’? or a ‘Drift’ edition, or in both. 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