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Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous fauna of
MEMOIRS

THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

Dalwontologia Indiea,

BEING

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ORGANIC REMAINS PROCURED DURING THE
PROGRESS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA IN COUNCIL.

Ser. VIL and XIV.

TERTIARY AND UPPER CRETACEOUS FAUNA OF WESTERN
INDIA.

Vol. I.

CONTENTS. :

Part 1. 1871-ON SOME TERTIARY CRABS FROM SIND AND KUTCH, BY FER-

DINAND STOLICZKA, Ph.D., F.G.S., PALEONTOLOGIST, GEOLO-
GICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

» 2  1880.-SIND FOSSIL CORALS AND ALCYONARIA, BY P. MARTIN
DUNCAN, M.B. (LOND.), F.R.S., V.P.G.S.

» 3. 1882-86-FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA OF WESTERN SIND AND THE COAST OF
BILUCHISTAN AND OF THE PERSIAN GULF, FROM THE TER-
TIARY FORMATIONS, BY P. MARTIN DUNCAN, M.B. (LOND),
F.BS., FG.S. F.LS. AND W. PERCY SLADEN, F.GS., F.LS.

» 4 1883~THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR, BY
P. MARTIN DUNCAN, M.B. (LOND.), F-R.8. AND W. PERCY
SLADEN, F.GS., F.LS., F.ZS, WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
W.T. BLANFORD, F-R.S,, F.LS., F-Z.S.

 

CALCUTTA :

SOLD AT THE
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OFFICE AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.
LONDON: TRUBNER, & Co.

 

MDCCCLXXI—LXXXVI.

 

PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA, 8, HASTINGS STREET,
NOTICE.

—~——

When the Palzeontologia Indica was begun, no rule seems to have been fixed as to
what should constitute a ‘Series.’ A change of authors or a very partial change of
subject was considered sufficient for a change of series, and so the numbers rose
to XIV. After 1880 the whole were arranged into the seven natural groups, as
now indicated on the covers of the Survey publications; but to avoid confusion no
renumbering was introduced, each willbe continued under the highest series-num-
ber attained within that group. Thus, in the present volume, Dr. Stoliczka’s short
paper forming series VII had to be linked with the greatly more extended work of
Dr. Martin Duncan and Mr. Percy Sladen begun as series XIV. The tertiary fossils
will form by far the most extensive series of the Indian region, and it will be a
question for future consideration whether all should not be brought within this series,
under a slightly expanded title ; but as the tertiary rocks of Western and of Eastern
India are widely separated it may be thought better to keep the description of the

latter permanently distinct.

H. B. MEDLICOTT,

CaLcurta, Director of the Geological Survey of India.
November 1886.
CONTENTS AND ALPHABETICAL INDEX

GENERA AND SPECIES.

OF

PART 1. TERTIARY CRABS OF SIND AND KUTCH.

Galenopsis, 11.
mourchisoni, 11.

Neptunus, 3.
wynneanus, 4.
sindensis, 7.

Paleocarpilius, 8.
rugifer, 8,
sumplex, 11.

Typilobus, n, gen. 14.
granulosus, 15.

PART 2. SIND FOSSIL CORALS AND ALCYONARIA.

Agaricia, 98.
danz, 98.
Antillia, 84.
indica, 84.
plana, 84.
Astrea, 44.
morloti, Reuss. (small var.) 44.
Astrocenia, 41, 64.
blanfordi, 41.
5 Duncan, var, 42.
cellulata, 42.
gibbosa, 43,
nana, 42.
numisma, Defranc, sp, 64.
ramosa, Sow., var. minor, 43.

Astrxopora, 99.
hemisphoerica, 99.

Blagrovia, gen, nov., 28.
simplex, 28.

Blanfordia, gen. nov., 73.
nummiformis, 73.

Brachyphyllia, 90.
indica, 90.

Calamophyllia, 62, 86.
indica, 62.
elongata, 86.
Caryophyllia, 17, 82.
compressa, 17,
feddeni, 18.

 

gajensis, 82.
indica, 17.
Ceratotrochus, 106.
exaratus, 106,
Cladocora, 95,
haimei, 95.
Cyathoseris, 47.
orientalis, 47.
Cyclolites, 52, 79.
alpina, D’Orb., sp. 52.
altavillensis, 54.
anomala, 54.
crenulata, 52.
haimei, 54.
orientalis, 79.
ranikoti, 52.

5 Duncan, var. 52.
striata, 55.
superba, 54.
vicaryi, 53.

Cycloseris, 79, 97.
magnifica, 97.
perezi, 79.

D’Achiardia, gen. nov-, 92.

densa, 92.

lobata, 93.
Dasyphyllia, 76, 85.

gemmans, 76.

sp. 85.

 

Diploria, 39.
flexuosissima, 39.

Echinopora, 96.
maxima, 96.
miocenica, 96.
Elliptoseris, gen. nov., 48.
aperta, 48.

Favia, 63.
maliriensis, 63.
pedunculata, 64.

Feddenia, 36.
cristata, 37.
elongata, 37.
typica, 36.

» var. 1, 36.

2, 37.

” ”

Heliastrea, 89.
anomala, 90,
digitata, 89.
sindiana, 89,

Hydnophora, 63.

maliriensis, 63.

Isastrea, 44, 65.
irregularis, 65.
irregularis, Duncan, var,, 65.
punctata, 44.
vi

Isis, 108.
compressa, 109.
danz, 108.
» Duncan, var. 108.

elongata, 108.

sp. 1, 109.

sp. 2, 110.

sp. 3, 110.

Latimeandra, 62, 93.
gajensis, 94,
insignis, 62.
parvula, 93,
reussi, 93.

Leptocyathus, 60.
epithecata, 60.

Leptomussa, 85.
rugosa, 85,

Leptoria, 39, 77, 87.
concentrica, 77, 87.
hydnophoroidea, 39.

Litharea, 29, 57, 80.
epithecata, | 23.

5 nobis, var. hemis-
pherica, 24,
grandis, 57.
nodulosa, 80.

Madrepora, 98.
sp. 98.
Meandrina, 77.
medlicotti, 77.
Monticulastrea, gen. nov., 87.
elongata, 88.
inequalis, 88.
insignis, 87,
solidior, 88.
Montlivaltia, 34, 61, 76, 85.
granti, 34.
indica, 61.
jacquemonti, 85.
lynyani, 35.
ranikoti, 35.
vignei, 76,

Pachyseris, 49, 46.
affinis, 96.

CONTENTS AND INDEX.

exarata, 97.
murchisoni, 46.
Phyllocenia, 106.
irradians, 106.
Pironastrea, 45.

indica, 45.
Placocyathus, 28,
striatus, 28.
Plesiastreea, 66, 91.
costata, 91.
decipiens, 91.
eocenica, 66.
pedunculata, 92.
Plocophyllia, 38.
flabellata, 39.
sindiana, 38.
Porites, 57, 67, 99.
gajensis, 99,
indica, 67.
pellegrinii, 67.
superposita, 57.
Prionastrea, 78, 94,
fungiformis, 95.
gajensis, 94,
insignis, 78.
tenuiseptata, 78.
Pterastrea, 65.
mirabilis, 65.

Reussastrea, 45.
grandis, 45.
Rhabdophyllia, 21, 77.
barkii, 22.
nariensis, 77.

Siderastroea, 106,
funesta, 106.

Smilotrochus, 19.
blanfordi, 20.
jakhmari, 19.

Stephanocenia, 40.
maxima, 83.
microtuberculata, 40.

Stephanophyllia, 56.
indica, 56.

Stylina, 30, 61.
reussi, 30.

 

 

tertiaria, 61.

 

 

Stylocenia, 30, 75, 106,
emarciata, 106.
maxima, 30, 32.
ranikoti, 33.
taurinensis, 75.
viearyi, 32.

Stylophora, 21, 61, 73, 83.
confusa, 83.
contorta, 61,
minuta, Duncan, var,, 83.
pulcherrima, 73,
sp., 21,

Thamnastrea, 55.
balli, 55.

Trochocyathus, 18,27,59, 69, 82.

burnesi, 69.

corbicula, 27,

cyclolitoides, 72.

gajensis, 82,

lakii, 18.

nariensis, 71.

5 Duncan, var. 72.
nummiformis, 70.
sy Duncan, var,
1, 71.
nummiformis, Duncan, var,
2, 71.

nummuliticus, 59.

van-den-heckei, 105,
Trochoseris, 47.

difformis, 47.
Trochosmilia 29, 74, 106.

corniculum, 106.

dharanensis, 75.

medlicotti, 29.

multisinuosa, 106,

oldhami, 74,

varicosa, 74,
Turbinaria, 99.

sitaensis, 99.
Turbinoseris, 49.

elegans, 51,

epithecata, 49,

haimei, 50.

indica, 50.

ranikoti, 49,
CONTENTS AND INDEX.

vil

PART 3. FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA OF WESTERN SIND AND THE COAST OF BILUCHIS-
TAN AND OF THE PERSIAN GULF, FROM TERTIARY FORMATIONS.

Acanthechinus, gen. nov. 34.
nodulosus, 34,
olopneustes, gen. nov., 47.
de Lorioli, sp. noy., 48.
Amblypygus, 139.
latus, 148.
patelleformis, 144,
subrotundus, 140.
tumidus, 146.
Arachniopleurus, gen. nov., 42.
reticulatus, sp. nov,, 42.

Breynia, 228, 342
carinata, 229, 343.
Brissopatagus, 226.
sindensis, 226.
Brissopsis, 202.
sufflatus, 203.
Brissus, 354.
sp. 354.

Cassidulus, 65, 182.
ellipticus, sp. nov., 65.
subinvaginatus, 182.
Cidaris, 7, 25, 109, 250, 279, 372,
detached spines of several sp.,
283.
excelsa, 281.
lacrymula, sp, nov., 8.
opipara, 279.
sp. 25, 250, 373.
sp. (goniocidaris ?), 372.
verneuili, 26.
Clypeaster, 257, 319, 376.
complanatus, 325.
depressus, 327.
monticulifera, 258.
pelviformis, 324.
profundus, 319.
pulvinatus, 322.
simplex, 257.
sp., 257.
suffarcinatus, 376.
Ceelopleurus, 251, 286.
equis, 2051.
forbesi, d’Arch. and Haimo,
amended, 287,

 

 

forbesi, d’Arch. and Haime,
premature form, 295,
pratti, 254,
sindensis, 298.
#5 young form, 299.
Conoclypeus, 51, 124.
alveolatus, 124.
declivis, sp. nov., 53.
galerus, 129.
pinguis, 126.
rostratus, 128.
sindensis, sp. nov., 51.
sp., 52.
Cyphosoma, 31, 116.
abnormale, D. and S., sp. nov.,
32.
macrostoma, 116.
sp., 33.
undatum, 117.

Dictyopleurus, gen. nov., 38.
@archiaci, sp. nov., 41.
haimei, D. & S., var., 40,
haimei, sp. nov., 39.
ziczac, 38.

Echinanthus, 12, 64, 177.
enormis, sp. nov., 64,
intermedius, 177,
pumilus, sp. nov., 13.

Echinocyamus, 132.
nummuliticus, 132.

3 var. obesus, 134.
5 » oviformis, 135.
Pr » planas, 135.

rotundus, 135.

Kchinodiscus, 327, 381.
auritus, Leske, var., 381.
desori, 328.

» D.&S. var. 328.
ellipticus, 330.
elongatus, 331,
placenta, 329,
sp. 329, 331.

Echinolampas, 152, 258, 332.
angustifolia, 164.
requivoca, 173.

 

d’Archiaci, 259.
difficilis, 258.
discoidens, 261.

a d’Arch. var. a., 262-
» BB. 263.
» Yy 263-

” ”?

jacquemonti, 332,
juvenilis, 170.
lepadiformis, 172.
nummulitica, 167.
obesa, 157.
placenta, 264.
radakensis, 260.
rotunda, 152.
sindensis, 159. ;
3 var. hemispherica,
163.
sp. 176.
sp. (junior), 174.
spheroidalis (P), 338.
subconica, 155.
tumida, 265.
»  D.&S. var, 267.

_Echinus, 317.

subcrenatus, 317.
Eolampas, gen. nov., 61, 150.

antecursor, sp. nov., 62.

excentricus, 150.
Eurhodia, 69, 70.

morrisii, 70.
Eurypneustes, gen, nov., 45.

grandis, sp. nov., 46.
Euspatangus, 235, 267.

avellana, 235.

cordiformis, 238.

rostratus, 240, 267.

Genus indet., 241.
etsp. indet., 241,

Hemiaster, 78, 193.
apicalis, 193.
carinatus, 198,
digonus, d’Arch. sp., 200,
elongatus, sp. nov., 78.
nobilis, 196.
sp., 81, 201, 202.
viii

Hipponoé, 310.
antiqua, 313.
proavia, 310.

Tlarionia. 179.

_ sindensis, 179.

Laganum, 379.
tumidum, 379.

Leiocidaris, 109.
eanaliculata, 109.

Lepidopleurus, gen. nov., 306.

granulatus, 308.

hemisphericus, 306.
Linthia, 17, 82, 217.

indica, sp. nov., & a var., 82.

orientalis, 217.

sindensis, sp. nov., 18.

sp., 85.

Macropneustes, 229.
rotundus, 232.

speciosus, 229.

Meoma, 342.
sp.? 342.

Metalia, 93, 206.
agariciformis, 213.
depressa, 211.
scutiformis, d’Arch. sp., 209.

3 (?) var. rotunda,
211.
sowerbyi, d’Arch. sp., 93.
sp. 215, 216.

CONTENTS AND INDEX.

Micraster, 189.
tumidus, 189.

Micropsis, 119.
venustula, 119.

Moira, 225, 342.
primeva, 225.
sp.? 342.

rotundus, sp. nov., 76.

Paralampas, gen, nov., 72.
minor, sp. nov., 74.
pileus, sp. nov., 73.

Peripneustes, 234,
sp., 234.

Phyllacanthus, 26.
ranikoti, sp. nov., 27.
sindensis, sp. nov., 27.
sp., 28.

Phylloclypeus, 53.
sp. 54,

Plesiolampas, 9, 54.
elongata, sp. nov., 10.
ovalis, sp. nov., 58.
placenta, sp. nov., 54,
polygonalis, sp. nov., 61.
proelonga, sp. nov., 56.
rostrata, sp.nov., 61.

Porocidaris, 112.
anomala, 113.

Prenaster, 90.

 

oviformis, sp. nov., 90.

Neocatopygus, gen. nov., 76.

 

Progonechinus, gen. nov., 43.
eocenicus, 43.

Rhynchopygus, 67, 184.
calderi, d’Arch. and Haime,
sp., 67, 184.
pygmoous, sp. nov., 68, 187.

Salenia, 28.
blanfordi, sp, nov., 29.

Salmacis, 374.
sp., 374,

Schizaster, 86, 220, 268, 339.
alveolatus, sp. nov., 87.
baluchistanensis, 224.
granti, 268, 339.
simulans, 223.
sp., 224.
suffatus, 339.
symmetricus, 220.

Sismondia, 137.
polymorpha, 137.

Spines of cidaridz, 50, 373.

Spines of species of cidaris, 50.

Temnechinus, 122, 303.

affinis, 303.

gajensis, 305.

rousseaui, d’Arch. and Haime,

sp., 122.

stellulatus, 304.
Temnopleurus, 375.

simplex, 375.

PART 4. THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR.

Amblypygus, 12.
dltus, 16.

americanus, 13.

apheles, 13.

arnoldi, 13.

dilatus, 13.

pentagonalis, 18.
Arachniopleurus, 11.

reticulatus, D. and S. var., 11.

Breynia, 66.
carinata, 66.

Brissopsis, 89.
sp.?, 89.

Cidaris, 51, 80.
depressa, 80.
granulata, 80.
halaensis, 51.

Czlopleurus, 53, 81.
forbesi, 53, 81.

Clypeaster, 11, 48, 58.
apertus, 11.

 

carteri, 49.

 

depressus, 58,
faloriensis, 50.
goirensis, 58.
profundus, 74,
sowerbyi, 49.
waageni, 58.

Echinodiscus, 60.
desori, 60.

Echinolampas, 19, 50, 61.
alta, 19.

alta, D. and S. var., 22.
damesi, 27.
feddeni, 23.
haimei, 27.
indica, 61.
insignis, 29.
jacquemonti, 64.
kachensis, 25,
sp., 31, 32, 50.
sphaeroidalis, 64,
vicaryi, 33.
wynnei, 63.

Euspatangus, 46, 51, 70, 87.

affinis, 46.
patellaris, 70, 87.
rostratus, 47, 51.

CONTENTS AND INDEX.

Goniocidaris, 52.
affinis, 52.

Grammechinus, gen. nov., 82.
regularis, 82.

Hemiaster, 33.
carinatus, 35.
decipiens, 34,
sp., 35.

Moira, 64,
antiqua, 64,

Peripneustes, 41.
insignis, 42.

 

 

ix

Schizaster, 37, 70, 88.
baluchistanensis,d’ Arch.,var.,38.
granti, 70.

» nobis, 88.

Sismondia, 91.
polymorpha, var. sufflata, 91.

Temnechinus, 57, 84.
affinis, 86.
costatus, d’Arch., sp., 84.
rousseaui, d’Arch. sp., 57, 84.
tuberculosus, d’Arch. & Haime,

sp., 85.

Troschelia, gen. nov., 67.

tuberculata, 67.
MEMOIRS

OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

eee.

Dalwontologia Budica,

OBSERVATIONS ON FOSSIL CRABS FROM TERTIARY DEPOSITS IN SIND AND Kurcu,
by Ferp. StoniozKa, Pu. D., Paleontologist, Geological Survey of India.

[ With Plates I—V ].

The fossil Crustacea, about to be noticed in the present communication, all
belong to the Decapod group, with a short, ventrally inflected tail, known under
the name of Brachyura. Al. Milne-Edwards, in one of his recent publications,*
specially devoted to the study of fossil Crustacea, separates the Brachyura into
B. macrocephala, which have the facial region well developed, and B. microce-
phala, which have it less developed.

The former he sub-divides into Dacroceph. eustomata, with a broad frontal
region, and DMacr. oligorhyncha, in which the same part becomes considerably
narrowed. The Hustomata he again classes in Oyclometopa, Catometopa, and
Oayrhyncha. The first tribe, the forms of which are characterized by a large cara-
pace with the anterior part regularly curved, the posterior contracted, and in the
males of which the tail occupies the whole width of the sternum, includes two
large families, the porruwrpm and cawcerrp.s, the former having the last pair
of feet natatory, and broadly flattened, while in the latter the same are ambulatory,
and quite similar in form to the three preceding pairs of feet. The greater number
of the tertiary fossil Brachywra belongs to these two families, each of which is
again sub-divided into sub-families and a great number of genera, carefully reviewed
by Al. Milne-Edwards in the above quoted work. As compared with each other,
the cawczripm are in recent and fossil state more numerous than the Porrvnipz.
IT will note three species of the former, belonging to the genera Paleocarpilius and
Galenopsis, and two species of the latter, referable to the genus Neptunus.

The second principal division of the Brachywra,—the Microcephala,—only
includes the family zzvcoszp#, and in this I will have to record a very peculiar
small crab, for which I propose the new generic name Typilobus.

* Histoire des Crustacés Podophthalmaires fossiles, Vol. I, Paris, 1861-65, (Ann. de Sc. Nat., ivme Série).
2 STOLICZKA :—TERTIARY

Until very recently, there was only one species of tertiary Brachywra known
from North-Western India. It was described by Messrs. Haime and d’Archiac
from the nummulitic beds of Sind under the names of Arges Mirchisoni and
Edwardsii, and was referred by Al. Milne-Edwards, under the former specific
name, to his newly proposed genus Galenopsis. The same author also states that
certain specimens from the Hala range of Sind are identical with Paleocarpilius
macrocheilus, Desm., a well-known species occurring in eocene deposits through
a large part of Southern Europe and also in Egypt. Although it seems unlikely
that M.-Edwards should have been mistaken in his identification, I am unable to
refer any of our very numerous specimens from those regions to P. macrocheilus,
but I will describe a similar species under the name of Paleoc. rugifer.

The materials which form the subject of the present memoir had been partially
deposited for some time in the Museum of the Geological Survey of India: they
are those to be noticed from Sind; partially they were more recently collected in
Kutch by Mr. A. B. Wynne, who had charge of the geological survey of this
province. The stratigraphic position of the beds from which the fossils have been
derived will be found discussed by Mr. Wynne in his report on the geology of
Kutch, published in the Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India.

Besides the six species, which I shall deseribe in greater detail, I would only
draw attention to some interesting fragments of two other Brachyura. They are
not sufficiently perfect to give distinctly recognizable characteristics of the species,
but they may serve as a guide in further search after these interesting fossils.
I have therefore given a few illustrations of these fragments.

Figs. 1 and 2, on Plate II, represent the outer and inner views of two right
hands, evidently belonging to a Canceroid, and probably to an Atergatis, or a
Galena, Only these two specimens are in the collection; they are from a yellowish
brown argillaceous rock between Soojapoor and Badra, south of Mhurr in Kutch ;
the beds belong to Mr. Wynne’s Argillaceous group of the nummulitic series,

Figs. 3—10, on Plate I, represent right and left hands apparently of one
of the erarsipz, an Uca or Cardisoma, or some other allied genus. The two
hands are equal’ or sub-equal; the left appears to be less inflated ; the palms are
nearly quadrangular, with a sharp serrated edge above and below, granular on the
surface, the granules being most numerous on the median part of the outer side
and on the lower half of the inner side; they are conspicuously larger at the base
of the fingers than in other places. The fingers are of a rather slender shape,
and nearly equal the palms in length; they are moderately arched on the outer
serrated edge; each finger has two longitudinal rows of distant spines, which in
the fossils, are usually indicated only by small pits. The immovable fingers have
the internal edge closely and sub-equally tuberculated, the tubercles being flattened
about the middle, and more or less confluent. The movable fingers have the
inner edge sharper, on the basal half provided with a few large tubercles, and
further on very finely serrated. Fragments of the chele of this species are more
common than those of the Oanceroid, just noticed; they were also collected by
CRUSTACEA FROM KUTCH AND SIND. 3

Mr. Wynne in the same argillaceous beds of the nummulitic series between Sooja-
poor and Badra, and also to the north of the former locality, in Kutch.

Family,—PORTUNID.
Genus,—NEPTUNUS, Haan.

The species of Neptunus are easily distinguished from the allied genera, Scylla,
Lupa, and Achelous, by having the last, or costal spine, considerably longer than
the remaining eight spines of the antero-lateral margin.

The recent species are tolerably numerous in the Eastern and American seas;
‘one also occurs in the Mediterranean. Of fossil forms Al. Milne-Edwards
only lately described six tertiary species, one from France, one from Sardinia,
and four from Northern Italy (Vicentin), (Vide Hist. des crust. Podophthal. foss.,
vol. i, 1861-65, p. 106, et seq.). To these I have to add two new species from the
tertiary beds of Sind, N. Wynneanus and Sindensis. They exhibit some pecu-
liarities which deserve special mention, because they throw some light upon the
value of certain characters in the porrunips.

Haan (in Fauna Japonica) distinguished three equivalent sub-genera, Neptunus,
Amphitrite, and Pontus. They are all characterized by the large size of the costal
spine. The sub-divisions are made according to the form of the third endopodite
joint of the outer maxillary feet. In Neptunus this joint is longer than broad,
with the lower inner angle conspicuously produced, and with the upper hinder
edge rounded. In Amphitrite the upper hinder edge of the third endopodite is con-
siderably produced and also rounded. In Pontus the same joint is said to be square.
The last sub-genus is based upon a new species not further characterized. Amphitrite
was accepted by Dana, but united with Neptwnus by Milne-Edwards. The charac-
ter relating to the form of the third joint seems to be subordinate, but it is remark-
able to find the Ampitrite-form already represented in fossil species, as may be seen
from the examination of V. Wynneanus. This shows that the character in question
possesses a certain constancy, and that some classificatory value may be attached to
it. It would probably be convenient to retain Amphitrite as a sub-genus of
Neptunus, though under a different denomination, Amphitrite having been already
used by Miller in 1771 as a generic name. In the other species which I shall
notice, Mept. Sindensis, the third endopodite of the outer maxillipeds is not pre-
served, but both species agree in one or two other points.

In the typical Neptunus (type, N. pelagicus) the antennulary ridge is ante-
riorly produced into a sharp spine which projects beyond the front margin. In
the two Indian fossil species the spine is indicated, but does not even reach the
margin. I also do not see it indicated in the figures of the species, referred by de
Haan to Amphitrite, and as I have no recent examples of this to compare, I
cannot say what importance is to be attached to the development of this spine, but
it appears that, if Milne-Edwards is correct in identifying the three forms under
one genus, as he has done, the long inter-antenaulary spine cannot be regarded as
an essential character of Neptunus.
4 STOLICZKA :—TERTIARY

A third point which deserves mention in the two Indian fossil species is the
comparative shortness and great thickness (or height) of the hand; the species agree
in this respect, as well as in the distribution of the tubercles on the fingers, much
better with Scylla than with any of the recent species of Meptwnus, in which
the hand of the Chel@ is always very much elongated and comparatively thin.

Neptunus Wynneanvs, Stol., Pl. I, Figs. 1—2.

The carapace of the female is transversally oblong, the width being in pro-
portion to its length as 82 : 17, nearly smooth above, finely granular at the lateral
margins; the median portion is slightly and somewhat irregularly tumid, the
different divisions being marked by shallow depressions; towards the lateral and
front margins the carapace is flattened or slightly concave. The frontal lobes
are small, little elevated, separated from each other by a groove which originates
between the two median frontal spines and continues between the rounded epi-
gastric lobes to the faint epigastric line, which is somewhat flexuous in the
middle; the proto- and meso-gastric are nearly confluent, but distinctly higher
than the adjoining hepatic region. The metagastric lobe, including the basal
urogastric portion, which occupies the centre of the back, is margined below, and
laterally by a distinct horse-shoe shaped groove; from this a short groove on
either side bounds the upper portion of the cardiac region, the epicardiac being
in the middle slightly depressed, forming two rounded lobes, while the meta-
cardiac consists of three parts, the median of which is broadest, most elevated,
and slopes gradually to the posterior margin. The epibranchial is not distinct
from the adjoining hepatic region, but the meso— and meta— branchial are about
equally tumid and nearly confluent; there is also a small rounded lobe distinct
on each side of the upper edge of the epicardiac region, between the urogastric,
the meso— and meta— branchial; it may be regarded as an internal portion of the
last lobe. ‘

‘The front margin is almost straight, with six sub-equal depressed spines, those
at the inner edge of the orbits being a little broader and shorter than the others,
but less projecting. The orbits are large, elongately oval, with finely serrated
margins; each is somewhat longer than half the length of the front; the upper
margin has two incisions, a longer median one, and a shorter near the external
spine; the lower margin has only one near the external spine; the lower internal
angle of the orbit is produced into a broadly accuminate tooth.

The antero-lateral margin is, as usually, marked with nine spines; the eight
anterior ones are alternately larger and smaller, all directed forward and slightly
upwards; the ninth, or costal spine, is more than double the size of any of the
others, and almost straight; its anterior edge is very minutely serrated, and there
are also a few interspersed granules at the edges between the other spines. The
epibranchial, finely granular, line runs from the tip of the costal spine in a
fiexuous curve towards the median upper edge of the mesobranchial lobe, where
it becomes indistinct. The infero-lateral margin is also marked above by a raised
CRUSTACEA FROM KUTCH AND SIND. 5

granular edge, extending from the costal spine two-thirds the length, where the
lateral, flexuously bent, border of the equally finely serrated rim of the ‘posterior
margin comes in. The side of the carapace below the serrated line of the postero-
lateral margin is densely covered with fine, slightly unequal, granules. The sub-
hepatic region which extends on the ventral side of the carapace from the inner
angle of the eye to the costal spine is throughout very distinctly granular, (includ-
ing the lower side of the antero-lateral spines), and is separated from the antero-
pleural region by a raised granular line; the pleural region itself is only near
this line granular; on the inner area it is nearly smooth, and so is also its
internal slightly thickened margin, the upper edge of which is curved, rather
elevated, and extending to the base of the antenne.

The basal joint of the external antenne occupies the inner angle of the orbit;
it is very short, oblique, somewhat rugose on the surface and thicker at the end,
with a short prolongation on the lower external side, coalescing with the inner
lower spine of the orbit and reaching to within a short distance from its tip.
The so-called auditory tubercle at the outer base of the antenne is very small, oval.

The pit for the inner antenne, or antennule, is oval, with the lower margin
insinuated, entire; its length equals about half that of the orbit; a shallow groove
runs from it above the base of the external antenne. The greater part of the
internal cavity of the pit is occupied by the subtrihedral auditory sack, (see fig. 2a,
pl. i,) which is attached to the external side of the small basal joint of the
antennule. The inter-antennulary ridge which separates the pits is short, its
lower portion is concave below and anteriorly it is produced into a short point.
It is not very well preserved in any of the specimens which I have examined,
but it certainly does not appear to have projected beyond the frontal margin, a
character which Milne-Edwards considers essentially distinctive for all species’
of Neptunus. The epistome is sulcated for the whole of its width; it is longest
in the middle, the posterior raised edge being angularly bent and entirely minutely
serrated. The endostome is placed a little higher than the epistome; it is nar-
rowest in the middle, divided by a sharp crest; the lateral endostomic ridges are
oblique, at the posterior edge considerably thickened and raised.

Of the maxillary feet only the outer pair is partially preserved. The basilary
joint, or epipodite, is very thin; the first joint of the endopodite is triangular, with
an obtuse angle below and a short cross groove near it, extending from the inner
margin to half the width. The second joint of the endopodite is the largest ; its
proportions of length to breadth are as 5: 2; the base is narrowest, nearly straight
with the usual tooth on the outer side; the inner margin is convex, the outer
concave, and the upper still more so; at a distance of two-fifths of the breadth
from the inner margin runs a longitudinal groove, but it does not reach the
base. The third joint is sub-quadrangular, about two-thirds the length of the
second joint; its lower and outer margins are flexuous, the inner slightly oblique,
and the upper much so, the upper posterior angle being considerably produced

and rounded, a character upon which Haan based his sub-genus Amphitrite,
2
6 STOLICZKA :—TERTIARY

as already noticed. The fourth joint is articulated a little below the upper
anterior angle; it is short and thick. The two last joints have not been observed.
Of the exopodite, or external branch, only the second joint is preserved; its
width equals one-third the width of the corresponding endopodite, and its length
nearly that of the second and third joints together, which character again agrees
better with Haan’s Amphitrite than with Neptunus (as restricted).

The chele are equal in size in the female. The total length of each exceeds
the width of the carapace by a little more than one-sixth. The distribution of
the spines and tubercles on the different joints is the same, as in nearly all other
PorTunip#; they can easily be traced from figs. 1, and la, and 10, on pl. i. The
surface is, as usually, granular near the rounded edges of the joints and between
the spines, at the sides it is smooth. The hands are mostly smooth, above
with two ridges, externally and internally near the middle somewhat roundly
tumescent, the inner sub-marginal sharp tubercle between the digits being distinct,
the outer just traceable; the lower side is rounded. The length of the hand
itself slightly exceeds that of one finger, and its height is a little more than
one-third of the total length, which form more agrees with Scylla than with
Neptunus, as already noticed. The sub-median longitudinal, punctated, groove on
the inner and outer sides of the immovable finger is only slightly indicated ;
the interlocking tubercles on both the movable and immovable digits, and
especially those at the base of the movable, also exactly correspond to those
of Scylla serrata, both in number and relative size.

Of the three pairs of ambulatory feet only portions are preserved, and these
show clearly the compressed form of the different joints; the anterior side is
always a little flatter than the posterior, and the upper edges of all the joints
beginning at the terminal portion of the femur is crested. The form of the last,
or natatory, pair of feet has not been observed.

The sternal plastrum with its different divisions offers no occasion for remark;
its form is clearly exhibited in figs. 1 and 20 of pl. ii. Its length is only slightly
larger than its width, and neither of the two measurements equals half the
breadth of the carapace. The tail of the female consists, as usually, of seven
joints ; the four first are very short, transversally subangular ; the fifth is nearly, and
the sixth fully, three times as long as any of the preceding joints. The first and
fourth joints are equal in breadth, the second is a little wider, and the third the
widest; the sixth joint is bottle-shaped, truncate above and below; the seventh is
triangular and smallest.

Of the male only an incomplete carapace (figs. 2, 20, and 2b), has been
examined. It differs, so far as preserved, in no other respect from that of the
female, except ‘that the tail is much narrower, more regularly trigonal, with very
slightly concave sides, and that the third, fourth, and fifth joints are united, the
anterior part, corresponding to the third joint, being the widest.

Geological position.—Three specimens have been procured by Mr. A. B.
Wynne in a soft, yellow, argillaceous bed, together with great numbers of
CRUSTACEA FROM KUTCH AND SIND. i

Orbitoides and other Foraminifera of the nummulitic series, in a stream under
Kootra hill, near Pipur, Kutch.

Neptunus Srnpensis, Stol., Pl. II, Figs. 3—5, and Pl. III, Fig. 1.

The carapace of this species is slightly more than one-third broader than long,
the breadth being in proportion to the length as 16:10, considerably less than in
the last-named species. The different regions of the upper side of the carapace are
equally well marked in both, and it is not necessary to repeat them; the horse-shoe
shaped groove, defining the meta- and uro-gastric lobes below and laterally, is deeper
than in NM. Wynneanus. The upper and lower sides of the carapace are rather
coarsely granular towards the margins. The front edge has six spines, the four in-
terior are sub-equal, those at the inner angle of the orbit less projecting and more
obtuse. The width of each orbit is more than half of the front edge, the upper
margins have each a sub-median and a posterior incision, the lower only a posterior.
The nine antero-lateral spines are alternately larger and smaller, all are slightly bent
upward and forward ; the costal spine is the largest ; it barely, however, exceeds the
outer spine of the orbit by one-half of its size, while in the last-described species it
is doubly strong.

The facial portion is remarkably thin, the inter-antennulary ridge thick, pro-
bably with an obtuse point, but certainly not projecting beyond the front margin.
The antennular pits are comparatively small and depressed; the basilar joint of
the antenne conspicuously thickened, short, with a distinct groove between it and
the front margin, and with the external appendage greatly prolonged, somewhat
spoon-shaped, and projecting almost as far as the lower spine at the inner angle of
the orbit.

Of the maxillipeds, only the first and second joints of the external pair are
preserved ; they do not differ in any particular from those of the last species,
neither does there appear to be any essential difference between the chelee and the
ambulatory feet, as far as seen preserved. The hand itself is considerably longer
than the fingers, and as the inner tubercles are again exactly similarly disposed as
in Scylla, this character combined with the increased length of the carapace exhibits
a still greater relation to that genus, than is the case in the former species.

All the specimens examined are males, with a regularly pyramidal tapering
tail; the third, fourth and fifth joints are united, but their sutures are indicated by
slight depressions ; the third joint is the widest. The sternum is a little narrower
as compared with that of the last species; its length is very nearly one-half the
width of the carapace, but its greatest breadth is only a little more than two-fifths
of the same width.

Locality —In a yellowish, nummulitic limestone, from the Lukkee Hills in
Sind. Four specimens and a number of fragments of chelee and ambulatory feet
have been for some time past deposited in the Geological Survey collection. They
were presented by Col. (now Genl. Sir) W. E. Baker.
8 STOLICZKA :—TERTIARY
Family,—CANCERID ZL.
Genus,—PALHOCARPILIUS, Milne-Ed.

Hist. Crust. Podophthalmaires foss. par Al. M.-Edwards, 1865, vol. I, p. 183.

Al. Milne-Edwards proposed the above generic name for a certain number of
tertiary and other cawcrrip#, formerly referred to Cancer, and then to Afergatis.
He very properly pointed out the greater generic relation of those species to Car-
pilius than to Atergatis, considering Desmarest’s Cancer macrocheilus as the type
of the new genus Paleocarpilius.

In summing up the principal characteristics of the genus, as distinguished
from its ally Carpilius, M.-Edwards says,— nous powvons placer en premiére ligne
la presénce des tubercules sur le bord supérieur de la main et sur la face externe
de Vavant bras, la longueur extréme de Varticle basilaire des antennes externes,” &c.
Now, the really important character appears to me to consist only in the great
length of the basilary joint of the antennae; the presence or absence of tubercles
on the hand cannot be included in the generic characters. The median extension
of the front edge seems, however, to be a very characteristic point in the shape of
the carapace of Palgocarpilius.

In the description of the genus, Milne-Edwards also says that the ambulatory
feet are cylindrical, as in Carpilius, and that in the male the tail consists of six
joints, the fourth and fifth being united. JI do not think that these characters
could strictly be applied to the species of Palgocarpilius in general. First, the
ambulatory feet are never, strictly speaking, cylindrical, not even in Carpilius ;
they are always a little compressed, but with the upper and lower edges rounded,
not crested as in Atergatis. In specimens of the Indian Pal. rugifer, the third,
fourth and fifth joints are united in the tail of the male, and this appears rather
the rule than the exception. In Milne-Edwards’ figure la, pl. iii (1. cit.) of
P. macrocheilus, those three joints also appear to be united; and Reuss indicates
their form merely by a punctated line, not by a distinct suture as between the other
joints. (Compare Denksch Akad., Wien, vol. XVII, pt. I, pl. xii, fig. 2).

PALZOCARPILIUS RUGIFER, Séol., Pl. IV, Figs. 1—6, and Pl. V, Figs. 1—5,

Carapace transversally ovate, the breadth exceeding the length very nearly.
by one-third, or being in proportion to each other as 100: 68 or 69; very convex,
the front being in young specimens almost perpendicularly deflected; in older
specimens, the deflection is sometimes a little less precipitous. The fresh surface is
covered with larger and smaller round, shallow, pits, and about the branchial regions,
with very conspicuous, more or less confluent, transverse rugosities. In old speci-
mens, these rugosities sometimes also extend over the greater part of the median
gastric region. On the posterior slope and at the postero-lateral margin, as well as
at the lower side, the surface is smooth; but when the outer somewhat glazy layer
is removed, the entire surface becomes equally and densely granular, and by further
CRUSTACEA FROM KUTCH AND SIND, 9

decomposition the granules are replaced by equally small pits. The lobes of
the carapace are indistinct, only the semi-lunar depressions at the sides of the
urogastric region are traceable.

‘The front edge has a thickened margin, with two median projecting tubercles
and two others at the inner angle of the orbit; the distance between these inner
tubercles very nearly or fully equals the length of one antero-lateral margin.
The orbits are nearly circular, deeply indented above, and with a swollen margin ;
below somewhat flattened, and with a sub-median projecting tubercle. Each antero-
lateral margin has eight tubercles, of which the last one slightly exceeds the
others in size and is also more pointed; the costal ridges are distinct, and each
nearly one-third of the breadth of the carapace.

The basilar joint of the antenne is very long, at its base scarcely higher
than at any other part of its length; it terminates with a truncate edge in
the orbit.

The basilar joint of the antennule is, as usually, semilunar, with a flexuous
upper edge; auditory tubercles somewhat smaller than the superseding portion of
the basilar joint of the antennz; epistome almost linear, conspicuously depressed
in the middle, especially below the inter-antennulary prolongation; endostome with
a sharp, almost continuous, lower edge, the lateral endostomic ridges rather close
together and somewhat curving outwards. Suture between the sub-hepatic and
pleural region simple throughout.

The second endopodite joint of the outer maxillipeds is not much longer than
broad, about the middle slightly depressed, but without any distinct groove; the
third endopodite is somewhat broader than the last, a little less high externally,
and with an obtuse angle on the inner edge; the fifth endopodite is a little longer
than the fourth, both are narrow. The second exopodite is about as long as the
second and third endopodite together, becoming somewhat narrowed towards above.
It would appear as if the comparative width of the outer maxillipeds was a little
smaller in the male than it is in the female.

The chelee are very strong, each equalling in length the greatest width of the
carapace. The fore-arm has externally three spines: two near the base, one above
the other, and one anteriorly. The right hand is scarcely longer, but consider-
mparatively more compressed than the left, on which, however,
rand longer: they are internally obtusely ridged, while the
fingers on the right hand are internally broadly flattened: there is sometimes at
the base of the lower finger an obtuse tubercle indicated. The upper edge of
the right hand is crowned with from five to seven large obtuse tubercles, that
of the left hand with four to five; the upper outer surface of each hand is very
strongly rugose; each movable finger has near the upper base hagas a ik
which in very old specimens becomes sometimes unequally bipartite. e fingers
on both hands are very distinctly black coloured, which is of usual ee
the whole of this group of c4NcBRIDZ. The ambulatory feet equal in length the

chele ; they are very distinctly laterally compressed, obtusely rounded above and
3

ably higher and co
the fingers are thinne
10 STOLICZKA :—TERTIARY

below; the last joints are comparatively very long, each considerably exceeding in
length its relatively previous joint. The last joint has a strong, punctated, groove
near the base on either side and six other longitudinal grooves originating a
short distance from the base and continuing to the tip,

The sternum is long and comparatively narrow, its greatest width being
somewhat less than one-third the width of the carapace; there is no appreciable
difference in its form in the two sexes, but the tails are, as usually, very different
in shape. In the female all the seven joints are separated; the first is short-
est, each of the four succeeding a little broader, the sixth nearly double the
length of the previous, the seventh again a little longer and of a more or less
broadly semi-elliptical or semi-oval shape. The width of all the previous joints
differs very slightly; all are about the middle slightly convex anteriorly and-
concave posteriorly. In the male, the third, fourth and fifth joints are united,
the suture being indicated by a few minute dots; the third joint is widest, and the
two others with conspicuously concave lateral margins.

In every other respect male and female specimens do not appear to differ from
each other.

Locality. Stream under Kootra Hill, near Piptr, in soft, yellowish, argil-
laceous beds, containing a very large number of Orbitulites and other Foraminifera ;
also in similar beds north of Kannai; rolled up, west of Bair, in a kind of glauconitic
sandstone; one mile east of Goer, in Kutch; and in a light-brown numumulitic
limestone in the Lukkee Hills, in Sind.

I am not certain whether the present species is the same to which Milne-
Edwards (Hist. Crust. Podoph., vol. I, p. 186,) refers as being identical with Palgoc.
macrocheilus, Desm., a species of very wide geographical distribution, occurring in
nummulitic beds of South France, Northern Italy, Egypt, and supposed also in
the Hala range of the Punjab. I have not seen a single Indian specimen which
could satisfactorily be identified with that species, but it is perhaps not correct
to suppose that Milne-Edwards had overlooked such marked distinctions
as those existing between P. macrocheilus and rugifer. The general shape of
the carapace is in both much the same; but in the Indian species the front is
considerably wider, being very nearly or fully equal to the length of the antero-
lateral margin, while in macrocheilus the latter margin is invariably longer than
the width of the front; further, none of the rugosities so conspicuous on the
branchial regions of the carapace and on the upper outer sides of the hands of
rugifer axe to be observed in any of the existing figures of macrocheilus ; in this
species also the tubercles at the upper edge of the two hands are smaller and
more numerous than in rugifer; in macrocheilus the base of the first antennary
joint is thick, sub-quadrate, and the end obliquely obtuse, while in rugifer the base
is much less high and the outer end is regularly truncate; the total length of the
basilar joint also appears to be greater in the last-named species. Some other
distinctions which seem to possess rather a generic than a specific value, I have
already had occasion to notice.
CRUSTACEA FROM KUTCH AND SIND. 11

PALZOCARPILIUS SIMPLEX, Stol., Pl. V, Fig. 6.

The single fragmentary specimen of this species indicates a transversally
oblong shape of the carapace, moderately convex, pitted above, and apparently
smooth below, with the front entire, sulcated near the edge, produced and bent
downwards in the middle; the antero-lateral margins were probably shorter than
the distance between the eyes; they are thin, without any tubercles. The basilar
joint of the antennze is narrow, slightly flexuous, and very long; it terminates with
a truncate edge in the inner angle of the orbit; its base is conspicuously thicker
than the rest of its length. The pits for the antennule are rather elongately
elliptical, and the basilar joint occupies considerably more than one-half of the
cavity ; its upper edge is raised and flexuous. The outer maxillipeds are imperfectly
preserved, but the three first endopodite joints exactly agree in form with those
of the male Paleoe. rugifer.

The chelze appear to be rather short and thick; the left hand is smooth, with-
out any tubercles at the upper edge; the outer surface is evenly, the inner angularly,
convex, the lower edge is rather sharply angular. The fingers are not quite equal
to half the length of the hand, thin, pointed, with the inner edges sharp and
slightly undulating, provided with indistinct tubercles: both are coloured black.

Although the above-noted characters are few, they are mostly so far character-
istic that they may serve as sufficient to recognize the species. It is easily distin-
guished from P. Klipsteini, which also has an entire front edge, by the great width
of the frontal region and the absence of tubercles on the hands. The great length
of the basilar joint of the antennze characterizes the species as a Paleocarpilius.

Locality—Rayve, in a white earthy limestone of the Babtia Hill, north of

Punandrow, south of Lukput.

Genus,—GALENOPSIS, Al. Milne-Edwards.
Gaenopsts Murcuisoni, I-Hdw., Pl. IIT, Fig. 2.

This species was originally described under two distinct names, Arges Mur-
chisoniand Hdwardsii, Haime and d’Archiac, (Descript. des foss. numulit. de l'Inde,
p. 340). Al. Milne-Edwards (Crust. Podoph., I, p. 350,) considers the distinctions
pointed out in the greater or lesser tumidity of the carapaces as referring to the
males and females of the same species. The same author has shown that the
generic determination of the Indian fossil was not correct, the typical species of
Arges (A. parallelus, deHaan,) belonging to the C4TOMETOPIDE, and not to the
Cancers. Having recognized the affinities of several other similar species to the
recent Galene, he proposed to unite them into a new genus, under the name Gale-
and also referred Arges Murchisoni to it. The materials at his disposal were
for an exhaustive description of the species, and unfortunately this
cannot be given even at present. We only possess in our aoa a ee
male specimen, which is, however, in several respects better preserved than any other

as yet on record. T shall, therefore, first give a brief description of this, and then

note some of the characters which bear upon the generic determination of our fossil.

NOpsis,
not sufficient
12 STOLICZKA :—TERTIARY

Carapace convex, transversally broadly ovate, about one-fourth broader than
long, broadest near the front, narrower in the branchial regions, and very much
contracted near the tail. Upper surface smooth, subhepatic region very minutely
punctated, pleural region almost equally minutely granulate. Of the different
lobes of the carapace, only the two small, rounded, frontal lobes are tolerably well
defined; a semilunar, scrobiculate, depressed groove runs on either side of the
urogastric lobe, and a slight depression separates ‘the cardiac from the posterior
branchial region, which is conspicuously convex. Front. bent downwards, its margin
greatly thickened, separated from the frontal face by a shallow groove, which
continues also above the thickened edge of the orbits; the breadth of the front
edge equals that of the two orbits together; it is four-lobed, possessing two larger
median lobes, and two smaller at the inner angles of the orbit, each sharply pro-
jecting interiorly. Orbits roundly oval, the upper edge entire, internally near the
middle with a sharp ridge; lower edge with a-smaller tubercle near the outer
orbital one and a larger at the inner angle, followed again by a very small tubercle
at the edge of the orbital hiatus. Antero-lateral margin about equal in length
to three diameters of one orbit, obtusely angular at the edge, with four unequal
tubercles,—the outer orbital rounded, the next small and obtuse, the third also
small, but pointed, the fourth largest, also pointed, and directed outwardly forward.
Postero-lateral margin smooth, rounded, about the last fourth of its length rapidly
contracted, and the last fifth of its length distinctly insinuated for the insertion
of the last ambulatory pair of feet. This insinuation greatly resembles that
of Carcinus, and is very rarely equally well marked in other cawczrzpa, but it
is characteristic for all porrunipa.

The basilar joint of antennule is transversally much elongated, with a narrow
long pit above it, communicating by a groove with the orbit, the inter-antennulary
ridge sharp, prominent. The basilary joint of the antennze must be very small,
seated in a narrow depression between the antennulary joint and the depressed.
auditory tubercle; it is not externally visible; the eye-peduncle is thick and fills
up from internally the greater part of the orbital hiatus. Epistome fully as long:
as the frontal margin, with a slight longitudinal groove; the ends slightly wider ;
in the middle with an angular projection opposite the inter-antennulary ridge,
but separated from it by a depression.

The outer maxillipeds are of great length; the upper end of the basipodite
has a convex surface, with a longer, slightly concave, upper, and a narrower,
almost vertical, antero-lateral edge,—the former for the insertion of the exopodite,
the latter for the endopodite. The first triangular endopodite is not quite
separated from the next; the second has a very distinct, slightly oblique, nearly
median, longitudinal furrow; and another less distinct one along the inner edge,
which is (at least partially) dentate. The corresponding second exopodite is appa-
rently a little longer, but scarcely of half the width of the endopodite ; third endopo-
dite subquadrangular, its length equal to half of that of the two previous joints;
inner edge with an obtuse projecting angle near the middle, the upper slope serving
for the attachment of the remaining three endopodites; the lower inner edge is
CRUSTACEA FROM KUTCH AND SIND. 13

slightly concave. The surface is marked with two diagonal depressions, one extend-
ing from the base of the fourth endopodite to the opposite infero-posterior angle, the
other from the inner sub-median projection to near the middle of the lower edge
but not reaching it, ae

The chelze appear to be of moderate length, as in most other caxcrrmz;
the upper arm is triangular, smooth, with an obtuse terminal tubercle at the
upper outer ridge, and a much sharper tubercle at the upper inner one. The palm
of the right hand (the only one as yet found preserved) is a little longer than high,
rounded above and below, and almost equally convex on the outer and inner sides.
The surface was probably smooth, or nearly so; it is partially decomposed or
removed in the specimen and appears, therefore, reticularly scrobiculate. The
fingers are very strong,,equal in length to the height of the hand; the immovable
stronger, a little shorter, but more convex at the outer margin than the other;
the inner edges are irregularly dentate and sulcated longitudinally from within.
None of the ambulatory legs are preserved.

The greatest width of the sternum is slightly less than half that of the carapace ;
the third sternite is rather coarsely scrobiculate, with a slightly convex posterior
edge, emarginate and strongly depressed in the middle. ‘Tail long and of
moderate width; all the joints apparently separated:* the first very short, but
apparently broadest, the next at least double as long, and the following gradually
increasing in length, but decreasing in breadth, each with somewhat concave lateral
margins; the last is elongately semioval, anteriorly with projecting edges, and
posteriorly obtusely rounded.

So far the description of the Indian species which Al. Milne-Edwards has, I
believe correctly, referred to his new genus Galenopsis, though in the descrip-
tion of the species (loc. cit., p. 350,) he suggests that a new generic name may
be required for it. On this account only have I gone into several minor details
which would otherwise be thought unnecessary, but there are several points in
the characteristics of the genus which yet require correct definition.

The affinities of Galenopsis to Galena are expressed in the general shape
of the carapace, much more inflated anteriorly than posteriorly, the subhepatic
and pleural regions being considerably tumid; in the short antero-lateral, and
in the much longer and concave postero-lateral, margins ; in the moderate size of the
orbits directed towards the front and provided with a large internal hiatus, the basilar
joint of the antenne being very small; further, in the suaqueereeee shape of

f the outer maxillipeds, the large size of internally tuber-

the third endopodite o . ee
culated fingers on the hands, and the apparently entirely separated joints of the

il in the male sex. : eee :
tail cae chief difference from Galena consists in the indistinct separation of

the lobes of the carapace, and,—if we are allowed to regard the present species as
a true Galenopsis,—in the peculiar depression of the outer maxillipeds, the second

* On the specimen the third, fourth, and fifth joints are mostly seen as bapeeesions onl
eat by fine raised lines which appear to indicate sutures between the joints,

y, and they are separated
or at least considerably
almost throu;
excavated grooves. 4
14 STOLICZKA :—TERTIARY

endopodite possessing a sub-median, slightly oblique, longitudinal groove, and
another near the inner margin, which is serrated or denticulate: a character
apparently of very rare occurrence in other Cuanceride. It is indicated in
deHaan’s Acanthodes, and with this genus also the form of the third endopodite
agrees, possessing two diagonal sulcations on the surface. The antenneze must
be very small in Galenopsis; the basilar joint lies in a depression between the
well-developed auditory tubercle, the inner edge of the orbit, and the flattened
outer side of the large basilar joint of the antennule; the antennulary pit is
narrow and greatly elongated, communicating by an open groove with the orbit;
the inter-antennulary ridge is apparently quite separate from the anterior median
projection of the endostome, and this latter is fully as long, or even a little longer
than the front margin.
Locality— Hala range in Sind, in a white nummulitic limestone.

Family,—LEUCOSID 44.
TYPILOBUS, n. gen.

Carapace transversally oval, moderately convex; front lobes small, gastric lobe
reversely bottle-shaped, truncate below; hepatic region small, very little elevated ;
branchial large, tumid; cardiac transversally oval, very convex, and circumscribed
by a deep sulcus: none of these five principal lobes are sub-divided; front very
narrow, above longitudinally grooved in the middle and slightly projecting at the
edge; orbits close together, small, sub-circular, inner angle with a wide hiatus ;
basilar joint of the antennulee slightly ovally rounded, occupying its whole cavity
and directly adjoining the inner hiatus of the orbit; basilar joint of the antenne
very small, wedged in between the former joint, the small auditory tubercle and
the orbit; epistome as long as the front margin; outer maxillipeds long; the second
endopodite is equally broad as the corresponding exopodite; third endopodite
sub-pyramidal, upper end roundly obtuse, all joints smooth, not sulcated; sub-
hepatic region very narrow, anterior part of pleural region tumid; sternum com-
paratively broad, with long, narrow sternites. Tail of female about half the length
of the body, with sub-parallel sides, consisting of seven joints: tail of male a
little longer, narrow, obtuse at the end; third, fourth, and fifth joints united.

Although none of the extremities have as yet been found preserved in the
single species to be described, this peculiar genus can readily be distinguished from
any other by the strict definition of each of the five lobes into which the carapace
is usually divided; by the very narrow, and in the middle slightly projecting, front
edge and approximate orbits; by the equal or sub-equal width of the second endo—
and exo-podites of the outer maxillipeds, and the sub-pyramidal form of the third
endopodite; &e., &e.

As regards the true classification of the genus, it is for the present somewhat
difficult to give a quite satisfactory opinion. The transversally ovate form of the
carapace and that of the tail would apparently indicate a Canceride Cyclometope.
With the Carpilius group agrees the somewhat predominant length of the antero-
ateral over the postero-lateral margin ; but the form of the marginal spines appears
CRUSTACEA FROM KUTCH AND SIND 15
. 0

See

2 , sil Galenopsis, there appear to be also
some marked affinities, as, for instance, the tumidity of the anterior part of tl
pleural region, giving a considerable thickness to the front part of ne ae .
the comparatively small rounded orbits, with a hiatus at the inner an nee,
the very small size of the basilar joint of the antennee. Among other fossil ened
Typilobus appears to possess also a great resemblance to Bell’s Plagiolophus . which
Milne-Edwards classes with Galena in one group. The outer raascilli polls of
Plagiolophus are not well known, but they also in some respects appear to resemble
those of the present genus.

By much the prevailing characters of Typilobus seem, however, to show decided
affinities to the Lzucosrpz, a family of the microcephalic Brachyura, formerly
generally called Oxystomata. In that family the carapace is more or less rounded
slightly wider than long, the front edge is short, slightly projecting, orbits dings
together, and their inner hiatus filled in by the antennulary basal joint, while the
antennee are very small. They are almost the only family in which the first joints
of the outer-maxillipeds are very long, and the last joints externally not, or barely,
visible; they also have the second endopodite of about equal width with the cor-
responding exopodite. For a comparison, nay, almost identity, in the form of these
joints of Typilobus, I may particularly refer to the recent genus Lbalia, as figured
in Cuvier’s Regne animale, pl. 24.

The only peculiarity to be observed in Typilobus, distinct from other Lzvcosrps,
is the form of the tail in the female, being of equal width throughout, while in
Ebalia, Iva, and allied genera the median joints are sub-circularly enlarged.

There appear to be as yet very few fossil Leucosipa known. Al. Milne-
Edwards suggestst that Bell’s Mythraciat (haud Mithrax) probably belongs to
the present family.

TyPILOBUS GRANULOSUS, Stol., Pl. III, Figs. 3—5.

Carapace transversally ovate, its length being in proportion to width very
nearly as 8: 10; the anterior larger half nearly semicircular, the posterior smaller,
eradually narrowed and truncate at the posterior edge, with a small tubercle at each
end; upper surface rather coarsely, equally, and very densely granular, or, when
the surface is not well preserved, provided with numerous shallow pits of equal
size; the sub-hepatic and pleural regions are similarly marked, sub-branchial region
only finely rugose. Division of lobes typical for the genus; the lateral grooves
defining the gastric region are anteriorly rather indistinct, posteriorly, where they
contract, much deeper; groove between the hepatic and branchial region slight;
cardiac lobe very convex, transversally sub-ovate, somewhat wider than the base
of the gastric, and separated by a flattened area from the posterior margin of the
carapace. Branchial region mostly elevated near the base of the gastric, and poste-

* Monog. foss. Malac. Crustacea of Great Britain, Part I, 1857 » p- 191, Paleontographical Society of London.

+ Crust. Podophthalmaires, Vol. I, p. 62.
t Monog. foss. Mal. Crust., ete., p. 9.
16 STOLICZKA :—TERTIARY CRUSTACEA.

riorly opposite the median part of the cardiac, lobe on each side provided with a sharp,
spinose tubercle, placed somewhat below the edge. ‘Front very narrow, with the
margin swollen, divided by a distinct groove in the middle, slightly projecting;
it is confluent with the supra-orbital edge, which is almost shorter and less tumes-
cent ; each is very slightly emarginate at the edge itself,

The antero-lateral margin is considerably longer than the distance between
the outer angles of the orbits, each of which is armed externally with a short spiny
tubercle, margined above and below by a short groove. The edge of the margin
itself is sharp, with numerous rather fine serrations: one tubercle, distant two-thirds
the length of the antero-lateral margin from the orbit, equals in size the outer
orbital spine, while the costal tubercle is conspicuously the largest, depressed,
and sharply pointed. Postero-lateral margin somewhat shorter than the antero-
lateral, high, flattened, smooth at the junction; the posterior edge provided
with a flexuous ridge. Lower edge of orbit short, slightly projecting in the middle,
internally angular. Basilar joint of the antennule almost larger than the eye-
peduncle and filling out the inner side of the orbit; auditory tubercles and
basilar joint of antennze very small, scarcely distinguishable. Epistome thin,
as long as the front, with a sharp projection in the median anterior front,
opposite the inter-antennulary ridge, but not united with it. Sub-hepatic region
narrow, pleural region broader, very tumid, more or less projecting, separated
from the former by a broadish, deep groove, which becomes about the middle
confluent with a thin ridge separating the outer from the inner sub-branchial
regions. Third endopodite joint obtusely and narrowly truncate at the end, very
slightly curved at the outer, and straight at the inner, edge. Greatest width
of sternum somewhat exceeding half the width of the carapace; the sternites
a little broader at the end than at the base.

The tail of the female is of equal width throughout; it appears to consist
of seven separate joints, but they are not very well defined in the single specimen;
the first joint is shortest and smooth; the succeeding ones gradually increase
in length ; each has a rounded tubercle in the middle and one at either end; these
tubercles, however, again become indistinct on the last joint, which is broadly
rounded at the posterior edge.

In the male the tail is much narrower and comparatively longer, linguate ;
the first and second joints are the shorter and of equal width; the third is widest
and united with the fourth and fifth, which become gradually narrower up to the

last, the posterior edge of which is narrowly rounded: all the joints are sub-
tuberculate along the middle and at the sides.

None of the feet have been observed.

Length of carapace of the largest specimen (a male) 10 m.m., width of the
same 13 m.m., height 5°3 m.m.,

Locality.—From a ferruginous clay, apparently of nummulitic age, in Sind.
Mr. Wynne also obtained a single specimen in a ferruginous, conglomeratic sand-
stone at the Saheind hill scarp, west of Egera, in Kutch.
PLATE I.

Figs. 1—2. Neprunus Wrynyeanvs, Stol., p. 4; back-, front-, and ventral-views of a female and
male specimen; s, epistome; iv, inter-antennulary ridge ; ao, outer orbital spine;
es, costal spine; 4, hepatic lobe; g, gastric lobe; 4, branchial lobe; c, cardiac
lobe; 0, auditory sack; ac, basal joint of the antenne; az, basal joint of the
antennule. Both specimens are from near Pipur, Kutch.

Figs. 3—10. Fragments of chele of an Uca. or Cardisoma from between Soojapoor and Badra,
Kutch; 3 and 4, outer-views of the hands; 5—7, outer-views of the fingers;
9 and 10, inner-views of the hands, (see p. 2).
Geol: Surv: of India. TERTIARY CRUSTACEA.

 

J. Shaumburg ad-nat, Lith: 2.0. Printed at the Geol: Surv: Office. Calovtia
PLATE II.

Figs. 1—2. Outer- and inner-views of two hands probably belonging to an Adergatis, from

between Soojapoor and Badra, Kutch, (see p. 2).

Figs. 3—5. Neprunus Srnpensis, Stol., p. 7, from the Lukkee hills in Sind; 3, 3a, 34, back-,
; front-, and ventral-views of the carapace of a male specimen; cs = gastric lobe;
bl, branchial lobe; ¢/, cardiac lobe; A, hepatic lobe; p/, post-frontal lobe ;
Ji, frontal lobe; gs, outer orbital spine; as, lower inner orbital spine ; 7s, basal
joint of antenna ; ¢p, outer maxillipeds; 7, inter-antennulary ridge; ¢, epistome ;
bj, basal joint of antennz; 4, back-view of a specimen witha portion of the right
chela preserved ; the left side of the carapace is towards the margin mostly

broken off; 5 and 5a, outer- and inner-views of a right hand of another
specimen,
Geol:Surv: of India

 

Jd. Shaumbur g ad-nat, Lith:

TBE REE PAIR AV A CERAUIES Te AnG EAC

Printed at the Geol: Surv: Office

Pl

Calcutta.

uf
‘PLATE III.

Fig. .... 1. Neprunus Sinvensts, Siol., p. 7. Ventral-view of the same specimen as figured
on pl. IT, fig. 4.

Fig. ... 2. Gatenorsis Murcuison1, Uf. Hdw., p. 11; 2, 2a, 26, back-, front-, and ventral-
views of a male specimen ; 7, outer orbital tubercle; a, inner orbital tubercle ;
7, inter-antennulary ridge; 4, basilar joint of antenne ; 0, auditory tubercle ; 2c,
2d, 2e, outer-, inner-, and top-views of a right hand of the same specimen.

Figs. 8—5. Typrtopus eRraNnutosus,* Sto/., p. 15, from Sind; 3, natural size of a male speci-
men; 3a, 34, 8c, back-, front-, and ventral-views of the same, three times the
natural size; 8d, outline of the joints of the tail, the 3-5th joints appear to be
united ; 4, diagrammatic view of the maxillipeds of a male specimen; 5, natural
size of a female specimen; 5a, 54, and 5c, back-, front-, and ventral-views of the
same, enlarged three times the natural size; 5d, outline of the disunited joints
of the tail.

* This species occurs also in clayey beds north-west of Bair, Kutch.
Pie Ii

Geol:Surv: of India TERE aA SR XS GR Ui ST AGE A

 

Calcutta

Printed at the Geol: Surv: Office

J. Shaumburg adnat, Lith:
PLATE IV.

1—6. Patmocarpitivs ruairer, Sfol., p. 8; 1, ventral-view of a large female specimen,
two of the right anterior feet are perfectly preserved, showing the grooves on
the last joints; 2, front-view of another large ¢ specimen; 3, back-view of a
small, almost perfect ¢ specimen; 4, outline of the segments ofa ¢, and 5, those
of the 4; in the former all the seven segments are separated, in the latter the
3rd-5th are united ; 6, back-view of a small ¢ specimen with a rather convex
thorax; 62, front-view of the same, showing the strong deflection of the front.

Figs.

All the specimens are from the argillaceous beds in the stream under Kéba hill,
Kutch.
 
PLATE V.

Figs. 1—b5. PatgocarpPiLius Rruairer, Stol., p. 8; 1, ventral-view of a g specimen, the right
chela laid out in order to show the inner side; 2, antennulary pit; a, basal joirit
of antenne; 7, inner orbital tubercle; ce, lower outer orbital tubercle; 2 and 3
are outer-views of the right and left chele of a very large female specimen, and
4 are the outer maxillipeds of the same, all figures of the natural size; 5,
ventral-view of a small male specimen, the pits of the antennule, the basal
joints of the antenne, epistome, &c.; in 5a the same organs are enlarged; a,
basal joint of antenne; 4, antennulary pits; o, auditory tubercle; 7, inter-
antennulary ridge; ¢, epistome; yg, endostome; gr, endostomic ridges; p, inner
edge of the pleural region.

All the specimens are from the yellow argillaceous beds in the stream under the
Koéba hill, near Pipitr.

Fig. ... 6. Panmocarpitius stmpiex, Stol., p.11; 6, 6a, and 60, back-, ventral-, and front-
views of the only specimen as yet known from Babia hill, Kutch.
 
  

Geol.Surv of India

Caleutta

vttice

Printed at the Geol. Surv

J Schaumburg ad-nat Lith
MEMOIRS

OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

RR RARARAAR AAA ARR RRR RAS

Paleontologia Indica,

BEING

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ORGANIC REMAINS PROCURED DURING
THE PROGRESS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF INDIA IN COUNCIL.

TERTIARY AND UPPER CRETACEOUS FAUNA OF WESTERN INDIA.
Ser. XIV.

Vol. I. 1. SIND FOSSIL CORALS AND ALCYONARIA,
by P. MARTIN DUNCAN, M.B. (Lond.), F.B.S., V.P.G.S., &.

WITH 28 PLATES.

CALCUTTA:
SOLD AT THE
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4

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PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRAN O18,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, LONDON,
A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

FOSSIL CORALS AND ALCYONARIA

OF

SIN D.

 

I. Introductory Remarks on previous Works relating to the Fossil Corals of Sind.

In 1853 MM. d@Archiac and Jules Haime published their great work entitled
‘Description des Animaux Fossiles du groupe Nummulitique de l’Inde.’ It contained,
amongst other subjects, a very elaborate description of many species of fossil Corals
which were derived from unknown localities in Sind. These descriptions were con-
tributed by the late Jules Haime, a zoophytologist of great power and a most
conscientious observer. He noticed seventeen species of Corals, most of which were
well-known forms in the Nummulite-bearing rocks of Europe; some, however, were
new to science. But the situation of their original localities was masked by the state-
ment that these fossils had been found in the Hala mountains—that is to say, in a
geographical position which never had any existence. The exquisite delineations of
the species given by MM. d’Archiac and Haime are of course of great value, but
their monograph is of slight geological importance; they ignored all other Tertiary
formations in Sind except the Nummulitic.

Although the exact localities whence the fossil corals submitted to MM. d’Archiac
and Jules Haime came are unknown, it may be taken for granted that the majority
came from Sind and one from Cutch.

The fossils had been collected by Captain Vicary and Mr. Blagrove and others,
some years previously.

In 1863 the author of this Monograph examined the collections in the museum of
the Geological Society which had been submitted to the two French paleontologists

B
2 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

and was surprised to find that several species had not been described ; moreover, the study
of these forms left the impression on his mind that other Tertiary deposits besides the
Nummulitic exist in Sind. The results of this re-examination were published in the
‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ 1864, vol. xx., and the new species were
described and delineated in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ April 1864.
The list of species was then increased to forty-two in number, and some were stated to
be of Miocene age, and others were considered possibly to be Pliocene in date. The
communication to the Geological Society was made at the instance of Mr. H. M.
Jenkins, F.G.S., and it appeared in confirmation of his belief that the Tertiaries of a
vast area in the East, including those of Java, were Eocene and Miocene in age.

But the greatest interest excited by the labours of MM. d’Archiac and Jules
Haime was in relation to the increased importance of the Nummulitic coral-fauna.
Slight as was their addition to it, they helped to remove the impression that the early
Tertiary ages were uncoralliferous. Since the publication of their great work, the
magnificent coral-fauna of the Eocene of Western Europe has been shown to form but
a part of a great development of coral-life, which left its evidences especially in those
Alpine regions whose fossils have been so ably described by the late A. E. Reuss and
by Catullo and D’Achiardi. The Eocene coral-fauna of the West-Indian islands,
described by the author of this Monograph, added interesting forms to the fauna.

Now that the Tertiary strata of Sind have been examined by the Geological Survey
of India, and the corals have been carefully collected from localities whose ‘stratigra-
phical position has been ascertained, the older Tertiary coral-fauna is very considerably
increased. In fact, the Nummulitic strata, divided or not into Eocene and Oligocene,
contain a coral-fauna as important as that of the Miocene age.

Not only has the examination of the fossil corals lately obtained by the Geological
Survey of India from Sind added to the numbers of the Eocene species, but it also
indicates that there is an upper series of coralliferous strata which merits the title of
Oligocene. Again, other species clearly prove, what was formerly suggested was
probably the case, that an important Miocene coral-fauna lived on the same area as
that which had been previously occupied by the earlier Tertiary forms.

Amongst the collection of corals from Sind, the result of the careful labour of the
Geological Survey under Medlicott and W. T. Blanford and Fedden, is a small
series which was found on a lower geological horizon than the Nummulitic rocks. They
required careful study, for the Cretaceous formation seems to merge into that of Lower
Tertiary age in Sind.

II. The Origin of the Collection about to be described.

A very large number of specimens of the fossil Corals which had been collected in
Sind were sent to the author of this Monograph by the kind direction of the Superin-
tendent and Deputy-Superintendent of the Geological Survey of India. He has made
the Corals and Alcyonaria his careful study, and their description forms his contribu-
tion to the Paleontology of India. .
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 3

Ill. The Stratigraphical Relations of the Coralliferous Series in Sind.

The Survey of the Province of Sind by Messrs. W. T. Blanford, F.RS., and
Mr. Fedden enabled the first-mentioned of these geologists to describe the general
geology of the area as follows *:—

“The greater portion of Sind, including all the richer and more populous parts of
the province, consists of the alluvial flat of the Indus, and is a portion of the great
Indo-Gangetic plain of Northern India. But to the west of the river, at a variable
distance, barren rocky hills arise, in Upper Sind consisting chiefly of a great north and
south range, known as the Khirthar, which separates Sind from the Kelat territory (or
Balichistan), and in Lower Sind, south of Sehwan, of several minor ranges, having a
general north and south direction. All these ranges, if of any height, consist chiefly of
Nummulitic limestone ; and the ridges in Lower Sind are for the most part anticlinal
rolls, higher beds occupying the intervening valleys. The Geology of the province is
singularly simple, faults being rare, whilst the disturbance of the rocks is just sufficient
to afford good sections, without rendering the relations of the beds so complicated as to
be difficult to trace.

“Until recently the Geology was chiefly known from the researches of Captain
Vicary, published no less than thirty years agof; and these researches were limited
to a very small province. The fossils collected by Captain Vicary and others were
described and elaborately figured by MM. d’Archiac and Haimef in 1853, the whole
of the marine fauna being supposed to be Eocene. It was, however, subsequently
shown by Professor Martin Duncan§ and by Mr. Jenkins|| that there was a
mixture of later Tertiary forms amongst the supposed Eocene fossils, and it was
noticed by Captain Vicary that above the marine beds were conglomerates and sand-
stones containing fossil bones.

“Such was, in brief, the information available when the Survey was commenced ;
and the result of a more thorough investigation has naturally added much, without de-
priving the earlier information of its value. Indeed the beautiful figures of d’Archiac
and Haime’s work have been of the greatest service in the field, by enabling us at
once to identify many of the fossils found. The results of the first year’s work have
been briefly described in the Records of the Geological Survey §; but much additional
information has since been added, the most important being the recognition of Cre-
taceous beds at the base of the Tertiaries, and the confirmation of the view before
announced, that a thin flow of basalt, representing the Deccan traps, underlies the
Tertiary rocks. ‘The beds of Sind are now classified thus in descending order :—

* Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, January 1878.

t Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. iii. p. 334.

+ Description des Animaux Fossiles du groupe Nummulitique de l’Inde.

§ Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xili. p. 295.

|| Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xx. p. 45. { Vol. ix. p. 8

B2
4 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

Approximate Supposed
Name. Subdivisions. thickness. Geological age. Remarks.
1, Alluvial, &c. ss Unknown. Recent and post-
Tertiary.
Upper. 5000. ~ Pliocene. Unfossiliferous; ap-
parently —_repre-
Sanchar sentative of the
Sevalik group.
| Lower. 3000 to 5000. Lower Pliocene or Fossiliferous, with
L Upper Miocene. _ Vertebrata.
B.Gaje nwt 1000 to 1500. Miocene. Highly fossiliferous ;
no Nummulites.
L Wark { Upper. 4000 to 6000. Lower Miocene? Unfossiliferous.
Lower. 100 to 1500. Upper Eocene or
Oligocene.
Upper. 500 to 8000. Eocene. Nummulitic lime-
5, Khirthar. stone.
Lower. 6000? do. Unfossiliferous.
G. Banikot, <= = iweces 2000. Lower Eocene. Fossiliferous; num-
mulitic.
Te EYOpS; wheats 40 to 90. Upper Cretaceous. Representative of
pexaiog Deccan and Malwa
ardita Beau-
monti at opts i Cretaceous. aia
8. Cretaceous + Sandstones. 700
Hippuritic
limestone. S20) iain Base not exposed.

“The finest sections are exposed in the Khirthar range in Upper Sind, and from this
range the name applied to the Nummulitic limestone, which always forms the highest
part of the hills, has been taken. On the eastern flank of the range, the Nari, Gaj,
and Manchhar beds are seen successively dipping towards the Indus plain, whilst west
of the range, in Kelat, lower beds come in; but these have hitherto only been examined
very hurriedly in one spot, on the Gaj river, which traverses the main range by an im-
passable gorge. Some 10,000 feet of these lower beds are exposed, no base being seen ;
but Nummulitic and other fossils were only found in the higher beds, the lower 5000
or 6000 feet being unfossiliferous.

“ The only other place in Sind where beds inferior to the Nummulitic limestone were
found to be exposed is in the nameless range of hills running south from Sehwan. This
range is sometimes spoken of as the Laki range, from the village of Laki near the nor-
thern extremity. It appears to be part of the Hala range of Vicary and others; but the
Hala range of the old maps included the Khirthar and several other ranges, and. no
distinct chain of hills is known by any such name in the country. There is, however,
an unimportant pass in the Laki range known as Hala Lak (Lak=pass). Each sepa-
rate peak of this range has its own name, no general term being applied to the whole.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 5

In this Laki range, however, beneath the Nummulitic limestone, the Lower Eocene
and Cretaceous beds just noticed are well exposed.

“In the south-western portion of the province the well-marked breaks between the
different subdivisions of the Tertiary series can no longer be traced. The massive
Nummulitic limestone, so conspicuous to the northward, becomes broken up into thinner
beds intercalated with clays and sands, and finally disappears, and the higher Tertiary
groups all tend to pass into each other.

“The lowest bed seen in the province, the Hippuritic Limestone, has only been
found in one spot, and there the outcrop does not occupy much more than about half
a mile in length. The only recognizable fossil found was a Hippurite. It is probable
that this limestone is identical with the Cretaceous limestone, which occupies a large
area in Persia, and which has been traced at intervals, from south-east of Karman to the
neighbourbood of Tehraén. If so, this is the first time that the formation has been
recognized in India, except in the Himalayas. The bed consists of pale-coloured hard
limestone, very gritty and sandy above, purer beneath.

** Above the limestone there isa considerable thickness of dark-coloured sandstones,
often of a purplish tint, and frequently rather calcareous. These beds are not very fos-
siliferous, but towards the top they contain oysters and a few bones, apparently reptilian.”

* «The highest subdivision of the Cretaceous formation consists of soft olive shales
and sandstones, usually of fine texture. The sandstone beds are thin, and frequently
have the appearance of containing grains of decomposed basalt or some similar volcanic
rock, or else fine volcanic ash. A few hard bands occur, and occasionally, but rarely,
thin layers of dark olive or drab impure limestone. Gypsum is of common occurrence
in the shales.

“ Paleontology.—The olive shales are highly fossiliferous, the commonest fossil
being Cardita Beaumonti, a peculiar, very globose species, truncated posteriorly, and
most nearly allied to forms found in the lower and middle Cretaceous beds of Europe
(Neocomian and Gault). This shell is extremely abundant in one bed, about 200 to 250
feet below the top of the Cretaceous series, but is not confined to this horizon. Nautili
also occur, the commonest species closely resembling V. Labechei of Messrs. d’Archiac
and Haime, but differing in the position of the siphuncle. This form appears undis-
tinguishable from WV. Bouchardianus, found in the upper Cretaceous Arialur beds of
Pondicherry, and at a lower Cretaceous horizon in Europe. A second Nautilus
resembles WV. subflewriausianus, another Eocene Sind species, in form, and is also allied
to some Cretaceous types. Several Gasteropoda occur, especially forms of Rostellaria,
Cypreea, Natica, and Turritella, but none are very characteristic. Two forms of Ostrea
are common—one of them allied to the Tertiary 0. Flemingi and to the Cretaceous
O. Zitteliana, but distinct from both. The only mollusk which certainly passes into
the Ranikot beds is Corbula Harpa. Two Echinoderms have been found—one is an
LEpiaster, an almost exclusively Cretaceous genus, only one or two Tertiary species

* From ‘A Manual of the Geology of India,’ by Messrs. Medlicott and W. T. Blanford, F.G.8.,
vol. iii. p. 449; also Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, vol. xvu. pt.1; Blanford, Geology of
Western Sind, 1879.
6 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

having been found; the other is an aberrant form of Echinolampas. Two or three
corals complete the list of invertebrate fossils found in the olive shales.

“In the lower part of the beds, with Cardita Beaumonti, however, some anihietan
vertebrae were found, which Mr. Lydekker has ascertained to be crocodilian. All
amphiccelian crocodiles are Mesozoic, and the present form must be one of the latest
known. So far as it is possible to form an opinion from very fragmentary materials,
the vertebre in question appear more nearly allied to the Wealden Suchosaurus than
‘ to any other form hitherto described. It has, however, been already shown, when
writing of the Gondwana flora, that the distribution of Reptilia in past ages was not
the same in India as in Europe.

“ Deccan Trap.—Mention has already been made of one bed of basalt intercalated
in the sandstones above the hippuritic limestone; a much more important band of the
same igneous rock has been traced, resting upon the Cardita-Beaumonti beds, through-
out a distance of 22 miles from Ranikot to Jakhmari, about 17 miles south of Sehwan,
wherever the base of the Ranikot group, the lowest Tertiary formation, is exposed.
The thickness of this band of trap is trifling, and varies from about 40 to about 80 feet.
Apparently in some places the whole band consists of two lava-flows similar in mineral
character, except that the upper is somewhat ashy and contains scoriaceous fragments ;
the higher portion of each flow is amygdaloidal, and contains nodules of quartz,
calcedony, and calcite, and in places the nodules are surrounded by green earth, as is so
frequently the case in the Deccan traps.

“‘ Another characteristic accessory mineral, common also in the traps of the Deccan
and Malwa, is quartz with trihedral terminations. The basaltic trap of the Laki
hills is apparently of subaérial origin, although it rests conformably on the marine (or
estuarine?) Cardita-Beaumonti beds. ‘There is nothing in the igneous bed to indicate
its having consolidated otherwise than in the air, and the structure differs altogether
from that of subaqueous volcanic tuffs.

“The evidence that this band of basaltic rock is interstratified, and not intrusive, is
ample; throughout the whole distance the trap is found in precisely the same position
between the lowest beds of the Ranikot group and the highest Cretaceous strata, and
apparently perfectly conformable to both.

“ Ranikot Group.—The name of the lowest Tertiary subdivision is derived from a
hill-fortress of the Sind Amirs, situated in the Laki range of hills, and known as Rani-
jo-kot, or Ranikot, and also as Mohan-kot, from the Mohan stream, which traverses the
fortification. The Ranikot group is much more extensively developed in Sind than the
underlying Cretaceous beds; for although it is confined to Lower Sind, and although
its base is only seen in the Laki range, north of Ranikot, its upper strata occupy a
considerable tract of country, about 26 miles long from. north to south, by about 12 in
breadth, north-west of Kotri; and another even larger exposure, about 36 miles long,
occurs, extending from north of Jhirak (Shirk, Jhirruk, Jerruck, or Jurruk) to Tatta. In
the Laki range, the Ranikot beds are seen for about 35 miles; but the outcrop is never
more than 2 or 3 miles broad, and one small inlier is exposed to the west of Ranikot.

“ All the lower portion of the Ranikot group, including by far the greater portion
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 7

of the beds, consists of soft sandstones, shales, and clays, often richly coloured and
variegated with brown and red tints.

“Gypsum is of frequent occurrence ; some of the shales are highly carbonaceous ;
and in one instance a bed of coal (or lignite) nearly 6 feet thick was found, and a
considerable quantity of the mineral extracted. The quality was, however, poor; and
from the quantity of iron-pyrites present, the coal decomposed rapidly, and was liable
to spontaneous combustion when exposed, whilst the deposit was found to be a small
patch, not extending more than about 100 yards in any direction. Some of the more
pyritous shale is used in the manufacture of alum.

“The only fossils found in the lower portion of the Ranikot group, with the exception
of a few fragments of bone, have been plants, some Dicotyledonous leaves, hitherto not
identified, being the most important. All the Ranikot beds, except towards the top of
the group, have the appearance of being of freshwater origin, and are probably fluviatile.

A variable portion of the group, however, towards the top, consists of highly
fossiliferous marine limestones, often light or dark brown in colour, interstratified
with sandstones, shales, clays, and ferruginous bands. ‘These are the lowest beds in
Sind containing a distinctly Tertiary marine fauna.

“The brown limestones are well developed around Lynyan, east of Band Vera and
north-west of Kotri, and throughout the area of Ranikot beds, near Jhirak and Tatta.
In this part of the country there appears ‘to be a complete passage upwards into the
overlying Nummulitic limestone (Khirthar); but in the Laki range the upper marine
beds of the Ranikot group are poorly represented or wanting, and it is evident that
they were removed by denudation before the deposition of the Khirthar limestone, for
the latter is seen at Hothian Pass, resting upon their denuded edges.

“ The greatest thickness of the Ranikot group in the Laki range (where alone, as
has already been explained, the base of the group is visible), is about 2000 feet; but
generally the amount is rather less, about 1500. It must, however, be recollected that in
this locality some of the upper marine beds are wanting; and as these marine limestones
and their intercalated shales, sandstones, &c., are 700 or 800 feet thick, in places
north-west of Kotri, it is evident that the original development of the group exceeded
the 2000 feet seen in the Laki range.

“Palwontology.—The following are some of the commonest or most important
fossils of the Ranikot group. The largest collections made by the Geological Survey
have as yet only been partially examined, and the lists of fossils given can be considered
only preliminary, many of the commonest species being undescribed forms.

 

 

 

CEPHALOPODA.
Nautilus subfleuriausianus. Nautilus Forbesi.
—— Deluci.
GasTEROPODA.
Rostellaria angistoma. Voluta jugosa.
Prestwichi. Natica longispira.
fusoides. Nerita (Velates) Schmideliana.
Terebellum distortum. Turritella angulata, var.

assimilis.

 

 

plicatum.
8 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Corbula Harpa. Ostrea Flemingi.
Vulsella legumen. —— vesicularis.
Spondylus Roualti.

BRACHIOPODA.

Terebratula, cf. subrotunda.
EcuINODERMATA.
Schizaster, sp. Echinolampas, ef. subsimilis.
Hemiaster digonus. Temnopleurus Valenciennesi.
Eurhodia Morrisi. Salenia, 2 sp.
Prenaster, sp. Phymosoma, sp.
Toxobrissus, sp. Porocidaris, sp. (spines).
Conoclypeus, sp. Cidaris Halaensis.
ANTHOZOA.

Trochocyathus Vandenheckei. Montlivaltia Jacquemonti.
Cyclolites Vicaryi.

FoRAMINIFERA.

Operculina canalifera. Numumulites irregularis.
Numumulites spira. —— Leymeriei.

“Tn the above list the majority of forms, such as the Foraminifera, the majority of
the Echinodermata and Gasteropoda, are Lower Tertiary; but still there is a very distinct
admixture of species with Cretaceous affinities, such as the Nauttli, all of which are
connected rather with Cretaceous than with Tertiary types, the Terebratula, which
cannot be distinguished from one of. the commonest Upper Mesozoic species, and forms
of Salenia, Cyclolites, &e. Corbula Harpa is the only form hitherto recognized that is
also found in the Upper Cretaceous olive shales, but a variety of the same shell is also
found in the Nari beds.

“ Khirthar Group.—Although this group, named from the great frontier range of
hills already noticed, is, when the underlying shales and sandstones are excluded,
inferior in total thickness to several other subdivisions of the Tertiary series in Sind, it
comprises by far the most conspicuous rock, the massive Nummulitic limestone. Of
this formation all the higer ranges in Sind consist. It forms the crest of the Khirthar
throughout, and all the higher portions of the Laki range, of the Bhit range south-
west of Manchhar lake, and of several smaller ridges, and consists of a mass of lime-
stone, varying in thickness from a few hundred feet in Lower Sind to about 1000 or
1200 at the Gaj river, and probably 2000 or even 3000 farther north.

“The colour is usually pale, either white or grey, sometimes, but less frequently,
dark grey; the texture varies from hard, close, and homogeneous, breaking with a
conchoidal fracture, to soft, coarse, and open. Ordinarily, the Nummulitic limestone is
tolerably compact, but not crystalline, and is chiefly composed of Foraminifera, especially
Nummulites, whole or fragmentary ; corals, sea-urchins, and mollusks also abound, but
the two latter very frequently only weather out as casts,
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 9

“Tt has already been mentioned that in the Laki range the Nummulitic limestone rests
unconformably on the Ranikot group. The Khirthar group here cannot be much more
than 500 or 600 feet thick, and consists entirely of limestone. To the south-east,
towards Kotri and Tatta, there is no unconformity between the Ranikot and Khirthar
groups; but, on the contrary, there is an almost complete passage between the two, and
the limestone of the latter becomes much split up and intercalated with shales and
sandy beds. To the south-west, near the Habb river, the massive limestone dies out
altogether; and although it is well developed in the southernmost extremity of the
Khirthar range near Karchat, about 50 miles south of Sehwan, it disappears entirely
within a distance of 25 miles, and in the ranges on the Habb river is entirely re-
placed by shaly limestones, shales, and thick beds of sandstone. Some rather massive
beds of nummulitiferous dark-grey limestone, very different in character from the pale
coloured Khirthar limestone, are found west of the Habb, but their precise position in
the series is not known; and the rocks appearing from beneath the Nari group, in the
place of the Khirthar limestone, consist of shales and sandstones, with some calcareous
bands abounding in Nummulites, and closely resembling, both in character and in the
species of Foraminifera they contain, the Nummulitic shales beneath the massive lime-
stones on the Gaj river. It is not known to what extent the typical Khirthar lime-
stone is developed in Baluchistan; around Kelat, to the northward, this band appears
to be extensively exposed; but to the westward, near Gwadar, the rocks supposed to
represent the older Tertiary beds consist of an immense thickness of shales, shaly
sandstones, and unfossiliferous calcareous bands, resembling the lower Khirthar of the
Gaj and the beds of the Habb valley, and limestones with Nummulites are of
unfrequent and local occurrence. It is thus evident that the Khirthar limestone,
although it is so conspicuous in most parts of Sind, and although it attains a considerable
thickness, is not by any means universally distributed.

“ Paleontology.—The most characteristic fossils of the Khirthar group are Vummu-
lites and Alveolina; neither the genera nor, as a rule, the species are peculiar ; but.the
extraordinary abundance of individuals renders it usually easy to recognize even small
fragments of the rock by the organisms preserved in it. The following is a list of the
commonest or most important fossils :—

 

 

 

GASTEROPODA.
Ovulum Murchisoni, and other species. Nerita Schmideliana.
Cerithium, of. giganteum.}
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Pholadomya Halaensis. Astarte Hyderabadensis.
Corbula subexarata. Crassatella Sindensis,
Cardita mutabilis. Halaensis.
—— subcomplanata. Vulsella legumen.
Lucina gigantea. Ostrea vesicularis, var. (O. globosa, Sow.).
EcHINODERMATA.

Brissopsis scutiformis. Schizaster, sp.

Sowerbyi ? Eupatagus Avellana,
10 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fibularia, sp. Eurhodia Calderi.
Amblypygus, sp. Echinolampas discoideus.
Conoclypeus pulvinatus. —— Sindensis.
FoRAMINIFERA.
Orbitolites pedunculata. Nummulites Ramondi.
Orbitoides dispansa. —— Biaritzensis.
Patellina Cooki. Beaumonti.
Alveolina ovoidea. Vicaryi.
spheeroidea. granulosa.
Nummulites obtusa. Leymeriei.

“Many of the species named, and the Foraminifera especially, are characteristically
Eocene; and there can be no question that the Nummulitic limestone of India is a
continuation of the same formation in Europe. Several species pass from the Ranikot
beds into the Khirthar group; indeed the principal paleontological differences between
the two may be due to a change in conditions, the Khirthar being apparently a deeper
water deposit than the Ranikot group.

“ Nari Group.—The series of Tertiary rocks above the Khirthar Nummulitic lime-
stone is superbly developed and very well seen in the hills on the frontier of Upper Sind,
the culminating ridge of which is known as the Khirthar. The names of the Tertiary
groups overlying the Nummulitic formation have consequently been derived from places
in this range; and the Nari group takes its title from a stream which traverses the
lower portions of the range, composed almost entirely of Nari beds, for a considerable
distance, and issues from the hills nearly west of Johi, and west by north of Sehwan.
The present subdivision comprises, at the base, the uppermost bands of limestone
containing Nwmmulites—the species, however (NW. Garansensis and N. sublevigata),
being distinct from those so commonly found in the Khirthar subdivision, and the
limestone itself being usually distinguished from that of the Khirthar group by its
yellowish-brown colour, and by being in comparatively thin bands, interstratified
with shales and sandstones. Several other fossils, too, besides the Nummulites, differ
from those in the Khirthar beds. Not unfrequently, however, there is an apparent
passage from the white or greyish-white Khirthar limestone into the yellow or brown
Nari rock, and the two groups appear always to be perfectly conformable; but no
intermixture of the characteristic species of Nummulites has been detected, and
the division between the Khirthar and Nari beds can always be recognized by the
fossil evidence. In some places the lower Nari beds consist almost entirely of
brown and yellow limestone ; but more frequently the limestone bands are subordinate,
dark shales and brown, rather thinly-bedded, sandstone forming the mass of the rocks.
The limestone bands are often confined to the base of the group, and always diminish
in abundance and thickness above, although they are occasionally found as much as
1500 feet above the top of Khirthar. The shales and fine sandstones, with occasional
bands of limestone, constitute the lower Nari beds, and pass gradually into the coarser,
massive, thick-bedded sandstones forming the greater portion of the group, and attaining
a thickness of 4000 or 5000 feet on the flanks of the Khirthar range. With the
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 11

sandstones, a few bands of clay, shale, or ironstone are interstratified, and bands of
conglomerate occasionally occur. The Nari beds in their typical form extend through-
out the eastern flank of the Khirthar range, and occupy a belt of varying width, from
one or two to as much as 10 miles in breadth, between the underlying Khirthar and
the overlying Gaj beds. On the western side of the Bhagotoro hills, 4 or 5 miles south
of Sehwan, there is a break in the Nari beds, and some variegated shales, clays, and
sandstones, richly tinted in parts with brown and red, and representing the massive
sandstones of the upper Nari group, rest unconformably on the denuded edges of the
lower Nari brown limestones and shales. The break is evidently local. To the east of
the Laki range the Nari beds are entirely wanting, and it appears very possible that
they have never been deposited in this portion of the Indus valley.

“From the neighbourhood of Sehwan to Jhirak, Manchhar beds rest, with more or
less unconformity, on the Khirthar, a very faint and imperfect representative of the
Gaj group occasionally intervening. But west of the Laki range, throughout Lower
Sind, the Nari beds are found exposed almost wherever the base of the Gaj group is
seen; they increase in thickness to the westward, and the Habb valley, from the spot
where the river first forms the boundary of British territory to the sea, consists entirely
of these strata. There is, however, in this part of the country no longer any such
marked distinction between the subdivisions of the Tertiary series as is found in the
Khirthar range. The disappearance of the Khirthar limestone has already been
mentioned, and with it the lower Nari limestones with Nummulites Garansensis and
NV. sublevigata also disappear, so that it is no longer possible to draw a distinct line
between the two groups, for the shaly beds at the base of the Naris are undistinguish-
able from similar rocks in the Khirthar. The calcareous shales, with the characteristic
Khirthar Nummulites, below, and the massive Nari sandstones above, are still recog-
nizable, and the two groups can consequently still be traced, although the dividing line
between them is obscured. Beds of brown limestone, too, full of Orbitoides papyracea
(or O. Fortisi), a fossil closely resembling a Nummulite, and associated in abundance -
with WV. Garansensis in the typical lower Nari limestones, occur in the Nari beds
of the Habb valley; but instead of being found at the base, they appear in the middle
of the group. Again, just as at the base of the Nari beds, there is a difficulty in
distinguishing them from the Khirthar, so the beds at the top of the former group
can only be separated by an arbitrary line from the overlying Gaj beds.

“Tn the Khirthar range the upper boundary of the Nari group, although there is
no unconformity, is distinct and definite, limestones with marine fossils of the Gdj
group resting immediately upon the upper Nari sandstones. But in Southern Sind
bands of limestones, or calcareous sandstones, with marine fossils, some of which are
well-marked Gaj species, occur in the upper part of the Nari group, whilst limestone
bands with the Nari Orbitoides papyracea are found in the Gaj.

“ Paleontology.—The sandstones, which form so large a portion of the Nari group,
have hitherto proved destitute of animal remains, and in the typical area in Upper Sind
no beds with marine fossils are intercalated in the upper portion of the group; but the

occasional interstratifications of shales and clays often contain fragments of plants, and
c2
12 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

some ill-marked impressions, probably due to fucoids, have been found in the sandstones
themselves. There appears a probability that these sandstones may be of fluviatile and
not of marine origin.

“In the limestones towards the base of the Nari group many marine fossils have
been obtained, the following being some of the more important :—

 

 

GaASTEROPODA.
Terebellum obtusum. Natica sigaretina.
Cyprea nasuta. Siliquaria Granti.
Voluta jugosa. Solarium affine.
dentata. Trochus cumulans.
Triton Davidsoni. Phasianella Oweni.
Natica patula.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Corbula Harpa. 3 Cardium triforme.
Pecten Labadyei. Ostrea flabellula.
Venus granosa.
EcHINODERMATA.
Schizaster Beluchistanensis. Clypeaster profundus.
Eupatagus rostratus. Ceelopleurus Forbesi.
Echinolampas, sp. Cidaris Verneuilli.
ANTHOZOA.
Trochocyathus Burnesi. | : Montlivaltia Vignei.
FORAMINIFERA.
Numumulites Garansensis. Orbitoides papyracea.

— sublevigata.

“ Although some species pass from the Khirthar and even from the Ranikot group
into the Nari beds, the fauna is chiefly distinct, and marks a higher horizon. The
“most marked change is, perhaps, in the Foraminifera, because they are so abundant
and characteristic—whole beds of limestone towards the base of the Nari group being
entirely made up of Nummulites Garansensis, N. sublevigata, and Orbitoides papyracea,
the last-named frequently of large size, some specimens being two or three inches
in diameter ; yet every species is distinct from those occurring in the Khirthar group.
One of these species of Nummulites, NV. Garansensis, is of importance, because it occurs
in Europe, as in Sind, in the highest strata characterized by the abundance of the
genus, those beds being at the base of the Miocene. Numimulites sublevigata is
peculiar, so far as is known, to India.

“Several of the Mollusca and Echinodermata of the Nari beds also, such as Siliquaria
Granti, Solarium affine, Venus granosa, and Clypeaster profundus, show distinctly
Miocene affinities, and some of these pass up into the Gaj group. But at the same
time there are so many Eocene forms present, such as Natica patula, N. sigaretina, .
Ostrea flabellula, Voluta jugosa, &c., that it is somewhat difficult to decide to which
subdivision the Nari beds should be assigned. They may, perhaps, occupy an inter-
mediate position, similar to that of the Oligocene of continental geologists,
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 13

“Gdj Group.—Upon the Nari group, almost throughout Sind, there is found resting
a mass of highly fossiliferous limestones and calcareous beds, usually more or less shaly,
always distinctly stratified, and easily distinguished from the limestones of the older
Tertiary formations by the absence of Nummulites. A superb section of the strata
forming this group is exposed on the banks of the Gj river, the only stream which
cuts its way through the Khirthar range, and in the neighbourhood of which, west of
the range, the fine section of Lower Tertiary and Cretaceous beds, already noticed, is
exposed. From this river the present group derives its name.

“On the eastern flanks of the Khirthar range, in Upper Sind, the Gaj group forms
a conspicuous ridge, the hard dark-brown limestone bands near the base of the forma-
tion resisting the action of denudation; far more than the soft sandstones of the Nari
beds, and rising every here and there into peaks of 1000 and 1500 feet, or even more,
escarped to the westward, and sloping to the east, Amru (the highest summit of the
Gaj ridge) being 2700 feet above the sea. Still the limestone bands, although so
conspicuous, are subordinate, the greater part of the group consisting of sandy shales,
clays with gypsum, and, towards the base, sandstones. Many of the bands of lime-
stones appear very constant in position, and may be traced for a long distance. Asa
rule, they are dark brown in colour; but one bed is white, and abounds in corals and
small Foraminifera (Orditoides), whilst some of the darker bands contain Kchinoder-
mata in large quantities. The uppermost portion of the group is usually argillaceous,
being chiefly composed of red and olive clays with white gypsum ; and these beds pass
gradually into precisely similar strata belonging to the overlying Manchhar group.
The passage-beds contain, amongst other fossils, Turritella angulata and forms of
Ostrea and Placuna, and the following :—

Corbula trigonalis. Tellina subdonacialis.
Lucina (Diplodonta) incerta. Arca Larkanensis.

“All of these have allies living in estuaries at the present day, Arca granosa,, a-
recent representative of A. Larkanensis, being one of the commonest and most typical
of Indian estuarine Mollusca. To these estuarine passage-beds further reference will
be made presently, when the relations of the Manchhar to the Gaj beds are discussed.
‘The Gaj beds at the Gaj river are very nearly 1500 feet thick ; but they appear to be
less developed to the northward in the Khirthar range, and not to be much more than
half the thickness named west of Larkana, where, however, they are nearly vertical,
and have probably suffered from pressure. In Lower Sind the Gaj group, like the
Nari, disappears to the eastward of the Laki range, where it is either entirely wanting
or else represented by a thin band, containing one of the characteristic fossils, Ostrea
multicostata, at the base of the Manchhar group. ‘There is, however, a very large area
of Gaj beds north and north-east of Karachi; and the appearance of the formation there
is somewhat different from what it is in the Khirthar range; for the greater portion
of the group consists of pale-coloured limestones, almost horizontal, or dipping at very
low angles, and to the east of the Habb valley forming plateaux 400 or 500 feet high,
bounded by steep scarps, which rise from the low ground of the soft Nari sandstones,
14 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

A low range of hills, formed of Gaj beds, extends to the south-west, past the hot springs
at Magar or Mangah Pir, to the end of the promontory known as Cape Monze, west of
Karéchi; and the same beds form the low hills east and north-east of the town, and
furnish the materials of which the houses in Karachi are mostly built. A small island
called Churna, in the sea west of Cape Monze, also consists of Gaj rocks. To the
northward, the Gaj area of Lower Sind extends with very irregular outline to the
neighbourhood of Tong and Karchat, almost due west of Hala; and there are several
outliers farther north, connecting the southern portion of the group with the typical
outcrop in the Khirthar range. East of Karachi, also, Gaj beds extend in the direc-
tion of Tatta until they disappear with the other Tertiary rocks beneath the alluvium
of the Indus. As was shown in a previous Chapter, the Gaj group of Sind appears
to be represented in Cutch by a highly fossiliferous belt, containing most of the typical
mollusca, echinoderms, &c. It is quite possible that the present group, as well as the
Nari, never was deposited in the neighbourhood of Kotri and Jhirak.

“Tt has been already stated that the Gaj beds, throughout the greater portion of
the Khirthar range, rest conformably upon the Nari group, although there is a change
in mineral character, and that, in Lower Sind, the passage from one group into the
other is gradual, calcareous bands, with Gaj fossils (such as Ostrea multicostata and
Pecten subcorneus), being found interstratified with the uppermost Nari sandstones. At
one place, however, near Tandra Rahim Khan, west by north of Sehwan, the outcrop
of the Gaj beds, here dipping at a high angle to the westward, runs nearly in a straight
line across the mouth of a valley, composed of a deep synclinal of the Nari group,
between two anticlinal ridges of Khirthar limestone. As the Gdaj beds do not share
the synclinal curve of the Naris, it is difficult to see how the two can be conformable ;
but an examination of the boundary between the two groups failed to show any clear
evidence of unconformity. There are, however, some places south of Sehwdn where the
Gaj group overlaps the Nari beds and rests upon the Khirthar limestones; but it must
be recollected that the Gaj group is itself overlapped by Manchhar beds in the imme-
diate neighbourhood. The commonest and most characteristic fossils of this group are
Ostrea multicostata and Breynia carinata. There cannot be any question that the Géj
fauna is newer than Eocene: some of the species are recent (for instance, Dosinia pseu-
doargus is identical with the recent D. exasperata, Chemn.); and it is probable that
many others, when they are compared with recent forms more carefully than has
hitherto been done, will prove to be the same as living species. Several genera, too,
as Maretia, Breynia, Meoma, Echinodiscus, Cladocora, and Echinopora, are rare or un-
known in the older ‘Tertiaries ; and there is almost a complete disappearance of Eocene
forms, very few species being common to the Nari beds even. The chief doubt is
whether the Gaj should not be considered as Upper Miocene. The only mammal yet
obtained from the Gaj beds is Rhinoceros Sivalensis, a species found also in the Siwaliks.”

IV. The Classification followed and the Works consulted.

The classification followed in this Monograph of the fossil Corals of Sind is
principally in accordance with that of MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime, and

t
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 15

contained in their ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires. Some modifications have been
used, which have been the result of the experience of zoophytologists since that book
was published ; but the attempt has been made to restrict, rather than multiply, genera.
The other works which have been constantly used in the preparation of this Monograph
are :—those volumes of the Paleontographical Society which relate to Mesozoic and
Tertiary British Corals; the works of Fromentel on French Zoophytology, and the
descriptions of Catullo; and D’Achiardi’s works on the fossil Corals of the
Nummulitic strata of the Venetian” Alps (‘Studio comparativo fra i Coralli dei Terreni
Terziari del Piemonte e dell’ Alpi venete,’ Pisa, 1868).

Especial thanks are due to the late A. E. Reuss, whose clear descriptions and
beautiful engravings facilitate the labour of every student of fossil corals. His works
which relate to the present subject are :—‘ Die fossilen Foraminiferen, Bryozoen, und
Anthozoen von Oberburg in Steiermark,’ from the ‘Denkschriften der kaiserlichen
Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien,’ 1864; also, from the same source, “ Paliaon-
tologische Studien tiber die alteren Tertiarschichten der Alpen:—1l. Die fossilen Antho-
zoen der Schichten von Castelgomberto, 1868; 2. Die fossilen Anthozoen und Bryozoen
der Schichtengruppe von Crosara, 1869; 3. Die fossilen Anthozoen von S. Giovanni
Ilarione und von Ronca, 1874.” My paper on the fossil Corals of the older Tertiaries
of the West Indies, contained in the ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society ’
(18738, vol. xxix.), and, finally, D’Achiardi’s admirable work ‘Coralli eocenici del
Friuli’ (Pisa, 1875) have been of much service.

V. The Characteristic Growth of the Sind Corals and their Range in Time.

The condition of the specimens collected by the Geological Survey of India from
the strata in Sind is good, and, as a rule, the external characters of the species were
readily investigated; but a few sections were required ; and all doubtful specimens, or
those which did not fairly indicate structure, were neglected.

‘The predominance of pedunculated forms with a well-developed epitheca is very
remarkable in the whole of the series. The younger forms were very constantly pre-
served fixed to a nummulite, and the older were crammed with these Foraminifera in
the Ranikot and Khirthar specimens.

The Corals grew in a shallow sea, crowded with Nummulites, in the ages during the
accumulation of the sediments of these two series. In the Cretaceous age, when the
olive sandstones beneath the Trap accumulated, there were no Nummulites, but a
shallow sea prevailed. The Cretaceous Corals appear to have lived under circum-
stances preventing the formation of a continuous coral limestone.

‘There are many Corals which may have belonged to the top of the Khirthar or to
the bottom of the Nari series ; and in the Nari beds the Oligocene coral-fauna prevailed.

But in the Gaj series, although pedunculate Corals prevail, others occur which
were massive during life, and the assemblage was more reef-like than the others in its
generic peculiarities.

The Corals form five very natural faunas, and that of each geological series is
separable from the others, community of species being exceptional: the Cretaceous,
Nummulitic, Upper Nummulitic, Oligocene, and Miocene series are represented.
16 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

VI. Description of the Fossil Corals from the Strata below the Trap in Sind.

Tue Cretaceous SERIES.
List of Species described.

From the strata below the Trap and containing Cardita Beaumonti.

Section MADREPORARIA.

Group MADREPORARIA APOROSA.
Family TURBINOLID.
Subfamily CARYOPHYLLIACES.
Genus CARYOPHYLLIA (as limited by Stokes, Zool. Journ. vol. iii. p. 481, 1828).

Caryophyllia compressa, Duncan.
indica, Duncan.

Feddeni, Duncan.

Subfamily TROCHOCYATHACES,
Genus TRocnocyatuus, M. Edwards & J. Haime, Hist. Nat. des Corail. vol. ii. p. 26.

Trochocyathus Lakii, Duncan.

Subfamily TURBINOLIACEA,
Genus Suitotrocuus, WM. Edwards & J. Haime, tom. cit. p. 70 (amended).

Smilotrochus Jakhmari, Duncan.
Blanfordi, Duncan.

Family OCULINIDE,
‘Transition-Group STYLOPHORINE.

Genus STYLOPHORA.
Stylophora, species.

Family ASTREID.
Subfamily LITHOPHYLLIACEE OESPITOSS.
Genus RuaBporHyiiia, M. Edwards & J. Haime, tom. cit. p. 343.

Rhabdophyllia Barkii, Duncan.

Group MADREPORARIA PERFORATA.
Family PORITIDZE.
Genus LitHanma, M. Edwards & J. Haime, op. eit. vol. iii. p. 187.

Litharea epithecata, Duncan,
epithecata, var. hemispheerica.

 
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 17

The fossil Corals collected by Mr. Fedden, F.G:S., of the Geological Survey of
India, from beds beneath the Trap underlying the Nummulitic series of Sind, were
obtained from Jakhmari, in the Laki range, south-west of Amri, and from Barki nala,
north of Ranikot, in the Laki range. Their general position has been noticed in a
former page, and they are found in the Olive sandstones and in a more recent geological
horizon than that of the Hippurite limestone. The fossils are usually well preserved,
are calcareous, and their surfaces are of a light-brown tint. Usually dark calcite has
replaced the hard parts of the corals deeply.

The fossil Corals belong to the Madreporaria aporosa and to the Madreporaria
perforata—the first group being represented by the genera Caryophyllia, Trochocyathus,
Smilotrochus, and Rhabdophyllia, and the last by the genus Litharea.

None of the forms of Corals described by MM. d’Archiac and Haime in their
classical work are found in the Cretaceous series.

Section MADREPORARIA.
Group MADREPORARIA APOROSA, Milne-Edwards & Jules Haime.

Family TURBINOLID.
Subfamily CARYOPHYLLIACE.
Genus CARYOPHYLLIA, Stokes (limited).

1. CARYOPHYLLIA comPRESSA, Duncan. Plate I, Figs, 1-4.

The corallum is compressed from side to side, slightly bent in the plane of the
minor axis, adherent to a foreign body by a small oval base. The calice is elliptical
in outline and rather pointed at the extremities. The coste are distinct from the
base upwards, alternately large and small, becoming more subequal at the calice, blunt,
rather largely granular and rather close; those at the extremity of the calice are the
largest. The calice is shallow; the columella is large ; the septa are alternately long,
stout, sharply granulated at the sides, and small, the smallest being much thinner
than the corresponding coste. There are four cycles of septa, complete in six systems ;
and there are short pali before the tertiary septa.

Height of corallum 3°5 inch.

Length of calice 34 inch; breadth of calice 3% inch.

Locality. Jakhmari, Laki range, west of Amri. Survey-number G' 737.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate I.

Fig. 1. Side view of the corallum.
2. View of part of a calice: magnified.
3. The base: natural size.
4, Coste near the calice: magnified.

2. CaRYOPHYLLIA Inpica, Duncan. Plate I, Figs. 5-7.

The corallum is conical, truncate, and nearly straight. The calice is circular in
D
18 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

outline, widely open, and the fossa is shallow. The base is small, circular, and blunt.
There are four cycles of septa in six systems, and there is not much difference in the
size of the first and second orders, which are the longest and largest; the tertiaries are
smaller and not so long, and the highest orders are linear and short; they are all linear
within, granular, not exsert, and correspond to coste larger than their bases, especially as
regards the higher orders. Pali exist before the tertiary septa; they are distant from the
septa, and small. The columella is small, and its tissue very lax and wide apart. ‘The
coste are subequal, distinct to the base, granular at the edge and sides, the epitheca
being rudimentary there. Near the base the coste of the higher orders are the smallest.
Height of the corallum 75 inch.
Breadth of calice 74; inch.
Locality. Barkinala, north of Ranikot, Laki range. Survey-number G 73§ and
G 304,
v Illustrations of the Species in Plate I.
Fig. 5. A side view of the corallum.
6. The calice: magnified.
7. The coste: magnified.

There is a variety with small moniliform coste near the base.
Locality. Barki nala, north of Ranikot, Laki range. Survey-number G 34.

3. CARYOPHYLLIA FEDDENI, Duncan. Plate I, Figs. 8-10.

The corallum is tall, slender, not quite straight, marked with growth-rings, and the
calice is circular in outline. The base hasasmall scar. The coste are alternately large
and small below, less unequal above, wavy, distinct, multigranular above, and .some are
small and moniliform near the base. ‘The calice is small, and the columella exces-
sively so. The pali are small and few in number, and are before the third septa
when the system is complete. The septa are unequal, the primaries large, and the
higher orders much smaller than their coste. The septa are long and distant, and
there are four incomplete cycles of them.

Height of the corallum 385 inch.

Breadth of calice 8; inch.

Locality, Jakhmari and Barki nala. Survey-numbers G 239, G 282, G 304,

Illustrations of the Species in Plate I.

Fig. 8. A side view of the corallum.
9. Coste, magnified, from below.
10. Portion of the calice: magnified.

Subfamily TROCHOCY ATHACEZL.

Genus TROCHOCYATHUS, WM. Ed. & Haime.

1. TrocHocyaruus Laxu, Duncan. Plate I, Figs. 11-13.

The corallum is short, turbinate, with a circular calice, and a small scar of former
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 19

attachment at the base. The septa are in four cycles, incompletely developed, an order
being missing in one or two half-systems; they are slightly exsert, granular, and not
very close; those of the first and second cycles are equal and are the longest. The
pali are small, unilobed and are before the first, second, and third septa. The colu-
mella is small. The coste are large, strong, projecting, multigranular, alternately large
and very small; but there are exceptions. The smaller coste are largely and roundly
granulated, in single series, and some exist from the base, and the others come in far up.

Height of the corallum 33; inch.

Breadth of calice 325 inch.

Locality. Jakhmari, Laki range, south-west of Amri. Survey-number G 78%.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate I.

Fig. 11. The coral: natural size.
12. The calice: magnified.
13. A part of the calice: magnified, and more or less as a diagram.

Subfamily TURBINOLIACE.
Genus SMILOTROCHUS.
Smilotrochus, M. Ed. § J. Haime, Hist. Nat. des Corall. vol. ii.

This genus, as noticed in Brit. Foss. Corals, Paleont. Soc. 1869, p. 19, by P. M.
Duncan, is the simplest type of coral, there being only wall, coste, and septa present,
A non-generic attribute was admitted in the diagnosis by MM. Milne-Edwards and
Jules Haime, namely, that the corallum had no trace of former adhesion. This is
now omitted, for several corals from Sind have clearly Smilotrochoid peculiarities, but
also present traces of former adhesion to foreign bodies. I have shown, in the descrip-
tion of the Madreporaria dredged up in the expedition of H.M.S. ‘ Porcupine’ (Trans.
Zool. Soc. Lond. vol. viii. p. 309), that in the genus Caryophyllia broad surfaces of
adhesion, smaller pedunculate scars, and perfectly free bases are consistent with specific
identity. Hence the former state of adhesion or not has no generic value; for an
adherent coral may become non-adherent with age, and may lose every trace of its
former state.

1. Smitorrocuus JakuMari, Duncan. Plate I, Figs. 14-17.

The corallum is tall and conical, with a circular, widely open calice, and a
small base adhering to a shell; it is also slightly curved or nearly straight, and is
marked with lines of growth. The septa are in four cycles in six systems, and are very
slightly exsert ; those of the higher orders are less prominent and smaller than the
others, and all are minutely granular, even on the free margin. The coste are well
developed, narrow, alternately large and small; and these last are minute in some places,
and have a single row of distinct granulations on them; the others, much larger, are
granular and wavy.

Height of the corallum ;5 inch.

Breadth of calice 45 inch.

Locality. Jakhmari, Laki range, south-west of Amri. Survey-number G 282,

p2
20 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

Illustrations of the Species in Plate I.

Fig. 14. The corallum: natural size.
15. Coste: magnified.

A second specimen has the corallum straight.

Height of the corallum 3%; inch.

Breadth of the calice 33; inch.

Locality. Barki nala, north of Ranikot, Laki range. Survey-number G #34.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate I.

Fig. 16. Side view of the corallum.
17. Coste: magnified.

2. SmiLorrocuus Buanrorpi, Duncan. Plate I, Figs. 18-21.

The corallum is tall, wedge-shaped, greatly compressed, presents a very small
oval scar of former adhesion at the base, and is more or less bent; it has a long, narrow,
shallow calice, which is horizontal, the margins being wavy, and the rounded sides of
the corallum form an angle at the base of from 30° to 45°. Marked with growth-rings,
which often resemble a linear epitheca; the outside has very numerous small coste,
which project but little, are narrow, alternately large and small, and one in every four
is the largest. An indistinct broad, flat granulation exists on them, ‘The central fossa
of the long, elliptical calice is linear and deep. The septa are about 200 in number,
and in large calices they are arranged as multitudes of little systems of fours and twos;
they are short, unequal, straight, sometimes exsert, but not invariably, and those nearest
the centre have a small swelling at their inner end.

Near the base, in large specimens, transverse sections show that some of the large
septal ends unite side by side to form a false columella with an axial space; higher
up this does not take place. There are no dissepiments.

Height of the corallum ;§; to ;8; inch.

Length of the calice about 1 inch; breadth of the calice not quite 38; inch.

Locality. Cardita-Beaumonti beds, Barah, Laki range. Survey-number G 394.

The specimens are crowded together in a fine sandy matrix of a light brown tint,
reddish on wetting, and are in a perfect condition. There are evidently no pali, endo-
thecal structures, or true columella; and the genus is therefore Smélotrochus. In shape
it recalls Trochocyathus Van den Heckei, Ed. & H., when it is not bilobed; and it has
no affinities with any European Cretaceous form, being very Eocene in its facies.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate I.

Fig. 18. Side view of the corallum: natural size.
19. The calice: natural size.
20. Coste: magnified.
21. Part of the calice: magnified.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 21

A young coral of the genus Smilotrochus, probably belonging to this species, is
amongst the collection.

Fig. 22. Side view of young corallum.
23. The coste, magnified, showing alternate large and small cost.

This genus received many new species during the description of the Lower Creta-
ceous Corals of England by myself, and they rather abound in the Upper Greensand
and Gault; but the shape of the coral and the details of the cost would distinguish
the Indian forms.

MM. Milne-Edwards and Haime describe and figure a species from the Upper
Greensand horizon of Farringdon, called Smilotrochus Austeni, which has greater affi-
nities than any other with the Indian forms; and they state that Smilotrochus Hagenow?,
which they neither describe nor delineate, only differs from Smilotrochus Austeni by its
less numerous and subflexuous coste. It is from the Maestricht Chalk.

Family OCULINIDA.
Transition-Group STYLOPHORINA.

Genus STYLOPHORA.
Stylophora, M. Ed. ¢ J. Haime, Hist. Nat. des Corall. vol. ii. p. 133.

1. StytopHora species. Plate ITI, Fig. 15.

A portion of a terminal branch of a Stylophora, with numerous calices, some close,
and others separated by a small amount of ccenenchyma, which is plain. ‘The coste are
slightly prominent; the septa, twelve in number, are small, six being the largest, and
the columella is small. It is quite possible that it may be one of the Stylophora-
contorta, Leymerie, group, which is elsewhere found in the Nummulitic series.

The genus is largely represented in the Tertiary and Recent formations of Europe
and of the West Indies.

The specimen is on the same block as Smilotrochus Blanfordi.

From Barah, Laki range.

Family ASTRAIDZ.

Subfamily LITHOPHYLLIACEA! C4SPITOSZ.

Genus RHABDOPHYLLIA.
Rhabdophyllia, @. Ed. § J. Haime, Hist. Nat. des Corall. vol. ii. p. 342.

The corallum is in the form of a branching bush. The corallites are long and sub-
cylindrical ; their walls are naked, and present along their whole length distinct granular
coste. The contour of the calices is irregular; the columella is spongy and well deve-
loped ; the septa are short, and the endotheca is scanty.

This diagnosis embraces many species of the Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and
22 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

Eocene ages; and four fragments of a corallum, or of similar coralla, were found in the
Laki range.

1, RHABDOPHYLLIA Bark, Duncan. Plate I, Figs. 24-28.

The corallites are short, compressed, often bent, and marked transversely by con-
tractions and enlargements ; and the coste are wide apart, narrow, projecting, granular,
and long. The intercostal spaces are wide, minutely granular, and often contain a small
costa. The wall is thin, and the calice is longer than broad or irregularly shaped. The
septa are long and slender, and the higher orders are very small. ach costa at the cali-
cular margin corresponds with a septum ; and the smallest septa arise from an intercostal
space or from a new and rudimentary costa. The full number of septa is 48; but the
third cycle is not always completed.

The columella occupies some space, and is made up of lax and distant trabecule
connected with the ends of the septa. The septa are not over straight, and the larger
are rather distant. The endotheca is extremely scanty.

Length of largest piece 7% inch.

Breadth of calice 33,, and length nearly 35; inch.

Locality. Barki nala, north of Ranikot, Laki range. Survey-number G 228.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate I.
Fig. 24. A fractured part: magnified.
25 & 26. Specimens, side view: natural size.
27. A calice: magnified.
28. Coste: magnified.

Group MADREPORARIA PERFORATA, Milne-Edwards & Jules Haime, 1850.

Family PORITIDA, M. Ed. & J. Haime, Hist. Nat. des Corall. vol. iii. p. 89.
Genus LITHARA, VW. Ed. & Haime.

Astrea (pars), Defrance ; Goldfuss ; Michelin.
Litharea, M. Ed. § J. Haime, Compt. Rendus, t. xxix. p. 258 (1849); Monogr. des Poritides, p. 35.
Siderastraa (pars), Lonsdale,

This genus has the walls between the close corallites perforate or made up of
trabecule instead of a solid plate, as in the genus Jsastrwa for instance ; consequently
in some places, in every species and generally in most, a good amount of reticulate
tissue exists on the surface between the margins of the polygonal calices. The septa,
where they spring from the wall, are more or less perforate; but elsewhere they are
thin, solid plates, some of which reach the columella. The calices are never very deep,
and their centre is filled up by the top of the columella, which is composed of lax
trabecule, continuous with the septal ends. The distinguished authors of the genus
consider that there is a thin or a rudimentary epitheca present; and they introduce
into the generic diagnosis some points which are more specific than generic—such ag
the statement that there are usually three cycles of septa, and that the upper edge of
the septa is deeply crenulate.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 23

They distinguished the typical characters in the Astrea Websteri of Bowerbank,
or Siderastrea of Lonsdale, a fossil found in the Bracklesham-Bay series. A dendroid
form was described by them from the Miocene of Dax; a convex and free species, the
old Astrea crispa of Michelin, was noticed from the Lower Eocene of Cuise-la-Motte ;
and a most interesting one was alluded to as having been found, with a well-developed
and stoutly folded epitheca, in the Upper Chalk of Maestricht.

It is evident that, as in most compound corals, there was much diversity of growth,
and that convex, free, and epithecated kinds could come within the generic diagnosis.

Since the publication of the ‘Hist. Nat. des Corall.’ many species have been added
to those there noticed, and the genus stands as a good one.

Reuss has described a species (Litharwa affinis) from the Tertiaries of Java* ;
D’Achiardi has noticed it amongst the Eocene at Friuli}; and a well-marked form
was described from the Oligocene deposit at Brockenhurst {. Recent species are not
known.

1. Lirnarma epitHecata, Duncan. Plate II, Figs. 1-9.

The corallum is circular in outline, broad, short, more or less convex above and
flat or concave inferiorly, where there is a well-developed epitheca marked with concen-
tric grooves and elevations.

The calices are rather irregular in shape, and are usually hexagonal in outline;
they are close, and but little trabeculate wall is between them. Widely open, they are
shallow; and whilst large and’ subequal on the greater part of the corallum, they are
smaller and of different sizes close to the thin rim of the full-grown coralla. There
are three cycles of septa; all are distant, ragged, not over straight, with enlargements
and points on their sides, and incised, and bluntly crenulate or moniliform, on the free
edge; they are trabeculate near the wall, and are united within by trabecule here and
there. The septa are slender and long; the primaries and secondaries are subequal ;
the tertiaries join the secondaries, being curved.

The columella is small, and is composed of distant and contorted trabecule.

Beneath the epitheca, the lower edges of the septa and trabecule form a close
radial series, which simulates a costal arrangement. A small central projection occurs
on the base, indicating the position of the first calice above.

Diameter of the largest specimen 3 inches; thickness of the largest specimen
35 inch.

Breadth of central calices + inch; breadth of marginal calices 335 inch.

Locality. Jakhmari, Laki range, south-west of Amri. Survey-number G 737.

Position. In beds with Cardita Beaumoniti.

Numerous specimens exist of this very characteristic form, and they were found of
many dimensions. In all the basal epitheca is a most striking feature; and, except
when altered by fossilization, the trabecular walls and septa are sufficient to distin-

* A. E. Reuss, ‘Fossile Korallen von der Insel Java’ (Novara Exped.).
t+ D’Achiardi, ‘ Coralli Eocenici’ (Pisa, 1875).
¢ P.M. Duncan, ‘ Supp. Brit. Foss. Corals, Pal. Soc. Lond. vol. xix.
24 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

guish the species from any member of the genus Jsastrwa at once. In some speci-
mens the calices are deeper than in others, and the margins of the calices are unequally
elevated, whilst the whole surface is gibbous here and there. The sameness of size of
the calices in the same specimen is sometimes striking.

The young forms have a flat base; and this appears to grow more or less dome-
shaped with increasing lateral dimension, and probably the original calice started with
a minute peduncle and epitheca. Growth appears to take place by budding just on
the outer margin of the calices; and no upward development occurs, there being but
one row of calices in vertical measurement. :

In some of the fossils the base has become covered with a mud containing fossils, and
then the specimen appears to be an incrusting form; but with a little care the epitheca
can be distinguished. It is this basal epitheca that gives the species its especial character ;
and it is a remarkable fact that Jules Haime should have noticed an epitheca only in
an Upper Cretaceous species from Maestricht *. None of the Tertiary forms have it.

The weathering of the surface brings out the perforate condition of the walls and
septa; and some forms of fossilization, especially an infiltration with calcite, by filling
up the interstices, render the form like an Jsastrea with a small columella. When
destruction of the original coral has taken place, only portions of it being left here and
there, the cast that remains has, of course, no evidence of the former presence of the
wall between the calices, and the aspect given is that of an Heliastrean. It is neces-
sary to remember this; for some specimens from Barki nala might be relegated to
another genus than Litharea.

LITHARA EPITHECATA, nobis, var. HEMISPH@RICA. Plate II, Fig. 10.

The basal surface is concave, and the upper surface is almost hemispherical.
The calices are shallow, and hence there must be a vertical successional growth.

Breadth of corallum 1;’5 inch; height centrally 3% inch.

Locality. Barki nala. Survey-number G 76.

When the fossilization has destroyed the walls, the remarks already made hold
good; but towards the edges some smaller calices show all the specific characters.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate II.

. The upper surface of the type of Litharea epithecata.

The basal epitheca.

. A smaller and younger specimen ; calicular surface.

The basal surface.

. The basal epitheca of a very small specimen.

. Calices of a weathered specimen: natural size,

The calices: magnified.

The structure of the wall, septa, and endotheca: magnified.
A portion of the basal epitheca: magnified.

. View of the variety hemispherica.

Fig.

OO MA ME we

So

* L, Goldfussi, M. Ed. & J. H., Hist. Nat. des Corall. iii. p. 189,
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 26

List of the Species of Madreporaria from the beds with Cardita Beaumonti at Jakhmari,
at Barki nala, north of Ranikot, and at Barah, in the Laki range.

Caryophyllia compressa, Duncan.
Caryophyllia Indica, 9s
Caryophyllia Feddeni, -
Trochocyathus Lakit, ss

Smilotrochus Jakhmari, ‘

Smilotrochus Blanfordi,
Rhabdophyllia Barkii, 43

Litharea epithecata, Duncan, and a variety.
Stylophora, sp.

ge ae

Of these corals the most numerous are the Litharee, and the species is evidently
a most characteristic form. The Caryophyllie are next in importance, and then the
Smilotrochi. .

Taken as a fauna, this assemblage of species does not indicate the conditions of a
reef sufficient to form a coral-limestone. The forms were not massive, and the Litharwa
was epithecate and covered a very small area. A shallow-sea formation, where the
corals.lived under not very favourable conditions, occurred.

With regard to the alliance of the corals with those of other strata and formations,
but little can be determined. There are no characteristic Secondary or Tertiary forms
present. The range of the genus Caryophyllia is from the Cretaceous to the present
day, and the new species do not belong to the deep-sea group of the European Chalk.
The genus Similotrochus was most common in the Upper Greensand and Gault of
Europe; but it lasted on into the Nummulitic, and may be still represented. The
Smilotrochi have thus as great Nummulitic as Cretaceous affinities. The Litharewa has
affinities with an Upper Cretaceous form, but the genus had a great Tertiary range.

As a whole, the facies of the fauna is more Kocene than Cretaceous; and it is
impossible to give a geological position, so far as age is concerned, to the group of
forms from this limited paleontology. There is a remarkable similarity of outline,
figure, and of special shapes of certain species in the coral-faunas of the Cretaceous and
Eocene ages; and from the appearance of the Stylophora and the Smilotrochus Blan-
fordi, so greatly resembling Smilotrochus incurvus, D’Achiardi, of the Italian Eocene,
an Eocene facies rather predominates.

There are numerous Caryophyllie in the Cretaceous deposits of Southern India,
and they were described by Stoliczka in his Monograph of the Cretaceous fauna of
Southern India (Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 1873); but they are only
generically allied to those from the Cardita-Beawmonti beds of Sind. They come from
strata of Lower Cretaceous age, and there were several genera present which are only
known as Tertiary in Europe or recent. In the fauna now under consideration a
transition from the Cretaceous to the Kocene is fairly indicated.
26 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND
VII. Description of the Fossil Corals from the Ranikot Series of Strata of Sind.

NoumMu.itic SERIES.
List of Species described.

Section MADREPORARIA.

Group MADREPORARIA APOROSA.
Family TURBINOLIDA.

Subfamily TROCHOCYATHACES.

Trochocyathus corbicula, Duncan. | Placocyathus striatus, Duncan.

Subfamily TURBINOLIACES.
Blagrovia simplex, Duncan.

Family ASTRAIDA.
Subfamily HUSMILINA.
Trochosmilia Medlicotti, Duncan.

Subfamily STYLINACER.

 

 

 

 

 

Stylina Reussi, Duncan. Styloccenia Vicaryi, Haime.
Stylocoenia maxima, Duncan. — Ranikoti, Duncan.
Subfamily ASTREIN &.
Montlivaltia Granti, Duncan. Feddenia cristata, Duncan.
Lynyani, Duncan. —_ elongata, Duncan.
Ranikoti, Duncan. Plocophyllia Sindiana, Duncan.
Feddenia typica, Duncan, and two varieties. ——_—_———- flabellata, Reuss.

Subfamily LITHOPHYLLIACEHZ MEANDROIDER.

Diploria flexuosissima, D’Achiardi. | Leptoria hydnophoroidea, Duncan.

Subfamily ASTREACER,

Stephanoccenia microtuberculata, Duncan. Astroccenia ramosa, Sowerby.
Astrocenia Blanfordi, Duncan, and variety. Isastrea punctata, Duncan.
— cellulata, Duncan. Astrea Morloti, Reuss.
—-—————. nana, Reuss. Pironastrea Indica, Duncan.
— gibbosa, Duncan. Reussastrea grandis, Duncan.

Family FUNGIDA.

Subfamily LOPHOSERINE,

 

 

 

 

Pachyseris Murchisoni, M. Ed. § J. Haime. Cyclolites Ranikoti, Duncan.
Trochoseris difformis, Reuss. ———  crenulata, Duncan.
Cyathoseris orientalis, Duncan. ——- Vicaryi, Haime.
Elliptoseris aperta, Duncan. ————— anomala, Duncan.
Turbinoseris Ranikoti, Duncan. ——— superba, Duncan.
epithecata, Duncan, | - —— Haimei, Duncan.
———_——. Haimei, Duncan, ———— Alltavillensis, Defrance.
————— Indica, Duncan. ————- striata, Duncan.
elegans, Duncan, Thamnastrea Balli, Duncan.

Cyclolites alpina, D’ Orbigny.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 27

Group MADREPORARIA PERFORATA.

Fumily MADREPORIDA.

Subfamily HUPSAMMINES.
Stephanophyllia Indica, Dunean.

Family PORITIDZ.

Litharea grandis, Duncan. | Porites superposita, Duncan,

Section MADREPORARIA.

Group MADREPORARIA APOROSA.
Family TURBINOLIDZ..
Subfamily TROCHOCY ATHACE.

Genus TROCHOCYATHUS, WU. Ed. & J. H.

1. TrocHocyatTuus corBicuLa, Duncan. Plate VII, Figs. 12-14.

The corallum is short in height, long and narrow in its very deep and elliptical
calice, rounded at the base, generally compressed, and the calicular margins are curved
inwardly at the sides.

There is a granular and rather indistinct epitheca; but the coste are visible at the
calicular margin and for some distance down; they are numerous above, subequal, and
minutely granular.

The septa are numerous and crowded at the rather broad margin; a few are
slightly exsert, and they are very unequal in size and length. They dip down close
to the thick wall, and extend very slightly into the calice, and the larger pass along
the base of the very deep calicular fossa to the long elliptical and largely developed
trabecular columella. The septa are alternately large and small; and the smaller are
separated by a longer, which either does not reach far down, or is attached to the
columella, by a paliform continuation. There are more than five cycles of septa;
the lamine are thin, often wavy and distinctly granular.

Length of the corallum 3 inch; length of the calice 135 inch.

Breadth of the calice + inch; depth of the calice 3°75 inch.

Locality. Hills’ east of Lynyan, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 7$@.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VII.

Fig. 12. The corallum from the side: natural size.
13. The base.
14. The calice: slightly magnified.
28 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

This species is more closely allied to Trochocyathus sinuosus (Brongniart’s sp.)
of the Eocene of the Vicentin, of Brazzano in the Friuli district, and of La Palarea,
than to any other form.

Genus PLACOCYATHUS.
Placocyathus, V. Ed. § J. H., Hist. Nat. des Corall. vol. ti. p. 58.

1. Piacocyatuus striatus, Duncan. Plate XIV, Figs. 8-10.

The corallum is simple, short, with a broad attached base and slightly sloping sides,
covered with a faint epitheca, through which the straight and alternately large and
small, rounded, slightly projecting coste are seen. The calice is longer than broad, is
deep, and the thick margins are slightly sinuous.

The septa are very numerous, small, crowded, and unequal: a few large ones
reach the bottom of the fossa, and are in contact with a short lamelliform columella;
these septa, probably eighteen in number, have pali at their columellary ends, which
merge gradually into the laminew; the other septa, not reaching so far, are slightly
wavy and close to the wall. At the margin there are a number of systems of three
septa between two large ones, the middle one of the three being slightly larger than
the small one on either side. The coste are a marked feature, and give a striped
appearance to the outside. The sides of the septa are granular; and in some places
the granules are nearly worthy of the name of synapticule.

Height of the corallum 53; inch.

Length of the calice 1 inch.

Locality. Lynyan, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 282.

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XIV.
Fig. 8. A side view of the coral: natural size.
9. The columella and some pali: magnified.
10. The coste : magnified.
This is the only representative of the genus in the Indian Tertiaries. ‘The others
are of Miocene age in the West Indies.

Subfamily TURBINOLIACEZ.

BLAGROVIA, gen. nov.

The corallum is simple, turbinate or subturbinate, and attached by a small
peduncle. The calicular fossa is very deep; the septa are numerous and unequal, and
the coste are covered with an epitheca which permits the larger being seen, and they
reach the small base. There are no endothecal dissepiments, pali, or columella.

This genus has close structural resemblances with Smilotrochus, from which it
differs in the possession of an epitheca and peduncle of attachment.

1. BuaGRovia simplex, Duncan. Plate XIV, figs. 11-13.

The corallum is small, compressed, turbinate, and the small base has a scar of
attachment, and the primary costs and some secondaries reach it. The septa are very
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 29

irregular and numerous, and are in sets of three or of five between two larger ones.
There are five cycles of them, and a few members of a sixth.
The epitheca is delicate, and forms an integral part of the costal arrangement.
Height of the corallum 38; inch.
Length of the calice 58; inch.
Locality. Three miles west of Lynyan, Ranikot group. Survey number G 232..

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XIV.

Fig. 11. The corallum: natural size.
12. Base and calice: magnified.
13. Septa at the margin: magnified.

Family ASTRAIDA.
Subfamily EUSMILINA.

Genus TROCHOSMILIA.
Trochosmilia, M. Ed. & J. H., op. cit. vol. ii. p. 181.

1. Trocuosmitia Mepuicorti, Duncan. Plate III, Figs. 2-5.

The corallum is greatly compressed, and is deltoid, wedge-shaped, or flabellate in
outline. There is usually a curved pedicel with a mark of former adhesion, but in
some the pedicel is straight and sharp. The long, elliptical, rather pointed-ended, and
sometimes sinuous calice is usually on a level plane, but sometimes not. It is rather
deep centrally, stout at the margin, and crowded with septa.

The coste are distinct near the calice, and subequal there, slightly projecting,
granular, and have small intercostal spaces. Lower down, the coste become alternately
large and small, the smaller being rather linear in some instances. They merge into a
pellicular epitheca, or into a “broken” epitheca consisting of irregular-shaped pieces
resembling a bad mosaic.

The septa are slightly exsert at the margin, curved above and not dentate. They
are crowded, and there are five cycles, with extra orders in large specimens. They are
alternately large and small, long and short. The longer gain the axial space and bound
it. All are distinctly and largely granulay.

There is no columella. The endotheca is scanty. There is a slight exotheca here
and there.

The height of the largest specimen is 7% inch, and its calice is in length 1375 inch.
The next specimen is 385 inch high, and about an inch in length. A third, drawn on
Plate III, is 74 inch high and 5% inch long at the calice.

280

Locality. Shirk, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 734;.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate IT.
Fig. 2. A moderate-sized specimen: natural size, side view.
3. Its calice: magnified.
4, The worn septa: magnified.
5. The granulate septum: side view.
30 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

Subfamily STYLINACEA.
Genus STYLINA.
Stylina, MM. Ed. & J. H., vol. ii. op. cit., p. 232.

1. Srytina Revssi, Duncan. Plate X, Figs. 11-14.

‘The corallum is convex above, with gibbous projections, circular in outline, and
conical and pedunculate inferiorly.

The upper surface and its gibbosites are crowded with numerous, very slightly
projecting, circular, or deformed calices, some of which are separate and others close.
The normal calice has a circular, sharp, and rather exsert narrow margin, which is very
distinct, a very large, central styliform columella rounded above, and subequal coste
passing over the wall to the intercalicular space, where they terminate.

The septa are alternately large and small, long and short, and there are three
cycles in six systems. ‘The primaries and secondaries are much alike, and reach close
to and touch the columella; sometimes some do not reach so far. The tertiaries are
smaller, and usually do not pass far inwards from the wall. The septa are all smaller
than the coste ; and the tertiaries have much larger coste attached to them than their
own lamine.

In some calices the walls touch, but there is no connexion then by septa-coste.

The intercalicular space presents the straight ends of the radiating coste.

The columella, in longitudinal sections, is very large, straight, cylindrical, or slightly
compressed, and is marked, from above downwards, with a great number of irregular
cross stripes or projecting ridges; these give origin to minute trabecule, which join
the larger septa to the columella. The sides of the larger septa above, visible in
longitudinal section, are minutely granular in lines placed across them.

The endotheca is moderately developed, and the epitheca has been worn off the
specimen.

Height of corallum, including gibbous prominence, 1,75 inch; breadth 138; inch.

Diameter of calices 7; to 5 inch.

Locality. Shirk, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 222.

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate X.
Fig. 11. The calices on the corallum: natural size.
12. The calices: magnified.
13. The columella in longitudinal view: magnified.
14. Costee on base: magnified.

 

This species is only generically allied to those Stylinw which Reuss described from
Castel Gomberto.
Genus STYLOCGENTIA.

Styloccenia, M. Ed. & J. H., op. cit. vol. ii. p. 250.

1. Srynocasnia Maxima, Duncan. Plate XII, Figs, 1-5.

The corallum is large, with a circular and concave base, and has rather thin edges.
The upper surface is convex, with a central conico-cylindrical upgrowth. The calices
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 31

are large, deep, and some of the intercalicular pillars are very stout, long, and usually
pointed, whilst others are small and striated.

The calices are largest in the midst and smallest at the edges of the corallum ;
they are irregularly hexagonal in shape, deep, with a closed fossa as broad as the
margin. There is a small styliform columella, which is compressed from side to side,
and presents an elongate transverse section. The septa are thin, wide apart, do not
project much into the calicular cavity, are often wavy, and ten equal in size unite with
the columella. In some calices a very rudimentary intermediate septal series exists,
and is continuous on the intercalicular ridge with small costal prolongations,

There are some endothecal growths between the septa, but not extending far from
the wall, and the interseptal loculi are closed in below. On the intercalicular ridges,
which are moderately broad, are long, linear, short projections, which give off, on either
side, costee which go to the septa, and sometimes two unite to form a septum. On the
linear projection is a solitary ridge, and the septo-costal arrangement arises from a
reticulation close to the calicular margin. In some instances the linear ridge is broken
or sinuous.

The columns or intercalicular pillars are situated at the angle of junction of four
or five calices. The largest are broad at the base, and cover nearly as much surface
as a calice. The smaller occupy much less space according to their size; they are
cylindrical for much of their height, and then are usually compressed but not inva-
riably ; they diminish in breadth rather suddenly, and end in a point which is long and
blunt. Wide apart, narrow, slightly projecting, sometimes wavy, but usually straight
linear projections are placed longitudinally up the columns; they converge at the top,
and unite there at a point, or on either side of a short line, and they are sometimes
connected throughout their course, here and there, by cross linear projections.

The longitudinal lines sometimes bifurcate, and may be equal or subequal, or an
intermediate set may be smaller than the others; and the intermediate structure of the
column usually presents a series of more or less regular slight swellings, when slightly
magnified.

The longitudinally linear projections of the large columns may be 10, 16, 20, or
24 in number ; but the first three numbers are the commonest. They in some instances
have a clear relation, at the base of the column, with some of the septa of the neigh-
bouring calices, and with the middle intercalicular linear projections; but in other
instances this is not seen, and the columnar “ costze” are independent.

One of the columns on the typical specimen is stunted, and clearly indicates by its
construction that it and all of them are aborted gemmations in which the calice has
been modified by the unusual growth of the wall and coste. Another column, broken
across, shows that the external longitudinal “cost” are really such, and are continuous
within with irregular septa and endotheca. Moreover the columella may be traced,
and it is to be recognized at the top in the line there.

The smaller pillars are miniature larger ones; they cover less space, are usually
compressed, and terminate rather bluntly as the remains of an aborted calice, or as a
tip with an elongate columella.

The base of the coral, large, symmetrical, resting on its thin circular edge, has
32 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

concentric rings of epitheca, and a vast number of subequal radiating coste, whose course
is often much broken by the circular layers of epitheca. The costal appearance is
produced by a broad rounded and often ornamented epithecate process, which covers
each small costa from the outside calices.
The central projection on top of the corallum consists of a mass of calices and
columns. The septa of the calices are not arranged in definite cycles.
The breadth of the base is 32 inches; the height of the corallum to the base of
the projection is 1); inch, and this eminence brings the height to 14% inch.
The calices are +45 to 32; inch and slightly more in diameter: and the large columns
may reach 3 inch in height ; their usual height is about 7 inch.
Locality. Thirk, from the lowest fossiliferous bed, Ranikot group. Survey-number
G 289,
ae Illustrations of the Species in Plate XII.
Fig. 1. The upper part of the corallum: natural size.
2. Part of the base: magnified.
3. A large pillar: magnified, side view.
4, A calice: magnified.
4a. Side view of a section.
5. The top of a column: magnified.

This remarkable coral is common, and always assumes the same shape. It is allied
to Stylocenia macrostyla, Reuss, from the strata near §. Giov. Ilarione, in the Bolca
and Montebello district of the Alps, and which is found with Cerithiwm giganteum and
Nummulites planulatus. The especial point of interest in the species is the gigantic
development of the small projections seen in some of the ordinary European Kocene
Stylocenie.

StyLoca:nia Maxima, Duncan. Plate XII, Fig. 6.

A young specimen, with the same kind of base, calicular marginal lines, and septa
as the type, has only the usual upward enlargement of the calicular meeting-points.
Indications of a commencing central projection exist. It may be mistaken for Stylo-
cema emarciata, Lamk. sp., of the European Eocene deposits.

Illustration in Plate XII.

Fig. 6. The corallum: natural size.

2. Srytocmnia VicaRyi, Haime. Plate XIII, Figs. 4-7.

This Styloccenian was described by D’Archiac & Haime in their great work,
‘Les Animaux Fossiles du groupe Nummulitique de l’Inde,’ and was figured by them
(plate xii, fig. 4,46, p. 189). They notice the similarity of the species with those from
La Palarea in the European Nummulitic strata, and classify the form amongst the Sty-
locenie with three cycles of septa, noticing that the primaries alone reach the columella,
which is rather large and cylindrical, that the secondaries do not reach the columella,
and that the tertiaries are rudimentary. They give the diameter of the calice as
15 millim. They describe the corallum as thick and semiglobular; and Haime and
Milne Edwards state it to be hemispherical.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 33

There is a fine specimen of a Styloccenian from Jhirk, in the Ranikot group, which
approaches the above description too closely to permit of its association with any other
species than Stylocenia Vicaryi. It is a large form, well developed, and is thick but
not hemispherical, for it is rather convex in one direction and long and flat in the other.
The intercalicular projections are small and mere elevations at the angles. The calices
are over 2 millimetres in breadth, and the columella is well developed and cylindrical.
The primary and secondary septa are equal and reach the columella, all being slender,
and not being much thicker at the margin, if at all, than at the columella; and the ter-
tiaries reach midway towards the centre of the calice.

This increased size of the septa is a mere matter of growth. The endotheca is
scanty.

Locality. Shirk, Ranikot group. Survey-number G ?7$2,.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XIII.

Fig. 4. Part of the corallum: natural size.
5. A worn calice: magnified.
6. Calices: magnified.
7. Diagram of the margin of the calices.

3. Stytocania Ranixoti, Duncan. Plate XV, Figs. 6-9.

The corallum is large, the basal edge is circular, and the upper surface of the
corallum is symmetrical, rising gradually to a blunt point, and being covered with large
calices.

The base has an epitheca. The calices are more or less hexagonal, two sides being
smallest, or round or angular, and they are rather deep, and are separated by narrow,
sharp margins. The columella is exceedingly small in relation to the size of the calices,
and aborts occasionally, being replaced by an elongate mass; it is situated deeply and
compressed. The septa are ten in number, distant, small, some often uniting before
they reach the columella; they are subequal, and form but little of the calice. The
columns between the calices are small.

Breadth of corallum at base 2355 inches; height 1); inch.

Diameter of calices usually 3%; inch and more.

Locality. Hills east of Lynyan, Ranikot group (Survey-number G74), and Vihan
Hill (Survey-number G $34).

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XV.

Fig. 6. The corallum: magnified.
7. Calices: magnified slightly.
8. Calices: more highly magnified.
9. A side view of a septum: magnified.
34 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

Subfamily ASTREINGA.

Genus MONTLIVALTIA.
Montlivaltia, @. Ed. § J. Haime, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 296.

1 Monturvattia Grant, D’Archiac & Haime. Plate XI, Figs. 14-17.

The corallum is hemispherical when full-grown, flatter and convex without and
concave within when young. The calice, widely open and shallow, is slightly elliptical,
and the axial space is of the same shape. The septa are slightly exsert at the margin,
rounded, slightly granular, and usually long, straight, and often rise on the free
margin into several minute lobes, of which there is a crown around the axial space.
There are at least six cycles of septa which are close at the wall. The larger septa
are subequal, and there is a considerable number of them, but they are small in relation
to the size of the calice; they are subequal at the costal end, and largely granular
there. There is no columella.

The epitheca is granular, and is in strong transverse folds, the coste showing
between them, and it reaches very close to the margin.

The base is very slightly flattened in old forms, as if by pressure; but it is rounded
in the young, in which the coste do not show through the perfect epitheca.

In the young forms the calice is deeper and there are fewer septa, but still they
are numerous.

The costz in the fully-developed forms are subequal, project but slightly, are close,’
and have much exotheca between them. ‘They are in little groups of longitudinal
convex fluting in the old forms, and each group consists of two large coste and three
intermediate ones between them.

Height of corallum: large, 1,55 inch; small, 38 inch.

Length of calice: large, 23% inches; small, 14%; inch.

Locality. Hills east of Lynyan, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 289..

Iilustrations of the Species in Plate XI.

Fig. 14. Large corallum: natural size.
15. The septa (part of): magnified slightly.
16. The costz and epitheca: magnified.
17. Small corallum: natural size.

This species was described and delineated by MM. D’Archiac and Jules Haime
in their work, which has already been quoted; and the specimens from Lynyan agree in
their structures with the specific distinctions given. The type figured by them is a
more feebly grown individual than the larger form described above. In the lobed
character of the septal ends there is much similarity to the genus Antillia, Duncan;
but there does not appear to be a columella, which structure peculiarizes this genus.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 35

2. Montiivartia Lynyant, Duncan. Plate XVI, Figs. 1, 2.

The corallum is very large, cylindro-turbinate, rounded and turbinate below at the
base, and cylindrical, with salient angles, above.

The calice is irregular in outline, widely open, and not deep. The margin is thin,
and there is a raised ridge of paliform septal lobes around the axial space. The septa
are close, not very stout, and there are nearly six cycles of them. The coste are sub-
equal, or alternately large and small, sharply granular at the free edge, and rather
distant. The epitheca is well developed as a layer, which is granular on its surface,
and as bands between which the coste are visible. The endotheca and exotheca are
abundant.

The height of the coral is 3 inches. The breadth of the calice is rather over
2 inches.

Locality. Three miles west of Lynyan, in the Ranikot group. Survey-number

bo

8

G

0
6

He

|
bo

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XVI.
Fig. 1. The corallum, side view.
2. Some of the coste and epitheca: magnified.
The paliform endings of the septa, so remarkable in the last species, occur in this one.

3. Montiivattta Ranixoti, Duncan. Plate ITI, Figs. 12-14.

The corallum is short, irregularly elliptical, large and widely open above, and
almost hemispherical and slightly pointed beneath. The height is about equal to one
half of the width of the smaller diameter of the calice.

The calicular margin is broad; the axial space is elliptical, small, restricted, and
deep, and the space between it and the margin is moderately deep. There are
76 septa, and the fifth cycle is incomplete in some systems. The septa are stoutest
at the margin, where they are slightly exsert; they are thin, slightly and largely
granular at the sides, slightly arched and faintly notched at their free margin, long,
distinct, and not crowded. They reach or extend towards the axial space according
to their orders; the primaries reach it, and the secondaries also in some instances ; the
secondaries and tertiaries are a little remote from it, and those of the higher orders
are still more so. There is frequently an approach, near the axial space, of two smaller
septa towards the larger one between them, and they come in greater or less contact.
The axial space is deep, and is bounded by the curved inner septal edges, and there is
no columella. The coste correspond to the septa, are alternately large and small, and
are distinctly yet feebly developed; they project with greater distinctness at some
part than at others.

The endotheca is very scanty.

An epitheca, without ornamentation and more or less pellicular, exists, closely
covering the coste and intercostal spaces, but the irregular projections of the costee mark
it. The base is small, semipedunculate, and free.

Height of the corallum 38; inch.

Breadth of calice about 74 inch.
F2
36 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

Locality. Thirk, from lowest fossiliferous beds of the Ranikot group. Survey
number G 28%..
Illustrations of the Species in Plate III.

Fig. 12. The coral: natural size.
13. The calice: magnified.
14. The coste: magnified.

Genus FEDDENIA, Duncan.

The corallum is simple, free, with an irregular-shaped base, which has enclosed a
foreign body. The epitheca is granular, and occasionally like broken mosaic, ‘The
costee may or may not be universally visible, and are continued to the base, but not
invariably to the peduncle. The calice, usually constricted, is crowded with uniting
septa, ending in paliform lobes; it is without columella. The endotheca is scanty,
but the granules of the septa unite here and there as false synapticule.

1. Feppenta typica, Duncan. Plate XI, Figs. 1-3.

The corallum is free, compressed, and Phrygian-cap-shaped, and the projecting
part of the base is marked with the openings for the shell it surrounded. The
calice is oval, deep, with a faintly irregular margin and a small elongate axial space,
which is bounded by the paliform ends of the largest septal groups, which are ten in
number. There is no columella. At the margin, the costal edge is festooned, two
projecting costz ending in a large septum, and having seven between them. ‘The pro-
jecting costo-septa have, on either side, a minute septum of a high order, which is taller
than the others. There are five cycles of septa; and the larger lamine are thick, often
much curved, and have protecting granules and ridges. The next in size project less, and
are also curved; whilst the smallest septa are largely granular, and unite by their
granules with the others, besides uniting laterally witha largerseptum. ‘The paliform
ends are wavy, broken-looking, and broad.

The coste are subequal and exist near the calice, the larger, with the two lateral
coste, forming prominences for some little distance straight down the outside. Else-
where they are covered with the epitheca.

Height of corallum 3% inch.

Length of calice 38; inch.

Locality. Three miles west of Lynyan, Ranikot series. Survey-number G 28%..

 

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XI.

Fig. 1. Side view of the corallum: natural size.
2. The calice (part of): magnified.
3. The coste and epitheca: magnified.

Feppenia typica, Duncan. Variety 1. Plate XI, Figs. 4, 5.

In this variety the same general shape of the corallum exists. The septa are
larger and very largely granular. The coste are large near the calice, which is ellip-
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 37

tical and contracted. The false synapticule are large. The epitheca is granular.
From the same locality as the type.

Lilustrations of var. 1 in Plate XI.

Fig. 4. The septa: magnified.
5. The granules on a septum: magnified.

FEppenia Typica, Duncan. Variety 2. Plate XI, Figs. 6, 7.

This variety is from the same locality as the type. The corallum is taller, and
still retains the general shape. The coste are very granular, and the granules merge
into those of the epitheca near the calice. Elsewhere the epitheca is minutely granular.
The higher orders of septa are not so decidedly higher than the others on the side of
the larger septa. The coste are very wavy on the side where they coalesce.

Lilustrations of var. 2 in Plate XI.

Fig. 6. The corallum: natural size.
7. Coste and septa: magnified.

2. FEDDENIA cristata, Duncan. Plate XI, Fig. 8.

The corallum is free, tall, very compressed, with a small rounded base, which
curves up to a keel-like crest that reaches the calice at one of the ends of the elliptical
margin ; a corresponding but smaller keel exists at the opposite end, and passes straight
down to the base, which is gently curved sideways.

The calice is contracted, shallow, elliptical, and crowded with septa, the larger
reaching into the small axial space. ‘There are four cycles of septa, which are not very
granular, and which have the generic distribution. The coste project in sets, which
become more prominent near the curved end of the corallum at the calice, until the
terminal form a decided ridge or keel. Lower down, the cost become covered with
the broken-looking epitheca; but they are still visible and subequal. Some pass
straight down from the calice, and others, after a space, take on an oblique course,
which gives a regularly wavy appearance to the sides of the corallum. The base has
enclosed an organism, and the coste have followed the growth of the enclosing structure
rather than that of the narrow peduncle-like end.

Height of corallum 2%; inch.

Breadth of calice 75 inch; length of calice 1,5 inch.

Locality. East of Kandaira, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 73%.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XI.

Fig. 8. Side view of the corallum: natural size.

8, FEDDENIA ELONGATA, Duncan. Plate IV, Figs. 8-10.
The corallum is tall, rather compressed, and the base is curved and flattened
38 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

beneath. The costee, distinct near the calice, either merge into a broken mosaic-like
epitheca or pass straight downwards with gentle undulations, so as to reach the lower
end, but not the curved base. The coste are in sets at the margin, three small being
between two large; they are well developed, slightly projecting, granular, united by
exotheca, and the largest order is not invariably taller than the others. The calice
is elliptical, contracted, shallow, and the septa corresponding with the larger coste
pass in towards the small axis. The transverse section below the calice indicates that
the septa are not very granular, that they have few false symplicule, and that there
isa false columella, produced by trabecule from the septal ends. There are five cycles
of septa, a few orders of the sixth.

Height of corallum 2 inches.

Length of calice 1,2; inch; breadth of calice 7% inch.

Locality. Three miles west of Lynyan, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 7$¢..

Illustrations of the Species in Plate IV.

Fig. 8. Side view of the coral.
9. The coste: magnified.
10. A transverse section of the coral : magnified.

 

Genus PLOCOPHYLLIA, Reuss.

1. ProcopHyiia Sinpiana, Duncan. Plate XIII, Figs. 1-3.

This species is founded on a small massive corallum, with a few extremely large
corallites, separate above, short, and presenting some Heliastrean peculiarities. There are
no Nummulites about the specimen ; and I have doubts, from its mineralization, whether
it really came from Jhirk: it looks more recent than the others from that spot.

The corallum is broad above, small below, short, and massive. All the calices are
large, deep centrally, but shallow and expanded at the margins, which are oval or irregular
in outline. The cost are distinct above, project slightly, are unequal, and those of
one calice do not pass over to others. Possibly there are 144 or more subequal septa
in the calices; they are thin, crowded, faintly dentate at the free edge, and a consider-
able number reach the large papillose columella, which is situated deeply. There
does not appear to have been any epitheca.

The diameter of a calice is 158; inch. Depth of fossula 345 inch.

Locality. Shirk (2), Ranikot group. Survey-number G 282,

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XIII.

Fig. 1. The corallum: natural size.
2. The cost: magnified.
3. A septal edge: magnified.

This species has the appearance of a short Plocophyllia, of the Plocophyllia-
gregaria, Reuss, type from §. Gioy. Tlarione.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 39

2. PLOCOPHYLLIA FLABELLATA, Reuss. Plate XVI, Figs. 5, 6.

A little stem of this coral, with a compressed calice and visible coste, slightly com-
pressed sides, and a scar of former adhesion, was found in the hills east of Lynyan.
It resembles a young Plocophyllia of the group flabellata; and I refer the specimen
to that species, which my late friend the illustrious A. E. Reuss described from
Monte di Carlotta, in the San Giovanni Ilarione district (‘ Pal. Stud. tiber die alteren
Tertiarschichten der Alpen,’ iii. Abtheil. p. 30).

Locality. Hills east of Lynyan, in the Ranikot group. Survey-number G {$§.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XVI.

Fig. 5. Side view of the corallum: natural size.
6. The coste: magnified.

Subfamily LITHOPHYLLIACEH MEANDROIDEA,

Genus DIPLORIA.
Diploria, M. Ed. & H. op. cit. vol. ii. p. 401.

1. Drptoria FLexvosissima, D’ Ach. Plate VI, Figs. 11, 12.

Diploria flexuosissima, D’ Ach. Corall. foss. del terr. numm. delle Alpi venete, ii. p. 26, tab. xii. fig. 4;
Reuss, Anthoz. von S. Giovanni Ilarione, p. 11, pl. xxxix. figs. 1, 2.

The corallum is irregular in shape, generally flat and cake-shaped, and is rather
gibbous on the upper surface. The series are very gyrose, and the interserial portion
is about as broad as the serial, and is on rather a lower level. The series are narrow,
and the septa are numerous, alternately large and small, the larger having a swelling
parallel with the axial space, sometimes rising in a small lobe. There are about
40 septa in half an inch. The small septa may be rudimentary, and are then con-
tinued outwards as minute coste, and the larger, which are stout, end in the principal
costae.

The columella is continuous, thin, and distinct. ‘The endotheca is very well deve-
loped and close.

The length of the corallum is about 4 inch; the breadth of a series and one inter-
series is 7’ inch.

Locality. Shirk, Ranikot group. Survey-number G ?3%..

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VI.

Fig. 11. Upper surface of the corallum.
12. A portion of a calicular series: magnified.

Genus LEPTORIA.
Leptoria, M. Ed. & J. H. op. cit. vol. ii. p. 405.

1. LeproriA HYDNOPHOROIDEA, Duncan. Plate VIII, Figs. 1, 2.
The corallum is hemispherical, and is placed on a large elliptical base, with
40 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

rounded-off edges and a slightly concave central part, marked with concentric ridges.
The upper surface of the corallum slopes for a short distance from the base, and is then
broken up into many series, some of which are long and others very short, some being
straight and others curved. ‘The calices are perfectly indistinct, and the coste of
the collines and monticules are alternately large and small, slightly projecting, and
in number about ten large ones and as many small in half an inch. They pass up-
wards from considerable depths, and form, with those of the neighbouring series, thick
nodular, and long and short, broad and narrow collines, with a rather sharp or a nodular
summit. The valleys are very deep, reaching down from 34; inch to 1 inch; and the
septa are granular at the edge, project but slightly, have some endotheca between
them, come close together along the floor of the series, and have a projection there.
There is a distinct thin lamellate columella, which is very continuous. The cost
of the base cover its upper sloping portion, and are seen around the edge; they are

small, subequal, slightly prominent, and have exotheca regularly placed concentrically
between them. There are traces of an epitheca.

Height of the corallum 2,% inches. Length of base 3485 inches.

Breadth of base 33%; inches. Length of longest colline 14 inch ; of the shortest
y5 inch. .

Locality. Hills east of Lynyan, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 289.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VIII.

Fig. 1. The corallum: natural size.
2. A series: magnified.

Subfamily ASTRAACEZ.

Genus STEPHANOCGENIA, IW. Ed. & J. H., amended.
(Shown to have incised and ragged septal edgings.)

1, STEPHANOC@NIA MICROTUBERCULATA, Duncan. Plate XV, Figs. 14-16.

The corallum is large, rather flat, slightly irregular on its calicular surface, and
incrusts.

The calices are irregular in shape, although regular in size, and are in hexagons,
pentagons, or are indefinitely square and circular; they are shallow, open, and are sepa-
rated by stout, equal margins, which are minutely granular and marked with enlarged
septo-costal swellings. The septa are delicate, rather large near the wall, then thin,
and finally expand near the axial space to unite and form a kind of paliform collar
around the extremely small, tubercular-looking, essential columella. There are twelve
larger septa, which reach the axis, or one or two may occasionally join others before
doing so. Twelve smaller septa, often very small, intervene; and thus there are three

cycles, the primaries and secondaries being nearly or quite equal. The axial part
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 41

occupies much of the fossa of the calice, and in worn specimens especially. The minute
columella aborts frequently, or is lost in fossilization, being rarely perfectly preserved.
Sometimes there is the trace of a groove between the calices.

Height of corallum 35; inch; length many inches. Length of calices rather under
yo inch.

Locality. Shirk, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 7$%,.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XV.

Fig. 14. A part of the corallum.
15. -Calices: magnified.
16. A calice with an aborted columella: magnified.

Genus ASTROCCENIA, UM. Ed. & J. H., amended.

1. AstrocentiA Bianrorpi, Duncan. Plate XV, Figs. 1-5.

There are some very remarkable corals in the Ranikot group of the Sind Tertiaries
belonging to the genus Astrocenia, which are circular at their concave and epithecate
base, and which are produced upwards in the shape of a stump or stalk; others
have a convex upper surface, and some are intermediate. The calices in all are
large, and the septal number is ten, any addition being rare and, in fact, doubtful.
The growth of the corals is at the circular edge of the corallum; but every now and
then a bud is formed on the united margins of three or four calices. In some there
is a disposition to show the Styloccenian peculiarity; but it is a matter of normal
growth, and not of the development of aborted buds with coste on them. The
stalk is the remains of the young coral, which has grown more in height than in basal
breadth.

The type of this little group of the genus is- Astrocenia Blanfordi, and the follow
ing is the description :-—

The corallum is large, circular at the base-edge, where it is thin and crowded with
small calices; the upper surface of the corallum slants upwards and inwards without
greatly increasing the thickness until the “stalk ” is reached, and this is cylindro-conical
and slightly bent. All the upper surface and the stalk are covered with subequal hexa-
gonal, rounded, and irregular-shaped calices. The base is concave, and has a dense
epitheca showing circular folds, ridges, and depressions, the coste being barely visible.

The calices, when hexagonal, have four sides larger than the other two, and are not
deep. The intercalicular space is narrow, and has on it a wavy ridge, on which the
septa of neighbouring calices sometimes unite.

The columella is small, free above, styloid, and sometimes elongate in the direction
of the long axis of the calices, but usually it is nearly circular in outline.

The septa are ten in number, nearly equal, small, slightly toothed, narrow, and
wide apart; they are not exsert, but dip down at once into the calice, not filling it
much; and two often unite before reaching the columella. All the others reach the

columella, which in some calices has a kind of swelling or collar, just above the septal
G
42 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

junction. In one specimen there is a single large calice, in the midst of others of the
usual kind, which has twenty septa; but it appears that, ten of them reach the colu-
mella fairly, the rest joining others close to it. Nevertheless the presence of rudimen-
tary septa between the usual ten, in ordinary calices, is not noticed.

The width of the base is 2,8; inches ; the height of the corallom i is 14 inch, and that
of the corallum from the margin to the base of the stalk is 3% inch.

The calices differ in he but seven of them are included in 1 inch of length.
The solitary large calices are 32; inch long and.very shallow.

Locality. Three miles sree of Lynyan, Ranikot group. Survey-number G { aba

Illustrations. of the Species in Plate XV.

Fig. 1. ‘The corallum : natural size, side view.
2. The corallum from above.
The base, part of: slightly magnified.
Calices: magnified.
. Side view of a dentate septum: magnified.

Oe ee

ASTROCENIA BLANFORDI, Duncan. Variety..

This variety has only a short stump instead of a stalk; and the calices, hexagonal
as a rule, are elongate radially, and the short sides are therefore internal and external.
It is from the same locality as the type.

2. AsSTROCGNIA CELLULATA, Duncan. Plate XIV, Fig. 7.

The corallum is circular in outline, and is.short, being very slightly convex above,
and furnished with a complete epitheca with concentric folds below. No coste are
visible.

The calicular surface is crowded with small calices, which are shallow and. pen-
tagonal, hexagonal, or deformed in outline. A raised margin separates the calices,
whose septa arise from it, and there is a ledge of endotheca, resembling an inner margin,
one third or midway between the calicular marginal edge and the columella. There
are usually ten distant, thin septa, which pass from the margin over the ledge to
the small, rather compressed, styloid columella. In a few calices a rudimentary. septum
exists, here and there, between the others.

ae of corallum not quite an inch; height, extreme, 32; inch. Breadth of
calices ;45 to ;4g inch. .

Locality. Shirk, in the Ranikot group. Survey-number G 232,

Illustration of the Species in Plate XIV.
Fig. 7. Calices: magnified.

3, ASTROCENIA NANA, Reuss. Plate XV, Figs. 10, 11.

A specimen of a small-caliced Astroccenian, smaller than the type from Monte
delle Carrioli described by my lamented friend A. E. Reuss (in his ‘ Paldontologische
Studien tiber die alteren Tertiirschichten der Alpen,’ pt. 1, 1868, p. 40, Vienna), is a
-ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 43

considerable block of massive coral covering many inches of surface and some of
height.

The calicular surface is plane or slightly undulating, and the calices are close
together, small (3'5 inch), and the columella is distinct, rather large, and is met by eight
equal septa. These have a paliform enlargement a little remote from the columella;
and there are eight minute spinose-looking intermediate septa.

Locality. Shirk, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 7$%,.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XV.
Fig. 10. A piece of the corallum.
11. Calices: magnified.

4, Astrocamnia e1BBosa, Duncan. Plate XII, Figs. 7-10.

The corallum is massive, concave beneath, where it covered shells and other foreign
substances, and gibbous and rising centrally in a nodular form above; it is thick, and
the crowded corallites are tall.

The calices are circular and rarely polygonal, are separated by granular ccenen-
chyma, or by a ridge, or they may be close and without any intermediate ccenenchyma,
according to the growth. A subreticulate appearance is sometimes produced by the
prolongation of the short: costs reaching the intercalicular ridge.

There are eight septa, which are subequal, with a convex and arched outline where
free above; they are stout near the margin and smaller at the columella. No other
septa are seen, except in very rare instances, and their existence is exceptional. A costa
frequently exists between those of the septa.

The columella is stout, styliform, prominent and rounded above, and it is furnished,
as it were, with a collar at the place where the septa join it.

Very small calices have the eight septa.

The endotheca is largely developed and is close.

Breadth of the corallum 3 inches and more; height 2 inches.

Where the intercalicular tissue is well developed there are about five calices and
their intermediate tissue in $ an inch of length; but when the calices are close there
are about eight in the same space.

Locality. Shirk, in the Ranikot group. Survey-number G 7$4..

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XII.
Fig. 7. The corallum.
8 & 9. Calices with intermediate tissue: magnified.
10. Side view of a septum: magnified.

5, ASTROCGNIA RAMOSA, Sowerby, variety MINoR. Plate XII, Figs. 11, 12.

Some portions of small broken branchlets, with the usual tuberose outlines of the
West-Indian varieties of the type, are found in the Ranikot group of strata south-west
of Shirk.

The specimens vary from the type in having smaller calices, the calicular margin
G2
44 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

of one calice being separated by a furrow from its neighbour and preserving a circular
outline, and the branches are very small. As is common in the type, there are eight
primary septa which reach the columella, even in corallites just budded, and eight small
ones. .The costz on the flat wall are nearly equal. The columella is large.

The calices are usually 345 inch broad.

This species has varieties in the Eocene of St. Bartholomew in the West Indies
(P. M. Duncan, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1873, vol. xxix. p. 554); and the type is a
Cretaceous form from Gosau.

The Astrocenia nana of Reuss, from the Eocene in the older Alpine Tertiaries, is
the nearest ally to the form; but it has no intermediate area between its calices, and
it is massive and not ramose.

Locality. South-west of Jhirk, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 7¢$

165°

Illustrations of the Variety in Plate XII.

Fig. 11. The corallum.
12. Calices: magnified.

Genus ISASTRAIA.
Isastrea, M. Ed. & J. Hy op. cit. vol. ii. p. 526.
1. Isastraa punotata, Duncan. Plate XVIII, Figs. 10-13.

The corallum is very short, and has an epithecate concave base, circular in outline,
and marked with growth-rings. The calicular surface is slightly convex; the calices are
small, crowded, hexagonal, and shallow. There are twenty-four septa, which are sub-
equal, and their worn ue give a pee appearance to them.

Height of corallum 3}; inch ; breadth 33; inch. The calices are about two in jy inch.

ee Ranikot group, hilly arora N.E. by E. of Petidni. Survey-number

8
3

G

ho
alo

Iilustrations of the Species in Plate XVIII.
Fig. 10. The corallum from above: natural size.
11. The base: natural size.
12. Calices: magnified.
13. Side view of the corallum.

Genus ASTRA.

Astrea, M. Ed. § J. H. op. cit. vol. ii. p. 506 (Siderastrea, Blainy.).
1. Asrr#a Mortomt, Reuss (small variety). Plates VII, Figs. 15, 16.

Reuss described a massive Astrea from Oberburg, in Steiermark, in one of his
celebrated essays on the Upper Eccene Coral-faunas of continental Europe; anda form
from the Ranikot group must be associated with it, as a variety with smaller calices and
from 24-30 septa. (Reuss, “Die fossilen Foraminiferen, Anthozoen, &c. von Oberburg,”

Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akad. der Wissenschaften in mone 1864, p. 23: Astrea
Morloti, plate 6. fig. 1.)
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 45

In the Sindian specimen the upper surface of the corallum is flat and covered with
calices about ;45 inch broad. The septa are crowded; many reach the papillary coste
or have a palus before them; some, in rare instances, enter neighbouring calices.
The fossa is shallow, and the calicular margins are rather flat.

Locality. Three miles south-west of Jhirk, Ranikot series. Survey-number G 7$$.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VII.

Fig. 15. The corallum: natural size.
16. Some calices :. magnified.

Genus PLIRONASTR/BA.
Pironastreea, D’ Achiardi, Coralli eocen. di Friuli (Pisa, 1875).
1. Prrowastraa Inpica, Duncan. Plate VII, Figs. 17-19.

The corallum is thin, flat, discoid, and the calices are in concentric series, each series
being represented by a slight swelling or outline which usually is marked by coste. The
calices are distinct as a rule, but sometimes are slightly confused; they are small, and
the septo-coste join frequently before reaching the empty axial space. The cost are
subequal, bifurcate, and trifurcate, or are straight for some little distance. The septa
are also subequal and small. Eight or nine septa reach the axial space, and twenty-
four or more costo-septa enter into the calicular system. There is no columella. The
base is ringed with depressions and elevations, and is marked with very fine circular
costal strie. The epitheca exists, and synapticule are numerous between the coste
inferiorly.

Breadth of corallum (originally) 23 inches; thickness 75 to ;%5 inch.

Locality. South-west of Jhirk, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 23%.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VII.
Fig. 17. The corallum.
18. Calices: magnified.
19. The base of the corallum: nat. size. Outline restored.
The genus is represented by a discoid form, closely allied to Pironastrea Indica,

in the middle series of the Eocene of Friuli, where other Sindian species have been
discovered by D’Achiardi.

Genus REUSSASTRBA, D’ Achiardi.

Prof. Antonio D’Achiardi founded the genus Reussastrea in memory of the
late illustrious zoophytologist, A. E. Reuss. It includes Thamnastreide with a
lamellar columella. (‘ Coralli eocenici del Friuli,’ Pisa, 1875, p. 67.)

1. REUSSASTRAA GRANDIS, Duncan. Plate X, Figs. 1-4.

The corallum is very large, thin, very short, rather irregular on the surface, sharp
at the edges, and covered with calices and costs above, and presenting coste on the
base, with slight evidence of epitheca.
46 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

The calices are circumscribed, unequal in size, various in shape, and very irregular
in their distance. The septa are few in number, alternately large and much smaller; or
they are in sets of fours, one septum being the largest, and the central of the three
others is larger than those at its sides. The septa unite much close to the columellary
space, and some are thick there. The columella is formed by the union of the septa,
and where perfectly preserved is short and lamellar; but the lamina forming its top is
rarely preserved. The septa reaching the axial space may be 12, 16, 18, 21, and
rarely more in number. ‘The coste are alternately large and much smaller, and are
separated by distinct and deep spaces with exotheca; they are often very long, are
usually wavy in their course, and in some places curve much and enclose a larger
or smaller one. They are granular at the sides and edges, in well-preserved parts.

The base of the coral is thin externally and stout where it probably rested; and
the coste are long, straight, and unequal. Probably this genus will be included in
the Fungide.

The length of the calices is about 53; inch.

Locality. South-west of Jhirk, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 328.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate X.

Fig. 1. A calice: magnified.
2. Calices: magnified.
3. Coste from the upper surface: magnified.
4. Coste on the base: magnified.

Family FUNGIDZE.
Subfamily LOPHOSERINZ, M, Ed. § Haime, op. cit. vol. iii. p. 35.

Genus PACHYSERIS.
Pachyseris, M. Ed. § Haime, op. cit. vol. iii. p: 85.

1. Pacuyseris Murcuison1, D’Archiac & Haime. Plate XIV, Figs. 3, 4.

The generic and specific characters of this coral, given in the work on ‘ Les Ani-
maux Fossiles de l’Inde,’ are seen in some specimens, which unfortunately are rather
worn and over-weathered. In addition, it is shown from their consideration that the
corallum is large, massive, flat, and not very thick. The series are numerous, not much
gyrose, but bifurcating and short. Some calices are limited. The collines are flat at
the top and granular; the side slopes with the opposite one of the same colline, form-
ing a large angle. The series are not deep; there is a false columella; and the septa,
alternately large and small, are visible, not very crowded, and about 16 to 20 are
found in rather less than half an inch. The synapticule are few and well marked.

The corallum is many inches long and about an inch in height.

Locality. Shirk, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 282

124a*

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XIV.

Fig. 3. The upper surface of the corallum.
4, A series: magnified.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 47

Genus TROCHOSERIS.
Trochoseris, M. Ed. g- Haime, op. cit. vol. iti. p. 57.

1. TrocHoseERis DirForMIs, Reuss. Plate XI, Figs. 9, 10.

The corallum is irregularly conical, and expanded at the calicular margin, which
is more or less lobed and stout. The corallum is free, and is covered: with a dense
epitheca, through which few costz are seen.

The calice, irregular in shape, is elliptical on the whole, shallow, expanded, and
with a long and deep axial space. The columella is rudimentary. The septa are
exceedingly numerous and very unequal; the smaller series are very frequent, and addi-
tional septa of a higher order reach down by the sides of the three, which finally join
and are ended by a palus. The septa-are nearly or quite 400 in number. The synap-
ticule are very numerous, and there are bands of endotheca stretching from one
series of septa to others. The septa are slightly granular.

Height of corallum 115 inch.

Length of calice 15% inch.

Locality. Shirk, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 28%,

This species was described by Reuss from Zovencedo and Monte Grumi in the
Castel-Gomberto district; and the Sind form resembles it, except in the depth of its
calice (Reuss, “ Palaont. Studien tiber die alt. Tertiarschichten der Alpen,” Denkschr.
der kaiserlichen Akad. der Wissenschaften in Wien, Abth. i. pp. 6, 50, iii. p. 25).

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XI.

Fig. 9. Corallum:. natural size.
10. Septa: magnified.

Genus CYATHOSERIS.
Cyathoseris, 1. Ed. g H. op, cit. vol. ii. p. 59.

1. CYATHOSERIS ORIENTALIS, Duncan. Plate VI, Figs. 7-10.

The corallum is large and short, and expands suddenly from a short, irregular
pedicel; and the upper surface is slightly convex, more or less circular in outline, and
has lobed edges, which are thin.

The calices, indistinct in their limits, are large, widely open, shallow, and are united
laterally by a linear common wall, over which the septa unite; they form rounded lobes
at the edge of the corallum. The septa are numerous, and are alternately large and
very small; some are long, and others slightly shorter and prominent, and all rather
depressed. They frequently curve laterally, and the larger have a paliform lobe; and
although all are thin, the larger become stouter near the axial space. In a rounded
calicular edge, 38; inch across, there are 48 septa. The septa are profusely granular,
and here and there the granules develop into synapticule, which are best seen in longi-
tudinal sections.

The columella is small and trabecular. The underpart of the corallum is
48 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

striated with costal markings on a rather undulating surface ; they are subequal, small,
regular, and usually alternately large and a little smaller, especially near the margin ;
but nearer the pedicel the strie are nearly equal.

Height of corallum 12 inch; breadth of upper surface 43 inches.

Breadth of the largest calice 1345 inch.

Locality. Jhirk, Ranikot group.. Survey-number G 7$2.-

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate VI.

Fig. 7. Side view of the corallum: natural size.
8. Septa, magnified, showing synapticule.
9. Junction of septa on a colline.
10. Costal strie of underpart: magnified.

ELLIPTOSERIS, gen. nov.

The corallum is simple, conical, compressed, with a largely open, elliptical calice.
There are coste, but no epitheca; there is no columella, but an elongate and deep axial
space. The septaare numerous, and the smaller join those between them near the axial
space. ‘There are pali before the joined septa. Synapticule are numerous in the calice.

1. Ex.iptoseris aPperta, Duncan. Plate VIII, Figs. 3-6.

The narrow peduncle presents traces of rupture from a former attachment. The
coste pass up the conical and rapidly expanding body to the calicular margin, and are
small, close, granular, and subequal. .

The calice is very widely open, and is slightly convex from the axial space to the
margins. The septa are very numerous, close, crowded, and unequal; the larger are
thickest from the centre of the calice to the axial space, which they bound with per-
pendicular edges ; they are thin externally and distinctly granular. There are many
smaller septa, which are thickest at the margin, and become very thin near the axis,
where they are joined laterally by still smaller ones ; after the junction, a palus, in the
form of a rounded lobe, exists before them. Occasionally minute pali are found on
the smallest septa. There are about 248 septa, and they are arranged in multitudes of
sets of three small between two larger ones, a rudimentary septum existing also at the
margin. ‘The synapticule are small and frequent.

Height of corallum 58; inch.

Length of calice 144, inch; breadth of calice 1%; inch.

Locality. Shirk, Ranikot group. Survey-number G ?82,.

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate VIII.

Fig. 8. The corallum: natural size.
4. Septa and pali: magnified.
5 & 6. Septa: magnified.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 49

Genus TURBINOSERIS.

Turbinoseris, Duncan, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1873, vol. xxix. p. 558.

1. TuRBINOSERIS RanikoT1, Duncan. Plate VII, Figs. 10, 11.

The corallum is conical, compressed, and has a curved, rounded pedicel, with a scar
of former adhesion.

The calice is elliptical, with a sharp margin, a very deep fossa, an elongate axial
space, and very numerous, close, unequal, non-exsert septa. The larger septa are stout
and reach the axial space, which they bound with their perpendicular inner margins;
the next in size also reach the axial space; others, large, do not pass in thus far;
and between the larger septa are three small and close ones, which sometimes reach
halfway into the calice. The number of the series of these septa thus bounded is
great; and altogether there are about 288 septa, and they are finely granular on the
sides, rounded and minutely granular above. The exceedingly close, small septa at the
margin are connected by synapticule.

The coste are very numerous, corresponding to the large and small septa; but they
are subequal, small, slightly prominent and separate, and are minutely granular near
the calice. Lower down they are closer, less projecting, less numerous, often wavy and
granular, and they may be represented by rows of granules; near the curved pedicel,
and on it, they are more distinctly large and small, much fewer in number, and less
distinct. The epitheca exists as ridges and as indefinite structure, in which the cost
are faintly seen. Synapticule are exceedingly common between the coste. ‘There is
no columella.

Height of corallum 1,8; inch.

Length of calice 2 inches.

Locality. Hills east of Lynyan, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 289.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VII.

Fig. 10. The corallum: natural size.
11. The coste: magnified.

9, TURBINOSERIS EPITHECATA, Duncan. Plate VII, Figs. 8, 9.

The corallum is short, trochoid, compressed, with an incurved, small pedicel.
The calice is widely open, elliptical, and slightly irregular in its margins, at the sides,
where it is sharp and not rounded off. The septa are in six cycles, and are slender and
alternately large and small; usually there are three smaller between two larger septa;
they are often rather wavy, very exsert, and there are extremely numerous synapticule.

The costz are only visible close to the calicular margin, and for a short distance,
perhaps 7’; inch; and they merge into a dense, granular, broken-up-looking epitheca,
which covers all the rest of the corallum, having here and there indications of

costal strize.

Height of corallum 8. inch.
nl
50 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

Length of calice 1345 inch.
Locality. Three miles west of Lynyan, Ranikot group. Survey-number G ere

Illustrations of’ the Species in Plate VII.

Fig. 8. Part of the epitheca: magnified.
9. Septa: magnified.

A variety of this type has a larger corallum, nipped in at the sides, and with a
nearly rounded-off base, with barely a vestige of a peduncle. The costal lines are
visible, underlying the epitheca, or more or less uncovered by it.

It is from the same locality.

3. TURBINOSERIS Hamer, Duncan. Plate VII, Figs. 4-7.

The corallum is simple, short, conical, turbinate, compressed, and has a mych-bent
and incurved pedicel. The calicular surface is long, elliptical, slightly reentering at
one spot, and on aneven plane. The margin is rounded; the axial fossa is long and
deep, and the septa dip down into it.

The septa are numerous, close but not crowded, slightly exsert (especially the
larger), and alternately large and small. There are numerous arrangements of eight
septa, one being large and long, an intermediate shorter, two others are on either side,
less large and long, and there are four small and short intermediate lamin. There are
six cycles of septa.

There is no columella, and the synapticulee are rather numerous. The costee are
markedly alternately large and small, prominent and low, and they are so over the
whole of the inferior portion as well as above.

The direction of the coste is peculiar: on the surface opposed to the curvature
of the pedicel they are parallel, and reach in right lines from the calicular margin to
the pedicel, converging gradually and diminishing in number; but the coste of the
sides of the coral do not converge to the pedicel, they pass obliquely backwards and join
the outer coste of the portion just mentioned along a broad line. The coste are most
prominent near the margin; a few synapticule exist between them. There is no
epitheca.

Length of the calice 1355 inch; breadth of the calice 1 inch.

Height of the coral 585 inch.

Locality. Three miles west of Lynyan, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 2$¢.

1
Itlustrations of the Species in Plate VII.

Fig. 4. The corallum, natural size, in outline.
5. Side view.
6. The septa: magnified.
7. The junction of the coste: magnified.

4, Turpinoseris Inpica, Duncan. Plate VII, Figs. 1-3.

The corallum is simple, short, conical, slightly curved, and pedicellate below, and
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 51

largely expanded at the elliptical shallow calice, which has a waved margin. The pedicel
broadens out rapidly, and is slightly bent in the plane of the minor axis. The coste
are subequal, minutely granular above, barely projecting, and their surface here
and there merges into a kind of broken granular epitheca. Near the calicular
margin the coste are the most distinct ; and close to it they become more prominent,
granular, and alternately large and small, and slightly more separate. There is an
obliquity of their direction in some places. A few synapticule exist between some
of the coste.

The calice is open, shallow, and usually has an incurved margin. The septa are
very numerous, close, alternately large and small, long, level, granular, and without any
definite cyclical arrangement; they join by their sides towards the centre of the calice,
and the smaller are wavy. A false columella is formed by the septal ends. There are
about 192 septa, and the synapticule are numerous and slender.

Breadth of calice 1,44 inch ; length of calice 1,6 inch.

Height of corallum 1,3; inch.

Locality. Three miles west of Lynyan, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 289,.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VII.
Fig. 1. The corallum: natural size.

2. Coste: magnified.

3. Septa and synapticule: magnified.

5. TURBINOSERIS ELEGANS, Duncan. Plate XVI, Figs. 3, 4.

The corallum has a widely open, irregular-shaped calice, and a more or less conical
base. The axial space is elongate, and there is a region around it where there is a
kind of indistinct fossa; around this the calice is undulating, more or less, to the everted
margin.

The septa are very numerous, close, small, often curved, and a few reach the
long axial space. Some of these are larger than the others, and between them there
are smaller septa, and to these still smaller unite. All are stouter externally, and at
the everted edge become covered with epitheca. At the margins the larger and broadest
septa, after passing inwards, unite to form the surface near the axial space. There
are more than six cycles of septa. Synapticule are seen at the edge; and the epitheca
is dense, plain, or slightly and irregularly granular.

Height of the corallum from the base is 1;% inch, and the greatest diameter of
the calice 274; inches.

Locality. Jhirk, in the Ranikot group. Survey-number G 3%:

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XVI.
Fig. 3. The corallum, side view: natural size.
4, Some septa: magnified.

 

These species of the genus Turbinoseris are more or less allied to those found in
the Eocene of St. Bartholomew, West Indies. The genus does not appear to have

European Tertiary allies. is
H2
52 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

Genus CYCLOLITES.
Cyclolites, Lamarck, Syst. des Anim. s. Vert. p. 369.

1. Cycuoxires aupina, D’Orbigny sp. Plate XIII, Figs. 8, 9.

This European Eocene coral is noticed by D’Orbigny as Funginella alpina, Prodr.
de Paléont. t. ii. p. 403 (1850). Subsequently Milne Edwards and Jules Haime
noticed it as a doubtful Cyclolites in 1851 ; and, finally, Jules Haime determined this
to be its proper generic position in 1854.

The specimen from Sind is from the Ranikot group, three miles west of Lynyan.
Survey-number G 738s.

It is a broad and very shallow form, with thin margins. The lower surface is
slightly projecting at the position of the peduncle, and shows feeble circular ridges
of epitheca. The epitheca is delicate and permits the costz to be seen. The upper
surface is very flat. The septa are very numerous, crowded, and unequal; there
are more than six cycles of them. The coral is circular in outline. The breadth of the
calice is 14%; inch and the height about 4%; inch.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XIII.

Fig. 8. The corallum: natural size.
9. Septa: magnified.

2. CycLtouites Ranixoti, Duncan. Plate XVII, Figs. 5, 6.

The corallum is circular in outline and concave below, where there is a feeble
epitheca barely marked with concentric rings. Above, the coral is slightly convex,
with rather a blunt marginal edge. The fossa is very small and circular. The septa are
thin, not very close (for the genus), furnished with numerous and visible synapticule,
unequal, usually straight and plain, having a sharp keen edge. The smaller septa cling
to the margin, and the larger are broadest near the fossa; and there are in all from
280 to 300 septa.

Height of corallum 3; inch; breadth 38 inch.

Locality. Three miles west of Lynyan, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 289,.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XVII.
Fig. 5. The corallum, side view: magnified.
6. Some septa, magnified, showing synapticule.

CycioLites Ranikoti, Duncan. Variety.

A variety of the species occurs at Jhirk, in the Ranikot group. Survey-number
Gisiz It has smaller septa, which are rounded where free, instead of being sharp-
edged ; moreover, the septa are dentate in the fossa.

3. CYCLOLITES CRENULATA, Duncan. Plate XVII, Figs. 3, 4.

The corallum is circular in outline, flat beneath, and is marked with a strong
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 53

epitheca with bourrelets. The upper surface is slightly convex and has a small
circular fossa. The septa are unequal, close, about 280 in number, thicker near the
fossa than elsewhere, and the free surfaces of all are distinctly ornamented with a flat
crenulation, the lines of which are across the septa, making a great number of rectan-
gular, square, and irregular markings. The septa pass deeply down the sides of
the fossa.

The height of the coral is under 3’; inch, and the breadth is 5% inch.

The locality whence this fossil was derived is the hills east of Lynyan, in the

Ranikot group. Survey-number G 289.

Ilustrations of the Species in Plate XVII.

Fig. 3. The coral, side view: magnified.
4. A portion of the calicular part: magnified.

4, CycLotites Vicaryl, Haime. Plate XVII, Figs. 1, 2.

This was the only Cyclolite described by D’Archiac and Haime (op. cit. p. 192);
and the following is the diagnosis :—

The corallum is circular in outline and short; the inferior face is concave and
covered with a well-developed epitheca, marked with slight concentric “ bourrelets” and
having a slight median projection. The upper surface is slightly convex, with a shallow,
circular central fossa. ‘There appear to be six cycles of septa complete ; all the septa
are very close, very thin, straight, and subequal. The height is less than 4 inch and the
diameter about 3 inch.

In the magnified view of the calicular surface (plate xii, fig. 8b) D’Archiac and
Haime indicate a moniliform condition of the free edges of the larger septa, and
that whilst the majority of the septa do not reach more than halfway to the central
fossa, a number of systems do, and that they consist of two larger septa with three
smaller between them, and of these three the central one alone passes to the fossa.
These are important additions to the diagnosis, especially when at least eight other forms
of closely allied Cyclolites are found in Sind.

In the two specimens collected by the Indian Geological Survey from three miles
west of Lynyan, Ranikot group (Survey-number 7$@:), the breadth is greater than in the
type in one, and the height in relation to the proper breadth is less in the other. The
general septal arrangement is seen, and the faint crenulation and beading of the larger
septa also; but the smaller septa have minute tubercles on them. The synapticule are
well seen, and in one specimen some of the largest septa meet on the floor of the fossa.

Specimen 1. Breadth ? inch, height rather less than ¢ inch.

Specimen 2. Breadth 1,’y inch, height 4 inch.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XVII.

Fig. 1. Side view of the corallum: magnified.
2. The septa: magnified.
54 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

5, CycLonites ANoMALA, Duncan. Plate XVII, Figs. 13, 14.

The corallum is circular, thin, barely convex above, with a shallow fossa. Below
it is flat with a median projection, and the epitheca is marked with concentric rings.
The septa are numerous, not very close, thin, plain, unequal, and there is much union
of groups of them near the fossa, into which depression very few enter.

Height 4; inch; length 5% inch.

Locality. Shirk, in the Ranikot group. Survey-number G?¥P..

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XVII.

Fig. 13. The coral from above.
14. Some septa: magnified.

6. CycLOLITES SUPERBA, Duncan. Plate XVII, Figs. 11, 12.

The coral is elliptical in outline, very concave inferiorly, and nearly hemispherical

above. The epitheca is stout and marked with concentric rings; and the fossa is small,
shallow, and slightly elliptical.

The septa are very numerous, very unequal, and those which reach over the half

distance to the fossa are spined bluntly when large and sharply when small. The
synapticule are numerous.

Height rather over 75; inch; length of base 14%; inch, breadth 17’ inch.
Locality. Three miles west of Lynyan, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 73%.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XVII.

Fig. 11. The coral, side view.
12. Some septa: magnified.

7. CycLoites Hammer, Duncan. Plate XVII, Figs. 9, 10.

The corallum is slightly elliptical in outline, decidedly convex above, with a large
shallow fossa, which is nearly circular. The base is rather flat, but is slightly concave
in the middle, and the epitheca is moderately stout and faintly marked concentrically.
The septa are unequal, numerous, about 280 in number, close at the margins, not
crowded elsewhere, rather thin, separate, and all except the smallest are ornamented on

the edge with minute, rounded, and sharp spines. The synapticule are numerous and
visible.

Height of coral ;45 inch; length 135; inch; breadth 1,45 inch.
Locality. Three miles west of Lynyan, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 289,.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XVII.

Fig. 9. The coral: natural size.
10. Some septa: magnified.

8. CycLonrres ALTAVILLENSIS, Defrance. Plate XVI, Fig. 11.
This Hauteville type is present in the Sind Eocene coral-fauna of Jhirk. The base
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 55

is slightly convex and has been pedunculate; it is feebly epithecate. The margin is
slightly crested ; the calice is circular, subflexuous; and the fossa is circular. The septa
are very numerous, even in the young form.

Locality. Shirk, in the Ranikot group. Survey-number G 739.

 

Illustration of the Species in Plate XVI.

Fig. 11. The corallum, natural size, side view.

9. Cycnouires striata, Duncan. Plate XVII, Figs. 7, 8.

The corallum is circular in outline, nearly flat inferiorly, where the epitheca is
ringed concentrically, and very slightly convex above. The fossa is very small and rather
oval, and not very deep. The septa are exceedingly crowded and close, so as to present
the resemblance to a series of radial striations; they are very thin, equal, excepting
the higher orders, close to the margin, and plain, and are about 360 in number.

Height of coral slightly over 745 inch; breadth of the base 1 inch.

Locality. Shirk, in the Ranikot group. Survey-number G 282;.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XVII.

Fig. 7. Corallum from above: natural size.
8. Part of the upper surface, near the edge: magnified.

The presence of nine species of the genus Cyclolites, including the European
Cyclolites alpina and Cyclolites Altavillensis, in the lowest Tertiaries of Sind, is very
interesting, for it stamps the coral-fauna with an Eocene facies; and this is rendered
most decided by the presence of some other species common in the Nummulitic strata
of Europe.

Genus THAMNASTRAA, Lesauvage, amended.

1. TuamnastR@A Batu, Duncan. Plate XIX, Figs. 1-3.

The corallum when full-grown is very large, massive, convex above, fungiform, with
a low, broad stalk having a broad base. In young forms the coral is very convex above
and incrusting or concave below, and is thin.

The convex upper surface is covered with vast numbers of very small, shallow
calices, connected by long and very converging, narrow linear coste. ‘The small size of
the coste is very striking in relation to the great dimensions of the corallum; and the
restricted calicular areas and very superficial and extremely shallow fossee are equally
characteristic. Some six or seven septa really touch the small rudimentary columella,
and each is formed by several septo-coste; but they are all nearly equal in thickness,
and are not close. There may be from sixteen to thirty-six of these joining septa, all
being of different lengths and entering into the composition of other calices also.
The synapticule are very numerous.

In some parts of this remarkable coral the calices become elongate in one direction,
and a long septo-costate columella, joined by many septa, results,
56 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

Length of three calices and their coste about ;4; inch.

Height of the full-grown corallum 24 inches; breadth 64 inches.

Locality. South-west of Jhirk, Ranikot series (Survey-number G 22); and at
Jhirk (Survey-number G 282,).

Iilustrations of the Species in Plate XIX.

Fig. 1. A small corallum: natural size.
2. Calices: magnified.
3. A long calice: magnified.

Group MADREPORARIA PERFORATA.

Family MADREPORIDA.

Subfamily EUPSAMMINEZ, M. Ed. & J. H.

Genus STEPHANOPHYLLIA.
Stephanophyllia, Michelin, article Astrée, Dictionnaire des Sciences Nat., Supplem. vol. i. p. 484.

1. StepHANOPHYLLIA Inpica, Duncan. Plate VIII, Figs. 7-10.

The corallum is almost hemispherical, but is slightly depressed at the columellary
portion. The base is circular in outline, slightly concave, and no traces of cost are
visible: there appears to be a perfectly plane surface.

The margin of the corallum is marked by trabeculz and the origin of the septa,
and there are about three rows of the horizontal series of them. The columellary space
is flat, trabecular, and circular in outline. The septa are in six systems of four cycles:
the primaries are the longest, and are separated from the others; the secondaries, not
so stout as the primaries, are nearly as long, and are joined by the tertiaries not far from
their axial end ; and the higher orders unite to the tertiaries about midway in the calice.
Usually each septum is the result of the union of two trabecule at the margin. The
largest septa are straight and stout, and they have minute granules on their sides and
upper margin.

Breadth of the corallum 38; inch; height +, inch.

Locality. Shirk, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 28%,

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VIII.

Fig. 7. Side view: natural size.
8. The corallum, from above.
9. The calicular surface: highly magnified.
10. The trabecular septa of the edge: highly magnified.

This small Stephanophyllian is remarkable for not having the costulate base seen
in all other species; but it is possible that the form is seated on a thin foraminifer.
The large size of the trabecular columella distinguishes it from Stephanophyllia Bower-
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 57

banki of the British Lower Chalk, whose septa are more curved and granular. It is
nearer the Cretaceous species than Stephanophyllia discoides, M. Ed. & H., from the
London Clay. ,

Family PORITIDAL.

Genus LITHARAA, MW. Ed. & J. H.
Litharea, M. Ed. & J. H., op, cit. p. 22.

1. Litman GRANDIs, Duncan. Plate XI, Figs. 11, 12, 13.

The corallum is elliptical in shape, convex above, and flat at the edge and concave
in the middle below. The calices are large, hexagonal, or irregular in size and shape,
and are shallow. The margins are stout and trabecular and are irregular in outline,
angular or circular, being occasionally produced. The septa are stout, distant, plain,
often wavy, and the larger form a trabecular columella with their inner ends; the
secondaries and tertiaries often join. There are twelve large and twelve smaller septa,
more or less developed in different calices. The lamine are not very perforate. The
floor of the calicular fossa is closed by dissepiments, which are not very perforate.

The base of the coral has no epitheca, but the costee and an exotheca exist there
in abundance.

The length of the corallum is 34 inches, the height is rather over 1 inch. The
breadth of the largest calice 35; inch; 3‘g inch is a common length.

Locality. South-west of Lynyan, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 73$.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XI.

Fig. 11. Side view of corallum.
12. Coste: magnified.
13. Part of the base: magnified.

This species is closely allied to Litharwa epithecata, nobis, from the Cretaceous
olive shales of Jakhmari, described at p. 23. The absence of a definite epitheca and
the size of the calices constitute nearly the only distinction, but it is a fair one.

Genus PORITES, Lamarck.

1. Porrres superposita, Duncan. Plate XIV, Figs. 5, 6.

The corallum is in the shape of an irregular nodule, with a small elliptical base,
swollen and constricted sides, and a tumid convex upper surface. Lines of superposi-
tion occur, and the coral consists of a number of layers, one over the other, or of a
central mass whose sides have grown in layers irregularly. The calices are not
crowded, are but slightly polygonal, and often circular, for there is an unusual amount
of trabecular tissue at the wall. The septa are close and crowded, rather short, not
much thicker at the margin than within, irregular in their size and direction, many

joining others; there are 24 of them, and pali exist in the form of bead-like points,
I
58 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

the columella being scarcely distinguishable from them. The trabecule are close, and
the septa are not very perforate.

Height of corallum 1-4; inch ; breadth 1 inch; length 1,8; inch.

Breadth of a calice =; inch.

Locality. Shirk, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 7§..

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XIV.

Fig. 5. The corallum: natural size.
6. A calice: magnified.

List of Species from the Ranikot Series which have been found elsewhere.

1. Plocophyllia flabellata, Reuss. From the district of S. Giovanni Ilarione,
between the Valle di Chiampo and Montebello, Alps, Europe.

2. Diploria flexuosissima, D’Ach. S. Giovanni Ilarione.
Astrocenia nana, Reuss. Monte delle Carrioli, Castel-Gomberto district.
Astrea Morloti, Reuss. Oberburg, Steiermark.
Trochoseris difformis, Reuss. Castel-Gomberto district.
Cyclolites alpina, D’Orb. Eocene of St. Bonnet, Faudon.
Cyclolites Altavillensis, Defr. Eocene, Hauteville.

oo? oe pe

Alliances of some of the Species found in the Ranikot Series with those
of remote Areas.

1. Trochocyathus corbicula, Duncan, to Trochocyathus sinuosus, Brogn., Eocene of
La Palarea and Friuli.

2. Blagrovia simplex, Duncan, to Smilotrochus incurvus, D’Ach., from S, Giovanni
Tlarione, Alps.

3. Stylina Reussi, Duncan, to Styling from Castel-Gomberto, but slightly only.

4. Stylocenia maxima, Duncan, to Stylocenia macrostyla, Reuss, from 8. Giovanni
Tlarione.

5. Plocophyllia Sindiana, Duncan, to Plocophyllia gregaria, Reuss, from 8. Gio-
vanni Ilarione.

 

Total number of species of fossil Corals from the Ranikot series, 50.

Species identical with those of European Eocene deposits containing Nummulites
planulatus and Cerithium giganteum, 7.

Species allied closely to those of European deposits on the same and on slightly
higher horizons, 5.

The most coralliferous strata in the Ranikot series are :—at Jhirk; south-west of
Jhirk ; hills east of Lynyan and west of Lynyan; Vero plain east of Kandaira; and
hilly ground north-by-east of Pétiani.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 59

VIII. Description of the Fossil Corals from the Khirthar Series in the Nummulitic
Deposits of Sind above the Ranikot Series.
Of the sixteen species derived from localities in the Khirthar series, ten come from
strata so high up that it is not satisfactorily determined whether they form the top of
the Khirthar series or the base of the Nari series.

List of the Species of Madreporaria or Stony Corals from the Khirthar Series of Sind.

Section MADREPORARIA.
Group MADREPORARIA APOROSA.
Family TURBINOLIDA.

Subfamily TROCHOCYATHACES.
Trochocyathus nummuliticus, Duncan. | Leptocyathus epithecata, Duncan.

Transition-group STYLOPHORINE,

Stylophora contorta, Leymerie.

Family ASTREAIDE.

Subfamily STYLINACES.
Stylina tertiaria, Duncan.

Subfamily ASTR HACE E.

Montlivaltia Indica, Duncan. Favia pedunculata, Duncan.

Calamophyllia Indica, Duncan. Astroccenia numisma, Defrance.
Latimeandra insignis, Duncan. Isastrea irregularis, Duncan, and a variety.
Hydnophora Maliriensis, Duncan. Pterastrea mirabilis, Duncan.

Favia Maliriensis, Duncan. Plesiastrea eocenica, Duncan.

Group MADREPORARIA PERFORATA.

Family PORITIDA.
Porites Indica, Duncan. | Porites Pellegrini, D’ Achiardi.

Section MADREPORARIA.
Group MADREPORARIA APOROSA.

Family TURBINOLIDA.
Subfamily TROCHOCY ATHACEZ,.
Genus TROCHOCYATHUS, UW. Ed. & J. H.
1. TRocHocyaTHus NuMMuULITICUS, Duncan. Plate IV, Figs. 1-3.

The corallum is cyclolitoid in shape, circular in outline, depressed centrally at
the axial space, slightly convex to the margin, very short, and either very slightly
convex inferiorly or concave. The base is attached to a small Nummulite, and has a
delicate epitheca, through which the coste can be seen. ‘The coste are straight,
numerous, unequal, and many reach the point of attachment, and there are three
smaller ones between each pair of the longer.

The edge of the calice is perpendicular for a very short distance, and there the

12
60 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

coste are well seen; they are sharply granular laterally, and not very unequal in size.
The smaller turn over the upper edge of the margin, and correspond with small septa
which do not reach far inwards.

The calice, widely open, is crowded with septa and pali very closely placed. The septa
are thin, moniliform from ornamentation at the edge, and unequal in length. There are
five cycles, and all the orders except the highest have pali. The principal cycles are
equal, but the primaries and secondaries have not the largest pali, and do not correspond
with the largest cost. The largest pali are long, stout, low, arched, and are higher than
the septa, and they reach far towards the margin; the others are elongate ovals in shape.

The sides of the septa are granular. The axial space is circular in outline,
moderately deep, and there is no columella.

The height of the coral is z45 inch, and the breadth of the calice is rather more
than 345 inch.

In some of the corals the epitheca is dense, and the basal surface is concave, and
the whole is not so bulky as in the type.

Locality. Gagar hill, east of Surjéna, Khirthar group. Survey-number G $4.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate IV.
Fig. 1. The base of the coral: natural size.
2. The base: magnified.
3. The calice: magnified.

Genus LEPTOCYATHUS, UW. Ed. & J. H.
Leptocyathus, I. Ed. & J. H., op. cit. vol. ii.-p. 80.
1. Leprocyaruvus EPITHECATA, Duncan. Plate IV, Figs. 4-7.

The corallum is discoid, flat beneath, swollen at the margin, and with a sunken
central fossa. Frequently attached to a Nummulite, the base is marked with linear
coste, and usually three small ones are placed between a pair of long ones, all being
more or less masked by a pellicular epitheca which reaches to the edge of the calice ;
there the coste project rather unequally, the primaries and secondaries being the most
prominent. As they form the flank of the coral they become arched, distinct, granular,
and preserve their arrangement in size. The septa correspond with the coste, and the
larger are exsert, arched above, very granular laterally, and long; they pass down-
wards, diminishing in size, to the axial space, where small broken-granular-looking pali
terminate them and merge into a central columella. The middle septum of the three
smaller between the pair of larger septa reaches far towards the centre, and the others
less so, and the larger only have pali. The smaller series are not so high or arched; but
all are granular laterally, and in some places the granules unite, simulating synapticule.

Height of the coral ;4; inch. Breadth of calice 7'g inch and less.

Locality. Gagar hill, Khirthar series. Survey-number G 322.

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate IV.
Fig. 4. The base: natural size.
5. Ditto: magnified.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 61

Fig. 6. Septa and one of the pali in front.
7. Coste: magnified.

This is rather an aberrant form of the genus Leptocyathus, and the glazed-looking
epitheca is characteristic.

Lransition-group STYLOPHORINZ, M. Ed. & J. H.

Genus STYLOPHORA, WW. Ed. & J. H.
1. SrynopHora contorta, Leymerie. Plate XVIII, Figs. 21, 22.

There is a small branch of this well-known Eocene coral in the Khirthar group
in deposits “near Petiani,” west of Kotri. It was found also by D’Archiac and
J. Haime in Sind; and its other localities are the Eocene of the West Indies, and
La Palarea, Foujoncouse, Corbiéres, &c. in Europe. Survey-number G 282,

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XVIII.

Fig. 21. The branch: natural size.
22. Calices: magnified.

Family ASTRAID ZL.
Subfamily STYLINACER,

Genus STYLINA, Lamarck.

1. Sryuiva TertiaRA, Duncan. Plate VI, Figs. 1, 2.

The corallum has a large and irregular upper surface, which, on the whole, is
almost flat, and the height of the mass is under an inch. The calices are small, nume-
rous, irregularly distant, crateriform, with a widely open shallow fossa. The walls rise
suddenly from the almost plain intercalicular space, and do not narrow over-much, and
they are marked by thin, distinct, wide-apart coste. In some calices there are 18 well-
developed cost, and some smaller exist between the larger. There are two cycles of
septa, and part of a third in some systems. The columella is very small and styliform,
but distinct. The intercalicular space is either plain, costulate, or minutely granular.

Breadth of type Pinches. About 8 calices and interspaces occupy 1 inch of length.

Locality. Maliri, south of Chotra, at the top of the Khirthar group or base of

the Nari. Survey-number G 477.
Illustrations of the Species in Plate VI.

Fig. 1. Part of corallum: natural size.
2. Calices: magnified.

Subfamily ASTRAACER.

Genus MONTLIVALTIA, Lamourouz.

1. Monruivattia Inpica, Duncan. Plate X, Figs. 5-7.
The corallum is large, low, free, and is compressed slightly at the sides. The
calice is widely open, elliptical, and very slightly deformed. The fossa is shallow, and
62 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

the axial fossula is elongate and limited by the septal ends. The margin is rather
sharp. The septa are very numerous, being more than 400; they are exceedingly thin,
long, well separate, subequal, and united often by dissepiments as thin as themselves.
Near the margin some small septa intervene. The septa are slightly spinulose or
crenulate at the free edge.

The base is convex, and more so from side to side than is the long diameter; there
is a delicate peduncle surrounded by a circular ridge of epitheca, and this is succeeded
by other broader and more prominent epithecal ridges, some of which cover the coste

to close to the margin.
The coste are visible at the pedicel, and here and there between the epitheca ; they

are as delicate and thin as the septa, are numerous and subequal, and united by exotheca.
Height of the coral 1 inch; length 3 inches; breadth 24%5 inches.
Locality. North of Maliri, Khirthar group. Survey-number G 332.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate X.

Fig. 5. The corallum: natural size.
6. The base.
7. Part of septa and endotheca: magnified.

Genus CALAMOPHYLLIA, WU. Ed. & J. H.

1. CatamopHytuia Indica, Duncan. Plate XIX, Figs. 6, 7.

The corallum is tall, and consists of a bundle of corallites tolerably closely placed
together, branching once here and there, and being more or less deformed, and both
angular and rounded. The coste are not visible; the septa are thin, and in about four
cycles; the columella is very small. The endotheca is well developed, and there is a
slight swelling of the long corallites here and there. The wall is stout.

Height of the corallum 43 inches. Breadth of a calice 33; to 74 inch.

Locality. Hindi hill, Upper Khirthar beds. Survey-number G 3,2.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XIX.

Fig. 6. The corallum : natural size.
7. A transverse section of a corallite: magnified.

The species is allied to Calamophyllia fasciculata, Reuss,=C. flabellum from the
Upper Nummulitic of Oberburg.

Genus LATIMAANDRA, DOrbigny.

1. LATIMHANDRA INSIGNIS, Duncan. Plate XX, Fig. 10.

The coral is large, flat, thin, circular in outline, and pedunculate. A very feeble
epitheca exists, and radiating costal striz are seen through it or are uncovered. The
series, which are very shallow, broad, comparatively straight, except here and there
where there are leaf-like offshoots, radiate from the centre of the upper surface to the
margin. The valleys are shallow and broad, have a distinct axial line, but no columella;
and the septa, large and wide apart near the line, are more numerous, and sometimes
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 63

alternately very small and large, at the sharp yet low colline top. The larger septa
have a clubbed end; and there are about twelve of them in the space of $ inch.

Height of the coral 143; inch; breadth 52 inches.

Length of series 14 inch to 3 inch; breadth 4 inch.

Height of valleys 345 inch.

Locality. Maliri, at the top of the Khirthar series or base of the Nari. Survey-
number G 32.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XX.

Fig. 10. -Half of the corallum: natural size.

Genus HYDNOPHORA, Fischer de Waldheim.
1. HypyopHora Mauiriensis, Duncan. Plate XIX, Figs. 11, 12.

The corallum is very massive, flat and costulate below, gibbous above, and covered
with moderately large, sharp-edged, broad-based collines, very irregularly placed and
sized. Many collines are oblique, and the valleys are deep, the septa being large, and
alternately large and small. The columella is absent.

Height of the coral 23 inches; length of specimen 7 inches.

The longest colline is 385 inch, and the distance from one colline to the next is
about 33; inch.

Locality. Maliri, south of Chotra, at the top of the Khirthar series or base of the
Nari. Survey-number G 32.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XTX.
Fig. 11. A part of the corallum: natural size.
12. A colline: magnified.

Genus FAVIA, Oken.
1. Favra Matiriensis, Duncan. Plate VI, Figs. 3, 4.

The corallum is massive, large, thick, and somewhat flat at the base, and convex
above and sloping at the sides. The calices are excessively irregular in size, shape, pro-
jection, depth, and in their details. The cost are larger than the septa, and usually
unite with those of the next calice, but a line of depression sometimes intervenes; they
are distinct, crowded, minutely granular, and subequal. Every alternate costa corre-
sponds with a rudimentary or else with a very small septum. ‘The septa are smaller
than the coste, spread over the floor of the deep calices, are slender alternately, and
usually enlarge near the axial space, so as to form part of the small spongy columella.
There are three cycles or 24 septa in the smaller calices, and in the long and deformed
ones the fourth cycle may be reached. The cost form a very prominent part of the
coral, and they cover a broad space between the calices as a rule.

Length of largest calices, including costal prolongations, 3° inch.

Depth of calices often 25 inch.

Locality. Maliri, south of Chotra, at the top of the Khirthar beds or base of the
Nari series. Survey-number G 392. =:
64 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

Iilustrations of the Species in Plate VI.

Fig. 3. Calices: magnified.
4. Other calices, magnified, showing the large costal continuation
from one calice to the other.

2. FavIA PEDUNCULATA, Duncan. Plate VI, Figs. 5, 6.

The corallum is rather convex above, thin at its circular edge, and broadly pedun-
culate, there being also a delicate epitheca. The calices are exceedingly irregular in
shape, size, and depth, but all have close, low, flat, broad granular coste, which are
subequal and slightly separate at the margin, and a distinct line or depression limits
one calice from another, and usually, but not invariably, interferes with direct costal
communication. The calices, long, hexagonal, square, irregular or circular in outline,
are shallow and widely open. The septa, about 60 in number, in the largest calices,
arise from the nearly equal coste, and, as a rule, are alternately large and small, the
largest being the longest and reaching a columella; they are all slight in breadth
and height, and are often curved sideways. The columella is trabecular, and assumes
a broken lamellar shape in long calices.

When calices unite, the crest may be sharp and the line wanting, or it may be
rather flat, and then the limiting line is distinct.

The breadth of the corallum is 4 inches; height 135; inch.

Length of longest calice 335 inch.

Locality. Maliri, south of Chotra, at the top of the Khirthar group or base of the
Nari series. Survey-number G 3,32.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VI.

Fig. 5. Part of the upper surface of the corallum: natural size.
6. Calices: slightly magnified.

Genus ASTROCCENIA, UW. Ed. & J. H.
1. Astrocmn1a NuMIsMA, Defrance, sp. Plate VI, Figs. 13-15.

The corallum is discoid and very thin, subpedicillate, or placed on a small nummu-
lite, and slightly convex above, with thin edges. The epitheca is in delicate circular
ridges, and coste are faintly visible. The calices are placed with great regularity, and
they appear to have increased in size and to bud at the edge; they are nearly equal
in size, and are regularly hexagonal and shallow. The columella is cylindrical, sharp,
and projects. The septa are usually 20 in number, and are alternately large and small.
The intercalicular spaces are small and costulate.

Breadth of the largest corallum 4% inch; height 345 inch.

Locality. Gagar nala, N.E. of Bula Khan’s Thana, and east of Surjdna, Khirthar
series. Survey-numbers G 302, G 392.

This beautiful species has also been found near Gap, in the district of Nice, in the
Nummulitic of the Hautes Alpes.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 65

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VI.

Fig. 13. Upper part of coral: natural size.
14. Side view.
15. Calices: magnified.

Genus ISASTRASA, W. Ed. & J. H.

1. IsASTREA IRREGULARIS, Duncan. Plate XIV, Fig. 1.

The corallum is large, irregular in shape, convex above, and has a large peduncle
below, where there is an epitheca.

The calices are exceedingly variable in shape and size; and this is irrespective of
the intramarginal gemmation which prevails. Some are irregularly oval or polygonal,
and these are the largest; others are in hexagons or pentagons and are smaller. ‘The
margins are united, and the septo-coste are rather wide there. The .calices are deep
about the edges; but the floor of the fossa is often flat. The septa are not numerous,
and 18, 24, or 36 are the usual numbers, but when there are many very small septa there
are four cycles; the primaries are the largest, and are short and straight, and sometimes
are swollen within; and the others, especially the smallest kinds, unite with the larger
septa. Usually the septa are alternately large and small, and the smallest are often
crowded between the larger. The costal end of the septa is slightly swollen. <A false
columella exists, produced by the inner termination of the septa, and in some calices it
is almost lamellar. The epitheca is plain.

Breadth of corallum 3-4 inches; length 44-8 inches; height 13 inch,

Length of calices 745 to 3/5 inch.

Locality. Maliri, top of the Khirthar series or base of the Nari, Survey-number
G 433.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XIV.
Fig. 1. Some calices: slightly magnified.

IgSASTRAA IRREGULARIS, Duncan. Variety. Plate XIV, Fig. 2.

A large, massive corallum, covering many square inches, gibbous more or less on
the surface, and about from 1 to 3 inches thick. The calices are smaller and more regular
than in the type, and the principal septa are of uniform breadth from the broad and

often granular margin to the false columella.

Locality. Maliri, top of the Khirthar group or base of the Nari. Survey-number
G 4332.
Illustration of the Variety in Plate XIV.

Fig. 2. Some calices: magnified.

Genus PTERASTRAA, WV. Ed. & J. H,

1. PrERASTRZA MIRABILIS, Duncan. Plate V, Figs. 7, 8.

The corallum is massive, and more or less incrusting in its habit; it is rather irre-
K
66 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

gular on the calicular surface; and the calices have their septa arranged partly in four,
five, or six unequal lozenge-shaped or triangular masses, one lozenge belonging, as it were,
by the continuity of its septa, to a neighbouring corallite. The massed septa are on a
higher level than the others, which are in grooves between them or in depressions. Usually
there are stout linear masses of several septa also, or a single large septum may form one.

The septa are close, crowded, rather irregular in their course, and there may be from
one to six in the elevated “‘septal masses.” In the intermediate spaces they are of the
same shape, and may equal the others in number. Several septa unite in the axial space,
producing a small nodule simulating a styloid columella. The limits of the calices are
indefinite in consequence of the intercalation of the groups of septa, of which probably
‘there are four cycles.

The synapticule are numerous and close, and may be seen on the calicular surface ;
and they are equally numerous between the long septal lamine in longitudinal section.

There is no other endotheca or epitheca.

The coral covers some inches of surface and is tall.

The calices are not in series, and about six of them occupy the length of an inch.

Locality. Maliri, south of Chotra, at the top of the Khirthar beds, or at the base
of the Nari series. Survey-number G 3,32.

 

Illustrations of the Species in Plate V.

Fig. 7. Corallum, upper surface: natural size.
8. Calices: magnified.

Genus PLESIASTRAA, WV. Ed. & J. H.

1. Puestastraa Eocentca, Duncan. Plate XIX, Figs. 8-10.

The corallum is large, massive, plain beneath, and rather gibbous above ; or it may
be boldly convex above, and low and broadly pedunculate.

The calices, very unequal in size, are usually circular in outline, separated by a
distinct groove and are slightly raised, the margin occupied by the junction of the
cost and septa being circular, broad, and overhanging the calices. Some calices, where
there is much crowding, are deformed. The calices are, when perfect, rather deep,
and there is a small columella and an imperfect row of pali, which are usually before
the septa of perfect cycles, except the tertiaries; they are small, and but little broader
and higher than the septal ends. The septa, never in four complete cycles, are thin,
not often straight, and are not exsert. The coste are much larger than the septa, form
a rim to the margin, and are subequal, the primaries being distinguishable by their
length: all are close, crowded, slightly rounded, not spined, and are distinct from
those of the neighbouring corallites. The thin septa and the thick coste are very
characteristic.

Height of the corallum 8 inches; length 8 inches.

There are about three calices and their costa to the length of 1 inch. The costal
rim is 5 inch broad in many calices.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 67

Locality. Northern end of Watwaro range, between Trak and Damaj; top of
the Khirthar or base of the Nari series. Survey-number G 392,

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XIX.

Fig. 8. Calices: natural size.
9, ,,  : magnified.
10. A diagram of a septum and palus.
Probably a fungiform coral found at between Tong and Baili belongs to this species.
Another convex block is from Mél Mohori.
Without the pali this coral would pass for a species of Phylloceenia; and it is very

probable that the fossil corals of Sind which were formerly associated with that genus
really belong to Plesiastrea.

Group MADREPORARIA PERFORATA.
Family PORITIDAL.

Genus PORITES.
1. Porrres Inpica, Duncan. Plate V, Figs. 12,13.

The corallum is massive, and has a broad and irregularly gibbous surface. The
calices are shallow, open, but slightly separate, hexagonal or pentagonal, or are irregular
in outline. The septa are not crowded, and are rather equal: the primaries are the
longest and largest, and the secondaries are slightly less; there is frequently union
between the tertiaries or between them and the secondaries, and all have a few
nodular granulations on their free edges. There are indefinite pali, either as nodules
or as trabecule, around the rather wide axial space, which is filled by a trabecular
columella.

There are three cycles of septa in some systems, but not in all. The coral is some
inches in length and breadth.

The calices are usually from 7; to 345 inch in breadth.

Locality. Maliri, south of Chotra, top of the Khirthar beds or base of the Nari
series; Mal Mohori, same horizon. Survey-number G 4,47.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate V.

Fig. 12. A part of the coral: slightly magnified.
13. Calices (magnified) and portions of coste.

2. Porrres Petiecrinu, D’Ach. Plate V, Figs. 14, 15.

There is a nodular coral in the series from Sind whose calices resemble those of
D’Achiardi’s species, but the pali are not so distinct. The condition of the specimen is
indifferent, and the knob on the septa nearest the axial space is the true palus. The septa
are fewer than in the type, which is from San Giovanni Ilarione. The species is also

mentioned by Reuss, and figured by him from that locality.
K2
68 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

Locality. Sind; M4l Mohori, top of the Khirthar group or base of the Nari.
Survey-number G 4¢.
Illustrations of the Species in Plate V.

Fig. 14. The corallum.
15. Some calices: magnified.

List of the Species of Fossil Corals from the Khirthar Series which are identical with
those of European and other Nummulitic deposits.

Stylophora contorta, Leymerie. At La Palarea and Foujoncouse, in Europe, and
St. Bartholomew, West Indies.

Astrocenia numisma. At Gap, Nice.

Porites Pellegrinii, D’Ach. §. Giovanni Ilarione.

Species which are allied to others in Europe.

Calamophyllia Indica, Duncan, to Calamophyllia fasciculata, Reuss (=C. flabellum,
Reuss), from the Upper Nummulitic of Oberburg.

Hydnophora Maliriensis, Duncan, to Hydnophora venusta (Catullo), Nummulitic of
Europe.

Porites Indica, Duncan, to Porites micrantha, Reuss, from Crosara, Oberburg.

The number of species of fossil Corals found in the Khirthar series is sixteen. The
species common to it and the European and West-Indian Eocene is three, and there
are three allied species.

IX. Description of the Fossil Corals of the Nari Series of Sind.
List of the Species of Madreporaria or Stony Corals from the Nari Series of Sind.
Section MADREPORARIA.

Group MADREPORARIA APOROSA.

Family TURBINOLIDA.

Subfamily TROCHOCYATHACES,

Trochocyathus Burnesi, J. Haime. Trochocyathus Nariensis, Duncan, and a variety.
nummiformis, Duncan. ————— cyclolitoides, 1. Ed. & J. Haime.
nummiformis, 2 varieties, Duncan. Blanfordia nummiformis, Duncan.

Transition-Group STYLOPHORINE.

Stylophora pulcherrima, D’Achiardi.
Family ASTRAIDAL,

Subfamily HUSMILIN 2.

Trochosmilia varicosa, Reuss. Trochosmilia Dharanensis, Duncan.
Oldhami, Duncan.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 69

Subfamily STYLINACES.
Styloccenia Taurinensis, M. Ed. g J. Haime.
Subfamily AsTREACER.

Montlivaltia Vignei, D’ Arch. & J. Haime. Meandrina Medlicotti, Duncan.
Prionastrea insignis, Duncan.

Dasyphyllia gemmans, Duncan.
tenuiseptata, Duncan.

Rhabdophyllia Nariensis, Duncan.
Leptoria concentrica, Duncan.

 

 

Family FUNGIDZ.
Cycloseris Perezi, M. Ed. & J. Haime. | Cyclolites orientalis, Duncan.

Group MADREPORARIA PERFORATA.
Family PORITIDA.

Litharea nodulosa, Duncan.

Section MADREPORARIA.

Group MADREPORARIA APOROSA.

Family TURBINOLIDA.
Subfamily TROCHOCY ATHACEZ:.

Genus TROCHOCYATHUS, MZ Ed. & J. H.

1. Trocnocyatuus Burnes, J. Haime. Plate XVIII, Figs. 1-6.

This coral was described by J. Haime in D’Archiac’s Hist. des progr. de la Géol.
t. iii. p. 226 (1850), and subsequently it was noticed and drawn in their description of
the Corals from Sind (p. 183). It was said to come from the Chaine d’Hala (Sinde); but
the locality of derivation in this hypothetical mountain-chain is not stated. No perfect
specimen is amongst those collected in the Geological Survey of the country; but a
fractured coral from the Nari group evidently is a variety of it. The following is the
description by J. Haime :—

The corallum is very short, subcyclolitoid, circular, the inferior surface slightly
convex, pedicellate, and hollowed slightly centrally at the base into a little round fossula.
The coste are straight, distinct, and the primaries and secondaries are equal and project
slightly ; there is not much difference as regards the size of the others, and they are
very close and finely granular, and nearly flat. The calice is relatively rather deep, and
has a wide fossa. There are five complete cycles of septa; and the cost are straight,
narrow, exsert slightly, and rounded externally, and tolerably thin. Those of the first
three cycles are subequal, and the others are slightly smaller, and all are granular and
striated at the edge. The deeply seated columella is but slightly developed. The pali
are short, moderately broad, rounded, and about the thickness of the septa to which
they belong; but they are the largest when before the higher orders of septa, and those
before the penultimate septa are bilobed. The last cycle of septa has no pali. The
diameter of the coral is 2 centimetres, and the height 6 millimetres (that is, $ inch and

about 4 inch).
70 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

The coral is figured on plate xii. fig. 2, a, 0, ¢, of the work above mentioned; and
views of the side and of the base are reproduced here.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XVIII.

Fig. 1. Side view of the corallum: natural size.
2. The base: slightly magnified.
3. A side view of the coste: magnified.
4, The ornamentation of a septum: magnified.

The variety has the general shape of the type; but the epitheca, which appears to
be pellicular, is merged into a confused outer surface in which the coste are feebly
seen. The septal arrangement is not complete in its cycles, and two large septa have
nine others between them; but the ornamentation is the same. The granulation of the
septa is very close and marked. The pali are small, and the columella barely exists.

Height of the corallum 5; inch; breadth 1 inch.

Locality. Near Raduk, ten miles 8.8.E. of Jhdngdra (Survey-number G 47%y°); and
also west of Bhégathoro Hill, south of Sehwén (Survey-number G 228).

Two young corals belong to this variety, and are 7°5 and 3°5 inch in length. The
external texture of the base is remarkable, and is of that broken, mosaic kind which is
so often seen in these Sind corals. In the smaller one the coste are more distinct.

Fig. 5. A young coral of the variety. The epitheca: magnified.
6. A smaller one placed on a nummulite. The base: magnified.

All were from the same locality.

2. TrocHocyaTHus NuMMIFoRMIS, Duncan. Plate XX, Figs. 1-4.

The corallum is very flat, circular in outline, slightly convex above and below, with
rather a sharp margin. The calice is widely open, shallow, and with a small, slightly
elliptical central space, where there is a papillate columella. The septa are excessively
crowded, and there are numerous repetitions of series composed of three small septa, of
which the central is the largest, placed between two larger. This arrangement is
repeated so often that there are at least six cycles of septa, or nearly 200 of them. The
primaries and secondaries are larger than the others and are subequal; the tertiaries
are next in size, and then the rest diminish according to the order. The larger septa
are as thick midway in their course as at the margin, and the smallest are slightly wavy
in their course and join the larger ones. The larger septa reach close to the edge of
the axial space, and end in large, lobed pali, those of the primaries and secondaries
being subequal and larger than those of the other orders. The innermost pali, about
as thick as the septa, form a very marked circle; and the outermost are smaller, and they
are rounded above. Small pali exist still further externally, and belong to higher orders ;
but two small rounded pali, belonging to the penultimate orders, are between the first
and second rows. The septa are granulated in linear rows, which crowd the sides in
regular vertical order.

There is a pellicular epitheca, which is stout, and the coste are usually visible
through it. It and the base are marked with concentric growth-rings, and on the
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 71

innermost beyond the short, flat peduncle, the bases of the pali are more or less visible.
The edge of the corallum is rounded; but where the coste start from the septa there
is often a sharp rim. The septal ends close to the costx are subequal; but the costz,
where visible, are large and small, according to their order.

Height of the coral } to 3%; and 33; inch; breadth 12 to 3%; inch.

Locality. West of Bhégathoro Hill, in the Nari series. Survey-number G 228.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XX.

Fig. 1. The corallum from above: natural size.
2. Septa and pali: magnified.
3. The corallum from below: natural size.
4, The central part of the base: magnified.

TROCHOCYATHUS NUMMIFORMIS, Duncan. Variety1. Plate XX, Fig. 5.

In this variety the crown of larger pali consists of those of the first four cycles,
those before the higher orders being stouter than those before the tertiaries, but shorter
than those of the primaries and secondaries. The septa are largely granular, and the

epitheca is dense, the coral being very flat.
Locality. West of Bhégathoro Hill, south of Sehwdn, Nari series. Survey-number

G 228
76°
Illustration of Var. 1 in Plate XX.
Fig. 5. The inner crown of pali: magnified.

TROCHOCYATHUS NUMMMIFORIS, Duncan. Variety 2. Plate XX, Fig. 6.
In this variety the flat papillary columella is well seen, and the septa and pali
are slenderer and often wavy.

Illustration of Var. 2 in Plate XX.
Fig. 6. The columella and inner part of the coral: magnified.

3. Trocnocyatuus Nariensis, Duncan. Plate IX, Figs. 1-13.

The corallum has a flat base, with banded epitheca in circles, and granular coste
are seen here and there. The corallum, according to its age, is discoidal, subcylindrical,
and cylindrical and tall, and the sides are covered more or less with a banded epitheca,
coste appearing in the vacant spots. ‘The calice is rarely larger than the base, and is
often contracted and concentric in outline; it may be deepor shallow. There is no
columella in the discoidal shaped forms, and a trabecular one exists in the others.

The septa are very numerous, and crowded near the margins; there are nearly, if
not quite, six cycles of them. The larger are exsert, arched at the margin, straight,
and end in a thin paliform lobe, which reaches the axial space; the three septa
between each pair of these reach far inwards, are smaller than the others, and the two
outer bend in and meet the middle one close to its end, a broad palus resulting. The
72 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

pali are upon the septa where they join. The rest of the septa of this system are long
and slender, and one is placed between each pair of those last mentioned. The calice is
thus made up of a number of sets of eight septa. The sides of the septa are largely
and distinctly granular. The coste are large, unequal, largely granular in a single row
on the outside, and granular and multigranular on the sides. The single row of
granules becomes very distinct between the epithecal bands.

The breadth of the base of several specimens is from 3% to 1 inch and 1479 inch, and
the height is from 4%5 inch, 7% inch, to 2 inches.

Locality. Near Raduk, ten miles §.S.E. of Jhéngara, Nari series. Survey-number
G 3A2.

Lliustrations of the Species in Plate IX.

Fig. 1. An oblique view of the corallum: natural size.

The septa and pali of part of a system: magnified.

A transverse section of a large specimen: slightly magnified.
The septa, magnified, oblique view.

. The coste and epitheca: natural size.

Coste: magnified.

Coste at the margin: magnified.

The base: natural size.

The costz and epitheca of a large specimen: slightly magnified.
10. Side view of a tall and old specimen: natural size.

11. Its base.

12. A variety of the species: natural size.

13. Its septa and pali: magnified.

SS Se ey ie ee i

TRocHOcYATHUS NaRIENSISs, Duncan. Variety. Plate XVI, Figs. 9, 10.

A variety of this polymorphic species requires notice, as the junction of the septa
and the presence of the pali within it are not always seen. ‘The large or primary septa
of the five cycles have no pali; the next have them, and so have the next to them in
size. A columella is visible.

Locality. Near Raduk, Nari group. Survey-number G 322,

Illustrations of the Variety in Plate XVI.

Fig. 9. The calice: magnified.
10. Septa and pali: magnified.

4. TROocHOCYATHUS cYcLOLITOIDES, Milne Edwards & Jules Haime, Hist. Nat. des Corall.
vol, ii. p. 36. Plate IX, Figs. 14-18.

There is a rather conical-shaped corallum of this widely distributed Eocene coral in
the Nari series, west of Bhagathoro Hill, south of Sehwan. It has a widely open calice,
whose surface is flat, with a small axial space. The epitheca is pretty strong, and the
cost are more or less distinct to the base. The pali are very evident. Faint exothecal
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 73

dissepiments exist between the coste near the base. The coste are plain, and where
coming from beneath the epitheca look like repetitions of septa.
Height of specimen 38 inch; breadth nearly 1,3, inch.

Ilustrations of the Species in Plate IX.

Fig. 14. The coral: side view.
15. The calicular surface.
16. The pali: magnified.
17. Coste: magnified.
18. Coste from beneath a ridge of epitheca: magnified.

BLANFORDIA, gen. nov.

The genus Blanfordia, now founded in recognition of the distinguished oriental
naturalist and geologist to whom science is so greatly indebted in relation to the strati-
graphy of Sind, is one of the Trochocyathacee. ‘There is a pellicular epitheca binding
the costz to the discoid base, and the calice is cyclolitoid in shape, the axial space is
elliptical, and the whole corallum is nearly circular.

The septa are numerous, close, and there are small pali on all the septa except those
of the last order; and there is a very general and frequent union of two septa with an
intermediate one, giving a Deltocyathine appearance.

1. Buanrorpia NuMMiForMIs, Duncan. Plate XVIII, Figs. 7-9.

The corallum is nummiform, with a flat base, the centre of which has partly enve-
loped a nummulite. The epitheca is marked with irregular lines. The calice is open,
the axial space shallow, and the columella is deep and small. The septa are close
crowded, long, slightly broader externally, and the fifth cycle is incomplete; the union
of the three septa takes place very regularly on both sides of a long primary. The pali
are small.

Height of specimen 3; inch; breadth 335 inch.

Locality. West of Bhagathoro Hill, south of Sehwdn, Nari group. Survey-
number G 228.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XVIII.

Fig. 7. The coral from above: magnified.
8. The base: magnified.
9. Septa: magnified.

Transition-Group STYLOPHORING.
Genus STYLOPHORA, WW. Ed. & J. H.

1. SryLoPHORA PULCHERRIMA, D’Achiardi. Plate XV, Figs. 12, 13.

A portion of.a flat branch of this Coral, which is very common at Friuli (Rosazzo
L
74 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

and Brazzano), where it is associated with Stylophora distans, Leymerie, is in the collec-
tion from the Nari group.
Locality. Rois Hill, east side, Nari group. Survey-number G 4%.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XV.

Fig. 12. Surface of the corallum : slightly magnified.
18. Some calices: magnified.

Family ASTRAID 4.
Subfamily EHUSMILINA:.
Genus TROCHOSMILIA, WU. Ed. & J. H.

1. TrocHosminia varicosa, Reuss. Plate VIII, Fig. 11.

This species was described by A. E. Reuss in his description of the Corals found
in one of the Coralliferous deposits of the Older Tertiaries of the Alps at Crosara. The
Sind type is smaller than the European, but the shape is the same. The base is small
and pedunculate, the body is irregularly cylindrical, constricted here and there, and
the calices elliptical, shallow, and without a columella. The epitheca is distinct, and
exists in some places as circular bands. The coste are distinct, well developed, and
correspond with the septa.

The species is described and figured in ‘ Pal. Stud. tiber die alt. Tertiar peHigntet der
Alpen,’ ii. Abtheilung, Wien, 1869, p. 22, plate xvii. figures 4—6.

Locality. Near Raduk, Nari series. Survey-number G 3°?.

Illustration of the Species in Plate VIII.

Fig. 11. The corallum: natural size.

2. TROCHOSMILIA OLDHAMI, Duncan. Plate III, Figs. 6-11.

The corallum is conical, much compressed, bluntly pedicellate, and often curved
near the base. The calice is a long ellipse in shape, is shallow, and has rather a
sharp edge.

The septa are very slender, crowded near the margin, and long and less crowded
near the centre. There are four cycles of septa in nearly all the systems. The
larger septa and the next in size reach to the centre, a small axial space existing ;
they are barely exsert, faintly arched, largely granular at the sides, and often slightly
wavy. The next septa, in point of size, reach midway, and between them and the larger
on either side there are usually three very small septa. There is no columella; and
the endotheca is scanty.

The coste are unequal in size, and correspond to the septa, so that there are in
many places three minute coste in a group, with a larger one on one side and a medium-
sized on the other. ‘The middle of the three small coste is usually the largest, and they
are often wavy and subsinuous in their course. The larger calices are almost subcresti-
form at the ends of the coral, and may project a little here and there.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 75

The exotheca exists ; and a faint pellicular epitheca, with occasional growth-rings,
may be seen in some specimens.

The epitheca covers in the smaller costz in large specimens; they show, however,
by weathering.

In full-grown specimens the calice is long, sinuous at the edge, broad, shallow, and
on an even plane. The axial space is very small. Height of corallum 8; inch.
Length of calice 1;3;; breadth 3; inch.

Height of the coral 32; inch.

Length of calice =§ inch.

Locality. West of Bhégathoro Hill, south of Schwan, Nari group. Survey-number
G 228,

. Illustrations of the Species in Plate III.
Figs. 6, 7, 10. Views of the coral (2 specimens).
8, 9, 11. The arrangement of the septa.
See Plate IV, Figs. 11, 12, 13.

3. TRocHosMILIA DHARANENSIS, Duncan. Plate XIII, Fig. 11.

The corallum is cylindroid, tall, compressed rather from side to side, curved, and
with a broadish base and a not much broader calice. The calice is elliptical in out-
line, rather contracted, and has 60 septa in six very irregular cycles. The septa are
small, not very unequal, slender within, long, and the larger have subequal coste. The
coste project, are distant, well developed, and wavy. The exotheca is seen here and
there, and some folds of epitheca.

The base spreads rapidly from a small peduncle.

Height of corallum 24 inches.

Length of calice 1,45 inch.

Locality. South-west of Dharan Pass, Nari group. Survey-number G 3.22.

The specimen has many of the usual Nari Nummulites on it.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XIII.

Fig. 11. The corallum: natural size.

Subfamily STYLINACEL.
Genus STYLOCGENIA, I. Ed. & J. #7.

1. Srytocania Tavrinensis, I. Edw. & J. Haime. Plate XIIE, Figs. 13, 14.

This common species is represented in the Nari series of Sind in strata west of
Bhagathoro Hill, south of Sehwan. One specimen is in the form of a rounded but irre-
gular mass, with an opening inferiorly, which seems to hint that the form has incrusted
something. Another is a fractured specimen, which was part of a thick and compressed
mass. They are both rather worn, and the projections at the angles of the calices are
small and very indistinct in the second form, and quite rudimentary or wanting in the
first. The calices are, as usual, small, tolerably close, separated by small and variable

amounts of coenenchyma, and contain six thin and slender primary septa; they
L2
76 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

reach a very slender, styliform columella. There are six smaller or secondary
septa.

There are two calices and the intercalicular surface in +45 inch.

Locality. West of Bhagathoro Hill, south of Sehwdn, Nari group (Survey-
number G 22), and near Raduk (Survey-number G 322).

Iilustrations of the Species in Plate XIII.

Fig. 18. The corallum.
14. Some calices: magnified.

The species has been found in the older Tertiary deposits of 8. Giovanni Ilarione
and Ronca, Castel Gomberto, Montecchio Maggiore, and in the Miocene of Turin,
Rivalba, and Sassello,

Subfamily ASTREACEA,

Genus MONTLIVALTIA, Lamouroux.
1. Montuiivautia Viengl, D’Archiac & Haime. Plate V, Figs. 9-11.

This species was described in the work on ‘ Les Animaux Fossiles de l’Inde’ by
D’Archiac and Haime, and the side view of the type was figured by them.

The species is found in the Nari series, south-west of Dharan Pass; and the
specimen figured in Plate V shows the side view, with epitheca, coste, and exotheca,
and also a semidiagrammatic view of the calice, and a careful enlargement of some septa,
The distinguished authors above mentioned had not the opportunity of seeing a calice,
but they judged correctly that there would be five cycles of septa.

I find that there is a false columella, and that the characteristic of the species is
the very constant junction of smaller and larger septa nearer the axial space than
the margin.

Locality. South-west of Dharan Pass, Nari group. Survey-number of the speci-
men G 302.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate V.
Fig. 9. Side view of the coral.
10. A calice: slightly magnified.
11. The junction of septa and the endotheca: slightly magnified.

Genus DASYPHYLLIA, W. Ed. & J. H.

1. DasyPHyLiia cemMans, Duncan, Ann.& Mag. Nat. Hist. 1864, vol. xiii. p. 299, pl. xviii.
Plate XIII, Fig. 10.

A solitary broken corallite of this species shows the incipient “collarettes” low

down, the coste well developed, and the calice, as usual, compressed and badly
preserved.

The type is in the British Museum.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. ce

Locality. Near Raduk, 10 miles south-east of Jhdngdra, in the Nari group.
Survey-number G 302.

Iilustration of the Species in Plate XIII.
Fig. 10. The corallite: natural size.

Genus RHABDOPHYLLIA, W. Ed. & J. H.

1. Ruaspopuyiiia Narrensis, Duncan. Plate XVIII, Figs. 14-16.

The corallum is short, slender, cylindroid, compressed, and marked with trans-
verse growth-rings.

The epitheca is delicate, and where worn exposes three very thin coste between
two larger ones. The fractured ends show twelve large septa with swollen internal

edges, and twelve more slender ones; and usually between these and the thicker a
minute septum exists.

The septa are crowded, and correspond to similar sized coste. There is no colu-
mella. The endotheca is scanty.

Height of corallum 1 inch; greatest breadth 3%; inch.
Locality. West of Bhagathoro Hill, south of Sehwan, inthe Nari group. Survey-
number G 228.
Illustrations of the Species in Plate XVIII.
Fig. 14. The corallum: natural size.

15. Transverse section: magnified.
16. Coste: magnified.

Genus LEPTORIA, U. Ed. & J. H.

J. Leproria concentrica, Duncan. Plate XXIII, Figs. 1, 2.

This species is found at the base of the Nari series, or in the topmost strata of the
Khirthar rocks; but the type is from a higher horizon in the Gaj series.

Genus MAZEANDRINA, U. Ed. & J. H.

1. Ma@anprina Mepuicort1, Duncan. Plate X, Figs. 15, 16.
The corallum is large, broad, short, somewhat convex above, and rather concave

below, where there is an epitheca.

The series are excessively gyrose and frequently bifurcate, and are almost without
any limit; they are shallow and narrow, very equal in their breadth, and the interserial
edge is sharp.

The septa are short, enlarged within, and mostly are subequal. Occasionally a
small septum intervenes, but usually the similarity of size is remarkable.

The columella is rudimentary.

There are about twenty septa in 7’ inch.
78 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

Breadth of the corallum more than 5 inches; height of corallum 1 inch.

Breath of a series 32; inch.
Locality. Baran River, south of Tong, in the Nari series. Survey-number G 228.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate X.

Fig. 15. Part of the corallum: natural size.
16. Part of a series: magnified.

Genus PRIONASTRALA, MU. Ed. & J. H.

1. PrionastR@A INSIGNIS, Duncan. Plate V, Figs. 4-6.

The corallum is free, short, hemispherical, and has a flat, irregularly rounded, and
lobed base, and a few large calices.

The base is marked with numerous subequal low coste, more or less hidden by a
feeble epitheca.

The calices near the base look outwards, and the others more or less upwards ;
they are irregular in size and shape, but are large, deep, open, triangular or hexangular,
and are separated by stout and tall margins.

The septa are much more numerous on the sides of the tall margins than in the
midst of the calices; they are small and close in the first place, and large, separate, and
mostly club-ended in the other. There are altogether nearly five cycles in the largest
calice, but only some twenty septa reach the boundary of the axial space. The club
end represents the base of a former spine, and the septa having it are large and dip
down into the fossa, being, moreover, separated at the wall by small ones. ~The colu-
mella is small, and is partly made up of the united club ends.

The margin of the calices is rather sharp and crestiform. The gemmation is
marginal and between contiguous calices.

The breadth of the base is 14 inch, and the height of the corallum 345 inch. The
calices vary from 325 to 385 inch in length, and the greatest depth of the fossa is 2, inch.

Locality. South-west of Dharan Pass, Nari group. Survey-number G 392.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate V.

Fig. 4. Upper part of the corallum: natural size.
5. The calices near the margin: magnified.
6. The base: natural size.

2. PRIONASTR#A TENUISEPTATA, Duncan. Plate V, Figs. 1-3.

The corallum is irregularly quadrangular at the base, the corners being rounded
more or less. A small scar of former adhesion is in the middle of the basal surface,
and small and rather close cost radiate from it, increasing in number towards the
edge, which is rather sharp. ‘There is a slight epitheca here and there, and the basal
surface is flat.

The calicular surface of the coral is but slightly convex, and the calices are large
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 79

and irregularly shaped; they are shallow, open, and separated by very well-defined, low,
thick walls. The septa are close but not crowded, often wavy, long and slender; and
the primaries and secondaries are but slightly stouter than the others; a few have a
slight enlargement near the small trabecular columella. There are four cycles of septa
in the large calices.
Length of corallum 14 inch; height of corallum 4 inch.
Length of largest calice 385 inch.
Locality. West of Bhégathoro Hill, south of Sehwdn, Nari group. Survey-number
G 338.
if Illustrations of the Species in Plate V.
Fig. 1. Calices: slightly magnified.
2. The base: natural size.
3. A part of a calice: magnified.

Family FUNGIDA.
Genus CYCLOSERIS, WM. Ed. & J. H.

1. Cycntoseris Perezi, M. Ed. & Haime. Plate XVI, Figs. 7, 8.
This well-known Eocene form appears to be represented in the Nari group in the
280

hills east of Trak in Kohistan. Survey-number G 343
It is a broken specimen, but the calice is shallow and was circular. The fossula is

circular and small; the base is subplane, and the coste are generally visible, a small
quantity of epitheca existing. The principal difference from the type is the everted
calicular edge. The European type is from Nice; Gap; Faudon, St. Bonnet (Hautes-

Alpes).
Illustrations of the Species in Plate XVI.

Fig. 7. The calice: natural size.
8. Showing the everted margin and coste: magnified.

Genus CYCLOLITES, Lamarck.

1, CYcLoLITEs ORIENTALIS, Duncan. Plate IX, Figs. 19-21.

The corallum is circular in outline, nearly flat above, rounded off at the margin,
and very slightly concave centrally inferiorly, elsewhere nearly flat. The axial space is
circular and small.

The septa are very closely placed, crowded, slender, straight, swollen at the free
end so as to imitate pali, and united by delicate synapticule. The 12 principal septa
are evident and project outwards, and there are 24 others less prominent, and the 48
intermediate are smaller still. There are six cycles of septa complete.

The epitheca is dense, but the larger cost project beneath it.

The breadth of the corallum is nearly five times the height of it; and in the type
the measurements are, breadth 3% inch and height not quite 3° inch.

Locality. Lundi Hill, eight miles south of Jhangara, Nari group. Survey-number

302
G 473".
80 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

Illustrations of the Species in Plate IX.

Fig. 19. The calicular surface : slightly magnified.
20. The septa and their paliform ends: magnified.
21. Septa near the margin: magnified.

Specimens of larger size than the type and with slight peduncles are from hills east
of Trak, Kohistan, Nari group. Survey-number G 322.

Group MADREPORARIA PERFORATA.
Family PORITIDZE.
Genus LITHARZA, WU. Hd. & J. H.

1, Lirnaraa noputosa, Duncan. Plate XIX, Figs. 4, 5.

_ The corallum is in the shape of short stunted branches, which are covered with
irregularly quadrangular shallow calices with thick perforate walls. The shape and
size of the calices is irregular, and the septal distribution also, there being from 20 to
30 stoutish septa. There is a small or rudimentary columella in some calices, whilst it
is long in others. The calices are crowded.

Height of corallum 2 inches.
Breadth of calices 5 to 75 inch.
Locality. Near Raduk, ten miles 8.E. of Jhangdra, Nari series. Survey-number
G 392,
Illustrations of the Species in Plate XIX.
Fig. 4. The coral: natural size.
5. A calice: magnified.

List of the Species of Fossil Corals which are found in the Nari Series of Sind,
and which are identical with those found in other localities.

Trochocyathus cyclolitoides, M. Ed. & J. Haime. Also in the Nummulitic deposits
of the Pyrenees and S. Giov. Ilarione. Rosazzo in Friuli.

Stylophora pulcherrima, D’Achiardi, Common at Rosazzo in Friuli.

Trochosmilia varicosa, Reuss. In the Oligocene of Crosara.

Stylocenia Taurinensis, M. Ed. & J. H. At Ronca, 8. Giov. Ilarione, and in the
Miocene of Turin, Rivalba, &c.

Cycloseris Perezi, M.Ed. & J.H. Gap; Nice; Faudon, St. Bonnet (Hautes-Alpes).

 

There are 20 species of Fossil Corals in the Nari series, and one of them is found
at a higher horizon. Of these, one quarter are found in the Upper Nummulitic and
Oligocene deposits of Europe.

Hence the examination of the specimens of Corals from the Ranikot, Khirthar,
and Nari series of Sind yields 76 species and several varieties.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 81

X. Description of the Fossil Corals from the Géj Group in Sind.

_ List of Species of Madreporaria from the Gj group or the series above the
Nummulitic rocks of Sind.

Section MADREPORARIA.
Group MADREPORARIA APOROSA.
Family TURBINOLIDA:,

Subfamily CaRYOPHYLLIACES.

Caryophyllia Gajensis, Duncan.

Subfamily TROCHOCYATHACES,

Trochocyathus Gajensis, Duncan.

Transition-group STYLOPHORIN &.

Stylophora confusa, Duncan. | Stylophora minuta, variety, Duncan.

Family ASTRAIDA,

Subfamily STYLINACES.
Stephanoccenia maxima, Duncan. .
Subfamily ASTR EBACE.

Antillia plana, Duncan. Brachyphyllia Indica, Duncan.
Indica, Duncan. _  Plesiastrea costata, Duncan.
Montlivaltia Jacquemonti, J. Haime. — decipiens, Duncan.
Dasyphyllia, species. pedunculata, Duncan.
Leptomussa rugosa, Duncan. D’Achiardia densa, Duncan.
Calamophyllia elongata, Duncan. —_———— lobata, Duncan.
Leptoria concentrica, Duncan. Latimeandra parvula, Duncan.
Monticulastrea insignis, Duncan. Reussi, Duncan.
solidior, Duncan. Gajensis, Duncan,
inequalis, Duncan. Prionastrea Gajensis, Duncan.
elongata, Duncan. fungiformis, Duncan.
Heliastrea Sindiana, Duncan. Cladocora Haimei, Duncan.
digitata, Duncan. Echinopora miocenica, Duncan.

—anomala, Duncan. maxima, Duncan.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Family FUNGID.

Cycloseris magnifica, Duncan.

Pachyseris affinis, Duncan.
Agaricia Danze, Duncan,

exarata, Duncan.

 
82 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

Group MADREPORARIA PERFORATA.

Subfamily MapREPORIN &.
Madrepora, species.
Subfamily TURBINARINE.

Turbinaria Sitaensis, Duncan. | Astrzopora hemispherica, Duncan.

Family PORITIDA.
Porites Gajensis, Duncan.

Section MADREPORARIA.

Group MADREPORARIA APOROSA.

Family TURBINOLIDA.

Subfamily CARYOPHYLLIACER.

Genus CARYOPHYLLIA, Lamarck.
1. CaryoPuyLuia Gasensis, Duncan. Plate XXIV, Figs. 2, 3.

The corallum is short, with a large base of attachment and a large circular, very
open, shallow calice. The pali form a very distinct raised ring around a very small
columella, on which a few papille may be seen. The septa are unequal in size, much
thickest near the margin, and the primaries and secondaries resemble each other, pass
far inwards and have pali before them ; the next orders are not so large, and the higher
orders pass but a short distance inwards. There are about 72 septa, and about 20
shorter stout dentate pali. The coste are well developed, are alternately large and
small, and the epitheca is in bands.

Height of the corallum 345 inch. Breadth of calice 3% inch. Breadth of base 3% inch.

Locality. Sita Nai, Gaj series. Survey-number G 238.

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XXIV.

Fig. 2. The corallum: side view.
3. The calice: magnified.

Subfamily TROCHOCYATHACEZ,
Genus TROCHOCYATHUS, WM. Ed. & J. HH.

1. Trocuocvaruus Gasensis, Duncan. Plate XXIII, Figs. 3, 4.

The corallum has a flat elliptical base, from which the sides slope with concave
curves to a widely open, oval-elliptical, slightly bilobate calice, whose minor axis is on a
higher plane than the major. The coste are numerous, irregularly arranged, sub-
equal and distinct to the base. The large septa are about 48 in number, and many
minute rudimentary ones exist. The larger septa are stout, and the pali are small but
distinct, those before the larger septa being the largest.

Locality. Sita Nai, Khirthar range, Gaj series. Survey-number G 228,
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 83

Ilustrations of the Species in Plate XXIII.

Fig. 3. Side view: natural size.
4, The base and coste: magnified.

Transition-group STYLOPHORINA.

Genus STYLOPHORA, Blainville.
1. SryLopHora conrusa, Duncan. Plate XXIII, Fig. 7.

The corallum is nodular here and there, and the calices are very close and crowded,
a small ridge formed by the close margin separating them ; the margins are fused in
some places ; and the calicular fossa is rather deep. There are six septa visible, and a small
columella. There are three calices and their intermediate ridges in 3/5 inch of length.
Locality. Dumb, Sehwan-hill road, Gaj series. Survey-number G 73,3.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XXIII.
Fig. 7. Calices: magnified.

2. STYLOPHORA MiINUTA, Duncan, variety. Plate XXIII, Fig. 6.

This species was described by me in the description of the Fossil Corals of the
West-Indian Islands (part iv.), ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ December
1867 (vol. xxiv. p. 14). The type unfortunately broke up; but the small calices, the
broad interspace without ornamentation, the six septa, and the large styloid columella
were very characteristic. The present specimen, from Naigh-Nai valley, south-west of
Manchhar Lake, resembles the type, especially in the plain and faintly granular ccenen-
chymal area, in the plain projection of the calicular margin, and in the want of costae.
The columella is small, however, and this constitutes the only variation. The type
was from Miocene beds of Trinidad.

Survey-number G 393.

Miustration of the Species in Plate XXIII.
Fig. 6. Calices: magnified.

Family ASTRAIDA.
Subfamily STYLINACEA,

Genus STEPHANOCGENIA, WU. Ed. & J. H.

1. STEPHANOC@NIA MAXIMA, Duncan. Plate XXV, Figs. 1, 2.

The corallum is thick, large, and massive, and the base is almost a flat surface.
The calices are large, slightly raised above the common surface, with a thin costulate
and rather wavy margin; they are slightly elliptical in outline, very shallow, and are
crowded with very unequal septa. The calices are separated by ccenenchyma, over
which the larger coste pass, touching those of the surrounding calices, which are
usually at a distance of half a calice’s breadth from each other,

M 2
84 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

There are six large septa, which are straight, level, usually larger near the columella,
and normally have pali which are expanded sideways or are nodular. The primaries
are separated by as many smaller secondaries, which are stout, and enlarge and expand
near the columella into small pali; the twelve interseptal spaces thus produced
include very small septa, usually one in each, but occasionally three are crammed in-
These tertiary septa are small, and do not reach far inwards. The columella is well
developed and styloid, but rectangular and compressed in shape. In some calices the
twelve larger septa are united at their internal margins by lateral expansions.

The coste are unequal in size, being attached at the margin to all the septa, and
it is only those of the primaries and secondaries that reach the intercalicular space.

The corallites are very long; endotheca is rare ; and the free inner margins of the
septa are denticulate.

Height of corallum 33 inches; length probably some feet. Length of largest
calice rather more than 1; inch.

Great masses of this coral exist with the septa and columella worn away, or in
the form of casts.

Locality. Dumb, Sehwan-hill road, Géj group. Survey-number G 228

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XXV.

Fig. 1. A calice: magnified.
2. Part of a calice seen from the side: magnified.

Subfamily ASTREACEE. a
Genus ANTILLIA, Duncan.
1. AnTILLIA PLANA, Duncan. Plate XXIII, Fig. 5.
This species was described in 1864, in my essay on some Fossil Corals from Sind,
in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ (1864, vol. xiii. p. 300, pl. xviii.
fig.5). A specimen has been found at Dumb, Sehwan-hill road (Survey-number G 228),

in the Gaj series. The new form is of the same size as that already described, but the
outline of the calice is circular.

The corallum is very short, and has a flat base which nearly equals the calice in
diameter; the columellary space is small and the calice is shallow. The septa are
numerous, and there are at least five cycles of them ; they crowd near the margin, and

only the larger reach far inwards. Epitheca is noticed here and there, and the coste
are moniliform externally.

Breadth of calice 1} inch. Height of the coral 3 inch.
Illustration of the Species in Plate XXIII.

Fig. 5. The corallum: natural size.

2. Ayvituia Inpica, Duncan. Plate XXIV, Fig. 11.

The corallum is tall and conical, is elliptical at the widely open calice, and thé
columella is small. The septa are very unequal. The epitheca is in transverse folds,
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 85

and it comes well up to the calicular margin. There are nearly six cycles of septa, and
the majority reach far in towards the axial space. The larger septa appear to have been

lobed within and ragged on their free surface near the calicular margin.
Height nearly 3 inches.

Length of the calice 2,3; inches.
Locality. North-west of Lal-Bakhar range near Karachi, in the Géj series.
Survey-number G 327.
Illustration of the Species in Plate XXIV.

Fig. 11. The corallum and calice: natural size.

Genus MONTLIVALTIA, W. Ed. & J. H.

1. Montuivattia Jacquemonti, D’Archiac & Haime. Plate XXIV, Fig. 4.

The corallum is straight, conical, thick, moderately tall, compressed slightly,
especially in its middle. The epitheca is strong and forms growth-rings. The calice is
elliptical, more or less in the form of the figure 8. The axes of the calice have the ratio
of 100:170; the summit of the smaller axis is slightly higher than that of the larger.
There are 120 well-developed septa, moderately slender, straight, alternately large and
small, and between them is a corresponding number of rudimentary septa. The height
of the corallum may be more than 2 inches. The endotheca is well developed.

Messrs. D’Archiac and J. Haime do not give the locality whence the coral was
derived, but state that it is peculiar to Sind.

The specimen found by the Geological Survey is in height 279 inches, and the
breadth of the calice is 1,45 inch.

Locality. Dumb, Sehwan-hill road, in the Gaj series. Survey-number G 3°.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XXIV.

Fig. 4. The corallum: natural size.

Genus DASYPHYLLIA, UW. Ed. & J. H.

1. DasyPHyLuiA, species. Plate XXIII, Fig. 10.
A portion of a small Dasyphyllia allied to Dasyphyllia gemmans, Duncan, is from
south of Magar Pir, Karachi, Gaj series. Survey-number G 302.
Illustration of the Species in Plate XXIII.

Fig. 10. Part of a corallum: natural size.

Genus LEPTOMUSSA, Reuss.

1, Lepromussa RucosA, Duncan. Plate XXII, Fig. 8.

The corallum is simple, tall, compressed, very irregular in its growth, being con-
stricted here and there above its broad pedunculate base. The calice is elongate,
deformed, rather deep, and without a columella. The cost are exceedingly developed,
86 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

and in many places are spined; they are distant, projecting, and subequal. There is
no epitheca, but some exotheca exists between the coste. ‘The septa are unequal,
numerous, and crowded ; the primaries are large, and the higher orders are long, slender,
and wavy, and relate to the larger coste.

The genus has its type, Leptomussa variabilis, D’Achiardi, in the Nummulitic of
Italy. The form from Sind approaches a true Mussa which has not yet undergone
fissiparity ; but it is an old individual and fully developed.

Height of corallum 24 inches.

Length of calice 13 inch.
Locality. South of Magar Pir, near Karachi, Gaj series. Survey-number G 392.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XXII.

Fig. 8. The corallum: natural size.

Genus CALAMOPHYLLIA, MW. Ed. & J. H., amended 1831.

1. CALAMOPHYLLIA ELONGATA, Duncan. Plate XVIII, Figs. 17-20.

The corallum is in long, more or less cylindrical pieces which seldom branch, and
then from one side. The corallites are of the same slender character for considerable
spaces; they are smallest at the base or point of origin from others, and frequently the
calice is contracted; they are nearly straight, cylindrical or angular here and there,
and are marked with very distinct rather distant costa, some of which are much
larger than others. From 24 to 36 coste exist in large specimens, and are wavy, sharp,
narrow, and much smaller than the intercostal space, in which there is often a low
rounded ill-developed costa. As a rule, the costs correspond to large septa only.

The septa, few in number, are wide apart, and are alternately large and small;
they are tapering, and do not quite reach the axial space. Some are rudimentary and
curve close to the wall. ‘There are 36 to 40 septa of all sizes in a well-developed
specimen.

There is no columella, and the axial space is vacant. A few endothecal dissepi-
ments exist. There is no epitheca, and there are traces of a few exothecal dissepiments.
A few irregular swellings of the thin wall occur as collarettes.

Height of longest corallite 4 inches. Breadth of widest corallite 4 inch.

Locality. Nari Nai, Khirthar range, Gaj series. Survey-number G 228,

Illustrations of' the Species in Plate XVIII.

Fig. 17. Corallite: natural size. a. A long corallite,
18. Outlines of calices: natural size.
19. A section of a corallite: magnified.
20, Coste: magnified.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 87

Genus LEPTORIA, WM. Ed. & J. H.
1. Leprorta concentrica, Duncan. Plate XXIII, Figs. 1, 2.

The corallum is large, flat, circular in outline, broadly pedunculate, thin at the
edges, and rather concave centrally above.

The series are very long, and many form almost perfect circles one within the
other, so that the surface presents the appearance of a number of furrows and ridges
arranged in irregular concentric circles.

The ridges are sharp and equal, the valleys are broad and deep, and each of the
series is uninterrupted by calices. The columella is very small, but it is clearly lamellar.
The septa are small, alternately larger and smaller, the first kind reach to the axis
of the valley and enlarge there, the smaller come down to it more or less. Buds of
an Hydnophora have settled themselves in some of the series.

The peduncle is short and broad ; the base is marked concentrically by aridge; and
there appears to have been an epitheca.

Height of the coral 14 inch; breadth originally 8 inches.

Length of series 10 inches, 84 inches, to about 3 inches; breadth about 3%; inch.

Locality. Dumbar range, south-west of Tong, Gaj series (Survey-number G 3,92) ;
also at Maliri, south of Chotra, in the Khirthar or Nari series (Survey-number G 32).

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXIII.

Fig. 1. The corallum: natural size.
2. Some septa: magnified.

MONTICULASTRAA, gen. nov.

The corallum is massive or foliated, pedunculate, irregular at its upper surface, an
the base is covered with crowded radiating coste. The septa are in very irregular
small series, so that each colline is small and either pointed or very short, and hence
the series often present a papillary appearance. The septa are small, numerous, do not
touch those of the other side of the axial space, and are united by a highly developed
endotheca. There is a columella which is continuous around the collines; it is lamellar,
but convex above, and is readily worn away.

This genus is a Hydnophora with a columella and with non-continuous septa.

1. MonticuLastR@a INSIGNIS, Duncan. Plate XX VI, Figs. 1-3.

The corallum is very large, thick in some parts, and thin at the edges. The small
close collines are very numerous, very irregular in their size, not in any regular lines,
and are short. The colline edge is short. The septa, alternately long and short and
large and small, are slender and close; probably three cycles of them exist around the
largest colline.

The columella is well developed. The coste are exceedingly numerous.

Height of the corallum 24 inches; breadth about 14 inches.
88 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

There are about 6 or 8 collines to an inch. Height of collines under ,%5 inch.
Locality. Magar Pir, near Kardchi, base of Géj group. Survey-number G 334.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XX VI.

Fig. 1. Part of the corallum.
2. Collines: magnified.
3. Endotheca and columella: magnified.

2. MonrTIcuLASTRmA SOLIDIOR, Duncan. Plate XXVI, Figs. 5, 6.

The corallum is large, very thick, and nearly plane on its upper surface. The
collines are stout, low, unequal, and often curved; and the septa are alternately large
and small, but are of equal length. The tip of the collines is blunt, rounded, and
sometimes notched. The columella is thin and linear.

Height of the corallum 3 inches.

Length of collines 5 to 7 inch. Six septa to 74 inch.

Locality. Sita Nai, Khirthar range, Gaj group. Survey-number G 238,

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXVI.

Fig. 5. Part of the upper portion of the coral: natural size.
6. A colline: magnified.

3. MoNTICULASTRHA INZQUALIS, Duncan. Plate XXVI, Fig. 4.

The corallum is solid, thick, and the upper and lower surfaces are flat. The
collines are very irregular in their size, shape, direction, and length: some are long,
broad, straight, or curved; others are minute, low, and at all angles with the larger.
The columella is distinct, and the septa (alternately large and very slender and small) are
of equal length.

Height of corallum 1 inch to 14 inch.

Length of large collines 1,75 inch; of small collines yo to 7 inch. Number of
septa to 75 inch, six large and six small. ;

Locality. Near Unahar, Khirthar range, Gaj group. Survey-number G 228,

Illustration of the Species in Plate XXVI.
Fig. 4. Upper part of the corallum (part of): natural size.

4, MOoNTICULASTR&A ELONGATA, Duncan. Plate XXVII, Figs. 1, 2.

The corallum is very large, in flat branches, which are covered on all sides with
very numerous, small, yet elongated narrow series, their diminutive height and length
contrasting with the bulk of the mass. The direction and size of the series are very
yariable, and small collines are occasionally seen in the axial spaces of others. The
collines are blunt at the top and never high ; the valleys are narrow; and the columella
is distinct as a lamellar ridge in the axial space ; it is low and distinct (but it often has
been destroyed). The septa do not unite at the axial space; they are frequently
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 89

swollen there, and always are alternately large and small and rather crowded, and there
are about 16 to 4; inch.

The length of the collines is from less than a line to 1 inch, and the distance from
the top of one to that of its neighbour is under 38, inch.

Length of the coral (a broken specimen) 10 inches, and the breadth is about
4 inches; thickness 14 inch.

Locality. South-east of Bill, G4j series. Survey-number G 322.

Iilustrations of the Species in Plate XXVII.

Fig. 1. Part of the corallum: natural size.
2. Collines: magnified.

Genus HELIASTRAA, WU. Ed. & J. H.
1. Hetiastrma Stinpiana, Duncan. Plate XXVII, Figs. 3, 4.

The corallum is short and broad, irregular on its nearly plane upper surface, thin at
the more or less circular margin, and indistinctly pedunculate. The base expands rapidly ;
and is covered with a dense epitheca, on which costearenot seen. ‘The calices, unequal
in size, are circular or slightly deformed in outline; the margin is sharp; the septa are
not exsert, but pass down into the deep fossa; and the costz are feebly developed, and
do not pass down far on the outside, and not much on the intercalicular spaces. The
normal number of septa is four cycles; they are alternately long and short; all are
rather small, and the longer are often furnished with paliform teeth. In the smaller
calices there may be 24 or 36 septa; but the alternate large and small septa are charac-
teristic. The columella is moderately well developed.

Height of corallum 12 inch; breadth 5 to 6 inches.

Breadth of calices 2 to 74 inch.

Locality. Magar Pir, near Karachi, base of Gaj series. Survey-number G 334.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXVII.

Fig. 3. The corallum (a part of): natural size.
4, Some calices: magnified.

2. HELIASTRZA DIGITATA, Duncan. Plate XXI, Figs. 7, 8.

The corallum is compressed, digitate, and covered with numerous crateriform
calices, the intermediate tissue being covered with coste.

The truncated conical ends of the corallites are either symmetrical or oblique, and
the coste are alternately large and small: the larger coste pass down the wall to
the intercorallite spaces. The calice is very shallow, and the columella very small.
The septa are very unequal: usually the six primaries are large and distinct, and the
six secondaries are smaller than they are, but larger than the short tertiaries. There
are often only twelve septa. The calice is often contracted, and the coste are larger

than the septa.
N
90 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

Height of corallum 34 inches; breadth 1 inch.
There are about six corallites and intermediate structure to the length of 1 inch.
Locality. South-east of Bill, Gaj series. Survey-number G 392.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXT.

Fig. 7. The corallum: natural size.
8. Calices : magnified.

3. HELIASTRAA ANOMALA, Duncan. Plate XXI, Fig. 10.

The corallum is very short, covers a wide extent of surface, is nearly flat above, and,
although pedunculate, has almost a flat base covered with radiating longitudinal folds
of epitheca.

The calices project but slightly, are irregular in shape and separate, and coste pass
down into the intercorallite spaces. The calices are shallow, oblique, circular, or deformed
or elliptical ; and the columella is very small. The septa at the margin are very thick, and
within the fossa are distinct, narrow, as a rule wide apart, unequal, and in four cycles ;
usually some of the primaries are very distinct and long. Dissepiments are rare. The
corallum is many inches long and about 1 inch thick.

The diameter of the calice is from 38; to 3% inch.

Locality. South-east of Bill, Gaj series. Survey-number G 292.

Iilustration of the Species in Plate XXI.

Fig. 10. Some calices: natural size.

Genus BRACHYPHYLLIA, Reuss.

1. BracnyPuyLuia Inpica, Duncan. Plate XXI, Fig. 2.

The corallum is massive, convex above, circular in outline, and flat below. The
corallites are large, united by exotheca, and the coste of neighbouring calices often
unite. The calices are circular, oval, elliptical, and irregular in outline, shallow, and
crowded with septa, which pass so far upwards that there is barely a columella. The
septa are in five cycles in six systems in the largest calices, and are alternately large and
very small; and this is the case with the coste also. The exotheca is well developed.
The distances of the calices differ ; some are wide apart and others are crowded.

Height of corallum 2 inches; breadth 7 inches.

Length of calices 3 to 1 inch.

Locality. Dumb, Sehwan-hill road, Gaj group. Survey-number G 228,

Illustration of the Species in Plate XXI.
Fig. 2. A portion of the corallum: natural size,
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. a]

Genus PLESIASTRAA, J. Ed. de 3, He

1. PLustastrma costata, Duncan. Plate XXIV, Figs. 9, 10.

The corallum is massive, nearly flat above, and short. Numerous corallites project,
some obliquely from the common surface over which the coste pass, and most are
in cones, widely truncated and crateriform, whilst a few are oval or elliptical in their
calicular outline. The calices, usually circular in outline, are not deep, and the well-
marked coste merge into thick and exsert septa at the margin. The septa, not crowded,
are alternately large and very small, are thick at the wall, and the larger become
thinner as they plunge with an arched edge into the fossa, to end in blunt
nodular-shaped, compressed pali: there are four cycles in the largest calices, and the
pali are before all except the last, whose septa barely project within the wall. The
columella is large and strongly papillary. The coste are thicker than the septa, cover
the outside of the wall, are stout, wide apart, and have rounded projections on them ;
The smaller are in contact with the smaller septa.

Diameter of calice 4 inch.

Height above common surface 3%; inch.

Locality. Naigh Nai, south-west of Sehwdn, Gaj series. Survey-number G 33.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXIV.

Fig. 9. A portion of the coral: natural size.
10. A calice: magnified.

2. PLESIASTRZA DECIPIENS, Duncan. Plate XXI, Figs. 3, 4.

The corallum is very large, massive, and slightly gibbous on its upper surface. The
corallites are more or less raised above the common surface and have well-marked coste.
The corallites are united by much exotheca, and the bluntly but distinctly spined coste
pass over it. The calices, usually circular, vary greatly in size; the larger project, and
have a very shallow fossa and the cost well marked around the margin, whilst the
smaller, equally complete, often barely project.

The columellary space is circular and distinct, and the columella has small papille
on it. The septa vary much in number; but the larger are subequal, and a minute one
is between them. According to the size of the calice, there may be 9, 10, 12, to 16
large septa, and as many rudimentary ones. The coste are well developed, stand out,
and are bluntly spiny, especially near the intercalicular surface. Small but very distinct
elongations of the large septa exist, resembling pall.

The budding is extracalicular and on the common exothecal surface. The pali
are small and before the long septa.

Height of specimen 2 inches.

Diameter of the calices: largest, } inch; smaller, 75 inch.

Locality. Sita Nai, Gdj series. Survey-number G 234.

N2
92 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXI.

Fig. 8. Part of the corallum : natural size.
4. Calices: magnified.

3. PLESIASTRAIA PEDUNCULATA, Duncan. Plate XXI, Fig. 9.

The corallum is short, large, circular in outline, slightly irregularly convex or
plane above, pedunculate, and with an epitheca in longitudinal folds, the coste being
slightly visible. The calices are large, very irregular in size and shape, not standing up
much above the common surface on which their coste pass, shallow, and with large
septa and very small pali. The septa in the largest calices are nearly equal; but usually
a small septum is between the large, so as to make four cycles or more. The coste are
large, bluntly spined, and a rudimentary one is often between two larger.

Height of corallum 1? inch; breadth 5 inches.

Breadth of calice ;3; to 385 inch.

Locality. South-east of Bill, G4j series. Survey-number G 39.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XXI.
Fig. 9. Some calices: magnified.

D’ACHTIARDIA, gen. nov.

- The corallum is massive. The corallites are small, slightly exsert above the thick,
solid, common upper exothecal intercorallite cenenchyma, or are imbedded, as it were,
in it; they are long and slightly costulate. The calices are shallow, and there is a
columella, and some pali are also seen. Fissiparity occurs, but is rare.

1. D’Acutarpia DENsa, Duncan. Plate XXI, Figs. 5, 6.

The corallum is large, irregularly cylindrical, and roundedly conical above. It
is covered with numerous calices, most of which are shallow and circular, and sepa-
rated by more or less granular surface.

There are three cycles of septa, which are alternately long and short, pali being
usually before the larger.

The columella is small. The coste are distinct on the flanks of the corallite,
but not on the ccenenchyma. The ccenenchyma is very solid.

Height of the corallum 5 inches.

Breadth of the base nearly 24 inches.

Breadth of a calice 3% inch.

Locality. Nari Nai, Khirthar range, Gaj series. Survey-number G 288.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXI.

Fig. 5. The corallum: natural size.
6. Calices: magnified.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 93

2. D’AcHraRDIA LoBATA, Duncan. Plate XXI, Figs. 4, 5.

The corallum springs from a small, narrow, compressed base, and rises into a flat,
lobate, rounded, gibbous frond, which is covered with calices, more or less oblique in
direction, sometimes deformed and separated by much ccenenchyma. The coste are
rudimentary. The columella is rather large and flat, and minutely papillose. The septa,
usually 24 in number, alternately large and small, often have pali. The calicular
margins are slightly above the level of the common ccenenchyma, which is minutely
lamellar or granulate.

Height of corallum 3 inches; length 34 inches; breadth about inch.

Diameter of calices 74; to jy inch.

Locality. South-east of Bill, Gaj series. Survey-number G 222.

Iilustrations of the Species in Plate XXI.

Fig. 4. The upper surface of the corallum: natural size.
5. A calice: magnified.

Genus LATIMEANDRA, D’Ord.

1. LatiM@ANDRA PARVULA, Duncan. Plate XXII, Figs. 1, 1*.

The corallum is large, thin, much foliated, and is gibbous above, and more or less
costate and epithecate below, where there are sometimes long grooves and eminences
corresponding with lines of calices above.

The calices are small, excessively variable in size, and the series, which are rare,
are usually narrow and short. The margins are sharp; the fossa is usually deep ; and
the septa are of two kinds: one set is very small and close to the margin, and the
other, wide apart, have strong, often curved and arched lamine. The septa are few in
number, and there are not more than 30 in full-sized non-serial calices. The columel-
lary space is very small. The septa often meet in points above the margin. The walls
are stout, and the endotheca is well developed and arched.

Height of specimen 3 inch.

Width of average calices six to 385 inch.

Length of average series 3’5 inch to } inch.

Locality. Magar Pir, near Kardchi, base of G4j group. Survey-number G 334,

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXII.

Fig. 1. Calices: magnified.
1*. A part of the corallum: natural size.

2. Lavmma@anpra Revssi, Duncan. Plate XXV, Fig. 5.

The corallum is large, short, unequally convex and gibbous above, and pedunculate
and concave below. It is rather thin here and there and at the edges. A delicate
pellicular epitheca covers the distant subequal coste on the base.

The calices are excessively variable in shape within any given space: some are
94 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

pentangular, others are hexagonal in outline, and the rest form longer or shorter series,
some being straight and others curved. The fossa is moderately deep, the columella is
rudimentary, and the walls are thin, but united. The equality in thickness and in
relative distance of the septa is very striking; they are slender, usually straight and
subequal, and there are three cycles, and not a perfect fourth, in the non-serial calices.-

Height of corallum 2 inches; breadth 6 to 10 inches.

Breadth of ordinary calices 2; to 38 inch.

Length of series about 35; inch.

Locality. South-east of Bill, Gaj series. Survey-number G 302.

This species is closely allied to Latimwandra limitata, Reuss, from the Upper
Numumulitic of Italy ; and I name it after my lamented friend.

Itlustration of the Species in Plate XXV.
Fig. 5. A part of the corallum: natural size.

3. Latimmanpra GasEnsis, Duncan. Plate XXV, Figs. 3, 4.

The corallum is large, pedunculate, nearly flat inferiorly, circular more or less in
outline and thin at the edges, and irregular and gibbous on the upper part. There is
an epitheca on which the coste are visible here and there, and they are subequal,
distinct, branching, and slightly granular. The calices are mostly in short and deformed,
rather than in straight series; they are deep, and are separated by a stout wall. The
septa are very small, crowded, especially at the wall, not exsert, and a few become
enlarged near the axial space, where no columella is visible. In some regularly shaped
calices, which have not become serial, there are nearly five cycles of septa. The
epitheca in some places is in longitudinal or radial projections.

Height (extreme) 13 inch; length 6 inches.

Locality. Magar Pir, at the base of the Gaj group near Karachi. Survey-number
G 334.

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XXV.

Fig. 3, Calices: natural size.
4, Calices: magnified.

Genus PRIONASTREA, WZ. Ed. & J. H.

1. PrionastRm=A Gasensis, Duncan. Plate XXII, Fig. 3.

The corallum is large, massive, broadly pedunculate, broad and rather convex
above, circular in outline, and the rapidly expanding base has longitudinal eminences
and depressions. The calicular surface has a few (18 in the type) large, deep, somewhat
irregularly shaped calices, which are united by stout, well-developed walls, which pro-
ject irregularly. The columella is small. The septa are long, distinct, do not project
much, subequal, spined, and numerous, and, as a rule, there are more than four cycles
and less than five of them.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 98

The epitheca is distinct, and barely a trace of coste exists. The endotheca is very
well developed.

Height of corallum nearly 2 inches.

Breadth of upper surface 4 inches.

Length of calices about 1 inch.

Locality. South of Magar Pir, near Karachi, Gj series. Survey-number G 322.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XXII.
Fig. 3. The corallum: natural size.

Probably Cyathoseris magnifica, Duncan, “Sind Corals,” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
1864, xiii. p. 304, is this species, the presumed synapticule being the worn dissepi-
ments; but I am not satisfied on the point.

2. PRIONASTRZA FUNGIFORMIS, Duncan. Plate XXI, Fig. 1.

The corallum is large, low, circular in outline, very slightly convex above, thin at
the edge and pedunculate, and slightly concave beneath. There is a slight epitheca, but
usually the coste and exotheca are visible.

The calices, rarely circular, are polygonal, irregular in size and shape, and have
wide united walls, the septa being continuous. The fossa is shallow and open; the
columella is trabecular and well developed. ‘The septa are wide apart, nearly equal,
and some reach further in than others. The septal number presents much variation ;
but in the largest calices there are not more than 28, and usually there are about 24.
The gemmation is marginal.

Height of specimen 1 inch; breadth 7 inches.

Length of largest calice ;8; inch.

Locality. Near Unahar, Khirthar range, Gaj series. Survey-number G 228,

Illustration of the Species in Plate XXI.

Fig. 1. A portion of the upper surface: natural size.

Genus CLADOCORA, MM. Ed. & J. H.

1. Cuapocora Hamel, Duncan. Plate XXIII, Figs. 8, 9.

This species was described from Sind by me in the ‘ Annals & Magazine of Natural
History,’ April 1864. The corallites are long and slightly flexuous; the buds are few;
the calice is usually circular, but often deformed. The septa are small and delicate, and
the larger are smaller than their coste; there are three cycles of them, more or less
complete. The columella and pali are small. The coste are alternately large and
small, and some are much produced.

Calices 33; to 745 inch across.

Locality. South of Magar Pir, near Karachi, Gaj series. Survey-number G 3032,
96 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXIIT.

Fig. 8. Side view of pieces of a corallum.
9. Calice: magnified.

Genus ECHINOPORA, Lamarck.

1. EcHINOPORA MIOCENICA, Duncan. Plate XXII, Fig. 2.

The corallum is frondiform, lamellar, and covering much space, but it is rather thin.

The calices are well separated, and form distinct projections somewhat in regular
transverse lines; they are large, shallow, rather elliptical, and the columella is very
small. The septa are short, rather equal, and may be from 12 to 24 or more in
number, and they are spined. The coste are long, straight as a rule, separated, spined,
and are continuous with the septa of neighbouring calices, especially with those not
close at the sides of the others. The endotheca beneath the costz is highly developed.
The epitheca exists, and there are faint striations on it.

Length of a calice 33; inch, and its costal prolongations to others, including the
calice, 14 inch.

Locality. South-east of Bill, Gaj series. Survey-number G 292.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XXII.

Fig. 2. The upper surface of a worn corallum: natural size.

2. EcHINOPoRA MAXIMA, Duncan. Plate XX, Fig. 7.

The calices are very large, elevated, elliptical, and shallow. The septa are crowded’
large, subequal, and in three cycles. The columella is indistinct, but exists. The coste,
very large, are bluntly spined and hollow here and there; they are flexuous and sub-
equal. The epitheca is thick and faintly striated.

Breadth of the calice 7% inch; length of the calice 1 inch; height of the calice
zp inch.

Locality. South of Magar Pir, near Karachi, Gaj series. Survey-number G 322,

Illustration of the Species in Plate XX.
Fig. 7. The calice: natural size.

Family FUNGID.

Genus PACHYSERIS, WU. Ed. & J. H.
1. PAcHYSERIS AFFINIS, Duncan. Plate XXIV, Figs. 7, 8.

The corallum is thin, and has formed part of a large, irregular, gibbous expansion.
The series are very long, broad, and only slightly curving here and there from the
straight course ; the valleys are broader than the intervening collines, which are broadly
convex, slightly flat at the top, and passed over by crowded septa. The columella is
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 97

rudimentary. The septa, alternately large and small, are long, and the larger reach
furthest to the columellary line. The base is marked by fine costal striations, and the
synapticule are rare everywhere.

‘The breadth of a colline at its base is considerable, and from ;2; to 43; inch. About
from 7 to 10 septa in 3/5 inch.

Locality. Maki Nai, in the Gaj series. Survey-number G 228.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXIV.

Fig. 7. A part of the corallum: natural size.
8. A part: magnified.

2. PAcHYSERIS EXARATA, Duncan. Plate XXIV, Figs. 5, 6.

The corallum is very large, flat above and below, and the series are excessively long,
nearly straight, and rarely bifurcate. The valleys are wide, shallow, and unequal; and
the collines are low, slightly oblique, broad at the base, and rounded where free. ‘The
septa are close, crowded, narrow, and subequal on the collines, which they cross; but
near the columella they become unequal and alternately large and small. The larger
septa reach the columella, expand parallel with it, and join it by means of delicate
trabecule. The smaller septa become slender near the columella, and may or may not
reach it. In some parts smaller septa reach from the collines a little way into the
valley, and are placed between those already noticed. The columella is distinct, has a
lamellar tip which is not continuous, and in some places it is out of the axial line. The
synapticule are rare. ,

The length of some series is considerably more than 6 inches; some restricted
series are from 3 inch to 1 inch in length, and the majority are nearly parallel, slightly
wavy, and very long. The width of the valleys from the top of one colline to that of
the other is from + inch to nearly $ inch. The bases of the collines are from 75 to
335 inch across.

Locality. South of the Gaj river, in the Khirthar range, in the Gaj series. Survey-
number G 238,

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXIV.

Fig. 5. The corallum: natural size.
6. A portion: magnified.

Genus CYCLOSERIS, WM. Ed. & J. Haime.

1. CycLoseris macnirica, Duncan, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1864, xiii. p. 304. Plate
XXVI, Fig. 18.

The corallum is large, convex, irregularly rounded above, and trochoid, with a
small attachment below; the wall is in longitudinal folds, which do not interfere with
the calicular surface, and it is very faintly costulated. The calicular surface is very
Heliastreean in its appearance. The calices are irregular in shape, and unequal in size
and depth, all being more or less open at the surface, and infundibuliform; they are

Oo
98 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

separated by a ccenenchyma, which is more or less marked by coste. ‘The septa are
numerous at the margin, and are grouped in paliform masses in contact with the broad,
flat, paliform columella.

Height of corallum 23/5 inches; breadth 3 inches and more.

Breadth of a calice from ;4; to 7% inch or more.

Locality. Magar Pir, near Karachi, base of Gaj series. Survey-number G 43+.

The specimen is attached to the type of Haliastrea Sindiana, Duncan, and is not
in good condition. The type isin the British Museum, and the calice represented is
from the drawing in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ 1864, pl. xix. fig. 7, 0.

Lilustration of the Species in Plate XXVI.
Fig. 13. A calice: slightly magnified.

Genus AGARICIA, Lamarck.

The species Agaricia agaricites, Pallas, sp., I have stated to be present in a
collection of fossil Corals from Sind already described. Another form is closely allied
to Agaricia undata, Ellis and Solander, but has a few distinctive characters.

1. Agaricta Dana, Duncan. Plate XX, Figs. 8, 9.

The corallum is pedunculate, frondiform, and rises sharply in more or less of a cup-
shape. The wall is thin, and the outer surface slightly marked with cross depressions
and raised ridges, and is mostly striated with unequal coste. ‘The inner surface is covered
with numerous calices, which run together often at the sides, but are separated by cost
and small collines from their neighbours below and above. The calices are about
35 inch in length; their septa are alternately large and very small, and so are the coste,
and usually they are less than 20 in number. The columella is very small.

Height of specimen rather over 2 inches, and the whole was probably about
6 inches in height. The thickness is from ;5 to nearly 33; inch.

Locality. South of Magar Pir, near Karachi, Gaj series. Survey-number G 322.

This species is very closely allied to the Mycedium fragilis of Dana.

Iilustrations of the Species in Plate XX.

Fig. 8. Calices: magnified.
9. The back and base of the corallum: natural size.

Group MADREPORARIA PERFORATA.
Subfamily MADREPORINZ:.
Genus MADREPORA, WM. Ed. & J. H.
MADREPORA, species. Plate XXV, Fig. 9.

Several rolled specimens of the minute terminal branchlets of a small oblique
caliced Madrepora were found at Naigh-Nai valley, Gaj series. Survey-number G 392.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 99

Illustration of the Species in Plate XXYV.
Fig. 9. A branchlet: natural size.

Subfamily TURBINARINZ.
Genus TURBINARIA, Oken.
1. Turpinaria Srrarnsis, Duncan. Plate XXV, Figs. 7, 8.

The corallum is thin, foliaceous, and marked by irregular vermiform coste infe-
riorly. The ccenenchyma is plentiful ; the calices, on short, obliquely placed cones, are
small, shallow, and round. The columella is very small, and there are 24 unequal
septa.

Thickness of the corallum +2; to 38; inch.

Breadth of a calice 745 inch. Length of the cones 3%; inch.

Locality. Sita Nai, Khirthar range, Gdj series. Survey-number G 22:8.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXV.

Fig. 7. The corallum (part of): natural size.
8. A portion: magnified.

Genus ASTRZEOPORA, Blainville.

1. AsTRHOPORA HEMISPHARICA, Duncan. Plate XXYV, Fig. 6.

The corallum is irregularly hemispherical in shape, with a re-entering base, covered
with epitheca, and marked here and there with granulations or pores. The upper surface,
rather gibbous, has much ccenenchyma; and the calices, some on conical eminences,
others simple, are small, circular, very shallow, and have six large and about six small
septa. There is no columella. The ccenenchyma is granular and porous.

Height of the corallum 1} inch; breadth 2} inches.

Locality. Naigh-Nai valley, Gaj series. Survey-number G 33.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XXYV.

Fig. 6. The corallum: natural size.

Family PORITIDA..

Genus PORITES, Lamarck.
1. Porites Gasensis, Duncan. Plate XXII, Figs. 6, 7.

The corallum is massive, has a broad base, and an irregular cylindrical stem ending
in several gibbous pinnacles which are rounded at the top. Layers of growth are on
the corallum, which is covered with minute calices well separated by a porous ccenen-
chyma. The septa are 12 in number; the pali are very small, and the columella also.

Height of the corallum nearly 3 inches; breadth 2 inches.

There are five calices and intermediate structure in 545 inch.

Locality. Naigh-Nai valley, Gaj series. Survey-number G 322,

02
100 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXII.

Fig. 6. The corallum: natural size.
7. A calice: magnified.

 

There are 41 species of fossil Corals from the Gaj series.

The forms belong both to ancient and modern genera, and the fauna does not
contain any recent species. The absence of so many of the modern genera of the Pacific
and Red Sea, considered with the evident antiquity of many of the genera, indicates
a Miocene age. Many of the forms are representative of the West-Indian Miocene.

Many massive specimens of Corals form a limestone which is saccharoid, and the
septa usually are very incomplete; they usually belong to the great species of
Stephanocenia.

XI. List of the Localities whence Fossil Corals were derived in Sind.

In the Strata below the Trap (Cretaceous).

Barki nala, north of Ranikot—Laki range.
Jakhmari—Laki range.
Barah—Laki range.

In the Ranikot Group, Nummulitic Series.

Three miles west of Lynyan.
Hills east of Lynyan.
Three miles south-west of Jhirk (Jerruck).
Jhirk.
Jhirk—from lowest fossiliferous bed.
Hills two or three miles north-east of Band Vero.
North-west of Lynyan.
Hilly ground north-by-east of Petidni.
East of Kandaira, Vero plain.
Ditto, a lower bed.
Vihan hill, six miles north-east of Kandaira, Vero plain.
South-west of Jhirk.
Makli hill, near Thatta.

In the Khirthar Series, Upper Nummulitic Series.

Angai valley south-west of Tandra Rahim Khan.

Two miles south-south-west of Chotra, south of Jhdéngara.
Karra range, south of Trak.

North of Maliri and sixteen miles south of Jhdngéra.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 101

Gagar nala, north-east of Bula Khan’s Thana.

Gagar hill, east of Surjana.

South-east of Trak.

West of Sehwan (from conglomerates of Siwalik age).
Tandra Rahim Khan (from recent conglomerate),
North-west of Mehar (from recent conglomerate).

Nari Nai (from gravels).

Gaj river.

Near Maiting, twelve miles south-south-east of Ranikot.
Near Petidni, west of Kotri.

Jakhmari, west of Amri.

East base of Khirthar range between Gaj and Nari rivers—from uppermost

beds.

Northern end of Watwaro range between Trak and Damdj (base of Nari or top
of Khirthar).

Mal Mohori, Rampitiani river, west of Jungshahi (base of Nari or top of
Khirthar).

Between Tong and Baili, west of Tong (base of Nari or top of Khirthar).
Maliri, south of Chotra (base of Nari or top of Khirthar).
Hindi hill, north of Trak (uppermost Khirthar beds).

In the Nari Series, Oligocene Series.

Baran river, south of Tong.

West of Bhagathoro Hill, south of Sehwan.
Pokhan.

West side of Bhagathoro Hill.

Under Khaguzani Peak—Laki range.

Hills east of Trak—Kohistan.

South-west of Dharan pass.

Lundi hill, eight miles south of Jhangara.
Near Raduk, ten miles south-south-east of Jhangdra.
East side of Rois hill, south-east of Damaj.
Rois hill, east side.

In the Gaj Group, Miocene.

Magar Pir, near Karachi (base of group).
Three miles south-east of Tong.

Dumbar range, south-west of Tong.

Mol plateau, ten miles north of Shahbeg.
Near Magar Pir (higher bed).

South of Magar Pir, near Karachi.
Naigh Nai, south-west of Sehwan.
102

THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

Kattiani hills, north of Gaggar.

Base of scarp four miles west of Trak hill.

Maki Nai.

Lél-Bakhar range, twelve miles west-north-west of Karachi.
North of Babba-band, five miles east of Kadeji.

Amru hill, Khirthar range.

South of Kubé Jégu Jumiéli, west-north-west of Sehwan.
Dumb, Sehwan-hill road.

South of Gaj river, Khirthar range.

Sita Nai (Tooneewarree Nai), Khirthar range.

Near Unahar, Khirthar range.

Nari Nai, Khirthar range.

Tandra Rahim Khan.

Base of scarp four miles west of Trak.

Three miles south-west of Damaj.

Near Bill.

Hills north of Adam-jo-got.

Five miles south-south-east of Tong.

Mol plateau, north-west of Bill.

Naigh-Nai valley, south-west of Manchhar Lake.
South-east of Bill.

North-west of Lal-Bakhar range near Karachi.

(Marine beds in lower Manchhar) eight miles east of Cape Monze*.

XII. List of the Genera of the Fossil Corals of Sind, their Enumeration and

that of the Species.

Genera from the Cretaceous Strata beneath the Trap.

MADREPORARIA APOROSA.

 

Species.
1. Caryophylliays. iin coke see pas aie tales 3
2. Troghocyathus ...... 6. cece eee eee eee 1
8. Smilotrochus.......... eee cece eee eee 2
4; BStylophora: ...eresavvaceweene een sures 1
5. Rhabdophyllia ..... 66. cece eee ee eee 1
MADREPORARIA PERFORATA.
65, TCDA BBB) ciciesigrse Oenuins dar oie AUR a slg 1 & 1 variety.
6 genera. Species 9 & 1 variety.

 

* Unfortunately the corals from this locality could not be found in the collection.

’
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 103

Genera from the Ranikot Series.

MADREPORARIA APOROSA.

Species.
1. Trochocyathus.......... 1
2. Placocyathus .......... 1
3. Blagrovia ............ 1
4. Trochosmilia .......... 1
5: Styling x. essidideeeweates 1
6. Stylocoenia ............ 3
7. Montlivaltia............ 3
8. Feddenia .............. 3 & 2 vars
9. Plocophyllia............ 2
10. Diploria .............. 1
11. Leptoria ..........000. 1
12. Stephanocenia ........ 1
13. Astroceenia ............ 5 & 1 var.
14. Isastrea ...........04. 1
15. Reussastrea .......... 1

 

Species.

16. Pironastrea............ 1
17, Astrea... eee. eee eee 1
Fam. FUNGIDZE.

18. Thamnastrea .......... 1
19. Pachyseris cc sessva eeu 1
20. Trochoseris ............ 1
21. Hiliptoseris ............ 1
22, Oyathoseris ............ 1
23. Turbinoseris .......... 5
24. Cyclolites...........6., 9

MADREPORARIA PERFORATA.

25. Stephanophyllia ........ 1.
26. Litharwa............-- 1
27. Porites.......--...-065 ad:

27 genera. Species 50 & 3 vars.

Genera from the Khirthar Series.

MADREPORARIA APOROSA.

Species.
1. Trochocyathns.......... 1
2. Leptocyathus .......... 1
3. Stylophora ............ 1
4, Stylin ecco. yevans oan 1
5. Monilivaltia .......... 1
6. Calamophyllia .......... 1
7. Hydnophora .......... i
By Havld geen vgiee vie caws 2
9. Astroccenia ............ 1

Species,
10. Isastrea .......--5..., 1
11. Latimeandra .......... 1
12. Pterastrea ............ 1
13. Plesiastrea ............ 1

MADREPORARIA PERFORATA.
14. Porites... .... 0c. e ce eee 2

14 genera. 16

Genera from the Nari Series.

MADREPORARIA APOROSA.

Species.
1. Trochocyathus.......... 4 & 3 vars.
2. Blanfordia ............ 1
. 3. Stylophora ............ 1
4, Trochosmilia .......... 3
5. Styloceenia ............ 1
6. Montlivaltia............ 1
7. Dasyphyllia........ gece
8. Rhabdophyllia.......... 1
9. Leptoria .......... 006. al ,

 

 

Species.

10. Meandrina ............ 1

11. Prionastrea............ 2

Fam, FUNGID ZG.

12. Cycloseris ............ 1

13. Cyclolites............4. 1

MADREPORARIA PERFORATA.
14, Litharea .. 6.6.6.0... eee a
14 genera. 20 & 3 vars.
104

MADREPORARIA APOROSA.

i

Caryophyllia
. Trochocyathus
. Stylophora
. Stephanoceenia
Antillia
. Montlivaltia
Leptomussa
. Dasyphyllia
. Calamophyllia
. Leptoria
. Monticulastrea
. Heliastrea
. D’Achiardia
. Prionastrea
15. Brachyphyllia
16, Plesiastrea

a

H
So

Be ee
em Oo be

see

THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

Genera from the Gaj Series.

 

Species. 17. Latimwandra .......... 3

eee 18. Cladocora..........+05+ 1
vere 19. Echinopora ............ 2
eerie
weve Fam, FUNGIDZ.
ee 20. Pachyseris ......--+---- 2
Sat Q1. Cycloseris ......+-..-- 1
ae ; 22, Agaricia ..........000. 1
seve 1 MADREPORARIA PERFORATA.
a 23. Madrepora ..........+. 1
oo 8 24, Turbinaria ............ 1
aye 3 25. Astrwopora............ l
eee 26. Porites........ cece eee 1
eee a hes
ved 26 genera. Al
eae Oo

Summary.

Number of genera in the Cretaceous series .

29

species

99 29

Number of genera in the Ranikot series .

29

species

be Pe)

Number of genera in the Khirthar series

29

species

” 22

Number of genera in the Nari series .

9

species

29 29

Number of genera in the Gaj series

99

species

” oP)

Species common to more than one series

The result of comparison of the species of the Cretaceous series with those of
other localities shows them to belong to an horizon which is not represented in Europe,
and that they probably belong to passage-beds between the Secondary and Tertiary

formations.

The Ranikot series appear to be of the age of the Nummulitic of Europe, and the

Khirthar also.

The Nari series appear to be of Oligocene age.
The Gaj series are Miocene, and not of an early part of the formation.

6
9

27
50

14
16

14
20

26
41

1
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 105

XIII. Results of an Examination of the Species which have been described by
D’Archiac and Jules Haime and myself’ in former years.

It will be observed, in examining the lists of the species of fossil Corals described
in this Monograph, that several of those which were noticed by MM. d’Archiac and
J. Haime in their celebrated work on the ‘Animaux Fossiles de l’Inde,’ and some
of those which were considered in my essay on the Fossil Corals from Sind (1864),
are not mentioned. This arises partly because the carefully made collection of the
Geological Survey of India, from known localities, did not contain specimens of the
forms, and partly because some of the species were described from or recognized by
bad specimens.

MM. d’Archiac and J. Haime examined collections which came from all the
geological horizons of Sind except that of the strata beneath the Trap; but the loca-
lities whence their types were derived were not recorded, except under the head of
places which have no recognized geographical position, or where all the Tertiary
strata are found. The term Haéla Mountains is most deceptive and it has no geo-
graphical meaning ; and it was from those hypothetical hills that most of the specimens
so ably described by Jules Haime were derived.

I was equally unfortunate in my early essay with regard to stratigraphical
and geographical knowledge.

Nevertheless it is necessary to reconsider the species not hitherto described in
this Monograph, but which were found somewhere or other in Sind.

Notice of Species of Corals described by MM. d’Archiac and J. Haime, but which
are not represented by Specimens in the Collection.

1. TrocHocyatHus Van-DEN-Heckel, J. Haime.

The corallum is slightly elongate, subpedicellate, compressed, and more or less
bilobate. The base is more or less slightly arched in the plane of the smaller axis,
and the growth-rings are feebly marked. The coste are straight, delicate, subgranular,
very slightly projecting, alternately slightly unequal, and most distinct near the calice,
where they may be subcrestiform. There are 130 to160 of them. ‘The calice is usually
in the shape of the figure “8.” The septa are thin and slightly unequal. The
height of the corallum is 3 centimetres (about 1,’5 inch), and the great axis of the
calice is nearly 4 centimetres in length, or 14 inch.

But J. Haime, whilst noticing the existence of this well-known form at La
Palarea, near Nice, writes that he has never seen a specimen from France or Sind
that presented the columella and pali sufficiently to diagnose the form satisfactorily.

If reference be made to the Plates accompanying this Monograph, several rather
bilobate forms of simple corals will be observed ; but none of them refer to a Trocho-

cyathus of the description given above. In fact, it is not a good species; and any
P
106 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

bilobate, costulate coral, with its calice filled up, may be called Trochocyathus Van-den-
Heckei, and of course very unsatisfactorily.

2. Ceratorrocuus exaratus, UW. Edw. & J. Haime.

This large, simple coral is placed hypothetically by D’Archiac and J. Haime in
Sind ; and they had not the advantage of observing its calice. There is little doubt
that it is a species of Feddenia.

3. TROCHOSMILIA coRNIcULUM, MZ. Edw. & J. Haime.

This is not a good species; and the form which I have described as Trochosmilia
varicosa, Reuss, is probably that taken for the above by the distinguished French
authors.

There are some specimens of a simple coral which resemble in some points this
species. They were found near Raduk in the Nari series. They have between four
and five cycles of septa, visible coste, epitheca in a slight degree, and a small columella.
The species may be Montlivaltia Vignei, J. Haime, or it may be a young Dasyphyllia.

4, TROCHOSMILIA MULTISINUOSA, J: Haime.

This is a doubtful species, according to M. J. Haime, op. cit. p. 187.

There is a large bilobate coral in the collection from Jhirk in the Ranikot series,
which has the aspect of this species as well as of Trochocyathus Van-den-Heckei; but it
is a bilobate Montlivaltia, and is comparable to a great extent with Montlivaltia
bilobata, Mich. sp., from the Nummulitic of Europe, at La Palarea.

5. STYLocm@Nia EMARCIATA, J. Haime.
This form is represented in the Ranikot collection of Corals by a young Stylocenia
maxima. Ido not think that the European form is found in Sind.

6. PuyLuoca@nia rrrapians, WT. Edw. & J. Haime.

This species, which was not figured by D’Archiac and Haime, is not in the
collection.

The specimens collected by the Geological Survey, and which, when not clean,
would be said at the first glance to belong.to the genus Phyllocenia, are really furnished
with pali and a papillose columella, and belong therefore to the genus Plesiastrea.

8, SIDERASTRHA FUNESTA, U. Edw. & J. Haime.
This species has not been found. It was not figured by D’Archiac and J. Haime.

 

The critical examination of the species of fossil Corals described by me in the
‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ 1864 (vol. xiii.), indicates that many of them

were not found by the Geological Survey, and that a few only have a satisfactory
locality given to them.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 107

Thus Oculina Halensis, nobis, Phyllocenia conferta, nobis, Phyllocenia Lucasana,
M. Ed. & H., Astrocenia Caillaudi, M. Ed. & J. H., Montlivaltia brevis, nobis, Antillia
dentata, nobis, Antillia ponderosa, M. Ed. & J. H., sp., Cladocora Haimei, nobis, Hydno-
phorarudis, nobis, Hydnophora plana, nobis, Hydnophora hemispherica, nobis, Trochoseris
aperta, nobis, Cyathoseris Valmondoisiaca, M. Ed. & J. H., Pachyseris rugosa, M. Kd. &
J. H., Agaricia agaricites, M. Ed. & J. H., and Porites incrustans, M. Ed. & J. H.,
species clearly definable, and which were described and figured for the most part in the
‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ April 1864, are without satisfactory geolo-
gical horizons. They swell the list of the fossil Corals of the province; and it is to
be hoped that, in years to come, they will be satisfactorily located in their proper
stratigraphical position. They were derived from the neighbourhood of Karachi, and
doubtless came from the Gaj series. Some of them are figured on Plate XXVI. and
Plate XX VII.

XIV. A Description of the Fossil Alcyonaria from the Gaj Series of Sind.

There are several specimens of Alcyonaria from the Gaj group of strata, the size
of which indicates a very flourishing fauna; they are closely allied to those of the
Italian, Sicilian, and Australian middle and later Tertiary deposits. Seguenza, in his
‘Disquisizione Paleontologicha intorno ai Corallarii fossili della rocca Terziaria del
distretto di Messina’ (Torino, 1863), gives a summary of the fossil forms known to him
and to previous observers, such as Goldfuss and Michelotti; and in 1875 the author
of this Monograph published descriptions of fossil Alcyonaria from Australia and New
Zealand in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ vol. xxxi.: in 1864 he
had noticed the occurrence of Corallium pallidum in the Sind Tertiaries in the ‘ Annals
and Magazine of Natural History’ (April 1864).

List of the Species of Alcyonaria from the Gaj Series of Sind.

Family GORGONIDA, MM. Milne Edwards & Jules Haime, Hist. Nat. des Corall, vol. 1. p. 134.
Subfamily Is1p1n x.
Genus ISIS, Lamouroux, Hist. des. Polyp. corall. flew. p. 468.

Isis Dane, Duncan, and variety.
Isis elongata, Duncan.

Isis compressa, Duncan.

Isis, species 1, 2, 3.

P2
108 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND

ALCYONARIA.

Family GORGONID.
Subfamily ISIDINZA.
Genus ISIS.

1. Isis Dana, Duncan. Plate XXVIII, Figs. 1-3.

Fragments of a huge Jsis abound in the collection from Naigh-Nai valley, south-
west of Manchhar, and also in the Gaj series; and they appear to be characterized by
very numerous flexuous grooves and corresponding ridges on their surface, and by
numerous, alternately large and small, lamelle passing into the midst of the sclerobasic
axis. The ridges are moderately distinct, project slightly, and are often alternately
large and small; they are most distinct in the smaller joints. The joints are irregu-
larly cylindrical, long, stout, branch at the ends, and present the appearance here and
there of abortive interjoints. The upper and lower surfaces, nearly circular in outline,
are slightly concave or plane.

The great size of the joints distinguishes the form to a certain extent; they are
much longer than broad, and it appears that the interjoints must have been small.

Length of joint 24 inches, 13% inch, and 13%; inch; breadth 1%; inch and 3§ inch.

Locality. Naigh-Nai valley, in the Gaj series (Survey-number G 392), and five
miles north-west of Tong, in the same series (Survey-number G 297); and at Tandra
Rahim Khan (Survey-number G 282).

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XXVIII.

Fig. 1. Large joint: natural size.
2. End of a joint, part of: magnified.

Isis Dana, Duncan. Variety.

This form has many abortive branchlets or projections on opposite sides of the
joints, along their length.
Locatity. Naigh-Nai valley. Survey-number G 322.

Lilustration of the Variety in Plate XXVIII.

Fig. 3. Joints: natural size.

2. Isis rLoneata, Duncan. Plate XXVIII, figs. 6, 7.

The joints are long in relation to their breadth; the interjoints were very thin ;
the ridges are very distinct, and the fluting regular. The ridges are subequal, except
when they bifurcate. The cylindrical reed-like joint is marked with the traces of
aborted interjoints, and the ends of it are nearly flat.
ALCYONARIA OF SIND. 109

Length of the joint 1,8; inch; breadth 34; inch.
Locality. Naigh-Nai valley, south-west of Manchhar Lake. Survey-number G 322.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXVIII.

Fig. 6. The joints: natural size.
7. A transverse section: magnified.

3. Isis compressa, Duncan. Plate XXVIII, Figs. 4, 5.

The joints coalesce laterally, and form a large irregular stem, which is compressed,
the interjoints being frequent. The ridges and furrows are very irregular and almost
reticulate in places, and the radial lamelle are not numerous. The joining surfaces
of the joints are elliptical in outline and nearly flat.

Height of stem 2,8; inches; thickness 73; and 335 inch.

Locality. Tandra Rahim Khan, in the Gaj series. Survey-number G 73%.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXVIII.

Fig. 4. The mass: natural size.
5. The top of a joint: magnified.

Isis, sp. 1.

This is a species resembling somewhat Jsis corallina, Morren, and some Isidine
from the Coralline zone of Cape Otway, Australia, described by myself. It is impossible
to give a specific name to the variable hard parts of every Jsis.

The specimen under consideration is short, about as tall as broad, slightly com-
pressed, very slightly constricted, and faintly projecting above and below. ‘The ridges
and furrows are very visible above and below and on the flanks. On the last-named
part the flutings are broad and straight, and the ridges are well developed and straight.
It separates into two above and below, and has the appearance of being notched at
the edge of the upper and lower articulating surfaces. It is figured in Plate XXVIII.
Figure 8 gives a side view, and Figure 9 a magnified view of the upper surface. The
length is nearly 33; inch.

An Jsis, in part remarkably preserved, was found in the same stratum as that
just noticed, and is closely allied, the only distinction being that the striz are less
marked and less numerous. The joints are broader than high, and the interjoint
substance has partly been fossilized and partly not; but the position of the joints,
one of which has a branch, is retained. This form is very like Isis hippuris of the
Eastern seas.

Locality. Naigh-Nai valley, south-west of Sehwadn, in the Gaj series. Survey.
number G 392.

Plate XXVIII. Fig. 10. The joints: natural size.
110 THE FOSSIL CORALS AND ALCYONARIA OF SIND.

Isis, sp. 2.

The joint is moderately long, slender, exceedingly delicately and straightly grooved,
faintly enlarged at the ends, and the joint-surface is concave. This form is allied to
Isis Peloritana, Seg. op. cit. p. 16, from Messina, in the uppermost Miocene strata.

Height of specimen 5; inch; breadth not quite 325 inch.

Plate XXVIII. Fig. 11. A joint: natural size.

Isis, sp. 3.

The joints are long, well and pointedly convex at their ends, faintly yet decidedly
grooved in a straight direction in some places and oblique in others. Small abortive
branches are noticed, and the grooving is only just continued over the edge of the
upper and lower surfaces. The ridges branch occasionally, and the body is slightly
broader at the joint-ends than in the middle.

Length of joint 79 inch; breadth 7 inch.
Another specimen is shorter, but shows the peculiarities of the species.

Plate XXVIII. Fig. 12. Two joints: natural size.
13. The striation: magnified.
14. The convex upper surface: magnified.

These Isidine remains give a very late facies to the fossils of the Gaj or Miocene
series of Sind.

 

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
XV. Description of the Plates.

PLATE I.

Figure 1. CarvopHyLiia comprussa, Duncan. A side view, natural size.
2. The calice of the coral, one system of its septa and pali, magnified.
8. The base of the same coral, natural size.
4. The costz near the calice, magnified.
5. A side view of Caryopnyziia Inpica, Duncan, natural size.
6. A part of the calice, magnified, showing two systems of four cycles and pali.
7. The cost, magnified.
8. CaryvopHytyia Freppren1, Duncan. A side view, natural size.
9. The coste, magnified.
10. A part of a calice, magnified.
11. TrocHocyatuus Lazu, Duncan. A side view, natural size.
12. The coste, magnified.
13. Part of a calice, magnified ; pali before all the septa, except the smallest.
14. Smitotrocuus Jakumari, Duncan. A side view, natural size.
15. The coste, magnified.
16. Another specimen, slightly magnified, side view.
17. Its costz, magnified.
18. Smitotrocyus Bianrorp1, Duncan. A side view, natural size.
19. A part of the calice, natural size.
20. The cost, magnified.
21. The septa, magnified. (See also Plate III. Figure 1.)
22. A side view of a young specimen.
23. The coste, magnified.
24, Ruaspopayitiia Baru, Duncan. A magnified view of part of a fractured portion,
showing dissepiments, and a rudimentary septum between the larger ones.
on} Side views of the corallum of different specimens.
27. A calice, magnified.
28. The costz, magnified.
 
PLATE II.

Figure 1. Liraar#a errrHzcata, Duncan. The upper part of a broken corallum, natural size.
The circular line gives the former dimensions of the coral.

. The base of the same specimen.

. The upper surface of a smaller specimen.

The base.

The base of a smaller specimen.

. The calices, weathered.

. The calices of Figure 1, highly magnified.

. Aside view of the edge of the corallum, to show the perforate condition of the septa,
magnified.

9. A portion of the base, slightly magnified, to show faint costal striations.
10. A hemispherical variety.

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PLATE III.

A mass of olive shaly sandstone, with Mollusca and many specimens of embedded
Smitorrocuus Buianrorpi, Duncan. Also a small portion of a Stylophora, magnified in
figure 15.

. Trocnosmi1s Mepuicotr1, Duncan. A moderate-sized specimen, side view.

Its calice, magnified.

. The septa from a worn portion, magnified.
. Aside view of a septum, showing the large granules and some endotheca, magnified.

TrocHosmintia OxpHami, Duncan. The coral, natural size.
Its calice.

. Costz, magnified, the smaller being hidden by epitheca.
. The triplets of small septa between the larger septa in the calice, magnified.

Another specimen, side view.

. The septa, magnified.

. Monviivattia Ranigot1, Duncan. The coral, natural size.
. The calice, magnified.

. The coste, magnified.

. A portion of a SrytopHora, magnified.
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12.
13.

PLATE IV.

TRrocHocyaTHUS NuMMULITICUS, Duncan. The base of the coral, natural size.
The base, magnified, and its worn Nummulite.

. The calice, magnified.
. Leprocyatuus epitHecata, Duncan. The base of the coral, natural size.

The base on a Nummulite, magnified.
The granular septa and pali, magnified.

. The coste, magnified.
. Fepprnia eLoneata, Duncan. Side of the coral, rather smaller than nature.
. The coste, magnified.

A section of the coral, magnified.

TrocHosmiLia OxpHAMI, Duncan. A large specimen.

The cost, showing the intermediate sets of three, magnified.
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PLATE V.

. PRIONASTRHA TENUISEPTATA, Duncan. The calices, very slightly enlarged.

. The base of the corallum, natural size.

. The junction of the septa and the columella, magnified.

. Prionastrza instenis, Duncan. The upper surface of corallum, natural size.
. The calices, magnified.

The base.

PreRasTR#A MIRABILIS, Duncan. The corallum in part, calicular surface, natural size.
Some calices, magnified.

Monrtiivattra VienE1, D’Archiac and Haime. Side view of coral.

The calice, slightly magnified.

. The junction of septa with a trabeculate columella and endotheca, magnified.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Porites Inpica, Duncan. A part of the coral, slightly magnified.
Calices, magnified.

Porites Petiecriniu, D’Ach. The corallum.

Calices, magnified.
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PLATE VI.

Srypina terTiaRia, Duncan. A part of the corallum, natural size.
Calices, magnified.

Favia Matiriensis, Duncan. Some calices, magnified.

Calices, magnified, showing large septo-costz.

Favia PEpuNcuLATA, Duncan. Part of the surface of the corallum.
Calices, slightly magnified.

CYATHOSERIS ORIENTALIS, Duncan. The side view.

Septa, magnified, showing synapticule.

Junctions of septa on a colline.

Costal strize of under surface, magnified.

. Diproria Fiuexuosissima, D’Ach. <A part of the corallum.

Two series, slightly magnified.

. AstRoceNIA NuMIsMA, Defrance, sp. Upper part of the coral, natural size.

Side view.

. Calices, magnified.
      
   
   

    

   

  

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PLATE VII.

TursinosERis Inpica, Duncan. The corallum, natural size.
Coste, magnified.

Septa and synapticule, magnified.

TurpinosERis Harmer, Duncan. Outline of the coral, natural size.
End view.

Septa, magnified.

Coste, magnified.

TURBINOSERIS EPITHECATA, Duncan. Epitheca, magnified.

Septa, magnified.

. TurBinosERis Ranrxot1, Duncan. The corallum, natural size.

. Costa, magnified.

. TrocHocyatHus corBicuLa, Duncan. The corallum, side view, natural size.
. The base.

. Part of the calice, magnified.

. Astrza Mortoti, Reuss. Part of corallum.

. Calices, magnified.

. Prionastraa Inpica, Duncan. The corallum.

. Calices, magnified.

. Part of the base, indicating the shape of the coral.
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PLATE VIII.

. LEpToRIA HYDNOPHOROIDEA, Duncan. The corallum, natural size.
. A series, magnified.

Ex.iproseris aperta, Duncan. The corallum, natural size.

Septa and pali, magnified.

A side of a septum, magnified.

A side of a septum and some of the pali, magnified.

SrepHanoPHyLiia Inpica, Duncan. The corallum, natural size, side view.
The corallum from above, natural size.

. The calicular surface, highly magnified.
. The edge with trabecular septa, magnified.
. TRocHosMILIA vARICOSA, Reuss. The corallum, natural size..
 
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16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
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PLATE IX.

TrocuocyatHus Nariensis, Duncan. An oblique view, natural size.

. Septa and pali, magnified.

. A transverse section of a large specimen, slightly magnified.
. The septa, obliquely seen, magnified.

. The cost and epitheca.

The coste, magnified.

Oblique view of cost at the margin, magnified.

The base, natural size.

The cost and epitheca of a large specimen, slightly magnified.
Side view of a tall, old specimen, natural size.

. Its base.

. A variety of the species.

. The septa and pali, magnified.

. TRocHocyaTHus cycLoLitorpEs, Milne Edwards and Jules Haime. The coral, side view,

natural size.
The calice, natural size.
The pali and septa, magnified.
The coste near the calice, magnified.
A part of the base, magnified.
CycLOLiTEs ORIENTALIS, Duncan. Calice, slightly enlarged.
The septa and their filiform ends, magnified.
Septa near the margin, magnified.
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3.
4.

5
6.
7.
8
9
10.
11.
12.
18.
14,

15.
16.

PLATE X.

REUSSASTRHA GRANDIS, Duncan. A calice, magnified.
Calices, magnified.

Coste, magnified,

Coste on the base, magnified.

. Monrurvattia Inpica, Duncan. The corallum, natural size.
. The base.

Part of some septa and endotheca, magnified.

i Side views of varieties of Trocnosmit1a OtpHami, Duncan.

Stytina Revssi, Duncan.

Calices, magnified.

Longitudinal section, showing columella, magnified.

The costz, magnified.

Mazanprina Mepricort, Duncan. Part of corallum, natural size.
A portion of a series, magnified. .
 
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PLATE XI.

Frppenra typrca, Duncan. The corallum, side view, natural size.
A part of a calice, magnified.
Coste and part of epitheca, magnified.

. FeppEnta typica, variety 1. Septa, magnified.

Granules on a septum, magnified.
Feppenia Tyrica, variety 2. The corallum, natural size.
Coste and septa, magnified.

. Feppenza cristata, Duncan. The corallum, natural size.

TrocHosERis Dirrormis, Reuss. The corallum, natural size.
Septa, magnified.

. Lirar#a Granpis, Duncan. The corallum, natural size.

. Calices, magnified.

. Reticulate appearance of coste on the base, magnified.

. Monriivatti1a Granti, J. Haime. The corallum, natural size.
. Septa, magnified.

. Coste, exotheca, and epitheca, magnified.

. A small and young specimen, natural size. .
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PLATE XIII.

. Procopuyiiia Srnpiana, Duncan. The corallum, natural size.

Coste, magnified.

. Free edge of a septum, magnified.

Srytocania Vicaryi, J. Haime. A part of the corallum, natural size.
A worn calice, magnified.

. Calices, magnified.

. Diagram of vertical edge of calicular margins, magnified.

. CycLotires atpina. The corallum, natural size.

. Calicular septal edge, magnified.

. DasypHynira cemmans, Duncan. A corallite, natural size.
. TrocHosMILIA DHARANENSIS, Duncan. Natural size.
 
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12.
13.

PLATE XIV.

IsasTR#A IRREGULARIS, Duncan. Some calices, magnified.

A variety : calices, magnified.

Pacuyseris Murcuisoni, D’Archiac and Haime. The upper surface of the corallum,
natural size.

A part of a series, magnified.

Porites supervosits, Duncan. The corallum, natural size.

A ealice, magnified.

. ASTROCENIA CELLULATA, Duncan. Calices, magnified.

The corallum of Puacocyatuus striatus, Duncan. Natural size.

. Columella and pali, magnified.

Coste, magnified.

Buiacrovia stmpLex, Duncan. The coral, natural size.
The base and costz, magnified.

Septa at the calicular margin, magnified.
 
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PLATE XV.

Astrocanra BLANFoRDI, nobis. The coralluim, side view, natural size.

. The corallum, from above.
. A part of the base, magnified slightly.
. Calices, magnified.

A dentate septum, magnified slightly.
Srytocania Ranrxoti, nobis. Natural size.
The calices, slightly magnified.

The calices, more magnified.

. A side view of a septum, magnified.

Asrrocenta NANA, Reuss. A part of the corallum.

. Calices, magnified.

. SryLopHora PULCHERRIMA, D’Achiardi. Surface of the corallum, slightly magnified.
. Calices and intermediate tissue, magnified.

. STEPHANOCENIA MICROTUBERCULATA, nobis. A part of the corallum.

. Calices, magnified.

. A calice with an aborted columella, magnified.
ERIS 5
epg hl ye oo es

ae se ea

 
'
E
-

ee
=)

OMNAMAR WY

PLATE XVI.

. Monturvattra Lynyani, Duncan. The corallum, side view, natural size.

Coste and epitheca, magnified.

. TURBINOSERIS ELEGANS, Duncan. The corallum, side view, natural size.
. Septa, magnified.

PLOcOPHYLLIA FLABELLATA, Reuss. The corallum, side view, natural size.

. The coste, magnified.
. Cycrosrris Prrzzi, M. Edw. & Haime. The calice, natural size.

Showing the everted margin and cost, magnified.
TrocHocyatuus Nariensis, variety. The calice, natural size.

. Septa and pali, magnified.
. Cycioites ALtavILLensis, Defr. The corallum, side view, natural size.
 
Figure 1.

Ccantawnrn

Se eS et
wero

PLATE XVII.

Cyctotites Vicary1, Haime, natural size, side view.

. Some septa, magnified.

CycLouitEs crenuLATA, Duncan, side view, natural size.

. Some septa, magnified.

. Cyciouirrs Ranrxoti, Duncan, side view.
. Septa and synapticule, magnified.

. CycLoLites striata, Duncan, natural size.
. Septa near the edge, magnified.

. Cycrouires Harmer, Duncan, natural size.
. Septa and synapticule, magnified.

. CycLoLITEs supERBA, Duncan, side view.

. Septa, magnified.

. CycLoLitEs ANOMALA, Calice, natural size.

Septa forming near fossa, magnified.
Plate XVII.

Geol. Survey of India.

 

imp

Mintern Bros,

G.R.De Wilde. hth. P.M.Duncan dir.

Fosstl Corals from Sind.
Figure 1.

w

a
TP OME OO OND TB op

—
oO

17.

PLATE XVIII.

Trocnocyatuus Burnes, J. Haime. Side view of the corallum, natural size.

. The base, slightly enlarged.
. A side view of the coste, magnified.

The ornamentation of the septa, magnified.
A young coral, the epitheca magnified.

. The cost and base of a younger coral, magnified.

. BLANFORDIA NUMMIFORMIS, Duncan. The calice, magnified.

. The base, magnified.

. Some septa, magnified.

. IsastR#a PuNcTATA, Duncan. The corallum from above, natural size.
. The base, magnified.

. Calices, magnified.

. Side view of the corallum.

. RuasporHytiia Nariensis, Duncan. The corallum, natural size.
. A transverse section, magnified.

. Coste, magnified.

CaLAMOPHYLLIA ELONGATA, Duncan. Corallites, natural size.

17 a. A long corallite.

18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

Outlines of calices..-

A transverse section of a corallite, magnified.

Coste, magnified.

SryLopHora contorta, Leymerie, sp. The branch, natural size.
Calices, magnified.
 

 
Figure 1.

ON ATER wp

10.
11.
12,

PLATE XIX.

A small corallum of Toamnastr#a Batur, Duncan. Natural size.
Some calices, magnified.

A long calice, magnified.

Lituarxa noputoss, Duncan. The coral, natural size.

A calice, magnified.

. CatamMorHytura Inpica, Duncan. The corallum, natural size.
. A transverse section of a corallite, magnified.

Piestastr#za Eocenica, Duncan. A part of the calicular surface of the corallum,
natural size.

. Calices, magnified.

A diagram of a septum and palus.
HypnopHora Mauiriensis, Duncan. A part of the corallum, natural size.
A colline, magnified.
este
on ©

pane Wega yi)
metre eed oy ah

ote:

ee

 
i
:

OODNAT ER WD

a
S

PLATE XX.

. TRocHocyATHUS NUMMIFORMIS, Duncan. The corallum from above, natural size.
. Septa and pali, magnified.

The base, natural size.
The central part of the base, magnified.
The pali of variety 1.

. The columella of variety 2.

Ecuinorors Maxima, Duncan. Natural size of part of corallum.

. Acaricia Dana, Duncan. Calices, magnified.
. The back and base of the corallum, natural size.

LatIM#ANDRA INSIGNIS, Duncan. Half of the corallum, natural size.
 
Figure 1.

ae

COOMA TH

eH
S

PLATE XXI.

PRIONASTR#A FUNGIFORMIS, Duncan. Portion of upper surface of corallum, natural size.
BracuypuHyuiia Inpica, Duncan. Part of corallum, natural size.

PLEsIASTRHZA DECIPIENS, Duncan. Part of corallum, natural size.

Calices, magnified.

D’Acuiarpia Densa. The corallum, natural size.

Calices, magnified.

Hexrastrza piertata, The corallum, natural size.

Calices, magnified.

PiusiastR#ZA PEDUNCULATA. Some calices, natural size.

Heiastr#a ANoMALA. Some calices, natural size.
 
PLATE XXII.

Figure 1. Larimzanpra parvuta, Duncan. Calices, magnified.
1*. Part of the corallum, natural size.
2. Ecurnopora miocenica, Duncan. Upper surface of a worn corallum, natural size.
8. Prionastr#a Gasensis, Duncan. The corallum, natural size.
4, D’AcuraRDIA LoBata, Duncan. Upper surface of corallum, natural size.
5. A calice, magnified.
6. Porites Gasensis, Duncan. The corallum, natural size.
7. A calice, magnified.
8. Lepromussa rucosa, Duncan. The corallum, natural size.
 
Figure 1.

CON SO oe Oe

_
S

PLATE XXIII.

Lerroria coNCENTRICA, Duncan. The corallum, natural size.

Septa, magnified.

Trocuocyaruus Gasensis, Duncan. Side view of coral, natural size.
The base and costz, slightly magnified.

ANnTILLIA PLANA, Duncan. The corallum, natural size.

StyLopHora MINUTA, var., Duncan. Calices, magnified.
SryntopHora conrusa, Duncan. Calices, magnified.

. CLapocora Harmer, Duncan. Side view of pieces of a corallum.

Calice, magnified.
Dasypuy.uia, species. Part of a corallum, natural size.
 
PLATE XXIV.

Figure 1. A calicular view of a corallum of Latrm#anpra PaRvuLA, Duncan, with long series,
natural size.

. Caryopnytiu Gasensis. The corallum, side view.

The calice, slightly magnified (x 1°5).

Montrivattia Jacquzmonti, D’Archiac & Haime. The corallum, natural size.

. Pacuyseris Exarsta, Duncan. The corallum, natural size.

A portion, magnified.

PacuysEris arrinis, Duncan. A portion of the coral, natural size.

. A portion, magnified.

PizsiastR#s costata, Duncan. A portion of the coral, natural size.

. A calice, oblique view, magnified.

. Anvittia Inpica, Duncan. The corallum and calice, natural size.

OD NAMA Ww

—
=)
 
Figure 1.

OMNATMA AWW

PLATE XXV.

STEPHANOC@NIA Maxima, Duncan. A calice, magnified.

. A calice, seen obliquely, magnified.
. Latimmanpra Gasensts, Duncan. Some calices, natural size.

Calices, magnified.

. Latima#anpra Revssi, Duncan. A part of the corallum, natural size.
. ASTREOPORA HEMISPHERICA, Duncan. The corallum, natural size.

Tursinaria Sitapnsis, Duncan. Part of the corallum, natural size.

. A portion of the upper surface, magnified.
. Maprepora, sp. A branchlet, natural size.
 
Figure 1.
. Some collines, magnified.

. A longitudinal section, showing the columella and endotheca, magnified.

. MonticuLtastRza iInzquatis, Duncan. A part of the top of the corallum, natural size.

. MonvicuLastr#a sottpior, Duncan. A part of the upper portion of the coral, natural

o B® oo

COND

PLATE XXVI.

Monticunastr#a Insienis, Duncan. <A part of the corallum, natural size.

size.
A colline, magnified.

. Hypnorsora rupis, Duncan. A part of the upper surface of the coral, natural size.
. Some collines, slightly magnified.

. Hypnornora piana, Duncan. A part of the calicular surface.

10.
11.
12.
138.

Collines, slightly magnified.

Hypwnornora Danz, Duncan. Some collines, magnified.
Hypwnornora HEMIsPHzARICA, Duncan. Collines, magnified.
CycLosERIs MAGNIFIcA, Duncan. A calice, slightly magnified.
 
Figure 1.

CMHNATER WD

e
S

PLATE XXVII.

Monricutastr#a ELoNGATA, Duncan. A part of the corallum, natural size.

. Collines, magnified.

Hexiastr#a Sinpiana, Duncan. A part of the corallum, natural size.
Calices, magnified.

. Paytioc@nia conrerta, Duncan. The corallum, natural size.

Calices, magnified slightly.
A calice with coste, magnified.

. CYATHOSERIS IRREGULARIS, Duncan. A worn specimen, natural size.
. TRocHosERIS aPERTA, Duncan. A side view, natural size.

The calice, magnified.
 
Figure 1.

QD 1 B oo w

Coin

10.

11.

12.
138.
14,

PLATE XXVIII.

Alcyonaria.

Ists Danwz, Duncan. A large joint, natural size.

. End of a joint, showing the radii, magnified.

. A variety. The joints with lateral projections, natural size.
. Ists compressa, Duncan. The stem, natural size.

. The top of a jot, magnified.

Is1s ELoneatTA, Duncan. Portions of the stem and joints, natural size.
A transverse section, slightly magnified.

. Isis, species 1. A joint, side view, natural size.
. The upper surface, slightly magnified.

Joints of another Ists, natural size.

Ists, species 2. A joint, natural size.
Ists, species 3. Two joints, natural size.
The striation, magnified.

The convex upper surface, magnified.
 
MEMOIRS

OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

BREE ER NR PRN TSO MCC 9 48

Haleontologia gudica,

BEING

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ORGANIC REMAINS PROCURED DURING
THE PROGRESS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF INDIA IN COUNCIL.

Ser. XIV. Vol. I. 3.

FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA OF WESTERN SIND AND THE COAST OF
BILUCHISTAN AND OF THE PERSIAN GULF, FROM
THE TERTIARY FORMATIONS.

BY
P. MARTIN DUNCAN, M.B. (Lonp.), F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S.,

AND

W, PERCY SLADEN, F.G.S., F.LS., &c.

Fasc. i, 1882.-ECHINOIDEA FROM BENEATH THE TRAP IN WESTERN SIND.
Fasc. ii, 1882.—ECHINOIDEA FROM THE RANIKOT SERIES OF WESTERN SIND.
Fase. iii, 1884.—ECHINOIDEA FROM THE KHIRTHAR SERIES OF WESTERN SIND.
Fasc. iv, 1884.—_ECHINOIDEA FROM THE NARI SERIES OF WESTERN SIND.

Fasc. v, 1885.—ECHINOIDEA FROM THE GAJ SERIES OF WESTERN SIND.

vi, 1886.-ECHINOIDEA FROM THE MAKRAN SERIES OF THE COAST OF

Fasc.
BILUCHISTAN AND OF THE PERSIAN GULF.

CALCUTTA:

SOLD AT THE
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING ;
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OFFICE; AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS;

LONDON: TRUBNER & CO.

 

MDCCCLXXXVI.

 

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, LONDON,
 

é . ¢
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANC?S,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,
A DESCRIPTION

OF THE

FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

OF

WESTERN SIND.

 

I. Introductory Remarks on previous Works relating to the Fossil Echinoidea of Sind.

THE museum of the Geological Society of London contains two collections of fossil
Echinoidea from Sind; and in one of them there are numerous species from Cutch.

One collection was made and described by Captain Grant.

The other collection was described by MM. d’Archiac and Jules Haime in their
great work entitled ‘Description des Animaux Fossiles du groupe Nummulitique de
VInde.’ It was beautifully illustrated in that work. The value of the monograph, to
labourers in the same field of research, is immense; but, unfortunately, the localities
whence the fossils were derived and their correct geological position were not known to
the illustrious authors. Moreover their labours were rendered all the more arduous
by the unsatisfactory condition of most of their specimens. When such rarities as
fossils from India came before geologists, some years ago, species and genera were
attempted to be distinguished by the study of specimens on which no trouble would
have been spent, had they been derived from well-known European strata. The result
has been, that many of the species described by MM. d’Archiac and Jules Haime
cannot be accepted now; and, moreover, when their types are compared with their
delineations, a considerable amount of imagination must be conceded to have influenced
their artist.

The specimens described by MM. d’Archiac and Jules Haime had been collected,
without regard to stratigraphy, by Captain Vicary and Mr. Blagrove and others; and
whilst some fossils came from somewhere out of the vast depth of Nummulite-

B
2 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

bearing rocks in Western Sind, others were derived from later tertiaries. None came
from the lowest series of rocks, the fossil Echinoidea of which form the subject of this
Part; but some were derived from the higher series, and will be noticed in the
description of their fossils.

Il. Origin of the Collections about to be described.

After the completion of the description of the Fossil Corals of Western Sind *, the
Superintendent of the Geological Survey, H. B. Medlicott, Esq., F.R.S., decided to
accede to our request and to send to us for description the magnificent series of
Echinoidea which had been carefully collected by skilled collectors under the instruc-
tion of Messrs. W. T. Blanford, F.R.S., the Deputy Superintendent, and Mr. Fedden,
F.GS.

The specimens we found to be numerous, usually in a good state of preservation,
and to have had their geographical and stratigraphical positions carefully recorded.
They had been obtained from all the fossiliferous horizons which had yielded fossil
corals to the Survey ; and, moreover, there was a collection included from the tertiaries
of Cutch.

Anticipating that the examination of the Echinoidea might enable the geological
age of the upper members of the great tertiary series to be satisfactorily determined,
after the more or less definite statements which the study of the corals had necessitated,
we asked for and received a collection of fossils from the Makrdan series of Baluchistan
and the Persian Gulf. Lately a small collection of recent Echinoidea from the coasts
of Sind has been sent.

After considering the work before us, we agreed, with the sanction of the Superin-
tendent of the Geological Survey of India, to bring out the descriptions in Parts, each
of which will relate to the fossils of one of the great geological divisions. Every fossil
has passed a careful examination by both of us; we have generally drawn the details
of the structures; and many difficulties have been surmounted by a process of careful
mutual criticism. We have, where it has been possible, considered the varieties of
species and the variations during growth.

III. The Stratigraphical Relations of the Deposits containing Echinoidea in
Western Sind.

The detailed description of the geology of Western Sind is to be found in the
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, vol. xvii. part 1 (1879), by W. T. Blanford,
F.R.S. &c., Deputy Superintendent of the Geological Survey of India; and it is
therefore only necessary to explain those parts of it which relate to the general succession
of the stratigraphical series and the position of the strata yielding Echinoidea.

The mountain-ranges west of the Indus run nearly north and south, in irregular

* « A Monograph on the Fossil Corals and Alcyonaria of Sind,” by P. Martin Duncan, Palzeontologia
Indica, ser. xiv. vol. i. pt. 2 (1880).
OF WESTERN SIND. 3

parallel series. The longest range, the Khirthar, is slightly curved, the concavity being
to the east; and it extends from slightly south of 26° N. lat. to close to 28° N. lat.
The Laki range, more to the east, is nearly coincident with the sixty-eighth parallel of
east longitude, and extends from the Indus north of 26° N. lat. to nearly a degree to
the south. Other minor but nearly north-and-south ranges occur; and the whole were
comprised by MM. d’Archiac and Haime under the title of the Hala range (a name
unknown to the natives).

The following is the list of geological formations in Western Sind, and which are
to be recognized in one or other of the mountain-ranges * :—

 

 

 

 

 

 

Group. Subdivisions. ee Age. Remarks.
feet. :
AATTUVIAL aceul — . deadawe a 2 Post-Tertiary. pieced
Upper.......... 5000 ........ Pliocene. nfossiliferous.
BESUERAB «01 { ue hao deat ee an 3000-5000 ....] Old Pliocene or Upper) Vertebrate remains.
Miocene.
GaReevaweteaiss! keene 1000-1500 ....| Miocene ............ Coralliferous; no Num-
mulites.
Upper........5, 4000-6000...) } wee eee eee. Unfossiliferous.
NE sacsuees Oligocene.
Coralliferous, with Num-
Lower.......... WOE wleenotwosis { ie
Upper.......... 500-3000 ....}| Nummulitic ........ Nummulitic limestone.
ots { ee Sa ahha’ GO00? vad tail. eer ee wes, Unfossiliferous.
RantKoT .....-..) we eee 2000). c2xccoinses Lower Nummulitic ..| Fossiliferous. Corals and
Nummulites.
EDRAB ce ge iiatives||, . Males Saas 40-90 esis cine Deccan Trap.
(| Cardita Beaumont] 350-450 ...... Transition beds ...... Fossiliferous.
beds.
Creraczous....< | Sandstones...... TOO sisdi Siasxadease Cretaceous .......... Horizon not determined.
l Limestones with | 320.
Hippurites.

 

 

 

Explanatory Sections—In the Laki range, south-west of Amri on the Indus,
are dark-coloured hills, which contrast with the cliffs of grey and white Nummulitic
limestone behind them. A section close to the hill called Barrah, is given by W. T.
Blanford, F.R.S.; and it shows that the range consists of three parallel ridges (see
fig. 1, p. 6).

The outer, to the east, is composed of Tertiary rocks; while the intermediate one
consists of Cretaceous beds, faulted to the eastward against the Lower Eocene strata,
and dipping under them to the westward.

This section shows the normal sequence of the groups of strata from the Cretaceous
to the Khirthar inclusive. Above the Nummulitic limestone of this last group, the
Nari and Gaj series are wanting, and the Manchhar succeeds f.

On the Gaj river, in the Khirthar range, W. T. Blanford remarks that a thick-
ness of at least 25,000 feet of strata is exposed (see fig. 2, p. 6). The succession from
west to east is :—unfossiliferous strata, probably of Cretaceous age, followed by Khirthar

* From the Memoir by Blanford, p. 32, slightly modified.
t Memoirs Geol. Survey of India, vol. xvii. pt. 1, p. 131.

B2
4 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

strata (the Ranikot series, the lowest Eocene, being absent); then the lower and upper
Nari series come in, and are followed by the Gaj and the Manchhar deposits.

The lowest deposits containing Echinoidea occur in the soft olive shales and sand-
stones with volcanic ash, belonging to the Cardita Beawmonti series below the trap.
The accompanying remains are those of Amphicclian Crocodilia and Corals, Caryo-
phyllia compressa, C. Indica, Trochocyathus Lakii, Smilotrochus Jakhmari, S. Blanfordi,
a Stylophora, Rhabdophyllia Barkii, and Litharea epithecata. The deposit was neither
a reef-structure nor a deep-water one.

The lower part of the Ranikot series, resting immediately on the trap, consists of
soft sandstones, shales, clays with gypsum and lignite, and pyritous shale. A few frag-
ments of bones and some dicotyledonous leaves occur. These freshwater strata are
succeeded by highly fossiliferous marine limestones, often brown in colour, interstratified
with sandstones, shales, clays, and ferruginous bands.

Nummulites appear for the first time ; and there is a grand development of Corals,
Echinodermata, Gasteropoda, and Cephalopoda. It was not a very deep-water forma-
tion. Erosion of the surface of the Ranikot strata occurred before the deposition of
the next series.

The Khirthar series includes in its highest portion, a massive, pale or dark grey,
hard, compact Nummulitic limestone whose extreme thickness is 3000 feet. It thins
out to the south-west, and disappears within a distance of twenty-five miles of its
greatest development. Other Nummulitic limestone-beds are found, which may be
lower in the series; and they and the main group are represented elsewhere by shaly
limestones and sandstones with calcareous bands. In some districts flint occurs in a
limestone with Alveoline. The lower members of the series are often wanting, and
are well represented by shales, marls, and sandstones; and where these are present
unconformity with the underlying Ranikot beds is not seen; but where they are absent
the Nummulitic limestone (as in the Laki range) rests unconformably. The compact
limestone is of course highly fossiliferous; but it has not yielded very good specimens
of Corals. The indications of a fringing-reef-building fauna, or a bank of coral, are
distinct; but the species when compared with their modern analogues do not indicate
a great reef-development. Amongst other fossils, Lamellibranchiata prevail, and the
Echinoidea are numerous; but the Nummulites and Orbitolites, Alveolinw, and Patel-
line are the most important organic remains. Amongst the Nummulites there are
N. Ramondi, N. biaritzensis, N. Beaumonti, N. granulosus, and N. Leymeriei.

The Nari series rests conformably on the Khirthars; and there is occasionally an
apparent passage from the Khirthar limestone into a yellow or brown rock of the Nari
group. ‘There is, however, a biological break ; for the Nummulites of the upper group
are characteristic, and differ from those of the lower. The Khirthar forms are not
found, and Nummulites garansensis appears with Orbitoides papyracea, in the Nari
series. The rock is a limestone with intercalations of sandstones and shales. As a rule,
shales, fine sandstones, and occasional bands of limestone form the base of the Nari
group, and pass upwards into coarse, massive, thick-bedded sandstones, attaining a
thickness of from 4000 to 5000 feet on the eastern flank on the Khirthar range.
OF WESTERN SIND. 5

A local break occurs to the south, and the Upper Nari beds rest unconformably on
the denuded edges of the Lower Nari brown limestones ; and still further south, fifty
miles east of Karachi, there is a well-marked distinction between the upper members of
the group with Orbitoides papyracea and the lower with Nummulites garansensis; and
in one locality the upper member overlaps the lower, and rests on Khirthar limestone.

To the east of the Laki range the Nari beds are wanting, and the Manchhar series
rests unconformably on the Khirthar, with some pebble-beds of the Gaj series inter-
vening. But to the west of the range the Nari and the Gaj series are found in their
normal sequence ; and towards the coast the exact distinction which can be drawn else-
where, stratigraphically and petrologically, between the Tertiary series is not possible:
this is mainly due to the disappearance of the limestone element of the Khirthar and
Nari series, and to the prevalence of sandstones and shales. The fossils, however,
distinguish the groups; but the horizons of the zones of Nummulites and Orbitoides
vary, being higher or lower in their proper series according to locality.

The upper sandstones of the Nari group have not yielded marine fossils, and in
Upper Sind they contain the remains of plants.

The Nummulites become fewer in their species at the base of the Nari group, and
cease to be found in the lower beds of the succeeding series, the Gaj.

The Gaj group, with a base of highly fossiliferous limestones and calcareous beds,
more or less shaly and stratified, overlies the softer shales and sandstones of the Nari
series. The development of the calcareous series is great; but it is subordinate to an
arenaceous element. The sandstones are intercalated with clays with gypsum; and
shales and bands of limestone, highly coralliferous, are very constant.

The Gaj series rests conformably on the Nari series; although there is a minera-
logical break, the passage is so gradual that calcareous bands of the Gaj series are found
interstratified with the uppermost Nari sandstone. The Gaj series overlaps the Nari to
the south and rests on the Khirthars, and is wanting in Lower Sind to the eastward of
the Laki range.

North-east of Karachi the series is highly developed, and massive limestones
occur; they reach as far as the coast.

The uppermost beds of the Gaj series are variegated clays and grey sandstones,
which form a passage into the overlying Manchhar strata, and contain species of
Ostrea, Corbula, Arca, Scalaria, Buccinum, and Turritella. A crab of the genus
Typilobus and Vicarya Verneuilii have also been found there. The oyster is like
Ostrea multicostata. The Echinoderms are numerous. The Corals found, princi-
pally associated with the limestone-beds, are very different in their aspect from those
of the underlying Nari group. They belong for the most part to reef-building
genera; and some are represented in modern reefs by allied species, which grow in
the surf and in the most exposed parts. The rest were dwellers in quiet water.
Great masses of the coral limestone consist of Stephanocenia maxima in casts; and the
presence of the genera Madrepora, Haliastrwa, and Porites is very significant of
shallow-water conditions.

‘Resting on the Gaj strata is the Manchhar group; and where the Gaj beds are
  
  

6 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

wanting, and even where the Nari series is deficient, this upper group rests on the
Khirthars. It is not a marine deposit.

The general conformity of this great tertiary series is evident—although local
unconformities occur, and there is evidence in favour of there having been some
disturbance of the older rocks before the deposition of the Lower Manchhar group.
The subsidence which took place during the deposition of these thick shallow-water
deposits was vast ; and there were occasional slight upheavals. The final epoch of
the mountain-formation occurred after the deposition of the Manchhars. The strike of
the chains is in the main north-and-south ; and the thrust came from the west to the
east, and from east to west.

The date of the great mountain-formation is subsequent to the deposition of the
sedimentary strata forming the Upper Manchhars.

Fig. 1.—Section through Barrah Hill. (Scale, 1 inch to 2500 feet.)

Barrah Hill. Fault,

 

 

a, Manchhar strata, rest on pale clays of Khirthar age, with Nummulites Leymeriet, and then on Khirthar
Nummulitic limestone, 0, the beds dipping to the west. This limestone forms the eastern ridge. West
of the ridge is some low ground, in which the upper members of the Ranikot group, ¢, crop out, also
with a reversed dip. They end abruptly against a cliff of white and grey limestone, the boundary being
a fault. This limestone, g, forms the base of the Barrah Hills, and contains Hippurites. A great
thickness of sandstones, f, forms the top of the dark-coloured hills. On the top of the hills is a bed
containing oysters and fragments of apparently reptilian bones. West of the hills are olive shales with

Cardita Beawmonti, e The trap, d, follows, and then the Ranikot group, c, which is of great thickness,
and the Khirthar limestone, 6.

Fig. 2.—General diagrammatic Section of Khirthar Range, on the north bank of the
Gdj River. (After Blanford, half size.)

ne) Khirthar, Chatia H. S.,
G4j river. 2000 feet. 4000 feet. G@4j river. Sur Hill. 1900 feet.

¢e
BWW

 

 

a4 . oe Y —~ +
Cretaceous. i Khirthar. Nari. G4j. Manchhar.

a, Indus plain; 6, upper, c, lower Manchhars; d, G4]; e, upper, and f, lower Nari. (Abbreviated from the original.)
OF WESTERN SIND. 7

IV. Description of the Fossil Echinoidea from the Strata below the Trap in Sind.
Tur Transition CreTaczous SERIES.
List of Species described.

From the strata below the Trap containing Litharea epithecata and Cardita
Beaumonti.

Order ECHINOIDEA ENDOCYCLICA.
Family CIDARIDZ.

Genus Crparis, Klein, 1784.
Cidaris lacrymula, Duncan ¢ Sladen.

Order ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.
Suborder ATELOSTOMATA.
Family CASSIDULIDA.
Genus novum PLESIOLAMPAS.
Plesiolampas elongata, Duncan & Sladen.

Genus HouinantHus, Breynius, 1732.

Echinanthus pumilus, Duncan § Sladen.

Family SPATANGIDA.

Genus Lintuia, Merian, 1853.

Linthia Sindensis, Duncan g Sladen.

The fossil Echinoidea collected by the Geological Survey of India from the beds
beneath the Trap and underlying the Nummulitic series were obtained from below
Jakhmari peak in the Laki range west of Amri and from Barki nala north of Ranikot,

also in the Laki range.
None of the Echinoidea described by MM. d’Archiac and Jules Haime were

found in these strata below the Trap.

Ordr ECHINOIDEA ENDOCYCLICA.

Family CIDARID.
Genus CIDARIS, Klein, 1734.

Test circular, more or less depressed above and below.

Ambulacral areas narrow, flexuous. Poriferous zones composed of simple pairs of
pores, non-conjugate, the dissepiment usually developing a more or less prominent
granuliform swelling. Interporiferous spaces narrow, bearing granules only.
8 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Interambulacral areas wide, usually three or four times the width of the
ambulacral areas, with two vertical rows of primary tubercles. Primary tubercles
large, perforate or imperforate, crenulate or non-crenulate, rising from a circular or oval
scrobicule, surrounded by a scrobicular ring of miliaries.

Apical system large, subcircular.

Peristome subcircular, without notches.

Spines elongate, robust, very variable in form and ornamentation.

1. CrpaRis LACRYMULA, sp. nov. Plate I, Figs. 1-7.

Form circular, depressed, tumid at the ambitus, and smaller above than below,
where there is considerable flattening. Height of the test about one half of the
diameter. ‘

Ambulacra rather broad and slightly flexuous. Poriferous zones broader than
half the interporiferous area, and slightly sunken. The pores are large and
transversely elliptical, non-conjugate, being separated by a vertical and convex process,
which externally resembles a compressed granule; this merges aborally and adorally
into the general superficies of the plate, which is continued around the pores in more
or less of a ridge. There are 26 to 27 pairs of pores in relation to two of the largest
interambulacral plates. The interporiferous (ambulacral) areas are narrow, and have
at the ambitus two rows of small mamillated tubercles placed close to the pores, and
two rows of very small tubercles (miliaries) between them. Near the apex and
actinostome these central small tubercles are not seen.

The interambulacral areas are about three times the width of the ambulacra at
the ambitus; and there are two rows, of six to seven primary tubercles, in each
interambulacrum.

Primary tubercles moderately prominent; mamelons rather small and somewhat
depressed, not crenulated. Scrobicules wide, circular, occupying much of the plate,
and only slightly sunken; the tubercle not greatly elevated, surrounded by a complete
circlet of small mamillated tubercles, the boss being somewhat shield-shaped, with
the truncate margin falling into the scrobicular circle, and the mamelon more or less
tear-shaped, the tapering extremity being directed inwards towards the primary
tubercle. There are about thirteen of these secondary tubercles in the ring; and
between each of them alternates a small simple tear-shaped miliary tubercle, with the
fine extremity pointed inwards. The miliary zone is narrow, naked along the suture,
and slightly impressed, the ornamentation consisting of one or two series of small tear-
shaped granules which are placed external to, and alternate with, those of the
scrobicular ring above mentioned. On the aboral and adoral margins of the inter-
ambulacral plates, however, there is only room for the accommodation of the granules
of the scrobicular ring; and as the plates approach the actinostome the adoral margin
even of this is more and more encroached upon. On the side, between the ring and
the poriferous zone, there is seldom more than a single series of the small miliary
granules supplementary to those of the ring.

Peristome rather small, margins more or less inturned. Apical disk comparatively
OF WESTERN SIND. 9

large. The preservation of the specimens unfortunately renders any further details
unobtainable. Radioles unknown.

Dimensions. Height of the larger specimen 55; inch. Height of the smaller speci-
men ;4y inch. Breadth 38; inch.

Locality. Below Jakhmari peak, Laki range, west of Amri. Survey-number
G 23).

Remarks. There are two specimens of this Cidaris, one small and without its

apical system, and the other more fully grown but more or less crushed. They belong
to the same species.

Iilustrations of the Species in Plate I.

Fig. 1. The test, seen in profile: natural size.
2. The same: magnified.
3. A portion of the ambulacral area: magnified.
4. Profile outline of the same.
5. Interambulacral plate: magnified.
6. A primary tubercle, seen in profile: magnified.
Ts

A portion of the scrobicular ring, showing the shield-shaped boss of the
tubercle and the tear-shaped mamelon: magnified.

Ordr ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.
Suborder ATELOSTOMATA.
Family CASSIDULIDA:.

Genus PLESIOLAMPAS, gen. nov.

Test oval, elongate, depressed, gently convex above, concave beneath around the
peristome; actinal surface and margins tumid.

Ambulacra subpetaloid, unequal, widely open at the extremities. Poriferous zones
almost straight, subequal. Pores round, subequal, the outer slightly elongate.

Apical system compact, excentric in front.

Peristome subcentral or slightly excentric in front, subpentagonal.

Poriferous zones continued on the actinal surface in single pores; a few supple-
mentary ones present near the peristome ; floscelle rudimentary.

Periproct larger than peristome, inframarginal, oval, placed longitudinally.

Tubercles numerous, small, non-mamillated, imperforate, non-crenulate, completely
sunken in deep, wide scrobicules ; miliary granulation compact.

The genus to which the present form is most nearly related, is Echinolampas, of
which, indeed, the fossil might at first sight almost be regarded as an abnormal species.

Cc
10 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

On examination, however, it is found to differ from Echinolampas in so many points
that we feel compelled to regard it as the type of a new genus.

Plesiolampas differs from Echinolampas in its almost straight ambulacra, its
subequal poriferous zones, its round, nearly equal pores, its periproct placed longi-
tudinally, its mouth, and the absence of a definite floscelle, and, lastly, its imperforate
tubercles,

The Jarge longitudinal periproct of Plesiolampas recalls Amblypygus, from which,
however, the present genus is easily distinguished by the form of the test, the characters
of the ambulacra (above mentioned), the single pores on the ambulacral plates of the
actinal surface, and the character of the peristome, which in the new form is sub-
pentagonal or transversely elongate and certainly not oblique.

No other Cassidulid appears to approach sufficiently near to need comparison.

This genus is also represented in the Ranikot series above the Trap in Sind.

1. PLESIOLAMPAS ELONGATA, sp.nov. Plate I, Figs. 8-16.

General form elongate, depressed, convex above, tumid at the sides and in front,
slightly rostrated behind. Actinal surface sunken round the peristome, otherwise convex.
Marginal contour nearly elliptical, rather more rapidly tapering behind than in front,
and also slightly truncate. The longitudinal profile shows the apical summit to be
slightly excentric in front, and more so than the peristome ; the posterior slope is very
gradual until it reaches the margin, where it is roundly curved over the posterior
rostration; the anterior slope is much more rapid, and the rounding of the upper
portion of the margin less bombous. ‘The transverse profile shows the dorsal area to be
evenly rounded, not conoid; and the lateral slopes are more rapid than either of the
slopes of the longitudinal profile.

The apical system corresponds with the apical summit of the test, the distance
from the centre of the system to the anterior margin being about 40 per cent. of the
length.

There are four generative pores, which are large; the anterior pair round, and the
posterior pair elongate and subpyriform and larger than the anterior pores. The
ocular plates and pores are exceedingly small. The madreporiform body occupies the
whole of the centre of the system.

The ambulacra are narrow, straight, flush with the surface of the test, widely open,
and do not reach the margin, the posterior pair being the most remote from it. The
postero-lateral ambulacra are rather longer than the antero-laterals; but these latter
are perhaps slightly broader, and the odd anterior ambulacrum is a shade narrower
than either of the others. The anterior pair form an angle of 135° with one another,
and the posterior pair an angle of 61°, this latter being the index of the odd posterior
interradium. The shape of the odd anterior ambulacrum and of the posterior pair is
that of a straight narrow band, converging regularly and somewhat rapidly to the small
extremity at the apical pole ; and their breadth, at the widely open extremity, is only the
slighest degree narrower than the breadth at the widest portion across the middle of
OF WESTERN SIND. 11

the petal. In the anterior lateral petals the posterior zone is slightly curved outward,
whilst the anterior one is straight.

The poriferous zones are narrow and of uniform breadth throughout, excepting
the normal diminution of size at the extremity as they approach the apical pole. The
breadth of the poriferous zone is rather more than half the breadth of the interpori-
ferous area. The pores are almost equal, the inner pores of a zone being round, the
outer ones very slightly elongated transversely—so slightly, however, that it is scarcely
perceptible. The pores are very faintly conjugate; for the furrow between them is
most faint, and is produced merely by the bevelling of the narrow dissepiment. This
dissepiment is of uniform breadth throughout the zone. In the postero-lateral ambulacra
the anterior zone has 43 pairs of pores, and the posterior zone has only one pair less; in
the antero-laterals the anterior zone has 36 or 36 pairs of pores, and the posterior zone
one pair less. The odd anterior ambulacrum has probably nearly the same number
of pores; but it is impossible to state this definitely, owing to the outer portion of the
petal being concealed. The series of double pores (or, in other words, the petals)
terminate abruptly at about one third of the distance from the margin to the apex.
A series of only single microscopic pores is carried forward over the ambitus; and there
is scarcely any increase in size, until half of the actinal portion of the ambulacrum has
been traversed ; they then increase in size and proceed to the peristome, there being still a
single pore to a plate. At the oral extremity of the ambulacrum there are traces of
two or three supplementary pores, which are probably the indications of an incipient or
rudimentary phyllode. Unfortunately the preservation of this portion of the test is
not such as to allow of definite determination. The ornamentation of the inter-
poriferous area within the petal is similar to that of the interambulacral plates, and
consists of rather widely spaced, small primary tubercles, non-crenulate, sunken in a
wide and deep scrobicule, the interspaces being filled with a miliary granulation, and
which has become confluent to a great extent, owing to dense crowding. The
scrobicules are as wide as, or wider than, the ambulacral plates ; and they do not occur
upon every plate in the series, but are usually separated by one or two blank plates, the
arrangement of the tubercles being quite irregular.

In the interradial areas on the abactinal portion of the test the plates are com-
paratively broad, and have a sharp angular bend. The plates are uniformly covered
with primary tubercles and intermediate granulation similar to that already mentioned,
excepting that perhaps the scrobicules and their contained tubercles are slightly larger.
The tubercles are rather wide apart; but at no place is the intermediate granulation
equal in breadth to the diameter of the scrobicule. About four irregular alternating
horizontal lines of primaries may be traced on a plate. The interradial plates are
equal in length (depth) to six or seven of the ambulacral plates at the middle of a
petal. On the actinal surface of the test the scrobicules are somewhat larger than
those in the abactinal area; they are also more closely placed, and the intermediate
granulate portion is much narrower, frequently not more than the breadth of a single
series of granules.

The peristome is slightly excentric in front, small, and deeply sunken. It appears

c2
12 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

to be subpentagonal in shape; but, owing to the condition of the specimen, it is
impossible to determine with accuracy the details of the form and structure of this and
the adjacent parts of the test. ‘There appears to have been no development of the
peristomial interambulacral plates (bourrelets), although it is probable that a rudi-
mentary floscelle was formed by the small incipient phyllodes above referred to.

The periproct is large, elongate, oval or subpyriform, the long axis placed longi-
tudinally, half on the margin and half on the actinal surface of the test, quite
invisible from above, and overarched by the slight posterior rostration of the odd
posterior interradium. It measures about one quarter of an inch in length, and is much
larger than the mouth. ‘Too great importance, however, must not be placed upon the
actual measurement, as the margin of the aperture has been to a certain degree
modified by damage, either previous to fossilization, or during the process of clearing
from the matrix when found.

Dimensions. Length of the specimen 13% inch; breadth 1;5 inch; height
2 inch.

Distance of apical system from posterior edge ;% inch.

Locality. Below Jakhmari peak, Laki range, west of Amri. Survey-number
8

io

G

elo
oo
a]

Ilustrations of the Species in Plate I.

Fig. 8. Abactinal aspect of the test: natural size.
9. Actinal aspect of the test: natural size.
10. Outline of the longitudinal profile of the test.
11. Outline of the transverse profile of the test.
12. Apical system: magnified.
13. A portion of the ambulacral and interambulacral areas: magnified.
14, Part of an ambulacrum near the peristome: magnified.
15. Tubercles on the abactinal surface : magnified.
16. Tubercles near the ambitus: magnified.

Genus ECHINANTHUS, Breynius, 1732.

Test oval, elongate, subdepressed, more or less convex above, and slightly concave
below ; margins tumid.

Ambulacra petaloid; petals short, unequal, widely open at their extremity. Pori-
ferous zones subequal, with pores round or oblong ; pairs conjugate, united by a groove.

Apical disk compact, excentric in front.

Peristome subpentagonal, more or less excentric in front; floscelle more or less
developed.

Periproct oval, often vertically elongate, marginal or supramarginal, placed at the
summit of a more or less well-developed groove.

Tubercles small, crowded, perforate, non-crenulate, sunken in a deep scrobicule ;
miliary granulation more or less compact.
OF WESTERN SIND. 13

1. EcHINANTHUS PUMILUS, sp. nov. Plates II & III.

General form depressed, longer than broad, convex above; sides high, rounded
and tumid; actinal surface slightly concave towards the mouth. Marginal contour
rather widely oval, broadest posteriorly, slightly truncate at the posterior extremity,
and faintly incised by the shallow infraperiproctal groove. The longitudinal profile
shows the apical summit excentric in front, the posterior slope very slight indeed, the
anterior one rather more rapid and rounded, and the whole dorsal area comparatively
flat, in consequence of the uniformly high, thick margin or sides, equally rounded
above and below. The transverse profile a regular curve, of slight elevation, very
faintly conoid over the apical summit. Posterior extremity slightly truncate, almost
vertical. Periproct elongate, oval, vertical, situated at the extreme top of the
extremity, the margins above and laterally being slightly carinate, whilst an extremely
faint groove is developed below, which dies out as it passes over the margin onto the
actinal surface. ;

The apical systern corresponds with the apical summit of the test, is excentric in
front, the distance from the centre of the system to the anterior margin being about
40 per cent. of the length. The generative pores, four in number, are large; the
anterior pair closer than the posterior, the large madreporiform body, which occupies
the space between, being covered with miliaries. The ocular plates are large, although
their pores are very small. The anterior ocular plate fits in between the anterior
generative plates, and also the ocular plates of the antero-lateral ambulacra between
the anterior and posterior genital plates. The posterior ocular plates do not come so
far within the posterior generative pair, and are themselves separated by the intrusion
of the madreporic body.

The ambulacra are narrow, rather short, and nearly equal, the posterior being
slightly longest. All are subpetaloid and open externally, the posterior pair ending a
little nearer the margin than halfway from the apex, the other ambulacra approaching
the ambitus more closely. The anterior ambulacrum isa shade narrower than the
others; and the poriferous zones do not approximate as they approach the ambitus,
so as to form a petaloid interporiferous area, the breadth of which in this ambulacrum
is as great at the distal extremity as at the middle of the petal. The anterior pair
of ambulacra form an angle of 156° with one another, and the posterior pair an angle
of 57°, this latter being the index of the odd posterior interambulacrum.

The poriferous zones are narrow and of uniform breadth throughout, excepting
the normal diminution of size at the extremity on approaching the apex. The zones
are slightly sunken, and the interporiferous areas slightly raised or flush with the test ;
and the zones of the odd anterior ambulacrum are a little irregular in their direction.
The breadth of the poriferous zone is rather less than one half of the breadth of the
interporiferous area. The pores are equal, round, and conjugate, the grooves being
oblique and very distinct; the keel between with a row of granules. There are about
26 to 28 pairs of pores in each zone of the anterior and antero-lateral ambulacra, and
32 in the posterior. A single pore only of each zone is continued from the termi-
nation of the petals and passes over the ambitus, 7.é@. one pore to a plate, situated in a
14 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

little elongate, oblique groove,—the interporiferous area (or, more correctly here, the
ambulacral area) expanding from the petal up to the ambitus, and from thence con-
tracting until near the phyllode, when it again expands. The phyllode is well developed,
widening moderately and then contracting with a graceful curve as it approaches the
margin of the peristome. The plates are short and broad, and the pores consequently
closely placed. The pores are rather large, sunken in little cavities, punctured between
the sutures of two neighbouring plates, all uniformly distant from the outer extremities
of the plates. A double series of inner, supplemental pores, 7 to 10 in number, are
present within the phyllode, each pore borne on the margin of a small supplementary
plate inserted between the regular series of ambulacral plates which constitute the
phyllode. These supplementary plates are not more than half the breadth of the
primary ones, excepting the outermost of the series, which usually extends the whole
breadth of the ambulacral column. Two, or even three, primary plates stand between
each secondary or supplementary; consequently the inner pores are much wider apart
than the outer series. The inner pores are placed in two straight lines, which
diverge slightly, being closer together adorally than aborally. The punctures of the
peristomial ambulacral plates are large and placed close together within the actual
margin of the peristome; they are separated only by a broad dissepiment ; and a narrow
bridge-like strip forms a sharp although diminutive ridge arching over them above
and dividing them from the inner pores of the phyllode just described. Immediately
above, 4. ¢. aboral to, this ridge are several blind pits, not punctured, which are probably
the cavities in which spheridia were placed, and which, on cursory examination, are at
first sight rather liable to be confused with the inner pores of the phyllode. The
ornamentation of the interporiferous area, within the petal, is precisely similar to
that of the interambulacral area, and consists of minute primary tubercles, perforate
and crenulate (the latter quite microscopic), situated within a deep and moderately wide
scrobicule. The margin of the scrobicule is composed of small, closely placed, uniform
miliaries, forming a complete circle which comes close up to those of the neighbouring
primaries, any interspaces being filled up with miliaries. The whole miliary granu-
lation is compact and confluent, forming a uniform test-surface level with the tops of
the primary tubercles. Near the ambitus the tubercles are slightly smaller and more
crowded, the miliary interspaces being much reduced, and consisting only of single
lines of miliaries, which are also more completely coalesced. ‘Towards the actinostome
the primary tubercles are more widely separate; but on the rest of the test the
ornamentation is remarkably uniform and closely crowded.

The peristome is considerably excentric in front, moderately large, elongate trans-
versely, and pentagonal, the amount of angularity varying considerably. The actual
margin is very deep, plunging upwards nearly vertically. The interradial peristomial
plates form well-developed bourrelets, which are large, broad, more or less bombous,
and with a crested rim, the whole peristomial ring being granulated with a minute
tuberculation, becoming very much smaller on the ambulacral than on the interradial
plates. The periproct is moderately large, oval, with the elongation vertical, placed at
the extreme upper portion of the posterior end of the test, the upper extremity of the
OF WESTERN SIND. 15

orifice being just apparent when the test is viewed from above. In some specimens
the median interradial portion of the odd interambulacrum is rather bombous and
subcarinate in the neighbourhood of the orifice; but this is a character subject to
more or less variation, as is also the development of the subanal groove: these modi-
fications will be mentioned below.

Variations. The variations of form, in specimens of the same size, chiefly affect
the general shape. Some are more circular, more swollen posteriorly, and broader than
others. Indeed there almost appear to be two types of this species, one of greater length
than the other in relation to breadth and with amore angularly pentagonal peristome ;
but intermediate forms unite them in one species. In some examples, again, the inter-
radial areas are more bombous around the peristome, which is less transversely elongate
and rather more deeply sunken, the bourrelets being narrower and less prominent, and
the phyllodes slightly sunken, which brings out the latter into very distinct definition.

Premature Forms. A large series of specimens was collected, so that it is possible
to trace the method of growth and the changes which occurred in the morphology of
the test in young and older forms.

Young specimens, 4; inch in length, are of the same breadth, and measure rather
more than 3%5 inch in height. The mouth is very slightly excentric; the periproct
large, and not in a groove, but on the rounded margin, close on to the dorsal area, and
consequently at a very much higher plane than the mouth. The globular appearance
is marked.

Another, rather more than ;°; inch in length, is rather less in breadth, and is
zo inch in height; it has the mouth more excentric; the keel on the back has com-
menced; and the periproct is at its end and high up, there being no groove. The
ornamentation is very similar everywhere.

Another, not quite 3% inch broad, is rather over 8 inch in length, and the height
is rather over 33; inch. 47%, 78, and 3° are the respective measurements of another
specimen.

Hence it follows that Echinanthus pumilus is more globular when young,
and that during the process of growth the test increases more in length than in
breadth, and that there is a still greater proportional diminution in height. In
addition to the greater breadth of the young forms when compared with the older, the
test is relatively higher behind, and the apical system is slightly more excentric than
the peristome. The character of the ambulacra appears to undergo little change, even
the wavy irregularity of the zones of the odd anterior petal being present in the early
stages. The conjugation of the pores, however, is not apparent in very young phases.

Remarks. Fractured specimens show a thin test, and that there is not the
slightest arrangement of internal pillars or doubling of the walls. The character of
the present species recalls strikingly that of small specimens of the Echinanthus
scutella of European geologists; and the conformity of the structure of the mouth of
the Sind form to that of known Cassidulide is absolute, and is altogether distinct from
that of the so-called Echinanthi of A. Agassiz, which are true Clypeastroids.

The present species is well characterized, and readily distinguishable from other
16 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

known forms. £. testudinarius, Desor, and EF. Biarritzensis, Cotteau, are, perhaps, the
nearest related. Compared with LE. testudinarius, the keeled and elevated posterior
interambulacrum, the greater height posteriorly of the test, the greater length and the
smaller angle of divergence of the posterior petals, as well as the general shape of the
ambulacra and the different character of the posterior extremity in the new form are
distinctive. From E. Biarritzensis the Sindian species is well marked by its more
broadly oval contour, with no trace of rostration posteriorly, by its greater depression,
by its much narrower and smaller ambulacral petals, and by its elongately ovate
periproct.

The nature of the posterior truncation, the absence of a projection posteriorly
beneath the periproct, and, more important still, the character of the ambulacra and
of the peristome separate the species from Cassidulus as a genus.

The absence of the longitudinal smooth band between the mouth and the
periproct, the outline of the posterior portion of the test, and the vertical position of
the periproct distinguish the species from members of the genus Pygorhynchus. In
some specimens, however, a slight median smooth space occurs along the median line
of the posterior interradium ; but this is in all probability only the result of wearing,
as tubercles are present in well-preserved specimens.

The species above described is not comparable with any form of Echinolampas,
the position of the periproct, its longitudinal elongation, the simplicity and equality of
the ambulacra, and the well-developed floscelle readily remove our form from that
genus. Neither is it comparable with the Rhynchopygus, Botriopygus, Nucleolites, or
Echinobrissus of paleontologists.

Leaving out the details of structure enumerated above, which clearly determine
the generic position of this species, the form may be said to recall in a general way
some of the characters of Catopygus and Echinolampas—this, however, suggestively
rather than in reality.

Dimensions. The following are the measurements of three of the largest spe-
cimens :—

Length 135 inch, 3% inch, 1 inch.
Breadth 5 inch, 58 inch, 4% inch.
Height 44; inch, 54; inch, 34; inch.

Locality. Barki nala, hills north of Ranikot, Laki range. Survey-number G 282,

Illustrations of the Species in Plates II & TII.
Plate II.

Actinal aspect of the test: natural size.

Abactinal aspect of the test: natural size.

Profile view of the test, showing the posterior extremity: natural size.
Outline of the transverse profile of the test.

Apical system: magnified.

Fig,

NR

ON a8
op ee

ID OF Pe

oo

10.
11.

12.

13.
14.

1d.
16.
17.

OF WESTERN SIND. 17

Apical system from another example, considerably weathered : magnified.
Peristome and floscelle of the same specimen as Figs. 1-5: magnified.

. Tuberculation of the abactinal surface: magnified.

Tuberculation of the actinal surface, just below the ambitus : magnified.

Plate III.

. Abactinal aspect of the test of another specimen: natural size.
. Longitudinal profile of the same: natural size.
. Transverse profile of the same, showing the posterior extremity: natural

size.

. One of the ambulacral petals: magnified.

. The two posterior phyllodes of the floscelle: magnified.

. Longitudinal profile of another specimen: natural size.

. Transverse profile of the same, showing the posterior extremity: natural

size.

. Actinal aspect of another specimen: natural size.
. Portion of the margin of the peristome of the same, showing the oral

termination of the ambulacra and the formation of the phyllode,
denuded of ornament: magnified.

Actinal aspect of another specimen: natural size.

Portion of the margin of the peristome of the same, seen obliquely,
denuded of ornament: magnified.

Abactinal aspect of the test of a small specimen, with well-developed
keel: natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the same: natural size.

Transverse profile of the same, showing the posterior extremity: natural
size.

Abactinal aspect of the test of a small specimen: natural size.

Abactinal aspect of the test of a still smaller specimen: natural size.

Three odd anterior ambulacra: magnified.

Family SPATANGIDZL.
Genus LINTHIA, Merian, 1853.

Test oval, subcordiform, convex above, flat beneath.

Ambulacra petaloid, sunken, unequal, the posterior pair shorter and less divergent
than the anterior pair. Poriferous zones equal; pores subequal. Anterior odd ambu-
lacra different from the others, placed ina deep anterior groove, which may or may not
indent the margin. Poriferous zones composed of small pores, in simple pairs, more
or less widely spaced.

Apical system compact, excentric in front.

Peristome bilabiate, excentric in front.

Periproct oval, situate at the summit of the posterior extremity.
18 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Peripetalous fasciole complete, more or less indented between the lateral ambu-
lacra. Lateral fasciole branching off from the peripetalous fasciole near the extremity
of the antero-lateral petals, and passing below the periproct with a rapid curve.

Tubercles small, prominent; scrobicules very shallow.

1. Lintura SINDENSIS, sp. nov. Plate IV.

The test is rather depressed; marginal contour roundly heart-shaped, truncate
behind, and broadly and rather deeply grooved in front. It is as broad as it is long,
the greatest breadth being in a line with the apical system, and the margin being
more rounded in front of this line than behind it. The upper surface is more or less
uniformly convex, and the posterior interambulacrum slightly carinated. Seen in
longitudinal profile, the highest point of the test is situated opposite the middle of
the posterior ambulacra, the posterior declivity being sharply truncate behind and
sloping at a high angle to the margin, whilst the anterior is gradual and well rounded.
The transverse profile is almost semicircular, the posterior keel being slightly prominent.
The under surface is rather inflated ; the margins tumid, except posteriorly, where the
test is rather deeply impressed. It is well rounded in the neighbourhood of the
postero-lateral ambulacra.

The apical system is slightly excentric in front. There are four large generative
pores; and a small madreporiform body is connected with the right anterior plate.
The posterior pair are much wider apart than the anterior pair; and those of each
side are very close. This arrangement pushes the ocular plates of the antero-lateral
ambulacra to the outside of the generative plates. The anterior ocular plate, how-
ever, comes well between the front generative plates, and separates them completely,
whilst the madreporiform body, which is rather large, separates the posterior ocular
plates. The ocular foramina are very small.

The ambulacra are unequal, rather broad, and moderately sunken. The anterior
pair are much longer than the posterior, in the proportion of 2 : 3, and are also more
divergent. The odd anterior ambulacrum is feebly developed, wide, and not very
deeply sunken until near the margin. The pores are minute and round; the first five
or six pairs are very small and are placed in close succession near to the apical system.
Further out the plates become broader and the pores wider apart and oblique, and
there is a raised partition which separates one pore from another. The antero-lateral
ambulacra are long, straight, ovate lanceolate, petaloid, broadest at the outer third, very
wide apart, and enclose an angle of about 126°. In length they occupy fully two thirds
of the distance between the apical disk and the margin, and are rather deeply sunken.

The poriferous zones are broad where fully developed, the pores being conjugate
and elongate, except near the apex, where they are circular; about 27 pairs exist in
each poriferous zone, the outer pairs being close to the peripetalous fasciole, but not
touching it. The interporiferous area is very narrow, scarcely more than half the breadth
of a poriferous zone. |

The postero-lateral ambulacra are narrower, and shorter by one third than the
anterior pair, and are much less divergent, the angle enclosed being 66°. They are
OF WESTERN SIND. 19

lanceolate or elongately ovate, their distal ends being crossed by the fasciole. 18 or
19 pairs of pores exist in each zone; and the interporiferous area is narrow. The inter-
ambulacra are slightly swollen and formed into ridges near the apex and on either side
of the anterior groove, the posterior interambulacrum being also elevated into a slight
keel.

The ornamentation of the test is slight and inconspicuous, the tubercles being very
small. A few rather larger ones are scattered on either side of the anterior groove,
and accumulate on the anterior slope of the test. Smaller tubercles are distributed
uniformly on the dorsal surface of the test, except near the ambulacra and apex, where
they are slightly larger and more crowded. Surrounding the posterior truncation the
tubercles become larger and scarcer inferiorly, and above on either side of the periproct ;
but below the aperture they are almost, if not quite, wanting.

Periproct oval, vertical, and placed high up on the truncated end of the test.

The peristome is small, placed far in front and near the margin, the anterior
groove being distinctly continued up to it. The lip is not prominent, the neighbour-
hood of the mouth is rather impressed, and the plastron is rather swollen—circumstances
which, together with the tumid character of the margin, relieve the flatness of the
under surface. The ornamentation of the plastron consists of a few large and many
small tubercles; and the sides of the test beneath have larger tubercles than the rest of
the test. The tubercles below are crenulate and perforate, the slightly sunken scrobi-
cule being surrounded by a sparely filled circle of small miliary granules.

The peripetalous fasciole is very narrow, and forms an angle in the interspace
between the lateral ambulacra, reaching up halfway to the apex. The fasciole turns
round the anterior lateral petal, passes inwards parallel with it, forming the angle just
mentioned, and then crosses over to the posterior lateral petal, coming into contact with
its outer pores, and crossing directly over the keel of the posterior interambulacral area
to the opposite side. In front the fasciole crosses the anterior odd ambulacrum a little
below the line of the end of the antero-lateral petals; but it is very small and indistinct
in this portion of its course. A lateral fasciole commences where the peripetalous
fasciole begins to pass inwards, a little behind the end of the antero-lateral petal, and
extends in a very thin and slightly raised line directed backwards and downwards
and passing under the periproct to the other side.

Remarks. Linthia Sindensis is characterized by its general rotundity of margin,
its equal length and breadth, its greater breadth in front, its moderate height, and the
gentle declivity of the dorsal slope, its deep anterior groove (which is very decided at
the margin), and the anteriorly excentric position of the apical system, by the number
of close pores in the anterior ambulacrum and the comparative length of the postero- to
the antero-lateral ambulacra (as 2 to 3), by the narrowness of the interporiferous zone,
and by the very narrow and slightly bent fasciole (which is comparatively faintly angu-
lated, excepting its sharp dip far below the oval periproct).

This Echinoid is, on the whole, rather more closely allied to Cretaceous than to
Nummulitic forms. The Sindian species differs from Periaster pyrenaicus, Cotteau (its
nearest ally), in the shape and proportions of the ambulacra, the greater lateral
rotundity of the marginal contour, the greater depth of the anterior groove, the form
20 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA OF WESTERN SIND.

of the peripetalous fasciole, and the character of the ornamentation of the test. No
other form at present known appears to come sufficiently near to require a special com-
parison to be made.
Dimensions. Length of the test 1 inch; breadth 1 inch; height over 4 inch.
Locality. Below Jakhmari Peak, Laki range, west of Amri. Survey-number
G 334.

A large specimen of the same species (larger than the type) from the same locality,

but bearing the Survey-number G 749.

Iilustrations of the Species in Plate IV.

Fig. 1. Abactinal aspect of the test: natural size.
2. Longitudinal profile of the same: natural size.
3. Transverse profile of the same, showing the posterior extremity: natural
size.
Outline of the transverse profile of the test: natural size.
Apical system: magnified.
Apical extremity of the odd anterior ambulacrum: more highly magnified.
Portion of the test, showing the passage of the peripetalous fasciole near
the extremity of a petal: magnified.
8. Portion of the test, showing the ornamentation near the lateral fasciole:
magnified.
9. One of the large tubercles on the actinal surface: magnified.
10. Tubercles of the abactinal surface: magnified.
11. Profile view of the same: magnified.

eee

V. Remarks on the Fauna of Echinoidea of the Beds beneath the Trap.

The examination of the Echinoidea of the strata below the Trap, which, very
probably, is post-Cretaceous in age, and is certainly older than the age of Nummulites,
does not indicate any definite horizon.

The facies of the collection is more Tertiary than Secondary. But this statement
must not be made use of in too definite a manner; for in the Ranikot series of the
Nummulitic age above the Trap there are Cretaceous types, which give its fauna, in part,
an older appearance than that of the Cardita Beaumonti beds now under consideration.

There are no characteristic genera in the fauna; and the new genus has species in
the Ranikot group also.

In fact, the Echinoidea, like the Corals*, do not define the age of this sub-Trap
horizon. The fauna is not Cretaceous in the European sense, nor are its genera and
species the same as those of the Cretaceous rocks of Southern India or of Bagh in the
Narbada area. On the other hand, the facies of the Echinanthus and Linthia are rather
of a Lower-Eocene character; but there does not appear to be any species common to
the Nummulitic series, even of Egypt, and the strata beneath the Trap in Sind.

* P, Martin Duncan, “ Fossil Corals of Sind,” Palwontologia Indica, ser. xiv. (1880).

 

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
A DESCRIPTION

OF THE

FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

OF

WESTERN SIND.

 

Fasctcunus 2.—THE RANIKOT SERIES.

I. Introductory Remarks on the Ranikot Series.

Tue stratigraphical relations and the nature of the deposits included in the Ranikot
series of strata have been noticed in a former page*, and it is only necessary to remark
that the strata rest immediately on a trap which covers the Cardita-Beawmonti series.
The lower part of the Ranikot series consists of soft sandstones, shales, clays with
gypsum and lignite, and pyritous shale. These freshwater strata are succeeded by
highly fossiliferous marine limestones, often brown in colour, interstratified with
sandstones, shales, clays, and ferruginous bands. Nummulites appear for the first
time in the succession in this series ; and there is a fine fossil Coral-fauna of 50 species.
The depth of the Ranikot series is 2000 feet; and it is below the main Nummulitic
limestone, which belongs to the succeeding age or that of the Khirthar series.

Although the nature of the fossil Echinoidea already described from beneath the
trap which underlies the Ranikot series does not give any more satisfactory evidence
than the fossil Corals regarding the age of their containing strata, still an Eocene facies
predominates over a Cretaceous facies in the forms of the Cardita-Beaumonti beds.

It is evident that the Ranikot series is very low down in the Nummulitic series,
and, whilst it contains relics of a somewhat modified Cretaceous fauna, the Eocene facies

predominates.
The specimens forwarded by H. B. Medlicott, Esq., F.R.S., the Superintendent

* Page 4, fasciculus I.
22 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

of the Geological Survey, from the Ranikot series of Sind were numerous and in good
condition. As was the case with the fossil Corals, we obtained little or no assistance
from the work of MM. d’Archiac and Haime ‘Sur les Animaux Fossiles de l' Inde,’
although their types, fortunately at the Geological Society of London, were accessible.
The wretched state of preservation of these forms and the diagrammatic nature of their
illustrations have been a source of great perplexity to us. Wishing to give these
authors every credit, and to determine their species if possible, we have constantly
failed. The interesting memoir by M. de Loriol, entitled, ‘Monographie des
Echinides contenus dans les couches Nummulitiques de Egypte,’ and that of Dr. W.
Dames, of Berlin, ‘Die Echiniden der vicentinischen und veronischen Tertiarabla-
gerungen,’ have been most useful to us indirectly as well as positively. It will be
found that the fauna of this Ranikot series is a very remarkable one, and that it is as
isolated as that described from Egypt by de Loriol.

Il. List of the Fossil Echinoidea from the Ranikot Series.
Order ECHINOIDEA ENDOCYCLICA.

Family CIDARIDZ:.

Genus Crparis, Klein, 1734.

Cidaris Verneuili, d@’Archiac: p. 26.
Sp.: p. 25.

 

Subgenus Puytuacantus, Brandt, 1835.

Phyllacanthus Ranikoti, Duncan g Sladen: p. 27.
—— Sindensis, Duncan §: Sladen: p. 27.
—— sp.: p. 28.

Genus PorocrpaRis, Desor, 1854.

Porocidaris, sp.? (spine).

Family SALENIADA.

Genus SaLENIA, Gray, 1835.
Salenia Blanfordi, Duncan & Sladen: p. 29.

Family GLYPHOSTOMATA.
Subfamily DIADEMATID &.

Genus CypHosoma, Agassiz, 1840.

Cyphosoma abnormale, Duncan g§ Sladen: p. 32.
sp.: p. 33.

 
OF WESTERN SIND. 23

Genus Acantuxournus, Duncan & Sladen.

Acanthechinus nodulosus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 34.

Subfamily TEMNOPLEUBRIDS,

Genus Dictropteurvs, Duncan & Sladen.

Dictyopleurus ziczac, Duncan & Sladen: p. 38.
—— Haimei, Duncan & Sladen: p. 39, and variety, p. 40.
—— @Archiaci, Duncan & Sladen: p. 41.

Genus ARACHNIOPLEURUS, Duncan g Sladen.

Arachniopleurus reticulatus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 42.

Genus Progonecuinus, Duncan g Sladen.

Progonechinus Eocenicus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 43.

Subfamily ECHINID A,
Section PoLyPort.

Genus Eunyeneustrs, Duncan g Sladen.

Eurypneustes grandis, Duncan g Sladen: p. 46.

Genus /EoLOPNEvsTES, Duncan & Sladen.

olopneustes de Lorioli, Duncan g Sladen: p. 48.

Order ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.
Suborder GNATHOSTOMATA.
Family CONOOLYPEIDZ.

Genus Conociyprus, Agassiz, 1840.

Conoclypeus Sindensis, Duncan § Sladen: p. 51.
—— ?, sp.: p. 52.
—— declivis, Duncan g Sladen: p. 53.

Suborder ATELOSTOMATA.
Family CASSIDULIDZ:.

Subfamily ECHINOLAMPIN &.

Genus Puytuociyprus, de Loriol, 1881.

Phylloclypeus, sp.: p. 54.

Genus PiestoLampas, Duncan g Sladen, 1882.

Plesiolampas placenta, Duncan & Sladen: p. 54.
prelonga, Duncan & Sladen: p. 56.

 

E2
24

THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Plesiolampas ovalis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 58.
— rostrata, Duncan g Sladen: p. 61.
—— polygonalis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 61.

Genus Eotampas, Duncan & Sladen.

Eolampas antecursor, Duncan & Sladen: p. 62.

Subfamily EOHINAN THIN.

Genus Ecutnantuvs, Breynius, 1832.

Echinanthus enormis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 64.

Genus Cassrpuus, Lamarck, 1801.

Cassidulus ellipticus, Duncan g Sladen: p. 65.

Genus Ruyncnoryets, D’ Orbigny, 1855.

*Rhynchopygus Calderi, d’Archiac, sp.: p. 67.
pygmaus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 68.

 

-

Genus Eurnopta, d’Archiac g& Haime, 1853.
Eurhodia Morrisii, @ Archiac ¢ Haime: p. 70.

Genus Paratampas, Duncan g Sladen.

Paralampas pileus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 73.
minor, Duncan & Sladen: p. 74.

 

Genus Nzocatopyaus, Duncan & Sladen.

Neocatopygus rotundus, Duncan g Sladen: p. 76.

Family SPATANGIDA.

Subfamily SPATANGINE.

Genus Hemiaster, Desor, 1847.
Hemiaster elongatus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 78.
—— sp. (?H. digonus, @ Archiac): p. 81.

Genus Lintuta, Merian, 1853.
Linthia indica, Duncan & Sladen: p. 82.

—— sp.: p. 85.
Genus ScHizasTER, Agassiz, 1836.

Schizaster alveolatus, Duncan g Sladen: p. 87.

Genus PRENASTER, Desor, 1853.

Prenaster oviformis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 90.

Genus Metatta, Gray.

Metalia Sowerbyi, @ Archiac, sp.: p. 93.

 

* Probably this species comes from a higher horizon.
OF WESTERN SIND. 26

III. Description of the Fossil Echinoidea from the Ranikot Series of Nummulitic
Strata in Western Sind.

Ordr ECHINOIDEA ENDOCYCLICA.

Family CIDARIDAL.
Genus CIDARIS, Klein, 1734.

The diagnosis of this genus need not be repeated in this work; but it is necessary
to remark that the tubercles are usually perforate, but that they may or may not be
crenulated. ‘The pores are non-conjugate.

There are small portions of a Cidaris in the Ranikot group of strata, but they are
not in a good state of preservation. On endeavouring to compare them with the types
of the genus which were described and figured by MM. d’Archiac and Jules Haime*,
we were surprised to find those carefully delineated fossils absolutely deficient in
details of structure by which the species could be identified. The specimen of Cidaris
Halaensis, d’Archiac & Haime, can be distinguished generically; but clearly the pores
are non-conjugate, the tubercles are large, and the scrobicules are continuous above
and below. No ornamentation or other details exist. Cidaris Verneuili, d’Archiac &
Haime, has also a very bad typical specimen. The ambulacra are slightly wavy, the
interporiferous zones are broad and have vertical series of broad roof-shaped elevations,
two in each zone, and the pores are non-conjugate. In the interradia the scrobicules
occupy the lower part of their plates, the median area is large, and the ornamentation
is much obscured by the effects of sand-scrubbing. ‘There are, however, more or less
radiating series of separate small miliaries with furrows between them. It is with
some hesitation that we place some plates in association with this species. ‘The first
specimens to be noticed do not belong to the species.

1. Crparis, sp. Plate V, Figs. 1-3.

In the indifferently preserved specimens the perforation and faint crenulation of
the interradial tubercles can be distinguished. The interporiferous zone is moderately
wide; and the roof-shaped plates have, in a well-preserved part of the fossil, two
miliaries or very small tubercles on them. ‘The pores are non-conjugate. The badly
preserved ornamentation of the plates beyond the scrobicular circle is small and has
no tendency to be in ridges or series, or to have furrows or lines in the midst. In some
places the minute tubercles are elongate and either irregularly placed or alternate.

The ornamentation of the circle itself is much worn, and was larger than that
beyond, being composed of small rounded tubercles.

The scrobicules are separate above and below, and a single row of small tubercles
is between them and the well-marked suture. ‘The areole occupy the greater part of the
plates ; they are sunken near their periphery, but the bosses soon project as bold cones,

* Animaux foss. de l’Inde.
26 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

the mamelon being small and perforate. The crenulation is distinct in the groove at
the base of the mamelon, but it does not pass over the sides of the boss. There are
from 8 to 10 pairs of tentaculiferous pores in relation to a large interradial plate.

Locality. Ranikot group, north by east of Petidni, west of Kotri. Survey-
number G 782.

Lilustrations of the Specimens in Plate V.

Fig. 1. An interradial plate: magnified.
2. A section of a plate: magnified.
3. A portion of an ambulacrum: magnified.

2. CrpaRis VERNEUILI, d@ Archiac. Plate V, Figs. 6-8.
Cidaris Verneuili, d@’Archiac, 1850, Hist. des progrés de la Géol. t. iii. p. 246.
— ——, @ Archiae & Haime, 1858, Descrip. Anim. foss. de VInde, p. 195, pl. xiii. figs. la & 16.

Some large plates probably belong to this perforate non-crenulate form.

In the largest plate (Fig. 7) the scrobicular area occupies the larger part of the
plate, and is separated from the sutural lines above and below, by the secondary
tubercles of the circle and a few smaller ones beyond. These secondary tubercles are
small, rather wide apart, and have bosses and mamelons. Beyond there is a circle of
much smaller tubercles, which are also rather wide apart, and beyond there are
irregular rows of large miliaries extending to the edges of the plates with suture-like
lines between them. The whole of this ornamentation is on a convex surface which is
slightly higher than the scrobicular area. The boss slopes gradually upwards and has
a wide top, and a circular furrow is around the base of the mamelon. This has a
constricted neck, a depressed convex top, and is largely perforate.

The width of the largest plate is 4 inch; height 58; inch.

Locality. Ranikot series, north-east of Petidni, west of Kotri. Survey-number
G

BLO

8.
3

wo

Illustrations of the Species in Plate V.

Figs. 6 & 7. Plates of Cidaris Verneuili: natural size and magnified.
8. A section of a plate (Fig. 7).

Subgenus PHYLLACANTHUS, Brandt, 1835.

Alexander Agassiz has pointed out that this subgenus has precedence of
Rhabdocidaris of Desor. The group belongs to the genus Cidaris, and the subgeneric
characters are broad interporiferous zones, pores conjugate, tubercles crenulate and
perforate.
OF WESTERN SIND. 27

1. PHYLLACANTHUS RanIkotl, sp. nov. Plate V, Figs. 9, 10.

There are fragments of three species of the subgenus Phyllacanthus in the
Ranikot series. The specimens of one species belong to an old and younger forms, and
in no case are they complete enough for a fair specific diagnosis.

What can be well observed is as follows :—

The ambulacra are slightly wavy, decidedly broad, and the poriferous zones are
sunken ; the interporiferous zone is at nearly the same level as the interradial plates.
The pores are conjugate, and each interporiferous plate has three small tubercles on
it: one, the largest of the three, is a small, broad-based one, with a mamelon, and
it is situated close to the plate bearing the pores; the others are minute and separate.

The ambulacral plates are numerous, and there are sixteen in contact with a large
interradial plate. ,

The interradial plates, well separated by sutural markings, are faintly convex, and
have a large areola which occupies their larger part. The scrobicule is circular in out-
line, very slightly sunken at its margin, and the boss projects as a broad cone termina-
ting in a wide apex, on which is placed a small mamelon. Crenulation occurs on the
grooved apex around the base of the mamelon, which is perforate.

A circle of distinct, small, broad-based tubercles, sixteen to twenty in number, is
around the scrobicule ; they are decidedly larger than those of rest of the ornamentation,
which consists of two kinds of small tubercles. One, rounder than the other but more
or less elongate, fits in more or less between the larger tubercles just mentioned ; and
the other kind consists of small elongate granulations, which radiate from the scrobicular
circle of larger tubercles to the sutural marking. ‘The larger scrobicules are rather
close together above and below, and they are separated by the suture and a few
minute tubercles, besides the rows of larger ones. But the smaller plates carry a few
large and small ornamental tubercles near the suture, on the other side of which some
little amount of space is occupied by the elongate ornamentation beyond the scrobicule.
The median interradial region is slightly sunken, and the ornamention is only moderate
inextent. The test appears to have been rather a high one.

The scrobicular circle of separate, small, tubercles is a striking feature in this
species, as is also the fact of there being six vertical rows of minute tubercles in the
interporiferous zone, which, of course, is broad. The great number of pores in relation
to a large plate is very remarkable.

Locality. Ranikot series, in the higher part of the gypseous marls from hills east

of Lynyan. Survey-number G -32;.

Illustrations of the Species in Piate V.
Fig. 9. Phyllacanthus Ranikoti, sp. nov. The plates: natural size.

10. An interradial plate, with a portion of an ambulacrum: magnified.

2. PHYLLACANTHUS SINDENSIS, sp. nov. Plate V, Figs. 11, 12.

There is a fragment of a Cidarid in the collection, consisting of four interradial
plates and part of an ambulacrum, which appears to belong to the subgenus Phylla-
28 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

canthus, and to differ from the last mentioned. The ambulacra are broad, and there
are two small miliaries, in vertical series, in the interporiferous zone of one side, and
also a very minute third series. The number of pairs of tentaculiferous pores, in rela-
tion to an interradial plate, is probably about 10 or 12. The bosses of the interradial
plates are well-developed, surmounted by a small mamelon, with a constricted neck,
and rather depressed top, which is perforate. Crenulation is on the groove around the
base of the mamelon. There is a row of small tubercles, about 16 in number, around
the scrobicular circle, which is barely sunken, and beyond there are numerous smaller
rounded tubercles, gradually diminishing to the size of miliaries close to the sutural
edges. The scrobicules are separated from the upper and lower sutural edges by the
single row of larger tubercles.

The locality of this species is in the Ranikot series, north by east of Petidni.

5 280
Survey-number G 332.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate V.

Fig. 11. Phyllacanthus Sindensis, a portion of the test: natural size.
12. A plate: magnified.

Were there any pits within the scrobicular circles of these specimens, their alliance
with the genus Porocidaris would of course be certain ; but there are none.

3. PHYLLACANTHUS, sp. Plate V, Figs. 4, 5.

A very much worn specimen from the Ranikot series shows very indistinct remains
of furrows close to the scrobicular circle, and converging towards the base of the boss.
The ambulacra are moderately broad, the pores are conjugate, and the boss is crenulate
at its groove around the small perforate mamelon. The scrobicule is moderately
sunken, and is surrounded by a row of small secondaries, and beyond it are many irre-
gularly placed and smaller rounded miliaries. It is impossible to determine the
species, and, indeed, there may be some doubt about the genus, for so many of the
Ranikot fossils are slightly sand-scrubbed, and it is amongst the number.

Locality. Ranikot series, north by east of Petidni. Survey-number G 282.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate V.

Fig. 4. Phyllacanthus, sp., a part of the test: natural size.
5. A plate: magnified.

Family SALENIADA, Desor.
Genus SALENIA, Agassiz.

Small swollen Urchins with a small peristome, barely marked with cuts. The
ambulacra are flexuous, and composed of narrow, simple poriferous plates, ornamented
only with small, closely placed granules. ‘The interambulacral tubercles are very large,
crenulate and imperforate. The apical disk is compact and has an undulating
' OF WESTERN SIND. — 29

contour; it is ornamented on its surface; and the sutures are usually punctured with
isolated pits. There is a single suranal plate, placed in such a manner that a line
drawn through its centre and the middle of the periproct reaches the other side of
the anal ring and traverses an ocular and not a genital plate.

The species are Cretaceous, Eocene, Miocene, and Recent.

1, SaLentiA BLANForDI, sp. nov. Plate VI, Figs. 1-8.

The test is large, depressed, broader than high, flat at the abactinal surface, and
narrower and slightly incurved at the actinal part, and convex at the ambitus.

The apical system is small, does not reach nearly to the edge, where the test
becomes suddenly convex; it projects very slightly at the suranal plate, and is pen-
tagonal or obscurely circular in outline. The anal opening is large, and is surrounded
by a raised ring, which is highest where it is formed by the edge of the suranal
plate, and lowest where the first ocular plate enters into its composition. The shape
of the opening is an irregular oval. The madreporic genital plate (plate no. 2), irre-
gularly triangular in shape, is smallest externally and broadest internally; it is of
about the same dimensions as the third and fourth generative plates, being very
slightly the larger. Its margins, like those of the other apical plates, are deeply and
sparsely indented, and its generative pore is in the outer third; the small madreporic
pit is raised and nearly central, and there is some minute pitting also. The plate
does not reach the anal orifice, and is in contact with the generative plate on either
side and with the suranal plate. The left anterior generative plate (the third)
resembles the madreporic in its contour; it is flatter, and the pore is large. It
touches the generative plates on either side, and joins the suranal by a dentate
suture like the madreporic. The next plate in succession (the fourth) is of the same
shape as those just noticed; and it is in contact with the suranal plate, but it does
not enter the anal ring. The posterior generative plate (the fifth) is broad within,
where it forms part of the anal ring, and small and pointed externally ; it is shorter
and broader than the others, and is unsymmetrical. Its pore is large and at the base of
the ring. This plate is in contact with the plate just described (the fourth) and with
the ocular plate which enters the anal system, and with the posterior edge of the
suranal plate. The first generative plate resembles the fifth, and forms part of the
anal ring; it is in contact with the suranal plate, and with the ocular plate (no. 1),
and it is also in contact with the madreporic plate and the ocular plate (no. 2).

The ocular plates are wide and short from within outwards; they are curved
within, and straighter without, with a projection pointing to the median line of the
ambulacrum. They are subequal; but the first plate, the right posterior, is curved
externally and broad within, and it enters into the composition of the anal ring, being
united to a generative plate on either flank. The suranal plate is small, and may be
slightly or decidedly smaller than the madreporic plate; it is indented at the orifice,
where its margin forms a moderately developed ridge projecting obliquely ; and it is
in broad contact by processes with the madreporic, the left antero-lateral, and the
left posterior lateral plates (that is, with plates 2, 3, and 4), and it touches by its

F
30 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

extremities the other generative plates which enter into the composition of the anal
orifice.

The suranal plate is thus in contact with all the generative plates. One ocular
plate, the right posterior lateral, enters into the composition of the anal ring, and
so do the two generative plates, that is to say the first and fifth.

The ambulacra are narrow, slightly wavy in their course; the poriferous zones
reach from the level of the test obliquely to the interporiferous zones, which are
decidedly above the level of the interradia. The poriferous zones are narrow, and
their plates are numerous and about 40 in vertical series. The pores are round and
well open ; and one is a perforation in an ambulacral plate, and the other of the pair,
placed more or less obliquely and nearer the interporiferous zone, is formed by an
excavation on the edges of two consecutive plates. Each of these last kind of pores is
in the line of suture of the consecutive ambulacral plates, and each is separated from the
other above it by a ridge continued from the base of the tubercle on the edge of the
interporiferous area. The interporiferous zone has on either side a vertical series of
small secondary tubercles with minute mamelons and non-crenulate bosses; and each
tubercle corresponds to a broad part of an ambulacral plate. In the median space
there are two parallel, vertical rows of large miliaries, of about the same number as
the secondaries, and also a few microscopic granules.

The interambulacra are wide, and occupy much space at the peristome and around
the apical disk.

There are four very large, projecting primaries ; and in some areas there is a fifth,
but slightly smaller, primary tubercle. The larger tubercles have a large boss with a
circular shoulder to it, and a broad top which is crenulate: The mamelon is small,
and has a decided neck and a rather flatly rounded top.

The scrobicular circle is distinct and is composed of a few small tubercles, with
still smaller ones intercalated here and there. The circle is complete between the
tubercles, but not between the tubercles and the poriferous zone. An irregular row of
miliaries is beyond the circle on each plate. ‘The space occupied by the small plate in
each area, near the apex, is covered with a crowd of large miliaries ; and these pass into
the median line, but they soon become sparsely distributed there in two rows with an
occasional intercalation. Near the peristome, where the small primaries are found, the
miliaries increase in number.

The peristome is rather larger than the apical system, is somewhat deeply placed,
is obscurely pentagonal or nearly circular in outline, and the cuts for the branchie are
very small. The plates are numbered in this description according to Lovén.

Height of largest test +4; inch; breadth 3 inch.

Locality. Ranikot series, north by east of Petidni, west of Kotri. Survey-num-
ber G 789.

‘There is a small much worn specimen of a young Salenia in the collection from the
same locality whence the other forms came. It has large primaries ; and the ambulacral
plates are singularly distinct and free from ornament.
OF WESTERN SIND. 31

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VI.

Fig. 1. Salenia Blanfordi, Duncan & Sladen. The test: natural size.
2. The apical system and upper surface: magnified.
3. A larger specimen, showing the actinal surface: slightly magnified.
4. The abactinal surface; magnified.
5. A specimen: natural size.
6. A portion of an ambulacrum : magnified.
7. Three plates of the interradium: magnified.
8. A young specimen: magnified.

This species of Salenia was especially noticed by Mr. W. T. Blanford, F.RS.,
during the Survey of Sind, and he was good enough to examine it and to send a
description of it to us. He noticed the remarkable smallness of the apical disk,
and that one of the ocular plates enters the anal ring. These are the two distinctive
characters of the form, which distinguish it from the European Nummulitic Salenia
Pellati, Cotteau, and Salenia tertiaria, Tate, of the Miocene of Australia.

Family GLY PHOSTOMATA.
Subfamily DIADEMATIDZ.

Genus CYPHOSOMA, Agassiz, 1840.

Test moderate in size, circular or subpentagonal, slightly inflated at the sides.
General facies of test shows a regular and uniform development of its parts.

Poriferous zones well developed and undulated.

Pores simple, usually unigeminal throughout, sometimes bigeminal on the upper
surface, and slightly crowded together around the peristome. The poriferous plates are
unequal and irregularly arranged.

Primary tubercles nearly equal in both areas. Areole well developed and some-
times marked with radiated striations. Bosses prominent, summits sharply crenulated.
Mamelon large, prominent, and imperforate.

Peristome moderate in size and with small cuts.

There are five specimens of a regular Echinid which come from the Ranikot series
of Sind, and they are in a good condition. Four of the specimens belong to one species ;
but there is some doubt about the similarity of the fifth to them, notwithstanding the
allowances that may be made for its being the youngest and smallest of the forms.

The species belong to the genus Cyphosoma, Agass.; but they are somewhat
abnormal, on account of the want of correspondence in size between the ambulacral
and interradial primary tubercles, the last-mentioned being decidedly the larger. The
other structural characters clearly bring the forms within the generic idea ; and there-
fore they are placed in it, especially as some variation between the dimensions of the
tubercles of both areas has been noticed in some species in Europe.

F2
32 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

1. CypHosoma ABNORMALE, Duncan & Sladen, sp. nov. Plate VII, Figs. 1-7.

The test is depressed, circular in marginal outline, very bulging at the sides, nearly
flat at the abactinal surface, and slightly concave actinally, notwithstanding some
convexity of the areas around the rather small sunken peristome.

The apical system is small; details not preserved.

The ambulacra are comparatively narrow, and enlarge moderately only, at the
ambitus; they are not quite one half of the breadth of the interradial areas at the
most convex part of the test, and the broad poriferous zones are on a slightly lower
level than the interporiferous areas.

The pores are very small and numerous, bigeminal, and more or less in arcs from
the ambitus to the apical system, and in slightly arched simple series near the peristome.

At the ambitus the ambulacral tubercles are larger than elsewhere, and they
diminish in size more suddenly towards the peristome than towards the apex, and they
are less numerous in the former direction. The larger tubercles have a broad circular
base ; the boss slopes gradually upwards to a well-developed neck, which is surmounted
bya small mamelon, rather flattened at the summit and imperforate. ‘The crenulation
is distinct. A scrobicular circle of a few large and small miliaries is around each
tubercle ; and near the poriferous zone the larger of these miliaries are in relation to
a poriferous plate, a line of depression intervening between the successive miliaries.
A small secondary tubercle is seen, here and there, at the ambitus, and usually they
are placed, solitarily, between the vertical series of larger tubercles. Near the apex the
tubercles are small, and the circle of smaller tubercles is ill-defined; but there are a
few’ tubercles of intermediate size in vertical series. Still nearer the ambitus the
tubercles are larger, and begin to assume the character of those at the ambitus. Near
the peristome there is a short close vertical series of small tubercles of intermediate
size, followed by wider-apart ones, which gradually become typical tubercles. In the
close series the scrobicular circle of miliaries is not seen; but it commences directly
there is any appreciable distance between the tubercles.

The interradial areas are wide, even at the apex; and their tubercles are small
away from, and large and projecting at the ambitus; they are larger than those of
the ambulacra. A large tubercle at the ambitus, has a broad base, a slanting conical
boss, which is broadly crenulate, with a large and narrow neck and a small, rather
flat mamelon. The scrobicular circle, of a single row of large miliaries, is incomplete
between the vertical series of tubercles, but nearer the apical system it is nearly com-
plete. There, the tubercles are wider apart, and the miliary circle is sparsely furnished.
At the actinal surface the tubercles are larger than at the apex, and the scrobicules of
the vertical series are not separated.

The median area of the interradials is wide and very sparely ornamented with large
and small miliaries near the apex, a very few small tubercles with crenulated bosses
being placed in alternate vertical series near the median line of suture. They are
largest at the ambitus.

Between this series and the scrobicular circles are large miliaries, many with a
OF WESTERN SIND. 33

sharp point; they form rather indefinite scrobicular circles around the small tubercles ;
and others are dotted about here and there, sparingly. Hence the ornamentation is
distinct, sparing, and unequal in the median area, and it passes in arcs on one side of
the great tubercles.

Between the scrobicular circles of the interradials and the poriferous zones, the
ornamentation consists of a vertical series of small tubercles, unequal in size, and of a
few large miliaries. This ornamentation diminishes near the apical system, and a few
miliaries are seen near the poriferous zones. A similar diminution occurs near the
peristome in the ornamentation of this particular region. There are traces of an
indefinite ribbing down the flanks of some of the bosses of the interradial area, near the
poriferous zones.

Dimensions. Breadth of the specimen 153; inch; height rather more than 4 inch.

Locality. North by east of Petidni, west of Kotri. Ranikot series. Survey-
number G 732.

A second specimen is smaller than the type and evidently younger. The height
is 4 inch, and the breadth 15%; inch. The ornamentation is less elaborate than that of
the type; but the large miliaries of the plates near the apical system, in the interradia,
are better defined in their circular arrangement. The specimen came from the same
deposit as that just described.

A small form clearly belongs to this species; and the principal distinction is one
of age, and relates to the ornamentation, which is more scanty.

Further, a small form has to be noticed ; and its value is in the preservation of the
peristomial margins. The peristome is small, and the cuts are very small. The pori-
ferous zone is simple, and the more or less arched series of pores is unigeminal, except
in one or two spots near the apex in some zones. It is from the same locality ; and the
dimensions are, breadth 33; inch and the height 33; inch.

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate VII.

Fig. 1. Cyphosoma abnormale, Duncan & Sladen. The side view of a large
specimen: natural size.

The abactinal surface: slightly magnified.

. A small specimen: magnified 2 diameters.

An ambulacrum of the large specimen: magnified.

The interradial tubercles, near the ambitus, of the smaller specimen:
magnified.

6. The poriferous zone and the adjoining ambulacral and interradial plates,

near the peristome, of the larger specimen: magnified.
7. An interradial plate of the large specimen: magnified.

ee

2. CypHosoMA, sp. Plate VII, Figs. 8, 9.

A small specimen of a rather worn Cyphosoma is in the Ranikot series collection,
and is from the same locality as the other forms. Its tubercles are small, and there
is not much distinction in size between those of the different areas. The pores are in
34 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

arcs and in simple series, and the ornamentation is very simple. Possibly it may be a
young specimen of the species just described.
The breadth is 38 inch, and the height is not quite 58; inch.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VII.

Fig. 8. The test: natural size.
9. A poriferous zone and adjoining areas: magnified.

There are two fragments of a test of a Cyphosoma from the locality which yielded
the more perfect specimens. One is part of a large form of the species just described ;
and the other belonged to a large test of another species. This test is characterized by
the elaborate ornamentation which exists between the vertically placed tubercles, whose
scrobicular circles are distinct. The intervening space is ornamented with small
tubercles, with mamelons and indefinite scrobicular circles of miliaries, and with some
large and small miliaries, which are irregularly placed.

Genus ACANTHECHINUS, gen. nov.

A large fragment of a regular Echinid allied to the Diadematide, without apical
and actinal portions, and showing one half of the rest of the test, is in the collection
from the Ranikot series. The details of the structures of the test are unlike those
of any known genus. ‘The description of the specimen can only relate to the general
shape and the details of the ambulacral and interradial areas.

We propose to include this form as a new genus; for although it has some of
the characters of Stirechinus, Desor*, there are generic distinctions to be observed
between them.

Test turban-shaped. Ambulacra convex from side to side, one half the breadth
of the interradial areas, with two incomplete vertical rows of primaries. Pores in
numerous pairs, forming a double series near the apex only. Interradials with sunken
median areas, plates distinctly sutured and high. Primary tubercles of both areas well
developed, some on raised areole, all with a broad-based tumid boss and a small mamelon;
they are imperforate, but largely crenulate, with ridges passing down their flanks.
Secondaries or large miliaries sharply pointed and spiny.

The species may be called Acanthechinus nodulosus.

1. ACANTHECHINUS NoDULOosus. Plate VIII, Figs. 1-3.

The original shape of the test was probably turban-shaped, or depressed and
circular, or subpentagonal in marginal contour. It was flat actinally, bulged at the
ambitus and for a short distance above, and it sloped gradually upwards to the apex,
being less convex there.

Compared with the interradials, the ambulacral areas are small, but nearly as
prominent. At the ambitus the width of the ambulacrum is not more than that of one

* Desor, ‘Synopsis des Echinides Fossiles, p. 131. Stirechinus Scilla, Desor,=Hchinus Scille, Desm.,
from the Pliocene of Palermo and Monte Mario.
OF WESTERN SIND. 30

half of the interradial area. The ambulacra are narrow, and are convex from side to
side. There are a few primaries in the interporiferous zone. They are small at the
apical end, enlarge gradually towards the ambitus, and cover much of their plates there.
They are in two alternate vertical rows, and have broad bases, tumid bosses, and small
mamelons. The bosses are crenulate, and also ridged down their flanks; they are
upon slightly raised areole, which are marked with linear depressions and intermediate
ridges in connexion with the poriferous plates. The sutures between the plates of the
interporiferous zones are distinct ; and between them and the base of the mamilliform
processes are a few large miliaries in an incomplete circle, and they are sharply pointed
or nodulose, and are usually oblique in their direction. The crenulation takes on the
form of nodules more or less sharp, and ridges with intermediate furrows, and there
may be pointed granules on the bosses. The small mamelon has a constricted neck
and is imperforate.

Every plate of the interporiferous zone has not a primary tubercle on it, and there
are small wedge-shaped plates between the tubercle-bearing ones in vertical series.
Hence the tubercles are rather wide apart, one above the other. The intermediate
plates are furrowed at their edge in the direction of the poriferous plates, and they have
a few oblique and sharp-pointed miliaries on them. They have well-marked sutures,
and are comparatively smaller at the ambitus than near the apex.

The poriferous zones are narrowest actinally, and slightly largest near the apex ;
they are placed obliquely on the test, on the lateral slopes of the ambulacra. The
number of plates is considerable, and there are from 10 to 17 in contact with the
larger interradial plates. ‘The pores are crowded vertically, but only form a double
series near the apex, although there is much close alternation or serial succession
elsewhere. Near the actinostome they are in single vertical series. They are conjugate,
small, slightly elliptical or round ; and each plate has raised margins above and below,
which form between them hood-shaped openings and tubular furrows. These margins
become broken ridges in some places, and may have a miliary tubercle upon them. The
number of pairs differs in relation to the primary ambulacral plates, and there are often
five or eight pairs.

The interradial areas are large, have their sutures very visible, the median space
sunken, and the projecting centre of each plate occupied by a very projecting large
primary, which is flanked by a surface on which are placed a few spiniferous large
miliaries, and some small miliaries here and there.

The bosses are placed on raised scrobicules, surrounded by a more or less complete
circular furrow ; they are tumid cones, with a broad apex and wide base, are furrowed
and ridged on the flanks, and crenulate and nodular above. The mamelon is small, has
a tall constricted neck, and is therefore high ; it isimperforate. There are eight plates
from the ambitus to the apex, in each half of the area; and they are very broad near the
margin, and diminish in breadth, and increase slightly in height, towards the apical
system.

The length of the test is 8; inch; the greatest width of the ambulacra 3%, and of
the interradial areas 7°; inch.
36 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Locality. In the Ranikot series, hills east of Lynyan, from the brown limestone.

126x
Survey-number G “*.

Iilustrations of the Species in Plate VIII.

Fig. 1. Acanthechinus nodulosus, Duncan & Sladen. The remains of the test.
natural size.
2. Ambulacral and interradial plates at the ambitus: magnified.
3. A primary tubercle: magnified.

Subfamily TEMNOPLEURIDZ.

This subfamily, on account of the late discovery of other fossil and recent forms
than it formerly comprehended, must be considerably enlarged. A critical examination
of the genera and species hitherto included in the subfamily, and a careful morpho-
logical study of one group of the genera, necessitate its division into two groups, which
probably may each form a subfamily. It is unfortunate that the genus Temnopleurus,
which is not represented by species in the Nummulitic series, and which is apparently
a recent development, should have given the name to the subfamily, many of the
genera of which are found fossil. The morphology of the test of the genera Temno-
pleurus, Salmacis, Amblypneustes, and Pleurechinus * is peculiar, and the true pits at
the sutural angles undermine the test, whose plates are united by knob and socket
suturing. These morphological details are not found in Temnechinus and the forms
found fossil in the Nummulitic of Sind, although some of them have been classified as
species of Temnopleurus.

Nothing is more distinct than the structure of the outside of the test of the genus
Temnechinus, and the genera we associate with it, and that of the genus Temnopleurus
and the genera already noticed in relation to it. In the one the raised ornamentation
produces the appearance of depressions along the whole line of the sutures, especially
of the horizontal sutures; and in the other there are, besides, deep pits at the sutural
angles and a special method of union of the plates. The structure of the apical system
is peculiar in some of the genera associated with Temmnechinus, and differs from that of
Temnechinus itself. The apical system of the Temnopleurids with true pits appears
to be tolerably uniform, and to be fashioned upon the plan of Temnechinus. Crenu-
lation and non-crenulation of the tubercles exist in both of the groups.

We have had the advantage of examining a very perfect specimen of a Glypho-
cyphus from the Upper Greensand of England, and also of studying the plates of other
species drawn under the direction of Cotteau and Wright. Our form is clearly of the
subfamily Temnopleuride ; but it does not belong to the group with true sutural pits,
but to that with Temnechinid sutural depressions.

The diagnosis of Glyphocyphus is given in d’Archiac and Haime’s ‘ Animaux

* P. Martin Duncan, Journ. Linnean Soc. vol. xvi. p. 243, 1882, and ibid. p. 448.
OF WESTERN SIND. 37

Fossiles de l’Inde.’ It includes small urchins, more or less swollen, with straight and
simple poriferous zones. The peristome is small and sunken, and the apical disk narrow
and annular. The tubercles are small, usually not very distinct, and are crenulate and
perforate ; they arise from the midst of a close miliary granulation, which forms a kind of
star around each tubercle. The interambulacral plates have their sutural lines distinct and
even slightly grooved, so as to give the test asculptured appearance. Desor is mistaken in
asserting that the tubercles are neither crenulate nor perforate. In the delineations of
Goldfuss of the species nothing can be made out satisfactorily ; but in Desor’s pictures
of Glyphocyphus radiatus the whole of the ocular plates come into the oral ring, and
the primary tubercles have a vertical ridge uniting them. The tubercles are perforate
and crenulate in British specimens, and in Glyphocyphus conjunctus (the Arbacia
conjuncta of L. Agassiz) the whole of the tubercles are united by elongate granules,
but the aboral lines are not so distinct as in the type of the genus. In Glyphocyphus
Neocomiensis, Cotteau, the tubercles are both crenulate and perforate.

Glyphocyphus may be considered to be the type of the group of which Temnechinus
forms a part.

In the Ranikot series of Sind, which is at and above the base of the Nummulitic
strata, several remarkably ornamented Echini have been found by the Geological
Survey of India under Messrs. Blanford and Fedden.

Others had been discovered many years since and were sent to MM. d’Archiac
and Jules Haime for description in their great monograph ‘ Sur les Animaux Fossiles
de l'Inde.’ They were described in that work and figured, and were returned to the
Geological Society of London. The descriptions are long, and the drawings are
exquisitely definite; but the specimens themselves are not in a condition to satisfy us
even about their generic position, from the light cast upon them by the beautiful speci-
mens belonging to forms from the same area and in our hands.

We are not satisfied that they have true pits at the sutural angles; and it appears
to us that the various species are members of one of the groups typified by Glyphocyphus
of the subfamily with raised ornamented ridges and depressions over the sutures.

The drawings in ‘ Les Animaux Fossiles’ have misled Desor and A. A gassiz; and
in the report on the ‘ Challenger’ Echini there is an exquisite drawing by this last-
mentioned author of a Pleurechinus, which he compares with Temnopleurus Valen-
ciennest, D’Archiac & Haime. In Pleurechinus bothryoides of Japan the ornamenta-
tion is raised, and the sutures are distinctly penetrated by a deep depression at the angle
of the plates. It isa true Temnopleurid. But an examination of the type from Sind
drawn by Messrs. d’Archiac and Jules Haime proves that it was so weathered that.
the imagination of the draughtsman was founded on miserably defective structural
details. The drawing in the plate of the great work is absolutely a restoration. No
deep pits are to be seen at the angles.

The specimens of Echini with raised ornamented ridges and without penetrations
at the angles of the sutures, and which were derived from the Ranikot series of Sind,
are numerous. Some are beautifully preserved, others are so in parts, and a few have
been so weathered and worn that they might almost be placed in different genera.

G
38 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

The well-preserved specimens indicate clearly that they have a most elaborate raised
ridge-like ornamentation, and no sutural depressions and penetration ; and the badly-
preserved ones have the appearance of deeply-bevelled sutures, and as if the test had
been cut out, instead of added to, in thickness.

Genus DICTYOPLEURWS, gen. nov.

The test is small, hemispherical above, slightly concave below, with a small
peristome and small cuts. The pairs of pores are in continuous straight series. The
tubercles of both areas are very small. Those of the ambulacra are in two vertical
series close to the pores, and each tubercle is united by a vertical raised ridge with
those above and below, and by a zigzag of raised ridges with those of the other
vertical series opposite. The tubercles of the interradial areas, in two vertical series,
are on vertical raised ridges or ribs. Each tubercle is continuous with two of the
opposite series by a raised ridge, and sends off two or three ridges to the poriferous zone.
The tubercles are faintly perforate and slightly crenulate, and there are indications of a
few secondaries around them. The perforation and crenulation is indistinct in the ambu-
lacralareas. Here and there the narrow raised ribs have small granules upon them.
The sutural lines of the plates are distinctly seen, and there are no depressions or
penetrations of them. The apical system, obliquely placed, is elongate; and one
ocular plate enters the anal ring.

1. DictyopLeurus ziczac, Duncan & Sladen. Plate IX, Figs. 1-3.

The test is small, hemispherical above the rather tumid ambitus, which is cir-
cular in outline, and slightly concave actinally, where there is a small sunken peri-
stome with slight cuts.

The apical system is large for the size of the test, is placed obliquely, and the
anus is elongate and elliptical in outline. The direction of the long axis is as in
an Echinometra. ‘The ring of generative plates is narrow; and one ocular, the right
posterior, enters into the composition of the anal ring. The madreporic body rises
like a small knob, and its plate is the largest; none of these plates enter far into the
interradial areas. The ocular plates have triangular depressions on their sutures on
either side of a vertical line, and the pore is visible near the apex of the blunt angular
projection.

The ambulacra, about one half of the breadth of the interradials at the ambitus,
have two vertical series of small tubercles on narrow, raised, rounded ridges, placed
close to the poriferous zones. The tubercles are small, very faintly perforate and
crenulate, and they increase in size and number actinally. The interporiferous zone is
crossed by a zigzag of raised ridges, which unite the opposite and alternate tubercles
on the vertical ridges. Much of the surface of the plates is seen on either side of the
ridges, and the sutural lines are distinct ; these cross over the ridges in young specimens.
The pairs of pores are in single rows, and there are three pairs opposite each interradial
OF WESTERN SIND. 389

plate; they are rather large, and some perforate the ridge which passes from the ambu-
lacral raised ridge to that of the interradial area. The interambulacra are broad, and
have two vertical, narrow, raised ridges, on which are placed the twelve small primary
tubercles. The ridges are rounded, sometimes have a single granule here and there;
and the tubercles are largest near the ambitus, being very faintly perforate and crenu-
late, and occasionally surrounded by a circle of small miliaries. The median inter-
ambulacral space is occupied by a zigzag of slightly curved, narrow, rounded ridges,
smaller than those of the vertical series, and extending from the tubercles of one series
to those of the other in oblique paths. These ridges sometimes carry a large granule
or two.

‘The coronal plates are very visible between the cross ridges, and the sutural lines
are very distinct. Like those of the ambulacra, the sutures do not mark the ridges in
the larger specimens, but they cross them in the younger. Between the interradial
tubercles and the ambulacra there are groups of two or three ridges passing obliquely
off from each tubercle; these pass between the poriferous plates, and are sometimes
perforated by the pores, and finally unite with the adjoining vertical ridge of the
ambulacrum.

Height of test 32; inch, breadth 33; inch.

Locality. North by east of Petidni. Ranikot series. Survey-number G 73%.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate IX.

Fig. 1. The test of Dictyopleurus ziczac: natural size.
2. The apical system: magnified.
3, An ambulacrum and interradial area: magnified.

2. DicryopLeuvrus Hamel, sp. nov. Plate IX, Figs. 4, 5.

The test is small, tumid at the ambitus, which is circular in outline, conical above,
rather flat actinally, and sunken at the small peristome. Apical disk wanting, but its
direction appears to have been oblique. The ambulacra are much narrower than the
interradial areas ; the poriferous zones are narrow, and consist of a continuous single
series of pairs of pores, which usually penetrate ridges connected with the interradial
tubercles. There are three pairs of pores to each interradial plate. Immediately within
the series of pores is an indistinct raised ridge; it is vertical, thin, straight, and discon-
tinuous, here and there carrying very small tubercles; these are largest near the actinal
surface, and have swollen bosses and small mamelons. Crossing the space, in the inter-
poriferous region, between these vertical ridges is a series of oblique narrow ridges,
sometimes linear, at others thicker, and ornamented with one or two rows of miliaries.
These pass from one tubercle to those of the opposite series above and below;
and there is distinct space between them in which the sutures can be seen. Here
and there the zigzag becomes disorderly.

The interambulacral areas have two vertical narrow ridges, one on each coronal
G2
‘40 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

series ; they are more or less discontinuous where the small crenulate and perforate
primaries exist. These are in slightly sunken scrobicules. Actinally the scrobicules
are in contact with the vertical ridge, which usually has a row of miliaries on it. On
either side, and abactinally to the scrobicule, is a raised ornamentation (on the base of
which rests the scrobicule) extending on either side, and marked with two or three
horizontal rows of miliaries. Towards the ambulacrum this ornamentation divides into
three ridges, which are continuous with the poriferous plates, and towards the median
line into two ridges, which unite with those of the tubercles above and below of the
neighbouring column. The ridges are narrow and miliary, and the spaces between
them, and on the bottom of which the coronal plates and distinct sutures are seen, are
elongate transversely, being crossed vertically by the raised ridge between the small
primaries.

There are no penetrations of the test at the sutural angles. Actinally the spaces
between the ridges become deeper and smaller.

Height of the test 43; inch, breadth at the ambitus 34; inch.

Locality. Hills east of Lynyan, from brown limestones. Ranikot series. Survey-
number G 289, G i$¢, G $28.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate IX.

Fig. 4. Dictyopleurus Haimet, Duncan and Sladen: natural size.
5. Part of an ambulacrum, and interradial area: magnified.

DicryorLeurus Haime1, Duncan & Sladen, variety.

There are some small specimens of this species in the brown limestone whence
the type was derived ; and they seem almost to unite the species Dictyopleurus costatus
and Dictyopleurus d’ Archiacit. They would be considered young forms of Temnopleurus,

 

 

Dictyopleurus Haimei, var.

and might be classified with one of the species of that genus described by MM.
@Archiac and Jules Haime; but they are not members of the genus Temnopleurus.

The main distinction of these specimens from the type of Dictyopleurus Haimei is
that the bands of transverse raised ornamentation on the interradium are not so split up
and are higher; the bands unite along the median line by short processes, or their angles
OF WESTERN SIND. Al

join. The distinction from Dictyopleurus d’ Archiaci is, that in the variety there is a
vertical line of raised tissue in the interradium on either side, connecting the vertical
row of tubercles together. The test is very thick; and the transverse depressions over
the sutures are deep and much broader than high. There are no pits in the test at
the sutural angles.

3. DicTryopLeurvs D’ARCHIACI, sp. nov. Plate X, Figs. 5-8.

The test is small, conico-turban-shaped, swollen at the ambitus, and sloping
gradually to the apex with a gentle curve. The actinal part is rather flat but slightly
convex, and the actinostome is sunken and small. ‘The apical system is deficient.

The ambulacra are narrow, the poriferous zone slightly sunken ; and the pores are
in simple vertical series, and about three to each interradial plate; they are on slight
ridges. ‘The interporiferous zone has a ribbed ornamentation which crosses it, leaving
rather irregularly-shaped depressions on either side of the median line; these are deep,
square, or irregularly oval and triangular spaces, and are largest above the ambitus.
There are also transverse linear depressions ; the number of plates is considerable, and the
ridges on them are of different lengths. A vertical row of small primaries is on either
side just within the poriferous zone; and the tubercles are raised on the ridges, have a
tumid boss and a small mamelon; they are faintly crenulated. A close ornamenta-
tion of large miliaries, some of which are very distinct, covers the ribs of the ornamenta-
tion. ‘The interradial areas are marked with well-developed ornamented transverse
ridges leaving rectangular furrows between them, whose transverse continuity is
arrested by the primary tubercles. The ridges are broad and high; moreover they
project well from the test; they are rectangular, have their actinal edges slightly wavy,
and are ornamented by three transverse rows of well-developed miliaries. Each one
is connected with the ambulacral poriferous plates by a narrow short ridge, and with
its fellow, on the opposite side of the median line, by a very short process from each
upper and actinal angle. ‘There are two vertical rows of primary tubercles on the
interradial areas, and a primary is thus situated in the midst and towards the actinal
edge of the ornamented ridge. It is large for the dimensions of the plate, is sur-
rounded by a linear scrobicular circle, and has a tumid boss and a small mamelon.
Crenulation and perforation exist. The actinal edge of the tubercle impinges on the
plate below; but no vertical ridge is observed in the perfect form.

Height of specimen + inch, breadth 345 inch.

Locality. Hills east of Lynyan, from brown limestones. Ranikot series. Survey-

280
number G 7§?.

The specimen which has been taken as the type has been weathered, except close
to the supporting piece of rock, and the furrows over the lines of the sutures are very
distinctly shown. In the ambulacra, the larger plates which supported the primary
tubercles are projecting, and there is a vertical ridge between the raised ridges of the
interradial areas in relation to the primary tubercles.

Another specimen, which has been well weathered, shows these points more

distinctly, and is delineated on Plate X, Figs. 7 & 8.
42 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate X.

Fig. 5. Dictyopleurus d’ Archiaci: natural size.
6. A portion: magnified.
7. A weathered specimen: natural size.
8. A portion: magnified.

Genus ARACHNIOPLEURUS, gen. nov.

The test is circular in marginal outline, depressed, tumid at the ambitus, and rising
but slightly above it. Peristome deeply sunken and small, and cuts small. Apical
system large, deficient in details. Ambulacra narrow ; pores uniserial, in slight curves,
penetrating ridges which are continuous with tubercles on the scrobicular circles.
Tubercles small, in vertical series, perforated and crenulate, with very large scrobicules
raised above the test ; small secondaries in a single row on the raised scrobicular circle,
and radiating ridges connecting them with the boss. Sinall nodulose ridges or ribs
uniting the secondaries of each vertical series to those on the scrobicules of the adjoining
vertical series and also to the poriferous zone. Plates and sutures visible between the

ridges.

1. ARACHNIOPLEURUS RETICULATUS, sp. nov. Plate IX, Figs. 6-8.

The test is small, depressed, faintly conical abactinally, depressed actinally, with a
small deeply-sunken peristome with small cuts.

The ambulacra have two rows of small perforate and crenulate tubercles situated close
to the poriferous zone. They are largest at the ambitus, and very small near the apical
system. Inferiorly they are closer together than abactinally, and better developed.
A tubercle at the ambitus has a disk-shaped scrobicule elevated above the mean height
of the test ; and ridges rounded and narrow, but long and shallow, in the form of coste
radiate from the base of the boss. One passes abactinally ; and another actinally crosses
the scrobicule, and reaches its margin, where it may unite with a corresponding one
from the tubercles in vertical series ; or it may unite with some confused coste having
large miliarieson them. On either side of the boss three or four coste radiate laterally,
one set, the longest, joining the coste of the two tubercles of the neighbouring ambu-
lacral plates, and the other, the shortest, pass to the poriferous zone close by. Each
costa is perforated by a pair of pores. A few knobs or large miliaries are on the coste
here and there ; and there are spaces between the coste, large and oblique in the median
area, and wide between each successive boss. The plain surface of the test is seen at
the bottom. Near the actinostome the tubercles and coste become rather crowded, and
the spaces between the coste simulate (but are not) pits in the test. The pores are in
one series, and occupy but little space.

The interradial areas are wide, and have two vertical series of small perforate and
crenulate tubercles rather widely apart. The tubercles are larger than those of the
ambulacra, are largest at the ambitus, and are most crowded towards the peristome,
OF WESTERN SIND. 43

where they rapidly diminish in size. The coste radiate from the base of the boss,
cross the scrobicule, and have a miliary tubercle on them at the circle-edge. ‘Three
or four coste placed close together in a band, unite the tubercles of the same vertical
series, and two bands of two or three coste, each ornamented with a miliary, pass off
obliquely to unite with corresponding coste from the two opposite tubercles. Four
or five costes pass to the poriferous zone, having miliaries here and there, and they
join the perforated coste of the ambulacra.

Other cost occur in the intervals between all these and the bands, and thus a
zigzag series of narrow, shallow, and broad spaces is produced. The peristome is very
small, and the cuts also.

Height of the specimen 345 inch, breadth 3% inch.

Locality. North by east of Petidni, west of Kotri, in the Ranikot series. Survey-

280
number G 73¢-

Illustrations of the Species in Plate IX.

Fig. 6. Arachniopleurus reticulatus, Duncan and Sladen: natural size.
7. Part of an ambulacrum and interradium: magnified.
8. Some ridges near the apical disk: magnified.

Genus PROGONECHINUS, gen. nov.

Test of small size, moderately high, subconical above, concave beneath, margins
tumid.

Poriferous zones straight, pores arranged in simple continuous series throughout.
Ambulacral plates with three pairs of pores directly superposed. Interporiferous areas
with two vertical series of primary tubercles placed marginal ; additional primaries
occurring on the plates near the ambitus; the rest of the plate occupied with granules.
Interradial plates with groove-like slits at the inner extremity of the horizontal sutures.
Interradial areas with two continuous vertical series of primary tubercles, the plates
at the ambitus with two or more companion primaries in horizontal line, the vertical
series of these being not continuous. The primary tubercles of both areas are neither
crenulate nor perforate; those of the interradia are slightly longer than the ambulacral
tubercles, and are sunken in deep scrobicules. Granulation coarse and unequal, with a
tendency to become confluent around the tubercles. Some larger granules with
mamelons. Apical system unknown.

Peristome subcircular, with rather deeply incised slits, with margins thickened and
reverted.

1. Proconecuinus Eocentcus, Duncan & Sladen. Plate X, Figs. 1-4.

The test is depressed, swollen at the ambitus, and sloping convexly to the apex.
The actinal margin is rather pentagonal, the median interradial and ambulacral vertical
lines are slightly depressed, and the spaces on either side are rather tumid. The extra
44 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

tumidity of the ambulacra produces the peculiar marginal outline. Below, the test is
slightly concave.

Apical system wanting. The peristome is rather large, slightly pentagonal, and
the cuts are distinct.

The ambulacra, about one half of the breadth of the interradial areas, have three
pores in aslight depression arranged in simple vertical series, about four being in relation
to an interradial plate. There are three poriferous plates to each whole compound ambu-
lacral plate, and the sutures are very distinct. The adoral poriferous plate is short and
band-like, extending the whole length of the ambulacral plate; the median plate tapers
wedge-like inwardly, and is not more than two thirds of the breadth of the column; and
the aboral poriferous plate is large, and might from its shape be compared to the
primitive plate of anechinid ambulacrum. The plates are placed rather obliquely, and
are more or less granular. Near the apex there is one small primary on each of the
larger plates; near the ambitus there are two; and close to the actinostome there is but
one, and it is larger there than elsewhere.

In the interradial areas the median depression is evident, and the broad and rather
low coronal plates show sutural grooving, and near the angle the appearance of a slit-
like pit.

At the ambitus the ornamentation consists of three small primaries or scrobicules
surrounded by miliary granulation, which partly forms circles around the areas, and a
confused intermediate ornamentation. Abactinally the number of primaries on each
plate diminishes until only one is seen; and actinally they also diminish in number,
become larger until close to the peristome, and have distinct scrobicular circles.
Extending from these larger primaries on the actinal surface to some small primaries
near the pores are zigzag ridges.

The tubercles of the interradial plates have a flat boss and small mamelon, and
are imperforate and non-crenulated. The cuts have a raised elongate ridge around
them.

Height of the specimen 3%5 inch, breadth 33 inch.

Locality. Uncertain ; but the colour and nature of the fossilization indicates the

dark-brown Ranikot limestone. Survey-number G 282.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate X.

Fig. 1. Progonechinus Eocenicus, Duncan and Sladen: natural size.
2. Part of an ambulacrum and interradium near the ambitus: magnified.
3. Part of an interradial area near the actinostome: magnified.
4. Side view : natural size. .

feemarks. This species is interesting as presenting a link between the Diadematide
and Echinide (Triplechinide). The structure of the ambulacra is essentially that of
the former group, whilst the tuberculation and general facies is very suggestive of some
of the fossil forms of Psammechinus. Although the specimen under notice accords
OF WESTERN SIND. 45

closely with the generic formula of Echinodiadema ; it differs greatly both in the form
of the test and in the character of the tuberculation, and differs altogether in the
presence of the Salmacis-like slits or grooves in the sutures of the interradial plates.
This assemblage of characters readily distinguishes our form, and at the same time
debars its admission to any known genus. It is to be hoped that further material will
be forthcoming to enable a more complete diagnosis to be drawn up.

Subfamily ECHINIDZ.
Section POLYPORI.

A fragment of a large regular Echinid of the Polypore type, with a stout test, has
nine interradial plates from the apex downwards preserved; a corresponding space of
an ambulacrum exists, as well as part of another interradium.

Genus KEURYPNEUSTES, gen. nov.

Test of large size, probably subconoid or subdepressed, not tumid.

Ambulacral areas very broad, rather narrower than the interambulacral opposite
the tenth plate. Poriferous zones very wide, about one fifth of the breadth of the
interambulacral area. Pores arranged in three vertical series; five or six poriferous
plates comprised in each whole compound ambulacral plate; the pairs of pores borne
on each are disposed in the zone according to the following order: two or three
consecutive pairs of pores form a slightly oblique arc at the outer margin of the zone ;
the pair borne on the next more aboral poriferous plate stands in the middle of the
zone; and the pairs borne on the succeeding two plates are placed in slightly oblique
sequence on the inner margin of the zone. The outer vertical series thus consists of
slightly oblique arcs of two or of three pairs; the median series, which is somewhat
irregular, of single pairs, widely spaced in vertical sequence; and the inner vertical
series of two pairs of pores, which stand to one another in oblique succession. A
straight and regular, vertical line of primary tubercles stands at the extreme margin of
the interporiferous area on either side; one primary is on each plate, the intermediate
space being occupied by a number of very small widely spaced secondary tubercles
and miliary granules.

Interambulacral areas with two continuous vertical series of primary tubercles
similar to, and only slightly larger than, the ambulacral tubercles, placed nearer to the
poriferous zone than the middle of the plate; near the ambitus a second and more
outward tubercle is present. The inner portion of the plate is occupied by very small
secondaries and miliaries.

In consequence of the wide and trilinearly arranged poriferous zones, this genus
presents a closer superficial resemblance to Hipponoé, Gray (Tripneustes, Agassiz), than
to any other of the Polypori. In structural detail, however, it is widely separate, and
is readily distinguished from any of the known forms by the crenulate tubercles, the
number and arrangement of the pores and poriferous plates, and the character of the
ornamentation.

H
46 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

1. EvRYPNEUSTES GRANDIS, sp. nov. Plate VIII, Figs. 4, 5.

The ambulacrum is very wide, but near the ambitus it has not quite the breadth
of the interradium there. The poriferous zone is very wide, but it does not equal the
interporiferous area in breadth at a slight distance from the apex. The poriferous
zones are nearly on a level with the rest of the test, being very slightly depressed ;
they are narrow towards the apex, but they soon enlarge, and then remain at very
much the same breadth. The series of pores are not crowded except near the apex,
where there is a simple succession opposite the first interradial plate; lower down
there is crowding, and some pores are out of the straight line. The third interradial
plate (and three below it) has in relation to it two distinct series of pores, an outer
and inner, and an indefinite middle series. There is thus a vertical series of pairs
of pores on either side of the poriferous zone, and a more incomplete one, with
intervals here and there, in the middle part of the zone. Really, at the ambitus, there
are two vertical series of triple pairs, one pair often being in the middle of the zone.
Near the ambitus there are usually six poriferous plates to each whole composite
ambulacral plate; but on the upper portion of the area, and also here and there else-
where, one of the poriferous plates is wanting, and the regular sequence of two sets of
triple pairs is destroyed. The pores are large and nearly circular in outline, and the
three and two pairs are close, in vertical succession ; but there is some space between
the series in all directions.

The ornamentation of the poriferous zone is scanty; there are a few small
tubercles, with slightly crenulated processes, and they are placed in twos or threes
obliquely between the succession of the central series of pores. Usually the tubercles
are of three sizes, the smallest being nearest the inner row of pores. Many sharply
pointed miliaries exist on the ridges between the pores, and are oblong or in linear
series.

The miliaries in linear series are very small, and follow the lines of the junction of
the poriferous plates.

The interporiferous zone is narrow towards the apex, and it soon widens, so that
at the level of the tenth interradial plate it is nearly twice the width of the poriferous
zone. ‘The plates are double the number of those of the interradial area, and each one
carries, near the poriferous zone, a primary tubercle, imperforate and crenulated. These
tubercles are smaller than the primaries of the interradial area, and increase in size
from above downwards. They are in vertical series, and are well apart; and the surface
of the test’ between the tubercles is plain. The remainder of the plate has a few very
small and faintly crenulated secondary tubercles on it, and a few miliaries. The
number of these small tubercles increases towards the ambitus, and seven or eight are
noticed on the largest plates.

The interradial area has the plates slightly convex from side to side, and the
sutures very distinctly marked. One vertical row of large crenulated, imperforate
tubercles is on the ambulacral side of the plate, and a second and slightly smaller row
is commenced at the sixth plate from the apex. The tubercles have broad bosses arising
OF WESTERN SIND. 47

from a very faintly marked scrobicule environed more or less distinctly by a few wide-
apart miliaries. ‘The boss is tumid, and the crenulation passes down the flanks; the
mamelon is small. The number of the large tubercles in vertical series, in relation to
that of the ambulacral series, is one half; and the interradial ones are at least one third
larger than the others. As the vertical series passes downwards it is placed nearer the
centre of the plate in order to permit the second series to come in. In the higher
plates, from the fifth towards the poriferous zone, there are a few small, crenulate,
imperforate tubercles ; they are represented by large miliaries nearer the apex, and by
larger tubercles lower down. Towards the median line of the interradial area no
large tubercles exist, but there are several crenulate and imperforate ones about the
size of the boss of the larger tubercles, and they are scattered without order.

Here and there are some small miliaries. Hence there is much median space,
without any large tuberculation, on the upper part of the test.

The breadth of the largest interradial plate is 4 inch, and the breadth of the
ambulacrum at the same level is ¢ inch.

Locality. North by east of Petidni, west of Kotri. Ranikot series. Survey-
number G 789.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VIII.

Fig. 4. The specimen of Eurypneustes grandis, Duncan and Sladen: natural size.
5. The tenth interradial plates and corresponding ambulacral plates: mag-
nified 3 times.

A large portion of the test of one of the regular Echini is in the collection from
the Ranikot series. The actinal surface of the test is partly preserved, but only a
small portion of the peristome is visible; the ambitus is defective, and there are parts
of the ambulacra and interradial series above it in a bad state of preservation. The
apical system is absent. The general shape has been preserved.

The details of the test indicate that it belongs to a genus not hitherto noticed, and
they are described with the hope that, on some future occasion, more perfect specimens
may be found.

Genus AAOLOPNEUSTES, gen. nov.

Test of large size, subcircular or subpentagonal in marginal contour, subdepressed
and subconical abactinally. Sides tumid.

Ambulacra broad, narrower than the interradial areas. Poriferous zone wide,
equal to or greater than half the breadth of the interporiferous area; both zones
broadest just above the ambitus, and decrease gradually towards the peristome. The pores
on the abactinal portion of the zone are arranged in almost horizontal arcs of five or six
pairs, very regular and very closely placed; below the ambitus on the actinal surface the
number of pairs of pores in each arc diminishes, the arc straightens, and the angle of
obliquity decreases, by gradual stages, until close to the peristome the pairs of pores
stand in almost straight and simple vertical series.

H2
48 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

In the interporiferous areas on the actinal surface there is a straight vertical series
of primary tubercles, crenulate and imperforate, placed on each margin, and here and
there a companion tubercle of similar size placed on the inner part of the plate ;
ordinarily, however, this part of the plate is occupied only with a few small and widely
spread miliaries. Jt is impossible to state accurately the disposition of the tubercles
above the ambitus.

The plates of the interambulacral area are very broad and short; in the actinal
portion there are two continuous vertical series of primary tubercles, placed rather
nearer to the poriferous zone than the middle of their respective plate. Near the
ambitus there may be one or even two similar tubercles on either side of the central
primary, standing in a horizontal line, the number of tubercles decreasing towards the
peristome.

The ornamentation of the abactinal portion of the area is undistinguishable; but it
is probable that the inner half of the plate was occupied only by rather widely spaced
miliary granulation. The primary tubercles of both areas are small and uniform in
size.

Peristome small and more or less sunken, with narrow and deeply-indented
mouth-slits,

1, AOLOPNEuSTES DE LoRIoLt, sp. nov. Plate VIII, Figs. 6-9.

The test is thin, pentagonal in marginal outline, tumid at the ambitus, and slopes
thence gradually to a narrow apex. The actinal surface is generally flat, but there is
a slight convexity about it, and the moderately sized peristome is decidedly sunken.

The breadth of the test is nearly double the height; the ambulacra are slightly
more prominent above the ambitus than the interradial areas, which have a strongly
marked median depression; and the primary tubercles are small and equal throughout,
few in number, imperforate and crenulate.

The pores are in simple series near the peristome, but increase in number in relation
to the interradial plates, towards the ambitus, and on the upper part of the test, where
they are in several series of arcs in a broad zone.

The apical system is wanting in the specimen.

The ambulacra are broad, more than one half the width of the interradial areas just
above the ambitus, and then contract gradually towards the peristome. The poriferous
zones are wide, being, above the ambitus, equal to or even more than half the breadth of
the interporiferous area, narrowing greatly towards the peristome. The pores on the
abactinal portion of the zone are arranged in almost horizontal arcs of five or six pairs,
very regular and very closely placed. Just below the ambitus on the actinal surface the
number of pores in each arc is six, and the angle of obliquity about 45°; rather nearer the
peristome the number is reduced to five; and about midway between the ambitus and
the peristome there are only four, and these are arranged in slightly oblique lines
instead of arcs; the number is then reduced to three, and the obliquity becomes still:
less, until close to the peristome the pairs of pores stand in almost straight and
OF WESTERN SIND. 49

simple vertical series. The pores are round, conjugate, close; and close above and
below, the pairs being separated by a ridge with a very small tubercle upon it. The
composition of the ambulacral plate is interesting. The lowest or most adoral of its
poriferous plates usually extends the whole breadth of the ambulacral plate, as a band-
like strip of uniform thickness; the next pair of pores is borne on the primary ambu-
lacral plate; and the succeeding poriferous plates are small wedge-like plates for the
reception of which the primary ambulacral plate has its aboral and outer margin
scooped away, the aboralmost of these small plates not being more than one half the
breadth of the ambulacral plate, the intermediate ones smaller still.

The ornamentation of the interporiferous zone is simple: there is a small primary
tubercle on each plate, placed nearer the poriferous zone than the median sutural line
from the actinostome to near, or midway to, the margin, where a second tubercle is
seen on two or three plates. The tubercles are small, nearly equal, and crenulate,
and their bases are flush with the test. A few very small tubercles, larger than
miliaries, are scattered without much order on the plates near the margin, and are still
nearer the peristome.

The interradial areas are occupied by numerous low and broad plates, larger than
those of the ambulacra ; the median suture is well developed, and the other sutures
also, and they indicate some curving of the upper and lower margins of the plates.
The tubercles are small on the plates, equal to, if not slightly larger than those of the
ambulacra. On the actinal surface there is one primary tubercle on each plate near
the peristome; a little further out there are two, and nearer the margin three, and
finally four to a plate. There are two vertical rows, which reach to the peristome on
each interradial area; and then further out there are rows corresponding with the
increase in number of the tubercles. There are a few very small tubercles, and some
miliaries slightly smaller on the plates, and they are sparsely placed in more or less
concentric rows around the larger tubercles.

Above the margin the number of larger tubercles can be estimated in spite of the
worn condition of the test, and two on each plate appears to be the number. The
smaller tubercles are larger there than on the actinal surface, and surround the larger
ones in a scrobicular circle, giving a granulated appearance.

The cuts for the branchiz are well developed.

The length of the test is nearly 1,45 inch, and the breadth is 252; inch.

Locality, Ranikot series, north by east of Petidni, west of Kotri. Survey-number
G

Ito
alo

8
3
Illustrations of the Species in Plate VIII.
Fig. 6. The outline of the test: natural size.
7. The actinal surface: natural size.
8. A part of the actinal surface : magnified.
9. The cuts and the ambulacrum near the peristome,
50 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Spines of Cidaride. Plates X. & XI.

Numerous spines of species of the genera Cidaris, Phyllacanthus (Rhabdocidaris),
and Porocidaris are in the collection of Echinoidea from the Ranikot series of Sind.

SPINES OF SPECIES OF CIDARIS.

In Plate X. the figures 9 and 10 represent a long tapering spine with a slightly
compressed outline, a plain surface for a short distance above the projecting ring above
the base of the shaft, and longitudinal rows of small, close, bluntly serrate knobs along
the shaft reaching from the plain surface to the tip. .

A larger and more coarsely ornamented spine, with incisions on the ring around
the hollow for the tubercle, is drawn at figures 11 & 12.

A thin, small, and almost plain spine with the milled ring slightly crenulate, on
one side, is drawn on figures 13 & 14.

The locality whence these spines were derived was north by east of Petidni, west
of Kotri, in the Ranikot series. Survey-number G 732.

The broader, stouter, more fusiform, and more roughly granular and spinulose
spines, with slightly triangular and compressed sections, figured on Plate XI. figs. 1-11,
are probably those of species of Cidaris.

Locality. Hills east of Lynyan, Ranikot series. Survey-number G 789.

A Porocidaris spine of great interest is figured on Plate XI. Figure 12. The
spine fractured, natural size, and its section. Figure 13. The same, magnified.

This spine is greatly compressed above the cylindrical base, which has a crenulate
ring below the shaft, and also a crenulate ring around the cavity for the tubercle.

The shaft has a broad central part, from the sides of which numerous stout pro-
cesses project obliquely upwards. The front of the flattened shaft has a longitudinally
striated ridge; and the back is slightly convex and striated. The raised strie pass
off into the lateral processes.

Locality. Makli Hill scarp, near Tatta, Ranikot series. Survey-number G 228.

Numerous large, much flattened, broad spines, with small crenulate rings, belong
to the genus Phyllacanthus (Rhabdocidaris, Desor). The flat surfaces are ornamented
with numerous blunt serrations; and these are largest at the sides, from which some
project considerably. Plate XI. figs. 14-23.

Locality. Hills east of Lynyan, Ranikot series. Survey-number G 289.
OF WESTERN SIND. 51

Order ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.

Suborder GNATHOSTOMATA..
Family CONOCLYPEID.

Genus CONOCLYPEUS, Agassiz, 1840 (amended).

Large Urchins, more or less oval or elliptical in marginal outline, conical, vaulted
swollen or subconical above, rather flat actinally, and with a thick test. Apical system
button-shaped and projecting ; ocular plates very small. Ambulacra very long, straight,
not tending to close; poriferous zones broad, conjugate ; grooves well developed ; inter-
poriferous zone large. Peristome central, with well developed tumid bourrelets, and
without a phyllode. Jaws exist, and auricles also. Periproct inframarginal or mar-
ginal, oval and longitudinal. Ornamentation small, very equal, of sunken scrobicules
surrounding small tubercles, with a mamelon which is perforate and crenulate, and
separated by a raised surface minutely granular.

1. ConocLyPEus SINDENSIS, sp. nov. Plate XII, Figs. 1-4.

The test is very thick, elliptical in marginal outline, subconical, broader than high,
longer than broad, more tumid anteriorly than posteriorly (above the swollen ambitus),
and sloping more suddenly anteriorly than posteriorly. The transverse section in a line
with the apical system, which is excentric in front, is nearly hemispherical above. In
the longitudinal section, the posterior slope from the apical system is at first rather
sharply impressed, then curved outward somewhat tumidly at about two thirds the
distance from the apex to the posterior extremity, and thence slopes down rather rapidly
to the margin. ‘The actinal surface is slightly tumid, and slopes to the margin and
to the central peristome. Apical system defective, but was small.

The ambulacra are long and unequal. The odd and the anterior pair are straight ;
and the posterior pair, which are the longest, are gracefully curved, being bowed out
laterally at their upper third conformably with the incurved or impressed portion of the
odd interradium. They do not come very close to the margin, and are widely open
at the extremity.

The poriferous zones are broad; the pairs of pores are numerous, the grooves
between them well pronounced, and the raised intermediate ridges have one row of well-
developed granules. In the anterior odd ambulacrum the poriferous zone is broader
than the interporiferous area, except in the actinal third, where this last region is
slightly the broadest. But in the posterior ambulacra, at the lower end of the upper
third the interporiferous zone is equal in breadth to one of the poriferous zones. The
inner pore is larger than the outer.

At the actinal termination of the ambulacra, and above the margin, the poriferous
52 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

zones suddenly diminish in breadth, and the direction of the pores becomes oblique,
and that of the grooves also; so that whilst the direction of the inner pores is nearly
in the line of the series, that of the outer set describes about one quarter of a
circle. A single row of pores is continued from each zone over the ambitus to the
peristome, where the direction becomes slightly irregular and alternate; but there is
no doubling there, nor is there a true phyllode. The interambulacra are swollen
and somewhat boldly convex close to the apex; and they are more rounded and tumid
midway to the ambitus.

The peristome is central, large, deep, transversely elongate; and the projecting,
rounded, and bluntly pointed bourrelets have grooves between them for the gutter-
shaped ends of the ambulacra.

The ornamentation is slightly largest actinally, and it decreases towards the am-
bitus. It is subequal and small on the apical part of the test, and everywhere consists
of a raised interscrobicular granular part and sunken scrobicules with small tubercles
consisting of a boss and small mamelon, which are not higher than the ordinary
level of the test. Traces of crenulation are seen here and there; and the minute
mamelon is perforate.

The periproct is inframarginal and elongate longitudinally, and it transgresses
slightly on the margin, which is less tumid posteriorly.

Height of the test at the apex 23/5 inches, breadth 4 inches, length 4,5; inches.

Locality. North-east of Petidni, west of Kotri. Ranikot series. Survey-number
G 28

ko
alo

°

ro

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XII.

Fig. 1. The actinal surface of the test: natural size.
2. An end of an ambulacrum: slightly magnified.
3. The ornamentation: magnified.
4, Part of an ambulacrum, high up: magnified.

2. ConocLyPEus?, sp. Plate XII, Figs. 5, 6.

There is a specimen from the hills east of Lynyan, from the brown Ranikot
limestone, which is so much worn that its specific diagnosis is not possible, and the
generic is also doubtful.

The marginal outline is oval and broadest posteriorly ; and the periproct is oval,
pointed in front, longitudinal, and transgresses on the margin. The ambitus is tumid,
and the abactinal surface is conical, the height being less than the breadth. ‘The
ambulacra come rather close to the margin, are widely open; and the poriferous zones
are not very broad, and end in a point. The apex appears to have been central and
the ornamentation small.

Probably it is a species of Conoclypeus ; but the actinal surface is not visible.

Height of specimen 2;'5 inches, breadth 34% inches, length 4,3; inches.

Survey-number G 789,
OF WESTERN SIND. 53

Iilustrations of the Specimen in Plate XII.

Fig. 5. Side view: natural size.
6. The periproct: natural size.

3. CoNOCLYPEUS DECLIVIS, sp. nov. Plate XII, Fig. 7.

Another specimen, probably of aspecies of Conoclypeus, is much broken and covered
with brown limestone. It is oval, but is broadest in front and narrower, decidedly, behind;
the margin is sharp, and the test slopes up to the apex, which is slightly excentric and in
front not with a convex tumidity, but with here and there concave surfaces, becoming
convex close to the apex. The ambulacra are unequal, the posterior being the longest,
and they come down rather close to the margin ; they are widely open, and the interpori-
ferous zone is broader than a poriferous, nearly throughout. The poriferous zones are not
very wide, end in a point, and the ridges between the conjugate pores are multigranular.
The ornamentation of the interporiferous zone is of numerous sunken scrobicules, with
intermediate granulation, and the bosses are small and with small mamelons. The inter-
ambulacra differ in size on account of the comparative closeness of the anterior and the
antero-lateral ambulacra, and their shape gives a pinched-up appearance to the apical
part of the test. The actinal part is invisible. The ornamentation is larger and
scantier than in the forms already noticed.

Locality. Kast of Lynyan, Ranikot group. Survey-number G 289.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XII.
Fig. 7. The test: natural size.

Suborder ATELOSTOMATA.

Family CASSIDULIDZ.

Subfamily ECHINOLAMPIN 4S.

Genus PHYLLOCLYPEUS.

Phylloclypeus, de Loriol, 1881, Monographie des Echinides contenus dans les couches Nummulitiques de
P Egypte, p. 79.

In true species of Conoclypeus the bourrelets around a more or less circular
peristome are very large and equal, and the phyllodes have neither intercalated plates
nor doubling of the ambulacral pores. In Phylloclypeus the bourrelets are not very
large, are unequal, and surround a more or less pentagonal peristome. The phyllodes
have intercalated plates and double pores, so that the floscelle is well developed. Some
species of Echinolampas only differ from Phylloclypeus by having unequal poriferous
zones ; and it is advisable either to place Phylloclypeus as a subgenus of Echinolampas,
or as a genus of Echinolampine as a subfamily. Certainly Phylloclypeus has no
jaws.
54 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

1. ? Puytuoctypeus, sp. Plate XII, Fig. 8.

A very fragmentary specimen of a large Echinoid is from the gypseous shales from
the hills east of Lynyan in the Ranikot series. fs

The marginal outline is oval and broadest in front, the margins are slightly tumid,
and the upper part is rather low and conical, the sides being convex. The apex is nearly
central. The remnants of the ambulacra show that they were widely open, the pori-
ferous zones being moderately broad, ending in a point close tothe margin. The ridges,
between the conjugate pores, are coarsely granular (one row), and the poriferous zone
is narrower than the interporiferous area.

The most interesting part of the test is around the peristome, where a phyllode is
preserved. The pores are evidently doubled in several instances, and the bourrelets do
not appear to have been large.

There is then some doubt about this specimen belonging to the Conoclypeide, and
we are disposed to place it with de Loriol’s genus Phylloclypeus.

Height of specimen 2 inches; breadth 335 inches; length 43 inches.

Survey-number G 288s.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XII.
Fig. 8. The phyllode: magnified.

Genus PLESIOLAMPAS.

Plesiolampas, Duncan § Sladen, Foss, Echin. of Sind, Pal. Indica, series xiv. p. 9 (1882).

1. PLESIOLAMPAS PLACENTA, sp. nov. Plate XIII, Figs. 4-9, and Plate XIV, Fig. 1.

The test is considerably depressed, slightly longer than broad, with a squarely oval
marginal outline. Abactinally the slope from the, slightly eccentric in front, apical
system is not quite so decided anteriorly as posteriorly; the margins are tumid, and in
front more so than behind, where there is no rostration. Actinally the peristome is
deeply seated in a concavity and is slightly in front of the centre, and the test is
swollen around it to the margins, but less so posteriorly. The periproct is entirely
inframarginal, reaches close to the edge, and is elongate oval.

The apical system is small and compact, the madreporic body is central and
minutely granular on the surface. There are four generative pores, and the front
pair are closer together than the hind ones. The ocular plates and pores are
small.

The ambulacra are subequal, the posterior being the longest, rather wide, slightly
petaloid, widely open, and extend to a short distance from the margin. The interporiferous
zones are broad, slightly raised, and are widest about midway, and the poriferous zones
of each ambulacrum are equal ; the pairs of pores are numerous, oblique, conjugate, the
outer pore being elongate and the inner subcircular, and the costal ridges have a
row of minute granules on them.
OF WESTERN SIND. 06.

Beyond the petaloid portion the ambulacra expand over the margin and contract
close to the peristome. A single series of pores is continued as the prolongation of a
poriferous zone, and the pores are close and numerous at the margin and as far as the
peristome, the plates being broad but low. At the peristome the ambulacra narrow
inwards, and have no doubling of the pores, but a slight departure from the serial lines,
and within the peristome there are two pores close together. The ornamentation of the
interporiferous zones is of sparsely distributed sunken scrobicules with a small boss, the
intermediate parts being minutely granular. This ornamentation is closer at the margin
and larger actinally, and it becomes scantier at the low gutter-shaped area of the
ambulacra between the rudimentary bulging bourrelets. There is no true phyllode.
In one specimen there is an appearance of a double row of pores, but the inner rows of
pores do not penetrate, are more or less aborted, and each is overarched by a prominence
developed on the next aboral plate; they appear to be depressions for spheridia
(Plate XIV. fig. 1). ;

The interradial areas are narrow at the apex; and the ornamentation of the abactinal
part is of the same character as that of the interporiferous zones, but is scantier ; and
the granulation is more distinct, and it is closest and smallest at the margin, and largest
and scantiest actinally.

The peristomial continuations of the interambulacra are slightly tumid, pass
upwards bétween the ambulacra there, and are covered with a minute crowded orna-
mentation of small bosses; they constitute rudimentary bourrelets. ‘The peristome is
transversely elongated, open, pentagonal, and the bounding lines are convex and tumid
inwards. Posteriorly, from the peristome to the periproct, is a median line of crowded
minute granules, a few sunken scrobicules and bosses being along it here and there,
The periproct is long, but distant from the peristome by more than its own length,
is close to the margin, is broadest posteriorly, and is surrounded by a crowded
ornamentation.

There is some variation in the shape of the specimens of this species, and it mainly
relates to the position of the greatest breadth.

Height of specimen. Breadth. Length.
x45 inch. 23/5 inch. 233; inch.
to» dita 8 2, ,, (Fig. 4).
to ” lis ” 1s ” (Fig. 5).
ae 1.6 [2
” 10 39 10° 9»

Localities. Ranikot series, Jhirak, north-east of Petidni, west of Kotri. Survey-
numbers G i$, G 73%, G id.

Illustrations of the Species in Plates XIII & XIV.

Plate XIII.

Fig. 4. The test, from below.
12
56 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Fig. 5. Another specimen ; the test, from above.
6. Part of an ambulacrum: magnified.
7. The peristome: magnified.
; 8. The peristome: more highly magnified.
“9, The longitudinal outline of the test.

Plate XIV.
Fig. 1. The rudimentary phyllode : magnified.

2, PLESIOLAMPAS PRALONGA, sp. nov. Plate XIV, Figs. 2, 3.

The test is elongate, the length in proportion to the breadth as 7: 5, subdepressed
and convex above, very tumid at the sides and in front, subrostrate posteriorly. Mar-
ginal contour elliptical, widest posteriorly opposite the extremities of the posterior
petals, and then contracting somewhat rapidly to the posterior point; anterior to the
widest part the outline is almost paraboloid. Actinal surface very tumid, with the
peristome deeply impressed and the tumidity of the test slightly less in the posterior
median line than elsewhere. The longitudinal profile shows the abactinal surface of
the test to be very level, passing down with rather a rapid but well-rounded curve
along the posterior rostration. The transverse profile presents rather a flatly convex
vutline, tumid at the sides, and bending round onto the actinal surface with an unin-
terrupted curve.

The apical system is small and excentric in front, its distance from the anterior
extremity being little more than one third of the length of the test. There are four
generative pores, the posterior pair larger and slightly wider apart than the anterior
pair, and with two rather conspicuous small tubercles, similar to those which ornament
the test, standing in a line drawn between the posterior pores. The madreporic body
occupies the central space, and is prominently convex.

Ambulacra small, distinctly petaloid, converging towards their outward extremities ;
the antero-lateral petals terminating at a distance from the margin equal to one third
of the length of the petal, whilst the posterior pair terminate at fully their own length
distance from the margin. The petals of the paired ambulacra are of equal width, but
the posterior pair are slightly longer than the anterior. The posterior poriferous zone
of the antero-lateral ambulacra is somewhat longer by 2 or 3 pairs of pores, and more
curved than the anterior zone; in the posterior petals, the curvature of the zones is
equal, and their length does not differ by more than one pair of pores. The odd ambu-
lacrum is covered by matrix. The anterior pair form a wide angle with one another,
and the posterior pair a much smaller one.

The poriferous zones are narrow and slightly broadest at the middle of the zone,
their width here, however, being less than one half the breadth of the interporiferous
area. ‘The inner pores are round, and the outer slightly elongate transversely; and
they are united by a faint conjunctive furrow, the costal ridges that separate the pairs
of pores being ornamented with a single line of minute uniform granules, five or six in
number at the broadest part of the zone. In the antero-lateral ambulacra there are 29
OF WESTERN SIND. 57

or 30 pairs of pores in the anterior zone, and 32 in the posterior; and there are 38 or
39 pairs of pores in the zones of the postero-lateral ambulacra. The extrapetalous
continuation of the zones consists of single pores, rather widely spaced, in consequence of
the height of the extrapetalous ambulacral plates. Close to the peristome the pores are
nearer together, and there is some irregularity in their serial arrangement, and two or
three supplementary pores are present, thus forming a very indistinct and rudimentary.
phyllode. ‘The interporiferous areas are flush with the surface of the test, but appear
‘very faintly convex in consequence of the slight depression of the poriferous zones.
The postero-lateral interradial areas are slightly prominent close to the apical
disk. :

The ornamentation of the interradial areas and that of the poriferous zones are simi-
lar, and consist of very small tubercles equidistantly spaced, and sunken in deep scrobi-
cules, the intermediate space being granular and with a tendency to become confluent
immediately round the scrobicule, the intermediate granules remaining more distinct.
On the abactinal portion of the test the intermediate granular spaces are usually greater
than the breadth of the scrobicules. In the interporiferous areas the tubercles are
slightly smaller and more crowded, and also just below the ambitus. On the actinal
surface the tubercles are larger than elsewhere, the scrobicules wider, and the inter-
mediate space is reduced to seldom more than a single granular ring, and which becomes
more or less confluent. ‘There is an indistinctly defined, subconfluently granular,
median band, devoid of tubercles, extending between the peristome and the periproct.

The peristome is large, slightly excentric in front, and more central than the apical
system, transversely elliptical, the breadth being } inch, and the shorter diameter 4
inch, with the lateral apses acutely angular. The peristomial wall is closely granular,
and there is no development of bourrelets. The terminal portions of the ambulacral
areas which form the incipient phyllodes are very faintly sunken.

The periproct is large, elliptical, placed longitudinally and inframarginal, sloping
up slightly from the actinal surface, and overarched by the posterior rostration of the
odd interradium. The length is ;°; inch, and the breadth 3; inch.

Dimensions. Length of the specimen 1;‘5 inch, breadth 1 inch, height 43 inch.

Distance of apical system from posterior edge 3% inch.

Locality. East of Kandaira in the Vero plain, Ranikot series. Survey-number
2

ho

G

ol
ol
ala

Remarks. This is more nearly related to Plesiolampas elongata, Duncan and
Sladen*, than to any other member of the genus. It is distinguished from that orm
by the more elongate and anteriorly more contracted test, by its more level abactinal
surface and less gibbous posterior rostration, by its much wider, more petaloid, more
highly developed, and differently proportioned ambulacra, by its more actinally placed
periproct, and finally by its more widely spaced tuberculation. Thgouh thus well
marked specifically, there is no doubt of this form being the representative of the Infra-
Trap species in the Ranikot strata.

* Part i. page 10.
58 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XIII.
Fig. 2. Actinal aspect of the test: natural size.
3. Apical disk and part of the surrounding portion of the abactinal surface :
magnified.
Also a portion of the poriferous zone: more highly magnified.

Numerous specimens of a Plesiolampas from 3%; inch to nearly 1} inch in length
were found at a spot north by east of Petidni, west of Kotri; on hills east of Lynyan,
from the brown limestone and gypseous shales, in the Ranikot series.

Every stage of growth from a minute globular and slightly elongate form to a
depressed ovoid (the adult shape) is represented in the series of specimens; and in all
there is a large, open, transverse, elliptical peristome, a large ovoid periproct placed
longitudinally, marginally, or submarginally, and short, open ambulacra placed eccen-

trically in front of the centre. The floscelle is feebly developed. -The adult form may
be taken as the type.

3. PLESIOLAMPAS OVALIS, sp. nov. Plate XIV, Figs. 4-18.

The test is moderately thick in substance ; and its marginal outline is ovoid, with
a slight enlargement behind the centre on either side, and a slight blunt point where it
is narrowest behind.

Above, the shape is slightly convex, and rather flat at the vertex and median line ;
the margins are well rounded, especially anteriorly. The highest point is rather behind
the centre of the upper part, but the slope is very gradual from it. Beneath, the
surface is slightly concave, especially near the peristome.

The apical system is eccentric and in front of the centre; the generative pores are
four in number, and surround a well-developed, convex, madreporic body. The ambu-
lacra are subpetaloid, are open at the end, and show but a slight disposition to close;
and the perfect poriferous zones end far from the margin. The anterior ambulacrum
is the shortest and usually the narrowest ; it is widely open anteriorly, has a narrow
interporiferous zone, and equally developed poriferous zones. The pores, as in the
zones of all the ambulacra, are conjugate; the outer series are the largest, and are
round in worn specimens, rather elongate when well preserved. The inner are
smaller and rounder. This ambulacrum, like the others, is very slightly raised

above the level of the test, and its zones are of equal length, or one may have one pair
of pores more than the other.

The ocular pore, as is the case in the other ambulacra, is small, and the first three
or four pairs of pores are exceedingly small and close, so that a small space exists around
the apical disk, where, in all the ambulacra, there appears a defective poriferous develop:
ment. ‘The pores become fully developed in all the ambulacra in about one quarter
the length of the zones.

The antero-lateral ambulacra form the sides of a very open angle; they are more
petaloid than the others, and their interporiferous zones are the largest. They,are

shorter than the posterior ambulaca, which are open and form an acute angle, and
terminate far from the end of the test.
OF WESTERN SIND. 59

A line of single pores passes from the inner set of each poriferous zone over the
margin, including a space which extends close beyond the end of the petals and contracts
towards the peristome, where there is a slight flaring and apparent doubling of a few
pores. The poriferous zones are rarely unequal, and then only in a slight degree.

The peristome is less excentric than the apical system, is large, open, transverse,
elliptical, with the front rather sharply curved, and broadest from side to side. The
interambulacral portions of the mouth are nearly vertical and are profusely granular, and
there is a faint broad bourrelet-ridge. ‘The phyllodes are small, but there is a doubling
of pores, and two pores are seen within the peristome.

A band of miliaries with traces of zigzag lines, more or less worn, exist between
the peristome and the periproct, which in large specimens is inframarginal or slightly
obliquely placed in the margin itself. Itis large, ovoid, widely open, and the length is
longitudinal. It is close to or at the margin, and has a point or rudimentary rostrum
overhanging it above.

The ornamentation of the upper part of the test is of small tubercles with distinct
scrobicules ; and the raised surface between them is minutely granular, with microscopic
miliaries. ‘The same ornamentation is on the interporiferous zones. ‘The inter-
ambulacra are slightly raised between the petals and close to the apical system. The
tubercles are larger actinally and less crowded there.

Length of largest specimens rather more than 14 inch, breadth 154; inch,
height 58 inch.

Locality. North by east of Petidni, west of Kotri. Survey-number G 282..
Jhirak, and hills east of Lynyan. Survey-number G 232.

Other specimens:—

Length 1; inch, breadth 1 inch, height ;%5 inch. In specimens of this length
the posterior projection is very evident, and the periproct is oblique on the margin,
ovoid, large, open, and longitudinal in its great axial direction.

Smaller specimens 1,45 inch in length, are 35 inch broad, and rather over 34; inch
in height.

Locality. East of Kandaira, on the Vero plain. Survey-number G 228,

Another, 1 inch long, is 35 inch broad and nearly 35; inch high.

Locality. Hills east of Lynyan. Survey-number G 282,

Its periproct is inframarginal and very slightly transgressive.

A smaller, 35 inch long, is 7 inch broad and 345 inch high. A second, 48; inch
long and 385 inch broad, is 7’g inch high, and the mouth is more central, and the huge
longitudinal periproct is oblique on the margin and rostrated.

One, + inch long, rather over 75 inch broad, is just under 345 inch in height.

Other measurements are :—

Length 3%, breadth #5, height 33; inch.
5

? 9
’ 99

5B 1092 ” 209 ” 10 ”°
60 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Remarks. The worn specimens of the larger types give a fallacious idea of the
poriferous zones; for when well preserved they are traversed by a succession of bars
between the pairs of pores, and they are covered with a row of miliaries. The linear
nature of the pores is then shown and their conjugate nature.

The petals never reach the margin; and their inequality is very slight, and never
amounts to that of the typical Echinolampide described by MM. d’Archiac and
Haime. The miliary median space inferiorly and the shape and position of the peri-
proct are worthy of notice.

Premature Forms. The examination of the young forms gives some very interesting
results.

The shape of the young forms is higher, more tumid, convex at the top, elongate ;
and the periproct is large and obliquely placed on the posterior margin, and invading
the under surface also. It is longitudinal and oval. The peristome is large and sub-
central.

The poriferous zones in the very small forms are not developed near the ocular
pores, but they are further out. They are sensibly unequal, short, and the whole rosette
is anterior and small. The deficiency of pores in the anterior ambulacrum is remarkable
in some specimens.

The next group, in point of size, show increasing elongation of the test, and the
unequal condition of the poriferous zone is palpable. All this is seen in specimens 4
inch in length, and in others in a less degree up to 2 inch. The test is then flatter,
but the large periproct and peristome are rather close together, the former transgressing
on the lower surface. The unequal pore-zones are not so definite. In some there is a
slight difference in the size of the poriferous zones in the same petal.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XIV.

Fig. 4. The actinal aspect: natural size.

5. Portion of the median granular band and periproct: magnified.
6. Outline of the longitudinal profile of the test.

7. Abactinal view of another specimen.

8. Apical disk and portion of abactinal surface of another specimen : magnified.
9. Abactinal aspect of a young specimen: natural size.

0. Actinal aspect of the same: natural size.

11. Abactinal aspect of a young specimen: natural size.

12. Apical disk of the same specimen: magnified.

13. Longitudinal outline of the same specimen: natural size.

14, Actinal aspect of very young specimen: natural size.

15. Longitudinal aspect of the same.

16. Abactinal view of the same test: natural size.

17. Peristome of a specimen one inch in length: magnified.

18. Apical disk and surrounding structure of the same specimen (Fig. 14):
magnified.
OF WESTERN SIND. 61

4, PLESIOLAMPAS ROSTRATA, sp. nov. Plate XIII, Figs. 1-3.

The test is moderately depressed, slightly longer than broad, broadly elliptical in
marginal outline, broadest close behind the eccentric-in-front apical system, rather
narrower in front than posteriorly, and having a slightly rounded-off posterior projection,
with a faint depression on either side of it, just posterior to the postero-lateral ambu-
lacra. The highest point of the test is at the apical system; and the surface slopes
thence to the margin, which is slightly tumid, and least so where the test is pinched in
posteriorly. Actinally the surface of the test is faintly convex; but the peristome is
deeply seated. The periproct is long, oval, and inframarginal, and it does not touch the
margin. The apical system has a large madreporic body. The ambulacra are long,
widely open; and there is only the slightest tendency to a petaloid form in the postero-
lateral; the anterior is the shortest, and the postero-lateral are the longest. The
interporiferous zones are broad, and the ornamentation is irregular, there being spaces
where the granulation predominates over the tubercles and scrobicules.

Height of specimen rather more than 38; inch, length 3 inches, breadth 274;
inches.

Locality. Ranikot series, north by east of Petidni, west of Kotri. Survey-
number G 282.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XIII.

Fig. 1. The test, from above.
2. The test, side view.
3. The periproct.

5. PLESIOLAMPAS POLYGONALIS, sp. nov. Plate XIII, Figs. 10, 11.

The test is polygonal in outline, moderately tumid at the ambitus, tumid abactinally,
highest behind, very concave actinally. ‘The greatest breadth is at the blunt angular
projection over the antero-lateral ambulacra; and the test is narrowed rapidly behind
those regions, and less so in front ; it is rather truncated behind, and has a wide angle
in front. The apical system is slightly eccentric in front, and is over the deeply seated
widely transverse peristome. ‘The periproct is inframarginal, elongated longitudinally,
and narrow. The ambulacra are narrow, long, open, and very faintly petaloid.

Length 14% inch, breadth 1,8; inch, height 5; inch.

Locality. North-east of Petiani, west of Kotri, Ranikot series. Survey-number
8

io

G

ms

oy

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XIII.

Fig. 10. The test, from above.
11. The test, longitudinal outline.

Genus EOLAMPAS, gen. nov.

Test small, tumid, ovoid, subdepressed; the greatest height corresponding with
the apical disk, and very eccentric in front; the anterior slope rapid and precipitous,
the posterior subrostrate towards the extremity.

K
62 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Ambulacra small, short, petaloid, subequal ; the odd anterior ambulacrum aborted.
Poriferous zones subequal, pores conjugate.

' Apical disk eccentric in front, small; generative pores four, and madreporiform
body central.

Peristome transversely oval, subcentral or very slightly eccentric in front, with
perpendicular wall reaching upward into the body-cavity. No bourrelets. Phyllodes
very faintly developed. Buccal pores opening into the peristomial margin, with a small
granule-like prominence over each standing at the extreme edge of the peristomial
ring.

Periproct marginal, transverse (?).

Tuberculation small, homogeneous, in sunken scrobicules; intermediate space
subgranular and confluent.

This genus is closely related to Echinolampas ; indeed the test might at first
sight be regarded as that of a young or abnormal form; but the small and subequal
ambulacral petals, the aborted odd ambulacrum, the very anterior apical disk, together
with the form of the test and the character of the peristome appear to demand a
generic separation. Furthermore, no true Hchinolampas has hitherto been found in
the Ranikot series, whilst the form under notice is recorded from three localities.

Eolampas also occurs in the Khirthar series; and although these beds are very rich
in Echinolampas, we are unable to refer the form (apart from its special characteristics)
to the young of any species there present.

1. EoLaMPas ANTECURSOR, sp.nov. Plate XVII, Figs. 11-15.

The test is tumid, highest in front, with a precipitous anterior portion and a more
gradually sloping and curved posterior part, the top of the test being on a very gradual
backward slope. Itis longer than it is broad, and broader than high. The transverse
outline is nearly hemispherical ; and the marginal outline is oval or elliptical, the greatest
breadth being about central. The margins are tumid, the actinal surface is slightly
hollowed out or concave, there is barely a keel posteriorly, and the anterior and lateral
parts of the test overhang the base. The apical system is very eccentric in front, and
the peristome is subcentral ; the periproct is just above the margin and is small. The
apical system is small; there are four small generative plates and pores; and the
madreporic body is small and central. The ambulacral rosette is small in relation to
the size of the test; and the ambulacral petals end remotely from the margin, and
the posterior pair more than their own length from the posterior end of the test.

The anterior ambulacrum has no double pores, but there is a series of broad
grooves amongst the ornamentation of the test in their position; the grooves are
more numerous than the pairs of pores of the other ambulacra, and no trace of a
pore is to be seen in them. A worn test shows neither grooves nor pores in the region
of the odd ambulacrum. :

The antero-lateral ambulacra form a widely open angle, being nearly transverse in
their position; they are petaloid, not closed, and they are slightly broader than the
others. The anterior poriferous zone is straighter than the posterior ; and the pairs are
OF WESTERN SIND. 63

not very numerous, are oblique, conjugate, with well-marked intermediate ridges; and
their pores are large, circular or slightly elongate in outline, and subequal in the
pairs. The interporiferous zone is widest towards the half-distance from the apex.
The postero-lateral ambulacra are narrower than those just described, and either slightly
longer than or equal to them; and the width of the poriferous zones is less. They
form an acute angle at the apex, and are nearly closed distally. The pores are oblique.
A single row of wide-apart pores passes over the margins from each poriferous zone; and
at the peristome the rows approach to form a rudimentary phyllode whose pores are at
the sutures of the plates ; and there isno doubling of them. The ornamentation of the
petaloid areas is the same as that of the surrounding test, and consists of numerous
small sunken scrobicules, with short and broad tubercles in them.

The interradial areas are largely developed abactinally. The anterior are marked
by a larger ornamentation than elsewhere; and the posterior is rounded between the
ambulacra and narrow, but it does not form a decided keel; it is slightly pinched in
near the margin, on either side of the line leading down to the periproct.

The peristome is at the deepest point of the actinal concavity, large, widely open,
deep, transverse, and elliptical in outline, the smallest angles being at the sides. A process
composed of the inner parts of the plates around the peristome passes upwards like a
short canal ; and its surface is minutely granular. The ambulacra of the peristome are
narrow ; and the first two plates have each a pore on them, which penetrates the plate
and looks into the canal just mentioned. The other plates are narrow, and gradually
become broader towards the margin.

The edge of the peristome between the phyllodes is slightly raised, and in the
natural position projects slightly downwards. ‘The ornamentation of the actinal surface
of the test is slightly larger than that of the upper part; and there is a small knob close
to the peristome on either side of the ambulacra.

There isa faint groove in front of the peristome; and the anterior margin is slightly
incised by it in young specimens. The periproct is supramarginal or marginal, small,
and is slightly overhung by the faint keel.

Length of specimen (Figures 11 & 12).8; inch, breadth 34; inch, height 33;; length
of a second specimen 38; inch, breadth +8, inch, height 74; inch; length of a third
specimen 3% inch, breadth 32 inch, height 44 inch.

Localities. 1. From hills east of Lynyan in gypseous shales, high horizon.
Survey-number G 7$§:.—2. North-east of Band Vero, from the Operculina beds.
Survey-number G 739.—5. The same as No. 1. Survey-number G 28%, All are from
the Ranikot series of strata.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XVII.

Fig. 11. The side view: natural size.
12. From behind: natural size.
13. Outline of actinal surface: natural size.
14. The apical system and petals: magnified.
15. The peristome: magnified.
K2
64. THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Subfamily ECHINANTHINA.
Genus ECHINANTHUS, Breynius.

1. EcHINANTHUS ENORMIS, sp. nov. Plate XVII, Figs. 5-10.

The test is tumid, irregularly hemispherical, higher in front than behind, longer
than broad, and stands on a small base, which is overhung by the swollen margins.
The marginal outline is elliptical and broadest centrally, rounded in front, and very
faintly marked by a groove posteriorly in the median line. The test is faintly swollen
and convex actinally. The highest point of the test is eccentric in front; thence it
slopes rapidly, the anterior longitudinal section being nearly semicircular; behind the
slope is gradual and longer to the slightly projecting edge above the periproct. From
the periproct, which is rather high up, there is an oblique truncation, so that the
test passes from the posterior margin upwards and backwards. On either side of the
apex the slope is less convex, so that a conical appearance is given in section.

The apical system is very eccentric in front; and the disk corresponds with the
highest point of the test; there are four generative pores; and the madreporic body
is small and central.

The anterior odd ambulacrum is dwarfed and very short, it is open and narrow ;
the poriferous zones are short; and in different specimens there are from 8 to 15 pairs
of pores in each zone, which are conjugate. It reaches but a short distance down
the rapid anterior slope; and then the inner row of each poriferous zone is continued in
single series, which gradually widen apart to the margin, over which they pass to the
peristome. ;

The antero-lateral ambulacra are well developed, form a large angle, are petaloid,
moderately open, and have broad interporiferous zones. The poriferous zones are rather
narrow ; and the subcircular large pores are conjugate, with well-marked ridges between
the pairs.

The postero-lateral ambulacra are the longest, form an acute angle, and reach to
within their own length of the posterior truncation. Narrower than the antero-lateral
pair, more lanceolate, and more open, they are broadest near their inner third.

The interambulacra are largely developed on account of the smallness of the
abactinal rosette, and the posterior one is marked by a very faint rounded keel leading
to the periproct. The ornamentation is of small tubercles in shallow sunken scrobicules,
and it is rather close.

Actinally the test is slightly convex ; and the peristome is small, excentric in front,
pentagonal, longest transversely (in some specimens the longitudinal axis of the
peristome is not quite in the median line). The floscelle is moderately developed ; the
bourrelets are slightly tumid and project downwards; and the phyllodes are open distally,
are short, and have a few double pores.

The ornamentation of the actinal surface resembles that of the abactinal; and here
and there minute granules encircle the scrobicules, and others are on the intermediate
parts of the test.
OF WESTERN SIND. 65

The periproct is high up, oval in the longitudinal direction, and has a faint groove
below it on the sloping truncation. .

The length of the test of one specimen is 3; inch, breadth Y0 inch, and height
8 inch. A larger specimen is in length 7 inch, breadth 38; inch, and height

Localities. From hills east of Lynyan, Ranikot series (Survey-number G ?$§) ;

and north-east of Band Vero in the same group (Survey-number G $39).

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XVII.

Fig. 5. A large specimen, side view: natural size.
6. A smaller specimen (the type), side view: natural size.
7. The same, from behind: natural size.
8. The apical region: magnified.
9. The peristome: magnified.
10. Ornamentation: magnified.

Remarks. Although the shape of the test of this species is very abnormal for
Echinanthus, we consider that the essential characters of its structure are naturally
referable to that genus, of which, however, it will stand as a very extreme form. It is
readily distinguishable from any of the species hitherto described.

Genus CASSIDULUS, Lamarck, 1801.

Test of small or moderate size, oblong, convex above, flat beneath, or slightly
depressed along the median longitudinal line.

Apical system slightly eccentric in front.

Ambulacra short and very petaloid. Pores conjugate, the external series more
elongate than the internal.

Peristome subpentagonal, more or less eccentric in front, surrounded with a well-
developed floscelle.

Periproct oval, longitudinal, supero-marginal, placed at the commencement of a
short groove which does not indent the margin.

Tubercles small and uniform on the abactinal surface, but much IgE on the
actinal surface, excepting along a median longitudinal band.

1. CassIDULUS ELLIPTICUS, sp. nov. Plate XV, Figs. 7-10.

The test is long, depressed, elliptical in marginal outline, longer than broad, nearly
twice as broad as high, slightly broadest behind the peristome, flat below, with a very
slight downward projection of the posterior end, which is truncated for a short distance
in the median line. The margin is rounded and tumid in front, and less so and more
sharp at the sides and posteriorly. Above, the test is very regularly convex in trans-
verse outline. The longitudinal outline is rather flat behind the slightly eccentric-in-
front apical system; there is a faint keel, and then a sudden fall anda sharp slope
to the margin. In front the slope is more gradual and faintly curved to the more
66 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

rounded anterior margin. ‘The posterior part of the test above, is flatter than the
anterior.

The peristome is under the apical system, and is slightly in front of the centre.
The periproct is supramarginal, in a deep groove, which slightly flattens out posteriorly,
where it terminates at the truncated end of the test. It is narrow and longitudinal,
nearly vertical, and under the overhanging test; and its position is considerably behind
a line which would unite the extremities of the posterior petals.

The apical system is small; the four generative pores are distinct; and the madre-
poric body, which does not extend backwards to separate the posterior ocular plates, is
well developed and central. The ambulacra are petaloid, and the antero-lateral and
posterior are nearly closed ; the anterior ambulacrum is the broadest, and the posterior
are the largest. ‘The ambulacra are broadest in their apical half, and the zones are
well developed ; but the posterior poriferous zone of the posterior ambulacra is slightly
smaller, especially near the apex, than the anterior zone of the same ambulacrum. |
Otherwise the poriferous zones are well developed, and one of them is nearly as wide
as the interporiferous zone is broad.

The poriferous zones are nearly flush with the test, and the numerous conjugate
pores are separated by distinct costal elevations ornamented with a single row of
granules. The inner pores are more or less circular in outline, and the outer are
smaller and more elongate; and the direction of the conjugate grooves is oblique.
The poriferous zones of each ambulacrum are equally bent. ‘The interporiferous
zones are very slightly raised, are ornamented with numerous tubercles standing in
sunken scrobicules, and which are slightly smaller than those in the interambulacral
spaces.

The ambulacra do not reach near the margin; and the end of the posterior is 455
inch from the posterior end of the test, the periproct being 38; inch from the same part.
The interambulacra are well rounded off; but there is a faint keel between the posterior
lateral, which reaches backwards to the periproct. The ornamentation of the interradials
is small on the apical surface of the test, and gradually increases in size at the margin;
it consists of small tubercles in sunken scrobicules, with the intermediate area or
ridge covered with minute granules.

The peristome is slightly longest longitudinally, is large, pentagonal, and the
floscelle is highly developed. The bourrelets are granular and swollen, with tubercles
on the lowest projecting point ; and the buccal pores are in nearly closed phyllodes,
which are petaloid and broad. The reduplicate pores are numerous; and there are
two sets of depressions for spheridia along the interporiferous line.

The ornamentation of the actinal is much larger than that of the abactinal surface,
and the tubercles are often placed on one side of their scrobicule and close to the
intervening ridges. ‘The large tubercles are seen along the lines of the ambulacra
beyond the phyllode ; and close to the edge of the test all the ornamentation becomes
suddenly small. A cancellated and worm-eaten tract extends in the median line from
the mouth to close to the truncated margin, and it is also seen in front of the peristome.
It appears to be produced by confluence of granules,
OF WESTERN SIND. 67

The shallow groove of the periproct has a very small ornamentation, which merges
into that of the sharp truncation.

Length of specimens 148; and 1,3; inch, breadth 1yg and y inch, height yy and
x‘5 inch.

Locality. In the Ranikot series, north by east of Petidni, west of Kotri. Survey-
numbers G 239 and G 239:.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XV.

Fig. 7. A specimen of the test, from above.
8. The transverse section.
9. The floscelle and ornamentation: magnified.
10. The ornamentation of part of an ambulacrum.

Genus RHYNCHOPYGUS, D’Orbigny, 1855.

Test of small or moderate size, depressed, elongate, convex above, concave beneath.
Apical system subcentral or eccentric in front.

Ambulacra subpetaloid, almost straight.

Periproct supramarginal, transverse, surmounted by a more or less developed,
subrostrate roof. Peristome pentagonal, subcentral, or only slightly excentric, with
well-developed floscelle, the bourrelets being large and the phyllodes highly developed
and ornamented. Tubercles much larger on the actinal surface than on the
abactinal..

There is much to be said in favour of the classification of Alexander Agassiz,
which places this group as a subgenus of the genus Cassidulus. We retain it as a
genus provisionally ; for our ideas of classification develop themselves as this great series
of Echinoderms is gradually examined and described.

1. Ruyncnoryeus Cauperi, d' Archiac & Haime, sp. Plate XV, Figs. 1-4.

Eurhodia Calderi, d’Archiac § Haime, Descrip. Anim. foss. du groupe Numm. de UInde, p. 352, pl. xxx.
fig. 19.

A single example of a Cassidulid, which we refer to d’Archiac and Haime’s
species, is included in the collection of the Echinoidea of the Ranikot series. The
specimen is large but badly preserved, and, from not being found in place, doubt exists
as to the correctness of its being included in this series. It may have come in from a
higher horizon—probably the Khirthar. We have compared this fossil with a series
from that group, and find that the accordance both of the form of the test and also of
the matrix is exact. Still, as the doubt exists, we mention the species here, and give a
description of the imperfect specimen by which it is represented. A more complete
detail of structure will be given when we treat of the fossils of the Khirthar group,
which is probably the true horizon of the form.

The test is elongate, ovoid in marginal outline, moderately high, and roof-shaped
above, rather sharply rounded in front, broader and rounded behind, except on either
68 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

side of the median line, where it is truncated and slightly reenteringly curved.
Actinally the test is slightly concave. The margin is tumid, but less so posteriorly; and
there are projections on it—one at the posterior third, and another close to the trun-
cation. The anterior part of the test of the ambitus is on a slightly higher level than
the sides; and there is a corresponding upward slope, posteriorly, starting from the first
projection on the margin. The apical part of the test is rather roof-shaped ; and there is
a rounded eminence passing from the interporiferous zone of the anterior ambulacrum,
over the top of the test, backwards to the transverse slit-like process covering the peri-
proct. The test slopes from this long keel, is flatter midway between it and the margin
than at the ambitus, and slopes more gently anteriorly than towards the overhanging
periproct-ridge.

The apical system is slightly in front of the centre of the upper part of the test ;
and the anterior odd ambulacrum is large, broad, very open anteriorly, and has broad
poriferous zones. The line of the inner pores of the poriferous zones is nearly straight,
and that of the outer pores a curve; the interporiferous zone is well developed and
broader than one of the poriferous zones. The antero-lateral ambulacra are destroyed,
except close to the outer end of one, which is not closed ; but the poriferous zones are
closer together than in the anterior odd ambulacrum. The posterior ambulacra do not
reach to the line of the periproct-ridge; but they are too badly preserved to be described.

The periproct is transverse, is overhung by a projection of the keel, and it is in a
broad groove very visible from above, which is slightly hollowed out, and merges by a
convex edge into the truncated but slightly reentering margin. The highest part of
the test is in rear of the centre, but the abactinal roof is very level.

On the actinal surface there is a larger ornamentation than on the abactinal, and
there are traces of a pitted structure in the median line posteriorly.

Length of the specimen 144; inch, breadth 1,53,, height 58; inch.

Locality. There is some doubt whether this form came from the Ranikot series,
and it may belong to the Khirthars above. Survey-number G 289,,

The list says north-east of Petiani, west of Kotri (not found in place, probably
Khirthar group).

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XV.

Fig. 1. The test, side view: natural size.
3. The test, from behind: natural size.
2. The odd ambulacrum, slightly pitted: magnified.
4. The surface of actinal median line: magnified.

2. RHYNCHOPYGUS PYGMA&US, sp. nov. Plate XV, Figs. 5, 6.

This species is much smaller than the last, but is of the same general shape except
in the absence of the long even abactinal keel; the test is more convex in front from
the ambitus to the apex than in the other form. ‘The actinal surface is concave from
side to side, and the truncation posteriorly barely exists.
OF WESTERN SIND. 69

The rosette is moderate in size; and the anterior odd ambulacrum is characterized
by its open extremity, large interporiferous zone, straight inner line of pores, and the
curved outer lines. ‘The antero-lateral ambulacra are smaller than the others, and do
not reach halfway to the margin. The posterior ambulacra are longer than these last,

‘have a narrow interporiferous zone, have the posterior poriferous zone slightly smaller
than its fellow, and they terminate more than halfway from the apical disk to the trans-
verse process above the periproct. All the ambulacra are well open at their ends; and
the straightness of the inner lines of pores is very characteristic. There is a rounded
keel over and in front of the transverse oval periproct, which is in a broad shelving
groove.

The floscelle of the peristome is highly developed; and the cribriform structure of
the median line is evident, being bounded by a larger ornamentation than exists on the
abactinal surface. The large ornamentation consists of tubercles in broad scrobicules,
separated by ridges; several of the tubercles are on one side of the scrobicule.

Length of specimen 7% inch, breadth 43 inch, height not quite # inch.

Locality. In the Ranikot series, north-east of Petidni, west of Kotri. Survey-

280
number G 735.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XV.

Fig. 5. The test, from above: natural size.
6. Part of the phyllode and pitted structure: magnified.

Genus EURHODIA.
Eurhodia, d’Archiac § Haime, Animaus fossiles de VInde, p. 214.

The superior petals are small, almost closed, and have unequal poriferous zones;
the buccal petals are closed, subequal, and have their inner pores double. The peri-
stome is surrounded by slight and unequal tuberosities ; and the periproct is supramar-
ginal, and opens into a slight depression; it is large, ovular, and elongated trans-
versely.

This diagnosis was founded in order to separate Eurhodia from some other
Cassidulids, and especially those of the genera Pygorhynchus and Hardouinia. It was
the result of the study of specimens which were small and had the peristome incom-
pletely shown or badly preserved. Two species were recorded, one Eurhodia Morrisii,
which replaced Pygorhynchus Morrisii, d Archiac, and Eurhodia Calderi, Haime.

The first of these is carefully described by d’Archiac and Haime in their ‘ Ani-
maux Fossiles,’ p. 214, but not from one good or a large series of good specimens.
Hence the correct shape of the test and many specific points are not recorded, and their
specific determination becomes almost generic in its value. Moreover the type of the
distinguished authors was not full-grown by one third.

Some thirty-five specimens were collected in the Ranikot series; and as most of
them are in good condition, many points of structural importance can be elucidated,
and the specific characters slightly amended. But the generic attributes are not cor-

L
70 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

rectly given by MM. d'Archiac and Haime, and it is found that the diagnosis,
although remarkably clear, is hardly positive enough, and yet too comparative, especially
as it relates to two other genera from which this is distinguished.

Genus KURHODIA, @’Archiac and Haime (amended).

The test is large and stout; it is elongate, oval, and is truncated posteriorly,
broad in front, depressed, rather flat, or slightly rounded above, slightly concave
actirally and tumid at the ambitus. Apical system and rosette small, eccentric in front ;
petals small, unequal, open, especially that of the odd ambulacrum. Poriferous zones
unequal in size. Peristome large, eccentric in front, very elongate longitudinally,
pentagonal ; floscelle highly developed ; pitted structure in the median line of the test
inferiorly.

Periproct elongate transversely, supramarginal, transverse, in a shallow broad
groove, which shelves backwards and is surmounted by a rounded rvof.

1. Euruop1a Morrisu, d’Archiac and Haime. Plate XVIII, Figs. 1-7.
Pygorhynchus Morrisii, d’Archiac, 1850, Hist. des progres dela Géol. t. iii. p. 248.

The thick test is long, rather depressed, ovoid at the tumid margin, broad in front,
widest in front of the centre, on a line with the peristome, and tapering backwards
to a posterior truncated edge. The apical surface is highest behind the centre and
between the posterior ambulacra ; it slopes slightly on a comparatively plane surface to
near the end of the odd ambulacrum, and then merges into the boldly convex ante-
rior portion of the test, which unites with the tumid margin. Behind, the slope is
more sudden, and there is a rounded low keel, which reaches backwards along a slope
very much less defined than the anterior convexity of the test, and which reaches to
the edge over the supramarginal periproct. The keel and the test slope on either side
rapidly to the sides of the test, so that this part is less tumid and narrower than the
anterior portions. The posterior edge of the test is rounded, but is rather sharp; it is
nearly straight transversely, but just a little incurved, and the broad shallow periproct-
groove slopes upwards and forwards from it. The actinal surface is nearly flat, but
there is a longitudinal and central depression, at the anterior end of which is the
peristome ; posteriorly the actinal surface is very slightly produced downwards.

The apical system is small and eccentric in front; there are four generative
pores, and the madreporic is central; the outer pores are well developed. The ante-
rior odd ambulacrum is straight, open, and the outer series of pores of the poriferous
zones curves to the straight inner series. The interporiferous zone is broader than one
of the poriferous zones. The pores of this and of the other ambulacra are conjugate,
and the outer series are more elongate than the inner, which often are circular in
outline; the pores of a pair are more widely spaced in the middle of the poriferous
zone than at the extremities; and sometimes the conjugation is difficult to trace in
the middle of the zone in some specimens. ‘The pores of all the ambulacra are
OF WESTERN SIND. aL

numerous, and are crowded near the apex in consequence of the narrowness of the
ambulacral plates; and the pairs are separated by costal ridges, distinct in some parts
and sparsely and irregularly ornamented with granules (Fig. 6).

The antero-lateral ambulacra are petaliform, slightly open, and are as long as
but broader than the anterior odd ambulacrum. The poriferous zones are curved and
even slightly sinuous distally, especially the posterior; and the interporiferous zone is
broader than that of the other ambulacra. The posterior lateral ambulacra are the
longest; they are nearly closed, form an acute angle, and reach back to within one and
a half times their length of the periproct. ‘[he inner or posterior poriferous zones are
narrow and nearly straight; and the outer are much the broadest and curved; the
distinction between the two zones is very decided. All the ambulacra are nearly flush
with the test, and their interporiferous zones are covered with a small tuberculation
resembling that of the interambulacra of the upper part of the test. The tubercles are
minute, sunk in a deepish scrobicule, and are rather wide apart. The tubercles are with-
out order, but at the end of the anterior odd ambulacrum they assume a, linear con-
vergent arrangement, and form aseries of successive vandykes, the angle being outwards
and forwards. The ambulacra are continued over the margin, a very small pore being

seen here and there.

The ornamentation of the upper part of the test is very equal and small; it
becomes crowded at the margins, and at the under surface it gradually increases in the
dimensions of the tubercles and scrobicules, until the largest are found close to the
peristome. Beneath, the tubercles have a boss and mamelon and are perforate, and are
separated by minute granulations.

The peristome is beneath the apical system, is longer than broad, elongate, longitudi-
nally narrow, pentagonal, and narrowest and angular anteriorly. It is deep, and the
floscelle is well developed.

These buccal petals are broad, nearly closed, a tubercle often interposing between
the poriferous zones at their ends, wide apart; and their poriferous zones are well
developed, and marked with grooves and coste.

The poriferous zones have numerous pores in the outer row, and about half the
number in the inner row, connected by grooves which are rather wide apart.

The inner pores are doubled in most instances; and very frequently the innermost
series appear to be aborted and blind, possibly modified into spheridia-pits. Two pores
are within the peristome.

The anterior petal is usually the broadest, and is arched around by a small pitted
space whose pits are rather deep and small and irregularly placed. This space is con-
tinued forwards, and also extends sometimes on both flanks of the anterior petal. The
antero-lateral buccal petals are more pointed than the odd one, and are surrounded by
a row of large tubercles.

The postero-lateral ambulacra also have a tubercle at their open distal end, and
posteriorly they are bounded by the commencement of the median pitted space, which
reaches forwards to the posterior edge of the dense peristomial lip. The buccal petals

L2
72 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

are slightly concave at their interporiferous zones ; and these portions contract within
and slope upwards into the mouth in flat stalk-like processes.

The interambulacra end, actinally, in short, slightly downward-projecting, broad
processes or bourrelets, which are covered with an exceedingly delicate granulation.
They pass upwards, forming the sides of the peristomial pentagon, and are concave
externally between the phyllodes where they are in contact with the pitted spaces or
regions of large tuberculation. The posterior pitted space reaches the posterior margin
of the test, and diminishes gradually in width.

The periproct is large, transverse; and the broad edge of the slight posterior inter-
radial keel overhangs it. The floor of the periproct, slightly concave and broad, merges
into the posterior shelving process, which terminates in a rather sharp edge at the pos-
terior truncation of the test.

Length of specimens. Breadth. Height.
2-6 inches. 1,8 inch. 1 inch.
2345» 1s os not quitel ,,
2 ” 135 ” Te ”
Ls 99 15 29 ro ”

Locality. North-east of Petidni, west of Kotri, Ranikot series (Survey-number

G 282); also at Jhirak, Ranikot series (Survey-number G 73$;).

Variety. With a narrow interporiferous zone to the odd ambulacrum ; the test
wore elliptical and larger behind than the type; other structures the same.

Several specimens of this variety occur ; and there is some variation in regard to their
height and breadth; they are mostly smaller forms, but most are more than 1 inch
in length.

Localities. South-west of Jhirak; hills east of Lynyan; from gypseous shales,
Jhirak. Survey-numbers G 728, G 238, G 7$9;.

These are all from the Ranikot group.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XVIII.
Fig. 1. The test, from above: natural size.
2. Side view: natural size.

. Transverse outline.

. Actinal surface: natural size.

. Apical system : magnified.

Ss)

4
5
6. Part of an ambulacrum: magnified.

3
7. The floscelle: magnified.

Genus PARALAMPAS, gen. nov.

Test of small size, suboval, high, and convexly inflated above, greatest elevation
posteriorly eccentric; slightly concave beneath, margins very tumid.
OF WESTERN SIND. 73

Ambulacra petaloid, short, subequal, closely approximating at the extremities
distally ; poriferous zones equal; pores equal, round and conjugate.

Apical disk compact, slightly eccentric in front.

Peristome pentagonal, more or less eccentric in front, slightly widest laterally ;
floscelle well developed, with wall-like bourrelets.

Periproct suboval, supramarginal, high, overhung by a well-developed supra-anal
rostration, with a more or less defined groove beneath.

Tubercles small, uniform, crowded, equidistantly placed, sunken in deep scrobicules;
slightly larger and more widely spaced on the actinal surface.

This genus resembles Rhynchopygus to a certain extent in consequence of the over-
hanging character of the supra-anal portion of the odd interambulacrum, but differs
widely in the great height and posterior eccentricity of the elevation of the test, and
is further distinguished by the small and petaloid ambulacral rosette, the equal pores,
the comparative simplicity of the floscelle, the absence of a median, pitted, actinal band,
and the small and homogeneous character of the actinal tuberculation, which is very
slightly larger than that above the ambitus. It differs from Pygorhynchus in the form
of the test, the character of the ambulacra, the structure of the floscelle, and the
absence of the median band. It is distinguished from Echinanthus by the form of the
test, the supra-anal rostration, and the proportions and character of the petals and
pores. From Catopygus, to which the form of the test presents a somewhat exagge-
rated resemblance, it is well defined by the character of the ambulacra, the concave
actinal surface, and the structure of the floscelle.

1. PARALAMPAS PILEUS, sp. nov. Plate XV, Figs. 11-14.

The test is high, longer than broad, broadest posteriorly, very convex above, and
rather concave below, except at the tumid margins. The sides of the test are swollen
and project outwards more than the margins, and slope up roundly to the top. The
greatest height is between the distal ends of the posterior ambulacra; and thence the
test slopes forwards, slightly, to the apical system, which is eccentric and in front, and
roundly and sharply backwards to the ridge over the narrow periproct, which is about
two thirds of the distance from the margin. The transverse outline of the test above
the ambitus is nearly semicircular, but there is a slightly angular summit. At the
margin the test is rounded and narrow in front and broadly rounded behind; and there
is a concave surface along the actinal median line.

The peristome is small, eccentric in front, transverse and pentagonal. There is
a projecting ridge or lip from each interambulacral space or bourrelet ; and traces of
double pores are seen in one part of this badly preserved portion of the test.

The apical system is eccentric and slightly in front, and is moderate in size; the
madreporiform body is central; and there are four generative pores. Near it, the inter-
ambulacral spaces are excessively narrow, in consequence of the rather abruptly broad
petals of the trivium. The anterior odd ambulacum, the longest, is petaliform, passes
along the anterior declivity of the test, does not reach the margin by a distance nearly
74 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

equal to its length, is open distally, and has a very broad interporiferous zone. The
poriferous zones are equal, rather narrow, and the pores are circular in outline or
slightly elliptical. The pairs of pores are rather oblique, are crowded near the apex,
and much wider apart distally; and the pores are conjugate. The ambulacrum is
broadest midway, and is flush with the test. The antero-lateral ambulacra are shorter
than the others, have a tendency to close, are petaloid and broad in the interporiferous
zone. They diverge greatly, but are not transverse, and they do not reach to the most
swollen part of the side of the test. The posterior ambulacra are rather close, and are
narrower than the antero-laterals; they end very far from the periproct-groove, and more
than their ownlength. The poriferous zones of the ambulacra have a close resemblance.
There are 27 pairs of pores in the odd ambulacrum, and 26 in the others. The large
interporiferous zones are very characteristic.

The peristome is beneath the apical disk.

The periproct is in a decided groove, with a shelving process, which reaches the
tumid margin, and is covered at about halfway up the posterior part of the test by a
roof-like ridge. The periproct is longitudinal rather than transverse.

The ornamentation of the test is that of very small tubercles or sunken areole ;
and there is a fair amount of intermediate raised reticulation.

Length 3 inch, breadth 38; inch, height 75 inch.

Locality. Hills east of Lynyan, from gypseous shales, Ranikot series. Survey-
number G 289,,

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XV.

Fig. 11. The test, side view: natural size.
12. View from behind: natural size.
13. Marginal outline, from below.
14. The apical system: magnified.

2, PARALAMPAS MINOR, sp. nov. Plate XVII, Figs. 1-4.

The test is small, almost hemispherical, stands on a small base beneath the over-
hanging tumid margins ; it is as long as broad, and slightly longer than high, broadest
midway between the peristome and the posterior margin, slightly truncated posteriorly,
and decidedly concave actinally around the peristome. The marginal outline is ellip-
tical, and broadest behind. The highest point superiorly is central, and is situated
between the posterior ambulacra. The apical system is eccentric in front and on the
rounded anterior slope. The peristome is more central than the apical system, and the
periproct is high up, circular in outline, and at the top of the posterior truncation, which
has a faint groove.

‘The apical system and subequal petaloid ambulacra are small; there are four
generative pores, and a small central madreporic body. The anterior odd ambulacrum,
well developed, is nearly closed; the pores, large and circular in outline, are conjugate ;
and the grooves are oblique; and the interporiferous zone is fairly developed. The
OF WESTERN SIND. 75

antero-lateral ambulacra form a very open angle, are nearly closed ; the conjugate grooves
are oblique, and the posterior poriferous zone is more curved than the anterior. The
postero-lateral ambulacra are nearly closed, are rather close together ; and the conjugate
grooves are oblique. The extremities of these ambulacra are about 14 times the
length of the petals from the periproct. The interporiferous zones of the lateral
ambulacra are narrow distally, and in all cases are sparsely ornamented like the sur-
rounding interradial area.

The interradial areas are large, and are separated by the long continuations of
the ambulacra beyond the petaloid portions. These continuations are broader than
the ambulacra as they reach the margin, although narrow at the end of the petals;
they are marked by a series of solitary pores on either side. The posterior interambu-
lacrum is rounded between the ambulacra, and then slopes with a very equal convexity
backwards and downwards, forming hardly a trace of keel, and reaches the periproct.
‘The ornamentation of all the interradials is small, close, equal, and consists of small
tubercles in sunken scrobicules, the intermediate raised portion of the test being
scanty.

The peristome is sunken, subcentral, pentagonal, largest transversely, and deep.
The floscelle is moderately well developed. The bourrelets are narrow and project
downwards, with rounded edges; and the phyllodes are not petaloid, but are open
externally and small peristomially. There isa slight reduplication of pores, and the
first pair are very visible at the peristomial edge.

The actinal ornamentation is of the same character as the abactinal, but slightly
larger.

Just above the rounded-off posterior margin the test is very slightly truncated ;
and there is a shallow median groove with a faint ridge on either side leading up
to the periproct.

The length of the type is 5; inch, and the extreme breadth is the same; the
height is 34; inch.

Locality. Hills east of Lynyan, gypseous shales in the Ranikot series. Survey-
number G 7$9;.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XVII.

Fig. 1. View from the side: natural size.
2. From behind: natural size.
3. The apical system and petals: magnified.
4, The peristome: magnified.

femarks. This species is very nearly allied to P. pileus, but differs in the more
conoidal and more tumid form of the test. The periproct is higher up, the median
keel and the overhanging supra-anal ridge are much less developed, and the infra-anal
groove is narrower and more clearly defined. The ambulacral petals are comparatively
smaller, and the interporiferous areas narrower, than in the preceding species. These
differences appear sufficient to warrant the recognition of the independence of this form,
76 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

although it is quite possible that it may be the young stage of a well-defined variety of
P. pileus.

Genus NEOCATOPYGUS, gen. nov.

Test of moderate size, tumid and high, subrotund marginally, greatest height
posteriorly eccentric. Abactinal area convex, sides tumid and high ; actinal surface
convex. Posterior extremity subrostrate and prominent, tumid actinally.

Ambulacra petaloid, petals short and subequal, open at the extremity; poriferous
zones subequal, pores unequal and conjugate. Extrapetalous pores single.

Peristome small and pentagonal, eccentric in front. Floscelle well developed ;
bourrelets forming an ornamented wall-like rim; phyllodes with an inner series of
supplemental pores.

Apical disk small and compact, slightly eccentric in front ; four generative pores ;
madreporiform body placed centrally.

Periproct small, subcircular or oval, supramarginal, placed at the extremity of the
posterior rostration, by which the aperture is slightly overhung. The subanal area,
which is tumid and rostrate, is faintly grooved. .

Tubercles small, perforate and crenulate, sunken in deep scrobicules, intermediate
space granular, the encircling ring of the scrobicule often well defined. Actinal orna-
mentation coarser than above the ambitus.

This genus recalls Catopygus to a certain extent, but is readily distinguished by
the form of the test, the small ambulacral rosette, the single series of extrapetalous
pores, the character of the floscelle, the position of the periproct, and the character of
the posterior rostration.

The form is well defined, and further comparison with other genera of Echino-
lampine seems superfluous.

The forms included in this genus differ much from the modern Catopygi, and are
as remote from them as from the Cretaceous forms.

1. NEOCATOPYGUs ROTUNDUS, sp. nov. Plate XVI, Figs. 1-10.

The test is very tumid, broadly oval or cordiform in marginal outline, rounded in
front, rather pointed behind, broadest at a lateral projection, which is anterior to a
narrowing immediately anterior to the faint subanal rostrum. The test is highest
posteriorly midway between the distal ends of the posterior lateral ambulacra, and it
slopes gradually in front to the very tumid ambitus, and more suddenly posteriorly to
the periproct, which is three quarters of the distance from the upper part of the test to
the lower ; thence the outline of the test. passes obliquely downwards and forwards.
The sides of the test are tumid, and slope up gradually to the apex, and more suddenly
to the slightly convex actinal surface. The apical surface is convex ; and the convexity
of the posterior interambulacral area is interfered with, along the median line behind
the point of greatest height, by a shallow groove with faintly raised edges. This groove,
with its edges, becomes slightly raised near the periproct; and the structure is continued
OF WESTERN SIND. 77

inferiorly down to the rounded-off and slightly projecting posterior rostral process.
The test is slightly longer than broad, and broader than high.

The apical system is small and rather eccentric in front; there are four genera-
tive pores ; and the madreporic body is placed centrally and is slightly prominent. ‘The
ambulacra are small in relation to the surface of the test, do not extend beyond the
moderately convex upper surface onto the tumid sides, and are subequal, petaloid, and
do not close. They are nearly flush with the test. The interporiferous zones, slightly
above the level of the test, are broadest at the commencement of the distal third, and
are about double the width of a poriferous zone; and their ornamentation is of a few
small tubercles in sunken scrobicules. The poriferous zones have the pores placed
rather obliquely, and the outer set are larger and more oval than the rounder
inner series. They are conjugate, and the costal ridges are granular. The pairs of
pores are close, and the plates of the ambulacra are numerous. The posterior lateral
petals are slightly the longest and contain the most pores; and the antero-lateral
petals diverge greatly, forming an angle of about 60°-66°. A row of numerous single
pores passes from each poriferous zone over the ambitus; and the two rows forming the
extrapetaloid ambulacrum diverge on leaving the ends of the petals.

The interambulacra are wide and conform to the slight convexity of the test ; their
ornamentation is of sparsely distributed tubercles in sunken scrobicules, the intermediate
surface being ornamented with granules which are often arranged in circles around the
scrobicules, or the spaces may be minutely punctated.

There is a certain gibbosity placed longitudinally along, or rather posterior to, the
median suture of the interradial area between the antero-lateral and _postero-lateral
ambulacra.

The peristome is very small; it is more eccentric in front than the apical system,
is pentagonal, with slightly re-enteringly curved bourrelets, and it is slightly longer
transversely than longitudinally ; and the floscelle is well developed. A wavy ornamented
rim projects downwards from the bourrelets and from the sides of the proximal part of the
phyllodes. The buccal ambulacra or phyllodes have open ends, which expand into the
long line of single pores, and they have supplementary pores and also central pits. The
ornamentation of the test is coarser actinally, and some of it is within the poriferous
- zones of the phyllodes.

The periproct is small, supramarginal, low down; it is almost circular, or sur-
mounted by a slightly projecting ledge of the flat grooved keel; and there is a faint
groove leading from it downwards and forwards to be lost on the tumid posterior
rostrum.

Length of the test 1,44 inch, breadth 133; inch, height 1 inch.

Locality. Hills east of Lynyan, from.the gypseous shales in the Ranikot serics,
Survey-number G 7$4;.

There are many specimens of different sizes of this species in the collection.

Some of these are from an uncertain locality, and are numbered G 282, but they
evidently belong to the same species and can hardly be called varieties.

M
78 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Tn all the tumid test, the slightly eccentric-in-front and small apical rosette, the
more eccentric-in-front and small and transverse peristome, with a well-developed
floscelle, the faint keel, and the projecting but low-down periproct and the extra-
petalous row of solitary pores are very distinct and characteristic.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XVI.

Fig. 1. The test, from above: natural size.
2. The test, from below: natural size.
. The floscelle and peristome: magnified.
The test, side view: natural size.
‘The posterior end: magnified.
The transverse outline.
The apical system: magnified.
. A small specimen, from above.
The ornamentation: magnified.
Part of an ambulacrum: magnified.

Sea. Be ee ee

pea

Family SPATANGIDE.

Subfamily SPATANGIN A,

Genus HEMIASTER, Desor, 1847.

The test may be short and inflated, or dilate and cordiform.

Apical system subcentral, or more frequently eccentric posteriorly.

The paired ambulacra are petaloid, more or less unequal, placed in furrows; their
poriferous zones are broad and equal, pores elongate. The odd ambulacrum often
narrower than the rest, and placed in a less defined groove; its poriferous zones are
very narrow, and composed of very small round pores forming a simple series of widely
spaved obliquely placed pairs.

Peristome bilabiate, very eccentric in front.

Periproct on the posterior extremity.

A single fasciole, peripetalous, more or less angular, surrounding the ambulacral
petals.

Tubercles perforate and crenulate, not sunken in scrobicules ; small, uniform, and
crowded on the abactinal surface, rather longer on the actinal surface.

1. HemiasTer ELoneatus, sp. nov. Plate XIX, Figs. 7-15.

The test is long, depressed, tumid at the ambitus, slightly convex actinally, rather
rounded apically, highest posteriorly, posterior margin slightly truncated above a sharp
plastron-point and below the elliptical transversely placed periproct. It is longer than
broad, and broader than high.
OF WESTERN SIND. 79

The marginal outline is ovoid, broadest centrally, broader in front than behind,
where the test diminishes in breadth rapidly. The anterior margin is well rounded, the
groove not reaching to the ambitus; and on a line with the antero-lateral ambulacra
there is some marginal flattening. A side view of the test shows the tumid margin
sloping backwards more rapidly than forwards; the highest point is far back; thence
the test slopes backwards rapidly over a very flat broad keel to overhang the periproct,
and forwards more gradually but decidedly to the low tumid anterior margin. The
test stands on a smaller base than the margin; and the height of the test diminishes
rapidly in front of the very eccentric-in-front peristome. Posteriorly and below is
the pointed plastron-end, and the test slopes rapidly upwards and backwards, and then
nearly upwards to the periproct. The outline of the test seen from behind is depressed
at the sides, pointed below, faintly rounded and keeled above. Anteriorly, the outline
indicates a rounded actinal surface, showing the opening of the peristome, a low tumid
margin, and a broad low ambulacral groove with a low keel on either side of it.

The apical system is slightly behind the centre of the test, is small, and is situated
on a narrow transverse keel of the lateral interradia. ‘The peristome is very eccentric
in front. The periproct is situated about three fourths of the distance from the pointed
end of the plastron to the summit of the test.

The apical system is compact and small; the madreporic body is small, and sepa-
rates the posterior ocular plates, but does not extend into the posterior interradial area ;
there are only two generative pores, and they are situated at the tops of truncated
cones separated at their bases by the granular surface of the madreporic. The cones
are at the extremities of a narrow transverse ridge. The right and left antero-lateral
generative plates are very small, and they are not perforated by pores ; and the postero-
lateral plates are the largest and are perforated. ‘There is no posterior generative
plate. The ocular plates are well developed, and are placed in hollows, and intrude on
the generative-plate edges.

The odd anterior ambulacrum is in a shallow groove, which widens and shallows
anteriorly until it is just lost at the ambitus; there is a keel on either side, which
diverges from its fellow, and which, well developed near the apical system, gradually
broadens and becomes lower anteriorly. The keels slope rather rapidly towards the
base of the groove ; and the ambulacral.pairs of pores are situated partly on the base
and partly on the slope. They are few in number, are oblique, and the pores of each
pair are separated by a small tubercle. Beyond the fasciole the pairs become very
rare.

The antero-lateral ambulacra, in shallow grooves, are small, form an angle of about
90°, are petaloid, very nearly closed, slightly sinuous, broadest in the outer half, and
fairly rounded close to the fasciole which closes them. ‘The poriferous zones are large
and on different levels, the anterior being on the slope of the test, caused by the keel
of the anterior odd ambulacrum, and the posterior nearly flat. The pores are conju-
gate, rather wide apart, elongate, and the inner are the smallest; near the ocular
end the pores of the anterior poriferous zone are smaller than those of the posterior,

M2
80 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

and as a whole the anterior series are more bent than the posterior. The interpori-
ferous zone is shallow, and not as broad as one of the poriferous zones. The postero-
lateral ambulacra diverge nearly as much as the antero-lateral, are much smaller than
the others, are slightly longer than broad, rounded, and nearly closed close to the fasciole,
are in shallow grooves; and the pairs of pores are few, 8 to 1lin number. ‘Thereare a
few minute granules on the ridges between the pairs of pores, and there is a distinct
longitudinal line in the interporiferous zones. Beyond the fasciole the pores of the
ambulacra are in single series; and they reach the peristome, where they become more
numerous.

The antero-lateral interradia are swollen by the keels of the odd ambulacrum, and
become broader anteriorly ; they are very narrow near the apex, between the pores of the
odd ambulacrum and the anterior poriferous zones of the antero-lateral ambulacra ;
and this part is keeled. The postero-lateral interradia are also narrow at the apical
system, and are formed there into a long but narrow keel; this expands rapidly
into the general convexity of the test beyond the limits of the ambulacra. The
posterior interradium is very faintly keeled between the ambulacra, and it rises
gradually to a point rather posterior to them; it slopes on either side to the line of
the continuation of the ambulacra, and posteriorly more sharply, and is rounded off just
above the periproct. The plastron is long, narrow, pointed, and lowest posteriorly, is
generally convex from side to side, and the lip on the anterior end is slightly prolonged
downwards.

The peristome is small, much the longest transversely, has a rim, and is round at
the sides. The periproct is elliptical and broader transversely than from above down-
wards ; there is a very faint flattening just below it.

The fasciole is well developed and is peripetalous. Jt is broad, and marked with
many rows of granules at the end of the antero-lateral petals; it passes thence back-
wards slightly, and then turns towards the apical system, running nearly parallel
with the antero-lateral petals for a short space; then it crosses over, not going far
into the angle between the petals, narrows considerably, and passes backwards and
inwards to reach the distal end of the posterior petals. It enlarges as it bounds
their end, and then crosses over the keel, narrowing and having a slight convexity
backwards. In front, the fasciole starts from the end of the antero-lateral petals,
narrows and mounts the keel on the outside of the odd ambulacrum, taking a direction
forwards and inwards; still narrowing, it passes forwards, but with a lessinward course,
and crosses the median line with a sharp curve, enlarging again there, the convexity
being forwards; this part of the fasciole is slender, and is much nearer the ambitus
than the apical system.

The ornamentation is remarkable for its variation in size and detail. Posteriorly
the ornamentation is small, and consists of very small tubercles with still smaller ones
between them; they are crowded, and give a granulated appearance. This orna-
mentation increases in size and definition on the sides towards the fore part of the
postero-lateral interradia; and the tubercles are seen to be surrounded by a row of
OF WESTERN SIND. 81

smaller ones, or they merge into a raised rim around. In the antero-lateral region this
ornamentation is still larger and more pronounced; but along the line of the odd
ambulacrum, over the ambitus, the tubercles become smaller and rarer, and moniliform
circlets of minute tubercles are seen. The tuberculation is large and distinct on the
keel between the postero-lateral ambulacra and on the transverse keel beyond the
generative pores; it is also large on the inner slope of the keels of the anterior odd
ambulacrum, and it is largest and sparest of all below the ambitus in front of and at
the sides of the peristome. The posterior ambulacra, actinally, are marked with an
ornamentation of long and radiating moniliform lines of granules; and the plastrom
between them has its ornamentation of rounded tubercles on flat scrobicules, small
posteriorly and large in front; and the lines of tubercles seem to radiate from the

posterior keel-end.

Height of specimens. Length.
zp inch. zp inch.
4. hs
1 29 LQ 22
if -6_
TO 10»
-3_ _5_
i ” 10 9»

The largest specimen is 745 inch broad. Some forms are slightly broader in front
than others; and rarely there is an impression of the groove at the ambitus in front.
The young forms are more globular than the older ones.

Localities. In the Ranikot series, north by east of Petidni (Survey-number
G 733); hills east of Lynyan, from brown limestone (G 2$8- and G 282); east of
Kandaira, in Vero plain (G }2$) and Jhirak (Survey-number G ?$9;).

Remarks. We are unacquainted with any species for which the present form
might be mistaken. It is especially distinguished by the elongate test, the egg-shaped
and regularly rounded marginal contour, and the characters of the petals and apical

disk.
Illustrations of the Species in Plate XIX.

Fig. 7. Upper view: natural size.
8. Actinal surface: natural size.
9. The apical system: magnified.
10. The longitudinal outline: natural size.
11. Ornamentation on the anterior keel: magnified.
12.
13. Outlines of young forms: natural size.
14,
15. Test, from behind: natural size.

2. HEMIASTER, sp.
There is a single small example of what was probably a Heméaster in the
collection; but the test is unfortunately so much crushed, weathered, and badly
82 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

preserved as to be perfectly undeterminable. From such characters as can be made’
out, the form was possibly identical with, or at any rate nearly allied to, H. digonus,
d’Archiac.

As this form is very abundant in a higher horizon, it is unnecessary to refer to the
species at greater length in the present place; and the specimen is so unsatisfactory
that we should not have mentioned it, excepting for the interest which attaches to it
as a probable record of the presence of that species in the Ranikot series.

Locality. North by east of Petidni, west of Kotri, Ranikot series. Survey-
number G $$.

Genus LINTHIA, Merian, 1853.
(See anted, p. 17, part i.)

1. Linraia Inpica, sp. nov., and a variety. Plate XX, Figs. 1-8.

The test is broadly oval, depressed, with an angular outline, notched in front,
narrowed and truncated behind. It is widest just behind the centre, and the marginal
outline is wider and more rounded in front than behind. The apical surface slopes in
front from a low, rounded, sharp, narrow keel, which separates the posterior ambulacra
and overhangs the periproct, the highest point being behind the posterior ambulacra.
The actinal surface is slightly rounded and convex ; and there is a downward-projecting
posterior point to the plastron. A front view of the test shows the tumid and some-
what nodulose margins or flanks, the anterior groove for the odd ambulacrum keeled
on either side near the apical system, and behind it the sharp narrow triangular outline
of the keel of the posterior interradium.

The apical system is slightly in front of the centre, is small, and is placed on a
depressed area formed by the junction of the raised posterior keel, the narrow keels of
the lateral interradial areas, and the keels of the anterior odd ambulacrum.

There are four generative pores, and the anterior and posterior pairs are
rather close together; the anterior pair of pores are much closer than the posterior
pair, which are wide apart. The right anterior plate is in relation with the madre-
poric body, which separates the posterior pair of plates widely, and which passes
slightly backwards and separates the posterior ocular plates. The anterior generative
pores are on a line with the ocular pores of the odd and antero-lateral ambulacra, and
the posterior ocular pores are on a line with the anterior and posterior generative pores.

The peristome is rather close to the anterior margin, and the periproct is high up
in the posterior truncation.

The groove for the anterior odd ambulacrum is rather deep, and becomes shallower
and broader towards the margin, which it notches decidedly; it is continued more or
less on to the peristome.

A few sets of pairs of pores are on the flanks of the groove, and the twelfth pair
are crossed by the fasciole. ach pair is in a shallow hollow, and the pores are oblique
and separated by a granulation.
OF WESTERN SIND. 83

The antero-lateral ambulacra are long, on rather deep grooves, faintly flexuous,
rounded, and nearly closed where the fasciole bounds them, and narrow apically. The
anterior poriferous zone is on the flank of the groove, the narrow or interporiferous
zone is on the floor, and the posterior poriferous zone on the other flank, and, like its
fellow, is steeper near the apical system than in the outer third. The pairs of pores
are separated by granular coste ; and there are from 20 to 23 pairs of pores. The angle
formed by the diverging ambulacra is about 110°-115°.

The posterior lateral ambulacra are small, petaloid, close, separated by a narrow
keel, rather deep, nearly closed, rounded where in contact with the fasciole, and the
outer poriferous series is more curved than the inner. There are from 14 to 16 pairs of
pores. ‘Their grooves are comparatively shallow.

The interradial areas are narrowed at the apex, and form moderately elevated,
narrow, rounded keels, ornamented with a few distant tubercles. On the flanks the
plates have a slight bulge; and thus a series of longitudinal elevations is formed,
rendering the test slightly gibbose.

The ornamentation is largest in the anterior interradium, and especially on the
margins, and it becomes larger and sparer near the peristome. It is smaller in the
lateral interradia, behind a narrow line of minute granulations resembling a fasciole,
which passes along the surface of the extrapetaloid part of the antero-lateral
ambulacra. The ornamentation consists of low rounded tubercles or faintly rounded
scrobicules. The surface around the peristome is free from ornamentation; and the
plastron has a large ornamentation in regular oblique rows, which diminishes towards
the posterior point.

The peristome is broader than long, is narrow from behind forwards, rounded at
the outer angles, and is on the whole slightly curved and crescentic. The posterior lip
is on a lower level than the anterior edge ; the whole edge has a rounded-off rim. The
ambulacral pores are scanty in number.

The periproct is oval, longitudinal, high up, and is in the posterior truncation,
which is slightly hollowed out and bounded by faint ridges which enclose an oval
space and pass over the margin to unite at the point of the plastron.

The peripetalous fasciole is in relation with the gibbous swelling of the plates along
its course. It is broad at the rounded ends of the antero-lateral petals, and passes for-
wards and inwards as a narrower band to a gibbosity on the keel of the odd ambulacrum,
over which it passes with a bend, the convexity forwards, not far from the margin.
Behind, the fasciole passes along the edge of the end of the antero-lateral ambulacra,
backwards and inwards to a gibbosity, and then enters the angle, passing close to the
commencement of the narrow keel of the lateral interradium. Thence it reaches the
anterior edge of the posterior petal, which it bounds; turning round the termination
of the petal, it crosses directly over the narrow posterior keel to the other side, and
pursues a corresponding course. The fasciole is broadest close to the outer part of the
antero-lateral ambulacra, and is narrow elsewhere.

The lateral fasciole is very narrow ; it starts from the gibbosity behind the outer
84 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

part of the antero-lateral ambulacrum, which is marked with the peripetalous fasciole,
and ‘passes backwards and downwards to reach the lower part of the truncation close
to the margin of the test, which it crosses with a downward curve.

There are many specimens of this Linthia in the collection from the Ranikot.
series: some have been slightly crushed; others (which are younger) have not. There
appear to be two forms—that which has just been described, and a smaller. These
last have a more globose and less depressed appearance ; but in all the other points
they correspond with the first.

Length of the type specimens. Breadth. Height.
48 inch. 42 inch. 44 inch.
19 io 13
20 99 20 39 20 29
is AZ 12
20 ” 20 ” 20 ”
1 12
lis ” i ” 20 9»
14 14 12
20 99 200 =» 20 99
Length of specimen of variety. Breadth. Height.
18; 17: 13;
48 inch. _ ee inch. +2 inch.
14 ‘to 14 12
20 OD» not quite 20 30 2

Locality. North-east of Band Vero, Ranikot series. Survey-number G 73>.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XX.

Fig. 1. Actinal view.
2. Side view.
Apical system: magnified.
. Side view of variety.
Fig. 1 from above.
. Posterior view.
. Young form: side view.
. Posterior view.

coma oR OO

Remarks. We were at first disposed to refer this form to the Linthia Arizensis,
d’Archiac, sp.; but a careful study of the specimens contained in the collection has
convinced us that the differences are greater than would justify us in maintaining such
a conclusion. The outline of the test is broader, more angular, and with prominent
gibbosities; the posterior height is mnch greater, the anterior slope is more rapid, the
posterior sloping truncation is concavely impressed ; the ambulacra are in much deeper
grooves; the anterior petals are wider and more rounded at their distal extremities, and
the posterior pair are directed more backward and consequently at a smaller angle of
separation ; on the actinal surface the plastron is broad and well tuberculated, and the
OF WESTERN SIND. 85

bare ambulacral areas are comparatively narrow ; and, finally, the peristome is situated
further from the margin.

In the variety (Plate XX, Fig. 4) the resemblance to L. Arizensis is still closer,
excepting that the height of the test is greater and more tumid, and the actinal surface
is also more tumid, the ambulacra are less deeply sunken, and the posterior pair are
comparatively a shade longer than in the type. This form is unquestionably the repre-
sentative of L. Arizensis in the Ranikot strata.

This Linthia is distinguished from Z. Sindensis, Duncan and Sladen*, from below
the Trap, in the angle made by the antero-lateral ambulacra, the size of the posterior
ambulacra, and the position of the peripetalous fasciole. There is also a great distinc-
tion in consequence of the difference in the position of the apical system.

The older form has wider-apart antero-lateral ambulacra than the species Indica,
and it has the apical system well in front of the centre. This is not the case in the
Ranikot form, which, in the position of the apical system, resembles somewhat the
Schizasters.

Linthia Indica is an approach to the genns Schizaster ; and had it a more attenuated
posterior part, and the antero-lateral ambulacra closer to the anterior, and the pores
crowded in the odd ambulacrum, it would be a Schizaster.

2. Linruia, sp. Plate XX, Fig. 9.

A specimen much worn on the upper surface, and nearly entirely destroyed
actinally, is in the collection from the Ranikot series. There are. some points about
the form which ally it with some of the large Nummulitic Linthias; but until better
specimens are obtained it is not necessary or advisable to give it a specific name,
especially as it has considerable affinities in some points with Linthia Delanouei, of
De Loriol, from the Nummulitic of Egypt.

The shape of the outline of the test is cordiform, about as long as broad, slightly
broadest in front, with a slanting rostrum posteriorly. ‘The apical system is nearly
central from the periproct to the slight anterior notch, but eccentric in front from the
lower end of the rostrum to the same position in front.

The anterior groove is moderately deep near the apical system, and broader and
shallower towards the front, where it faintly notches the ambitus. The pores in it are
small, separate in pairs, with a rounded costal elevation between each pair on the slope
of the side of the groove. There are about 20 pairs of pores; and the pores of each
pair are separated by a small tubercle.

The antero-lateral petals are large, long, deep, and straight; they are broadest on
the outer third; and the anterior poriferous zone is more curved than the posterior,
which is slightly the shortest. The pores are numerous, are on the vertical sides of the
ambulacra, are large, very conjugate, and separated by wide ridges; they are smallest
near the ocular plate. There are about 40 pairs in the anterior poriferous zone, which

* See Plate IV. Part I. Echinoidea from the infra-Trap.
86 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

measures 21 millim. in length. The interporiferous zone is broad, and occupies nearly
the whole breadth of the floor of the groove ; it is narrower than a poriferous zone.
The angle made by the antero-lateral ambulacra is 120°.

The postero-lateral ambulacra, 15 millim. in length, are straight, ovate-lanceolate,
deep and narrow, form an angle of about 55°; and their pairs of pores (about 30 in
number) are large, placed on the nearly vertical sides of the groove, and are separated
by wide costal projections. The interporiferous zone is large, and occupies the surface
of the ground-floor.

The apical system is broken, and nothing satisfactory can be made out about the
number of the plates and pores; but, from the large size of a posterior pore and the
very narrow ridge of the anterior interambulacrum, it is probable that there were only
one pair of generative pores.

The anterior interradials have sharp keels, very narrow near the apex; and the
plates near the ambitus are nodulose. The keel of the lateral interambulacrum is broad
and not very high, and that between the posterior petals is broad and enlarges posteriorly.
The posterior part of this interradial area is truncated, and forms an oval slightly re-
entering surface, high up in which is the large ovoid periproct. Faint traces of a peri-
petalous fasciole exist, which passes far in front over the ambulacrum, and which does
not enter far between the petals. ‘The ornamentation is scanty, and consists of small
flat tubercles in slightly sunken scrobicules surrounded by circlets of miliaries. The
ornamentation is larger and scantier in front and beneath anteriorly. The tubercles are
perforate and crenulated and weathered.

The height of the test is unknown ; the length is 2%; inches, and the breadth on
a level with the apical disk is the same.

Locality. North-east of Band Vero, in the Ranikot series. Survey-number G ?$$.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XX.

Fig. 9. The test, from above: natural size.

Genus SCHIZASTER, Agassiz, 1836.

Test cordiform, more or less inflated, high posteriorly and sloping to the front.

Apical system eccentric posteriorly, often to a considerable degree.

Ambulacra petaloid, unequal, sunken in deep grooves. The anterior pair flexuous,
directed to the front, and not very widely divergent; the posterior pair very short and
slightly arched proximally. Poriferous zones equal, pores oblong and conjugate. The
odd ambulacrum sunken in a deep wide furrow, of which the margins form keels; its
poriferous zones are long and composed of numerous pores, which may be disposed in

crowded pairs forming a simple series, or the pores may be so crowded as to form two
irregular series in each zone.
OF WESTERN SIND. 87

Peristome eccentric in front, bilabiate, the inferior lip very prominent.

Periproct oval, at the summit of the posterior extremity.

Two fascioles, a peripetalous and a lateral, the latter diverging from near the
extremities of the anterior ambulacra and passing beneath the periproct.

Tubercles perforate, crenulate, small and crowded on the abactinal surface, but
larger beneath the ambitus. The tubercles are not sunken in scrobicules, but are sur-
rounded by a small prominent disk.

1. ScHIZASTER ALVEOLATUS, sp.nov. Plate XX, Figs. 10-14.

There is a crushed specimen of Schizaster in the collection of Echinoidea from the
Ranikot series, which has much of the abactinal surface, flanks, and posterior parts
preserved, and which is deficient in the actinal region. It isof a brown colour; and the
anterior odd ambulacrum and the left antero-lateral petal are filled with matrix and
more or less fragmentary small spines; and the crushing has forced the apical end of
the anterior interambulacra downwards and has obliterated the apical system. Actinally,
the broken test is filled with brown matrix with Nummulites init. At first sight the
form resembles Schizaster Newboldi, d’Archiac & Haime, as delineated in the ‘ Animaux
Fossiles de l’Inde;’ but when compared with the types of that species, which are pre-
served in the Museum of the Geological Society, it will be noticed that there are specific
distinctions, especially in the relative length of the ambulacra and the number of pairs
of pores in them. Moreover the condition of the specimens of S. Newboldi really
prevents them from being of real value. It appears also that one of the three types
thus named is not of the same species, or possibly not of the same genus, as the others.

The general shape is tumid, largest posteriorly, highest just behind the apical
system, sloping gradually in front and rapidly down the truncated posterior portion
to a sharp point of the convex and semi-keeled:-plastron. The test has its greatest
breadth slightly behind the apical system.

The apical system is slightly posterior ; its details are invisible. It is small and is
placed on a depressed area between the sharp suddenly-rising anterior keels, the broader
but still higher and less decided narrow ridges of the lateral interradials, and the slightly
narrower and more pronounced keel between the postero-lateral ambulacra.

The anterior groove is large, deep, broad, excavated at the sides, which are high
within the fasciole, flat nearly on its floor; it becomes broader and shallower towards
the margin, which is moderately notched, and the groove persists slightly to the peri-
stome. The pairs of pores are placed partly on the sides of the groove and partly on
the floor—one pore (the outer and larger) being at the junction of the side and floor,
and the inner and smaller obliquely in front of the other and on the floor. Each pair
of pores, of which there are about 15 visible, is separated from its neighbours by a
broad costal elevation, and each pore is separated from its fellow by a broad tubercle.
The ornamentation of the floor of the groove is not seen, except in the form of a few
very minute granules near the apical region.

The antero-lateral ambulacra are deep, slightly sinuous, rounded at the extremity,

N2
88 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

which flares outwards slightly, narrowest and shallowest near the apical system.
The sides of the groove are nearly perpendicular in the midst of the petal, and they
slope at the distal and become shallow at the proximal end. The interporiferous zone
is well marked and broad, but it is not as broad as one of the poriferous zones. These
are unequal, the anterior being the longest and curving outwards and slightly backwards
to nearly meet the straighter posterior zone, where the fasciole closes the petal. The
pairs of pores are small and close together near the ocular plate; and there are about
7 small pairs in the posterior zones, and 10 in the anterior before the considerable
enlargement of the pores commences to be seen. The pairs then increase rapidly in
size, are placed nearly vertically, are wide apart, large, and are separated by broad
coste ornamented with a linear ridge. There are about 26 large and small pairs of
pores in the anterior zone. The angle formed by these ambulacra is rather less
than 90°.

The postero-lateral ambulacra are about half the length of the antero-lateral, are
much narrower, shallower, and form a much smaller angle. They are rather close,
being separated bya keel, are deep, petaliform, rather rounded at the end, and widest at
the junction of the first and second thirds of their length. The interporiferous zone is
moderately broad, but it has not the breadth of one of the poriferous zones; and these
are on the nearly vertical side of the ambulacra. The pairs of pores are small and
close near the ocular plate, and elsewhere are wide apart and large and separated by a
ridge on a costa with or without granules. ‘[here are about 15 large and small pairs
of pores in the poriferous zones.

The interradial areas have the plates well marked, and they are usually gibbose,
so that the vertical lines of suturing are somewhat depressed. The anterior rise as
sharp keels on either side of the odd ambulacrum, and they become narrow and
suddenly slope backwards and downwards in front of the line of the apical system. On
either side, externally, the keel slopes suddenly to the margin of the antero-lateral
ambulacra; and in front the keels become wider apart, broader, and lower where the
fasciole crosses. Beyond that spot the test swells out on either side, being faintly
notched along the median line. The lateral interradials are narrowed and broadly
keeled near the apex and are tumid along the plates, where there are globosities.

There is a sharp, convex, rather broad keel between the posterior ambulacra, which
broadens out and becomes lower posteriorly, and it merges into an oval surface more or
less truncated, on the upper part of which is a large ovoid periproct.

The peripetalous fasciole is broad at the terminations of the antero-lateral
ambulacra ; it passes backwards and inwards to a nodule on a plate about halfway
between the end of the ambulacra and the most projecting part of the keel of the
lateral interradium near the apical system. This part is narrow, and becomes small
near the nodule. A small portion of test is between the fasciole and the posterior
poriferous zone. Then the fasciole, diminished in size, reaches the projection on the
keel, and thus is well within the space between the petals. Still narrowing, it reaches
the edge of the posterior ambulacra at their outer third, passes round the end of the
OF WESTERN SIND. 89

petal, and crosses directly over the keel to the other side. In front, the broad fasciole
at the end of the antero-lateral ambulacra passes forwards inwards, mounting the flanks
of the keel of the odd ambulacrum to a gibbosity, and becomes narrower just before
reaching this. Thence it passes forwards, widening, and then diminishing to a point on
the top of the keel well forward and in front of the first visible pairs of pores. It crosses
the floor of the groove in an arched form, convexity forwards. ‘The structure is that of
exceedingly minute granules.

The lateral fasciole is very narrow, and starts from the gibbosity posterior to the
antero-lateral petals and about halfway between their ends. It passes obliquely
backwards and downwards, and reaches the margin below the truncation for the peri-
proct. Curving downwards around, it meets its fellow of the opposite side.

The ornamentation is remarkable. It consists at the ambitus on either side of
the anterior groove of a few large tubercles on one side of a nearly circular and some-
what imbricating raised scrobicule. A few miliaries exist on the test, where there
are no scrobicules. Towards the groove and above, the tubercles are closer and
smaller, and they become smaller and closer on the keel and its slopes, the smallest
being near the apical system.

On the flanks of the test in the anterior interradium the tuberculation is larger
than on the keel, and it is comparatively wanting along the sutures and along the
continuation of the petaloid ambulacral plates.

Externally and on the flanks of the test the ornamentation is at first small and
close, and then it gradually increases in size and sparseness. A medium-sized tubercu-
lation, rather close, covers the posterior interradial. The tubercles are rather low and
squat, but they have small mamelons and are perforate and crenulate. In some
places there are circlets of, or irregularly-placed miliaries ; and the scrobicules sometimes
are broken up, as it were, into circlets of miliaries. On the inner slope of the keels
of the anterior interradials the tubercles are rather larger and scarcer than just on the
outer slope ; but they are largest nearest the pores, and become smaller in front.

The length of the specimen is 14%; inch, the breadth is 13% inch.

Locality. Gari-wari Gorge, on the road from Badha to Lynyan, in the Ranikot
series. Survey-number G 7$$.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XX.
Fig. 10. The test, from above.
11. The test, from behind.
12. Ornamentation near the ambulacra: magnified.
13. An antero-lateral petal: magnified.
14, The apical system, from a specimen from Kach: magnified. Possibly
closely allied, but not of the same species.

There is considerable resemblance between this form and several species of
Schizaster. The shape of the details of the upper surface cause it to resemble somewhat
90 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

S. d Urbani (Forbes), of the Barton series of Alum Bay. It has considerable affinities
with S. africanus, de Loriol, from the Nummulitic of Egypt. But the whole of the
test not being accessible, it is impossible to do otherwise than state that the form
belongs to the Schizasters with deep and keeled anterior grooves, deep and sinuous
antero-lateral ambulacra, and small posterior petals and only two generative pores. There
is a Schizaster from Kach which is allied to this form; but there are specific distinc-
tions. But as it is probable that the Ranikot species had only two generative pores, we
reproduce, with considerable hesitation, however, the details of the form from Kach.

Genus PRENASTER, Desor, 1853.

Test tumid, ovoid, regularly rounded in front, truncate behind.

Apical system very eccentric in front.

Ambulacra subpetaloid, narrow, almost straight ; the anterior pair widely divergent,
almost transverse, placed in.very faint grooves, open at the extremities. The odd
ambulacrum is scarcely visible, and nearly flush with the surface of the test, there being
no anterior goove.

Peristome bilabiate, inferior lip prominent.

Periproct oval, at the summit of the posterior extremity.

Two fascioles, a peripetalous and a marginal. The peripetalous fasciole is incom-
plete and wanting in front, not extending beyond the point of junction with the mar-
ginal fasciole. This latter completely surrounds the test, dipping far down in front
(sometimes so much as to appear on the actinal surface), and passing posteriorly below
the periproct.

Tubercles are small and inconspicuous, perforate, crenulate, sunken in scro-
bicules.

1, PRENASTER OVIFORMIS, sp. noy. Plate XIX, Figs. 1-6.

The test is subovoid, long, tumid, rounded in front, at the sides, and above, and
truncated behind. It is longer than broad and broader than high, and is highest cen-
trally, and the slope is sharpest anteriorly. Below, the surface is convex.

The apical system is eccentric in front, and the peristome also. ‘The periproct is
close to the top of the posterior truncation, which merges superiorly into a projecting
point.

The apical system is small; and there are four generative pores, the posterior pair
being rather the widest apart. The madreporic disk, in connexion with the right ante-
rior plate, passes backwards, separating the posterior lateral generative plates, also sepa-
rating the ocular plates of the posterior lateral ambulacra in a very slight degree.

The ocular pores are small but distinct, and are at the bottom of minute hollows
in their plates.

There is no anterior groove ; and the very minute series of pores of the odd ambu-
OF WESTERN SIND. oL

lacrum are separated by a slight, flat, low ridge, which is narrow close to the apical
system, and enlarges to the ambitus. The ornamentation of this wedge-shaped, trian-
gular, and slightly elevated ridge is smaller than that of the interradials on either side.
On its flanks and looking upwards and outwards are the pairs of pores of each pori-
ferous series. ‘They are very small, oblique, and in slight hollows; a minute tubercle
intervenes between the pores of each pair, whilst the pairs are separated by a ring of
miliaries.

The pores cease before the position of the fasciole is attained ; and a few are visible
close to the mouth.

The anterior lateral ambulacra are long, slender, narrow, crooked, nearly flush with
the test (so slight is their groove), open at the end, and nearly transverse (so great is their
open angle). Each ambulacrum has a decided curvature, the concavity being directed
forwards in the outer half, and posteriorly near the apical system.

The interporiferous space is very narrow ; and the posterior poriferous zone is slightly
larger than the anterior. The pores in the anterior poriferous zones are smaller than
those of the posterior, are very slightly elongate in outline ; those of the posterior zone
are unequal in size; the row nearest the interporiferous zone consists of smaller and
circular or faintly oval or elliptical pores, whilst the posterior row contains larger
pores which are elongate ellipses. The pores are conjugate and well separated; the
cross-banding has a row of miliaries on it. There are about 26 pairs of pores, and
those nearest the apical system are very small in proportion to the others.

The posterior ambulacra, slightly shorter than the antero-lateral, form an acute
angle with each other, are in a slight groove, which is much more decided than that
of the others, are closed at the end, where they are in contact with a fasciole,
and are straight. Narrower thar the anterior lateral, the posterior ambulacra have
smaller pores, which are circular, oval, and elongate in outline. At the peristome
the lateral and posterior ambulacra are represented by large wide-apart pores, and they
crowd out the posterior lateral interradial areas 1 and 4 from the margin of the
peristome.

The anterior interradials are rounded off; and there is a faint elevation in the
angle formed by the ambulacra at the apical system; a rounded low keel is on the
lateral interradials; and the posterior one has a convex surface above, which is narrowed
near the apical system. Posteriorly, the odd interradial slopes slightly to the rear, and
then is truncated, its direction being nearly vertical; but there is a slope backwards to
the margin. This part is broad, has a very faint vertical groove below the periproct ;
and this is large, widely open, and nearly circular or elongate in outline.

Actinally, the interradials are convex, and the posterior has a well-developed plas-
tron between the long narrow anterior ambulacra. It has a broad low central keel
reaching from the posterior projecting point forwards to the mouth, where it reaches down-
wards slightly, and forms the base of the hind lip. The plastron has an ornamentation
of very regular hexagonal spaces, bounded by raised margins (the united scrobicular
raised edges), environing a flat areola, on which, nearest one end, is a boss and mamelon,
which is faintly perforate and crenulate.
92 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

The peristome is small, has a very decided posterior lip, which is on a lower plane
than the rest, and the opening is broader than long. The grooves of the ambulacra are
tolerably developed there.

The lateral fasciole is narrow, and slopes forwards and downwards on the flanks,
close to the part of greatest bulging, so as to reach the front, below the ambitus, and
about midway between the mouth and the most projecting part of the anterior region
of the test. It crosses over in front of the peristome to become continuous with that
of the other side. Posteriorly this fasciole suddenly dips below the periproct in a down-
ward curve, and passes to the opposite side. It is slightly narrowest posteriorly.

The incomplete peripetalous fasciole crosses the posterior interradial space, with
a faint backward curve on a line with the ends of the posterior ambulacra. It closes
their ends and then passes forwards, then curves suddenly downwards remote from the
antero-lateral ambulacra, to join the lateral fasciole. It isa narrow band, and is of the
same breadth as the hinder part of the lateral fasciole.

Thus the antero-lateral ambulacra are remote from the fascioles.

The test is profusely ornamented with a small tuberculation of different sizes.
The smallest tubercles, situated within a raised margin in which they are sunken, are in
the posterior and postero-lateral interradials above. This kind is also seen below;
but the larger is observed below and especially on the plastron. In front of the
descending part of the peripetalous fasciole, the raised margins are formed by aggre-
gations of miliaries, and a larger and rounder scrobicule results with a well-deve-
loped boss and mamelon. This larger ornamentation is common over the front, except
along the line of the anterior odd ambulacrum, and it is very decided inferiorly and near
the peristome. The posterior ambulacra actinally and at the edge of the plastron have
an ornamentation of circular minute pits.

femarks. This species presents some resemblance to P. Desori, Cotteau, which is
perhaps its nearest ally ; but it differs from the Pyrenean species by its more elliptical
form and its relatively greater disproportion of length to breadth. The test of the
Sindian specimen is comparatively less high, and the truncation of the posterior extre-
mity slopes downwards and outwards from the dorsal area. The structure of the
antero-lateral ambulacra separates the form from Agassizia.

Length 1 inch, breadth 385 inch, height 3% inch.

Locality. North-east of Petidni, Ranikot series. Survey-number G 282.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XIX.

View from above: natural size.

Actinal surface: natural size.

Side view: natural size.

Posterior view: natural size.

Part of the odd anterior ambulacrum and ornamentation: magnified.
Part of an antero-lateral ambulacrum: magnified.

Se oe
OF WESTERN SIND. 93

Genus METALIA, Gray.

1. Meratia Sowersyl, d’ Archiac, sp.

Brissopsis Sowerbyi, d@’ Archiac (1850), Hist. des progrés de la Géol. t. iii. p. 251.

Brissopsis (?) Sowerbyi, d’ Archiac § Haime (1853), Anim, foss. de ?Inde, p. 220, pl. xv. fig. 7a, 6.

A single example of this form, in very bad preservation, occurs amongst the
Ranikot Echinoidea. The condition of the specimen is most unsatisfactory, all
structure and detail having been destroyed by weathering; and we are only able
to determine the species by comparison with a large series of perfectly preserved
specimens from the Khirthar strata, which are identical with MM. d’Archiac and
Haime’s badly-preserved type specimen in the collection of the Geological Society of
London. Further remarks on this species are deferred until the description of the
Khirthar series; but we may, however, mention in conclusion that MM. Desor,
de Loriol, and other writers have been misled, by the incorrect drawing of the form in
the ‘ Animaux fossiles de ]’Inde,’ in placing the species under Prenaster.

Locality. North by east of Petidni, west of Kotri, Ranikot series. Survey-
number G 282,

IV. Remarks on the Genera and Species in the Ranikot Series.

There are 41 species and 1 variety in this fauna. The species Rhynchopygus
Caldeyi, d’Archiac, sp., mentioned also, was probably placed accidentally in this series
by the collectors.

The number of species of regular Echini in the series, admitting the distinctness
of those forms which, although they can be differentiated from their congeners, are not
sufficiently well preserved to be defined specifically, is considerable. There are 17
species and one variety. There are two species of true Cidaris and three of Phylla-
canthus (Rhabdocidaris). Moreover an examination of the spines found in the beds
indicates the former presence of Porocidaris. The species of Cidaris from below the
Trap is not represented in the Ranikot beds; and none of the Cidaride of these
deposits pass upwards into the Khirthar series.

One species of the genus Salenia, characterized, however, by the presence of an
optic plate within the anal ring (almost an exceptional condition in the fossil species) is
represented by several specimens*. It has also a peculiarity about the ambulacral
pores. The genus is not represented in the other Nummulitic strata of India.

The Cyphosoma, a common form, has the peculiarity of having the tubercles of the
interradial areas larger than those of the ambulacra. But this is the only exception to

* See optic plates in two species figured by Cotteau, Péron, and Gauthier, Ech. Foss, Algér. fase. 5.
O
94 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

the usual generic attributes. Another species, not sufficiently well preserved to be
diagnosed, is normal in respect of the uniform size of the tubercles.

The new genus Acanthechinus is not without alliances with Stirechinus, a Miocene
or Pliocene form from the Sicilian Tertiaries ; and the singular genera Eurypneustes and
Holopneustes are unique, although they clearly represent such genera as Micropsis and
Orthopsis, which are common in other Nummulitic faunas. But the generic distinctions
are very evident.

The most interesting forms of the Echinoidea in the collection are those which
must be temporarily classified amongst the Temnopleuride. The apical system and
ornamentation of the Dictyopleuri separate them from Temnechinus and Temnopleurus.
The ornamentation recalls that of Glyphocyphus and Temnechinus lineatus, Duncan, of
the Australian Cainozoic strata. It greatly resembles that of the forms classified by
d’Archiac and Haime under the genus Temnopleurus, they not being Temnopleuri on
account of the absence of true pits at the angles of their sutures. ‘They have not the
apical system perfect; and we range them in our genus Dictyopleurus provisionally,
trusting to obtain perfect specimens from higher horizons.

With regard to Arachniopleurus, it has a considerable range in space, as we have
seen specimens collected in Persia and also in Kach. Probably Paradoxechinus of
Laube, from the Australian Cainozoic (Tertiary), links our Dictyopleurus to Arachnio-
pleurus. None of these forms have the true Temnopleurid penetration and undermining
of the test; in fact, they have greater alliances with Glyphocyphus than with Temno-
pleurus ; but the apical system of Glyphocyphus differs. Neither in the Egyptian nor
European Nummulitic areas have these remarkably ornamented genera been distin-
guished ; and Glyphocyphus belongs to the Upper-Greensand age.

With regard to the form Progonechinus Eocenicus, we have with some hesitation
placed it amongst the Temnopleuride ; its position in the family depends on the normal
nature of the cavities which exist at the angles of the sutures. The ornamentation is
totally different from any known genus, however.

With regard to the forms usually classified under the genus Conoclypeus by pale-
ontologists, it must be remembered that Zittel (‘ Handbuch der Paléontologie,’ vol. i.
p- 515) has proved that Conoclypeus conoideus, Lamarck, has auricles and jaws, and
that de Loriol has shown (‘ Echinides de lEgypte,’ p. 76 e¢ seg.) that several other
so called species of Conoclypeus have not jaws. The possession of jaws is generic, and
it is accompanied by an absence of phyllodes, or doubling of the ambulacral pores near
the peristome. On the other hand the absence of jaws and the presence of a phyllode
take the species out of the genus Conoclypeus. Some of the species formerly classified
with the genus Conoclypeus will now, on account of their having a phyllode, small
bourrelets, and no jaws, be placed as a new genus, Phylloclypeus, de Loriol. Others
are species of Hchinolampas according to de Loriol, such, for instance, as Conoclypeus
Osiris, Desor, from Egypt.

The new forms from Sind are readily distinguishable from the Egyptian types
OF WESTERN SIND. 95

published by de Loriol, and from those described by d’Archiac and Haime from
Sind.

Conoclypeus declivis is not without its alliances with Conoclypeus subcampanci-
formis, Bittner, from the Eocene of the Istrio-Dalmatian area.

The portion of a test which shows a phyllode, on Plate XII, Fig. 8, came from a
Conoclypeoid-looking test. But there are evidently additional or intercalated plates
in the ambulacrum ; and the pores penetrate through them, and are not simply in the
line of the sutures. The specimen does not appear to belong to the genus Echinolampas ;
and we introduce it into de Loriol’s new genus Phylloclypeus.

Probably Phylloclypeus will eventually be admitted to be a subgenus of Echino-
lampas. At present we associate it with the Echinolampine as a subfamily of Cassi-
dulidee.

The genus Plesiolampas has one species in the strata below the Trap, or in the
Cardita-Beaumonti beds (Plesiolampas elongata, nobis); and there are five well-marked
species in the Ranikot series. There are none in the higher horizon of the Khirthar
series, nor are any species amongst the collections from Kach. ‘There are no forms
resembling any of the genus in the collections of dArchiac and Haime, nor, in fact,
in any others.

The numerous specimens in a good state of preservation and of different stages of
growth have enabled us to give the minute details of the test in young and old speci-
mens. ‘There are certainly no jaws, and the phyllode is rudimentary. The inequality
of the length of the poriferous zones is found in the young forms only; and the peri-
proct becomes more totally inframarginal and longitudinally elongate with age.

The genus does not appear to be represented elsewhere than in Sind and (excepting
the solitary species below the Trap) in the Ranikot series, of which it is charac-
teristic.

MM. d’Archiac and Haime described a Cassidulid under the name of Eurhodia
Calderi, but could give no satisfactory account of its geological horizon. The type in
the collection of the Geological Society of London is not in good condition; and a
specimen amongst those from the Ranikot group is in a moderately good state of pre-
servation. But the collectors doubted the finding the specimen in stéu ; and on referring
to the Khirthar series, which overlies the Ranikot, we find amongst the specimens
derived from it numerous forms presenting the same kind of colour and mineralization.
The form may or may not belong to the Ranikot series, and we enter it with doubt.
It is a Rhynchopygus, however, and not a Eurhodia. We fail to see that the type of
Eurhodia Calderi in the collection of the Geological Society is a Eurhodia; it is a
Ehynchopygqus.

The Rhynchopygus pygmeus might be at first sight taken for a young R. Calderi;
but it is not so. It differs from the Egyptian forms described by de Loriol; and from
its mineralization there is no doubt about its being a true Ranikot form.

A species of Cassidulus is amongst the Ranikot series ; and the specimens show the

02
96 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

beautiful floscelle and the posterior median line of cribriform structure. The posterior
development of the test separates the species from all others of the genus.

The genus Paralampas recalls parts of the generic distinctions of both Rhynchopygus
and Catopygus. The forms included within it are very perplexing in a classificatory
sense ; and, much as we regret having to devote a new generic title to them, we do not
consider that they can be associated with any genus of the Cassidulids hitherto de-
scribed. The remarkable peristome and its associated simple floscelle, the shape of the
test, the shape and position of the periproct, the absence of the median pitted line on
the concave actinal surface, the small petaloid ambulacral rosette with equal pores,
and the homogeneous nature of the ornamentation of the actinal tuberculation are very
distinctive.

Another Catopygian alliance is seen in the remarkable forms which are included
in the genus Neocatopygus. The shape of the test, the small ambulacral rosette, the
single series of the extrapetalous pores, and the character of the floscelle separate the
genus very well from the Catopygus of Mesozoic age.

It is very remarkable that the only representative of the genus Echinanthus (Brey-
nius) found in the Ranikot series should be a very anomalous one. The shape of the
test, the highest part being eccentric in front, and the dwarfed anterior odd ambulacrum
are very characteristic.

The genus Eolampas has an aborted anterior odd ambulacral petal, an anterior
position of the apical system, and an open peristome with a very faint floscelle. It
occurs also in the Khirthar series, which overlies the Ranikot group of strata. It might
be said to represent the genus Echinolampas in the Ranikot series ; but no true species
of this genus are found therein, although they predominate in the higher groups.

The number of specimens of Eurhodia Morrisi, d’Archiac and Haime, sent to us

renders it probable that it is a very common species. It is characteristic of the Ranikot
series. The magnificent floscelle, the dimensions of the test, and the curious inequality
of the breadth of the poriferous zones of the ambulacra cause the form to be very readily
recognized. For such a large form the small size of the ambulacra is remarkable;
but they are placed well forward. As the specimens now in the possession of the
Geological Survey of India are far more perfect than those which were described by
MM. d’Archiac and Haime, it has been necessary to redescribe the species to a certain
extent.
There is no doubt about the presence of a fine Prenaster in the Ranikot series.
The antero-lateral ambulacra have both of their poriferous zones developed ; so
the form cannot come within the genus Agassizia. The nearest alliance of the form
is with Prenaster Desort, Cotteau; but there are good specific differences between
them.

A well-defined species of Hemiaster and a very doubtful one are in the collection.
The shape of Hemiaster elongatus, which is a very common fossil, is remarkable; and
its structural details separate it from others. The presence of only two generative pores
OF WESTERN SIND. . 97

situated on mamelons, and the fact that the madreporic body passes backwards and
separates the ocular plates, make the form to look much more modern than the Num-
mulitic.

There are two species of the genus Linthia in the Ranikot series. One is allied to
Linthia Arizensis, @Archiac, sp., which is found in the Nummulitic of Egypt and
Europe ; but it is well separated from the Linthia found in the strata beneath the Trap,
in the Cardita-Beaumonti beds. The other Linthia is a large form not specifically
distinguishable, on account of the weathering of the specimen. Its nearest ally appears
to be Linthia Delanouei, de Loriol, from Egypt.

A Schizaster is found in the Ranikot series, the description and identification of
which have given much trouble. The specimen is solitary and is crushed; but some
parts of the structure remain in great perfection. As it is a very striking form, we
have described it, more for the sake of field-geologists who may take up the study of
the Ranikot series in detail, than for the sake of the advanced paleontologist. One
of our difficulties was produced by the wretched condition of the type of Schizaster
Newboldi, D’Archiac and Haime. It is really a worthless species. The form under
cousideration has some resemblance to Schizaster Africanus, de Loriol, from Egypt.

Finally, there is an ill-preserved specimen of the genus Metalia. It may be the
Brissopsis Sowerbyi, d’Archiac and Haime.

There is no doubt that this fauna of Kchinoidea is a remarkably isolated one.
It has no form that can be satisfactorily and decidedly stated to be identical with any
European or American species. The alliance with the Egyptian Nummulitic Echinoid
fauna is of the slightest description. There are no species common to this fauna and
that of the strata on the same area beneath the Trap which covers the Cardita-
Beaumonti beds, and there are no species common to the Ranikot series and the
Upper Cretaceous beds of Southern India.

Making due allowance for errors in collecting specimens, the community of
species between the Ranikot and overlying Khirthar series is very small, and no form
passes up to the Nari group.

The grouping of the genera of Echinoidea of the Ranikot series is interesting, and
it becomes all the more important in the attempt to define the geological horizon of
this great vertical mass of Nummulite-bearing beds, which, however, are clearly beneath
the main Nummulitic limestone of the superincumbent and unconformable Khirthar
series. In the Ranikot fauna there are 41 species and a variety; and in the whole of
the Echinoidean fauna from the Nnmmulitic strata of Egypt de Loriol notices 42
species. In this corresponding number of species none are identical, and the affinities
(of two) are very slight. The generic assemblage of the Ranikot series differs, moreover,
from the Egyptian. It contains a greater number of regular Kchini; and only the
following genera are common to both areas—Porocidaris, Conoclypeus, Rhynchopygus,
Hemiaster, Linthia, and Schizaster. The great mass of the characteristic genera of the
Ranikot series are not found in the Egyptian area ; and, vice versd, the important genera
98 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

of the Egyptian Nummulitic are not found in the Ranikot series, or are sparsely repre-
sented in species.

Thus the genera Salenia, Cyphosoma, Acanthechinus, the Temnopleuride, the genera
Eurypneustes and Aolopneustes, Phylloclypeus, Plesiolampas, Echinanthus, Eolampas,
Paralampas, Cassidulus, Eurhodia, Neocatopygus, Prenaster, and Metalia (in all 18
genera of the Ranikot series out of its 26 genera) are not found in Egypt.

The Egyptian fauna is rich in species of Echinolampas and Macropneustes, Hemi-
spatangus and Euspatangus. It contains the well-known genera Conoclypeus, Ambly-
pygus, Orthopsis, Micropsis, Sismondia, and Echinocyamus ; and there is a fine group
of Schizasters and Linthias. There are two Linthias in the Ranikot series and a
Schizaster ; but all the above-mentioned genera are absent.

The generic distribution in the two areas, although plainly Eocenic, is very different.
The absence of the genera Hchinolampas and Amblypygus in the Ranikot series is very
suggestive, especially as they appear in the succeeding Khirthar group.

The position of the Egyptian beds, or the Mokattam series, which have yielded the
Echinoidea is stated by de Loriol to be on the horizon of San Giovanni L[larione in
the Vicentin, and of the Eocene of the Canton de Schwytz. ‘These are the equivalents
of the Calcaire grossier of Paris. But the succession of beds in Egypt appears to be,
from the results of the works of Fraas, Zittel, d Archiac, and Delanoueas follows :—
On the top, beds with Ostrea flabellula, and below it the shale containing the Echi-
noidea described by de Loriol. Still lower are beds with Atruria ziczac, and of the
age of the London Clay. Zittel has discovered under the Mokattam series, which he
considers Lower Nummulitic, a series which he calls the Libyan; and it includes the
Atruria-ziczac horizon. It rests on Cretaceous sandstones.

Are the Ranikot beds of the same geological age as the Mokattam series, or do they
belong to Zittel’s inferior stage, which would seem to range through the age from the
Chalk to the London Clay inclusive? The homotaxis of the genera of the Ranikot
series is not that of the Mokattam age; and this last has greater affinities, so far as its
distribution of genera is concerned, with the Khirthar strata above the Ranikot series.

The Fossil Corals of the Ranikot series were shown to belong to 50 species
(‘ Fossil Corals and Alcyonaria of Western Sind,’ Paleont. Indica, series xiv. p. 38),
and that only 7 of these were identical with European species from the zones of
Nummulites planulatus and Cerithium giganteum. It is a remarkable fact that the
Nummulitic Echini of Kach have greater affinities with the Egyptian fauna than with
that of Ranikot, and the genus Echinolampas predominates with Macropneustes.

Laube and Dames have given the data for comparing the fauna of Echinoidea of
the Vicentin Eocene. In the lowest deposits of Monte Postale and Monte Spilecco there
are two genera, Cyclaster and Celopleurus, and also Echinolampas, which are not found
in the Ranikot, but which are in abundance in higher horizons in Sind. At San Giovanni
Ilarione there are the genera Cidaris, Porocidaris, Cyphosoma, Pyrina, Echinocyamus,
Amblypygus, Nucleolites, Pygorhynchus, Ilariona, Echinolampas, Oviclypeus, Conoclypeus,
OF WESTERN SIND. 99

Cyclaster, Linthia, Schizaster, Pericosmus, Prenaster, Metalia, Gualteria, Peripneustes,
and Euspatangus.

Bittner described some of the Echinoidea of the older tertiaries of Vicenza and
Verona in 1880-1881 *, and mentions the genera Cidaris (Leiocidaris), Leiopedina,
Ceratomus, Cassidulus, Echinanthus, Pygorhynchus, Ilariona, Echinolampas, Conocly-
peus, Hemiaster, Linthia, Schizaster, Pericosmus, Prenaster, Parabrissus, Toxobrissus,
Peripneustes, Lovenia.

The Eocene strata of Istria and Dalmatia have had their Echinoid fauna studied and
admirably described and illustrated by Taramelliand Bittner. The fauna is tabulated
by Bittner, who finds the following genera represented :—Cidaris (Leiocidaris), Poro-
cidaris, Pseudodiadema, Colopleurus, Cyphosoma, Micropsis, Echinocyamus, Caratomus,
Amblypygus, Nucleolites, Echinanthus, Pygorhynchus, Echinolampas, Conoclypeus,
Cyclaster, Hemiaster, Linthia, Schizaster, Pericosmus, Prenaster, Gualteria, Macro-
pneustes, Peripneustes, Euspatangus.

The principal genera, or those affording the greatest number of species, are Cidaris,
Echinanthus, Echinolampas, Linthia, and Schizaster. There are no less than twelve
species of Kchinolampas. This does not resemble the Ranikot fauna.

The Etage Montien (the inferior Kocene of Belgium) contains two species of Cidaris,
Goniopygus minor, Cassidulus elongatus, Echinanthus Corneti, and Linthia Houzeaui.
Above this horizon, in the Landenian, come Holaster, Hemiaster, and Schizaster, with

Ostrea bellovacina, and still higher, in the Yprésien supérieur, with Turbinolia sulcata

and Nummulites planulatus, the genera Maretia, Schizaster, Scutellina, and Cidaris.
In the higher horizon with Mummulites levigata, the genus Echinolampas comes in,
with Echinocyamus, Lenita, and Spatangus.

In the London Clay the genera are Cidaris, Echinus, Echinopsis, Celopleurus,
Spatangus, Hemiaster, Euspatangus, and Schizaster.

It is hopeless, after studying these details, to give the Ranikot series any definite
equivalency. The indefinite Cretaceous facies of part of the Ranikot and sub-Trap
faunas, and the absence of very distinctive Lower Eocene genera of European or African
types in them, would seem to place the series lower than the Mokattam group and the
fossiliferous Eocenes of Kach. At the same time the evidence given by the corals indi-
cates a moderate alliance with the fauna of the lowest Nummulitic age of Europe and
a possibly greater antiquity. It must be remembered that the Ranikot series is beneath
the great development of Nummulitic limestone which occurs in the superincumbent
and unconformable Khirthar series. It appears that there is some alliance between
the Ranikot series of Echinoidea and those from the Cainozoic (Miocene 2) of Australia
(Duncan, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxiii. p. 42); but it is of the slightest description.
There is little to be said regarding the affinities of the Echinoidea of the Arrialoor or

* Beitrige zur Pal. von Oesterreich-Ungarn (Wien, 1881), Bd.i. Heft 2.
+ Taramelli, ‘ Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto,’ 1873-74, t. iii. ser. 4, p. 951; Bittner, ‘ Beitriige zar Pal.
von Oesterreich-Ungarn’ (Wien, 1880), Bd. i. Heft 1.
100 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA OF WESTERN SIND.

Upper Chalk of the south of Hindostan and those of the deposits above the Cretaceous
in Sind. Yet there is a slight Cretaceous facies in the Ranikot Echinoid fauna ; but
the paleontological break is still vast. From our present knowledge, then, the Ranikot
series is the lowest in the Nummulitic group, and its fauna is a very special one. The
series is older than the Kach, Egyptian, and Southern Alpine groups of Echinoid-
bearing strata; and these are more on the horizon of the succeeding Khirthar series.

Position of the Fossil Echinoidea.

The species which were described in the first part of this Monograph, pages 7-20,
were collected in strata containing Cardita Beawmonti and the Corals described in the
‘Palezontologia Indica,’ ser. xiv. 1880.

‘A trap covers the Cardita-Beaumonti strata; and hence the specimens have been
occasionally stated to have come “ from beneath the Trap.” But it appears that a second
trap (and possibly a third) exists in relation to these strata (see ‘Memoirs of the
Geological Survey of India,’ vol. xvii. pt. 1, “The Geology of Western Sind,” by
W. T. Blanford, F.R.S., pages 129-134).

The fact that a great depth of strata, not of marine origin, overlies the Cardita-
Beaumonté series, which in turn are overlain by the fossiliferous strata of the Ranikot
series, suffices to distinguish the age and position of the two sets of Echinoidea.

 

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,
A DESCRIPTION

OF THE

FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

OF

WESTERN SIND.

 

Fascicutus 3.—THE KHIRTHAR SERIES.

I. Introductory Remarks on the Khirthar Series.

Tue Khirthar series of strata take their name from the great frontier range of hills
which extends along the western boundary of the province of Sind as far south as
lat. 26° 15’, and of which they form the crest throughout, as well as all the higher
portions of the Laki range, of the Bhit and Badhra ranges south-west of Manchhar
Lake, and of several smaller ridges*. This formation represents an aggregate thickness
of about 9000 feet, the upper 3000 feet of which are a compact massive Nummulitic
limestone, the underlying portion consisting of shales and sandstones. The lower
beds are unfossiliferous, and pass without stratigraphical unconformity into the under-
lying Ranikot series. In like manner the Nari series of strata rest conformably upon
the Khirthar.

The character and relative position of the Khirthar deposits have been briefly
referred to in the Introductory part of Fasciculus 1 of this work, and diagrammatic
sections showing the superposition of strata are given on page 6. ‘The following
extracts from the valuable memoir by Mr. W. T. Blanford, F.R.S.+, will be of interest
to the student of the fossil remains obtained from these strata, which form the subject
of the present Fasciculus.

“The colour” of the massive limestone “is usually pale, either white or grey,

* Memoirs Geol. Surv. India, vol. xvii. p. 45.
t Geology of Western Sind (Mem. Geol. Surv. India, vol. xvii.).
102 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

sometimes, but less frequently, dark grey; the texture varies from hard, close, and
homogeneous, breaking with a conchoidal fracture, to soft, coarse, and open. Ordi-
narily, the Nummulitic limestone is tolerably compact but not crystalline, and chiefly
composed of Foraminifera, especially Nummulites, which are fragmentary ; corals, sea-
urchins, and molluscs also abound, but the two latter very frequently only weather
out as casts.

“Throughout Northern Sind, except near Rohri, no beds are seen beneath the.
Khirthar limestone, and the rocks which crop out west of the Sind frontier from
beneath the main limestone-band have already been described. The remarkable range
of low hills surrounded by Indus alluvium, and extending for more than forty miles
south from Rohri, consists of Nummulitic limestone, having a low dip to the westward ;
and beneath the limestone forming the eastern scarp of the hills, on the edge of the
alluvial plain, a considerable thickness of pale-green gypseous clays is exposed, with a
few bands of impure dark limestone and calcareous shale. No Foraminifera have been
found in these clays, although Nummulites abound in the limestone immediately over-
lying ; several species of Mollusca occur, but none are characteristic ; and it is far from
clear whether the green clays and their associates are merely thick bands intercalated
in the limestone, or whether they belong to a lower group. Probably these argillaceous
beds of the Rohri hills represent some of the marls, shales, and clays forming the
lower portion of the upper Khirthar group on the Gaj river.

“The Nummulitic limestone of the Rohri hills is softer and whiter than that of
the Khirthar range, a difference doubtless due to the much smaller amount of distur-
bance that the rocks have undergone in the former instance. A somewhat similar but
greater difference has been shown to exist between the Nummulitic limestone of the
Salt Range and that of the Himalayas in the Punjab.

“In some places west of Kotri, a band of argillaceous and ferruginous rock is
found close to the base of the Khirthar group. This rock weathers into laterite ; it is
mainly composed of brown hematite, and appears to be found over a considerable area
near Kotri and Jhirak. It is impossible to avoid suggesting its identity with the
ferruginous lateritic bed found in a similar position in Guzerat, Cutch, the Salt Range,
and the Sub-Himalayan region. ;

“In the Laki range the Nummulitic limestone rests unconformably on the Ranikot
group. The Khirthar group here cannot be more than 500 or 600 feet thick, and
consists entirely of limestone. To the south-east, towards Kotri and Tatta, there is no
unconformity between the Ranikot and Khirthar groups, but, on the contrary, there is
an almost complete passage between the two, and the limestone of the latter becomes
much split up and intercalated with shales and sandy beds. This is even more the
case further to the south-east in Cutch, where the whole group consists of comparatively
thin beds of limestone, interstratified with shales. ‘To the south-west, near the Habb
river, the massive limestone dies out altogether; and although it is well developed in
the southernmost extremity of the Khirthar range, near Karchat, about 50 miles south
of Schwan, it disappears within a distance of 25 miles, and in the ranges on the Habb
river is entirely replaced by shaly limestone, shales, and thin beds of sandstone. Some
OF WESTERN SIND. 103

rather massive beds of Nummulitiferous dark-grey limestone, very different in character
from the pale-coloured Khirthar limestone, are found west of the Habb, but their
precise position in the series is not known; and the rocks appearing from beneath the
Nari group, in the place of the Khirthar limestone, consist of shales and sandstones,
with some calcareous bands abounding in Nummulites, and closely resembling, both in
character and in the species of Foraminifera they contain, the Nummulitic shales
beneath the massive limestone on the Géj river. It is not known to what extent the
typical Khirthar limestone is developed in Baluchistan; around Kelat, to the north-
ward, this band appears to be extensively exposed, but to the westward, near Gwadar,
the rocks supposed to represent the older Tertiary beds consist of an immense thickness
of shales, shaly sandstones, and unfossiliferous calcareous bands, resembling the lower
Khirthars of the Gaj and the beds of the Habb valley, and limestones with Nummulites
are of frequent and local occurrence. It is thus evident that the Khirthar limestone,
although it is so conspicuous in most parts of Sind, and although it attains a consider-
able thickness, is not by any means universally distributed.”

The character of the organic remains of the Khirthar series is unquestionably
Eocene, and the various faune are distinctly comparable with those homotaxially
related to them in other parts of the world. Foraminifera are richly represented, and
Mollusca are numerous. Out of 17 species of Foraminifera mentioned in Mr. Fedden’s
list *, 4 species pass down into the Ranikot series, the remainder being peculiar to the
Khirthar, and none pass up into the Nari.

Out of 43 species of Mollusca+ (omitting those whose determination was doubtful),
14 species pass down into the Ranikot, 2 of these extending into the transition beds;
3 species pass up into the Nari, these three being also amongst those Khirthar forms
which are found in the Ranikot; and 1 species passes up into the Ga, which has not
yet been found in the Nari.

The Coral faunaf is represented by a comparatively limited number of forms.
Out of 16 species accredited to this formation, 10 are from beds so high in the series
that it is uncertain whether they may not belong to the more recent Nari series. Of
the remaining 6 species, 2 are identical with fossil forms from European strata.

The Echinoderm fauna is rich both in number of species and of individuals.
70 species and varieties of Echinoidea are noticed in the following pages. The cha-
racter of the Echinoidean fauna of the Khirthar series is, like that of the Ranikot series,
remarkably isolated. 63 species and varieties belong unquestionably to these strata
exclusively—that is to say, they have not yet been found in other geological horizons.
Four of the remaining 7 species are characteristic Khirthar forms, but were included in
the collection of Echinoids from the Ranikot series, to which formation they were also
ascribed. That the specimens in question really belonged to the Ranikot age is
very doubtful; and in a future page we shall discuss the evidence upon which we
consider it highly probable that they were derived from Khirthar beds. Three other
species, of which only single and fragmentary specimens are included in the collection,

* Memoirs Geol. Surv. India, vol. xvii. p. 197 et seq. t+ Op. cit. p. 201.
t P. Martin Duncan, “ Fossil Corals of Sind,” Pal. Ind. ser. xiv. (1880).

P2
104 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

have evidently, from the nature of their matrix, been assigned by accident to the
Khirthar formation; they are also characteristic fossils in higher beds. None of the
Khirthar forms have as yet been found in the Nari series.

The relations of the Khirthar Echinoidea with those from other homotaxial areas
are representative but not identical: the general facies of the fauna and its peculiarities

will be remarked on in the sequel.
Owing to the nature of the matrix and the accidents and difficulties of exposure,

the Khirthar fossils are not preserved in such beauty and perfection as is frequently
the case in Tertiary specimens from higher beds. Many are more or less broken or
obscured by matrix, and in some instances out of a dozen examples none are absolutely
perfect. These circumstances have obviously increased the difficulties of determination.
Out of the 70 species and varieties mentioned in this Fasciculus, there are 10 forms to
which we have refrained from assigning, on the above grounds, any specific name. In
most cases they are isolated specimens, and all that can be said definitely about them
is, that they differ from the other forms recorded. Their state of preservation is such
as to render a useful description impossible; and we have consequently considered that
the interests of science are best served by simply placing their occurrence on record
until better material is available. Wherever practicable, a drawing of the specimen
has been given, for the assistance of the labours of the Geological Survey.

Il. List of the Fossil Echinoidea from the Khirthar Series.
Order ECHINOIDEA ENDOCYCLICA.
Family CIDARIDZ:.
Genus Crparis, Klein, 1734.

Subgenus LetocrpaRis, Desor, 1854.

Leiocidaris canaliculata, Duncan & Sladen: p. 109.

Genus PorocrpaRis, Desor, 1854.

Porocidaris anomala, Duncan & Sladen: p. 113.

Family GLYPHOSTOMATA.
Subfamily DIADEMATID2.

Genus CypHosoMaA, Agassiz, 1840.
Cyphosoma macrostoma, Duncan & Sladen: p. 116.
—— undatum, Duncan § Sladen: p. 117.

Genus Microprsis, Cotteau, 1856.

Micropsis venustula, Duncan & Sladen: p. 119.
Subfamily TEMNOPLEURIDSZ.

Genus Trmynzrcuines, Forbes, 1852.
*Temnechinus Rousseaui, d’Archiac, sp.: p. 122.

* A single example, evidently included accidentally in the Khirthar Collection. It came from a much

higher horizon.
OF WESTERN SIND. 105

Order ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.

Suborder GNATHOSTOMATA.

Family CONOCLYPEID.

Genus ConocLyPeEvs, Agassiz, 1840.
Conoclypeus alveolatus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 124.
pinguis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 126.
rostratus, Duncan g& Sladen: p. 128.

—— galerus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 129.

 

 

Family CLY PEASTRIDA.

Subfamily HUCLYPEASTRIDZ.
Genus EcuinocyaMus, van Phelsum, 1774.

Echinocyamus nummuliticus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 182.
——., var. obesus: p. 134.

 

 

, var. oviformis: p. 135.

 

; var. planus: p. 135.
rotundus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 135.

 

Genus Sismonpia, Desor, 1857.

Sismondia polymorpha, Duncan g Sladen: p. 137.

Suborder ATELOSTOMATA.

Family CASSIDULIDZ:.

Subfamily ECHINONEIN &.
Genus AMBLYPYGUS, Agassiz, 1840.

Amblypygus subrotundus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 140.
, Var. conicus: p. 142.

—— patelleformis, Duncan g Sladen: p. 144.

—— tumidus, Duncan g Sladen: p. 146.

—— latus, Duncan g Sladen: p. 148.

 

Subfamily ECHINOLAMPIN 2.

Genus Eotampas, Duncan & Sladen, 1882.
Eolampas excentricus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 150.

Genus ECcHINOLAMPAS, Gray, 1825.

Echinolampas rotunda, Duncan § Sladen: p. 152.
subconica, Duncan § Sladen: p. 155.

—— obesa, Duncan ¢ Sladen: p. 157.

—— Sindensis, @Archiac: p. 159.

, var. hemispherica, Duncan & Sladen: p. 163.
—— angustifolia, Duncan & Sladen: p. 164.

—  nummulitica, Duncan & Sladen: p. 167.

 

 
106

THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Echinolampas juvenilis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 170.
lepadiformis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 172.
—— xquivoca, Duncan & Sladen: p. 178.

sp. (junior): p. 174..

—— sp.: p. 176.

 

 

Subfamily ECHINANTHIN &. ‘

Genus Ecutnantuvs, Breynius, 1732.

Echinanthus intermedius, Dumegn & Sladen: p. 177.

Genus IuaRtonta, Dames, 1877.

Ilarionia Sindensis, Duncan g Sladen: p. 179.

Genus CasstpuLus, Lamarck, 1801-

Cassidulus subinvaginatus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 182.

Genus Ruynonorrevs, D’Orbigny, 1855.

Rhynchopygus Calderi, d’ Archiac & Haime, sp.: p. 184.
——- pygmaus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 187.

Family SPATANGIDZ.
Subfamily SPATANGIN Z,

Genus Micraster, Agassiz, 1836.
Micraster tumidus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 189.

Genus Hemtaster, Desor, 1847,
Hemiaster apicalis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 193.
—— nobilis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 196.
carinatus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 198.
—— digonus, d’Archiac: p. 200.

 

—— sp.: p. 201.
— sp.: p. 201.
—— sp.: p. 202.

Genus Brissopsis, Agassiz, 1840.
Brissopsis sufflatus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 208.

Genus Mutarta, Gray, 1855.
Metalia Sowerbyi, d’Archiac, sp: p. 206.
scutiformis, d’Archiac, sp.: p. 209.
, var. rotunda, Duncan & Sladen: p. 211.
-—— depressa, Duncan & Sladen: p. 211.
—— agariciformis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 213.
sp.: p. 215.
—— sp.: p. 216,

 

 

 

Genus Lintuta, Merian, 1853.
Linthia orientalis, Duncan g Sladen: p. 217.
OF WESTERN SIND. 107

Genus ScuizasTeR, Agassiz, 1836.

Schizaster symmetricus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 220.
simulans, Duncan & Sladen: p. 223.

—— Baluchistanensis, d’ Archiac & Haime: p. 224.
—— sp.: p. 224.

 

Genus Morra, A. Agassiz, 1872.
* Moira primeva, Duncan & Sladen: p. 225.
Genus Brissopataaus, Cotteau, 1863.
Brissopatagus Sindensis, Duncan § Sladen: p. 226.
Genus Bruynia, Desor, 1847.
* Breynia carinata, d’Archiac & Haime: p. 229.
Genus Macropnevstes, Agassiz, 1847.

Macropneustes speciosus, Duncan ¢ Sladen: p. 229.
rotundus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 232.

 

Genus PERIPNEvsTEs, Cotteau, 1875.
Peripneustes sp.: p. 234.

Genus Euspataneus, Agassiz, 1847.

Euspatangus avellana, d’Archiac ¢ Haime: p. 235,
cordiformis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 238,
rostratus, d’Archiac: p. 240.

 

 

Genus indet. (probably new; and to be classed with the Brissing).
Migs (ed ag Pots ee py 2a,

Summary of Species of Fossil Echinoidea from the Khirthar Series in Sind.

. Leiocidaris canaliculata, Duncan & Sladen: p. 109.

. Porocidaris anomala, Duncan & Sladen: p, 1138.

. Cyphosoma macrostoma, Duncan & Sladen: p. 116.
undatum, Duncan & Sladen: p. 117.

. Micropsis venustula, Duncan § Sladen: p. 119.

. Temnechinus Rousseaui, d’Archiac, sp.: p. 122.

. Conoclypeus alveolatus, Duncan § Sladen: p. 124.
pinguis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 126.

rostratus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 128,

galerus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 129.

. Echinocyamus nummuliticus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 132.
, var. obesus, Duncan g& Sladen: p. 134.

, var. oviformis, Duncan g Sladen: p. 185.
, var. planus, Duncan g Sladen: p. 135.
rotundus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 185.

. Sismondia polymorpha, Duncan ¢ Sladen: p. 137.

 

 

COM TP Ow we

 

 

He
eS

 

 

ee
wr

 

 

He
oO

 

_
o>

 

 

17. Amblypygus subrotundus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 140.
18. —— , var. conicus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 142.
19. patelleformis, Duncan g& Sladen: p. 144.

 

* A single example, evidently included accidentally in the Khirthar Collection.
108

20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25,
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42,
43.
44,
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54,
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.

THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Amblypygus tumidus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 146.
latus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 148.

Eolampas excentricus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 150.
Echinolampas rotunda, Duncan & Sladen: p. 152.
subconica, Duncan g Sluden: p. 155.

—— obesa, Duncan g& Sladen: p. 157.

Sindensis, d’Archiac: p. 159.

, var. hemispherica, Duncan & Sladen: p. 163.
angustifolia, Duncan & Sladen: p. 164.

—— nummulitica, Duncan & Sladen: p. 167.
juvenilis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 170.
lepadiformis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 172.

—— equivoca, Duncan g Sladen: p. 173.

sp. (junior): p. 174.

sp.: p. 176.

Echinanthus intermedius, Duncan & Sladen: p. 177.
Tlarionia Sindensis, Duncan g Sladen: p.179.
Cassidulus subinvaginatus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 182.
Rhynchopygus Calderi, @’ Archiac & Haime, sp.: p. 184.
—— pygmeus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 187.

Micraster tumidus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 189.
Hemiaster apicalis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 193.
nobilis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 196.

—— carinatus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 198.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

—— digonus, d’Archiac: p. 200.

—— sp.: p. 201.
—— sp.: p. 201.
—— sp.: p. 202.

Brissopsis sufflatus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 203.
Metalia Sowerbyi, @’Archiac, sp.: p. 206.
scutiformis, d’Archiac, sp.: p. 209.
, var. rotunda, Duncan & Sladen: p. 211.
——— depressa, Duncan & Sladen: p. 211.
agariciformis, Duncan g Sladen: p. 213.
—— sp.: p. 215.
—— sp.: p. 216.
Linthia orientalis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 217.
Schizaster symmetricus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 220.
——~-— simulans, Duncan & Sladen: p. 223.
Baluchistanensis, d’Archiac & Haime: p. 224.
sp.: p. 224,
Moira primeva, Duncan & Sladen: p. 225.
Brissopatagus Sindensis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 226.
Breynia carinata, d’Archiac & Haime: p. 229.
Macropneustes speciosus, Duncan g Sladen: p. 229.
—— rotundus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 232.
Peripneustes sp.: p. 234.
Euspatangus avellana, d’Archiac & Haime: p. 235.
cordiformis, Duncan g Sladen: p. 238.
—— rostratus, d’Archiac: p. 240.

? ? (? new genus, allied to Brissinz): p. 241.

 

 

 

 

 

 
OF WESTERN SIND. 109

III. Description of the Fossil Echinoidea from the Khirthar Series of Strata
in Western Sind.

Ordr ECHINOIDEA ENDOCYCLICA.
Family CIDARIDA:.

Genus CIDARIS, Klein, 1734.

(See anted, p. 7, Part i.)
Subgenus LEIOCIDARIS, Desor, 1854.

The subgenus Leiocidaris is characterized from the true Cidaris by the conjugate
pores, and distinguished from Phyllacanthus, Brandt (=Rhabdocidaris, Desor) by the
smooth and non-crenulate tubercles. The form of the spines is also very different in
the last-named group of species. ‘The character of the ambulacral area is evidently
one of morphological importance, whilst the distinction based on the tubercles and the
spines would seem, from the known variability of these parts in Cidaride, to be more
doubtful. In his recent work on the Eocene Echinoidea from Egypt and the Libyan
Desert*, P. de Loriol maintains the genus Rhabdocidaris of Desor, and includes
therein (1) the species of Rhabdocidaris sensu stricto, (2) the species of Rhabdocidaris
with non-crenulated tubercles, (3) the species of Leiocidaris of Desor and Dames
amended, (4) the recent species of Phyllacanthus of A. Agassiz, and (5) the genus
Stephanocidaris of A. Agassiz. Although we place the greatest importance upon every
opinion expressed by our learned contemporary, we still consider that Brandt’s genus
merits recognition ; and although we are far from insisting that the characters upon
which Leiocidaris is separated from Phyllacanthus (=Rhabdocidaris) are of any great
value, we regard the grouping above proposed as somewhat too sweeping in the present
state of our knowledge; we therefore retain provisionally the subgenus Ledocidaris
rather as a useful centre around which a number of species may be grouped, than as
an expression of our opinion upon the morphological importance of the test-characters
upon which the division is based.

1. LEIocIDARIS CANALICULATA, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXI, Figs. 1-9.

Form circular, subglobular, rather high, the height being nearly three fourths of
the breadth (or, taking the mean of three specimens, is as 0°7 : 1 approximately).
Test very slightly depressed on the abactinal surface, moderately inflated at the ambitus,
the contraction of the test being greater below that line than above.

Ambulacra very slightly flexuous, rather broad, contracting towards the apex, and
also, but in a less degree, towards the peristome. Poriferous zones deeply sunken, as
broad as the whole interporiferous area. Pores transversely elliptical, wide apart,

* Paleontographica, N. F. x. 1 (xxx.).

Ao
110 , THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

the pores of a pair united by a faint but distinct groove, which is further emphasized
by the presence of a thin elevated ridge separating the neighbouring pairs. The outer
pores are more elongate or pyriform than the inner ones; and there are 14 or 15
pairs of pores opposite to one of the largest interambulacral plates at the ambitus.
The interporiferous areas are narrow, and are furnished with two rows of minute mam-
millated miliary tubercles, placed at the extreme margins of the area, the space between
being occupied by very minute miliary granules, regularly arranged, there being at
the ambitus, in full-sized specimens, six granules on each plate, placed in two horizontal
rows of three accompanying and on the inner side of each of the mammillated granules
above mentioned. ‘Towards the extremities of the area the interior series of granules
diminish in number, until at the very apex not more than one or two stand between
the outer marginal series, which latter are continuous from apex to peristome.
Similarly in small-sized specimens there may not be more than four of the interior
granules on each plate even at the ambitus, and midway between that and the
extremities not more than two; the idea of two horizontal lmes accompanying each
mammillated ambulacral granule being maintained all through, even towards the apex,
by the elongation of the granules transversely.

The interambulacral areas are rather more than four times the width of the
ambulacra at their widest part, and there are two rows of seven or eight primary
tubercles in each interambulacrum. The primary tubercles are of small elevation,
perforate, and not crenulate; and their mamelons are comparatively large, having the
edge bevelled rather than rounded. The scrobicules are wide, circular, and extend
close up to the edge of the plate bordering on the poriferous zone. The scrobicular
ring is complete, composed of 16 or 17 moderately developed, mammillated granules,
and touches the edge of the plate which borders on the poriferous zone, as well as the
actinal and abactinal margins of the plate. There are in consequence on the poriferous
side of the plate only a few small miliary granules occupying the upper and the lower
corners of the plates. The miliary zone, on the other hand, is remarkably wide, and
is slightly impressed along the zigzag median suture; it is occupied by a fine, uniform,
miliary granulation, regularly arranged in transverse parallel lines, which extend in
gentle curves across the plate, and are continued in uninterrupted series from one
plate on to the adjacent plate of the neighbouring column. Slight superficial furrows
run between every two or three lines of granules, thus marking off the miliary zone
into gently curved bands of granules, which extend from the scrobicular ring of one
tubercle to that of the two neighbouring scrobicules in the companion column, the
extremities of each band being closed by one of the mammillated granules of the
scrobicular ring.

Peristome subcircular, small, 13 millim. in diameter in a specimen 35 millim. in
diameter at the ambitus, and 13°5 millim. in another of 37 millim. at the ambitus.
Apical disk subpentagonal and rather larger than the peristome. Details of the
apical system unknown. On one of the fragments of this Cidarid a portion of a ‘spine
is attached, of which a drawing is given in fig. 7; it is altogether unlike any of the
spines we have received from the Ranikot series.
OF WESTERN SIND. 111

Remarks. At first sight this species might be regarded as nearly related to the
Cid. Verneuili of d’Archiac & Haime, as figured in the An. foss.de Inde. A careful
study of the description of that form and of the type preserved in the Museum of the
Geological Society at once dispels such an opinion; indeed they appear to resemble
one another in little else than the great breadth of the miliary zone, the lineal arrange-
ment of the granulation borne upon it, and the absence of granulation between the
scrobicular ring and the poriferous zone. L. (C.) canaliculata differs from C. Vernewili
in the greater height of the test, the total difference of the contour of the profile, the
character and ornamentation of the ambulacra, the relative size of the peristome, and
the character of the ornamentation of the miliary zone. Furthermore it is especially
mentioned in the description of 0. Vernewili, that the pairs of the ambulacral pores are
separated by a granule, whilst in the form under notice they are widely spaced and
united by a furrow. The ornamentation of the miliary zone of C. Verneutli has simply
a single row of granules in each band, whilst two, three, or even more are the normal
number in our present form.

Although the condition of preservation of the type in London leads to the
inference that the diagnosis must probably have been written from a more perfectly
preserved specimen, the conclusions as to the distinctness of L. (C.) canaliculata are in
no way invalidated.

The above considerations were carefully balanced when describing the fossils of
the Ranikot series, and our retention of d’Archiac and Haime’s name of Verneuili
for the Cidarid plates there found was dictated more by a wish to preserve the nomen-
clature of our learned predecessors and by a repugnance to add one single unnecessary
name to an already overburdened synonymy, than from any positive conviction that the
fragments in question were really identical with the badly preserved type at the
Geological Society. The condition of that specimen is so unsatisfactory that a definite
conclusion is impossible.

Young Form. A small specimen, 10 millim. in diameter and 6 millim, in height,
obtained from the same beds as some of the typical examples of Letocidaris canaliculata,
we refer provisionally to the same species. The test is undoubtedly that of an imma-
ture Cidarid, and does not present any characteristic specific features; under such
circumstances it seems preferable to regard it as the young of the associated form
rather than that of an unknown species, which would require to be named from this
insufficient material. ‘The interambulacral areas have only 4 or 5 plates in each
column, the primary tubercles are comparatively large and prominent, and the relative
breadth of the ambulacra is rather greater than in the fully grown form. The scro-
bicule occupies nearly the whole of the plate, and the miliaries of the scrobicular ring are

‘the only regularly defined granules present, excepting a few irregular and often elongate
granules standing external to them in the miliary zone at the ambitus. In the ambulacra
the pairs of pores are slightly oblique, being directed downwards and inwards towards
the median suture of the area; the adoral margin of the plate is also directed slightly
inwards, and is thus at a little lower level than the next succeeding plate—a feature
giving the appearance of imbrication. In the interporiferous areas only the two outer
Q2

\
112 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

rows of large granules are present throughout, with occasionally a trace (quite

microscopic) of the inner small series, the large granule occupying, however, nearly

-the whole of the space between the pore and the median suture of the area.
Dimensions. The following are the measurements of three specimens :—

soil milli. saitltans
Height. 2. «© « « « 28 25 25
Breadth. . . . . . 40 34 37
Localities. In the Khirthar series of strata:—i. Twenty-four miles west of Kotri
(entering the hills on the road to Bila Khan’s Thana). Survey-number sa
ii. Dhdran Pass, near Laki. Survey-number ss
iii. Gagar hill, east side of the Sarjana range. Survey-number ao

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXI.

. The test seen in profile: natural size.

Actinal view of a part of the test: natural size.

Plates of the interambulacral area: magnified.

Ambulacral plates a little above the ambitus: magnified.

Ambulacral plates from a larger specimen at the ambitus: magnified.
Ideal section of an ambulacral area.

A portion of a spine: magnified.

A young specimen seen in profile: magnified.

Ambulacral plates from the same: magnified.

Fig.

DO OMA TW PP

Genus POROCIDARIS, Desor, 1854.

Test circular, depressed above and. below, inflated at the ambitus.

Ambulacral areas broad and straight. Poriferous zones broad, scarcely sunken,
with simple pairs of pores directly superposed. Pores wide apart, united by a con-
jugating furrow. Interporiferous areas broad, with horizontal series of miliary
granules.

Interambulacral areas wide, with two vertical rows of primary tubercles. Primary
tubercles with small mamelons, perforate, deeply crenulate. Scrobicules more or less
transversely oval, with shallow grooves more or less defined radiating from the
periphery towards the centre along the flank of the tubercles, with or without pores or
depressions at the outer extremity of the grooves. Scrobicular ring with a tendency
to become confluent.

Peristome small, decagonal.

Spines flattened, with strongly serrated edges.

Tnis genus was established by Desor* for the reception of some isolated plates
with scrobicules of the form and dimensions of large Cidarids, but characterized by

* Synop. Echin. foss. pp. 46, 47.
OF WESTERN SIND. 113

having the periphery perforated by a circle of pores, lodged in small furrows, radiating
round the scrobicule. ‘Tubercles crenulated and perforated. Spines compressed,
lamelliform, and strongly denticulated. Subsequently a recent Cidarid from the North
Atlantic was referred to this genus by Sir Wyville Thomson, notwithstanding that
the form appeared anomalous in being deficient in the very character upon which the
genus was originally founded, viz. the presence of pores in the scrobicule. The
radiating impressions, however, were present ; and Sir Wyville Thomson remarked,
“Tt is perfectly conceivable that these depressions may sometimes actually go through
the test, or’ at all events leave it so thin that the action of water and attrition during
the process of fossilization may be well supposed to have completed the perforation’ *.
This latter remark appears to us highly sagacious and important.

The first complete fossil test of Porocidaris known was that described by de Loriol
from the Nummulitic strata of Egypt+. He agrees with Thomson in the reference
of the recent form to the genus, and points out the interesting fact that both the pores
and the pits or grooves may be wanting on the same test—a circumstance probably
dependant upon their position thereon. It would hence appear that the scrobicular
pores and radiating grooves are of comparatively secondary importance.

1. Porocrparis anomaLa, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXI, Figs. 10-14.

Form subcircular, turban-shaped, depressed, the height being about one half of
the diameter, moderately inflated at the ambitus, the contraction of the test more
rapid actinally than abactinally. The test surrounding the actinostome is somewhat
depressed.

Ambulacra straight, very broad, measuring two fifths of the interambulacral area
at the widest part, and contracting gradually towards the peristome, where it is half its
greatest breadth. The contraction towards the apical disk is not so great. Poriferous
zones very broad, scarcely sunken, half as wide as the interporiferous area. Pores wide
apart, the inner one slightly elliptical transversely, the outer one very decidedly so and
often contracting somewhat inwardly. The space between the pair of pores is channelled
by a slight groove, and a faint ridge may be traced in well-preserved plates passing
from the upper margin of the one pore to the lower margin of the companion. A
delicate ridge or keel running along the upper aboral margin of each plate separates
the neighbouring pairs of pores. There are eight pairs of pores opposite one of the
largest interambulacral plates at the ambitus.

The interporiferous areas are broad, twice the width of the poriferous zone,
measuring 4 millim. in the largest specimen, and are furnished with six vertical rows
of minute mammillated miliary tubercles. There are consequently three tubercles
upon each plate; the outermost is largest, and stands close to the inner pore and rather
nearer the aboral than the adoral margin of the plate; the second is rather smaller,
and stands in the middle of the plate; the innermost tubercle is much smaller, and is

* Phil. Trans. vol. clxiv. p. 727.
+ ‘Monogr. des Echinides contenus dans les couches Nummulitiques de ’ Egypte,’ 1881, p. 5.
114 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

situated nearer the adoral margin of the plate; the arrangement of the tubercles is
consequently slightly oblique upon the plate.

The interambulacral areas are twice and a half the breadth of the ambulacra at
their widest part—the ambulacra being 8 millim., the interambulacra 20 millim. There
are two rows of about 12 primary tubercles in each interambulacrum (possibly 13,
but the number cannot be stated definitely on account of the concealment of the
abactinal area by matrix). The primary tubercles are of moderate height, the neck
broad and deeply crenulated (about a dozen being present), and the mamelon very small,
subangular at the margins, and perforate. The scrobicules are wide and transversely
oval*, The scrobicular circle is subcomplete, and more or less confluent adorally and
aborally, composed of 19 or 20 small, mammillated, miliary granules, scarcely larger
than the rest of the granulation of the plate. The miliaries are uniformly and rather
widely spaced and all are mammillated. The space between the scrobicular ring and
the poriferous zone has about two alternating series of miliaries external to those of
the ring; the space between the median suture of the area and the scrobicular ring is
more than twice as broad, and contains, in addition to three or four alternating series
of miliaries external to the scrobicule, a number of granules which gradually diminish
in size as they recede from the scrobicular ring. This gives the miliary zone a some-
what naked appearance. In some plates a faint indication of delicate furrows running
from the miliary zone outwards towards the scrobicule may be made out, inclosing
single series of granules; but this is by no means persistent, and the furrows seldom
extend the whole way.

In primary tubercles where the preservation is perfect, shallow radiating grooves
or flutings may be traced at the base of the boss, deepest at the very margin of the
scrobicule, about 16 to 20 in number all round, although their presence is very
indistinct adorally and aborally. The character is very feebly marked throughout, and
where weathering influences have taken place is altogether undiscernible. .

Peristome decagonal or subpentagonal, small, 15 millim. in diameter in a test
49 millim. in diameter at the ambitus. Interambulacral plates prominent, with margin
incurved at the median suture and rounded towards the poriferous zones, simulating an
actinostomial indentation. Apical disk unknown.

Radioles. The weathered longitudinal section of a primary radiole is present
amongst the matrix on the abactinal area, and also several fragments. This spine is
of moderate breadth and very slightly expanded as it increases in length. At each side
occur uniform, widely and equidistantly placed serrations, and the shaft is probably
compressed. The articulating facet is small in correspondence with the small mamelon.
The head is short and expands very rapidly, the ring prominent. The shaft contracts
gradually a short way outward from the ring, and again expands up to about the
second serration ; outward beyond this the expansion is very slightly, if at all, continued.

Numerous miliary spinelets are preserved upon the test; they are elongate,
delicate, compressed, slightly tapering and rounded at the extremity, all uniformly

* This character has unfortunately not been sufficiently shown by our artist in his drawings of this
species.
OF WESTERN SIND. 115

marked with a very fine longitudinal striation. A few other spinelets, more delicate,
elongate, and subcylindrical, are also present; these do not appear to be the shafts of
pedicellarice.

Young Form. A smaller specimen than the type, from another locality, measuring
33 millim. in diameter, which we regard as belonging to the same species, presents
several interesting features worthy of note. The scrobicules are perfectly circular,
excepting the faintest trace of flattening in one or two instances at the ambitus ; and
the scrobicular ring is more nearly complete, being imperfect on the aboral margin of
the plate only. The miliaries that form the ring are distinctly larger than any of the
rest, and those in the miliary zone are quite microscopic and represented only by most
feebly developed and widely spaced granules. In the interporiferous (ambulacral) area
the granulation is also very minute. The outermost granule, although almost micro-
scopic, is the only one present throughout; the second is only sometimes represented ;
and the occurrence of any trace whatever of the innermost miliary is most uncertain,
the space for its presence alone being always maintained.

Remarks. It is not without considerable hesitation that we have placed this mag-
nificent form in the genus Porocidaris, presenting as it does in such a very feeble manner
the primary character which would at first sight be regarded as the most conspicuous
feature of Desor’s genus. The presence of the pits is not of such great importance,
however, after all, it being a character subject to extreme variation, and often absent
altogether in the existing species of Porocidaris*. After careful study of the fossils
under notice, we feel justified in adhering to the present determination.

Dimensions. The largest specimen (which is rather distorted) measures about
48 millim. in breadth, and about 25 millim. in height. The smaller specimen is
33 millim. in breadth, and 17 millim. in height.

Localities. In the Khirthar series of strata:—i. Twenty-four miles west of Kotri
@ 280
a

ii. Uncertain, said to be from near Jakhmari, Laki range.. Survey-number

#
(entering the hills on the road to Bila Khaén’s Thdéna). Survey-number

G 304
21°

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XXI.

Fig. 10. The test seen in profile: natural size.
11. Actinal view of a part of the test: natural size.
12. An interambulacral plate, with the adjacent portion of the ambovlacral
area: magnified.
13. Ambulacral plates: magnified.
14. Outline of fragment of a spine: slightly magnified.

* Wyville Thomson, “ On the Echinoidea of the ‘ Porcupine’ Deep-sea Dredging-Expedition,” Phil.
Trans. vol. clxiv. (1874), p. 727.
116 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Family GLY PHOSTOMATA.

Subfamily DIADEMATIDA.

Genus CYPHOSOMA, Agassiz, 1840.
(See anted, p. 31, Part ii.)

1. CypHosoma macrostoma, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXII, Figs. 8-10.

Test of moderate size, circular in marginal contour, much depressed, the diameter
being more than twice and a half the height, flatly convex above, slightly concave
beneath, not greatly impressed around the peristome, which is large ; margin rounded
and tumid.

Ambulacral areas comparatively wide, more than half the breadth of the interambu-
lacral area. Poriferous zones straight, or with a slight tendency to flexure; pores
arranged in simple pairs, excepting at the peristome, where there is a little crowding,
and a few biserial pores or even arcs of three are produced. ‘The pores of a pair are
separated by a slight eminence, and a costal ridge is produced from this along the upper
margin of the inner pore, by which this is separated from the neighbouring pore of the
succeeding pair. The ridge is not prolonged between the outer series of pores, and at
its inner extremity usually terminates in a granule on the ambulacral plate. The inner
pore is transversely elongate, larger than the circular outer pore, and is excavated out
of the adoral margin of the plate. There are four, or occasionally five, poriferous plates
to each whole ambulacral plate. The interporiferous areas have two rows of large
primary tubercles, 14 or 15 in each series; these tubercles are crenulate and imperfo-
rate and occupy most of the plate, and are accompanied by a few unequal-sized and
irregularly-placed granules, a more or less definite row often occurring on the aboral
margin of the plate. None of the granules can be said to rank as secondary tubercles.

Interambulacral areas with two rows of large primary tubercles, 12 or 13 in each,
very slightly larger than those of the ambulacral areas, which they resemble in every
respect, and diminish slightly in size towards the apical extremity of the series. The
primary tubercles are placed rather nearer to the median interambulacral line than the
middle of the plate. Between the primary tubercle and the poriferous zone are two
rather large secondary tubercles, one above the other and slightly oblique, the upper-
most being rather nearer to the primary tubercle. This double series does not extend
very far beyond the ambitus on the abactinal surface, but is continuous up to the peri-
stome, the tubercles being considerably diminished in size. Several small and irregu-
larly-placed granules are present on either side of the secondary tubercles, and a few
similar and unequal-sized granules occupy the inner portion of the plate between the
primary tubercle and the median suture, one standing near the inner extremity of the
aboral margin being usually the largest in the neighbourhood of the ambitus, but much
too insignificant to be ranked as a secondary tubercle. The miliary zone along the
OF WESTERN SIND. 117

median line of the interambulacral area is not naked. Eight to ten pairs of pores stand
opposite two’ of'the interambulacral plates.

Peristome very wide, equal in diameter to one half of the diameter of the test,
circular or subdecagonal in outline, rather deeply indented by wide, well-developed
mouth-slits. The peristomial margin of the ambulacral area is very broad and convex
towards the mouth, with a graceful incurving at the median line. The margin of the
interambulacral areas is comparatively straight between the limits of the slits, slightly
convex in the median portion, and faintly.incurved on either side adjacent to the sharp
angular prominence formed by the slit. The margins of the slit are thickened and
turned backward.

Apical disk wanting. The vacant space is of moderate size, nearly equal to one
third of the diameter of the test.

Remarks. Although this form is very depressed, and scarcely so turban-shaped as
a typical Cyphosoma, the slightly sinuous poriferous zones, the large primary tubercles,
and the wide peristome all warrant its inclusion in that genus. ‘The species is distin-
guished from any with which we are acquainted by the position of the primary tubercles
on the interambulacral plates, and by the accompanying pair of obliquely-placed
secondaries, together with the large and well-characterized peristome.

Dimensions.
millim.
Diameter of the test 2. . 2. . . . . 265
Height of thetest 2.4 « . 06 « % « 10
Diameter of peristome. . . . . . . 13°2
Diameter of apicaldisk . . . . . . 9

Locality. Khirthar series of strata. Probably from the Lower Nummulitic Lime-
stone: picked up in the infra-Nummulitic area. Hills under Jakhmari Peak, Laki
G 280

range, west of Amri. Survey-number =~.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXII.

Fig. 8. Profile view of the test: natural size.
9. Actinal view of the test, showing peristome: natural size.
10. Ambulacral and interambulacral plates: magnified.

2. CyPHosoMA UNDATUM, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXII, Figs. 11 & 12.

There is a test in the Khirthar series of a rather large species of Echinoid which
we refer to this genus; but unfortunately the specimen is so badly preserved, and the
greater portion of the detail so obscurely masked by a thin layer of matrix, that a
complete description is impossible. The following particulars are all that can be
furnished :—

R
118 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Test circular in marginal contour, considerably depressed, the diameter being about
twice and a half the height, regularly convex above, sloping down to a rather thin
margin or side, which is rounded and only slightly tumid.

Ambulacral areas less than one half the breadth of the interambulacral areas. Pori-
ferous zones very flexuous at the ambitus, where there are six or seven poriferous plates
to each whole or compound ambulacral plate, and the pairs of pores are arranged in a
vertical semicircular arc. Towards the apical portion of the area the poriferous zones
become straighter, and the pairs of pores stand in almost simple rectilineal series. The
ambulacral plates bear one large primary tubercle and a few widely spaced, uniform,
but irregularly disposed granules on the inner portion of the plate, and also a few on
the aboral margin of the plate.

The interambulacral plates are wide, with one large primary tubercle, equal in size
to those of the ambulacra, placed exactly in their midst, and surrounded, except on the
adoral side, by a more or less indistinct circlet of granules. There is one small
secondary tubercle midway between the primary and the poriferous zone, and two or
three small, scattered miliaries. The inner portion of the plate is occupied only by a
few uniform and very widely spaced granules, which are quite irregular in their arrange-
ment, the general paucity of granules giving a very naked appearance to the plate. The
primary tubercles are crenulate and imperforate, the ambulacral series being equal in
size to the interambulacral.

Remarks. In profile view and in many of the points of detail this form would seem
to present some superficial affinities to the Echinoid named Echinometra Thomsoni by
d’Archiac and Haime*. It differs, however, in several of the most essential particulars
recited by those authors in their description; and it would obviously be impossible to
draw a just comparison between the fragmentary material at our disposal and the
species in question, without a direct comparison with the type; respecting the generic
association of which we may here remark that we feel much hesitation in accepting the
determination of our learned predecessors. The type of Echinometra Thomsoni, d’A. &
H., is not to be found in the collection at the Geological Society in London. There is,
however, a specimen which corresponds with the fig. 13a (doc. cit.) and which bears a
ticket in the handwriting of M. J. Haime inscribed “ Echinometra Forbesi, J. Haime.”
This specimen is in a much better state of preservation than the Sindian fossil under
notice, and we consider it to be a different species. The arcs of pores are more curved,
and the curvature is maintained up to the apex, whereas in our form the poriferous
zones become straight. The secondary tuberculation is much more developed, and
there is much difference in the contour and general facies. Furthermore, M. Haime’s
type is in a red matrix, resembling that of the Ranikot series, whilst the present fossil
is from the true Nummulitic Limestone. Carefully weighing the foregoing considera-
tions, we feel justified in regarding the Khirthar specimen as an independent species.
It is much to be desired that more perfect material will be forthcoming, in order that
the description may be completed.

* An. foss. de l’Inde, p. 207, pl. xiii, figs. 184, 130.
OF WESTERN SIND. 119

Dimensions.
millim.
Diameter of the test . . . . . . . . 42
Height of the test . . . a. Ge

Relative proportion of the ambulacral to the ‘sfecamnbulasral area, at their greatest
breadth, 42°4 per cent.

Locality. Khirthar series of strata. Dhdran Pass (east side), near Laki. From

the white limestones above the shales. Survey-number a

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXII.

Fig. 11. Outline of the profile contour of the test : natural size.
12. Ambulacral and interambulacral plates: magnified.

Genus MICROPSIS, Cotteau, 1856.

Test of moderate size, circular, subhemispherical or often more or less inflated,
concave beneath.

Poriferous zones straight. Pores arranged in simple pairs in uniserial series.

Primary tubercles in both series relatively small, delicate, and numerous, finely
crenulate, imperforate, and forming more or less regular vertical series.

Peristome small and slightly indented.
From the above diagnosis it will be seen that the differences which separate this

genus from Cyphosoma are individually those of degree only—the uniserial poriferous
zones, the small, delicate, and comparatively more numerous primary tubercles, and the
small and slightly indented peristome being the characters upon which the division is
based. Although the value of these characters per se would appear small, their com-
bination produces a facies very different from that of an ordinary Cyphosoma. On this
account it seems convenient to retain the section, although its zoological validity might
well be contested, as P. de Loriol has already pointed out*.

1. Micropsis venustuLa, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXII, Figs. 1-7.

The test is of moderate size, circular or subpentagonal in marginal contour,
depressed, height less than one half the diameter, regularly convex above, concave
beneath, and rather deeply impressed around the peristome, which is small; margin
well rounded and tumid.

Ambulacral areas narrow, less than one half the breadth of the interambulacral
area at the widest part, slightly prominent, the interporiferous area being somewhat
raised. Poriferous zones straight, pores arranged in simple series throughout, no
doubling present either at the apical or peristomial extremity. The pores of a pair are
separated bya slight granuliform eminence, and a faint costal ridge, appearing as lateral
prolongations of the granule, occurs on the aboral margin of the ambulacral plate, and

* Descrip. Echin. tert. de la Suisse, p. 26 (Mém. Soc. Paléont. Suisse, vol. ii.).
R2
120 * THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

thus separates the adjoining pairs of pores. The inner pore of each pair is close to the
adoral margin of the plate, often excavating it; the outer pore is midway between the
margins. There are three poriferous’plates to each whole ambulacral plate. The inter-
poriferous areas have two rows of primary tubercles, about 18 to 20 in each, one
standing close to each poriferous zone.. The tubercles are crenulate, have a moderately
large imperforate mamelon, and are little, if at all, less than the primary interambu-
lacral tubercles. A few irregularly-disposed and widely-spaced granules occupy the
plate on the inner side of each primary tubercle. Near the ambitus, and extending up
to the peristome, one of the granules in each plate is much larger than the rest and is
mammillated ; and these form two alternating series of small secondary tubercles. Each
of the marginal primary tubercles is separated from its neighbour by a regular trans-
verse line of three small granules, which stands on the aboral margin of the plate.

Interambulacral areas wide, twice and a half the breadth of the ambulacral
areas, and are furnished with two rows of primary tubercles, 15 to 17 in each; these
are placed rather nearer to the poriferous zone than midway on their respective plates.
At the ambitus there is a moderate-sized secondary tubercle at either side of the pri-
mary. The inner series does not extend very far abactinally above the ambitus, and
becomes insignificant towards the peristome. The outer series extends rather further
on the abactinal surface, but disappears entirely about midway between the ambitus
and apex. The primary tubercle is surrounded by a more or less distinct circle of small
miliary granules, which is confluent with the neighbouring circle on the lower margin.
The plate is further ornamented with a small number of widely-spaced, irregularly-
disposed, unequal granules, and a well-defined, naked, miliary zone is preserved from
the ambitus up to the apical disk. The primary tubercles maintain their size very
uniformly throughout the series, the diminution towards the extremities being very
slight. There are eight or nine pairs of pores opposite two of the interambulacral
plates of the ambitus.

Peristome decagonal, small, impressed; diameter rather more than one third the
diameter of the test. Mouth-slits rather deep, wide, and well rounded, margined witha
slight rim.

Apical disk well developed, though forming a rather narrow ring ; periproctal aper-
ture suboval, with the right posterior ocular plate always included. The other oculars
are smaller, regularly pentagonal in outline, and the puncture is minute and situated at
the extreme edge of the adoral margin. The genital plates are somewhat broader than
long, the adoral prolongation rather acute; the genital pores are large and oval, and
placed nearer to this angle than to the periproctal margin. The right anterior genital

plate is scarcely larger than the others, and bears a compact prominent subtubercular
' madreporiform body; the other four genitals have a row of four or five granules along
their margin, and there are two or three on the included ocular. The excluded oculars
have a single granule on the centre of the plate.

Variations. The form, as a whole, is remarkably constant, the chief variations
noticed being those which affect the marginal contour, tending to a more or less penta-
gonal outline, in consequence of the inflation of the radial areas, and the greater or less
OF WESTERN SIND. 121

development of the secondary series of tubercles on the interambulacral plates, these in
some examples being confined to the ambital region, whilst in others they extend
further towards the peristome or towards the apex, sometimes the inner and sometimes
the outer series being the most extensive.

Remarks. This species cannot be mistaken for any of its Indian congeners ; the
form of the test, the small and regular tuberculation, and the small peristome readily
characterize it. It is distinguished from the Egyptian If. mokattanensis, Cotteau, by
the form of the test, which is less turban-shaped and more subconically convex abac-
tinally, by the shorter series of secondary tubercles on the interambulacral plates, and
by the much more scanty miliary granulation. MWicropsis venustula has very close
resemblance to Cyphosoma superbum, Dames, from San Giovanni Jlarione, but differs in
the form of the test, and in having the secondary tubercles of the interambulacral plates
smaller, less regular, and more confined to the region of the ambitus. The primary
tubercles are also smaller. J. venustula resembles C. superbum in having straight uni-
serial poriferous zones ; and the differences which separate the two forms generically
appear ta be very slight, and may well in such a case suggest doubts as to the propriety
of maintaining both the genera as distinct.

Dimensions.
a. b. C. d.
millim. millim. millim. millim.
Diameter of the test . . . 22 21 20°5 16
Height of the tesi..... « LO It 10 8
Diameter of peristome . . 825 — T 6

Localities. In the Khirthar series of strata:—i. Twenty-four miles west of Kotri

(entering the hills on the road to Bila Khan’s Thana). Survey-number ae A large
series of specimens were obtained from this locality.
Several examples were also found at
302

ii. Gdgar Hill, east side of the Stirjana range. Survey-number i

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXII.

Fig. 1. Profile view of the test: magnified twice.
2. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
3. Actinal view of the test, showing peristome: natural size.
4. Abactinal view of the test of a pentagonal variety: natural size.
5. Apical disk: magnified 7 times.
6. Ambulacral and interambulacral plates: magnified.
7. Diagram of the poriferous plates of the ambulacral plate.
122 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Subfamily TEMNOPLEURIDZL.
Genus TEMNECHINUS, Forbes, 1852.

Test spherical or tumidly turban-shaped. Poriferous zones almost straight. Plates
of the ambulacral and interambulacral areas with fossettes upon their horizontal
sutures. Primary tubercles non-crenulate and imperforate. (Occasionally a crenulate
tubercle is seen.) Apical system well developed and regular. Peristome small, sunken,
and with very small indentations.

In a former page (part ii. p. 36) we have remarked at length on various genera of
the subfamily Temnopleuride. Furthermore, from the study of a large series of
specimens in various states of preservation obtained from higher beds than those
to which the present fragment is assigned, we have been enabled to discuss critically *
the group of species referred by d’Archiac and Haime to the genus Temnopleurus.
We have there shown that none of the forms described in the ‘ Animaux fossiles de
lInde’ belong to Temnopleurus, in that they are deficient in the special sutural pits
and the knob-and-socket jointing of the plates, which-have been demonstrated by one
of us} to characterize the Temnopleuride ; in that they possess a peculiar superficial
ornamentation on the plates, which does not occur in the true Temnopleuri ; and in
that the tubercles are non-crenulate and imperforate, whilst those of Temnopleurus are
crenulate and perforate. On the other hand, the Indian species under notice accord
in every essential point with the genus Temnechinus of Forbes ; and it is gratifying that
the additional material at our disposal has enabled us to confirm the position taken by
him.

1. Temyecuinus RovssEatt, @ Archiac, sp. Plate XXII, Figs. 13 & 14.

Temnopleurus Rousseaui, d’ Archiac (1850), Hist. des progrés de la Géol. t. ill. p. 257.
, VArchiac §& Haime (1853), Deserip. An. foss. de VInde, p. 205, pl. xili, fig. 10.

 

 

There is a single fragmentary test of a small Echinoid in the collection from the
Khirthar series which we refer, although with much hesitation, to d’Archiac and
Haime’s species. The fossil, unfortunately, is in such a weathered and unsatisfactory
state that an accurate determination is impossible. All the types of MM. d’Archiac
and Haime’s species of Temnopleurus in the collection of the Geological Society are also
very badly preserved, and it is often impossible to make out the details delineated in
the exquisite drawings in the ‘ Animaux fossiles de Inde.’ It appears to us that the
imagination of the artist has been guided by ink-spots placed in the cavities and other
marks.

The following are the particulars of such detail as can be noted in the fragmentary
specimen before us :—

‘The Tertiary Fossil Echinoidea of Kachh and Kattywar’ (1883), p. 54 et seq.
P. Martin Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xvi. p. 343.
OF WESTERN SIND. 123

Test small, circular in marginal contour, moderately high and subconical above,
height nearly equal to two thirds of the diameter, gently rounded at the margin and
flat beneath. Peristome subcircular or decagonal, equal in diameter to one third of
the diameter of the test. Mouth-slits very faintly indented. Ambulacral areas nearly
equal in width to two thirds of the breadth of the interambulacral areas (4 mm. to
6-5 mm. accurately). Poriferous zones rather wide, pairs of pores arranged in oblique
lines of threes. There are three poriferous plates to each whole ambulacral plate, the
middle one being small and wedge-shaped, hardly more than half the breadth of the
other two, between which it has the appearance of being intercalated. The pair of
pores borne by this small median plate is the last and most outward pair of each of the
oblique lines of threes ; whilst the first pair of the oblique series, which is also the most
inward and aboral, is borne on the lowest or adoral poriferous plate of the next more
aboral ambulacral plate. The three pairs of pores which constitute the oblique lines
of threes consequently do not correspond with the three pairs of pores comprised in
each individual ambulacral plate. The tuberculation of the test is entirely destroyed
and the ambulacral plates are weathered down so as to become roof-shaped and bevelled
towards the aboral and adoral margins. There appear to be traces of two rows of
primary tubercles in the interporiferous area, placed marginally; and there are also
traces of vertical prolongations (? costal ridges) uniting the primary tubercle with its
succeeding neighbour.

The ornamentation of the interambulacral areas is similarly destroyed, and the
plates are roof-shaped and bevelled down to the adoral and aboral sutures, like the
plates of the ambulacral area. Traces exist of a central primary tubercle accompanied
at the ambitus by two smaller ones on either side, thus forming a horizontal row of five
upon the plate. The companion tubercles decrease in number upon the upper portion
of the abactinal surface and towards the peristome, the central primary alone being
present at the apex, whilst three are continued to the peristome. Vertical prolonga-
tions or ridges proceed from each of the tubercles and unite them with the correspond-
ing tubercles of the neighbouring plate in vertical succession, producing, along with the
effects of weathering, the remarkable horizontal series of round, isolated, pit-like cavities
along the suture-lines of the interambulacral plates. If these were filled in with ink,
as in d’Archiac and Haime’s type specimen, the similarity would be complete.

Remarks. We have little doubt that the fossil under consideration is the same
species as that described in the monograph of our French predecessors; but the condi-
tion of the specimen is such as to render it perfectly useless for any critical purposes,
From the lithological appearance we have very grave doubts about this specimen really
belonging to the Khirthar series. It is possible that some mistake may have been made in
the locality assigned to the specimen, and we would urge caution in accepting this as a
Khirthar form until further verification is forthcoming. These doubts are strengthened
by the fact that 7. Rousseaui (together with the other species of Zemnechini described
by d@’Archiac and Haime as Temnopleurt) are in reality Miocene species; and to this
we have referred at greater length in the ‘Description of the Echinoidea of Kachh and

Kattywar.’
124 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Dimensions. Diameter of the test 18 millim.; height 11 millim.; peristome
6 millim.

Locality. Gégar Nala, near the Darwat, on the Baran, (Khirthar series of strata.)

5 ber S22
urvey-num 105

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXII.

Fig. 13. Profile view of the test : magnified twice.
14. Ambulacral and interambulacral plates: magnified,

Ordr ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.

Suborder GNATHOSTOMATA.
Family CONOCLY PEIDA..
Genus CONOCLYPEUS, Agassiz, 1840 (amended).
(See anted, p. 51, Part ii.)

1. Coyoctypus atvzoLatus, Duncan §& Sladen. Plate XXIII, Figs. 1-6.

The test is of large size, marginal contour oval, slightly protruding posteriorly, the
breadth being about eight ninths of the length. The height is nearly two thirds of
the length, and the apical summit is rather excentric anteriorly. Seen in longitudinal
profile, the dorsal convexity approaches a subconoid outline, but with the apex well
rounded, and the anterior slope straighter and less curved than the posterior; the
odd posterior interradium is also slightly tumid or subcarinate along its median
line, approaching to a subrostrate prominence at the posterior extremity. The actinal
surface is flat, very faintly impressed round the peristome, and the margin, though
comparatively sharp, is well rounded.

The apical disk is large. There are four genital pores; and the whole of the
extensive central portion of the system is punctured with the pores of the madreporite.
The ocular plates and pores are exceedingly minute and do not encroach on the madre-
poriform body. : .

The ambulacral petals are broad and equal, very widely open at the outer
extremity, and with no tendency to converge. ‘The upper portion of each of the petals
is sunken in a well-defined depression of the test, which gradually disappears, however,
towards the outer fourth of the petal, where the interporiferous zone is flush with the
rest of the test, the petals reaching almost to the margin. This depression of the
ambulacral areas gives a very prominent and almost gibbous character to the interradial
portions of the test on the upper portion of the abactinal surface. The poriferous
zones are very broad, the width increasing gradually from the apex to the inner third
of the petal, and then decreasing slowly up to the outer extremity. The outline formed
OF WESTERN SIND. 125

by the outer series of pores in a petal is lanceolate and widest about the middle of the
petal, and somewhat constricted, or less wide, at the outer extremity. The inner series
of pores form straight lines, which open out or diverge gradually in an increasing
degree from the apex to the extremity. The interporiferous area is consequently a
wedge-shaped band, its width being equal to, or only very little greater than, the pori-
ferous zone at the portion of the petal where this is widest; but the width of the area is
doubled at the outer extremity of the petal. The pores of a pair are wide apart and
united by a very conspicuous furrow, the outer pores being elongate and the inner
pores round. The divisional coste are but slightly broader than the grooves, and are
ornamented with very minute granules, normally forming a single line, but frequently
becoming irregular from crowding and diminution in size. The ornamentation of the
interporiferous area is close and compact, uniform with that of the interradial areas,
the tubercles being numerous. From the extremity of the petal the poriferous zone is
continued by a series of single pores placed in well-defined depressions which converge from
the ambitus to the peristome ; and the interporiferous area is very deeply and rather
suddenly troughed or depressed near the peristome, giving great prominence to the
bourrelets. Just before this depression of the ambulacral area commences the pores
fall into double series, although there is some irregularity in their position, and a few
additional pores are sometimes present. The bourrelets are large and conspicuous,
and are emphasized by the depression of the ambulacral areas above mentioned. The
bourrelet of the odd posterior interradium is large and broader than the rest, whilst
the two anterior bourrelets are slightly more elongate and prominent than the posterior.
The tuberculation of the bourrelets is larger than that of the test generally, but the
tubercles become smaller and more crowded on the sides of the bourrelets and on
the peristomial margin. The peristome is subcentral, pentagonal, and very deeply
incised.

The periproct is elongate, elliptical, encroaching almost as much on the margin
as on the actinal surface, to the plane of which its position is oblique. The margins
of the aperture are rather deeply and sharply rounded inward. An almost naked
band, along which the intermediate miliary granulation is more or less confluent,
occupies nearly the whole of the median line of the odd posterior interradium
between the periproct and peristome.

The tuberculation of the test is small, uniform, crowded, and compact. The
primary tubercles are small, equal-sized, sunken in deep scrobicules, so that the
mamelon of the tubercle and the intermediate miliary space are on the same level.
The scrobicules are equidistantly spaced, and the intermediate miliary space is less
than, or at most only equal to, one half the diameter of the scrobicule. Although
usually worn, there are some perforated and crenulated tubercles to be seen.

Remarks. This species differs from Conoclypeus Sindensis, nobis, from the
Ranikot series, in its shape and the construction of the ambulacra; and from C. Dela-
nouet, de Loriol, from Egypt, by the shape, by the width of the peristome, and by the
width of the interporiferous areas.
126 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Dimensions.
millim.
DLength-of the tesh... S 4.8 € ga 4.4 4 & 92
Breadth of the teat. «© « «© « « «© 2 « » « 81
Height of the test . . . «eee BE
Breadth of the petal at its dest wath, ia % oo LS
Sa iy sy outer extremity . . . 95
Breadth of the poriferous zone at its widest part . 3°75 to 4
Locality. In the Khirthar series. Surban range, south of Eri, north-east of Bila
Khan’s Thana. Survey-number & ae :

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXIII.

. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.

Actinal view of the test: natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.

A bourrelet and rudimentary phyllode: magnified.
Terminal extremity of an ambulacral petal: magnified.
Apical disk: magnified.

Fig.

Do go ho

2. Conociypeus PINGUIS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXIII, Figs. 7-11.

The test is large, subovoid in marginal outline, the greatest breadth being opposite
the extremities of the antero-lateral petals. The breadth is rather more than nine
tenths of the length, and the height is rather more than three fifths of the length.
The apical centre is slightly excentric in front, and the longitudinal profile, which is
subconoid in outline, shows the anterior to be more arched and tumid than the
posterior curve, the. odd posterior interradium being on a gentler slope and faintly
subcarinate. The actinal surface, though flat generally, is slightly impressed around
the peristome, and the margins of the test are well rounded, so that the intervening
portion of the actinal surface becomes rather tumid in character.

The apical disk is of moderate size. The four genital pores are oval and very
large, with the intermediate space occupied entirely by the madreporiform body, the
surface of which is also subtubercular. The ocular plates slightly encroach on this
body, and the optic pores are large and subtriangular or semicircular in shape.

The ambulacral petals are wide, flush with the test, and somewhat flexuous in
their course; they are widely open at their outer extremity, which terminates some-
what abruptly at a little distance from the margin, and there is a faint tendency
towards convergence. The poriferous zones are very wide, attaining their greatest
breadth at about the middle of the petal ; and the diminution of the breadth is neither
great nor rapid towards the extremity, where they are comparatively broad. The
interporiferous area is nearly twice as broad as the poriferous zone at its widest part.
The pores of a pair are very wide apart and united by a deep furrow; the outer pore
is elongate and slit-like, and the inner pore round or elongately oval. The divisional
OF WESTERN SIND. 127

septum is ornamented with a single row of miliary granules. The ornamentation of
the interporiferous area is uniform with that of the rest of the test, and is well spaced.
The poriferous zones pass over the ambitus as a single series of pores, and these
converge towards the peristome. On the inner third of the zone, the pores fall into
double series, placed obliquely, but often irregularly, and with some additional pores.
The inner extremity of the ambulacrum is depressed and forms a constricted trough
down to the peristome, which greatly emphasizes the bourrelets. The bourrelets are
very large and tumid, the two anterior being the broadest and most prominent,
whilst the two posterior laterals are the most pointed and least prominent. In the
neighbourhood of the bourrelets the tuberculation is larger than elsewhere, but
becomes smaller and more crowded down the sides of the bourrelets and up to the
margin of the peristome.

The peristome is large and slightly excentric in front. The periproct is elongate,
elliptical, and entirely on the actinal surface, but close to the posterior margin of
the test.

The tuberculation of the test is rather large and more widely spaced than in the
preceding species, the intermediate miliary space being frequently greater than the
diameter of the scrobicules, the depth of these being also less than in the previous form.
On the actinal surface the tuberculation is larger and more crowded.

Remarks. This species is readily distinguished from its congeners by the plump
well-rounded abactinal surface, by the great breadth of the ambulacra, and by the
character of the ornamentation.

A fragmentary fossil of a small and badly-preserved test we refer with some
hesitation to this species. The marginal contour is more rotundly oval; and the
outline of the abactinal surface, as seen in longitudinal profile, shows the slopes to be
somewhat less full and convex than in the type. As the other characters of the test
accord sufficiently closely with the form now described, the differences may not
improbably be attributable to age only.

Dimensions.
willim.

Jienipth of the test 2 4 6 & 2 8 % ew ww Se a BS
resdth or tie tes a: wis. Ge cat Cw at ee a ee oe BD
Height of the test . . . < Bee oe ge D6
Breadth of the petal at its sae pane, ke, al hs Ges oi. SES

ss 3 outer extremity . ... . Il
Breadth of the poriferous zone at its widest part . . . 3°75

Localities. In the Khirthar series of strata:—i. Baili, west of Tong. Survey-
304
“3”
ii, A young example, which we refer to this species, was presented to the

Geological Survey; the exact locality was not known, but said to be near Kotri,

G 280
“144°

number

probably the hills west of Kotri. Survey-number
82
128 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXIII.

Fig. 7. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
8. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
9. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
10. Terminal extremity of an ambulacral petal: magnified.
11. Apical disk: magnified.

3. CoNocLYPEUS RosTRATUS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXIV, Figs. 1-4.

The test is of large size, with an elongately oval marginal contour, somewhat
angular or protuberant in the lateral interradia, and with a comparatively prominent
rostration posteriorly. The greatest breadth occurs in the postero-lateral interradia,
and is about four fifths of the length. The anterior excentricity of the apical disk is
very slight ; and the greatest height of the test, which is about one half the length, is
placed somewhat posterior to this. Seen in longitudinal profile the dorsal outline of
the test is decidedly subconoidal, the anterior slope very slightly convex, and the
posterior slope becoming tumid in the neighbourhood of the posterior rostration and
terminating more or less precipitously. The outline of the transverse profile is well
arched, and the margins of the test are gently rounded. The actinal surface is almost
flat, slightly impressed around the peristome, and merging with a gentle slope into the
curvature of the margin.

The ambulacral petals are broad, and each is situated in a faint but well-marked
concavity of the test, which does not terminate abruptly, but extends laterally on to the
interradial areas, dying out gradually. The petals remain widely open at their outer
extremities and terminate abruptly before the margin is reached. The width of the

zone is very remarkable, being at its broadest part equal to, or even slightly greater than,
the width of the interporiferous area, being 5 millim., or 35 of the length of the test.
The diminution in the width of the poriferous zone as it approaches the margin is
comparatively slight, and the last two or three conjugate pores diverge at an angle from
the horizontal, the divergence increasing gradually in each succeeding outward pair, and in
this manner emphasize the abrupt termination of the poriferous zone. The width of the
interporiferous area at the extremity of the petal is very slightly greater than at the
widest part of the petal. The inner pores of the zone are round, and the outer -pores
elongate, the pores of each pair being united by a deep furrow. The coste which
divide the pairs are slightly wider than the furrows and are ornamented with a single
line of small miliary granules, twelve to fifteen or more being present on each. The
ornamentation of the interporiferous area is similar in character to that of the inter-
radial areas, the primary tubercles being, however, rather more widely spaced.
Peristome and surrounding portions of the test are unknown. Periproct close to
the posterior extremity, and (probably ?) encroaching on the margin; but unfortunately
the preservation of this part of the specimens at our disposal is unsatisfactory.
Remarks. A specimen which was not found in place, but is referred by the
collectors to the same locality, we consider to belong to this species, although it
OF WESTERN SIND. 129

presents some variation in form when compared with the type. The breadth is rather
less in relation to the length, the marginal contour is more angular in the region of the
anterior interradia, the posterior rostration is more produced, and the depressions in
which the petals are placed are less marked than in the type. In all other points the
correspondence is close; and we see no reason to separate the form from C. rostratus.
A very much weathered specimen from Rois Hill, south of Damaj, we also refer to
this species, although not without reservation. The general form of the test is well
preserved ; but all detail on the abactinal surface is lost, hence definite comparison is
impossible. The actinal surface is well preserved. The test is smaller than the type, its
marginal contour is on the whole more regularly oval, and, from the general appearance
of the fossil, we are led to believe that the ambulacral depressions were very faint.

Dimensions.
a. é. c.
millim. millim. millim.
Length of the test . . . . . . . 100 96 87
Breadth of the test. . . . . . . 88 74 72
Height of the test . . . . . 48 53 45
Width of one of the paired fietals eo as 18 14°5 12°5 (2)

Localities. Khirthar series of strata:—i. Hills east of Trak. (Locally highest

beds of the group.) Survey-number om.
G 280

ii. Not found in place, but tee to the same locality. Survey-number 5.

iii. Rois Hill (east flank), south of Damaj. Survey-number en

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXIV.

Fig. 1. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
2. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
3. A portion of the left posterior ambulacral petal at its widest part:
magnified.
4, Terminal extremity of the same petal: magnified.

4, CoNocLYPEUS GALERUS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXIV, Figs. 5-10.

Three fragmentary tests of a well-defined species of Conoclypeus occur in the
collection of Khirthar fossils. Unfortunately none of the specimens are sufficiently
well preserved for a complete description of the form to be given; but the following
points are observable, and serve to mark the individuality of the species.

The test is large, with an elongately oval or oviform marginal contour. The
greatest height is two thirds of the length, and is situated very far in front, which
gives the test a conspicuous excentric conical form. Seen in longitudinal profile the
anterior slope, which is very steep and precipitous, is comparatively flat and but little
convex; it bends rather rapidly over on the rounded apex, and is gently curved at the
acutely rounded margin. ‘The posterior slope, although steep, exhibits a much greater
incline than the anterior slope, and its flexure is remarkable; after proceeding a
130 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

distance downward from the well-rounded apex the slope becomes flat, or even with a
slight trace of concave inbending, and then gradually curves outward with a rather bold
convexity or tumidity, and passes over on to the region of the slight posterior rostration
with a precipitous curve. The posterior margin is acute. Seen in transverse profile,
the sides of the test slope with a regular convex curve of great inclination. ©

The actinal surface appears to have been remarkably flat, with a slight depression
towards the peristome.

Apical disk very excentric anteriorly, corresponding with the summit of the test.
Structure wanting.

Ambulacra broad and long, extending close to the ambitus. The right anterior
ambulacrum measures 14:5 millim. at its widest part, the interporiferous area being at
this place 6°5 millim. in breadth, and the width of the poriferous zone here is conse-
quently 4 millim. This great width is maintained for a considerable distance towards
the apex, and the diminution in breadth is slight and very gradual until close to the
summit. Below the point of greatest breadth the poriferous zone becomes much
diminished in breadth, tapering all the way to the extremity, where the pores are not
more than 1 millim. apart, whilst the interporiferous area is here 8-5 millim. across the
ambulacra, which terminate without any curve. The inner pores are transversely oval ;
the outer pores long and slit-like, and are united bya straight deep furrow. The inter-
vening coste are rather flat and tabular, ornamented with numerous very minute
granules, twelve to fourteen in a line, with additional small supplementary granules at
the outer end, which break the regularity of the line and give the appearance of a
small group, or even two or three lines near the junction of the costa with the neigh-
bouring interradial area. Sometimes the additional granules are present along the
whole costa, and the lineal character of the ornamentation is then obliterated; and
sometimes only a few additional are present at the inner and the outer extremity of the
costa alike.

The paired ambulacra are about equal in width, and the odd anterior one is a
shade narrower. The antero-lateral petal is bent slightly forwards from midway out-
wards, the character being chiefly noticeable in the outline of the interporiferous area ;
and the postero-lateral petals are slightly sinuous, in conformity with the undulations of
the posterior part of the test, the convexity, which attains its maximum about midway
along the petal, being directed forwards. The posterior ambulacra come well back-
wards, and the posterior interradium is considerably narrower than the postero-lateral
interradia; towards the extremity the posterior petals in passing downwards are
slightly curved forwards. The ornamentation of the interporiferous area consists of
small, widely spaced, primary tubercles sunken in small deep scrobicules, the wide
intermediate spaces, which are greater than the diameter of the scrobicules, being
covered with very small, definite, rather widely spaced, uniform, miliary granules.
The ornamentation of the interradia is similar in every way excepting that in certain
regions the primary tubercles are perhaps not quite so widely spaced. On the actinal
surface the character is changed, the scrobicules being larger and the intermediate
spaces narrow.
OF WESTERN SIND. 131

The peristome is slightly excentric in front; unfortunately the surrounding
portions of the test are obscured in the specimens at our disposal. The structure of
one of the posterior ambulacral areas is well preserved between the peristome and the
margin ; near the peristome there is a tendency to form a double row of pores—an
appearance arising not so much from additional pores as from an alternate disposition
of the normal pores through a slight alteration of their position on the plate; a few
additional small intercalated plates, however, are present here and there. Near the
margin the arrangement of the ambulacral plates recalls that found in Amblypygus—
namely, one very small triangular intercalated plate inserted between two large ones at
their outer margin, thus forming a triplet, which is succeeded by similar triplets, the
small intercalated plates being consequently every third plate. Nearer the peristome,
in the form under notice, the small intercalated plate is found between nearly every
other large plate, and sometimes two intercalated plates may occur together.

The periproct is preserved in only one example. It is large, elongately oval, and
narrow, with the greatest diameter corresponding with the longitudinal axis of the test ;
it is placed entirely on the flat actinal surface and comes up close to the margin. The
major and minor diameters of the aperture measure 12 millim. and 6:5 millim.
respectively.

Remarks. Although only fragmentary specimens of this species have been found,
the form is well marked by the peculiar helmet-shaped outline of the test, by the
character of the ambulacra, as well as by the character of the ornamentation. In none
of the other Indian species are the primary tubercles so widely spaced.

Dimensions. The following measures are only approximate, as no entirely perfect
specimen is contained in the collection :—

; b.
milli, millim.
Length of the test . . . . about 90 about 95
Breadth of the test . . . . a) eo sat, “Sd
Height of the test . . . . » 60 » 90 (crushed).

Another specimen is too much damaged to permit of any measurements.

Localities. In the Khirthar series:—i. Dhdran Pass (east side), near Laki. Survey-

number &2°2,

66
ii. Phitto, west side of the Dharan range. Survey-number =

 

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXIV.

Fig. 5. Abactinal view of a fragmentary test: natural size.

6. Longitudinal profile of the same specimen: natural size.

7. Longitudinal profile of another test: natural size.

8. A portion of an ambulacral petal at its widest part: magnified. (Same
test as Figs. 5 and 6.)

9. Terminal extremity of the same petal: magnified.

10. Portion of an ambulacral area on the actinal surface, showing the arrange-

ment of the ambulacral plates near the peristome: magnified.
132 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Family CLYPEASTRIDA.
Subfamily EUCLYPEASTRID.

Genus ECHINOCYAMUS, van Phelsum, 1774.

Test of small size, more or less depressed, oval, oblong.

' Ambulacral summit central ; apical system compact, four generative pores, five
ocular pores.

Ambulacra indistinct and scarcely petaloid, open at their extremity. Poriferous
zones with few pores, arranged in widely spaced pairs. Pores of a pair round and not
united by a conjugating furrow.

Interambulacral areas of the test supported internally by a pair of simple vertical
partitions radiating from the margin toward the peristome.

Peristome central, subpentagonal, with high auricles internally.

Periproct oval or rounded, placed between the peristome and the posterior margin

of the test.

1. EcurnocyaMus NuMMULIticus, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXV, Figs. 14-20.

Form subdepressed, but rather high for the genus; marginal contour oval, slightly
more contracted in front than behind. Abactinal area convex, almost subconoid, with
the greatest height subcentral or slightly excentric in front; seen in longitudinal profile
the posterior slope is somewhat straighter or less arched and less bombous than the
anterior slope, and the anterior margin is thicker and more tumid than the posterior.
The transverse profile is regularly convex, and its outline approaches the conoid. The
actinal surface is flat, the margins of the area rounding gently on to the sides, which
are well rounded. There are slight depressions along the median radial lines of the
actinal surface, more distinct in some specimens than others, which give a somewhat
undulating or faintly tumid character to the area.

The apical disk is very small, and the four genital pores are scarcely distinguishable
from the tentacular pores of the ambulacra. ‘The anterior pair are placed closer
together than the posterior. Immediately between the anterior pair of pores is a
rather smaller pore, which is probably the madreporic foramen. The ocular pores are
exceedingly minute, and only visible under high magnification and careful illumination:
that of the odd anterior radius is placed more outward than the madreporic pore, and
stands at the apex of a triangle, almost equilateral, whose base would be represented by
a line joining the anterior pair of genital pores. The anterior pair of ocular pores
stand midway between the antero- and postero-lateral genital pores, but more distant
from the centre, and are consequently wider apart than the anterior pair of genital pores.
The posterior pair of ocular pores are placed behind the posterior pair of genital pores,
that is to say further outward, away from the centre; they are, however, much nearer
together than the posterior genital pores, being about the same distance apart as the
anterior pair of genital pores.

The ambulacral petals are broad, short, subequal, and very rudimentary in character.
OF WESTERN SIND. 133

/

The poriferous zones are broad, and almost straight in their course after attaining
the greatest breadth of the petal: hence the outline of the petals is very slightly
petaloid.

The pores are round, equal, or with the outer pores of a zone slightly largest, the
pores of a pair being wide apart and with no trace of conjugation. The pairs of pores
are distinct from one another, and there are not more than seven or eight in each zone.
The pairs of pores are slightly oblique, and the amount of obliquity increases in each
plate towards the outer extremity of the poriferous zone, the outer pore of the last
pair being often brought down till nearly in vertical series with the inner pores of the
zone. The inner pores of the companion zones of a petal form vertical series parallel
with one another, and the interporiferous area is consequently of uniform width ; it is
narrower than the breadth of the poriferous zone at its widest part; and in some
specimens the surface of the interporiferous area appears to be faintly keeled, or
slightly higher than the interradial portions of the test.

The peristome is central, pentagonal, and with the margin concavely bevelled out
of the thickness of the test. The depth of this bevelled margin is somewhat empha-
sized by the presence of a slightly elevated ridge round the outer or external edge of
the bevel. Owing to the breadth of the bevel, the diameter of the mner pentagon or
actual margin of the peristome is very little more than one half that of the outer
margin. The sunken edge is ornamented with small miliary tubercles, sunken in small
scrobicules and irregularly placed; and there are a pair of conspicuous, elongately
oval, buccal or peristomic pores corresponding to each ambulacrum, the pores of a pair
being close together and only separated by a thin dissepiment. There are two small
granule-like protuberances, situated above the buccal pores, projecting from the peri-
stomial margin.

The periproct is elongately oval, placed longitudinally and at about midway
between the margin and the peristome. The length is twice the breadth, and the
length is about the same as the diameter of the inner margin of the peristome.

The tuberculation of the test is minute, and consists of small primary tubercles
sunken in deep scrobicules irregularly distributed over the surface, the intermediate
spaces being occupied by comparatively large-sized miliary granules, more or less
irregular in their size, development, and prominence.

Remarks. The high and broadly oval form of the test and the character of the
ambulacra appear to separate this variable form distinctly from any Nummulitic species
with which we are acquainted.

Dimensions. The length of the test is 7 millim., the breadth 6°5 millim., and the

height 4°25 millim.
Localities. In the Khirthar series of strata:—i. Simbak Hill, south-west of the

é 226
Vero plain. Survey-number 45>. —

ii. East of Band Vero, north-west of Kotri. Survey-number 4;-.
iii. On the road about four miles west of Kotri. Survey-number ae, (One

imbedded specimen, scarcely determinable.)
iv. Near Petidni, ten miles west of Kotri. Survey-number aed We were at
T
134 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

first inclined to place the three very small specimens from this locality as a separate
variety, on account of their greater rotundity and more depressed form; but, taking
into consideration the great variability of the species and the scanty material, we prefer
to place them along with the type, recording at the same time this note.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXV.

Fig. 14. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
15. The same: magnified.
16. Actinal view of the test: magnified.
17. Longitudinal profile of the test: magnified.
18. Transverse profile of the test: magnified.
19. Apical disk and surrounding portions of the test : magnified.
20. Peristome and surrounding portions of the test : magnified.

Variations. A large series of specimens of Echinocyamus are comprised in the
collections from the Khirthar series, and were obtained from several localities. Con-
siderable variation occurs in the shape of the test, and this is found in a series of
specimens from the same locality, and appears to be irrespective of age or size. The
variation chiefly affects the marginal contour, which may be more oval and elongate or
more circular than the type form; and the test may also be more depressed and less
subconoid in its dorsal convexity. In fact the species seems to be as protean in its
form as the living representative ; and it can readily be understood that a collector,
having only a few specimens at his disposal, might be led to consider that he was dealing
with several species if form alone were his guide.

The following variations, each from different localities, appear to us to be worthy
of more than passing mention; and although in some instances the number of
examples is only small, they seem to be well marked and characteristic. Even in these
cases, however, it is not without hesitation that we rank them as nominal varieties,
after the experience above recorded ; for the number of specimens is not sufficient to
thoroughly gauge the value of the variations. In our present state of knowledge we
are disposed to consider that they present a locational character—an opinion, however,
which can only be offered with reserve until a larger quantity of material-is available
for study from each locality ; for it is unquestionable that amongst a large series of the
normal or typical form there appear to be near approaches to the varietal forms; whilst
similar approximations to the type form are found to exist, in more than one instance,
where a tolerable series of the variety is available.

2. ECHINOCYAMUS NUMMULITICUS, var. OBESUS. Plate XXV, Figs. 21-24.

The contour of the margin is more regularly ovoid. The test is relatively much
higher, the longitudinal profile is more regularly arched, and the sides are more tumid
and rounded off imperceptibly on to the actinal surface. The examples of this variety
are all small, the length of the largest being 7 millim., and that of the smallest
4 millim. In similar sized specimens of the type form of the species the test is much
more depressed and flatter than in the large and fully grown specimens; whilst in the
variety under notice these characters are reversed.
OF WESTERN SIND. 138

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata. Near the gorge of the Baran river, north-
G 226

east of Bila Khan’s Thana. Survey-number =)7°.

Illustrations of the Variety in Plate XXV.

Fig. 21. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
22. The same: magnified.
23. Actinal view of the test: magnified.
24. Longitudinal profile of the test: magnified.

3. ECHINOCYAMUS NUMMULITICTS, var. OVIFORMIS. Plate XXV, Figs. 25-28.

The marginal outline of this variety is oval, and the test is regularly convex both
on the abactinal and actinal surfaces, resembling the shape of ibularia very closely.
The sides are very tumid, there is no flattening of the actinal surface, and the test is
very faintly impressed round the peristome.

Localities. In the Khirthar series :—i. East of Band Vero, north-west of Kotri.

G 226
151°

ii. Twenty-four miles west of Kotri (entering the hills on the road to Bila Khan’s

G 200
72

Survey-number

 

Thana). Survey-number

Illustrations of the Variety in Plate XXV.

Fig. 25. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
26. The same: magnified.
27. Actinal view of the test: magnified.
28. Longitudinal profile of the test: magnified.

4, EcHINOCYAMUS NUMMULITICUS, var. PLANUS. Plate XXV, Figs. 29-32.

The test is low and depressed, elongate and pentagonal, and the abactinal surface is
very slightly convex. The actinal surface is more or less plane, but well rounded on to the
sides, and there is a subrostral prominence anteriorly, and a slight concavity of the whole
surface occurs, running transversely through the peristome. Length of test 7:5 millim.

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata. Twenty-four miles west of Kotri (en-

tering the hills on the road to Bula Khan’s Thana). Survey-number os

Illustrations of the Variety in Plate XXV.

Fig. 29. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
30. The same: magnified.
31. Actinal view of the test: magnified.
32. Longitudinal profile of the test : magnified.

5. Ecuinocyamus rotunpus, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXV, Figs. 33-87.

There is a solitary specimen which we are unable to refer to any previously known
form of Echinocyamus; and although it is difficult to make out some of the details of

structure as thoroughly as might be desired, the general characters appear to be so well
T2
136 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

marked and distinctive that we feel obliged to regard it as an independent species. No
other Clypeastroids were obtained from the same locality.

The size of the specimen is large for the genus ; the marginal contour of the test
is almost circular, slightly protruding posteriorly. The longitudinal profile is almost
regularly convex, but slightly more tumid anteriorly than posteriorly ; the transverse
profile is regularly convex, with no tendency to a subconical form, and the height of
the.test is not great. The margin is well and evenly rounded, passing over impercep-
tibly to the actinal surface, which is somewhat flattened; and there is scarcely any
impression around the peristome.

The.apical disk is small and central; and the four genital pores are large and
occupy nearly the whole of the genital plates. The anterior pair of plates are placed
close together ; and the madreporic puncture, instead of being situate between them
as in the preceding species, is pushed forward towards the middle of the system.
The ocular plates are exceedingly minute, and fit in at the outer portion of the
juncture of the genital plates. The posterior pair of genital plates are wider apart than
the anterior pair, and their distance apart is greater than that separating an anterior
from a posterior pore on the same side.

The ambulacral petals are comparatively long and rather more developed in
character than usual in Echinocyamus. The poriferous zones are straight and diverge
as they proceed outward; this character is most marked in the odd anterior ambula-
crum, which is much wider than the paired petals. In this petal the interporiferous
area is three, or even more, times the width of the poriferous zone and wedge-shaped
in outline; but in the paired petals the interporiferous area is only a little wider than
the poriferous zone. The interporiferous area is perfectly flush with the level of the
test, and there is no tendency to form a keel. The pores are equal or subequal, and
faintly elliptical and placed oblique, and the pores of a pair are almost equidistant
throughout the ray, and there is no trace of conjugation whatever between the pores,
There are ten or eleven pairs of pores in the odd anterior petal, and nine or ten in the
paired petals, with one or two single pores in each.

The peristome is pentagonal and very slightly excentric posteriorly, only a shade
removed from the subcentral position. The periproct is small and elongately oval,
rather nearer to the peristome than the posterior margin. No further details respecting
these structures can be made out, in consequence of the manner in which the test is
preserved.

The tuberculation of the test is minute and uniform. The primary tubercles
are sunken in scrobicules, and more numerous and crowded than in the preceding
species; and the interspaces are consequently smaller and more homogeneous in
character.

Dimensions. fait:
Length of the test 3s 2 4 « @ = «4 9
Breadth of the test. . 2. 2... 1 1. 875
Height of the test-og oe a: ae a ae ae DB
Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata. North by east of Meting. Survey

b G 280
number 9g -
OF WESTERN SIND. 137

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXV.

Fig. 33. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
34. Abactinal view of the test: magnified four times.
35. Actinal view: magnified four times.
36. Longitudinal profile: magnified four times.
37. Apical disk: magnified.

Genus SISMONDIA, Desor, 1857.

Test of small or medium size, subpentagonal or ovoid, depressed, inflated at the margin.

Ambulacral summit central or subcentral; apical system compact, four generative
pores.

Ambulacra petaloid, usually long, and more or less open at their extremity. Pores
united by a conjugating furrow. Interambulacral areas of the test supported internally
by a pair of strong, complex, vertical partitions.

Peristome central, sometimes impressed.

Periproct rounded, placed between the peristome and the margin.

Prior to the establishment of this genus by Desor, the species included therein
had usually been placed in the genus Echinocyamus. Sismondia is distinguished by
the form of the test, by the well-developed petaloid ambulacra, by the conjugate pores,
and by the greater development of the internal partitions.

1. Sismonp1a PoLyMorPHA, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXV, Figs. 1-13.

Form depressed, marginal contour subovoid, with a tendency towards the penta-
gonal, the outline being slightly contracted anteriorly and feebly truncate posteriorly.
Abactinal area almost plane, excepting the costulate interporiferous areas of the petals.
The height of the test is small and is rather less posteriorly than anteriorly, the abac-
tinal surface sloping slightly from the apical centre of the disk to the posterior extremity.
The margin is thick and well rounded, almost tumid. The actinal surface is slightly
concave, the test being regularly and evenly depressed around the peristome.

The apical system is subcentral or very slightly excentric in front. The apical
disk is flush with the test and comparatively broad. ‘There are four large genital
plates all touching one another; the genital pores are large and round, and the
anterior pores are much nearer together than the posterior. There is no true
madreporiform body, but a single, round, madreporic pore is present, situated rather
nearer to the right anterior generative pore than the centre of the apical system.
The ocular plates are very small and somewhat escutcheon-shaped, with the apex
directed away from the disk ; and they occupy a place at the junction of two neigh-
bouring genital plates. The ocular pits are minute and elongate or slit-like; and in
well-grown specimens the portion of the plate on the outer side of the pit away from the
centre is somewhat elevated, and forms a slightly raised embankment round the aperture.

The ambulacral petals are broad, subequal, equal in length to two thirds of the
distance between the apex and the margin; widely open at the extremity, where the
poriferous zones are slightly bent outward. The poriferous zones are equal; the pores
138 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

are round, the pairs slightly oblique, and the conjugation scarcely perceptible. The
pores of a pair are wider apart at the inner third of the zone and approximate gradually
as they proceed outward, and rapidly towards the apex—a structure which emphasizes
the marked and graceful petaloid curve of the zones. There are about twelve pairs of
pores in each zone. The interporiferous area of the petal is sublanceolate in outline and
very broad, equal in width to more than twice that of the poriferous zone at the widest
part. The interporiferous area within the petal is costulate or tumid—a feature usually
more marked in the posterior pair of petals than in the other three. The posterior
petals are more disticntly petaloid in outline, in consequence of the poriferous zones
visibly curving inward and reducing the breadth of the interporiferous area towards the
extremity of the petal. In the three anterior petals the inner series of pores, after
attaining the place of the greatest breadth of the petal, form an almost straight line, and
the interporiferous area is consequently little, if at all, contracted towards the outward
extremity of the petal. The anterior odd petal is slightly smaller than the others.

There are no large pores in continuation of the petal-series visible on the actinai
surface, but in their place a very great number of minute and closely crowded foramina
occupy the whole of the horizontal sutures between the ambulacral plates and also the
vertical sutures along the line of junction of the ambulacral and interambulacral plates,
the horizontal series being much more crowded and numerous close to the peristome.

The peristome is central, subdecagonal, and with the margin bevelled inward. The
pair of buccal or peristomial pores which open into the peristomial margin of each
ambulacrum are conspicuous but closely placed ; and there is a slight, tubercular, roof-
like development over each pair. The periproct is circular, nearly two thirds the
diameter of the peristome, and is situated nearer to the margin than midway between
the peristome and the posterior extremity. ‘The tuberculation of the test is minute,
sunken in deep scrobicules, and rather widely spaced. —

Variations. Considerable variation occurs within certain limits in the shape of the
marginal outline of the test ; and these changes of form are found to be altogether
irrespective of size or age when a large series of specimens is examined, such as that
furnished by the present collection. The contour may assume almost any form between
an elongate ovoid, similar to that usually presented by the small existing species of
Lchinocyamus (£. pusillus), and the ovoid pentagonal test characteristic of such living
urchins as Clypeaster subdepressus.

Remarks. This species presents some alliance to Sismondia Semanni, de Loriol,
from the Nummulitic of Egypt, but appears to differ in the more pentagonal outline,
the more inflated margin, the wider and more open petals, and probably also in the
character of the costulation of the interporiferous areas.

A variety, var. suffata, nobis, occurs in the Nummulitic of Kachh.

Dimensions. The largest specimen measures 11 millim. in length, 10 millim. in
breadth, and about 3 millim. in height.

Others measure 10:0 millim. long, 9:00 millim. broad, and about 2°75 high,

9°3 is 8:25 2 3 3:00 ,,
70 = 5°50 cs % 200° 5,
OF WESTERN SIND. 139

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata; three or four miles south of Trak

: @ 302
Hill. Survey-number 7y7,.

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XXV.

Figs. 1-8. Abactinal view of a series of specimens, to show the variations of the mar-
ginal outline: natural size.
9, Abactinal view of the test of the same specimen as Fig. 8: magnified 24 times.
10. Actinal view of the same specimen: magnified 23 times.
11. Longitudinal profile of the same specimen: magnified 24 times.
12. Apical disk and surrounding portions of the test: magnified.
13. Peristome and surrounding portions of the test: magnified.

\

Suborder ATELOSTOMATA.

Family CASSIDULIDZ:.
Subfamily ECHINONEINA.
Genus AMBLYPYGUS, Agassiz, 1840.

Test of large size ; marginal contour subcircular or ovoid, more or less convex above
and concave beneath, with thick margins. .

Apical summit subcentral. Apical disk small and compact; four generative
and five ocular pores; the madreporiform body occupying the whole of the central
portion.

Ambulacra petaloid, widely open at the outer extremity, reaching nearly to the
margin. Poriferous zones with the inner pores round and the outer pores elongate, the
pairs united by a conjugating furrow. The extrapetaloid ambulacral plates are each
punctured by a pair of very minute pores, placed diagonally and close together; and
this extrapetaloid portion of the poriferous zone forms a straight, narrow, simple line
of pores, often scarcely visible at the margin, extending to the peristome.

Peristome subcentral, oblique, subpentagonal, with irregular sides.

Periproct very large, oval or pyriform, with the major diameter in the direction of
the longitudinal axis of the test, situated between the peristome and the posterior
margin. Ornamentation very homogeneous. ‘Tubercles very small, crenulate and
perforate, placed in scrobicules uniformly distributed over the surface of the test, the
intermediate space being occupied by fine miliary granulation.

This genus is nearly related to Hchinoneus, as we have shown in the “ Description
of the Fossil Echinoidea of Kachh and Kattywar” (Pal. Ind. ser. xiv.). The oblique
peristome, the size and position of the periproct, and especially the structure of the
ambulacral plates, with the continuous series of double pores, indicate unquestionably
a much closer alliance than has hitherto been recognized between the two genera.
In the work just noticed we have discussed at length the various species hitherto
included in the genus Amblypygus. The species from Kachh, along with the present
series from Sind, constitute a remarkable assemblage of forms.
140 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

1. AMBLYPYGUS sUBROTUNDUS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXVI, Figs. 1-14.

Test subdepressed ; marginal contour subcircular, the length exceeding the breadth
in a very slight but variable degree. The height is less than one half the breadth, and
proportional to the length as 0°41:1, the dorsal surface being regularly convex, and
the margins thick and well rounded. ‘The anterior slope of the longitudinal profile is
straighter and more inclined than the posterior portion of the profile, which is more
arched and bombous, the test being thicker and more bombous in the area comprised
by the three posterior interradia than anteriorly; this character faintly presents its
greatest development along the median line of the odd posterior interradium, but the
whole test is so evenly rounded that no definite carination is produced. The outline of
the transverse profile is a regular, gentle, convex curve, with no tendency towards a
conoid form. The actinal surface is subconcave, with the peristome rather deeply
sunken and the surrounding portion of the test bombous, having a convex curve, which
forms a gently rounded continuation of the almost inflated margin. On the ventral
surface of some specimens there is a faint development of tumidity in each of the
columns of plates of the interradia, the feature being most definite in the odd posterior
interradium, where it produces the appearance of a very faint wide groove, passing from
the periproct towards the margin.

The apical disk is slightly excentric in front, being distant from the posterior
extremity 355; of the entire length of the test. The generative pores, which are four
in number, are very large and slightly oval in shape, occupying nearly the whole of
their plate ; the anterior pair smaller and nearer together than the posterior pair. The
generative plates are all separated by prolongations of the central madreporiform
portion of the disk, which is in connexion with the right anterior generative plate, the
central portion being subcruciform in shape. The ocular plates are very small and
subpentagonal in shape, a straight base being apposed to the extension of the central
mass which separates the neighbouring generative plates. The two posterior ocular plates
do not touch, although no portion of the central plate extends beyond their base-line.

The ambulacra are flush with the surface of the test, or with the poriferous zones
very faintly sunken; they are moderately wide, and the petaloid portion extends quite
to the ambitus. ‘The posterior pair are rather wider than the anterior pair, and these
again are rather wider than the odd anterior petal, which is the narrowest.

The series of pairs of pores extends uninterruptedly from apex to peristome, the
inner pores forming a straight continuous line; the two lines thus formed by the com-
panion zones of a petal diverge from one another gradually as they proceed from the
apex, and converge again slightly on the ventral surface as they approach the peristome.
On the upper portion of the ambulacra (the petaloid part) the poriferous zones are wide,
the pores being wide apart and conjugate, having the inner pore round and the outer
one elongate and connected by a furrow. The intervening dissepiment is rather broad,
and is ornamented with a single line of small miliary granules. The outline formed by
the petal is lanceolate, and the widest part is at about two thirds of the distance from
the apex to the margin. The widest part of the poriferous zone is nearer the apex,
nearly midway between the margin and the apex; at this point the poriferous zone is
OF WESTERN SIND. 141

+4 of the width of the interporiferous area, and thence the width of the poriferous
zone decreases gradually to the margin. The widest part of the interporiferous area is
at the margin, where it is slightly wider than twice the width of the poriferous zone at
its widest part. The petaloid portion of the poriferous zone passes gradually and almost
imperceptibly into the extrapetalous part, the pairs of pores being continuous throughout.
In the extrapetalous part of the area both pores are small and round, and separated
only by a very narrow dissepiment ; and the pairs are placed oblique, their distance apart
and the angle of obliquity to the horizontal increasing as they approach the peristome.

The structure of the ambulacra is interesting, for, notwithstanding the strict uni-
serial character of the poriferous zone, the poriferous plates are distinctly divisible into
triplets, this arrangement being regular and invariable in the petaloid and in the extra-
petaloid parts of the zone alike. Throughout the whole zone a smaller plate is inter-
calated between two larger plates, and of these the adoral is always slightly the largest.
The small intercalated plate is only just large enough for its pair of pores, and scarcely
extends into the interporiferous area. In the petaloid part of the zone the small plate
is long and narrow (fig. 6), and in the extrapetaloid part it is almost equilaterally sub-
triangular (fig. 7). On the actinal portion of the test the large poriferous plates are
much deeper (7. e. longer), and consequently the pairs of pores are wider apart (fig. 8).
In the petaloid portion of the zone the inner pore is marginal, indenting the adoral edge of
its plate ; in the extrapetalous portion both pores are within their plate, and equidistant
from the ad- and aboral margins. Reference to the figures of these different parts of
the poriferous zone will give a better idea of the arrangement of the plates and pores
than a lengthy verbal description.

The ornamentation of the interradial portions of the test consists of a great number
of small, uniform, equidistantly spaced primary tubercles, faintly crenulated, and with
a small perforated mamelon, placed in a shallow scrobicule, surrounded by a rim of
small, uniform, distinct miliary granules. Occasionally the single ring of granules which
separates neighbouring scrobicules is augmented by additional granules, and a few extra
ones fill up the interspaces. At the margin the primary tubercles are rather more
crowded, and on the actinal surface they are a shade larger. The ornamentation of the
interporiferous areas is precisely similar to that of the interradia.

The peristome is slightly excentric in front, and placed in a well-developed
depression of the test; it is large, subpentagonally oblong in form, and oblique
in position, the longer axis being directed towards the right anterior interradium.

The periproct is very large, and occupies more than half the area between the
peristome and the margin ; it is longitudinally elongate and subpyriform, and its length
is fully one third more than the greater diameter of the peristome. The contracted
portion of the pyriform aperture is directed towards the peristome, and the distance of
this extremity from the peristome is usually less than that which intervenes between
the aboral margin of the periproct and the margin of the test.

Variations. The chief modifications, distinct from those dependent on growth, which
may be noticed in the material at our disposal are as follows :—(1) a slight increase in
the relative proportion of length to breadth ; (2) a greater uniformity in the curvature

U
142 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

of the anterior and posterior slope of the longitudinal profile, arising from the com-

paratively less tumid character of the posterior portion of the test—this variation

being accompanied, in specimens from localities ii. and iii. (Survey-numbers ™ and

G@ 302
122

interradium, amounting almost to a faint rostration at the posterior margin.

The greatest amount of modification from the normal type occurs in specimens from

locality ix. (Survey-number om), This form appears so well marked that we pro-

pose to distinguish it nominally as var. conicus. It differs from the typical A. subro-
tundus in the following points :—The proportion of the length to the breadth is greater
than in the type, the apex is proportionately higher, and the anterior portion of the
marginal contour is more contracted and less bombous in the area circumscribed by the
anterior interradia. Seen in longitudinal profile, both the posterior and the anterior
slope form much steeper declivities, the curvature of the posterior being only very
slightly more bombous than the anterior one. From this it will be seen that the test
has a subconoidal appearance. The margins are less thick, the distance between the
periproct and the peristome is perhaps greater than usual, and the position of the peri-
stome more excentric, whilst that of the apical disk is subcentral. Unfortunately the
specimens are much weathered on the abactinal surface, and not well preserved.

Along with the above notices of variations, mention should also be made of two
examples which we find amongst a series of small (young) specimens. The tests are
unquestionably immature, but differ from the others in the higher and conoidal cha-
racter of the dorsal area, in the margin being less thick and tumid, and in the peculiar
subpentagonal marginal contour, expanded opposite the anterior petals, and contracted
posteriorly, where the odd interradium is subrostrate. Possibly this may prove to be
the young of a different species ; but for the present we do not feel justified in drawing
any definite conclusions, in consideration of the immature state of the specimens.

There are also portions of three or four tests from locality viii. (Eri Hill, Survey-

number — which are only referred to this species with considerable hesitation; they

may possibly belong to a distinct form. The fragments are well preserved, but are
insufficient for positive determination.

Premature Form. In young specimens of 40 millim. length the test is suboval in
outline, with very thick margins and an almost regular convex dorsal area, which is
generally higher over the whole surface than in the adult—the height at the apex being
proportional to the length as 0°50: 1. The ambulacral petals are well developed and
present the characters of the mature form. With increasing age and size, the height
does not increase proportionately with the other dimensions of the test, and the margins
become also relatively less thick. In a specimen 58 millim. long the regular convex
curve of the dorsal surface, the strikingly pulvinate character of the actinal area, and
the thick tumid margins are very characteristic. In this specimen the proportion of
length to height is as 1:0-43. It is not until the test is fully grown that the almost
circular form of the marginal outline is attained, and the posterior portion of the test
becomes more tumid and generally higher than the anterior part.

), by a slightly greater prominence along the median line of the posterior odd
From these observations we may deduce that in the young stages of Amblypyqus
subrotundus the test is more elongate, higher, with thicker margins and uniformly
convex dorsal surface, and that these modifications produce a stout, elliptical form, very

OF WESTERN SIND.

different in general character from that possessed by the mature animal.

Remarks. This species approaches A. dilatatus, Agassiz, but is distinguished from
that form by the general rotundity of the test, its greater height, and the higher
and more tumid character of the posterior portion; the margins are proportionally
thicker and more tumid, the poriferous zones appear to be wider, and the actinal
portion of the zone is not sunken in a furrow. The periproct differs somewhat in shape,
being more pyriform, and is further removed from the posterior margin.

system is perhaps rather more excentric.

Type specimen from locality i.

29 29
Other specimens measure :—
Breadth
Length —— ~
in millim. ia Genta Proportion
: to length=1.
90 84 0-933
76 68 0-894
74 68 0-918
71+ 66 0:929
66 60 0-909
64 q aie
58 52 0-896
42 37 0-880
40 39 0-875
.. 480 71 0-887
var. CORON as 67 (0-930

Dimensions.

Length of the test .
Breadth of the test
Height of the test . a ee ee
From centre of apical disk to posterior extremity

29

29

(Survey-number

Greatest width of the poriferous zone

Width of the interporiferous area at the above ieee

”

99 99

Greatest width of the postero-lateral petal .

39

ob)

by

99

antero-lateral petal
odd anterior petal

The proportion of length to breadth

 

 

 

 

 

 

oe).
103
millim,
80
76
32
44.
anterior extremity . 36
2°75
4:95
at the margin . 6
10°75
9-70
. 880
= 1:0-95,
to height = 1: 0-40.
Height
on | i Locality.
in millim. aoe y
31 0:344 ii
29 0389 ii
28 0-378 iii.
27°5 0-387 ¥
27 0-409 "i
27 0-421 iii.
25 0-431 vii.
20:5 0-488 i
20 0-500 a
33 0-412 o
80°5 0-423 _

v2

The apical
144 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Localities.

In the Khirthar series of strata :—

i. River-section east of Trak. Survey-number ae

ii. Hilly ground south-east of Trak Hill. Survey-number ame

iii. Kani range, east of Trak. Survey-number es

iv. North-east of Kale-ka-Kua, seven miles south-east of Trak. Survey-number
0.902

v. Exact locality not known; said to be near Kotri, probably the hills west of

i 280
Kotri, Survey-number 7;;-.

vi. Twenty-four miles west of Kotri (entering the hills on the road to Bula Khan’s

& 280
Thana). Survey-number --.

vii. Gorge of the Baran river, north-east of Bula Khan’s Thana. Survey-number
280

a\* .
viii. Eri Hill (south-west side), Simbak range. Survey-number one.

 

Variety conicus:
ix. Dhéran Pass (east side), near Laki. Survey-number =

 

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXVI.

Fig. 1. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
2. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
3. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
4, Apical disk, from another specimen, slightly weather-worn: magnified.
5. Portion of the actinal surface of the same specimen: magnified.
6. Arrangement of the ambulacral plates near the middle of a petal: mag-
nified.
7. Arrangement of the ambulacral plates near the ambitus: magnified.

8. Arrangement of the ambulacral plates on the actinal surface, midway between
the peristome and the margin: magnified.
9. Abactinal view of the test of a young specimen, measuring 40 millim. in
length: natural size.
10. Longitudinal profile of the same specimen: natural size.
11. Abactinal view of the test of a young specimen, measuring 58 millim. in
length: natural size.
12. Actinal view of the same specimen: natural size.
18. Longitudinal profile of the same: natural size.
14. Variety conicus. Longitudinal profile: natural size.

2. AMBLYPYGUS PATELLZFORMIs, Duncan § Sladen. Plate XXVII, Figs. 1-3.

Test subdepressed, marginal contour subovoid, the length being distinctly greater
OF WESTERN SIND. 145

than the breadth, regularly rounded in front, and contracting along the sides towards
the posterior extremity, where a faint trace of rostration is produced. The height is
less than one half the breadth, and is proportional to the length as 0:33:1. The dorsal
surface is regularly convex, and the margins are not particularly thick or tumid, the
curvature of the dorsal area being more arched and continuing nearer to the ambitus
than in A. subrotundus. In the longitudinal profile of the test the posterior and the
anterior slopes are nearly equal in curvature, the latter, however, being slightly more
tumid. The transverse profile shows a regular and well-developed convexity, merging
into the comparatively thin, rounded margin. The actinal surface is almost flat, and
has nothing of the pulvinate character usual in the species of this genus, the flatness
terminating with only a comparatively slight and abrupt rounding at the extreme margin.
There is a slight depression towards the peristome, but unfortunately that portion of
the test and its immediate neighbourhood is concealed by a mass of matrix.

The apical disk is slightly excentric in front; but nothing can be said about its
structure, owing to the destruction and obliteration of this part in both the specimens
we possess. Indeed the whole of the abactinal area is in such a bad state of preserva-
tion that only the general features can be indicated.

The ambulacra are flush with the surface of the test, and the poriferous zones
contract somewhat rapidly after attaining the maximum width, the petaloid portion thus
appearing to terminate a little before the margin is reached. The outer line of the
posterior poriferous zone in both pairs of petals is somewhat more curved than the com-
panion zone; and in the posterior ambulacra the whole petal is slightly bent forwards
(i. e. away from the posterior extremity) before passing over the margin, the curve being
very marked when the interporiferous area is examined independently. The posterior
pair of petals are rather wider than the anterior petals. The widest part of the pori-
ferous zone is situated rather nearer the outer than the apical extremity of the petal, and
at this point the poriferous zone is 3% of the width of the interporiferous area, and
thence the decrease in the width of the zone takes place rather rapidly. The greatest
width of the petal is situated a little nearer the extremity of the petal than the point
of greatest poriferous width. The widest part of the interporiferous area is at the
margin, where it is slightly greater than twice the width of the poriferous zone at its
widest part.

The ornamentation of the dorsal surface is almost entirely destroyed ; and the
traces that remain are so faint that it is impossible to make any useful observations in
this direction. On the actinal surface the primary tubercles are smaller and more
widely spaced than in A. subrotundus, and are surrounded by simple rings of miliary
granules, which appear to stand somewhat isolated and distinct, in consequence of the
intermediate spaces being unoccupied by granules.

The whole of the peristome and a portion of the periproct are concealed by matrix.
The periproct is elongate and pyriform, the aboral margin being well rounded. The
aperture is 14 millim. long and 7‘5 millim. broad, and its aboral extremity is not more
than 5 to 6 millim. distant from the extreme margin.

Remarks. This species is distinguished from its Indian congeners by the flatness of
146 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

the actinal area, the comparatively thin and angular margin, and the well and uniformly
arched dorsal surface ; it is further characterized by the curve of the posterior petals,
the subrostrate form of the posterior extremity, and perhaps also by the smaller and
scantier primary tuberculation. When compared with a specimen of A. subrotundus
of precisely similar size, these differences are very striking; they also appear to be
sufficient to distinguish the species from the other known members of the genus.

Dimensions of type specimen.

millim.
Length of the test. . 2. . . 2. 2. es » « 60
Breadth of the test . . . 2... ee es es (58
Height of the tesh. « « 2. @ » © © » 2 s » 20
Greatest width of the poriferous zone . . . . 2°26
Width of the interporiferous area at the above sles 4
i zi +5 atthe margin. . 5°5
Greatest width of the postero-lateral petal. . . . 8°75
iy - anterior petals. . . . 8

The proportion of length to breadth = 1:0- 916.
The proportion of length to height = 1: 0-333.

Locality. Khirthar series of strata. Hilly ground south-east of Trak Hill.
G 302
“Wee *

We also refer to this species a second specimen found at Rois Hill, near Damaj,

south of Bila Khan (Khirthar series). Survey-number =

‘Survey-number =5—

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XXVII.

Fig. 1. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
2. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
3. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.

3. AMBLYPYGuUS TUMIDUS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXVII, Figs. 4-6.

There is a test of a fine species of Amblypygus from the Khirthar series, but which
unfortunately is so much obscured with matrix and otherwise badly preserved that only
a partial description can be given. The test is high, with marginal contour subovoid,
the greatest breadth being a little behind the anterior ambulacra, and the curve of the
outline being sharper and more contracted posteriorly than anteriorly. The height is
greater than half the breadth, and proportional to the length as 0:52:1, and the
margins are thick and tumid. The curvature of the anterior slope of the longitudinal
profile is less bombous than the posterior; and the posterior part of the test, as a
whole, is thicker (higher) than the anterior. The transvere profile of the test shows a
uniform convex curve of fair elevation. The actinal surface has a bombous aspect, and

appears to have a very slight central concavity. The ambital margin does not at all
overhang, but is bevelled away and well rounded.
OF WESTERN SIND. 147

The apical disk is concealed by matrix, but is probably central, or only very
slightly excentric in front.

The ambulacra are flush with the surface of the test and lanceolate in outline; and
the two lines of inner pores are straight, and converge gradually from the ambitus to the
apex. The greatest width is at about two thirds the distance from the apex to the
margin, the broadest part of the poriferous zone being somewhat nearer the apex;
from this point of greatest breadth the poriferous zone contracts gradually until the
margin is reached, the petaloid portion extending almost to the ambitus. The pori-
ferous zone at its broadest part is five eighths of the width of the interporiferous area.
The interporiferous zone is widest at the margin, and is there a little more than twice
the width of the broadest part of the poriferous zone. The cenjugate pores of the
petaloid portion of the ambulacra are united by a well-defined furrow, and adjoining
pairs are separated by a rather narrow septum ornamented with a single line of small
miliary granules.

The state of preservation of our specimen unfortunately does not permit of any
remarks being made on the character of the ornamentation of the test.

The peristome is entirely hidden by a mass of matrix which covers a large portion
of the actinal surface, and leaves only a part of the posterior margin of the periproct
exposed. The aboral margin of this aperture is well rounded, and is probably distant
from the ambitus nearly the length of the periproct.

Remarks. This species is readily distinguishable from the other Sindian forms of
Amblypygi; and its nearest ally is to be found in A. altus, nobis, from the white lime-
stone of Kachh (Cutch). The present species differs chiefly in the following points,
viz. :—the more elongate and oval test, which is less in height and also much less bombous
dorsally throughout the posterior half; the more generally tumid character of the
actinal surface, and the absence of the transverse depression or curvature of that area,
which is more or less conspicuous in the longitudinal profile-view of the test in A. altus ;
the ambulacral petals are much narrower, and the interporiferous areas more con-
tracted, and the periproct is smaller, narrower, and placed at a greater distance from
the margin.

Dimensions.

millim,
Length of the tes «2 © & @ & © @ wa & TA
Breadth ofthe test. 2. 2. 2. 2... 1... (66
Ebeieht of tetas: sa: eGo. we Be Go OBE
Greatest width of the poriferous zone . . . . . 2°50
Width of the interporiferous area at this part. . . 4
Greatest width of the interporiferous area . . . . 5°5
Greatest width of an antero-lateral petal . . . . Q

The proportion of length to breadth = 1:0°89.
The proportion of length to height = 1:0°52.

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata. Outer (eastern) ridge of the Kdémbhu
302

range, west of Batchani on the Baran. Survey-number =,-~.
148 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Iilustrations of the Species in Plate XXVII.

Fig. 4. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
5. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
6. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.

4, AmBLypyaus LATUS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXVII, Figs. 7-9.

Test depressed, marginal contour subcircular, dilated transversely, the greatest
diameter being situated a little behind the antero-lateral ambulacra. The rounding of
the posterior portion of the marginal outline is somewhat flattened, and that of the
anterior part more regularly circular. The height of the test is two fifths of the
breadth, and proportional to the length as 0:41:1; and the dorsal surface is low but
regularly convex, the margins being thick and tumid. The anterior slope of the
longitudinal profile is more rapid than the posterior portion, and the test, as a whole,
is rather more bombous along the lines of the posterior ambulacra than elsewhere.
The transverse profile of the dorsal surface shows a regular convexity of wide curvature.
The actinal surface is concave, the peristome being well sunken, and the surrounding
portions of the test bombous, the convex curve merging without interruption with that
of the inflated margin.

The apical disk is excentric in front, being distant from the posterior extremity
yoo of the entire length of the test. There are four generative pores, which are
rather small, and the anterior are slightly nearer together than the posterior pair.
One of the posterior pores is long and slit-like in the specimen under notice. The
ocular plates are very small. The central madreporiform body is ornamented with a
few small and rather widely-spaced granules.

The ambulacra are flush with the surface of the test and moderately wide; and
the petaloid portion dies out before the actual margin is reached, where the dorsal
surface commences the sharper curve of that part of the test. The ambulacra are
equal, and the widest portion is situated somewhat nearer the apex than in the pre-
ceding species, and corresponds almost exactly with the widest part of the poriferous
zone; at this place the width of the poriferous zone is exactly one half that of
the interporiferous area. The interporiferous area attains its greatest width at the
margin, where it is more than three times the width of the broadest portion of the
poriferous zone. The outline of the petal is lanceolate; and the poriferous zones, after
attaining their greatest width, taper off somewhat rapidly in breadth to the extremity
of the petaloid portion of the zone. The conjugate pores are united by a well-defined
groove, and the intervening septa are broad and ornamented by a single line of com-
paratively large granules. The extrapetalous portion of the zone consists of pairs of
pores throughout, and is flush with the actinal surface of the test, no trace of any
groove being present. The details of the structure of the ambulacra are similar to
those described in the preceding species.

The ornamentation of the specimen has, unfortunately, been very badly preserved.
OF WESTERN SIND. 149

As far as can be made out, the primary tubercles of the abactinal surface appear to be
somewhat more widely spaced than in the preceding species, and with wider granulated
interspaces between the scrobicules; but only the faintest indication of their former
presence remains here and there, and not a trace of the ornamentation of the actinal
surface is preserved.

The peristome is subcentral or only very slightly excentric in front, and sunken in
a well-defined depression of the actinal surface ; it is large, irregularly subpentagonal,
and oblique, the major axis being directed towards the right anterior interradium.

The periproct, although large, and its length slightly greater than the larger
diameter of the peristome, is smaller proportionally than in any of the other species
described. It is subpyriform, with the contracted extremity directed towards the
peristome, the intervening distance being nearly equal to its own length. It is placed
much nearer to the margin of the test.

Remarks. This species is, perhaps, nearly related to A. dilatatus, Agassiz, but
appears to be well distinguished by the greater lateral expansion of the test, the more
excentric position of the apical disk, and the more tumid margins. The poriferous
zones are relatively broader, and the petals, as a whole, are perhaps narrower in the
Sind specimen ; the peristome also appears to be more deeply depressed, and the actinal
surface more strikingly pulvinate. ‘The periproct is smaller than in any other species
of Amblypygus, whilst it is remarkably large in A. dilatatus; and there is no trace
whatever of the furrows in which the poriferous zones of that species are sunken on
the actinal surface.

Dimensions.
millim.
Length of the test’ 2 2 6 2 pe we se ew Y BBS
Breadth of the test . 2. 2. 6 2 1 uw ew ww a 85
Height of the test . . . ........ 22
From centre of apical system to anterior extremity. 23
= e posterior extremity. 30-5
Greatest width of the poriferous zone . . . . . = 1°75
Width of the interporiferous area at this place . . 3-50
us % atthe margin. . 5:75

Greatest width ofa petal . . . . . ,
The proportion of length to breadth = 1: 1-028.
” ” to height = 1:0°411.

6°75

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata: Rohri, Upper Sind. Survey-number ae

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XX VII.

Fig. 7. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
8. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
9. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
150 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Subfamily ECHINOLAMPINA.

Genus EOLAMPAS, Duncan & Sladen, 1882.
(See anted, p. 61, Part ii.)

1. Eorampas Excentricus, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXXI, Figs. 11-15.

Test of small or medium size. Marginal contour an oval escutcheon-shape, rounded
in front, expanding gradually up to the point of greatest breadth, which is situated on
a line with the outer extremities of the posterior petals, and from thence the outline
contracts rapidly to form the rather prominent posterior rostration. The greatest
breadth is about five sixths of the length, or as 0°83: 1; the test, however, having a
more elongate appearance than those figures would seem to indicate, consequent on the
peculiarity of shape. The dorsal surface is subdepressed, generally convex, forming a
subconoidal peak at the apical summit, and a more or less definite trace of carination
along the median line of the posterior interradium. The actinal surface is almost flat,
very faintly depressed in the region of the peristome, and merging outwardly into the
rounding of the margin. The margin is well-rounded, moderately thick and tumid.
Seen in longitudinal profile the extreme excentricity of the apical summit is remarkable,
causing the anterior slope or curve to be rapid and precipitous, whilst the posterior
slope is a gentle and gradual incline, until the posterior rostration is reached, over
which it bends with a rapid well-rounded curve, terminating vertically. Seen in trans-
verse profile the dorsal outline is markedly subconical.

The apical disk is small and very excentric in front, its distance from the anterior
extremity being three tenths of the length of the test. There are four generative pores,
the anterior pair being much closer together than the posterior pair; and five ocular
pores, which are small and inconspicuous, excepting the odd anterior one, which appears
to be larger and more deeply sunken than the rest.

There are only four ambulacral petals, the odd anterior ambulacrum being aborted.
In the place of the pairs of pores of the odd anterior ambulacrum slight grooves are
to be seen amongst the ornamentation, which are much more numerous than the pairs
of pores in the other ambulacra; and occasionally in small specimens there is the
indication of a very minute single pore here and there, but in large examples even
these appear to be aborted. The paired petals are long and narrow, slightly converging
towards the outer extremity, and the anterior pair are rather shorter than the posterior
pair. The poriferous zones are equal, comparatively broad, and more than half the
width of the interporiferous area. The pores are very small, round, wide apart, and
are united by a well-defined conjugating furrow, the direction of which is oblique, in
relation to the median line of the petal. The furrows are separated by rather broad
coste, ornamented with a single line of 5 or 6 small uniform-sized granules. The inter-
poriferous areas are flush with the surface of the test, and their ornamentation is
similar to that of the interambulacral areas of the test. The petals in their direction
are nearly straight, the anterior pair being widely divergent and enclose a large angle,
whilst that enclosed by the posterior pair is small.

The peristome is small, transversely oval, slightly angular laterally, and its position
OF WESTERN SIND. 151

is excentric in front, but much less so than the apical disk. It has low vertical walls,
which extend upwards into the interior, with the surface covered with rather large
uniform granules. No development of bourrelets takes place, and there is no expansion
of the ambulacra near the peristome, although in some specimens the semblance of a
phyllode is produced by the deep and conspicuous puncture of the pores in this region,
and more especially by the presence of large pits (probably for spheeridia) in the inter*
poriferous area near the peristome.

The periproct is small, transversely oval and inframarginal, placed on the lower
part of the marginal rounding, the plane of the orifice being consequently at an angle
to the actinal surface, and visible when the test is viewed from behind.

The ornamentation consists of small primary tubercles in sunken scrobicules,
uniformly and equidistantly distributed over the test, the interradial spaces being
occupied by comparatively large distinct granules, which usually form a single circlet
round each scrobicule, but occasionally a few intermediate granules are present between
neighbouring circlets or at the angles.

Remarks. This Echinoid has an unmistakable facies, different from any other form.
It is strikingly characterized by the peculiar shape of the test, the excentricity of the
apical summit, and the abortion of the odd anterior ambulacrum. It differs from the
species found in the Ranikot strata, Holampas anticursor, nobis, by the more depressed
test, by the peculiar escutcheon-shaped outline of the marginal contour, with the
marked expansion behind the posterior petals, by the tendency to carination along
the abactinal area, and the consequent subconoid profile when viewed transversely.
The ambulacral petals are longer and their relative proportions inter se are
different.

_ The form appears very constant, and is represented by a number of examples from
several localities. In the smaller specimens, however, the dorsal carination and the
depression of the test posteriorly, as well as the expansion laterally behind the line of
the posterior petals, do not appear so marked.

Dimensions.
a. b, Cc.
millim. millim. millim.
Length of the test . . . . . . 186 14 9°5
Breadth of the test. . . . . . 1855 11°25 8
Height ofthe test 2. 1. 6. 6 s » OO 8°5 5:5

Localities. In the Khirthar series of strata :—

i. Lowest scarp under Karothur hill, eight miles east-north-east of Jtingshdhi
(at the base of the group). Survey-number a
ii. Three or four miles south-south-east of Meting (at base of the scarp).

5 ber #28
urvey-number 47;,-

G 226

iii. On the road about four miles west of Kotri. Survey-number 47--.

x2
152 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Illustration of the Species in Plate XX XI.

Fig. 11. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
12. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
13. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
14. Abactinal area, showing the ambulacral petals and apical disk : magnified.
15. The peristome and surrounding portions of the test: magnified.

Genus ECHINOLAMPAS, Gray, 1826.

Test more or less oval in marginal contour, convex above, flat or subconcave
beneath, margins more or less tumid.

Ambulacra petaloid, open at the extremity, and not greatly convergent. Poriferous
zones with the inner pores round and the outer pores elongate, the pairs being united
by a conjugating groove. Ambulacral summit usually excentric in front. Apical disk
compact.

Peristome subcentral or slightly excentric in front, subpentagonal, transverse ;
floscelle present, often feebly developed.

Periproct oval, transverse, inframarginal, or on actinal surface close to the pos-
terior margin of the test. .

Ornamentation homogeneous. Tubercles small, perforate, non-crenulate, sunken
in scrobicules, uniform and crowded; miliary granulation more or less compact.

1. Ecurnotampas rotunpa, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXVIII, Figs. 1-6.

Test of moderate size. Marginal contour subcircular, with a slight tendency to
elongation in the longitudinal axis, and a slight protuberance, more or less pronounced,
in the posterior part of the lateral interradia corresponding with the line of greatest
breadth. The length is very little greater than the breadth, the proportion being as
1:0:94. The dorsal surface is flatly subconoid, the margins being very thick and
regularly tumid. The apical summit of the test is excentric in front, and its height is
rather more than half the length, being in the proportion of 0:58:1. Seen in longitu-
dinal profile, the anterior slope of the test is more rapidly inclined than the posterior,
and appears to pass continuously from the apex over the thick, high margin as a portion
of a parabolic curve. The posterior slope is faintly depressed at a short distance from
the apex, and is the fullest and most convex just above the posterior margin, over
which it passes almost precipitously. The transverse profile shows the subconoid cha-
racter of the dorsal surface, and the margins are thick and tumid. The actinal surface
is remarkably pulvinate, the test being tumid around the deeply-depressed peristome,
the tumidity being greatest along the median line of the posterior interradium, and
extending around the lower margin of the periproct.

The apical disk, which corresponds with the summit of the test, is rather large.
There are four generative pores, the anterior pair being closer together than the
posterior pair; and the central disk, which is entirely occupied by the punctures of the
madreporite, is large and flat. The ocular plates are small and subcrescentiform.
OF WESTERN SIND. 153

The ambulacral petals are long, extending nearly to the ambitus, distinctly petaloid
in outline, expanding in the middle portion, and contracting slightly towards the outer
extremity. The posterior pair are the longest and broadest, and the odd anterior
ambulacrum is the shortest and narrowest. The greatest breadth of the postero-
lateral petal is about +48; of the length of the test, being 8°50 millim. in a test
58 millim. long. The poriferous zones in the postero-lateral and in the odd anterior
petals are subequal, the companion zones in each petal not varying in length from each
other by more than one or two pairs of pores. In the antero-lateral petals, however,
the posterior zone is longer than the anterior zone of the same petal by ten or more
pairs of pores. The posterior zone of the antero-lateral petals is more curved than the
companion zone, forming a rather wide sweep into the lateral interradia, the convexity
directed backwards. The relative curvature of the zones in the other petals is about
equal; and the general direction of the petals from the apex outwards is almost
straight. The poriferous zones are comparatively narrow, varying very little through-
out their length after attaining the normal width at a short distance from the apex,
and their width decreasing very slightly at the outer extremity. The inner pores are
round, the outer pyriform or comma-shaped, and they are united by a deep, well-
defined groove. The divisional coste are narrow, and were originally ornamented with
a single row of five or six small granules, of which, however, nearly all traces are now
obliterated, except in one or two very rare instances. The position of the pairs of
pores and of the coste is slightly oblique, the line of direction from the inner to the
outer pore being slightly adoralwards. ‘The width of the poriferous zone at its widest
part is 1-50 millim.; and the width of the interporiferous area at the broadest part of
the postero-lateral petal is 5:5 millim. The extra-petalous continuation of the pori-
ferous zone is indiscernible until well on the actinal surface, where its course is indi-
cated by a very shallow depression, which becomes more distinct as it approaches the
peristome. The interporiferous area within the petals is slightly tumid, and its orna-
mentation is similar to that of the interradia, consisting of numerous small primary
tubercles situated in rather deep scrobicules, so closely placed that the interspaces,
which are always less in breadth than the diameter of a scrobicule, have usually only
the two rows of miliary granules upon them which form the boundary of two adjacent
scrobicules, one round each. The tubercles are the most numerous and crowded at the
ambitus and just beneath, and the most widely spaced in the neighbourhood of the
peristome. They are, perhaps, a shade larger on the actinal surface, but the difference
is very slight.

The peristome is slightly excentric in front; it is large, subpentagonal, deeply
impressed, and with high vertical walls. The ambulacral areas become very contracted
as they approach the peristome, and are slightly sunken, forming shallow troughs,
especially in the three anterior ambulacra, which emphasize the very slightly swollen,
incipient bourrelets of the anterior interradia. ‘This slight development of the bour-
relet is wanting in the three posterior interradia; and the margin of the peristome
bounded by the odd posterior interradium has the test rather less tumid, and is instead
more inclined towards the mouth, than the other parts surrounding the aperture.
154 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

There is no development of a true phyllode, although a slight tendency exists
to form an inner series of pores, caused by the stepping out of an occasional pore here
and there from the normal uniserial rank. ‘The transverse diameter of the peristome
measures about 8 millim., and the longitudinal 5 millim.

The periproct is very large, subtriangular in outline; the outer margin, which
forms the base of the triangle, being a gentle curve, the inner margin being bounded
by two very slightly curved lines, which form the sides of the triangle, the apex
directed towards the peristome, and the lateral angles being sharp. The periproct is
entirely on the under surface, close to the margin, and, being situated on the slight
outward slope of the ventral tumidity, its plane is directed slightly upwards. The
shorter diameter of the aperture, which corresponds with the longitudinal axis of the
test, measures 6°5 millim., and the transverse diameter 12 millim.

Remarks. This species is, perhaps, most nearly allied to E. discoideus, d’Archiac ;
but is distinguished from that form by its higher test, its subconoidal abactinal surface,
and its higher and more tumid margins. It is further distinguished by the slightly
tumid interporiferous areas and the distinctly petaloid outline of the ambulacra, the
former in E. discoideus being flush with the test, and the latter almost as completely
open as in Conoclypeus. In E. discoideus the actinal surface is described as “ sub-plan,”
and the periproct small and fairly regularly elliptical. In these points this species is
very different. We know of no other form with which EZ. rotunda can be confounded.

There is a crushed specimen which is larger and more elongate than the type, and
in which the actinal surface appears to be somewhat less tumid; but this is, perhaps,
owing to the damage it has sustained. In all points of detail it accords fully with the
type we have described.

Dimensions.
a. b. ¢.
millim. millim, millim.
Length of the test . . . . . 88 58°5 67
Breadth of the test. . . . . 659 54:5 (broken) 60°5
Height of the test . . . . . 34 34 27-5 (crushed)
Breadth of postero-lateral petal . 8°50 8-50 8°80)
y of antero-lateral petal . 7:40 7:40 8
Locality. In the Khirthar series: River-section, east of Trak. Survey-number
226
“103°
Iilustrations of the Species in Plate XXVIII.
Fig. 1. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.

. Actinal view of the test: natural size.

. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.

The apical disk: magnified.

. A portion of a petal, about midway between the extremity and the apex:
magnified.

. The peristome and surrounding portions of the test: magnified.

or HR oo DS

oO
‘OF WESTERN SIND. 155

2. Ecurvonampas susconica, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXVIII, Figs. 7-11.

Test of moderate size. Marginal contour suboval, slightly expanded in the
posterior region of the lateral interradia, evenly rounded in front, feebly rostrate
behind. The length is rather greater than the breadth, being in the proportion of
1:0:86. The dorsal surface is moderately high, subconical, and rather pointed at the
apex, which is excentric in front, and the greatest height is rather less than three fifths
of the length. Seen in longitudinal profile, the anterior and posterior slopes of the
abactinal surface appear as two gentle, evenly-rounded, convex curves of low curvature,
culminating rather sharply or pointedly at the apex ; the anterior slope is much shorter
and more precipitous than the posterior, and continues, without any interference, in its
course over the thick and well-rounded anterior margin; the posterior slope is less
inclined than the anterior, and extends as a regular convex or subparabolic curve from
the apex to the margin of the periproct, just below the ambitus, the posterior margin
of the test being much thinner and less tumid than the anterior. Seen in transverse
profile, the abactinal surface slopes rather rapidly from the apex, and the curvature
being slight, the conical appearance is greatly emphasized, the outline passing without
interruption over the moderately thick and well-rounded margins. ‘The actinal surface
is pulvinate, the peristome being depressed and the surrounding test being tumid,
sloping inwards to the mouth, and outwards with a slow and gradual curve to the
ambitus. The anterior and the posterior portions of the test are the most tumid; and
the test, when placed on a level surface, rests on these regions of the test entirely.
The lateral interradia are slightly more tumid along their median line, which gives,
though faintly, a rather undulating appearance to the actinal area.

The apical disk is excentric in front. In the specimen under notice there are
only two generative pores, the left anterior and the left posterior pores being aborted ;
the whole of the centre of the disk is occupied by a rather large madreporiform body,
which is not prominent, but is ornamented with a few moderately large granules widely
spaced and irregularly placed.

The ambulacral petals are long and narrow. The posterior pair are the longest
and the broadest; the anterior pair and the odd anterior ambulacrum are subequal in
length, but the odd anterior petal is narrower than the pair. The shape of the petals
is lanceolate and very attenuate and tapering to the apex, and their contraction at the
outer extremity is very slight. The greatest breadth of the postero-lateral petal is
7 millim., or +4°;5 of the length of the test. The poriferous zones in all the petals are
slightly unequal; the posterior zone in the posterior petals and the anterior zone in
anterior petals being shorter than the companion zones in the respective petals, the
difference, however, not being more than five or six pairs of pores in the anterior petals,
and less in the posterior petals. In the anterior pair of petals the posterior zone is
more curved than the anterior zone; it is boldly convex into the lateral interradia, and
presents a faint trace of sigmoid curvature in consequence of the zone at the extreme
tip being slightly bent backwards. The posterior zone of the posterior petals is also
slightly more curved than the companion anterior zone, and there is also the same faint
outward turn of the poriferous zone at the extremity ; but neither character is developed
156 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

to the same degree as in the anterior petals. At the widest part of the posterior am-
bulacra, where the petal measures 7 millim. across, the interporiferous area is 4 millim.
in breadth, and the poriferous zone is 1°50 millim. broad: from this point the zone
diminishes in breadth to the outer extremity, where it is little more than half the
width named, and less than 1 millim. across. At the outer extremity of the petal the
interporiferous area measures 4:25 millim. across. The inner pores are round, the outer
transversely oval, and they are united by a broad conjugating groove. The cost are
low and narrow, with a well-defined single row of about seven small miliary granules ;
and the positions of the coste and the pairs of pores are oblique in relation to the
median line of the ambulacrum. The extra-petalous continuations of the poriferous
zones are scarcely perceptible until near the peristome, and are not placed in any
channel on the actinal surface.

The interporiferous area within the petal is almost flush with the test, being very
faintly tumid ; and its ornamentation, which is similar to that of the interradia, is rather
more ornate than usual in this genus. It consists of small primary tubercles placed in
rather large and shallow scrobicules, which are surrounded by a single circlet of rather
large, well-spaced, and comparatively isolated miliary granules. From these not forming
the ordinary confluent ornamentation usual in the interspaces between the scrobicules
in this genus, and from the small size of the primary tubercles, the general ornamen-
tation is well characterized in the present species. At the ambitus and on the actinal
surface the scrobicules are very closely placed, with not more than a single row of miliaries
between each ; but in places on the abactinal surface they are rather more widely spaced.

The peristome is slightly excentric in front ; it is, unfortunately, too much obscured
by matrix for any remarks to be made on its structure.

The periproct, which is of moderate size and transversely oval, is placed close to
the posterior margin of the test, its aboral margin encroaching slightly thereon. The
major diameter measures 10 millim., the minor diameter being probably little more than 5.

Remarks. This species has some resemblance to E. rotunda, but is readily
distinguished by the different form and proportions of the test, by the narrow and
apically-pointed and attenuate ambulacra, which are unequal and do not converge at
their outer extremity, as well as by the different character of the ornamentation.

From £. scutiformis, Desm., it differs in the form of the test, the absence of the
posterior rostration, the greater excentricity of the apical disk, and in the character of
the ambulacra. It is likewise easily separated from EH. Studeri, Agassiz, E. Escheri,
Agassiz, and E. globulus, Laube, by the form of the test and the shape of the ambu-
lacra, as well as by other points. We are unacquainted with any other Echinolampad
with which it can be confounded. ,

Dimensions.
millim.
Length of the test . . 2. 1. 2... . . 685
Breadth of the test . . . . . ... . 856
Height.ot the test 2 4.4.46 2 @ 2% 33
Breadth of the postero-lateral petal. . . . 7

” $5 antero-lateral petal . . . . 6
OF WESTERN SIND. 187

Locality. In the Khirthar series: Twenty-four miles west of Kotri (entering the

hills on the road to Bila Khan’s Thana). Survey-number oe.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXVIII.

Fig. 7. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
8. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
9. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
10. The apical disk: magnified.
11. A portion of the petal about midway between the apex and the extremity:

magnified.

3. EcHINOLAMPAS oBESA, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXVIII, Figs. 12-16,

Test rather large. Marginal contour regularly oval, the breadth being about
four fifths of the length or in the proportion of 0°8:1. The outline at the ambitus is
well rounded in front and almost equally so behind, there being only the faintest trace
of flattening in the curve behind the extremities of the posterior petals. The apical
summit of the test is subcentral, and its height is about three fifths of the length of
the test, or as 0°59:1. Seen in longitudinal profile the dorsal surface is full and
convex, the posterior curve being fuller and more convex than the anterior; the
posterior curve is uninterrupted by any marginal tumidity until it reaches the periproct ;
whilst the anterior curve passes gently over the thick and tumid anterior margin.
Seen in transverse profile the dorsal convexity has a slightly conical appearance,
merging imperceptibly into the marginal part of the test, and then curving rather
sharply over on to the actinal surface. When seen from behind the periproct is wholly
visible, being situated within the margin. The actinal surface is very tumid and
pulvinate, the rounded summit of the tumidity midway between the ambitus and the
peristome being the only resting plane of the test.

The apical disk is rather large and is placed considerably in front of the summit
of the test, its distance from the anterior margin being about two fifths of the length
of the test. The four genital pores are large and oval, and the anterior pair are nearer
together than the posterior pair. The central portion is large, rather prominent,
undulating, subtuberculate, with a few small widely-spaced granules, and the whole
surface covered with the perforations of the madreporite. The ocular plates are very
small, subtriangular in shape, and their foramina microscopic.

The ambulacral petals are long and comparatively narrow; the posterior pair are
the longest and rather broader than the others, and the odd anterior ambulacrum is the
shortest and narrowest. The posterior petals are slightly curved, with the convexity
towards the posterior interradium. The poriferous zones diverge gradually in all the
petals as they proceed from the apex, and their convergence towards the outer extre-
mity is scarcely perceptible, not exceeding half a millim., their outline being in conse-
quence wedge-shaped rather than petaloid. The greatest breadth of the postero-

lateral petal is 8 millim., or about yoyo of the length of the test. In the antero-lateral
Y
158 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

ambulacra the poriferous zones are unequal, the posterior zone being longer by about
nine pairs of pores than its companion, and it is also more curved; but this only
to a slight degree. The poriferous zones of the other petals are subequal.

The poriferous zones are rather narrow, measuring 1°5 millim. at the widest part
and diminishing gradually towards the outer extremity, where they are little more than
half this breadth. Near the apex the pores are unusually small, and, in the specimen
under description, a number of the pairs of pores are aborted near the apex. The
inner pores are round, the outer transversely elongate, and they are united by a broad
groove. The intervening coste are low, narrow, and are ornamented with a single line
of about six weil-defined granules. The positions of the pairs of pores and of the coste
are rather oblique in relation to the median line of the petal, and the obliquity
increases as they approach the outer extremity. The extra-petalous continuations of
the poriferous zones are situated in very slight channels. The width of the inter-
poriferous area at the widest part of the postero-lateral petal is 4 millim., and it is only
a shade narrower than this at the outer extremity; towards the apex the areas are
narrow and attenuate, and resemble Z. subconica, nobis, in not expanding rapidly into
the petaloid form so frequent in this genus. ‘The interporiferous areas are flush with the
test, or only so faintly tumid that the character is scarcely noticeable. The odd posterior
interradium is very full and tumidly convex, with a tendency to become subcarinate at
the apical extremity ; there is also a slight tendency, but much more feebly exhibited,
in the other interradia (especially the laterals) to become a little prominent near the
apex, which produces the appearance of the ambulacra being slightly sunken there.
The lateral and anterior interradia do not present any conspicuous tumidity, and the
test, as a whole, is gradually reduced in capacity towards the anterior extremity. The
ornamentation of the interporiferous areas is similar in character to that of the inter-
radia, excepting that the primary tubercles are somewhat more regular in position
and more closely crowded. Throughout the test the scrobicules are closely placed, the
intermediate spaces being seldom occupied by more than the single circlet of com-
paratively large, well-spaced miliary granules, which surround the scrobicules. The
ornamentation is most crowded just below the ambitus, the intermediate spaces between
the scrobicules being reduced to simple septum-like structures. The ornamentation of
this species seems to stand intermediate between that of E. subconica and that of the
ordinary Echinolampas type.

The whole of the central portion of the actinal surface is obscured by matrix,
which renders any observations on the peristome and neighbouring portions of the test
impossible.

The periproct is situated in the actinal portion of the tumid curve of the margin,
and is consequently truly marginal. Its shape is transversely oval, and the greater and
less diameters are not more than 9 and 7 millim. respectively ; but, owing to fracture,
the exact measures cannot be given.

The test subjacent to the adoral margin of the periproct shows traces of some
tumidity, and there is a slight bevelling of the test towards the aperture on that
margin.
OF WESTERN SIND. 159

Remarks. This form has some affinities with EF. subconica, nobis, and also with
that group of Echinolampads of which EF. Escheri, Agassiz, and /. subcylindricus,
Desor, are the representatives. It is distinguished from LE. subconica by the form of the
test, the position of the apical summit, and the trend of the posterior petals, as well as
by the position of the periproct and the general tumidity of the lateral regions of the
test and of the actinal surface. It is readily distinguished from both E. Hschert and
E. subcylindricus by the form of the test and by the character, outline, and position of
the ambulacral petals. It is probably, however, the eastern representative of the last-
named species, although the differences between them are very great.

Dimensions.
millim.
Length of the test . . . . . ... Ti
Breadth of the test . . . . . . . . OT
Height of the test . . . ... .. 42
Breadth of the postero-lateral petal . . . 8
‘ as antero-lateral petal . . . 7

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata. Twenty-four miles west of Kotri

(entering the hills on the road to Bula Khan’s Thana). Survey-number oe.

 

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXVIII.

Fig. 12. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
13. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
14. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
15. The apical disk: magnified.
16. A portion of a petal about midway between the apex and the extremity :
magnified.

4, EcHINOLAMPAS SINDENSIS, d’Archiac. Plate XXIX, Figs. 1-10.

Test usually of moderate size, but occasionally attaining large proportions.
Marginal contour oval, well rounded in front, sometimes rather flattened along the
sides, and faintly rostrated posteriorly. ‘The breadth is in the proportion of 86 per
cent. of the length. Apical disk excentric in front and corresponding with the apical
summit of the test, its distance from the anterior extremity being 40:6 per cent., or a
little more than two fifths of the length of the test. The dorsal surface is moderately
high and well arched, measuring at the summit a little more than 46 per cent., or nine
twentieths of the length of the test. Seen in longitudinal profile the dorsal outline
shows a well-rounded convexity, the anterior slope being more precipitous than the
posterior, the posterior slope rounding gently and then curving rapidly over the
posterior rostration. The transverse profile shows a regular and almost semi-
circular curve. The margins are tumid and rather sharply rounded on to the actinal
surface, which is more or less plain, excepting a gentle depression around the peristome,
and the rounding which masks the imperceptible junction of the margins and the

actinal surface.
y 2
160 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

The apical disk is small; and there are four genital pores, which are large and
oval, occupying nearly the whole of their plate; the anterior pair rather closer
together than the posterior pair. The ocular plates are small and their pores very
minute, and the posterior pair are wide apart. The whole of the central portion
is occupied by the madreporiform body, and this, in some instances, is slightly convex.

The ambulacral petals are narrow, and of almost uniform breadth a little distance
from the apical disk, expanding very slightly near the middle of their length, and the
contraction at the outer extremity being also very insignificant. They terminate some-
what abruptly at a short distance before the rounding of the margin commences. The
posterior petals are the longest, and the odd anterior petal is slightly narrower than
the others. The breadth of one of the paired petals is in the proportion of about yyy
of the length of the test. The poriferous zones are unequal; the anterior zones of the
antero-lateral petals and the posterior zones of the postero-lateral petals being shorter
than the companion zone of the same petal. The breadth of the poriferous zone,
excepting the narrow apical extremity, varies only slightly throughout the remaining
portion of its length, the increase in size at the widest part, and likewise the decrease
towards the outward extremity, being slight. At the widest portion of the petal the
width of the poriferous zone barely exceeds one fourth of the width of the inter-
poriferous area, the actual breadth of the zone being only a shade more than 1 millim.
in an example 58 millim. in length. The inner pores of a zone are round, and the
outer pores elongate or pyriform, the pair being united by a well-defined channel.
The divisional septum between each pair is rather broader than the conjunctive
channel, and is ornamented by a single line of small miliary granules. At about one
fourth of the distance from the apical to the outer extremity of the postero-lateral
petals the anterior zone is bent slightly outward, appearing to curve somewhat
encroachingly upon the postero-lateral interradial area, whilst the posterior zones are
comparatively straight and do not correspondingly encroach upon the odd posterior
interradium. This gives the character of a slightly outward flexure to the posterior
petals. At the extremity of the petals, where the conjugate pores cease, the poriferous
zone is continued in a single line of pores, sunken in a faint depression or channel, and
extending up to the peristome, in the neighbourhood of which there is some irregularity
in the serial arrangement of the pores consequent on the presence of intercalated
ambulacral plates, by which the incipient phyllode is produced. ‘The lines formed by
the simple portion of the two poriferous zones of a petal expand wider apart as they
proceed from the extremity of the petal to the ambitus, and again converge from the
ambitus to the peristome. The course of the three anterior ambulacra on the actinal
surface is comparatively straight, that of the posterior pair being more or less curved,
bending with a slight and graceful flexure which encroaches on the odd portions of
the interradial area. The interporiferous areas are flush with the surface of the test,
both within and without the petal, and their ornamentation is similar to that of the
interradial areas.

The antero-lateral and the postero-lateral interradial areas present no tumidity
either in the abactinal or actinal regions. The odd posterior interradium is slightly
tumid dorsally over, and in conformity with, the posterior rostration; and there is
OF WESTERN SIND. 161

also a swelling along the median line of this area on the actinal surface, which expands
towards the margin in the neighbourhood of the periproct. The ornamentation
of the interradial and interporiferous areas is uniform and small; it consists of
numerous small primary tubercles, indistinctly crenulated, and with a minute perforated
mamelon, sunken in deep narrow scrobicules, the intermediate spaces being very
narrow, in the narrowest part not more than the width of a single row of granules, and
at the wider parts, in the spaces between adjacent scrobicules, always less than the
width of the scrobicule. The surface is covered with very minute and not particularly
closely crowded miliary granules. The primary tubercles are the most crowded at the
ambitus, and become slightly larger and rather more widely spaced on the actinal
surface. A well-defined band, devoid of primary tubercles, extends along the median
interradial line between the peristome and the periproct.

The peristome is large, central, sunken in a slight depression of the test, penta-
gonal, having the transverse diameter greater than the longitudinal. The ambulacral
areas, as before noticed, contract on approaching the peristome, and at a short distance
from the extremity are sunken in a depression which increases until it falls into the
peristome, where the test is well channelled-out ; in this manner a prominence is given
to the otherwise feebly-developed bourrelets. The two anterior bourrelets are broader
and more pronounced than the postero-laterals, and the odd posterior one is also
broader and somewhat flattened along its margin. The floscelle is only feebly
developed, the rudimentary phyllodes being very inconspicuous and represented only
by a short line of four or five supplementary pores within each column of ambulacral
plates. The pores are rather wide apart; and the two lines of supplementary pores,
present in each ambulacrum, converge slightly as they approach the peristome. Some-
times there is a faint outswelling of the poriferous zone just before the extremity, and
not unfrequently some irregularity in the serial disposition of the pores, which slightly
emphasizes the character of the phyllode.

The periproct is large, transverse, subelliptical, placed close to the margin, on the
rounding which unites the ambitus with the actinal surface and immediately under the
posterior rostration. Consequent on this slightly oblique position (in relation to the
plane of the actinal surface), the presence of the orifice is just discernible when the
posterior part of the test is placed in direct line of view. This aperture has a major
diameter of 10 millim. and a minor diameter of 5 millim., in an example 66 millim
long; the major diameter of the peristome being about 7 millim., and the minor little
more than 4 millim., in the same specimen.

Premature form. In young examples, which measure 43 millim. in length, the test
is relatively higher, much thicker and more tumid at the margins, and tumid on the
actinal surface, the flatter character of the adult form being as yet undeveloped. The
peristome is large and subelliptical, without any trace of the pentagonal outline; and
the bourrelets are indicated only by the faintest swelling of the plates in the two anterior
interradial areas. The periproct is large, and is situated at a higher level than in the
adult, and is quite in the margin. Examples having broad poriferous zones are clearly
distinguishable at this age from those with the narrow zones—size and all other
characters of the tests being similar. We are unfortunately not in a position to say
162 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

any thing as to the form of the earlier stages of this species; but it may be men-
tioned parenthetically that some small tests, which we have regarded as the young of
another species (Echinolampas angustifolia), may possibly belong to E. Sindensis. The
grounds upon which our determination is based will be found in the description of the
species in question ; and we at present confine ourselves to mentioning the circumstance
in the hope that a larger supply of material will furnish a solution to the difficulty.

Remarks. The type of d’Archiac’s species in the Museum of the Geological Society
is a very unsatisfactory specimen and scarcely worthy of recognition; it also accords
very poorly with the description given in the text (op. cit. p. 210), and likewise with
the figures. Under these circumstances it would obviously be both useless and un-
profitable to draw any lengthy comparisons. Numerous specimens of an Echinolampas
which appears to be very common in Sind, and accords most nearly with the old specimen
above referred to, and which has further been regarded provisionally by the Surveyors
(although with doubt) as probably belonging to d’Archiac’s species, are well repre-
sented in the collection of Khirthar fossils. It is to this form that we have assigned
d’Archiac’s specific name, rather from unwillingness to burden the nomenclature with
an additional name than as an expression of our opinion as to its conformity with the
unintelligible and contradictory type and description of our predecessors. The form is
well marked, and we are unacquainted with any other species with which it can be
confounded. The variety hemispherica is also well marked, and has not yet been
found associated with the type-form of the species.

Dimensions.
a, b. ¢. d.
millim. millim. millim. millim.
Length of the test. . . . . . 90 59 57 52
Breadth of the test . . . . . 75 50 48 35
Height of the test. . . . . . 46 27 23 22
Breadth of postero-lateral petal . 9:5 6 6 4°25
Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata: Baili, west of Tong. Survey-number
G 304
“23°

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XXIX.

. Abactinal view of the test of a large example: natural size.
Longitudinal profile of the same specimen: natural size.

Fig.

op

Abactinal view of a test of the ordinary size: natural size.

Actinal view of the same: natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the same: natural size.

Peristome and surrounding parts of the test from another specimen:
magnified.

A portion of the ambulacral area, near the middle of a petal: magnified.

Abactinal view of the test of a young specimen: natural size.

Actinal view of the same test: natural size.

10. Longitudinal profile of the same* natural size.

St

ae
OF WESTERN SIND. 163

5. EcHINoLAMPAS SINDENSIS, var. HEMISPH@RICA, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXIX,
Figs. 11-17.

On examining a large series of specimens from different localities a considerable
amount of variation may be observed. ‘This chiefly affects the proportions of length,
breadth, and height; and, although associated in some instances with other small
structural modifications, which separately and at first sight appear striking, we do
not, after a careful comparative review of the series, feel justified in regarding them as
specifically distinct from the present form.

A well-marked variety, constant through various phases of growth and in different
localities, is characterized in the following manner. The disproportion between the
length and breadth is rather less, and the marginal contour is also more truly oval; the
height is greater, the dorsal surface has a more inflated appearance, and when seen in
longitudinal profile is almost semicircular, the difference between the curvature of the
anterior and posterior slopes being scarcely perceptible. The rounding at the margin
is somewhat sharper, which gives the actinal surface a rather flatter appearance ; and
this character is further emphasized by the slightly smaller extent of the central
depression of the test around the peristome. The bourrelets are, perhaps, rather more
prominently developed. The summit of the test is more central, and consequently
behind the apical disk. The poriferous zones are broader in relation to the inter-
poriferous area.

Although the majority of the characters here noticed are found in specimens which
we regard as the young of the type form of H. Sindensis, they are remarkably constant
in a series of tests of all sizes, the greater number being quite as large as those of
E. Sindensis, which present all the characters ascribed to the adult form of the type,
and one example being much larger than the average size of that form. If only a
small number of examples had been available for study, it is probable that the form
would have been regarded as a separate species ; but after studying the material at our
disposal we do not at present feel justified in considering this form otherwise than as a
well-marked variety of H. Sindensis. In addition to the remarks above made as to the
young stages of growth, it may also be observed that examples of the type form occur
in which the test is higher than usual, with the dorsal profile approaching the
hemispherical outline, and which have the wide poriferous zones characteristic of our
variety.

Young forms. The characters above enumerated are present in a relative degree
throughout a series of specimens which range from 40 to 77 millim. in length. A
smaller test, 32 millim. in length, which, from its general habit and association, we
also place under the variety, approaches a subcylindrical form. The margins are thick
and tumid; the actinal surface tumid, and with no trace of the flatness which. cha-
racterizes the later stages of growth. Unfortunately the details of this example are
badly preserved. A drawing of the specimen is given in Figs. 16 & 17.
164 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

 

Dimensions.
a. b. ¢. d.
millim. millim. millim. millim.
Length of the test . . . . . . 78 55 50 31°5
Breadth of the test. . . . . . 69 48 44 26
Height of the test . . . 2. . 387 30 27 20
Breadth of postero-lateral petal. . 10°5 7 7 4
Localities. In the Khirthar series :—
i. Rohri, Upper Sind. Survey-number a
ii. Rohri on the Indus, Upper Sind. Survey-number a

iii. West side of Bhago-Thoro hill, south of Sehwan. Survey-number a

Illustrations of the Variety in Plate X XIX.

Fig. 11. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
12. Actinal view of the same: natural size.
13, Longitudinal profile of the same: natural size.
14. Longitudinal profile of another specimen, somewhat less tumid: natural
size.
15. Longitudinal profile of a large specimen: natural size.
16. Abactinal view of the test of a small specimen: natural size.
17. Longitudinal profile of the same: natural size.

6. EcHINoLAMPas anaustiFoLIA, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXX, Figs. 1-11.

Test of moderate size. Marginal contour elongately oval, presenting no promi-
nences to disturb the regularity of the outline, excepting the more or less prominent
posterior rostration. ‘The breadth is equal to about four fifths of the length, or is in the
proportion of 0°79: 1. The dorsal surface is high and tumid ; the height about equal
to half the length. The apical disk is excentric in front, the relation of the anterior
to the posterior portion of the median line being approximately in the proportion of
2:3, Seen in longitudinal profile, the posterior slope of the dorsal outline has a very
small angle of inclination, and then curves rapidly at the posterior extremity, which is
very high and thick. Unfortunately in the type specimen this extremity has been
destroyed, and also the anterior part of the dorsal surface. In two smaller examples
the anterior slope is much more inclined, and the anterior margin comparatively thin.
That this was also the character of the larger specimen there is little doubt, from the
indications that remain. In the smaller specimen, two thirds the size of the type, the
periproct is placed very high in the margin, wholly removed from the ventral surface,
and almost vertical in position; it is slightly arched over by the posterior rostration.
The transverse profile shows the dorsal area to be a regular convex curve of low
elevation, with the sides of the test very thick and tumid, and the outline curving
thence gently on to the tumid actinal surface. The tumidity of the actinal surface is
very characteristic; the test around the peristome is moderately depressed, and there
OF WESTERN SIND. 165

is a strongly marked tumidity, amounting almost to carination, along the median line of
the posterior interradium, increasing towards the margin, and forming a prominent
swelling of the test beneath the level of the periproctal aperture.

The ambulacral petals are narrow. The posterior pair are long, straight, and
lanceolate in form, expanding slightly towards the middle portion, and then contracting
towards their outer extremity. The poriferous zones are narrow, and vary only slightly
throughout their length; the increase in breadth towards the widest part being slight,
and the contraction towards the extremity comparatively small. In the posterior
pair of petals the anterior zone is three or four pairs of pores longer than the
posterior zone. The breadth of one of the posterior petals is in the proportion of
about 72% of the length of the test; and the breadth of the poriferous zone at its
widest part is one fourth of the width of the interporiferous area. The anterior
petals are much shorter than the posterior petals, the posterior zone is longer and
more curved than the anterior zone, the antero-lateral petals are rather narrower
than the postero-laterals, and the odd anterior petal is still narrower than the anterior
pair. The interporiferous areas are raised and tumid, which gives a very marked feature
to the species. The continuation of the poriferous zones beyond the petal is almost
indiscernible, there being no channel or depression to mark the course of the line of
small, single, and rather widely spaced pores.

The ornamentation of the interporiferous areas is similar to that of the interradial
portions of the test. It consists of small, closely crowded primary tubercles, sunken in
narrow scrobicules, the intermediate portions being prominent, confluent, narrow, and
in all cases narrower than the width of the scrobicules. The ornamentation of the
actinal surface is somewhat larger than that of the abactinal, and maintains the same
general character.

Unfortunately all our specimens are badly preserved in respect to their minute
structure, which has been more or less obliterated by weather action. The interradial
areas on the abactinal surface are very even, and present no tumidity or irregularities ;
and the same may also be said of their aspect on the actinal surface, excepting the odd
posterior interradium above noticed.

The peristome is subcentral, and sunken in a slight depression of the actinal
surface ; around this depressed portion the test is tumid, and thence passes in a con-
tinuous and uninterrupted curve round the tumid margins and on to the abactinal
surface. In the large specimen the mouth-aperture and the neighbouring portions of
the test are concealed; but in one of the smaller examples the peristome, which is
distinctly excentric in front, is conspicuously pentagonal, the sides very nearly equal,
and having the transverse diameter or breadth only a little greater than the longitudinal
diameter or length. The angles of the pentagon are rounded, and the surface of the
two anterior interradial spaces is faintly swollen, suggestive of incipient bourrelets.
The phyllodes are comparatively well developed, and four or five plates having supple-
mentary pores are present in a column. In this specimen there is a broad smooth band
devoid of primary tubercles extending between the peristome and the periproct. A

L
166 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

similar band appears to have existed in the larger or type example, but owing to its state
of preservation it is impossible to say definitely.

The periproct is transverse and subelliptical, equal in breadth to the transverse
diameter of the peristome (5°5 millim. in a specimen 39 millim. long); it is marginal
in position, and wholly visible when the posterior extremity of the test is placed in the
direct line of view. The character of this aspect of the test may be seen in Figs. 5 & 9.
It is probable that the great height of the periproct in the small specimen isin a certain
measure a premature character; but we are unable to say to what extent it was main-
tained in the larger and more perfectly developed form.

Young Forms. There are two small tests, one measuring 24 millim. in length
and the other slightly larger, which we regard as the young of this species. The pro-
minent characters which have led to this determination are the lanceolate form of the
petals, the tumid and raised interporiferous area, the tumid actinal surface, the distinctly
pentagonal peristome, the great height of the posterior portion of the test, and the
intra-marginal position of the periproct.

The longitudinal profile of the dorsal surface of this small test corresponds exactly
with that of the adult form. The marginal contour is regularly oval, but is rather less
elongate than in the type. The actinal surface, though tumid, is scarcely as much so
as in the larger specimen; and the same remark applies to the example 39 millim. in
length previously noticed. The ambulacral petals on the dorsal surface are distinctly
lanceolate in outline, contracting sensibly towards their outer extremity ; and the inter-
poriferous area is tumid. The poriferous zones are very unequal, the posterior zones
of the posterior petals being scarcely two thirds the length of the companion zone ;
and the anterior zones of the anterior petals are much shorter than their companions,
but the disparity is not as great as in the posterior petals. The peristome is large and
distinctly pentagonal, the two anterior bourrelets are faintly developed, and the
character of a phyllode is already discernible from the size and disposition of the
ambulacral plates and pores, which occupy the region of its position, although the
secondary pores do not yet appear to be present. The periproct is large, entirely
removed from the actinal surface, and is placed very high in the posterior margin ;
when the profile of the test is seen from behind, the aperture appearing to occupy a
position nearly midway between the dorsal and ventral surface-lines. The posterior
odd interradium is faintly rostrate and faintly keeled along the median dorsal line ;
ventrally this area is more tumid than the others, but not in so great a degree as in
the more fully developed tests.

In the ornamentation of the test a number of the primary tubercles on the actinal
surface occupy an excentric position within their scrobicule, being close to the anterior
margin of the same..

Remarks. From the circumstance that this species has as yet only been found in
association with Echinolampas Sindensis, and from our ignorance of the characters of
the young tests of that species of corresponding size to the examples under notice, we felt
some hesitation in determining these small specimens. The characters above mentioned
appear sufficient, however, to justify the decision we have arrived at; and that opinion
OF WESTERN SIND. 167

is further strengthened by the fact that in much larger examples of HE. Sindensis, and
of its variety, the peristome is still elliptical, without any trace of pentangularity, the
ambulacra are straight and not lanceolate, the interporiferous areas are flush with the
surface of the test and not tumid, and the periproct is distinctly infra-marginal.
These characters, in association with the embryonic form of the peristome, would seem
to almost preclude the possibility of the small tests under notice being placed as the
young of EH. Sindensis.

 

 

Dimensions.
Breadth Height

_Length —_— —

je miin, in itin, Emam, horton
(a) 60 475 0:79 30 0°50
(2) AT 35 0:74 21 (crushed)
(c) 39 30°5 0-78 19 0:487
(d) 24 20 0:83 13 0:54

millim.

Greatest width of the postero-lateral petal in (a) the type specimen . . 6
Width of the interporiferous area at this place. . . . . 1... 4
Greatest width of the poriferous zone . . . . . . . ..... dl

Localities. In the Khirthar series :—i. Baili, west of Tong. Survey-number om
ii. South-west of Jhirak. Survey-number ame. (A very badly preserved specimen,

almost indeterminable.)

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXX.

. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.

Actinal view of the test: natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.

Actinal view of another specimen: natural size.

Transverse profile of the same specimen seen from behind: natural size.
Abactinal view of the test of a young specimen: natural size.

Actinal view of the same: natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the same: natural size.

Transverse profile of the same seen from behind: natural size.
Peristome of the same specimen: magnified.

11. Primary tubercles on the actinal surface of the same specimen: magnified.

Fig.

Pea SPP eS be

=

7. EcHINOLAMPAS NUMMULITICA, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXX, Figs. 12-15.

Test of large size; marginal contour suboval, slightly prominent in the posterior
portion of the lateral interradia where the greatest breadth occurs, and with a well-
developed posterior rostration. The greatest breadth is proportional to the length as
0:77: 1. The dorsal surface is regularly convex, and the height is about two fifths of
the length, or as 0-4: L.

The apical disk corresponds with the summit of the test, and is excentric in front,
the relative proportions of the anterior and posterior portions of the median longitu-

za
168 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

dinal line being as 2: 3 approximately. Seen in longitudinal profile, the anterior
slope of the dorsal outline is more rapid than the posterior, the degree of curvature is
small, and the anterior margin is thick, tumid, and well rounded ; hence it follows that,
when viewed from above, the anterior part of the test has a comparatively even, rather
than a tumid, character. The posterior slope of the longitudinal profile of the dorsal
surface is a gentle curve, increasing as it reaches the posterior extremity, the character
of the posterior rostration being scarcely perceptible in this aspect. The transverse
profile presents a regular convex curve on the dorsal portion, which passes gently over
the well-rounded margins. The actinal surface has a subconcave appearance; the
peristome is sunken in a general depression of the test, and the surrounding portions
are slightly tumid, and pass uninterruptedly and without any rapid change of curve or
angularity into the tumid margins of the test.

The ambulacral petals are long, narrow, and gracefully flexucus, expanding slightly
as they proceed outward, the widest part of the interporiferous area being at the extre-
mity. The posterior petals are the longest, and are rather broader than the others, the
odd anterior petal being the narrowest. The greatest width of one of the posterior petals
is very near to the extremity, and is about equal to one tenth of the length of the test.
The disparity in the length of the poriferous zones is small. The posterior petals at a
short distance from the apex bend slightly outward, encroaching on the lateral inter-
radia, the curvature then turns slightly inwards on to the posterior interradium,
and is again directed outwards before passing on to the rounding of the margin; in
this manner a graceful flexure is produced. The anterior pair of petals curve con-
siderably on to the postero-lateral interradia, then over on the antero-lateral interradia,
and finally bend again rather sharply backwards near the extreme tips at the com-
mencement of the rounding of the margin; the curvature of the posterior zone of
the petal being greater than the anterior. The odd anterior petal is straight. The
breadth of the poriferous zone diminishes rapidly at the apical, and less rapidly at the
outer, extremity of the zone. At the widest portion of the petal the breadth of the
poriferous zone is about half the breadth of the interporiferous area, whilst rather
nearer the apex the width of the poriferous zone is somewhat greater than this. The
inner pores of a zone are round, and the outer pores more or less elongate, the pair
being united by a deep groove. The divisional septa are narrow, and ornamented by
a single row of granules. The extrapetalous portion of the poriferous zone is not
sunken in a groove ; and the zones of each ambulacrum on the actinal surface converge
rapidly in the neighbourhood of the peristome. The interporiferous areas are flush
with the surface of the test, both within and without the petal, and their ornamenta-
tion is similar to that of the interradial areas.

The anterior interradial areas have a small degree of convexity, and are not
disturbed by any special tumidity whatever. In the posterior part of the lateral inter-
radia a slight tumidity is developed, which culminates towards the margin and promi-
nently affects the marginal contour. ‘The odd posterior interradium is largely tumid
along the median line, and especially towards the posterior extremity, where it becomes
well rounded and almost bombous, forming a conspicuous rostration. On the actinal
OF WESTERN SIND. 169

surface the odd posterior interradium shows a slight tumidity along the median line,
especially in the neighbourhood of the periproct; and the tumidity extends partly
round that aperture on either side of the median line, excepting the outer margin; in
this manner the rostrate character is greatly emphasized.

The ornamentation of the test is unfortunately more or less destroyed in our
specimen. The primary tubercles are small, numerous, and uniform, entirely sunken
in small scrobicules; and the intermediate spaces are prominent, confluent, and,
although usually narrower than the width of a scrobicule, appear to be comparatively
wider than in E. Sindensis. The increase in the size of the ornamentation on the
actinal surface is very slight.

The peristome is large and pentagonal, with the transverse diameter greater than
the longitudinal, and its position is slightly excentric in front. ‘The whole of the
actinal surface of the test has suffered to such an extent from weather action that no
observations are possible beyond those of the most general character. The anterior
pair of bourrelets were probably more developed than the others, and the phyllodes
were apparently quite insignificant, the ambulacrum being remarkably contracted in this
species, and without presenting the slightest phyllode-like expansion in the vicinity of
the peristome. our or five inner pores are present in each column, sometimes borne
on plates equal in size to the adjacent plates, and sometimes on a small intercalated
wedge-shaped plate, which does not reach the outer margin of the ambulacral zone
(see fig. 15). On all the ambulacral plates of this inner portion of the zone a small
prominence or lip occurs over the pore, which gives a sort of imbricating character to
the plates.

The periproct is large, transversely oval, and situated entirely on the actinal
surface ; a slight rounding of the posterior rostration being visible on the outer margin
of the aperture when the test is viewed from below.

Remarks. The nearest ally of this species is probably E. Sindensis. It is, however,
distinguished from that form by the more elongate test with a more oval margin—which
is also more contracted and more definitely rostrate behind—by its lower apex, and by
the more uniform curves of the dorsal convexity. It is still more conspicuously
characterized by the highly flexuous ambulacral petals, by the general concavity of the
actinal surface, by the more anteriorly excentric peristome, and by the different pro-
portions of the surrounding parts of the test. After careful study we have considered
that these differences warrant the separation of the form above described as a distinct
species.

Dimensions.
millim.
Length of the test. 2 2 6 6 «© 6 4 ew es OB
Breadth of the test . 2. 2. 2. 2 1 ew ee ee 765
Height of the test. . . . ~ @ » BPO
Greatest width of the ndstonodnterel pul; » « « IO
Width of the interporiferous area at this place . . 5°25

The proportion of breadth to length, 0-77 : 1.
re 2 height to length, 0°40: 1.
170 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata: River-section, east of Trak. Survey-
226

number 05°

Illustrations of the Species in Plate Lee
Fig. 12. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
13. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
14, Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
15. Peristomial extremity of the left anterior ambulacrum: magnified.

8. EcHINOLAMPAS JUVENILIS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXX, Figs. 16-18.

Test of small size. Marginal contour suboviform, well rounded in front, the
greatest breadth occurring in the posterior part of the lateral interradia, where the
test is slightly tumid ; from thence the outline contracts rather rapidly along the
prominent and well-marked rostration. The greatest breadth is proportional to the
length as 0:81: 1. The dorsal surface is regularly convex, and the height is rather
less than one half the length.

The apical disk corresponds with the summit of the test and is excentric in front,
the anterior and the posterior portions of the median longitudinal line being propor-
tional as 19: 85 or as 1: 2 approximately. Seen in longitudinal profile, the dorsal
convexity is of comparatively low elevation, the inclination of the anterior slope is very
slightly greater than that of the posterior, and the anterior margin is very thick, tumid,
and well rounded. The posterior slope passes with a well-rounded curve over the
posterior rostration. The transverse profile shows a faint tendency towards a subconoid
form in the outline of dorsal convexity, and the margins are thick and tumid. The
actinal surface is somewhat concave and most depressed along a transverse line passing
through the peristome. The surrounding actinal portions of the test are tumid, their
curvature merging uninterruptedly into that of the margins.

The ambulacral, petals are long, straight, and narrow, and present no expansion.
The posterior petals are the longest, and the odd anterior petal is slightly narrower
than the others. The poriferous zones are unequal; the anterior zone of the posterior
petals and the posterior zone of the anterior petals being longer by 6-8 pairs of pores
than their companion zones in the respective petals. The pores are subequal; the
inner pores round, and the outer pores also round or slightly oval transversely. The
pores are united by a faint groove, and the divisional septa develop midway a slight
granule-like prominence. The extrapetalous portion of the zone is flush with the
test, and its course is not marked by any channel or depression.

The interporiferous areas are flush with the level of the test in the petaloid portion
of the ambulacrum ; but there is a slightly tumid swelling of the area, faintly affecting
also the adjacent parts of the interradia, discernible in the marginal contour. In the
anterior interradial areas a slight tumidity is developed along the median line of the
actinal portion of the area. The lateral interradia are tumid marginally, especially in
the posterior column of the area; and the odd posterior interradium is very tumid and
OF WESTERN SIND. 171

bombous on the outer part of the median line over the posterior rostration, and is also
tumid to a considerable degree along the median line on the actinal part of the area.

The ornamentation of the test is nearly wholly obliterated by weathering ; where
traces are preserved, the primary tubercles appear to be moderately well spaced, with
the intermediate parts comparatively broader, and the miliary granulation also com-
paratively larger than usual.

The peristome is large, transversely oval, and is slightly excentric in front. A
faint swelling is present in the anterior peristomial plates, but otherwise bourrelets are
not developed. Incipient phyllodes are distinctly formed.

The periproct is large, transversely oval, and entirely upon the actinal surface, the
plane of the orifice, however, being at a small angle to the plane of the actinal area, in
consequence of the median tumidity of the actinal portion of the odd interradium.

Remarks. The alliance of this form is exceedingly close to E. stlensis, Desor, and
we feel some hesitation in separating it specifically. It is distinguished by the more
pyriform outline, which is more contracted posteriorly and with a more prolonged
rostration. The height is rather less and the dorsal surface more convex, the posterior
interradium sloping continuously from the apex, and not being so high or fully rounded as
in E. silensis, and the angle inclosed by the anterior pair of petals is also perhaps rather
smaller. The actinal surface appears to be more generally concave and the peristome
slightly more excentric. The miliary granulation is also comparatively coarse for the
genus, whilst that of ZH. silensis is described as very fine. On the cumulative weight
of these numerous small differences, we prefer to place the solitary specimen from
Sind provisionally as a separate species, rather than draw the momentous conclusion of
a more direct faunatic alliance upon such scanty material.

Dimensions.

7 millim.
Length of the test 6 4 2 Gs © Se we we ww SF
Breadth of the test . . . 1 oat. Se ge Ey eo
Height of the test . . bo rae & 13
Greatest width of the postero- Siete patel < eG oe
Width of the interporiferous area at this place . . . 1°35
Transverse diameter of the peristome . . . . . . 5°
Longitudinal diameter of the peristome . . . . . 3°20
Transverse diameter of the periproct . . . . . . 5°75
Longitudinal diameter of the periproct . . . 8:26

The proportion of breadth to length, 0° 81 : 1,
height to length, 0-48: 1.

9 29

Locality. In the Khirthar series. Baili, west of Tong. Survey-number en)

Tilustrations of the Species in Plate XXX.

Fig. 16. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
17. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
18. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
172 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

9. EcHINOLAMPAS LEPADIFORMIS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXXI, Figs, 6-10.

Test of small size. Marginal contour roundly oval, slightly more pointed poste-
riorly than anteriorly. The greatest breadth is nearly nine tenths of the length, or as
0°89: 1. The dorsal surface is regularly convex, springing from the comparatively
thin margins. The greatest height is one half the length, or as 0°51 : 1, measured from
the resting-plane of the test. The actinal surface is concave, the resting-plane of the
test being close to the margin, which is thin and overhanging, merging imperceptibly
into the dorsal curve. There is a faint carination along the median line of the poste-
rior interradium. Seen in longitudinal profile, a slight flattening of the convexity is
apparent at the apex, and the curvature anteriorly is fuller and more tumid than
posteriorly, the posterior curve being more extended and gradual. The transverse
profile is faintly but distinctly subconoid in outline.

The apical disk is excentric in front, its distance from the anterior margin being
about three tenths of the length of the test. ‘The anterior pair of generative pores are
closer together than the posterior pair; and the ocular pores are small and microscopic.

The ambulacral petals are long, narrow, and subelliptical in outline. The ante-
rior pair and the odd anterior petal are subequal, both in length and breadth. The
poriferous zones are narrow and uniform; the anterior zone in the anterior pair, and
the left zone in the odd anterior petal being the shortest by a few pairs of pores. The
posterior petals are longer and also slightly narrower than the anterior petals; and the
anterior zone of the posterior petal is longer by five or six pairs of pores, and is
distinctly broader than the companion posterior zone. Both the inner and the outer
series of pores are round, and those of a pair are united by a conjugating furrow, the
adjacent furrows being separated by well-defined coste, bearing a single line of miliary
granules. The interporiferous areas are very faintly tumid. The interradial areas of
the test are uniform and undisturbed by any sudden tumidity on the abactinal region,
excepting the decided carination of the odd posterior interradium previously mentioned.
At the margin of the actinal surface there is a slight tumidity in the posterior column
of the lateral interradia, but of very small development.

The peristome is large and excentric in front, transversely subpentagonal,. with
rounded angles. There is a high vertical wall extending upwards, covered with a
uniform granulation, and the buccal pores of the ambulacra open conspicuously below
the margin. JBourrelets are present, and the phyllodes are well developed for this
' genus. The widely extended concavity in which the peristome is situated is remarkable.

The periproct is large, transverse, and inframarginal, the plane of the orifice having
apparently been at an angle to the actinal surface; but unfortunately the test has
sustained fracture in this region.

The ornamentation of the test is uniform, the scrobicules are comparatively large
and closely placed, with the intervening miliary granulation large and confluent.

Remarks. This form is unlike any of the other Indian species of Echinolampas,
and we know of none with which it can be confounded. In longitudinal profile it
bears some resemblance to E. globulus, Laube ; but it differs in the greater breadth, in
OF WESTERN SIND. 173

the less height, in the concavity of the actinal surface, and in the character of the
ambulacral petals.
Dimensions. Length of the test 19°5 millim., breadth 17°5 millim., height 10 millim.
Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata:—North by east of Meting. Survey-
number ei :
Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXXI.

Fig. 6. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
7. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
8. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
9. Abactinal area, showing the ambulacral petals and apical disk: magnified.
10. The peristome and surrounding portions of the test: magnified.

10. EcHINOLAMPAS £QUIVOCA, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXXII, Figs. 1-3.

There is a specimen of Echinolampas in the collection, which is unfortunately so
much crushed and damaged by weather-action that a complete description is imprac-
ticable. The characters, however, are sufficiently remarkable to distinguish the form
readily from the other members of the genus from the Khirthar series of strata, and on
this account we have accorded to it a specific name. ‘The following points may be
noticed :—

The test is of moderate size, subdepressed and elongately oval in marginal con-
tour, the breadth being seven eighths of the length. The dorsal surface is low, but
convex. Seen in longitudinal profile the anterior slope is a full and well-rounded curve
(probably emphasized in our specimen by crushing); and the posterior slope is gentle,
passing with a well-rounded sweep over the slight posterior rostration, and terminating
precipitously at the posterior extremity.

The apical disk is very excentric in front, and the ambulacral rosette is compara-
tively small, and, owing to the shortness of the posterior petals, has a very excentric
appearance generally. The odd anterior ambulacrum is the shortest and narrowest ;
the anterior pair of petals are equal to or slightly longer than the posterior pair,
and are decidedly the broadest. The outline of the petals is elliptically lanceolate,
expanding rapidly from the apical extremity, and converging towards the outer extre-
mity. The poriferous zones are unequal, especially those of the anterior pair of petals,
in which the anterior zone is shorter by ten or eleven pairs of pores than the companion
zone. The posterior zone of the posterior petals is similarly shorter than its com-
panion; but to what extent the condition of the specimen does not enable to be deter-
mined accurately. The breadth of the zone is very uniform throughout, and is only
very slightly broader midway than at the outer extremity. ‘The inner pores are round
or faintly oval transversely, and the outer larger and transversely elongate, becoming
comma-shaped on the outer portion of the zone. The pores of a pair are united by a
well-defined conjugating furrow ; and the position of the pairs is oblique in relation to

the median line of the petal, the obliquity increasing towards the outer extremity of
2A
174 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

the zone, where also the pores of a pair exhibit a faint tendency to stand at an angle in
relation to oneanother. The petals are flush with the surface of the test ; and the inter-
poriferous area is about two and a half times the width of the poriferous zone at its
widest part, but very little more than one and a half at the extremity of the petal,
measured at the termination of the short anterior zone. The ornamentation of the
interporiferous area is similar to that of the rest of the abactinal surface of the test,
and consists of small primary tubercles sunken in small, equidistantly-spaced scrobi-
cules, with the intervening spaces rather broad, but less than the diameter of the
scrobicules, the structure being remarkably confluent, almost to the complete obli-
teration of the component granules; and the margins of the scrobicules have a
slightly bevelled appearance. In the region of the ambitus the scrobicules are more
closely placed.

Nearly the whole of the actinal surface is either obscured or destroyed. There is
a considerable and widely extended depression towards the peristome, the position of
which is more or less excentric in front. The periproct is small, transversely oval, and
encroaching on the margin.

Remarks. This species is closely allied to £. Jacquemonti, d’Archiac and Haime ;
but differs in the form of the test, and in the smaller and comparatively more excen-
trically-placed ambulacral rosette ; whilst the general height and tumidity of the sides
also appear wanting in our form, and the concavity of its actinal surface is very much
greater than in EL. Jacquemonti.

Dimensions. Length of the test 40 millim., breadth 35 millim., height 17°5 millim.
(somewhat crushed).

Locality. Khirthar series of strata :—Trak Hill, seventeen miles south of Bila

Khan’s Thana. Survey-number ame ‘

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXXII.

Fig. 1. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
2. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
3. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.

11. Ecuivonampas, sp. (Junior). Plate XXXI, Figs. 1-6.

Amongst the rich collection of Echinolampads from the Khirthar series, there are
two unquestionably in a premature stage of development, but which, from their striking
character, we are unable to refer to any of the species previously described. ‘The test
is of small size, elongate, and subcylindrical, with an elongately oval marginal contour,
full and well-rounded in front, slightly widest across the posterior third, thence rather
rapidly contracted and pointed posteriorly. The breadth is proportional to the length
as 0°75: 1. The dorsal surface is convex along the longitudinal axis of the test, and
the margins are full and tumid. ‘The height is rather more than half the length, being
in the proportion of 0°59: 1. Seen in longitudinal profile the flatness of the dorsal
OF WESTERN SIND. 175

surface is very striking, passing with a well-rounded curve over the anterior extremity,
which is continued on to the actinal surface; the posterior curve is more rapid, and
terminates above the periproct, forming a rather prominent roof over that aperture.
Seen in transverse profile the subcylindrical form is evident, the convexity of all regions
being remarkable. The actinal surface is almost as convex as the abactinal. The
apical disk is very excentric in front, its distance from the anterior extremity being
five sixteenths of the length of the test. There are four well-developed generative
pores, and the anterior are much closer together than the posterior pair. The ocular
foramina are comparatively large and distant from the disk, as defined by the gene-
rative pores.

The ambulacra are petaloid and unequal. The odd anterior is the shortest, and
the posterior pair are the longest. All are lanceolate and tapering towards the apex,
and more or less convergent at the outer extremity, the odd anterior petal being the
least so. In the odd anterior ambulacrum the poriferous zones are equal, each having
eleven pairs of pores. The distance of the pores apart in each pair increases from the
apex up to the ninth pair and then begins to diminish, this giving the tendency to
closure in the petal’s outline. All the pores are round, and those of a pair are united
by a well-defined conjugating furrow. The antero-lateral petals are equal in breadth
to the odd anterior petal or perhaps the slightest shade wider. The poriferous zones
are unequal, the anterior zone being shorter than the posterior ; the number of pairs of
pores in each is nine and thirteen respectively ; and the posterior zone forms a sweeping
well-rounded curve, convexity backwards. The posterior petals area shade wider than
the anterior pair, and are considerably longer. The poriferous zones are unequal, the
anterior being the longest. The number of pairs in each zone is seventeen in the
anterior and fourteen or fifteen in the posterior. All the petals terminate at the
commencement of the rounding of the margin, and are consequently entirely confined
to the dorsal area.

The peristome is very large and subelliptical in shape, placed transversely, the
lateral extremities being acutely angular. The breadth is 4 millim., and the length
2 millim. It is excentric in front, but much less so than the apical disk. There is
no peristomial wall or lip, and no traces of phyllodes or bourrelets have yet been
developed.

The periproct is large and transversely oval ; it is inframarginal, with the plane of
the orifice nearly at an angle of 45° to the plane of the actinal surface, its position
being in the rounding between the ambitus and true actinal area. The posterior
interradium forms a prominent roof over the upper margin of the opening.

Remarks. Owing to the juvenile character of the tests under notice, we have
abstained from assigning any name to them until a further supply of material can be
studied. From the fact that we are unable to associate them with the young of any
of the forms described in the preceding pages, it would seem to be probable that they
may belong to a distinct species.

Dimensions. Length of the test 16 millim., breadth 12 millim., height 9°5 millim.

2a2
176 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

A second test from the same locality is somewhat larger; but has been too much
crushed for measurement.

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata:—Baili, west of Tong. Survey-number

G 3804
23 °

Iilustrations of' the Species in Plate XX XI.
1. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
2. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
3. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
4. Abactinal area, showing the ambulacral petals and apical disk; magnified.
5. The peristome and surrounding portions of the test: magnified.

Fig.

There is a very small specimen, measuring 10 millim. in length, from a locality

five miles east-fifteen-north of Ghatana Trig station near Jhimpir (Survey-number aa).

which we refer with some hesitation to the same form as the above. This form accords
in shape, proportions, and general characters with that above described ; but is remark-
able for the immature state of the odd anterior ambulacrum. The example is obviously
too immature for accurate determination.

12. Ecuinotampas, sp. Plate XXXVI, Figs. 22 & 23.

There is a single specimen of a small Echinolampas in the collection, which is
certainly distinct from the other forms we have described ; but which is unfortunately so
much obscured by matrix that a complete description is impossible.

The test is subdepressed, with a rotund marginal contour, the greatest breadth
being between the posterior part of the lateral interradia. The length is about
29 millim., and the estimated breadth 27 millim. The height is about 14 millim. ; and
the dorsal surface seen in longitudinal profile presents a remarkably regular convexity,
sloping uniformly anteriorly and posteriorly, and springing direct from the ambitus,
which is well, but rather abruptly, rounded on to the actinal surface.

The apical disk is excentric in front; it is comparatively large, and the central
portion, which is occupied by the madreporiform body, is slightly elevated. The
ambulacra are comparatively narrow, but conspicuously petaloid, the zones of a
petal converging considerably towards the outer extremity. The posterior petals are
rather longer than the anterior pair. The poriferous zones are unequal, the left
zone of the odd anterior ambulacrum and the anterior zone of the antero-lateral
petals, and the posterior zone of the postero-lateral petals being shorter than their
respective companions; the inner series of pores are round and the outer pyriform,
with the pores of a pair rather wide apart, and united with a well-defined conju-
gating furrow. The divisional costee appear to be smooth and devoid of tubercles or
granules. The width of the poriferous zone is rather less than half the width of the
interporiferous area at its widest part. The other structures of the test are obscured.

Remarks. This species is interesting from its occurrence in the white limestone in
company with great numbers of Hemiaster digonus; and no other species of Echino-
lampas axe associated with it. On these accounts we consider it desirable to record
OF WESTERN SIND. 177

the presence of this form ; and a drawing of the solitary example has been given in
Plate XXXVI. for future reference, and to facilitate identification when a further supply
of material may enable a complete diagnosis to be furnished.

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata:—Boldri bridge on the Baran rivers,

G 280

south-west of Kotri. Survey-number =-.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXXVI.

Fig. 22. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
23. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.

Subfamily EOHINANTHINA.

Genus ECHINANTHUS, Breynius, 1732.
(See anted, p. 12, Part i.)

1, EcHINANTHUS INTERMEDIUS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXXII, Figs. 4-8.

Test of medium size. Marginal contour elongately oval, well-rounded in front,
more contracted and produced behind, where the test is subrostrate and truncate. The
greatest breadth is behind the centre of the test, and equals about four fifths of the
length. The dorsal surface is depressed and slightly convex ; the greatest height, which
lies between the extremities of the posterior petals, is but very little more than two
fifths of the length. Seen in longitudinal profile, the anterior slope is a low gradual
declivity passing abruptly with a well-rounded curve over the tumid anterior margin ;
and the posterior slope is much shorter and more rapid, terminating abruptly at the
posterior truncation. The transverse profile shows the dorsal area slightly subconoid,
with the margins thick, tumid, and well-rounded. The actinal surface is tumid
laterally, with a well-defined depression corresponding with the longitudinal axis of the
test in front of the peristome, and behind dividing into two diverging depressions which
bound the more or less tumid median region of the odd posterior interradium, and
correspond with the course of the posterior ambulacra.

The apical disk is excentric in front, its distance from the anterior margin being
rather more than one third of the length of the test, or measuring 1] millim. in an
example 30 millim. long.

The ambulacra are conspicuously petaloid in outline, lancet-shaped and almost
closed at the outer extremity, simulating in a remarkable manner the ambulacral
rosette of Ilarionia Sindensis. The posterior petals are longer than the three anterior
petals, which are equal in length, but the odd anterior ambulacrum is the narrowest,
and is more widely open at the extremity and much less petaloid than the others.
The poriferous zones are equal and narrow, and the pores are subequal, the inner series
round, and the outer series with a tendency to become oval; the pores of a pair are
united by a faint conjugating furrow, and adjacent pairs separated by low ill-defined
coste, which probably bore three or four rather large isolated granules. The inter-
178 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

poriferous areas are rather less than twice the width of the poriferous zone in the
posterior pair of petals, but are rather more than twice the width of the poriferous
zone in the anterior pair of petals.

The peristome, though excentric in front, is nearer to the centre than the apical
disk ; it is large, transverse, and pentagonal, the transverse diameter being twice that of
the longitudinal diameter. There is a faint tendency towards thickening at the
margin, but bourrelets are not developed. In the ambulacral areas the peristomial
plates exhibit conspicuously the companion pair of buccal pores; and the poriferous
zones in the vicinity of the peristome present a few well-defined pores, some of which
are internal to, and alternating with, the main series, and suggest the rudiments of an
incipient phyllode.

The periproct is large and elliptical, placed longitudinally at the summit of the
posterior rostration, of which it occupies a large portion of the surface. The length
of the aperture is nearly twice the measure of its transverse diameter. The inferior
margin of the posterior rostration is full and well-rounded; and a more or less tumid
development at the margin on either side the median line gives emphasis to a slight
depression beneath the periproct. Actinally the odd posterior interambulacrum is tumid
near the margin, a character which gradually diminishes towards the peristome.

The ornamentation of the test is almost entirely destroyed ; from what remains it.
appears to have been small, crowded, and very uniform throughout.

Remarks. It is not without much hesitation that we have given a name to this
solitary and badly preserved specimen. In many respects it resembles in a remarkable
manner Jlarionia Sindensis, which in the characters of the ambulacral rosette it may
almost be said to mimic. The depressed and differently shaped test, the characters of
the peristome, of the incipient phyllodes, and of the actinal surface generally are
quite distinct and unconformable with Ilarionia. The species under notice constitutes,
however, a striking link between that genus and Hchinanthus.

Dimensions.

millim.

Length of the test . . . . . . . . . . 80

Breadth of the test, « «2 © » « * « « Dep

Height of the fest. <6 aww 6 wwe AS

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata:—Baili, west of Tong. Survey-number

@ 304
23°

Illustrations of' the Species in Plate XXXII.

Fig. 4. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
5. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
6. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
7. Transverse profile, seen from behind: natural size.
8. The peristome and surrounding portions of the test: magnified.
OF WESTERN SIND. 179

Genus ILARIONIA, Dames, 1877.

Test elongately oval or cviform, subdepressed, more or less convex above, flat or
slightly convex below; margins very thick and tumid.

Apical disk compact, excentric in front.

Ambulaera petaloid; petals short, unequal, lancet-shaped, contracting towards the
outer extremity, which is nearly closed. Poriferous zones equal, pores round or slightly
oval ; pores of a pair united by a conjugating groove.

Peristome decagonal, or subpentagonal, with raised rim and special tubercles
more or less developed. No floscelle.

Periproct elongately oval, situated on the upper part of the vertically truncate
posterior extremity.

Ornamentation very uniform; tubercles small, sunken in deep scrobicules, closely
placed, miliary granulation confluent and compact. A more or less well-defined band,
devoid of scrobicules, present between the peristome and periproct.

The distinctive character of I/arionia, as pointed out by Dr. W. Dames, consists in
the peculiar structure of the peristome. This was described by him * as having a dec-
agonal outline which might be represented by an equilateral pentagon from which the
angles had been abruptly truncated by short lines; the long lines, corresponding with
the interambulacral areas, being granular, whilst the short lines, which would corre-
spond with the ambulacra, are smooth. Furthermore, at the junction of the long and
short lines a small smooth tubercle is present, the peristome being consequently sur-
rounded by ten of these protuberances. The margin of the aperture is raised and
extends far upwards into the body-cavity of the test, the walls corresponding with the
interambulacral areas being finely granulated. In other respects the genus unites in a
remarkable manner the characters of Echinanthus and Pygorhynchus.

1. Inarionia StnDEnsIs, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXXII, Figs. 9-18.

Test of small or medium size. Marginal contour elongately oval, well-rounded in
front, more contracted behind, and vertically truncate at the posterior extremity. The
greatest breadth lies usually midway between the extremities, and is about seventeen
twentieths of the length, or in the proportion of 0°85:1. The dorsal surface is mode-
rately high and flatly convex; the height being rather more than three fifths of the
length, or (in the type specimen) as 0°63:1. The position of the apical summit or
greatest height of the test is subject to variation, and may either correspond with the
apical disk, which is excentric in front, or may be situated between the extremities of
the posterior petals, and consequently excentric behind. There is likewise a conform-
able variation in the longitudinal profile of the test. In the type the outline is very
cylindrical, the median portion of the abactinal surface being almost flat, passing with
a well-rounded curve over the anterior extremity, and sloping down posteriorly with a
gentle curve till it meets the abrupt posterior truncation, which is vertical. In tests

* Die Echiniden der vicentinischen und veronesischen Tertiirablagerungen, p. 34. Paleontographica,
N. F. v. 1 (exv.).
180 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

having the apical summit more pronounced, the flatness of the abactinal surface gives
place to a gentle declivity on either side of the apical prominence. Seen in transverse
profile the outline is a depressed oval, more or less uniformly tumid. The actinal
surface is more or less convex, with a low ridge of greatest convexity corresponding
with the longitudinal axis of the test, which is, however, scarcely apparent in front of
the peristome. The margins are thick, giving the idea of deep sides, and are mode-
rately tumid. The passage from the lateral on to the actinal surface is well-rounded
and uninterrupted, excepting beneath the posterior truncation, where the rounding is
much sharper and subangular.

The apical disk is excentric in front, its distance from the anterior extremity of
the test being proportional to the longitudinal axis as 0°37:1. The structure of the
disk is compact, with four generative pores, the anterior pair more closely placed than
the posterior pair, and the central portion slightly elevated and covered with the
punctures of the madreporiform body.

The ambulacral petals are short and unequal, the odd anterior ambulacrum being
slightly the shortest and narrowest, and the posterior pair the longest. The outline
of the petals is lancet-shaped, the poriferous zones diverging rather rapidly from the
apex, and attain the greatest width at a point nearer the apex than midway between
the extremities of the petals ; from thence the zones converge towards the extremity of
the petal, which is nearly closed. The poriferous zones are equal and narrow, increasing
very slightly in breadth as they proceed outward, but again contracting slightly for a
short distance at the outer extremity. The inner series of pores are round, and the
outer series are subequal or slightly larger and show the faintest tendency towards
becoming comma-shaped ; the pores of a pair are united by a well-defined conjugating
furrow, and the divisional coste form narrow ridges, indefinitely granulated. The
interporiferous areas have a faintly tumid appearance in consequence of the poriferous
zones being slightly sunken in a shallow groove; the width of the area at its greatest
breadth is about three times the width of a poriferous zone or even rather more, whilst
at the outer extremity of the petal it is scarcely more than the width of the poriferous
zone. The extrapetalous continuations of the ambulacra are invisible in the orna-
mentation of the test until close to the peristome, where a few single pores are discernible.
The ornamentation of the interporiferous area is similar to that of the interradial por-
tions of the test, and consists of small primary tubercles in sunken scrobicules, closely
and equidistantly placed, the intermediate space being less than the diameter of the
scrobicules and having its miliary granulation entirely confluent. The character
of the ornamentation is very homogeneous throughout the test. On the actinal surface
a rather narrow, but usually well-defined, band of pitted structure extends from the
peristome up to the posterior extremity of the test, on which no scrobicules and primary
tubercles occur.

The peristome is large and excentric in front, lying beneath the apical disk. It
is transversely oval or subdecagonal in outline, having a raised rim around its margin,
and the peristomial wall extending vertically upward into the body-cavity. ‘The por-
tions of this wall which correspond to the interambulacral areas are uniformly granu-
OF WESTERN SIND. 181

lated, and the portions corresponding to the ambulacra are comparatively narrow strips.
On the raised peristomial rim there is a small, feebly developed granule on the ambu-
Jacral portion of the rim at its junction with the apparently continuous interambulacral
portion; there are thus two granules near together opposite each ambulacral area.
These granules, however, are not always clearly discernible in every specimen and are
not always equally developed in each individual. Outside the peristomial ring the
poriferous zones of the ambulacra are represented by three or four pores closely placed
in uniserial line, and there is no tendency to form a phyllode.

The periproct is elongately oval or elliptical, placed longitudinally at the upper
part of the vertical posterior truncation of the test; its length is twice its breadth, and
is about equal to the transverse diameter of the peristome. Above the periproct the
odd posterior interradium forms a slightly tumid keel along the outer portion of the
median dorsal line, but no roof whatever is formed over the aperture ; and when viewed
abactinally from behind, the sides of the test seem to be nipped-in at the sides of the peri-
proct, which causes this aperture to appear to be placed at the extremity of a somewhat
pointed prolongation of the test. Beneath the periproct there is no channel, although
a very faint median depression may sometimes be noticed; and the inferior margin of
the posterior truncation is full, tumid and abruptly rounded, joining the prominent
median tumidity of the actinal portion of the odd posterior interradium.

Variations. The chief variations noticed in this species are those which affect the
marginal contour, the relations of length to breadth, the position of the apical summit
of the test, and the consequent modification in the longitudinal profile. These points
have been referred to above, and the other details of structure appear to be very con-
stant. An elongate variety, produced and contracted posteriorly, and with the apical
summit excentric behind, is shown in Figs. 15 and 16; and a small subrotund variety,
which appears to be uncommon, with the apical summit corresponding with the apical
disk, is given in Figs. 17 and 18.

Remarks. Although the Indian species does not show the peculiar characters of
the peristome in such a marked manner as the type form of the genus, I. Beggiatoi,
Laube, sp., we do not hesitate to include the present Echinoids in the same category.
The two species are well distinguished from other Hchinanthinw and cannot be
mistaken.

Dimensions.
a. b. C. d.
millim. millim. millim. millim.
Length of the test . . . . . . + 27 29 22 18:5
Breadth of the test . .. . . . . 23 23°5 20 16
Height ofthe test ....... 17-5 13 138
Localities. In the Khirthar series of strata:—i. Baili, west of Tong. Survey-
number —

ii. Trak® hill,Fseventeen miles south of Bila Khén’s Thana. Survey-number
G 226

“37+ (A small example.)
2B
182 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Llustrations of the Species in Plate XX XTI.

Fig. 9. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
10. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
11. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
12. Transverse profile, seen from behind: natural size.
13. Abactinal area, showing the petals and apical disk: magnified.
14. The peristome and surrounding portions of the test: magnified.
15. Abactinal view of the test of another specimen, an elongate variety

natural size.

16. Longitudinal profile of the same test: natural size.
17. Abactinal view of the test of a small round example: natural size.
18. Longitudinal profile of the same test: natural size.

Genus CASSIDULUS, Lamarck, 1801.

(See anted, p. 65, Part ii.)

1. CassiDULUS suBINVAGINATUS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XX XIII, Figs. 17-20.

Test rather small, elongate, and subdepressed. Marginal contour elliptically oval,
more contracted in front than behind, where the extreme posterior margin is slightly
truncated. The greatest width of the test is nearly three fourths of the length, and is
situated midway across the test, or perhaps occasionally somewhat behind this line. The
greatest height is nearly one half the length. The dorsal surface is convex, and higher
in the two posterior thirds of the test than in the anterior third, the latter portion of
the test sloping gently from the apical disk to the margin, and the posterior extremity
sloping abruptly at a high and almost precipitous angle down to the margin. The lon-
gitudinal profile shows an abactinal curvature of low convexity, rising gradually and
slowly from the anterior margin, rather flattened at the apex, and then descending
sharply and precipitously at a high angle at the posterior extremity. The transverse
profile shows a regular convex curve, and the margins are comparatively thick, tumid,
and well rounded. When viewed from the side, the ambitus is seen to be somewhat
fuller or more tumid actinally in the region midway between the extremities. The
actinal surface is concave, with a tendency to form a longitudinal trough, the lateral
portions of the test being specially tumid.

The apical disk is small and slightly excentric in front. There are four small
genital pores, the anterior pair being nearer together than the posterior pair. The
ocular plates are small, and indistinguishable in the state of the preservation of our
material. The ambulacral petals are unequal, the anterior pair being rather shorter
than the others. Their external outline is gracefully lanceolate, contracting slightly
towards the outer extremity, where, however, they are widely open, and terminate at
some distance from the margin. The poriferous zones are equal. and broad, being only
a little narrower at the widest part than the breadth of the interporiferous area. The
OF WESTERN SIND. 183

inner pores are round, and the outer pores pyriform, the pair being united by a well-
defined furrow; and each pair separated from the neighbouring pair by a broad costal
ridge. The poriferous zones diminish only slightly in breadth towards the outer extre-
mity. The interporiferous area is lanceolate in outline, slightly narrower at the outer
extremity than across the middle of the petal, and converging rapidly towards the apical
disk. We are unfortunately unable to describe in detail the character of the floscelle,
as in one of our specimens that portion of the test is obscured by matrix, and in the
other is so greatly weather-worn that nothing but the general Cassidulid character
is discernible. The bourrelets do not appear to have been very prominent.

The ornamentation of the abactinal area of the test consists of small primary
tubercles, sunken in small, uniform, rather widely spaced scrobicules, the intermediate
portion of the test being coalescent and comparatively broad, which gives a somewhat
coarse appearance to the ornamentation. On theactinal surface the scrobicules are very
large, and the tubercles are placed near the side of the cavity. In the neighbourhood
of the median longitudinal line there is much pitted structure and coalescence in place
of scrobicules.

The peristome is slightly excentric in front; unfortunately its form is indistin-
guishable in our specimens.

The periproct is situated in a long, narrow, elliptical depression or slit, extending
from the upper extremity of the posterior declivity nearly down to the margin. In the
test below the periproct there is a slight trough or channel, which disappears on the
rounding of the margin. There is no hood or overhanging prominence above the peri-
proct, the test appearing as if slightly pinched together and angular there, and the
lateral margins of the periproct-slit are slightly impressed or bent inwards.

Remarks. This species is much more elliptical than the allied form, C. ellipticus,
from the Ranikot series, the test being more almond-shaped, more contracted anteriorly,
with the apical disk more excentric, and the character of the posterior rostration and of
the periproct also different. The forms are distinctly separate.

Dimensions.
millim.
Length of the test . . . . .. .. 28
Breadth of the test . . . . .. .. LT
Height of the test 2 2 2 « « «» + « Sl

A second specimen is of the same size, but somewhat crushed.

Locality. In the Khirthar series :—Baili, west of Tong. Survey-number —

Illustrations of the Species in Plate X XXIII.

Fig. 17. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
18. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
19. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
20. The test, seen from behind : natural size.

232
184 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Genus RHYNCHOPYGUS, @ Orbigny, 1801.
(See antec, p- 67, Part ii.)

1. RuyncHopyeus CaLDeERi, d’ Archiac & Haime, sp. Plate XXXIII, Figs. 1-6.

‘Eurhodia Calderi, @ Archiuc & Haime, Deserip. Anim. foss. du groupe numm. de Inde, p. 352, pl. xxx,
fig. 19.

Test of moderate size. Marginal contour suboval, rather flattened at the sides,
somewhat elliptically rounded in front, and distinctly truncate posteriorly, where it is
also slightly reenteringly curved. In some examples the greatest width is in a line with
the extremities of the postero-lateral petals; and a somewhat angular protuberance is
produced in the contour by the rather rapid rounding of the margin from this point
until it joins the posterior truncation. The breadth is usually about three fourths of the
length; but in some cases the disproportion is slightly less. The dorsal surface is
moderately high, with a subcarinate or rounded ridge along the longitudinal axis, from
which the sides are inclined roof-like. The vertical height at the summit is rather more
than one half the length. The apical summit of the test is excentric in front; and when
seen in longitudinal profile the dorsal surface shows a more rapid anterior than posterior
slope, the disparity, however, being variable and dependent on the greater or less
excentricity of the summit. \

The transverse profile exhibits an arch-like contour, produced by the longitudinal
carination of the test. The margin is tumid, but less so posteriorly, and more or less
conspicuous protuberances are present at the posterior third and near to the posterior
truncation. When seen in profile, the ambitus presents a graceful curve, in consequence
of the anterior part of the test being on a slightly higher level than the sides ; and there
is a corresponding upward slope posteriorly, starting from the protuberance on the
margin, which stands in line with the extremities of the postero-lateral petals. The
anterior portion of the dorsal surface is rather more sharply carinate than the posterior
portion, which is frequently more rounded. The longitudinal keel is terminated
posteriorly by a prominent lip, which overhangs the periproct. The actinal surface is
concave, a more or less distinct longitudinal trough being frequently produced.

The apical disk is small and inconspicuous, usually a little in advance of the summit
of the test. The four small genital plates have moderately large pores, which are
almost equidistantly spaced. The ocular plates are very minute; those in connexion
with the odd and the anterior pair of petals lie between and separate their neighbouring
genital plates; whilst those in connexion with the posterior pair of petals are placed on
the inner side of the posterior genital plates, and are separated from one another by an
extension of the madreporiform body, which also occupies the whole of the central
portion of the disk.

The ambulacral petals are flush with the surface of the test and unequal. The odd
anterior ambulacrum is large, broad, open anteriorly, and has broad poriferous zones ;
the line of the inner pores is nearly straight, and that of the outer pores forms a curve,
OF WESTERN SIND. 185

in consequence of the pairs of pores being wider apart midway upon the petal than at
the extremities. The inner pores are round, and the outer pores elongate or comma-
shaped ; with the connecting furrow very narrow and difficult to make out, and often
appearing to be obliterated before reaching the inner pore. The divisional septa are
broad, and ornamented with one or two primary tubercles in sunken scrobicules, rather
smaller than those in the interporiferous area. The interporiferous area is nearly equal
to twice the width of the poriferous zone at its widest part ; it is ornamented with rather
smaller primary tubercles than those upon the interradial plates of the test. The odd
anterior ambulacrum terminates at a short distance before the tumid rounding of the
margin commences. The antero-lateral petals are much shorter than the odd anterior
one, and are a shade narrower at their widest part. On the outer half of their
poriferous zones the distance which separates the pores of a pair commences to
diminish more rapidly than in the odd anterior petal, in consequence of whicli the
line of the outer pores forms a much more rapid curve, which causes the petal to have
a more contracted appearance. The interporiferous area is narrower than in the odd
anterior petal, and is somewhat more contracted at the outer extremity, hence the
poriferous zones are much closer together in the antero-lateral petals. The postero-
lateral petals are about equal in length to the odd anterior petal, and are consequently
longer than the anterior pair, with which, however, they correspond in breadth. The
poriferous zones do not contract in width so rapidly as in the anterior pair, and the
anterior zone of each postero-lateral petal usually appears to be somewhat broader than
the companion zone of the same petal. The postero-lateral petals terminate about
midway between the apical disk and the margin ; whilst the antero-lateral petals extend
very slightly beyond the same proportional distance, the space beyond the posterior pair
being obviously much greater.

The ornamentation of the interradial portions of the abactinal area is very uniform,
and consists of small primary tubercles, sunken in deep small scrobicules, closely placed,
and with the intermediate portions coalesced or confluent. On the actinal surface the
tubercles and the scrobicules become larger as they approach the mouth, and the former
are distinctly perforate. Along the median interradial line in the posterior interradium
there is much of the deep-pitted ornamentation characteristic of this genus.

The peristome is large, pentagonal, and longitudinally elongate. It is excentric in
front, placed beneath the apical disk, and presents a well-developed floscelle. The
bourrelets are subequal, large, deep, conspicuous, and rather angularly subtubercular
externally, their whole surface covered with fine uniform granulation. The phyllodes
are wide and well developed. They consist of a curved outer line of pores, six to eleven
in number, the outline of the phyllode being somewhat lyre-shaped, and an inner series
of four to five pores to each zone standing in a more or less straight line ; and inside the
lines of inner pores are a corresponding number of spheridia-pits, each companion pore
and pit being separated from the neighbouring pair by a more or less developed costal
ridge. Indistinct ridges are present in connexion with the series of outer pores. There
is a very narrow but distinct channel between each bourrelet, and a pore is present at
the outer extremity of each of the long, delicate peristomial plates. The odd anterior
186 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

phyllode is rather shorter than those of the lateral ambulacra; and a pitted structure
occurs along the actinal course of the odd anterior ambulacral area, instead of
scrobicules with tubercles as in all the others. These pits extend nearly to the margin,
and are smaller and wider apart than in the posterior interradial pitted space mentioned
above.

The periproct is above the ambitus, and somewhat away from the margin; the
aperture is large, transverse, and overhung by the conspicuous rounded supra-anal pro-
jection of the dorsal posterior interradial carination. The portion of the test beneath
the periproct is slightly hollowed into a wide but shallow groove, which extends to the
rounded margin, and, passing over it, becomes fainter, but still feebly indents the con-
tour of the posterior truncation. _

Young form. A small test, 20 millim. in length, presents all the characteristics of
the adult, the specific facies being unmistakable.

Variations. A considerable amount of variation within small limits is exhibited by
the series of Khirthar specimens. This principally affects:—(1) the marginal contour,
by the narrowing of the anterior portion of the test; (2) the dorsal area, by varying
degrees of tumidity; and (3) the actinal area, by an increase or a diminution in the
amount and distinctness of the longitudinal concavity, together with a greater or less
tumidity of the margins.

A singular monstrosity occurs in one of the specimens, which consists in having the
odd anterior petal entirely aborted. Notwithstanding this extraordinary defect, the
shape of the test maintains its regularity, and the missing ambulacrum is only noticeable
on examination. Only three genital pores are present, and only the posterior pair
are in their proper position. The specimen is figured on account of this interesting
malformation.

Dimensions.
a d. C. d. é. f.
* millim. wmilim. millim. millim. millim. millim.
Length of the test. . . 34 35 42 37 36 20
Breadth of the test . . 26 26 30°5 27 27°5 15
Height of the test. . . 19 18 16°5 20°5 18 10
Width of odd anterior ambulacrum of specimen marked “@” . 4 millim.
Width of interporiferous area of the same petal . . . . . 18,,
Localities. In the Khirthar series:—i. Twelve miles east of Kandaira. Survey-
number fees

ii. Aongar hill-scarp, east of Meting Railway-station. Survey-number sod

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XX XIII.

Fig. 1. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
2. Longitudinal view of the same test: natural size.
3. The same test, seen from behind: natural size.
OF WESTERN SIND. 187

Fig. 4. Actinal view of another test: natural size.
5. The peristome and surrounding portions: magnified.
6. Abactinal view of an abnormal specimen, in which the odd anterior
ambulacrum is aborted: natural size.

2. RuyncHopyeus pyemaus, Duncan § Sladen. Plate XX XIII, Figs. 7-16.

Rhynchopygus pygmaeus, Duncan g Sladen, Pal. Ind., Foss. Echin. Western Sind, Fasc. ii. (Ranikot
Series), p. 61, pl. xv, figs. 5 & 6.

It was remarked in the preceding fasciculus of this work, when describing the
Echinoidea of the Ranikot series, that the present species differs from R. Calderi mainly
in its small size and in the different shape of the test, the disproportion of length to
breadth being less, the abactinal area being regularly convex, without any trace of the
longitudinal keel, and the posterior truncation barely existing. Furthermore, the peri-
stome is more regularly pentagonal, and the bourrelets are more sharply tubercular than
in Rk. Calderi. Excepting these points, the general details of the characters of these
small tests accord very closely with the description of R. Calderi; and under these cir-
cumstances we deem it unnecessary to add to our previous remarks. When studying
the few Ranikot specimens of this species we were inclined to think that the form under
notice might perhaps prove to be only the young of a variety of 2. Calderi, or even of
R. Calderi itself. With the larger series of examples from the Khirthar beds now at
our disposal, we consider that such a supposition is almost untenable. The form has
been collected at a number of stations ; and although a considerable amount of variation
is found when the series from different localities are compared, and even amongst indi-
viduals from the same locality, we are unable to detect a transition between 2. pygmeus
and Rk. Calderi. Young specimens of R. Calderi, of equal size to the present species,
present all the characters of the adult form; whilst, on the other hand, examples which
appear to be abnormally large for 2. pyymeus maintain the characters and general facies
above defined.

Remarks. The chief variations occurring in this inconstant form are those which
affect the relative proportions of length, breadth, and height, together with the position

of greatest breadth. A remarkably depressed example occurs, bearing the Survey-number

G 280
118 °

anteriorly and truncate posteriorly, and with the periproct wide and exposed. This
latter character appears to be owing to damage of the test through weather-wearing.
Had this abnormal form been represented only by a solitary example, it would have
probably been placed as a well-marked variety. From the fact, however, that other
depressed specimens occur from Stations 117 and 112, which appear to us to form a
transition with the normal type of the species, any nominal recognition of the variation
would seem undesirable. The specimen is drawn in Figs. 15 & 16.

A large and very elongate example comes from Station 111 c, which in marginal
contour resembles the contour of R. Calderi when seen from below more nearly than
any other specimens we have examined. ‘The abactinal surface is low even for B.

in which the abactinal area is very low, the margins tumid, the contour prominent

 
188 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

pygmeus, and in no way differs from the general character of that species, to which
we see little reason for hesitating to refer the example. Its preservation, however, is
too bad to allow of a detailed description, and the test is also much obscured by matrix.
It is altogether unfitted for illustration.

Dimensions.
a. b. c. d. és f: ge
millim. millim. millim. millim. millim. millim. millim,
Length of the test . . 19 20 21:5 28 31 21 34
Breadth of the test . . 17 17 185 25 26°55 18 27
Height of the test . . 9 9 10. 135 17 8 15

«d” and “e” are the two largest examples.
«<f” is the depressed variety.
““g” is the elongate variety.

Localities. All in the Khirthar series :—

(i.) North by east of Petidni, west of Kotri. Survey-number oid
(ii.) North by east of Meting. Survey-number om”,
G 280

(iii.) Hills west of Unarpur. Survey-number =.

(iv.) Three or four miles south-south-east of Meting, at the base of the scarp.

280 3
Survey-number 7;

(v.) Near Meting Railway-station. Survey-number Bee

(vi.) East of Jingshahi. Survey number ~.

(vii.) Lowest scarp under Karothur Hill, eight miles east-north-east of Jéngshéhi

(at the base of the group). Survey-number a) ae

G 226

(viii.) On the road, about four miles west of Kotri. Survey-number == 7

G@ 226

(ix.) Hills six miles north-west of Kotri. Survey-number 3.

G 302

(x.) Karra range, south of Trak. Survey-number <=.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXXIII.

Fig. 7. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
8. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
9. Longitudinal profile of the same test: natural size.
10. The same test, seen from behind: natural size.
11. Abactinal view of the test of a large, widely expanded, and high form:
natural size.
12. Longitudinal profile of the same test as fig. 11: natural size.
13. Abactinal view of the test of a large form: natural size.
14. Longitudinal profile of the same test as fig. 13: natural size.
15. Abactinal view of the test of a flat, depressed variety: natural size.
16. Longitudinal profile of the same test as fig. 15.

\
OF WESTERN SIND. 189

Family SPATANGID.
Subfamily SPATANGIN A.
Genus MICRASTER, Agassiz, 1836.

Test more or less heart-shaped and inflated, with the anterior margin indented
by the anteal sulcus.

Apical disk compact, subcentral or excentric in front.

The paired ambulacra petaloid, unequal, placed in shallow furrows. Poriferous
zones equal; pores equal, pairs united by a conjugating furrow. The odd anterior
ambulacrum placed in a sulcus, which is usually broad but not very deep; its pori-
ferous zones are very narrow, with minute pores placed in widely spaced, oblique
pairs.

Peristome bilabiate, very excentric in front.

Periproct oval, on the posterior extremity

A single fasciole, subanal, encircling the inferior margin of the posterior ex-
tremity.

Tubercles small, perforate and crenulate.

1. Micraster tumipus, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXXVII, Figs. 1-6.

Test of moderate size, tumid, roundly cordiform, vertically truncate posteriorly.
Length rather greater than the breadth, or proportional as 1:0°95, the greatest
breadth being slightly in front of the centre. Anteriorly the marginal contour is full
and well-rounded, with the faintest suggestion of an impression corresponding with the
position of the odd anterior ambulacrum, and a slight flattening midway on theantero- .
lateral interradia. Behind the line of greatest breadth the test converges gradually and
regularly, terminating with a rather sharp rounding on the posterior truncation. The
greatest height is excentric posteriorly, and is equal to about three fourths of the length,
the proportions of length to height being as 1:0°76. The test is high, full, and tumid.
When viewed in longitudinal profile, the anterior slope is seen to dip at a comparatively
slight angle, the anterior margin being very high, thick, and rounded. At the position
of greatest height there is a gentle convex curve, and the posterior slope is much more
rapid, as well as more convex, than the anterior. The posterior truncation is vertical,
and is well rounded beneath on to the actinal surface. Seen in transverse profile, the
great tumidity of the sides of the test is specially remarkable. The actinal surface is
convex, the resting-plane being along the median line of the plastron, whence the
test slopes downwards to the lateral margins. It is also rounded in front. There is a
slight prominence on either side where the posterior truncation unites with the
plastron. The periproct is very high, and placed at the top of the posterior extremity.

The apical system is small, slightly excentric in front, and consequently far in front

of the general summit of the test; and its character is very compact. The four
2¢
190 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

interradial (genital) plates are elongately hexagonal in shape and subequal in size, all
touching one another equally. Three only are perforated by the genital foramina, which
are large, circular, and occupy the greater portion of the plate. The fourth, or
unpunctured, plate is the madreporite, and is perhaps a shade smaller than the other
three, no extra development of this plate centrally taking place. ‘he madreporiform
body is small, compact, slightly convex, and confined to a limited oval area in the
median portion of the plate. The ocular plates are comparatively large and subpent-
agonal in shape, and the posterior part of the plate forms a depressed cavity, within
which the ocular pore is situated. The plates corresponding to the three anterior
ambulacra each fill the angle between two of the facets of neighbouring genital plates.
‘The two posterior ocular plates are juxtaposed; the right-hand plate is somewhat
larger than its companion, and touches both of the posterior genital plates, the left
posterior ocular plate filling in the angle formed by the sides of the left posterior genital
plate and the right posterior ocular plate.

The ambulacra are short, broad, and petaloid, situated in broad but shallow
depressions of the test, which thin out gradually at the distal extremity. The odd
anterior ambulacrum is narrower than the paired petals, and is situated in a shallower
groove, the depression being scarcely perceptible at the ambitus. After the petal has
attained its normal width, at a short distance from the apical disk, the poriferous zones
run parallel, and do not diverge apart. The pores are round, equal, and the pairs .are
placed oblique, each in a very faint depression. There are 14 or 15 pairs in each zone,
extending to the ambitus, and the outermost three or four pairs are very widely spaced,
and much smaller than the others. The interporiferous area is nearly twice the width
of the same region in the paired petals, and its surface is covered with small, uniform,
miliary granules.

The lateral or paired petals are subequal, the anterior pair being a shade longer
than the posterior pair. The petals proceed direct from the apex outwards, and have
no flexure ; the anterior pair are widely divergent, the enclosed angle being about 140°.
The poriferous zones increase in breadth gradually as they proceed from the apical
extremity until past the middle of the petal, and then contract again slightly towards
the distal extremity, which is rather remote from the margin. The interporiferous area
is straight and nearly uniformly broad, excepting the normal constriction at the apical
extremity ; also a slight contraction at the distal extremity, which is remarkable. The.
surface of the area is smooth and devoid of granules. The poriferous zone is wider at
its broadest part than the interporiferous area. ‘The pores are wide apart, elongately
pyriform, both inner and outer, the latter being slightly larger; and they are united by
a shallow furrow, are slightly oblique in position, and are separated from adjacent pairs
by narrow cost, which are ornamented with a single line of six or seven small, uniform,
miliary granules. The granules are best defined on the outer portion of the costal
ridge, and tend to disappear before reaching the interporiferous area. Consequent on
the gradual increase in the breadth of the poriferous zones in proceeding outwards, and
the succeeding diminution towards the distal extremity, the outline of the ambulacra is
markedly petaloid. Beyond the petaloid portion of the ambulacra there are about three
OF WESTERN SIND. 191

pairs of small pores in continuation of each zone, widely spaced, the pores small, round
and close together. The succeeding pores are simply microscopic. The extrapetalous
portions of the poriferous zones diverge outwards towards the ambitus, and again con-
verge as they approach the peristome.

The postero-lateral ambulacra are similar in every respect to the anterior pair
above described, and, like them, proceed direct from the apex outwards. The curve of
the anterior zone is perhaps slightly fuller near the apex than that of the companion
posterior zone, but the difference is so slight that it is only perceptible in some speci-
mens. ‘The posterior petals enclose an angle of about 62°. The distal extremity of the
petal is more remote from the margin than that of the anterior pair; and the extra-
petalous portion of the ambulacra is of similar character to those above described.
Three pairs of pores are well developed within the subanal fasciolar area. There are
23 to 26 pairs of pores in the poriferous zone of the antero-lateral petals, and usually
one to three pairs less in the postero-lateral ambulacra.

The anterior interradia have a slightly tumid appearance, which is especially
emphasized on the abactinal surface, the breadth and shallowness of the depressions in
which the petals are placed causing the interradia to seem more prominent than they
really are. In the lateral interradia the subcarinate character is less prominent, but is
most highly developed in the odd posterior interradium, the narrow space between the
postero-lateral petals forming a broad, low, well-rounded keel; and there is a slight
tumidity in continuation of this along the median line of the area extending up to the
periproct. The ornamentation consists of very small primary tubercles, punctured and
crenulated, situated in a small scrobicule, and widely spaced, the intermediate space
being filled with small, low, uniform, well-spaced miliary granules. On the abactinal
area the ornamentation is so small that it is only seen under magnification. In the
neighbourhood of the mouth it becomes larger, however; and on the plastron the
tubercles are large and uniform, standing on large, prominent scrobicules, which are
closely placed, and in parts imbricate or impinge on the neighbouring scrobicules.

The peristome is very excentric in front, is rather small and transversely oval in
outline, and is surrounded by a slightly raised margin. The posterior lip is insignificant,
very faintly. produced, and is not prominent; but there is a rather prominent tumidity
behind the lip, and a little remote from its margin, which merges gradually into the
median tumidity of the plastron. The ambulacral regions in the neighbourhood of the
peristome are slightly depressed.

The periproct is about equal in size to the mouth, is transversely oval, and situated
at the extreme top of the posterior truncation. The general character of this area is
on the whole tumid; but in the inferior part there may be a very faint tendency
towards a median depression.

A broad, well-developed, subanal fasciole encircles the angle of the posterior
margin, part being above and part below the rounded angle formed at the junction of
the vertical posterior end and the actinal surface. The space enclosed is large and sub-
reniform in outline, and the upper part of the fasciole dips down with a rather deep

reentering curve, pointing downwards, in the median line. ‘Three pairs of pores
202
192 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

belonging to the posterior zone of the posterior petals are included within the fasciole,
and mark its lateral boundaries.

The presence of a peripetalous fasciole is very doubtful. In none of the specimens
is the delicate ornamentation of the test within the region of the petals sufficiently well
preserved to enable this point to be settled. In one of the specimens which has some
portions fairly well preserved an arrangement of granulation may be observed at the
extremity of the antero-lateral petal, and extending for a short distance close along the
posterior margin of the groove, which is rather suggestive of a fasciole. There is alsoa
slight tumidity on one of the plates about midway on the anterior margin of the posterior
petal, which might possibly indicate the line of direction taken by the supposed fasciole
in crossing the postero-lateral interradium ; but no actual band is discernible. The
strip of granulation above referred to is, however, somewhat ill-defined, and wanting in
compactness—a fact which, together with the inability of finding any trace of the fasciole-
structure elsewhere, leads us to entertain very great doubts as to the presence of a
second fasciole in the Spatangoid under notice.

Remarks. This very interesting form is readily distinguishable either from its con-
geners or any species with which we are acquainted. At first sight it strongly suggests
the outline of Toxaster, but the structure is altogether different. The very doubtful
presence of a peripetalous fasciole, which has been remarked upon above, is the only .
point upon which we hesitate in referring this Spatangoid to the genus Micraster. Until
more perfectly preserved specimens are received, we do not feel justified in taking any
other course.

Dimensions.

millim.
Length ofthe test . . . . . ..... 86
Breadth of the test. 2. . . . . . . 1. B45
Height of the test . . . Ace ee Gh SEIS
Length of the antero-lateral etal Te ee eee
Length of the postero-lateral petals . . . . II
Breadth of the paired petals . . . 2. . 1.) 4:8
Breadth of the odd anterior petal . . . . . 2°75
Transverse diameter of the peristome . . . . 4:5
Longitudinal diameter of the peristome . . . 2:25

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata: Baili, west of Tong. Survey-
number om :

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XX XVII.

Fig. 1. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
2. Actinal view of the test: natural size. —
3. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
4, Odd anterior ambulacrum: magnified.
0. Portion of one of the petaloid ambulacra: magnified.
6. Apical disk: magnified.
OF WESTERN SIND. 193

Genus HEMIASTER, Desor, 1847.
(See anted, p. 78, Part ii.)

1. Hemiaster apicauis, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXXIV, Figs. 1-7.

Test of large size, marginal contour irregularly suboval, widely expanded laterally,
the greatest breadth lying across the posterior third. In front of this prominent lateral
protuberance the test contracts rather rapidly, passing sharply round the subcarinate
tumidity of the anterior interradial areas, and indented in front by a distinct but not
very deep anteal sulcus. Behind the line of greatest breadth the outline of the test
contracts rapidly, giving a somewhat pointed appearance posteriorly. The length of
the test is slightly greater than the breadth, the proportions being as 1:0°923. The
greatest height of the test lies a little behind the centre, and is proportional to the
length as (56: 1.

The apical disk, which is small, is excentric in front, the anterior portion of the
median line being little more than one half of the posterior part. Seen in longitudinal
profile, the anterior slope shows only a slight convexity, the anterior extremity being
thick and tumid. The posterior slope of the test, after a short convexity along the
saddle-backed keel of the posterior interradium, descends with an almost precipitous
slope, the posterior margin being much less rounded than the anterior. Seen in trans-
verse profile, the test, when viewed in front, has a high and somewhat conical appear-
ance, the carinate portions of the paired interradia being distinctly visible. Owing to
the anterior declivity of the test, the postero-lateral keels and the posterior wall of the
antero-lateral petals are seen above the antero-lateral keels, and the prominent, well-
rounded keel of the odd posterior interradium attains midway a still greater elevation.
When seen from behind, the lateral portions of the dorsal profile have a fuller and more
tumid appearance than when seen from the front, and the general contour of the pro-
file is more convex, the median posterior keel being high and prominent. The position
of the periproct is high, and appears to have been situated at the commencement
of the inferior third of the height; but accurate observation on this point is impos-
sible in the specimen under description, in consequence of fracture and imperfect
preservation.

The apical disk is excentric in front and comparatively small. There are four
generative pores, the posterior pair being very wide apart; and the posterior ocular
plates are widely separated and pushed asunder, as it were, by a remarkably broad
expansion of the central madreporiform body.

The odd anterior ambulacrum is in a well-defined, rather deep groove, which
expands and becomes shallower as it approaches the margin, where it forms, however, a
conspicuous indentation in the anterior contour. It is continued, although greatly
diminished in depth, over the margin, and dies out just before reaching the peristome,
The pairs of pores, which are situated in small oval cavities, are placed obliquely, and
the pores of a pair are separated by a small tubercle. Near the apical extremity of the
ambulacrum the pores are very small and closely placed, but as they proceed outward
194 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

the size of the pores and the distance between adjacent pairs is greatly increased. Near
to the fasciole the pores again become smaller, and outside its boundary are simply
microscopic. : The floor of the groove is covered with small low granules of two sizes,
irregularly interspersed and rather widely spaced.

The antero-lateral petals are large, long, and in deep grooves. They have a very
straight appearance, the breadth being comparatively uniform, and the expansion towards
the outer extremity only slight. The groove does not terminate abruptly at this point,
but contracts gradually, which gives to its outer end rather a pointed character. The
divergence of the antero-lateral petals is great, the angle enclosed being about 120°.
The poriferous zones are wide, the pores large and elongately pyriform, with the
pores of a pair united by a shallow furrow, the intervening ridge being broad, and orna-
mented along its median line by a single row of small miliary granules. There are
about 33 pairs of pores in each zone. ‘The interporiferous area is very uniform in
breadth, excepting at the apical extremity, where it narrows rapidly ; its normal breadth
is about equal to that of the poriferous zone at its widest part. The apical portion of
the posterior zone is more precipitous than any other part, and the anterior zone is, on
the whole, rather more precipitous than the companion zone, although both zones
occupy entirely the lateral walls of the groove. The only ornamentation on the inter-
poriferous area consists of a few very minute, very widely and irregularly placed
miliary granules. The antero-lateral petals measure 25 millim. from the centre of
the apical disk to their extremity, and are 6 millim. wide at their broadest part.

The postero-lateral ambulacra are four fifths of the length of the anterior petals,
measuring 20 millim. long and 4:5 millim. broad. They are in deep grooves, similar to
those of the anterior pair, and they do nct expand greatly in width. The petals curve
rather sharply inward at the apicak extremity, and the posterior zone is more curved
than the anterior zone, its contour being sigmoidal, in consequence of a rather rapid
bend outward at the outer extremity, whilst the outline of the anterior zone is a simple
curve. There are about 29 pairs of pores in each zone, and their character is similar to
that of the anterior petals above described. The posterior are much less divergent than
the anterior pair of petals, the angle they enclose being about 60°.

The anterior interradia have the appearance of forming a high tabular keel, in con-
sequence of the deep ambulacral grooves and the gently rounded slope of the interradia
to their margins. At the apical extremity this apparent carination is bevelled off to the
level of the apical disk. Each of the plates of the interradial areas is slightly tumid,
which imparts a rather knobby character to the test, the feature being most marked in ‘
the plates just above the ambitus. The lateral interradia are higher and rather more
carinate in appearance at the apical extremity, although they are bevelled off in the
neighbourhood of the disk in the same manner as the anterior areas. The odd posterior
interradium is narrow, high, and prominently convex, forming a regularly rounded
saddle-back, whether viewed transversely or longitudinally, the apical portion sloping
down gently to the level of the apical disk. The posterior character of the odd inter-
radium immediately above the periproct is much damaged. The margins of the test
are tumid and well rounded on to the actinal surface, excepting perhaps posteriorly,
OF WESTERN SIND. 195

where there is a tendency towards rostration. The plastron and the neighbouring por-
tions of the test are destroyed.

The peristome is large, very excentric anteriorly, and measures 9°5 millim. in
breadth (transverse diameter). It is well rounded at the sides, and there is no rim on
the anterior margin. The posterior margin or lip is destroyed.

One fasciole only, which is peripetalous and well developed. It is broadest at the
extremity of the antero-lateral petals, touching the groove at this point. It curves
round and passes inward somewhat obliquely, and, diminishing gradually in thickness,
is then continued for a very short distance parallel with the petal, and more than half
the breadth of the groove remote from its margin ; before it has reached midway along
the peta] it bends abruptly backwards, passing in an oblique line inwards towards the
outer third of the postero-lateral petal. On attaining the commencement of the down-
ward slope of the area along the margin of the petal the fasciole is again bent, and, fol-
lowing the outline of the petal, passes close to its posterior extremity, and thence mounts
immediately the high posterior keel. In front the fasciole passes from the extremity of
the antero-lateral petal in a straight line, directed forwards and inwards, to the summit
of the adjacent tumid interradial plate, diminishing in width in its course. From this
knob it passes in a straight line, still forwards and inwards, to the knob of the corre-
spondent plate on the companion column, increasing temporarily in breadth midway.
From the anterior knob the fasciole passes a little forwards, and crosses the anterior
sulcus with a forward-bending curve at a very little distance from the ambitus.

The ornamentation of the test is remarkably handsome. It is smaller towards the
posterior portion of the test and within the fasciole, and increases in size at the margins
and on the actinal surface. It is also rather larger along the margins of the ambulacral
grooves than on the other portions of the interradia circumscribed by the fasciole. Just
above the ambitus in the anterior interradia, where the ornamentation is well developed,
it consists of large primary tubercles, with a small perforate mamelon on a low and
coarsely crenulated boss, standing on a large, circular, scale-like scrobicule, the aboral
half of which is prominent, whilst the adoral merges imperceptibly into the substance
of the test. A single row of small, well-spaced, and equal-sized miliaries surrounds the
scrobicule; and additional ones may be present on the actinal surface, where the
tubercles and their scrobicules are larger and more widely spaced.

Remarks. This species has much resemblance in form to some of the species of the
genus Linthia; but it is clearly a Hemiaster, in possessing only a peripetalous fasciole,
portions of the test which would be traversed by the latero-subanal fasciole, if present,
being well preserved.

Dimensions. Length of the test 65 millim., breadth 60 millim., height 37 millim.
(or probably somewhat greater).

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata: Gorge of the Baran river, north-east of

; ‘ ‘ 280
Bila Khan’s Théna. Survey-number 5°.
196 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXXIV.

Abactinal view of the test: natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.

Transverse profile, seen from the front: natural size.

Apical disk: magnified.

Portion of the odd anterior ambulacrum : magnified.

. Portion of one of the antero-lateral petals: magnified.

Ornamentation of the test near the ambitus in one of the anterior inter-
radia: magnified.

Fig.

eee

2. HEMIASTER NOBILIS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXXIV, Figs. 8-11.

Test of large size; marginal contour ovally subcordiform, somewhat flattened in
front, and very faintly incurved in the region of the odd anterior ambulacrum. The line
of greatest breadth lies across the centre of the test, and is proportional to the length as

0:93: 1. Behind this line the contour contracts gradually, its outline forming a sub-
parabolic curve.

The apical disk is excentric posteriorly, and the greatest height of the test lies a
short distance behind this. The condition of the specimen unfortunately does not admit
of these proportions being determined accurately, but, as far as judgment can be drawn
from the example in its present state, the height appears to have been about three fifths
of the length. Seen in longitudinal profile, the keel of the odd posterior interradium
does not stand at a higher level than the keels of the lateral interradia, and the posterior
slope of the test at a short distance from the apical disk slopes down rather abruptly,
with a steep incline to the posterior margin. The anterior slope is much more
gradual, and, after a slight curve near the apex, is straight until it reaches the very
thick and tumid anterior margin, on which some gibbous protuberances are noticeable.
The posterior margin was probably thick, but much less than the anterior margin, and
was probably rounded. Seen in transverse profile, the lateral slopes of the dorsal
surface are much less inclined than in H. apicalis, and the lateral margins are also very
much thicker.

The odd anterior ambulacrum is in a very wide groove, rather deep in the middle
portion of its course, but becoming shallower as it approaches the margin, whilst at the
ambitus its presence is indicated only by the faintest incurving of the outline, and is
continued in a similar indefinite manner towards the peristome. The pairs of pores,
which are situated in small and rather deep oval cavities, are placed obliquely, and the
pores of a pair are separated by a rather elongate and pointed granule or tubercle. Near
the apex the pairs of pores are very closely placed, but become more widely spaced as
they proceed outward, and become single (or apparently so), very widely spaced, and
almost microscopic in size beyond the fasciole. The floor of the groove is covered with
a minute but rather well-spaced granulation.

The antero-lateral petals are large, long, and in wide deep grooves, of almost uni-
form breadth, except near the apex, and with their outer extremity well rounded.
OF WESTERN SIND. 197

Close to the apex the petals are narrow, and appear to proceed originally almost at
right angles to the longitudinal axis of the test. They speedily take a rapid curve for-
ward, and their course is then almost straight towards the margin, the apparent
distance at which they terminate therefrom being comparatively small. The angle
enclosed by the anterior pair of petals is about 94°. The poriferous zones are very wide
in the median part of the petal, but very narrow and small near the apex, where they
occupy the vertical half of the groove, and they also diminish in size towards the outer
extremity of the zone. The inner pores are oval, and the outer larger and pyriform,
the pairs being: united by a broad furrow, and adjacent pairs separated by well-defined
and keel-like coste, on which are one or two somewhat irregular series of small
granules. The interporiferous area is nearly uniform in breadth, except at the apex,
and is narrower than the poriferous zone at its widest part. The ornamentation con-
sists of very minute, uniform, and widely-spaced granules. ‘The antero-lateral petals
measure 28 millim. from the apical disk to their extremity (without calculating for the
curve at the apex), and are 6°5 millim. wide at their broadest part.

The postero-lateral ambulacra are three fourths of the length of the anterior petals,
measuring 21 millim. long and 5:5 millim. broad. They are in deep grooves, similar to
those of the anterior petals, and have a very uniformly broad character, the contraction
at the apex being comparatively slight and rapid, and the outer extremity being well
rounded. Their course from the apex towards the margin is almost straight, and the
angle they enclose is about 62°. The keel of the anterior interradia is not remarkably
high, but is emphasized by the depth of the grooves of the antero-lateral petal and the
anterior odd ambulacrum. These interradia are very thick and tumid at the margin,
and individual plates are more or less tumidly protuberant. ‘The lateral interradia are
not higher than the anterior interradia, and have the appearance of being less carinate,
although there is a rather prominent protuberance a short distance from the apex, where
the general surface of the interradium is flattened and slightly concavely depressed. The
odd posterior interradium is narrow and prominently carinate locally. It is flattened
close to the apex, then occurs the protuberance, and the general area is again flattened
as its breadth expands outwards. Behind the protuberance the test slopes downward
with a steep incline to the posterior margin.

The periproct appears to have been situated on the upper part of the rounding of
the posterior margin, but only a trace of its existence can be made out, in consequence
of damage to the whole of the actinal portion of the test.

One fasciole only, which is peripetalous and embraces a large portion of the
surface. Passing near to the extremity of the antero-lateral petals, it sweeps with
a well-rounded curve which runs parallel to the inner margin of the groove, and
extends nearly midway between the extremity and the apex before it is curved back-
ward, to cross the lateral interradial area. Its course towards the posterior petals is
diagonal, and still directed somewhat inward. At a considerable distance from the
margin of the groove of the posterior petal it is deflected outward, and commences the
well-rounded sweep which passes near to the outer extremity of the posterior petal, and

is then directed inward and upward to cross the odd posterior interradium to join with
2D
198 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

the corresponding part of the fasciolar band from the other side. In front the fasciole
is well rounded at the extremity of the antero-lateral petals, and is directed inwards,
crossing the keel of the anterior interradia with a slightly incurved course, and when
near to the wide groove of the odd anterior ambulacrum it curves rather sharply forwards,
and is then bent rather abruptly at right angles to descend the groove, which it crosses
at the upper portion, or commencement, of the marginal tumidity ; the fasciole conse-
quently appears well remote from the ambitus, and is especially so in the median region
of the anterior interradia.

The ornamentation on the abactinal surface of the test is generally small, but
becomes larger in the lateral regions and in front, whilst at the ambitus in front and on
the actinal surface there it is remarkably large and well defined. The primary tubercles
at this place have a small perforate mamelon on a comparatively large, tumid, and
button-shaped crenulate boss, standing on a circular disk-like scrobicule. The scrobi-
cules are separated by a single ring of minute miliary granules, which is often incom-
plete. In the plates having tumid prominences the ornamentation is usually smaller
and more crowded in the centre of the raised portion, the size increasing gradually out-
ward therefrom.

Remarks. This large and handsome form is a worthy congener of the species above
described. It is readily distinguished from H. apicalis by the different form of the test,
by the comparatively low and sloping posterior region, by the size, shape, and divergence
of the ambulacral petals, by the different course of the fasciole, which is also more
remote from the margin, and by the larger and more widely-spaced tuberculation on the
anterior part of the test.

Dimensions. Length of the test 62 millim., breadth 58 millim., height 37 millim.,
approximately (probably somewhat higher).

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata. Hilly ground, south-east of Trak Hill.

@ 302

Survey-number +5.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXXIV.

Fig. 8. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
9. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
10. Portion of the odd anterior ambulacrum: magnified.
11. Portion of one of the antero-lateral petals: magnified.

3. HEMIASTER CARINATUS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXXIV, Figs. 12-14.

There is a fragment of a Heméaster in the collection which is sufficiently preserved
to show characters of a very remarkable nature, and on this account we have ventured
to name it, although the condition of the fossil unfortunately does not admit of a
complete diagnosis of the species being given.

The test was of medium size, probably subrotund and very broad. Apical disk
subcentral, with the test apparently sloping nearly uniformly therefrom on all sides.
The odd anterior ambulacrum is situated in a wide deep groove. The antero-lateral
OF WESTERN SIND. 199

petals in wide and somewhat deeper grooves, whose size and character is emphasized by
the remarkable carination of the anterior interradia,—a sharply prominent median keel
being developed, from which the test slopes steeply down to the groove on either side ;
whilst the individual plates of the interradium are also subtubercularly prominent
along this line and add considerably to the remarkable facies of the test. The lateral
interradia show the same feature of carination along their median line, but to a less
degree. The odd posterior interradium is decidedly convex and carinate, and its slopes
form a convex curve. The carinations of the interradia die out as they approach the
apex, and the apical disk is consequently only very slightly depressed below the general
level.

The course of the antero-lateral petals is almost straight from the apex towards
the margin, and the outer extremity of the groove is very shallow and apparently ill-
defined. The divergence of this pair of petals is very wide, the angle subtended being
about 116°-120°. The postero-lateral petals are comparatively long, measuring about
14 millim., whilst the anterior pair are about 17 millim. in length; the general
characters in both being similar.

In the odd anterior ambulacrum the obliquely placed pairs of pores are rather
wide apart, the inner pore being somewhat comma-shaped, the outer one larger, and
separated from its companion by a large and partly overhanging lip-like tubercle or
granule ; the whole floor of the groove is covered with small crowded granules. In the
antero-lateral petals both the inner and the outer pores are long and slit-like and rather
wide apart; the pairs are separated by a very broad space or band, which does not
develop a ridge-like keel, but bears usually two rows of small uniform granules, the suture
of the plates being visible between the two series, and there is a faint trace of a feebly
raised rim encircling the pore-slit. Near to the apex the inner series of pores are
almost aborted.

The structure of the apical disk is interesting. The anterior pair and the posterior
pair of generative pores are equidistantly placed, and the posterior pair of ocular pores
are placed directly beneath the latter, being also at an equal distance apart, and they are
separated by an extension of the median madreporiform body ; there is thus a regular
line of three pores on either side of the median line. The anterior pair of ocular pores
are placed external to the anterior generative pores, with which they form a transverse
line of four pores. The odd anterior ocular pore is slightly in front of the anterior
generative pores. |

Traces of a single narrow peripetalous fasciole are present. There was no lateral
fasciole.

The ornamentation of the test is comparatively large, isolated, and remarkably
well defined.

Dimensions. We are unfortunately unable to give the usual measurements of the
test. The following dimensions may serve as a guide. From the centre of the apical
disk to the margin, along the median line of the anterior interradium, about 25 millim. ;
from the centre of the apical disk to the margin, along the median line of the postero-

lateral interradium, about 30 millim.
2D 2
200 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata. On the road about four miles west of

: @ 226
Kotri. Survey-number 47,.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXXIV.

, Fig, 12. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
13. Portion of the odd anterior ambulacrum: magnified.
14. Portion of one of the antero-lateral petals: magnified.

4. HEMIasterR Diconvs, d’Archiac, sp. Plate XXXV, Figs. 4-9.

This small and well-characterized form is very numerous in the white chalky saline
limestone, on the Baran river, near Kotri. Although the collection contains a great
number of specimens the largest does not exceed 22 millim. in length; and owing
either to considerable decay prior to fossilization, or more probably to some chemical
action induced by the nature of the deposit, comparatively little structure is preserved,
notwithstanding that the specimens at first sight appear to come well from the matrix
and would be taken for well-preserved examples.

We are fortunately able to add to the description given by MM. d’Archiac and
Haime (op. cit. p. 220) a notice of the peripetalous fasciole, which we have succeeded
in tracing in several examples completely, and more or less so in the majority of
specimens before us. It is, however, very indistinct and difficult to make out. Its
course is very rotund, devoid of any reentering sinuosities, and it passes at a low
level anteriorly across the anterior sulcus. Its relation to the petaloid ambulacra is
shown in fig. 7.

In general form this species presents considerable resemblance to that of Schi-
zaster thebensis, de Loriol ; the resemblance, however, being only so far as the character
of the outline is concerned.

In examining a large series of specimens, it seems to us that the form of the
test is generally more inflated at the sides and higher in the odd posterior inter-
radium than in the figures given of this species in the ‘ Animaux fossiles.’ There is,
however, a considerable amount of variation in this. Considerable variation also exists
in the degree of the posterior excentricity of the apical disk and likewise in the
width of the anterior groove. We have drawn in fig. 8 an example in which the
groove of the odd anterior ambulacrum is remarkably wide and trough-like, the inner
portion of the anterior interradia being reduced to high angular keels. Fig. 9 shows
a small example in which the apical disk is pushed backward to an extreme degree,
the small posterior petals appearing, when seen from above, to be situated on the
sloping curve of the posterior extremity.

Localities. In the Khirthar series :—

i. Boldri Bridge, on the Baran rivers, south-west of Kotri. Survey-number G 280 a

ii. Three or four miles south-south-east of Meting. Survey-number — (A single
badly preserved specimen. )
OF WESTERN SIND. 201

iil. Twelve miles east of Kandaira. Survey-number —. (Two specimens so-
much crushed and obscured as to be almost unrecognizable. Possibly they may
represent a variety.)

" Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXXV.

Fig. 4. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.

5. Actinal view of the test: natural size.

6. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.

7. A portion of the abactinal surface, to show the apical disk, the ambulacral
petals, and the fasciole: magnified.

8. Abactinal view of a test with very broad anterior groove: natural size.

. Abactinal view of a test with apical disk very excentric posteriorly: natural

size.

co

5. Hemiastsr, sp Plate XXXV, Figs. 25 & 26.

There is in the collection a single specimen of a small subglobular test which
we refer to Heméiaster ; but the fossil is so badly preserved and obscured with matrix
that even the generic determination is doubtful. It is certainly distinct from any of
the other Indian species, and on this account we have included this very unsatisfactory
specimen on Plate XXXV. The marginal contour is suboval or subglobular, with the
anterior margin moderately indented by the anteal sulcus, and the lateral portions of
the test very tumid; the posterior extremity is roundly truncate, and when seen in
longitudinal profile is high and almost vertical, the periproct being situated near the
summit of the extremity. The lateral portions of the test are high and tumid,
both laterally and dorsally. The odd posterior interradium is likewise tumid in the
latter region. Traces of a peripetalous fasciole are discernible, but the test is too
much destroyed by weather-action for any statement respecting the presence or absence
of other fascioles to be made. No other details of structure or form can be observed.

Dimensions. Length of the test 24 millim., breadth 22°5 millim., height 17
millim.

Locality. In the Khirthar series. Twenty-four miles west of Kotri (entering the

Hills on the road to Bila Khan’s Thana). Survey-number es

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XX XV.

Fig. 25. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
26. Actinal view of the test: natural size.

6. HEMIASTER, sp.

There is another test of a small Echinoid in a very bad state of preservation which
we refer to this genus. The marginal contour has some resemblance to that of the
preceding specimen, but the form is abactinally much more depressed. In general
202 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

outline it resembles to a certain extent H. digonus, but is devoid of the deep anteal
sulcus of that species, and is much more tumid on the lateral portions of the dorsal
surface. Faint indications of a peripetalous fasciole may be seen; and there are no
traces of any lateral fasciole present. The condition of the specimen is such that a
description is impossible ; and it is quite unfitted for illustration.

Length of the test 21°5 millim., breadth 21 millim., height about 14°5 millim.

Locality. In the Khirthar series. Karra range, south of Trak. Survey-number

G 302
125 *

7. HEMIASTER, sp.

There is a greatly broken fragment from the white chalky limestone of the Baran
river of a fine and handsome species of Hemiaster. Unfortunately only a portion of
the test remains, and the greater part even of this is either broken or obscured by
matrix. We have succeeded in exposing a part of the anterior region, which shows the
outer part of the odd anterior and right anterior lateral petals. This and a portion of the
lateral region of the test are all that are available for observation, and the condition is
such that no intelligible drawing can be given. Judging from what can be seen of the
marginal contour, of the characters of the anterior interradia, and of the course of the
peripetalous fasciole, the fragment presents the closest affinity to Hemiaster apicalis,
described on a preceding page. ‘The anterior pair of petals, however, have the extre-
mity of the groove more fully rounded, the margins appear to be straighter and more
parallel, and their angle of divergence is smaller than in that species, the character of
the petals as a whole being much nearer to H. nobilis. Notwithstanding this we are
very strongly inclined to regard the form in question as a young or medium-sized
example of H. apicalis; but as doubt obviously exists from the very unsatisfactory and
indeterminable nature of the fragment, and as any observation upon the character of
the apical region of the test and of the odd posterior interradium is impossible, we
refrain from ranking it definitely with that species, until a further supply of material is
available for study.

The test, of which the present fossil is a fragment, was originally about 49 millim.
in length.

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata. Boldri Bridge, on the Baran rivers,

south-west of Kotri. Survey-number ee :

Genus BRISSOPSIS, Agassiz, 1847.

Test oval or oblong, subcordiform, having the anterior margin indented by the
anteal sulcus, more or less inflated at the margins and on the abactinal surface; actinal
area frequently more or less convex.

Apical disk compact, subcentral or excentric in front.

Paired ambulacra petaloid, subequal, in shallow furrows, more or less curved.
The anterior pair widely divergent, the posterior pair more closely approximated. The
OF WESTERN SIND. 203

two lateral petals on either side of the test usually forming two more or less definite
arcs which touch at their convexity at the apical disk. Poriferous zones equal, very
wide ; pores equal or subequal. The anterior zone of the anterior petals and posterior
zone of the posterior petals having some pores atrophied at the apical extremity. The
odd anterior ambulacrum is placed in a shallow sulcus; its poriferous zones are composed
of simple minute pairs of pores, widely spaced.

Peristome bilabiate, excentric in front.

Periproct oval, on the posterior extremity.

Two fascioles: a peripetalous one, more or less sinuous, which surrounds the petals
and approaches the anterior margin; a subanal fasciole, which is complete.

Tubercles perforate and crenulate, small on the upper surface; larger and more
widely spaced below the ambitus, especially in the anterior region and on the actinal
surface.

1. Brissopsis surFLatus, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXXV, Figs. 17-24.

Test of medium size. Marginal contour elongate, elliptical, greatest breadth across
the middle, converging equally anteriorly and posteriorly, narrow in front, with the anterior
margin widely and rather deeply indented by the anterior groove, truncate posteriorly.
The greatest breadth is rather less than three fourths of the length, or in the proportion
of 0°73: 1. The dorsal surface is subdepressed, very tumid in the interradia, and the
margins are thick and tumid. When seen in longitudinal profile the dorsal surface
has a remarkable appearance, presenting three convex undulations, which represent the
outline of the interradia—the median undulation formed by the lateral interradia being
rather higher than the anterior undulation, and the posterior undulation being a little
higher than the lateral (median) undulation. The greatest height of the test conse-
quently lies near the posterior extremity of the test, and when measured from the
culminating point of the actinal plastron to the highest part of the odd posterior
interradial convexity, is less than half the length, or in the proportion of 0°45: 1.
The actinal surface is rather flatly convex, being well rounded to the margin, and is
characterized by the presence of a sharp angular keel or ridge, which extends along
the median longitudinal line of the test from the peristome to the culminating point
of the plastron, the height increasing as it approaches this point; the test then
sharply diminishes with a precipitous slope, which terminates‘abruptly at the posterior
truncation.

Apical disk excentric in front. The posterior pair of generative pores rather
wider apart than the anterior pair; and the posterior pair of ocular plates separated by
the prolongation of the central madreporiform body. The groove of the odd anterior
ambulacrum is wide but very shallow, and appears to mount the convexity of the test
which intervenes between the apical disk and the anterior margin; it is deepest just
above the ambitus, where the indentation of the anterior margin is well defined, but its
continuation on the actinal surface towards the peristome becomes very faint. The
poriferous zones are straight and rather near together, the pores being very minute and
204 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

sunken in small cavities, which simulate a uniserial line of single pores, placed wide
apart.

The antero-lateral petals are situated in wide and rather deep cavities; they are
widely divergent, subtending an angle of about 120°, and have a slightly arched
appearance, in consequence of the curvature of the anterior zone, which is bent con-
vexly forwards, whilst the posterior zone is comparatively straight. The posterior petals
are rather longer than the anterior pair, they are slightly curved, with concavity
forwards and outwards, and the inner margins of the two petals are very near together
for quite half their length. The odd posterior interradial space is a narrow wedge-
shaped strip, which presents scarcely any tumidity on the inner part of the area; the
character developing gradually, however, and culminating in the region external to the |
petals. ‘The cavities in which the posterior petals are lodged are scarcely so deep as
those of the anterior petals; and the curvature of the respective petals gives a decided
suggestion of a semicircular arch formed by the union of the anterior and posterior
lateral petals.

The poriferous zones of the petaloid ambulacra have their pores large, oval or _
comma-shaped, with the pores of a pair rather wide apart and united by an indistinct
groove ;. a rather broad strip occurs between neighbouring pairs, but no keel is formed,
though its position is occupied by a single row of small uniform granules borne on the
aboral margin of the ambulacral plate. The interporiferous area is extremely narrow,
its width being less than the distance which separates the pores of a pair. The four or
five pairs of pores near the apical extremity of the anterior zone of the antero-lateral
petals, and the seven or eight similar pairs of the posterior zone of the postero-lateral
petals are much aborted and reduced in size.

The posterior ambulacral areas on the actinal surface are very wide and naked, and
they bound the prominently keeled actinal plastron.

The peristome is large and excentric in front, its position being about equidistant
from the anterior and lateral margins of the test. The anterior margin of the aperture
is semicircular, and the posterior lip is prominent and more or less keeled.

The periproct is very large, subcircular in form, and situated at the summit of the
posterior truncated extremity. The inferior portion of this extremity is slightly
depressed beneath the periproct, forming a faint concavity which gives emphasis to
the rather abrupt separation from the subanal plastron, the plane of which stands at an
angle between the anal plastron on the one hand and the posterior extremity on the
other. The ornamentation of the concavity beneath the periproct is devoid of any
large tubercles. The ornamentation of the subanal plastron is very small on the side
adjacent to this concave area, and increases gradually in size as it recedes from it
and approaches the actinal plastron. ~

Two fascioles are present on the test, the peripetalous and the subanal. The
peripetalous fasciole is very sinuous and fiddle-shaped ; it crosses the anteal sulcus with
a wide sweep just above the rounding of the margin, traverses the central portion of the
anterior interradia obliquely, and on the posterior column of this area is sharply bent
inwards nearly at a right angle, but is almost immediately again abruptly deflected,
OF WESTERN SIND. 205

and thence sweeps round the antero-lateral petal with a well-rounded curve; the
course then curves with a re-entering sweep across the lateral interradia and runs
nearly parallel with the median longitudinal line of the test until it is abruptly
rounded at the extremity of the postero-lateral petal, and thence proceeds at right angles
to its previous course across the odd posterior interradium.

The subanal fasciole is large, reniform, and bounds the subanal plastron; its
incurved margin forms the line of separation between the vertical posterior extremity
and the inclined subanal plastron, whilst the adoral or convex margin separates the
subanal and the actinal plastron, the deepest part of the curve passing through the culmi-
nating point or peak of the actinal longitudinal ridge. Three or four pairs of ambu-
lacral pores are included within the fasciole on either side of the subanal plastron.

The ornamentation of the test consists of large primary tubercles having a small
perforate mamelon on a large, button-shaped, and granularly crenulated boss, placed
on a circular disk-like scrobicule ; and with a few minute and uniform granules irregu-
larly dispersed between neighbouring scrobicules. The primary tubercles are very small
on the abactinal surface generally, but are large on the actinal surface, especially on
the anterior part of the test and at the margin. In these regions it not unfrequently
happens that one edge of the scrobicular disk is raised, forming a small semicircular
embankment, the remaining portion of the disk being apparently aborted.

Remarks. The nearest ally of this species is probably Brissopsis Jimenoi, Cotteau,
from the Miocene of Cuba. ‘The Indian species, however, is readily distinguished by
its more elongate and more depressed form, by its anteriorly excentric apical disk, by
the different form of the peripetalous fasciole, and by the prominent and _ peak-like
culminating point of the actinal plastron.

The form appears to be very constant, and young examples 18 millim. in length
have all the characters of the adult stage. The test, however, is relatively narrower
and more elongate in small specimens, and the greatest breadth is near the anterior
extremity, and the posterior portion of the test is more contracted than in the larger
specimens. The latter embryonic character is most marked in the smallest example we
have, which measures 12 millim. in length.

Dimensions.
a. b. C. d.
millim. millim. millim. millim.
Length of the test . . . . 40 26°5 18-5 12
Breadth of the test . . . . 29°5 20 13 9-25
Height of the test . . . . 18 13 8°5 5°75

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata. Lowest scarp under Karothur hill,

eight miles east-north-east of Jéingshdhi (at the base of the group). Survey-number
G 280

118
Iilustrations of the Species in Plate XX XV.

Fig. 17. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
18. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
206 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Fig. 19. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.

20. A portion of the abactinal surface, to show the apical disk and the
ambulacral petals: magnified. /

21. Abactinal view of the test of a young example: natural size.

22. Actinal view of the same test: natural size.

23. Longitudinal profile of the same: natural size.

24. A portion of the abactinal surface to show the apical disk and the
ambulacral petals of the young specimen: magnified.

Genus METALIA, Gray, 1855.

Test oval, with the margin slightly indented anteriorly by the anteal sulcus, and
more or less truncate posteriorly. Abactinal surface arched direct from the margin,
which is thin and well rounded, the actinal surface being more or less flat.

Apical disk compact, excentric in front.

Paired ambulacra petaloid, usually subequal, in very shallow grooves, which are
straight from the apex towards the margin. The anterior pair very widely divergent,
nearly horizontal, the posterior pair much less so. Poriferous zones wide, equal ;
pores equal, wide apart, distinctly conjugate; the immediate apical portion of the
zones somewhat atrophied,—the anterior zones of the anterior petals and the posterior
zones of the posterior petals more than the companion zones. The odd anterior
ambulacrum in a very shallow sulcus; its poriferous zones composed of minute pairs
of pores, obliquely placed and widely spaced.

Peristome bilabiate, excentric in front.

Periproct subrotund, on the posterior extremity.

Two fascioles—peripetalous and subanal. The peripetalous slightly sinuous, and
extending to the anterior margin; the interradia within its boundary often with some
large and widely spaced tubercles. The subanal fasciole is large, subreniform, and
complete.

Tubercles very small and crowded on the abactinal surface, large and well-spaced
on the actinal.

1. Meratia Sowersyl, d’Archiac, sp. Plate XX XV, Figs. 10-16.

Brissopsis Sowerbyi, d’ Archiac (1850), Hist. des progrés de la Géol. t. iii. p. 251.
Brissopsis ? Sowerbyi, d’Archiac g Haime (1853), Descrip. An. foss. de ? Inde, p. 220, pl. xv, figs. 7a, b.

The following is the diagnosis of this species given by MM. d’Archiac and
Haime :—

Body slightly elongate, expanded laterally in the median region, rather high,
especially in front; apex situated nearly at the anterior third of the major diameter ;
four generative pores closely approximated, the posterior the largest; the four ocular
pores very distinct; the odd anterior ambulacrum forming an expanded groove,
tolerably pronounced and bounded on each side by a rather thick subgibbous carina-
tion. The petaloid ambulacra are grooved, straight, narrow, of medium size; the
OF WESTERN SIND. 207

lateral nearly as long as the posterior ; the pores large, rather closely placed ; poriferous
zones costulate, a little broader in the lateral than in the posterior petals, and with
their interporiferous area narrower; some small isolated tubercles on the margins of
the ambulacra; the peripetalous fasciole subpentagonal, scarcely sinuous, touching the
extremity of the petals. Lateral interambulacral areas a little broader than the
anterior and the posterior, all a little prominent in the neighbourhood of the summit.
Anus marginal; periproct rounded? Inferior disk almost flat, very feebly inflated in
front of the anus; mouth situated at the anterior two fifths of the major axis ; peristome
transversely elongate and strongly labiate, surrounded with a distinct floscelle of
ambulacral pores, simple for the most part. On the abactinal surface some large
granules may be seen, and those on the actinal interambulacral areas are still larger.
The largest individual observed was 34 centimetres in length, a little more than 38 centi-
metres broad, and a little less than 2 centimetres high. A flatter variety was only
1 centimetre in height and 24 centimetres long.

To this description we may add that a large, complete, and well-developed subanal
fasciole is present, of wide extent, and circumscribing a subreniform area on the
rounded margin, which joins the actinal surface and the posterior extremity. The
course of this fasciole beneath the periproct is deeply reentering, and the opposite part
of the fasciole where it passes the hindermost part of the actinal plastron is more or
less incurved, which causes the fasciole to approach somewhat the outline of the
figure 8. About five or six pairs of minute pores are present on either side of the
subanal plastron within the fasciole. The course of the peripetalous fasciole is not
correctly shown in d’Archiac and Haime’s drawing (op. cit. plate xv, fig. 7); a
slight but abrupt bend being present both in the lateral and the anterior interradia
(although one or both of these may frequently be absent on either side), and the fasciole
does not pass forwards over the margin, as the figure would lead one to suppose. The
’ larger primary tubercles which are present on the interradia within the peripetalous
fasciole are not regularly disposed along the margins of the grooves of the petaloid
ambulacra as represented in the figure and the description; they have a much more
distributed appearance, and sometimes two or three are together in irregular horizontal
series. On either side of the groove of the odd anterior ambulacrum each plate has a
wedge-shaped group of larger tubercles, the largest being nearest to the groove, and
those external to them becoming gradually smaller. On the actinal and anal plastrons
the ornamentation diminishes in size towards the slightly prominent culminating point
at the posterior extremity of the actinal plastron; and the tubercles are arranged in
lines, more or less distinctly traceable, which radiate from this point. ;

There are a number of young specimens in the collection, which accord in all
particulars with the adult form; the smallest, which measures 17 millim. in length,
is figured in Plate XXXV.

_ Remarks. The generic diagnosis given above sufficiently indicates the grounds on
which we have removed this species from the genus Brissopsis, in which it was originally
placed by d’Archiac and Haime. The shape of the test, with the upper surface
arching direct from the margin (which, though rounded, is thin and not tumid), together

282
208 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

with the flat actinal surface, present a facies widely different from that of Brissopsis.
The character of the ambulacral petals is different; and the form of the peripetalous
fasciole appears to be more simple. The drawings of the species given in the ‘ Animaux
fossiles’ are not good, and appear to have misled Desor to place the form in the
genus Prenaster, an error which has been subsequently repeated by de Loriol.
Variations. In examining a large number of specimens from different localities a
considerable amount of variation may be observed. ‘This chiefly affects the form of
the test only; and although the modified characters may possibly have, to a certain
extent, a local significance, we do not consider that they demand any further recognition
than a notice of their occurrence, as intermediate connecting-links with a central type-
form may readily be traced. The extremes of this range of variations may be said to
be :—(1) a form in which the breadth is greater and the height is less in proportion
to the length of the test than in the central type—the result being a comparatively
depressed and more rotundly oval form ; and (2) a form in which these proportions are
reversed, the breadth being less and the height being greater in relation to the length,
the general aspect of the test being consequently more elongate, with the abactinal
surface higher and more arched or subconoid in character when seen in profile. The

wider and more rotund variety is usually of larger size, and appears to be abundant at

280 G 280

the collecting-stations designated with the Survey-numbers *~ and 37, whilst the
8 g y 118 Ille
G 280

more elongate and higher form seems to be best represented at station —3,-.

 

 

 

Dimensions.
G 280 G 280 G 280 G 280 4280, G280 G 280
Song Tg ie “ae * te Soe we 6
millim. millim. millim. millim. millim. millim. millim.
Length of the test . 34 34 32°5 32°5 30 24°5 17
Breadth of the test . 31:5 30°5 30-5 28°5 26 22 14
Height of the test . 19:5 (15:5 15 15 17 14 8:75

Localities. In the Khirthar series of strata :—

i. Lowest scarp under Karothur hill, eight miles east-north-east of Jangshdahi (at

280
the base of the group). Survey-number 4;,-.

ii. East of Jingshahi. Survey-number am

iii. Three or four miles south-south-east of Meting (at base of the scarp). Survey-
number tad

iv. Five miles east-fifteen-north of Ghatana Trig Station, near Jhimpir. Survey-

number %78°

106 *
v. Aongar hill scarp, east of Meting Railway-Station. Survey-number eed
vi. Limestone ridge, three or four miles south of Band Vero. Survey-number
G-280

“98
vii. North by east of Meting. Survey-number a
OF WESTERN SIND. 209

vill. On the Railway six miles south of Boldri. Survey-number -

ix. Picked up at Aongar hill, north of Jhirak (near the base of the group).

G 226
Survey-number 35°.

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XXXV.

Fig. 10. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
11. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
12. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
13. A portion of the abactinal surface, to show the apical disk and ambulacra:
magnified.
14. Abactinal view of the test of a young specimen: natural size.
15. Actinal view of the same: natural size.
16. Longitudinal profile of the same: natural size.

2. Meratta scutirormis, d’Archiac, sp. Plate XXXVI, Figs. 1-5.
Brissopsis scutiformis, @Archiac (1850), Hist. des progrés de la Géol. t. iii. p. 261.
Brissopsis ? scutiformis, d’ Archiac g Haime (1853), Deserip. An. foss. de VInde, p. 219, pl. xv, figs. 5a, b.

MM. d’Archiac and Haime diagnosed the single specimen of this species known
to them as follows :—

Body depressed, scarcely longer than broad, slightly expanded laterally in the
median region, a little more elevated behind than in front, subbilobed anteriorly,
feebly truncate posteriorly ; apical disk almost central, odd anterior ambulacrum forming
a wide and tolerably well-defined groove, granulated, pores distinct; petaloid ambu-
lacra straight, narrow, tolerably large and sulciform, the lateral petals longer and more
excavated than the posterior; poriferous zones tolerably broad, distinctly straight,
subcostulate, twice as broad as the interporiferous area; pores very large and closely
placed ; peripetalous fasciole scarcely sinuous, and then only a little in front, rather
irregular, touching the extremity of the petals. Lateral interambulacral areas much
broader than the anterior, and especially than the posterior. Anus marginal ; periproct
large, rounded, a little higher than wide. Inferior disk almost flat, inflated along the
median line in front of the anus; mouth situate at four elevenths of the major diameter
from the anterior margin; peristome subelliptical; some peristomial ambulacral pores
are noticeable. The only individual known was much rubbed; its length is a little
more than 5 centimetres; its breadth 3 or 4 millim. less, and its height 2 centimetres.

No mention is made by d’Archiac and Haime of the large, complete, reniform
subanal fasciole, enclosing about ten pairs of pores on either side of the subanal
pastron, and with very well-defined radiating lines of tubercles in relation to the pores,
with which this species is ornamented. The outline of the peripetalous fasciole is very
incorrectly represented in the figure given in the ‘ Animaux fossiles’ (plate xv, fig. 5 a).
This fasciole really passes in a straight, unflexed line diagonally across the anterior
interradia, and is bent with a sharp angle at the extremity of the antero-lateral petal ;
210 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

after passing inward for some distance it is then abruptly bent to follow a line parallel
with the margin of the petal, and this course is continued until near the inner third of
the petal, when the fasciole is bent sharply backwards to cross the lateral interradia,
passing finally round the extremity of the posterior petal and across the odd posterior
interradium.

Remarks. Although there are a number of examples of this species in the
collection from different localities, not a single one unfortunately is well-preserved, and
nearly all are greatly weather-worn and damaged. We are consequently unable to add
anything further to the foregoing observations. The species is readily distinguishable
from its near ally M. Sowerbyi by the different form, and in having the posterior part
of the test higher than the anterior, by the different proportions of the petaloid
ambulacra, and by the different form of the peripetalous fasciole, which is deeply
reentrant in the lateral interradia and unbent in the anterior interradia. A young
example 18°5 millim. long exhibits all the characters of the larger specimens. It is of
interest to remark that in no case hitherto have MZ. Sowerbyi and WM. scutiformis been
found associated at the same locality.

Dimensions.
a. b. C. d. é. f.
millim. millim. millim. millim. millim. millim.
Length of the test . 46-48 42 AL‘5 Al . 40 18-5
Breadth of the test . 40:5 38 37 36 33°5 16
Height of the test . 23:5 18 ? (crushed) 18-5 22 19 10

Localities. In the Khirthar series of strata :—

i. North-east of Kale-ka-Kta, seven miles south-east of Trak. Survey-number
@ 302

127
ii. Mairi valley, south of Teyén. Survey-number etd

iii. Exact locality not known (presented), said to be near Kotri, probably the hills

: G 280
west of Kotri. Survey-number 477.
& 280

iv. Near Meting Railway-Station. Survey-number 437.
v. Kethir-ka-lak (pass), east side of Sarjana range. Survey-number aia

vi. Hight or nine miles south by west of Jangri, and east of the Strjéna range.

@ 280
Survey-number —--

vii. Twenty-four miles west of Kotri (entering the hills on the road to Bila

4 G 280
Khan’s Thana). Survey-number =~.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXXVI.

Fig. 1. Abactinal view of the test : natural size.
2. Actinal view of the test of another specimen: natural size.
3. J.ongitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
OF WESTERN SIND. 211

Fig. 4. The apical disk: magnified.
5. A portion of the abactinal surface, to show the antero-lateral petal and
the fasciole: magnified.

3. Merauta scutirormis (?) var. RoruNDA, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXXVI, Figs. 6 & 7.

There is in the collection a single large specimen of a much-weathered test, the
outline and general facies of which are alone observable, all detail being either obscured
or destroyed. This form we place provisionally as a variety of UW. scutiformis, though
it is quite possible that better material might warrant its recognition as a distinct
species.

The marginal contour of the test is more rotund and more prominently expanded
laterally than in the normal form of the type species. The length of the test was
probably very little greater than the breadth, but the exact proportions are obliterated
in consequence of some crushing at the posterior extremity having produced a distor-
tion, which extends also on the actinal surface. Seen in longitudinal profile the
characteristic prominence of the odd posterior interradium is conspicuous, and the
general outline of the abactinal surface conforms closely with that of WZ. scutiformis.
The antero-lateral petals are equal to or slightly longer than the posterior pair, and
the furrow of the odd anterior ambulacrum is very shallow.

Dimensions. The length of the test (crushed) is 50°5 millim., the breadth
49-5 millim., and the height 23 millim.

Locality. In the Khirthar series. Stmbak Hill, south-west of the Vero plain.

: oy & 226
Survey-number ~;5-.

i

Illustrations of the Specimen in Plate XXXVI.

Fig. 6. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
7. Outline of the longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.

4, Merauia DEPRESSA, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXXVI, Figs. 8-10.

Test of medium size. Marginal contour ovally subhexagonal, prominently ex-
panded laterally, slightly indented anteriorly by the anteal sulcus, broadly truncate
posteriorly. The greatest breadth is slightly anterior to the centre, and is about nine
tenths of the length, or in the proportion of 0°91: 1. The dorsal surface is depressed,
its convexity being of slight elevation; the apical summit of the test is excentric in
front, and corresponds with the apical disk, the height being rather more than two
fifths of the length. When seen in longitudinal profile the slope on either side in the
neighbourhood of the apex is very slight; a distance away anteriorly, however, a well-
developed curve passes rapidly to the margin and forms a full and well-rounded anterior
extremity. The posterior slope is very slight until close to the margin, where it is
abruptly rounded at the truncate posterior extremity. The transverse profile shows a
uniform convex curve, slightly flattened laterally. The actinal surface appears to have
been almost flat, and is well rounded at the margins.
Lo
par
no

THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

The apical disk is excentric in front, its distance from the anterior margin being
about three eighths of the longitudinal diameter of the test. The four generative pores
are very closely placed, the posterior pair being slightly wider apart than the anterior
pair. The five ocular pores are remarkable for their large size, being quite equal to
the generative pores. The pore corresponding to the odd anterior ambulacrum is
placed in front of the anterior pair of generative pores, forming with them a triangle.
The posterior pair of ocular pores are very wide apart, being separated by the extensive
prolongation of the central madreporiform body; and the position of each of these
pores is in a line with the two generative pores on its own side of the median line and
the odd anterior ocular pore; there being thus two converging lines of four pores,
counting the odd anterior pore twice. The lateral pair of ocular pores are external to
the anterior pair of generative pores. .

The groove of the odd anterior ambulacrum is very shallow and feebly defined.
The poriferous zones are straight, with the pores very minute and the pairs compara-
tively closely placed.

The petaloid ambulacra are comparatively short and are sunken in deep grooves,
the margins of which are rounded or bevelled, as it were, on to the general area of the
interradia. The anterior pair are slightly longer than the posterior pair; they proceed
in a straight line from the apex towards the margin, are very widely divergent, and
subtend an angle of about 130°. The posterior petals inclose an angle of about 52°,
are rather shorter than the anterior, and their course is straight from the apex towards
the margin. The poriferous zones of the petaloid ambulacra are wide, straight, and
equal, with pores transversely oval, wide apart, and united by a well-defined conjugating
groove, adjacent pairs and grooves being separated by narrow cost bearing a series of
small ill-defined granules. The poriferous zones diminish slightly in breadth at the
extremities, but in the case of the anterior zones of the anterior pair of petals the
decrease in size at the apical extremity is considerable and rapid, seven or eight pairs
being almost entirely aborted. Furthermore, a few pairs are aborted in all the zones
at the apical extremity, which gives a singular and disconnected appearance to the
apical disk. The interporiferous areas are narrow, and their width is less than the
distance of the pores apart.

The peristome is large and more excentric in front than the apical disk, but
unfortunately the neighbouring portions of the test are destroyed and no further obser-
vations are possible.

The periproct is large, subcircular, and placed at the extreme summit of the
posterior extremity, the diameter of the aperture being nearly equal to half the appa-
rent depth. At the sides of the aperture the test is more coarsely tuberculated than
the general surface of the interradia ; and beneath the periproct, where a slight depres-
sion occurs, there is some coarse and widely spaced tuberculation also.

Two fascioles are present—peripetalous and subanal. The peripetalous fasciole is
only slightly sinuous in the lateral interradia, where a sharp, short, double bend at
right angles takes place near the middle of the anterior column of plates of the inter-
radium. Within the boundary of the fasciole some large isolated tubercles are present
OF WESTERN SIND. 213

in the interambulacral areas, the greatest number being found on either side of the odd
anterior ambulacrum, where they are also comparatively smaller and more grouped
than elsewhere. In the lateral interradia there are a considerable number on the flank
of the groove of the postero-lateral petal, where several transverse lines of two, three,
or even four tubercles are placed. Similar, but less numerous, tubercles occur on the
other flank of the posterior petals and on each of the flanks of the anterior pair. There
are also a few large tubercles outside the fasciole in the lateral interradia, appearing
like a continuation of those on the posterior flank of the antero-lateral petal. Similarly
a few smaller tubercles are found outside the fasciole on either side of the median
suture of the odd posterior interradium. The subanal fasciole is very wide and sub-
reniform ; the length of the subanal plastron, or, in other words, its measurement along
the longitudinal axis of the test, not being more than one fourth of its width or trans-
verse measurement. Six or seven pairs of ambulacral pores are included on either side
of the area, and the tubercles which ornament the plastron are large, distinct, and
more or less definite in their arrangement.

The general ornamentation of the test on the abactinal surface is small, uniform,
and crowded, becoming larger and more distinct at the margins, where it is also sub-
lineal in arrangement; on the actinal surface it is much larger and more widely spaced,
but unfortunately very little detail remains on the latter region of the specimen under
notice.

Remarks. This species is so well distinguished, either from M. Sowerbyi or M. scu-
tiformis, by the general depression of the test, by the different marginal contour,
ambulacral petals, fascioles, and ornamentation, that it appears superfluous to compare
these points seriatim.

Dimensions. Length of the test 41°5 millim., breadth 38 millim., height 17°5
millim.

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata: East of Band Vero, north-west of

G 226

Kotri. Survey-number 4--.

Iilustrations of the Species in Plate XXXVI.

Fig. 8. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
9. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
10. A portion of the abactinal surface, to show the apical disk, the
ambulacral petals, and the fasciole: magnified.

5. METALIA AGARICIFORMIS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXXVI, Figs. 11-14.

The collection contains several specimens of Metalia, all unfortunately much
weathered and broken, but which we do not hesitate to place as a distinct species,
although, unfortunately, we are only able to give a very imperfect description. The
following are the characters which are noticeable.

The marginal contour of the test is subrotund, scarcely indented in front and faintly
truncate behind. The length and the breadth are subequal. The test is subdepressed,
and the greatest height, which is slightly excentric behind, is about equal to half the

2F
214 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

length ; the abactinal surface is convex and regularly arched from the apex to the
thin angular margins. Seen in longitudinal profile the anterior slope, which passes
through the apical disk, is rather less full and less rapid than the posterior slope, and
when seen in transverse profile the slightly prominent carination of the odd posterior
interradium is noticeable. On the actinal surface there is a very marked declivity or
inclination of the test around the peristome, especially anteriorly, which gives a remark-
able appearance to the species.

The apical disk is slightly excentric in front; the two anterior generative pores are
rather wide apart and separated by the odd anterior ocular plate; the posterior pair of
generative pores are rather wider apart than the anterior pair; and the posterior pair
of ocular pores are separated by the central madreporiform body. The ocular pores are
minute and almost microscopic.

The odd anterior ambulacrum lies in a very slight depression of the test, which
can scarcely be called a groove, and the grooves of the petaloid ambulacra are almost
as shallow and ill-defined; these latter appearing, however, to be rendered visible by
the slight tumidity, verging on carination, which occurs along the median line of the
interradia.

The anterior pair of petals are a little longer than the posterior pair, having two
or three more pairs of pores in each zone; they are very widely divergent, sub-
tending an angle of about 160°, and the general course of the petal is almost straight
from the apex towards the margin, although a certain appearance of curvature is pro-
duced by the rapid abortion of the seven or eight terminal pairs of pores at the apical
extremity of the anterior zones. The pores in each zone are equal, transversely oval,
and wide apart; the pores of a pair are united by a conjugating furrow, and adjacent
pairs separated by divisional coste, and the width of the interporiferous area is about
equal to the distance of the pores apart. In the posterior petals two or three pairs of
pores are aborted in each zone at the apical extremity, and the succeeding pores are
smaller, increasing in size more gradually in the posterior zone than in the anterior
zone, producing the appearance of more extended abortion; but the character is much
less conspicuous than in the anterior zones of the anterior pair of petals. The posterior
pair of petals subtend an angle of about 40°.

The peristome is excentric in front and situated in a well-defined and rather deep
depression of the test ; the anterior lip is semicircular ; the posterior lip is unfortunately
destroyed. The five or six terminal pores of each ambulacral zone near the peristome
are large and situated in cavities, and form in each ambulacrum a pair of uniserial
lines of pores, which diverge apart as they approach the peristome.

The position and character of the periproct is undeterminable, as the upper part of
the posterior extremity is wanting.

The posterior peak of the actinal plastron is rather prominent, and the longitudinal
diameter of the subanal plastron appears to have been small, probably about one fourth
of the transverse diameter. About four pairs of ambulacral pores are present on either
side of this plastron, although no trace of the subanal fasciole, whose presence is thus
demonstrated, can be made out.
OF WESTERN SIND. 215

The peripetalous fasciole is obliterated, as well as the whole of the ornamentation
of the abactinal surface.

Remarks. This form is readily distinguished from the species previously described
by the shape of the test, both in marginal outline and in the character of the abactinal
surface, by the structure of the anterior pair of petals, by the thin angular margin, and
by the depression around the peristome. There appears to be some variation in the
position of the apical summit of the test, which in one specimen at least corresponds
with the position of the apical disk; and there is also in the same example a slight
curvature near the apex in the anterior zone of the posterior petals, which causes them
to have a rather thicker appearance than in the test we have described above.

Dimensions. The largest specimen measures 30°5 millim. in length, 30 millim. in
breadth, and 15 millim. in height.

Localities. In the Khirthar series of strata:—i. Three or four miles south-south-
east of Meting (at base of the scarp). Survey-number cea
ii. Aongar-hill scarp, east of Meting Railway-station (base of scarp). Survey-

G 280
99* °

 

number

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXXVI.

Fig. 11. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
12. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
13. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
14. A portion of the abactinal surface, to show the apical disk and the
ambulacral petals: magnified.

6. Metauta, sp. Plate XXXVI, Figs. 15 & 16.

There is a single test of a Metalia in the collection, which unquestionably belongs
to an undescribed species ; but its state of preservation is so bad that a proper diagnosis
is impossible, and we have consequently refrained from giving it a name until better
material is available. Two drawings of the specimen have been given to facilitate
future identification, and the following details are all that can be observed.

The marginal contour is rotund, rather angularly expanded laterally, the greatest
breadth nearly equal to the length. The anterior margin is sharply indented by a well-
defined anteal sulcus, and the posterior extremity is slightly truncate. The greatest
height of the test is thrown far forward close to the anterior margin, so that in the
longitudinal profile the anterior extremity is seen to be a very steep and almost preci-
pitous incline, passing with a rapid and sharply rounded curve from the dorsal surface.
The posterior slope is long and even, forming a gradual incline to the posterior
extremity. The abactinal surface is much depressed, the greatest height being two
fifths of the length, and the margins are thin and sharply rounded.

The apical disk is excentric in front, but much less so than the apical summit.
All the structure is destroyed.

The odd anterior ambulacrum is situated in a deep and sharply defined groove,

2F2
216 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

which disappears, however, at the apex. The petaloid ambulacra are in moderately
deep grooves, those of the posterior pair having a scooped-out appearance in conse-
quence of the greater depression midway between the extremities. The anterior pair
of petals are longer than the posterior pair; they proceed straight from the apex
towards the margin, and are very nearly horizontal, the angle subtended being about
155°. The poriferous zones are broad; the pores large, equal, oval, united by a conju-
gating groove, and the pairs separated by ridge-like coste. There is a very sudden and
great abortion of the seven or eight terminal pairs of the anterior zone at the apex of
the anterior petals, and two or three pairs are aborted in the companion zone. In the
posterior pair of petals about two pairs of pores are aborted in the anterior zone and
three pairs in the posterior zone. The interporiferous areas are narrow, their width
being not greater than the distance of the pores apart in the poriferous zones, and the
areas in the posterior petals are perhaps a shade narrower than in the anterior petals.

A great portion of the actinal surface is obscured by matrix; such portions, how-
ever, as are exposed lead to the supposition that the ambulacral areas on the actinal
surface were in slight depressions, whilst the intervening interradial areas were
slightly tumid.

Traces are discernible of the peripetalous and of the subanal fascioles; the latter
was of wide extension, and included four or five pairs of ambulacral pores on either
side.

Traces of the ornamentation may be seen on the abactinal surface near the margin,
where the miliary tubercles appear moderately large and distinct ; and along the flanks
of the groove of the odd anterior ambulacrum the tuberculation is larger than the
general miliary tuberculation. As usual, the tubercles are much larger on the actinal
surface ; and there was probably in this species some rather coarse granulation in the
ambulacral areas on either side of the actinal plastron.

Dimensions. Length of the test 40 millim., breadth 38°5 millim., height 16 millim.

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata: Near Meting Railway-station. Survey-

G 280

number “Te

Illustrations of the Specimen in Plate XXXVI.

Fig. 15. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
16. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.

7. Metauia, sp. Plate XXXVI, Fig. 17.

There is a single and much weathered fragment of a test which we consider to
belong to a species of Metalia distinct from any of the foregoing. The fragmentary
and badly preserved state of the fossil render the specimen insufficient -for specific
diagnosis; hence, until better examples are forthcoming, we limit our reference to this
species to the following brief remarks.

‘Lhe most striking feature of the fragment consists in the long straight postero-
lateral ambulacral petals, which are placed in well-defined but not very deep depressions,
and are equal to or even slightly longer than the anterior pair. The poriferous zones
OF WESTERN SIND. 217

are very wide, and the interporiferous areas remarkably narrow, being little, if at all,
wider than the divisional coste which separate the widely spaced and conjugate pairs
of pores. Two or three pairs of pores are aborted at the apical extremity of each zone.
The apical disk is excentric in front; the ocular pores are in sunken cavities, and the
posterior pair are separated by the posterior extension of the madreporiform body.
The posterior pair of generative pores are larger and wider apart than the anterior pair.
The apical summit of the test apparently coincided with the apical disk; and the pos-
terior slope of the test, when seen in longitudinal profile, is very slight, the posterior
extremity being high and thick; the margins also are thick, and somewhat tumid for
this genus. The peripetalous fasciole is narrow, and was probably devoid of any sinuous
bend in the lateral interradia; and there appear to be traces of a few large isolated
tubercles on the flanks of the ambulacral grooves. The subanal fasciole is extensive,
and includes seven or eight pairs of ambulacral pores on either side; and there are
traces of distinct grooves radiating inwards from the pores. The actinal plastron is
rather prominent at the posterior peak, and its outline inward is defined as the apex of
a triangle by the broad posterior ambulacral areas.

Perhaps the nearest alliances of this form are to IZ. Sowerby, from which, however,
it differs by the length and character of the posterior petals, as well as by the height
and thickness of the posterior extremity and the margins generally; moreover, the test
is much larger than that of IZ. Sowerbyi as at present known.

Dimensions. From the centre of the apical disk to the posterior extremity
30 millim., breadth rather more than 41 millim., height 24 millim.

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata: Three or four miles north-east of

G 226

Jéangshdhi Railway-station. Survey-number =)’.

Illustration of the Specimen in Plate XXXVI.

Fig. 17. Abactinal view of the specimen: natural size.

Genus LINTHIA, Merian, 1853. —
(See anted, p. 17, Part i.)

1. Livtuta ortenTAaLis, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXXVII, Figs. 7-14. °

Test of medium size. Marginal contour rotundly subcordiform, widely expanded
laterally, the breadth being slightly greater than the length, deeply indented anteriorly
by the anteal sulcus, contracting behind the line of greatest breadth towards the pos-
terior extremity, which is slightly truncate. The abactinal surface is convex, more or
less inflated, and deeply incised by the ambulacral grooves. The greatest height of the
test, which is slightly excentric posteriorly, lies on the keel of the odd posterior inter-
radium, and is nearly equal to two thirds of the length, or in the proportion of 0°64: 1.
Seen in longitudinal profile the anterior slope is steep and rapid, the lateral interradia
are slightly keeled and prominent at the apex, and the posterior portion of the profile,
218 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

which is formed by the odd posterior interradium, is convex, well arched, curving with
a well-rounded bend to the summit of the high, truncate posterior extremity. The
actinal surface is slightly convex, caused by a faint tumidity in the actinal plastron ;
and there is a slight depression in front of the peristome. The margins are full
and tumid.

The apical disk is slightly excentric in front, and has four generative and five
ocular plates; the anterior pair of generative plates are separated by the odd anterior
ocular plate; the posterior pair of generative plates and pores are slightly larger and
wider apart than the anterior pair, to which they are very closely placed; the posterior
pair of ocular plates stand immediately beneath, and are separated by the posterior
prolongation of the central madreporiform body.

The odd anterior ambulacrum is placed in a wide, deep, and well-defined groove,
which extends from the apex, deeply indents the margin, and is continued below the
ambitus as a shallow channel reaching up to the peristome, the anterior interradial
areas in the actinal surface being somewhat tumid in relation to this groove of the odd
anterior ambulacrum. On the abactinal surface this groove is of very uniform width
from the apex to the margin, and its floor has a comparatively flat appearance. The
poriferous zones are straight and parallel, except near the apex, where they converge.
The pores are very minute, those of a pair being placed in a small oval cavity, the
series of these giving the zone the appearance of being composed of large single pores.
The interporiferous area is wide, and is ornamented with a few very minute and errati-
cally placed granules, which are of two sizes, the smaller being more numerous and more
crowded. The petaloid ambulacra are comparatively long and straight, placed in deep,
sharply-defined grooves, which contract rather rapidly at the apical extremity, and also,
but in a less degree, at the outer extremity, where the groove shallows gradually. The
anterior pair of petals are slightly longer than the posterior pair, and extend straight
from the apex nearly to the margin ; they are widely divergent, and subtend an angle
of about 135°. The poriferous zones are broad, and occupy the flanks of the grooves.
The pores are subequal, and transversely oval, rather wide apart, and united by a very
broad conjugating groove, adjacent pairs being separated with ridge-like divisional
cost, which bear a single series of small, ill-defined granules. The pairs of pores are
comparatively rather widely spaced. The pores of a pair diminish in size and distance
apart as they approach the apex, and also, but to a less extent, at the outer extremity.
The interporiferous area is a shade wider than the poriferous zone, and is only about
half the width of the same area in the odd anterior ambulacrum ; it appears to have
been smooth, as no trace of miliary granulation is to be found in the specimens at our
disposal. The posterior pair of petals are similar to the anterior pair, but are rather
shorter and rather more contracted towards the outer extremity; their course from the
apex towards the margin is straight, and they subtend an angle of about 54°. There
are 24 or 25 pairs of pores in a zone of the postero-lateral petals, and 29 or 30 pairs in
a zone of the antero-lateral petals.

All the interradia have a flatly tumid appearance, and become subcarinate near the
apical disk; the odd posterior interradium is more tumid than the others along the
OF WESTERN SIND. 219

median longitudinal line, and forms between the posterior pair of petals a well-
developed convex, hog-backed ridge.

The peristome is very excentric in front, nearer the anterior than the lateral
margins of the test; it is bilabiate, with the posterior lip broad, well arched, mode-
rately prominent and tumid, the anterior lip semicircular, and the neighbouring por-
tions of the test sloping inwards.

The periproct is of moderate size, transversely oval, and placed at the summit of
the posterior extremity, the upper margin being slightly overhung by the test, and the
angle of truncation of the posterior extremity is slightly directed inwards, which gives
an overhanging character to the whole extremity; beneath the periproct there is a
slight concavity in the test, which causes some tumidity to appear on either side of the
extremity near the margin. .

There are two well-developed fascioles on the test—one peripetalous, and the other
latero-subanal. The peripetalous fasciole is very sinuous; it crosses the groove of the
odd anterior ambulacrum a short distance above the ambitus, traverses the anterior
interradia with a concave curve, bends sharply round the antero-lateral petals, and
after proceeding for a short distance beyond their extremity, is bent at right angles to
run parallel with the groove nearly up to the inner fourth of the petal; it is then again
bent at right angles, and proceeds nearly parallel with the longitudinal axis of the test
until it curves sharply round the extremity of the postero-lateral petal, and passes far
up into the odd posterior interradium with a deeply reentering curve to cross the keel
and pursue a similar course on the other side of the test. The latero-subanal fasciole
joins the peripetalous fasciole at its sharp angular bend behind the extremity of the
antero-lateral petal, and proceeds thence in a direct course backwards and downwards
towards the posterior extremity, and passes beneath the periproct.

The ornamentation on the abactinal surface is small, crowded, and comparatively
uniform, consisting of small primary tubercles with mamelons and disk-like scrobicules,
and with small, uniform, widely spaced, and irregularly disposed miliary granules in the
interspaces. On the actinal surface the primary tubercles are much larger and more
widely spaced, and the intervening miliary granules are more numerous and crowded.

Remarks. This species has some resemblance to the Egyptian form Linthia
cavernosa described by de Loriol; but the Indian species is more widely expanded
laterally, and has much more deeply and definitely grooved ambulacra, and also
appears to be more tumid posteriorly. The forms are probably representative species.
Linthia orientalis has likewise some affinity with L. Ybergensis of de Loriol, from the
Numuwulitic of Switzerland, but is distinguished by its more depressed test, by the
narrower petals placed in more sharply defined grooves, by the more excentric apex,
and by the different characters of the posterior extremity and marginal contour.

As illustrative of the elasticity of form in this species, we have given drawings of
two remarkable monstrosities, in both of which an oblique development of parts has
taken place. The smaller of the two examples is also peculiar on account of its high
and conical abactinal surface, the longitudinal profile simulating in outline that of some

forms of Conoclypeus.
220 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Dimensions. The largest specimen measures 45 millim. in length, with greatest
breadth 46 millim. and height 29 millim. The antero-lateral petals are 21 millim. in
length, and the postero-lateral 18 millim.; the greatest breadth of the latter is 5 millim.,
or a shade less.

Localities. In the Khirthar series of strata:—i. Rois Hill, near Damaj, south of

Bila Khan. Survey-number pees
ii. Baili, west of Tong. Survey-number ss

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XX XVII.

Fig. 7. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
8. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
9. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
10. Odd anterior ambulacrum: magnified.
11. Portion of one of the petaloid ambulacra: magnified.
12. Apical disk: magnified.
13, Abactinal view of an abnormal unsymmetrical test: natural size.
14. Abactinal view of another abnornal unsymmetrical test: natural size.

Genus SCHIZASTER, Agassiz, 1836.

(See anted, p. 86, Part ii.)

1. ScHizasTER SyMMETRICUS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXXVII, Figs. 15-21.

Test of small or medium size. Marginal contour oval, elongate, deeply indented
anteriorly by the anteal sulcus, rather more contracted towards the posterior extremity,
which is subrostrate, and more or less protuberant. The abactinal surface is not very
high, and when seen in longitudinal profile forms a well-arched curve, sloping gently
from the highest point, which is excentric posteriorly, to the anterior extremity, which
is thick and tumid. Immediately behind the highest point, the outline is slightly
curved, and is then abruptly truncate obliquely at a steep angle of inclination, which
extends to the ambitus, the area thus formed being more or less concave; beneath
the ambitus the inferior margin of the posterior extremity is rounded off to merge into
the actinal surface, and is tumid and protuberant. ‘The sides of the test are tumid, and
the actinal surface convex.

The apical disk is almost subcentral, or very slightly excentric posteriorly. There
are only two generative pores, which are very large, and borne on hexagonal plates,
which correspond with the postero-lateral interradia. ‘The anterior pair of generative
pores are aborted. The ocular plates are subpentagonal, and the posterior pair are
separated by the central madreporiform body.

The odd anterior ambulacrum is situated in a wide and deeply excavated
groove, the floor of which is but slightly rounded, and is bounded by the high thin
ridge-like keels of the anterior interradia. The poriferous zones are placed in the
OF WESTERN SIND. 991

rounding which unites the floor and the sides of the groove; the pores are small, and
have a tendency to become slit-like, especially the inner series. The pores of a pair
are separated by a high, prominent, pedunculated granule, which has a slight inclination
towards the outer pore in the direction of the apex; and the pairs of pores are situated
in faint oblique depressions. All the pairs are well spaced throughout the zone, but
are closer at the apical extremity. ‘The interporiferous area is ornamented with a few
minute and widely spaced miliary granules, amongst which a few larger ones are occa-
sionally to be found. The anterior pair of ambulacral petals are large, wide, petaloid,
situated in deep well-defined grooves, and are rather divergent for the genus. The
anterior poriferous zone is bent with a graceful sigmoid curve, and the companion
posterior zone is abruptly rounded at a short distance from the apical disk. The
poriferous zones in the middle of the petal are very broad; and the pores are wide
apart and slit-like: they are indistinctly conjugate, and adjacent pairs are separated by
a very low and scarcely definite costa, which does not appear to extend beyond the inner
half of the zone, or, in other words, only the inner series of pores are separated by
it. The interporiferous area is much narrower than the width of the poriferous zone,
and is devoid of ornamentation.

The posterior pair of petals are small, elliptical or subpyriform in outline, with
their outer extremity well rounded, and the apical extremity rapidly contracting toa
point. The course of the petal from the apex towards the margin is straight, and with
no tendency to flexure, and the petals are separated only by the thin narrow ridge of
the odd posterior ambulacrum. ‘The poriferous zones are similar in character to those
of the anterior petals, but the inner series of pores form a straight line, whilst the
outer form the well-developed curve which defines the outline of the petal. There are
19 pairs of pores in a zone of the posterior petals against 24 pairs in the anterior petals,
the ambulacral plates being smaller and the pairs of pores much closer together in the
former.

The paired interradial areas have all their plates on the abactinal surface more or
less gibbous, which produces a vertical series of knobby prominences in each of the
columns of interambulacral plates, and these are most conspicuous as they approach
the ambitus. On the inner portion of the anterior interradia the two series of promi-
nences become merged into one to form the thin, sharp, keel-like ridge that separates
the odd anterior groove from the antero-lateral petal; and at the apical extremity the
keel tapers off gradually to the level of the apical disk. There is a similar keel at the
apical extremity of the lateral interradia, but it is short, narrow, flat on the upper
surface, and likewise tapers down to the level of the apical disk. The keel of the odd
posterior interradium, which is narrow, rather high and ridge-like, gradually expands
and disappears over the summit of the oblique posterior truncation. The general area
of this truncation is concave, and the margins on the lower half are defined by
gibbosities on the plates, which are also present on the plates of the tumid inferior

prominence beneath.
The periproct is comparatively small, vertically elliptical, and is placed at the

summit of the concave posterior truncation.
26
222 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

The peristome is very excentric in front; the regions of the ambulacra on the
actinal surface are conspicuously naked ; and the actinal plastron is more or less tumid,
and becomes gibbous at the culminating point posteriorly. The figure of the abactinal
surface given on the Plate is considerably restored from a very badly crushed example,
- the detail of which is only preserved fragmentarily.

There are two fascioles present—a peripetalous and a latero-subanal. The peri-
petalous fasciole is broad, and closely embraces the ambulacral petals, crossing the
anterior interradia at a short distance external to the apparent bifurcation of the
gibbous keel, and bisecting the groove of the odd anterior ambulacrum just before the
rounding of the anterior margin commences. The lateral fasciole is a very thin, narrow
band, which joins the peripetalous fasciole behind the extremity of the antero-lateral
petals, crosses the lateral interradia through the two uppermost prominent gibbosities,
and passes thence beneath the periproct, traversing the inferior margin of the concave
area.

The ornamentation on the abactinal surface is uniformly small, excepting along
the inner flanks of the keels which bound the odd anterior groove, where some larger
tubercles are present. On all the gibbose plates of the interradia the tuberculation is
smallest at the summit of the prominence, and increases in size as it recedes therefrom.
All the ornamentation increases in size and in distance apart as it approaches the
ambitus, especially in the anterior region; and the primary tubercles become larger
and widely spaced on the margins of the actinal surface. On the actinal plastron a
more or less definite arrangement of lines radiating from the culminating point is
maintained ; the size of the tubercles increasing as they approach the peristome, those
near the culminating point being the smallest.

Remarks. It is not without hesitation that we have ranked this form as a
Schizaster—the subcentral apical disk, the comparatively divergent anterior petals,
and the rather long posterior petals being abnormal for the genus. On the other
hand, the deeply excavated ambulacra, the carinate keels of the interradia, the
character of the ornamentation, and of the apical disk are all more clearly allied to
Schizaster than to Linthia; and we have consequently placed the form in accordance
with what seem to us the sum of its affinities. In sequel to these remarks it is
interesting to note that S. symmetricus has rather a strong resemblance to Linthia
Navillei, described by de Loriol from Egypt, in so far as the shape of the test is
concerned; but the Indian species differs in being more depressed, in the shorter and
more precipitous truncation, in the depth and character of the ambulacral grooves,
and in the more excentric apical disk. We know of no species with which it can be
confounded, and it is very distinct from the other Indian forms.

Dimensions. Length of test 30:5 millim., breadth 28 millim., exact height inde-
terminable.

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata: Eight or nine miles south by west of

Jangri, and east of the Sarjana range. Survey-number =.
OF WESTERN SIND. 223

Llustrations of the Species in Plate XX XVII.

Fig. 15. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
16. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
17. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
18. The test seen from behind.
* 19. Odd anterior ambulacrum: magnified.
20. Portion of one of the petaloid ambulacra: magnified.
21. Apical disk: magnified.

2. ScHIZASTER SIMULANS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXXIV, Figs. 15 & 16.

There is a single badly-preserved and broken test of Schizaster in the collection,
which is so well marked that we have ventured to name it, although the condition of
the fossil is unsuitable for description, and our remarks are consequently limited to
such characters as may be observed.

The test is of medium size, having the marginal contour oval, deeply indented in
front, and rather contracted posteriorly. The apical disk is only slightly excentric
posteriorly. Seen in longitudinal profile, the greatest height occurs near to the
* posterior extremity, and the abactinal area slopes thence gradually to the compara-
tively thin anterior margin. The general character of the test is decidedly depressed
for the genus, and the margins are comparatively thin and almost angular in their
rounding. The groove of the odd anterior ambulacrum is deep and narrow. The
anterior pair of petaloid ambulacra are deep, wide, and well rounded at the outer
extremity, and contract gradually at the apical extremity; and the petals as a whole
are comparatively slightly curved, and rather widely divergent. The posterior pair of
petals are small, subelliptical in outline, and only slightly divergent, and are separated
by the ridge-like carination of the odd posterior interradium.

The anterior and the lateral interradia are not prominently keeled, although their
narrowness at the apex, combined with the depth of the grooves of the petals, simulate
that appearance near the apical disk. From the point of greatest height the odd
posterior carination is abruptly rounded to the posterior extremity, where the test is
prominent and overhangs the periproct. This aperture is placed at the summit of the
high posterior truncation ; the area beneath is more or less incurved, and the inferior
margin of the extremity, which is sharply rounded, is not quite vertically beneath the
prominence of the superior or dorsal portion of the extremity, but is slightly less pro-
minent and nearer the centre, and the general plane of truncation consequently trends
inwards. The comparatively broad actinal surface is more or less tumid along the
longitudinal line, the actinal plastron being convex. The peripetalous fasciole closely
embraces the ambulacral petals, entering deeply into the lateral interradia. The latero-
subanal fasciole is very high in position, passing with a convex curve at a high level,
almost into the interpetalous area of the lateral interradia.

. Remarks. Notwithstanding the scanty details enumerated above, they are sufficient
to indicate that the Schizaster in question is clearly distinct from any of the other
262
224 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Indian forms; and although we hesitate from drawing definite comparisons with
western species, we venture to believe that when more perfect specimens are studied,
and such comparisons are possible, S. simulans will prove to be readily distinguishable.
Dimensions. Length of the test 40°5 millim., breadth 37 millim., height about
24°65 millim.
Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata: Baili, west of Téng. Survey-number
6304

“33°
Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXXIV.
Fig. 15. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.

16. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.

3. ScHIZASTER BaLucHIsTaNeEnsis, @ Archiac & Haime.

We refer to this species a single small test of Schizaster, the preservation of which
is, however, so bad as to be quite unfitted for illustration, and the determination is.
based entirely upon its general form and character. As the species occurs in other
strata, and has been noticed by us in the description of the Fossil Echinoidea of Kachh
and Kattywar, further remarks are here unnecessary.

The Khirthar example is of small size, its length being about 28 millim.

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata: Pijana lak (pass), east side of Hothian

Hill. Survey-number a

4. Scuizaster(?), sp. Plate XXXVI, Figs. 20 & 21.

There is a single badly preserved test in the collection which is unquestionably
distinct from any of the other Indian Echini, but the condition of the fossil is such
that any useful description is impossible, and we are in great doubt even as to its
generic position. The form has been placed provisionally as a Schizaster mainly on
account of the shortness of the posterior pair of petals and the apparent trend of the
anterior pair. There appear also to be indications suggestive of the former presence
of a fasciole passing below the periproct, but this statement is purely conjectural. As
no useful remarks are possible on such an unintelligible fossil, it is obviously necessary
to await the receipt of more perfect specimens before any specific diagnosis can be
given; meanwhile the figures of the fossil in question contained in Plate XXXVI. will
serve for the identification of the form.

Dimensions. Length of the test 50 millim., breadth 45 millim., height 32°5 millim.

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata: About seven miles north-east of Bila

G 226

Khan’s Thana, Survey-number 47>.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXXVI.

Fig. 20. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
21. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.

There is another test, equally indeterminable, from the same locality; it is of
OF WESTERN SIND. 225

much smaller size, only 17 millim. in length, and may or may not belong to the same
species. From what can be observed of its shape, however, we are inclined to think
that it is probably the young of the same form as the larger test noticed above.

Genus MOIRA, A. Agassiz, 1872.

There is a fairly well-preserved fragment of a test unquestionably belonging to
this genus included in the collection of Echinoidea from the Khirthar series of strata
in Sind. From the appearance of the matrix, however, we have very strong doubts as
to the accuracy of the assignment of this fossil to the Nummulitic series, and would
urge caution before it is definitely included as a member of the Khirthar fauna. If,
however, the horizon accredited to the specimen under notice be correct, this fragment
is interesting as being the earliest representative of the genus with which we are
acquainted.

A species of Moira (M. antiqua, nobis) occurs abundantly in the Miocene strata of
Kachh, and has recently been described by us in our work on the Tertiary Fossil
Echinoidea of that province. The present form is specifically distinct; but we are
unfortunately unable to furnish a complete diagnosis, as little more than one side and
a portion of the abactinal surface of our specimen remains. Our description is neces-
sarily limited to the few striking characters preserved, and is in a large measure
comparative, having reference to the Miocene form.

1. Morra primava, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXXV, Figs. 1-3.

Test rather small, marginal contour decidedly oviform; the test being longer and
more contracted, and more definitely pointed posteriorly than in JZ. antiqua. Further-
more the test is not so widely expanded laterally behind the anterior petals, and is
more gradually contracted anteriorly. The dorsal height appears to be less, and the
curvature of the abactinal surface less bombous in its slope to the anterior margin,
which is comparatively sharp and angular. The odd anterior ambulacrum forms a
very deep pit in front of the apical disk; and the upper margins of the groove are
comparatively wide apart, and appear to be less contracted as they approach the apex
than is the case in the Kachh form. ,

The grooves of the lateral petals are very narrow and slit-like, and do not become
wider at their distal extremity. The posterior pair appear to be proportionately longer
in relation to the anterior pair than in JZ. antiqua. Both pairs of petals are also rather
more divergent,—the anterior pair of grooves subtending an angle of about 108°, and the
posterior one of about 50°.

The characteristic lineal ornamentation of the genus is well preserved in our
specimen, and it is small and homogeneous.

Dimensions. The length of the test is 24 millim., and the height about 17 millim.

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata(?): Twenty-four miles west of Kotri

(entering the hills on the road to Bila Khan’s Thana). Survey-number i
226 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

(The matrix, which is arenaceous and of a grey colour, is altogether different
from that of any of the large series of specimens obtained from this locality; and it
appears almost unquestionable that the assignment of this specimen to the Khirthar
series results from an accident in labelling.)

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXXV.

Fig. 1. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
2. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
3. Ornamentation of the plates in the lateral interradium: magnified. |

Genus BRISSOPATAGUS, Cotteau, 1863.

Test of medium size, oval, moderately inflated above, almost flat beneath, sub-
carinate in the posterior region.

Ambulacral summit excentric in front. Anterior sulcus not defined on the dorsal
surface, but tolerably deep near the ambitus. Anterior pair of petals short, widely
divergent, curved, situated in wide subcircular depressions, which thin out anteriorly.
Posterior ambulacra more elongate, almost straight, subtending an acute angle.

Peristome excentric in front, semicircular.

Periproct elliptical, opening on the posterior extremity.

Fascioles ?

This remarkable genus, which was established by Cotteau for the reception of
two species—one from the Nummulitic strata of Biarritz and the other from Java, is
especially characterized by the peculiar curvature of the anterior pair of petals, and by
their position in wide, subcircular, shallow depressions or concavities of the test. A
third species has subsequently been described by Dames from the neighbourhood of
Verona.

The fossil from the Khirthar series of strata of Sind, which we are about to notice,
accords in all points with the generic diagnosis defined by Cotteau, but unfortunately
our example has suffered great damage from weather action, and the specific description
which we are able to furnish is consequently in some respects imperfect.

1. Brissopataeus Sinpensis, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXXVIII, Figs. 19-21.

Test of medium size, elongate; marginal contour a subpyriform heart-shape, faintly
indented anteriorly, the greatest breadth across a line lying in front of the centre, thence
tapering considerably to the subrostrate posterior extremity. The greatest breadth is
about four fifths of the length, or in the proportion of 0°79:1. Abactinal surface
subdepressed, flatly convex, arching from the rather abruptly rounded margins. The
odd posterior interradium is tumidly subcarinate, and the greatest height of the test
lies at a point midway between the outer extremities of the posterior petals and verti-
cally over the culminating point of the actinal plastron, the prominence of the latter
greatly augmenting the measurement, the height being here proportional to the length
as 0°45: 1.

The apical disk is excentric in front, its distance from the anterior margin being
OF WESTERN SIND. 227

about three eighths of the length of the test. All structure has entirely disappeared,
the test being very thin, and this portion is unfortunately quite worn away. .

The groove of the odd anterior ambulacrum is not defined until some distance
away from the apical disk; it then gradually presents itself as a wide, shallow, depressed
tract, which faintly, but distinctly, indents the anterior extremity, dying out just
below the ambitus, and not being continued on the actinal surface ; its floor appears to
have been naked, or with very minute granulation. The anterior pair of petals are
short, very widely divergent, of nearly uniform breadth throughout, and their course is
conspicuously curved, forming a distinct arc with the convexity backwards; each petal
is situated in a shallow subtriangular depression, or concavity of the test, which extends
over more than half of the anterior interradium, thinning out gradually towards the
front and the margin, and the deepest part being defined by the curved line of the
petal. The poriferous zones are broad, nearly uniform in breadth throughout, and run
parallel with one another; the pores are equal, transversely oval, wide apart, and united
by an indistinct conjugating furrow; the divisional septa, which are comparatively
broad, bore a few minute miliary granules in transverse line. The interporifeous area
is of uniform breadth throughout, and is narrower than the distance of the pores apart
in the poriferous zone. The posterior petals are longer than the anterior pair, are
straight in their course from the apex towards the margin, and subtend an angle of
about 42°; they are of almost uniform breadth throughout, which is equal to that of
the anterior pair of petals; the poriferous zones, which are of uniform breadth
throughout, run parallel to one another, and their structure is similar, and equal in
all respects, to that of the anterior pair of petals. The posterior petals are situated in
shallow depressions of the test, which extend and die out on the lateral interradia, and
are perhaps somewhat less definite than those in which the anterior pair of petals are
placed.
The anterior interradial areas appear tumid, or even with a tendency to become
subcarinate in their anterior zone which intervenes between the odd anterior groove
and the concavity of the test in which the antero-lateral petal is placed. The odd
posterior interradium is decidedly tumid, forming a low, widely expanded subcarinate
prominence along the median line, which slopes down to the depressed areas of the
postero-lateral petals, and in the posterior portion down to the margin.

The peristome is rather small, bilabiate, with the posterior lip tumid, and its
position is very excentric anteriorly.

The periproct is situate at the summit of the narrow posterior truncation, is com-
paratively large, and vertically subelliptical.

The actinal plastron develops a low angular carination along the median line, which
reaches a culminating point at about two thirds of the distance from the peristome to
the posterior extremity, and is thence faintly continued along this secondary or pseudo-
subanal plastron, dying out entirely, however, at the rounding which takes place at the
inferier margin of the posterior truncation. The secondary plastron is remarkable, and
wholly actinal in position; on either side are included six or more pairs of ambulacral
pores, from which may be inferred the former presence of a subanal fasciole, although
228 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

no traces of such a band are discernible in our specimen. There appear to have been
very broad naked areas corresponding to the postero-lateral ambulacral areas on either
side of the plastron.

The ornamentation of the test is all more or less destroyed; that on the abactinal
surface generally appears to have been small and homogeneous in character, whilst that
of the actinal area consisted of larger and more isolated tubercles in large scrobicules,
with a few minute miliary granules in the interspaces. Within the depressed areas,
wherein the petaloid ambulacra are placed, there are the remains of a few very large
primary tubercles, probably three’ or four in each, and no other similar ones are
present elsewhere on the test.

' In one of the lateral interradia there is a mark which occupies the probable
position of a peripetalous fasciole, but whether such a structure was originally present
we are quite unable to determine.

Remarks. Whilst the Indian form above described agrees in every particular with
the generic diagnosis formulated by Cotteau for Brissopatagus, it differs considerably
and unmistakably from each of the three species at present included therein.
B. Sindensis is readily distinguished from B. Cawmonti, Cotteau, by the more elongate
and posteriorly tapering test, by the wide and more shallow anterior groove, and by
the more elongate petals, as well as by the different ornamentation of the test. From
B. javanicus, Cotteau, the shape of the test and the proportions and character of the
ambulacra are alone sufficient to separate the Khirthar species. Finally, in B. Beyrichi,
Dames, the form of the test and position and relative proportions of the anterior and
posterior pairs of petals clearly indicate that the two species are undoubtedly distinct ;
although it seems probable that the Veronese form is the nearest ally of our Indian
example. Dames defines a well-marked peripetalous fasciole in his form, but in the
two species studied by Cotteau there is no indication of the presence of any fascioles ;
whilst in none of the three species has a subanal fasciole been observed. From the
foregoing remarks it will be seen that Brissopatagus Sindensis may or may not have
had a peripetalous fasciole, but that there is evidence, which almost amounts to con-
firmation, that a subanal fasciole was present.

Dimensions. Length of the test 39 millim., breadth 31 millim., height 17-5 millim.

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata: Baili, west of Téng. Survey-number

G 304

23
Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXXVIIL..

Fig. 19. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
20. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
21. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.

Genus BREYNIA, Desor, 1847.

Large Urchins well characterized by the presence of peripetalous, internal, and
subanal fascioles. There are large tubercles with deep scrobicules limited by the peri-
petalous fasciole, but not in the posterior interambulacrum. The internal fasciole crosses
OF WESTERN SIND. 229

the four petals, and their pores within its area differ from those without and may
disappear.

1. Breynta cartnata, d Archiac & Haime.

There is a single badly preserved, crushed, and almost unrecognizable specimen of
this species included amongst the collection of Khirthar Echini from Sind, respecting
which, however, we have grave doubts, on account of the nature of its matrix, as to the
accuracy of its being referred to the Khirthar series of strata. The fossil probably
belongs to a higher horizon, and was included in the collection under notice by mistake.
As Breynia carinata occurs in higher beds in Sind, and is there found in a perfect state
of preservation, we reserve any further remarks upon the species until a subsequent
fasciculus, when dealing with the form from its authenticated horizon. We have pre-
viously noticed the species when describing the Echinoidea from Kachh. The present
example is wholly unfitted for illustration, and almost worthless in a morphological
point of view. i

Locality. Accredited (probably by mistake) to the Khirthar series of strata.

West side of Bhago-Thoro Hill, south of Sehwan. Survey-number os.

Genus MACROPNEUSTES, Agassiz, 1847.

Test of large or medium size, more or less inflated, cordiform ; anteal sulcus scarcely
perceptible, except at the ambitus.

Ambulacral summit subcentral or excentric in front. Apical disk compact ; four
generative plates, with the central madreporiform body narrow and elongate. Odd
anterior ambulacrum different from the others, formed of simple and very small pores.
Paired ambulacra petaloid, elongate, sometimes more or less excavated, the posterior
pair usually rather longer than the anterior.

Peristome bilabiate, excentric in front.

Periproct at the summit of the posterior extremity.

Tubercles very unequal, the large ones isolated, prominent, and confined to the
abactinal surface, the general tuberculation of the test being small and crowded.

One fasciole, peripetalous, which does not always limit the large tubercles.

1. Macropnevstes speciosus, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XX XVIII, Figs. 1-5.

Test of large size. Marginal contour elongately oval, slightly indented anteriorly,
rather more contracted and less fully rounded posteriorly. The greatest breadth is
median, and is a little more than four fifths of the length, or in the proportion of
0-83:1. The abactinal surface is depressed, with its curvature regularly convex,
springing from the comparatively thin, abruptly rounded margins, uniformly all round
the test. The greatest height of the test is excentric posteriorly, but not to a very great
degree; consequently when the low dorsal convex curve is seen in longitudinal profile
the posterior slope is shorter and rather more inclined than the anterior; the greatest
height is exactly two fifths of the length. The actinal surface is almost flat.

2H
230 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

The apical system is excentric in front, its distance from the anterior margin being
rather more than one third of the length, or in the proportion of 0°38:1. The four
generative pores are rather closely placed, and the anterior and the posterior pair are
equidistant. The odd anterior ocular plate is placed between the anterior generative
plates, and is small. The lateral ocular plates are much larger and subpentagonal ;
the anterior pair are placed in the angle formed by the junction of the anterior and
posterior generative plates, and the posterior pair are placed immediately behind the
posterior generative plates, and are separated by the considerable posterior extension
of the central madreporiform body. The ocular foramina are microscopic.

The odd anterior ambulacrum is straight or slightly flexuous in its course ; and the
anteal sulcus is not apparent until near the margin, increasing gradually in depth and
breadth, and indenting the anterior extremity with a wide, but rather shallow, indenta-
tion, which terminates rather abruptly on the anterior interradia as seen from above.
The poriferous zones are nearly parallel, and are composed of pairs of very minute pores
obliquely placed, and rather wide apart from neighbouring pairs; the interporiferous
area is flat, narrow, and of nearly uniform breadth throughout, excepting near the apex,
and is ornamented with numerous definite and rather isolated miliary granules.

The anterior pair of petals are nominally flush with the surface of the test,
although the depression of the poriferous zones in slight channels gives a rather promi-
nent appearance to the interporiferous areas; they are very long, and extend close to
the ambitus, widely divergent, subtending an angle of about 150°. Excepting at the
proximal and distal extremities of the petals, the poriferous zones run parallel to one
another. At the apical extremity the anterior zone of the petal converges gradually,
forming a graceful curve; whilst the posterior zone is nearly straight in its course, its
convergence being scarcely perceptible. At the outer extremity of the petal it is the
posterior zone which converges, and forms the'slight attenuation at the extremity, whilst
the companion anterior zone remains straight. In this manner there isa slightly sigmoid
character given to the petal, although its course, as a whole, might be said to be straight
from the apex towards the margin. ‘The poriferous zones are rather broad and of
uniform breadth throughout, excepting at the extremities, where their attenuation
emphasizes very largely the curved character above noticed; at the apical extremity
6 to 8 pairs of pores in each zone are so small as to appear almost aborted. The inner
pores are transversely oval, and the outer to a much greater degree, almost appearing
slit-like, and with a tendency to become pyriform; the pairs are united by a conju-
gating groove, and adjacent pairs are separated by thin well-defined divisional coste
ornamented with a single line of miliary granules. The interporiferous area is a little
wider than the poriferous zone, and is ornamented with small definite and rather widely
spaced miliary granules of two sizes, indiscriminately mixed, the whole having a very
homogeneous appearance when seen with the naked eye. ‘The posterior pair of petals
are longer than the anterior pair, and like them extend nearly to the ambitus; their
course is straight from the apex towards the margin, and they subtend an angle of
about 47°. Their breadth is equal to that of the anterior pair, and their character
and structure are similar, the terminal curvature, however, of the respective zones being
OF WESTERN SIND. 231

less pronounced. The odd posterior interradium is distinctly tumid in its median
portion.

The peristome is large, bilabiate, excentric in front, and to a greater degree than
the apical system. ‘The anterior margin is the arc of a transverse oval, and the posterior
lip is prominent. A wide, but shallow groove is continued from the indentation of the
anteal sulcus at the margin up to the peristome, in which the odd anterior ambulacrum
is placed; and there is also a slight troughing near the peristome in the region of the
antero-lateral ambulacral areas, the poriferous zones of these latter diverging slightly
as they approach the aperture.

The periproct is very large, subcircular, and occupies the whole of the depth of the
small vertical truncation of the posterior extremity.

The ornamentation is striking and greatly developed. It consists of two sizes of
tubercles—one large and the other small. ‘The large primary tubercles, which are per-
forate, crenulate, and placed in slightly sunken circular scrobicules, are confined to the
abactinal surface, and are all within the bounds of the peripetalous fasciole; they stand
on each of the interradial plates in a regular line parallel with the aboral margin of the
plate, and consequently obtusely angulated; on the plates near the ambitus about a
dozen are present, and the number decreases on successive plates as these latter diminish
in width as they approach the apex. ach column of the interradia is thus furnished
with a series of obtusely angulated lines of primary tubercles. On each plate, beneath
the line of large primary tubercles, there are a number of very small tubercles, perforate
and in small scrobicules; and the whole of the intermediate parts of the plate are
occupied by small, uniform, miliary granulation rather distinctly spaced. At the
ambitus and outside the latero-peripetalous fasciole and at the margin of the actinal
surface the tuberculation is small and crowded. On the actinal surface proper the
primary tubercles are large and well spaced, in slightly sunken scrobicules presenting
frequently an upturned disk-margin at one side, the intermediate spaces being orna-
mented by very small, uniform, and closely placed miliary granules, of which there are
seldom more than one series round the margin of each. scrobicule, and with a few
additional in the angular interspaces. The posterior ambulacral areas on either side of
the actinal plastron are broad, and devoid of large primary tubercles, but closely
covered with small granulation.

There is a very narrow, but distinct, latero-peripetalous fasciole encircling the
ambitus, or only very slightly above, and consequently of the widest extent possible on
the test, without encroaching on the actinal surface. No trace of a subanal fasciole is
discernible; and furthermore the form of the test does not lead to the suspicion of such
a structure having ever existed in the Spatangoid under notice.

Remarks. This handsome species is readily distinguished from all other Khirthar
Spatangoids. Its facies, as determined by the numerous, prominent, and regularly
arranged primary tubercles of the abactinal surface and the character of the ambulacral
petals, is very unlike that of any Huspatangus; and on these grounds we have placed it
in the genus Macropneustes, notwithstanding the fact that the preservation of our

specimen unfortunately does not enable a positive observation to be made as to whether.
2H 2
232 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

a subanal fasciole was present or not. The form of the test, however, in that region
appears to preclude the supposition of its existence entirely.

Dimensions. Length of the test 70 millim., breadth 58-5 millim., height 28 millim.,
breadth of the postero-lateral petal 6:5 millim.

Localities. In the Khirthar series of strata:—i. Dhdaran pass, near Laki. Survey-

number =

ii. Uncertain (purchased with others), said to be from Jakhmari, or from Teyén,
Laki range. Survey-number oe.

iii. Uncertain (purchased), said to be near Jakhmari, Laki range. Survey-
number om

iv. Said to be from near Jhirak (Jerruck) (presented), exact locality unknown.
Survey-number eo

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XX XVIII.

Fig. 1. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
2. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
3. The apical disk: magnified.
4, Portion of the odd anterior ambulacrum: magnified.
5. Portion of the antero-lateral ambulacrum: magnified.

2. Macropnevustes rotunDus, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXXVIII, Figs. 6 & 7.

Test of medium size, depressed. Marginal contour rotundly oval or subcordiform,
well rounded and very faintly indented anteriorly, more contracted posteriorly and
broadly truncate. The greatest breadth is slightly excentric in front, and is propor-
tional to the length as 0°9:1. The margins are well rounded and rather tumid. The
abactinal surface is regularly convex, and, as far as can be ascertained from the specimen
under notice, was probably highest posteriorly. The actinal surface has a slight tumid
character in consequence of a little depression round the peristome and the well-rounded
margins; the actinal plastron is also rather tumid.

The apical disk is excentric in front, its distance from the anterior margin being a,
little more than one third the length of the test. All details obscured. The anterior
pair of petals are comparatively shorter than in the preceding species, and have a some-
what more petaloid appearance in consequence of the greater curvature of the posterior
zone as compared with the anterior one. The poriferous zones, which are broad but
diminish considerably at either extremity, are placed in shallow grooves of the test; the
inner series of pores are elongately oval transversely, and the outer series slit-like, and
united by a conjugating furrow. ‘Ihe interporiferous area is narrower than a poriferous
zone, and appears to be slightly raised or tumid in consequence of the depressions in
which the poriferous zones are placed ; its ornamentation is obliterated. ‘The anterior
pair of petals are very widely divergent, and subtend an angle of about 160°. The odd
OF WESTERN SIND. 233

anterior ambulacrum is scarcely discernible, and no groove is developed until close to
the margin, where there is a wide but very shallow indentation of the test, which
extends to the middle of the anterior column of the anterior interradia, along which
there is, moreover, a faint, but distinctly perceptible, trace of carination. The pores
are very minute and wide apart. The postero-lateral petals are unfortunately obscured.

The large tubercles of the abactinal surface are numerous, uniform, and prominent,
and are arranged in lines parallel with the outline of the plates, and consequently
obtusely angulated, as in the preceding species, the number, however, being less.
There were also probably a few small tubercles amongst the miliary granulation of the
plates, and it may be noticed that the tubercles generally diminish in size as they approach
the margin. On the actinal surface the tubercles are large and distinct, and there is a
tendency to assume a lineal arrangement in the lateral regions.

The latero-peripetalous fasciole is of wide extent, placed at the very margin of the
test, just above the ambitus, in the anterior and lateral portions of the test; on the
posterior half of the lateral interradia it leaves this extreme marginal position and
encroaches on the abactinal surface slightly. Consequent on its marginal position the
distance of the fasciole from the extremity of the antero-lateral petals is compara-
tively great. The fasciolar band is very narrow, and there do not appear to be any
large tubercles outside its limits—a circumstance almost obviously dependent on its
marginal position both in this and the preceding species. We can detect no trace of
any subanal fasciole, and from the nature of the tuberculation that remains on the
fragmentary portions of that region preserved in our specimen, we are led to infer that
no fasciole was originally present.

Remarks. Notwithstanding the very bad state of preservation of the fossil under
notice, and the consequent imperfection of the above description, the form is readily
distinguishable from its associates, and, as far as we are aware, from the other species
of the group. Owing to the uncertainty respecting the presence of a subanal fasciole,
we felt some hesitation as to whether this form was really a Macropneustes or should
instead be placed as a Euspatangus. The inferred absence of that structure, and the
character of the abactinal tuberculation, determined our opinion in regarding it as
belonging to the former genus, the primary tubercles being more numerous, more pro-
minent, and in less definite scrobicules than are normally found in Euspatangus.

Dimensions. Length of the test 33 millim.; breadth 30 millim.; height, measured
at the apical disk, 13-5 millim. (the greatest height is probably situated in the posterior
interradium; but as that portion of the test is covered with matrix, no measurements
are possible).

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata. Teyén (or Tiytn), east of Chorla

G 302
Survey-number 45,

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XX XVIII.

Fig. 6. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
7. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
234 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Genus PERIPNEUSTES, Cotteau, 1875.

Test of large or medium size, elongate, inflated, more or less cordiform. Anteal
sulcus deep, deeply indenting the margin. ~

Ambulacral summit excentric in front. Apical disk compact, with four generative
pores. Odd anterior ambulacrum different from the others, formed of small and simple
pores. Paired ambulacra petaloid, narrow, very elongate, excavated, nearly equal in
length, the posterior pair, however, being sometimes a little longer. Poriferous zones
composed, on the apical portion, of small round pores, which become wider, subtrans-
verse, and united by conjugating furrows as they recede from the apex.

Peristome bilabiate, excentric in front.

Periproct large, oval at the summit of the posterior extremity.

Tubercles of two kinds, one large, scrobiculate, isolated, confined within the
boundary of the peripetalous fasciole, the general tuberculation of the test being
crowded and homogeneous.

Two fascioles: peripetalous and subanal; the peripetalous fasciole being extensive,
angular, and sinuous; the subanal annular.

1. Peripnevstss, sp. Plate XXXVI, Figs. 18 & 19.

Two Spatangoid tests, the preservation of which is unfortunately so very unsatis-
factory that even their generic determination is open to doubt, are referred by us to
Peripneustes. They are characterized by the deeply indented anteal sulcus; by the
long, narrow, paired ambulacra, placed in well-defined grooves; by the large, isolated
primary tubercles confined to the interradia within the boundary of the peripetalous
fasciole; and by the presence of a subanal fasciole. ‘The poriferous zones in the left
antero-lateral petal run nearly parallel, and the width of the interporiferous area is less
than that of a poriferous zone. The larger primary tubercles within the peripetalous
fasciole have small perforated mamelons, subconical bosses, deeply crenulate and large,
circular, slightly sunken scrobicules. The size of the primary tubercles is irregular,
that of the miliary granulation very small and uniform. The peripetalous fasciole is
broad and well marked ; it is sharply angulated in the anterior interradia, and is slightly
incurved from a straight line between the extremities of the antero- and postero-lateral
petals. ‘The subanal fasciole appears to have been very large and probably subreniform
in shape. The anteal sulcus is continued, from the ambitus on the actinal surface, up
to the peristome, as a well-defined and rather narrow trough; and the posterior ambu-
lacral regions which bound the actinal plastron are very broad and coyered only with
minute granulation. There is a faint gibbosity on each of the plates of the anterior
interradia above the ambitus, and indications of a tendency towards a similar structure
are discernible in the lateral interradia, but the character is much less developed there
than in the anterior interradia.

As no other observations can be made on the specimens at our disposal, it is
obvious that better material is needed before a specific diagnosis can be formulated.
The two specimens are from different localities, but we believe that both belong to
OF WESTERN SIND. 235

the same species; the best-preserved example has been drawn to facilitate future
identification.
Dimensions. Length of the test about 58 millim., breath about 50 millim., height

about 30 millim.
Localities. In the Khirthar series of strata:—i. Dharan pass (east side), near Laki.

@280
Survey-number ——.

ii. Picked up on the east side of the Shim valley, east of Damaj. Survey-number
226
“86 *
Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXXVI.
Fig. 18. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.

19. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.

Genus EUSPATANGUS, Agassiz, 1847.

Test of medium size, elongate, heart-shaped, generally depressed. Anteal sulcus
feebly developed.

Ambulacral summit usually more or less excentric. Apical disk compact; four
generative plates, with the central madreporiform body produced posteriorly. Odd
anterior ambulacrum different from the others, very insignificant, with small widely
spaced pairs of pores. Paired ambulacra petaloid, usually more or less wide, closed at
the extremity, not excavated. Poriferous zones broad, equal, less than the width of
the interporiferous area, the external series of pores pyriform, the internal round.

Peristome bilabiate, excentric in front. 5

Periproct at the summit of the posterior extremity.

Tubercles of two kinds—one large, mammillated, perforate, crenulate, in scrobicules,
standing isolate and more or less widely spaced on the anterior and lateral interradia,
within the boundary of the peripetalous fasciole; the general tuberculation of the test
being small and accompanied by numerous very small miliary granules.

Two fascioles—peripetalous and subanal; the peripetalous fasciole circumscribing
the ambulacral petals, the subanal more or less cordiform or reniform.

1. EvspatTaneus AvELLANA, @’ Archiac & Haime. Plate XX XVIII, Figs. 8-13.

Brissus? avellana, d’ Archiac (1850), Hist. des progrés de la Gréol. t. iii. p. 251,
Eupatagus? avellana, d’Archiac g Haime (1853), Descrip. An. foss. de ? Inde, p. 218, pl. xv, fig. 8a, 6.

The following is the diagnosis of this species given by MM. d’Archiac and
Haime:—

Body oval, elongate, thick ; the four genital pores large and closely placed. Ambu-
lacral plates rather narrow, tolerably well closed, the posterior longest and straight,
the lateral feebly arched in front; poriferous zones moderately broad, costulate, with
very large pores; odd ambulacrum very indistinct, and simply indicated in front by a
very slight concavity. Anterior interambulacral areas a little broader than the lateral,
which are themselves a little more than the odd posterior ; all exhibiting large tubercles
236 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

situated in slightly excavated scrobicules, which are interspersed with smaller tubercles
and with unequal granules. All the tubercles cease near the ambitus, where a peripe-
talous fasciole probably existed, but which it has been impossible for us [d'A. & H.] to
verify. The anus is marginal and rather in the upper part; the periproct suboval and
a little longer than wide. The under surface of the body is feebly convex and covered
with slightly prominent tubercles, interspersed with small granules, which increase in
size from the margin inwards ; the mouth is situated at the anterior third of the major
diameter. The single example which we [d’A. & H.] have observed measured 16 millim.
in length, and 9 millim. in breadth and height.

The type above referred to is in the collection of the Geological Society of London ;
it is small and much rubbed, and scarcely represents the character of the adult form.

The large series of examples obtained from the Khirthar strata in Sind enable us
to add several observations to the foregoing description. The peripetalous fasciole,
whose presence was inferred by d’Archiac and Haime, is always present, but is fre-
quently untraceable in badly preserved specimens on account of the extreme narrowness
of the band; it is of wide extent, oval in shape, non-sinuous, encircles the abactinal
surface, passing near to the extremities of the ambulacral petals, and consequently not
far above the ambitus; in fact, anteriorly, it is actually coincident with the ambitus.
In addition to the peripetalous fasciole there is a remarkably well-defined subanal
fssciole, of which no mention is made by d’Archiac and Haime. The band is broad
and subcordiform in shape, defining a rather tumid and longitudinally subcarinate
subanal plastron, the transverse diameter of which is only a little greater than the
longitudinal. About five pairs of pores are included on either side of the area, and
the associated granulation is very regular in arrangement,—shallow furrows radiating
from each of the pairs of pores towards the centre of the plastron, and the intermediate
spaces being ornamented with a row of primary tubercles, which increase gradually in
size as they recede from the fasciole, the rows being further marked out by a com-
panion row of small uniform miliary granules. This plastron has the appearance of
being divided into two areas by a narrow semicircular naked band, which limits the
rows of tubercles above mentioned ; and the ornamentation within the subcrescentic
area lying between this band and the adoral margin of the fasciole consists of rows of
tubercles radiating towards the anus and diminishing rapidly in size as they approach
the fascicle. In this manner a very ornate character is given to the subanal plastron,

The actinal plastron is very remarkable ; it is subcarinate, and terminates posteriorly
in a sharp and very prominent peak or culminating point, whilst the profile-outline of
the longitudinal keel is incurved between this point and the peristome; the tuber-
culated portion of the plastron is very small in consequence of the wide naked posterior
ambulacral’ areas, and the tubercles diminish in size in its neighbourhood. There is
some depression around the peristome, and the surrounding test has consequently a
rather tumid character.

In large adult tests the odd posterior interradium on the abactinal surface is tumid
and roundly carinate, forming a more or less elevated keel between the posterior pair
of petals, as shown in Figs. 10 & 11; but this character is not developed in small tests.
OF WESTERN SIND. 237

There is a good deal of variation in the length, and consequently in the marginal contour
of this species, some examples, which are usually young, being much more elongate
than others, which are more regularly oval. There is a single specimen of a wide well-

rounded form (with survey-number a which perhaps shows this in a greater degree

than usual; we do not, however, see any reason to recognize it as a nominal variety.

Remarks. The general facies of this species is very unlike that of typical Huspa-
tangi, and we can fully appreciate the doubt expressed by d’Archiac and Haime
when referring their single, small, and poorly preserved specimen to that genus. The
character of the tuberculation and the form of the test are in much closer accord with
Macropneustes, and we should have so placed it with very little hesitation, were it not
for the presence of the well-developed subanal fasciole. We cannot dispel the impres-
sion that the differences which at present separate Macropneustes, Euspatangus, and
Peripneustes are exceedingly artificial; and although we are by no means prepared to
admit the desirability of uniting all the forms comprised within these three divisions
under one genus, we are far from being satisfied with their present distinction by means
of empirical adherence to a specific formula based on one or two characters only. A
larger series of better-preserved specimens of the various species in each of the groups
named than at present exists, is necessary before the question can be approached with
much prospect of success.

A form whose general facies bears much resemblance to the Sindian species was
described and figured by de Loriol, under the name of Macropneustes Lefeburei, in his
Monograph on the Nummulitic Echini from Egypt*; better-preserved specimens are
again figured and described in his recently published work on the Eocene Echinoidea
from Egypt and the Libyan Desert +. The only bar to the generic alliance of the two
species appears to be the presence of the subanal fasciole. The absence of the subanal
fasciole in M. Lefeburei is especially remarked upon by M. de Loriol, who also observes
that its presence would place the species in Huspatangus. Euspatangus avellana might
well be taken as the fulfilment of the supposition in point. In the drawing given of
the Lybian example of MU. Lefeburei there appears to be a tantalizing naked band
shown by the artist in op. cit. pl. xi. fig. 2d, which simulates a fasciole in a remarkable
manner, both in outline and position.

Dimensions.
a. b. C. d. é. f.
millim. millim. millim. millim, millim. millim.
Length of the test. . 38 82 21 21:5 12 11
Breadth of the test . 32°5 27 17 18°5 10°5 10
Height of the test. . 22 19°5 115 45) 8 5°75

Localities. In the Khirthar series of strata :—

. & 302
i. Karra range, south of Trak. Survey-number 455.

‘ ei @ 302
ii. Gagar hill, east side of the Sarjina range. Survey-numberj;.
* Op. cit. p. 75, pl. ix. figs. 7-9. t Op. cit. p. 50, pl. xi. figs. 2, 3.
21
238 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

ill. Three miles east of Bila-Khan. Survey-number eal

@ 302

 

iv. Mairi valley, south of Teyén. Survey-number 7;

v. Tey6n (or Tiytin), east of Chorla. Survey-number —

vi. North of Maliri, sixteen miles south of Jhdngdra (from shales and marly beds

302
of upper part of the group). Survey-number ~55-.

vii. Exact locality not known (presented), said to be near Kotri, probably the hills

west of Kotri. Survey-number ie

viii. Ketithir-ka-lak (pass), east side of Stirjina range. Survey-number Se.

ix. Hight or nine miles south by west of Jangri, and east of the Strjina range.
Survey-number a.

x. Twenty-four miles west of Kotri (entering the hills on the road to Bila Khan’s
Thana). Survey-number ae

xi. Dhdran pass (east side), near Laki. Survey-number ae

oa

xii. West side of the Ganja hills, south of Hyderabad. Survey-number 5°

xiii. About seven miles north-east of Bila Khdn’s Théina. Survey-number ‘038

xiv. Near the gorge of the Baran river, north-east of Bila Khan. Survey-number
226
100 °

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XX XVIII.

Fig. 8. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
9. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
10. Transverse profile of the test, seen from behind: natural size.
11. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
12. The peristome and surrounding portions of the test: magnified.
13. The apical disk, the odd anterior ambulacrum, and the right antero-lateral
petal: magnified.

2. EUSPATANGUS CORDIFORMIS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 14.

Test of large size. Marginal contour elongate, heart-shaped, well and widely
indented anteriorly, rather sharply flattened in the anterior interradia, contracting
towards the posterior extremity, which is broadly truncate. The breadth is about nine
tenths of the length, or in the proportion of 0°89:1. The abactinal surface is much
depressed and is comparatively flat, excepting a slight tumidity in the interradial areas.
The greatest height, which is equal to about one third of the length, lies near the
posterior extremity of the test, and the slope thence to the anterior extremity is a very
slight decline. The margins are thick and tumid. The actinal surface is more or less
flat or very faintly convex, mainly consequent on the gradual passage into the marginal
rounding.

The apical disk is excentric in front, but is unfortunately obscured. The odd
OF WESTERN SIND. 239

anterior ambulacrum is scarcely discernible; it is flush with the test near the apex, the
groove being developed only near the margin, and the pores are quite microscopic.
The antero-lateral petals are long and widely divergent, and scarcely so petaloid as
frequent in this genus. Their course has a slightly sigmoid tendency, with a slight
curve forwards at the outer extremity, the flexure of the posterior zone of the petal
being much greater than that of the anterior zone. The postero-lateral petals are
longer than the anterior pair and a shade broader; they are rather widely divergent
for posterior petals, and have also a slight sigmoid curvature. Excepting at the apical
extremity, where the convergence is great, and the petal is very attenuated, the zones
to a certain extent have the appearance of running parallel to one another, the
posterior zone curving, however, conspicuously towards its companion at the outer
extremity. The poriferous zones are broad in the anterior and posterior petals alike ;
the pores are transversely oval, wide apart, and connected by a conjugating furrow,
and the divisional septa are ornamented with a single line of minute miliary granules.
The interporiferous area is equal in width to the poriferous zone midway between the
extremities, and appears to have been ornamented with a few widely spaced miliary
granules with a rather larger one than the rest opposite each of the divisional septa,
and sometimes two. The areas of the paired ambulacral petals are slightly sunken in
shallow, widely expanded, depressions of the test, which are so wide and shallow that
they are in no sense grooves; and their presence imparts a certain appearance of
tumidity to the interradial areas.

The large primary tubercles within the fasciole on the abactinal surface are rather
numerous, promiment, and on conical bosses; they are unequal in size, the largest
being near to the margin of the petal, and they do not present the appearance of
definite arrangement very conspicuously ; their mamelons are very small and perforate,
and the crenulation is distinct; the scrobicules are large, circular, and very slightly
sunken; and the intervening portions of the plates are occupied with a minute but
definite miliary granulation, amongst which a few very small perforated tubercles are
placed. In the neighbourhood of the margin the perforated tubercles are small,
uniform, regular, and numerous, and their scrobicules are separated only by a single
circlet of very small miliary granules, and even this is sometimes incomplete. On the
actinal surface the primary tubercles are large, and though apparently well spaced,
there were probably very few miliary granules present in consequence of the crowding
and overlapping of the large disk-like scrobicules, one margin of which is more or less
prominent.

Both peristome and periproct unfortunately are destroyed; the position of the
former was very excentric in front, and there appears rather considerable depression
around the anterior margin of the aperture, and especially defined in the three anterior
ambulacral areas.

The peripetalous fasciole is a very narrow band, running close to the outer margin
of the abactinal surface, and only a little above the ambitus on the anterior half of the
test; in the posterior column of the lateral interradia it gradually leaves the margin

and encroaches more on the abactinal surface, passing close to the extremity of the
at
240 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

postero-lateral petals. The structure of the fasciole is exceedingly delicate, and its
course is well marked out on either side by series of minute uniform miliary granules.
Although nearly the whole of the posterior extremity is destroyed in our specimen, a
portion still remains of a very large and broad subanal fasciole. It was probably widely
subreniform in shape, and the breadth of the band is much greater than that of the
peripetalous one.

Remarks. This species is well distinguished from all its congeners, and cannot be
mistaken for any Euspatangus with which we are acquainted. The long, narrow,
ambulacral petals and the comparatively prominent and shallow-scrobiculed large
primary tubercles are strongly suggestive of features in Macropneustes. The test,
however, is very depressed, the primary tubercles are clearly limited by the peripe-
talous fasciole, and a wide and well-developed subanal fasciole is present,—characters
which in the present state of our knowledge justify us in referring the species to
Euspatangus.

Dimensions. Length of the test 65 millim., breadth 58 millim., height about
21°5 millim.

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata: Dhéran pass (east side), near Laki.

@ 280
Survey-number —7-.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XXXVIII.

Fig. 14. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.

3. EUSPATANGUS ROSTRATUS, @’Archiac. Plate XX XVIII, Figs. 15-18.

We have already remarked upon the type specimens of this species when describing
the fossil Echinoidea of Kachh, and also upon the examples which are found in that
collection.

The following is the diagnosis given by MM. d’Archiac and Haime :—

Body elongate, suboval; subbilobed in front, rather attenuated behind, and trun-
eated at the extremity; tolerably depressed, rather thickened behind. Ambulacral
petals tolerably well closed, rather sharp-pointed, moderately broad, and rather long.
Poriferous zones rather narrow, costulate. Anterior ambulacrum only slightly depressed
in front, with indistinct pores. The lateral interradia are broader than the anterior,
and the posterior is narrow and swollen behind; it is smooth like the ambulacra, but
the others are covered with large tubercles unequal in size, and sunken in shallow
scrobicules. The peripetalous fasciole appears to be submarginal.

The periproct is marginal, suboval, and angular above, higher than broad. Inferior
aspect nearly plane, but swollen in front of the anus along the median line.

The peristome is at the anterior two sevenths of the major axis. Good-sized
tubercles are on the lateral interradia.

To this diagnosis we have added (op. cit. p. 48):—The inner pores of the anterior
poriferous zone of the antero-lateral ambulacra abort; the madreporic body extends far
back and separates the posterior ocular pores; the subanal fasciole is distinct; the
plastron is large and wide; the great tubercles are crenulated slightly.
OF WESTERN SIND. 241

We have also stated that in the examples of this species from Kachh no indications
of the peripetalous fasciole were discernible ; in the specimens from the Khirthar series
of strata in Sind we have, however, been more fortunate, and find in several instances
traces of this fasciole ; it is, however, the most feebly developed fasciole we have seen,
and is not more than two or three rows of minute granules in width, and we have in
no case assured ourselves that it is continuous; the traces observed are entirely on the
abactinal surface, and do not support the supposition of d’Archiac and Haime that
the peripetalous fasciole was submarginal. The few Khirthar specimens are all more
or less badly preserved, and they accord closely with the type of the species.

Dimensions. The largest specimen measures 30 millim. in length and 24 millim. in
breadth ; all are somewhat crushed.

Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata: Karra range, south of Trak. Survey-

G@ 302
number a"

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XX XVIII.

Fig. 15. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
16. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
17. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
18. Portion of a lateral ambulacrum to show ornamentation: magnified.

GENUS INDET.

Gen. et sp. InDET. Plate XXXIV, Fig. 17.

There is a fragmentary test of a large Spatangoid in the collection which baffles all
attempts at determination on account of its very bad state of preservation. From the
few guiding features that are observable we are inclined to think that this very unsatis-
factory fossil represents a new genus, the systematic position of which would probably
be under the subsection Brissina. The specimen has been drawn on Plate XXXIV,
Fig. 17, and a reference thereto will give a much better idea of the fossil than any
verbal description. The chief notable point is the character of the ambulacra, all of
which are situated in deep, sharply-defined grooves, those of the paired petals being of
equal breadth throughout, excepting close to the apex, and appearing to extend to the
margin. The antero-lateral petals are nearly horizontal. ‘The odd anterior ambula-
crum is situated in a wider and even deeper groove than the others, which forms at the
ambitus a deep, sharply defined notch. A few pairs of pores at the apical extremity of
some of the poriferous zones may be seen, the inner series of pores are transversely
oval, and the outer series are still more elongate transversely, and with a tendency to
become pyriform; the pores of a pair are moderately well spaced, and are united by
an indistinct conjugating furrow, and the divisional septa, in this part at least, are not
keeled. The abactinal surface was not very high, but slightly subconically convex,
springing with an arch from probably thin, abruptly rounded, margins,—the actinal
surface being apparently more or less plane. From an indication which remains near
the margin, the ornamentation in that region appears to have consisted of moderate-
242 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

sized primary tubercles on circular disk-like scrobicules, all equal sized, and so closely
placed that only one or two isolated miliary granules are’present here and there.
Unfortunately no further observations are possible on this very interesting fossil,
and under such circumstances we are obviously unable either to formulate a generic
diagnosis, or even to draw any useful comparisons with other known forms of Spa-
tangoids.
The length of the fragment, which is incomplete, measures about 75 millim.
Locality. In the Khirthar series of strata: Rois Hill, near Damaj, south of Bila
G 302

Khan. Survey-number “Ti *

Illustration of the Specimen in Plate XXXIV.

Fig. 17. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.

IV. Remarks on the Genera and Species of the Khirthar Series.

Seventy species and varieties (including 3 doubtful forms evidently placed by
mistake in this collection) have been described in the preceding pages.

The number of species of regular Echini is remarkably small, six only, belonging
to five genera, being recorded. One of these, the Temnechinus Rousseaui, appears to us
to have been unquestionably included accidentally, and should consequently be excluded
from the Khirthar fauna; this leaves five species of regular Echini in the Khirthar
series, representing a numerical proportion of only 7°46 per cent. in relation to the
irregular forms, the latter being 62 in number when the 2 doubtful species are excluded.
This shows a very striking difference when compared with the underlying Ranikot fauna,
in which the proportion of regular forms stands at the high figure of 42°85 per cent.

The predominant form of regular Echini, as far as may be judged from the number
of specimens in the collection, is a species of Micropsis of small habit, having structural
alliances to the M. Mokattanensis from Egypt, and of which it is probably the Indian
representative. The form has also much resemblance to Cyphosoma superbum from San
Giovanni Ilarione ; the differences which separate the two species generically being of
the most trivial character.

Of true Cyphosoma there are two well-marked species, one of them being probably
nearly allied to the form erroneously referred by d’Archiac and Haime to the genus
Echinometra, under the name of £. Thomsoni; both are comparatively weakly developed
forms, of the type in consequence of the small size of the tubercles and the simple
ambulacra.

The Cidaris (Leiocidaris) is closely allied to C. Verneuili of the Ranikot series, of
which it is probably the descendant. It is, however, specifically distinct.

The Porocidaris is more nearly related to the recent forms than to P. serrata, which
occurs in the Egyptian and Swiss Nummulitic beds. The pits in the scrobicules are
comparatively feebly developed, and, as in the recent forms, do not perforate the test.
It was suggested by Sir Wyville Thomson that the fact of their doing so in the case
OF WESTERN SIND. 243

of P. serrata might probably be owing to wearing and attrition during the process of
fossilization, an opinion which we are fully disposed to endorse.

The 62 undoubted Khirthar forms of irregular Echini belong to 20 genera. The
presence of Amblypygus, Echinolampas, Brissopsis, Metalia, Macropneustes, and Euspa-
tangus imparts a strikingly marked and characteristic facies to the fauna.

The genus Conoclypeus is represented by four well-marked species, and the only
other gnathostomatous exocycloid Echinoids in the collection are the diminutive genera
Sismondia and Echinocyamus, the Khirthar species of which exhibit an extraordinary
amount of variability.

The Cassidulide are present in great force. Of Amblypygus there are four species,
one of which serves well as the representative of the European A. dilatatus. From the
series of specimens at our disposal we have been enabled to study the structural pecu-
liarities of the genus, and have indicated that its association with the Echinoneine
becomes necessary.

The interesting little forms to which we first gave the name of Eolampas in the
Ranikot series, where they appeared to stand as the forerunners of the genus Echino-
lampas, are represented by a distinct species in the Khirthar strata.

The genus Echinolampas now becomes a dominant form, and no less than eleven
distinct species and a variety are recorded in the preceding pages. All of these, as a
whole, have a decided and characteristic facies distinguished by the comparatively low
test and the usually narrow and slightly expanded ambulacral petals. One of the
species presents features which show close alliance to HE. discoideus, and another has
affinities with the forms of which EF. Escheri and LE. subcylindricus are the represen-
tatives ; a third is very nearly related to the E. stlensts of the Swiss Nummulitic strata,
and this species shows perhaps a closer alliance to the European form than any other
Khirthar Kchinoid. There is also a form, represented only by a single example, which
is very near to E. Jacquemonti, an abundant species in a higher horizon.

Echinanthus is represented by a very unsatisfactory specimen; but its near ally
Llarionia occurs plentifully. The Indian species of the latter genus shows considerable
variation in form, and the characters upon which the genus was established are also
somewhat modified.

The single species of Cassidulus is distinct from, but representative of, the species
in the Ranikot series.

Rhynchopygus is a common form in the Khirthar strata, and its two species here
take the place of Eurhodia, which is characteristic of the Ranikot beds. The small
species R. pygmeus, which was noticed in the description of the Ranikot Echini, was
probably included in that collection by mistake; and the evidence upon which this
assumption is based will be referred to presently. The species is numerously repre-
sented in the Khirthar series.

One of the most interesting forms in the collection has been referred by us to the
genus Micraster, although its form is more or less abnormal in comparison with the
general character of that group, the test being high, tumid, subglobose, and very
slightly indented by the anteal sulcus; its structural details, however, appear, as far as
244 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

we have been able to study them from the material at our disposal, to accord with the
formula of Micraster in such a manner as to warrant the inclusion of the Khirthar
specimens in that genus. There is no form at present known to us in the underlying
Tertiary beds in Sind which represents this interesting species, or serves to connect it
with Cretaceous forms.

Hemiaster is well represented in the Khirthar series; the most numerous species,
however, being the dwarf or pony-like form H. digonus, which is very abundant in the
white limestone. Seven species of this genus occur in the collection ; but of these, three
are in such a bad state of preservation as to preclude any specific diagnosis being given.
Further material is consequently necessary before a satisfactory estimate of this genus
in the Khirthar series can be furnished.

Brissopsis is represented by a well-marked, characteristic, and moderately abundant
species, the nearest alliances of the form lying perhaps in the direction of B. Jimenoi,
described by Cotteau from the Miocene of Cuba.

The genus Metalia is an eminently characteristic and abundant Khirthar form,
six species and a variety being defined in the preceding pages. Some of the species
were obtained from a great number of localities, and considerable variation in form
is noticed.

The single species of Linthia is a very handsome and well-marked form. On the
other hand, the genus Schizaster is poorly represented ; and, although four species are
observed, the individuals are small in number and badly preserved; furthermore, with
the exception of S. baluchistanensis, the forms here referred to the genus very feebly
present the normal Schizaster facies.

An interesting example of Brissopatagus occurs in the collection, which exhibits
all the characters of the genus, but differs considerably from the other known species
of this singular form.

. Macropneustes is represented by two species, which to a certain extent have a
peculiar Euspatangoid facies, and one of these was found in several localities.

Of Euspatangus three species occur in the Khirthar series, and, with the exception
of E. rostratus, which also occurs in higher measures, these forms, strange to say,
present a striking Macropneustoid facies; the commonest species, which is also one of
the most abundant forms in the collection, E. avellana, resembles very closely in general
character Macropneustes Lefeburei, de Loriol, from the Nummulitic strata of Egypt, of
which we consider it to be the representative in the Sindian area, notwithstanding the
questionable generic differences. |

Three forms, represented only by single fragmentary examples, have evidently,
from the character of their matrix and fossilization, been included by accident in the
Khirthar collection; these are Temnechinus Rousseaui, Breynia carinata, and Moira
primeva. The two former have already been noticed by us from the Miocene strata of
Kachh and Kattywar; and they also occur in corresponding beds in Sind. The Moira
appears to be a distinct species from the common Miocene form of Kachh, and it is
unfortunate that the true locality of this example is unknown.

Mention should here be made of four characteristic Khirthar forms which were
OF WESTERN SIND. 245

included in the collection of Echinoidea from the Ranikot series of Sind, and referred
to in Part II. of this work. The evidence respecting the examples in question is very
strong against their belonging to the Ranikot series at all, and until further confirma-
tion is forthcoming we do not feel justified in counting them as members of that fauna»
or in basing such generalizations upon their presence as their recognition as Ranikot
species would obviously demand. The forms referred to are Rhynchopygus Caldert,
Rhynchopygus pygmeus, Hemiaster digonus, and Metalia Sowerbyi; and the following
facts respecting them are very significant. In each case the forms were represented
only by solitary and very badly preserved specimens, excepting R. pygmeus, of which
there were two or three. All the examples of these four species in the Ranikot collec-
tion were from one locality, viz. N.E. of Petidni. On referring to the memoir on the
Geology of Western Sind by Mr. W. T. Blanford, F.R.S. *, we find it mentioned that
two outliers occur north-east of Petidni, the age of which is not clearly determined ;
and the resemblance of the rock, in one of them at least, to a sandstone occurring at
Jungshahi, age also not clearly determined, is remarked on (op. cit. p. 146).

In reference to this question, it is of interest to note incidentally that two of the

four species above cited have been found at Jungshahi, in strata of the Khirthar series,

280 @ 280
fig and 77.

If it were the case that the doubtful specimens under notice were obtained from
the outliers mentioned by Mr. Blanford, it might be inferred, on the paleontological
evidence, that the outliers were of Khirthar age; and in the event of these specimens
having been picked up on the surface, which would appear very probable from their
weathered condition, we are still of opinion that they were derived from Khirthar
beds +.

From the foregoing summary it will be seen that not a single species is common to
the Khirthar and Ranikot strata, if the doubtful forms above referred to are excluded
from the list.

Attention has already been drawn to the specialized and well-marked character of
the Khirthar fauna as compared with that of the Ranikot ; and this becomes still more
patent and conspicuous when the lists of genera contained in the respective measures
are placed side by side. Excluding the doubtful forms previously mentioned, the
Ranikot fauna comprises 24 genera of Echini and that of the Khirthar 25 genera; of
these only 9 genera are common to the two series of strata. It will thus be seen that
the Khirthar fauna is a remarkably isolated assemblage of forms in relation to the
underlying fauna of its own area.

at the localities numbered by the Surveyors

* Mem. Geol. Surv. India, vol. xvii.

+ Mr. Blanford, with whom we have corresponded on the subject, is fully disposed to concur in this latter
supposition. He also informs us that ata locality about 20 miles further south he was enabled to draw a
line at the base of the Khirthar beds, and to separate them from the Ranikot, on account of the presence of
Rhynchopygus Calderi in the former—a species which, in his experience, is characteristic of a zone at the base
of the Khirthar. In the locality mentioned the two groups could only be distinguished by fossils, the mineral
character being similar. If, as is probable, there is the same similarity north-east of Petidni, it can easily be
imagined that fossils might have been obtained from supposed Ranikot beds, which were really of Khirthar age.

2K
246 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA OF WESTERN SIND.

The Khirthar fauna, when viewed with respect to its homotaxial relations, is not
less remarkable. The Nummulitic horizon of Egypt and Lybia, with which comparison
may most suitably be instituted, presents an Echinifauna of 61 species, described by
de Loriol; and of these none are common to the two areas. The generic constitution
of the faunz; however, shows an unmistakable homotaxial relationship, as out of
22 genera represented in the Egypto-Lybian area (compared with 25 genera in the
Khirthar series of Sind), 16 genera are found to be in common.

A similar generic affinity will be found to exist when the Khirthar Echini are
compared with those of the different European Nummulitic areas; but in no instance
can a case of specific identity be established.

The forms which may be considered as representatives of species occurring in the
various Nummulitic areas of Europe have been indicated in the preceding pages.

V. Note on doubtful Khirthar Species.

We again draw attention, for the sake of caution, to the three forms included in
the present collection, but which we do not consider to belong to the Khirthar horizon.

These are :—
Temnechinus Rousseaut, d’Archiac, sp.

Moira primeva, Duncan & Sladen.
Breynia carinata, @ Archiac & Haime.

In each case the species is represented only by a single, badly preserved, fragmen-
tary example, and the matrix is altogether different from that of the other Echinoids
from the Khirthar series of strata. There seems little doubt that these specimens have
been included in this collection by mistake, and were probably marked by accident as
coming from the localities to which they are respectively assigned.
A DESCRIPTION

OF THE

FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

OF

WESTERN SIND.

 

FascicuLus 4.—THE NARI SERIES (OLIGOCENE).

Prares XXXTX.—-XLITI.

I. Introductory Remarks on the Nari Series.

.- THE geographical and geological position of the Nari series has been described on a
former page* of this description of the Tertiary Fossil Echinoidea of Sind, and the
details of the succession of its strata also. It appears that this thick series is to be
divided into an upper and lower group, the first attaining the great thickness of 4000
to 6000 feet, and the latter from 100 feet to 1500 feet. The lower group, which is
fossiliferous and contains the Corals already described f, rests conformably on the
underlying Khirthar series. Its very fossiliferous strata are not more than 100 feet
thick; and there is a clear biological break, for Nummulites begin to be scarce in
species and Orbitoides come in.

The Upper Nari series is unconformable to the lower, and whilst in some areas
there are marine fossils indicated by the presence of Orbitoides papyracea, in others
there are sandstones which have only yielded plants.

The commonest Nummulite is Mummulites Garansensis; and the most important
Corals common to the Nari and the European equivalent strata are :—Trochocyathus
cyclolitoides, Ed. & H., of Rosazzo in Friuli, and 8. Giovanni Ilarione; Stylophora

* Fasciculus 1, p. 4.
+ Duncan, Pal. Ind. Ser. XIV., Fossil Corals of Sind. See also Medlicott and Blanford, ‘Geology of
India,’ vol. ii. p. 459.
2L
248 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA °

pulcherrima, d’Achiardi, from Friuli ; Trochosmilia varicosa, Reuss, from Crosara ; and
Stylocenia taurinensis, Ed. & H., and Cycloseris. Perizi, Ed. & H., from the same, or a
slightly higher horizon in the instance of the Stylocenie. On the whole, the Coral-fauna
was littoral and stunted.

It was the belief of the distinguished authors of the ‘ Geology of India’ that the
Nari group was, paleontologically as well as stratigraphically, in a position intermediate
between the Khirthar and the Gaj groups. The results of our work in the paleon-
tology of the Corals and the Echinoidea quite confirm this view; but it is necessary to
modify some of the statements made in the ‘ Geology of India’ regarding the vertical
range of some of the species mentioned therein. ‘The following is the résumé given by
Messrs. Medlicott and Blanford, op. cit. p. 462:—“ Although some species pass
from the Khirthar, and even from the Ranikot group, into the Nari beds, the fauna is
chiefly distinct and marks a higher horizon. The most marked change is perhaps in
the Foraminifera, because they are so abundant and characteristic: whole beds of
limestone towards the base of the Nari group being entirely made up of Nummulites
Garansensis, N. sublevigata, and Orbitoides papyracea, the last-named frequently of
large size, some specimens being two to three inches in diameter; yet every species is
distinct from those occurring in the Khirthar group. One of the species of Nummu-
lites, V. Garansensis, is of importance, because it appears in Europe, as in Sind, in the
highest strata characterized by the abundance of the genus, those beds being at the
base of the Miocene. NV. sublevigata is peculiar, so far as is known, to India. Several
of the Mollusca and Echinodermata of the Nari beds also—such as Siliquaria Granti,
Solarium affine, Venus granosa, and Clypeaster profundus—show distinctly Miocene
affinities, and some of these pass up into the Gaj group. But at the same time there
are so many Eocene forms present, such as Natica patula, N. sigaretina, Ostrea flabel-
lula, Voluta jugosa, &c., that it is somewhat difficult to decide to which subdivision the
Nari beds should be assigned. They may perhaps occupy an intermediate position,
similar to that of the Oligocene of continental geologists.”

We find that the Echinoidea of the Nari group are very characteristic, and that
only one reliable species of the collection sent to us passes up into the Gaj group, viz.
Schizaster Granti, nobis, which is the common Schizaster of the Miocene of Kachh and.
Kattywar, and which can be readily mistaken for 8S. Baluchistanensis, d’ Arch. & Haime.
This last-mentioned Schizaster is not found in the Nari beds. Euspatangus rostratus,
d’Arch., is common in the Khirthar group and in the Nari beds, but the Clypeasters of
the Nari group are peculiar.

There is a mutilated specimen of a variety of Celopleurus Forbest, d Arch. & Haime,
in the Nari collection ; and if it is really a Nari form, which is a matter of doubt, this
species must be included in the Nari fauna. But in Kachh it is only found in the Miocene.

The existence of an Oligocene series in Sind is as well established as it is in Kachh.

Of the Echinoidea mentioned in the Survey of Sind as characteristic of the Nari
group, only one really is so. The forms which were collected should come under
other names; for those given to them arose from conscientious attempts to identify
specimens with the descriptions of MM. d’Archiac and Haime.
OF WESTERN SIND. 249

Il. List of the Fossil Echinoidea from the Nari Series.
Order ECHINOIDEA ENDOCYCLICA.
Family CIDARIDZ.
Genus Crparis, Klein, 1734.
Cidaris sp.: p. 250.
Family ARBACTAD.

Genus C@LOPLEURUS, Agassiz, 1840.

Ccelopleurus equis, Agassiz: p. 251.

(syn. coronalis, Klein.)
Pratti, @’ Archiac & Haime: p. 254.
Forbesi, d’ Archiac ¢ Haime?: p. 256.

 

 

 

Order ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.

Suborder GNATHOSTOMATA.,

Family CLY PEASTRIDZ.

Subfamily EUCLYPEASTRIN 2,
Genus Ciyprastrer, Lamarck, 1801.

Clypeaster simplex, Duncan & Sladen: p. 257.
monticulifera, Duncan & Sladen: p. 258.
sp.: p. 257.

 

 

Suborder ATELOSTOMATA.
Family CASSIDULIDZ.

Subfamily ECHINOLAMPINZ.
Genus Ecurnotampas, Gray, 1825.

Echinolampas difficilis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 258.
d’Archiaci, Duncan & Sladen: p. 259.
Radakensis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 260.
discoideus, @’Archiac: p. 261.

, var. a, Duncan & Sladen: p. 262.

, var. B, Duncan & Sladen: p. 263.

, var. y, Duncan & Sladen: p. 263.
placenta, Duncan & Sladen: p. 264.

—— tumida, Duncan & Sladen: p. 265.

, var., Duncan g Sladen: p. 267.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Family SPATANGIDA.
Genus Euspatanevs, Agassiz, 1847.

Euspatangus rostratus, d@’Archiac: p. 267.

Genus ScuizastER, Agassiz, 1836.

Schizaster Granti, Duncan g Sladen: p. 268.
242
250 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

List of the Species of Fossil Echinoidea from the Nari Series (Oligocene).

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. Cidaris, sp.: p. 250.

2, Colopleurus equis, Agassiz: p. 251.

3. —— Pratti, @ Archiac § Haime: p. 254.

4. Forbesi, d Archiac g¢ Haime: p. 256.

5. Clypeaster simplex, Duncan § Sladen: p. 257.

6. monticulifera, Duncan § Sladen: p. 258.
7, —— sp.: p. 257. ‘

8. Echinolampas difficilis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 258.

9. —— @Archiaci, Duncan & Sladen: p. 259.
10. Radakensis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 260.
11, —— discoideus, d’Archiac: p. 261.
12, —— , var. a, Duncan & Sladen: p. 262.
13, —— ——, var. B, Duncan & Sladen: p. 263.
14, —— , var. y, Duncan & Sladen: p. 263.
15, —— placenta, Duncan g Sladen: p. 264.
16. —— tumida, Duncan & Sladen: p. 265.
17. —— , var., Duncan & Sladen: p. 267.
18. Euspatangus rostratus, d’Archiac: p. 267.

19. Schizaster Granti, Duncan & Sladen: p. 268.

Total species and varieties, 19.

 

III. Descriptions of the Species.

Order ECHINOIDEA ENDOCYCLICA.
Family CIDARIDA:.
Genus CIDARIS, Klein, 1734.
_ 1. Crparis, sp. Plate XX XIX, Figs. 1 & 2.

There are three very indifferent specimens of a Cidaris in the collection from the
Nari beds; they are, however, better preserved than the specimens from which
MM. @’Archiac and Haime determined their Cidaris Verneuili. ‘This last-mentioned
species has given us great trouble, for the description of it is not satisfactory. It
was founded upon very imperfect specimens, and the special characters of the form
turn out not to be very well defined. The specimens of a Cidaris in the collection
now under consideration present some of the characters of C. Verneuili, but careful
examination proves that the species are distinct.

The shape of the Nari specimens is rather low, flat above and below, and rounded at
the sides. The median area of the interambulacra is large, broad, and marked with
long furrows which reach from the scrobicular margin of the great tubercles to the
median sutural line. There is a raised and narrow surface between each pair of
grooves which is marked with distant and very visible miliaries, in one row. There is
OF WESTERN SIND. 261

often great irregularity in the direction of the furrows, and they then stretch across
the median line and appear to merge into those of the opposite plate. The small
tubercles around the scrobicular margin are distant, and have their mamelon elongate
in shape and low. On the ambulacral side of the scrobicular margin there is con-
siderable space, and it is occupied by furrows and ridges similar to those of the opposite
side, but they are shorter; they are longer, however, than in C. Verneuili. The coronal
plates are much broader than high, and they are separated from those above and below
by a decided sutural furrow and by the small tubercles of the scrobicular margin.
Moreover the scrobicular spaces of the great tubercles are just separated by the
furrow and the thin line of small tubercles. There are ten or thirteen pairs of
pores in relation to each coronal plate, and the ridges and furrows come close to
them from the scrobicules. Some of the pairs are conjugate, others are not. It
appears that there is a minute miliary granulation upon the interporiferous zones, and
that it is carried on to the structure between the pores.

The dimensions of the specimens is about—breadth 62 millim., height 32 millim.?

Locality. Navi series, Oligocene of Sind. Hindi Hill; Trak Hill. Survey-
numbers G 302, G 228.

Iilustrations of the Species in Plate XXXIX.

Fig. 1. Side view of the test.
2. A coronal plate and part of an ambulacrum: magnified.

Family ARBACIADA.
Genus COLLOPLEURUS, Agassiz, 1840.

Small Urchins more or less depressed, sometimes a little elongate; with a thin
test and simple pores. Tubercles neither crenulate nor perforate. Peristome small
and slightly incised. Larger interambulacral tubercles disappear before reaching the
abactinal surface, only secondary tubercles reaching the apex in some species, so that
the interradia, above, resemble smooth bands which are often highly ornamented. The
ambulacra project and have two rows of tubercles.

1. CanopLevrus EQUIS, Agassiz. Plate XX XIX, Figs. 3-8.

D’Archiac and Haime (op. cit. p. 198) describe Calopleurus coronalis, Klein,
from the French Nummulitic, as a species found in the “ Chaine d’Hala.” This species
has the synonyms of C. equis, Agass. (Catal. Syst. p. 12), and C. nitidus, Konig, sp.,
and is characterized by the presence of a single row of secondary tubercles smaller
than the primaries extending along the flanks of the poriferous zone of the ambulacra
from the apex to the peristome; they are small abactinally, and increase in size at the
ambitus. The ambulacra project considerably.
252 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Unfortunately d’Archiac and Haime described this species from a very imperfect
specimen, and necessarily limited the number of smaller tubercles in relation to the
large primaries of the interradia. They state there are seven large tubercles in each
vertical series flanked externally by a row of five smaller, some unequal granulations
intervening between them.

Desor gives a figure of this species (Synopsis des Echinides Fossiles, plate xvi,
figs. 4-6). The specific distinctions are clearly given :—1. The pentagonal and depressed
shape of the test. 2. The protuberance of the ambulacra. 3. Well-developed tubercles ;
primaries in the interporiferous area up to the beginning of the ambulacrum. 4.
Actinally, a distinct row of secondary tubercles, large in size, between the rows of the
primaries of the interradia and the poriferous zone of the ambulacra. This row
extends in a single vertical series of secondary tubercles to the ambitus, and there is
a smaller, but equally linear series, reaching to the abactinal system. 5. Primary
tubercles in the interradium above the ambitus, two or they may be three in number,
small, and not extending on the wide bare median space.

There are two types of this species in the Nari series. One is as depressed as
Desor’s type, and the other is a little higher. The vertical row of secondaries, much
smaller than the interradial primaries, and of about the size of the small ambulacral
primaries near the radial (ocular) plates, is very distinct and characteristic.

The apical system is large and the anal rim projects upwards slightly; there are
five or six large miliaries in a row on the madreporite at the rim-edge, and about three
to five on each of the other basal (generative) plates, either in a curve or straight line.
A knob larger than these miliaries is on each basal plate. The basals (generative plates)
are large and unequal; the madreporite is much the largest, and that of the inter-
radium No. 1 (Lovén) is a little smaller, and the others are decidedly smaller. They
have a blunt angular process adorally ; and in one specimen the generative pores, large
and open, are near the outer margin of most of the plates, but they are central in another.
The radial (optic) plates are sunken, not very large, and have the outer or actinal
margin with a reentering curve. On the plates are miliaries and ridges, in an arch
which completes, as it were, the ambulacral petal, and also a row of granules. There
is a central projection on the adoral edge which separates the optic foramen into two,
which are hidden. The anal opening is large and oblique, its long axis passing through
interradium 3 and ambulacrum I. (Lovén).

There are twenty-two primary tubercles in each ambulacrum, and they increase in
size from the peristome to the ambitus, and diminish to the abactinal end. The
smallest tubercle is close to the radial (optic) plate. The ambulacra are very prominent
above the ambitus, but are not more projecting than the interradia, when the test is seen
from the actinal surface. The narrowness of the ambulacra is evident, and the tubercles
are close; there is an incomplete row of large miliaries along the median suture, and
large shallow pits are at the sutural angles in the median line near the peristome. The
peristomial cuts are small; and the width of the peristomial end of the ambulacra is
equal to that of the interradia in that position.

The pairs of pores of the ambulacra are in slightly curved triplets, from close to
OF WESTERN SIND. 253

the apical system downwards, and at the ambitus the inner pore of each pair is within
the line of the circumference of the base of the tubercle close by. The lower pair
of the triplet is at the lower edge of the tubercle, and a little more towards the median
line than the others.

In well-preserved specimens there is on every plate which carries a large primary, a
smaller tubercle, and it is placed (Plate XX XIX, Fig. 6) near the adoral and outer edge.
Above the ambitus, where the larger tubercles cease, the secondary persists on each
plate and occupies the same relative position as elsewhere (Fig. 5).

The interradial tubercles diminish in size above and below the ambitus, and there
are two visible from above. The greater part of the median surface above the tubercle-
bearing plates is plain. There are zigzag lines, and there is an ornamentation on each
plate, which, starting from the vertical miliary and tuberculate edge on the outer
third, forms angular ridges and grooves which impinge on the median sutural lines,
and unite these with those of the opposed plates (Fig. 5). The ornamentation of the
outer third of the plate consists of a narrow raised vertical ridge of elongate granules ;
beyond this is a vertical row of distant small secondaries, one tubercle being placed
on the lower and outer angle of each plate. Between these secondaries are a few
large miliaries, sometimes in rows of threes or fours. It is this row of small tubercles
which characterizes the species. Usually there is but one small tubercle on each plate,
but towards the ambitus there may be two, but this is not universal. ‘There is more
miliary tuberculation between the tubercles at the ambitus and lower down for a short
space than elsewhere. All the primary and secondary tubercles have a broad base,
no sunken scrobicule, and a small projecting mamelon. ‘The lowest of the vertical
row of secondaries is small, and it is turned slightly out of its line by the existence of a
long angular tag or continuation of the peristomial cut. Each tag extends up the
ambulacrum as high as the third set of triplets, and is marked by some of the sutures
of the poriferous plates. Between the primaries of the interradia there is a small row
of miliaries ; it extends along the median and partly transverse sutural lines.

Dimensions. Height 16 millim., length 27 millim.

Locality. Nari series, Oligocene of Sind. West side of Bhagothoro Hill, south of

Sehwan. Survey-number G 24°.

 

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XX XIX.

The test, abactinal view.

The side view.

Interradial plates, lower part of 4th and the whole of the 5th
from the apex: magnified.

Interradial plate at ambitus: magnified.

The triplets of pores and an ambulacral tubercle, actinal surface.

8. The apical disk: magnified. |

om ge

sD
4
254 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

2. CaopLeurvs Pratti, d’ Archiac & Haime. Plate XXXIX, Figs. 9-12.

The following is the diagnosis of MM. d’Archiac and Haime (op. cit. p. 199) :-—
The test is subcircular and moderately high and rather convex above; periproct rather
small, and the generative pores large and opening in the middle of the genital plates,
which are rather longer than broad, and slightly angular externally. Ambulacral areas
three fourths the breadth of the interradia. Pores in rather close pairs, which form in
the actinal half short series of slightly inclined triplets. The pores are large, circular,
those of the same pair nearly horizontal, separated by a broader space abactinally than
actinally. Twelve ambulacral plates for each vertical series, almost as high as broad,
and pierced by three pairs of pores; their internal two thirds are occupied by a large
projecting primary, and there are fine granulations on the sutural lines. The interradia
consist of twelve plates, which are usually twice as high as broad. They have a vertical
line which is granular and projecting, which limits the abactinal smooth median area,
and which actinally divides the plates in half; the internal part there is covered
with a large tubercle, and the outer with a moderately large tubercle and a smaller one
external to it. All the tubercles are imperforate and non-crenulate, and stand on a
thin base. The long diameter is 32 millim., and the short 2 millim. less. Height
19 millim., peristome 12 millim., periproct 3 millim.

Only one, much altered specimen, was seen by MM. d’Archiac and Haime; but
the examination of the specimens from the Nari series indicates that their diagnosis is
correct in the main. ;

The following observations are recorded as the results of our study of the numerous
specimens forwarded from India. They are taken in the order of the diagnosis given
above :-—

1. The shape is circular in outline actinally, but the projection of the ambulacra
abactinally gives a pentagonal appearance which becomes less with age and size. The
convexity above is well seen along the ambulacra.

2. The apical system is large. The periproct is oblique, its longest axis being
in the direction of a line traversing ambulacrum No. 1 and interradium No. 3
(Lovén); it is rather large in relation to the diameter of the test. The basal (gene-
rative) plates are not quite equal in size, the madreporite being the largest; their
outer edge is a blunt angle (about a right angle), and it projects decidedly into the
interradium. The madreporite forms a sharper angle. The aboral edges of the
plates form a raised ring around the periproct, and it carries a close row of
large miliaries. Each plate has a prominent tubercle on it, and just external to
it is the generative pore, which is large, a little external to central. The pore
of the madreporite is nearer the margin of the plate. The radial (optic) plates
are large; their inner or apical part is formed by two curved edges joining at a
very open angle; their sides also curved, concavity outwards, slope, but so as to
make the curved (concavity actinally) adoral edge broad; this broad curve has a
minute central projection, and under it is the double optic pore. In some specimens
the double foramen is visible a little way from the adoral edge on the surface of the
plate. It is in a curved depression. The distance from the periproct-edge to the
OF WESTERN SIND. 265

actinal margin of the radial plate is nearly equal to that from the margin to ‘the angle
of a basal plate. The ornamentation of the plates consists, besides the miliaries
already noticed, of others which are on either side of the tubercle on the basals, and a
group on the radial plates. Ridges pass from the great tubercle outwards and down-
wards, cross the basal plate, and reach the radial and pursue the same direction.

3. The width of the ambulacra is not much more than one half of that of the
interradia at the ambitus, and this is very characteristic. ‘The tubercles reach up nearly
to the radial (optic) plate.

4. The pores are large and circular, and the pairs very distinct; the poriferous
zones form a wide angle at the radial plate.

5. In large specimens there are 26 tubercles on the interporiferous area, with
three pairs of pores to the 13 large tubercles on either side of the median line; the
intrusion of the pores into the scrobicular circle is common to this and other species
(Fig. 10). The lower pair of pores of the triplet is nearer the median line than the
others; and in well-preserved specimens the pairs are separated by a surface on which
there is a row of three small miliaries; the pores are non-conjugate. The arrange-
ment of the ambulacral plates is as in all Celopleuri. The large tubercle has a sutural
line which passes on to and up it close to the mamelon from the upper pair of pores ;
it then suddenly turns abactinally, and reaches the abactinal edge of the plate. A
corresponding line passes from the middle pair on to the tubercle; it does not touch
the other, however, but curves actinally to reach the actinal edge of the plate. Hence
a space exists between these two sutural lines, and comprehends the space between the
middle pair and the upper pair of pores, the mamelon on the top of the tubercle,
and all the plate towards the median line. ‘There are thus three plates to each tubercle-
bearing plate—one abactinal, small; one actinal, nearly of the same size and shape: and
one between these, narrow at the top of the tubercle but comprehending the mass of
the plate. The small plates are demi-plates and do not reach the median line, but the
middle plate is great and does so. The third pair of pores has its adoral pore on the
actinal line of suture of the lower small plate. (Fig. 12, and see Fig. 7: these
drawings are semi-diagrams.) The imperfect union of the sutures shows that plates
1 and 3 are intercalated on the large plate 2 of the triple combination. Near the
peristome the pairs of pores become small and more oblique.

The peristomial cuts are visible and small: a tag passes abactinally close to the
poriferous zone, which is long and narrow, and is crossed actinally by ridges and
grooves.

6. The median line of the ambulacrum, narrow in the extreme from the size of the
bases of the bosses, has a row of miliaries on it, but actinally at the angles of the
sutures in the median line there are fossettes, which vary in size and depth, and may
not be present.

7. The interradia, bare abactinally to the sixth plate from the generative plate,
are slightly concave there on the median line, and this part is bounded laterally by a
rather broad edge which carries a vertical row of secondaries separated by miliaries,
which also are seen beyond and near the pores of the ambulacra. At about the fifth

2M
256 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

plate the vertical row of secondaries has a second one between it and the pores. The
obliquity of the direction of the three secondaries explains the singularly oblique shape
of the coronal plates (Fig. 12, in which the outlines of the plates are shown without these
secondary tubercles). At the ambitus these vertical secondaries are in three rows.
Each row is oblique; the largest secondary, very much smaller, however, than the
primary, is close to it, and the other two form a close line near the actinal and outer
‘edge of the plate. There may be only two secondaries, but in large forms there are
three at the side of the largest primaries. More actinally there are only two, and
near the radial plate only one. Above the oblique line of secondaries is a crowd of
miliaries at the ambitus, and this diminishes actinally. In the median line, from the
ambitus adorally, there are two rows of miliaries with an occasional third, and the
miliaries pass along the horizontal sutures as well here and there. Above the ambitus
the ornamentation is of large open zigzag grooves.

There is no doubt that Celopleurus Pratti is distinct from Celopleurus equis ; and
that the numerous secondary tubercles on the outer part of the interradial plates, with
the miliaries above and below them and in the median line also below the ambitus,
distinguish this species from C. equis. The narrow ambulacra are very distinguishing.

But when Colopleurus Forbesi, d’ Arch., of the Miocene, is compared with C. Pratti
all sorts of difficulties arise, and principally because, like many of MM. d’Archiac and
Haime’s species, it is founded on a solitary specimen which we should pass by as
unworthy of notice. This species will be considered in dealing with the Gaj Echini
in the next Fasciculus, and it is only necessary to remark that a worn and very probably
derived specimen is in the Nari collection.

Dimensions. Height 15, breadth 27 millim.; height 17, breadth 31 millim.

Others measure: height 17 millim., breadth 34 millim. ; height 13 millim., breadth
26°5 millim. These are more depressed than the type of dArchiac and Haime.

Localities. Nari or Oligocene series of Sind. West side of Bhagothoro Hill,
south of Sehwan. Hindi Hill. Survey-numbers G 226, G 322.

Iilustrations of the Species in Plate XX XIX.

Fig. 9. The abactinal view of the test.
10. The ambulacral and interradial areas at the ambitus: magnified.
11. Apical system: magnified.
12. Semi-diagram of the oblique interradial plates and of the direction of
the ambulacral sutural lines: magnified.
OF WESTERN SIND. 257

Order ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.

Suborder GNATHOSTOMATA.

Family CLYPEASTRIDZ.
Subfamily EUCLYPEASTRINZ.

Genus CLYPEASTER, Lamarck, 1801.

1. CLYPEASTER SIMPLEX, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XL, Figs. 1 & 2.

The test is pentagonal in outline, with the posterior angles truncated and the
anterior angle rather acute ; the lines of the sides are slightly inclined to the posterior
angle, and the posterior edge is nearly straight and rather narrow.

The length is greater than the breadth, and the test is depressed, rising gradually
from the rather sharp margins to the apex. Actinally there is considerable concavity,
and the ambulacral lines there are well marked. Peristome not visible. Periproct
small and near the edge. The petals are broad and long, hardly tumid, and rather
tend to close. They are equal in length and extreme breadth inter se, and the only
distinction is that the anterior is perhaps ‘5 millim. the longest; their shape does not
differ, and none are swollen.

The poriferous zones are broadest in the outer third, and diminish rather rapidly ;
they tend to close, and the left anterior (zone 6) overlaps slightly the right one (zone a).
The closing is not perfect in any one. The outer pores are the largest, and are more
elliptical than those of the inner row.

Dimensions. Length 64:5 millim., breadth 59 millim., height 15 millim.

Locality. Nari series (Oligocene). Baran-River section, eight miles below Téng.
Survey-number G 228.

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XL.

Fig. 1. The test, from above.
2. Longitudinal outline of test.

2. CLYPEASTER, sp. Plate XX XIX, Figs. 13 & 14.

Some small specimens of Clypeaster of the Clypeaster-depressus, Sowerby, type, but
differing somewhat from that species, are in the collection. They are not sufficiently
preserved to describe fully, and therefore we have drawn what can be seen.

Localities. Nari (Oligocene). Baran-River section, eight miles below Tong, and
from a high bed: and ‘Trak, seventeen miles south of Bila Khan. Survey-numbers

GAR, GAP
Illustrations of the Species in Plate XXX1X.

Fig. 13, A specimen, abactinal view.
14. The same, from the actinal surface.
258 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

3. CLYPEASTER MONTICULIFERA, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XL, Figs. 3 & 4.

A Clypeaster, elliptical in shape, with a decided boss in the position of the apical
system, and subequal widely open ambulacra, and a concave actinal surface.

Locality. Nari series. West side of Bhagothoro Hill, south of Sehwan. Survey-
number G 2,48.

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XL.

Fig. 3. The test, from above.
4, Longitudinal outline.

Suborder ATELOSTOMATA.

Family CASSIDULIDA.
Subfamily ECHINOLAMPINA.

Genus ECHINOLAMPAS, Gray, 1825.

The Nari series contains many species of this genus, and some are small and others
are large forms. Although depressed in height, these last cover in some instances a
greater area than any hitherto known forms.

1. EcuivoLaMpas DIFFICILIS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XL, Figs. 5-7.

The test is irregularly oval in outline, rounded in front, broader behind the
antero-lateral ambulacra than in front of them, broadest at about two thirds of the
length from the posterior zone of the antero-lateral ambulacra to the anterior zone of the
posterior ambulacra, and it narrows thence to the median line behind, being slightly
nipped-in. The margins are rounded, tumid in front and at the sides, and become
thinner at the posterior ambulacra and behind.

The test is rather low, has its highest point nearly central, and slopes gradually
and very nearly equally to the front and backwards.

The apical system is slightly excentric in front, about one fifth of the whole length ;
it is on the anterior slope of the test. The disk is large, the pores of the anterior
basals (generative pair) are closer together than the posterior, and the madreporic
body is broad behind.

‘The petals are rather blunt at the apex, are long, with slightly sunken poriferous
zones and faintly tumid interporiferous areas. They show very slight indications of
closing, and are unequal in size.

The anterior ambulacrum, the shortest and slightly the narrowest, is lanceolate in
outline, and the poriferous zones keep widely open to the end. The right zone (qa) is
the shorter of the two. As is the case with the other zones, they are narrow and about
one half of the breadth of the interporiferous area. The pores are large, the inner
are smaller and circular in outline, and the outer broadly and elongately comma-
shaped. They are in a wide groove, and each pair is separated by a well-developed

costa carrying a row of small miliaries.
OF WESTERN SIND. 259

The antero-lateral petals are very wide apart, are long, open, and the anterior
poriferous zone is straighter than the other (4), which is curved. Both of these zones
become narrow towards the adoral end, the anterior is the shortest, and the last pairs
of pores of the posterior (4) curve slightly backwards.

The posterior ambulacra, the longest, are slightly sinuous near the apex, then
straight and open; the poriferous zones become narrower towards the margin and are
of equal length.

The ornamentation of all the interporiferous areas is of the same size as that of
the interradia, but is closer. The lateral interradia are the largest.

The actinal surface of the test is depressed from the centrally placed peristome to
about two thirds of the distance to the margin, where a tumid condition occurs, so that
the test rests on a surface within the margin, which overhangs.

The peristome is large and pentangular in outline, and its breadth is not much
greater than itslength. The anterior bourreletsare distinct and large, and covered with
a tuberculation which diminishes in size towards the inner part ; the lateral are smaller,
and the posterior (the broadest) is not so prominent as the anterior. ‘The phyllodes are
not very distinct, but they are slightly petaloid, narrow, tuberculate, and marked with
the usual poriferous depressions, but not with extra plates. All around the peristome,
beyond the bourrelets the ornamentation is large, and larger than elsewhere. Beyond
this area of large ornamentation the tubercles become crowded and smaller to
the margin, where they are only slightly more crowded than abactinally. ‘The
ornamentation between the margin and the apex consists of tubercles in sunken
scrobicular areas surrounded by a raised margin, which is more or less finely granular.

The periproct is about as broad as the mouth, is infra-marginal and transversely
elliptical, being much broader than long.

Dimensions. Length 59 millim., breadth 53 millim., height 19 millim.; distance
of apical disk from anterior edge 24 millim. Relative length to breadth 1:0°98 ;
relative length to height 1: 0°32.

Locality. Nari series. Neighbourhood of Laki. The fossilization is the same as
some specimens of Cwlopleurus equis. Survey-number G 2°.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XL.

Fig. 5. The abactinal surface. .
6. The actinal view.
7. Side view.

2. EcHINOLAMPAS D’ARCHIACI, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XL, Figs. 8 & 9.

The test is long, ovoid, depressed, tumid in front, nipped-in and sharper behind.
It is longer than broad and broader than high, the relative proportions being length 1,
breadth 0°87, and height 0°43.

The highest point is excentric in front, slightly in the rear of the apical
disk ; thence the test slopes boldly in front and gradually posteriorly, there being a
260 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

comparatively level surface behind the apex and then a sharper descent towards the
nipped-in projection over the periproct.

The apical system is very excentric in front. The anterior ambulacrum is short
and narrower than the others, and is open distally. The antero-lateral ambulacra,
very nearly transverse, are not very long, have a tendency to close, for the longer
posterior poriferous zone curves towards the other, but still the ends are widely apart.
The posterior zones do not reach more than three fourths of the distance to the
margin, are open at the end,.and the poriferous zones are equal. The posterior
ambulacra are the longest and broadest.

All the poriferous zones are well developed, very slightly sunken, are rather more
than one half of the breadth of the interporiferous areas, and have large outer comma-
shaped pores and smaller inner ones which are circular in outline. On the lateral
ambulacra there is much obliquity of the pairs of pores. The coste are well developed,
and have the usual row of miliaries on them.

Actinally the more angular posterior part of the test contrasts with the rounded
anterior margin; the greatest breadth is seen to be at a bulge anterior to the postero-
lateral ambulacra. The test is flattened above and behind the periproct, which is large,
inframarginal, curved in front, straight behind.

The actinal surface is depressed around the central peristome. The ornamentation
is rather large, is nearly equal from the margin to the apex, but is much larger around
the peristome.

Dimensions. Length 57 millim., breadth 51 millim., height 25 millim.; distance
of apical disk from front 23 millim. Relative length to breadth 1:0°877; relative
length to height 1: 0°43.

Locality. Nari series. Neighbourhood of Laki. Survey-number G 28°.

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XL.

Fig. 8. The abactinal view.
9. The side view.

3. EcuinoLaMpas Rapakensis, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XL, Fig. 10.

The test is oval in outline, broadest on a line with the slightly excentric in front
apical system, longer than broad, broader than high, depressed, tumid at the anterior
and the lateral margins, and it rests on a surface between them and the excentric in
front peristome. The apical system is small, and the ends of the ambulacra there are
pointed and rather close. The anterior ambulacrum is rather tumid, is much the
shortest and much the narrowest; it is open, but the poriferous zones tend to close,
the right being the longest ; the poriferous zones are narrow and the pairs of pores are
crowded. ‘The interporiferous area is tumid.

The antero-lateral ambulacra are petaloid and very wide apart ; both poriferous
zones are curved and narrow. ‘The anterior is the shorter, and there is a tendency to
close. The interporiferous area is broad and tumid, and three times the width of the
OF WESTERN SIND. 261

poriferous zone. The postero-lateral ambulacra are tumid, rather longer than the
others, and broader; they are petaloid, and tend to close by the approach of the ends
of the poriferous zones, of which the posterior is the shortest. The peristome is narrow
and pentagonal, the anterior bourrelets being well developed, and the phyllodes are
rather petaloid. The tuberculation is very small and crowded on the actinal surface,
and is larger abactinally.

Dimensions. Length 71 millim., breadth 60 millim., height 20 millim.

Relational dimensions. Length 1, to breadth 0°84, to height 0-28.

Locality. Nari series, Oligocene of Sind. Near the base of the group, near Radak,
ten miles 8.S.E. of Jhangdra. Survey-number G 322.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XL.
Fig. 10. The abactinal surface.

There are many specimens of a species of Echinolampas in the collection from the
Nari series which may be associated with Echinolampas discoideus, d’Archiac. The
species is a very variable one and difficult to define; and, indeed, all the species of the
genus Echinolampas from the Nari series have a facies in common, whatever may be
their size.

4, EcHINOLAMPAS DISCOIDEUS, d’Archiac. Plate XLI, Figs. 1 & 2.

We give a summary of the description of the species by its authors, and then
remark on the definition afterwards.

Test subcircular, a little longer than broad; no angular tuberosities on sides.
Margin rounded. Slight projection above the anus. Apical summit slightly project-
ing at the anterior two fifths of the great diameter. Four genital pores rather small.

Petals long, flat, almost as open as in Conoclypeus, rather broad, and almost
unequal amongst themselves in this respect. The two posterior are broader than the
antero-lateral, and the odd ambulacrum is the narrowest. The antero- and postero-
lateral ambulacra very slightly bent at the apex.

Poriferous zones rather broad, subcostulate, almost equal in the same ambulacrum.
Interradial areas unequal; measured half way down the petals, the posterior is the
broadest and the anterior are the narrowest, but near the apex these last are broader
than the lateral.

Actinal surface subplane, slightly sunken in the middle.

Peristome nearly central ; buccal tuberosities moderately pronounced.

Periproct inframarginal, small, and tolerably regularly elliptical in shape.

Tubercles small, close, especially at the margin, slightly unequal, principally on
the ambulacra. ‘Those near the peristome are larger than the others.

Length 7°6 centimetres, breadth 7:3, height 3:3,

Length 7 r breadth ? , height 2°8.

The types chosen by d’Archiac (described in ‘Les Animaux fossiles de 1’Inde,’
p. 209) were well crushed from above downwards; and his drawing shows that the
posterior half of the actinal part of the test is more tumid than the anterior; but
262 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

taking the above measurement as nearly correct, the relative dimensions of length to
breadth and height are :—Length to breadth 1: 0:96; length to height 1: 0°43.

With regard to this description given by d’Archiac and Haime, it is to be
observed that the posterior interradium and the antero-lateral are subequal at the half-
way point, and that the measurement on the type is accompanied by deformation of
the test. The position of the apical system is incorrectly given, being too far forward ;
the ends of the petals are exceedingly indistinct in the type, and the poriferous zones
are not equal. The bent condition of the petals at the apex is incomprehensible. The
poriferous zones are not broad. The tubercles are not close and small.

In fact the types chosen by d’Archiac were not only injured but worn, and were
not full grown. ;

The most perfect specimen of the species Echinolampas discoideus, d’Archiac, in
the collection from the Nari series, is not crushed, and is therefore normal in height.

’ It has the specific characters, and it is to be noticed that the madreporite separates
the postero-lateral radials\(ocular plates), that the posterior poriferous zone of the
antero-lateral ambulacra is sinuous or slightly doubly curved, being moreover longer
than the anterior zone, and that these ambulacra do tend to close. The posterior
ambulacra are.widely open.

There is an evident greater tumidity of the test behind the apex than over the
region of the anterior ambulacrum, where there is some flattening.

The above-mentioned specimen measures 89 millim. in length, and is 83 millim.
in breadth. The height is 36 millim. The relative dimensions are: length to breadth
1:0°93; length to height 1: 0-41.

Locality. Nari series (Oligocene). Trak Hill, seventeen miles south of Bila Khan.

Survey-number G 2338.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XLI.

Fig. 1. The abactinal view.
2. The side view.

_ A second specimen, smaller than the preceding, is broader and higher relatively.
Length 78 millim., breadth 74 millim., and height 35 millim. Relative dimensions :—
length to breadth 1:0°94; length to height 1: 0-46.

5, EcHINOLAMPAS DIScoIDEvs, d’ Archiac, var. «, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XLI, Figs. 3-5.

A large specimen, 113 millim. long and 105 millim. broad, is 54 millim. high, and
its relative dimensions are nearly those of the specimen we consider our type of
Echinolampas discoideus.

It presents a decided flattening of the front margin, which becomes very decided
in larger specimens, measuring 126 millim. long; and the relative proportions are—
length to breadth 1 : 0:93, and length to height 1: 0-42.

Locality. Nari series (Oligocene). Northern end of Watwaro range, between
Trak and Damaj. Survey-number G49. Trak Hill, seventeen miles south of Bula
Khan. Survey-number G 226. Hindi Hill, north of Trak. Survey-number G 392.
OF WESTERN SIND. 263

Illustrations of the large Specimen with anterior truncation in Plate XLI.

Fig. 3. The actinal surface: natural size.
4. The peristome of another specimen: natural size.
5. Outline diagram of the peristome.

6. ECHINOLAMPAS DIscuIDEUS, d’ Archiae, var. 3, Duncan & Sladen.

This variety of the species is small and flat, and in one the length is 50 millim.
breadth 53 millim., and height 19 millim. Relative length to breadth 1: 0-98, and
length to height 1: 0°32.

The next variety, also a flat one, is thus described by us :—

7. Ecuinotampas DISscoIDEus, d@’ Archiac, var. y, Duncan & Sladen*.

The test is depressed, ovoid, broadest on the posterior half; it is longer than
broad in a slight degree, and much broader than high. The relational proportions are:
length 1, breadth 0-9, height 0°38.

The highest point is central, and behind the excentric in front apical system:
The test slopes rather flatly, but with a gentle curve to the front, and much more
boldly, and with some tumidity, posteriorly. The margin is nowhere tumid, but more
swollen and rounded posteriorly than anteriorly. Actinally the peristome is central
and sunken, the test being slightly tumid between it and the margins; there is some
convexity between the peristome and the inframarginal, elliptical periproct, which is
close to the posterior edge. ‘The fore part of the actinal surface dips down slightly,
and the test rests on a surface close to the anterior margin, and elsewhere between the
peristome and the margin.

The excentric in front apical system is small and with rather large generative
pores; the anterior are the closest, and all are oblique.

The odd ambulacrum is, as are the others, flush with the test, the poriferous
zones being barely sunken. ‘The interporiferous area is lanceolate, widely open at the
end ; and the poriferous zones, narrow and long, show no tendency to close; they are
of the same length, and are slightly narrower at their termination. This ambulacrum
is as long as the longest poriferous zone of the antero-lateral ambulacra, and
only a little shorter than the postero-lateral ambulacra. ‘The breadth of the odd

-ambulacrum, like that of the others, is not great, but it equals that of the posterior,
although it is very slightly less than that of the antero-lateral pair.

The antero-lateral ambulacra, nearly transverse, are widely open, and the posterior
poriferous zone is more bent than the anterior. ‘They extend close to the margin.
The postero-lateral ambulacra are slightly sinuous, long and open; the anterior zone is
the longest. The poriferous zones generally are narrow, 23 times less than the
interporiferous areas. The ornamentation of the interporiferous areas is slightly
smaller than that of the interradia; it is not crowded in these last. The actinal
ornamentation is larger than the abactinal, and is very large in the posterior interradium,
The anterior bourrelets are well developed.

*® We retain the specific name given by MM. d’Archiac and Haime without modification.
2N
264 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Length 67 millim., breadth 61 millim., height 26 millim.
Locality. Nari series, Oligocene of Sind. Mal-Mohdri, west of Jtngshahi.
Survey-number G 282.
Dimensions of the Series of Forms of Echinolampas coming within the species
Echinolampas discoideus, d’ Archiac.

Length. Breadth. Height. Length to Length to

millim. millim. millim. breadth. height.
L. EO. « « » » 88 83 36 1 to 0:98 1 to 0-41. Type.
2. FOO « « « » « 74 35 1 to 0°94 1 to 0°46. Type.
&. Form. « . « » 113 105 04 1 to 0°93 1to0°4. Var. a.
4, Kovit s,s « «= « 126 117 53 1 to 0:93 1 to 0°42: Var. a.
5. Small specimen . 59 53 19 1 to 0°98 1 to 0°32. Var. 6.
6. Another. . . . 67 61 26 1 to 0°9 1 to 0°38. Var. y.

8. EcHINOLAMPAS PLACENTA, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XLII, Figs. 1-3.

The test is large, nearly as broad as long, very depressed, nearly circular in outline,
but slightly nipped-in and produced behind, and slightly flattened over the infra-
marginal periproct. The margins are rounded rather sharply, and the highest point of
the test is slightly excentric in front at the apical disk. There is asharper slope in front
than behind the apical system, and some flattening occurs over the anterior ambulacrum.
But in spite of the flattening, the anterior margin is more swollen than the posterior
(Fig. 3). The actinal surface has a gradual slope to the central peristome.

The apical system is flat and rather large, the madreporic body occupying the
space between the four well-marked generative pores, and extending behind the line of
the two posterior so as to separate the radial (ocular) plates of the posterior ambulacra.
The ambulacra come to visible points beyond the madreporite, and the radial (ocular)
plates are rather large. The ambulacra (anterior part of odd one is missing) are long,
extend close to the margin, are open widely, are flush with the test, and are broad with
comparatively narrow poriferous zones, which are unequal in the same ambulacra to
some extent.

The narrowest ambulacrum is the anterior, and the longest and broadest are the
postero-lateral ambulacra. The pores are rather large, the outer one elongate comma-
shaped, and the inner nearly circular in outline; and the coste, moderately broad,
have a row of miliaries on them. The pairs narrow towards the distal end. The
antero-lateral ambulacra, very wide apart, have the anterior poriferous zone nearly
straight, except close to the marginal end, where there is a slight curving backwards
and obliquity of the pores; the posterior zone is curved and sinuous, for distally the
curve alters and the concavity is backwards ; and this is the larger zone of the two. The
posterior ambulacra have the anterior poriferous zone more bent than the other, but it
is the shorter of the two. The peristome is small, pentagonal, broader than long, and
widely open. ‘The floscelle is well developed, the phyllodes are distinct, the antero-
lateral in grooves, and there are some extra plates, and most of the pores are double.
OF WESTERN SIND. 265

The anterior bourrelets are somewhat tumid, as are the lateral, and the posterior is flat
and the largest. The periproct is broader than the peristome, is close to the margin,
and is elliptical with sharpish sides, and the anterior margin is more curved than
the posterior.

The ornamentation of the interporiferous areas, abactinally, is very distinct, not
crowded, and consists of sunken tubercles and intermediate granulated structure. It is
slightly smaller than the ornamentation on the interradia, which is rather more distant.
It becomes coarse and crowded at the margin from the narrow and projecting inter-
mediate tissue, but it increases in size, distinctness, size of intermediate tissue, and
granulation towards the peristome. It becomes small again on the inner slopes of the
bourrelets. Small behind the periproct, it is larger anteriorly to it.

Dimensions. Length 115 millim., breadth 106 millim., height 40 millim.

Relative dimensions. Length 1, to breadth 0°92, to height 0°35.

Locality. Nari series (Oligocene). Pdkhran, 50 miles $.8.W. of Sehwan. Survey-
number G 228.

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate XLII.

Fig. 1. The test, abactinal view.
2. Actinal view.
3. Lower longitudinal section.

A second specimen is flatter, and has the posterior interporiferous areas narrower
than the type just noticed, otherwise they are identical. Length 105 millim., breadth
99 millim., height 35 millim. The relative dimensions are:—length 1, to breadth
0:94, to height 0°33.

9, EcHINOLAMPAS TUMIDA, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XLIII, Figs. 1-5.

The test-is very large, slightly longer than broad, not quite circular in marginal
outline. It is about half as high as broad, very tumid at the margins, and swollen
actinally ; the peristome, which is rather excentric in front, being in a shallow broad
depression. The highest: point of the test is in front of the centre, and is at the apical
disk; and the test slopes suddenly and boldly from that spot to the tumid anterior
margin, and much more gradually backwards to the sharper margin over the periproct.
The whole of the front of the test presents a very convex and massive appearance. But
the upper part of the test is not rounded off equally with the flanks, and is more or
less conical.- The posterior margin slopes upwards and backwards from the actinal
surface, so that the inframarginal periproct is seen slightly from behind.

The apical system is small. The ambulacra are long, but do not extend close to
the margin; broad, with rather narrow poriferous zones which are nearly equal in each
ambulacrum. ‘There is a slight tendency to close in the antero-lateral ambulacra, and
the poriferous zones of the postero-lateral are a little closer together at their extreme
ends than midway; but the anterior ambulacrum is widely open. All the interpo-
riferous areas are flush with the test and the poriferous zones also.

The anterior ambulacrum is long, lanceolate, and shows no tendency to close; its
2N 2
266 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

poriferous zones are equal in length, and the breadth of the two combined is rather less
than that of the interporiferous area. The larger pores are of considerable dimensions ;
those which are at the distal end are subequal and nearly circular or elliptical in outline,
but the outer pores become more and more elongate and straight comma-shaped towards
the middle of the ambulacrum; thence they become gradually smaller. -The inner
pores are more elliptical than circular in their outline, and are smaller than the others.
There is a very decided obliquity of the pairs of pores, which is produced by a
slope of the outer part of the ambulacral plate ; and the costa between the pairs of pores
is wide and short, and carries more than one row of minute miliaries arranged in rather
a confused manner. ‘lhere is but little narrowing of the poriferous zones towards
their termination. This ambulacrum is the shortest and narrowest, and its length
is 52 millim. and greatest breadth 11 millim.

The antero-lateral ambulacra are broader and longer than the anterior one; the
poriferous zones become narrow towards their end, and the anterior, the shortest, has
its terminal pair of pores curved backwards; it is the shorter by about five pairs.
Neither of the zones is much curved. The length is 56 millim., and the greatest
breadth 12 millim.

‘The postero-lateral ambulacra are very long, 65 millim., and as broad as the antero-
lateral. There is slight difference in the length of the poriferous zones, which diminish
in breadth towards the end, and only a slight disposition to close.

The ornamentation of the interporiferous areas is smaller than that of the inter-
radia, is not very close, and is rather transverse. ‘The tubercles are small, sunken, and
separated by a well-developed raised area, which is minutely granular (Fig. 8). The
coste are broad, and have at least two rows of miliaries on them.

The peristome, broadly pentagonal, is slightly in front of the centre, and is surrounded
by the tumid actinal surface; the breadth is greater than the length from before back-
wards, and the bourrelets are fairly developed. ‘The phyllodes are not large, but there
is doubling of some pores. The posterior lip is the broadest and flattest. The
breadth is 12 millim.

The periproct is on the upper and backward slope of the margin, is broader than
the peristome, and is an elongate ellipse with the anterior margin more curved than the
posterior.

The ornamentation of the interradia, abactinally, resembles that of the inter-
poriferous areas, and it is slightly the larger. It increases steadily and gradually in size
from the margin to the peristome; the tubercles become larger, situated in deeper
scrobicules, and the intertubercular ornamentation becomes larger, wider, and more
distinct. The largest ornamentation is in the ambulacra near the peristome, and on
the posterior lip a little remote from the mouth. In those localities the granular
ornamentation between the tubercles is wide.

Dimensions. Length 117 millim., breadth 107 millim., height 64 millim.

Relative dimensions. Length 1, to breadth 0:91, to height 0°54.

Locality. Nari series (Oligocene). Trak Hill, 17 miles 8. of Bula Khan. Survey-

number G 228,
OF WESTERN SIND. 267

Tilustrations of the Species in Plate XLIII.

The test, side view: natural size.
Actinal surface.
Part of anterior ambulacrum, showing obliquity of plate: magnified.
Ornamentation of ambulacrum: magnified.
Ornamentation of under surface: magnified.

Fig.

oy

Or

10. EcHinoLaMpas TuMIDA, Duncan & Sladen, Variety.

The test is circular in marginal outline, nearly hemispherical, tumid at the margins
except in the posterior part of the test, and with a swollen actinal surface around a
slightly sunken central peristome.

The highest point of the test is behind the apical system, which is rather excentric
infront. There is some flattening of the test on either side of the anterior ambulacrum.

Apical system rather large. The ambulacra are long, slightly raised, widely open
at the end; the poriferous zones of each ambulacrum are nearly equal, except in the
postero-lateral ; they become narrow gradually, and are less than one half of the breadth
of an interporiferous area.

The pairs of pores are.separated by well-developed cost, with a single row of
miliaries on them, and there is some obliquity of the poriferous part of the plate. The
inner pores are smaller and more circular than the others, which are long and comma-
shaped, where not much worn.

The anterior ambulacrum is very long, comes close to the margin, and is widely
open. It is 49 millim. long and 1 centim. broad near its end. It is very slightly bent.
The antero-lateral ambulacra are of the same length and breadth as the odd one; the
posterior poriferous zone is the most curved and the longer; there is a slight tendency
to close. The postero-lateral ambulacra are the longest and broadest, and the posterior
zone is the longer.

The peristome is broad, and the floscelle developed. ‘The periproct is close to the
edge and inframarginal. The ornamentation of the ambulacra is rather small and of
the same size as that of the interradia; the tubercles are separated by a miliary raised
tissue. Actinally the ornamentation is large, and especially near the peristome.

Dimensions. Length 104 millim., breadth 101 millim., height 59 millim. Relative
length to breadth 1: 0°97; relative length to height 1: 0:56.

Locality. Nari series (Oligocene). S.E. side of Trak Hill. Survey-number G 39%.

The circular marginal contour is very characteristic of this variety.

Family SPATANGID.
Genus EUSPATANGUS, Agassiz, 1847.

1, Euspatanaus rostratus, d’Archiac. Plate XLIII, Fig. 6.

Some large forms of this Euspatangus are in the Nari series, and approach Euspa-
tangus affinis, nobis, which was described in the memoir on the Fossil Echinoidea
268 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

of Kachh and Kattywar (plate xii, fig. 2). .The posterior nipping-in of the test is, how-
ever, very decided in the Nari forms ; the number of large tubercles is considerable, and
there is a fasciole on one part of the flank of the test, which is very distinct. It is not
continuous, however.

Actinally the marginal tuberculation ends towards the posterior ambulacrum
suddenly, and large tubercles come in. The bare space of the smooth plastron and
ambulacra is dotted here and there with distinct miliaries, which are about the same
size as those which are scattered between the large actinal tubercles.

Locality. Nari series (Oligocene). West side of Bhagothoro Hill, south of

Sehwan. Survey-number G 228.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XLIII.

Fig. 6. A large specimen, from above.

Genus SCHIZASTER, Agassiz, 1836.
ScHIZASTER GrantI, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XLII, Figs. 4-6.

There are several specimens of the genus in the collection from Nari, but unfor-
tunately their condition of preservation is unsatisfactory. It is evident, however, that
Schizaster Granti, nobis, which is so largely represented in Kattywar, in strata higher
than the Nummulitic, and which are Miocene in age, is present in the Nari series*.

Locality. Nari series (Oligocene). West side of Bhagothoro Hill, south of

Sehwan. Survey-number G 228,

Illustration of the Species in Plate XLII.

Fig. 4. The side view. (The fasciole is not seen in this specimen. j
5. The abactinal view. (Fasciole is worn.)
§. A linear longitudinal view of a large specimen.
In these figures the shape is given, and not the details.

IV. Remarks on the Species.

The Cidaris has a truly Sindian facies.

The Ceelopleuri belong to two species which have been described by-d’Archiac
and Haim'e as coming from the Nummulitic of Sind. These are Celopleurus equis,.
a European eee and Celopleurus Pratti, closely allied and only known in Western
India.

The interest of these forms has been greatly increased by the descriptions of the
living species by Alex. Agassiz.

In Celopleurus Maillardi, Mich., collected during the ‘Challenger’ Expedition,
the spines, like those of the West-Indian species Celopleurus floridanus, are extra-
ordinarily long; but in both species, as in the fossil forms, the tubercles are non-

* * Fossil Echinoidea of Kachh and Kattywar.’ Pal. Indica, Ser. XIV. pp. 70 & 88, plate vi, figs, 8-12.
OF WESTERN SIND. 269

crenulate, showing that crenulation and size of spines and their power of movement are
not invariably associated. In the first-named species the bare median interradial area
is ornamented by a few flat, broad, inconspicuous miliaries, and by smooth broad bands,
somewhat raised, forming irregular S-shaped lines extending from the centre of one
plate to the upper edge of the following plate. These are seen more or less modified
and in a greater degree in the fossil forms. ‘The arrangement of the ambulacra and
interradia is generally the same, but special distinctions are noticed in the recent and
fossil species. In the fossil forms the ambulacra are prominent, and are relatively
narrower than in the recent species.

The ambulacral tubercles extend close to the radial (ocular) plates in the fossil
forms and also in Celopleurus Maillardi ; and the interference of the pairs of pores with
the raised scrobicules of the large tubercles is greatest in the extinct species.

The median sutural pits near the actinal end of the ambulacra are visible in all the
species, but they are certainly variable in the fossil forms and most developed in the
recent West-Indian. ‘Chey may be for spheridia, as Agassiz suggests in the Report
on the ‘Challenger’ Echini. The tag-like prolongation from the peristomial cuts is
seen in all the species. ‘The apical system differs, and the elliptical anal opening of the
East-Indian recent form is represented by an obliquely-placed oval anus in the fossil
species.

The ornamentation between the large interradial tubercles and the poriferous zone
is different in the two fossil species, and is distinct from that of the recent forms. The
construction of the triplets of the ambulacral areas is shown on Plate XXXIX, Figs.
7&12. It is most singular, and characterizes the genus. Nothing resembling it has
hitherto been noticed.

The study of the Gaj and Kachh forms of Celopleurus has opened out many
interesting points, and we are engaged in describing the anatomy of the recent species.

Clypeaster simplex from the Nari series is allied to the species of Clypeaster from the
same geological horizon in Kachh, and its nearly equal petals are very characteristic.

Clypeaster depressus, Sow., is common in the Nari series and in the corresponding
strata in Kachh, and it is therefore not a true Nummulitic form. It passes up into
the Miocene.

The third species from the Nari series is not a very satisfactory one; but the
humped nature of the apical area and a little beyond is characteristic. Actinally the
form is very concave.

The Echinolampine from the Navi series are very characteristic and numerous.
Some are very large forms indeed, and all are comparatively depressed, some very much
so. They differ entirely in shape from those of the Nummulitic of Kachh and from
those of the Miocene of that district and Kattywar. Their facies is altogether distinct
from that of the large Echinolampad fauna of the Khirthar Nummulitic beds of Sind,
where the flat, discoid, and subpentagonal forms of the Nari series have no repre-
sentatives whatever ; whilst, on the other hand, the elongate and regularly curved out-
lines of the characteristic Khirthar species stand closely distinguished from the Nari
species of Echinolampas.
270 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

There is nothing very marked about the species Echinolampas difficilis, except its
manifest alliance with Echinolampas discoideus, d’Archiac. The proportions, however,
differ, and the general shape also. But its details help to maintain the generally
depressed character of the Echinolampine of the Nari series and their alliances with
Echinolampas discoideus. Echinolampas d’Archiaci is not unlike Echinolampas
“Sindensis at first sight ; but the contour and the nature of the margin distinguish it.

Echinolampas Radakensis introduces the discoid series, and is one of the trouble-
some species which cannot be classified with better-known forms and yet have an
indefinite individuality of their own.

Echinolampas discoideus, d’Archiac, is a very variable form, and, with its varieties,
characterizes the Nari series. The specimen used by d’Archiac and Haime, which is
in the collection of the Geological Society of London, is one which we should have
declined to investigate as a specific type. We have carefully considered the measure-
ments of it and of those in the colléction from the Nari series, and we consider the form
figured in Plate XLI, Figs. 1 & 2, to be the true Echinolampas discoideus. One of
the most interesting varieties of the species is a large form which has the margin in
front flattened. Fortunately, in one of the specimens the peristome is well preserved,
and we have given a view of it. A third specimen shows a worn condition of the
peristomial ambulacra, and its delineation (Plate XLI, Fig. 5) certifies to the correct-
ness of Lovén’s descriptions of the relative position of the tentacular orifices.

The great flat Echinolampas placenta is clearly one of the allies of E. discoideus.
It is a most extraordinary form, especially when considered in relation to the great
Echinolampas tumida from the same series. These species are among the largest of
the genus, and appear to be confined to the Nari series.

Euspatangus rostratus, d’Archiac, appears to have a considerable vertical and
horizontal range, and the species is found in Kachh. The Nari form certainly has
some of the features of Euspatanyus affinis, Duncan & Sladen, from Kachh.

Finally, Schizaster Granti, Duncan & Sladen, is found in the Nari deposits and is
a common fossil in Kattywar. It passes up into the Miocene series.

The Oligocene strata of Sind and of Kachh are evidently worthy of the name,
and the evidence of their intermediate position between the Eocene and the Miocene
is offered by the study of the Echinoidea as well as of the Corals. Moreover, the
horizon of the strata containing the fossils is not a low one in the series, and there is a
slight community of species between the Nari and the overlying Miocene deposits.
bo
=]
eH

OF WESTERN SIND.

V. APPENDIX.

 

Tuis Fasciculus contains the description of the uppermost Nummulite-bearing rocks of
Sind, and the next, which will be published shortly, will relate to the Miocene strata
of the same province. As that Fasciculus will be the last of this Series, it will contain
the necessary lists of the species of the Echinoidea, and also the remarks upon the affi-
nities of the faunas of the consecutive great groups of strata. The affinities of the
Nummulitic, Oligocene, and Miocene faunas of Sind will then be considered in relation

to those of the equivalent European strata.

 

In concluding this part of our work it becomes necessary for us to introduce here
some remarks which we have already published in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural
History’ for October 1884.

A species of the genus Hemiaster (H. elongatus) was described by us in page 78
of the fasciculus on the Echinoidea of the Ranikot series, and it was figured on
Plate XIX.

Professor Sven Lovén, in a masterly essay on the genus Pourtalesia, communi-
cated to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, June 1882, and which was published
in 1883, stated in two footnotes, one on page 73 and another on page 79, that our
species H. elongatus belongs to the genus Palwostoma. It is evident to us that if this
is true, another species (Hemiaster digonus, d’Archiac) must come within the same
generic environment. We have gone over the descriptions and drawings of both these
species, and have compared them with the original types, and we still retain the forms
in the genus within which they were placed by us.

The following extract from the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for

October 1884, p. 239, places our views definitely :—
“We may admit that the two species of Hemiaster differ equally from Pale-

ostoma.

“Tn all the forms the apical system is small, and two of the generative plates,
1 and 4, have conical eminences, on which are the large ovarial pores.

“In all three forms the generative or basal plates 2 and 3 are small and without
perforations for ovarial ducts, and here the structural similarity ceases. The genus

Palwostoma has no madreporite passing back between the two perforated plates 1 and 4;
20
272 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA OF WESTERN SIND.

the other two forms have this, and, moreover, the madreporite reaches back between the
posterior oculars I. and V. There are no sutures in Palwostoma, but they are present
between all the plates in the forms we have called Hemiaster.

“The peristome of Palwostoma is pentagonal at all ages; that of our Hemiasters
is never pentagonal, and is of the crescentic shape of the genus, the front edge being
curved widely and the back lip being also curved and projecting downwards as a promi-
nent structure. In Palwostoma the interradial plates 7 at the margin of the mouth are
large, nearly equal in their considerable space, and the ambulacral plates contribute but
slightly to the margin. In the other forms only the plate 7 of interradium 56 is large,
and, as in all Hemiasters, the other first plates barely contribute to the peristome,
whilst the greater part of the margin is made up of the ambulacral plates. ‘The first
interradial plates of 1, 2,3, and 4, not very wide posteriorly in Paleostoma, are decidedly
wide in the Hemiasters.

“There is a most remarkable heteronomia of the interradium 1 in Palwostoma
mirabile, but there is nothing of the kind in the two other forms. They present the
normal heteronomia of the interradia, actinally, which is usual to such Spatangoids.
There is no plastron in Paleostoma, but there is in the other forms.

“The very broad ambulacra on either side of the odd interradium in Pale@ostoma
are not characteristic of the Hemiasters; on the contrary, their ambulacra are narrow.
In Paleostoma there is a remarkable enlargement of the fifth ambulacral plate of amb. I.
row a, and it is pushed to the left because plate J 2 of interradium 5 is placed so much
to the front of a3 of the same interradium that there is a vacant space. This is not
the case in the two species which we have named Hemiaster, and plates a 2 and 6 2 of
the odd interradium are as is usual in the Spatangvids.

“We consider that we have proved that the generic characters of Palwostoma are
not present in the form we named Hemiaster elongatus, nor are they in the closely allied
species H. digonus, d’Archiac.”

Since this reply was published, Professor Lovén kindly assents to our original
determination. But he doubts the propriety of permitting so-called Hemiasters with
only two generative pores and a backwardly passing madreporite to remain in the genus
as established by Desor. (November 1884.) ;

 
A DESCRIPTION

OF THE

FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

OF

WESTERN SIND.

 

FascicuLus 5.—THE GAJ SERIES (MIOCENE).

Prares XLIV.-LV.

I. Introductory Remarks on the Gdj Series.

Tue general relations of the Gaj series of Tertiary rocks of Western Sind were stated
in the first part of this work, in the introductory remarks upon the positions whence
the fossil Echinoidea of Sind were derived. An abstract was given of the nature of
the succession of the Gaj series and also of the Nari series below and the Manchhar
series above it.

This stratigraphical information was derived from the elaborate work ‘On the
Geology of Western Sind,’ from the Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, by
W. T. Blanford, F.R.S.*, Deputy Superintendent of the Geological Survey. The
survey of the area was the joint labour of Messrs. Blanford and Fedden, and the
fossils which were collected under the superintendence of those gentlemen were sent
to us from H. B. Medlicott, Esq., F.R.S., the Superintendent of the Geological
Survey of India.

Geologists will find the descriptions of the strata and the physical geology of
Western Sind, given in the memoir just noticed, full of interest, as illustrating the
varied features of the very wonderful series of Tertiary deposits in Western India.

This memoir has been, moreover, carefully considered in the ‘ Manual of the
Geology of India,’ by Messrs. Medlicott and Blanford, 1879.

* Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, vol. xvii. pt. 1 (1879).
2P
274 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

The result of the examination and description of the Fossil Corals of the Gaj
series * proved that it was on a higher horizon than the Nari series, and this has been
confirmed by the study of the Echinoidea which we now offer to paleontologists.

In fact the deductions made by the geological surveyors in the field have been
proved to be correct. The evidence which was obtained from the study of the Corals
is confirmed by the examination of the Echinoidea, and indeed it may be said that
although the Corals distinctly gave a Miocene horizon to the Gaj series, it was not a
high one. Nevertheless the Echinoidea are indicative of a high horizon in the
Miocene.

The following abstract of the description of the Gj series from the ‘ Manual of
the Geology of India,’ pp. 463 e¢ seq., will be found useful :-—

“ Gdj Group.—Upon the Nari group, almost throughout Sind, there is found
resting a mass of highly fossiliferous limestones and calcareous beds, usually more or
less shaly, always distinctly stratified, and easily distinguished from the limestones of
the older Tertiary formations by the absence of Nummulites. A superb section of the
strata forming this group is exposed on the banks of the Géj river, the only stream
which cuts its way through the Khirthar range, and in the neighbourhood of which,
west of the range, the fine section of Lower Tertiary and Cretaceous beds, already
noticed, is exposed. From this river the present group derives its name.

“On the eastern flanks of the Khirthar range, in Upper Sind, the Gaj group
forms a conspicuous ridge, the hard dark-brown limestone bands near the base of the
formation resisting the action of denudation far more than the soft sandstones of the Nari
beds, and rising every here and there into peaks of 1000 and 1500 feet, or even more,
escarped to the westward, and sloping to the east, Amru (the highest summit of the
Géj ridge) being 2700 feet above the sea. Still the limestone bands, although so
conspicuous, are subordinate, the greater part of the group consisting of sandy shales,
clays with gypsum, and, towards the base, sandstones. Many of the bands of limestones
appear very constant in position, and may be traced for a long distance. As a rule
they are dark brown in colour; but one bed is white, and abounds in corals and small
Foraminifera (Orbitoides), whilst some of the darker bands contain Echinodermata in
large quantities. The uppermost portion of the group is usually argillaceous, being
chiefly composed of red and olive clays with gypsum; and these beds pass gradually
into precisely similar strata belonging to the overlying Manchhar group. The passage-
beds contain, amongst other fossils, Turritella angulata, and forms of Ostrea and Placuna,
and the following :—

Corbula trigonalis. Tellina subdonacialis.
Lnucina (Diplodonta) incerta. Arca Larkanensis.

*“ All of these have allies living in estuaries at the present day, Arca granosa, a
recent representative of 4. Larkanensis, being one of the commonest and most typical
of Indian estuarine Mollusca. To these estuarine passage-beds further reference will
be made presently, when the relations of the Manchhar to the Gaj beds are discussed.

* Pal. Indica, Series XIV. vol. 1 (now 2), 1880. Sind Fossil Corals and Alcyonaria, P. Martin Duncan,
OF WESTERN SIND. 275

The Gaj beds at the Gaj river are very nearly 1500 feet thick, but they appear to be
less developed to the northward in the Khirthar range, and not to be much more than
half the thickness named west of Larkana, where, however, they are nearly vertical,
and have probably suffered from pressure. In Lower Sind the Gaj group, like the
Nari, disappears to the eastward of the Laki range, where it is either entirely wanting
or else represented by a thin band, containing one of the characteristic fossils, Ostrea
multicostata, at the base of the Manchhar group. There is, however, a very large area
of Gaj beds north and north-east of Kardchi; and the appearance of the formation
there is somewhat different from what it is in the Khirthar range; for the greater
portion of the group consists of pale-coloured limestones, almost horizontal, or dipping
at very low angles, and to the east of the Habb valley forming plateaux 400 or 500 feet
high, bounded by steep scarps, which rise from the low ground of the soft Nari
sandstones. ~

“A low range of hills, formed of Gaj beds, extends to the south-west, past the
hot springs at Magar or Mangah Pir, to the end of the promontory known as Cape
Monze, west of Karachi; and the same beds form the low hills east and north-east of
the town, and furnish the materials of which the houses in Karachi are mostly built.
A small island called Churna, in the sea, west of Cape Monze, also consists of Gaj rocks.
To the northward, the Gj area of Lower Sind extends, with very irregular outline, to
the neighbourhood of Tong and Karchat, almost due west of Hala; and there are
several outliers farther north, connecting the southern portion of the group with the
typical outcrop in the Khirthar range. East of Karachi, also, Gaj beds extend in the
direction of Tatta until they disappear with the other Tertiary rocks beneath the
alluvium of the Indus. As was shown in a previous chapter, the Gaj group of Sind
appears to be represented in Cutch by a highly fossiliferous belt, containing most of
the typical mollusca, echinoderms, &c. It is quite possible that the present group, as
well as the Nari, never was deposited in the neighbourhood of Kotri and Jhirak.

“Tt has been already stated that the Gaj beds, throughout the greater portion of
the Khirthar range, rest conformably upon the Nari group, although there is a change
in mineral character, and that in Lower Sind the passage from one group into the
other is gradual, calcareous bands, with Gaj fossils (such as Ostrea muiticostata and
Pecten subcorneus), being found interstratified with the uppermost Nari sandstones. At
one place, however, near Tandra Rahim Khan, west by north of Schwan, the outcrop
of the Gaj beds, here dipping at a high angle to the westivard, runs nearly in a straight
line across the mouth of a valley, composed of a deep synclinal of the Nari group,
between two anticlinal ridges of Khirthar limestone. As the Gaj beds do not share
the synclinal curve of the Naris, it is difficult to see how the two can be conformable ;
but an examination of the boundary between the two groups failed to show any clear
evidence of unconformity. There are, however, some places south of Sehwan where
the Gaj group overlaps the Nari beds and rests upon the Khirthar limestones ; but it
must be recollected that the Gj group is itself overlapped by Manchhar beds in the
immediate neighbourhood. The commonest and most characteristic fossils of this

group are Ostrea multicostata and Breynia carinata.”
2P 2
276 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

It is very important to notice that there is another marine series of the Tertiaries
in relation to the Gaj group.

The normal succession is that of the freshwater Manchhar beds, one of the
Rhinoceride of which has been discovered in the Géj beds. But Blanford has
described the Makrdan beds, and the following is an abstract of what is said regarding
them in the ‘ Manual of the Geology of India,’ p. 470 :—

“ Relations to Makrén group.—The Manchhar beds extend along the edge of the
sea, west of Karachi, almost to the end of Cape Monze; but no representative of this
formation is seen for a considerable distance to the westward of the Cape. But west
of Sommiani Bay, in the neighbourhood of Hinglaj, a well-known place of Hindu
pilgrimage, there are high hills of hard greyish-white marls or clays, usually sandy,
often highly calcareous, and occasionally intersected with veins of gypsum. With this
clay or marl, bands of shaly limestone, dark calcareous grit, and sandstone are inter-
stratified. This marl-formation extends for many hundreds of miles along the coast,
and is well seen at Rds Malan, Ormara, &c., at the entrance of the Persian Gulf. The
headlands of Rds Maldén, Ormdra, and Gwadar consist of great horizontal plateaux
surrounded by cliffs of whitish marl or clay, and capped by dark-coloured calcareous
grit, Ras Malan especially being a table-land rising abruptly to the height of 2000 feet
from the sea. These remarkable rocks are called the Makran Group. The Makran
group is purely of marine origin, and abounds in Mollusca, Echinoderms, &c., most of
the species apparently being the same as those found in the neighbouring seas at
present.” The authors proceed to state that none of the characteristic Gaj fossils are
found in the Makran series, and that the latter deposit seems to be later than the Gaj.
It is then noticed that some of the soft argillaceous beds of Manchhar age in the neigh-
bourhood of Karachi closely resemble some similar beds in the Makraén group near
Gwadar.

The Echinodermata we have examined from the Makran series certainly have a
facies later in time than the Gaj collection.

Again the Makrdn deposits, whence the Echinodermata we have examined came,
are not the same thing as the so-called Littoral concrete of the coast to the north of
Bombay, a deposit which is partly quite recent and partly since the Pliocene.

The succession of the series appears to have been as follows:—The Nari or
Oligocene series, the Gaj Miocene, the Makran beds, the marine equivalents of the
Manchhar deposits, the Littoral concrete.

The importance of this succession is enhanced by the consideration that the
Manchhars are of the same age as the Sivdlik deposits on the flank of the Himalayas,
this great orographical system having attained its full development after the commence-
ment of the Sivalik age. The great Post-pliocene disturbance is of great interest, both
in the Himalayan region and in Sind.
OF WESTERN SIND. 277

II. List of the Fossil Echinoidea from the Gdj Series.
Ordr ECHINOIDEA ENDOCYCLICA.
Family CIDARIDZZ.

Genus Crparis, Klein, 1734.
Cidaris opipara, Duncan & Sladen: p. 279.
excelsa, Duncan & Sladen: p. 282.
spp. (spines): p. 283.

 

 

Family ARBACIADA, Gray, 1855.

Genus C@LOPLEURUS, Agassiz, amended.

Coelopleurus Forbesi, d’Archiac § Haime, amended: p. 287.
Sindensis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 298.

 

Family TEMNOPLEURIDA.

Genus TrMNEcHINUS, Forbes, 1852.
Temnechinus Rousseaui, d’Archiac & Haime, sp.: p. 303.
——- affinis, Duncan g Sladen: p. 303.
stellulatus, Duncan g Sladen: p. 304.

Gajensis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 305.

 

 

Genus LEPIDOPLEURUS, Duncan & Sladen.

Lepidopleurus hemisphericus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 306.
——- granulatus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 308.

Fumily TRIPLECHINIDE.

Genus Hipronoi, Gray, 1840.

Hipponoé proavia, Duncan & Sladen: p. 310.
antiqua, Duncan & Sladen: p. 313,

 

Genus Ecutnus (Rondel.), Linné, 1758.
Echinus subcrenatus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 317.

Ordr ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.

Suborder GNATHOSTOMATA.

Family CLYPEASTRIDZ:.
Subfamily EUCLYPEASTRIN A,

Genus CLYPEASTER, Lamarck, 1801.

Clypeaster profundus (d’Archiac), Duncan & Sladen: p. 319.
pulvinatus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 322.

pelviformis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 324,

complanatus, Duncan g& Sladen: p. 325.

depressus, Sowerby: p. 327.

 

 

 

 
278

THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA .

Family SCUTELLIDA.

Genus Ecutnopisous, Breyn., amended by A, Agassiz, 1872.

Echinodiscus Desori, Duncan & Sladen: p. 328.
, var.: p. 328.

placenta, Duncan & Sladen: p. 329.

—— ellipticus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 330.
—— elongatus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 331.
—— sp.: p. 329.

—— sp.: p. 331.

 

 

 

Suborder ATELOSTOMATA.
Family CASSIDULIDA.
Subfamily EcHINOLAMPINE.

Genus Ecoutnotampas, Gray, 1825.

Echinolampas Jacquemonti, d’Archiac § Haime: p. 332.
spheroidalis?, d’Archiac: p. 338.

 

Family SPATANGIDZ:.
Subfamily SPATANGINE.

Genus ScHIZASTER, Agassiz, 1836.

Schizaster Granti, Duncan & Sladen: p. 339.
sufflatus, Duncan g& Sladen: p. 339.

 

Genus Moira, A. Agassiz, 1872.
Moira, sp.?: p. 342.
Genus Mroma, Gray, 1851.
Meoma, sp.?: p. 342.

Genus Breynts, Desor, 1847.

Breynia carinata, d’Archiac: p. 343.

Subfamily BRIsSINa.
Genus Buissus, Klein, 1734.
Brissus, sp.: p. 354.

Summary of the Species of Fossil Echinoidea from the Gdj Series in Sind.

. Cidaris opipara, Duncan g§ Sladen: p. 279.
excelsa, Duncan g Sladen: p,. 282.

spp. (spines): p. 283.

- Coelopleurus Forbesi, d’Archiac §& Haime: p. 287.
. —— Sindensis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 298.

. Temnechinus Rousseaui, d’Archiac, sp.: p. 303.
— aflinis, Duncan g Sladen: p. 303,

 

 

ION R WDE
OF WESTERN SIND. 279

8. Temnechinus stellulatus, Duncan g Sladen: p. 304.
9. Gajensis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 805.
10. Lepidopleurus hemisphericus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 306.
11. granulatus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 308.
12. Hipponoé proavia, Duncan & Sladen: p. 310.
13. antiqua, Duncan & Sladen: p. 313.
14. Echinus subcrenatus, Duncan g Sladen: p. 317.
15. Clypeaster profundus (d’Archiac), Duncan & Sladen: p. 319.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

16. pulvinatus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 322.
17. pelviformis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 324.
18. complanatus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 325.
19. depressus, Sowerby : p. 327.

20. Echinodiscus Desori, Duncan g Sladen: p. 328.

 

 

 

 

 

21. , var.: p. 328.

22. placenta, Duncan & Sladen: p. 329.
23, ——- ellipticus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 330.
24, elongatus, Duncan g Sladen: p. 331.
25, sp.: p. 329.

26. sp.: p. 331.

 

27. Echinolampas Jacquemonti, d Archiac ¢ Haime: p. 332.
28. spheroidalis?, d’ Archiac: p. 338.

29. Schizaster:Granti, Duncan & Sladen: p. 339.

30. sufflatus, Duncan g Sladen: p. 339.

31. Moira, sp.?: p. 342.

32. Meoma, sp.?: p. 342.

33. Breynia carinata, d’Archiac: p. 343.

34. Brissus, sp.: p.. 354..

 

 

Total species described. . . . 1. 1 ee eee QT
Speciesnot named . . . «© . 2 + © 2+ © o 5
WIS CO Ng. fg! ef BS. Se. Go CAO Cw. oe SS iL

Spines of several species unnamed.

 

Ill. Description of the Fossil Echinoidea from the Gdj Series of Strata
in Western Sind.

Ordr ECHINOIDEA ENDOCYCLICA.
Family CIDARIDA..

Genus CIDARIS, Klein, 1734.

1. Crparis oprpara, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XLIV, Figs. 1-8.

Form circular, subdepressed, the height being less than two thirds the breadth.
Unfortunately the large type specimen is somewhat crushed and these proportions
280 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

cannot in consequence be given accurately ; but a smaller example (in which the height
would normally be greater) presents the above proportions exactly. When seen in
profile, the inflation at the ambitus presents a very regular curve, full and well rounded,
the contraction of the test being very little, if at all, greater actinally than abactinally.

Ambulacra considerably flexed, rather narrow, contracting towards the apex, and
to a less degree towards the peristome. Poriferous zones rather shallow and not very
deeply sunken, nearly as broad as the interporiferous area. Pores slightly oval trans-
versely, those of a pair separated from one another by a space rather greater than their
own transverse diameter, upon which is present a rather coarse and ill-defined elevation,
limited to the aboral portion of the plate, the adoral margin of the plate having the
appearance of being faintly channelled, but not definitely in connection with the pores,
the feature being mainly produced by the thin elevated ridge developed on the aboral
margin of the adjoining plate, by which the pairs of pores are separated. Near the apex
the ill-defined elevation which separates the pores of a pair becomes more definitely
granular. The two pores on a plate are similar in shape and size: and there are 16 or
17 pairs of pores opposite to one of the largest interambulacral plates at the ambitus.
The interporiferous areas are of moderate breadth and are furnished with two rows of
minute mammillated tubercles, placed at the extreme margins of the area, that is to say
one on each plate adjacent to the inner row of pores. On the abactinal portion of the
area the plates bear on the inner side of this small tubercle one still smaller miliary
granule, in regular series ; in the neighbourhood of the ambitus, however, the place of
this granule is occupied by two miliary granules, standing one above the other, so that
the regularity of the uniserial row of the inner miliary granules is unbroken.

The interambulacral areas are rather more than five times the width of the ambu-
lacra at their widest part: and there are two rows of 7 to 8 primary tubercles in each
iuterambulacrum, the tubercle, however, on the uppermost pair of plates being usually
undeveloped. The primary tubercles are large, perforate, and non-crenulate, and their
bosses are large and extensive, frequently somewhat tumid. The mamelons are broad
and subdepressed, somewhat button-shaped, with the edge slightly bevelled or flattened
in its rounding. The collar is wide and sensibly grooved, the neck is short and thick.
The scrobicules are wide and extensive, circular on the abactinal surface, but becoming
oval at the ambitus, and in an increasing degree towards the peristome. The scro-
bicular ring is complete, and composed of 15 to 16 conspicuous mammillated granules,
or miliary tubercles, widely spaced. ‘The mamelon of these granules is small, spherical,
and well defined ; the boss broad, subdepressed, and more or less expanded laterally,
and often somewhat undulating in its surface. The scrobicular ring comes so close to
the aboral and adoral margins, and the margin adjacent to the poriferous zone, that
there is only room for single very minute miliaries here and there opposite the inter-
spaces of the miliary granules of the ring. In the case of the margin adjacent to the
poriferous zone the miliaries are rather larger and more frequent, but only a single row
is present, except at the upper and lower corners of the plate, which are filled in with
two or three additional ones. The miliary zone is very narrow, with a well-defined
depression aiong the zigzag median suture ; and more emphasized depressions occur at
OF WESTERN SIND. 281

the places where the horizontal sutures of plates meet the median suture, in other
words, at the corners of the plates. The miliary zone is occupied by a small, some-
what irregular, miliary granulation. The granules are irregular and generally diminish
in size as they recede from the scrobicular ring, but are often irregular both in size and
shape. Here and there some appear to have a tendency towards confluency, indicated
rather by shape than by actual contact, and in some places on a few plates irregular and
ill-defined channels maybe traced from the scrobicular ring to the median suture ; but
no constancy can be noted in this character. Not more than three series of miliaries
can be counted between the scrobicular ring and the median suture. ‘The most aboral
primary plate in each column of the interambulacral area has the primary tubercle
imperfectly developed, and the region surrounding: its scrobicule is well granulated.

The peristome is small and pentagonal, 16 millim. in diameter in a specimen 40
millim. in diameter at the ambitus. There is a rather strongly developed notch (still
very minute) at the junction of the ambulacral and interambulacral areas (see Fig. 8,
where the artist has perhaps rendered it a trifle too deep). Unfortunately the apical
disk is wanting in all our specimens; but judging from the aperture presented by the
type specimen (shown in Fig. 1) its size was relatively small for the genus.

Remarks, This species is distinguished from any other Indian form with which we
are acquainted. It has some resemblances to the two Cidarids which we have described
from Kattywar*, viz. C. depressa and C. granulata; but is distinguished from the
former by the narrowness and character of the ambulacra, and from the latter by the
same features, as well as the character of the ornamentation of the primary interradial
plates. In C. optpara the narrowness of the ambulacral areas and the breadth of the
interambulacral areas are remarkable, whilst the large size of the scrobicular areas, the
prominence and isolation of the miliary tubercles of the scrobicular ring, and the
diminutive size and paucity of the general miliary granulation of the interambulacral
plates furnish well-marked characters.

Dimensions. The following are the measurements of four specimens :—

a. é, 6. d.

millim. millim. millim. millim,
Height . . . 30¢ 29°5 26-5 18+
Breadth. . . 853 43 39°5 31-5

Localities. In the Gaj series of strata :—

i. Four miles south-west of Beynir Hill. Survey-number G 43}.

ii, Scarp at Kupo-jo-lak, or pass on the Mél range, west of Shah-beg (same
locality as G 28°). Survey-number G 392.

iii. Naig-Nai valley, twelve miles south of Shah Rhui. Survey-number G 3%.

iv. A few miles south of Pir Mangal (Mugger Peer). Survey-number G 492.

v. Sita Nai, Khirthar range. Survey-number G 234.

* ¢Tert. Echin. Kachh and Kattywar,’ Pal. Ind. Ser. XTY. (1883).
+ In these measurements the test is slightly crushed.
+ In the measurements thus marked, the test is slightly crushed out of shape, the measurement given

being the mean of the major and minor diameters. ‘
4Q
282 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

The specimens received from the two last-named localities are too much weathered
for positive determination; they present, however, the chief characters of the species,
and we feel little hesitation in referring them to it.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XLIV.

Fig. 1. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.

2. Profile view of the same test: natural size.

3. Actinal view of a smaller specimen: natural size.

4, Ambulacral plates near the ambitus, from the same specimen as Fig. 1:
magnified.

5. Ambulacral plates on the abactinal part of the area, from the same
specimen: magnified.

6. Interambulacral plate, from the same specimen: magnified.

7. Portion of an ambulacral area, to show the flexure and the posture of
the plates, from the same specimen as Fig. 3: magnified.

8. Portion of the margin of the peristome, from the same specimen:

magnified.

2. CIDARIS EXcELSA, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XLIV, Figs. 9-11.

There are two fragments of a Cidaris test, from different localities, in the col-
lection of Gaj Echini, which, though unfortunately not well preserved, are still
sufficiently marked to indicate that they belong to a species clearly distinct from any
known Indian form, and also, we believe, from any hitherto described from other
Tertiary areas.

In both cases the portion preserved consists of nearly the whole of an interambu-
lacral area, and in one of the fragments half of the ambulacral area on either side is
also intact. The following characters may be observed :—

Judging from the largest fragment, the test appears to have been high in relation
to the breadth of the interambulacral area; and the tumidity at the ambitus was not
great.

The ambulacra were slightly flexuous and decidedly broad. Poriferous zones only
slightly sunken, and narrower than half the interporiferous area. Pores transversely
oval, those of a pair equal and similar, placed near together and separated by a
small elevation, forming an indistinct granule. There are 12 to 13 pairs of pores
opposite one of the large interambulacral plates near the ambitus. The interporiferous
areas are broad and ornamented with six longitudinal rows of comparatively widely
spaced miliary granules. There are consequently three granules on each plate: that
which stands adjacent to the poriferous zone is the largest, mammillated, and occupies
nearly the whole of the depth of the plate. The two other granules are quite small
and diminutive, little larger than the mamelon of the one just described, widely spaced,
and standing near the adoral margin of the plate. The great breadth and apparent
nakedness of the interporiferous area is remarkable.

The interambulacral areas are a little more than three times the width of the
OF WESTERN SIND. 283

ambulacra (or, more exactly, the ambulacra may be estimated at three tenths the
width of the interambulacra). The width of the interambulacral plates is remarkable,
that of the large plates near the ambitus being proportional to their own length
(z.é. height) as 1:0°55. Inasimilar-sized example of C. opipara, nobis, the plates occu-
pying the same position have their width proportional to their length as 1: 0°66. The
primary tubercles are rather small, perforate, but not crenulate; mamelons mode-
rately prominent, somewhat button-shaped, and with a well-incised: neck. The
scrobicules are transversely oval and extend close to the ad- and aboral margins of the
plate. The scrobicular ring is complete, but the granules at the ad- and aboral
margins are pushed so close to the edge of the plate as to appear to be slightly cut
away. The space which intervenes between the scrobicular ring and the poriferous
zone at the ambitus is a little more than half the space which intervenes between the
scrobicular ring and the median suture, and is about equal to the width of half the
interporiferous area. The scrobicular ring is composed of 22 to 24 small miliary
tubercles, indistinctly mammillated and rather closely placed; the space on the pori-
ferous side of the plate on the one hand and the miliary zone on the other being
occupied by small miliary granules which diminish in size as they recede from the
scrobicular ring, the granules or miliary tubercles composing the latter not being very
much larger than the series of miliaries immediately external to them. This cir-
cumstance goes far to obliterate the prominence of the scrobicular ring, and imparts a
characteristic facies to the form. The miliary granulation on the whole is well spaced ;
and indistinct traces of superficial channelling, forming lines of granules in single file,
which pass from one scrobicule to the next adjacent, may be discerned here and there.
‘The sutures of the plates are rather deeply incised, especially where the horizontal
sutures fall into the median suture at the angles of the plates, and suggest more or less
forcibly a Goniocidarid facies in this respect.

Dimensions. In the better-preserved fragment the width of the interambulacral
area at the ambitus is 20 millim. ; the length of the whole fragment 32 millim., which
does not represent the full height of the test.

Localities. In the Gaj series of strata :—

i. Entering the hills on the road from Jangri to Bula Khan’s Thana, Survey-
number G 232.

ii. Stimbak pass, east side; three or four miles north of the darwat or gorge of

the Baran River. Survey-number G 282.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XLIV.
Fig. 9. A fragment of the test: natural size.

10. Ambulacral plates: magnified.
11. Interambulacral plate: magnified.

3. Crparis, detached spines of several species. Plate XLV.

There are in the G4j collection a large number of spines, probably belonging to
several species of Cidaris. Of these it may be said that the majority have a striking
2Q2
284 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Phyllacanthid facies, in so far that they suggest the aspect of the spines of several of
the existing forms referred to that subgenus. The variety of the form of the spines in
the different living species of this subgenus, and the modifications both of shape and
character on different parts of the same test throughout the whole genus are so con-
siderable, that we consider it little more than frivolity and guess-work to assign specific
names to the detached spines with which we have now to deal. This opinion is
strengthened by the fact that we are quite unable to say which are the respective
spines belonging to the two species of Cidaris described on the preceding pages; and
it is not a little remarkable that whilst tests of Cidaris were found at seven different
localities in the Gaj series, spines were found only at two of these (numbered by the
Survey G39? and G 282, at which localities the denuded tests of C. opipara and
C. excelsa respectively were also obtained). Detached spines were met with at four
other localities, but no fragments even of tests were found associated with them.

On Plate XLV we have given drawings of a representative series of the spines
from the Gaj strata: they are faithful delineations of the fossils; and after the fore-
going remarks the following brief notes on their characters and occurrences will
probably be deemed sufficient :—

Figs. 1-12 represent a series of spines which recall in the most vivid manner the
facies of spines of the type of the recent Phyllacanthus verticillata, Lamk. sp. The
shaft is thick and massive, ornamented with a coarse, widely spaced granulation, annuli
of larger and more prominent thorn-like granules being formed at intervals. These
characteristic transverse ridges are, however, confined to one side of the shaft, the
unarmed side, if it may be so termed, being occupied by regular longitudinal rows of
uniform small granules (see Fig. 3a, which is the unarmed side of the same spine as
Fig. 3), often somewhat sharpened along their longitudinal axis and pointed outward ;
and the general surface of the spine between the granulation is occupied by very
minute, uniform, microscopic granulation (see Fig. 12a). Between the transverse
ridges the granulation is widely spaced and more or less irregular, except towards the
base (see Fig. 30). The basal articulatory portion of the shaft is small and contracts
rapidly, and the margin is smooth and not crenulated. At the distal extremity the
shaft is frequently flaring and cup-formed. Whether the spines represented by the series
of Figs. 1-12 all belong to the one species it would, in our opinion, be hazardous
to suggest. The spines of this type were procured at the following localities :—
i. Entering the hills on the road from Jangri to Bula Khan’s Théna. Survey-number
G4. ii. Sarochi, three miles north of Pékhan (collected by Ram Sing). Survey-
number G 3.

Fig. 13 is a large massive cylindrical spine of the character of the recent Phylla-
canthus imperialis and P. dubia; it is marked with fine longitudinal striations,—the
edges of lamelle; and the interspaces are filled in with a fine reticulated calcareous
network. The fossil is more tapered at the extremity than the spines of the recent
species we have mentioned, and the calcareous network between the lamelle appears
to be coarser. Furthermore the shaft does not expand as it approaches the collar, the
whole region of the collar being somewhat contracted in our form and of less diameter
OF WESTERN SIND. 285

than the shaft generally. Spines of this description, or fragments, were found at
several localities, viz.:—i. Six miles east-north-east of Kardchi. Survey-number G 23,8...
ii. Entering the hills on the road from Jangri to Bila Khan’s Thana. Survey-number
G 782. iii. Sarochi, three miles north of Pékhan. Survey-number G 392. iv. Base of
scarp four miles west of Trak Hill. Survey-number G 292.

Figs. 14 and 15 are two Cidaris-spines of a rather elongate form, which tapers to
a fine extremity, and shows considerable variation in the prominence and coarseness of
the thorn-like granules of the ornamentation. A large number of examples of this type
were found at a locality four miles south-west of Beynir Hill. Survey-number G 322.

Fig. 16 is a comparatively delicate cylindrical spine, and the fragments we have
istudied indicate no trace either of inflation or tapering, in this respect recalling most
nearly perhaps the habit of the recent C. papillata; the granulation, however, is small
and definitely granular, and disposed in regular longitudinal lines. Fig. 16a@ represents
a portion magnified. ‘There seems little doubt that this form of spine belongs to a
species distinct from any of those hitherto noted. The collection contains only a few
fragments which came from the base of a scarp four miles west of Trak Hill. Survey-
number G 3,92.

Fig. 17 is a spine of Cidaris about which we have some doubt. It resembles the
fossil given in Fig. 16 rather closely in the style of ornamentation (see Fig. 17a), but
differs both in the collar and in the inflated and subfusiform shaft, and appears to
present nearer alliances to the series to which Fig. 20 belongs. It seems also to differ
too widely both in general habit and character of ornamentation from the spines repre-
sented by Figs. 14 and 15 to be ranked as belonging to the same species, notwith-
standing the fact that it was found in the same locality, four miles south-west of
Beynir Hill. Survey-number G 322.

Fig. 18 is a small slightly flattened spine which does not belong to Cidaris at all.
It is the only example obtained, and comes from Sarochi, three miles north of Pékan.
Survey-number G 322,

Figs. 19-28, with the exception of Fig. 24, represent a series of spines selected
from a large number, which we believe to belong to one and the same type, notwith-
standing a great amount of variability in the inflation of the shaft and in the manner
in which the spinulate ornamentation is developed. It is easy to pick out extreme
forms in this series which at first sight appear irreconcilable to such a view; but on
careful study of the material, intermediate forms may be found which more or less
clearly unite the extremes and seem to justify the assumption that all belong to the
same species. Species of recent Cidaris may be pointed to in which the variability
of the spine is quite as great. The spines, which were inferentially referred by
d’Archiac and Haime to their Cidaris halaensis (An. foss. de Inde, p. 197, pl. xiii,
figs. 3a—f), are unquestionably represented in this series, and Figs. 21, 22, 23, and 28
may be taken as typical examples of that form; but we can offer no support or con-
firmation to the suggestion of our learned predecessors—indeed, the evidence seems
rather to oppose the correctness of that view. In the Miocene series of Kachh we
have already noticed fragments of a test which we refer to C. halaensis, d Archiac and
286 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Haime, and a number of detached spines were also met with in the same measures.
None of. these, however, find a counterpart in the Gaj collection—evidence, though
negative, which goes strongly against the assumption that these spines belong to
C. halaensis. Throughout the series the shaft is more or less inflated in the region of
the lower third, producing a subfusiform profile; and the distal extremity appears to
have often been flaring and cup-shaped. The ornamentation is more or less spinulate,
and is nearly always larger and more strongly developed on one side of the shaft than
the other. Figs. 22 and 22a represent opposite sides of the same spine; Fig. 226 a
portion magnified. In some cases the spinulate ornamentation appears to have been
almost monstrously developed, as in Fig. 19, and it would be hard to say, with any
degree of certainty, that this spine was properly placed in this series. It is also
doubtful whether Figs. 26 and 27 really belong to the same species as the rest of the
series; in both, the inflation of the shaft is very slight, and in Fig. 26 the spinulate
ornamentation is smaller and more numerous than in any of the others. In Fig. 27
the ornamentation is disposed in longitudinal lines, and the thornlets composing it are
very erratic and irregular in their development.

Fig. 24 does not belong to the so-called C. halaensis type. It is a fragment of
what was probably a straight cylindrical spine, with widely-flaring cup-formed
extremity (and figured on that account); its ornamentation is comparatively small,
rather widely spaced, and in longitudinal lines. The spines represented in Figs. 19-28
were all found at the base of a scarp four miles west of Trak Hill. Survey-number
G 392. Others, similar to some of them, at Sarochi, three miles north of Pékhan.
Survey-number G 322.

There is a small much broken fragment of a more echinulate spine than any of
those above noticed, which recalls the character of two of the spines we have previously
figured from the Miocene of Kachh (Tert. Echin. Kachh and Kattywar *, pl. viii,
figs. 11 and 14). In this example the ornamentation is sharply echinulate, confined
entirely to one side, and does not show any tendency to form transverse ridges. It was
found six miles east-north-east of Kardchi. Survey-number G 228.

Family ARBACIADA, Gray, 1855.
Genus COALOPLEURUS, Agassiz, 1840, amended.

The occurrence of species of the genus Cwloplewrus in the Tertiary deposits of
Sind was noticed by d’Archiac and Haime in their great work, and they described
three species. Of these, one had already been described by Klein, and renamed by
Agassiz Celopleurus equis, and the others were new to science. The distinguished
authors of ‘Les Animaux fossiles de l’Inde’ considered that all their species of the
genus Celopleurus came from the Nummulitic strata, but we find that only two of
them came from that horizon, One is a Miocene form, not only in Sind, but also in

* Pal. Indica, Ser. XIV. (1883).
OF WESTERN SIND. 287

Kachh and Kattywar. The second Nummulitic species is Cwlopleurus Pratti, d’Archiac
and Haime, and the Miocene form is C. Forbesi, d’Archiac and Haime.

We have noticed that the true horizon of the Celopleuri in Sind is not so low as
the true Nummulitic limestone ; but it is that of the Oligocene strata of the Nari series,
which contain a few species of Nummulites. No species has been found in the Khirthar
series or in the Ranikot beds, the first named containing the true Nummulitic limestone.

Our descriptions of C. eguis and C. Pratti will be found on referring to the
Fasciculus on the Nari Series or Oligocene of Sind *.

In describing the Celopleuri of Kachh we redescribed C. Forbesi (page 53), and
we noticed that, as this species occurred in Kattywar, we should consider its details
more carefully in dealing with the fossils from that locality. But on investigating the
forms from that Miocene horizon, we found that there were points about them which
required much more study, and a probable alteration of the generic diagnosis. Hence
we did not give any further information, and we trust that this explanation will be
sufficient.

The specimens of the genus Celopleurus in the Miocene strata of the Gaj group
are numerous, and some are in a very fair condition of preservation. The forms vary
much in the different stages of growth, and yet those which, on a superficial view,
would be called C. Forbesi, d’Archiac and Haime, can be readily separated from the
others. They are larger and more tumid forms.

Yet there is no doubt that if the specific diagnosis of C. Forbesi, as given in ‘ Les
Animaux fossiles de l’Inde,’ be depended upon, the forms cannot come under that
species. MM. d’Archiac and Haime were furnished with most wretched specimens,
in fact, with such as no modern paleontologist would care to describe. Hence their
diagnosis is correct where they clearly saw details, and just as incorrect where they had
to assume. Whilst we retain the specific name of C. Forbesi, and still associate it
with the names of the distinguished French paleontologists, it must be understood
that very few of their special characters remain and that the specific diagnosis is almost
entirely new.

Our discovery of the nature of the ambulacral plates in relation to the tubercles,
and the development of the tubercles of the ambulacra, affects the old diagnosis con-
siderably. So does the presence of the perforations at the angles of the sutures of the
ambulacral median line, noticed in the recent forms by A. Agassiz, and the presence
of a tag on either side of the ambulacra, at the peristome.

1. Ca.orLtevrus Forsesi, d’ Archiac & J. Haime, amended. Plate XLVI, Figs. 1, 2,
4,7, 9.

The test is large and tumid, and rather high; above the ambitus the slope is but
slight to the apical disk, and this slope commences where the diameter of the test is
greatest. From this part there is a gradual narrowing down to the surface upon which
the test rests. Actinally the test is very slightly convex and tends to be flat, and the
comparatively small peristome is in the midst of a decided concavity, or, in other words,

* Pal. Indica, Ser. XIV. (1883), Tert. Echin. of Kachh and Kattywar.
288 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

the edge of the peristome is at a higher level than the surface just mentioned. The
breadth of the test greatly exceeds the height, and the contour from above is nearly
circular, an apparent angularity being sometimes given by the projecting tubercles of
the ambulacra. From below the aspect is circular at the narrowing part.

The apical system is on the top of the low slope upwards, from the widest part of
the test ; it projects with a different slope from that of the test below, and is well
developed. The periproct is large, somewhat elliptical, its long diameter being between
interradium no. 3 and ambulacrum no. 1. The basals are large and form the anal
ring; they are slightly raised into a marginal ring which is ornamented with a
continuous row of close granules, and they are perforated for the ovarial duct, either at
mid-distance between the periproct and their adoral angle, or in the outer third of
their length. The pore is large and may or may not have a raised rim. The adoral
angle of a basal extends well into the interradium, and only slightly more adorally than
the radial plates close by.

The greatest breadth of a basal plate is at a little distance from the anal edge, and
all the sides are slightly and symmetrically concave, and the three angles on either side
of the plate are distinct and moderately open. The madreporite is in the largest plate.
The radial plates are large, broad as a rule, broader than high, and the sides, which are in
contact with the basals, are slightly outward curving, whilst the adoral sides are slightly
concave. The adoral edge is concave, and has a centrally downward projecting and
more or less sharp granule, which is continued on to the upper surface of the plate as
a part of the ornamentation, and also downwards and inwards so as to separate the
optic tract into two parts. Hence there is no pore on the surface of the radial plate,
but there are two, one on each side of the inwardly projecting process at its adoral
edge, and they are more or less hidden. The outer angles of the radial plates corre-
spond with the position of the second pair of ambulacral pores. In some radial plates
there is a double curve at the adoral edge, and then the process occupies the inter-
mediate projection. The radial plates never enter the anal ring.

The apical plates are thick and closely sutured, and it may be noticed in some
specimens that there is a furrow over each suture which is crossed or not by the ridges
and furrows of the ornamentation. The ornamentation of the apical system is of large
granules, some solitary and bluntly conical, others in series, and most more or less
united to form ridges with intermediate furrows. The ornamentation radiates laterally
from a greater or less tubercle of the third order, which is on each basal plate between
the genital pore and the granular rim of the plate. There is often a little group of
granules at this spot and it forms a centre of radiation. Several ridges and inter-
mediate grooves pass outwards and slightly adorally, cross the basal plate to its outer
edge, and become continuous with a series of ridges and grooves which are upon the
contiguous radial plate. Usually there is little or no ornamentation on the basals
adorally to the pore; but there are exceptions to this, and there may be a row of small
miliaries close to the edges of the plate. The ornamentation of a fully developed basal
plate consists of the row of nearly separate granules close to the anal edge, a few small
granules a little adorally to these, a tubercle of the third order, and lines of ridges and
OF WESTERN SIND. 289

grooves passing from these outwards and slightly downwards, to cross the sutures of
the radial plates on either side. Then comes the pore, with or without a raised rim,
and there may be granules adorally to the pore.

The ornamentation of the radial plates is mainly continuous with that of the
basals on either side. On a fully developed radial there is a central discontinuous ridge,
broken up here and there into elongate and conical granules, ending adorally in the
projection already noticed as having a relation to the optic pores. On either side of this
vertical ridge and granule-tract are two or even three ridges and grooves, placed
obliquely, and corresponding with the basal structures. Usually a ridge is near the side
of the radial plate, and it may have no relation to a basal one.

The ambulacra are well developed, are tumid, and project more than the interradia
above the ambitus, have a few small primary tubercles abactinally reaching up to the
radial plate, and carry very large primaries at the ambitus and just below. Petaloid
above, the ambulacra are rather broad at the peristome, and nearly as much so as the
interradia ; moreover, the peristomial margin has a rather deep concavity between the
last pair of tubercles; and there are slight cuts on either side of the ambulacra, which
are deeper than the concavity just mentioned, and a part of a cut and of the tag that
passes up from it, externally to the pores, belongs to an ambulacrum.

On the abactinal surface, at the level of the third and of the fourth interradial
plate, the ambulacra are slightly narrower than the interradia; at the ambitus the
difference is less, especially in full-grown specimens.

The poriferous zones are broad and nearly straight down to the first large
tubercle, and then they become exceedingly irregular and form a series of arcs
with the concavity towards the tubercles; but near the peristome there is a
disposition to form oblique series. There are no extra plates near the peristome,
and throughout the zones there is an arrangement in triplets, except close to the
radial plate.

The plates of the ambulacra, in their poriferous parts, are large and broad; they
are of nearly equal height near the radial end, and increase in height to the ambitus.
There is a still greater increase in height in the plates of the triplets of the great
tubercles, and a gradual diminution of those below the last great tubercle down to the
peristome, where the plates are very low.

The pairs of pores are large after the second pair; they are wide apart vertically,
and there is an obliquity in their direction, even very high up in the ambulacrum, and
this becomes decided at the ambitus. The pores are usually large and wide apart; but
they are smaller and closer near the peristome, where the aboral pore of each pair is
placed much higher in the plate and only a little to the outside of the adoral pore,
which occupies the usual position at the lower suture of each plate. There is a rapid
diminution in the size of the plates and of the size of the pores near the peristome ;
but the plates are broad there, extend into the tag, and the pores are remote from the
outer or interradial suture.

The interporiferous area is narrow near the apex, increases gradually to the part

of the tumid circumference where the diameter of the test is the greatest, and then
2k
290 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

gradually diminishes, but not to a point; for, as has been noticed, there is a rather
broad peristomial termination.

The area is crowded with great tubercles, which begin just above the ambitus and
reach below it. Above there are a few smaller yet well-developed tubercles, and
actinally they diminish to the peristome, where the crowding is greater than it is
above. Still smaller primary tubercles occur at regular intervals close up to the radial
end, and the first great primary, smaller, however, than the next in succession towards
the ambitus, is clearly higher up on the test than the highest great tubercle of the
interradia. .

In full-grown individuals there are at least eighteen fully-developed tubercles, and
about four or five which are small and imperfect in their arrangement of the triplets.
Eight of the perfect tubercles are very large and the rest decrease in size to the peri-
stome, but they are unlike the apically situated small tubercles in shape and pore
arrangement. In all the mamelon is small, has a constricted neck surrounded by a
shallow groove, and a large conical inward and upward sloping boss, which has a wide
flat base, which may extend quite to the edge of the plate, or leave a narrow space there
at the median line of the zone for a single row of small granules. This row of granules
may extend on to the line of suture between the successive plates on either side of the
median line.

The perfect primary tubercles consist, as is usual in the genus, of a large primary
plate which carries the mamelon and the greater part of the boss and all of it near the
median line of the area; and of two demi-plates, one placed abactinally, and the other
actinally in relation to the central primary of the compound plate.

These demi-plates form the aboral and the adoral flanks of the boss of the
tubercle, but do not enter into the composition of the mamelon. Neither do the
sutures of these demi-plates come in contact in any way. As is usual in the genus, the
suture or edge of the aboral demi-plate, which is indented by the inner pore of the
pair, passes inwards up the side of the boss to reach the groove at the abactinal edge of
the neck of the mamelon, and it then passes either directly abactinally, or abactinally
and slightly externally (Plate XX XIX, Fig. 12, Nari Series). In the first case the
suture will end by joining the adoral sutural line of the plate immediately higher in
the test, and in the other the suture will pass so as to reach the adoral pore of the
higher plate. The adoral demi-plate is of the same shape as the other demi-plate. Its
aboral suture is of course in contact with the adoral edge of the poriferous part of the
central or primary plate of the triplet, and after being in relation with the adoral pore
of the primary, its line of suture passes up the boss to the groove at the edge of the
neck of the mamelon and then turns either directly actinally, or actinally and slightly
externally, so as to reach the line of suture between the consecutive great tubercle-
bearing plates, or to reach its own adoral pore.

The shape of the central plate of the triple combination is very remarkable. The
poriferous part, situated between the poriferous parts of the demi-plates above and
below, extends from the interradial edge inwards and includes the space as far as the
edge of the tubercle. The rest of the plate comprises the portion of the tubercle
OF WESTERN SIND. 291

bounded above and below by the sutures of the demi-plates, and further, towards the
median line of the ambulacrum, it forms the whole of the rest of the tubercle and the
granular edges.

The size of the poriferous part varies according to the position of the edge of the
tubercle, and frequently the adoral pore comes in contact with and even indentsit. Then
the size of the poriferous part is small. The other part occupies the inner half of the
compound plate, and therefore the greater part of the tubercle, all the mamelon, and
the greater part of the groove around it. A line drawn vertically, over the top of the
mamelon and reaching from the aboral to the adoral suture of one of these tubercle-
bearing plates, will nearly bound the inner expansion of the central or primary plate,
all between the line and the inner sutures of the plate belonging to it. So that the
large central primary plate of the triple combination, or compound plate, consists of a
narrow outer part placed between the demi-plates, and of a large inner expansion which
extends over the inner half and more of the great tubercle.

Near the peristome, where the height of the triple combinations diminishes, the
aboral and the adoral demi-plates are more rectangular in shape, and the inner line of
suture of both of them is nearly vertical in its direction. In this region the central or
primary plate of each combination is small, although it bears the bulk of the boss and
all the mamelon. Whilst in all parts of the ambulacrum remote from the peristome,
the plates are perforated by the aboral pore of the pair close to their outer or interradial
edge, near the peristome the perforation is remote and nearer the median line, the outer
edge of the plate forming a part of the “ tag.”

There is some slight obliquity of the direction of the pores of each pair in relation
to the first large tubercle-bearing plate, and the aboral pores are at a slightly higher
(abactinal) level than the adoral. This obliquity is more distinct at the second tubercle,
and its lower pair of pores are often decidedly on a slant, the aboral pore being higher
up the test than the adoral.

The obliquity increases in every pair of pores towards the peristome, and close to
the margin the aboral pore is nearly vertical to the other, but a little on one side of the
vertical line.

There is some variation in the amount of the obliquity of the pores near the
peristome, but it is always decided. Moreover there is an interesting alteration in
the relative position of these peristomial pores, for instead of being close to the
base of the tubercle, as in the large tubercles, they are decidedly removed from it,
and the adoral pore does not touch the tubercle.

Again, the aboral pores of the large tubercular plates are close to the edge of the
poriferous plate, but as the tubercles diminish in size towards the peristome, the aboral
pore gets further away from the interradial edge, so that there is some extent of plate
between it and the edge.

This closing in of the pores upon a contracting tubercle is accompanied by an
alteration in the shape of the demi-plates of each triple combination. The demi-plate
above, and also that below the tubercle-bearing one, become nearly rectangular in

shape, the angle of the sutures (inner) is nearly or quite a right angle, the direction of
2R2
292 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

the inner sutures is nearly vertical, and the upper and lower margins of the demi-
plates are nearly horizontal, instead of converging more or less. The plates become
small as they approach the margin of the peristome, are slightly inverted, and the
last is a small demi-plate the adoral pore of which is incomplete and opens at the
peristome.

The outer part of the smaller poriferous plates near the peristome extends suffi-
ciently to form part of the surface of the prolongation of the small branchial cut which
may be termed a “tag.” The termination of the ambulacra at the peristome is slightly
incurved and reaches slightly nearer the centre of the actinal space than the ends of
the interradia, which are straight and narrow. There is a concave edge to the inter-
poriferous area at the peristome, and immediately a little transverse projection of the
test is passed, towards the ambitus, there appears a large central pit, and it is evidently
on the median suture between two tubercle-bearing plates. In well-preserved speci-
mens of C. Forbesi the pit is as large as the mamelon of the tubercles close by, and
whilst the base of the pit, or rather its actinal edge, is transverse and straight, the
upper or aboral edge is arched. There are usually five similar pits in each ambu-
lacrum and they are large, shallow, arched when well preserved, and they are placed
at the junctions of the median with the lateral suture.

The arrangement of the plates of the ambulacra is readily perceived at the ambitus,
but it becomes complicated near the radial end, where there is considerable variation
in the succession of small primaries, demi-plates, low primaries, and an occasional large
primary. The arrangement of the plates, in this part, foreshadows and finally merges
into the triple compound arrangement seen at the ambitus.

Ina well-preserved specimen of nearly adult size, the following succession of plates
will be found in ambulacrum III. :—

Taking zone “a” and noticing the nature of the plates from the radial plate
actinally, it is found (Fig. 7, Pl. XLVI) that there is the following succession :

Plates 1, 2, 3, 4 are small low primaries gradually increasing in size. Plate 4,
a primary, is pushed as it were aborally by the aboral expansion of plate 7, and just
escapes being a demi-plate, for it only touches the median line by a narrow point. Plate
6 is a demi-plate, separated from the median line by the large tubercle-bearing
primary plate 7, and it forms the shoulder of the tubercle and is very small. Plate 7,
a tubercle-bearing primary. Plate 8 is a low primary, and so is plate 9. Plate10 isa
primary which, were there a greater expansion of the tubercle-bearing plate 12, would,
like its successor 11, become ademi-plate. Plate 11 is a small demi, forming the aboral
demi-plate of a triple combination plate made up of plates 11, 12, and 13. Plate 12
is the tubercle-bearing primary, and 13 is a large demi-plate. After this there comes
the normal compound plate of the ambitus.

In zone “6” the three plates nearest the radial plate are small primaries ; the plate
4 is crowded out from the median line by the abactinal expansion of a small tubercle-
bearing primary 5, and thus plate 4 becomes a demi-plate and is combined with plate 5.
Plate 6 is a primary with a small angular interporiferous part in consequence of
the downward extension of plate 5 occupying much space. This angular primary is
OF WESTERN SIND. 293

almost a demi-plate. Plate 7 is a low primary with granules. Plate 8 is a primary with
an angular interporiferous part: for the expansion of plate 10 extends abactinally so
as to crowd out almost the whole of plate 8 and the whole of plate 9, which is a demi-
plate. Plate 10 isa large tubercle-bearing plate with an abactinal and actinal expansion.
The demi-plate 9 forms the shoulder of the tubercle of plate 10. More abactinally there
isa low primary, and then the normal succession occurs at the ambitus of the demi and
primary plates in triplet combination.

As in all species of Caelopleurus the edges of the large tubercles, at and below the
ambitus, are indented by the adoral pore of each pair, and the line of the sutures on
the boss of the tubercles is indicated either by a depression or by a slit.

Finally in very well-preserved specimens, the poriferous part of the plates has a
very well-developed arched ridge-like costa situate between the pairs, and it may carry
a granule and terminate in one.

The succession of primary and demi-plates noticed in the last pages, although
affording a good example, is not invariable. The following analyses of several ambu-
lacral areas is given with the intention of showing that although the succession of the
plates near where there are large tubercles is arranged and combined in a geometrical
plate—a demi-plate, a large primary with the mamelon, and lastly a demi-plate—still
this arrangement is not seen near the top of the ambulacrum. It commences, however,
in every ambulacrum not very far down, but the distance relates to the age of the test
and in the apparently introductory manner suggested in the long description already
given. In that description the small higher and last formed plates were not considered,
but they enter into the following descriptions.

Ambulacra of a rather large specimen of Celopleurus Forbesi, d’Archiac, the amb.
No. III. being examined :—

aN oN
Zone “a,” pl. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5d, 6, 7, 8, 9d, 10d, 11, 12.

n-sN

Zone “6,” pl. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8d, ix, 10, 11, 12d, 13d, xiv, 15d, 16d, xvii, 18d.

The plates marked “d” are demi-plates, and the others are primary plates; those
with roman numerals are large tubercle-bearing plates. It will be observed that the
first plates are all primaries ; they are small, but each reaches the median line of the

A.

ambulacrum.

The first little tubercle-bearing plate is 4 on zone “0,” and it has small primary
plates above and below. The next is on the zone “a” on plate 6; but this tubercle is
larger than that of the higher plate “4” 4, and the result is that the preceding plate
on zone “a,” or no. 5, is a demi-plate.

The third tubercle-bearing plate is on zone “6” no. ix, and it is the first of rather
conspicuous dimensions. The fourth tubercle-bearing plate is xi of zone “a,” and it
is fairly large. Itis preceded by a demi-plate no. 10; but the next plate is not a demi,
so that the perfect triple combination does not occur so high up. The fifth large
tubercle-bearing plate is really of considerable size and is no. xiv on zone “6,”
and it is preceded and followed by a demi-plate, so that the triple combination is

complete.
294 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

In another specimen the following is the order of the succession of the plates :—
eer
Zone “a,” 1, 2, 8, 4d, 5, 6, 7, 8d, 9, x, 11d.

Zone “ 6,” 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7d, 8, 9, 10, 11d, 124, xiii, 14d.

The last-noticed three plates of zone “6” form the first triple combination.

Small tubercles are on “@,” 5 and on “6,” 8 and 10.

The interradia are very slightly broader than the ambulacra, and are depressed
and even slightly caved in above the ambitus, but at the ambitus and below to the
peristomial margin there is hardly any difference between the circumferential dimen-
sions of the two areas. The plates are high except at the peristome, and are nearly
square, or rather are nearly as broad as high when they carry the largest tubercles ;
but all the plates are remarkable for the obliquity of the direction of their aboral and
adoral sutures near the poriferous zones of the neighbouring ambulacra. Near the
peristome the whole plate is oblique and slants down from the median line of the
interradium. This general obliquity is in relation, above the ambitus, with the
obliquity of the pores, and it also relates to the special ornamentation of the outer
part of every coronal plate above the ambitus, and to the position of the characteristic
row of well-developed secondaries lower down.

The outer part of each coronal plate, for about one third of its breadth, is orna-
mented with small secondaries, large and small rounded granules, and with irregular-
shaped narrow ridges and furrows.

The second. large plate from the apex bas a small secondary on the oblique part
close to the adoral outer angle; plates 3 and 4 have each two of these tubercles and in
the same relative position.

Plate 5 has three small secondaries on its extremely oblique adoral and outer part,
and the next plate has four. There may be a repetition of the four tubercles on the
plate below, and they slope round the flank of the tubercle more or less vertically at
last, and this appearance is intensified by the occurrence of a secondary on the outer
and upper part of the plate below. Near the peristome the number of these side
tubercles diminishes from three to twa, and then, before the plates become very small,
to one.

These details are usually very constant, and in full-grown specimens the rows of
small secondaries close to the large tubercles are very striking.

There is great diversity in the arrangement of the granules and ridges, however.
There are often rows of large granules placed between the small primaries, and inter-
vening are rows of small granules. The direction of the rows is often the same as that
of the oblique secondaries ; but the granules are placed higher up the plates than the
secondaries. In those upper plates which have not tubercles there is usually a bunch
of close granules halfway up the outer third, and elegant ridges and furrows radiate
from the group and pass over the breadth of the plate to the median line, and then on
to the opposite plate, ornamenting the adoral or the aboral part of its surface as the
case may be. A zigzag arrangement is thus produced, and the ridges and furrows are
long and very variable in size. Usually the outer third of the plates above the ambitus
OF WESTERN SIND. 295

is slightly raised above the general level of the interradium, and there is often a raised
discontinuous ridge bounding the outer part of each plate up to the apex. This ridge
often has a furrow on the median side of it. The granules and the small secondaries are
comprehended in a slightly raised surface near the poriferous zones and external to
the zigzag ornamentation of the rest of the plates.

Large tubercles commence on the eighth plate from the apex as a rule; but there
is variation on the same test in this respect. There are usually six decidedly large
primaries, and the tubercles become gradually smaller and smaller to where they are
crowded above the peristome.

The coronal plates just above, at, and below the ambitus, are not only well
furnished with distinct and large granules around the edge of the base of the tubercles,
especially aborally, adorally, and along the median sutural lines, but there are also small
and well-developed secondaries in the median line, and especially at the junction of the
other sutures with it. Above the first large tubercles there is, in well-preserved speci-
mens, a very considerable granulation. The shape and size of the primary tubercles is
the same as in the ambulacra.

It is evident that this species can be distinguished by the granulations and small
secondaries of the median part of the interradia, by the numerous small secondaries on
the oblique part of the coronal plates, by the almost total absence of tubercles above
the zone of greatest width, by the continuance of small tubercles to the top of the
ambulacra, and by the tumid and large test.

Dimensions. Height of large specimen 21 millim.; breadth 38 millim.

Localities. Gaj or Miocene of Sind: Pir Gaji, W. of Sehwan; Tandra Rahim
Khan, W. of Sehwan; Gandack Hill; hill-scarp five miles N. of Shah Rhui, on the
Naig Nai, S.W. of Jangdéra, Naig Nai valley; Mendidri, 35 miles N. of Karachi.
Survey-numbers G 228, G 228, G 392, G 3822, G 802, G 302, &e.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XLVI.
Fig. 1. The test, side view.
2. A test more tumid than the other.
7. The aboral part of an ambulacrum: magnified.
9. Peristomial part of ambulacrum: magnified.

The drawings of the great tubercles of Celopleurus Pratti, d’Archiac, on Plate
XXXIX, Figs. 7 and 12 (Nari Series), are also exact representations of the worn and
weathered specimens of Ca/opleurus Forbesi, a’ Archiac.

Ca@LopLeurvs Forsssi, @’Archiac & Haime. Premature form.

A young form (Plate XLVI, Fig. 4) is 11:5 millim. in breadth and 6 millim. in
height. The test is tumid at the ambitus, slightly conical above, rather pentagonal in
outline when seen from above, and rather incurved actinally, where the peristome is
moderately large.
296 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

The ambulacra project more than the interradia, the primary tubercles of which
are the smallest at the ambitus. The median interradial areas, above the ambitus, are
sunken below the level of a raised line or ridge, composed of a linear series of small
secondaries and granules which occupies nearly the outer third of each coronal plate.
The plates of this part of the test are higher than broad, and are indistinctly orna-
mented with a small secondary tubercle, or there may be two or more of such tubercles,
forming a linear series. Sometimes a small pit is seen in the position of a tubercle.
The sutural lines between the tubercle-bearing plates are very distinct, slightly excavated,
and there is a remarkable denticular interlocking of the edges of the opposed plates.
The direction of the upper interradial plates is transverse. Including the small new
plates in contact with the basal plates, the first primary tubercles are on the fifth inter-
radial plates from the disk. One of these tubercles is larger than the other, and both
are of the usual shape of the tubercles of the genus. The plates are, however, not
with sutures that are uniformly transverse in direction, for their outer and adoral angle
is directed slightly adorally, towards the poriferous zone, close by; moreover this part
of the plate carries at least two small secondaries.

There are a few granules upon the aboral edges of these plates. The dimensions
of the primary plates diminish rapidly towards the peristome, and they become crowded
there and the interradium becomes narrower. There are at least four large tubercles,
and the couple next to the highest are the largest, namely those of the sixth interradial
plates.

The ambulacra are well developed, and the size of the tubercles at and above the
ambitus is-considerable. The pairs of pores are in arcs at the edges of the great
tubercles, and the sutures are in the same direction as in the adult specimens. But
the number of small plates in the interporiferous area towards the radial end is small,
and the development of the triplets occurs high up. The pairs of pores are large and
by no means close, there being two pairs in relation to the first interradial plate and
three to the second; moreover the direction of the pores is decidedly oblique, and from
the interporiferous area outwards and upwards. In each poriferous plate there is a
broad rather high process, which separates the pores from the aboral edge, or the line
of suture that limits the plate from that immediately above. There is a gradual increase
in size of the pairs until the seventh, when the triplet arrangement becomes evident,
the pairs wider apart, and the pores larger. The following is the disposition of the
plates in one of the ambulacra :—

No. III. Zone “ a@”—Plate 1, small primary, Zone “ b”—1, small primary.
2, small primary. 2,small_,,
38, small demi. 3, small _,,
4, large primary. 4,small __,,
5, small demi. 5, small __,,
6, small demi. 6, large,
7, large primary. 7, small demi.

8, small demi. 8, small demi,
OF WESTERN SIND. 297.

No. III. Zone “a@”—Plate 9, small demi. Zone “b”—9, large primary.
10, large primary. 10, small demi.
11, small demi.

In the zone “a” the tubercle-bearing plates are Nos. 4 and 7, whilst those of the
other zone are Nos. 6 and 9. After the triplets on zone “a” formed by Nos. 6, 7, 8,
comes a very large tubercle-bearing plate composed of plates 9 a demi, 10 a very large
plate, and 11 a demi.

In the zone “6” the tubercle-bearing plates are Nos. 6 and 9 and the triplets are
Nos. 5, 6, 7, and 8, 9,10. The sutures between the great tubercle-bearing plates of
the ambulacra are very distinct, in sunken grooves. At the median line, where the
sutures intersect, there is sometimes a pit even close to the ambitus. Nearer the
actinostome the usual development of the large pit at each angle of the plates
along the median line is seen, and there is no doubt that the shape of the pit is that
of a broad archway with a flat floor. The pits are large for the size of the test. Two
are close together just at the edge of the peristome; these are the largest, and they are
so well preserved that the little process for the sphezridium is visible. In parts the
denticulate sutural edge of the ambulacral plates is quite visible under a low power.
The pairs of pores are in simple triplets to the peristome and there are no additional
pores in the arcs.

The apical ring is well developed, and the orifice is subcircular and large, and the
whole of the combination of plates is somewhat raised beyond the rest of the test.
The basal plates are large and subequal, with the outer angle rather blunt and
projecting well into the interradial area. The ovarial pores are large, and placed at
about the outer third, and there appear to be the remains of a small tubercle
between each one and the periproct. ‘The radial plates are large, well separated from
the periproct by the junction of the basals, and the adoral edge is concave and has the
relics of a small central downward-projecting process. There is no perforation for the
optic nerve, and this evidently came out beneath and below the concave adoral margin,
and was separated into two by the process just noticed. Unfortunately the ornamen-
tation of the radials has been worn off; but this erosion has exposed the interesting
denticulate dovetailing of the plates at their lines of sutures. ‘The denticulation is
visible between the basals and the radials and also between these and the first plates of
the interradia.

This small specimen came from the Gaj group; but the locality is not stated.

Illustrations of the Form on Plate XLVI.
Fig. 4. The test: natural size.

Numerous specimens of a Celopleurus which, although clearly allied to Celopleurus
Forbesi, are not of the same species, are found in the Gaj deposits. The specimens did
not come from the same localities as Celopleurus Forbesi, but we are not informed
about there being any difference in the geological horizons of the two sets of forms.

28
298 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

2. CaLopteurus Sinpensis, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XLVI, Figs. 3, 5, 6, 8, & 10, and
Plate XLVI, Figs. 1 & 2.

The full-grown test is large, depressed, moderately tumid, and not high at the
ambitus, and decidedly conical towards the apex. The peristome is small and at a
higher level than the resting part of the test, the cuts are small but distinct, and the
under surface is rather flat. The apical disk is large and rather prominent, and the large
periproct is oblique. The basal plates are large, with a large circular or elongate pore
with or without a raised rim. The radials are also large and imperforate, there being
a median projection on the surface besides the ridges and furrows seen in other species.

The ambulacra are slightly raised above the level of the interradia, above the
ambitus, and are characterized by the large and somewhat irregular granulation of the
interporiferous areas, and by the absence of secondary and small primary tubercles. It
is very exceptional to see a small secondary in this part of the ambulacra, but they may
occasionally replace the normal granules on the larger and primary plates. The large
primaries with tubercles commence just above the ambitus, and at a higher level than
the great tubercles of the interradia. There is distinct granulation along the median
line of the ambulacrum at the ambitus and below, and some granulation just above the
pair of large tubercles. The pairs of pores are large, separated by some surface and
by a raised, arched, granulate costa,

The interradia, slightly depressed between the ambulacra above the ambitus, are
limited there, on either side, by a raised vertical line of furrow, ridges, granules, and
small secondary tubercles, and these last become more numerous towards the ambitus.
This lateral granulation is comparatively uniform, and may resemble the ornamentation
of the interporiferous areas close by. The tubercles at the ambitus are of the
same size as those of the ambulacra, and project as much, so that the circumference is
circular. There is a considerable large granulation amongst and around the great
tubercles of the interradia, and there are small secondaries at the median line as well
as near the poriferous zone close by. ‘The crowding of these granules just abactinally
to the aboral large tubercles is very decided.

The ornamentation of the disk is in some young specimens very exaggerated.

Dimensions. Breadth 34 millim.; height 20 millim. Breadth 37 millim.; height
22 millim. A half-grown specimen: breadth 26 millim.; height 16 millim.

Locality. Gaj or Miocene series of Sind. Tandra Rahim Khan, west of Sehwan ;
Naig Nai valley, three miles S.E. of Téng, Survey numbers G 228, G 802, G 302.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XLVI.

Fig. 3. The test: natural size.
5. Another test.
6. The apical disk: magnified.
10. The abactinal part of an ambulacrum: magnified.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XLVII.

Fig. 1. The test, from above.
2. A radial plate: magnified.
OF WESTERN SIND. 299

3. CasLopLeurus SinpEnsis, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XLVI, Fig. 6 (young form).

Description of a young form, about one half of the size of the matured indi-
vidual :-—

The test is low, nearly flat above, where there is a very slight rise from the
ambitus, tumid at the sides, and rounded actinally where the test is narrowed, and is
concave, with a reentering surface. The greatest width is above the ambitus and
where the slight slope begins to the apex from the sides. From that zone the test
slopes very gradually at first to the narrowed surface on which it rests, and then the
surface becomes nearly flat, the convexity being but slight towards the small peristome.
The outline of the test is nearly circular from above, and there is no projection of the
ambulacra at the upper part of the test, and indeed the only elevation there is the
raised series of structures that line the interradia near the poriferous zones. ‘The flat
ambulacral surface is very well defined, and the angle made by the poriferous zones is
not large. The general absence of tubercles of any considerable size above the position
of the greatest breadth of the test is very striking.

The apical disk is very developed, and the star-like form, produced by the long basals
which trespass upon the interradia very considerably, is well marked. The orifice for
the periproct is rather large and circular, and there is no prominent ring-like edge to it.
Nevertheless the edge of the periproct is high and the basals slope gradually but decidedly
to their adoral ends. The madreporite is in the largest and the perforated portion is
restricted to a space aboral to the ovarial pore, and reaching not quite to the anal edge.
Between the madreporite perforation and the periproct the surface is ornamented with a
few large rounded granules, mixed with some smaller, and all are close and irregularly
placed, except towards the radial plate No. III. where there is a slight linear set of
granules directed outwards and adorally. The largest of the granules is close to the peri-
proct, and is about mid-distance between the lateral sutures of the basal. ‘The next basal,
No. 3, has the same kind of large and small granules as the other, and although they
are wanting at the angle beyond the pore, they are in decided oblique rows elsewhere,
and the direction of the close granules is outwards and downwards, so as to put the
lines of the ornamentation in continuity with that of the radial on either side. ‘There
is a relic of a large granule in the same relative position as in the madreporite. ‘lhere
is also a slanting in of the anal edge and an ornamentation of the part. Basal No. 4
is well developed in the specimen, and there is no doubt that in it, as well as in the
less preserved basals, the pore is placed on a conical elevation about one third of the
whole distance from the angle to the periproct. ‘he ornamentation is of a few separate
granules, many of which have become fused, as it were, and are in continuous short
oblique lines that have the same relative direction as in the last-mentioned basal.
This obliquity is seen on all the basals. The ornamentation of basal No. 1 is very
profuse, and there are five rows of oblique sets of large and small granules on one side
of the rather tumid plate; the elongation of some of the granules is very distinct. On
the other side the ornamentation is less in amount, but is quite as well defined. Nearly
twenty granules may be counted on this basal between the pore and the anal
edge.

282
300 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

The radials are large, and extend adorally not very far from a circle which might.
limit the angles of the basals. The radials are broader than high and are pentagonal
in shape. The aboral lateral edges are slightly curved, with the convexity in contact
with the concavity of the basal on either side. The adoral and lateral sides are short
and inclined downwards and inwards, and are not in curves, whilst the lower or adoral
edge is broad and arched, with the concavity towards the ambulacrum. This adoral
edge is marked centrally with a projection that reaches a little adorally, and is in the
median line of the commencing ambulacrum. This projection covers the position of
the exit of the optic nerve, as is usual in the Celopleuri, and as the plate is not
superficially perforated there is reason to believe that the nerve was divided, as in
the recent Arbacia, according to Lovén. The projection is continuous with a ridge
made up of more or less coalesced small granules, which divides the surface of the
radial from the apical angle of it downwards. Several more or less distinct ridges
and intermediate grooves pass from this ridge obliquely outwards and apically, and
others are parallel with the free sides of the plate, and reach the concave adoral edge.
This oblique ornamentation is more or less continuous with that of the basal plates
in direction. ‘There are usually two of these oblique ridges very well seen; but there
is some variation on different plates in the strength of the ornamentation, and even the
central ridge may be absent. The adoral third at least of the free edge of the radial
plate is in relation with the apical end of the ridge of granules and very small tubercles
which bounds the ambulacrum, and ornaments the outer third of every interradial plate
towards the apex.

The ambulacra are not so broad as the interradia. Above the area of the great
tubercles the interradia are only very slightly depressed below the level of the ambu-
lacra, and these are very slightly tumid. It has been already noticed that the angle
formed by the poriferous zones at the radial end is narrow, and in fact the interpo-
riferous area is not broader than the poriferous zone at the level of the eighth pair of
pores. In ambulacrum No. III. the breadth does not increase decidedly until the
tenth or eleventh poriferous plates, and they are the first of triplets on which a large
tubercle is placed. The breadth is greatest where the tubercles are the largest, and it
diminishes towards the peristome. Here the breadth is nearly equal to that at the
tenth pair on the abactinal surface, and the margin of the ambulacrum is a double
adoral curve between the small and broad branchial cuts. This part projects into the
peristomial space more than the interradia, and there is a concavity at the median line
of the ambulacrum, the edge of which is separated from a large sphzridium pit by a very
slender horizontal process, which is between the last of the small tubercles. There are
seven large tubercles in one ambulacral zone and eight in the other, and of these three
are very large and projecting. The rest are smaller, and diminish in size to the
peristome. But above the upper large tubercle there is scarcely any development of
tubercle, for although the plates are arranged as in the species in which there are well-

developed tubercles in the abactinal part of the ambulacrum, the tubercles are either
ill developed or are rudimentary,
OF WESTERN SIND. — 301

The following is the order of the succession of the plates in ambulacrum III. :—

Zone ‘‘a”—1, small primary. Zone “ 6”—1, small primary.
2,small_s,, ; | 2, small demi.
3, small _,, 3, large primary.
4,small __,, 4,small_,,
5, small i large ¥
6, large * 6, small ,,
7, large - 7,small sy,
8, small ___,, 8, small _,,
9, small demi. 9, large ss
10, small demi.

10, small ,,
fe large primary. 11, small ,,
12, small demi. 2 large primary.
13, small demi.

Taking row “a,” the small tubercle-bearing plates are 6 and 7, and the first large
tubercle is composed, really, by plates 10, 11, and 12, these being a large primary
between two demi plates.

The plates 6, 7, and 8 are very instructingly placed, for they form a triplet of
three primaries without any demi plates, as in the instance of the combinations of two
demi plates and a middle primary to form the great tubercles lower down. It is
evident that the crowding and resulting pressure produce the demi plates, and that the
fusion more or less of the ornamentation of the triplet develops the great tubercle.
The original tubercle-bearing plate, although enlarged by the accession of the demi
plates, retains the greater part of the boss and all the mamelon. The tubercles of the
plates marked “small” are little more than large granules, and hence the non-tuber-
culate nature of this part of the ambulacrum of the species.

On zone “6” the first large tubercle is on a triplet of Nos. 11, 12, and 13, and 12
is the large primary, the others being demi plates. But 8, 9, and 10 form a triplet,
and it will be noticed that the highest plate is not a demi but a small primary. Thus
growth and pressure. affected the lower member of the combination and not the upper
one, and the lower became a demi plate, being cut off from the median line. In the
triplet of plates 4, 5, 6, there is no demi plate, but a central large one and an upper
and a lower small plate, all being primaries, however. But the crowding-in of the two
upper plates, or 1, 2, after a large plate, for that part of the ambulacrum, caused
plate 2 to become a very small demi.

With regard to the ornamentation of the ambulacra at the ambitus, it may be
noticed that the great tubercles have a scanty line of large granules along the line of
the median suture. These granules become rarer higher towards the apex.

The granules are very scanty on the highest large tubercular plate, and a few are
seen on the aboral margin of the plate.

The usual number of large primary tubercles, the result of the combination of
302 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

three plates, seen on an ambulacrum is fifteen, there being eight on one zone and seven
on the other.

Above the highest large tubercle there are some small and rudimentary ones on
the larger of the ambulacral plates within the poriferous zones. Quite at the peri-
stome the last three triplets have their pairs of pores remote from the outer suture of
their plates, and the outer region is a part of the tag-like surface which is continued
from the fairly well-marked cut on either side of each ambulacrum.

The interradia are deprived of large tubercles above the commencement of the
upward-sloping part of the test, and the highest of the large tubercles is at a lower
level than the corresponding one of the ambulacrum. In an interradium which is well
preserved (No. II.), the plates are broader thari high, and their sutural lines are grooved ;
the transverse direction of the plates is decidedly oblique, and rather more so than
the direction of the line of the pores close by. The smallest plate at the edge of the
apical disk is plate 1 of zone “a,” and the first rather large tubercle is on plate 6; on
zone “6” the similar tubercle is on plate 5. Both much smaller than a typical
great tubercle, do not cover much of their plate, and have a smaller tubercle close to
their bases and nearer the median line. The rest of the plates is well granulate, and
the granules of the plate of “” are rather disposed to be in transverse lines. On the
outer edge of the plates, and where there is a continuation of the line of structures that
bounds the poriferous zones of the ambulacra, there is a number of small tubercles
arranged in three vertical rows. ‘These small tubercles are not very close and are
mammillate, one being, moreover, larger than the others. It is this part of the plate
which is decidedly oblique. The plate “a” 5 from the apex, has the relic of a small
tubercle near the median and adoral angle; the granulation is small and linear and the
direction is oblique to the line of the edges of the plate, and somewhat continuous with
that of the plate just described from zone “0.” There are two vertical rows of small
tubercles close to the outer margin, and one tubercle is slightly larger than the others,
_ which are also circumferential to it. Plate 4 of zone “6” resembles the last plate in
the arrangement of its lines of granules in ridges, and in the existence of a degraded
small tubercle on the inner and adoral angle; moreover the arrangement of the small
tubercles on the outer edge of the plates is the same.

The other plates are free from vestiges of tubercles, and the inner region of each
has two irregular rows of very small tubercles,

The aboral edges of the larger primary tubercles of the interradia above the
ambitus are ornamented with a row of distinct granules, and there are similar rows
adorally. “There is much granulation in the median line, and finally the granulation
amounts to small tuberculation on the outer edge of each plate, where there are two
and in some plates three little tubercles in a vertical or very oblique row. There are
four very large and four rather large primary tubercles in an interradium.

Illustration of the Form in Plate XLVI.
Fig. 6. The apical disk: magnified,
OF WESTERN SIND. 303

Family TEMNOPLEURIDZ.

Genus TEMNECHINUS, Forbes, 1852.

The great collections of the species of this genus, which we have shown to be
synonymous with Temnopleurus, as used by d’Archiac and Haime, came from Kachh
and Kattywar, and the paucity of forms in the collection of the Indian Geological
Survey from Sind seems to strengthen this opinion. Two new species are amongst the
collection from Sind, and their Tertiary Australian facies is remarkable.

1, Temnecuinus Rovssgaul, d’Archiac & Haime, sp. Plate XLVII, Figs. 3 & 4.

The reasons for placing in the genus Temnechinus, Forbes, the species described
and named Temnopleurus Rousseaui, dArchiac & Haime, have been given in the
‘Monograph of the Fossil Echinoidea from Kachh and Kattywar,’ pp. 51, 56, and 84,
Pal. Indica, Ser. XIV.

A much-worn specimen of Temnechinus Rousseaui, @ Archiac & Haime, sp., is in
the collection from the Gaj or Miocene deposits of Sind, and it belongs to the depressed
variety. We have figured the shape of the part of the test which remains, and also a
magnified view of the ambulacral and interradial plates close to the peristome.

Locality. Entering the hills on the road from Jangri to Bila Khan’s Thdna.

Survey-number G 282.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XLVII.

Fig. 3. The test: natural size.
4, The interradium and ambulacrum (near the peristome): magnified.
12. A plate and part of the corresponding ambulacrum: magnified.

2. TEMNECHINUS AFFINIS, Duncan & Sladen.

The interesting species which we described from a well-preserved specimen from
the Miocene of Kattywar is represented in the Gaj series of Sind. The remarkable
ornamentation shown in the illustrations of the species in plate xiii, figs. 11 & 12, of
the ‘ Fossil Echinoidea of Kach and Kattywar,’ Pal. Indica, Ser. XIV, is indicated in a
worn and badly fossilized specimen from Sind. The specimen from this last locality
has the poriferous zones more sunken than in the type; but this hardly seems to be of
classificatory value. We do not illustrate the specimen, as it is not sufficiently well
preserved, but simply refer to the illustration already alluded to.

Locality. Gaj or Miocene series of Sind. Entering the hills on the road from
Jangri to Bila Khan’s Thana. Survey-number G 282.

There is a solitary specimen of a regular Echinoid which has lost the apical disk,
but which otherwise is well preserved. It has the facies of Lepidopleurus (page 3806),
but the peculiar shape of the coronal plates is not seen. On the contrary, there are
804 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

indications, from the position of the transverse sutures, that the form has the usual,
nearly rectangular, plates of Temnechinus.

Were the form more depressed than it is and somewhat polygonal in the outline of
the ambitus, the considerable resemblance of it to Temnechinus lineatus, Duncan, of
the Australian Tertiary deposits would be very striking. But, although clearly distinct
specifically, the two forms are closely allied.

3. TEMNECHINUS STELLULATUS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XLVII, Figs. 8 & 9.

The test is turban-shaped and broader than high, the tumid condition of the
ambitus is noticed also higher up, and the shape is not remote from the hemispherical.
The actinal surface is rather flat, and there is some concavity at the small circular
peristome. The ambulacra are narrow, rather tumid from side to side, and the
poriferous zones are very slightly sunken and narrow. There is a vertical row of
small primary tubercles on each side of the ambulacrum, close to the poriferous areas,
and the tubercles have a small imperforate mamelon, and an expanded, low, but tumid
base, the edges of which are either circular or incised here and there. Costa-like
narrow and separate processes pass from the edge of the base of the tubercles, princi-
pally adorally, to reach the small rounded granules which are on the plate placed
adorally to the tubercle-bearing one. Others, which are very short, arise from the
inner part of the edge of the base, and pass to the granules close to the inner side of
the tubercles; and sometimes there are two or three processes that have an aboral
course to reach the two or three granules placed between the successive tubercles.
The tubercles are placed so close to the poriferous zone that there are no intermediate
granules, and the poriferous zones seem to be well defined from the interporiferous.
Between the rows of the primary tubercles and the granules immediately associated
with them is a rather confused ornamentation of small granules, more or less united
together by radiating and very thin costa-like processes, giving a stellate appearance.
A few large granules are mixed up in this ornamentation and add to the confused
appearance. Near the apical end of the ambulacrum there is often a tubercle
surrounded by a ring of granules, each of which is connected with it by a radiating
process.

The interradia are slightly sunken along the median line, and the plates are
rectangular, and not very high. A row of small primary tubercles, slightly larger than
those of the ambulacra, is placed vertically on either side of the median line, and there
is a tubercle on the centre of each coronal plate. Each tubercle has a small imperforate
mamelon, a broad, flat, and tumid base, and radiating from it numerous processes
pass to an encircling series of granules. Usually these short costa-like processes do
not pass from the tubercle of one plate to that immediately above or below, but the
straight close processes stop at the transverse suture; nevertheless near the abactinal
part of the interradia this junction may exist. There are two or three rows of granules
placed between the tubercles and the poriferous zones. Between the rows of tubercles,
and especially close to the median line, there is much small granulation, and the
irregularly disposed granules are united by short, slender, and straight processes. In
OF WESTERN SIND. 305

some places this stellate arrangement is seen amongst the granules of the space between
the tubercles and the poriferous zones. There is no distinct costulation of or radiating
appearance on the poriferous part of the ambulacral plates.

Dimensions. Height of the test 9 millim., breadth 18-8 millim.

Locality. The Gaj or Miocene series of Sind: Mazardni Nai. Survey-number
G 238,

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XLVII.

Fig. 8. The test: natural size.
9. Part of an ambulacrum and interradium: magnified.

4, Temnecuinus GaJensis, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XLVII, Figs. 10 & 11.

The test is small, turban-shaped, flat abactinally and actinally, and the peristome
is slightly depressed.

Apical disk wanting.

Ambulacra narrow, flush, and with slightly sunken poriferous zones with simple
pairs of pores. A vertical row of small primaries, with small imperforate mamelons
and broad bases, is close to the poriferous zone on either side. The successive
tubercles are separated by a transverse row of two or three granules, and are connected
with the tubercles of the opposite side of the ambulacrum by lines of granules placed
on radiating narrow ridges, with varying amounts of space between them. Hence the
surface of the ambulacra is covered with a raised ornamentation of a simple character,
and it is connected with that of the interradia by means of costal ridges which cross the
poriferous part and are continued on to the interradial area so as to join corresponding
processes coming from the bases of the primary tubercles.

The interradia are broad, and have a somewhat depressed median line. The
ornamentation resembles that of the ambulacra; but the primaries are in two rows
only along the line of the centres of the plates, and are connected by long, radiating,
granular, narrow, rounded ridges, between which there is, in some places, a little space
so as to show parts of the test. Usually the test is well covered by the radiating
granular ridges.

The peristome is small and nearly circular.

Dimensions. Height of the test 5 millim.; breadth 9 millim.

Locality. The Gj or Miocene series of Sind: Naig Nai valley. Survey-number
G 592.
Illustrations of the Species in Plate XLVII.

Fig. 10. The test: natural size.
11. An ambulacrum and interradium, in part: magnified.

Unfortunately there is only one specimen of this species in the collection, but it is
very well marked by the peculiar series of small primaries in the interradia and

ambulacra, and by their simple radiations of coalescing ridges and granules. There
2b
306 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

is little or no difference in size between the tubercles of the two areas. The absence
of the apical disk is to be regretted.

Genus LEPIDOPLEURUS, gen. nov.

Test small, broader than high, nearly hemispherical or turban-shaped. Apical
system large, solid; basals alone enter the anal ring, and are long vertically; radials
perforated at their adoral edge. Ambulacra small; poriferous zones slightly sunken,
pairs in simple series. Interporiferous spaces crossed by a zigzag of raised granular
ridges uniting the opposite tubercles. Interradial plates angular, with the adoral edge
overlapping and occupying a corresponding cavity in the aboral edge of the plate
below. Two vertical rows of tubercles, and the tubercles of each row are connected by
vertical and narrow ridges. Peristome and cuts small. Ambulacral plates in triplets,
the aboral plate of the composite plate being a low primary; the next below is
a demi plate, very small, and crowded out of the line by the succeeding or adoral
primary, which has an expanded interporiferous part.

Tubercles imperforate and not crenulated.

The angularity and scale-like appearance of the interradial plates, the ridges
between the tubercles, and the sunken sutural lines separate this genus from the others
of the Temnopleuride.

There are two well-marked species of the genus in the Gaj Tertiaries.

l. LEPIDOPLEURUS HEMISPHzRICUS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XLVII, Figs. 5, 6, 7.

The test is small, nearly hemispherical, slightly broader than high, rather flat at
the apex, and moderately concave actinally. ‘The apical system is large, flat, and not
projecting, solid, and has a wide ring of basals and radials, the last not entering the
circumference of the round and open periproct. The basals alone form the anal ring,
and they are large, slightly unequal in size, the madreporite being the largest; there is
an adoral angle and seven sides to each plate, the edge in contact with the periproct
being one-of them. The height of the plates is greater than their breadth at the
periproct, and the ovarial pore is large and near the adoral angle. The madreporite
has no pore, and the spongy surface is decidedly convex. The sutures of the plates are
very distinct, and the slope of the surface of the whole system from the faint ring round
the anus to the adoral angles of the basals is slight.

The radial plates are broader than high, widely separated from the periproct, and
are more or less irregularly triangular in outline. The adoral edge of the radial plate
is broad, and has a projection at the median line, on either side of which there is a
curved edge, the concavities of the curves looking towards the ambulacra. The optic
pore is at the base of this projection.

The ambulacra are narrow, petaloid above, open actinally, and they are about one
half of the width of the interradia at the equator; but at the peristome the breadth of
the ambulacra is only a little less than that of the interradia. ‘The surface of the
OF WESTERN SIND. 307

ambulacra is flush with the rest of the test, but the poriferous zone is rather sunken.
The pairs of pores are in a simple vertical line, and, although the pairs combine to
form triplets, any arching is exceptional; no doubling of the pairs ever occurs. The
pairs of pores are rather large for the narrow zone, are wide apart, and unequally so on
account of the different sizes of the plates in a triplet. Well-preserved plates show a
transverse ridge or narrow rounded-off costa placed aborally with regard to the pair of
pores of each plate, and passing not in quite parallel lines from a primary tubercle, or
from a large granule in the interporiferous area, to large granules or small tubercles in
the interradia. As a rule, two of the coste of a triplet arise from the two adoral plates
of the triple combination, or from the part of it which carries the primary tubercle, and
one from the aboral member of the triplet, which usually has a large granule on it.
There is a vertical row of primary tubercles close to the poriferous zone on either side
in the interporiferous areas, and the consecutive broad-based, small-topped tubercles
are separated by one or by two large granules. The small mamelon of the tubercle
contrasts with the broad sloping boss; there is no perforation, and crenulation does not
occur. But the edge of the expanded base is often indented, for there are the costulate
processes which unite the base with the coste over the poriferous zone, and there are
sometimes others in the opposite direction, which connect the base with small granules
on the same ambulacral plate. Midway between the apical system and the peristome
there is, now and then, an extension of a costulate process from the base of one
ambulacral tubercle to that of its fellow of the opposite side of the interporiferous
area. Here and there there are two large granules, placed transversely, between each
tubercle in vertical succession. But near the peristome the oblique costulation over
the plates of the interporiferous areas is not seen, and the presence of the pair of
intermediate granules is invariable. ‘The ornamentation of this part consists of a small
primary tubercle followed by two granules, and this being repeated several times is very
characteristic. The arrangement of the ambulacral plates is near the radial end in
low primaries, but a little adorally it is in triplets; the aboral plate of each combina-
tion is a low primary plate (that is to say, it reaches the median line) with a slight
expansion of the interporiferous portion, and this part carries the granular ornamenta-
tion. The next plate, which is of course placed actinally, is a small demi plate, and
it is followed adorally by a primary which has a great internal expansion and which
prevents the plate immediately above, that is to say the demi plate, from reaching
the median line. The last two plates carry the primary tubercle.

The plates of the ambulacra are therefore very dissimilar, appear crowded, and
the sutures are rather sunken and distinct.

The interradia are remarkable for the angular shape of the adoral edge of the
coronal plates, the corresponding aboral parts being indented. The appearance given is
that of scale armour, and it diminishes below the equator, where the plates become
broader, and not so high as they are near the apical disk.

The sutural lines of the plates are sunken, and the ornamentation is raised, there
being a groove on each plate just below the aboral edge in the median line; whilst the

primary tubercle of each plate is in the median line of the plate, and rather towards
27 2
308 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

the adoral edge. Nearer the peristome, and where the plates are lower but broader,
the tubercle is at about the centre of the plate.

The edges of each plate are ornamented by a few small secondaries with boss and
mamelon, and there are usually at least three of these near the poriferous zone, and
they are connected with the costulation of the poriferous plates as already noticed.
Other small tubercles are near the median suture, and they are not connected by
ridges with the corresponding parts of the opposite coronal plates; but the small
tubercles which are placed near the adoral and the aboral edges are connected with
the large primary by means of narrow convex ridges separated by still narrower deep
and linear grooves or spaces, and this, more or less, vertical series of ridges may even
extend from the tubercle of one plate to that of the plate above or below. As a rule,
the ridges stop at the transverse sutures. Above the equator there is a triplet of
ambulacral plates in contact with each interradial plate.

The peristome is small, nearly circular, and there are no cuts.

Dimensions. Height 8 millim., breadth 11 millim.

Locality. The Gaj or Miocene series of Sind: Naig Nai valley, 12 miles south of
Shah Rhti. Survey-number G 322.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XLVII.

Fig. 5. The test.
6. Part of the abactinal surface: magnified.
7. Part of the ambitus: magnified.

2. LEPIDOPLEURUS GRANULATUS, Duncan & Sladen.

The test is turban-shaped, broader than high, tumid close above the ambitus,
sloping without a bold curve to the apical system, and swollen actinally, but concave
at the small, nearly circular, and very minutely incised peristome.

The apical system is slightly projecting above the ordinary curve of the test; it is
solid and rather large, the height of the basals from their adoral angle to the periproct
being well developed. The periproct is surrounded by a decided ridge, and is not
large. The basals have the pore large and near their adoral angle, and the madreporite
has its surface swollen and raised above the level of that of the other basals. It has a
pore beyond the spongy part and close to the angle. The radials are broader than
high, are tumid adorally, and there are the relics of a minute granulation upon them.
The optic pore is close to the adoral margin.

The ambulacra are narrow, flush with the rest of the test; but the poriferous zones
are sunken slightly and narrow. ‘The pairs of pores are nearly in straight series, and
are only slightly in simple ill-defined arcs, or in successive series of oblique triplets.
There is no doubling of pairs; and near the peristome the breadth of the ambulacra
is small, and a little less than that of the interradia. ‘The breadth of the ambulacra, a
little above the ambitus, is considerably less than the interradia there. There is a
vertical row of small primary tubercles on each side of the interporiferous area, close
to the pores, and the tubercles are with a broad base which slopes up gradually to
OF WESTERN SIND. 309

the small imperforate mamelon. In the space between the consecutive tubercles there
is a row of two or three rather large granules in a transverse row. Between the
tubercles and along the median line of the area there are a few rather indistinct large
and small granules united to the base of the great tubercle by costa-like ridges. Some
granules situated at the actinal and abactinal edges of the plates are often connected
to the tubercles by the ridges.

The arrangement of the tubercle-bearing triplet of ambulacral plates is as in the
generic definition.

The interradia are broad between the apex and the peristome, and the plates of
the part above the ambitus are with a median and adorally projecting angle, the usual
generic scale-like appearance being very decided when there has been some weathering.
The sutures are distinct and sunken, and the primary tubercles are in a vertical row,
there being a tubercle in the centre of every one plate of the interradia, with a large
base anda small mamelon. Just above the ambitus the rest of the plate unoccupied
by the large tubercle is closely packed with rounded granulations, some of which are
between the poriferous zone and the tubercle. These last are united to the small coste
of the poriferous zone. At the actinal surface the great tubercle of a plate has the
granules more or less in ill-defined circles around it, and there is often a costulation
between them. ‘The tubercles of the interradia are rather larger than those of the
ambulacra; but both sets are small. The radiation of the costa-like processes is often
visible from a tubercle close to the peristome to the granules between it and the
poriferous zone of the ambulacrum. There are fifteen plates on one side of an inter-
radium, and three times that number of large and demi plates belonging to the
ambulacra.

Dimensions. Height 7 millim., breadth 11 millim.

Locality. The Gaj or Miocene series of Sind: Mazaraéni Nai. Survey-number
G 234.

The arrangement of the plates of the interradia and ambulacra, the character of
the apical disk, the small peristome with very slight cuts, the sunken sutures seen in
some places, and the costa-like union of the tubercles and granules link this form with
the last.

The distinctions of a specific character are the multigranular plates above the
ambitus without costal unions, the simpler ornamentation of the ambulacra in the
median line, and the presence of a third intermediate granule. The shape of the test
also adds to the differences between the two species.
310 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA
Subfamily TRIPLECHINIDE.

Genus HIPPONOE, Gray, 1840.
(Syn. Tripneustes, Agassiz, 1841.)

Test of large size, tumid, and often subconoid.

Ambulacral areas very broad, nearly equal, or subequal, to the interradial areas.
Poriferous zones very wide. Pores arranged in three distinctly spaced vertical series,
the external ones regularly vertical, the median series sporadic.

Primary tubercles imperforate and not crenulate, small and numerous, arranged in
horizontal rows in the interradial areas, forming also more or less regular vertical series.
Small secondary tubercles distributed between the three vertical rows of pores.

Peristome small and subcircular ; with deeply indented mouth-slits.

1, Hippono# Proavia, Duncan & Sladen. Plates XLVIII & XLIX, Fig. 1.

The test is of large size, and was probably circular in marginal contour, slightly
depressed, the height being a little more than two thirds of the diameter; convex
abactinally and probably with a tendency to become conoid towards the apex; with
great tumidity at the ambitus, which passes gradually over on to the actinal surface,
where the test is slightly concave. ;

Ambulacral areas remarkably broad, their width at the ambitus being greater than
that of the interradial areas; and they are flush with the general surface of the test.
The poriferous zones are straight and of great breadth, being a shade broader than the
width of the interporiferous area; thus at the ambitus of the large type specimen the
breadth of the interambulacral area measures 49 millim., the whole ambulacral area
50°75 millim., and the poriferous zone 17 millim. The pores form three distinct,
vertical, and widely spaced series; the inner and the outer row are almost regularly
uniserial, whilst the disposition of the pores in the median series is more or less
sporadic, with a tendency to fall into oblique triplets. The manner in which this
arrangement is effected, and the position of the pairs of pores upon their respective
plates will be readily seen on referring to Fig. 4.

The ambulacral plates are very short, their height being not more than one tenth
or one twelfth of the breadth, and each is normally composed of three poriferous plates,
each of these contributing a pair of pores to one of the three vertical series above
described. ‘Their arrangement is after the following manner :—The inner end of each
ambulacral plate, which occupies the interporiferous area, is composed of what we may
speak of as the primary poriferous ossicle; passing the eye along the aboral margin of
the plate, and traversing it from the inner extremity of the line outwards, it will be
noticed that as soon as the poriferous zone is reached the aboral margin commences to
be gradually scooped away, this part of the plate being, along the greater portion of the
breadth of the poriferous zone, a mere thin band, less than one third the height of the
compound plate. The portion thus scooped away is occupied by two low demi poriferous
plates in the form of band-like wedges. At the outer end of the composite ambulacral
OF WESTERN SIND. 31]

plate it will be noticed that the median plate of this triplet is the highest (7. e. forms
the broadest band); this is the most adoral of the two demi poriferous plates, and
the one which is immediately superposed on the primary poriferous plate ; its pair of
pores, which are borne close to the outer end, go to form the outermost of the three
vertical rows in the poriferous zone. The second demi poriferous plate is the most
aboral of the triplet, and bears near its median region the pair of pores which fall in
the median or sporadic vertical series. ‘The primary poriferous plate (the most adoral
plate of the triplet) bears the pair of pores which stand in the inner of the three
vertical series of the poriferous zone, and are situated rather nearer the centre of the
plate than one third of the distance from the inner to the outer end. On carefully
examining an ambulacral area it will be observed that not infrequently one ambulacral
plate (¢. e. a composite triplet, as above described) simulates the character of a demi
plate in relation to the next adorally adjacent ambulacral plate, in so far that the
breadth of the “simulating” triplet is reduced from the adoral margin on the inner
part of the plate, the part thus apparently cut away obliquely being occupied by
the increased primary poriferous plate of the subjacent triplet; the whole of
the upper of these two ambulacral plates thus simulating the character of a simple
demi poriferous plate in an Echinoid triplet, relatively to the underlying (¢. e. more
adoral) ambulacral plate. Occasionally the increase of the one primary poriferous
plate to the sacrifice of the primary of the next aboral plate (7. ¢. triplet) is so great:
that this latter is excluded altogether from reaching to the median suture of the inter-
poriferous area. At first sight these plate arrangements are very puzzling, and need
careful study before they can be traced. The various features mentioned above are
represented in Fig. 4.

The primary tubercles which ornament the plates are small, subequal, imperforate,
and non-crenulate; and those of the ambulacral regions are very little smaller than
those of the interradial areas. On the interporiferous areas there are six vertical rows
of primary tubercles, which also form regular horizontal rows of three ; these are equi-
distantly spaced and disposed in the following noteworthy manner :—The two tubercles
nearest the poriferous zone stand on the same primary poriferous plate, whilst the third
tubercle, which is next to the median suture, is placed on the next aboral primary
poriferous plate. The succeeding aboral primary poriferous plate bears no tubercles ;
and this disposition is maintained very prevalently throughout the right-hand column
of the ambulacral area. In the left-hand column the three tubercles often form an
oblique series, with a tubercle on each succeeding plate; and very frequently the
posture of the respective tubercles seems singularly independent of the plates, in being
placed either midway on the horizontal suture, or with the boss only encroaching more
or less on the neighbouring plate. This slight but remarkable diversity in the
arrangement of the tubercles of the interporiferous area in the right-hand columns of
the ambulacral area is to be seen in all the ambulacra which we have been able to
examine in the example under notice. In the poriferous zones there are three vertical
rows of tubercles of the same size as those in the interporiferous area. Two of these
are located between the outermost and the median vertical rows of pores, whilst the
312 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

third is between the median and the innermost vertical series of pores. The vertical
rows are maintained with great regularity, but there is considerable irregularity in the
respective posture of the tubercles of the two rows between the outer and the median
series of pores. Frequently two of these tubercles stand in horizontal line, and are
well spaced from the next pair, but frequently the tubercle of one vertical row is not in
horizontal line with the corresponding tubercle of the other. The tubercles which
stand between the median and the inner vertical series of pores appear to be placed
regularly opposite the interspaces between the tubercles of the innermost of the two
vertical series of tubercles which occupy the space between the outer and the median
series of pores, and are also in horizontal line with the nearest tubercle on the inter-
poriferous area. In addition to these primary tubercles a few small miliary (but still
mammillated) tubercles occur irregularly upon the ambulacral plates. There are five
ambulacral plates opposite one of the interradial plates at the ambitus, and consequently
five of the pairs of pores belonging to the outer vertical series.

The interradial plates are broad but short, their breadth at the ambitus being
more than five times the length, the actual dimensions being 25 millim. and 4°5 millim.
respectively. Each plate bears a horizontal line of uniform and equal-spaced primary
tubercles, slightly larger than those on the ambulacral areas. In the neighbourhood
of the ambitus there are seven tubercles in this horizontal line, the position of which
‘upon the plate is rather below the middle. At the end of the plate adjacent to the
poriferous zone an additional primary tubercle of equal size to those described stands
near the aboral margin of the plate, immediately over the interspace between the two
first tubercles of the horizontal line, there being thus eight primary tubercles on each
plate at the ambitus; as the plates recede from the ambitus, however, the tubercles of
the horizontal series nearest the poriferous zone diminish to the size of mere secondary
tubercles, or disappear altogether, which causes the horizontal line of tubercles to
appear to take a sharp angular bend at the extremity near the poriferous zone. Some-
times in the larger plates near the ambitus there is a small secondary tubercle in the
extreme aboral corner of the plate, close to the poriferous zone; and an irregular line
of mammillated miliary tubercles stands on the aboral margin, whilst a few irregularly
disposed and very much smaller simple miliary granules are distributed on the vacant
portions of the plate.

Unfortunately neither the peristomial nor the apical regions of the test are
preserved.

Remarks. We refer to this species, although with some doubt, a fragment, con-
sisting of part of an interradial and an ambulacral area. It belonged to a much smaller
test than the type-specimen above described. The interradial plates at the ambitus
bear a horizontal row of five primary tubercles and a distinct line of miliary tubercles
along the aboral margin, the one nearest the poriferous zone being the largest of these,
The tubercles are more numerous and much more closely placed than in considerably
larger examples of the allied species H. antiqua, described below ; and on these grounds
we consider it probable that the fragment belonged to a young test of H. proavia. The
fragment in question is figured in Plate XLIX.
OF WESTERN SIND. 3138

Dimensions. The large type specimen measures 185 millim. in its greatest diameter,
and 146 millim. in the lesser diameter. It has been crushed laterally. The height of
the specimen in its present condition is 98 millim., and, as far as can be judged, the test
when perfect was not much higher.

Localities. In the Gaj series of strata:—i. Mendidri, thirty-five miles north of
Karachi. Survey-number G 29?,

ii, Ravine on the south-east of Bill, twelve miles north of Shah-beg (the coral

zone). Survey-number G 392.

Illustrations of the Species in Plates XLVIII. & XLIX.

Plate XLVIII.

Fig. 1. Profile view of the test: natural size.
2. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
3. Interradial plates, to show ornamentation: magnified.
4, Part of the ambulacral area to show the composition of the plates:
magnified,
4a, Diagrammatic sketch of ambulacral plates, to show the disposition of
the ornamentation: magnified.

Plate XLIX.

Fig. 1. Fragment of a small test, probably belonging to this species: natural
size.

2. Hippono# antigua, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XLIX, Figs. 2-4.

The test is usually of a medium size, but attains, when well grown, rather large
dimensions. Its form appears to be subject to great variation, some specimens being
considerably depressed and with the abactinal surface more or less conoid; whilst
others are much higher, decidedly tumid at the sides, and with very little, if any, trace
of the conoid form towards the apex. The first-mentioned forms appear to be chiefly
large examples, and the more globular tests the smaller ones. It is, however, difficult
to indicate with certainty the shape of the test, as all our examples are either crushed
or fragmentary; the species may be said with safety to be extremely variable in many
points, like its modern representatives.

The ambulacral areas, which are flush with the general surface of the test, are of
great breadth, their width at the ambitus being only a little less than seven tenths of
the width of the interradial areas; they contract gradually towards the apex, where
their outline becomes narrow and pointed. ‘The poriferous zones are straight and of
great breadth, being nearly as broad as the width of the interporiferous area; thus at
the ambitus of the largest specimen the breadth of the interradial area measures
48 millim., the whole ambulacral area 29 millim., and the poriferous zone 9 millim.

The pores form three distinct, vertical, and well-spaced series, The pores of the inner.
2u
314 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

row are regularly uniserial. The disposition of the pores of -the median series is
sporadic, with a slight tendency to form oblique triplets, the feature being specially
noticeable at the ambitus, and becomes much less regular on the upper part of the
series, The outer series of pores are nominally uniserial, but show slight irregularities
here and there, and do not form quite as strictly regular a vertical line as the inner
series. The ambulacral plates are very short, their height being not more than from
one tenth to one twelfth of the breadth; and each is composed of three poriferous
plates, the adoral one a large primary, and the other two low band-like demi plates,
each of these contributing a pair of pores to one of the three vertical series above
described. The general character and the method of the arrangement of the poriferous
plates accords so closely with those of H. proavia, which we have discussed at length
on the preceding page, that it is unnecessary to again describe them in detail. It is
interesting, however, to note in this species, in the neighbourhood of the ambitus of the
large specimen, that what might be considered as the true compound ambulacral plates,
from their appearance and the posture of the zigzag suture in the median radial line, are
in reality composed of three compound ambulacral plates, which individually simulate
primary poriferous plates; these apparently true compound ambulacral plates being, in
other words, built up of three triplets of poriferous plates. ach of the three compound
ambulacral plates which simulate primaries extend up to the median suture; but the
middle “ compound” of the trio is the largest at the inner end, expanding in depth as
it approaches the median suture, and causing a corresponding diminution there of its
ad- and aboral companion compound plates which simulate primaries. In the large
specimen under notice this character may be traced throughout the greater portion of.
the ambulacrum, though in the upper region it is sometimes indistinct and sometimes
interrupted altogether, the zigzag median suture being very slightly bent and irregular.

The primary tubercles which ornament the plates are small, subequal, imper-
forate, and non-crenulate ; and those of the ambulacral areas are very little smaller
than those of the interradia. On the interporiferous areas there may be said to be
four vertical rows of primary tubercles ; but these do not form horizontal rows, and only
the two outer rows are strictly regular; the tubercles of the two inner rows are much
less numerous and alternate with one another, and are often smaller than the tubercles
of the outer rows. Two or three compound ambulacral plates stand between each of
the tubercles which form the outer vertical series; and the inner series of tubercles
are almost always borne on these intermediate plates, and not upon the same plate
as the outer tubercle. The inner tubercles scarcely extend further than midway
between the ambitus and the apex, the outer series only reaching the apex and the
peristome.

There are nominally two vertical series of tubercles in the poriferous zones: one,
which is the most regular, being situated between the outer and the median vertical
rows of pores; whilst the other is in the much narrower space that intervenes. between
the median and the innermost vertical series of pores. Much irregularity occurs in the
spacing of these tubercles and in their size, and numerous small miliary tubercles are
interspersed. There are four ambulacral plates opposite one of the interradial plates
OF WESTERN SIND. 315

at the ambitus, and consequently four of the pairs of pores belonging to the outer
vertical series.

The interradial plates are broad but short, the breadth at the ambitus being rather
more than four times the length (7. ¢. depth), the actual dimensions being 21-5 millim.
and 4°75-5-0 millim. respectively. Each plate bears a horizontal line of uniform and
widely-spaced primary tubercles, very slightly larger than those on the ambulacral
areas. In the neighbourhood of the ambitus there are four tubercles in this horizontal
line, the position of which upon the plate is rather below the middle. At the end of
the plate adjacent to the poriferous zone an additional primary tubercle, of equal size
to those described, stands near the aboral corner of the plate, and there are thus five
primary tubercles on each plate at the ambitus; this additional upper tubercle, how-
ever, is not found on more than five or six plates above the ambitus, and on the upper
ones even of these becomes reduced in size to a small secondary. ‘The first tubercle of
the true horizontal series (next the poriferous zone) does not extend beyond two
thirds of the distance between the ambitus and the apex, and it is the second tubercle
only whose series extends from the peristome to the apex, this tubercle being the sole
occupant of the five or six upper plates of the interradial area; the third tubercle
extends about as far as the first above mentioned, but appears to maintain its size
better, the tubercles of the first series diminishing rapidly as they approach their upper
limit. The fourth or innermost tubercle does not extend much beyond halfway
between the ambitus and the apex. Consequent on this disposition of the tubercles,
there is a median naked and slightly depressed or trough-like area in the uppermost
-region of the interradia. A number of widely-spaced miliary tubercles are present
on the plates, and a more or less definite horizontal series occurs along the aboral
margin of the plates, at least near the ambitus and a little below.

The peristome is tolerably wide, decagonal, impressed, with the actinal surface
swelling tumidly between the peristome and the margin of the test ; and the diameter
is a little more than one fourth that of the test (23 millim. in a specimen whose
diameter is 80 millim.). The mouth-slits are deeply cut, and extend as far as the
level of the fourth tubercle in the ambulacral area. The notches are narrow and have
a conspicuous raised rim, most prominent on the interradial side, where there is also a
considerable thickening near the upper third of the length; this causes the notch to
have a slightly curved appearance, as if bending towards the interradium. On its
embouchure into the peristome the notch expands rather rapidly, its interradial side
being more cut away than the ambulacral. The peristomial margin of the ambulacral
areas is nearly straight, very faintly indented at the median line, and is nearly twice as
broad as the interradia.

The apical disk is not preserved in any of our specimens,

Young form. A small test, 56 millim. in diameter and 40 millim. in height
(slightly crushed), presents all the characters of the adult form in the structure of its
ambulacral areas, and is unmistakable. The specimen unfortunately is so badly
preserved and so much destroyed by weather-action, that it is quite unfitted for

description.
2u2
316 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Variations. Reference has been made to the variability of the form of the test of
this species. The general type may be said to be depressed, with the abactinal surface
subconoid, suggesting the habit of the recent Pseudoboletia. Examples of this form
bear the Survey-numbers G 322, G324; and a smaller specimen, which perhaps may
be classed in the same category, is riilced G 424, <A relatively higher and more
globular test, of smaller size than the type, is marked G49? and G49?; in other
respects these examples accord in their structure with the ‘details described above.
Fragments of a high test, bearing the Survey-number G 392, are remarkable for pre-
senting in conjunction with that character a decided tendency to a subconoid form in
the region of the apex, and in having a very distinct depression or wide trough-like
encurvature along the median interradial areas on the abactinal surface, causing the
test to appear somewhat melon-shaped. The tuberculation was probably less widely
spaced than in the type forms of Hipponoé antigua; but the fragments are unfortu-
nately in a very bad state of preservation, and have been long exposed to the action of
weathering. With more satisfactory material it may perhaps be found necessary ulti-
mately to distinguish this form as a distinct variety, but for the present we abstain
from giving it a name.

Remarks. This species is distinguished from H. proavia by the depressed and
usually subconoid form of the test, by the narrow ambulacral areas, and by the widely
spaced tuberculation of the interradial plates, and alte consequently smaller number of
tubercles on each plate.

Dimensions. The greatest diameter of the type specimen measures 127 millim.,
and the height is about 54 millim.; but the test has been so greatly crushed that little
value can be placed upon the last measurement. A small example, which is only a
little crushed, is 82 millim. in diameter and 46 millim. in height; whilst the frag-
ment of another test, which does not appear to have been distorted, represents a test
which we estimate at 95 millim. in diameter, and about 47 millim., or probably rather
less, in height. A fragment of the high variety with interradial depressions measures
65 millim. in height, and belongs to a test rather more than 92 millim. in diameter.

Localities. In the Gaj series of strata :—

i. About three miles south-east of Tong. Survey-number G 392.

ii, Scarp of the Mol Plateau, west of Kund (the same scarp as G22), Survey-
number G 34.

lil. Near the Habb River. Survey-number G 3°,

iv. Hill-scarp five miles north of Shah Rhti, on the Naig Nai, south-west of
Jhangdéra. Survey-number G 322,

v. Mol Plateau, fourteen jrleg north of Shéh-beg. Survey-number G 322,

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XLIX.
Fig. 2, Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
3. Actinal view of a smaller specimen: natural size.
4. Profile view of the same fragment: natural size.
OF WESTERN SIND. 317

Genus ECHINUS (Rondel.), Linné, 1758.
1. Ecninus suscrenatus, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XLIX, Figs. 5 & 6.

The test, which in its present state is considerably crushed, was probably much
depressed, and with the marginal contour subpentagonal.

Ambulacral areas rather more than half the breadth of the interambulacral areas
at the ambitus, where their proportion is about five ninths of the latter, as the ambu-
lacral area measures 7°5 millim., and the interambulacral area 13°25 millim. at the
ambitus, in the specimen under notice. The ambulacral areas contract gradually as
they approach the apex. The poriferous zones are rather broad, with the pairs of pores
disposed in regular oblique triplets, the obliquity decreasing as the apex is approached.
The ambulacral plates are comparatively low and broad, their height at the ambitus
being about one third of the width. Each is composed of three poriferous plates, the
adoral and aboral ones being primaries, and the median a small wedge-formed demi
plate, which does not quite reach the middle of the compound ambulacral plate; the
suture which bounds the adoral poriferous plate passes slightly upwards from this
point and obliquely, reaching the median ambulacral line near the middle of the
aboral facet of the inner end of the ambulacral plate. The ambulacral plates bear
one primary tubercle, placed close to the poriferous zone, and the series form a straight
and regular vertical line on each side of the interporiferous area, extending from the
apex to the peristome. The boss of the tubercle is of small elevation, but occupies
nearly the whole of the depth of the plate, and is surrounded by a faint scrobicule.
The mamelon is rather large and semiglobular, with scarcely any neck ; it is imperforate
and there is no crenulation. At the ambitus each plate bears a second tubercle nearly
as large as that just described and precisely similar, placed near the inner end of the
plate. Passing upwards towards the apex, these inner tubercles rapidly diminish in
size, and cannot be traced much further than midway between the ambitus and the
apex. Three or four tolerably large miliary granules, and frequently one or two
irregular small ones, are present on the plates. One of the larger ones is usually placed
near the aboral margin, and one on the adoral margin opposite the interspace between
the two large tubercles above noticed; and frequently two small granules stand on the
aboral margin over the inner large tubercle. A miliary tubercle is in association with
the pore triplets, and is borne on the small median demi plate.

The interambulacral plates are wide and low, their height at the ambitus is
one fourth of the breadth, the measurements being 1°75 millim. and 7 millim. re-
spectively. The actual measurement of height remains constant up to the apex, but
the breadth diminishes step by step on the abactinal surface until at the third coronal
plate from the apex the breadth and the height are nearly the same, viz. 1°75 millim.
The plates at the ambitus bear one primary tubercle, larger than the rest, and placed
slightly on the outer side of the middle line of the plate ; and this tubercle is the only
one whose series forms a continuous vertical row extending from the apex to the
peristome, the size being maintained throughout, and is a little larger than the primary
tubercles on the ambulacral plates, but similar in character. On the inner side of this
318 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

tubercle, on the plates at the ambitus, there are two other primary tubercles, that
next to the large one first noticed being slightly smaller, and the one nearest the inner.
end of the plate still smaller. The small inner tubercle is not found on more than
five or six plates above the ambitus, and the one next to the large tubercle does not
extend to the apex, but is reduced to little more than a granule when it reaches the
upper part of the area. On the outer side of the large primary tubercle are two
moderate-sized secondary tubercles, placed vertically in relation to one another; and
the series formed by these extend nearly to the apex. On the plates immediately at
the ambitus there are frequently two similar, vertically placed, but smaller, tubercles,
standing between the first-mentioned pair and the poriferous zone, and close to the
latter ; sometimes, however, there is only one. These small secondaries do not extend
much above the ambitus, though a small granule, usually standing opposite the end of
the adoral primary plate of an ambulacral plate, is so placed that it might be ranked
in this series; but this is by no means regular in its occurrence, and does not extend
much further than midway between the ambitus and the apex. A line of small
mammillated granules, rather widely spaced, stands close to the aboral margin of the
plate, indeed so close that frequently a part of the boss appears to be cut away, and a
somewhat crenulate character is thus imparted to the margin of the plate. A few very
minute miliary granules surround the scrobicule of the large primary tubercle, and a
granule of irregular occurrence may stand opposite the interspaces between tubercles,
near the adoral margin of the plate.

Apical disk and peristome unknown.

Remarks. At first sight this species suggests an affinity to the form we have
named Grammechinus reqularis from the Miocene of Kattywarf, on account of the line
of granules abutting on the aboral suture of the interradial plates, and appearing as if
partially cut away. On closer observation, however, the tuberculation and the
character of the two forms are generically different, and we see no reason for removing
the species under notice from the genus Echinus.

Dimensions. The greatest diameter of our type specimen is 35 millim., but is some-
what affected by crushing ; from the same cause it is impossible to give the true height
of the test: in its present condition it measures about 17 millim.

Localities. In the Gj series of strata :—

i. North of Babba band, five miles east of Kadeji. Survey-number G 322.

ii. Scarp of the Mol Plateau, west of Kund (the same scarp as G 392). Survey-

number G 224,

The specimen from the latter locality is a fragment in a very bad state of preser-
vation and scarcely determinable ; it is therefore referred to the species with doubt.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XLIX.
Fig. 5. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
6. Ambulacral and interambulacral plates a little above the ambitus: mag-
nified.

+ Tert. Foss, Echin, Kachh and Kattywar, p. 82, pl. xiii. figs. 7 & 8,
OF WESTERN SIND. 319

Order ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.
Suborder GNATHOSTOMATA.
Family CLY PEASTRIDA.
Subfamily EUCLY PEASTRINA,

Genus CLYPEASTER, Lamarck, 1801.

The types of MM. d’Archiac and Haime’s Clypeaster profundus and C. Halaenis,
which are preserved in the collection of the Geological Society of London, are worthless,
weather-worn specimens upon which it is scarcely possible to base any critical determi-
nation. They are valueless in a case of specific comparison, and we shall therefore not
attempt one in the present instance.

Amongst the great number of examples of Clypeaster obtained by the Survey
from the Gaj strata in Sind, there is a large series which we consider to belong to one
species, notwithstanding the excessive amount of variation occurring within its limits.
The study of the recent species of Clypeaster has taught us how great the modification
of external form in this group may be; and it is therefore not astonishing to find a
similar plasticity of habit in the series of fossils referred to: although in the present
instance it is carried to such a degree that scarcely two examples precisely alike could
be selected from a series of over fifty specimens.

It is our opinion that the two species of d’Archiac and Haime referred to above,
are both immature forms, which would take their place in the series under notice, if
the types were good enough for comparison. On these grounds we propose to describe
the mature, and what seems to us characteristic, form of the series in question under
the name of C. profundus, solely from our wish to avoid multiplying names unnecessarily
and our unwillingness to rob our illustrious predecessors of one link in the chain which
binds their names to posterity.

1, CLYPEASTER PROFUNDUS (d@’Archiac), Duncan & Sladen. Plate L, Figs. 1-4.

Marginal contour subpentagonal with the angles rounded, longer than broad in
the proportion of 1:0°913. The greatest breadth is opposite the termination of the
antero-lateral petals; the lateral sides are very faintly incurved as they contract towards
the posterior end, whilst the margin of the odd posterior interradium is rather more
decidedly incurved. At the margin the test is very thin, and more or less undulating
in consequence of being slightly tumid in the prolongation of the radial areas; the
abactinal surface passes from the margin with a very gentle slope at a small angle
of declivity, until it reaches the extremity of the ambulacral petals, where it rises
abruptly to form an arched dome of considerable elevation, which comprises the whole
region of the petals. Seen in longitudinal profile, the posterior declivity of the dome
390 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

is greater than the anterior, whilst the slope of the test from the dome to the margin
is rather more rapid anteriorly than posteriorly.

The apical disk is subcentral, or very slightly excentric in front. The ambulacral
petals are short, wide, petaloid, very full and widely rounded, almost closed at the
outer extremity, and prominently tumid. The odd anterior ambulacrum is slightly the
longest: and the antero-lateral pair are subequal to, or very slightly shorter than, the
posterior pair. The greatest width of the paired petals is opposite to, or even a little
beyond, the commencement of the outer third, and is proportional to the length as 5: 8,
the actual dimensions of the postero-lateral petal in the example under description
being 24 millim. long, and its greatest breadth 15 millim. The poriferous zones are
very wide on the outer part of the petal, their breadth increasing gradually from the
apical extremity until within a few pairs of pores of the outer extremity, the latter
diminishing rapidly. The conjugating furrow which unites the pores of a pair is faint
and indistinct, and its position is very oblique in relation to the zone, the degree of
obliquity increasing as the outer extremity is approached, until the outermost pairs of
pores are nearly parallel with the median axis of the ambulacral area. The intervening
coste are low and rather narrow, and are ornamented with a row of 5 or 6 small primary
tubercles widely and equidistantly spaced amongst the close granulation. The broadest
part of the poriferous zone is 4 millim. and is wider than half the interporiferous
area at that place. The widest part of the interporiferous area is nearer midway
between the extremities and measures 75-8 millim. in the antero-lateral petals, and is
a trifle broader in the posterior pair. ‘The odd anterior petal is generally similar in
detail to the paired petals just described, excepting that it is not so full, or rounded so
abruptly, at the outer extremity. The distance of the paired petals from the margin is
about equal to their own length.

The interradial areas are extremely narrow and band-like near the apex, on
account of the expansion of the petals. The ornamentation of the interradia and inter-
poriferous areas consists of very small primary scrobiculated tubercles, with the inter-
spaces about equal to, or occasionally very slightly greater than, the diameter of the
scrobicules, the interspaces being filled with small, but distinctly spaced and definitely
semiglobular, uniform, miliary granules.

The actinal surface is concave, with the peristome deeply impressed; the concavity
commencing very near to the margin and increasing gradually inwards, the surface
lying between the peristome and the margin being individually gently convex. The
ambulacra are in shallow widely-expanditig grooves.

The periproct is small and perfectly circular, situated rather more than its own
diameter away from the margin.

Remarks. This species is readily distinguished from any of the other Indian Cly-
peasters by the abruptly elevated dome-shaped region of the ambulacral petals. It is
perhaps nearer to C. Scille, Desmoulins, trom the Miocene of Corsica &c., than any
other form, but is very different. In C. profundus the petals are shorter and further
removed from the margin, the elevated abactinal dome more prominent and abrupt, the
margin much thinner, with its contour less indented in the interradia; and finally the
OF WESTERN SIND. 321

actinal surface is much more widely concave, and not plane with a sudden depression to
the peristome as in C. Scille.

Variations. We have already remarked on the amount of variation that occurs
within the limits of the large series of specimens which we regard as belonging to this
species. The variation chiefly affects the marginal contour, the degree of convexity of
the abactinal surface, and the character of the interporiferous area of the petals. The
marginal contour is more definitely pentagonal and broader in some examples, more
elongate and produced anteriorly and with a tendency to a suboval form in others; and
the amount of interradial incurvature is likewise variable. The distinctness and the
amount of elevation of the abactinal dome is much greater in some examples than
in others, and this apparently irrespective of age. In others, again, the distinct character
and abrupt rising of the “dome” is more or less merged in the general convexity of the
abactinal area. The amount of tumidity of the interporiferous area of the ambulacral
petals is also subject to variation, and appears to be proportionately less in small speci-
mens. It may here be mentioned that there are about half a dozen medium-sized
examples, the largest 72 millim. in length, from different localities, in which the inter-
poriferous areas are comparatively narrow and in which the tumidity is almost, and in
some cases quite, wanting. After carefully studying the material at our disposal, how-
ever, we do not feel warranted in removing these examples from the present species, as
intermediate forms may easily be selected. We consider it probable that one of
d’Archiac and Haime’s forms would rank along with these just mentioned, whilst the
figure of C. profundus given in the Anim. foss. de I’'Inde (pl. xiv, fig. la and 10) well
represents the variety under notice. C. Halaensis is also an immature form in which
the petaloid tumidity is developed; and itis only just to observe that MM. d’Archiac
and Haime themselves appear to have had doubts (loc. cit. p. 208) as to the reality of
the difference of this species from C. profundus. It should here be remarked that in
quite young examples, 28-40 millim. in length, which we consider to belong to this
species, the tumidity of the petals is rarely ever present, and then only in a very feeble
degree ; whilst from the general form, character, and occurrence of these small tests
we have no hesitation in referring them to the series under notice.

Dimensions. Length of the test 92 millim., breadth 84 millim., height 24 millim.

Localities. In the Gaj series of strata :—

i. Myhir scarp, Habb valley. Survey-number G 4°4.

ii. Scarp of the M6l Plateau, west of Kund (the same scarp as G 49%). Survey.
number G 394

i. Scarp at Ktipo-jo-lak, or pass on the M¢l range, west of Shah-beg (same locality
as Gs ‘240 . Survey-number G 394.

iv. Ten miles north of Shah-beg. Survey-number G 4%?.

v. About three miles south-east of Tong. Sicveyaininbet G 303.

vi. Four miles south-west of Beynir Hill. Survey-number G aa

vii. Scarp six miles south-east of Shah-beg. Survey-number G 4y,

+ This specimen is marked G 3%?; as no such Survey-number occurs in the list of Gj specimens, it is
probably an error of the marker, intended for G 24, 9
x
322 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

viii. Upper portion of scarp four miles west of Trak Hill. Survey-number G 3f3.:
ix. Naig-Nai valley, twelve miles south of Shah Rhii. Survey-number G 223.

x. Ravine on the south-east of Bill, twelve miles north of Shéh-beg (about 30 feet

below the coral zone). Survey-number G 325.

xi, A few miles south of Pir Mangal (Mugger Peer). Survey-number G 392.
xii. Entering the hills on the road from Jangri to Bila Khan’s Thana. Survey-

. 28
number G 7%.

xiii. Eight miles south of Jangri, east side of the Surjana range. Survey-number

G 330.
xiv. Hills east of Thana Shah-beg (nearing Pini gimbék from the west). Survey-

number G 288. |

xv. Six miles east-north-east of Karachi. Survey-number G 226 4.

xvi. Amra Hill, Barri Nai, Shikapur district. Survey-number G 228,

xvii. Pir Gaji, west of Schwan. Survey-number G 22f.

xviii. Tandra Rahim Khan, west of Sehwan. Survey-number G 228.

xix. Nine miles north-west of the town of Karachi. Survey-number G 228 f,

Illustrations of the Species in Plate I.
Fig. 1. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
2. Longitudinal profile of the same: natural size.

3. An ambulacral petal: magnified.
4. Ornamentation of the interradial plates on the abactinal surface: magnified.

2. CLYPEASTER PuLviInaTUS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate L, Figs. 5 & 6.

Marginal contour elongately subpentagonal, with the angles tumid and rounded,
and the intervening areas more or less incurved. The length is proportional to the
breadth as 1:0°773, and the breadth opposite the extremities of the anterior pair
of petals is about equal to that opposite the extremities of the posterior pair. . The
lateral sides are distinctly incurved, and also the posterior margin, but to a less degree,
The anterior margin has a rather arched or produced appearance, converging as it
proceeds forwards, and the incurving of the anterior interradia is scarcely perceptible.
The margins are very thick and tumid, especially in the radial regions. The abactinal
surface is subdepressed, but is slightly convex in the region of the petals, and the latter
have also a more or Jess tumid tendency. In the interradia, at a little distance from
the margin, there is a slight concavity which emphasizes the tumidity of the margin as
well as the convexity of the central area. Seen in longitudinal profile the anterior
slope is much less rapid than the posterior, and the anterior margin is also much thicker,

The apical disk is subcentral. The ambulacral petals are long and broad,
lanceolate, rather widely open at the outer extremity. The odd anterior petal and the
posterior pair are nearly equal in length, and the anterior pair are slightly shorter.

t A very young example, nearly hidden in matrix, which may not belong to this species,
} A single specimen in bad condition and more or less doubtful,
OF WESTERN SIND. 323

The greatest width of the petals is about midway between the extremities, and is pro-
portional to the length as 1: 1-85, thé actual dimensions of the postero-lateral petal in
the example described being 25 millim. long and 13°5 millim. broad. The poriferous
zones are very wide outwardly, and their breadth increases step by step until within
eight to ten pairs of pores from the extremity; it then very gradually diminishes until
the last one or two pairs of pores, which diminish rapidly and give a somewhat rounded
character to the termination of the poriferous zone. The inner pores are round and
the outer pores only very slightly oval or subpyriform near the outer extremity of the
petal; they are united by an indistinct and shallow conjugating furrow, and the inter-
mediate coste are ornamented with five or six small scrobiculated tubercles, closely placed
and often with a little irregularity in their disposition. The broadest part of the
poriferous zone is 3:5 millim. and is equal to half the breadth of the interporiferous
area at that place. The widest part of the interporiferous area is nearer the apex than
midway between the extremities, and measures 9 millim. or a fraction less. The odd
anterior ambulacrum is similar in all respects to those above described, the length
being a little greater, and the poriferous zones perhaps not attaining quite so great a
breadth. The distance of the paired petals from the margin is greater than half their
length, but in the case of the odd anterior petal the distance is greater.

_ The interradial areas are very narrow and insignificant on quite the inner half of
the abactinal area. On the outer portion their ornamentation consists of small scrobi-
culated tubercles, with the granular interspaces between the scrobicules on the average
not greater than the diameter of the scrobicules. At the margin and on the actinal
surface the scrobicules are closely placed and only separated by a narrow dissepiment.
On the interporiferous areas the scrobicules are usually separated by spaces less than
their own diameter in width.

The actinal surface is concave, the depression commencing at a little distance from
the tumidity which is found surrounding the margin, and continues to the mouth
without curvature. The ambulacra on the actinal surface are in rather deep well-
defined grooves.

The peristome is smal] and subcentral; the periproct small, circular, and not more
than its own diameter distant from the margin.

Remarks. In general appearance this species looks like a gigantic C. scutiformis,
but is distinguished from that form by its more pentagonal marginal contour, by the
different form of the petals, as well as by its size.

Dimensions. Length of the test 84 millim., breadth 65 millim., height 18 millim.

Locality. In the Gaj series of strata: Ravine on the south-east of Bll, twelve
miles north of Shdh-beg (about 30 feet below the coral zone). Survey-number G 332,

Illustrations of the Species in Plate L.

Fig. 5. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
6, Longitudinal profile of the same; natural size.

2x2
324 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

3. CLYPEASTER PELVIFORMIS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate L, Figs. 7-9.

Marginal contour suboval, or with a slight pentagonal tendency in large specimens.
The posterior angles and the posterior margin are rather flatly truncate, whilst the
remainder of the contour is well rounded. The length is greater than the breadth in
the proportion of 1:0°9, and the greatest breadth is opposite the termination of the
antero-lateral petals. The general form is low and subdepressed, but the margins are
thick and tumidly rounded; and the abactinal surface rises from thence to the apex,
forming a slightly conical convexity of low elevation and with gentle declivities.

The apical disk is central. The ambulacral petals are moderately long and wide,
petaloid, suboval in contour, and rather widely open at the outer extremity. There is
a slight depression in the interradial areas, which gives a faint suggestion of tumidity
to the petals; although strictly these cannot be described as tumid. The odd
anterior petal and the postero-lateral pair are subequal in length, and the antero-
lateral pair are slightly shorter. The greatest width of the paired petals is about
midway between the apex and the extremities, and is proportional to the length as
11:20, the actual dimensions of the postero-lateral petal in the type specimen being
20 millim. long and its greatest breadth 11 millim. The poriferous zones are very
wide, and the breadth increases continuously from the apex up to within 9 or 10
pairs of pores from the extremity; 5 or 6 pairs of pores are then of uniform width,
and the zone is terminated by only 3 or 4 much narrower; there is also sometimes
a little group of 3-4 sporadic spores immediately at the termination of one of the
zones. ‘The inner pores are round, and the outer ones slightly larger and transversely
oval, their elongation being greatest on the outer part of the zone. The pores of a pair
are united by a distinct conjugating furrow, the intermediate cost are rather broad,
and their ornamentation consists of two or three widely-spaced scrobiculate tubercles
with granules between. ‘The broadest part of the poriferous zone is 8°5 millim., and is
nearly two thirds of the width of the interporiferous area at that place. The widest
part of the interporiferous area is about midway between the extremities, or perhaps
slightly more outward, where it measures 6 millim. The odd anterior petal is similar
in all respects to the paired petals above described, but is perhaps a shade narrower.
The distance of the petals from the margin is subequal, and is approximately about
half the length of the petal, although it appears much less on account of the rounding
of the margin.

The interradial areas are very contracted on the inner half of the abactinal surface,
the length of the eight uppermost plates in each column being greater than their
breadth. The ornamentation consists of small scrobiculate tubercles which are much
more widely spaced than usual, the feature being at once conspicuous. Very frequently
the granular interspaces are twice the width of the diameter of the scrobicules and
sometimes more; the scrobicules are less regular in their spacing, and have somewhat
of a sporadic disposition. The scrobicules of the interporiferous areas are more
closely placed than in the interradial areas, but are less numerous than usual.

The actinal surface is deeply concave and widely basin-formed; the concavity
OF WESTERN SIND. 325

occupying nearly the whole of the actinal surface, its margin being round and tumid
and confluent with the margin of the test. The ambulacral grooves are feebly defined
and do not extend to the margin.

The peristome is unknown. The periproct is very small, and its distance from the
‘margin is nearly twice its own diameter.

Remarks. This species is readily distinguished from its congeners by the broad
petaloid ambulacra, by the slightly-convex abactinal surface, the thick and tumid
margins, the deep and widely-concave actinal surface, and the widely-spaced scrobiculate
tubercles.

Dimensions. Length 61 millim., breadth 55 millim., height 17-18 millim. The
large example drawn in Fig. 9 is imperfect in length and height; its greatest breadth
is 65 millim.

Locality. In the Gaj series of strata: A few miles south of Pir Mangal (Mugger
Peer). Survey-number G 222.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate L.

Fig. 7. Abactinal view of a small test: natural size.
8. Longitudinal profile of the same: natural size.
9. Actinal view of a larger test: natural size.

4, CLYPRASTER COMPLANATUS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate L, Figs. 10 & 11.

Marginal contour subpentagonal, with the three anterior angles confluently
rounded so as to form an arched or almost semicircular anterior margin; whilst the
posterior angles are rather flatly truncate in their rounding. The length is greater
than the breadth in the proportion of 1: 0°911, and the greatest breadth is opposite
the extremity of the antero-lateral petals; the lateral sides are straight and converge
as they proceed backwards ; the posterior extremity is not incurved but nearly straight,
faintly undulating on account of a slight convexity in the median interradial line, on
either side of which there is a very slight concavity. The general form is flat and
depressed, with the margins thin, and the abactinal surface sloping from the very
slightly elevated apex at a low angle of declivity, the lines of slope as seen in profile
being almost straight, and the apex is consequently feebly conical or peak-like.

The apical disk is central. The ambulacral petals are moderately long and wide,
petaloid, with a comparatively straight appearance, in consequence of their length and
the rather abrupt rounding at the outer extremity; the zones do not close, and the
areas of the petals are not tumid. ‘The paired petals are subequal in length, and the
odd anterior petal is a little longer. The greatest width of the paired petals is about
midway between the extremities and is proportional to the length as 19:44, the actual
dimensions of the postero-lateral petal in the example under notice being 22 millim.
long and its greatest breadth 9°5 millim. ‘The poriferous zones are very wide and the
breadth increases up to within 7 or 8 pairs of pores from the extremity, when it
diminishes to form the rounding of the petal, and the posture of the pairs of pores in
relation to the zone becomes at the same time more oblique. The inner pores are
326 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

round and the outer much larger and pyriform, and the pairs are united by a very
faint conjugating furrow. The coste intervening between successive pairs are low and
rather narrow, and are ornamented with three small and well-spaced scrobiculated
tubercles, which do not come upon the part that separates the large outer pores,
where the costa is very narrow. The broadest part of the poriferous zone is 3 millim.,
and is very nearly as wide as the interporiferous area at that place. The widest part
of the interporiferous area is midway between the extremities, where it measures 4°25
millim. The odd anterior petal is similar in all respects to the paired petals above
described, except that its outer extremity is rather fuller and more abruptly rounded.
The distance of the anterior pair of petals from the margin is rather less than two
thirds of their length, and the distance of the posterior pair is rather greater.

The interradial areas are very faintly tumid or subcarinate on the inner half of
the abactinal surface. Their ornamentation consists of very small primary scrobiculated
tubercles, the intermediate spaces, which are covered with small uniform granules,
being usually rather greater than the diameter of the scrobicules. The ornamentation
of the interporiferous area is similar, but the scrobicules are more numerous and more
closely placed, and there is a general tendency to confluence in the intermediate
granulation.

The actinal surface is perfectly plane, being abruptly rounded but not impressed
at the peristome, which is small, circular, and subcentral. The ambulacra are in
rather deep well-defined grooves, which extend nearly to the margin.

The periproct is small and circular, and its distance from the margin is less than
its own diameter,

Remarks, This species is distinct from its congeners and other Indian forms by its
great depression, by its marginal contour, by the form of its petals, and by the flat and
unimpressed actinal surface. It comes nearer, perhaps, to C. placunarius (Lam.),
Agassiz (C. humile, Klein, pars), than to any other form, but is much more depressed,
and with the abactinal surface more conical and pointed at the apex, with the margin
more uniformly rounded and with no reentering curvatures, and with the petals more
widely open at the extremity.

Dimensions. Length of the test 79 millim., breadth 72 millim., height 13 millim.

Localities. In the Gaj series of strata :—

i. Scarp of the M6] Plateau, west of Kund (the same scarp as G43?). Survey-
number G 394.

ii. Scarp at Kupo-jo-lak, or pass on the M6l range, west of Shdéh-beg (same

locality as G 28°), Survey-number G 322,
iil, Four miles west of Beynir Hill. Survey-number G 302.
iv. Gandak Hill, near Thado. Survey-number G 392.

v. Hill near Giaibi, on the Baran River, south-east of Téng. Survey-number
G 428.
Illustrations of the Species in Plate L.

Fig. 10. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
11. Actinal view of the same: natural size.
OF WESTERN SIND. 327

5. CLYPEASTER DEPRESSUS, Sowerby.

This species was described by Sowerby in Grant, Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. v.
pt. 2, and we noticed it in the description of ‘ The Fossil Echinoidea of Kachh” in
1883, p. 58. It is a common Miocene form in Kachh, and there is a well-marked
specimen in the Gaj deposits. We do not figure the form, as the drawing on Plate X,
Figs. 5-9, in the Kachh Echinoidea will suffice.

Locality, Gdj series or Miocene of Sind: About three miles south-east of Tong.

» G 302
Survey-number G 3,9?.

Family SCUTELLIDZ.

The test is reduced to its extreme flatness among the Clypeastroids; the outline
is more or less circular and is frequently cut at the margin or perforated, so as to form
ambulacral cuts or lunules. The ambulacral furrows on the actinal side are more or
less branching and anastomose, spreading over to the interradial spaces. Connection
between the upper and lower floors of the test is by radiating fan-shaped partitions,
coming from single points. The tubercles of the upper aud lower surfaces of the test
as well as the spines which they carry differ much in size. The rotule of the dental
apparatus are absent and the auricles are low. The teeth are more or less horizontal.

Genus ECHINODISCUS, Breyn., amended A. Agassiz, 1872.

This genus was established by Breynius in 1732, but A. Agassiz so modified the
scope of it in his ‘ Revision’ that it is no longer correct to add the name of the original
founder to a description which differs considerably from that which he gave. As we
have already stated in our Monograph of the Tertiary Echinoidea of Kachh and
Kattywar (‘ Paleontologia Indica’), the genus as now defined contains the genera
Lobophora and Amphiope. Itis one of the family of the Scutellide, Agassiz, amended
by his son in the revision of the genera, 1872-74.

The following are the essential points in the diagnosis of the genus according to
A. Agassiz (Revision, &c. p. 531) :—

The test is more depressed than in the other Scutellide and is thin; anterior edge
rounded, posterior truncated. There are two lunules, or cuts, corresponding to the
posterior ambulacra. Ambulacral petals small and well limited. Four genital pores.
_ Lower surface flat, and the furrows ramify but little towards the exterior edge. Anus
nearer the posterior edge than to the peristome. The greater part of the test is
occupied by a calcareous network rising into pillars for more than half the distance
between the edge and the peristome, internally leaving the central part more or less
covered by a delicate tracery of limestone cells into which the appendages of the
alimentary canal are received. No pillars or partitions separate the buccal cavity from
the alimentary canal.
328 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

1. Ecurnopiscus Drsori, Duncan & Sladen, 1883. Plate LI, Figs. 1 & 2.

This species was described in the Monograph of the Tertiary Echinoidea of Kachh
and Kattywar (Pal. Indica, Ser. XIV. p. 60, 1883), and was figured on plate xii. of that
work.

This Miocene species is not common in the Gaj deposits, and there are some
forms which we cannot but consider as the adults of the species with some variation in
their shape.

In the type from Kachh the anterior petal is longer and narrower than the antero-
lateral, the two lunules are elliptical in outline and they are narrow, the long
diameter being not quite three times the breadth. The anterior margin is faintly
indented and the test is broadest on a line with the distal ends of the posterior ambu-
lacra. The breadth of the test is greater than the length, and there is a decided
narrowing in front and a broadening out behind. The actinal grooves are broad and
shallow ; they bifurcate near the mouth-curve symmetrically, and enclose rather long
spaces. Each groove has a raised ridge on its floor near the peristome, which ends in
a slight swelling perforated by two tentacular pores.

A small specimen from the G4j deposits is figured on Plate LI, Fig. 1, and an
outline is given, Fig. 2, of a small form. In both the convexity of the test posteriorly
is shown, and it will be observed that there is some difference in the dimensions of the
lunules. The length and the breadth of the form represented by Fig. 1] are equal, but
the breadth of the form of Fig. 2 is normal, and the breadth is greater than the length.
The figures are natural size, and the specimens came from the Miocene or Gaj deposits
of Sind.

Locality. Four miles south-west of Beynir Hill, Survey-number G 322.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate LI.

Fig. 1. The abactinal view of a test: natural size.
2. Outline of a test: natural size.

There is a well-marked variety of the species which we have drawn on Plate LI,
Fig. 3. The test is slightly broader than the type, the petals are subequal, and the
posterior edge of the test is almost straight. The general shape of the type is not
much altered, the lunules are of the same shape and the test is of the same great
tenuity. The variety brings the type in close alliance with Echinodiscus biforis,
A. Agass., a recent form from the Red Sea and East-African coast.

Illustrations of the variety in Plate LI.
Fig. 3. The test: natural size.

Ecutvopiscus Desort, Duncan & Sladen, variety. Plate LI, Figs. 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12.

This variety has all the characters of the species, and the test is also nipped in
anteriorly to the widest part, so as to give more or less of a trifoliate appearance.
OF WESTERN SIND. 329

Locality. Gaj series or Miocene of Sind: Hills E. of Théna Shéh-beg. Survey

280
number G 28°.

Lilustrations of the Species (variety) in Plate LI.

Fig. 4. Actinal surface: natural size.
5. Abactinal view: natural size.
6. A lunule seen from the actinal side: magnified.
8. A view of the crushed jaws and supporting internal structures.
9. Another view: slightly magnified.
12. A view of a side of a broken piece of the test of a large form, showing

the sides of the supporting plate and a few pillars,

2. ECHINODISCUS, sp.

A much mutilated pair of specimens of considerable dimensions are to be seen in
the collection from the Gaj deposits. One of the specimens has a part of two small
oval lunules, each of which was, when perfect, about one half of the size of a petal.

The test is broader than long, rounded and slightly notched in front, broadest
behind the antero-lateral petals, and with a very low and depressed test, there being
hardly any rise from the excessively thin edge to the apical system. The anterior
petal is the longest, and the apical system is large. The four generative pores are
beyond the basal plates. Actinally the test is nearly flat, but no details can be made
out. On the whole the resemblance is to Echinodiscus Desori, but the lunules differ
in shape. The breadth of the test was nearly 90 millim. and the length was less.

Locality. Gaj series or Miocene of Sind: Four miles 8.W. of Beynir Hill, and
three miles 8.E. of Tong. Survey-number G 322 and G 302.

3. Ecurnopiscus PLACENTA, Duncan & Sladen. Plate LI. Fig. 7, Plate LII, Figs. 1-3, 8.

The test is broadly ovoid, broadest behind on a level with the end of the apical
one third of the posterior ambulacra, nearly semicircular behind, and narrowing
gradually in front so as to be bluntly pointed anteriorly where there is a shallow
incurvation. The length is 91 millim., and the breadth is 85 millim. The test has very
sharp margins, a flat actinal surface, and the height is exceedingly small for the size,
being at the most 8 millim.

The apical system is large and slightly excentric in front ; the generative pores are
beyond the basal plates and the optic pores are indistinct. ‘The madreporite is central.
The anterior petal is the longest and, like the others, is not quite closed. The rosette
is about the length of a petal from the side of the test, and the posterior petals are at
a greater distance, there being a lunule in a line with each towards the margin. There
is much surface between the petals and the margin of the test. The lunules are two
in number, one in each posterior ambulacral space. They are large and 11 millim. in
length and 7 millim. in breadth. They are therefore broadly elliptical in shape and are
about half their length from the posterior margin. The amount of interradial space

is considerable, and there is only the slightest rise from the margin of a space to the
2
330 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

apical system. The plates of the ambulacral petals are very numerous, the inner pores
are in broad ellipses, the outer are long and narrow. But the plates of the interradia
are large and have a remarkable contour near the apical system. The adoral and
aboral edges of the coronal plates are not transverse to the median interradial line, but
oblique, and they are not straight, but are in curves, with the convexity adorally ; more-
over the median sutural lines are in bold curves, so that the appearance of the plates
is that of imbricating scales. There was, however, no overlap. See Fig. 7 on
Plate LI.

Unfortunately the under surface of the test is eroded. The internal structure of
the test is indicated on the worn upper surface, where the peculiar markings so
characteristic of the genus are well seen.

Locality. Géj series or Miocene of Sind: Naig-Nai valley, twelve miles S. of Shah
Rhui. Survey number G 37.

Illustrations of the Species in Plates LI and LII.
Plate LI.

Fig. 7. Portion of an interradium and of ambulacra: slightly magnified.

Plate LIL.
Fig. 1. The test: natural size.

2. Apical system: magnified.
3. Part of an ambulacrum: magnified.
8. A portion of an ambulacrum and lunule: slightly magnified.

The shape of this species is very characteristic, and its great expansion and very
depressed form are extreme in the genus.

The lunules are very broad and the form is unlike any recent kind.

The next two species of Echinodiscus belong to quite a different series, for they
are either almost circular or ovoid in shape, with the greatest width in front.

4. Ecuinopiscus ELipricus, Duncan & Sladen. Plate LI, Fig. 11.

The test is exceedingly flat, nearly circular, being 68 millim. in length and 66 millim.
in breadth. The apical system is only very slightly excentric in front and is sub-central.

The petals are subequal, rather narrow, and are very slightly swollen. The rosette
occupies 38 millim. of the 66 millim. of the breadth.

There are two lunules and they are long elliptical in shape.

The anterior margin of the very thin test is slightly incurved and the Rostenen
appears to have been rounded off.

Locality. Gaj series or Miocene of Sind: Scarp of the Mél Plateau, W. of Kund.
Survey-number G 294,

Illustration of the Species in Plate LI.
Fig. 11. The test: natural size.
OF WESTERN SIND. 331

5. Ecuinopiscus ELoNGATUS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate LI, Fig. 10.

The test is very low, thin, longer than broad, more sharply rounded at the anterior
margin than at the posterior, where it is nearly straight and broadest in front of the
antero-lateral petals.

Apical system slightly excentric in front, system large, hexagonal, and the generative
pores at the angles and beyond them. The ambulacra are subequal, broad, and the
posterior pair are close together at the apex. Poriferous zones nearly closed, and the
interporiferous areas are well developed. The ends of the lateral ambulacra are not
quite their own length from the margin of the test, and the rosette is small. There is
a long narrow lunule in each posterior ambulacral tract, and the length is nearly that
of the petal, from which it is only separated by a very short distance.

The interradia are large and their plates have the same adoral curving and median
curving also which have been noticed in the instance of Echinodiscus placenta, nobis,
and figured on Plate LI, Fig. 7. The length of the specimen is 47 millim., and the
breadth 40 millim.

Locality. The Gaj series or Miocene of Sind: Naig-Nai valley, twelve miles S.
of Shéh Rhti. Survey-number G 227.

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate LI.

Fig. 10. The test in outline: natural size.

6. Ecurnopiscus, sp. Plate LII, Figs. 4-7.

A large form, the details of which are not sufficiently preserved to enable a
specific diagnosis to be made, is in the collection from four miles S.W. of Beynir Hill.
Survey-number G 392.

The distinctive character is the slight dome shape and the evident slight hollowing
out of the well-marked actinal surface. ‘The edge, however, is thin. The apical disk
is large, and one of the subequal petals is 27 millim. long. The lunules are not

preserved.

Illustrations of the form in Plate LII.

Fig. 4. The abactinal view: natural size.
5. Actinal view.
6. A part of the abactinal surface: magnified.
7. Surface of a test, showing the tops of the supporting structures.

A fragment in the collection leads to the inference that there are some very large
forms of Echinodiscus in the Miocene of Sind, for the petal of one is 35 millim. in length
and 14 millim. in breadth.

272
332 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Suborder ATELOSTOMATA.
Family CASSIDULIDAL.
Subfamily ECHIN OLAMPINA.

Genus ECHINOLAMPAS, Gray, 1825.

1. Ecutvotampas Jacquemonti, d’Archiac & Haime. Plate LIII, Figs. 1-14.

Test of moderate size. Marginal contour subovoid, well rounded in front and
sometimes rather flattened, the sides expanding gradually with a gentle curve up to the
posterior part of the lateral interradia, where the greatest breadth is situated, and the
margin then contracts with comparative rapidity to form a more or less distinctly rostrate
posterior extremity. The breadth is rather more than four fifths of the length (82-85
per cent.), the disparity being usually less in smaller examples. The apical disk,
which is excentric in front and corresponds with the apical summit of the test, is distant
from the anterior extremity a little less than two fifths of the length. ‘The height of
the abactinal surface shows considerable variation, ranging from rather more than two
fifths to rather more than one half the length. Seen in longitudinal profile, the
abactinal outline presents in some forms a rather flat convexity, whilst in others there
is a more or less conspicuous tendency towards a conoid elevation in the region of the
apex, the posterior slope in either case being gentle until it takes a well-rounded, or
rather rapid, curve over the posterior rostration; the anterior slope is more rapid, and
the margin is high and tumid. The lateral margins are thick, tumid, and well rounded
on to the actinal surface, which also has a tumid character in consequence of the slight
but distinct depression around the peristome.

The apical disk is small, and there are four genital pores, which are of compara-
tively large size and occupy nearly the whole of their plate; the anterior pair are rather
closer together than the posterior pair. The ocular plates are small and elongate
transversely, and their pores are very minute; the posterior are distinctly nearer
together than the anterior pair, and are separated by a more or less definite extension
of the central madreporic plate, which is, however, more distinctly prolonged in some
examples than in others. The whole of the central portion is occupied by the madre-
poriform body, the punctures of which are very small and numerous; the surface is
often distinctly convex, and minute miliary granules are distributed irregularly over it.

The ambulacral petals are comparatively small, and though narrow, are very
definitely petaloid, expanding rather rapidly for a short distance from the apex and
then gradually contracting, the width of the interporiferous area at the extremity being
little greater than half the width at the widest part of the petal, and in some instances
less than this. The posterior petals are the longest, and the odd anterior is the shortest ;
the breadth of the lateral petals is about equal (6 millim.), and the odd anterior petal
is slightly narrower. The breadth of one of the paired petals is in the proportion of

about z'goo of the length of the test. The poriferous zones are unequal; the anterior
OF WESTERN SIND. 333

zones of the antero-lateral petals and the posterior zones of the postero-lateral petals
being shorter than the companion zone of the same petal. The breadth of the poriferous
zone, excepting the narrow apical extremity, varies only slightly throughout the major
portion of its length, the decrease towards the outer extremity being slight. At the
widest part of the petal, the width of the poriferous zone is rather less than one third
of the width of the interporiferous area, the actual breadth of the poriferous zone being
only 1:125 millim. in an example 55 millim. in length, but is often less. The inner
pores of a zone are round, and the outer ones slightly elongate or pyriform, the pair
being united by a well-developed channel ; and the posture of the pairs of pores is very
oblique in relation to the zone. The divisional costa between each pair is ornamented
with a single line of small miliary granules. Near the extremity of the anterior zone
of the antero-lateral petals the zone is distinctly and rather suddenly incurved (concavity
forwards), which gives a slightly sigmoid character to the zone, especially in comparison
with the regularly arched and longer companion zone in the same petal. The extra-
petalous continuation of the poriferous zones is scarcely visible to superficial observation
until midway on the actinal surface, between the margin and the peristome; although
in some favourable examples the course of the zones of the odd anterior petal are more
or less faintly defined throughout by slight channelling. When the poriferous zones
reach the neighbourhood of the peristome they are sensibly channelled, the pores are
distinct, and well-developed sublyriform phyllodes are produced. A regular internal
series of pores, one pore opposite alternate pores of the outer series with more or less
regularity, is present ; and a double series of pits (presumably for spheeridiz) are situated
in the median radial line of the phyllode. The interporiferous areas may almost be
said to be flush with the test, although in some cases those within the petals of the
paired ambulacra are very faintly tumid. The ornamentation of the areas both within
and without the petals is similar to that of the interradial areas.

The lateral interradial areas are the broadest, and their breadth is nearly equal to
the whole area included by the antero-lateral ambulacra, ¢. e. to the two anterior inter-
radia and the odd anterior ambulacrum combined. The anterior interradia are by far
the smallest. In the odd posterior interradium there is considerable tumidity abacti-
nally, over and conformable with the posterior rostration ; and there is also considerable
tumidity on this area on the actinal surface along the median line between the peristome
and the periproct, the swelling expanding and gradually dying out as it approaches the
latter aperture and the posterior margin of the test. There is considerable tumidity in
the posterior column of the postero-lateral interradia, which conspicuously affects the
marginal contour, and constitutes one of the features that contributes largely to the
characteristic form of this species. The ornamentation of the interradial and inter-
poriferous areas is uniform and small, and consists of small primary tubercles, sunken
in rather deep, narrow scrobicules, the intermediate spaces being about equal to half
the diameter of the scrobicule, and having the surface covered with small, distinct, and
not particularly crowded miliary granules. On the abactinal surface, in well-preserved
specimens, a distinct ring of granules encircles each scrobicule ; there are thus two rings
of granules in each intermediate space between scrobicules, and a few extra at the angles
334 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

where four come together. At the ambitus the tubercles are more crowded and the
intermediate spaces much narrower; on the median portion of the actinal surface, and
round the peristome, the tubercles are more widely spaced and the scrobicules slightly
larger.

The peristome is rather large, distinctly pentagonal, with the transverse diameter
rather greater than the longitudinal. In small specimens the disparity of these dimen-
sions is greater than in fully grown tests. The ambulacral areas are slightly sunken as
they approach the peristome, and the bourrelets are well defined, especially the anterior
pair. This pair presents a distinctly convex margin into the peristome. The posterior
pair of bourrelets are the smallest, and their margins have a well-defined thickening ;
the odd posterior is the broadest and is the least tumid, though its margin is distinctly
thickened. The peristomial wall is vertical and high, and its surface is covered with
well-spaced small miliary granules, and these are also extended over the tumid portions
of the bourrelets. The peristomial margins of the ambulacral areas form small and
graceful concavities in the general peristomial margin, constituting the rounded angles
in the outline of this orifice. The innermost pair of ambulacral pores (buccal pores)
are well defined, and are situated immediately over the margin, opening into the
peristomial wall. The phyllodes are well developed and have been described above.

The periproct is small, transverse, with an outline varying between suboval and
subtriangular, placed close to the margin on the slight rounding which unites the
actinal surface with the ambitus, and immediately below the posterior rostration.
Consequent on this slightly oblique position (in relation to the plane of the actinal
surface), the presence of the orifice is discernible when the posterior part of the test is
placed on a resting plane held in the direct line of view, with the posterior extremity
towards the observer. This aperture has a major diameter of 6-5 millim., and a minor
diameter of 4 millim. in a specimen 55 millim. in length. The major diameter of the
peristome is 5 millim., and the minor 3°75 millim., in a specimen of the same size.

Young forms. Although this species is a very variable one, certain marked features
may be clearly traced throughout a wide range of different growth-stages; the modifi-
cations dependent on age, however, are at the same time striking and noteworthy.

In tests measuring 38-40 millim. in length (Figs. 8-10) it will be noticed that the
marginal outline is more circular, that the breadth is greater, that the margins are
more tumid, and that the abactinal surface is more regularly convex, than in the larger
forms above described. It will also be seen that the test is fuller and more rounded in
front, less rostrate posteriorly, and that the prominent tumidity in the posterior column
of the postero-lateral interradia though present is much less developed; in a rather
smaller test (Fig. 13), this tumidity is moved forwards to some extent, and thus
produces, in conjunction with the other test modifications, a marginal contour
approaching very nearly to a circular form. In examples of this size, the actinal
surface is either subplane and gradually sloping off to the very tumid margins, or even
faintly convex, excepting a feeble central depression around the peristome, and this
concavity is perhaps not always present. Indeed there appears, without question, to be
considerable diversity in this particular in different specimens of the same size. The
OF WESTERN SIND. 335

smallest specimens which we unhesitatingly refer to EL. Jacguemonti are from 22-27
millim. in length; there are, however, in the collection three or four other specimens,
smaller than this, from as many different localities, and these we are strongly inclined
to consider also as young forms of EL. Jacquemonti. These small tests are remarkable
for the great tumidity of the actinal area, the profile contour of which is almost as
fully convex as that of the abactinal area, and in some of them at least there is no
depression around the peristome. This aperture is comparatively small, and the peri-
proct is higher in the margin in some of them than usual in the adult forms; but there
appears more or less variation in the position of the periproct even amongst the small
forms. These characters are such as might well be regarded as youthful features, and
in other respects the tests-do not differ more from the type form of E. Jacquemonti
than our knowledge of the growth-stages of recent species of Echinolampas leads us to
regard as perfectly consistent with the view that they are immature specimens.

There is, however, an example measuring 32 millim. in length, which presents all
these extreme characters to the fullest extent; and this form appears to accord in every
respect with the species named L. spheroidalis by d’Archiac and Haime; although in
our opinion it is not improbable that with a larger range of small forms and in a better
state of preservation than those we possess, /. spheroidalis may ultimately be found to
be in reality only the immature stage of LE. Jacquemonti. From the fact that our largest
spheroidalis-like specimen (32 millim.) presents the above-mentioned well-marked
features—youthful though they appear—at a size much greater than that at. which the
young LE. Jacquemonti already exhibit their own specific and unmistakable habitus, we
refrain for the present from interfering with the specific independence of E. spheroidalis,
and rank the small specimens under notice provisionally and with doubt under that
designation.

Variations. This species is remarkable for its variability within certain limits; and
very numerous modifications of form are to be found in the collection under notice.
These chiefly affect the relative proportions of length and breadth, the outline of the
abactinal profile, the marginal contour to some extent, and also the breadth of the
ambulacral petals. Considerable though these variations appear when extreme examples
are compared, the intermediate stages are so numerous and unmistakable that we do not
think it necessary or desirable to give names to these varieties ; and this the more as the
different changes above indicated may be found in a series of specimens from one and
the same locality, and apparently of similar size, age, and fossilization.

Some forms are more elongate and distinctly ovate in marginal outline than others,
as given in Figs. 1 and 2. Others, again, have the anterior margin fuller and flatter, as
in Figs. 3-5 ; and this, in some rare cases, is carried to such an extent that the anterior
margin has quite a truncate appearance, and the antero-lateral interradia present a
considerably tumid angularity. In other tests, again, the margin is more orbicular (see
Fig.6). Considerable variation exists as to the degree of the tumidity developed in the
posterior column of the postero-lateral interradia, and also as to the prominence of the
posterior rostration. Another feature subject to much variation, and which at the same
time produces a very striking series of modifications, is the relative height of the abac-
336 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

tinal surface and the contour of the same as seen in longitudinal profile. In some forms
the abactinal surface is comparatively depressed and its profile exhibits a more or less
uniform and regular convexity, and often even slightly flattened centrally (see Figs.
land 2). Others, again, have a much greater relative height, and the abactinal surface
shows a distinct and conspicuous conoid elevation in the region of the apex, with the
anterior slope rapid, and the posterior more gradual and flexuous as seen in profile
(compare Figs. 3-5). The breadth of the ambulacral petals is likewise subject to
variation, and quite a number of examples with remarkably broad petals, when com-
pared with the normal form, may be distinguished ; and furthermore it is of interest to
remark that the feature appears generally to be associated with the more or less sub-
depressed orbicular forms. An example of this variety is represented in Fig. 6. In
this specimen the width of the paired ambulacra is 74595 of the length of the test.

Remarks. This species is closely allied to the form we have named FL. Indica, from
the Miocene of Kachh. Both are very variable forms, and it would be quite possible
to select a series which would appear to form a transition between the two species.
Taken as a whole, however, the habit of E. Indica and E. Jacquemonti is different, and
immediately strikes the eye. In the former the test is habitually higher, more regu-
larly convex abactinally, and more tumid laterally. The inequality of the poriferous
zones and the amount of their curvature is greater. The excentricity of the apical disk
is less, the proportions of the peristomial and periproctal apertures, as well as their
form, are different. On these grounds we consider the species distinct, but probably
phylogenetically allied.

 

Dimensions.
Breadth Height
SS ry pe ei
Length proportion proportion

in millim. in millim. to length =1. in millim. to length=1.
55 46 .0°836 24 0°436
51 43 0-843 28 0°550
42 37°5 0°892 19 0:452
39 35°5 0-910 22 0-564
37 34 0:918 21°5 0:581
37 36 0:973 25 0-675
29 25°5 0:879 18 0-620
27°5 24°5 0-890 16 0-581

The largest example in the collection measures 72 millim. in length, and another
62 millim.; but both specimens are too much crushed for the other dimensions to be
given with any degree of accuracy.

Localities. In the Gaj series of strata :—

i. Scarp of the Mél Plateau, west of Kund (the same scarp as G 392). Survey-
number G 324.

ii, Ravine on the south-east of Bill, twelve miles north of Shéh-beg (the coral
zone). Survey-number G 392,
OF WESTERN SIND. 337

iii. Hill-scarp five miles north of Shéh Rhui, on the Naig Nai, south-west of
Jhangdéra. Survey-number G 392,

iv. Naig-Nai valley, twelve miles south of Shah Rhii. Survey-number G 39>.

v. Scarp six miles south-east of Shdh-beg. Survey-number G 302.

vi. Four miles south-west of Beynir Hill. Survey-number G 502.

vii. About three miles south-east of Tong. Survey-number G 302 ‘

viii. Survey-number G 332.

ix. Ten miles north of Shah-beg. Survey-number G 392,

x. Scarp at Ktpo-jo-lak, or pass on the M6l range, vad ‘of Shah-beg (same locality
as G 28°). Survey-number G 39.

xi. Mazarani Nai. Sats ncebes G 228,

xii. Sita Nai, Khirthar range. Survey-number G 238.

xiii. Upper part of the scarp of the Myhir plateau, west of Thana Shah-beg.
Survey-number G 28.

xiv. Hills east “of Thana Shéh-beg. Survey-number G 28°.

xv. Hills east of Thana Shah-beg (nearing Pani wena ra the west). Survey-
number G 359.

XVi. Pir Géi, west of Sehwan. Survey-number G 22.8.

xvii. Nari Nai, Sehwan district. Survey-number G. 29;

xviii. Amra Hill, Barri Nai, Shikarpur district. cree es G 228,

xix. Mazardni Nai, hills west of Larkhana. Survey-number G 235,

xx. Cliff-section of Kadeji gorge, about thirty miles coal ae of Karachi.
Survey-number G 228.

6

Illustrations of the Species in Plate LIII.

Fig. 1. Abactinal view of a regularly convex, subdepressed form: natural size.

2. Longitudinal profile of the same: natural size.

3. Abactinal view of a high, subconical, and rather elongate, form: natural
size.

4, Longitudinal profile of the same: natural size.

5. Actinal view of the same: natural size.

6. Abactinal view of a broad-petalled variety: natural size.

7. The peristome and surrounding parts of the test: magnified.

8. Abactinal view of a small subrotund test: natural size.

9. Longitudinal profile of the same: natural size.

0. Actinal view of the same: natural size.

11. The peristome and surrounding parts, from the same specimen: magnified.

12. Portion of an ambulacral petal, to show the ornamentation: magnified.

13. Actinal view of a small tumid test: natural size.

14. Longitudinal profile of the same: natural size.
338 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

2, EcHINOLAMPAS SPHEROIDALIS ?, d Archiac. Plate LIII, Figs. 15-19.

The following is the diagnosis of this species given in the ‘ Description des Animaux
fossiles de l’Inde,’ p. 210 :—

Test oval, very inflated, slightly enlarged posteriorly near the posterior ambulacra.
Apex scarcely more elevated than the upper part of the odd posterior interradium ; its
distance from the anterior margin is two sevenths of the length of the test. Four
generative pores, large, especially the posterior pair. Ambulacral petals short, straight,
flush with the test or very slightly tumid, rather narrow, considerably contracted near
their extremity; the anterior petal shorter and a little narrower than the others.
Poriferous zones narrow, considerably arched, the companion zones in a petal very
unequal in length; in the odd anterior ambulacrum the right poriferous zone is the
longer, in the postero-lateral ambulacra the anterior zone is nearly one third longer
than the posterior, and in the antero-lateral ambulacra the posterior zone is the longer.
Interradial areas a little unequal in the neighbourhood of the apex; measured midway
between the extremities of the petals, the lateral areas are the broadest. Actinal
surface subplane; peristome situated a little anterior to the centre, subtriangular,
bourrelets very slightly developed, phyllodes open. Periproct marginal, rather high.
Tubercles rather crowded and slightly unequal, those in the neighbourhood of the
peristome larger and more widely spaced. |

MM. d’Archiac and Haime remark that the different examples examined by
them varied only very little in their form. The largest specimen was more than
4 centim. in length; another measured 3:5 centim. in length, 3 centim.in breadth, and
2°5 centim. in height. The locality is given as “ Chaine d’Hala (Sinde).”

We have stated on a preceding page, when treating of the young forms of
£. Jacquemonti, the grounds upon which we have referred: several small tests in the
Gaj collection to this species. Our specimens unfortunately are in a very bad state of
preservation, and do not enable us to add anything further to our previous remarks, or
to the description given above. We may, however, mention that the height and
general tumidity of the test, the convexity of the actinal surface, the small size of the
peristome, the absence of bourrelets, and the narrowness of the ambulacral petals are
especially striking.

Dimensions. The largest example measures 32 millim. in length, 28°5 millim. in
breadth, and 24:5 millim. in height. The smallest 20, 19, and 16 millim. in these
dimensions respectively.

Localities. In the Gaj series of strata :—

i. North of Babba band, five miles east of Kadeji. Survey-number G 322.

ii. Four miles south-west of Beynir Hill. Survey-number G 392,

iii, Scarp at Kupo-jo-lak, or pass on the Mél range, west of Shah-beg (same

locality as G *8°). Survey-number G 292,

iv. Hills east of Thana Shah-beg. Survey-number G 280,
OF WESTERN SIND. 339

Illustrations of the Species in Plate LIII.

Fig. 15. Actinal view of the test of the largest specimen: natural size.
16. Abactinal view of another specimen, much crushed and weathered:
natural size.
17. Longitudinal profile of the same specimen as fig, 15: natural size.
18. Actinal view of a small specimen: natural size.
19. Longitudinal profile of the same: natural size.

Family SPATANGIDZL.
Subfamily SPATANGINA,

Genus SCHIZASTER, Agassiz, 1836.
1. Scuizaster Granti, Duncan & Sladen.

A considerable number of examples belonging to this species are in the collection,
but all are unfortunately more or less broken, crushed, or badly preserved. As the
form was described in detail in the fasciculus on the Tertiary Echinoidea of Kachh and
Kattywar it is unnecessary to repeat the description there given. The species is also
found in the Nari strata of Sind.

Localities. In the Gaj series of strata :—

i. Scarp at Kupo-jo-lak, or pass on the Mélrange, west of Shah-beg (same locality

as G 282). Survey-number G 322. Some specimens also bear the Survey-number G 222.

ii. About three miles south-east of Téng. Survey number G 222.

iii. Naig-Nai valley, twelve miles south of Shah Rhti. surgeraaioes G 392.

iv. Géj river, Khirthar range. Survey-number G 238.

v. Near the top of the pass, on the M6l range, west of Thana Shah-beg. Survey-
number G 28° +.

vi. Cliffsection of Kadeji gorge, about thirty miles east-north-east of Karachi.
Survey-number G 228.

22 6.

vil. Pir Gaji, west of Sehwan. Survey-number G 22.8

2, ScHIZASTER SUFFLATUS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XLIX, Figs. 7-9.

Test of medium size, nearly as broad as Jong, with the greatest breadth situated a
little behind the centre. Marginal contour suboval, more contracted in front than
behind, and deeply notched by the anteal sulcus. Apical disk slightly excentric
posteriorly. Seen in longitudinal profile, the greatest height is situated considerably
behind the apical disk, the abactinal surface sloping continuously from this point to
the anterior margin, which is tolerably thick and tumid; whilst the region of greatest
height is the summit of a convexity, which passes with a rather rapid curve to the
posterior extremity. The periproct appears to have been rather higher in position

t+ The number “ 42” is indistinct.
Dunne
340 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

than the middle of the posterior extremity. The actinal surface shows great convexity,
especially in the region of the plastron. The sides are thick and tumid.

The apical disk lies at the base of the sloping interradial keels, and is remarkable
for its apparent breadth, caused by the lateral pair of plates being wide apart. There
are four genital pores, the posterior pair being larger and slightly wider apart than the
anterior ones. They, as well as the posterior pair of ocular plates, are separated by the
large wedge-shaped central madreporiform body. The anterior pair of ocular plates
appear to have been extremely small, but the condition of the fossil does not show
them satisfactorily. The odd anterior ocular plate is small and placed midway between
the anterior pair of genital plates.

The odd anterior ambulacrum lies in a well-defined, tolerably deep, and broad
groove, the margins of which are sloping, and the lateral keels are not remarkably high
or thin, although they become angular and well defined as they approach the apical
disk, and at the same time slope away. The floor of the groove is slightly rounded,
and the poriferous zones are placed at its junction with the sloping lateral walls,
appearing rather more on the floor than otherwise, at least near the apex. The pores
are small and slightly elongate transversely, and are separated by a small granuliform
prominence. The plates are very short and band-like and successive pores are con-
sequently closely placed. The plates are further remarkable for the abruptness of the
bending which occurs just internal to the inner pore of the pair, the portion of the
plate which lies in the interporiferous area being reflected sharply backwards towards
the apex at about 30° from the direction of the outer part of the plate (see fig. 9). It
will also be noticed that the facets of the inner end of the plates have a peculiar
curvature. Traces are visible of a few widely spaced granules on each plate, ornamenting
the interporiferous area.

The anterior pair of ambulacral petals are large, wide, petaloid, placed in tolerably
deep grooves, and are rather divergent, the included angle being, roughly speaking,
about 90°. The grooves, which are wide and gracefully rounded outwardly, contract
very little in breadth until they reach the proximal third of the length, where they
commence to taper rapidly toa point. The anterior poriferous zone is bent with a slightly
sigmoid curvature. he companion posterior zone proceeds for some distance from the
apex at a right angle to the longitudinal axis of the test, is then rather sharply bent with
a well-rounded curve, and proceeds almost straight towards the margin. It will thus be
seen that the bending of the petal on its approach to the apex is very conspicuous, and
that there is also a slight inflation of the petal near the distal extremity. The pori-
ferous zones are wide and fully twice the breadth of the interporiferous area about the
middle of the petal. ‘The pores are elongate except near the apex, rather wide apart,
distinctly conjugate; with adjacent pairs separated by a well-defined costa, which was
probably ornamented by a row of granules. The first 10 or 12 pairs of pores in the
anterior poriferous zone of the antero-lateral petals, and the first 6 or 7 in the posterior
zone, are remarkably small, and those beyond increase in size very abruptly. The
posterior pair of petals are about two thirds the length of the anterior pair, lanceolate
in outline, with the greatest breadth a little removed from the middle of the petal
OF WESTERN SIND. 34]

towards-the apex ; from this point they contract gradually and slightly towards the outer
extremity, which is not rounded or closed. At the apical extremity they contract
rapidly toa fine point. The petals reach about halfway between the apex and the
margin, and their course is straight. Their angle of divergence is about 66°, being that
included by lines drawn along the median line of the two petals. The intervening odd
posterior interradial area forms a rather low, but well-defined ridge, narrow for a short
distance from the apex, but rapidly becoming broader and disappearing in the generally
convex or arched posterior region. ‘The character of the poriferous zones is similar to
that of the anterior pair of petals; the interporiferous area, however, is relatively
narrower, and the posterior poriferous zone is remarkably broad midway between the
extremities.

The interradial areas have a slightly gibbous or arched character, and their respec-
tive columns greatest in the anterior column of the anterior interradia and the posterior
column of the postero-lateral interradia ; but, as far as can be judged from the imperfect
preservation of the fossil, the character does not appear to have been greatly
emphasized.

Nearly the whole of the posterior extremity of the test is destroyed, but traces
remain which indicate that the periproct was rather high in position.

The peristome is very excentric in front, but nearly the whole of the actinal surface
is destroyed or unfitted for description.

Traces of two fascioles are present, a peripetalous and a latero-subanal. Judging
from the only clear trace of the latter which remains, it appears to have been very
narrow. The surface of the test is much too weathered to allow of any detailed account
being given of the course or position of these bands.

The ornamentation of the plates is nearly all destroyed, but that on the abactinal
surface appears to have been small and widely spaced.

Remarks. Notwithstanding the very unsatisfactory state of the single example
under notice, the details above given are sufficient to indicate that we are dealing with
a distinct species; and on these grounds we have ventured to give it a name, although
the description is unfortunately imperfect. S. sufflatus is distinguished from 8. Granti,
with which it is associated, by the altogether different marginal contour of the test, by
its more uniformly convex and less sloping abactinal surface, by the different form of
the paired petals, the antero-laterals wanting the characteristic curve at the outer
extremity, and by the relatively much longer and differently shaped postero-lateral
petals; the character of the odd anterior ambulacrum is also different.

Dimensions. Length of the test 40 millim., breadth 38 millim., height 26°5 millim.

Locality. In the Gaj series of strata: Naig-Nai valley, twelve miles south of
Shah Rhvii. Survey-number G 337.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XLIX.

Fig. 7. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
8. Longitudinal profile of the test: natural size.
9, Ambulacral plates in the odd anterior ambulacrum: magnified.
342 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Genus MOIRA, A. Agassiz, 1872.

1. Morra, sp. 2

A single small example in the Gaj collection probably belongs to this genus. It
is, however, so badly preserved, and with nearly the whole of the abactinal surface
obscured by matrix, that accurate determination is impossible; we therefore refer it to
the genus with doubt, and place its occurrence on record in the hope that future
discoveries will furnish more satisfactory material. We were led to consider this speci-
men as a species of Moira on account of the indication of the presence of a narrow
slit-like petal, and of the peculiar ornamentation on the neighbouring plates. The
actinal surface is well preserved, and its outline is very near to that of MW. antiqua,
nobis, from the Miocene of Kachbh.

Dimensions. Length of the test 16 millim., breadth 15 millim.

Locality. In the Gaj series of strata: Entering the hills on the road from Jangri

to Bila Khan’s Thana. Survey-number G 382.

Genus MEOMA, Gray, 1851.
1. Meoma, sp. ?

There is a fragment of part of an interradial area of a large Spatangoid in the
collection on which the remains of a well-defined, angular, and deeply re-entrant
fasciole are preserved. Amongst the general miliary ornamentation of the plates are
small, well-spaced, primary tubercles, both within the fasciole and on the adjacent
plates without, where, however, they are smaller and diminished in size as they recede
from the fasciole. ‘The ornamentation recalls in a striking manner that of I. ventricosa
(Lam.), Liitk. Unfortunately the fragment alone is insufficient for the determination
either of species or genus, and we therefore merely place its occurrence on record.

Locality. In the Gaj series of strata: Near the top of the pass, on the Ml range,
west of Thana Shah-beg. Survey-number G 282,

Genus BREYNIA, Desor, 1847.

Large Urchins well characterized by the presence of peripetalous, internal, and
subanal fascioles. There are large tubercles with deep scrobicules, limited by the
peripetalous fasciole ; but they are absent in the posterior ambulacrum. The internal
fasciole crosses the four petals, and their pores situated within its area differ from
those without and may disappear.

This genus was placed by MM. d’Archiac and Haime amongst the Nummulitic
fauna of Sind, and their species Breynia carinata was described in their great work,
which has so often been quoted in this Monograph, on p. 216, and delineated on
their plate xv, fig. 4.

We have noticed the same species in our description of the Miocene series of
Kachh (‘ The Tertiary Echinoidea of Kachh and Kattywar,” Pal. Indica, Ser. XIV. p. 66,
Plate X), and also on page 228 of this Monograph. There is now no doubt about
the correct geological horizon of the genus in the Tertiaries of Western India, for
OF WESTERN SIND. 343

Mr. Blanford states that he has never seen the form in any other than a Miocene
formation, and it is evident that the specimen from the Khirthar series (a solitary one) was
not found in place. Moreover the species abounds in the Gaj beds and not in the Nari of
Sind. We may assert that the species is the most characteristic of the Miocene of Sind.

With regard to the species Breynia carinata, we were able to correct some of the
descriptive parts of d’Archiac and Haime’s notice of their unfortunately ill-preserved
specimens, in our Monograph of the Kachh Echinoidea, and Messrs. Medlicott and
Blanford had previously indicated the presence of minute pairs of pores within the
area of the internal fasciole. Since the publication of our Monograph a great number
of specimens have been examined from the Gaj series, and some are in a most wonderful
condition of preservation. "We have now evidence regarding the correct shape of the
form in the adult stage and when half-grown, and we have proofs of the comparatively
slight variation in the shape and structure of this most highly specialized Spatangoid.

The description of the species by its founders was admirable, and we could have
wished that they could have had our opportunity. We propose therefore giving the
translation of the diagnosis of MM. d’Archiac and Haime, and to add the results
of our examination of good specimens.

1. Breynia caninata, d Archiac & Haime. Plate LIV, Figs. 1-9, and Plate LV, Figs. 1-8.

The test is elongate, low, bilobed in front, narrowed behind and truncated pos-
teriorly ; upper surface very slightly convex.

The measurements are—length 9 centim., breadth 7 centim., height 3 centim.; a
second is 6 centim. in length.

Actinal surface of the test almost flat, except near and in front of the anus,
where it presents, in the median line, an oblong and subcarinate keel. In some
individuals the odd interradial area is slightly raised above the anus.

The four generative pores are small and close; the madreporic body is indistinct,
oval, and elongate in the antero-posterior direction of the test. The plates which
surround the apical disk immediately, are surrounded by an oval-shaped non-sinuous
fasciole, rounded behind, and the anterior branches of which become close on the level
with the ends of the antero-lateral ambulacra. Those plates which belong to the
ambulacra within the fasciole, are perforated by very small pores in a series which
forms an angle with the line of the other ambulacral pairs. The large pairs of pores of
the petals commence at the outer edge of the internal fasciole, and are formed of large
pores which open into transverse grooves separated by great coste. ‘The poriferous
zones are in shallow grooves, are broad and straight; they close the petals externally.
The poriferous zones of the antero-lateral ambulacra are shorter than those of the
posterior, and those of the same ambulacra are unequal amongst themselves. In the
antero-lateral petals it is the anterior zone that is the shortest and which commences
furthest from the apical system. In the posterior petals, the anterior poriferous zone is
the longest. The petals are moderately broad and long, and angular externally. The
posterior petals are rather close and the antero-lateral are wide apart and placed almost
344 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

transversely. The anterior ambulacrum is not petaloid; it is ina slight groove and
the pores are but slightly distinct.

The peripetalous fasciole is very slightly sinuous, is subelliptical and rather close
to the ends of the petals. The anterior and the antero-lateral interradia have large
tubercles on those portions which are within the peripetalous fasciole. The tubercles
are large, close, and sunk in deep scrobicules. The odd interradium and also the
ambulacra are nearly smooth or finely granular. Actinally the ambulacra are smooth
and only marked by the pores, which are distinct. In front of the anus in the median
line there is an oblong and subcarinate-shaped mass of granules. The interradia on
this surface are covered with large, close, and prominent granules.

The mouth is situated at the anterior one fourth of the distance from the front to
the back of the test. The anus is marginal, the periproct large, angular upwards,
sub-oval, and elongate in the direction of the vertical axis of the test. In some
individuals the odd interradium is raised into the shape of a keel.

Correct as this diagnosis is for the most part, yet there are several misconceptions
in it and there are some very important details omitted which would fix the species
very decidedly. These defects are not to be laid to the charge of the distinguished
French savants, but to the imperfect nature of their specimens.

Shape. The shape is somewhat variable, and there are three types which clearly
belong to this species and which have slightly different shapes. Taking one of these
as the normal form (Plate LIV, Fig. 5), it may be described as long, low, and rather
broad, is generally ovoid, rounded in front except where there is a broad and shallow
marginal groove, broadest a little in front of the centre and on a line with the apical
system, the same breadth extending backwards for a short space and then gradually
diminishing until a decided posterior truncation is reached, so that there is a nipping
in behind, especially posteriorly to the ends of the posterior ambulacra. The margin
of the base is rather sharply curved, and immediately above, the test is tumid in the
anterior regions, almost vertical, for a little height on a level with the posterior
ambulacra, sloping more gently along the course of the posterior ambulacra
to the side of the truncation, and finally truncated posteriorly, for the depression
in which is the periproct, the surface looking backwards and downwards. The
front of the test rises, on either side of the broad anterior sulcus, in a somewhat
sudden manner, and after being vertical, slopes with a very broad curve to a comparatively
flat area, with a very slight ascent posteriorly and behind the apical system. This
gentle slope persists to about one third of the distance from the apical system to the
edge of the truncation, but the slope then commences to be in the opposite direction
and is a little more decided than in front. So the highest point of the test is behind
the apical system, the antero-posterior curvature after the dorsal surface has been
reached being slight. There is some slight angularity of the margins of the test, and
the slight lateral swellings which produce them are one on the edge of the anterior
interradium, just behind the faint keel of the side of the sulcus; another on the lateral
interradium close behind the line of the antero-lateral ambulacrum ; and the third still
further behind and at the spot whence the slope towards the truncation takes its rise
OF WESTERN SIND. 345

on the flank of the test. The three lateral swellings, of which the middle one is the
least developed, are symmetrically placed on both sides of the test, and although they
do not appear to relate to any structural peculiarity on the dorsum, they are, on the
actinal surface, the points whence as many series of concentric lines of small tubercles
arise, giving a very varied appearance to the ornamentation of the base.

The actinal surface of the test is not flat, for there is a slight hollowness around
the mouth, a gentle convexity of the anterior interradia from before backwards, a less
convexity of the lateral interradia from side to side, and a decided carination along the
median line of the sternum, culminating far back in a pointed downward-projecting
summit. This last is crossed by the subanal fascicle and forms the spot on which
the test rests posteriorly. Since the base rests on this projection and on the convexity
in front of the peristome, the greater part of the actinal surface does not touch the
supporting substance, and there is a decided space seen especially between the peri-
stome and the surface on which the Urchin rests. The posterior lip of the peristome
projects downwards, is semi-nodular, and carries many large granules.

Behind the posterior projection of the keel and within the subanal fasciole, the
test slopes upwards and backwards, to reach the rim of the broad smooth surface, which
is below the depression for the anus.

The lower part of the truncation, or that which is within the semicircular area
enclosed by the subanal fasciole, is convex from side to side and projects along the
median line as a faint ridge. ‘The smooth surface above the upper part of the fasciole
is very concave and at the upper part of this depression is the periproct. Its normal
shape is pyriform, the broad base being towards the actinal part of the test, and the narrow
and angular upper part being close below the edge of the low rounded broad keel of
the odd interradium. In that sense the periproct is marginal; but it is only near, and
not in or on, the upper and posterior margin of the odd interradium. Itis by no means
marginal according to the usual application of the term, for it is some distance above
the posterior margin, even if that part is supposed to be the top of the subanal
fasciole. The posterior edge of the odd interradium forms a broad and low arch, and
where the point of the periproct comes near it the edge is thin; but on either side of
this central spot there is a thickening of the sides of the arch. The posterior structures
give a greater vertical thickness to the end of the odd interradium than is seen in the
anterior part of the test.

The sulcus for the anterior ambulacrum is well developed as far back as a line a
little in advance of the anterior poriferous zones of the antero-lateral ambulacra, where
it becomes shallower but broader; thence it diminishes to the apical system. ‘This is
usually in a continuation of the shallow groove, which may even pass as far back as the
posterior angle of the internal fasciole.

The apical system is small, narrow, broader behind than in fist, and long, the
length being due to the backward projection of the madreporite, which passes as a
triangular structure between the highest plates of the odd interradium (5) and
separates plates 1 and 2 of zone “a” from their fellows of zone “0,” on the other side

3A
346 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

of the median line. The madreporite may be traced in some specimens in between the
basals “2” and “3”; again, a similar intrusion of it exists between the anterior and
‘posterior basals, a few foramina being seen as lateral offshoots of the main mass of the
madreporite. The apex of this triangle is close to the posterior suture of the second
plate. The pairs of pores for the ducts of the generative glands, and the pores
themselves are close: the anterior pair are slightly smaller than the posterior, and are
closer, rather oval in outline, and their long axis is oblique, the direction being outwards
and forwards and therefore away from the long axis of the test. The anterior pair of
basals are small and the openings occupy the greater part of them. The lateral basals
behind these last are larger, and their pores are larger than those just mentioned, and
although but slightly varying from a circle in outline, it is clear that their long axis is
directed forwards and slightly inwards.

The anterior 'ambulacrum is very long, and is very narrow on the dorsum. The
divergence of the poriferous zones is very slight from the apex to the margin; there
it contracts again for a short space and again expands before reaching the peristome.

At the commencement and near the radial plate, the pairs of pores are numerous
and close in succession, and the pores, placed one before the other, are separated by a
small but prominent granule. Further out, but still within the line which would unite
the transverse portions of the antero-lateral ambulacra, the pairs of the pores of the
anterior ambulacrum are in slight depressions surrounded with a minute granulation.
As the plates are large near the position of the crossing over of the internal fasciole,
the pairs of pores are further apart there, and their distance increases gradually to the
margin. On the actinal surface the plates of the ambulacrum are large, and expand so
that the second from the peristome, on both of the ambulacral zones, is the largest.

The peripodial processes of this, and indeed of all the ambulacra, are large, ear-
shaped, slightly sunken below the level of the granular surface of the test, slightly
tumid around, or on one side of the pore, which is usually elongate. ‘The peristomial
margin of the ambulacrum has the plate on zone “6” large, and of course perforated
by two pores, each in a peripodial process; but the edge of that plate corresponding to
the interradium no. 3 is not straight, but has a re-entering angle placed on a line with
the space between the two peripodial processes. Hence the plate is nipped in as it
were, and this condition existing in the plate “‘a@” of ambulacra no. 4 increases the
breadth of the peristomial plate of the interradium 3. The peristomial ambulacral
plate “a” has the usual solitary pore, and is decidedly smaller than its neighbour of
the zone “6.” ‘Ihe plate is contracted near the margin, and the second plate of the
same zone comes not very far from the peristome, so that its peripodial process lies
anterior, and towards the median line in relation to the pore of the marginal plate.
The peripodial process of this marginal plate is nearer the margin of the peristome than
that of the plate of zone “6,” and this last is nearer the median line of the ambulacrum
than the other. The expansion of the actinal plates of the ambulacrum is almost without
ornament ; but the plates are very sparely marked with distant, yet distinct, granules ;
the sutures are in shallow depressions, and the plates are slightly tumid. There are
OF WESTERN SIND. 347

no secondary tubercles resembling those of the interradia on the ambulacral surface,
the comparative plainness of which contrasts with the regular and large ornamentation
of the interradia.

Within the groove at the margin of the test in front, the ornamentation of the
ambulacrum is small and closely granular, and there is an indefinite series of very
small but perfect tubercles, which may be traced to the apical region. The position of
the somewhat broken series is just between the pairs of pores and the median line.
These little tubercles become larger actinally and wider apart. Finally the actinal
surface of this ambulacrum, although it appears flat, is slightly convex from side to side,
and there is no median grooving; but the peristomial plates rise in the proper position
of the test, and form part of the anterior margin of the peristome.

The antero-lateral ambulacra are nearly transverse in those parts which are ex-
ternal to the internal fasciole, especially the anterior poriferous zone. This may be
slightly curved, so as to bring the outer end more to the front, or there may be a double
curving, which renders the zone rather sinuous, there being a convexity forwards in the
neighbourhood of the fasciole.

The posterior zone is wide apart from the anterior close to the internal fasciole,
and either there is a nearly straight part between this part and the external end of the
ambulacrum, or there is some slight sinuosity of the posterior zone. There is much
variation in the relative direction of these two zones, and in some large specimens there
is an anterior concavity of the anterior one.

The ambulacra now under consideration are angular at the external end of the
perfect poriferous zones; within the internal fasciole the ambulacrum is also triangular,
the base being at the fasciole and the apex at the radial plate. In this triangle the
posterior zone of pores is nearly transverse, whilst the anterior zone slants from the pair
of pores immediately in contact with the internal fasciole to the proper radial plate.

The poriferous zones outside the internal fasciole are broad, not very long, for
they do not pass over the sudden curve of the test above the ambitus, and the pairs of
pores are in deep and large depressions which are separated by coste, thin and granular
on the free edge, and thick and very solid where they merge into the floor of the
poriferous plate.

The pores of each pair are large, wide apart, deeply seated, and the anterior row
of the anterior zone and the posterior row of the posterior zone are larger than
those of the other rows. The smaller pores are nearly circular in outline, and the
largest are pyriform. The whole of the ambulacrum external to the internal fasciole
is slightly depressed below the level of the interradia, but whilst the poriferous zones
are in shallow grooves the interporiferous areas are rather tumid. These last are crowded
with granules of at least two kinds, and some very small tubercles are found amongst
them with tiny mamelons. Near the internal fasciole the granules and minute tubercles
are arranged in more or less perfect rows parallel to the fore and aft running fasciole.

The pair of pores in the anterior zone next to the fasciole abort more or less; but

they are really miniature representations of the larger. In many large specimens, how-
342
348° THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

ever, the pair is only slightly diminished in size. The pairs of pores within the internal
fasciole are small, rather close, and quite as numerous as the others. The pores are
close, very small, except in the instance of the pair close to the fasciole, and their
direction is transverse near the small radial plate and a little oblique further out.

The posterior poriferous zone within the fasciole has almost invariably, but not
universally, three or four pairs of pores which are similar to those beyond the fasciole ;
they are smaller, especially that pair which is just within the fasciole and that nearest
the first very small pair. Usually the second of these larger pairs is nearly as large
as one of the outer set. The direction of these few pairs of pores is not in continuation
with the line of the posterior poriferous zone from the angle of the ambulacrum, for it
is almost transverse to the long axis of the test.

The very small pairs which continue the larger set to the radial plate are seven or
eight in number, the pores are very small, and they are not separated by any ornament.
The little pairs, however, are in slight depressions which are sunken in a granular
ornament. ‘The direction of their pores is furwards and a little outwards.

The outer angle of the antero-lateral ambulacra is formed by the approach and
contact of the poriferous zones, not that the pairs of pores alter their direction and
close like the radii of a part of a circle. The interporiferous area diminishes in antero-
posterior dimension and becomes as it were thin, permitting the poriferous zones to
come in contact. This is owing to a diminution in the breadth of the ambulacral.
plates towards the end of the series of great pores. Usually the poriferous plate at the
end of the posterior zones is smaller than the others, and it gives a preponderance in
length to those zones, for the pair on the outside of the anterior zones, corresponding
in position to that pair which has just been noticed, is very much smaller. This anterior
pair is in a simple depression, its pores are very small, and yet their direction is that of
the larger. Further out the antero-lateral ambulacra take a different direction from
those parts which have been described, become larger, both in height and in breadth,
and this expansion proceeds as far as the edge of the test, where narrowing and increase
in height occur. ‘he direction of the lines of the pairs of pores of this part of the
ambulacra is not in continuation with that of the main poriferous zones, but is oblique,
‘and in the direction outwards and slightly forwards. On the side of the test the
ambulacra bend slightly, with a convexity forwards, and are in advance of the peristome
were a line to be drawn from it to the anterior edge of the ambulacral plates.

The pores of these extra-petaloid plates are exceedingly minute, and their direction
is more or less transverse; but after a few plates there is only one pore to each, and it
is not on the suture.

Below the edge of the test the plates diminish in breadth, and in a worn specimen
there are five seen, the last being in its proper zone at the peristomial margin. The
pores become larger on the actinal surface and are placed on the transverse sutures.

At the peristome the plates are slightly broader than further out, but they are
not so high. In ambulacrum no. IV. the peristomial ‘plate of zone a has two peripodial
processes and that of zone 4 but one. Moreover the plate a is the larger. On the
OF WESTERN SIND. 349

opposite ambulacrum no. II., the peristomial plate of zone a is the largest, and has two
pores, each surrounded by a peripodium, whilst the smaller plate of 6 has but one, and
there is a cavity in which a spheridium was probably once placed. The ornamentation of
the peristomial part of the ambulacra resembles that of the odd one; but in passing over
the side of the test and on to the actinal surface to the third plate from the peristome, the
plates have the ornamentation of the interradia. The peristomial edge of these ambu-
lacra is a narrow, curved, plain ledge. There are usually one or two peripodial pro-
cesses beyond those of the peristomial plates, and it is interesting to note, in some
instances, that these peripodia occupy the place of a tubercle.

The posterior ambulacra are longer than the antero-lateral, are rather close, reach
to the part of the test where narrowing commences, and have an extra- and an intra-
fasciolar part.

Beyond the fasciole, the outer poriferous zones are long, nearly straight, being
slightly bent near it. Like all the zones, this one is slightly sunken. ‘The general
construction is that of the zones already described, and the number of pairs of pores is
from twelve to twenty, according to the length of the individual.

The inner zone, beyond the internal fasciole, is shorter than the outer, commences
on a line much behind it, is slightly wavy, and comes close to the outer zone so as to
close the petal. The interporiferous area is slightly tumid, and ornamented as the
antero-lateral area. Close to the internal fasciole the pairs of pores are smaller than
elsewhere in that part of the zone, and, except in very large specimens, there are no
large pairs within the fasciole.

Within the fasciole the direction of the pairs of pores of both of the zones
changes, and some pairs of very minute pores pass towards the radial plate, with a
direction forwards and inwards from the outer zone. They are in a slight groove.
The internal poriferous zone within the fasciole is longer than the outer, its direction
is almost parallel with the median line behind the apical disk, and it is separated from
its fellow by the narrow odd interradium.

The actinal part of these ambulacra is very broad on the side of the sternum, and
their plates are unusually large and distinct.

At the peristome the width of the zones is less than further back; but it is great
nevertheless, and the two sets of peristomial plates of the ambulacra V. and I. are so
large that they contrast with the narrow posterior lip, and the still narrower peristomial
ends of the interradia on either side. The plates at the peristomial margin of zones
a of ambulacrum I., and 4 of ambulacrum V., are larger than the plates of the zones
b and a of ambulacra I. and V. respectively.

The larger plates, moreover, are pierced by two pairs of pores and have two peri-
podia on each. The outer and smaller plates have only one peripodial process. There
are deep depressions close to the peripodia for the spheridia in all the peristomial
plates of these ambulacra of the bivium. With regard to the other plates of the
posterior ambulacra, they are symmetrically placed on either side of the sternum, and it
will therefore only be necessary to treat of those of one ambulacrum. ‘Taking no. 1,
350 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

it will be found that in zone a, the second plate immediately posterior to the peri-
stomial with two peripodia, is longer than broad, large, and has a peripodium at the
anterior and outer angle, close to the transverse suture between the first and second
plates. A few granules are borne upon it. Plate 3 is larger than the other two com-
bined, and is long and broader than the last. The peripodium is small and close to
the suture at the antero-external angle. The fourth plate is nearly as large.as the third ;
but there is only a simple pore in it, and it is some distance from the anterior suture.
Plate 5 is about half the size of the last-mentioned, and is longer than broad ;- the
pore is very small, and is nearer to the anterior and inner angle than to the outer.
The sixth plate is of course much smaller than the fifth, is broader than long, and is
placed obliquely, the greatest length being in the direction outwards and forwards.
This plate bounds the episternum externally, and towards the median line of the test is
only separated from its fellow plate of the opposite side by the narrow junction of the
episternal and subanal plates. The plate is therefore one of those which are crossed
by the subanal fasciole, and the inner part is long from the median line outwards and
forwards. The pore is small, and placed close to the episternum at the inner and
anterior angle of the expanded part, which is external to the fasciole. The narrow
internal part of the plate forms with six other corresponding parts of plates one side of
the subanal plastron, which is limited by the subanal fasciole. ‘Che part of the plate
within the fasciole is broad from within outwards, and short in the antero-posterior
direction, and this is the shape of the other parts of plates entering into the con-
struction of the shield.

The ornamentation of the plates within the fasciole is of a very elaborate kind, con-
sisting of a row of perfect small tubercles on each plate. The tubercles are minute near
the fasciole, and increase in size to the inner end of the plates. Plates 7 to 11 decrease
in size and breadth, for they are on the flank of the widening interradial plate no. 4.
Each plate of this group has a part outside of the fasciole which is almost plain, and a
part within which has the ornamentation of the sixth plate. The pores are double in
each of these plates, and are placed on the anterior suture, just within the fasciole, and
in the narrow groove between the ornamented parts. The pores of each pair are close,
and are excavations in the sutural edge. The six pairs of pores form a curve within the
fasciole, and the last pair is remotest from the median line. Taking the other zone
into consideration it will be noticed that the peristomial plate (1, of b) has one peripodium
and a depression fora sphzridium, and that the plate is smaller than a1. Plate $2 has
one peripodial process and a spheridium pit, and the posterior suture of this small plate
does not extend posteriorly to the anterior half of the plate a2. Plate 3 is long and
narrow, and the imperfect peripodial process nearly occupies the whole of the anterior
part. Plates 4 and 5 are large, long, and broad, and the pores are small and near the
anterior sutures. Plate 6 is almost square, and is much larger than its fellow of zone
a; the pore is small and some distance from the anterior suture. Plates 7 to 11
are small and diminish in length and breadth; they are more or less rectangular and
somewhat curved, with the convexity backwards. Their pores are single, and each is
OF WESTERN SIND. 39]

on the anterior suture. The twelfth plate is larger than those immediately anterior to
it, and the others, which are of higher number, increase in size until the crossing of
the peripetalous fasciole. The ornamentation of the ambulacral plates after the second
pair isvery simple. In well-preserved specimens there are always distant granules to be
seen, which become rather crowded near the interradia. In some specimens there are
linear depressions on the plates, one to each, and there are two minute granules in each.

The peristome is crescent-shaped in front and at the sides, and the posterior lip
projects forwards and downwards, and is at a lower level than the rest of the mouth, the
whole being within a concavity in the anterior third of the actinal surface.

The peripetalous fasciole is narrow and continuous. It crosses the posterior inter-
radium about halfway between the end of the posterior petals and the edge over the
anus, curves towards and round the end of the posterior petals, and passes forwards
with a slight convexity towards the ambitus, to reach the antero-lateral ambulacra at
some little distance from the termination of the large pairs of pores. During this
last part of its course the fasciole bounds externally an area on which are four rows
of large sunken tubercles, the outer row being the longest asa rule. From this spot
the fasciole passes with a slight curve to the anterior groove, and crossing this at
some distance from the margin of the test, meets its fellow of the opposite side.
In this part of its course the fasciole bounds a tuberculate area where four more or
less developed rows are seen.

The internal fasciole is also narrow, and is usually situated in a very shallow
groove; but sometimes this becomes indistinct. Posteriorly this fasciole forms a
wide angle between the closely approximated poriferous zones of the posterior ambu-
lacra (zones 6 of no. V. and @ of no.J.). It crosses these poriferous zones, dividing
the large from the minute pairs, at about the seventh interradial plate from the
apex. The fasciole then passes forwards and outwards to reach the outer poriferous
zones of the posterior ambulacra; thence it pursues the same line, and shortly
crosses the posterior poriferous zones of the antero-lateral ambulacra, at spots on a
line drawn across the apical system. In both of the approximated zones of the
ambulacra there are some pores separated from their fellows. From these places the
fasciole passes, being rather narrower, forwards. It crosses the antero-lateral ambu-
lacra and in front of the first large sunken tubercle of the anterior interradia. Passing
a little further to the front and nearly to the second tubercle the fasciole crosses the
anterior groove, the broad keels on either side of it and the narrow odd ambulacrum on
its floor. This part of the fasciole is narrow and is curved forwards.

The subanal fasciole is well marked and broad, and environs a more or less uneven
surface irregularly semicircular in shape. The convexity of the path of this fasciole
is forwards to the keel on the actinal surface at the junction of the sternum and epi-
sternum. The band is limited posteriorly by the plain surface beneath the anal opening.
The fasciole crosses the posterior ambulacra and includes no less than seven plates of
the inner zones, and these form an angular surface on both sides of the episternum

and succeeding interradial plates.
392 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

The pairs of pores of the included zones are just within the fasciole, and those of
the outer zones are considerably beyond it. The ornamentation of these plates has
been noticed; but it is to be remarked that the fasciole is made up of exceedingly
minute and crowded granules with a row of large ones on the edge. There is a median
line of small tubercles in the area, and a plain surface above it.

The anterior interradia on the dorsum are minutely tuberculated just above the
margin, and still higher up a minute granulation separates some slightly larger
tubercles into irregular transverse lines, which are complicated in some individuals by
the presence of offshoots of the front part of the fasciole. The great sunken tubercles
are between the fasciole and the keel on the side of the anterior groove. Usually there
are three irregular rows of them, and one solitary tubercle is nearest the crossing point
of the internal fasciole and the anterior poriferous zones of the antero-lateral ambulacra.
There are about 13-16 tubercles in the rows in a typical adult form, and there is some
variation in the size of those of the same row. The smallest tubercles are in the outer
row and the most perfect are in the rows nearest the apex.

A typical tubercle has a deep sunken scrobicule, departing slightly from the
circular in outline. The boss is much smaller than the scrobicule, rises suddenly from its
centre as a cylindrical cone, and comes very slightly above the general level of the surface.
It is capped by a small narrow perforate mamelon, which is much smaller than
the top of the boss, which has a wide groove around its base. On the anterior part
of the collar around the groove are a few close nodular processes, simulating a rough
crenulation ; but this condition is only found on one part of the periphery of the boss.
The bosses are in the middle of the scrobicules, and these have sharp edges which are
separated by much close granulation. The rows of tubercles in the lateral interradia
are longer and contain more tubercles than the anterior sets. Three rows and a solitary,
or, in some instances, two tubercles, are seen in the lateral interradia, and the number
is from 20-24. There is some variation in the size. The same kind of granulation
separates these tubercles as is the case in the anterior interradia.

The posterior interradium is without tubercles on the dorsum.

In the anterior interradia, on the actinal surface, there are some closely placed
tubercles, which are on the outskirts of the broad and comparatively bare surface of
the ambulacrum in front of the peristome. The tubercles increase in size and distance
from the margin to the ambulacrum and they are placed upon flat scrobicules, raised a
little at the edge here and there, with a few small granules between them in some
places. The boss of the tubercles is almost cylindrical and only slightly conical ; it
slants more or less and is usually placed not in the centre of the scrobicule. The
mamelon is small and tumid; it is perforate and the collar around its union with the
boss is irregularly nodular, and in that sense is crenulated, but usually not all round.
It is evident that the anterior interradia come in contact with the peristome by means
of very narrow parts of the first plates, the surfaces of which are granular. The
lateral interradia actinally are well covered with regularly placed tubercles of the
same type as those of the anterior interradia; the tubercles are closer at the ambitus,
whence they radiate excentrically from two or three centres, and they are also much
OF WESTERN SIND. 393

smaller near the margin and the boss is on one side of the flat scrobicule. The
ornamentation is small and in more or less parallel lines near the ambitus and above.

The lateral interradia come in contact with the peristome by means of a narrow
process.

The posterior interradium is narrow and rounded from side to side on the dorsum,
but there is no prominent keel there.

On the actinal surface the interradium presents an exceedingly long plate 1, which
has a narrow, tumid, and highly granular posterior mouth-lip in front and a long narrow
process behind. This plate 1 is bounded, on either side, by the three plates of the
posterior ambulacra, nearest the peristome, the pointed posterior end being on a level
with the termination of the first half of the third plate on either side. The plate is
very slightly raised and has the simple granular and distant ornamentation of the broad
ambulacra on either side. The sternum is small and keeled posteriorly, and generally
rounded ; it is closely and minutely tuberculate and granular, and is limited on either
side by the broad ambulacra, and behind by the subanal fasciole and the episternum.
One plate on either side is posterior and higher than the episternum, and then comes
the periproct ; this part when well preserved is in a broad and deep hollow, and the
surface of the subanal plates is smooth.

There are evidently three types of this species, which are of racial value and no
more—the normal, the broad, and the long.

The amount of structural difference is not specific, nor is it constant. The following
differences have been noticed :—The presence of more large pairs of pores within the
fasciole, and the greater breadth and area of this posteriorly; the indistinctness of
the peripetalous fasciole in front, and the number of the great sunken tubercles.

Measurements of specimens of Breynia carinata, d’Arch., from various localities
in the Gaj series :—

we. Length 70 mm. Breadth 64 mm. Height 31 mm.
6. » 66mm. » o2mm. » 26 mm.

Locality. «. Hills about two miles north of Kadeji. Survey-number G 43%.

8. Cliff-section of Kadeji gorge, thirty miles E.N.E. of Karachi. Survey

 

number G 238.
Length 51 mm. Breadth 46 mm. Height 20 mm.
Locality. About three miles S.E. of Téng. Survey-number G 43}.
Length 67 mm. Breadth 53 mm. Height 27 mm.
Locality. Ten miles N. of Shah-beg. Survey-number G 4%}.
Length 62 mm. Breadth 48 mm. Height 24 mm.
This form has a decided roof-shaped keel in the odd interradium dorsally.
Length 54 mm. Breadth 45 mm. Height 23 mm.
» 62mm, » 42 mm. >» 22mm.
Locality. Hills east of Théna Shéh-beg. Survey-number G #??.
Length 50 mm. Breadth 38 mm. Height 24 mm.
» 46mm. » 96mm, » 22mm.
» 40mm. »  o4 mm. » 2 mm.
» ov mm, 4 of tim, » 6 mm.

3B
354 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA —

Locality. Mazarani Nai, hills west of Larkhana, Survey-number G 236,

This last group of small specimens contains young forms, and the connate nature
of the post-apical surface is distinct in some.

Other loealities :—

Nari Nai. Survey-number G ae A carinate form.

Pir Gaji. Survey-number G 274

Hills S.E. of K6t-Baruch. cme G 228.

Naig-Nai valley. Survey-number G 302.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate LIV.

Figs. 1-9. Breynia carinata, d’Archiac. Abactinal views, natural size.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate LV.

. Actinal view of Breynia carinata, d’Archiac.
Side view.

Posterior view, showing the subanal fasciole.
Magnified view of apical system.

Peristome: magnified.

Actinal tubercle: magnified.

Deformed tubercle: magnified.

. Abactinal large tubercle: magnified.

Fig.

or

Subfamily BRISSINA..

Genus BRISSUS, Klein, 1734.

A much, worn specimen from the Gaj series shows the generic characters of Brissus,
except the subanal fasciole, which is not preserved. The apex is far in front, the
anterior ambulacrum evidently was flush with the test, the antero-lateral are transverse
and rather over concave, and the posterior are longer than the anterior, form a sharp
included angle, reach close to the posterior edge of the test, and have a high and
horizontally topped keel between them. There is a trace of the lateral fasciole on one
side.

Locality. Géj series or Miocene of Sind: Scarp of the M6] Plateau. Survey-
number G 3°.

1. Brissus, sp. Plate LV, Fig. 9

There are some very large specimens in the collection from the Gaj series and also
one small form, which are, unfortunately, so badly preserved that the specific characters
are not snown in any one. Ina large form the actinal surface is perfect and the
truncated posterior region also; but it is only by taking the well-preserved parts of
several specimens that an idea can be obtained of the nature of the abactinal
a

OF WESTERN SIND. 355

surface. There is no doubt about the presence of two fascioles, a well-developed
subanal and a peripetalous, which passes from the extremity of each posterior petal to
the end of the antero-lateral with a very slight departure from a perfectly direct line.
The fasciole turns sharply round the antero-lateral petal and takes an oblique direction
towards the anterior part of the odd ambulacrum; it then suddenly turns at right
angles, passes outwards for a short distance, and again turns toward the odd ambulacrum
and crosses it. The fasciole crosses the broad and low surface of the odd-interradium
just behind the ends of the posterior ambulacra.

There is no sulcus or notch for the anterior ambulacrum at the margin of the
test, and there is only a very faint depression on the abactinal surface close to the
apical system for the narrow and ill-developed ambulacrum. The margins are well
rounded in the most perfect specimen, and the actinal surface is convex and marked
with a long, narrow, downward-projecting plastron. ‘The posterior lip of the mouth
projects downwards and is well arched, being at a lower level than the rest of the
margin of the peristome. The antero-lateral ambulacra are at a very wide angle,
are long, narrow, slightly bent with the convexity forwards, and the grooves are shallow.
This shallow condition is seen in a specimen which has not been crushed: but those
forms which have been compressed irregularly always present rather swollen interradia
and as a consequence deepish actinal grooves.

The interporiferous areas are very narrow and slightly granulated and the poriferous
zones are wide. The pairs are close and numerous and there is a narrow costa forming
a ridge between the successive pairs. The pores are rather wide apart and conjugate,
elliptical and in rather deep grooves. <A fine granulation is on the coste and inter-
mediate parts. .

The posterior ambulacra are longer than the antero-lateral, are in shallow and
rather sinuous grooves, which end remotely from the posterior edge of the test, and are
close together at the apical system, forming an acute angle there.

The apical system is not perfectly preserved; but it ean be seen that there are
two large posterior basals perforated by large pores and separated by the prolongation
backwards of the madreporite. This body is large and pear-shaped and is continuous
with a small plate which appears to have a small generative pore. The posterior radials
are very small. Considering the dimensions of the tests, the apical systems of the
different specimens are small.

The interradia are moderately tumid, the posterior most so.

There are sparely distributed small tubercles on the interradia restricted to within
the fasciole, except in the anterior region. The tubercles are variable in size; but all
are small and some have a shallow, narrow scrobicule, others and most have not. The
tubercles, which are placed without order, are perforate and crenulate; a mass of minute
granules covers the abactinal part of the test.

The ambulacra on either side of the plastron actinally, are narrow and very long
before they become broad near the subanal region. The antero-lateral form triangular
spaces, with large ear-shaped or acutely ovate peripodia, well developed and rising above
the common surface. The same shaped peripodia are seen in the anterior ambulacrum,
306 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

surrounding a triangular space, and merging into the narrow path which is carried over
the margin as a series of long plates perforated by one pore. The ornamentation of the
actinal surface is of small tubercles, increasing in size towards the mouth and becoming
wider apart also; they are in radiating series and start as it were from certain points on
the margin.

The tubercles, which are small, are upon the usual flat scale-like bases, and are
perforate as well as irregularly crenulated.

Very often the mamelon and part of the top of the boss are deformed.

In one specimen the odd ambulacrum can be seen fairly well and it is very narrow
at the apex, in a very slight groove for a short distance, and the pores are small and
environed with granules. Near the apical system there are pairs of pores which soon
become placed with one pore well in advance of the other; nearer the margin there is
only one pore to a plate, and this is the rule over the margin.

The plates of this ambulacrum become larger actinally ; but the only double-
pored plate is that at the edge of the peristome in the zone “ }” plate 1 of ambulacrum
III.

The part surrounded by the subanal fasciole looks backwards and downward, and
is heart-shaped. The anus above it is large, elliptical, and is in the posterior narrow
and tumid vertical truncation.

The test when mature is ovoid in outline, but it is truncated posteriorly. It is
depressed and there is a general but only moderate slope to the median line of the
actinal surface from the rather sharply rounded margin. ‘The highest point is behind
the eccentric in front apical system. A younger specimen is proportionally longer in
relation to breadth than the more mature forms, and an intermediate specimen is defi-
cient in the anterior breadth which is noticed in old forms. Growth seems to take’
place more decidedly in length and breadth than in height.

Length of large specimen 9 centim., breadth 78 mm., height 42 mm.

Length of middle-sized specimen 73 mm., breadth 66 mm., height 37 mm.

Length of small specimen 44 mm., breadth 35 mm., height 25 mm.

Localities. Gaj series or Miocene of Sind: Amra Hill, Barri Nai, Pir Gaji, west of
Sehwan ; Naig-Nai valley. Survey numbers G 228 and G 392.

Illustration of the Species in Plate LV.

Fig. 9. Actinal view of a medium-sized form.

The full-sized specimens of this species recall the genus Metalia on account of the
comparatively thin margin and shape; but there is no anterior sulcus, the actinal
surface is convex, and the abactinal tubercles are not those of the genus. On the con-

sideration of the whole of the structures the form appears to be inseparable from the
genus Brissus, Klein.
OF WESTERN SIND. 357

IV. Remarks on the Species.

Besides the remarks made hitherto we make the following observations.

The predominant forms of regular Echini in the Gédj series belong to the genera
Cidaris, Celopleurus, and Hipponoé. The species of the last-named genus attain truly
gigantic proportions ; and from the fact that they have not been found in older strata,
as well as from their not infrequent occurrence in the Gaj series, constitute a characteristic
feature in the horizon under notice, and help to emphasize its modern facies. Both the
Sindian forms of Hipponoé we consider to be specifically distinct from the H. Schneideri
described by Bohm from the Tertiary beds of Madura*.

Echinus subcrenatus, unfortunately only represented as yet in the Gaj collection by
fragmentary specimens, is in like manner the first appearance in the Sind Tertiaries of
that cosmopolitan modern genus, and bears evidence to the approach of the present
fauna.

Of Cidaris we have been enabled to describe two distinct species ; but the presence
of other members of the family is proved by the very numerous series of spines obtained
by the Survey. Cidaris opipara presents alliances to the two Cidarids described from
Kattywar and has a distinctly Tertiary facies. C. excelsa foreshadows in several
respects the characters of the recent Goniocidaris. A large number of the isolated
spines have a striking Phyllacanthid facies.

The two species of Caeelopleurus are very common in the Gaj deposits, and the
condition of preservation of many specimens is unusually perfect. There has therefore
been no difficulty in comparing these forms with the modern Celopleurus Maillardi of
the Indian seas. The principal distinction between the Miocene and the Recent species
consists in the greater height and want of obliquity of the interambulacral plates of the
modern type. We have shown in a communication to the Linnean Society f, that the
remarkable arrangement of the ambulacral plates noticed in the fossil forms is well
seen in the recent, and we have indicated that this arrangement, more or less modified,
is a character of the Arbaciade.

The alliance of the modern and the fossil species is very close, and doubtless, did
the nature of the fossilization permit, the remarkable dowelling and other structures of
the sutures of the plates of the modern form would be found in the ancient.

The new species Celopleurus Sindensis has a granular and hardly tubercular
condition of the ambulacra above the ambitus. In all of these Celopleuri the optic
pore is double and opens on the adoral edge of the radial plate, a process separating
the pores.

It is perfectly evident that d’Archiac and Haime were mistaken regarding the
Nummulitic derivation of Celopleurus Forbest.

Finally it may be said that these Miocene species are about as closely allied to the
Oligocene form as they are to the recent.

The Temnopleuride are well represented in the Miocene of Sind, and they clearly

* Denkschr. K. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Bd. 45 (1882), p. 362.
+ Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xix, pp. 25-57,
308 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

characterize, in Sind as well as in Kachh and Kattywar, a higher geological horizon
than that given to them by our predecessors in the study of the fossils of Western
India.

We have given our reasons for not associating the forms which were described by.
the great French paleontologists as members of the genus Temnopleurus with any
other group than that of the genus Temnechinus, Forbes. ‘The common fossil Temne-
chinus Rousseaui occurs, and we find also our Temnechinus affinis in Sind as well as in
Kattywar. But probably the most interesting forms of the genus found in Sind are
the two new species 7. stellulatus and T. Gajensis, for their alliance with 7. lineatus,
Dunc., of the Australian Tertiaries and with the Australian species of the unfortunately
named genus Paradoxechinus, Laube, is evident.

The new genus Lepidopleurus is a Temnopleurid with angular and adorally over-
lapping coronal plates. We take this opportunity to remark that the new genus has
the ambulacral characters of the Triplechinide as is usually described and that they are
totally different from those of the Arbaciade.

The Clypeastride are largely represented, and Clypeaster is a distinctly dominant
form in the Géj series. The species which we have associated with the C. profundus
of dArchiac and Haime is probably the most numerously represented Urchin in the
collection. It has been obtained from many different localities and presents a wide
range of variability.

C. pulvinatus in its general habit has much the appearance of a gigantic C.
scutiformis, the present inhabitant of tropical seas. C. complanatus, comes nearer
perhaps to C. placunarius (Lam.), Agass., than any other form, but is well distinguished.
C. pelviformis is remarkable for its deep basin-shaped actinal surface and'widely spaced
scrobicules. ‘

The genus Echinolampas, which by its numerous species formed such an important
feature in the fauna of the underlying Nari and Khirthar series, is represented in the
Gaj series only by E. Jacquemonti and the few doubtful small examples which we have
referred to E. spheroidalis. It is true that E. Jacguemonti occurs in large numbers
and from many different localities, to such extent as to constitute a characteristic form
of the series; still when compared with the varied species in the lower strata, it is
undeniable that the genus was already on the wane. . Jacquemonti is nearly allied to
E. indica from the Miocene of Kachh; and its affinities are also close to the species at
present existing in the Indian Ocean.

The genus Schizaster is represented by two species :—<S. Granti, which is a
characteristic form in the Nari deposits and in Kattywar, is numerous; S. sufflatus,
an allied but distinct form, is only represented by a single badly preserved example.
OF WESTERN SIND. 359

V. TABLE SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA
IN THE TERTIARY STRATA OF WESTERN SIND, KACHH, KATTYWAR,
AND THE MAKRAN COAST*.

 

Karry- || Maxran
WESTERN Sinp. Kacuu. war. || Coast.

 

monti Beds.
Oligocene
Miocene.
Miocene
Pliocene

Cardita-Beau-
Ranikot
Khirthar
Nari.

G
Nummulitic.

 

 

 

ECHINOIDEA ENDOCYCLICA.

CrpaRIpz.
Cidaris, Klein.
C. depressa, D. & 8. 1 eee 23 vat | else eT ae es +
C. excelsa, D. & Sek ee cee ms | aie: ee | AIL
C. granulata, D. & BL ee eee. Es ee Leas Li eke tI Seca I Ske UY) ee ME ee +
C. Halaensis, VA. & H. 11... eee Sa i Nese See eM) agg ol ete SE
_ CG. lacrymula, D. & Boe eee +
C. opipara, D. & BS. ke ee eee eee] ne eee al oat) Sese ht act
C. Vernewili, Arch... ...... cece ee +4
CG. SPAN ets. ssa d ada go cusesind denen eas a
CeOPe Wd b ee ise eet e een ae alee os ee fou. | +
Ci Spr Indety 055.5 eeaeinetagede hoe ed a fall eet Gk Ae
CG. sp indety a. ae cae abe ava eae a ea me Paw | es
Cz spi Indebs vic.cecev or wiae eens
Phyllacanthus, Brandt.
P. Ranikot?, D. & 8... cee eee
P. Sindensis, D. & Si... ee
Ps. BPs MICber o3'< gine deen ee oe cite was
Leiocidaris, Desor.
L. canaliculata, D. & 8... 0... eee ae | +
Goniocidaris, Desor.
G. affinis, D. & 8... Le eee we eed asec Peas Itse | ae] eee RR
Porocidaris, Desor.
P. anomala, D. & 8. oe eee ad ge fae
Poaps indets secscvererecweaea wise vs Pe +

++

++

+44

SALENIADZ.
Salenia, Gray.
S. Blanfordi, D.& 8. «1.0... eee ae =F

ARBACTADA.

 

Coelopleurus, Agass.
C. equis, AgAS8. 6... ee eee
C. Forbesi, VA. & Hew... e ee eee ee
O. Pratti, VA.& He... cece eee is ysl as
CO. Sindensis, D. & BS... . ee eee be fast Ses Ul antinl ete

se lve faa | || SR

+++

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

* In order to bring the whole of the Tertiary Echinoidea of Western India, which we have described,
before the reader, we have included in this synopsis, besides the Fauna of Western Sind, the forms from

Kachh, Kattywar, and the Makran Coast.
38c2
- Table of Distribution (continued).

THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

 

Western SInp.

Kacnm.

Katty-

Maxran
Coast.

 

Cardita-Beau-
monti Beds.
Ranikot.
Khirthar.
Nari
Gaj

Nummulitic.

Oligocene.

Miocene.

Miocene.

Pliocene.

 

DIsADEMATID A.

Cyphosoma, Agass.
C. abnormale, D. & 8.
C. macrostoma, D. & BS... 1. eee ee
C. undatum, D. & BS... eee
CO. sp. indet. 2.0... ce cee eee e eens
Micropsis, Cotteau.
M. venustula, D. & 8.
Acanthechinus, D. & 8.
A, noduiosus, D. & Sic. ce ee

ame mm ee ee one

TEMNOPLEURIDE.

Temnopleurus, Agass.

T. simplex, D. & S.
Temnechinus, Forbes.

' T. affinis, D. & 8. ee

T. costatus, D. & S.

T. Gajensis, D. & BS. woe eee eee

T. Rousseaui, dA. & H.

T. stellulatus, D. &S.

T. tuberculosus, d’Arch..........55
Salmacis, Agass.

S, sp. indet.
Lepidopleurus, D. & 8.

L. hemispheericus, D. & 8.0... 016s eee

L. granulatus, D. & 8. oe
Dictyopleurus, D. & 8.

D, d Archiact, D. & 8. ...... picnawea ws

D. Haimei, D. & 8.

D: ziezdes, Di & So «sue naw e doeewe nse
Arachniopleurus, D. & 8.

A, reticulatus, DD. GS. vee ee eee

A, reticulatus, Val... ccs
Progonechinus, D. & 8.

P. eocenicus, D. & Boece ee

TRIPLECHINIDZ.

Hipponoé, Gray.
H. antiqua, D. &8.
H. proavia, D. & 8.
Echinus, (Rond.) Linn.
E, subcrenatus, D. & S. ws cece eee
Grammechinus, D. & 8.
G. regularis, D. & See eee eee
Eurypneustes, D. & 8.
E. grandis, D. & §.
Holopneustes, D. & S.
AG, de Lorioli, D. & BS. .e eee

Pe

eee eee eee

 

 

++

*

Dttti +

++

> + +++

++

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

+ + ++

 

 

 

 

* Doubtful.

 
OF WESTERN SIND. 361

Table of Distribution (continued).

 

Karry- || Maxran

 

 

 

 

Western Sinp. Kacuu. WaR. Coast.
S 3 Bs a B q oO o
Rael alel/eis}e) ey g | s&
ere ie elaei eh s 2
é 2 | = Z|)? a a om
ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.
GNATHOSTOMATA. :
ConocLyPEIDz.
Conoclypeus, Agass.
C. alveolatus, D. & 8. wwe eee eee aie ae | +
C. declivis; Da GBs eadsce dsnawe eis AT | cet +
C. galerus, D. & SB... ees as .- | +
O. pinguis, D. GB. wo eee ees sit | So
C. rostratus, D. & 8.2.6.6 0. ee eee .. | +
C. Sindensis, D. & B..... 0... eee eee +
CBP ADMS., fac again Aerated ad Re ae ae +
EKUcLYPEASTRIDZ.
Echinocyamus, Van Phels.
E. nummuliticus, D. & 8. oe. ee eee +
E. nummuliticus, var. obesus, D. & 8... +
E, nummutliticus, var. oviformis, D. & 8. +
E. nummutiticus, var. planus, D. & 8. .. +
E. rotundus, D. & Boece ee ee +
Sismondia, Desor.
S. polymorpha, D. & 8... 6. eee +

S. polymorpha, var. sufflata, D.& 8... ; : ; ; ox | ae | al] AE
Clypeaster, Lamk. :

C. apertus, D. & BS. eee ee eee ad bo lh eel) cus bee SB
C. complanatus, D. & BS... eee ee eee oe ae | eat as
C. Carteri, D.& 8. eee cee ee le aye Hh aes! laa at! If eae ae
C. depressus, SOW. . 2... ee eee eee eee wi mie cite, IP ate dh Se MT aha Monee fie ae +
C. Faloriensis, D. & BS. owe ee ee ef ee aie! duo ft aca M peat, | Gem SE
C. Goirensis, D. & 8. wee eee eee = wr ll Sige Weve ear. Tone ll aera
C, monticulifera, D. & 8. wee ee eee as ee! aa |
C. pelviformis, D. & S. oe. eee eee “3 ees None Veew tab
C. profundus, @ Arch. ..2......0000- +
C. pulvinatus, D. & Boece eee ae 8 ea ll eal SP
CO. simplex, D. & GS. vee eee ee iss seh ig: |e
CO. Sowerbyi, D. & SB... ce eee eee we ie Nee fh et Th See ae SE
CO. suffarcinatus, D. & 8... ee ee eee ae ter NN ech A Srey WL gage NI aetise. el acaee fie os +
CO. Waageni, D. & BS... 6. ee ee ee eee eee adi mac [leas Weis cases [ewes ae ee
Cisp. indet. 00... cece cece eee e eee wi sas | Maver af eee
Laganum, Klein.
L. twmidum, D. & BS... cee eee = ee |\g lee | aw lh ee | earl ee ee +
ScUTELLIDZ.
Echinodiscus, Breyn.
E. auritus, Leske, var. ....- +e cree es as woe | eee | eae | ase Pome | ver tot ae +
E. Desori, D. & BS. SW us| dea. (SE
EL Desori, Var. oe eee eee tenes +
E. elongatus, D. & 8... 1... eee eee 4
E, ellipticus, D. & Si... ee eee eee es a
E. placenta, D, & 8... eee eee ee +
Eu sp. indet. 0.6... cece cece e eens abe
4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

E. sp. indet. .... 6. cece cere eens

 
THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Table of Distribution (continued).

 

Western Sinp.

Kacun.

Karry-

Maxran
Coast.

 

Cardita-Beau-|
monti Beds.

Ranikot
Kbirthar.
Nari.

Gj.

Nummulitic.

Oligocene.

Miocene.

Miocene.

Pliocene.

 

 

 

ATELOSTOMATA.

CASsIDULIDE.

Amblypygus, Agass.

A, altus,D. GB. wee ee eee
A, batus, D. & 8. eee cian niet
A. patelleformis, D. & 8. ......22.---
A. pentagonalis, D. & 8. 1... eee
A, subrotundus, D. & 8. 1... eee
A. subrotundus, var. conicus, D. & 8S.

A, tumidus, D. & 8. oe ee eee

Phylloclypeus, de Loriol.

PSD ANG bet cance ied as adie wammen awe

Plesiolampas, D. & 8.
P, elongata, D. & B. ok eee :

P ovalis, Ds Sew eiacnwe denen snk
P. placenta, D. & 8. eee eee eee
P. polygonalis, D. & 8.0.6... ee eee
P. prelonga, D. & B......... 00.0008.
P. rostrata, D. &@ 8. Lk ce ee

Eolampas, D. & 8.

E. antecursor, D. & 8. 1.0... Ratan s
E. excentricus, D. & Bo. ee

Echinolampas, Gray.

BeGlid, Di, &. Bec ew sinks ese vaca ws
Ei QUOs NOR S202 stig unis sai siee ie seese
E cwequivocd, I). & Bo eee eee
E. angustifolia, D. & 8. ee eee
EY. Damesi, D. GS. oe eee cee ee
EL. @ Archiaci, D. & Se eee
E. difficitis, D. & So.
E, discoideus, d’Arch. ............4.
E. discoideus, var.a,D.&8. ........
E, discoideus, var. B, D.& 8. 1.1.5...
Ei, dascoideus, var. y,D. & 8. ........
Ei Feddeni, D. & BS. eee cae
E. Haimei, D.& 8. ee eee eee
E. Indica, D. & 8..... 0.0.0... re
E, insignis, D. & SB. wk eee ee
E. Jacquemonti, VA. & He oo...
&, juvenilis, D. & 8. eee
Et. Kachensis, D.& 8. oo. eee
E, lepadiformis, D. & 8... 6... ee,
E. nummulitica, D. & 8.
E&. obesa, D. & 8. wk. oe ee

E. placenta, D. & 8. eee
E. Radakensis, D. & S
E. rotunda, D. & 8.
E. Sindensis, d’Arch......... 00500...
E. Sindensis, var. hemispherica, D. & 8.
E. spheroidalis, d’ Arch

 

tet ++:

+

D+ ot4+4+44

By Ape a

D++t+tt:

Dette ti bbb:
++

L+H:

 

 

 

 

 

++

++

 

 

 

 

 

 
OF WESTERN SIND.

Table of Distribution (continued).

363

 

WEstTERN Srnp.

Kacuu.

Karty-
WAR.

Maxran'
Coast.

 

montt Beds.
Nari.

Cardita-Beau-
Ranikot.
Khirtkar.

Géj.

Nummulitie.

Oligocene.

Miocene.

Miocene.

Pliocene.

 

 

 

Echinolampas, Gray (continued).

E. subconica, D. & SB... ee ee

E, tumida, D. GS. Le eee

EEUU, NBS 5 sce Sista Bais Sa! a BE

Le. Viewryt: DOG BR. nto en eas

E, Winnet, D. & 8. woe eee

Ey ep. Gunior). sacs cevscvescvas cess

. sp. indet. ..... Ldn wakes

Ep Spumndebe a areghsaet avn ose nse?

HBP: ANCCte cass soe yee ewe HOR eA

EBPs ANCE ateciatearedrnae gauss wieiaewene
Echinanthus, Breyn.

E. enormis, D. & 8. vec ee ee

EL, pumilus, D. & 8. oe eee eee

E. intermedius, D. & So eee ee
Tlarionia.

I. Sindensis, D. & 8.0... eee
Cassidulus, Lamk.

C. ellipticus, D. & 8... 0 ee eee

C. subinvaginatus,D. & 8... eee.
Rhynchopygus, d’Orb.

R, Caldert, VA. & H. oo. eee.

R. pygmaeus, D. & 8. eee
Eurhodia, VA. & H.

EB. Morristi, VA. & H. ..... ee eee
Paralampas, D. & 8.

Py miner, Di 88.054 cae ee cee wees

P. pileus, D. & BS. eee
Neocatopygus, D. & 8.

NY, rotundus, D. & BS... 6 ee eee

SPATANGIDA,

Micraster, Agass.
M. tumidus, D. & Boo. es
Hemiaster, Desor.
HI, apicalis, D. & BS. vk eee
AL. carinatus, D. & BS. ee eee
HT, decipiens, D. & 8. we eee eee
HI, digonus, V@Arch. 1... 6... .- see eee
HT, elongatus, D. & Si... eee
HI. nobilis, D. & BS... ee eee
AL, sp. det. «00.0405 seer wees
A OSpeindet., no4055 VRS ee
AL sp. indet. 2... ee cece eee ee ees
Ay sp. indety 00.0.6 ce cece e eens
HA sp. indet, .. 0... cece cere eee eee
Brissus, Klein.
B. sp. indet. .. 6... cee eee ee eee
Meoma, Gray.
M. sp. indet. 0.0... ce eee eee ees
Brissopsis, Agass.
B. sufflatus, D. & 8. 0.0 ee
By sp. indet. coc. eeee cece cece sees

 

D+

2 oR

+
++

+ ++ + $4

D+t4+ 4 +244 4

+

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

> +t

++

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

* Doubtful.
364 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA OF WESTERN SIND.

Table of Distribution (continued).

Western Sinp.

Kacun.

Kartty-
WAR.

Maxran
Coast.

 

monti Beds.
Ranikot.

Cardita-Beau-

Khirthar.

Nari.

| Nummiulitic.

Oligocene.

Miocene.

Miocene.

Pliocene.

 

 

Metalia, Gray.

M. agariciformis, D. & S.. 66. ee eee

M. depressa, D. GS. 1... ee ee ee

M. scutiformis, d’Arch.......-..-++++

M., scuteformis, var. rotunda, D. & 8. ..

M. Sowerbyi, D’Arch, .....-..0--05

MM. sp. indet. ©... 6.66. cece cee
s Mosp. indet., ....5 0 sense eeu ceow an
Linthia, Merian.

E: dds DGS cos aseeonnveeaes

L. orientalis, D. & 8. eee

L. Sindensis, D. & S... ee eee eee

LE Bpy WMOCbi go sderpras cores wie ea ead
Schizaster, Agass.

S. alveolatus, D. & 8. we eee ees
. Baluchistanensis, @A. & H.........
. Baluchistanensis, var... 62. ee eee
» Grant, Di 8 Swewc.cewawcseew ve ee
. simulans, D. & 8... ee ee ee
. sufflatus, D. & BS. oe eee
symmetricus, D. & 8.6... ee eee
ODIO yccitewiaad a miyr tga agacyae eos
Moira, A. Agass.

M. antiqua, D. & 8. ee eee.

M. primava, DD. & 8. wee eee ee

MBPs Ud eb, scejeigscaenn sek eee Saw
Prenaster, Desor.

P. oviformis, D. & So... eee
Brissopatagus, Cotteau.

B. Sindensis,D. & Si... eee
Breynia, Desor.

B. carinata, VA. & H... oe... ee.
Macropneustes, Agass.

M. rotundus, D. & 8S... ee eee

M. speciosus, D. & BS... eee
Peripneustes, Cotteau.

Pe insignis, DGS. ccccss cas cane cas

dey BP IDOSls. sree dwruln aes ya! ser nate oe aes
Troschelia, D. & BS.

T. tuberculata, D. & B. oe eee
Euspatangus, Agass. :

EE FURAS;, DS is isciese: aaiciasaodle, wie sae aud ie

EG. avellana, VA. & He... ee eee

Fi. cordiformis, D. & 8.0... ....00 000.

E. patellaris, VA. & H. oo... ee.

LE. rostratus, @Arch............00
Genus indet. (?MEW) .. 0-0... ee cece ee eee

TRARRRARH

 

 

 

 

 

++t+444

+

++:

1

+*

++

++i 44:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

* Doubtful.

 
VL GENERAL

ACANTHECHINUS .........

Acanthechinus nodulosus
JKOLOPNEUSTES

Zolopneustes de Lorioli.. .

AMBLYPYGUS

 

 

 

 

BRBYNTA sin carro eee

Breynia carinata
BrissoPaTaGus

Brissopsis

Brissopsis sufflatus .......

Brissvs
Brissus, sp.

CassIDULUS ...
Cassidulus ellipticus

 

CrpaRis
Cidaris excelsa

 

 

Verneuili

 

 

CLYPEASTER .............
Clypeaster complanatus ...
depressus .........
monticulifera.......

 

 

Amblypygus latus .......
patelleformis ......
subrotundus .......
, var. conicus...
tumidus...........
ARACHNIOPLEURUS ....,-.
Arachniopleurus reticulatus

Brissopatagus Sindensis .. .

subinvaginatus .....

lacrymula .........
opipara .........6.

eee eee

INDEX OF GENERA AND

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SPECIES,

Page . Page
ee ee eee 34 Clypeaster pelviformis.................... 324
settiea ners deetetncap ens 34 promondas. sna hha aaa nen. OLD
eeSawleciowide Seer 47 pulvinatus: .....ccneareeanaocewasian B22
ehh Gosden seen a 48 SIMNPlEX basiowwitaigiaeiwetuhatae DF
si chesseane gee peace aeee 139 BPs auae ye ae peri atnn nam eek ge we ae OE
be Gera ecescs Maa ey ais 148 CELOPLEURUS) s0s009 ca etc tee atesarenes 221
nerd ch cea eas 144 Coelopleurus equis ...................... 251
Bi alah a Re eS 140 POrbesie aunicnaannn ae cacee shane e2oOeeee
ee ee ee 142 — > PRatht yx auch wa ienaree cemmmnaune. Oe
re er 146 Sildensis: sv scvenccuguceseenceesa 298
4s Cae Pete wane 42 CoNnoChYPHUS! exec wwediae x oe gate su Saba 51
ovaemen wade 42 Conoclypeus alveolatus .............2++.. 124
GeClivas:: cae kcawiteetrtua ook eee 53
ee 228, 342 salerus’ ciiciinvacnawvscentoteciesg 129
sine eee ee 229, 343 PIDSUIS: whe dotnchewwaaieesemedtee: 126
Gna ae apue ea ereieas 226 TOStEOUUS? aivusweauldaveteeretiarte £28
ede doa Mechta acs dec PONS 226 Sindensls: A.Siaeddaccavuweawas awe dl
sugar eee euersend 202 SSD ekwtieite eyacee pe ye ead TOF
Bred otro ede eates 203 CYPHOSOMA: ie ane Geiec gan age ae eae 31
aiken ctteutyoretpeiticast ties 354 Cyphosoma abnormale .................. 82
sn grantee dens nck bee ae 354 macrostoma ........ cece eee eee eee 116
— SANs, cna gctowt wie tee eweds 117
Mami esaseuases 65 (Spin berutiieteees es ewoeneete aaewn WS
dh te svanettathertte hth 65
pe Abi arbch Grito hes fees 182 DIcrYOPLEURUS .....0 ccc ence e ene renee 38
Laiy thal aieranenine 7 Dictyopleurus d’Archiaci ................ 41
sha yae aN clie tar edhe 282 Haimed oso ia de etrden dete caw aes 39
Rta cltpreeses eas 8 ZACL AC sss forte spe heakehinc Gaoaeila ne Re 38
snares inaety aana 279
aaa a ees at ns 26 EGHINANTHUS: csc ceebeseas deemed eats 12
Leu araucnenite 25, 250, 283 Echinanthus enormis ............00e0e00- 64
Ewe e sie Aue 257 MILCRMCCIUS avierievedeatecacerienns “LET
inn lp ela ania Warosecs 325 PUMUUS cccrimcervomsentedrszaee 18
Sea eT ae ae aoe 327 HGHINOCYAMUS 4... cece ccc eeeseceteeees 132
ee ee 258 Echinocyamus nummuliticus.............. 182
366 GENERAL INDEX OF

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page

Echinocyamus nummuliticus, var. obesus.... 134
, Var, OVIfOTMIS ...... 6. eee ee ee 135

— , var. planus 6.1... 6. eee e sees 1385
FOLUNUS” ccmeiiude weer ere wen ers 185
BGHINODISCUS .icsc eee se oe eee es eee es 327
Fechinodiscus Desori ...........20 eee uee 328
VATA nc keener wie ty eae as 328

ellipticus .. bedtime areata 330

elon gatis: sc: e6e poewe ies eewase ges 331

—— placetta......0i0 cre .eeseesnaaewoersen 329
WSDicea ee oda Gg aaa awe Gremio 329

5 SPria iecomste wee a ews we ble ee 331
WCRINOLAMPAS 30 o0 essa ay ac arer ae eee 152
Echinolampas equivoca .......... 062-006. 173
aneusti0la saci eeesue ee eee 164
HCA Ch SCL. vx. cnn dee vena Miele eee 259
GiMNGHIs ina seawatedegeturatyaieg 258
discoideus .. 1... 0. cece eee eee ee ene 261
— AV AL 108 eer aaaeasecs dasa taveaoe SNA RUD Guay econ 262
SS SBI ION aisstanau ina atibawtenisriae ave tad 263
5 MBB! hi amc nttones oh orarce sua anniane eee 263
Jacquemonti ...... cee eee ee ee eee 332

JUV ENTIS sortase, dienwieid areas dette 170
lepadiformis: 2.05. 6.0.86 neko eet wi 172
nummulitica ...... 0.0... cece eee 167
Obese: tase cenandanee Meneame ae 157
placenta as.sckesaseswen wna ance 264
—— Radakensis .........-. cece eee 260
TO GUI Ana. a Sracctvsiis Gann sane ta a quae eae ie 152
—— Simdensis ........ 0.00003 ccc eeeee 159
— , var. hemispherica ............ 163
SPHEPOLMAIIS: wenden da. iat warnaiandn aot 338
SUPCOMTCA 5 ascii. eesad oad sary canbe agoersde svete 155

MULTI LE eeoshRaieg nie accncn Sevtancsas Scalar tes Bae 265

SS ig WARS: gee neice Ct RIBS okt eA eea a dalectce 267
a Spr NOON) 2 ctwsskoara ead alas 174

pSPicnpase aeckaa wonder weweeyes a8 176
PiCHINUS: eievinwartuute Sawe-owmaaws col merase 317
Echinus subcrenatus ...............0000. 317
TNO EAMPRSE | sic etian guitive 9-5 ;mie habia ieee saee hie teb and 61
Eolampas antecursor ............ ..ee0. 62
excentricus 2... 0... eee eee eee 150
BURHODERS». cscs) an Serer ovnenany doo ows saiegees 70
Eurhodia Morrisii ................ 00.005 70
RURYPNEUSTES.. 0... cee ee eee ees 45
Eurypneustes grandis......- .........00. 46
ERUSPATANGUS 0.6.0.0 cece eee eee cee eee 235
Euspatangus avellana.......... 0. cece cee 235
—--.cordiformis........ 0.0.00. ccc eee ee 238
-——— rostratus.. 1... cee eee cee 240, 267
Grxvs undetermined (? new).............. 241
HEMIASTER ........ LAlvera Bun es Meee 78
Hoemiaster apicalis ..............0000000, 193

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page

Hemiaster carinatus ..........000 eee eeee 198
GONG ca ccce ac. ccarmanweeoies 82, 200
elongatus: cas. as ce ween eee es omnes 78
NOUS cag ccaawaewed odeakcdenww ens 196

EDR on ee Sale Rw a Reem ig HON aNe 81

(BD ecaae eee eerca aa eon reader ae 201

SDs ana auleat eases e yee Eten 202
FIIPPONOK sc axxcwi een aeniasads meee es 310
Hipponoé antiqua .......... eee eee e eee 313
PYOavld: 2nnkeiexeenawyeeGeen gees 310
THARTONER. oc naeeraeweueus sageae sawed 179
Tlarionia Sindensis ........ 0.0.00 eee cease 179
TLETOCTDARIS is04.dise Oona eee Gre dee sued are ee Bea ane 109
Leiocidaris canaliculata ...........0.0000- 109
Leprp0PLRV RUS: eevages Go weiv aid dghad: wariargeta 306
Lepidopleurus granulatus ..............-- 308
hemisphewricus .......... 00s eee nee 306

ENT HTAS 3 aoe Ge tee epee Since, wig tn git ala le Stents 17
Tam thie: 1 diGa yo gece eae ieuie everge aseise atnardoas 82
OLiOntalis: xécasyg can yar ove Oana nse 217
—— Sindensis ...... Sen tcatin tas CMSs Rectgededy ois 18.
pee BD Sic diay clean aralicannaiionet n ataier dato mapdescauapeun nae 85
MACROPNEUSTES .........- 00.2 ce cece ene 229
Macropneustes rotundus.................- 232
BPOCIOSUS: .g.2) Hsia okie, Hite toe a eons as 229

MIRO MA fs eocc ahs aspoans ioe Auantt tech tetada 2es ape deus a ea 342
Meo mas Spee ylisisid diessdiccnctlad dee mien dey ptatiec sue 342
MiB ATTA: ae scat aoe sh ative tang Bua ne ace dome 93, 206
Metalia agariciformis .................... 213
GEPreSsA a sipc tite saws oe aneteaiag BET
—— scutiformis.......... 0.02. e cee eae 209
— , var. rotunda .............00. 211
—— Bowerbyt acesndeuuaseacenn akan 93, 206
+ BPic wien ae bomen ewe Reg educe nua 215
g BD ei arwext ars dex dis Cay eee ae 216
MIGRASTER) (wig nx vacate avd ceca abadinn 189
Micraster tumidus .................0..00. 189
MIGROPSIS! coos ewincs wer geenere tiie aca Alaelandcans 119
Micropsis venustula .................0.. 119
MPRA dees aa we mamma ne tain. Aakee on 225
Moira primeva >..... 0.0... ee 225
yOPet xatmuae caged Wnadinna eae 342
NSOGRTOPYGUS ck da eee 2s oln wacnn ae 76
Neocatopygus rotundus ...... . ......... 76
PARADAMPAS 6... ec eee eens 72
Paralampas minor ....................04 74
SS PUL OMS sae ssid Sache dala esedearatiheeds olan 73
PERIPNEUSTES ......0 6... cece ee eee eee 234
Peripneustes, sp............. eharctarg: ata We 234

PHYLLACANTHUS 0.0.0.0... ccc eee ceueeeee 26
GENERA. AND SPECIES. 367

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page | Page
Phyllacanthus Ranikoti.......... ....... 27 ‘| Rhynchopygus Culderi ........ 0 ...... 67, 184
—— Sindensis ........... 0... cece eee 27 | PYSMBEUS cesoag ete Goad ayeke 68, 187
fe BP eae tahnsaaera adocere Garter ieee aaais SRR 28
PHYLLOCLYPEUS ...........000 cee ee eaee DSi) di) SSAUENTA spa wae eet ee che wo eee Be 28
Phylloclypeus, sp... 6... .. 6... e eee eens 54 Salenia Blanfordi ...................... 29
PIESIOLAMPAS .......... sae Dy is 9 1. (BOMIZASTER (4.5. adc 4 oe ee Dae 86
Plesiolampas elongata..........-...-...... 10 Schizaster alveolatus .................04, 87
OVALS 5. os eerie ee pene aa ks 58 Baluchistanensis .................. 224
Ss Tea ges ae eg cee ew a e eg GA | 2 eantihive esau weeeeue are bacea 268, 339
polygonalis esi accede eiehae a Gl» —— simulans... 6.2.6 cece eee ns 223
a prelonga ou a eee eee ews 56 | —— sufflatus........ 0 eee 339
TOSLPALE. nck aa eae asad ees BS 61 BYMMENTICUR 66 ce y diary esawe save ews 220
PoROCIDARIS: whe dee Ree aa gs SE eA EK er oe 112 gBDidv wie ehorererkyanssen oer dana de 224
Porocidaris anomala ........... ex cavea DIS § BiMONDIA a acereinees aueerseaaeeee sxe 137
ySPe cs o4 Gene eS eRe EN Sa ehR Ree S 50 Sismondia polymorpha ...............055 137
PRENASTER gc30562 60s need Sees be de Gees 90 |
Prenaster oviformis ......... ......2.... 90 © TEMNECHINUS ......00¢..0cccceeeeueeess 122
PROGONECHINUS 2... 00.0. c cece eee eee 43 | Temnechinus affinis ..............00008 303
Progonechinus eocenicus ................ 43 Ga ONBS 2... Fao ge ee eM Rae ginal 305
| Rousstaul. 34s eeka aades See es 122, 303
TRWYNCHOPYGUS .. eee cee eee 67 -stellulatus 0.0.0... ccc eee eee eee 304

 

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,
A DESCRIPTION

FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

OF THE

COAST OF BILUCHISTAN

AND OF

SOME ISLANDS IN THE PERSIAN GULF.

 

THE MAKRAN SERIES (PLIOCENE).

Pirates LVI.~LYIII.

I. Introductory Remarks.

WE owe the description of the geology of the coast of Bilichistdn, or, as it is more
commonly called, the Makran coast, and the collection of fossils, to Mr. W. T. Blanford,
F.R.S., who, whilst Deputy Superintendent of the Geological Survey of India, surveyed
the littoral tracts of Bilichistén and the coast of Persia*. He stated} that “the
prevailing rock along the Makrdn coast is a pale grey clay more or less indurated,
occasionally intersected by veins of gypsum, usually sandy and often calcareous,
occurring in beds of great thickness. With this clay are interstratified bands of shelly
limestone, calcareous grit, and sandstone, but these usually form but a small portion of
the mass, although their greater hardness makes them conspicuous at the surface.

‘In all sea-cliffs and inland scarps the clay is well exposed: thus the magnificent
cliff, nearly 2000 feet high, at Rds Malan is almost entirely composed of it. From its

* Records of the Geol. Survey of India, vol. v. 1872, pt. 2, p. 41. t Page 43.
3 E
370 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

softness it disintegrates rapidly and the usual features of the scenery are peculiar and
characteristic.” Sometimes the clayey and calcareous strata are more or less horizontal
and at others they dip at considerable angles, and as the clay wears more rapidly than
the other constituents of the mass, the position of the strata determines flat-topped
hills and a very serrated appearance in the inclined beds. The Makrdn beds are
evidently of marine origin. They are usually highly fossiliferous, the most abundant
fossils being species of. Ostrea, Pecten, and Balanus. Arca, Cardium, Lucina, and
species of the family of Veneridew abound, but very often only occur as casts. Gas-
teropoda, though far from scarce, are less common—forms of Cerithium, Turritella, and
Natica being perhaps the most prevalent. Operculina is noticed as the common genus
of Foraminifera. Blanford noticed that the fauna differed from that of the Nummu-
litic rocks and that several of the fossils appeared to be identical with forms now living
in the neighbouring seas. Subsequently, in the ‘Manual of the Geology of India,’
p- 470, he showed that the Makrdn group was probably a marine representative of the
Siwalik or Manchhar beds of Sind and northern India. Some of the Makran beds
were upheaved at least 2000 feet after the close of their deposition, and the upheaval
progressed during the formation of the Littoral concrete.

The other localities where this formation is seen and where Echinoidea have been
found are. Henjam Island and Kharak Island, in the Persian Gulf. Although there
can be little doubt that the rocks at both these localities belong to the same series as
those of the Makran coast, the precise horizon may be slightly different, perhaps rather
higher.

So far as the Echinodermata are concerned, no older Tertiary species are found in
the Makran beds, and the Gaj fauna of Sind and of Kachh and Kattywar has but
one doubtful representative in them *. The facies is more recent than Miocene, most
of the species being closely allied to recent forms, and the genera are all represented
in the Asiatic and Australian seas.

The deposit in which the Echinoidea were collected was a shallow-water one, and
most of the specimens are broken, and many are imbedded in a sandy matrix full of
comminuted shallow-water shells.

The forms of Echinoidea which were collected and sent to us by the Geological
Survey of India are all generically, but not always specifically, determinable, and we
have carefully avoided giving a specific name to imperfect specimens.

Il. List of the Fossil Echinoidea of the Makrén Series.

Order ECHINOIDEA ENDOCYCLICA.
Family CIDARIDZZ,

Genus Crpazis, Klein, 1784.
Cidaris, sp. (Goniocidaris ?): p. 372.
, 8p.: p. 373,

 

* One of the Cidaride is possibly common to the deposits.
OF THE MAKRAN SERIES. 871

Family TEMNOPLEURIDA.

Genus Satmacts, Agassiz, 1841.

Salmacis, sp.: p. 374.

Genus TEMNOPLEURUS, Agassiz, 1841.

Temnopleurus simplex, Duncan & Sladen: p. 375.

Order ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.
Suborder GNATHOSTOMATA.
Family CLYPEASTRIDZ.
Subfamily EUCIYPEASTEIN &.
Genus CrypEaster, Lamarck, 1801.
Clypeaster suffarcinatus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 376.
Subfamily LAGANIN &,
Genus Lacanum, Klein, 17384.
Laganum tumidum, Duncan & Sladen: p. 879.
Family SCUTELLIDZ..

Genus Ecarnopiscus, Breyn., emend.

Echinodiscus auritus, Leske, a variety: p. 381.

Suborder ATELOSTOMATA.
Family SPATANGIDA,
Subfamily SPATANGIN &.

Genus ScHIZASTER, Agassiz, 1836.

Schizaster, sp.: p. 381.

Genus Breynta, Desor, 1847.

Breynia, sp.?, young: p. 381.

List of the determined Species.

. Temnopleurus simplex, Duncan & Sladen: p. 375..
. Clypeaster suffarcinatus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 376.
. Laganum tumidum, Duncan g& Sladen: p. 379.

. Echinodiscus auritus, Leske, var.: p. 381.

PRO bd

List of Forms not identified.

. Cidaris, sp. (Goniocidaris ?): p. 372.
-—, sp.: p. 373.

. Salmacis, sp.: p. 374.

. Schizaster, sp.: p. 381.

. Breynia? sp.: p. 381.

oR wo toe

352
372 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

1II. Description of the Species of Echinoidea.
Ordr ECHINOIDEA ENDOCYCLICA.

Family CIDARIDAA,

Genus CIDARIS, Klein, 1734.

1. Crparis, sp. (Gontocrparis?). Plate LVI, Figs. 1 & 2.

_ Several well-preserved fragments of a species of Cidaris are in the collection from
the Makrdn beds; but there is not sufficient material to give a specific character, and
indeed the generic position is doubtful.

Test tall; ambulacra wide and very slightly flexuous, with ten pairs of pores in
relation to a coronal plate at the ambitus.

Interporiferous part of the ambulacral plates as wide as the poriferous zone, but
it is low and ornamented with a small secondary tubercle close to the poriferous zone
and with three small granules, two of which are usually in a line and nearer the adoral
margin of the plate than the aboral. Sometimes there is a small tubercle placed
aborally to the second tubercle. ‘The small secondary is in continuation with. the ridge
which separates the pairs of pores. The adoral pore is usually the larger of the two,
and there is a distinct and broad partition, convex from above downwards, between the
pores of a pair.

The interradial plates are broader than high, the height diminishing towards
the peristome, and the elliptical shape of the scrobicules increases from the ambitus in
both directions. The slope of the coronal plates to the median suture of the inter-
radium is decided, and there is some sinking at the suture. Sometimes there is a
distinct sutural groove between the successive coronal plates. The scrobicular margins
are perfect, and are surrounded by a row of small secondaries with rounded mamelons,
and usually they are small actinally and abactinally to the scrobicule and separated all
round the circle by large granules. The boss.is lowand has a wide grooved collar; the
mamelon is hemispherical and has a wide neck. There is perforation but not crenulation.
There is some sinking of the plates within the raised scrobicular margin. Between the
scrobicular circle and the poriferous zone, there is a small row of secondaries close to
the larger series and also some granules, and on the other side at least three rows of
granules are developed between the circle and the sunken median suture, and on a
rather tumid and sloping part of the plates.

Locality. Henjam Island, Persian Gulf. Makran deposits. Survey-number G 282.

Illustrations of the Specimen in Plate LVI.

Fig. 1. A part of a test: natural size.
2. Ambulacral plates: magnified.
OF THE MAKRAN SERIES. 373

This is the form of Cidaris which approaches Goniocidaris, and was noticed in
the Description of the Fossil Echinoidea of Kachh and Kattywar, one of which appears
to be a true Goniocidaris (*Tert. Foss. Echin. Kachh and Kattywar,” Pal. Ind.
Ser. XIV. 1883, p. 52).

The broad median area, moderately crowded with very small tubercles and
granules, is very distinctive ; but there is much variation in regard to the amount of
sinking and doubtful pitting at the angles of the median suture. Ina fragment of a
large individual there is barely any sinking whatever, and nothing to raise doubts
about the form being a Cidaris, except the broad interporiferous zone. On the other
hand a slightly smaller form, which approaches the type very closely, has great
affinities with Goniocidaris.

The numerous spines which come from the same locality as these fragments are
all more like those of recent species of Goniocidaris than of Cidaris.

2. Crparis, sp. Plate LVI, Fig. 3.

There is a well-preserved fragment of a small Cidaris, which although having
affinities with the species just described, is to be distinguished by the absence of the
well-developed slope of the coronal plates, from the ring of small tubercles around the
scrobicular margin to the median line. In the species noticed above this surface is
covered with at least three rows of differently developed granules; but in the present
instance the rows are wanting, and the tubercles around the elliptical scrobicular circle
have a row of large granules on a narrow surface between them and the well-indented
vertical sutures. Moreover, the line of secondary tubercles between the successive
vertical tubercles is sometimes absent and the scrobicules are continuous, or there is
but one, and not a very well-developed, row of secondaries in that position.

The interporiferous part of an ambulacral plate is narrower than the poriferous
portion, and carries a small tubercle close to the adoral pore; beyond is a smaller one,
and near the ambitus there may be one or two granules between the last-mentioned

tubercle and the median line.
Locality. Henjam Island, Persian Gulf. Makradn deposits. Survey-number

362
G 382,

Illustration of the Specimen in Plate LVI.
Fig. 8. Coronal plates: magnified.

Springs or Crparip&. Plate LVII.

Spines of species of more than one genus of the family Cidaride are common in
the white calcareous deposit, and they are not found in quite a perfect condition, for
the tops of the spinules on them are broken off. Most of the spines are short, large,
and more or less compressed, and they may be grouped into three sets.

1. Spines not very tall, cylindrical, irregularly and strongly spinulose, expanding
slightly at the summit, where there is a shallow hollow surrounded with spinules.
374 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

One side of the spine is granulated and free from spinules, and the other has them and
also faint granulation. Figs. 1, 2, & 14.

2. Tall compressed spines more or less wedge-shaped, with a considerable
expansion at the summit where the hollowing is considerable, and the crown of
spinules is large. Granules only on one side of the spine, and spinules on the other.
Figs. 8 to 9 and 12 & 13.

3. Short narrow-based spines which expand suddenly, and have a wide and deep
hollow at the summit surrounded by long spinules. Granulation distinct on one side
of the spine. Figs. 10 & 11.

In all these forms the articular facette is smooth and small for the size of the
spines ; there is a slight ring to the cylindrical bouton, which is usually crenulated on
one side. The collerette is smooth and pronounced.

Late researches by A. Agassiz have shown that there is a much greater diversity
of spines in the same species than was formerly acknowledged, and it is therefore not
safe to name forms from the characters of their spines only. Nevertheless, the
resemblance of the spines figured by us to some of those already noticed in describing
the Fossil Echinoidea of Kachh and Kattywar is unquestionable; and they are found
in deposits with a Goniocidaris *. The similarity of some of the spines to those of
Goniocidaris drawn by A. Agassiz in the “ Challenger Echinoidea” is very close +.

_ Locality. Henjam Island, Persian Gulf. Makrén deposits. Survey-number
G 382,

Family TEMNOPLEURID&.
Genus SALMACIS, Agassiz, 1841.
1. Saumacis, sp. Plate LVI, Fig. 4.

Fragments of a test of an undescribed species of Salmacis occur, which is
characterized by the presence of three vertical rows of tubercles on each part of the
interradia on either side of the median line, at and below the ambitus. ‘There are
small secondaries on the coronal plate close to the poriferous zones. There are two
rows of large tubercles within the ambulacra; they are separated by low granules, and
there is a small secondary on the angle of each plate near the median line. The cuts
are small. ;

The form is more closely allied to Salmacis Dussumieri, Agass., than to .Salmacis
bicolor, Agass.

Locality. Makran coast deposits. Survey-number ?

Lllustration of the Specimen in Plate LVI.

Fig. 4. Part of the test: magnified.

* Pal. Ind. Ser. XIV. 1883, pl. viii, figs. 9-14.
T ‘Report on the Echinoidea of the Challenger Expedition,’ plate i.
OF THE MAKRAN SERIES. 375

Genus TEMNOPLEURUS, Agassiz, 1841.

The distinctions between this genus and Temnechinus, Forbes, have been considered
on a former page in criticizing the zoological position of the forms which were included
in Temnopleurus by d’Archiac and Haime (Part ii, page 36). There isno doubt that
a fossil Temnopleurus occurs in the Indian Tertiaries, for there are numerous parts of
tests of a species of the genus in the Makrén deposits. Unfortunately the apica]
system is wanting in all; but the peristome and the ornamentation, which give good
‘specific distinctions, are present. The species is not without its affinities with Salmacis.

1. TEMNOPLEURUS SIMPLEX, Duncan & Sladen. Plate LVI, Figs. 5-7.

The test is broader than high, broadest at the ambitus, which is situated close to
the resting base, depressed and conical abactinally, tumid at the margin. Actinally
rather tumid, and sloping upwards around the very small and slightly cut peristome.
Ambulacra narrow. The pairs of pores are in simple series, there are three pairs to
each plate, and they are separated by well-developed convex-topped costz which
terminate either in small tubercles or in granules. ‘The pores are on the actinal
surface of the costal ridges. The arrangement of the three pairs of pores to each
plate is slightly pronounced, and there is barely a trace of a curving. The ambulacral
plates are broader than high, and each has a primary tubercle which is crenulate and
imperforate, and is surrounded by a circle of granules, there being also a small
secondary at the aboral angle near the pores. The pits at the angles of the plates are
small and the furrows over the transverse sutures are small, or they may be absent in
young forms.

The interradial plates have only one tubercle on each, but there is sometimes a
secondary at the inner angle as. well as at the poriferous side, and a ring of granules
surrounds the primary and separates it from the secondaries. The shape and size of
the interradial and ambulacral tubercles is much the same.

There are numerous small granules and very small secondaries at the median line,
and the surface is depressed there near the apex. Median furrow distinct, but the
pits and furrows in relation to the transverse sutures are slight. With growth, the
larger specimens have a barer median area and more distinct pits.

Dimensions. Breadth 25, 19, and 18 millim.; 13 and 10 millim. high. Peristome
only 5°5 millim. broad.

Locality. Ras Malan, Makran coast. Survey-number G 382.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate LVI.

Fig. 5. The test: natural size.
6. Part of the test near the peristome: magnified.
7. Ambulacral plate: magnified.
376 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Order ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.

Suborder GNATHOSTOMATA.
Family CLY PEASTRIDA.

Subfamily EUCLYPEASTRINZ,
Genus CLYPEASTER, Lamarck, 1801.

1. Crypeaster suFFaRcINATUS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate LVIII, Figs. 1-5.

Marginal contour subpentagonal, with the angles full and well rounded, their
prominence being emphasized by a well-defined reentering curvature in the paired
interradia, the lateral being the deepest; the odd posterior interradium is usually
truncate, though in some examples slightly reentering. The contour is thus remark-
ably undulating, and is subject to considerable variation. The length is greater than
the breadth in the proportion of 1:0°872; and the greatest breadth is opposite the
extremity of the antero-lateral petals; the breadth across the test opposite the
extremity of the postero-lateral petals is distinctly smaller, and the intervening area of
the margin is deeply incurved. The margin is thin and rounded, thicker anteriorly than
elsewhere, but shows scarcely any undulation, in consequence of the generally level
‘character of the abactinal surface between the margin and the area of the petals. The
abactinal surface passes from the margin with a gentle slope, having a very small angle
of declivity until it reaches the area of the petals, where it rises rather abruptly at a
steeper angle to form a convex dome, which comprises the whole region of the petals.
Seen in longitudinal profile the posterior declivity of the dome is more rapid than the
anterior, and whilst a portion of the test from the dome to the margin forms a gentle
slope posteriorly, it is nearly level and subtumid anteriorly. The summit of the dome
appears in this view slightly truncate, and this truncate area slopes slightly to the front,
the greatest height of the test being excentral and situated at a little distance behind
the apical disk.

The apical disk is subcentral. The ambulacral petals are moderately long, wide,
petaloid, elliptically ovate in outline, completely closed at the outer extremity, and
more or less tumid, sometimes prominently so. The odd anterior and the postero-
lateral ambulacra are of equal length, and longer than the antero-lateral pair. All are
subequal in width. The greatest width of the paired petals lies a little further
outward than midway between the extremities of the petal, and is very nearly half the
length, the actual dimensions of the postero-lateral petal in the specimen under de-
scription being 30 millim. long, and its greatest breadth 14-5 millim. ‘The poriferous
zones are wide, increasing gradually from the apex up to the commencement of the
outer third, where the maximum breadth is reached ; they then decrease slowly and
gradually to the extremity, where they are still wide ; the two zones of a petal trending
towards one another with a well-rounded curvature, until they meet and completely
OF THE MAKRAN SERIES. 377

close the outer extremity of the petal, the outer series of pores marking a well-defined,
rounded, but slightly elliptical, outline at the end of the petal. The inner pores are
round, and the outer pores are often very slightly oval or subpyriform ; they are united
by a distinct, but very shallow, conjugating furrow, and the broad intermediate coste are
ornamented with a row of 3-5 small scrobiculated tubercles rather widely spaced, and
with small intervening granules in serial line. The broadest part of the poriferous
zone is 3°5 millim., and is very little wider than one third the interporiferous area at
that place. The widest part of the interporiferous area is at the same place, and
measures 9 millim. in the postero-lateral petals, and a trifle less in the anterior pair.
The odd anterior petal has a rather fuller and more rounded appearance at the
extremity than the others, in consequence of maintaining its greatest breadth undi-
minished rather further outwards than is the case in the paired petals. The distance
of the antero-lateral petals from the margin is rather more than half their length, and
that of the postero-lateral pair slightly greater; and the distance of the odd anterior is
greater than that of the anterior pair, but less than that of the posterior pair.

The interradial areas are narrow and band-like towards the apex, in consequence of
the size of the petals. The ornamentation of the interradia on the outer part consists
of very small primary scrobiculated tubercles, widely spaced, with the smallest inter-
spaces distinctly greater than the diameter of the scrobicules, and others not unfre-
quently twice as great or even more. The interspaces are ornamented with very
minute and very widely spaced miliary granules, which have the appearance of standing
on a level surface. The ornamentation of the interporiferous areas is much more
crowded in every respect, and has consequently an altogether different facies, the
elements of its composition being, however, the same as those just noticed. On the
actinal surface the primary scrobiculated tubercles are larger along the median area of
the interradia, and are widely spaced there. The tubercles diminish greatly in size
along the margins of the deep ambulacral furrows.

The actinal surface is subplane, and rather abruptly depressed subcentrally to form
a moderately deep, but not widely extending cavity, in which the peristome is situated ;
the interradia at the brink of the concavity having a puffed up or pulvinate appearance,
which is further emphasized by the deep but narrow furrows of the ambulacra.. These
extend from the peristome up to within a very short distance from the margin ; and in
some examples a faint continuation may be traced up to the extreme margin. In
large examples the interradial plates have their transverse sutures very faintly
channelled for some distance from the ambulacral furrow and the surface of the plates
is faintly tumid—characters which, together with the small tuberculation above noticed,
give a very ornate appearance to the actinal surface.

The peristome is small and subcircular, sometimes with a faint tendency to a
decagonal form. The periproct is small and circular, situated rather less than its own
diameter away from the margin.

Variations. In general structure this species appears:to be more constant than
usual in the genus; there is, however, considerable variation in the marginal contour,
and this, at first sight, leads to the supposition that the form is more variable as a whole

3F
378 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

than it really is. In some examples the interradial incurvature of the margin is only
slight, and the general outline is more oval than pentagonal, and these appear to be
smaller examples; in others again the breadth is nearly equal to the length. The
height and development of the dome varies greatly in different specimens even of. the
same size. Not unfrequently examples show some irregularity in the form of the out-
line; one of these has been figured in Plate LVIII, but the test otherwise is perfectly
typical in character and is beautifully preserved.

Remarks. In many respects this species recalls C. profundus (d’Arch.), nobis ; but
is distinguished by the strongly incurved margins of the interradia, by the closed petals,
which have also poriferous zones of different form, by the less abruptly rising dome,
and by the subplane actinal surface, with the abruptly depressed subcentral concavity ;
the character of the tuberculation is also different. The present form is very nearly
allied to C. placunarius, Agass. (C. humile, Klein, pars), the living representative of
which occurs in the Indian Ocean. The fossil is, however, distinguished by the more
prominent anterior radius, by broader petals which are less fully rounded at the extre-
mity, by the greater width and tumidity of the interporiferous area, and by the more
or less abrupt and conspicuous dome, as well as the widely-spaced ornamentation. The
closed petals are very characteristic of C. suffarcinatus. It is distinguished from
C. latus, Herklots, from the Tertiaries of Java (which Michelin has united to C. placu-
narius), by the more elongate and inflated petals, the narrower poriferous zone, and the
apparently different margin of the test. Our form has also some alliances with the
living C. subdepressus (Gray), Agass.; but the characters above noted will suffice to
distinguish it. It is, however, unquestionably more nearly related to the living than to
any of the fossil species.

Dimensions.
millim. millim. millim,
Length of the test . . . 90 94 99
Breadth of the test . . . 3 77°5 82 91
Height of the test . . . 18 20 24

Locality. Kharak Island, Persian Gulf, near Bushire. Survey number G 382,

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate LVITI.

. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.

. Actinal view of the test: natural size.

. Profile view of the test: natural size.

. Part of an ambulacral area and adjacent interradiun : magnified.
. Part of the margin of the peristome: magnified.

Fig.

wo =

ov Re 09
OF THE MAKRAN SERIES. 379

Subfamily LAGANINA,

The Laganide, as amended by Alex. Agassiz (Rev. Echini, p. 516), were charac-
terized by him as follows:—“ In this subfamily the connection between the two floors
is made by walls running parallel to the edge of the test ; well-developed buccal tubes ;
petals lanceolate ; interambulacra extremely narrow on the actinal side of the test;
ambulacral furrows straight, and outline more or less pentagonal.”

Genus LAGANUM, Klein, 1734.
1. Lacanum tumipum, Duncan & Sladen. Plate LVIII, Figs. 6-10.

Marginal contour subpentagonal, with the angles well rounded, or sometimes with
a tendency to an oval form. The length is greater than the breadth in the proportion
of 1: 0-957; and the greatest breadth is in a line with the termination of the antero-
lateral petals. The general form is depressed, but the edges are thick and swollen,
forming a broad tumid border to the abactinal surface, between which and the slightly
convex central region there is a distinct depression. The tumid border has the
appearance of being bevelled towards the margin, and the summit of the test is only
very slightly higher than the tumid border. The actinal surface is subplane, or very
faintly concave, slightly and abruptly depressed round the peristome.

The apical system is subcentral and small, having its central area ornamented with
small scrobiculated tubercles, and the madreporiform cleft sigmoid or flexuous in out-
line. The ocular pores are very small and frequently placed at the side of a small
tubercular elevation. The ambulacral petals are long, and extend up to the flank of
the tumid border; they are lanceolate in outline, the zones converging towards the
outer extremity, which is almost closed, in fact in some examples may be described as
completely so. At the apical extremity the petals appear wide and open. Sometimes
the interporiferous area is faintly inflated, especially near the apical end. The odd
anterior petal and the postero-lateral pair are subequal in length, and slightly longer
than the antero-lateral pair, and the odd anterior is sometimes slightly narrower than
the other petals, but not invariably so. The greatest width of the paired petals is
rather nearer the apex than midway between the extremities, and is proportional to
the length as 2:5, the actual dimensions of the postero-lateral petal in the type
specimen being 15 millim. long, and its greatest breadth 6 millim. The poriferous
zones are narrow at the apical extremity, but increase rapidly in width as they proceed
outwards, and decrease again, but only slightly, along the outer third or fourth of the
zone. Both the inner and the outer pores are small and subpyriform, and are united
by a distinct but very narrow conjugating furrow ; the intermediate costae are low and
comparatively broad, and are ornamented with 2-3 small scrobiculated tubercles and
some minute miliary granules forming a serial line ; sometimes the primary tubercles
are aborted, and there is then a single line of miliaries. The broadest part of the pori-
ferous zone is 1°6 millim., and is more than half the width of the interporiferous area
at that place, which is rather nearer the outer end than midway between the extremities.
380 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

The widest part of the interporiferous area lies within the apical third of the petal and
measures 3°5 millim., and the area contracts very slightly towards the apex.

The interradial areas are very narrow and band-like near the apex, and are
extremely narrow on the actinal surface. The ornamentation consists of very small
scrobiculated tubercles widely spaced, the intervening surface covered with very small
uniform miliary granules comparatively widely spaced. The scrobicules of the inter-
poriferous areas are more closely placed than in the interradial areas; and the
primary tubercles on the actinal surface are slightly larger than on the abactinal
surface, but decrease in size as they approach the median radial furrow.

The peristome is very small and subcircular, with a faint decagonal tendency, and
the surrounding test is slightly but abruptly depressed towards its margin, forming a
steeply inclined bevel. Along the median radial lines is a well-defined but rather
shallow furrow, which extends from the peristome nearly to the margin, dying out
gradually. At the extremity of each groove in the inclined peristomial margin is a
pair of well-developed buccal pores; and behind these, along the median radial line of
the furrow, there is frequently a uniserial line of granules extending for a considerable
distance from the peristome; but they are not always present.

The periproct is small and circular, very nearly as large as the peristome, and the
space between the outer edge of the aperture and the posterior margin of the test is
exactly one third of the distance between the margin and the peristome.

In broken tests the internal columnar walls running parallel to the margin, which

-are characteristic of the genus Laganum, are well seen.

Variations and young Stages. The general characters of this species are on the
whole remarkably constant, though naturally a certain amount of variation may be
observed in a large series. This chiefly affects the marginal contour, and the amount
and character of the marginal tumidity, and is probably in great part associated with
the varying stages of growth—smaller examples being less strikingly pentagonal, and
with a more or less definite tendency to a suboval contour; in these, again, the tumid
border, though still definite, is less developed, and, instead of showing the bevel to the
margin so characteristic of large specimens, is more tumidly rounded. In the smallest
examples the convexity and height of the central region of the abactinal surface is
proportionally slightly greater than in the adult forms, and sometimes also the con-
cavity of the actinal surface is more noticeable. On the whole, however, the characters
of the young form are so well defined, that there is no difficulty in recognizing the
species in small examples 15 millim. in length.

Remarks. The form which appears to be the most nearly related to this species is
the living L. depressum, from which, however, it is readily distinguished by its greater
thickness, by the remarkably tumid border, by the greater prominence of the margin
anteriorly, and by the well-rounded posterior radial angles.

Dimensions. Length of the test 47 millim., breadth 45 millim. » height 10 millim.

Locality. Kharak Island. Steveymimber G 362,
OF THE MAKRAN SERIES. 381

Illustrations of the Species in Plate LVIII.

Fig. 6. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.
7. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
8. Apical system: magnified.
9. Ornamentation of the abactinal surface: magnified.
10. Portion of the test in the region of the peristome: magnified.

Family SCUTELLIDA.
Genus ECHINODISOUS, Breynius (Leske emend.).

We follow the description of this genus which is contained in the ‘ Revision’ by
A. Agassiz, p. 531.

There is a large, but unfortunately incomplete, form in the collection which differs
very slightly from Echinodiscus auritus, Leske. The length is, however, slightly in
excess of the breadth, and the postero-lateral expansion is only slight.

1. Ecuinopiscus auritus, Leske, var.
Locality. Kharak Island. Survey-number G 22.

Family SPATANGIDZ.
Subfamily SPATANGING.

Many fragments of Echinoidea belonging to this subfamily occur; but none are
sufficient to enable us to give a generic or a specific name to them. The only form
which may be named with doubt is a very interesting one, for it has the character of a
young Breynia. It has six tubercles in a lateral interradium and the peculiar ambulacra
of the genus; but no fascioles exist, and the greater part of the apical system is
covered with a very adherent matrix.

Locality. Henjam Island. Survey-number G 482.

IV. Remarks on the Species.

The species of Cidaris from the Persian Gulf are very modern-looking, and one
which has Goniocidaridean alliances is very probably the same as Goniocidaris affinis,
nobis, from the Miocene of Kachh. There are some doubtful points about the species,
however, and we have not thought it advisable to give the specimen a name. It appears
to be an extinct form. The true Cidaris from the Makran beds is allied to the Miocene
species of Kachh and Kattywar, and somewhat to those of Gaj; but the species has its
characteristics, and when a perfect specimen is found, doubtless the affinity will be
shown to be with the Tertiary rather than with the recent species.

The numerous radioles indicate a number of Goniocidaris-like forms, and we
regret the meagre nature of the collection of tests.

It is interesting to find parts of such a fragile urchin as a Salmacis in the col-
3G
/
382 THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA OF THE MAKRAN SERIES.

lection, and the species is allied to S. Dussumieri, Agass. The small Temnopleuri are
common, and the species is nearly allied to Salmacis in its affinities, although it is
a true Temnopleurus. But it is an extinct form with small sutural grooves.

The species of Clypeaster described is very common at Khérak Island and charac-
terizes the deposit. It is not a recent form, but is closely allied to C. placunarius,
Agass., and to C. subdepressus, Gray. The closed condition of the petals is interesting.
A Laganum is very common, and is distinguished from the living species L. depressum by
a remarkable tumid border. The Echinodisci are fragmentary, and one must be associ-
ated with H. auritus. These forms, taken with the fragmentary and unsatisfactory
Spatangoids, give a comparatively recent appearance to the fauna and its facies, which
is certainly younger than that of the Miocene deposits of Western India.
Figure 1.

N QO o P WwW WO

13.

14.

15.
16.

VI. Description of the Plates.

PLATE I.

Ciparis LacrymuLa, Duncan and Sladen (page 8). The test seen in profile, natural
size.

. The same, magnified.

. A portion of the ambulacral area, magnified.

. Profile outline of the same.

. Interambulacral plate, magnified.

. A primary tubercle seen in profile, magnified.

. A portion of the scrobicular ring, showing the shield-shaped boss of the tubercle and the

tear-shaped mamelon, magnified.

. PLestotampas ELoNGATA, Duncan and Sladen (page 10). Abactinal aspect of the test,

natural size.

. Actinal aspect of the test, natural size.
10.
ll.
12.

Outline of the longitudinal profile of the test.

Outline of the transverse profile of the test.

Apical system, magnified.

A portion of the ambulacral and interambulacral areas, magnified.
The part of an ambulacrum near the peristome, magnified.
Tubercles on the actinal surface, magnified.

Tubercles near the ambitus, magnified.
 

Pe

 

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PLATE II.

Figure 1. Ecninantaus puminus, Duncan and Sladen (page 13). Actinal aspect of the test,
natural size.

Abactinal aspect of the test, natural size.

Profile view of the test, showing the posterior extremity, natural size.

Outline of the transverse profile of the test.

Apical system, magnified.

Apical system from another specimen, considerably weathered, magnified.

. Peristome and floscelle of the same specimen as Figs. 1-5, magnified.

Tuberculation of the abactinal surface, magnified.

. Tuberculation of the actinal surface, just below the ambitus, magnified.

Hw

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Figure 1.

OC HMNAMR WW

10.

12.

18.

14.
15.
16.
17.

PLATE III.

Ecuinanraus Pumitus, Duncan and Sladen (page 18). Abactinal aspect of the test,

natural size.

. Longitudinal profile of the same, natural size.

Transverse profile of the same, showing the posterior extremity, natural size.

. One of the ambulacral petals, magnified.

The two posterior phyllodes of the floscelle, magnified.
Longitudinal profile of another specimen, natural size.
Transverse profile of the same, showing the posterior extremity, natural size.

. Actinal aspect of another specimen, natural size.
. Portion of the margin of the peristome of the same, showing the oral termination of the

ambulacra and the formation of the phyllode, denuded of ornament, magnified.
Actinal aspect of another specimen, natural size.

. Portion of the margin of the peristome of the same, seen obliquely, denuded of ornament,

magnified.
Abactinal aspect of the test of a small specimen with well-developed keel, natural size.
Longitudinal profile of the same, natural size.
Transverse profile of the same, showing the posterior extremity, natural size.
Abactinal aspect of the test of a small specimen, natural size.
Abactinal aspect of the test of a still smaller specimen, natural size.
Three odd anterior ambulacra, magnified.
 
Figure 1.

NOOR WD

oOo 7

10.
ll.

PLATE IV.

Lintyia Sinprnsis, Duncan and Sladen (page 18). Abactinal aspect of the test,
natural size.

. Longitudinal profile of the same, natural size.

Transverse profile of the same, showing the posterior extremity, natural size.
Outline of the transverse profile of the test, natural size.
Apical system, magnified.

. Apical extremity of the odd anterior ambulacrum, more highly magnified.
. Portion of the test, showing the passage of the peripetalous fasciole near the extremity

of a petal, magnified.

. Portion of the test, showing the ornamentation near the lateral fasciole, magnified.
. One of the large tubercles on the actinal surface, magnified.

Tubercles of the abactinal surface, magnified.
Profile view of the same, magnified.
   
 
  

  

beth,

ah:

    
Figure 1.

10.
ll.

12.

CONATR HW

PLATE V.

Ciparis, sp. (page 25). An interradial plate, magnified.

. A section of a plate, magnified.
. A portion of an ambulacrum, magnified.
. PHyLuacanruvus, sp. (page 28). Part of a test, natural size.

A plate, magnified.
Ciparis Verneviti, D’Archiac and Haime (page 26). A plate, natural size.
A plate, magnified.

. A section of a plate.

Puytiacantuus Ranixori, Duncan and Sladen (page 27). The plates, natural size.
An interradial plate, with a portion of an ambulacrum, magnified.

Puyiiacantuus Sinpensis, Duncan and Sladen (page 27). A part of the test, natural
size.

A portion, magnified.
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Ns

 
PLATE VI.

Figure 1. Satenra Buanrorp1, Duncan and Sladen (page 29). The test, side view, natural size.
2. The apical system and upper surface of the test, magnified.

. A larger specimen showing the actinal surface, slightly magnified.

The abactinal surface, magnified.

A specimen, natural size.

. A portion of an ambulacrum, magnified.

. Three plates in the interradium with tubercles, magnified.

KIND MB ow

A young specimen, magnified.
 
Figure 1.

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PLATE VII.

CypHOsOMA ABNORMALE, Duncan and Sladen (page 32). The side view of a large
specimen, natural size.

The abactinal surface, slightly magnified.

A small specimen, magnified 2 diameters.

An ambulacrum of the large specimen (Fig. 1), magnified.

Interradial tubercles and pores of the smaller specimen (Figure 3), near the ambitus,
magnified,

The poriferous zone and the adjoining ambulacral and interradial plates near the
peristome of the larger specimen, magnified.

. An interradial tubercle and plate of the large specimen, magnified.

A young specimen, natural size.

. The poriferous zone and adjoining ambulacral and interradial plates of Figure 8,

magnified.
 
Figure 1.

PLATE VIII.

ACANTHECHINUS NoDULOsUs, Duncan and Sladen (page 34). The test, natural size.

. Ambulacral and interradial plates near the ambitus, magnified.
. A primary tubercle, magnified.

Eurypneustes cranpis, Duncan and Sladen (page 46). Fragment of the test, natural size.
Ambulacral and interambulacral plates, magnified.

AXoLopnevstes DE Lorioxi, Duncan and Sladen (page 48). Actinal view of the specimen,
natural size.

Outline of the profile of the test.
Ambulacral and interambulacral plates, magnified.

. A portion near the peristome, showing the cuts, magnified.
 

 
Figure 1.

wran»nrpanw

PLATE IX.

DictyorLeurRus ziczac, Duncan and Sladen (page 38), natural size.

. The apical system, magnified.
. Part of an ambulacrum and interambulacrum, magnified.
. DicryopLeurus Harmzt, Duncan and Sladen (page 39), natural size.

Part of an ambulacrum and interambulacrum, magnified.

. ARACHNIOPLEURUS RETICULATUS, Duncan and Sladen (page 42), natural size.
. Part of an ambulacrum and interambulacrum, magnified.
. Some ridges near the apical system, magnified.
z
2
it
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r
3
Q

 
Figure 1.

CeN ATE ww

10.

12.
138.
14.

PLATE X.

Procgonecuinus Eocenicus, Duncan and Sladen (page 48), natural size.

. An ambulacrum and part of an interradium, magnified.
. A portion of the test near the actinostome, magnified.
. A side view of the test, natural size.

Dicryoptevrvs D’ARcHtacI, Duncan and Sladen (page.41), natural size.
An ambulacrum and part of an interradium, magnified.
A weathered specimen, natural size.

. The same, part of an ambulacrum and interradium, magnified.
. A spine of a species of Crparis (page 50), natural size.

A portion, magnified.

. A spine of a species of Crparis (page 50), natural size.

A portion, magnified.
A small spine of a Crparts (page 50), natural size.
The ring around the cavity for the tubercle, showing incomplete crenulation, magnified.
 
PLATE XI.

Figures 1-11. Spines of Cidaride, genus Crparis, natural size. Figs. 5*, 10*, and 11*: Orna-
mentation, magnified. (Page 50.)
12. A spine of PorocipaRis, natural size. (Page 50.)
13. The same, magnified.
14-23. Spines of Puytiacantuus, natural size. Fig. 16*: Ornamentation, magnified.
(Page 50.)
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PLATE XII.

Figure 1. Conoctypeus Srnpensis, Duncan and Sladen (page 51). The test, from below, natural
size.

An end of an ambulacrum, slightly magnified.
The ornamentation of the test, magnified.

. Part of an ambulacrum, high up, magnified.
A specimen of a Conoctyrgus (?) (page 52), side view, natural size.

Its periproct, natural size.

Conoc.yPevus pecLivis, Duncan and Sladen (page 53). The test, natural size.
Puyiuociypeus (De Loriol’s genus), species unknown (page 54).

CNS Soe os

Phyllode, magnified.
 

 
Figure 1.

CMNHABRwWDW

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PLATE XIII.

PLESIOLAMPAS RosTRATA, Duncan and Sladen (page 61). The abactinal surface.

. The side view.

The periproct, natural size.

. Piestotampas PLacenta, Duncan and Sladen (page 54). Actinal surface.
. Another specimen, abactinal surface.
. Part of an ambulacrum, magnified.

The peristome, slightly magnified.
The peristomial margin, with an ambulacrum and faint bourrelets, magnified.

. The longitudinal outline.

PLESIOLAMPAS POLYGONALIS, Duncan and Sladen (page 61). The abactinal surface.

. The longitudinal outline.
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14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

PLATE XIV.

PLESIoLAMPAS PLACENTA, Duncan and Sladen (page 54). The rudimentary phyllode,
magnified.

PuestoLameas PR&LONGA, Duncan and Sladen (page 56). Actinal aspect of the test,
natural size.

. Apical disk and part of the surrounding portion of the abactinal surface, magnified.

Also a portion of the poriferous zone, more highly magnified.

. PLestotampas ovatis, Duncan and Sladen (page 58). Actinal aspect of the test,

natural size.

. Portion of the median granular band leading from the peristome to the periproct,

magnified.

. Outline of the longitudinal profile of the test.

. Abactinal aspect of another specimen, natural size.

. Apical disk and portion of the abactinal surface of another specimen, magnified.
. Abactinal aspect of the test of a young specimen, natural size.

10.
ll.
12.

Actinal aspect of the same, natural size.

Abactinal aspect of a young specimen, natural size.

Apical disk and surrounding portion of the abactinal surface of the same specimen,
magnified.

Outline of the longitudinal profile of the same specimen, natural size.

Actinal aspect of the test of a very young specimen, natural size.

Outline of the longitudinal profile of the same specimen, natural size.

Abactinal view of the test of the same specimen, natural size.

Peristome of a specimen one inch in length, magnified.

Apical disk and surrounding portion of the abactinal surface of the test of the same
specimen, magnified.

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13.
14.

PLATE XV.

Ruyncnoryeus Catperi, d’Archiac and Haime, sp. (page 67). Side view, natural
size.

. From behind, natural size.

. The odd ambulacrum, slightly magnified.

. The pitted structure of the actindl median area, magnified.

. RuyncHoryeus pyemaus, Duncan and Sladen (page 68). The test, from above, natural

size.
Part of the phyllode and pitted structure, magnified.

. CAsSIDULUS ELLIPTICUS, Duncan and Sladen (page 65). The test, from above, natural

size.

. The transverse section, natural size.
. The floscelle and ornamentation, magnified.

The ornamentation of part of an ambulacrum.

PaRaLaMPas PILEUS, Duncan and Sladen (page 73). The side view of the test, natural
size.

The posterior view, natural size.

The marginal outline, from the actinal side.

The abactinal area, magnified.
 

     
    

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PLATE XVI.

Neocatoryeus rotunpus, Duncan and Sladen (page 76).

natural size.

. The test, from below, natural size.
. The floscelle and peristome, magnified.
. A side view of the test, natural size.

The posterior view, magnified.
The transverse outline.

. The apical system, magnified.
. A small specimen, from above.

The ornamentation, magnified.
Part of an ambulacrum, magnified.

The test, from above,
 

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14.
15.

PLATE XVII.

ParaLAMPas MINOR, Duncan and Sladen (page 74). View from the side, natural size.

. View from behind, natural size.
. The apical system and petals, magnified.
. The peristome, magnified.

Ecuinantavus EnorMIs, Duncan and Sladen (page 64). A large specimen, side view,
natural size.

. A smaller specimen (the type), side view, natural size.
. The same from behind, natural size.
. The apical region, magnified.

The peristome, magnified.
Ornamentation, magnified.

. Eorampas antecursor, Duncan and Sladen (page 62). The side view, natural size.

From behind, natural size.

Outline of actinal surface, natural size.
The apical system and petals, magnified.
The peristome, magnified.
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PLATE XVIII.

Figure 1. Evruopia Morrisu, D’Archiac and Haime (page 70). The test, from above, natural
size.

Side view, natural size. *

Transverse outline.

Actinal surface, natural size.

. Apical system, magnified.

A portion of an ambulacrum, magnified.

. The peristome and its ornamentation, magnified.

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PLATE XIX.

PRENASTER OVIFORMIS, Duncan and Sladen (page 90). View from above, natural size.

. Actinal surface, natural size.

. Side view, natural size.

. Posterior view, natural size.

. Part of the odd anterior ambulacrum and ornamentation, magnified.

. Part of an antero-lateral ambulacrum, magnified.

. Hemisster eLoneatus, Duncan and Sladen (page 78). The test, from above, natural

size.

. Actinal surface, natural size.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.4 Outlines of the test of small specimens, from above, natural size.
14,
15.

The apical system, magnified.
Outline of side view of a specimen, natural size.
Part of the anterior ambulacrum, magnified.

The test, from behind, natural size.
 

 
 

 
PLATE XX.

Figure 1, Linraia Inpica, Duncan and Sladen, variety (page 82). Actinal view, natural size.
2. Side view, natural size. Specimen rather crushed.
2*, Outline of test, natural size.
3. Apical system, magnified. ;
4, Linraia Inptca, Duncan and Sladen, variety (page 82). Side view, natural size.
5. Lintaia Invica. Abactinal view, natural size.
6. Posterior view, natural size.
7. Young form. Side view, natural size.
8. Posterior view, natural size.
9. Lintuta, sp. (page 85). Abactinal surface, natural size.
10. ScuizasTER ALVEoLatus, Duncan and Sladen (page 87). From above, natural size.
11. Posterior view, natural size.
12. Ornamentation near the ambulacra, magnified.
13. Antero-lateral petal, magnified, showing fasciole.
14. Apical system of a specimen of a Scnizasrer from Kach, magnified ; but it is probable
that it is not of the same species as the above.
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14.

PLATE XX].

LeEiocrpaRis cANALIcuLaTa, Duncan and Sladen (page 109). The test seen in profile,
natural size.

. Actinal view of a part of the test, natural size.
. Plates of the interambulacral area, magnified.
. Ambulacral plates, a little above the ambitus, magnified.

Ambulacral plates from a larger specimen, at the ambitus, magnified.
Ideal section of an ambulacral area.

. A portion of a spine, magnified.

. A young specimen, seen in profile, magnified.

. Ambulacral plates from the same, magnified.

. Porocrparis aNomaza, Duncan and Sladen (page 113). The test seen in profile,

natural size.

. Actinal view of a part of the test, natural size.
. An interambulacral plate with the adjacent portion of the ambulacral area, magnified.

(The scrobicule ought to be more distinctly oval transversely than represented in this
figure, or in Figure 10.)

Ambulacral plates, magnified.
Outline of a fragment of a spine, slightly magnified.
 

 
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10.
ll.

12.
18.

14.

PLATE XXII.

Micropsis vENusTULA, Duncan and Sladen (page 119). Profile view of the test,
magnified x 2.

. Abactinal view of the test, natural size.

Actinal view of the test, showing peristome, natural size.
Abactinal view of the test of a pentagonal variety, natural size.
Apical disk, magnified x 7.

Ambulacral and interambulacral plates, magnified.

. Diagram of the poriferous plates of the ambulacral plate.
. CypHosoma Macrostoma, Duncan and Sladen (page 116). Profile view of the test,

natural size.
Actinal view of the test showing peristome, natural size.
Ambulacral and interambulacral plates, magnified.

Cypaosoma unpatum, Duncan and Sladen (page 117). Outline of the profile contour
of the test, natural size.

Ambulacral and interambulacral plates, magnified.

Temnecuinus Rovssgaur, d’Archiac, sp. (page 122) *: Profile view of the test,
magnified x 2.

Ambulacral and interambulacral plates, magnified.

* This species is probably included by accident in the Khirthar series.
 
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PLATE XXIII.

CoyoctyPeus atveoLatus, Duncan and Sladen (page 124). Abactinal view of the test,
natural size.

. Actinal view of the test, natural size.

. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

. A bourrelet and rudimentary phyllode, magnified.

. Terminal extremity of an ambulacral petal, magnified.

. Apical disk, magnified.

. ConociyPeus PIneuIs, Duncan and Sladen (page 126). Abactinal view of the test, natural

size.

. Actinal view of the test, natural size.

. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.
10.
11.

Terminal extremity of an ambulacral petal, magnified.
Apical disk, magnified.
Geol. Survey of India. Plate XXIII.

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PLATE XXIV.

Figure 1. Conociyrevs rostratus, Duncan and Sladen (page 128). Abactinal view of the test,
natural size. '
2 Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.
8. A portion of the left posterior ambulacral petal, at its widest part, magnified.
4. Terminal extremity of the same petal, magnified.
. ConocLyvevs caLeRus, Duncan and Sladen (page 129). Abactinal view of a fragmentary
test, natural size.
. Longitudinal profile of the same specimen, natural size.
Longitudinal profile of another test, natural size.
A portion of an ambulacral petal, at its widest part, magnified. (Same test as figs. 5 & 6.)
Terminal extremity of the same petal, magnified.

Diagram showing the arrangement of the ambulacral plates on the actinal surface, near
the peristome, magnified.

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12.
18.

14.

15.

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
2i.
22.
23.
24,
25.
26.

27,

28.
29.
30.

31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.

PLATE XXV.

8. Sismonp1a PotyMorpua, Duncan and Sladen (page 137). Abactinal view of a
series of specimens to show the variations of the marginal outline, natural size.

Abactinal view of the test of the same specimen as Fig. 8, magnified x 23.

Actinal view of the same specimen, magnified x 24.

Longitudinal profile of the same specimen, magnified x 24.

Apical disk and surrounding portions of the test, magnified.

Peristome and surrounding portions of the test, magnified.

Ecurnocyamus Nummuuiticus, Duncan and Sladen (page 132). Abactinal view,
natural size.

The same, magnified.

Actinal view of the test, magnified.

Longitudinal profile, magnified.

Transverse profile, magnified.

Apical disk and surrounding portions of the test, magnified.

Peristome and surrounding portions of test, magnified.

EcuinocYaMUS NUMMULITICUS, var. OBESUS (page 184). The test, natural size.

Abactinal view of the test, magnified.

Actinal view of the test, magnified.

Longitudinal profile, magnified.

EcuINocyaMUS NUMMULITICUS, var. OvIFORMIS (page 185). The test, natural size.

Abactinal view of the test, magnified.

Actinal view of the test, magnified.

Longitudinal profile, magnified.

EcuINocyaMUS NUMMULITICUS, Var. PLANUS (page 185). The test, natural size.

Abactinal view of the test, magnified.

Actinal view of the test, magnified.

Longitudinal profile, magnified.

Ecuinocyamus rorunpus, Duncan and Sladen (page 135). The test, natural size.

Abactinal view of the test, magnified x 4,

Actinal view of the test, magnified x 4.

Longitudinal profile, magnified x 4.

Apical disk, magnified.
Geol. Survey of India. Plate XXV.

 

Duncan & Sladen dir. A.S Foord lth. Minter
Mintern Bros. ump

Fossil Echineidea from Sind.

Khirthar Serves
Figure 1.

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10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

PLATE XXVI.

AMBLYPYGUsS sUBROTUNDUs, Duncan and Sladen (page 140). Abactinai view of the

test, natural size.

. Actinal view of the test, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

Apical'disk, from another specimen, slightly weather-worn, magnified.

Portion of the actinal surface of the same specimen, magnified.

Arrangement of the ambulacral plates near the middle of a petal, magnified.

Arrangement of the ambulacral plates near the ambitus, magnified.

Arrangement of the ambulacral plates on the actinal surface, midway between the
peristome and the margin, magnified.

Abactinal view of the test of a young specimen measuring 40 millim. in length,
natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the same specimen, natural size.

Abactinal view of the test of a young specimen measuring ‘58 millim., natural size.

Actinal view of the same specimen, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the same, natural size.

Var. conicus. Longitudinal profile, natural size.
Geol. Survey of Indiw. Plate XXVI.

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PLATE XXVII.

AMBLYPYGUS PATELL#YORMIS, Duncan and Sladen (page 144). Abactinal view of
the test, natural size.

. Actinal view of the test, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

AMBLYPyYGus TUMIDUs, Duncan and Sladen (page 146). Abactinal view of the test,
natural size.
Actinal view of the test, natural size.

. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.
. AmBLypyeus Latus, Duncan and Sladen (page 148). Abactinal view of the test,

natural size.

. Actinal view of the test, natural size.
. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.
Geol. Survey of India. Plate XXVII.

 

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imp

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10.
11.
12.

13.
14.
15.
16.

PLATE XXVIII.

Ecuinotampas roTunpa, Duncan and Sladen (page 152). Abactinai view of the
test, natural size.

. Actinal view of the test, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

. The apical disk, magnified.

. A portion of a petal, about midway between the extremity and the apex, magnified.
. The peristome and surrounding portions of the test, magnified. ‘

. Ecuinotampas susconica, Duncan and Sladen (page 155). Abactinal view of the

test, natural size.
Actinal view of the test, natural size.
Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.
The apical disk, magnified. .
A portion of a petal about midway between the extremities, magnified.

EcuinorampPas opesa, Duncan and Sladen (page 157). Abactinal view of the test,
natural size.

Actinal view of.the test, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

The apical disk, magnified.

A portion of a petal, about midway between the extremities, magnified.
Geol. Survey of Indi. Plate XXVIT.

 

Duncan & Sladen dir. A.S.Foord hth. Mintern Bros. imp

sl) Echinotdea trom Sind.

Khirthar Serves.

 
PLATE XXIX.

Figure 1. Ecutvotampas Sinpewsts, d’Archiac (page 159). Abactinal view of the test of a
large example, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the same specimen, natural size.

Abactinal view of a test of ordinary size, natural size.

. Actinal view of the same, natural size.

. Longitudinal profile of the same, natural size.

. Peristome and surrounding parts of the test from another specimen, magnified.

. A portion of the ambulacral area, near the middle of a petal, magnified.

. Abactinal view of the test of a young specimen, natural size.

. Actinal view of the same test, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the same, natural size.

. Ecuinotampas SINDENSIS, var. HEMISPH#ZRICA, Duncan and Sladen (page 163).

Abactinal view of the test, natural size.

12. Actinal view of the same, natural size.

13. Longitudinal profile of the same, natural size.

14. Longitudinal profile of another specimen, somewhat less tumid, natural size

15. Longitudinal profile of a large specimen, natural size.

16. Abactinal view of the test of a small specimen, natural size.

17. Longitudinal profile of the same, natural size.

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Plate XNIX.

Geol. Survey of India.

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14.
15.
16.

17.
18.

PLATE XXX.

. Ecurnotampas aNGusTIFoLIA, Duncan and Sladen (page 164). Abactinal view of

the test, natural size.

. Actinal view of the same, natural size.
. Longitudinal profile of the same, natural size.
. Actinal view of a smaller specimen, natural size.

Transverse profile of the same specimen, seen from behind, natural size.

. Abactinal view of the test of a young specimen, natural size.

Actinal view of the same, natural size.
Longitudinal profile of the same, natural size.
Transverse profile of the same, seen from behind, natural size.

. Peristome of the same specimen, magnified.
. Primary tubercles on the actinal surface of the same specimen, magnified.
. EcuinoLtampas NuMMutitica, Duncan and Sladen (page 167). Abactinal view of

the test, natural size.

Actinal view of the test, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

Actinal portion of the left anterior ambulacrum, magnified.

EcHINOLAMPAS JUVENILIS, Duncan and Sladen (page 170). Abactinal view of the
test, natural size.

Actinal view of the test, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.
Geol. Survey of Indio.

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13.
14,
15.

PLATE XXXI.

. Ecuinonampas, sp. Junior (page 174). Abactinal view of the test, natural size.

. Actinal view of the test, natural size.

. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

. Abactinal area, showing the petals, magnified.

. The peristome and surrounding portions of the test, magnified.

. EcH1InoLampas LEPADIFORMIS, Duncan and Sladen (page 172). Avbactinal view of the

test, natural size.

. Actinal view of the test, natural size.

. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

. Abactinal area, showing the petals, magnified.
10.
11.

The peristome and surrounding portions of the test, magnified.

Eotampas Excentricus, Duncan and Sladen (page 150). Abactinal view of the test,
natural size.

Actinal view of the test, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

Abactinal area, showing the petals, magnified.

The peristome and surrounding portions of the test, magnified.
Geol .Survey of India. Plate XXX.

 

Duncan & Sladen dir. A.S.Foord lith

Fosstl Echinoidea trom Sind.

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Figure 1.

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10.
11.
12.
138.
14.
15.
16.
17,
18.

PLATE XXXII.

Ecuinotampas £quivoca, Duncan and Sladen (page 173). Abactinal view of the test
natural size.

. Actinal view of the test, natural size.
. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

EcHINANTHUS INTERMEDIUS, Duncan and Sladen (page 177). Abactinal view of the test,
vatural size.

. Actinal view of the test, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.
Transverse profile, seen from behind, natural size.

. The peristome and surrounding portions of the test, magnified.

Inarionia Sinpensis, Duncan and Sladen (page 179). Abactinal view of the test, natural
size.

Actinal view of the test, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

Transverse profile, seen from behind, natural size.

Abactinal area, showing the petals, magnified.

The peristome and surrounding portions of the test, magnified.

Abactinal view of the test of another specimen, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the same test, natural size.

Abactinal view of the test of a small round example, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the same test, natural size.
Geol. Survey of India. Plate XXXV.

 

Mintern Bros. imp

Duncan & Sladen dir, A.S.Foord Kith.

Fossil Echinoidea trom Sind.
KHhirthar Servs.
Figure 1.

PLATE XXXIII.

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Ruyncuoryeus Cauperi, d’Archiac and Haime, sp. (page 184). Abactinal view of the
test, natural size.

la. Ambulacral petal, magnified.

arakaw

18.
19.
20.

. Longitudinal view of the same test, natural size.

. The same test seen from behind, natural size.

. Actinal view of another test, natural size.

. The peristome and surrounding portions, magnified.

Abactinal view of an abnormal specimen, in which the odd anterior ambulacrum is
aborted, natural size.

Ruyncnoryeus pyemzus, Duncan and Sladen (page 187). Abactinal view of the test,
natural size.

. Actinal view of the test, natural size.

. Longitudinal profile of the same test, natural size.
10.

ll.
12.
i3.
14.
15.
16.
17.

The same test seen from behind, natural size.

Abactinal view of the test of a large, widely expanded, high form, natural size.
Longitudinal profile of the same test as fig. 11, natural size.

Abactinal view of the test of another large form, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the same test as fig. 13, natural size.

Abactinal view of the test of a flat, depressed variety, natural size.
Longitudinal profile of the same test as fig. 15, natural size.

CassIDULUS SUBINVAGINATUS, Duncan and Sladen (page 182). Abactinal view of the
test, natural size.

Actinal view of the test, natural size.
Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.
The test seen from behind, natural size.
Plate XXXII.

Geol. Survey of Indiw.

 

14.

Mintern Bro’s imp

Duncan & Sladen dir. A.S.Foord lith.

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10.
11.
12.

13.
14.
15,

16,
17,

PLATE XXXIV.

Hemraster apicaLis, Duncan and Sladen (page 193). Abactinal view of the test, natural
size.

. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

. Front view of the test, natural size.

. Apical disk, magnified.

. Portion of the odd anterior ambulacrum, magnified.

. Portion of one of the antero-lateral petals, magnified.

. Ornamentation of the test near (above) the ambitus in one of the anterior interradia,

magnified.

. Hemiaster nopizis, Duncan and Sladen (page 196). Abactinal view of the test, natural

size.

Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

Portion of the odd anterior ambulacrum, magnified.

Portion of one of the antero-lateral petals, magnified.

Hemraster carinarus, Duncan and Sladen (page 198). Abactinal view of the test,
natural size.

Portion of the odd anterior ambulacrum, magnified.

Portion of one of the antero-lateral petals, magnified.

ScuizasTex stmutans, Duncan and Sladen (page 223). Abactinal view of the test,
natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

Gen. et sp. InDET. (page 241), Abactinal view of the test, natural size.
Geol. Survey of Indiw. Plate NNNIV.

 

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11.

12.

138.
14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.
20.

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

PLATE XXXV.

Morra primava, Duncan and Sladen (page 225)*. Abactinal view of the test, natural
size.

. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.
. Ornamentation of plates in the lateral interradium, magnified.

Hemuasster piconvs, d’Archiac (page 200). Abactinal view of the test, natural size.

. Actinal view of the test, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

. A portion of the abactinal surface, to show the apical disk, the ambulacral petals, and

the fasciole, magnified.

. Abactinal view of a test with very broad anterior groove, natural size.

. Abactinal view of a test, with apical disk very excentric posteriorly, natural size.
10.

Metatra Sowersyt, d’Archiac, sp. (page 206). Abactinal view of the test, natural size.

Actinal view of the test, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

A portion of the abactinal surface to show the apical disk and ambulacra, magnified.

Abactinal view of the test of a young specimen, natural size.

Actinal view of the same, natural size.

Longitudinal view of the same, natural size. :

Buissopsis surrtatus, Duncan and Sladen (page 203). Abactinal view of the test,
natural size. ‘

Actinal view of the test, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

A portion of the abactinal surface to show the apical disk and the ambulacral petals,
magnified.

Abactinal view of the test of a young example, natural size.

Actinal view of the same test, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the same, natural size.

A portion of the abactinal surface, magnified.

Hemraster, sp. (page 201). Abactinal view of the test, natural size.

Actinal view of the test, natural size.

* This species is probably included by accident in the Khirthar series.
Geol. Survey of Indiw. Plate XXXV.

 

Duncan & Sladen dir. A.S. Foard lith. Mintern Bros imp.

Fossil. Echinotdea from Sind.

Khirthar Serves
PLATE XXXVI.

Figure 1. Merauia scurtroris, d’Archiac, sp. (page 209). Abactinal view of the test, natural
size.
. Actinal view of the test, natural size.
. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.
. The apical disk, magnified.
. A portion of the abactinal surface, to show the antero-lateral petal and the fasciole, mag-
nified.
6. Merania scurirorais (?) var. Rorunpa, Duncan and Sladen (page 211). Abactinal view
of the test, natural size.
7. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.
8. Meraia perrussa, Duncan and.Sladen (page 211). Abactinal view of the test, natural
size.
9. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.
10. A portion of the abactinal surface, to show the apical disk, the ambulacral petals, and the
fasciole, magnified.
11. Merania acaricirormis, Duncan and Sladen (page 213). Abactinal view of the test,
natural size.
12. Actinal view of the test, natural size.
13. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.
14. A portion of the abactinal surface, to show the apical disk and the ambulacral petals,
magnified.
15. Meratia, sp. (page 215). Abactinal view of the test, natural size.
16. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.
17. Meratta, sp. (page 216). Abactinal view of the specimen, natural size.
18. Peripneustes, sp. (page 234). Abactinal view of the test, natural size.
19. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.
20. Scuizasrer, sp. (page 224). Abactinal view of the test, natural size.
21. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.
22, Ecurnouampas, sp. (page 176). Abactinal view of the test, natural size.
23. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

oOo ® wW ow
Plate XXXVI.

AU «

Geol. Survey of Ii

 

3
s
:
&
oO
st
4
sO
g
J
a
n
3
&
&
g

Sind .

rom

dea /
Khirthar Serves.

Cchinot

Fossil
Figure 1.

Nous ww

co @

18.
14.
15.

16.

17,

18.
19.
20.
21.

PLATE XXXVII.

Micrasrer tumipus, Duncan and Sladen (page 189). Abactinal view of the test, natural
size.

. Actinal view of the test, natural size.
. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

Odd anterior ambulacrum, magnified.

Portion of one of the petaloid ambulacra, magnified.

Apical disk, magnified.

Linruta onrentaLis, Duncan and Sladen (page 217). Abactinal view of the test, natural
s1ze.

. Actina] view of the test, natural size.

. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.
10.

11.
12.

Odd anterior ambulacrum, magnified.

Portion of one of the petaloid ambulacra, magnified.

Apical disk, magnified.

Abactinal view of an abnormal unsymmetrical test, natural size.

Abactinal view of another abnormal unsymmetrical test, natural size.

ScHIZASTER SYMMETRICUS, Duncan and Sladen (page 220). Abactinal view of the test,
natural size.

Actinal view of the test, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

The test seen from behind, natural size.

Odd anterior ambulacrum, magnified.

Portion of one of the petaloid ambulacra, magnified.

Apical disk, magnified.
Geol. Survey of India. Plate XXXVI.

 

Duncan & Sladen dir. A.S.Foord lith.

Mintern Bro’s. imp

Fossil Echinotdea trom Sind.

Hhirther Series.
Figure 1.

ec Bb ow w

10.
11.
12.
13.

14.

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

20.
2l.

PLATE XXXVIII.

MacropneustEs sPEctosus, Duncan and Sladen (page 229). Abactinal view of the test,
natural size.

. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

. Apical disk, magnified.

. Portion of the odd anterior ambulacrum, magnified.
, Portion of the antero-lateral ambulacrum, magnified.

Macropneustzs rotunDus, Duncan and Sladen (page 232). Abactinal view of the test,
natural size.

. Actinal view of the test, natural size.
. EUSPATANGUS AVELLANA, @’Archiac and Haime (page 235). Abactinal view of the test,

natural size.

. Actinal’ view of the test, natural size.

Transverse profile of the test, seen from behind, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

The peristome and surrounding portions of the test, magnified.

The apical disk, the odd anterior ambulacrum, and the right antero-lateral petal
magnified.

Evsraraneus corpirormis, Duncan and Sladen (page 238). Abactinal view of the test,
natural size.

EvuspataNeus Rostratus, d’Archiac (page 240). Abactinal view of the test, natural size.

Actinal view of the test, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.

2

Portion of a lateral ambulacrum, to show ornamentation, magnified.

BrissopaTacus Sinpensis, Duncan and Sladen (page 226). Abactinal view of the test,
natural size.

Actinal view of the test, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.
Geol. Survey of India, Plate XXXVII.

3
rae

Ce

i
geese

.
SETA oe
Nero Oe

ee

 

Duncan & Sladen dir. A'S Foord lith

 

tern Br

 

Fossil Echinoidea trom Sind.

Lhirthar Series
Figure 1.

PLATE XXXIX.

Crparis. sp. (page 250). The test, natural size.

. A coronal plate and part of an ambulacrum, magnified.

. CaLopLeuRus EQquis, Agassiz (page 251). The test, abactinal view.

. Side view of the test. :

. Interradial plates; lower part of fourth and the whole of the fifth from the apex,

magnified.

. Interradail plate with tubercles at the ambitus, magnified.
. Ambulacral triplet and tubercle (actinal surface), magnified.
. The apical disk, magnified.

Ca LorLeurus Prarti, d’Archiac (page 254). The test, from above.

. Part of ambulacrum and interradium, at ambitus, magnified.
. Apical disk, magnified.
. Semi-diagram of the oblique interradial plates and of the direction of the ambulacral

sutural lines, magnified.

. CLYPEASTER, sp. (page 257). Abactinal view.
. Actinal view.
Geol. Survey of India. Plate XXX.

 

Duncan & Sladen dir. A.Gawan lith. Mintern. Bro's. imp
tossil Echinotdea from Sure.

Nari Serves. (Uligocene)
Figure

PLATE XL.

. CLyPEasTER stmpLex, Duncan and Sladen (page 257). The test, from above.
. Longitudinal section in outline.

CLYPEASTER MONTICULIFERA, Duncan and Sladen (page 258). The test, from above.
Longitudinal outline.
Ecurnorampas pirricitis, Duncan and Sladen (page 258). The test, abactinal view.

. The actinal surface.

. Side view of the. test.

. Ecuinozampas p’Arcuiact, Duncan and Sladen (page 259). The test, abactinal view.
. Side view.

. Ecurnouampas Rapaxensis, Duncan and Sladen (page 260). The test, from above.
Geol, Survey of India. Plate XL.

 

Boy oo
Whi

 

 

Duncan & Sladen dir. A. Gawan kth.

3 * ue k : Mintern Bros imp.
Foss Echinoidea from Sind.
Nari Serves. (Ohgocene,) .
PLATE XLI.

Figure 1. Ecurnotampas piscorpgus, d’Archiac (page 261).
2. Side view.
3. Variety a. Large specimen (page 262), truncated in front, actinal surface.
4. The peristome of another specimen, natural size.
5. The floscelle and peristome, semi-diagram, magnified slightly.
Geol. Survey of India.

      
   
  
   

Duncam & Sladen dir. A. Gawan lth

Sa

eae
KAAS

   

Man
Set
Sen te
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3

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Motes
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artes
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een ; : paleen Sogessemesas yess

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Fossil Echinotdea trom Sird.
Nari Series (Oligocene).

 

ate ALI.

Mantern Bros. ump
PLATE XLII.

EcHINOLAMPAS PLACENTA, Duncan and Sladen (page 264). Abactinal view.

Actinal view.

. Linear longitudinal section.
. ScuizasteR Granti, Duncan and Sladen (page 268).

not the details.

. Abactinal view.
. A large specimen, much worn, linear outline.

Side view, showing shape, but
Geol. Survey of India. Plate XLII.

    
 
  
 
  

se

  
  
   
   
  
  
     
  
   
 
  

ere
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ats

Duncan & Sladen dir. A. Gawan th.

" : : . Mintern Bros. imp.
Foss Echinoidea trom, Sind.
Nari: Series (Olugocene).
PLATE XLITI.

Figure 1. Ecuinotampas tumipa, Duncan and Sladen (page 265). Side view.
2. Actinal view, natural size.
3. Plates of anterior odd ambulacrum, worn, showing the obliquity of the poriferous zone,
magnified.
4. Part of a poriferous zone, showing the ornamentation of the coste, magnified.
5. Actinal ornamentation, magnified.
6. Eusparaneus rostratus, d’Archiac (page 267).
Geol. Survey of Indiw.

 

Duncan & Sladen dir. A.Gawan lith

y ee
Seas

Sad

se
Pepin
Sragnenon

ey
Oye
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33229
338039
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Foss. Echinotdea trom Surd.
- Nari Serres ( Oligocene)

   

Plate ALI.

 

Winter Bros. imp
Figure 1.

NA ow BR ww

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10.
il.

PLATE XLIV.

Crparts opipara, Duncan and Sladen (page 279). Abactinal view of the test, natural size.

. Profile view of the same test, natural size.
. Actinal view of a smaller specimen, natural size.

Ambulacral plates near the ambitus, from the same specimen as Fig. 1, magnified.
Ambulacral plates on the abactinal part of the area, from the same specimen, magnified.
Interambulacral plate, from the same specimen, magnified.

. Portion of an ambulacral area, to show the fiexure and the posture of the plates, from the

same specimen as Fig.8, magnified. (Inadvertently placed upside down by the artist.)
Portion of the margin of the peristome, from the same specimen, magnified.
Ciparis excetsa, Duncan and Sladen (page 282). Interambulacral plate, magnified.
Ambulacral plates, magnified.
A fragment of the test, natural size.
PLATE XLV.

Figures 1-17 and 19-28. Detached spines of several species of Ciparis (page 283).
18. Spine of an unknown species (page 285).

Each spine is drawn natural size: the reverse side and a magnified portion being also
given in some cases.
Plate XLV.

Geol. Survey of India.

 

  

3 au

  

 

 

 

 
  

dA

  

 

law

7:

16 w

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OO.

aw

22.

tern Bros . ump.

Mi

& Sladen dr. A. Gawan bith

Duncan

Foss Echinotdeaw from Sind.

(Gaj Series — Miocene.)
Figure

Pe Oo ee

©

10.

PLATE XLVI.

Ca@top.eurus Forsest, d’Archiac (page 287).

. Another specimen.

Ca@.orLeurus Sinpensis, Duncan and Sladen (page 298).
CaLopLeurus Forpest. A small specimen (page 295).
Caorteurus Srnpvensis. A more tumid form.

. The apical disk of a small specimen, magnified.

CatopLeurus Forsusi. An ambulacrum, abactinal part, magnified, showing the sutures
fairly well.
Ca@opLeurus Sinpensis. Part of an interradium near the apical system, magnified.

. CaLorteuRus Forsest. The peristomial part of an ambulacrum, showing the “Tags,”

magnified. (The artist has placed, by mistake, two pores actinally to one of the
ambulacral tubercles.)
Ca@.orteurus Sinpensts. Part of an ambulacrum, magnified.
Geol, SUPVEN ol [ndiw. Plate XLYI
MAL ANG a

 

Duncan & Sladen dir. A. Gawan hth

Fosstl. Echinoidee (ron Sind.

(Gaj Series.Miocreré
Figure 1.

2.
. Temnecuinus Rovssgaut, d’Archiac (page 803). The test, natural size.

OC MNAM

PLATE XLVII.

CaLopievrus Sinpensis, Duncan and Sladen (page 298).
An apical plate, the radial III., magnified.

The interradium and ambulacrum near the peristome, magnified, showing the structure

of the ambulacral plates.

. LeprporpLevrus HEMIsPHa&RIcuSs, Duncan and Sladen (page 306).
. The apical system and part of the test, magnificd.

Part of the test near the ambitus, magnified.
TEMNECHINUS STELLULATUS, Duncan and Sladen (page 304).

. Part of the side of the test, magnified.
10.
ll.
12.

TemMNucuHinus Gasensis, Duncan and Sladen (page 305). A test.
Part of the test, magnified.
Temnecuinus Roussravi, d’Archiac. A plate and part of an ambulacrum, magnified.
Geol. Survey of Induw. Plate XLVI.

 

Duncan & Sladen dir, A. Gawan hth Mantern Bros . imp

Fossu. Echineidea trom Sind.

(Gay Serves — Miocene.)
PLATE XLVIIT.

Figure 1. Hiprono# proavia, Duncan and Sladen (page 310). Profile view of the test, natural
size.

2. Actinal view of the same, natural size. .
3. Interradial plates, to show ornamentation, magnified.
4, Part of the ambulacral area, to show the composition of the plates, magnified.

4a. Diagrammatic sketch of ambulacral plates, to show the disposition of the ornamen-
tation, magnified.
Plate, XLVI.

Geol. Survey of India.

 

Mintern Bros . imp

Duncan. & Sladen dw. A.S Foord lith

Fossil Echinoiden from Str .

(Gay Series — Miocene.)
Figure 1.

B oO

PLATE XLIX.

Hirronoi Proavia, Duncan and Sladen (page 310). Fragment of a small test, probably
belonging to this species, natural size.

. Hippono# antiqua, Duncan and Sladen (page 318). Abactinal view of the test, natural

size.

. Actinal view of a smaller specimen, natural size.
. Profile view of the same fragment, natural size.

Ecuinus suscrenatus, Duncan and Sladen (page 317). Abactinal view of the test,
natural size. .

. Ambulacral and interambulacral plates, a little above the ambitus, magnified.
. ScHIzASTER suFFLATUs, Duncan and Sladen (page 389). Abactinal view of the test,

natural size.

. Longitudinal profile of the test, natural size.
. Ambulacral plates in the odd anterior ambulacrum, magnified.
Geol. Survey of India. Plate XLIX

© eH ewe 8 oy
Tg o Fos

 

Duncan & Sladen dir. A.S Foord litn
Fossil Echinotdea from. Sind.

(Gaz Series -- Miocene )
Figure 1.

xP we

oO

‘10.

ll.

PLATE L.

CLYPEASTER PROFUNDUs (d’Archiac), Duncan and Sladen (page 319). Abactinal view of
the test, natural size.

- Longitudinal profile of the same, natural size.

An ambulacral petal, magnified.
Ornamentation of the interradial plates on the abactinal surface, magnified.

CLyPEasTER PULVINATUS, Duncan and Sladen (page 322). Abactinal view of the test,
natural size.

. Longitudinal profile of the same, natural size.
. CLYPEASTER PELVIFORMIS, Duncan and Sladen (page 324). Abactinal view of a small

test, natural size.

, Longitudinal profile of the same, natural size.
. Actinal view of a larger test, natural size.

CLyPEASTER COMPLANATUS, Duncan and Sladen (page 325). Abactinal view of the test,
natural size.

Actinal view of the same, natural size.
Geol). Survey of Indiw .

 

Hina,

 

 

 

ab

  

 

 

yo00+)
Ose g2a

eee

 

& Sladen div. A.Gewan Lith I.

 

Bros imp
i Echinotdea from: Sul.

Gaz erie Y
 
Figure 1.

10.

ll.

PLATE LI. <

Ecutnopiscus Drsorr, Duncan and Sladen (page 328). Actinal view, natural size.

. An outline of a test of the same species.

. A variety of the species, abactinal view.

. Abactinal view of another variety (page 328).

. Abactinal view of the same variety.

. A magnified view of the lunule from below.

. Ecurnopiscus puacenta, Duncan and Sladen (page 329). Portion of an inter-

radium and ambulacra, slightly magnified.

. Ecutnopiscus Dzsorr. Broken test, showing the crushed jaws from above, and

some of the supporting structures between the upper and lower parts of the test.
Part of the same, magnified.
Ecuinopiscus ELoneatus, Duncan and Sladen (page 331). The test in outline,
natural size.

Ecurnopiscus ELLIPricus, Duncan and Sladen (page 330). ‘The test, natural size.

. Ecuropiscus Dzsort, var. Side view of a portion of a test, showing the plates and

pillars in section.
Geol. Survey of Indic,

Plate I.

 

 

  
 

 

te
wien

 

fl
Duncan & Sladen dir. A Gawan hich

Ffossth Echinotdea. trom

(Gay Serres MioceneJ

Stud.

 
Figure 1.

CXANanh aw

PLATE LII.

Ecurnopiscus pracenta, Duncan and Sladen (page 329). Abactinal view, natural
size.

. The apical disk, magnified.

. Part of an ambulacrum, magnified.

. Ecurnoniscus, sp. (page 331). Part of the test, abactinal view, natural size:
. Actinal view of the same specimen.

Part of the same magnified, showing the ambulacra near the peristome.

. Surface of a test, showing the tops of the supporting structures.

Ecurvopiscus PLacenta, Duncan and Sladen. A portion of an ambulacrum and
lunule, slightly magnified.
U.
i Plate LIT.

   
    

OPENING
Sabha ty
Se,

  

pe

Duncan & Sladen dir. A.Gawan lith.

Mntern Bros imp,
fossu Echinoidea trom Sind.

( Gaz Series Miocene J
Figure 1.

OomOMONAanthL ww

ae |
wwreo

14.

16.
17.
18.
19.

PLATE LIII.

Ecurnotampas Jacquemonti, d’Archiac and Haime (page 337). Abactinal view of
a regularly convex, subdepressed form, natural size.

. Longitudinal profile of the same, natural size.

. Abactinal view of a high, subconical, and rather elongate form, natural size.
. Longitudinal profile of the same, natural size.

. Actinal view of the same, natural size.

. Abactinal view of a broad-petalled variety, natural size.

The peristome and surrounding parts of the test, magnified.

. Abactinal view of a small subrotund test, natural size.

. Longitudinal profile of the same, natural size.

. Actinal view of the same, natural size.

. The peristome and surrounding parts, from the same specimen, magnified.
. Portion of an ambulacral petal, to show the ornamentation, magnified.

. Actinal view of a small tumid test, natural size.

Longitudinal profile of the same, natural size.

. Ecuinotampas spHeErorpatis?, d’Archiac (page 338). Actinal view of the test of

the largest specimen, natural size.
Abactinal view of another specimen, much crushed and weathered, natural size.
Longitudinal profile of the same specimen as Fig. 15, natural size.
Actinal view of a small specimen, natural size.
Longitudinal profile of the same, natural size.

 

Erratum in the lettering of the Plate :—For Fig. “12” (adjacent to Fig. 19) read “ 18.”
Geol, Survey of India . Plate LIN.

‘ mp

 

Fosstl. Echineidean trem Sind. .

a Vy
Serves — Miocene

 
PLATE LIV.

Figures 1-9. Breynia carinata, d’Archiac and Haime (page 313). Abactinal views of various
specimens. Fig. 5 is the normal form.
Plate LIV.

Survey of India

Geol.

UFO Fey,
%
are tip, Se
Maggio
My % t

Martern Bros .imp

 

Std.

Duncan & Sladen dr. A Gawan hth
Fossu, Echinoidea from
(Gaz Series Miocene. )
Figure 1.

ox oe

PLATE LYV.

Breynia carninata, d’Archiac and Haime (page 343). Actinal view.

The test, side view.

The posterior view, with the subanal fasciole.

The apical system, the internal fasciole, and the ambulacra within the fasciole, magnified.

. The peristomial area, showing the floscelle, the interradia coming to the oral margin,

the wide posterior ambulacra, and the long and narrow plate of the posterior inter-
radium, magnified.

. A tubercle of the actinal surface, magnified.

A tubercle of the same region, showing the hypertrophy of the crenulation on one side,
magnified.

. A tubercle in its sunken scrobicule, from the abactinal surface, magnified.
. Brissus, sp. (page 354). Actinal surface, natural size.
Ceol. Survey of India.

Plate LY.

Need we = ®
BESS S ae
heey

 

Duncan & Sladen dir. A

 

wan lith

 
 

Aint .B imp.
Foss Echinoidea fron Stnd.

(Gog Series Miccene )
a
oS
a
es
oO
_

NOT PR wy

PLATE LVI.

. Crpazis, sp. A part of a test, natural size (page 372).

Ambulacral plates, magnified.
Coronal plates of a species of Ciparis, magnified (page 373).

. Portions of a Satmacis, magnified (page 374).

TEMNOPLEURUS SIMPLEX, Duncan and Sladen (page 375). The test, natural size.

. Part of the test near the peristome, slightly magnified.
. Ambulacral plate, magnified.
Geol, Sarvey of Indic. Plate LVI
tle Cf

 

 

ov.

 

Duncan & Sladen dir. A.S. Foord bth

Fossil. Echincidea from the Makran Series.
(

Pliocene: )
PLATE LVII.

Spives or Crparww# (pages 373, 374).

Figure 1. Front view of a tall spinulose radiole, with a shallow cup at the top surrounded by
stout spinules, natural size.
2. Back view of the same, natural size.
3. Front view of a more stunted-and flatter radiole, with close and short spinules, natural
size.
4. Back view of the same.
5. Side view, showing the cup, natural size. \
6, 8, 11, and 12. Front views of radioles of the same type, natural size.
7, 9, 18. Back views of the same, natural size.
10. Back view of a radiole and its base; the latter is magnified.
14, A small radiole, natural size.
Ceol. Survey of Frudua.
Plate LVI.

 

Donoan & Sladen dir. A.S Foord lth.

Fossil Echincidea from the Makrén Series
see 7 \ * 2

(Pliocene
Figure 1.

CONANT ww

—
S

PLATE LVIII.

CLYPEASTER SUFFARCINATUS, Duncan and Sladen. Abactinal view, natural size
(page 376).
Actinal view, natural size.

. Profile view, natural size.

Part of an ambulacrum and adjacent interradium, magnified.

. Part of the margin of the peristome, magnified.

. Lacanum rumipum, Duncan and Sladen (page 379). Abactinal view, natural size.
. Actinal view, natural size.

. Apical system, magnified.

. Ornamentation of the abactinal surface, magnified.

Part of the test near the peristome, magnified.
Geol, Survey ol India. Plate LVI,

 

Z
Duncan & Sladen dir. A.Gawan Lith

Mirtern Bros ang
Fess Edunvidea trom the Makran Series.

(Pliocene)
MEMOIRS

OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

Palvontologia Indra,

BEING

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ORGANIC REMAINS PROCURED DURING
THE PROGRESS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF INDIA IN COUNCIL.

Series XIV. TERTIARY AND UPPER CRETACEOUS FAUNA
OF WESTERN INDIA.

We Go ia. GE.

Part 4. THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR.
WITH 13 PLATES.

BY
P. MARTIN DUNCAN, MLB. (Lond), F.B.S.,

VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE GEOLOGICAL AND LINNEAN SOCIETIES ; PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL MICROSCOPICAL
SOCIETY; PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN KING’S COLLEGE, LONDON ; CORRESPONDENT OF THE
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, ETC.,

AND

W. PERCY SLADEN, F.GS., F.L5., &c.

WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
W. T. BLANFORD, ESQ, F.RS., F.LS. F.ZS., &.,

LATE OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

CALCUTTA:
SOLD AT THE
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING;
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OFFICE; AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS;
LONDON: TRUBNER & CO.

 

MDCCCLXXXIII.

 

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION CUURT, FLEET STREET, LONDON.
 

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
PREFACE.

Havine completed the descriptions of the Fossil Echinoidea from the two lower horizons
of the Tertiaries of Western Sind, we began to study the forms which were found in
the Khirthar and Nari series of that country. In all this research we obtained but
little assistance from the many admirable works which have of late years been written
on the Tertiary Echinoidea. We found that we were working amongst faunas which
were singularly isolated. Moreover, not a little perplexity was caused by our inability
to discover traces of many of the species which were described by d’Archiac and
Haime in their classical work, ‘Sur les Animanx Fossiles de ]’Inde,’ as characterizing

Nummulitic strata.

Some very valuable descriptions of Egyptian and Lybian Nummulitic Echinoidea
have lately been published by de Loriol; and we considered that it might be advisable
to investigate the fine collection of Echinoidea from the Tertiaries of Kachh and
Kattywar which had been carefully collected by the Geological Surveyors of India
under the care of H. B. Medlicott, Esq., F.R.S., the Superintendent of the Survey.
We hoped to trace affinities between the Sindian and Kachh faunas on the one hand,
and between those of Egypt and Kachh and Kattywar on the other. Hence this work

appears before our Memoirs on the Fossil Echinoidea of Western Sind are completed.
LIST OF BOOKS CONSULTED.

De Loriot. ‘Monographie des Echinides contenus dans les couches Nummulitiques de
Egypte.” Mém. Soc. de phys. et d’hist. nat. de Genéve, vol. xxvii.; and Paris, 1881.

De Loriot. ‘ Eocine Echinoideen aus Aegypten und der libyschen Wiiste.” ‘ Palzeonto-
graphica,’ 1883.

Dz Loriot. Description des Echinides tertiaires de la Suisse. Gentve, 1875.

W. Dames. “Die Echinoiden der vicentinischen und veronesischen Tertidrablagerungen.” ‘ Pale-
outographica,’ Cassel, 1877.

A. Agassiz. Revision of the Echini.

A. Agassiz. Report on the Echini of the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition.

A. Agassiz. Report on the Echini of the ‘ Blake’ Expedition.

S. Loven. Etudes sur les Echinoidées. Stockholm, 1874.

Dessor. Synopsis des Echinides fossiles.

J. E. Gray. Catalogue of the Recent Echinida in the British Museum. 1855.

E. Forszs. Echinodermata of the British Tertiaries. Paleontographical Society, 1852.

Lavusr. “Echinodermen des vicentinischen Tertiirgebictes.” Abhandlungen der k.-k. Akad.

der Wissenschaften zu Wien, 1868. ;

“Die Echinoiden der ésterreichisch-ungarischen oberen Tertiarablagerungen.” Abhandl.

der k.-k. geol. Reichsanstalt, Wien, 1871, Band V. Heft 3, p. 55.

Manzont. “ Echinodermi fossili della Molassa serpentinosa.”’ Denkschriften der kaiserl. Akad.
der Wiss. Wien, 42 Band, 1880, p. 185.

K. v. Fritscn. ‘ Paleontographica.’ Cassel, 1877. Supp. III. Lief. i, Heft 2. “ Die Echiniden
der Nummuliten-Bildungen von Borneo.”

Corrgav. “ Echinides du Calcaire grossier de Mons.” Mém. Cour. de l’Acad. Roy. de Belgique,
4to, xlii., 1879.

Correau. “ Echinides tertiaires de la Belgique.” Ibid. xliii., 1880.

Correau. Echinides des Pyrénées. Paris, 1863.
“‘ Hchinides tertiaires des environs de Bordeaux.” Act. Soc. Linn. de Bordeaux, t. 27,

Lavse.

CorrEau.
1869.
Correav. “Echinides nouveaux ou peu connus.” Revue et Mag. de Zool., 1866.

Corrrau. Echinides des ftles Saint-Barthélemy et d’Anguilla. 1875.
Correav. “Echinides fossiles de l’tle de Cuba.” Liége, 1881. Ann. de la Soc. Géol. de Belg.

t. ix., Mémoires, p. 3.
“ Echinides nouveaux ou peu connus.” Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, t. vii., 1882.

CorrEav.
A. Birrnern. “ Beitrage zur Kenntniss der alttertiarer Echinidenfauna der Siidalpen.”
Taramettr. “Di aleuni Echinidi eocenici dell’ Istria.” Atti del regio istituto Veneto di Sci.

ser. 4, t. 8. 1873-74.
vi LIST OF BOOKS CONSULTED.

Pivay. Die fossilen Seeigel des Ofner Mergels.

Duncan. “Echinodermata of the Australian Cainozoic Deposits.” ' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
Feb. 1877.

Duncan. “Morphology of Temnopleuride.” Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xvi. no. 93, p. 43.
1882.

Duncan and Stapen. Fossil Echinoidea of W. Sind. Palzontologia Indica, Ser. xiv.

Tournovir. ‘Recensement des Echinodermes du Calcaire & Astéries.”” Act. de la Soc. Linn. de
Bordeaux, 1870.

Micueuin. ‘ Monogr. des Clypéastres fossiles.” Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, 2 sér. t. vil.

Herxuots. Fossiles de Java: Echinodermes.

Mepuicorr and Buanrorp. Abstract of the Geology of India.

Movurton. Géologie de la Belgique. 1881.

C. W. Grant. “Geology of Cutch.”’ Trans. Geol. Soc, 2 ser. vol, v. pt. 2. 1840.

Wyrnne. Mem. Geol. Survey India, ix.

Fucus, T. “ Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Miocinfauna Aegyptens und der libyschen Wiiste.” -
Palwontographica, 1883.
A DESCRIPTION

- OF THE

TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

OF

KACHH AND KATTYWAR.

 

I. Remarks on the Geology of Kachh in Relation to that of Sind and Kattywar.
By W. T. Bianrorp, F.R.S., late of the Geological Survey of India.

My friend Professor P. Martin Duncan has asked me to write a few lines on the
Tertiary rocks of Cutch (Kutch or Kachh) and their connexion with the corresponding
formations of Sind, as an introduction to the description of the Cutch Tertiary Echi-
noidea. I have much pleasure in aiding so far as I am able in explaining the relations
of the beds; and I find that some explanation is necessary, owing to the terms applied
to the Kachh groups by Mr. Wynne, and adopted in the ‘ Manual of the Geology of
India’ by Medlicott and Blanford, having been applied in a somewhat different sense
by Mr. Fedden in the lists of localities sent with the fossils now described.

Before proceeding to details, it will be useful to notice the general characters and
position of the Cutch Tertiary rocks, their connexion with the formations of the same
age in Sind, Kattywar, &c., and the accounts given of them by different observers.

Kachh, or Cutch, it is scarcely necessary to say, is a district lying east of the mouths
of the Indus, and surrounded on three sides by a flat marshy plain called Ran, and
composed of alluvial deposits, the fourth or south side bordering the sea and the Gulf
of Cutch. The Tertiary rocks occupy a belt, varying in breadth from about 4 miles to
20, between the alluvium near the coast and the older Mesozoic rocks in the interior.
The Tertiary belt laps round the older rocks to the westward, where the whole of the
Tertiary series is best exposed, and a few outliers occur even north of the Mesozoic

area.
B
2 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

West and north-west of Cutch a wide area is occupied by the Indus delta, and the
Tertiary beds only reappear in Sind after an interval of about 80 miles. ‘There is nearly
the same break to the southward before the corresponding formations are met with in
Kattywar. The Sind beds form a part of the widely developed Tertiary region that
extends northward to the foot of the Himalayas, and westward to the Persian Gulf or
even further. The classification of the Sind Tertiary beds has already been explained*,
and the different subdivisions may now be accepted, on the evidence of the corals and
Echinoidea, as occupying the following position in the geological series :—

Manchhar or Siwalik, Upper. . . . Pliocene.
$3 a Lower. . . . Upper Miocene.
Gia a ke & ee @ a @ we Mier.
Nari, Upper . . . . . . «. ~~ Lower Miocene.
= LOWE? «4 = « = » « « » « Olgoeene.
Kither . «2 « « « « » » » » Hogene
Ranikot . . . . . . . . . . Lower Eocene.

The beds beneath the Ranikot group form apparently a passage to the Cretaceous
system.

Of these different groups the Lower Nari and the Gaj, both highly fossiliferous
marine formations, occur with but little change throughout Sind; both, however, dis-
appear completely further north. The Ranikot appears to be purely local, and is
confined to the country near Tatta, Jhirak, and Kotri. The Khirthar group comprises
the massive Nummulitic limestone of the Baluchistan frontier, in places 1500 to 3000
feet thick, and a great thickness of shales, marls, and sandstones beneath the limestone.
Some of these shales and marls on the frontier of Northern Sind and to the westward
may represent the Ranikot group of the Lower Indus valley, although they do not
contain its peculiar fauna. Where the Khirthar beds rest upon the Ranikot group
they have lost greatly in thickness, the great limestone bed is represented by a number
of thinner beds interstratified with sandy and shaly deposits, and the fauna, although
rich, differs materially from -that of the great limestone band of Northern Sind.
Further research to the northward has shown, in fact, that these great belts of Nummu-
litic limestone are of very irregular occurrence, that they vary in thickness by thousands
of feet in the course of a few miles, and that they may occur at different horizons in the
Eocene system.

The Tertiary rocks of Kachh were divided by Captain Grant f, the first geological
explorer of the province, into Nummulitic and Tertiary, the former, in accordance with
the views prevalent at the time, being considered Pre-Tertiary. MM. d’Archiac and
Haime, however, classed both divisions as Eocene; and their views, which were quite
erroneous, have long misled geologists both in India and Europe. Mr. Wynne, in his

* “ Fossil Corals of Sind,” Pal. Ind. ser. xiv. vol. i. 1880.
t Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. ii. vol. v. pp. 300, &e.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 3

Memoir on the Geology of Cutch, classed the Tertiary beds thus (Mem. Geol. Surv.
Ind. vol. ix. p. 75, and MSS.) :— |

F. Upper Tertiary.

E. Argillaceous group.

D. Arenaceous group.

C. Nummulitic group.

B. Gypseous shales.

A. Subnummulitic.

The lower four subdivisions, A, B, C, D, he considered Eocene, the group E Upper
Eocene or Miocene, F the Upper Tertiary, Miocene, or Pliocene. In the ‘Manual of
the Geology of India,’ p. 344, the only important modification was that the Argillaceous
group E was classed as Miocene, and equivalent to the Gaj group of Sind, the Arena-
ceous group being supposed, though with much doubt, to be the same as the Sind
Nari.

In the collection of Cutch Echinoidea sent to England for examination the speci-
mens are labelled from two subdivisions, the “‘Nummulitic” and the “ Arenaceous
group.” ‘There is clearly a mistake in the latter name, for the fossils are shown, by
their nature and localities, to be from the “ Argillaceous group” of Mr. Wynne’s
memoir and map. These beds are the Tertiary beds of Captain Grant, and are now
shown by the examination of the fossils to be of Miocene age. It will be well in
future to cease to employ these local terms of Arenaceous and Argillaceous groups ;
like other mineral terms they are liable to mislead, and in this case they have been
confounded. It is clear that the Miocene beds of Cutch are allied to the Miocene
or Gaj of Sind, some of the fossils, as Breynia carinata (the most characteristic
Gaj species) and Celopleurus Forbes’, being identical. Whether there is any difference
will probably be better decided after the Echinoidea from the Gaj series are examined.

It appears also that representatives of the Nari or Oligocene limestone occur in
Cutch, where they have not been distinguished on the map from the Eocene Num-
mulitics (in Sind the separation was entirely due to an examination of the species of
Foraminifera occurring). The Arenaceous group of Mr. Wynne’s memoir and of the
manual, but not of the present monograph, corresponds, both in position and mineral
character, with the sandy Upper Nari group of Sind—a somewhat important subdivision,
as it has now been traced northward up the Suleman range of the Western Punjab.

The Kattywar Echinoidea are all Miocene; but it is possible that a thin repre-
sentative of the Eocene system occurs in Kattywar, as it certainly does in Eastern
Guzerat near Surat. Kattywar is now undergoing examination by Mr. Fedden, whose
description has not yet been published.

B2
THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Il. List of the Species of Fossil Echinoidea from the Nummulitic Series of Kachh.

Ordr ECHINOIDEA ENDOCYCLICA,

Family GLYPHOSTOMATA.

Subfamily TEMNOPLEUBIDS.

Genus ARACHNIOPLEURUS, Duncan & Sladen, 1882.

Arachniopleurus reticulatus, var., Duncan & Sladen: p. 11.

Order ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.

Suborder GNATHOSTOMATA.

Family CLYPEASTRIDZL.

Subfamily HUcLYPEASTRIDA.

Genus StsMonpra, Desor, 1857.

Sismondia polymorpha, Duncan g Sladen, var. sufflata: p. 91.

Genus CiyprastER, Lamarck, 1801.
Clypeaster apertus, sp. nov.: p. 11.

Suborder ATELOSTOMATA.

Family CASSIDULIDA,

Subfamily HoHInNONEIN &,

Genus AmBiypyaus, Agassiz, 1840.

Amblypygus altus, sp. nov.: p. 16,
—— pentagonalis, sp. nov.: p. 18,

Subfamily ECHINOLAMPIN &,

Genus Ecutnotampas, Gray, 1825,
Echinolampas alta, sp. nov. : p. 19.
-—— ——,, variety : p. 22.
—— Feddeni, sp. nov.: p. 23.
—— Kachensis, sp. nov.: p. 25,
Haimei, sp. nov.: p. 26.
Damesi, sp. nov.: p. 27.
—— insignis, sp. noy.: p. 29.
—— Vicaryi, d’Archiac & Haime: p. 33.
—— sp.: p. 81.
—— sp.: p. 32,

 

 
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR.

Family SPATANGIDA.

Subfamily SPATANGINE.
’ Genus Hemraster, Desor, 1847.

Hemiaster decipiens, sp. nov.: p. 34.
carinatus, sp. nov.: p. 35.
—— 5p.: p. 35.

 

Genus ScHIzasTER, Agassiz, 1836.

Schizaster Baluchistanensis, d’Archiac, variety : p. 38.

Genus PERIPNEUSTES, Cotteau, 1875.

Peripneustes insignis, sp. nov.: p. 42.

Genus Euspatanevs, Agassiz, 1847.

Euspatangus affinis, sp. nov.: p. 46.
rostratus, d’Archiac, p. 47.

 

List of the Species of Fossil Echinoidea from Strata in the Upper Part of the
Nummulitic Series, with Orbitoides in some instances. (OLIGOCENE.)

Ordr ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.

Suborder GNATHOSTOMATA.

Family CLY PEASTRIDA.
Subfamily EUCLYPEASTRID &.

Genus CiypEastEr, Lamarck, 1801.

Clypeaster Sowerbyi, sp. nov.: p. 49.
Carteri, sp. nov.: p. 49.
—— Faloriensis, sp. nov.: p. 50.

 

Suborder ATELOSTOMATA.
Family CASSIDULIDA,

Subfamily EcCHINOLAMPINE.
Genus EcHINoLAMPAS, Gray, 1825.

Echinolampas, sp.: p. 50.

Family SPATANGIDZL.

Subfamily SPATANGINZ.

Genus Evspataneus, Agassiz, 1847.

Euspatangus rostratus, d@’Archiac; p. 51,
THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

List of the Species of Echinoidea from the Miocene Series of Kachh.

Order ECHINOIDEA ENDOCYCLICA.

Family CIDARIDA.
Genus CrpaRis, Klein, 1734.
Cidaris Halaensis, @’Archiac § Haime: p. 51.

Genus GONIOCIDARIS, Desor, 1846.

Goniocidaris affinis, sp. nov.: p. 52.

Family ARBACIAD,
Genus Caoreurus, Agassiz, 1840.

Ceelopleurus Forbesi, d’Archiac § Haime: p. 53.

Family GLY PHOSTOMATA.
Subfamily TEMNOPLEURID&.
Genus Temnucuinues, Forbes, 1852.

Temnechinus Rousseaui, d’Archiac, sp.: p. 57.
(Syn. Temnopleurus Rousseaui, @’Archiac.)

Ordr ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.

Suborder GNATHOSTOMATA.
Family OLY PEASTRIDA.
Subfamily HUCLYPEASTRIDA.
Genus Ciypraster, Lamarck, 1801.

Clypeaster depressus, Sowerby: p. 58.
—— Waageni, sp. nov.: p. 58.
Goirensis, sp. nov.: p. 59.

 

Genus Ecurnonviscus, Breynius, 1782.
Echinodiscus Desori, sp. nov.: p. 60.

Suborder ATELOSTOMATA.
Family CASSIDULID A.
Subfamily HOHINOLAMPIN&,
Genus HcuINoLaMpas, Gray, 1825.
Echinolampas Indica, sp. nov.: p. 61.
Wynnei, sp. nov.: p. 63.

—— spheroidalis, @’Archiac: p. 64.
—— Jacquemonti, d’Archiac: p. 64.

 

Family SPATANGIDEE.
Subfamily SPATANGIN &,
Genus Morra, A, Agassiz, 1872.
Moira antiqua, sp. noy.; p. 64,
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR.

Genus Brernia, Desor, 1847.

Breynia carinata, d@Archiac §& Haime: p. 66.

Genus TRoscHELIA, Duncan & Sladen.

Troschelia tuberculata, sp. nov.: p. 67.

Genus Huspatanaus, Agassiz, 1847.

Euspatangus patellaris, d’Archiac § Haime: p. 70.

A Species of unknown Geological Position in Kachh.

Genus ScuizastEeR, Agassiz, 1836.

Schizaster Granti, sp. nov.: p. 70.

Ill. List of the Species of Echinoidea from the Tertiaries of Kattywar.
(Miocene Formation.) ;

Ordr ECHINOIDEA ENDOCYCLICA.
Family CIDARIDA,
Genus Crparis, Klein, 1734.

Cidaris depressa, sp. nov.: p. 80.
granulata, sp. nov.: p. 80.

 

Family ARBACIADA,
Genus CaLopLEvRs, Agassiz, 1840.

Ceelopleurus Forbesi, d’Archiac & Haime: p. 81.

Family GLY PHOSTOMATA.
Subfamily TRIPLECHINIDE,
Genus GRAMMECHINUS, Duncan & Sladen.

Grammechinus regularis, sp. nov.: p. 82.

Subfamily TEMNOPLEURIDS.
Genus Tumnecuinus, Forbes, 1852.

Temnechinus costatus, d’Archiac, sp.: p. 84.
— Rousseaui, d’Archiac, sp.: p. 84.

—— tuberculosus, @Archiac, sp.: p. 85.
—— affinis, sp. nov.: p. 86.

Order ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.,
Suborder GNATHOSTOMATA.
Family CLYPEASTRIDA.
Subfamily HUCLYPEASTRIDZ.
Genus Cuypraster, Lamarck, 1801.

Clypeaster depressus, Sowerby: p. 90.
THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Family SPATANGIDZ.

Subfamily SPATANGIN &.
Genus Brissopsis, Agassiz, 1840.
Brissopsis, sp.: p. 89.
Genus ScHIzasTER, Agassiz, 1836.
Schizaster Granti, Duncan & Sladen: p. 88.
Genus Breynta, Desor, 1847.
Breynia carinata, d’Archiac § Haime: p. 90.
Genus Evspataneus, Agassiz, 1847.

Euspatangus patellaris, d@’Archiac: p. 87.

Total species from the Miocene of Kattywar. . . . 13
Species common to Kachh and Kattywar . . . . . 6

 

List of the Species of Echinoidea from the Tertiary Strata of Kachh.
(Nummuuitic SERIES.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. Arachniopleurus reticulatus, var., Duncan g Sladen: p. 11.
2. Sismondia polymorpha, Duncan g Sladen, var. sufflata: p. 91.
3. Clypeaster apertus, Duncan & Sladen: p. 11.
4, Amblypygus altus, Duncan § Sladen: p. 16.
5. pentagonalis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 18.
6. HEchinolampas alta, Duncan § Sladen: p. 19.
7. — variety: p. 22.
8. Feddeni, Duncan & Sladen: p. 23.
9. —— Kachensis, Duncan § Sladen: p. 25.
10. —— Haimei, Duncan & Sladen: p. 26.
11. Damesi, Duncan § Sladen: p. 27.
12. insignis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 29.
13. Vicaryi, @Archiac & Haime: p. 33.
14, —— sp.: p. 31.
15. sp.: p. 82.
16. Hewiaster decipiens, Duncan § Sladen: p. 84.
17. carinatus, Duncan g Sladen: p. 35.
18. sp.: p. 35.
19. Schizaster Baluchistanensis, @’ Archiac, variety : p. 38.
20. Peripneustes insignis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 42.
21. Euspatangus affinis, Duncan § Sladen: p. 46.
22, —— rostratus, d’Archiac: p. 47.

From beds above the Nummuwulitic zone and from Strata with Orbitoides.

(OLIGOCENE.)
. Clypeaster Sowerbyi, Duncan & Sladen: p. 49.
Carteri, Duncan & Sladen: p. 49.
-—— Faloriensis, Duncan & Sladen: p. 50.
- Echinolampas, sp.: p. 50.
. Euspatangus rostratus, d’Archiac: p. 51.

 

oF Wb eH
1

OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR,

From the Miocene Series.

- Cidaris Halaensis, d’Archiac §& Haime: p. 51.

. Goniocidaris affinis, Duncan g Sluden: p. 52.

. Celopleurus Forbesi, d’Archiac & Haime: p. 53.
- Temnechinus Rousseaui, d’Archiac: p. 57.

. Clypeaster depressus, Sowerby: p. 58.
Waageni, Duncan & Sladen: p. 58.
Goirensis, Duncan g Sladen: p. 59.

- Echinodiseus Desori, Duncan & Sladen: p. 60.
- Echinolampas Indica, Duncan & Sladen: p. 61.
Wynnei, Duncan & Sladen: p. 63.

- —— spheroidalis, d’Archiac: p. 64.
Jacquemonti, d’Archiac: p. 64.

- Moira antiqua, Duncan g Sladen: p. 64.

. Breynia carinata, d’Archiac § Haime: p. 66.

 

 

COMA MR WD HY

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bo

 

See
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- Troschelia tuberculata, Duncan § Sladen: p. 67.
. Euspatangus patellaris, @Archiac § Haime: p. 70.

ra
a

Uncertain position.
1. Schizaster Granti, Duncan & Sladen: p. 70.

Total species and varieties from the Nummulitic series .

” ” 9 - Oligocene series
” ” 9 * Miocene series .
» 93 55 of unknown position

Totals. « es

Of these, one form passes from the Nummulitic to the Oligocene 1

One form is from an unknown position

Localities whence the Echinoidea were derived.
NvUMMULITIC.

Arachniopleurus reticulatus, variety, Amblypygus altus, A. pentagonalis, Echino-
lampas alta and variety, E. Feddeni, Peripneustes insignis, Schizaster Baluchista-
nensis, d’Archiac, Hemiaster decipiens, and H. carinatus were found in a cafion in the
Nummulitic rock between Maniara-Fort hill and Karray, about three miles east of Bair.

Echinolampas Haimei, E. Vicaryi, @Archiac & Haime, Echinolampas (species of E.
Sindensis d’Archiac type), and Clypeaster apertus came from Nummulitic beds west of

Junagia, north of Iera.

Echinolampas Damesi, E. insignis, Echinolampas (species of E. discus type), and
Euspatangus affinis came from a mile east of Goir near Narainsir, from a bed with
Pecten and Nummulites ; Echinolampas Kachensis from near Wagka-padar, upper part
of Nummulitic beds ; Euspatangus rostratus, d’Arch., and Sismondia polymorpha, var.,

came from N.E. of Pipur.

x i
2

22

16

e
10 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Upper NUMMULITIC OR OLIGOCENE.

A species of Echinolampas distantly allied to Echinolampas globulus, Laube, from
between Bayow and Diddpur, south-west of Lakpat, Orbitoides group; Huspatangus
rostratus, @ Archiac, in beds three or four miles N.N.E. of Piptr, without Nummulites ;
and the three species of Clypeaster came from the same position.

Miocene,

Cidaris Halaensis, d’Archiac, and Goniocidaris affinis came from Warsar north of
Jakao; Temnechinus Rousseaui, d’Archiac, sp., from north of Akri, south of Bair.
Clypeaster depressus, Sow., is found east of Goir near Narainsir; river east of Sujapur ;
near south bank of the river from Teyra, north of Nalia; south-west of Kotari, &c.
The other species of Clypeaster from a mile east of Goir; Echinodiscus Desori from three
miles north-west of Kayari, near Narainsir. Echinolampas Indica, E. Wynnei, E. Jacque-
monti, and Moira antiqua are from Wamiti ; Echinolampas spheroidalis, d’ Archiac, from
a stream-course near Pipir, bordering the tidal flats. Huspatangus patellaris, d’Archiac
and Haime, is from Wahior Stream near Chiropira; the Breynia is from Butta, near -
Tera ; and Troschelia tuberculata is from a stream-course north-west side of Hikelu Hill.

Schizaster Granti, nobis, is most probably from a zone above the Nummulitic beds.

List of the Species of Echinoidea from Kattywar. (Mu10cENE.)
. Cidaris depressa, Duncan g Sladen: p. 80.
granulata, Duncan & Sladen: p. 80.

. Coelopleurus Forbesi, @ Archiac: p. 81.

. Grammechinus regularis, Duncan g& Sladen: p. 82.
. Femnechinus costatus, d’ Archaic, sp.: p. 84.

—— Rousseaui, d’Archiac, sp.: p. 84.

—— tuberculosus, @’Archiae, sp.: p. 85.

affinis, Duncan g Sladen: p. 86.

. Clypeaster depressus, Sow.: p. 90.

. Brissopsis, sp.: p. 89.

. Schizaster Granti, Duncan & Sladen: p. 88.

. Breynia carinata, d Archiac; p. 90.

. Euspatangus patellaris, d Archiac: p. 87.

 

Pwd He

 

SODMAHA

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Species common to Kachh and Kattywar.
« Coelopleurus Forbesi, d’Archiac.
» Temnechinus Rousseaui, @Archiac, sp.
. Clypeaster depressus, Sow.
. Schizaster Granti, Duncan § Sladen.
. Breynia carinata, d’Archiac.
. Euspatangus patellaris, @ Archiac.

aopond

Localities of Kattywar Miocene Echinoidea.
Half a mile east of Lowaréli, Oka Mandol; east of Gurgat, Western Kattywar ;
three miles E. by N. of Gaga, and S.E. Gurgat ; near Gaga, Western Kattywar.

A much-worn specimen of what Sowerby terms Spatangus elongatus was found two
miles N. of Visdwara, above Porbandar. It is probably a Brissopsis.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. Il

IV. Description of the Fossil Echinoidea of the Nummulitic Series of Kachh.

Ordr ECHINOIDEA ENDOCYCLICA.

Family GLY PHOSTOMATA.
Subfamily TEMNOPLEURID.

Genus ARACHNIOPLEURWS, Duncan & Sladen, 1882.
A solitary specimen of this genus, which was diagnosed in the “ Fossil Echinoidea
of Western Sind” (Pal. Indica, series xiv. vol. iii. fasc. 2, p. 42), is in the collection from
Kachh. It is evidently a variety of the species Arachniopleurus reticulatus, Duncan &

Sladen, of Western Sind, from the Ranikot series, found underneath the great develop-
ment of Khirthar Nummulitic limestone.

1. ARACHNIOPLEURUS RETICULATUS, Duncan § Sladen, variety. Plate XI, Fig. 6.

This species was described by us in the “ Fossil Echinoidea of Western Sind” (Pal.
Ind. ser. xiv. vol. iii. fasc. 2, p. 42, and figured on plate ix. figs. 6, 7, 8).

The variety differs from the type in having vertical ridges between the transverse
ridges of the interradia, making the ornamentation more reticulate, and in having

two costal ridges placed vertically below the perforate and crenulate tubercles of the
interradia.

Locality. From a cafion in Nummulitic rock between Maniara-Fort hill and Karray.
Survey-number C 050.

Illustration of the Variety in Plate XI.
Fig. 6. Part of the test: magnified.

Ordr ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.
Suborder GNATHOSTOMATA.
Family CLYPEASTRIDL.
Subfamily EUCLY PEASTRIDZE.
Genus CLYPEASTER, Lamarck, 1801.

A true Clypeaster, with very remarkable ambulacral developments, and possessing
the needle-shaped pillars near the edge of the test and between the ambulacra within
the test, isin the Nummulitic series of Kachh. Unfortunately the posterior part of the

test is absent and the apical system also. The peristome is covered with a very solid
mass of Nummulites.

1. CiypEaster APERTUS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate VI, Figs. 6, 7.

The test is oval-elliptical in marginal outline, very flat beneath, very depressed,
with a thin rounded-off edge, and it slopes at first very gradually from the margin to
c2
12 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

the apical system; but the rise of the test is very slight in relation to its breadth.
There is no marginal swelling. Apical system absent. The ambulacra are subequal,
and end marginally within one third of the distance from the edge to the apical system.
The interporiferous zones are broad and the poriferous are narrow, and instead of
approaching distally are wide apart and everted, so as to become more distant at their
ends than at a little way within the petal. The pores are subequal, the test is thin,
and the needle-pillars are numerous.

Length from front to apical system 45 millim. ; greatest breadth 85 millim. ; height
17 millim.

Locality. Nummulitic series, west of Jénagia, north of Tera. Survey-number
C 060 Af.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VI.

Fig. 6. The upper part of the test: natural size.
7. Ornamentation: magnified.

Suborder ATELOSTOMATA.
Family CASSIDULIDA.
Subfamily ECHINONEINZ, Agassiz, 1847.

Genus AMBLYPYGUS, Agassiz, 1840.

Amongst the collection of Echinoidea from the Nummulitic strata of Kachh which
was obtained by the Geological Survey of India are several fine specimens of the genus
Amblypygus. The condition of preservation of the specimens is very good, and we are
enabled to offer a description of the structural details of their tests, which it is hoped
will assist paleontologists to comprehend the well-marked genus better than they have
hitherto been able, in consequence of the imperfect condition of most European,
African, and American specimens.

Probably the descriptions and illustrations of these forms from Kachh will influence
the classificatory position which has hitherto been assigned to the genus Amblypyqus.

The genus is not represented in the lower Nummulitic series of Sind, called the
Ranikot series. On searching amongst the collection of the Echini from the regions
of Sind and Kachh, in the Museum of the Geological Society of London, we found a
form from Kachh from a Nummulitic horizon at Babtia Hill, and which was described
as Galerites pulvinatus, Sowerby, in a memoir by Captain Grant, Trans. Geol. Soc.
vol. v. part 2 (read 1857), tab. xxiv, fig. 26.

This specimen has its actinal surface hidden, and therefore nothing but guesses
could be employed in attempting its generic position. Desor, in his ‘Synopsis des
Echinides,’ page 321, classifies this form in the genus Conoclypeus, and states that it is
a large Urchin with a circular outline and hemispherical. The petals are long and
open. The length 3} inches, and the height 1 inch. He considered that it was allied
to Conoclypeus Duboisii, Agass., of the Crimea and the Bavarian and Swiss Alps.

On comparing this very badly preserved specimen with those which are about to
be described, there is no doubt that it belongs to the genus Amblypygus. Never-
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 18

theless the examination of the form has not been of the least assistance in investigating
the anatomy of the test. Desor (op. cit. p. 255, tab. xxx, figs. 7-10) gives the
generic diagnosis of Amblypygus and the essential diagnoses of the species known in
1858.

Agassiz founded the genus-in 1840; and the diagnosis is as follows :—‘ Large
Urchins, depressed and circular or ovoid in outline, with thick margins. The petals
are largely open and extend to the margin, and they have very narrow poriferous zones.
The peristome is central, and more or less angular (many-cornered). ‘There is no
floscelle. The periproct is very large and pyriform, and is situated on the inferior
surface between the margin and the peristome.”

Desor adds in a note:—“ At first sight this genus greatly resembles that of
Conoclypeus, but differs essentially from it in the absence of a floscelle. It is really nearer
Pygaulus in its alliances, from which it is distinguished by its shape and periproct.”

The species noticed by Desor are as follows :—

AMBLYPYGUS APHELES, Agass.
Amblypygus apheles, Ayass. Catal. rais. p. 108, tab. xv, figs. 19, 20.

An elongate depressed form with tumid margins. The petals are very open and
the poriferous zones are very narrow. The periproct is elongate and pyriform, and
occupies more than half the space between the margin and the peristome. This species
is figured by Desor, plate xxx, figs. 7, 8; the figures are reduced one third.

AMBLYPYGUS DILATATUS, Agass.

A large species with a circular outline, very depressed. ‘The actinal surface concave
and undulating. ‘The periproct is large and elongate.

AMBLYPYGUS ARNOLDI, Agass.

A-large subcircular form, uniformly tumid, with swollen margins. The petals are
very divergent and with very narrow poriferous zones. It is slightly concave actinally.
The peristome is small and elongate transversely. One specimen.

AmBLypyeus AMERIcANUS, Wich.

A large circular form with very tumid margins and vaulted upper surface. The
poriferous zones are broader than in Amblypygus Arnoldi. It is concave beneath, and
the peristome is smaller than the periproct, which is large and pyriform.

This diagnosis can be nearly confirmed by examining a specimen in the British
Museum, but the shape is depressed and the tumid margins do not pass up to any thing
like a conical or vaulted apex. The abactinal surface is comparatively flat, the curva-
ture being very small. There is a gentle slope, equal on all sides, from the highest point
to the margin, and there is a slight flatness posteriorly. The tumidity of the margin
is remarkable, and the swollen condition reaches only a little on to the actinal surface;
for when the test is laid on its abactinal surface, it will be observed that around the
peristome, which is slightly in front of the centre, the test rises decidedly, and forms a
broad concavity for a considerable space, which even includes the periproct.
14 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

The margin is slightly gibbose, and the ambulacra are very faintly projecting above
the level of the test. The ambulacra are subequal and the poriferous zones are well
developed.

The peristome is oblique, broader than long, and has a greater curve to its posterior
than to its anterior margin. The periproct is pyriform, elongate, larger than the peri-
stome, and its anterior end is nearer the peristome than the posterior is to the margin
of the test. The distance of the periproct from the posterior margin of the test is equal
to half its length.

The dimensions are as follows:—Length 83 millim.; breadth 82 millim.; height
34 millim. The length and breadth may be taken as equal, and the relation of length
to height is 1: 0-409.

The flat and depressed shape resembles that of Amblypygus dilatatus, the relation
of whose length to height is 1: 0°43.

De Loriol described Amblypygus dilatatus, Agass., in his ‘Monographie des
Echinides contenus dans les couches Nummulitiques de ’Egypte,’ 1881, as follows :—

The shape is circular and as broad as long. The upper part is slightly swollen,
uniformly convex, and slightly conical at the apex, which is rather eccentric in front.
The actinal surface is tumid (“ pulvinée,” swollen like a pillow around the impression of
one’s head) and sunken around the peristome. ‘The margins are rounded and thick.

The apical disk corresponds with the culminating point of the upper surface.

The ambulacra are flush with the test, broad and very long, reaching close to the
edge (worn considerably in the specimen). The poriferous zones are relatively broad,
equalling about half the breadth of the interporiferous area. The ambulacra continue
on to the actinal surface as very small pores, which are in a slight linear depression
reaching the peristome. The peristome is very sunken, oblique, tolerably large, and has
the shape of an irregular pentagon with very unequal sides. The periproct is not
visible. The tubercles (only visible below) are very small, wide apart, and are separated
by numerous granules.

The length of the specimen is 72 millim.; the breadth is the same, and the
relation of length to height 1: 0°43

The illustration on plate iii. of his work, fig. 2 a, 6, c, is of a specimen whose
abactinal surface has been much denuded; moreover the area behind the peristome is
missing.

The shape of the peristome is preserved, and it corresponds with that of the species.
from Kachh.

De Loriol makes some most important remarks on the specimens of this widely
distributed species. He asserts that specimens from the Vicentin are nearly as high as
the Egyptian form, and that one from Yberg is much flatter. He refers to Amblypygus
apheles, and does not comprehend Sismonda’s figure of it, which has a small pentagonal
peristome surrounded by bourrelets. Evidently De Loriol is disinclined to admit
the species. With regard to Amblypygus Arnoldi, Desor, he says it has a high abactinal
surface, a thicker margin, and a less pulvinée actinal surface and smaller peristome than
Amblypygus dilatatus.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 16

De Loriol has kindly sent us an unpublished work on the Eocene Echinida of
Egypt and Lybia, and it contains a notice of A. dilatatus. It gives the following mea-
surements :—Length 56 millim.; relative length to breadth as 1:0°91; length to
height 1:0°41. The obliquity of the peristome is admirably shown.

Dr.. W. Dames, in his work on the Echinoidea of the Tertiary strata of the
Vicentin and Verona (‘ Paleontographica,’ Cassel, 1877, p. 26), briefly but none the less
clearly disposes of the species Amblypygus apheles from Verona, and states that it is an
elongate form of Amblypyqus dilatatus. He finds that Laube, in his ‘ Echinid. d. vic.
Tert.’ p. 20, wrongly attributes Ambdlypygus apheles to a form from the Vicentin, it
being Amblypygus dilatatus, and he notices that this widely distributed species has not
always a sharp margin.

Cotteau, ‘Echinides des Pyrénées,’ p.109, gives the generic diagnosis of Amblypyqus,
and adds that the ambulacral pores are oblong and conjugate, that the tubercles are
close and homogeneous, and that there is no floscelle.

He named a species Amblypygus Michelini; but Leymerie has found that this form
has a subpentagonal peristome with a floscelle. Cotteau states that this renders the
generic position of the form uncertain, and that it may be a true Echinolampas.

The so-called Amblypygus from Malta does not belong to the genus.

It appears from these data that the species Amdlypygus apheles and Amblypygus
Michelini are worthless. Amblypygus dilatatus, Agass., described by De Loriol,
is the type of the genus, and the obliquity of the peristome noticed by him becomes there-
fore a generic character. Desor states that the actinal surface is concave; but it is
swollen and convex, except around the peristome, where there is a decided concavity (in
the position of the test on its back).

Desor states that Amblypygus Arnoldi, Agass., and Amblypygus Americanus, Mich.
MSS., have the same appearance, and that A. Arnoldi is uniformly swollen and has a
thick margin ; so that, according to our description of Amblypygus Americanus, A. Arnoldi
must be a depressed form, having the relation of length to height as 1:0-43. Its
poriferous zones are “ trés étroites.””

The form described by Dr. Wright, F.R.S., from Malta, is not an Amblypyqus.

The species properly included in the genus Amblypygus up to the present time
are Amblypygus dilatatus, Agass., A. Arnoldi, and A. Americanus.

They belong to a group with specimens having the relation of length to height as
1:0°4 and 1: 0-43.

The chief characteristic of the specimens from Kachh is their great relative height
and disposition to a pentagonal outline.

There are three well-preserved specimens, and one which is within 5 millim.
of the length of Egyptian Amdblypygus dilatatus is 10 millim. higher. The relative
dimensions are:—Kachh form, length to height 1: 0°62.

The range of relative length and height in the Kachh forms varies, in perfect speci-
mens, from length 1: 0°62 to 1: 0°63.

Moreover, the Kachh forms are longer than broad. Hence it is evident that the
Kachh Nummulitic specimens belong to a new species.
16 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

1. AmBiypyeus aLtus, Duncan & Sladen. Plate IV, Figs. 1-3.

The test is large, very thick, swollen, and subhemispherical above, tumid at the
margins and on the actinal surface also. Marginal contour nearly circular. Abactinal
surface sloping nearly equally to the front and back. but it is slightly more swollen
posteriorly than anteriorly. ‘The lateral slope approaches the curve of a semicircle, but
is rather flatter in the upper one third. The posterior interradium is more flattened
than the others at the margin. Apical system slightly in front of the centre or central ;
the system is small in relation to the dimensions of the test, and is pentagonal or irre-
gularly circular in outline. The generative pores are large and stand outside of the
irregularly-shaped madreporic body, which separates the posterior ocular plates rather
widely.

The anterior ocular plate is distinct, and the pore is well in front of the anterior
edges of the antero-lateral generative plates; these are large, and the right one is
largely covered by the madreporic, and the left one much less so. The antero-lateral
ocular pores are sunken, and their plates are well developed. The postero-lateral gene-
rative plates are wide apart, and separated by the low, tumid, madreporic body; their
pores are large. The madreporic body has an irregular margin, in no way overlaps the
pores, and has its surface covered with close, small, low granules, the intermediate
surface being minutely pitted.

The ambulacra are flush with the test, are largely open just above the margin
where the poriferous zone alters its character, and become narrower towards the peri-
stome. The poriferous zones of each ambulacrum converge high up in the peristome
on its ascending process.

The poriferous zones are well developed abactinally, increase in breadth rather
rapidly from the apex, and then diminish more gradually to close above the margin,
where the pores are smaller, those of each pair coming nearer together and being more
obliquely placed.

The long inner row of pores, circular in outline and well open, forms a nearly straight
and diverging linear series; and the outer pores, which are elongate transversely and in the
shape of long ellipses, form a curve in vertical series. The pores are conjugate, but the
groove is shallow and broad, and usually slightly bent. A low, broad, costal projection
is between each succeeding groove, and has on it, where the zone is widest, about 7
distinct granules in a line, with alternate ones smaller than the others. Near the margin
the pores of each pair are not on the same level, the inner one being the lowest down ;
and on the margin this obliquity becomes very decided, the outer pore being nearly
above the inner one, and separated by a narrow and linear bridge. The pairs increase
in number at the margin and over it, and become fewer near the peristome, where
they again become less oblique. The pores pass up within the peristome on its vertical
walls and end close to their free edge. There is no phyllode. Every third pair of pores
is in the centre of a small accessory plate. The anterior odd ambulacrum has a curved

course actinally, and is not placed there in a line with the longitudinal axis of the
test.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 17

The interporiferous zones are narrow in the upper part of the test where the pori-
ferous zones are at their broadest. There the poriferous zone is only slightly narrower
than the interporiferous area. The breadth of the interporiferous zone increases
towards the margin.

The ornamentation of the interporiferous zones is scanty, small, and distant down
to near the margin, where it becomes larger and closer; on the edge of the actinal
surface it is still larger, and near the peristome larger still and not so close. It consists
of low tubercles, with small perforate mamelons and crenulate bosses (usually worn off)
standing in barely sunken or flat scrobicules, which are wide and are encircled by a
row of distinct granules sharp at the top, and resembling the largest of those seen on
the coste between the grooves of the poriferous zone. The circles of granules may or
may not interfere with each other. The ambulacra are wide apart, equidistant, and
the extreme breadth is from 14-15 millim.

The interradia are wide, and the ornamentation, of the same kind as that of the
interporiferous zones, is scanty abactinally, closer at the margin, and largest and closest
near the peristome. Actinally there is more space in the interradia near the peristome
in the lst and 3rd areas than in the others; and consequently the 2nd and 3rd, and 4th
and 5th ambulacra are closer together at the peristome than the Ist and 2nd, and 3rd
and 4th (Lovén’s enumeration).

The peristome is subcentral, sunken, very large, and its longest diameter, obliquely
placed, is between the right antero-lateral and left postero-lateral interradial spaces
(between areas 2 and 4). It is deep, widely open, and has a precipitous inner wall.
The shape is irregular, a lesser anterior curve being opposed to a larger and posterior
one; where the extremities of the curves meet at the ends of the long diameter are
blunt angles. A close and larger than ordinary tuberculation covers the sides of the
peristome ; and the length of the long diameter is 18 millim. in large and 14 in
smaller specimens, and the length of the short diameter is 11 millim. and 6 millim.
respectively.

The periproct is large, pear-shaped, situated longitudinally, bluntly angular in
front, broadest near its posterior end, which is close to the margin. The periproct is
slightly longer than the long diameter of the peristome. The distance of the anterior
angle of the periproct from the posterior edge of the peristome is rather more than one
half of the length of the periproct itself.

In a perfectly uninjured specimen the test rests on the tumid actinal surface, not
very distant from the edge of the peristome, the whole of the tumid margins being
above the resting-plane.

The plates of the ambulacra near the peristome are larger than further out, and
the pairs of pores perforate them; every third pair perforate a small accessory plate
placed near the interradium.

The arrangement of the interradial plates at the peristomial edge is as in Echinoneus.
There is a single broad plate in areas 1, 3, 5, and there are two plates in areas 2 and 4.

Locality. Kachh. Nummulitic beds in white limestone. Survey-numbers

D
18 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

C050 Af and C 050. From a cafion in Nummulitic rock between Maniara-Fort hill
and Karray.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate IV.

Fig. 1. A large specimen, side view: natural size.
2. The same, abactinal view: natural size.
8. The same, actinal view: natural size.

2. AMBLYPYGUS PENTAGONALIS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate IV, Figs. 4-11.

The test is pentangular in marginal outline, especially in young forms; it is
longer than broad and broader than high, broadest at the distal ends of the antero-
lateral ambulacra, tumid at the ambitus, curving boldly to the apex, which is rather
behind the centre, and more precipitously from it to the posterior edge. The profile
seen from the front is nearly hemispherical. ‘The actinal surface is tumid; the peri-
stome is oblique, deeply seated and large; and the long, nearly elliptical periproct
is large, and reaches from the margin to three fourths of its length from the
peristome.

Length of a test 85 millim., breadth 77 millim., height 53 millim.; relative length
to breadth 1: 0-9, length to height 1: 0-62.

A smaller specimen is 78 millim. long, 72 millim. broad, and 45 millim. high ;
relative length to breadth 1 : 0:92, length to height 1 : 0-57.

The ambulacra are slightly raised above the level of the interradia, and add to the
pentangular appearance; they are widely open at the margin and become narrower
where the normal poriferous zone merges into the series of double pores. The
peristome is rather straight at its anterior edge, and rather angular posteriorly,
the indefinite apex of the triangle being at the entrance of the right posterior
ambulacrum (No. I.) into the peristome.

Locality. The same as Amblypygus altus, in the Nummulitic series of Kachh.
Survey-numbers C 050, C050 At, C050 A.

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate LV.

. The test, side view.

. Abactinal view of the test.

The peristome and part of the periprocti

Ornamentation of the margin: magnified.

Ornamentation, abactinal: magnified.

Part of an ambulacrum, poriferous and interporiferous zones : magnified.

Termination of normal poriferous zone in the double series of pores, and
part of an interporiferous zone.

11. Apical system: magnified.

Fig.

SH PI Sw

This species differs from Amblypygus altus in its shape, the projection of the
ambulacra, and in the more elliptical periproct and triangular peristome. The orna-
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 19

mentation and details are nearly the same, however; and were there not abundance of
specimens of both kinds we should feel the difficulty of making this angular form
any thing more than a racial variety ; but it is a distinct species.

The nature of the ambulacra, their continuous series of double pores, the intercalated
poriferous plates, the oblique peristome, and the position of the periproct ally Ambly-
pygus to Echinoneus, which is its modern representative. The genus Amblypygus belongs
to the subfamily Echinoneine.,

Subfamily ECHINOLAMPINGA.
Genus ECHINOLAMPAS, Gray, 1825.

The species of this genus from the Nummulitic of Kachh are as peculiar as those
described by de Loriol from Egypt*. Most of them are very tall and large, and look
like Conoclypei, but they have all the generic characters of Echinolampas. The identity
of any species from Kachh with any one of those so admirably described by de Loriol
cannot be asserted ; but the alliances are close, and the mimeticism of the two faunas as
regards this genus is very remarkable.

1. Ecurnotampas atta, Duncan & Sladen. Plate I, Figs. 1-6.

The test is thick, large, high, helmet-shaped, with steep sides; it is longer than
broad, and slightly broader than high. The highest point is central and behind the
apical system, which is slightly excentric in front, or at 75 of the distance from the
anterior to the posterior edge. The test slopes rapidly to the front, and is almost
vertical near the ambitus; the slope is bolder and with a greater curve posteriorly,
where it includes the produced and subrostrated posterior interradium. ‘The direc-
tion is very vertical near the margin posteriorly and laterally. Seen from the front,
the outline is almost hemispherical above and vertical on either side nearly to the
margin.

The actinal surface is oval elliptical in outline, longer than broad, rounded in
front, less rounded and broadest on a line with the peristome, and narrower and slightly
pinched-in on either side of the rounded posterior part. The margins are rounded
off; they are sharpest on a line which passes through the peristome transversely, and also
on either side of the periproct. The peristome is slightly sunken, and the whole actinal
surface is slightly concave from before backwards, so that the test rests fore and aft, and
does not touch the surface which corresponds with the transverse line above mentioned.
There is a sensible swelling of the margin anterior to the lateral ambulacra, and it
is less, and more dependent in front of the postero-lateral. The test rests upon a
faintly swollen surface within the margin.

The interradial areas, more or less vertical and evenly curved above the margin,
are tumid high up, and the posterior, more swollen than the others near the apical disk,

* Op. cit. p. 88 (32). See supra, p. 14.
D2
20 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

is produced with a decided latitudinal curvature to form a well-developed projection
nipped-in on either side. The ambulacra, flush with the test near the margin, are
slightly sunken above in consequence of the tumidity of the interradia.

The apical system is on the anterior slope of the test, is in a very slight depression,
is circular in outline, and is flat button-shaped. There are four large generative pores ;
the front pair are closer than the others, and all are at the edge of the disk, which is
granular and mainly consists of madreporiform body. The ocular pores are small and
are covered by the edge of the disk.

The ambulacra are long, reaching close to the margin, widely open, unequal ;
and whilst the odd and antero-lateral are straight, the postero-lateral have a slight
curvature.

The poriferous zones are well developed and are very slightly sunken below the
level of the interporiferous areas; the inner lines of pores are in long, straight, diverging
lines, so that the interporiferous areas show no tendency to close, and they gradually
increase in width from the apex to close to the margin. The poriferous zones are
broadest from a third to about halfway down, and they diminish in breadth gradually
to a point, and are of unequal length—the right zone of the odd ambulacrum, the
anterior zone of the antero-lateral, and the posterior zone of the postero-lateral ambu-
lacra being shorter than their fellows by a very few pores. Moreover the antero-lateral
poriferous zones slope slightly backwards near the margin. The pores are conjugate,
the groove being well developed ; and the inner pores are elliptical and the outer elongate
in outline. There is often a faint curvature of the conjugating grooves. There is a
well-developed costal ridge between each pair of grooves, and it is ornamented with a
single row of large granules, which are sometimes separated by much smaller ones or by
aspace. Towards the margin the poriferous zones become narrower and the pores closer
together, until at last a simple narrow groove only contains one pore. In the postero-
lateral ambulacra, about halfway up the test, there are nine ambulacral plates to one
interradial plate. The ambulacra do not come to a point at the apex, and there is a
little breadth there.

The interporiferous zones, narrow at the apex, increase very gradually in breadth
to their termination near the margin. Slightly above the level of the poriferous zones
they are nearly flat, and are ornamented with small sunken tubercles which are mam-
millate, crenulate, and perforate, and which are separated by narrow tumid ridges
minutely but sharply granular. Below the margin of the test the poriferous zone is
continued over the actinal surface, one row of pores existing for about two thirds of the
distance to the peristome, and the pores are close, denoting a considerable number of
ambulacral plates. The rows of pores are in exceedingly faint grooves, which gradually
approximate until the open and somewhat rudimentary phyllode is reached. The
interporiferous zones become narrow from the margin to the peristome, are rather
tumid from side to side, and are decidedly below the level (in the normal position of
the test) of the pores in their grooves. ‘Towards the peristome the pores, which are
small and surrounded by minute cavities, and are elongate (their long axis being on a
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 21

line with the direction of the ambulacra), become more numerous, two and three rows
existing. The rows are placed obliquely; and it appears that in some instances there are
extra plates. Traces of pits occur near the peristome between the lines of pores; and
each ambulacrum ends in two large pores, which are well within the peristomial margin.

The interporiferous zones actinally have a slightly larger ornamentation than
abactinally, but of the same kind ; they narrow near the peristome, and become gutter-
shaped more or less, owing to the tumidity of the bourrelets.

Actinally the interradia are well developed, and they form a considerable part of
the peristomial margin, where they are slightly tumid, project, and bound the trans-
versely elongate pentagonal aperture. The bourrelets of the lateral interradials are the
smallest, the others being larger, broader, and more projecting and subequal. The
ornamentation of the actinal part of the interradials increases in size from the margin
to close to the peristome, where it again becomes crowded and covers closely the bour-
relets and their ascending processes within the peristome. A trace of wearing occurs in
the median line towards the periproct.

The peristome is large, pentagonal, transverse, subcentral, is on a higher plane
than the margins in front and behind, and nearly on a level with the margin posteriorly
to the antero-lateral ambulacra. It is deep, and bounded by a vertical tube-like process
of the test formed mainly by the interradia. The depth isat least 6 millim. There are
no auricles or teeth.

The periproct is large, transversely elliptical, rather larger than the peristome, close
to the posterior edge of the test within the margin, and occasionally transgresses on it ;
it looks downwards and a little backwards. The large ornamentation of the actinal
surface of the posterior interradium becomes smaller and closer around the periproct.

Abactinally the distinct and rather wideapart interradial ornamentation resembles
in details and point of size that of the ambulacra; but the tubercles become crowded
and smaller near the margin, and actinally the crowding persists, the tubercles being
larger also.

The length of the test is 89 millim., and the greatest breadth is 70 millim.; the
height is 67 millim.; so that the proportional measurements are—length 1, breadth
0-786, height 0°75.

Locality. Kachh. From a cafion in Nummulitic rock between Maniar a-Fort hill and
Karray, about three miles east of Bair. Survey-number C 050.

Mlustrations of the Species in Plate I.

Fig. 1. Echinolampas alta, Duncan & Sladen. Side view: natural size.
2. Actinal view: natural size.
3. Apical system: magnified twice.
4. Peristome: magnified.
5. The antero-lateral ambulacrum, near the margin: magnified,
6. Ornamentation of ambulacrum: magnified.
22 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

2. Ecutnotampas atta, Duncan & Sladen, variety. Plate I, Fig. 7.

Many specimens of this species are in the collection, and there appears to be but
slight variation in them in spite of differences of size. The main distinction (which,
however, is only slight) is that in some forms the test is less oval in actinal outline
and approaches an ellipse with one end more rounded than the other. This is produced
by a slight enlargement of the test close in front of the postero-lateral ambulacra
(Plate I, fig. 7). Again, the type has tumid interradials abactinally ; another form is
less tumid; and a third, that represented in Plate I, fig. 7, is barely tumid. We feel
disposed to admit this last as a variety, and to characterize it by the deficient
tumidity of the interradials abactinally, the more ellipsoid shape actinally, and the
comparative shortness of the ambulacra. It is from the same locality as the type.

‘Illustration of the Variety in Plate I.

Fig. 7. Echinolampas alta, Duncan & Sladen. Variety.
Actinal surface: natural size.

A large specimen, which has been crushed somewhat from above downwards, is
from the same locality. It shows a slightly more prominent condition of the inter-
poriferous zones than the type. The curve of the postero-lateral ambulacra is greater,
and the shape of the base is broader. There is no doubt about the single row of
granules separated by smaller ones or by spaces on the coste of the poriferous zones,
and that the ornamentation of the test consists of sunken tubercles with mamelons and
crenulations, the intermediate areas being largely granular.

One specimen is remarkable for its height, yet the specific distinction of a greater
breadth than height prevails. The dimensions are: length 84 millim., breadth 67
millim., and height 64 millim. This is the greatest deviation in point of greater height
from the type. Relative length to height 1 to 0°76. Survey-number C 050 BF.

Another, and larger, specimen has the following dimensions :—length 90 millim.,
breadth 70 millim., and height 64 millim.; length to height 0-71. Survey-number
C 050.

This remarkable Echinolampad is common, and at once strikes the eye on account
of its height, tumid interradia near the apex, the slant behind, the vertical sides, and
the long gradually enlarging ambulacra.

It resembles a Conoclypeus in shape and ornamentation. There is no species like
it in the Tertiaries of Sind; but de Loriol’s monographs of the Nummulitic deposits
of Egypt contain admirable descriptions and figures of very closely allied forms.

Lchinolampas Fraasi, P. de Loriol*, is closely allied; and it is to the group of
which that fine African species is a type that the form from Kachh belongs—tall
Echinolampads, with long, not very unequal, and not petaloid distally ambulacra.

* “ Monographie des Echinides nummulitiques de Egypte,” Mém. Soc. de phys. et Whist. nat. de

Gentrey t. 27, i. p. 92, pl. v. fig. 1. Kocine Echinoideen aus Aegypten und der Libyschen Wiiste,” Palzon-
tographica, N. F. x. 1. (xxx.). p. 22, pl. vi. figs. 1, la, 10.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 23

The dimensions of the Kachh species and Echinolampas Fraasi are as follows :—

Kachh. E. Fraasi.
millim, millim. millim. millim.
Length 2. 2 a 4 89 84 86 92
Length to breadth is 1: 0-78 0-8 0:84 0:84
Length to height . 1: 0°75 0-76 0°68 0°67 : 0°68

The height of the species from Kachh is in excess, and it is narrower than Echino-
lampas Fraasi.

The interporiferous zone is broader in the African form, in which, moreover, there
is a tendency to closing of the ambulacra. The anterior part of the test slopes
differently in the two species, and the basal level differs. The alliance is very close, and
the species are representative.

3. Ecuinotampas Feppent, Duncan & Sladen. Plate I, Figs. 8-11; Plate III, Fig. 2.

The test is tall, subhelmet-shaped, longer than broad and broader than high ;
roundly oval actinally, and rounded at the margins, so that it stands on a smaller area
than the ambitus.

The abactinal surface curves gradually to the apex, which is slightly excentric in
front and a little anterior to the highest point of the test. The slope in front is sharp
and precipitous, and that behind is more gradual, and the anterior profile is hemi-
spherical, with a flatness about the flanks.

The actinal surface is rounded in front, and more broadly so behind; is well curved
at the sides also. It is tumid anteriorly to the subcentral peristome, faintly projecting
and subkeeled between the peristome and the submarginal transverse periproct, and
concave on a line with the sides of the peristome. The margins are well rounded
and form no sharp angles, and the most dependent portions of the test on which it rests
are in front of the peristome and between it and the periproct.

The apical system is small, and there are four large generative pores and a depres-
sion over the position of the fifth. ‘The front pair are closer together than the posterior ;
and the madreporiform body is central and large. The ocular plates and pores are very
small.

The ambulacra are subequal in length and breadth; the interporiferous zones are
slightly above the level of the test, except near the apex, where some tumidity of the
interradials occurs ; and the poriferous zones, unequal in length in the same ambulacrum,
are either very slightly sunken or oblique. The ambulacra reach near to the margin.
but are separated from the lowest point of it by a sensible space ; they are widely open,
and show only the faintest approach to closure. The poriferous zones at their broadest
part are much narrower than the interporiferous areas there, and these last have a
faint longitudinal groove. The anterior odd ambulacrum is straight, increases in width
to midway to the margin, and then remains of the same dimensions until lower down,
24 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

where there is a very slight narrowing of the interporiferous zone and a decided dimi-
nution in breadth of the poriferous zones. The poriferous zones are narrow ; about 23
their breadth would equal that of the interporiferous at the widest part ; the inner pores
are circular and large; and the outer, elongate elliptical, are equal to or even slightly
larger than the others ; a broad and deep groove connects them ; and the coste between
‘the pores are stout, rounded above, where there is a row of distinct granules. The
direction of the coste and grooves is rather oblique. The breadth of the zone diminishes
marginally, but there is only a slight difference in the respective zone-lengths. The
ornamentation of the interporiferous zone is of numerous sunken tubercles in scrobicules
rather more than their own width apart. The tubercles are slightly mammillated and
crenulate, and the interscrobicular areas are rather tumid and sharply and distinctly
granular.

The antero-lateral ambulacra form a very wide angle, have the posterior poriferous
zones more bowed than the anterior, and there are a few more pairs of pores in the
anterior than in the posterior zone.

The postero-lateral ambulacra are sinuous, and the anterior poriferous zone is
slightly the longest. The poriferous zones are continued in all the ambulacra over the
margin to close to the peristome as a single series of pores.

The interradial areas abactinally are very faintly tumid near the apex, have a
distinct median sutural line, and there is a slight flattening of the posterior interradium,
with two indistinct keels running down to the margin to end on either side of the
periproct.

The ornamentation is equal from just above the margin to the apex, and consists of
the same structural details as seen in the interporiferous ambulacral areas. The granula-
tion, however, is distinct and large, but scanty. Near the margin the scrobicules become
much closer, and thence to the peristome the ornamentation is less crowded, but more so
than above. Near the periproct it is crowded, and especially at the posterior margin,
where it is smaller than elsewhere, Between the periproct and the peristome is a worn
surface. .

The peristome is subcentral, and not quite beneath the apical system in some and
beneath it in others. It is large, widely open, elongate transversely, pentagonal, and
the bourrelet of the posterior interradium is low and the broadest; those of the
anterior interradial areas are slightly tumid and project, and are larger than those of the
lateral areas. A minute tuberculation covers the ingoing process from the peristome ;
and the rudimentary phyllodes are in very shallow grooves. ‘There is a well-developed
row of outer pores in each phyllode and a few inner ones, but they are between
the plates on the sutural lines. The usual pair of pores is at the commencement of
each phyllode within the peristome; and there are numerous pits in the position of
spheeridia.

The periproct is larger than the peristome, is elongate transversely, and irregularly

elliptical, the posterior curve being less than the anterior, It is inframarginal, and not
visible from behind.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 25

«

The height of the type is 44 millim., the breadth 58 millim., and the length 62
millim.; and these dimensions give the relation of length to breadth 1 : 0:95, height
1: 0-709.

It follows.that the relative dimensions of this form are not very diverse from those
of the species just described (Hchinolampas alta).

But the present species is nota young form of the last; and the narrow poriferous
zones, the sinuous postero-lateral ambulacra, the tumid free peristomial region, the
faint posterior keel, and the general roundness of actinal contour cause it to differ
specifically from £. alta.

Locality. Kachh. Nummulitic series; from the same geological horizon as Echino-
lampas alta. Survey-number C 050.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate I.

Fig. 8. The test, side view: natural size.
9. Abactinal view: natural size.
10. Part of an ambulacrum: magnified.
11. A postero-lateral ambulacrum: magnified.

Illustration of the Species in Plate III.

Fig. 2. Actinal view: natural size.

There are several specimens of this form in the collection, and they present con-
siderable variation. In one form with the Survey-mark C 050 f (B) the greatest
breadth is behind the peristome, the apical system is more central, and there is a more
evident tendency on the part of the ambulacra to close. In another, which is slightly
taller than the type, the more central apical system is seen, and the top of the test is
less rounded.

This species is also a representative of the tall African Nummulitic Echinolampads ;
and the resemblance of the actinal area to that of Echinolampas Fraasi, de Loriol, is
remarkable. The specific distinctions are in the relative heights and the shape of the
posterior ambulacra, and the difference in the anterior slope of the test, together with the
remarkably uneven base of the Kachh species.

4. EcHINOLAMPAS Kacuensis, Duncan & Sladen. Plate II, Figs. 1-4.

The test is tumid above, broadly elliptical in marginal outline, longer than broad
and broader than high. Length of specimen 53 millim., relative length to breadth
1: 0:9, and length to height 1: 0°6. It is almost hemispherical in its profile seen
from the front. The highest point is at the apical system, very slightly excentric in
front, and the posterior slope is bolder than the greatly curved anterior. The margins
are rounded off but not tumid, and the posterior part is flat and in relation to the infra-
marginal periproct. ‘The position of the peristome is very slightly in the rear of a
vertical line leading upwards to the apical system. The apical system has four

q
26 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

generative pores and a central madreporic body. ‘The ambulacra are flush with the
test, rather unequal in breadth, the posterior being the broadest and longest. The
poriferous zones are narrow, and the interporiferous are broad, one being 2} times the
width of a poriferous zone.

The ambulacra are open, and the anterior shows no tendency to close, but all have
the distal ends of the perfect poriferous zones diminished in breadth. This is very
decided in the postero-lateral, and less so in the odd ambulacrum. The outer pores,
elongate elliptical, are larger than the inner and nearly circular pores, the grooves
between them are broad, and the coste are stout and placed rather obliquely. Coming
nearly to points, the poriferous zones of the odd ambulacrum are slightly unequal. The
posterior poriferous zone of the antero-lateral ambulacra has five or six pairs of pores
more than the anterior zone, which is less curved than the other, and yet both tend
(although the space between them is narrowed) to turn slightly away from one another.
The postero-lateral ambulacra are sinuous, and the poriferous zones come rather close
together at the end, the anterior being the longest. All the perfect zones stop well
short of the margin of the test, and a single series of pores passes over to the actinal
surface. The interradial areas are large from the great angle formed by the antero-
lateral ambulacra; they are not tumid, and the posterior one is decidedly flattened near
the margin.

The interporiferous areas and the poriferous zones are very nearly flush with
the test. :

The ornamentation of the interporiferous areas and of the interradials above the
ambitus is identical, and consists of equal-sized tubercles in sunken scrobicules, which
are separated by granular spaces.

The actinal surface is tumid between the front and the peristome, and is less so
between this and the periproct. The test touches at these tumid points and not on a line
which passes transversely through the peristome, which is very slightly sunken. The
peristome is pentangular, longest transversely, and has small low bourrelets and rudi-
mentary phyllodes, consisting of a number of outer pores and a few inner ones.

The periproct is close to the sharp edge, is inframarginal, larger than the peri-
stome; is elliptical, with narrow ends, and is elongate transversely. Actinally the
ornamentation is slightly larger and more crowded.

Length of the specimen 53 millim., height 32 millim., breadth 48 millim.

Locality. Kachh. Near Wagka-padar, upper part of Nummulitic-beds. Survey-
number C 057 f.

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate II.
Fig. 1. Echinolampas Kachensis, side view : natural size.
2. Abactinal view: natural size.
3. Actinal view: natural size.
4. Part of an ambulacrum: magnified.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 27

5. EcHInoLaMpas Hartmut, Duncan § Sladen. Plate II, Figs. 6, 7, 8.

The test is depressed, longer than broad and broader than high, rather conical
above, with the sides sloping without much curvature to the tumid margin, which has
an oval elliptical actinal outline, the greatest breadth and boldest curve being posterior
to the peristome. Relative length to breadth 1: 0°87 to height 1:0°42. The apical
system is slightly anterior, and is at the highest point of the conical part of the test,
and the posterior slope is bolder than the anterior. The generative pores are large
and oblique.

The ambulacra are flush with the test, are unequal, do not reach the margin, are
petaloid more or less, but the anterior shows but little tendency to close as the others
do. The postero-lateral are the longest and the broadest, whilst the odd ambulacrum
and the antero-lateral are about the same length, the latter being the broader. The
interporiferous zones are broad, more than twice as broad as a poriferous area. The
anterior poriferous zone of the antero-lateral ambulacrum is shorter than the posterior,
towards which its end curves. The zones of the other ambulacra are equal in length.

The outer row of pores is larger than the inner. The actinal surface is slightly
tumid ; and the peristome, which is small, slightly excentric in front, is rather sunken.
It is pentagonal, and the bourrelets are feebly developed and are very flat ; the anterior
nearly equal the posterior one, and the postero-lateral are the narrowest. The sides of
the peristome are very precipitous, and are ornamented with small close tubercles. The
phyllodes are moderately developed; there are two pores within the peristome on
each, and beyond them is some doubling of pores; those of the normal single row are
placed at the junction of sutures near the peristome, but further out they appear to
penetrate the ambulacral plates; but this is produced by wearing and the obliquity of
the canal. There is one plate to each interradium at the peristome.

Length of test 54 millim. when perfect, breadth 47 millim., height 23 millim.

Locality. Kachh. Nummulitic series, and west of Junagia, north of Ieré. Survey-
number C 060 A f.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate II.

Fig. 6. The abactinal part of the test: natural size.
7. The actinal surface: natural size,
8. A part of a phyllode: magnified.

6. Ecutnotampas Damesi, Duncan & Sladen. Plate II, Figs. 9, 10; and Plate IJI,
Fige ds

The test is rather depressed, slightly longer than broad, and the height is less
than half the length ; it is subhemispherical above and broadest behind. The relative
dimensions are—length to breadth 1: 0-92, and length to height 1: 0°42.

In marginal outline the test is subcircular, and is broadest just behind the median
lines of the postero-lateral interradia, where there is a slight projection at the margin.
The front of the marginal outline is rounded, and behind the point of greatest breadth

EQ
28 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

it is more broadly rounded, but posteriorly it becomes slightly flattened at the spot
corresponding with the periproct. The highest point of the test is central, and there
is a sharper slope forwards than backwards. The margin is boldly curved and tumid
in front, and the tumidity diminishes behind the antero-lateral ambulacra, where the
test is rather sharply rounded ; and this condition persists to the neighbourhood of the
periproct.

‘The apex is rather excentric in front, being 9 millim. in front of the centre, the
extreme length of the test being 77 millim.; and the result is to give a comparatively
narrow anterior part and a long and broad posterior portion. The sunken peristome is
excentric in front and under the apical system, and is surrounded by the tumid actinal
surface; and the test rests on a surface between the peristome and the ambitus. There
is slight flattening between the peristome and the periproct.

The apical system is small, the disk is round, and the ocular pores hidden.

The ambulacra, unequal in length, are on the whole narrow, and nearly flush with the
test ; the antero-lateral-ambulacra curve slightly, concavity in front, are very wide apart,
and tend decidedly to close; but the anterior poriferous zone is shorter than the other,
and curves slightly backwards at its termination. The posterior zone is curved with
the concavity forwards, and near the margin it ends with a slight curve in the opposite
direction. The zones are narrow and about one half of the breadth of the inter-
poriferous areas where best developed. The inner series of pores are circular in outline,
and the outer are larger and elongate-elliptical; they are conjugate, the groove being
slightly oblique, and the coste, which are well developed, have a row of granules.

The postero-lateral ambulacra form an angle of about 70°, are straight, slightly
broader in the interporiferous zone than the anterior, reach far towards the margin, but
not more so than the antero-lateral, are widely open, and there is one pair of pores in
excess in the anterior zone. The poriferous zones are slightly narrower than those of
the antero-lateral ambulacra, and the conjugating grooves are more oblique.

The postero-lateral interradia are slightly gibbose at the margin, and the posterior
interradium is flattened behind the periproct.

The peristome is large, broad, pentagonal, with the nearly flat bourrelets subequal
in the antero-lateral and posterior interradia, and narrowest in the postero-lateral regions.
The pores are sunken in round pits, and the reduplication is scanty. The walls of the
peristome pass up and form a pentagonal tubular process with the angles rounded.

The periproct, broader than long, has a slightly curved posterior and a more boldly
curved anterior margin, and the junction of the margins is by acute lateral apgles.
A mere ridge separates it from the posterior surface of the test.

The ornamentation is generally close, and is larger actinally than abactinally ; that
of the interporiferous zones is similar to that of the interradia. It consists abactinally
of small depressed tubercles with small pointed mamelons, both crenulate and perforate,
standing in shallow circular scrobicules which are separated by a slightly raised surface
crowded with distinct and sharp granules. Just under the ambitus the crowded orna-
mentation is the smallest, and the largest kind is found on the bourrelets and on the
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 29

posterior interradium near the peristome. Near the periproct the ornamentation is
small, and especially posteriorly to it on the ridge.

Length of the test 77 millim., breadth 71 millim., height 33 millim. Apical disk
9 millim. in front of centre. Breadth of peristome 11 millim., and breadth of periproct
13 millim.

Locality. Kachh. Nummulitic series. One mile east of Goir, near Narainsir ; from
bed with Pecten and Nummulites. Survey-number C 043 Bf.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate II.

' Fig. 9. The test, abactinal surface: natural size.
10. The ornamentation: magnified.

Plate IIT.

Fig. 1. The actinal surface: natural size.

The dimensions of this form in height, breadth, and length somewhat resemble
those of Echinolampas discoideus, ?VArchiac and Haime, from the Nummulitic of Sind.
The differences in structure are the more tumid posterior part of H. discoideus and its
want of any marginal tuberosity; and the tumid nature of the actinal surface around
the peristome of the new form constitutes a decided distinction. It has also a larger
periproct, that of E. discoideus being small.

The new form has not the lateral symmetry or the small peristome of Echinolampas
discus, which is altogther more circular in outline. It is distinct from, but represen-
tative of, Echinolampas Osiris, Desor, sp., from Egypt.

7. EcHInouaMPas instenis, Duncan & Sladen. Plate III, Figs. 3-6.

The test is large, almost circular in actinal outline, conical above, flat in anterior
slope, nearly as broad as long, and about one half as high as broad. The relative
proportions are—length as to breadth 1: 0-966, and length as to height 1: 0-488.

The apical system is at the highest point of the test, and is about 3 millim. in
front of the centre. The test slopes with a gentle curve on either side of the apex to
the tumid margin, and has a decided flattish slope in front, which contrasts with the
gentle posterior curve of the test. The margins are tumid or rounded, and most so
in front and behind the periproct, where there is some flatness. The test reposes on the
rather convex actinal surface within the limits of the margin. The peristome, 11 or
12 millim. broad, is sunken, large, much broader than long, and has the posterior
bourrelet the broadest, and the postero-lateral very small; the antero-lateral are the
most tumid, but all are slightly developed. The periproct is large, elliptical, with a
greater anterior than posterior curvature; it is broader than the peristome, and is
close to the posterior part of the test and inframarginal. The test is less convex
between the periproct and peristome than elsewhere actinally.

The apical system is large, circular in outline, a little tumid centrally, but sunken
30 THE TERTIARY FOSSIT. ECHINOIDEA

yound the edge; and the greater part is occupied by the madreporic body, which is
covered with nodular granules. There are four generative pores, which are large, and
the anterior pair are closer than the posterior. The ocular plates are very small.

The ambulacra are unequal, moderately broad, the posterior being the longest
and the others subequal ; the odd ambulacrum is slightly narrower and shorter than the
others, and all pass far towards the margin, but none of the petaloid parts reach it.
The odd ambulacrum is widely open at its marginal end, but still the poriferous
zones converge there slightly ; the antero-lateral tend to close, but do not, and this
is observed in a less degree in the postero-lateral ambulacra. The interporiferous
zones are broad, slightly convex, and raised above the level of the rather sunken pori-
ferous zones. The posterior ambulacra have the broadest interporiferous zone, and all
are ornamented with a close small tuberculation in small sunken scrobicules, the
intervening part being finely, sparely, and distinctly granular. The tubercles are
barely above the test, and have small mamelons.

The poriferous zones are broad, the pairs are obliquely placed, and the pores are
large and conjugate. The pairs are separated by well-developed granular coste. The
pores of the outer row are elongate-comma shaped, and the inner pores are nearly circular.

The poriferous zones of the anterior odd ambulacrum, slightly petaloid in their
contour near the apex, diverge gradually to their ends; the inner lines of pores are
nearly in straight series, and the outer form curves on account of the breadth of the
poriferous zones increasing gradually to one half of their length and then diminishing
to a point.

The antero-lateral ambulacra form a widely open angle of 170°; are at first narrow
and petaloid, then are enlarged in breadth, and they become gradually narrower to their
end above the margin. The anterior poriferous zone is the shortest, and is nearly straight
in its direction from the apex to some distance from the margin; and the posterior
zone is decidedly curved, with the convexity posterior. Towards the end of the
posterior zone the pairs of pores diminish in breadth and turn slightly backwards.

The interporiferous zone of the posterior ambulacra is wider than that of the other
ambulacra; and the poriferous zones are slightly unequal, the anterior being the
longest. ‘The anterior zone is more curved than the posterior, which is nearly straight
in comparison, and there is a tendency to close.

The interradia are large, the anterior are singularly flat abactinally, and the
posterior one has no unusual convexity. The ambulacra are continued over the margin
in ce series; and there is a phyllode in a narrowing groove corresponding with
each one.

The pores are doubled near the peristome ; they are in depressions which resemble
scrobicules without tubercles.

The ornamentation of the abactinal part of the test generally resembles that of the
interporiferous zones ; it becomes closer and smaller at the margins, and increases in

size and is wider apart and largest near the peristome. It is especially large on the
bourrelets, a little way off the peristome.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 31

Length of specimens 90 and 83 millim. Relation of length to breadth 1: 0:966
and 1: 0-987; and of length to height 1: 0:488 and 1: 0°47.

Locality. Kachh. One mile east of Goir, near Narainsir. Nummulitic series.
Survey-number C 043 B.

The specimen measuring 83 millim. in length (Survey-number C 043 f B) is of
course smaller than the type, and its peristome is more elongate transversely and less
pen tagonal.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate III.

Fig. 3. ‘Abactinal view: natural size.
4. The test, side view: natural size.
5. Actinal view: natural size.
6. Part of an ambulacrum: magnified.

8. EcHINOLAMPAS, sp.

Two much injured specimens of an Echinolampas, with a circular marginal contour,
are amongst the collection from Kachh, and they do not belong to the species just
described. They are indeterminable, but they approach the discus type more than the
perfect form. They differ from it in the breadth and flatness of their interporiferous
zones and~smallness of their poriferous zones, which are unequal except in the odd
ambulacrum.

Locality. Kachh. Nummulitic series. One mile east of Goir, near Narainsir.
Survey-numbers C 043 B and C 043 f B.

There are two species of Hchinolampas described by d’ Archiac and Haime, and
figured in their plate x1v. Figures 2 a, 26, 4a, and 46 refer to Echinolampas Sindensis
and. #. Vicaryi respectively. The types of the species in the Museum of the Geological
Society of London are so defective that no paleontologist would now consider it
advisable to found species on them. ‘They are elongate and depressed forms; and as
there are specimens of corresponding shape in the Sind and Kachh Tertiaries, more or
less well preserved, it is of importance to decide upon their greater or less similarity to
the types described by the authors of ‘ Les Animaux Fossiles de |’Inde.’

Echinolampas Sindensis, d’Archiac and Haime*, was founded on one specimen.
Its specific description is as follows:—The test is ovular, very elongate and flat,
with a rounded contour, the tuberosities on the latero-posterior margin being insufficient
to alter the oval curvature. The apical summit, slightly projecting, is situated at nearly
the anterior third of the long diameter. The ambulacral petals very broad, flat, toler-
ably long, straight, and hardly contracted distally. The odd ambulacrum is a little
narrower than the others. The poriferous zones are rather broad, nearly equal in the
same ambulacrum, and those of the odd one are the narrowest.

Ambulacral areas unequal; the lateral are the broader, the posterior being a little
broader than the anterior.

* Op, cit. p. 210, plate xiv, figs. 2a, 26.
32 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA.-

Actinal surface subplane and barely depressed centrally. ‘The peristome is central,
and the periproct inframarginal and close to the edge. The tubercles are small, close,
equal.

Length 75 millim., breadth 60 millim., and height 25 millim. The relative
dimensions are—length to breadth as 1: 0:8, and length to height as 1: 0°33.

Remarks. The test is broader posteriorly to the centre than elsewhere, and it
is rather flat behind and above the periproct. According to figure 2 6 the posterior
margin is as tumid as the anterior, and certainly the apex is behind the anterior
one-third.

The petals are not very broad; the antero-lateral are nearly hidden, and the ter-
minations are not visible. The posterior are long, straight, and there is very little
difference between the lengths of their poriferous zones. The specimen and the descrip-
tion do not agree.

The type of the other species, Echinolampas Vicaryi, is defective in the posterior
part of the test, and was founded on one specimen only. The following is the specific
diagnosis (page 213, plate xiv, figs. 4 a, 4 6):—The test is elliptical and slightly
elongate, with a contour slightly angular posteriorly and but slightly high. Apex but
slightly projecting, and situated at two fifths of the long diameter from the front. ‘The
ambulacral petals are large, rather broad, straight, plane, narrowed near their ends, but
slightly unequal. The poriferous zones are moderately broad, rather curved, and in
the posterior ambulacra the outer zone is the largest, whilst in the antero-lateral the
posterior is the larger.

The lateral interradia are the largest inferiorly. The actinal surface is depressed
towards the centre and raised behind. The peristome is placed anteriorly to the centre ;
and the buccal petals are very distinct, and rather contracted distally. The tubercles
are very small, close, and those near the mouth are the largest.

Length ?, but it is stated 58 millim., breadth 50 millim., and height 25 millim.

There are three indifferent specimens of oval and elliptical depressed Echino-
lampads in the collection from Kachh. Two probably belong to the same species, which
cannot be either of those described by MM. d’Archiac and Haime. The third is to
all appearance Echinolampas Vicaryi. Of the first two, one is so marked in its
anterior and antero-lateral petals that we have figured it without giving it a specific
designation. |

9. Ecuivotampas, sp. Plate IIT, Fig. 7,

A flat, elongate elliptical Urchin, with apical system in front of the centre, and a
large transversely elliptical periproct close to the posterior margin. The anterior
ambulacrum is long, showing the faintest tendency to close not far from the margin ;
it is broad, with sunken broad poriferous and raised interporiferous zones. Poriferous
zones with numerous pairs of pores, the inner pore being circular or oval, and the outer
long and smaller; the coste are distinct and rather small, and the right zone is longer

than the other. The terminal pairs of both zones are slightly turned in, and the others
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. "38

are oblique to the long axis of the test. Ornamentation of the interporiferous area
small and rather crowded, smaller and closer than that of the interradium. The
breadth of this zone is slightly more than twice that of a poriferous one.

Antero-lateral ambulacra large, long, petaloid near the apex, open distally
and yet slightly tending to closure. The poriferous zones are sunken, broader than
those of the anterior ambulacrum, and have well-developed coste, each with a row of
granules on it. The anterior zone is short, curved, and its remote end approaches the
posterior, which is long and with a double curve, the outer end turning slightly back-
wards beyond the line of the termination of the anterior zone, which is the shortest
by about, twelve pairs of pores. ‘he interporiferous area is smaller and higher than
the poriferous zone, and it is covered with a close ornamentation.

The ornamentation of the test is altogether larger and coarser actinally; the
actinal surface is tumid, but depressed centrally. The mouth is in front of the centre.

Length 83 millim., breadth 69 millim., height 28 millim. Relational dimen-
sions—length to breadth 1 : 0°83, to height 1 : 0°33.

Locality. Kachh. Nummulitic group, west of Junagia, north of Ieré. Survey-
number C 060 A f.

It will be observed that the dimensions coincide closely with those of EL. Sindensis,
but the shape of the ambulacra affords a specific distinction.

Illustration of the Species in Plate ITI.
Fig. 7. The test from above.

The second specimen has a higher test, and it shows part of the peristome, which
has well-developed projecting bourrelets. It came from the same locality.

10. EcuinoLtampas Vicaryl, @ Archiac & Haime.

A specimen, already alluded to, of this species is in the collection from Kachh, and
it shows the large well-developed peristome characteristic of the type preserved in the
Museum of the Geological Society. ‘The posterior part is preserved, and shows the
elliptical periproct submarginal and close to the edge. The posterior ambulacra tend
to close near the margin, in consequence of the bold curve of the anterior poriferous
zone, which reaches far towards the margin, passing not very far in front of the shorter
and straight posterior zone. ‘

We have not figured this form, as doubtless better specimens will come to hand.

Locality. Kachh. Nummulitic group, west of Janagia, north of Ierd. Survey
number C 060 A f.

Family SPATANGID A.
Subfamily SPATANGINA.

Genus HEMIASTER, Desor, 1847.

There are two badly preserved specimens of a genus of Spatangoids in the
34 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Nummulitic series of Kachh, which at first sight might be associated with Linthia; but
it is perfectly evident in one specimen, which is admirably preserved in the region
around the ambulacra, that there is only a peripetalous fasciole present, the lateral
and posterior ambulacra are in deep grooves, and the apical system is central. The
form must therefore come into the Hemiasters.

1, Hemiaster Decipiens, Duncan & Sladen. Plate VI, Figs. 3-5.

The test is slightly longer than broad and broader than high ; the apical system
is small and central, details lost. The anterior margin is very slightly notched by the
shallow groove for the odd ambulacrum, which deepens towards the apex. ‘The broad
and slightly concave floor of the ambulacrum is ornamented with miliaries, which
enlarge near the pairs of pores; these, some 15 in number, are placed at the rise of the
side of the groove, and are separated by low coste. The pairs of pores have a tubercle
between them; there is some distance between the end of the regular series of pairs
and the fasciole, and but one pair is found in it.

The antero-lateral ambulacra are long, nearly straight, only bending slightly with
the convexity forwards and inwards, and are in deep and rather narrow grooves, which
become shallow distally. The greatest breadth is at two thirds -of the distance from
the apex, and the poriferous zones nearly close, being cut across by the fasciole.

The interporiferous area is nearly, if not quite, as broad as the poriferous zone in
the centre of the petal, and is narrower than it further out.

The poriferous zones are on the slope of the sides of the groove, are very slightly
sinuous, and the anterior is slightly more curved than the posterior. The pores are
large, oval, subequal, and are conjugate, and each pair is separated from its neighbours
by coste with a line of distinct miliaries on them. The pores suddenly become small
towards the apical system, and there are thirty-two pairs. Length of ambulacrum 21:5
millim., breadth of groove 6 millim. The ambulacra form an angle of about 110°.

The postero-lateral ambulacra, shorter and narrower than the anterior pair, are
closer together, nearly straight, and are in deep grooves. The interporiferous area is
rather narrower than the poriferous zone, and its details resemble those of the corre-
sponding areas of the antero-lateral petals. There are 29 pairs of pores ; and the length
of the petals is 17 millim. and the extreme breadth is 4 millim. The distal end is
more pointed than that of the antero-lateral ambulacra.

The keels of the interambulacra at the apex are not pronounced, and those of the
lateral interambulacra are rather wide. The fasciole is widely spread, and is wide and
well developed ; it is large at the extremity of the lateral petals, enters but slightly
within the lateral interambulacrum, and passes directly over the posterior interambula-
crum in a straight line. In front alarge space is included by the fasciole, for it crosses
the anterior ambulacrum not far above the ambitus on a curve, convexity forwards,
and it starts off on either side to the end of the long antero-lateral petal.

The ornamentation within the fasciole is very close and small, and consists of low
tubercles, perforate and crenulate, surrounded by a circle of miliaries; it is very
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 35

uniform except on the slope of the groove for the anterior odd ambulacrum, where it
is larger and scantier. In the anterior interradia this ornamentation becomes
suddenly scanty and large, and increases in these characters beyond the fasciole to the
margin. Over the margin the tubercles become larger and scantier. On the other
hand, the ornamentation of the lateral and posterior ambulacra abactinally is the same
as that within the fasciole and thence to the margin.

Length of the specimen (fractured) 53 millim., breadth 51 millim.

Locality. Nummulitic series of Kachh. Between Maniara-Fort hill and Karray.
Survey-number C 050.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VI.

Fig. 3. Abactinal view : natural size.
4. Distal end of antero-lateral petal and fasciole: magnified.
5. Part of the anterior odd ambulacrum: magnified.

2. Hemiaster, sp. Plate VI, Figs. 1, 2.

The second specimen from the same locality had the apical system excentric in
front, a broad anterior ambulacrum, barely notching the ambitus, and long, slightly
curved, deeply grooved antero-lateral ambulacra. These forma wider angle than in the
species just noticed; but the details are much the same, except that in this larger form
there are fewer pairs of pores. The ornamentation resembles that of the other species.

The fasciole is distinct, and there is no trace of a lateral or subanal one,
although the position whence the first should start is preserved.

Locality. The same as Hemiaster decipiens.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VI.

Fig. 1. Abactinal view: natural size.
2. Ornamentation, actinal: magnified.

3. HeMIASTER caRINATUS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XI, Figs. 1-4.

The test is long, high, and rather narrow, slightly convex actinally, tumid at the
margin except posteriorly. It is boldly tumid in front, tall and truncated behind, with
a slightly re-entering curve there. The highest point is on a tall convex keel in the
posterior interradium, rather nearer the posterior termination than to the apical system.
The apical system is very slightly posterior. The peristome is excentric in front. The
periproct is ovoid and high up on the posterior truncation close below the termination
of the keel of the posterior interradium.

The apical system is very small, immediately behind the very tall and narrow
keels of the anterior interradia, in front of the ascending keel of the posterior inter-
radium, and at the junction of the broad low keels of the lateral ambulacra.

There are two large generative pores, which are separated by a rather long madre-
poric body, which extends posteriorly so as to separate the posterior ocular plates.

F2
36 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

The anterior ambulacrum is broad, lanceolate, with a nearly flat floor, and has
between the apical system and the position of the traversing fasciole a tall sharp keel
on either side. These keels slope up suddenly from the apex, and then curve forwards
at the top, diverging slightly. The groove becomes narrower to the front, and is very
slight on the margin, and is still less near the peristome.

.The floor of the ambulacrum is granular, and the poriferous zones are on the rise
of the slope of the keels. The pairs of pores are separated by faint coste and are
close together near the apical system, five pairs being very small in front of the very
minute ocular pore. Further out the pores increase in size, and the pairs become
more distant: twelve or thirteen large pairs are visible within the fasciole; further
out they are invisible. The pores of each pair are separated by a tubercle.

The antero-lateral ambulacra are slightly sinuous, are deep, short, broad, nearly
rounded and slightly curved backwards distally, and shallow, narrow, and curved forwards
near the apical system. Their grooves are bounded by the slope of the keels of the
anterior interradia, and by the less pronounced tumidity and keeling of the postero-lateral
interambulacra. The interporiferous areas are well developed, but are narrower than
a poriferous zone. The anterior poriferous zone is the longest, and curves outwards
and backwards, overlapping the end of the posterior poriferous zone. ‘The large pores
of both zones are on the slope of the ambulacral groove, except near the apex, where
they are flat and close together and very small. ‘he pores are large in the body of the
ambulacrum, broadly comma-shaped, and those of the outer row are equal in size to
the others; they are conjugate and separated by broad coste ornamented with a linear
eminence ending in minute granulation. There are 22 pairs of pores in the anterior
zone, about seven being small and close near the apex. Ocular plates and foramina
small. The ambulacra form an angle of about 75°.

The postero-lateral ambulacra are small, short, narrow, close, not one half the
length of the others, and are placed in pear-shaped grooves which are shallow near the
apex and deep distally. There are some pairs of small pores near the ocular plate,
and the other pores are larger, and there are about 16 pairs in all.

The anterior interradia are sharply keeled between the ambulacra, and more in
front they are tumid and marked with slightly gibbose plates. The lateral interradia
are broadly and lowly keeled near the apex, and further out are precipitous to the
margin. The posterior interradium is large, and there is a tall convex keel arising from
a broad base and sloping sharply backwards.

The peristome is rather small, rather crescentic, with broad sides and a very pro-
jecting posterior lip, which is considerably below the level of the anterior one. The
posterior lip is thick in the centre, ‘The plastron, elongate and rather small, is bounded
by a space between it and the mouth, where there is no ornamentation, and at the sides
by ambulacra covered with minute granules. The projecting point of the plastron
limits a broad keel posteriorly, and the whole is ornamented with low tubercles on
slightly raised scrobicules, which are elongate and sometimes imbricating ; the boss is
tumid and flat and near one end of the scrobicule; and the mamelon is small and
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. a7

perforate. This ornamentation diminishes in size posteriorly. In front of the peri-
stome, on either side of the anterior groove, the ornamentation is very scanty, and
consists of more or less distant low tubercles with circular scrobicules, the edges of
which are raised like flat rings. The bosses are low and crenulated, and the very
small mamelons are perforated. Above the margin in this part of the test the orna-
mentation becomes smaller and closer, and near the keels smaller still.

On the flanks the ornamentation is of the distant kind and is large, and higher up
it becomes smaller and closer, but the same character is noticed. The keels of the
lateral interradia have a few medium-sized tubercles on them near the apex.

The posterior truncation is large and slopes downwards and slightly backwards ;
and there is some tumidity above the posterior end of the actinal surface.

The fasciole is peripetalous, and is large and well developed where it clings to the
ambulacra, closing their ends and reaching far towards the apex; but it becomes
smaller as it passes forwards from the antero-lateral petals to curve over the anterior
ambulacrum, and also where it passes directly over the posterior keel. There is no
offshoot to pass beneath the anus, and no lateral fasciole.

The appearance of the test from above is remarkable on account of the great arch
of the anterior keels and their sloping precipitously backwards ; and it is to be remarked
that this view indicates that the posterior part of the test is the broadest. But seen
from below, the oval outline is evident and the narrowing behind also.

Length of the test 40 millim., breadth 33 millim., height 32 millim.

Locality. Nummulitic group of Kachh. Between Maniara-Fort hill and Karray,
about three miles east of Bair. Survey-numbers C 050, C 050 fc.

Lilustrations of the Species in Plate X1.

Fig. 1. The test from the side: natural size.
2. The test, abactinal view: natural size.
3. Actinal view of the test: natural size.
4. One of the tubercles on the actinal surface: magnified.

Genus SCHIZASTER, Agassiz, 1836.

On investigating the types of Schizaster Beloutchistanensis, d’Archiac, from the
Numntulitic of Sind in the museum of the Geological Society, it was found that their
condition of preservation did not enable us to discover the position of the fasciole in
front of the antero-lateral ambulacra, that the branch from the peripetalous fasciole to
beneath the anus is very faintly seen, and the ornamentation is worn. Two types are
labelled ; and it is clear that the species varies in the breadth of the test and in the
height of the keel on the posterior interambulacrum.

Several Schizasters in the collection of the Geological Survey of India from Kachh
must be regarded as varieties of the Schizaster named after Baluchistan by MM.
d’Archiac and Haime. The main difference, and in fact the only one, is that the
38 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

height behind the apical system is not so great as that of the type, although the whole
height there of the test may be equal to that of the type.

1. Scuizaster BaLucuistaneEnsis, d’Archiac, variety. Plate V, figs. 5-8.

The test is tumid, elongate, longer than broad and broader than high; the margin
as seen from above is rounded in front with a very faint anterior groove, slightly
flattened on either side on a line with the terminations of the antero-lateral ambulacra,
and more convex and widest a little further back on a line anterior to the apical
system. From this point the test is curved sharply backwards, becoming narrower and
almost pointed at the median line posteriorly.

Seen from below, the margin has the same contour as in the view from above,
except posteriorly, where there is a slight truncation instead of a pointed end; and the
truncated part is overhung (in the natural position) by the pointed end of the upper
surface, the periproct immediately beneath this being visible from below. The test is
tumid all round the margin except posteriorly, where it is truncated, and its highest
point is in front of the posteriorly excentric apical system, on the keels which bound
the anterior ambulacrum. Omitting these keels, the highest point will be the apical
system, and the top of the test is continued backwards over a slight depression on to a
keel in the median line. This slopes backwards and downwards posteriorly, and ends
by overhanging the periproct. In front of the apex the test slopes very gradually along
the line of the anterior ambulacrum, forming a gentle curve down to the tumid margin.
On either side of the ambulacrum is a keel which is high slightly in front of the apical
system, and which slopes in front and merges into the general surface before reaching
the margin. ‘The view from the front shows the groove for the anterior ambulacrum,
the high keels diminishing forwards, the groove slightly diminishing to the peristome.

_ Posteriorly the test is oblique from above downwards and forwards, slightly concave in
the vertical line, and the lowest point there is the projection at the end of the plastron.
Actinally the test is convex from side to side, flattened in the middle over the plastron,
but still slightly convex there, and it rests on the plastron near the centre. The
position of the peristome is far in advance of the centre, and its lower lip is slightly
prominent. Finally, the plastron is slightly convex from before backwards.

The apical system is small ; there are four generative pores, of which the two anterior
are very small and wide apart; and the posterior are very large and wider apart than
the anterior, to which they are very close. The ocular pores are small, and the anterior
is between the anterior generative pores, whilst the antero-lateral ocular pores are ona
line with the first pair of generative and the anterior ocular pores. The posterior
generative pores are upon a narrow slightly raised keel, which passes transversely from
one antero-lateral interradium to the other; and the anterior are in a depression in
front of it and behind a rapid backward slope of the two anterior keels.

The anterior ambulacrum is in a decided narrow and rather deep groove, bounded
by a high keel on either side except in front. Near the apical system the groove has
a flat floor, which becomes concave further out, and the margins of the floor are slightly
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 39

overhung by the keels. The poriferous zones are wide apart ; and the pairs of pores are
at the junction of floor and keel. They are rather distant, oblique, and the pores are
separated by a large rectangular or square process. They become very small and
lose their process before the ambulacrum is crossed by the fasciole.

The antero-lateral ambulacra, which are petaloid and small in relation to the size
of the test, are placed in moderately deep grooves, which are bounded within by the sharp
narrow anterior crests, and posteriorly, near the apex, by the crests of the antero-lateral
interradia. The grooves form rather an acute angle with each other, are shallowest
at the extremities, and the ambulacra are sinuous, broadest midway, and they are
narrow and limited by the fasciole at their distal ends. The interporiferous area is
narrow, slightly aslant from before backwards, and it occupies the base of the groove.
The poriferous zones are broad, are placed on the slopes of the groove, and the anterior
overlaps the posterior at the end of the ambulacrum, the curvature of the anterior
being decided there, and the posterior zone not being quite straight but tending to
bend backwards. Both zones are curved, and the anterior more so than the posterior ;
the anterior is bent near the apex with the concavity forwards and inwards, and there
is a greater and outer curve with its concavity backwards and outwards. The
curves of the posterior zone are much less than those just noticed, but they are in the
same direction. ‘The pairs of pores of one zone do not usually correspond with those
of the other; they are very slightly conjugated; and a raised narrow costa, rounded and
low, is on the broad space between the pairs of pores. The pores are large, comma-
shaped, and the outer set are slightly larger than the inner. The outermost and inner-
most pores are small. There are 19 or 20 pairs.

The posterior ambulacra are very small and about one third the length of the
antero-lateral pair; they are close, being. separated by the posterior narrow keel,
elliptical in outline, in shallow grooves; and there are about ten pairs of pores with a
narrow interporiferous area. The pores are smaller than those of the antero-lateral
ambulacra. These ambulacra do not reach more than one third of the distance to the
posterior margin of the test.

The anterior interradia are raised into keels on either side of the anterior ambu-
lacrum ; they are narrow, very nearly parallel, have a sharp crest which is highest
at a point which corresponds with the middle of the antero-lateral ambulacra, and
which slopes rapidly behind that point to the apical system. There is a consider-
able ornamentation on the surface of the anterior ambulacrum. The ambitus has
medium-sized tubercles placed on slightly raised flat scrobicules, which are circular in
outline or deformed when close to others; the bosses are low and rather flattened out
and crenulated; and the mamelons are small and perforate. Where there is any
space between the scrobicules there isa fine granulation. Lower than the ambitus
and extending below the margin to and on both sides of the peristome are larger
tubercles, usually less crowded, with the same structural details on a larger scale.
The floor of the ambulacrum is granular; and this condition is seen along the
groove to the peristome, a tubercle coming in here and there below the margin.
Higher up than the ambitus the tubercles become smaller and smaller and more
40 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

crowded until the anterior fasciole is reached. On the flanks of the keels the
tubercles are crowded, and are larger on the inner than on the outer side.

The lateral interradia have a keel near the apical system and some gibbosities
further out; and the ornamentation is of small tubercles, which become larger towards
the margin, but which never equal the medium-sized tubercles of the anterior inter:
radium except close to the ambulacrum at the margin.

The posterior interradium has a very decided, narrow, elevated keel on it in the
median line, the upper surface of which is nearly horizontal in front and curved
gently behind. The tubercles of the interradium are very small near the apical
system and far back, and only become slightly larger and less crowded on either side
and below the periproct.

The peristome is small, far in front, and is semilunar in shape. The upper lipis a
smooth narrow plane which slants from the ordinary level of the test upwards and
inwards, and is marked by the oblong slits of the peristomial ambulacral pores. The
lower lip is at the end of the plastron, is ridged at its free curved edge, and projects
slightly downwards; it is decidedly lower than the upper part of the peristome. The
plastron is irregularly elliptical in outline, is very slightly convex, and terminates
posteriorly in a projection; the tubercles on it are close, and are on flat, slightly

- elevated scrobicules, which are longer than broad, and which radiate in lines from the
projection forwards and outwards, the largest tubercles being those in front. The
bosses are nearer the front than the back part of each scrobicule.

Actinally the ambulacra are slightly grooved and very plain as regards their
ornamentation. Slit-like pores are seen; and the posterior ambulacra limit the
plastron laterally.

The fascioles are two in number, the peripetalous and the latero-subanal.

The peripetalous fasciole bounds the end of the petaloid antero-lateral ambulacrum,
and is continued inwards close to the poriferous zone as far as the inner one fourth of
the ambulacrum, and therefore close to the interradial ridge; it then passes back-
wards and slightly inwards to the posterior ambulacrum, the greater part of the outer
poriferous zone of which is environed by it. The fasciole limits the end of the ambu-
lacrum and passes over the keel in a curved direction, concavity backwards, to reach
the opposite ambulacrum. In front of the end of the antero-lateral ambulacrum the
fusciole turns inwards and forwards, and reaches the top of one of the crests of the
anterior ambulacrum ; it passes over the crest in a long slant forwards, inwards, and
downwards to form a V-shaped curve on the groove, the concavity being backwards,
and then it joins the fasciole of the opposite side.

The lateral fasciole starts from a small gibbosity about halfway between the
outer and inner ends of the posterior poriferous zone of the antero-lateral ambulacrum,
passes as a thin line with a backward, downward, and very slightly outward trend, and
then downwards, backwards, and inwards to curve beneath the periproct about halfway

- between it and the projection of the plastron.

The fascioles are composed of exceedingly minute granules very closely packed,
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 41

and the lateral and subanal are very narrow and continuous, whilst there is a decided
enlargement in breadth of the peripetalous fasciole close to the end of the antero-
lateral ambulacra and quite in front.

The periproct is elliptical in shape, longest in the vertical direction, and it is
placed immediately beneath the end of the posterior median keel.

Length of large specimen 27 millim., breadth 22 millim., height 18 millim. ; length
to breadth 1: 0°8, length to height 1: 0°66.

Locality. Kachh. From a cafion in Nummulitic rock between Maniara-Fort hill
and Karray, about three miles east of Bair. Survey-number C 080 Cf.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate V.

Fig. 5. The test from above: natural size.
6. The test, side view: natural size.
7. The test, actinal view: natural size.
8. The apical system, ambulacra, and part of fasciole: magnified.

A large and considerably injured Spatangoid is in the same bed as that just
described. Its measurements are :—Length 58 millim., breadth 47 millim., height 44
millim. It appears to be an adult form of the above, but the apical system is
slightly more in front than in the others.

Fig. 9. A side view: natural size.

Genus PERIPNEUSTES, Cotteau, 1875.

A well-marked species of this genus, which was first of all noticed by Cotteau in
the Tertiary deposits of San Bartholomew in the West Indies, is in the Nummulitic
zone of the Kachh Tertiaries. The following is the generic diagnosis of Cotteau :—

“Test long, swollen, more or less cordiform. Apical system excentric in front. An?
terior groove notching the margin strongly. Anterior ambulacrum different from the
others, and formed of simple small pores. Paired ambulacral areas petaloid, narrow, long,
sunken, nearly equal in length, the posterior being usually longest. Poriferous zones
with small rounded pores near the summit, becoming larger, subtransverse, and
conjugate further out. Tubercles unequal on the upper surface, some large and
distinct, and others closer, more abundant, and homogeneous. Large tubercles closely
circumscribed by the peripetalous fasciole. Peristome transverse, bilabiate, very
excentric in front. Periproct oval, largely open, placed at the summit of the posterior
end. Apical system compact. Four generative pores, the anterior pair closer than the
posterior. Peripetalous fasciole broad, strongly angular; subanal fasciole annular.

In this definition some family characters and others of a specific value predomi-
nate. The distinctive structures of this Spatangoid are the nearly equal petals, the
large abactinal tubercles included by a peripetalous fasciole, and the presence of a
subanal fasciole.

G
42 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

The genus is close to Macropneustes, differing in the presence of a subanal fasciole
only.

Dames * notices the doubtful distinction between Peripneustes and Euspatangus,
and doubts whether the concave petaloid ambulacra of the former genus are sufficient
to separate it from Euspatangus. This applies very well to the form which he has
called Peripneustes brissoides, Leske, sp., from S. Giovanni, Ilarione; but in the
species about to be described the Peripneustic characters are much more fully
developed than in the Italian specimen. On the other hand, the distinction from
Macropneustes, a genus well represented in the Egyptian Nummulitic series, is only
that of the presence of a subanal fasciole in the Eastern form +.

1. Peripyevstes insienis, Duncan & Sladen. Plate V, Figs. 1-4.

The specimen is 79 millim. in length ; and the relative dimensions are as follows :—
Length to breadth 1: 0°87, height 1: 0-608.

The test is large-and thick, somewhat heart-shaped, longer than broad ‘and broader
than high, tumid and subhemispherical in vertical outline above the rounded-off
margin. Abactinally the greatest breadth is central, and the test narrows decidedly
behind and less so in front, where the margin is broadly furrowed. Actinally the
posterior narrowing is less than above the margin, and a subanal groove exists, which
with its tumid sides gives a broad and swollen appearance to the posterior part ; the
margins are rounded, but less so than elsewhere in the line of the ambulacra and
especially of the postero-lateral.

Abactinally the highest point of the test is behind the centre, and on the tumid
posterior interradium between the postero-lateral ambulacra. There is a gradual slope
forwards at first, and then a sharp one to the margin; but the slope backwards is more
gradual, the curve being greater until a line between the ends of the postero-lateral
ambulacra is reached, where a decidedly oblique truncation occurs, its slope being
‘ downwards and a little forwards.

The apical system is slightly excentric in front (-2 part of the whole length in
front of the centre) and is in a little depression; it is small, and much longer than
broad. ‘he generative pores, four in number, are close together, the anterior pair
- being the most approximated and the posterior rather wider apart ; they are large
and are at the summit of low crateriform eminences.

The ocular plates are large and distinct, and are slightly sunken below the level
of the generative plates. The madreporic body, in relation with the right anterior
generative plate, is placed between the postero-lateral generative plates ae extends
backwards beyond them, gradually widening so as to separate the posterior ocular plates ;
it narrows and ends just behind the line of the posterior edge of the posterior Seas
plates, causing widening of the posterior interradium there. The surface of the madre-

* Palaeont. 1877, p. 72.
t De Loriol, Monog. des Echin. numm. de Egypte, 1881, p. 127 et seq.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 43

porite is minutely but distinctly and sharply granular, there being minute foramina in
the spaces between the granules.

The anterior odd ambulacrum is in a groove which is very shallow and narrow at
first, and which increases in breadth and depth to the margin, which it excavates con-
siderably, and it is continued over, gradually diminishing, to the peristome. The pairs
of pores are only visible near the apical system, and are very small and distant.

The antero-lateral ambulacra, rather sinuous, are in broad shallow grooves, which
gradually diminish in depth near the distal end of the ambulacrum. The ambulacra
are very wide apart, are petaloid near the apex, and open at the other end, which does not
extend to near the margin; they are curved slightly near the apex, the convexity being
forwards, and more decided further out, where the curve alters in its direction and
the convexity looks forwards and inwards.

The poriferous zones, which are well developed, are situated on the slopes of the
groove ; and the pairs of pores, small in size near the apex, increase suddenly in dimen-
sions. The zones increase in size about halfway to the end and then diminish, the ends
being rather narrow, but not coming to a point ; they show no tendency to close. “The
pores are large, subequal, and are rather more elliptical than circular in outline; they
are conjugate by a broad shallow groove, which is interrupted by a ridge which sur-
mounts the broad shallow costa between each pair. This ridge usually has from seven
to eight close granules in linear series on it, or some or all of the granules may
coalesce to form two or three in a broken line ora ridge. There are about 36 pairs
of pores in each poriferous zone. At the end of the poriferous zone the pores diminish
greatly in size, become very elongate, and are rare and distant.

The interporiferous area is narrower than the poriferous zone, and it becomes
broader towards the end, where it equals the diminished zone in breadth. Its
ornamentation is scanty, and consists of a small tubercle which is placed at the
junction of the costa with the zone, and of small granules scattered very sparingly and
of about the same dimensions as those on the coste.

The postero-lateral ambulacra form a small angle by their divergence, and are in
broad shallow grooves sloping rather on the sides of the posterior tumid interradium.
They are petaloid at the apex, are broad further off, and they retain their breadth
close to the end, which is remote from the margin, the only narrowing consisting of a
closer approach of the pores of the last four or five pairs. They are longer than the
antero-lateral ambulacra, about equal in breadth to them, and are slightly curved, the
concavity being directed forwards, outwards, and downwards. ‘The poriferous zones have
about 42 pairs of pores, those nearest the apex being very small. The pores are subequal,
but towards the distal extremity of the ambulacrum the outer pores become more
elongate elliptical than the others; at this part the pores become closer, and at the end
smaller. The interporiferous area is smaller than a poriferous zone, barely equalling
half its breadth. ‘The greatest breadth of the ambulacra is 7 millim., and the length
of the antero-lateral is 35 millim., that of the postero-lateral being 43 millim.

Actinally, the region of the postero-lateral ambulacra is broad, long, and nearly

G2
44 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

bare, having a few scattered rounded granules on it anterior to the posterior margin.
The openings for pores are few in number.

The interradia are tumid abactinally from before backwards. The anterior
portion of the test is marked by the excavation of the broad and moderately deep
groove at the ambitus, and there are two slight vertical projections on each side
of the groove, which are well defined by a slight gibbosity on each plate.

The lateral interradia are tumid around the apex, and, as this condition is noticed
in the others, the apical system is in the midst of a slight depression. The posterior
interradium is narrow and long, convex from side to side and from before backwards ;
it forms a well-rounded tumid mass between the posterior ambulacra, is pinched in a
little on either side between their ends, and is broadly truncated posteriorly, the slope
looking backwards and downwards obliquely. There is a swollen look about the
interradium at the margin, and also actinally on either side of a shallow groove
below the periproct. The plastron is long, triangular, and has a slight central keel
placed longitudinally and reaching two thirds of the distance to the mouth. ‘The
plastron is slightly convex from side to side.

The peristome is excentric in front and rather close to the anterior margin; it has
a well-defined arched posterior lip, which is covered with small tubercles and granules.

The periproct is large, broadly elliptical, its greatest diameter being in the vertical
direction, and it is rather pointed above and below. Below it is a shallow broad groove.

‘There are two fascioles—a peripetalous, which is very narrow and which runs a
rather irregular course ; and a subanal, which is a little broader than the other.

The peripetalous fasciole is broadest below the posterior poriferous zone of the
antero-lateral ambulacra, with which it is not in contact, being 5 millim. nearer the
margin than the last pair of pores. The fasciole then passes forwards and slightly
upwards to reach a gibbosity on the outer vertical low keel of the anterior interradium :
it then passes downwards and towards the median line to the keel by the side of the
odd ambulacrum, and passing still towards the median line, it crosses the ambulacrum
with a broad curve, convexity downwards, just as the ambitus slopes towards the
base, and 19 millim. from the lowest point of the groove in the anterior part of the
test, and 40 millim. from the apical system. Behind the antero-lateral ambulacra the
fasciole turns puddeuly but remotely, and then curves slightly into the area between the
ambulacra before passing downwards and backwards to reach the end of the postero-
lateral arbulacr, which it bounds ; it then crosses the posterior interradium, with a low
curve, convexity upwards. It consists of a ribbon-shaped narrow band marked with close
minute granules, and it is bounded by a single series of small low tubercles.

The subanal fasciole includes the broad tuberosities on either side of the groove
beneath the periproct, and it passes over the edges of this groove. Seven pairs of pores
of the postero-lateral ambulacra are just within its outer curve.

. The ornamentation of the test, abactinally, is different within the peripetalous
fasciole, and heyond it or nearer the margin of the test. Within the fasciole on the
lateral and posterior interradia there are a few definitely placed, and on the anterior
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 45

interradium more numerous and less definitely placed, small tubercles, still smaller
tubercles, and granules. The first kind of tubercles are flat, low, truncated, crenulated,
conical bosses, surmounted by low mamelons, which are flat above and perforated ;
they stand in very shallow circular scrobicular spaces (often non-existent) surrounded
by a single circle of granules; some are placed rather wide apart, and tubercles of the
second kind may intervene, or else the scrobicular series of granules may touch.

In the posterior interradium the larger tubercles are very definitely placed on
either side of the median line, and near the apex there is a single row, one tubercle to
each plate, then two plates have two; and the next plates on either side have three, one
being placed behind the others so as to form a triangle. ‘Then small and large tubercles
are gradually added to succeeding plates to form widely open angular series, the point
being backwards; so that with the increasing breadth of the plates the numbers of
tubercles increase in the vandykes. An indication of this style of ornamentation is seen
in the lateral interradia, the number of larger tubercles increases on each successive
plate from the apex to the fasciole, and the arrangement is in lines converging with
widely open angles.

The anterior interradium has more numerous tubercles, and placed in irregular
rows in each plate, but much more sparingly near the apex than lower down. The
second kind, or smaller tubercles, also crenulate and perforate, are scattered generally
over the surface, and are fewest along the median lines of the interradia. The granules
are usually in circles around the larger tubercles, and there may be considerable spaces
without them.

Below the fasciole in the lateral posterior interradia there are no large tubercles, but
crowds of the second kind, which here and there are larger than the second kind above
the fasciole; but in the anterior interradium there are tubercles below the fasciole
nearly as large as those above and crowded together.

Actinally, the ornamentation consists in front and at the sides near the mouth of
large crenulate and perforate tubercles placed on flat disks, nearer one side than the
other, crowded and environed by granules. Further back the dimensions of the
tubercles diminish and they are less crowded.

Within the comparatively bare posterior ambulacra the plastron has its tubercles
increasing in size from the central keel, at a point anterior to the subanal fasciole, out-
wards and forwards. The tubercles are crowded below the anal groove and on either
side within the fasciole.

Locality. Kachh. From a cafion in Nummulitic rock between Maniara-Fort hill
and Karray. Survey-number C 050.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate V.

Fig. 1. The test, side view: natural size.
2. View from above: natural size.
3. The apical system : magnified.
4, Part of the posterior ambulacrum and fasciole: magnified.
46 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Genus EUSPATANGUS, Agassiz, 1847.

Urchins of moderate size, and in general depressed. Ambulacral petals rounded,
closed, splayed. Ambulacral areas with large tubercles, crenulated and perforated.
Fasciole peripetalous, not sinuous, and circumscribing the large tubercles. Posterior inter-
radium without large tubercles. A subanal fasciole present environing the anal plastron.

1. Evspataneus aFrinis, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XII, Fig. 2.

There is a much crushed specimen from the Nummulitic series of Kachh, the upper
surface of which and part of the actinal area are fairly preserved. It has very much
the appearance of a Maretia, and especially of those forms which have a faint fasciole,
which is not invariable. The test was certainly not high during life, and is now very
flat, not from crushing, but apparently from contraction or falling-in after death. It is
notched in front, and a bold furrow is continued to the very excentric in front peristome.

The antero-lateral ambulacra open at a very wide angle, and the poriferous zones are
slightly sunken, the interporiferous the broadest, being slightly raised. The posterior
poriferous zone is the longest and is curved, concavity forwards. The anterior is deficient
in its development of pores for a short distance from the apex, and the line of rudi-
mentary hollows representing the position of pairs is directed inwards and forwards ;
the remainder of the zone is curved more decidedly than the posterior zone and in the
same direction. The ambulacra are broad towards the apical end and become narrow
distally, the pores becoming closer and the interporiferous area diminishing in breadth.
The pairs of pores are in deep grooves, separated by broad granular coste; the inner
pore is round, and the outer, much the largest, is comma-shaped.

The posterior ambulacra, much longer than the others, are separated by a low broad
keel, and make an acute angle; they are very slightly sinuous. Narrow and coming
to a point distally, they are rather broader midway, and increase to the first third of
their length ; nearer the apical system they become narrower. The poriferous zones,
longer and broader than the others, are sunken and oblique on the sides of the raised
interporiferous area; the anterior is more curved than the posterior ; and in both,
especially in the posterior, the pairs of pores nearest the apical end are ill-developed.
The apical system is small, the pores close; and the madreporic body extends far
back between the posterior ocular plates. There is an excessively faint groove with
a rounded keel on either side of the apical system, in which the very small pores of
the anterior odd ambulacrum are placed.

The interradia dificr much in size; there are numerous large, sunken, crenulate
and perforate tubercles in the anterior and lateral; they are in four or five concentric
rows, and they decrease in size towards the margin. One exists on either side of the
median line in the posterior interradium.

The whole abactinal surface is minutely and distinctly granular with miliaries, and
amongst them are sparsely distributed very small tubercles.

The peristome is large; its outline is more than semicircular, and, behind, the lip
is stout, straight from side to side, and dependent.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 47

A large tuberculation of prominent bosses and large mamelons, placed on flat
scrobicules surrounded by slightly raised divisional deformed circles, exists actinally. It
is largest on either side of the posterior ambulacra behind the mouth, smaller in
front, and diminishes towards the margin, over which it merges into the minute tuber-
culation of the abactinal surface. The plastron, long and not very broad, and the ambu-
lacra on either side are bare until close to the projecting point beneath the truncation
for the periproct. A short triangular process of tubercles extends in front of this point,
and merges into the ornamentation of the subanal plastron, which is environed by
a subanal fasciole. :

An exceedingly faint fasciole is peripetalous and bounds the great tubercles. (‘The
anus and the test close by are crushed.)

Length 46 millim., breadth 37 millim., height 9 millim. (crushed).

Locality. One mile east of Goir, near Narainsir. Nummulitic series of Kachh.
Survey-number C 043 B.

Lilustration of the Species in Plate XII.
Fig. 2. Abactinal view: natural size.

2. EvspaTaNGus RostratTus, d’Archiac. Plate VII, Figs. 1-8.

This species is described by MM. d’Archiac and Haime*, and the types are in
the museum of the Geological Society of London. The condition of the specimens was
not sufficiently good to enable a reliable diagnosis, and the figures given by those authors
are restorations. The peculiar abortion of the inner pairs of pores of the anterior
poriferous zone of the antero-lateral ambulacra, which is seen in the specimens lately
collected, is not visible in the old types, and there is no trace of a fasciole in these
last. The shape and the position of the great tubercles enable Euspatangus rostratus
to be recognized ; but of course the generic position of the form is open to doubt, and
we have considered it in our remarks on the fauna.

A considerable number of specimens of different sizes is amongst the collection
from Kachh, and some of them are very perfect in their condition. Some are identical
in shape with the types of d’Archiac and Haime, and others are more bilobed or
notched in front than the original type.

MM. d’Archiac and Haime give the following diagnosis :—

Body elongate, suboval; subbilobed in front, rather attenuated behind, and trun-
cated at the extremity; rather thickened behind. Ambulacral petals tolerably well
closed, rather sharp-pointed, moderately broad, and rather long. Poriferous zones
rather narrow, costulate. Anterior ambulacrum only slightly depressed in front, with
indistinct pores. The lateral interradia are broader than the anterior, and the posterior
is narrow and swollen behind ; it is smooth like the ambulacra, but the others are
covered with large tubercles unequal in size and sunken in shallow fossettes. The
peripetalous fasciole appears to be submarginal. The periproct is marginal, suboval,
and angular above, higher than broad. Inferior aspect nearly plane, but swollen in

* Op. cit. p. 218, plate xv, fig. 3.
48 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

front of the anus. The peristome is at the anterior two sevenths of the great axis.
Good-sized tubercles are on the lateral interradia.

The authors add, “ Nous n’avons pas pu nous assurer complétement de la présence
d’une fasciole péripétale dans cette espéce.” This fasciole does not occur in the
specimens from Kachh, and it is absolutely invisible in the type described above.

To the above diagnosis may be added :—The inner pores of the anterior poriferous
zone of the antero-lateral ambulacra abort; the madreporic body extends far back and
separates the posterior ocular pores; the subanal fasciole is distinct ; the plastron is
large and wide; the great tubercles are crenulated slightly.

There is some variation in the shape with age, and the younger forms are less
notched (Plate VII, fig. 8).

Localities. The species is found in the Nummulitic zone, and also in the higher
horizon with Orbitoides. From three or four miles north-east of Pipur: Survey-
number C 039f. The same, but from a higher bed without Nummulites: Survey-
number C 039 A f. From upper part of Nummulitic group with Orbitoides
(Oligocene), from near Kaptrdsir, north of Kayéri: Survey-number C 035 f.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VII.

Fig. 1. The test from above: natural size.
2. Actinal view: natural size.
Posterior view: natural size.
Apical system: magnified.
Sunken tubercle: magnified.
Pairs of pores: magnified.
A linear longitudinal section: natural size.
A specimen barely notched in front.

BN Soe os

V. Description of the Fossil Echinoidea from the Beds immediately above the Num-
mulitie Series, with Orbitoides in some instances, from Kachh.

Ordr ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.
Suborder GNATHOSTOMATA.

Family CLYPEASTRIDZ.
Subfamily EUCLYPEASTRIDA:.

Genus CLYPEASTER, Lamarck, 1801.

Specimens of three closely allied species of Clypeaster are in the collection from
Kachh. They come from a bed without Nummulites; but their mineral condition
resembles that of the upper part of the Nummulitic group, or that which has
Orbitoides.

Unfortunately only part of the specific diagnosis can be satisfactorily determined,

as the apices are wanting ; but the species are not those mentioned by MM. d@’Archiac
and Haime and Grant.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 49

1. CLYPEASTER SoweRBYI, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XII, Fig. 11.

The test is flat and very slightly elevated at the rosette only, the margin is barely
swollen, and the whole test is longer than broad ; it is truncated and indented for a’
short space behind, rather straight at the sides, truncated at the posterior lateral
angles, and rounded in front, the curve being less at the margin of the median line of
the anterior interradia than quite in front. There is a slight depression where the
petals spring from the test.

The petals are widely open, slightly swollen, have broad interporiferous areas ;
and the zone of pores, broad in the third quarter of the length, attenuates towards the
open extremity.

The anterior odd ambulacrum is the longest, and is long and ovate; it is not
closed ; and the zone of the right side is slightly shorter than the other. The antero-
lateral ambulacra are the shortest and narrowest; the terminal pairs of pores of the
posterior zone tend to flare backwards.

The postero-lateral ambulacra are of the breadth of the odd one, and are slightly
shorter. The ornamentation of crowded small tubercles is carried over the coste in a
single row. The actinal ornamentation is larger than the abactinal. The periproct is
close to the posterior edge, and the peristome is in a slight depression of the flat test.

Length 55 millim., breadth 50 millim., height 10 millim.; length of odd petal
15 millim., of antero-lateral 11 millim., of postero-lateral 14 millim.; breadth of
odd and postero-lateral petals 9°5 millim., and of the antero-lateral 8:5 millim.

Locality. Kachh. ‘Three or four miles N.N.E. of Piptr, from a bed higher than
those with Nummulites. Survey-number C 039 A.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XII.
Fig. 11. The test, from above.

2. CLYPEASTER CarTerI, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XII, Fig. 12.

The test is depressed, faintly rounded posteriorly, straight at the sides, rounded in
front, and slightly curved at the margin of the anterior interradia. The length is
greater than the breadth, and the breadth is very equal between the lateral ambulacra ;
the shape is that of a pentagon with the angles truncated and more or less rounded.
The margin is slightly tumid, and the rosette is slightly elevated. The petals are
slightly swollen and are widely open; they are broad and have large poriferous zones.
The odd and the postero-lateral petals are nearly of the same length and are longer than
the antero-lateral. The postero-lateral petals are the broadest, and the odd one is the
narrowest, the antero-lateral being a little broader than it. The poriferous zone of the
odd ambulacrum is as broad as the interporiferous area, and that of the lateral petals is
nearly as broad. The postero-lateral interporiferous area is broader than the others.

The ornamentation is small, but is less on the ambulacra, and a row of granules
extends along the costz.

Length 63 millim., breadth 54 millim. ; breadth of posterior ambulacra 12 millim. ;
length of odd ambulacrum 15 millim.

H
50 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Locality. Kachh. Three or four miles N.N.E. of Piptr, from a bed higher than
those with Nummulites. Survey-number C 039 (a).

Illustration of the Species in Plate XII.
Fig. 12. The test, from above: natural size.
This species, closely allied to the last, has broader and coarser poriferous zones

and a larger ornamentation.

3. CLyPEAsteR Fanortensis, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XII, Fig. 15.

The test is depressed, rather tumid at the margin, slightly hollowed out actinally,
and very slightly elevated at the rosette. The length is greater than the breadth,
and the greatest breadth of the irregular pentagon is on a line with the antero-lateral
ambulacra. The margins are slightly reenteringly curved on the anterior interradia,
and the front and hinder angles are bluntly rounded.

The petals are very long, rather narrow, decidedly tumid, not very broad, and are
widely open distally. The poriferous zones are rather straight, and the interporiferous
areas, tumid and narrow, are not more than double the width of the poriferous zones.
The odd ambulacrum is the longest, and its right poriferous zone is shorter than its
fellow ; its breadth is the same as that of the others: the openness of the distal end
is remarkable. The antero-lateral ambulacra, next in length, are widely open, and the
posterior poriferous zone turns back at the end. ‘The posterior ambulacra are the
shortest, and their breadth is the same as the others. The ornamentation is distinct,
small, and is closer within the ambulacra; a line of tubercles is on the very low coste.

Length 70 millim., breadth 61 millim. ; length of odd petal 25 millim., of antero-
lateral 22 millim., and of posterior 20 millim.; the breadth of the petals is 10 millim.

Locality. Kachh. Upper part of Nummulitic group, with Orbditoides. ¥Falora
river, near Babtia Hill. Survey-number C 166 f.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XII.

Fig. 15. The abactinal surface: natural size.

Suborder ATELOSTOMATA.
Family CASSTDULIDZ.
Subfamily ECHINOLAMPINZ:.

Genus ECHINOLAMPAS, Gray, 1825.
1, EcHInoampas, sp. Plate II, Fig. 5.

A portion of a test, which has weathered out of a mass of Nummulitic limestone
shows much of the anterior part above the apical system, the anterior and ations
lateral ambulacra, and part of the posterior ambulacra. The interporiferous areas of
the antero-lateral and postero-lateral ambulacra are tumid and raised above the level
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 51

of the test. The odd ambulacrum is narrower ard shorter than the others. The
apical system is excentric in front ; and the test slopes rapidly in front, where the margin
is well rounded. The anterior poriferous zone in the antero-lateral ambulacra is short ;
and the ornamentation is crowded.
Locality. Kachh. Between Bayow and Diddpir, south-west of Lakpat. Survey-
number C 034 f.
Illustration of the Species in Plate II.

Fig. 5. The test, included more or less in rock: natural size.

This species appears at first to resemble an exaggerated variety of Echinolampas
globulus, Lamk.; but as the specimen is so incomplete we do not associate it with
any species.

Family SPATANGIDA.

Subfamily SPATANGINAL,

Genus EUSPATANGUS, Agassiz, 1847.

1. Evspatanaus rostratus, @d Archiac.

This species has been noticed in describing the Echinoidea from the Nummulitic
series of Kachh (p. 47). Its highest habitat is in the Orbitoides beds near Kaptrasir,
north of Kayari. It is also found in the Khirthar (Nummulitic) and Nari (Oligocene)
series of Sind.

VI. Description of the Fossil Echinoidea from the Miocene Series of Kachh.

Order ECHINOIDEA ENDOCYCLICA.

Family CIDARIDZ.

Genus CIDARIS, Klein, 1734.

The test is thick, circular in outline, and equally flat above and below. The
ambulacra are narrow and undulating, and only carry very small tubercles or granules
in from two to six rows. Interambulacral areas at least four times as broad as the
ambulacral, with two rows of large tubercles, from four to seven in a vertical row,
perforated, and either crenulated or not. Scrobicules large, either circular or elliptical.
Miliary zones more or less broad and sometimes depressed. Poriferous zones narrow,
formed of series of pores, the pairs of which are not conjugated by furrows.

1. Crparis Hataznsis, d@ Archiac & Haime. Plate VIII, Figs. 7, 8.

This species was founded by MM. d’Archiac and Haime on a portion of a test,
on which a part of an interradium and only part of the vertical half of two ambulacra
H2
. 82 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

are to be seen*. An almost exactly corresponding portion is in the collection from the
Arenaceous series of Kachh; but the triple row of small tubercles on one half of an
ambulacrum within the non-conjugate poriferous zone is visible. The portion of the
test has many resemblances to a part of a Goniocidaris; but under the unsatisfactory
circumstances we leave the form as MM. d’Archiac and Haime placed it. The great
characteristic is the height of the test.

Locality. Arenaceous series near Warsar, north of Jakao. Survey-number C 068.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VIII.

Fig. 7. Part of a test: natural size.
8. Part of an ambulacrum: magnified.

Genus GONIOCIDARIS, Desor, 1846.

The coronal plates are more numerous than in the other genera of Cidaride, and
the sutures of the plates are sunken, forming deep impressions along the vertical median
line and also along the horizontal margins of the plates. Pits exist at the junction of
the horizontal and vertical lines. ‘The tubercles are perforate and non-crenulate. The
ambulacra are narrow. The spines are cylindrical, and their surface is covered with
ascending spines; they are often flaring and cupped at the extremity.

. The Arenaceous Miocene Tertiaries of Kachh contain plates and spines of a species
of Goniocidaris; and a closely allied or identical species is found in the white limestone
of the Mekran coast. But in this last instance the spines are much larger than in the
Kachh deposit. The form approaches Goniocidaris tubaria, Lamk., sp., from the
Australian and Tasmanian seas ; and it has the scrobicular circle elliptical and the boss
and mamelon not very large. There are about eight primary tubercles, and there are
several rows of small miliaries outside the row of secondaries around the scrobicular

circle. The interporiferous area has six small tubercles in a transverse row (three on
each plate).

1, Goytociparis arrinis, Duncan & Sladen. Plate VIII, Fig. 9.

The interambulacral plates are broader than high, and slope up to the slightly
sunken scrobicule, which covers much space. The boss is a broad, short, truncated cone
with a groove at its top, at the base of the large perforate mamelon. A row of
secondaries surrounds the scrobicule, and is composed of separated tubercles with rather
long mamelons, a miliary or a row of three intervening. Beyond this row, towards
the median groove, is a second, of smaller tubercles, and it is less defined 3; and still nearer
the edge of the plate isa row of miliaries, a second existing on the large plates. There is
only the row of large secondaries on the upper and lower part of the plate, but on the
lower edge there is an ill-defined row of small miliaries also.

The transverse grooves between the plates are linear, rather deep, and the median

is well defined; but the pitting at the angles is very slight. ‘The ambulacra are undu-

* Op. cit. p. 196, pl. xiii, fig. 2.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 53

lating ; the pairs of pores are separated by an elevated narrow ridge, and there isa
small tubercle close to the inner pore on the interporiferous area, and three smaller
ones (or one nearer the actinostome) towards the median line. ‘The test is thin, and
the sutural markings are distinct on the inner surface.

Locality. Arenaceous series of Kachh, near Warsar, north of Jakao. Survey-
numbers C 068, C 068 F.

Several fragments which are united in a mass show that the test was high and
that the plates were numerous in vertical series.

Illustration of the Species in Plate VIII.
Fig. 9. The plates: natural size (actinal end upwards).

There are several well-marked spines in the collection from the Arenaceous series
of Kachh, some of which belong to species of Goniocidaris (Plate VIII, Figs. 11, 13, 14),
and show the depressed cup-like terminations, and others belong to other Cidaride
(Figs. 10, 12).

Family ARBACIADA.
Genus CHELOPLEURUS, Agassiz, 1840.

1. Ca.opievrus Forest, d’Archiac & Haime. Plate XII, Fig. 1.

This species was described and figured by MM. d’Archiac and Haime froma
single specimen, which was much crushed and deformed (op. cit. p. 200, pl. xiii. fig. 6).
Enough remained, however, to form a good specific diagnosis.

In the collection from Kachh there is a broken specimen showing the greater
part of the apical system and the upper part of an ambulacrum and interradium
tolerably perfect.

We add therefore a description of these parts, which is more or less defective in
the work just quoted.

The anal ring is irregularly pentagonal in outline and is slightly raised above the
ordinary test-level; one angle is posterior. The five generative plates, which are large,
enter into the formation of the ring, and the five oculars do not, but they slope upwards
from the ambulacra to the suture between the nearest generative plates.

The madreporic is the largest plate, and the others are broad at the edge of the
ring and unite with their fellows to the right and left by a short straight suture. The
plates are about as long as broad, and their free end is a wide angular projection,
which is at a lower level on the test than the end of the ocular plate on either side.
A re-entering curve is on either side, and reaches the straight suture. The generative
pore is large and circular, and is at about three fourths of the length of the plate from
the ring. Close to the edge of the ring there is a little bunch of small tubercles, about
four in number, and beyond it are one or two others; one has the appearance of
54 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

having been large and prominent on either side. Small ridges and grooves radiate
from the bunch right and left, and some pass over onto the ocular plates. The angular
part of the plate is free from these ridges; but a curved groove, convexity upwards,
intersects the plate on a level with the generative pore.

This species occurs in Kattywar, and its details will be more carefully considered
in treating of the fossils of that locality.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XII.
Fig. 1. Part of the test: magnified.

Family GLY PHOSTOMATA.

Subfamily TEMNOPLEURIDA.

Numerous specimens of the beautiful Echinoid which was described and figured
by MM. d’Archiac and Haime* as Temnoplewrus Rousseaui, d’Archiac, occur in the
Arenaceous or Miocene deposits of Kachh north of Akri, south of Bair. They are
often so well preserved that many of the structural peculiarities which are not visible
in the very unsatisfactory types in the museum of the Geological Society are readily
studied ; for instance, the apical system and the peristome. Some of the specimens
are worn ; and this enables us to compare the sutures of the coronal plates with those
of Temnopleurus toreumaticus from the present Indian Sea. ‘The structure of the
ambulacral plates is visible in some worn specimens; and it is clear that the statement
made by MM.d’Archiac and Haime that each plate is pierced externally by three pairs
of poresis incorrect. The plate is really composed of three, two large and one accessory,
and each of these is perforated by a pair of pores. The first two enter into the composi-
tion of the plate beneath the ornamentation, across which, however, the sutures run;
and the third is a small plate not entering much into the composition of the plate
proper. ‘

The pair of pores are close, and in some places the usual slight curving of triplets
is not seen.

The fossettes along the horizontal sutures are, as stated by MM. @’Archiac and
Haime, “peu profonde” and broad, and nearly as long as broad. We notice that
the suture is seen at the bottom of the fossette, and that this state differs in the same
specimen actinally and abactinally and at different stages of growth—the young and
old forms having very differently shaped and ornamented ambulacra. In some speci-
mens the zigzag median line of the ambulacra is very visible, in others it is much less
so. Each plate has a large tubercle on it near the poriferous zone, and closer to the
actinal than the abactinal transverse suture. A smaller tubercle is close to the angle
of the plate near the median zigzag line, and three miliaries are above the larger one,

* Op. cit. p. 205, pl. xiii, fig. 10.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 55

curving above it, whilst one or two others are between it and the smaller tubercle,
according to the growth of the individual; or the miliaries may be in a transverse line
above the larger tubercle, and one or more may be between it and the smaller. The
interradial plates halfway between the apex and peristome are about twice as broad as
they are high. According to the original describers, “they all show little fossettes in
their transverse sutures, which are rather deep, rounded, and rather elongate and sub-
angular in the vertical direction. The number and size of these fossettes often vary
according to position. Near the apical system two exist on each suture ; then three and
four (which are, however, very small) are seen with descent towards the ambitus. On
approaching the peristome the number and size diminish, and they become very small
and slightly pronounced.” It is correct to state that, from apex to actinostome, there
are two vertical rows of fossettes in relation to each vertical row of plates; also where
the angle of a plate impinges against the end of the suture of the one on the other
side of the median line there is a fossette ; and, moreover, occasionally where the suture
touches the poriferous zone there is one; so that the number of fossettes varies with
growth and individuality. Now we find that they are all shallow, that a line of
suture crosses their floor, that when wearing has occurred the sutures are in plain
lines, and that there is no undermining or deep perforating as there isin Temmno-
pleurus toreumaticus and in the species of Salmacis.

The fossettes along the transverse sutures have their upper and lower margins
formed by oblique concavities in the upper and lower interradial plates; and their inner
and outer boundaries are formed by processes which are in relation with the tubercles
of the plates. A large tubercle is on the middle of each plate, and nearer the actinal
surface a smaller tubercle is on either side of it at some little distance; and the vertical
processes which limit the fossettes are abactinally and actinally to those three tubercles.
Very small tubercles or miliaries with a few larger miliaries form an arch over the’
large tubercle, and extend over the others, or are in a straight line. The fossette at
the angle of the plates in the median line does not reach to any depth. It is evident
that the plates are thick, and that, as they grow exogenously, spaces are left along
the line of the sutures. The fossettes are not seen in the very young form; and in
some large specimens there is so little trace of them that they resemble species of
Salmacis, and the plates are then not bevelled. There is great variation in the
height of the plates.

The peristome is small and sunken, and the cuts are exceedingly small. The
apical system is usually symmetrical, but in some specimens there is an obliquity of a
long axis which recalls Glyphocyphus.

The apical system closely resembles that of Temnopleurus torewmaticus. The
madreporic genital plate is the largest, and the others are large and project onto the
median interradial space with a bluntish angle; the pore is large and not close to the
edge, although not far removed. ‘The ocular plates are much smaller than the others,
and are concave towards the poriferous zones. A row of granules is on each plate

near its apical part.
56 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

The shape of the test is rarely preserved except in young forms ; it is moderately
swollen, flattish, and ingoing actinally, and more or less turban-shaped above. (See
notice of the shape in the description of the Kattywar Echinoidea.)

It is clear that the tubercles are imperforate and non-crenulate. In about forty
specimens we found one with two crenulate tubercles. The fossettes do not resemble
the true pits of Temnopleurus, Pleurechinus, Salmacis, &c.*

On examining the specimens, descriptions, and drawings of the species of Dictyo-
pleurus from the Ranikot series of Sind}, the resemblance to those now under con-
sideration is seen to be great. Yet these Miocene forms depart from the type, and even
from that of Dictyopleurus Haimei, nobis {. The obliquity of the axis of the anal
opening exists in some forms it is true, but in most the opening is circular and there
is no obliquity. The tubercles are non-crenulate and imperforate in the Miocene forms,
and this and the evidently ornamental character of the fossettes recall Temnechinus of
Forbes. Admitting the alliance of these Miocene species with the genus Dictyopleurus,
are they separable from Temnechinus? The structure of the ambulacra and fossettes
in all is that of Temnechinus; and the only difference in the ambulacra is that, instead
of there being one large tubercle with a vertical prolongation of the plate close to it
actinally, which separates the two fossettes of each plate, as in Temnechinus, the Kachh
forms have three tubercles and corresponding fossettes. But as these fossettes are
mere matters of ornamentation, the importance of considering the species as belonging
to Temnechinus is enhanced. It is curious that in their great work MM. d’Archiac
and Haime should have misrepresented Forbes, and endeavoured to render his
genus of no great value. Indeed they absorb the four species of the Crag (Temnechini)
into the genus Temnopleurus (op. cit. p. 202), and make a great mistake regarding the
geographical distribution. They state:—‘“La distribution géographique des espéces
fossiles du genre Temnopleurus mérite d’étre remarquée, puisque sur les neuf qui sont
connues, guatre appartiennent au Crag d Angleterre, et cing aux dépdts nummulitiques
de la Chaine d’Hala, sans que jusqu’a présent on en ait trouvé aucune autre ailleurs.”
The species described by MM. d’Archiac¢ and Haime did not come from the Num-
mulitic of India, but from the Miocene. No true Temnopleurid is found therein.
Justice and the rules of classification demand that the distinction which Forbes made
between Temnechinus and Temnoplewrus should hold good («Echinoderms of the Crag,”
Pal. Soc. 1852, p. 5). The attempt on the part of MM. d’Archiac and Haime to absorb
Temnechinus fails in the face of the knowledge of the morphology of the test of Temno-
pleurus which has been attained since their time.

Fo rbes thus diagnosed Temnechinus :—* Body more or less spherical; ambulacral
and interambulacral segments developed, bearing on their plates, whose sutural margins
are mostly excavated, tubercles of various sizes. Vent central; genital disk sur-

* Martin Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zoology, vol. xvi. p. 343,

+ Duncan and Sladen, Pal. Ind., Fossil Echinoidea of Sind, Part IT. plates ix, x,

t Op. cit. p. 40. Pp. 36 et seq.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 57

rounding the anal space, composed of five prominent genital and five ocular plates, all
perforated and alternating ; one of the former combined with a madreporiform tubercle.
Ambulacral avenues composed of pairs of pores indistinctly ranked, their ranks con-
fluent throughout. Spines of one order.”

By omitting the family peculiarities we might diagnose the genus as :—Spherical or
tumid turban-shaped Urchins, Apical system well developed and regular; peristome
small, sunken, with very small cuts; ambulacral pores nearly straight in series ; transverse
sutures of ambulacra and interradia with fossettes. Tubercles non-crenulate and imper-
forate. ‘The negative characters are the absence of true pits along or at the ends of
sutures, and the absence of obliquity in the apical system. Occasionally a crenulated
tubercle is seen.

Temnechinus, thus restored, differs from Temnopleurus and its subgenus Pleurechinus,
for these have true pits at the angles of plates which undermine the test, and are accom-
panied by a knob-and-socket jointing of the plates.

In Dictyopleurus (Foss. Echin. of Western Sind, p. 38) the apical system is
oblique and an ocular plate enters the ring; the pores are continuous in series, and
the ornamentation is of raised zigzag ridges narrow or broad ; there are no true sutural
pits; tubercles crenulate and perforate.

Arachniopleurus has a costulate ornamentation peculiar to itself, and no true pits.

Genus TEMNECHINUS, Forbes, 1852.
1. Temnecuinus Rovusseaut, d’Archiac, sp. Plate XI, Figs. 7-11.

The species remarked on above, which is so characteristic of the Kachh Miocene.
Locality. North of Akri, south of Bair. Miocene series. Survey-numbers C 054,

C 054 A f.
Illustrations of the Species in Plate XI.

Fig. 7. The test: natural size.
8. The apical system: magnified.
9. Part of an interambulacrum and a poriferous zone: magnified.
10. Part of a worn ambulacrum: magnified.
11. Part of a perfect ambulacrum: magnified.

Amongst the specimens of this species are several which, although quite as large
as the type, have only slight traces of sutural fossettes, or do not have them at all.
The rest of the ornamentation is the same as in the type.

 

Plates without fossettes. Plates with slight fossettes.
58 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Order ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.

Suborder GNATHOSTOMATA.
Family CLYPEASTRIDE.
Subfamily EUCL ¥. PEASTRID.

Genus CLYPEASTER, Lamarck, 1801.

1. CLYPHASTER DEPRESSUS, Sowerby*. Plate X, Figs. 5-9.

Many specimens of this species are in the collection from Kachh, and also in the
Museum of the Geological Society, which contains the type.

The alliance to Clypeaster scutiformis, Lamk., is of the closest; and the scooping
out of the actinal surface of the test, noticed by A. Agassiz in that species, is evident.

The specimens are of different sizes, and some are very young. ‘There is a variety
which. is rather more elongate than the types (Plate X, Figs. 5 & 7), and which
renders it necessary to absorb Clypeaster profundus, d’Archiac and Haime.

The usual shape of large forms is depressed, hollow actinally, pentagonal at the
margin, which is slightly tumid. Test suddenly raised at the inner third of the petals
to the apex and depressed around the distal ends of the petals. Petals unequal, the
antero-lateral being the narrowest; all are slightly tumid. The coste carry small
_ mniliaries, and sometimes one or more larger tubercles resembling those of the inter-
poriferous area. The anus is far back and submarginal. Great variation in shape and
in the size of the petals is noticed, and also in the outline of the test.

Locality. Arenaceous series or Miocene: about a mile east of Goir, near Narainsir ;
river east of Stjaptr; near the south bank of the river from Teyra; Falora river,
near Babta Hill; Babtia Hill. Survey-numbers C 166, C 024, C 043 a, C 043 Af,
C 156, C 1538.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate X.
Fig. 5. Abactinal view of test: natural size.
6. Coste and pores: magnified.
7. Actinal view of a specimen: natural size.
8. Diagram of section.
9. Needle-pillars: magnified.

2. CiyprasTeR WaacEnt, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XII, Fig. 13.

The test is thin, very depressed, slightly swollen at the rosette, and slightly
depressed at the ends of the petals, is longer than broad, broadest posteriorly, a long
pentagon in shape, sharply rounded in front, faintly reenteringly curved at the sides
and on the median line posteriorly; angles bluntly rounded.

The petals are very slightly tumid, broad, long, and widely open; the interpori-

* Grant, Geol. Trans, 2nd ser. vol. y. part 2, tab. 24, fig. 26.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 59

ferous areas are much wider than the poriferous zones. The odd ambulacrum is the nar-
rowest, and is longer than the antero-lateral, and equal to the posterior pair in length:
its poriferous zones become narrow distally and show no tendency to close; whilst the
interporiferous area is nearly three times as broad asa poriferous zone. The poriferous
zones of the lateral ambulacra diminish in breadth distally, are widely open there, and
the last three pairs turn slightly away from the direction of the median line-of the
broad interporiferous area. The very broad and long posterior ambulacra are also
open. The ornamentation of the interradia is close and small, and that of the
‘ambulacra closely resembles it. The coste carry a row of tubercles of the same dimen-
sions as those beyond.

Length 67 millim., breadth 55. Length of odd petal and of postero-lateral
20 millim., of antero-lateral 17 millim. Breadth of odd ambulacrum 10 millim., of
antero-lateral 11, and of posterior 11:5.

Locality. Kachh. Miocene series; about a mile east of Goir. Survey-number
C 0438 Af.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XII.

Fig. 13. Abactinal view of the test: natural size.

3. CLYPEASTER GOIRENSIS. Plate XII, Figs. 14 & 16.

The test is depressed, longer than broad, very slightly elevated at the rosette,
irregularly pentagonal in outline, broadest on a line with the antero-lateral ambulacra,
narrowest in front of that line. The posterior angles are truncated, and there is a
slight reentering curve at the sides and posteriorly. The petals are tumid, long, broad,
widely open; the poriferous zones are broad, become narrow suddenly distally, and
the terminal pairs are directed outwards; and the interporiferous areas are more than
twice as broad as a poriferous zone.

The odd ambulacrum is of the same length as the posterior, but is the narrowest
of all in its area and zone. The antero-lateral ambulacra are the shortest, are broader
than the odd one, and are very nearly as broad as the postero-lateral ; these last are
as long as the odd one, and are the broadest of all. The ornamentation is small and
crowded, and the coste carry tubercles in a single row, which are of the same size as
those in the interradia and interporiferous areas close by. Near the margin the orna-
mentation is coarser.

Length 74 millim., breadth 65. Length of odd and posterior ambulacra 20 millim.,
of antero-lateral 17-5 millim. Breadth of odd petal 12 millim., of antero-lateral 13,

and of postero-lateral 13-7.
Locality. Kachh. Miocene series; about a mile east of Goir. Survey-

number C 043 A f.
Illustrations of the Species in Plate XII.

Fig. 14. The test from above: natural size.
16. The terminal pores of a poriferous zone: magnified.
12
THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Genus ECHINODISCUS, Breynius, 1732.

This genus, under the careful study of Alex. Agassiz, has absorbed the genera
Lobophora and Amphiope.

The test is much depressed and thin; the anterior edge is rounded, and the pos-
terior is truncated. There are two lunules or cuts corresponding to the posterior ambu-
lacra. Ambulacral petals small and well defined. Four genital pores. Lower surface
flat, and the ambulacral furrows ramify but little towards the edge. Anus near the
posterior edge. The greater part of the interior is occupied by a calcareous network
rising into pillars for more than half the distance between the edge and the actinostome*.

In the Miocene series of Kachh there are some imperfect specimens of a small
member of this genus; but they are sufficiently well preserved to give specific characters,
which show that they differ from, and yet are closely allied to, Echinodiscus biforis,
L. Agassiz, sp., from Mozambique, the Red Sea, and Java.

1. Ecutwopiscus Desort, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XII, Figs. 7-10.

The test is very thin, broader than long, broadest on a line with the distal ends of
the posterior ambulacra; it is narrower and rounded in front and broadly rounded
behind. Actinally, the test is flat and the actinostome is very small and nearly central ;
abactinally there is a very faint projection of the rosette and apical system, which
is subcentral or slightly posterior.

The anterior odd ambulacram is the longest, and is narrower than the antero-
lateral petals, which are the broadest. The posterior petals are broader and shorter
than the anterior, and smaller altogether than the antero-lateral petals. The petals are
short and closed, and the rosette is small on the whole. The poriferous zones are
broad, and their greatest breadth is at their outer third; the interporiferous area is
about the breadth of one of the poriferous zones.

The apical system is large in comparison with the petals, and there are four genera-
tive pores: the front pair are distinct from the others, and are slightly closer together
than are those of the hinder pair. The posterior pores are external to the position
of the antero-lateral ocular pores.

The lunules behind and in a line with the posterior ambulacra are in ellipses,
whose long diameter is not quite three times that of the minor.

Actinally the grooves are broad and shallow; they bifurcate close to the mouth, -
curve symmetrically, and enclose long elliptical spaces, and give off a side branch near
the edge. Each groove has a raised ridge on its floor near the peristome, which ends in
a slight swelling perforated by two lenticular pores.

The peristome is longer than broad, and the interambulacra are slightly raised at
its edge, the posterior being the broadest.

Locality. Miocene series of Kachh: three miles north-west of Kayari, near
Narainsir. Survey-number C 038 f.

* Seo Alex. Agassiz, ‘ Revision of the Echini,’ p. 531.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 61

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XII.

Fig. 7. The abactinal surface: natural size.
8. The actinal surface: natural size.
9. Plates near a lunule: magnified.
10. Side of the peristome: magnified.

Suborder ATELOSTOMATA.

Family CASSIDULIDA:.
Subfamily ECHINOLAMPIN &.

Genus ECHINOLAMPAS, Gray, 1825.

The diagnosis of this genus has been given and considered on a former page.

The Miocene series of Kachh contains numerous specimens of a species of
Echinolampas which is closely allied to the recent species.

The measurements indicate that in height, breadth, and length the forms are
nearer Echinolampas Hellei than Echinolampas oviformis ; but the apical system is more
excentric anteriorly than in either of the living species, and the structure of the peri-
stome differs. Under the circumstances, we place the forms provisionally in a new
species.

1. Ecutvontampas Inpica, Duncan & Sladen. Plate IX, Figs. 1-10.

The test is long, broadest on a line with the end of the posterior poriferous zone
of the posterior ambulacra, not very high, swollen at the margin, very broadly curved
anteriorly from the small, very excentric in front, apical system; it slopes very
slightly behind for some space, and then more so to the slightly projecting posterior
edge, which overhangs the periproct. Behind the position of the greatest breadth the
test is somewhat nipped-in. On the actinal surface the angularity produced at the
greatest breadth is evident; the surface is slightly convex from the margin to near the
peristome, which is in a slight yet definite depression. The peristome is rather large
and pentagonal; it is open and deep, and its front lip is on a line with the apical
system. The bourrelets are small, low, broad, and are covered with a smaller orna-
mentation than just beyond, and it resembles that of the walls of the peristome. The
phyllodes are petaloid and are in very slight depressions, and the doubling of the pores
and the central line of minute tubercular ornamentation are evident. The anterior odd
one is continued forwards, and has alternate large tubercles succeeded by smaller and
more numerous ones near the ambitus.

The apical system is small, button-shaped, projecting, and there are four genera-
tive pores ; madreporic body central.

The ambulacra are petaloid except the odd one; the poriferous zones are narrow,
and the interporiferous areas wide and nearly flush with the test.

The anterior odd ambulacrum is much the shortest, does not close, and its breadth
62 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

is less than that of the other petals, but approaches that of the postero-lateral pair.
The left-hand poriferous zone is slightly the shortest.

The antero-lateral ambulacra are very nearly transverse and broader than the
others; they are lanceolate near the apex, but near the margin the anterior poriferous
zone (the shorter of the two) turns backwards, whilst the posterior and longer continues
its path, turning very slightly posteriorly when nearer the margin than the other.

The postero-lateral ambulacra, narrower than the antero-lateral, are slightly the
longest, for their anterior poriferous zone is.continued on beyond the posterior by ten or
twelve pairs of pores, and this part of the zone tends to turn slightly forwards at the
end. The pairs of pores of the ambulacra are rather wide apart. The ornamenta-
tion of the interporiferous areas is very close, and it is in transverse linear series in
lateral ambulacra. .

Behind the apex the test is much less tumid than in front; and the ornamentation
is small, close, and uniform over the whole abactinal surface.

The periproct is submarginal and rather obliquely placed; it is elliptical and
elongated transversely, and is visible from behind in young specimens.

The ornamentation of the interradia is crowded and small, widest near the apex
and ambitus.

The ornamentation on the actinal surface is nearly twice the size of that above,
as well as more distant and distinct.

Measurements of type:—Length 55 millim., breadth 49, height 30.

Ditto of a large form:— ,, 65 ,, » 06, 4, 384,

Distance of apical system from the front in type 11 millim., and in the large
specimen 15 millim.

Relative dimensions :—Length 1, to breadth 0-89, to height 0°54.

we ds » 0°86, » 0°52,
Locality. Miocene series of Kachh: Wamitti. Survey-numbers C 190, C 190 f.

Itlustrations of the Species in Plate IX.

Fig. 1. Abactinal view: natural size.
2. Side view.
3. Actinal view.
4. A specimen with narrower petals.
5. Abactinal view of the same.
6, Apical system, magnified, of Hist 1,
7. Peristome: magnified.
8. A variety: abactinal view.
9, A variety: actinal view.
10. Part of a phyllode: magnified.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 63

2. EcuinoLampas Wrwyel, Duncan & Sladen. Plate IX, Figs. 11, 12.

The test is long, narrow, ovoid, narrower behind, depressed, much more tumid abac-
tinally anteriorly than posterior to the excentric in front apical system. ‘The slope is
sudden to the tumid margin in front and also to the sides from the apical system,
which is at the highest point, and the slope is more gradual posteriorly.

The profile from the front is bluntly angular above, curved at the sides at the
ambitus, and narrowed and level inferiorly. The margin is tumid except posteriorly
in the median line and on either side of it, where the test is nipped-in somewhat.
There is a slight angularity on the margin, far back in the lateral interradia.

The apical system, which is at the highest point, is excentric in front, and is well
developed. The ambulacra are unequal, very slightly raised, the narrow poriferous
zones being sunken. ‘The odd ambulacrum is short, narrow, and open. The antero-
lateral ambulacra are exceedingly broad and short, but longer than the odd one; their
anterior poriferous zone forms a bold curve convexity forwards, and the posterior zone,
nearly equally curved at first, has the convexity backwards; itis longer than the anterior
by many pairs of pores, and these curve in the opposite direction. The poriferous zones
have the pairs of pores rather widely apart, and the cost are stout and carry a row
of granules. The pairs diminish in breadth towards the end, and become more distant.
The pores are large, and the inner series are more circular in outline than the outer.

The posterior ambulacra are the longest, but they are not so wide as the lateral;
they are petaloid and broad except where the posterior zone tends to approach the other,
which is prolonged nearer the margin. The ornamentation of the interporiferous areas
is crowded and small, and hardly differs from that of the interradia close by.

Actinally the test is swollen between the rather sunken peristome and the margin.
The peristome, excentric in front, is pentagonal, not much broader than long, and is
deep, with granular walls. The bourrelets are well developed, and the lateral are the
smallest and the most projecting; the posterior is the widest, but does not project so
much as the anterior; their rim projects, and is ornamented with small tubercles
resembling those of the peristome-wall.

The phyllodes are petaloid and somewhat sunken ; two pores are at the peristomial
end, and beyond is a succession of double pores, and there are pittings in the median
line of each phyllode for spheridia. ‘The periproct is elliptical and transverse, and
opens downwards and backwards; it is inframarginal, transgressing on the margin, and
is visible from behind. The ornamentation of the actinal surface is close and crowded,
middle-sized at the margin, larger nearer the peristome, and largest in the interradia
close to the phyllodes.

Length 49 millim., breadth 41, height 22.

Relative dimensions :—Length 1, to breadth 0°83, to height 0°44.

Locality. Miocene series: Wamutti, Kachh. Survey-number C 190 f.

Itlustrations of the Species in Plate IX.
Fig. 11. The test, from above.
12. Actinal view.
64 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

8 EcninoLAMPAS SPHAROIDALIS, @’Archiac. Plate XII, Fig. 6.

Several much-fractured specimens of this species are amongst the collection from
the Miocene series of Kachh. They agree with the description given in ‘ Les
Animaux fossiles de l’Inde,’ p. 210, and plate xiv, figs. 6 a, 6. 7

We figure the abactinal surface of a specimen from “Stream-course near Pipur,
bordering the tidal flats.” Survey-number C 044 f.

Illustration of the Species in Plate XII.
Fig. 6. The abactinal surface: natural size.

It is interesting to find that this and the next so-called Nummulitic species belong
to the Miocene fauna.

4. EcuINoLAMPAS JAcquemonti, d@’Archiac.

Some indifferent specimens are in the Miocene series.

Family SPATANGID.
Subfamily SPATANGINA.

Genus MOIRA, A. Agassiz, 1872.
Moera, Michelin, 1855.

Desor, in his ‘ Synopsis des Echinides,’ gives the following definition of the genus
(page 394) :—

Urchins of moderate height, tumid, ovoid, well characterized by their very narrow
ambulacra, which resemble fine deep slits starting from the summit, and being closely
surrounded by a peripetalous fasciole in the form of a smooth band. A lateral fasciole
exists as in Schizaster. There are two generative pores.

The fossil species, Moira lachesis, Girard, is found in Postpliocene deposits in
South Carolina. It is, however, a variety of Moira atropos, A. Agassiz,=Spatangus
atropos, Lamk., a recent form, found down to 80 fathoms from the shore, West Indies
to North Carolina, and this is probably its northern limit.

A recent species, found on the Californian coast, is Moira clotho, Mich. Alex.
Agassiz notices that it is most closely allied to Moira atropos, and indeed the distinc-
tion is hardly specific. But this species is of importance because another recent
one, Moira stygia, Liitk., is well differentiated, and inhabits the Red Sea and Zanzibar
coast. It is possible to compare a fossil form from the Miocene of Kachh, which is
found in considerable numbers at Wamtti, with these recent forms. ‘Ihe result
is very interesting, for it is clear that the species about to be noticed has some of the
characters of Moira stygia and some of those of Moira atropos and its variety.

1. Morra antigua, Duncan § Sladen. Plate VILL, Figs. 1-6.

The test is high, slopes sharply from the raised keel in the odd interambulacrum
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 65

to the anterior margin, and more decidedly backwards to the posterior truncation, which
is curved, concavity backwards, and ends below in the prominent termination of the
plastron. The marginal outline abactinally is heart-shaped and pointed behind ; and
actinally the breadth is greatest behind. The apical system is behind the centre and
in front of the narrow raised keel of the posterior interambulacrum. Two generative
pores are present.

The anterior odd ambulacrum, widest and very deep in front of the apical system,
narrows and shallows towards the margin, and is continued over it close to the peristome
as a decided groove with a flat floor. The pairs of pores are scanty in this last part of
the ambulacrum, but are numerous and close in the deeply-sunken portion. The
anterior lateral ambulacra are long, make an angle of 90°, are slit-like, and the sides
are widest apart distally. The direction of the narrowest part, which is close to the actinal
system, is more from behind forwards than further out. There is no overlap of the edges
or occlusion.

The posterior lateral ambulacra are much shorter than the anterior, form an angle
of about 45°, are straight, narrow, and deep.

The peristome is large, transverse ; the anterior lip is slightly convex anteriorly, and
the posterior projects below its level. Large depressions for pores occur in the course
of the antero-lateral ambulacra near the mouth, and also at the origin of the odd
ambulacrum. ‘The posterior ambulacral spaces are narrow near the mouth, and they
broaden posteriorly ; they are finely granulated. The plastron is narrow, projects
downwards, is convex from side to side, and very slightly so from before backwards ;
its ornamentation is regular, and radiates from the posterior projection to the front,
and the tubercles are large in front and gradually diminish in size posteriorly.

The periproct is situated high up in the posterior truncation, is rather small, and is
elliptical in outline. The peripetalous fasciole is narrow, and clings to the edges of the
groove-like ambulacra ; and the lateral fasciole is very linear, and passes downwards and
backwards, reaching the projection at the bottom of the truncation and crossing far
below the periproct. The upper part of the truncation rather overhangs the lower.

Length 26°5 millim., height 21 millim., breadth 25 millim.

oe ae % oy Le ge OO!

Locality. Miocene series of Kachh: Wamtti. Survey-numbers C 190, C 190 f.

Abundant.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VIII.

. The test of a moderate-sized specimen: side view.
Posterior view: natural size.

Abactinal view of another specimen.

Abactinal view of another specimen.

Abactinal view of a large specimen.

Outline of a small specimen: actinal view.

Fig.

Ook 9 pe
66 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Genus BREYNIA, Desor, 1847.

Large Urchins well characterized by the presence of peripetalous, internal, and
subanal fascioles. There are large tubercles with deep scrobicules limited by the
peripetalous fasciole, but not in the posterior interambulacrum. ‘The internal fasciole
crosses the four petals, and their pores within its area differ from those without and

may disappear.

1. Breynia carinata, @’Archiac §& Haime. Plate X, Figs. 1-4.

There are two specimens in the collection from Kachh which are sufficiently well
preserved to enable their identity with Breynia carinata, d’Archiac & Haime, to be
established*. Unfortunately the typical specimen in the collection of the Geological
Society of London does not show the correct position of the crossing of the internal
fasciole anteriorly. |

Messrs. Medlicott and Blanford f give an excellent figure of the species, drawn
by Wynne and Fedden (diminished one half); and they indicate the correct shape of
the area within the internal fasciole, making it elongate, and also show for the first time
distinctly the minute pores of the lateral and posterior ambulacra within the internal
fasciole. These are clearly seen in the typical specimen in the Museum of the
Geological Society.

In the specimens from Kachh the test is decidedly nipped-in behind the posterior
ambulacra. The number of large tubercles increases with the dimensions or growth
of the test, and the area within the internal fasciole is long, regularly arched in front,
and more angular behind.

The pores of the lateral and posterior ambulacra are visible, and those of the odd
ambulacrum are continued to the crossing of the fasciole. The large pairs of pores of
the ambulacra are separated by costs which are beautifully granular. The large
tubercles stand up from the depths of their scrobicules, are conical, small at the top,
perforate and crenulate. The periproct is elongate transversely, and the more or less
cordiform subanal fasciole environs tubercles placed in very regular transverse and
oblique series separated by grooves, on which, near the fasciole, are the ambulacral pores.

The peripetalous fasciole does not enter the space between the ambulacra, and
includes the great tubercles.
Locality. Miocene series: near Bair (not found in place), and near Butta, east of

Tera. Survey-numbers C 046, C 067.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate X,
Fig. 1. The test, abactinal view.
2. ‘The test, posterior view, showing subanal fasciole,
3, Abactinal view of a large specimen,
4,

Apical system: magnified.

* Op. cit. p. 216, tab. xv.
tT. Op. cit, plate xvi, fig. 9.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 67

The type of the genus Breynia is the recent Breynia Australasie, the Spatangus
Australasie of Leach, from South Australia. A second species described by Gray,
‘Catalogue of Echinida,’ is from Western Australia. His description, however, is
difficult to understand, as he says there are tubercles on the posterior interambulacrum.
Probably this is a misprint for anterior. ‘The real and only difference between this and
the southern form (which is also now found in the Chinese and Japanese seas and in
Torres Straits) is that the number of tubercles is greater in the western form. Alex.
Agassiz does not recognize this second species, however.

The recognized species is carefully described by Alex. Agassiz in his ‘ Revision of
the Echini ;’ and he notices the complete obliteration of the inner pores of the lateral
and posterior ambulacra within the internal fasciole, and the paucity of great tubercles
on either side of the anterior ambulacrum.

é Genus TROSCHELIA, gen. nov.

The test is long, high, oval, notched in front, truncated behind. Apical system
excentric in front; madreporic passing between the posterior ocular plates. Lateral
ambulacra in very deep grooves; pores large ; poriferous zones not closed; inner pores
of antero-lateral ambulacra small. Peristome excentric in front, broader than long,
posterior lip well developed. Periproct high up in the truncation. Large sunken
tubercles in the interradia, except the posterior. A peripetalous fasciole passes
between the great tubercles on the lateral interradia. A subanal fasciole well
developed.

1. TRoscHELIA TUBERCULATA, Duncan & Sladen. Plate VII, Figs. 9-12; Plate XI, Fig. 5.

The test is irregularly oval in outline and largest anteriorly ; abactinally it is
rounded in front, slightly notched at the margin by the anterior groove, broadest behind
the apical system, which is excentric in front, nipped-in posteriorly, and truncated
behind, the truncation sloping gently from above downwards and forwards. ‘The test
is longer than broad and broader than high, and the height is one half of the length;
it is generally tumid, the transverse outline of the abactinal surface being nearly
hemispherical. The margins are rather sharply rounded and the actinal surface is
generally slightly convex, except at the narrow flat plastron, the posterior extremity of
which projects decidedly downwards. The highest point of the test is nearly central
and behind the apical system, the slope is gradual posteriorly, and there is a bold curve
anteriorly.

‘Length of test 64 millim.; breadth 54 millim.; height 32 millim. The length to
the breadth 1: 0°843; the length to the height 1: 0°5.

The apical system is far in front and slightly posterior to the third of the length
from the anterior margin. The peristome is also excentric and in front, but it is
slightly posterior to the position of the apical system. The periproct is at the top of
the posterior truncation and just below the ending of a rounded-off keel ; it is large,

K 2
68 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

elliptical in outline, elongate nearly vertically, and is partly visible from the actinal
surface, but not from the abactinal. .

The apical system is situated in front of a broad keel in the odd interambulacrum,
and behind a flat surface which leads in front to the narrow shallow groove for the
anterior ambulacrum; it is small. There are four generative pores, of which the
posterior pair are the largest and widest apart ; the anterior pair are close to the
posterior ; and the madreporic body extends between the posterior pair and posteriorly
to them, being larger than the area included by the pores.

The odd anterior ambulacrum in the groove has a broad floor; and the pores,
elongate, very visible, and few in number, are on the slope of the broad keel-like
eminences which bound the groove. The pairs of pores are wider apart anteriorly.

The anterior pair of ambulacra are long, nearly transverse in direction, and are
placed in wide and deep grooves, which become flush with the general surface at the
outer end of the poriferous zones, not far from the margin. The grooves are broader
and deeper than that which includes the odd ambulacrum: they diminish in
breadth externally, and the anterior edge is slightly convex to the front, the posterior
being straight. The interporiferous area is narrow and finely granular, and is on the
base of the groove; and the poriferous zones are broad and partly on the flanks of it.
The pores within the groove are very large, nearly circular in outline, those of each
pair being separated by a narrow process and conjugate, and there are about twelve
pairs in each zone. But nearer the apical system, at the commencement of the groove,
there are, in each zone, a pair of small pores and four pairs of almost microscopic ones,
ending close to a minute ocular pore, ‘The poriferous zones do not curve together at
the outer extremity of the groove, and the petal is not closed ; the peripetalous fasciole
is in close contact with this part of the ambulacrum.

The posterior pair of ambulacra are the longest, are in deep grooves, which are
narrower than those of the antero-lateral pair; they diverge at a very acute angle and
are close together, being separated by the narrow, convex, keeled interambulacrum,
whose extreme breadth is not more than twice that of the grooves. These ambulacra
are nearly straight ; but towards their ends they curve slightly forwards, become flush
with the test, and are bounded by the fasciole. The petals do not close. There are
about eleven or twelve pairs of large pores within the groove, and the interporiferous
area is narrow. Nearer the apex there are a few very small pores.

The anterior interradials are roundly keeled at the anterior groove, tumid else-
where, and pass into the rounded margin. The ornamentation on top of the flat keel
on either side of the anterior groove, just in front of the apex, is of close rows of flat
tubercles in sets of four, and they become irregular and smaller towards the front and
also near the antero-lateral ambulacra. On the slope of each interradium in front are
three irregularly Placed groups of large tubercles sunken in deep scrobicules and
adherent to one side of them. The first group is a solitary tubercle, which may be
flanked by two smaller ones; the second, inferior to the first and separated by the
fasciole, is a long irregular linear series of six tubercles; and the third, still nearer
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 69

the margin, consists of a small group of tubercles near the groove, and of a linear series
extending below the line of the antero-lateral ambulacrum.

The lateral interradia are marked with some twenty large tubercles of the same
character as those of the anterior interradials; they vary somewhat in size, and
the smallest are the lowest. They are in irregular rows, and the uppermost set is
separated from the others by the peripetalous fasciole. Occasionally some of the
tubercles are close to the distal end of the poriferous zone of the posterior ambulacra.

- The junction of one side of the tubercles with the test in which the scrobicule
is sunken is very evident; they rise but little, or not at all, above the level of the test,
and have a minute mamelon which is perforate and crenulated. The ornamentation
between these great tubercles is very closely packed, and consists of small flat tubercles
larger than miliaries, with hardly any space between them.

The posterior interradium, convex from side to side, keeled anteriorly and trun-
cated posteriorly, has no large tubercles upon it, and the ornamentation resembles that
of the other interradials.

The peristome is transverse, slightly sunken, with a well-developed posterior lip.
The anterior groove, after notching the margin of the test, is lost, and does not lead to
the peristome. A very narrow and slightly projecting posterior ambulacrum leads on
either side of the plastron to the peristome in front, and to the strongly ridged arched
portion of the ambulacrum within the subanal fasciole behind. This narrow band has
no tubercles, and they are small on the ridge.

The plastron is narrow and is covered with small tubercles on flat, raised scrobicules,
and their size diminishes towards the dependent projection, which is crossed by the
fasciole.

The rest of the inferior surface beyond the fasciole and the plain band of the
posterior ambulacra is profusely tuberculate, the dimensions of the tubercles increasing
from the margin inwards. Usually the tubercles project trom the edge of flat scrobicules
with circular or elliptical margins; but occasionally the scrobicule is sunken in front,
and a miniature of the large tubercles of the abactinal surface is produced.

The subanal fasciole is strongly developed, and is on the slope of a considerable
bent ridge placed on either side of the test. ‘The fasciole crosses over to the opposite
side between the peristome and the depending part of the plastron, and forms above a
curve, concavity upwards, which is situated far below the anus. Within the area
limited by the fasciole are some pores of the ambulacra and some distinct tubercles in
rows; these tubercles diminish in size towards the median line, and are placed on
slightly raised, flat, elliptical or circular scrobicules. |

There is a concave space below the anus, and it is limited below and at the sides
by the ridge for the subanal fasciole.

There is a narrow and very sinuous peripetalous fasciole ; it can be seen passing
round the end of the antero-lateral ambulacra and curving upwards and forwards
between the series of large tubercles on the anterior interradia to cross over to the
opposite side. Posteriorly it passes upwards and backwards, separates the upper
70 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

tubercles from those nearer the margin, and reaches the edge of the posterior ambulacra;
it turns round their outer terminations and crosses over the posterior interradium

rather far back.
Locality. Kachh: stream-course north-west side of Hikelu Hill. Miocene

series. Survey-numbers C 061 B f, C 061 (8).

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VII.

Fig. 9. Abactinal view: natural size.
10. Actinal view: natural size. ;
11. Part of the ornamentation near the anterior ambulacrum: magnified.

12. A tubercle: magnified.
Plate XI.

Fig. 5. The apical system, showing the small pores.

Genus EUSPATANGUS, Agassiz, 1847.

1. EvsPaTaNGus PATELLARIS, d’Archiac & Haime. Plate XII, Figs. 3-5.

A specimen of this beautiful species, unfortunately broken (as is the type) poste-
riorly, is in the collection from the Miocene series of Kachh. It coincides with the
drawing and description given by MM. d’Archiac and Haime (op. cit. p. 217, plate xv,
figs. 6 a, 6 6); but there are some points of detail which may be added. The large
tubercles in sunken scrobicules have narrow conical bosses and very small mamelons,
which are perforate and crenulated. The ornamentation is very pronounced, of
different-sized small tubercles mixed without much order. The fasciole is narrow but
distinct, passes over the front along the margin, and is more lateral than peripetalous.
The plastron on the actinal side is broad, and with the ambulacra forms a large portion
of the test; it is nearly plain in its ornamentation. The anterior margin is slightly
notched, and the furrow is continued over to the mouth.

Locality. Miocene series of Kachh: Wahior stream near Chiropira. Survey-
number C 055 B.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XII.

Fig. 3. Actinal surface; natural size.
4. Odd ambulacrum: magnified.
5. Fasciole and ornamentation: magnified.

Amongst the collection from Kachh is a specimen the locality of which is
unknown :—

Genus SCHIZASTER.

1. Scuizaster Grant1, Duncan & Sladen. Plate V1, Figs. 8-12.

The test is oval, broad and rounded in front, the greatest breadth being behind
the antero-lateral ambulacra, and narrow almost to a point behind; it is depressed
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 71

and is very slightly highest on the posterior keel. Length 30 millim., breadth 26-5
millim., height 19°5 millim. The test, rather flat above, slopes gradually to a narrow,
tumid, slightly notched anterior margin; the low and only slightly convex keel of
-the posterior interradium slopes backwards and overhangs the posterior truncation of
the test ; and the sides are everywhere tumid. The posterior part is roundly truncated
and is reenteringly curved, being concave from above downwards; the periproct, high
up and large, is visible on an actinal view. Actinally the test is generally convex, and
especially from side to side over the plastron.

The apical system is excentric and behind the centre, and the peristome is far in
front. The anterior odd ambulacrum is in a deep groove with nearly vertical sides and
about twelve pairs of pores placed at the angle of the floor and wall, and they are
moderately distant. ‘The pores of each pair have a tubercle between them, and are in
the midst of a granular surface, which also covers the floor of the groove. Higher up
on the flanks of the groove tubercles, small and not very close, are seen. In front
the pairs of pores become very rare, the groove widens and almost ends, and there it
is traversed by the fasciole, whose curve is convex anteriorly. Beyond, the groove is
faintly traced to the peristome.

The antero-lateral ambulacra are moderate in length, narrow, in deep grooves,
pointed at the distal end, and curved, convexity forwards and inwards; they form an
angle of 90°.

The interporiferous areas are narrower than the poriferous zones, which are on the
slope of the sides of the groove. The pairs of pores are distant, separated by broad
low coste, on which is a narrow row of miliaries or a simple ridge. The pores of
the pairs are large, obliquely placed, elliptical, and the outer are the longer; often a
ridge or rim surrounds a pore. There are about 22 pairs of pores.

' The trace of the relics of the other ambulacra shows them to have been rather
wide apart and short.

A well-developed peripetalous fasciole clings to the ambulacra in the lateral
interradia ; it then turns round the antero-lateral ambulacra, barely closing them, so close
are the distal pairs of pores. The fasciole then passes almost directly inwards to reach
the keel of the anterior groove, and passes forwards almost to the ambitus, and then
crosses. A lateral fasciole leaves the peripetalous one, and dips down to reach the
posterior part of the tuberosity at the end of the plastron; and it crosses beneath
the periproct above the tuberosity and below the concave, hollow, and highly orna-
mented infraperiproctal area. The peristome is crescentiform, and the plastron is
large. The areas of the posterior ambulacra on either side of the plastron are
curiously granulated. The ornamentation is generally small, and increases very regularly
in size at the anterior margin, being largest below in front of the peristome. ‘The
tubercles are low, and have a perfect or imperfect raised scrobicular circle. The keels
of the anterior interradia are moderately developed, especially posteriorly.

Locality. Geological position doubtful: in Alrdsa, Western Kachh. Survey-
2

 

number C
72 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

Illustrations of the Species in Plate VI.

Fig. 8. The test, abactinal view : natural size.
9. The test, actinal view: natural size.
10. Anterior ambulacrum: magnified.
11. Distal end of an antero-lateral ambulacrum: magnified.
12. Tubercles: magnified.

This species is common in Kattywar, in the Miocene series, and is the commonest
Spatangoid in the Gaj series (Miocene) of Sind. It will be noticed amongst the collec-_
tion from those localities.

VII. Remarks on the Faunas. Nummulitic Species of Kachh.

The variety of the species Arachniopleurus reticulatus, nobis, which was described
and figured in our work on the Fossil Echinoidea of Western Sind, is almost
worthy of being called a new species, were it not evident that all the species of
Temnopleuride with the raised ribbing of the plates vary in this ornamentation during
growth and individually. The form links together the faunas of the Nummulitic
series of Kachh and Sind, although no other Ranikot species is distinguishable in the
higher horizon of Kachh whence the fossil was derived. Clearly the Ranikot series
of Sind is below the main Nummulitic limestone, to which the lowest marine fos-
siliferous Tertiary beds of Kachh belong. The affinities of the genus with Glypho-
cyphus, Dictyoplewrus, and the false Temnopleuride, or those without true pits*, are
evident, and also with Paradoxechinus, Laube, of the Australian Tertiaries. No other
member of this or of the true Temnopleuroid group is as yet known from the Num-
mulitic series of Kachh.

The species of Clypeaster is at once known by its very open ambulacra and receding
terminal part of the poriferous zones. The needle-pillars are visible at a fractured
spot, and there is no doubt about the genus. It is the earliest example of the genus
in the Indian Nummulitic.

We have enlarged upon the genus Amblypygus in describing the two well-marked
species from Kachh. The position of the anus, the oblique peristome, the intercalated
ambulacral plates, and the double series of pores, which is continued: over the margin
to well within the peristome, are generic and characteristic. The modern genus Echi-
noneus is closely allied, and the nature of the interradial plates around the peristome
is the same in both genera, and were it not for the presence of a remarkable
tuberculation, should come under the genus Amblypygus.. The Kachh forms do not
resemble those of Sind f, although the alliance is closer than with the species described

by de Loriol from Egypt. The great height in relation to length and the pentagonal
outline are distinctive and characterize the Kachh form.

* Duncan, “ Morphology of Temnopleuride,” Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xvi. p. 343.
+ Khirthar series.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 73

The genus is not found in the Ranikot series of Sind, but in the higher and main
Nummulitic limestone of the Khirthars.

Several species and a variety of the genus Echinolampas are described from the
Nummulitic series of Kachh. The commonest are high, long Conoclypoid-looking
forms, eminently suggestive of Egyptian affinities. The beautiful forms described
by de Loriol from the Nummulitic of Egypt and Lybia, and named by him Echino-
lampas Fraasi and Osiris, are closely allied to the Kachh species, which, however, do
not appear to have any great affinities with the Echinolampads from Sind. Amongst the
more depressed forms from Kachh one resembles Echinolampas discoideus, d’ Archiac,
but it is nevertheless distinct.

Amongst the flat and oval species is Echinolampas Vicaryi, d’Archiac ; and probably
it was from Kachh that the typical specimen came.

Cotteau’s genus Peripneustes is represented in the Nummulitic of Kachh;
and we have noticed the affinities of the genus to Euspatangus and Macropneustes
in the description of the species, which stands rather alone. It gives a Nummulitic
facies to the collection, which is intensified by the presence of two large depressed
Hemiasters, Linthia-like in shape; they have peripetalous fascioles only.

Another Hemiaster, H. carinatus, nobis, is mimetic of the shape of Schizaster
Baluchistanensis, d’Archiac, but has two generative pores, a peripetalous fasciole only,
and great keels on the anterior and posterior interradia. It is a very marked form.

The Schizaster which has given much trouble to some students of the European
Nummulitic, and which has the not very euphonious name Beloutchistanensis, d’ Archiac
(and which may be spelt Baluchistanensis), is one of the types described by d’ Archiac
and Haime from the Hala range—a geographical fallacy, but meaning the hill-country
of Western Sind. The typical specimens were so rolled that no ornamentation could
be seen, and the position of the fascioles is open to doubt. The shape, however, is
peculiar. The great height of the posterior keel adds to the general height of the
hinder part of the test, the ambulacra are very different in size, and there are four
generative pores, the two anterior being on a line with the anterior and antero-lateral
ocular pores. The actinal plastron is rather convex.

A variety is found in Kachh, in the Nummulitic series, but it is not a common
form.

The Luspatangi of the Nummulitic deposits of Kachh have given much trouble, on
account of their resemblance to Maretiw. Indeed it appears that the genus which was
the last defined must be absorbed by that which first attracted the notice of Agassiz.
There is no generic distinction between Euspatangus, Agass., and Maretia, Gray,
except in the existence of a peripetalous fasciole in the first named. In some
Euspatangi the fasciole is well developed, in others it is seen with difficulty, and in the
torm Euspatangus affinis, Duncan and Sladen, from Kachh, only a vestige exists, about
3 millim. in length. On the other hand, Maretia planulata has occasionally a partial
fasciole, and a fossil form from Australia has it distinctly. It is in our opinion im-
possible to form an intermediate subgenus, and unreasonable to separate forms generically

L
74 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

because of one very variable structural peculiarity, which is not of much physiological
importance.

In the well-known type Euspatangus rostratus, d’Archiac, from Kachh, aid
peripetalous fasciole exists ; it has all the characters of a Maretia with a large anterior
notch. But in Sind, as will be noticed in our memoir on the Khirthar series, the
presence of a faint and short fasciole is evident. Hence we call these forms Euspatangi,
and not Maretie.

The truly Nummulitic Echinoid fauna of Kachh has no affinities with those of
the Infra-Trap and Ranikot series of Sind; it is to a considerable extent Egyptian
in its facies, but the species which give the idea of likeness are representative, not
identical.

Only Echinolampas Vicaryi, Schizaster Baluchistanensis, and Euspatangus rostratus
have been previously observed in Indian Tertiaries ; they are species which were described
from Sind by MM. d@’Archiac and Haime, and the first two are truly Nummulitic.

Amongst the forms noticed by Grant and described in a very short memoir by
Sowerby, from Kachh*, one called by the latter (but not described) Galerites pulvi-
natus is an Amblypygus; another, called Clypeaster, is an Echinolampas, and probably
E. Vicaryi, @Archiac ; a second Clypeaster, termed varians, but not described, only
figured, is one of the tall forms of Echinolampas described in this memoir. Sowerby’s
Spatangus acuminatus, Goldfuss, is Schizaster Baluchistanensis, d’Archiac.

Remarks on the Forms from the Oligocene Series with Orbitoides.

The number of species is very small, and Clypeaster predominates as a genus.

There are four specimens of different species or varieties of the genus Clypeaster
in the collection of the Geological Society of London, which were noticed by MM.
d’Archiac and Haimeand by Grant. Two are considered by the first named authors to
be varieties of Echinanthus profwndus, and one is called by them Echinanthus Halaensis.
Capt. Grant and Sowerby appear to have been struck with the elongate form and
deep actinal surface of the fourth form, which, however, is in such a condition that we
do not propose to deal with it. It is necessary, however, to consider the first three
forms, which belong to the genus Clypeaster, Agassiz, and not to that of Echinanthus.

CLYPEASTER PROFUNDUS, d’ Archiac, sp. (op. cit. p. 207, plate xiii, fig. 14).

In a form called by d’Archiac variety a, the length is greater than the breadth,
79 millim. to 62 millim., the margins are moderately thick but not tumid, and the
slope upwards of the rosette is slight and to the apex. Irregularly pentagonal, the
margin is sharply rounded in front, incurved to the lateral ambulacra, then straight to

the truncated posterior lateral angle. The hinder margin is thinner than the front
and is slightly incurved.

* Grant, “ Geology of Cutch,” Trans. Geol. Soe. ser. ii, vol. v. pt. 2, p. 327.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 76

The anterior odd petal and the postero-lateral are equal in length, and the latter
is the broader; the antero-lateral petal is the shortest and narrowest of all, its length
‘being a little less than the odd one, and its breadth also. The ambulacra are slightly
tumid and are open distally ; the poriferous zones are broadest midway and are rather
pointed towards the ends; the inner row of pores forms a regular but slight curve, and
there is a slight outward turning at the outer extremity. The interporiferous areas are
twice the breadth of a poriferous zone.
Length of odd and posterior ambulacra 23:5 millim.; length of lateral petals
20 millim.; breadth of odd petal 11 millim.; of lateral 10 millim.; of posterior
12 millim,

The variety 6 of M. d’Archiac is pentagonal, longer than broad, broadest on a
line with the lateral petals, and narrowest at the truncated posterior angles. The
sides are slightly rounded anteriorly and sharply so quite in front; they are nearly
straight, passing backwards and rather inwards behind the point of greatest breadth.
The test is thick ; and the slope from the apex is more gradual in front than behind it.

The characteristics of the form are the great size of the poriferous zones in the
outer third of the petals, the curvature of the line of the inner row of pores, the coni-
parative narrowness of the interporiferous areas in relation to the poriferous zones, and
the nearly closed condition of the distal ends of the ambulacra.

Length of test 71 millim.; breadth of test 51 millim.

Length of odd ambulacrum 21 millim.; breadth of odd ambulacrum 12°5 millim.
5 lateral “ 16, “ lateral ey 11°75 i
- posterior ,, 21 ,, PA posterior ,, 12°5 re

Interporiferous area 14 times as broad as the poriferous zone.

The odd and postero-lateral petals are thus equal in size and are larger than the
antero-lateral.

This form is specifically distinct from the variety a.

The third form, Clypeaster Halaensis, d’Archiac, is flat-topped, as is well shown by
MM. d’Avchiac and Haime (op. cit. plate xiv); it is rather thick anteriorly and
thin behind, pentagonal, longer than broad, broadest slightly in front with straight
sides. The following are the measurements :—Length of test 72°5 millim. (a fracture
prevents the breadth being known).

Length of odd ambulacrum 20 millim.; breadth of odd ambulacrum 16:5 millim.
se lateral Pa — is a lateral 5 11 5
“ posterior ,, 20 =a, 6 posterior ,, 12 in

The anterior interporiferous area is 14 times as broad as the poriferous area,
and the width of the interporiferous area of the postero-lateral is twice that of
the poriferous zone. The inner line of pores of the anterior ambulacrum is faintly
curved, and that of the posterior considerably so; and all the poriferous zones nearly
approach at their distal ends.

L2
76 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

The fourth species is Clypeaster depressus, Sowerby. This is not a Nummulitic
form, but it characterizes the Oligocene in Sind and the Miocene in Kachh.

The others have not been found as yet in the Lower Tertiaries of Sind or of Kachh.
There are, however, three species of Clypeaster in this division of the Kachh Tertiaries ;
they all have very open petals, and are depressed, yet well-sized forms. As a group
they recall, but are specifically distinct from, the series described by Laube from the
Vicentin, which includes Clypeaster Michelini, C. scutum, and C. regulus (‘“ Vicenti-
nische Echinodermen,” Denkschr. d. k.-k. Akad. d. Wissensch. Bd. 29, Taf. iii. 1868).

A very fine specimen of an Echinolampas is in this series, and although only
portions of the test are visible, its swollen, high, and long slope are evident. The
petals, were they on the same level as the test and slightly narrower, would correspond
with those of Echinolampas globulus, Laube, and especially with those figured by de
Loriol in his last work on Egyptian and Lybian Echini. Considering how variable a
species this is, and the general resemblance of the Kachh form to figured specimens,
we feel disposed not to diagnose a new species, but to ally our form with that of
Egypt and San Giovanni Ilarione.

Euspatangus rostratus, d@ Axchiac, is found in the beds with Orbitoides, and the
remarks already made will apply to it; it is the only species which passes from the
Nummulitic to the Oligocene in Kachh.

Remarks on the Species of Echinoidea from the Miocene Series of Kachh.

The Cidaris which is found in the Miocene series of Kachh is that Cidaris
Halaensis which was described by MM. d’Archiac and Haime from the Nummulitic
strata of the mythical Chaine de Hala. It is a well-marked species, and adds to the
number of the Tertiary Cidaride, with not very depressed tests and moderately broad
and not narrow interporiferous areas, which are decorated with two or three minute
tubercles, one being larger than the others, on each interporiferous plate. The re-
semblance to European Tertiary species is slight; and the species has only a generic
relationship with the recent Cidaris metularia, Blainv. The small secondary tubercles
on the slope of the coronal plates and beyond the larger ones of the scrobicular circle
are pointed and round in outline and have minute mamelons. The tubercle close
to the poriferous zone in the ambulacrum is about the size of the third grade of coronal
tubercles, and is therefore small for a secondary. A narrow sunken line, without orna-
mentation, is over the vertical sutures in the median interambulacra. Moreover there
are a few milaries, or one or two vertical series of three, between some of the larger
tubercles of the scrobicular circle, which are along the transverse suture between the
vertical series of coronal plates. This apparently unimportant ornamentation links the
species to one which will be noticed from the Miocene of Kattywar.

There is nothing remarkable about the Goniocidaris except that it differs from
the recent species, yet has some points which link these last together. The spines
are moderately large, but it is interesting to know that they are smaller than those
belonging to a later deposit in the Persian Gulf.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 77

The Celopleurus is also a form believed to be Nummulitic by d’Archiac and
Haime, and is their species C. Forbesi. The specimen is less weathered than the type
of the species in the collection of the Geological Society ; but when it is compared with
one from the Miocene of Kattywar the results of the weathering and sand-scratching
can be appreciated. A moderately sized tubercle is on each of the generative plates,
yet it is hardly visible in the Kachh specimen, and not at all in the type.

Celopleurus Forbesi, d Archiac, is essentially a Miocene form, and is found in great .
abundance in the Gaj series of Sind.

The genus Celopleurus has a considerable range, and is found in the Nari
deposits of Sind, which are Oligocene in age. It occurs also in the Miocene of Sind
and Kattywar; but the Nari species is not Oelopleurus Forbesi. Celopleurus equis,
Agass., and C. Pratti, d’Archiac, are the Oligocene species, and C. Forbesi the Miocene
form. Alex. Agassiz has given beautiful representations of the Oriental Celopleurus
Maillardi in his Report on the ‘Challenger’ Echini, plate vi; but our examination
shows that the Miocene form differs considerably in the shape of the apical plates and
in the details of the ambulacra.

We have considered the generic position and structural details of the Temno-
pleuride which are such characteristic fossils of the Miocene series of Kachh in dealing
with the species. The distinction of the closely allied species of Dictyopleurus of the
Nummulitic series of Sind from the beautiful Temnopleurids of Kachh is explained; and
it is noticed that, notwithstanding the vigorous onslaught of d’Archiac and Haime
on Edward Forbes’s genus Temnechinus, their own species of Temnopleurus must
come under it. Exception may be taken for Temnopleurus tuberculosus, d’Archiac, as
will be explained in noticing the Kattywar Echini, but we do not retain the genus
Opechinus, Desor. The anatomy of the test of Temnopleurus toreunaticus and of the
allied forms of Salmacis has been examined by one of us; and the nature of a true
species of Temnopleurus has been established. The special structures are not found
in the forms called Temnopleurus Rousseau, T. costatus, and T. Hookeri by d’Archiac ;
these are varieties of one species, which we refer to 7. Rousseaui, but all are Temnechint.
The fact that in some full-grown specimens of Temnechinus Rousseawi there are no fos-
settes in the actinal half and very few elsewhere, is very suggestive. D’Archiac and
Haime were in fault in accrediting their species with a Nummulitic horizon. All have
been found by us in the Miocene of Kachh and Kattywar, and only one specimen came
from the Khirthar of Sind, and its appearance is against its being really found in place.

Alex. Agassiz notices these species of d’Archiac and Haimein his ‘ Revision of
the Echini,’ and came to the same conclusion which we adopt from the consideration
of the data before him in 1872-1874. He writes (p. 289):—“ D’Archiac and Haime
have figured from the Nummulitic formation of India a number of species which are
usually referred either to Temnopleurus or to Opechinus, which belong to this same
genus Zemnechinus.” We agree with this opinion after an examination of a great many
specimens; and of course the only error in the statement is due to the mistake of
d’Archiac and Haime in placing the forms in the Nummulitic series.
78 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

A great number of small Clypeasters with hollow actinal surfaces, and recalling
Clypeaster scutiformis in the general shape, but differing from that modern type, are’
found in the Miocene of Kachh. Sowerby named and delineated them in Grant’s
work on Kachh, and they appear to be very common. Larger forms also exist ; but still
none of those are found which are so remarkable in their shape and dimensions and
which characterize more westerly Tertiaries.

Clypeaster Waageni and C. Goirensis are rather closely allied ; both have thin
depressed tests more or less pentagonal in outline, and the relation of the length
to the breadth is close, being in the former 1 to 0°82, and latter 1 to 0°88.

Clypeaster Goirensis is broadest in front, has relatively smaller petals, but they are
decidedly broader than those of C. Waageni, and this is especially noticed in the postero-
lateral petals. The very open nature of the distal extremity of the petals is as decided
as in the Oligocene species of Kachh ; and there is the same disposition on the part of
the last pores of the poriferous zones to open still wider.

The rarity of fossil forms of Zchinodiscus renders the species from Kachh
interesting. It is a true Echinodiscus, departing in no way from the generic type; the
internal pillars are in existence, and the ambulacral grooves have a raised ridge in their
long axis close to the peristome, which is penetrated at the free nodular end by
two pores. It is closely allied to an Egyptian Miocene form which Fuchs has placed
under Amphiope, a genus no longer recognized.

The Echinolampads from the Miocene of Kachh are numerous in individuals, and
there are four species—two of them being new; and the others are Lchinolampas
spheroidalis, d’Archiac, and E. Jacquemonti, d’Archiac, which were said to come from
the Nummulitic series. They do not, however; but characterize the Miocene series.
The other forms recall the recent species, but differ nevertheless specifically from any
living forms.

The Spatangide are important in the Kachh Miocene fauna. Euspatangus
patellaris, d’Archiac, is found in great beauty, the ornamentation being remarkably
preserved. It is not a Nummulitic form, and closely resembles Maretia, but it has a
fasciole. ‘The anterior odd ambulacrum has exceedingly minute pores placed in pairs at
the bottom of small spaces surrounded by a beautiful granulation; and the actinal
plastron is very broad.

The curious genus Moira has a well-marked species in the Miocene of Sind; and
a careful examination of the morphology shows that it is a very synthetic type, having
some of the characters of both of the living species,—Moira stygia from the Red: Sea,
and M. atropos from the Caribbean Sea.

The species drawn by us on Plate VII, figs. 9-12, is certainly not a Brissopsis. It
is a Spatangoid with sunken open ambulacra, a peripetalous fasciole which passes
between large sunken tubercles situated in the anterior and lateral, but not in the pos-
terior, interradia, and a well-marked subanal fasciole. The test is tumid above and
below. Neither can this species come within the genus Brissopatagus, which has no
subanal fasciole, although its peripetalous fasciole lies between large sunken tubercles.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 79

De Loriol, with his usual perspicacity and able discrimination, classified an
anomalous form from the neighbourhood of Thebes as Huspatangus*. Now his
Euspatangus Cotteaui has the paired ambulacra lodged in deepish grooves. The petals,
however, are those of the genus; and the peripetalous fasciole does not enter the area
between the ambulacra; moreover the form is depressed.

We cannot admit the form now under consideration within EHuspatangus, and it
must be included in a genus of Spatangoids which, with great affinities to Huspatangus,
Maretia, and Brissopatagus, is still as distinct as they are.

This new genus Troschelia contains Spatangoids more or less cordiform, tall and
tumid. The anterior ambulacrum is in a groove which notches the ambitus; the
other ambulacra are in deep grooves, the antero-lateral very divergent. Large tubercles
in sunken scrobicules on the anterior and lateral interradia only. Peripetalous fasciole
separating tubercles and entering the area between the lateral petals. Subanal fasciole
large and well developed.

The Breynia is a fine form; and the condition of preservation of the specimen
allows the internal fasciole to be seen perfectly. It passes much more in front than
was drawn by MM.d’Archiac and Haime. Moreover it is clear that the inner pores of
the anterior poriferous zone of the antero-lateral ambulacra are distinct but small;
they do not abort as is the case in the recent species. ‘The number of large tubercles
in the areas constitutes a remarkable feature. The species is not found in the Num-
mulitic as stated by MM. d’Archiac and Haime.

The only Schizaster from Kachh which was sent by the Geological Survey is
remarkable for its great beauty of ornamentation, the outward turn of the narrow
pointed anterior petals, the rather depressed shape, the swollen condition anteriorly,
and the narrow pointed hinder end. It came from an unknown locality; and this is
to be regretted, for although the form is clearly of Miocene age in Kattywar, it is
found in the Nari series of Sind, part of which at least is Oligocene.

The Miocene fauna of Echinoidea is especially characterized by the genera
Celopleurus, Temnechinus, Clypeaster, Echinodiscus, Echinolampas, Breynia, and Moira.
There are no species, however, which so closely approach recent forms as to be difficult
of discrimination. No less than six species which have hitherto been termed Nummu-
litic, and which were described by d’Archiac and Haime, now evidently belong to
the Miocene of India and not. to a lower horizon.

This Miocene horizon is not a high one, and is the equivalent of the Gaj deposits
of Sind. It is not covered by Pliocene marine deposits; but there are Pliocene deposits
with an Echinoidean fauna which constitute the Makran series of Ras Maldn in
Baluchistan and of Bushir &c. in the Persian Gulf. The Echinoidea of these Tertiary
deposits differ.

The alliance of the Miocene fauna of Kachh with that of Europe is only generic,
but the facies is remarkably persistent in the east and west.

* Op. cit. p. 140 (84).
80 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

VIII. Description of the Fossil Echinoidea from the Tertiartes of Kattywar.
(MIOCENE.)

Order ECHINOIDEA ENDOCYCLICA.
Family CIDARIDA..

Genus CIDARIS, Klein, 1734.

1: Crparis DEPRESSA, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XIII, Figs. 1-3.

The test is very depressed and broad, the peristome is small, and the ambulacra
sinuous and broad.

The poriferous zone is much broader than the interporiferous area; the pores are
separated by a raised ridge, but the pairs have only the sutural line between them. A
vertical row of small secondaries is on each side in the interporiferous area, just beyond
the poriferous zone. A minute tubercle is also found close to each one of the vertical
series. There is thus a large and small tubercle to each plate. The interradial plates
are broader than long; the tubercle occupies much of the surface, and is nearer the
poriferous edge than the median line; the boss is low, with a depressed small-necked
mamelon. There is no crenulation, but the mamelon is perforate. There is a row of
well separated small secondaries around the scrobicular area, and two rows of smaller
ones nearer the median line. Actinally and abactinally there is only the solitary row,
which is sometimes incomplete; and a row of very small tubercles is between those of
the scrobicular circle and the poriferous zone.

Locality. Kattywar Miocene. Three miles east by north of Gaga, and south-east of

Gurgat. Survey-number a ‘

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XIIT.

Fig. 1. The test : natural size.
2. Two ambulacral plates: magnified.
3. Diagram of a section of an ambulacral plate.

2. CrpaRis GRANULATA, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XIII, Figs. 4-6.

The test is broad and depressed. The ambulacra, moderately wavy, are broad,
especially in the interporiferous area ; the pores are separated by a raised ridge, and
there is a raised narrow linear ridge between the pairs. A small tubercle is close to
the inner pore, and towards the median line there are two others, the inner being the
smallest. There are thus six vertical rows of tubercles in the interporiferous area.
There are ten pairs of pores in relation to one side of an interradial coronal plate. The
larger interradial plates are broader than long, well defined by the sutures; and the large
and broader than long boss occupies the greater part of the plate, and is placed rather
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 81

on the outer half, so that there is more space towards the median line beyond it than
near the poriferous zone. The boss slopes upwards with a slightly re-entering outline
from the base to the broad top. This is grooved around the neck of the rather small
depressed mamelon, and is faintly crenulated on one side in most instances. The ma-
melon is perforated. At the edge of the scrobicular circle are some radiating depressions,
shallow and broad, and they end in a radial row of about three granules, which are
between the principal secondaries of the circle. These secondaries are small, rather wide
apart,largest on the equatorial parts of the plate, and smallest abactinally and actinally ;
they have a mamelon, which is elongate, its long axis being towards the boss.

Actinally and abactinally each plate has a single row of these secondaries, separated
by the intervening rows of granules.

Towards the median line there is a row of smaller tubercles alternating with the
larger, aud still further there are two other rows of smaller-and distant tubercles, the
last being almost miliary in size. Between the scrobicular circle of tubercles and the
poriferous zone there is one row of smaller secondaries and some granules.

Locality. Kattywar Miocene. Three miles east by north of Gaga, and south-east

of Gurgat. Survey-number ,

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XIII.

Fig. 4. The test : natural size.
5. The ambulacrum, in part: magnified.
6. A coronal interradial plate: magnified.

Family ARBACIADA:.
Genus COZLOPLEURUS, Agassiz, 1840.

1. Ca.opLeurus Forsss!, d’Archiac & Haime.

This species has been already noticed in the description of the Miocene Echinoidea
of Kachh, page 53.

Family GLYPHOSTOMATA.

A very remarkable form occurs in the Miocene of Kattywar; although its
shape and structural details are exceedingly suggestive of several well-known genera,
it cannot enter any one of them. At first sight the resemblance of the Kattywar
specimen to the actinal surface of Micropsis Fraasit, de Loriol (‘ Echinides contenus
dans les couches Nummulitiques de lEgypte,’ plate 1, fig. 17), is extraordinary ; but
in the later form from Kattywar the tubercles are neither crenulated nor perforate, and
the pores are decidedly in triplets. It reminds the observer of the genus Polycyphus ;
but the multiplication of the pores around the peristome seen in this genus does not
exist in the new form, whose peristomial lips are not very narrow. There isaresemblance
to species of Stomechinus, especially in some points to Stomechinus Greslyi and S. Miche-

M
82 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

lini (de Loriol, Pal. Suisse: ‘Descr. des Oursins fossiles de la Suisse’). But here,
again, the sharp projecting ambulacral lip is not seen in the Miocene form.

There is a furrowing of the horizontal suture-edges of the interradial plates, which
recalls the Temnopleuride, but no pits or deep furrows are to be seen ; and the like
ness is increased by the nature of-the triplets, which resemble those of Salmacis. We.

include the form in a new genus.

Subfamily TRIPLECHINIDA, A. Agassiz.
Genus GRAMMECHIN US *, gen. nov.

The test is thin, rather depressed, swollen at the ambitus, flat or incurved actinally,
low and conical abactinally. Marginal outline slightly pentagonal or nearly circular.
Ambulacra with pairs of pores in regular triplets from apex to peristome; plates with
from one to three tubercles on them. Interambulacral plates broad and low, carrying
from one to eight tubercles, the number diminishing towards the apex. ‘Tubercles of
both series neither perforate nor crenulate, small; secondaries in lines above and below
the primaries, forming ridges, with the depressed horizontal sutural line between the
two series. Vertical ridges of small tubercles, more or less linear in shape, may be in
relation with the largest tubercles. Actinostome moderately large, rather pentagonal ;
cuts moderately developed; ends of ambulacra moderately wide.. (Apical system
wanting.)

1. GRAMMECHINUS REGULARIS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XIII, Figs. 7, 8.

The test is circular or slightly pentagonal in marginal outline, tumid at the ambitus,
conical and rather depressed abactinally, slightly incurved actinally around the rather
large peristome, which is rather pentagonal in outline. The ambulacra are broad, and
at the ambitus are one half the breadth of the interradium; more abactinally the
ambulacrum is two thirds the width of the interambulacra, and nearer the peristome the
relative breadth becomes rapidly less). The ambulacral plates are tall in relation to
their breadth near the peristome, and carry at first one and then, more abactinally, two
tubercles. At the point of greatest breadth the plates are broader in relation to height
and carry three tubercles. Each plate has three pairs of pores, forming a curved line.
The pores are large and separated by a projection; and the pairs, also well separated,
have a granular, or plainly linear, raised structure between them. Immediately
actinally to the second pair of the triplets is a small tubercle, and there is a smaller one
on a line with and externally to the first pair. The tubercles of the ambulacra are broad
at their base and have a distinct mamelon, which is neither perforate nor crenulate.
The tubercle nearest the pores is the largest, and is crossed by the sutural lines of the

poriferous plates. The remaining tubercles are larger than those immediately beyond
the line of pores, and all have a mamelon.

* ypappr, a line.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 83

A small tuberculation is above and below the larger tubercles on the plates;
it is distinct, unequal, and in lines parallel with the abactinal and actinal sutures, which
are grooved, as it were, by the lines of raised ornamentation becoming abrupt over them.
There is often a very small tubercle between the larger innermost two on the plate;
and near the actinal surface, where there are only two tubercles, a line of small
tubercles is parallel with the median suture. This tuberculation, surrounding the
larger tubercles on three sides, is unequal.

The interradial plates are very broad in relation to their vertical measurement, and
are all characterized by having a row of tubercles along the central line of the breadth,
increasing in number from three near the cuts to seven or eight at the ambitus. The
tubercles have circular bases standing above the level of the plate, supporting smaller
conical bosses, and well-developed, nearly hemispherical mamelons, which are imperforate.
There is no crenulation. The fourth tubercle from the ambulacral side is the largest,
and the three nearest the median line are the furthest apart.

The actinal and abactinal sutures are grooved, and there is a raised minute orna-
mentation on the plate immediately above and below the grooving. ‘This ornamenta-
tion is of one, two, or three rows, in different parts, of small tubercles, some circular
and others elongate vertically in outline. The tubercles, of different sizes as well as of
shapes, project; and some in relation to the largest tubercle, and those on either side of
it, assume quite a vertical linear form, most readily seen when the light crosses the ver-
tical line of the plate at right angles. Actinally, and where the number of the tubercles
is less, there is often some deviation from the horizontal line so well kept at the ambitus:
moreover there are small tubercles along the line of the median suture, which presents
a feeble furrow.

It is evident that the furrowing of all the sutures is produced by the ornamen-
tation, which is highest close to them, and slopes inwards towards the centre of the
plate.

The peristomial cuts are well developed, have a raised border, and enter well into
the second interradial plate.

Measurement from peristome. to extreme bulge 17 millim.; breadth of the peri-
stome 14 millim.; extreme breadth of test 48 millim. ; probable height 40 millim.

Locality. Kattywar Miocene. Half amile east of Lowardli, Oka Mandol. Survey-

number a
Illustrations of the Species in Plate XIII.

Fig. 7. The imbedded test: natural size.
8. Ambulacral and interradial plates: magnified.

Subfamily TEMNOPLEURIDZ, Desor.

This subfamily is largely represented in species and individuals in the Miocene of
Kattywar. The genus is, however, Temnechinus, Forbes, = Temnoplewrus, d’ Archiac ;
and in only two specimens have we found crenulation, and then in one or two tubercles

M2
84 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

only. These we have figured on Plate XIII, Figs. 15 & 16; and it will be noticed that
it is the largest tubercles which are crenulated. We do not therefore feel disposed to
depart from our determination that these forms are true Temnechini.

It is satisfactory to find a resting-place in classification as well as in geological dis-
tribution for the so-called Nummulitic Temnopleurids of MM. d’Archiac and Haime.
Without exception, all the species which we can recognize as good for anything, viz.
Temnechinus Rousseaui, T. costatus, and T. tuberculosus of dArchiac and Haime,
come from Miocene strata. :

Genus TEMNECHINUS, Forbes, 1852.
1. TemNecuinus costatus, d Archiac, sp. Plate XIII, Vigs. 9, 10.

This species, with shorter costulate processes in the ambulacra than is the case in
Temnechinus affinis, nobis, has taller ornamented interambulacral plates, which do not
cross their area as narrow bands, but break up along the median line into short
processes, which join the other plate obliquely, and have fossettes above and below them.
Hence there is a kind of close confused series of fossettes and processes in the median
line. The true shape of the species is tall and tumid, diminishing apically and
towards the ambitus.

Locality. Kattywar Miocene. Three miles east by north of Gaga. Survey-

Hl,

number == a

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XIII.

Fig. 9. The test: natural size.
10. A portion: magnified.

The type was described by d’Archiac and Haime (op. cit. p. 204, plate xiii,
figs. 9,a@,5), and they lay great stress upon the two vertical series of large tubercles in
both series being on a subcostiform projection. This is not invariable. Again, they
notice with greater truth the small fossettes of the interambulacral median line, which
are represented in our Figure 10, Plate XIII.

2. TeMNEcHINUS Rousseaul, @’Archiac, sp. Plate XIII, Figs. 13, 14, 15.

Several specimens of this species are in the Kattywar collection, but one is almost
a variety. It is tall, and the fossettes are very large and deep; but the interambulacral
plates are low from above downwards in their ornamentation, and the ambulacral
ornamentation resembles that of our figure, Plate XIII, Fig. 10, but with larger
fossettes.

Locality. Kattywar Miocene. Three miles east by north of Gaga and south-east of
Gurgat. Survey-number a5

Illustration of the Species in Plate XIII.

Fig. 13. Diagram of a section: natural size.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 85

From the same locality are some specimens of more depressed types of this species,
and their breadth is unusual. It appears to be produced by an extra breadth of the
interambulacral plates at the ambitus, and there is an extra small tubercle to the orna-
mental part of the plate, and usually a corresponding vertical ridge ; but higher up in
the test the plates resemble those of the normal type.

It is evident that some, but not all, of the tubercles are crenulated.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XIII.

Fig. 14. The test: natural size.
15. A plate near the ambitus: magnified.

We restrict this form within the limits of Temnechinus, and do not see the neces-
sity of admitting the genus Opechinus, Desor.

3. TEMNECHINUS TUBERCULOSUS, d'Archiac & Haime, sp. Plate XIII, Figs. 16, 17.

‘This species was well described in ‘Les Animaux fossiles de Inde,’ p. 206, and
figured; but the specimen we have is not much crushed, and it is clear that the shape
of the test is turban-shaped, swollen at the margin and above it, and then tapering off
to a rather flat top. It is not pentagonal.

The specific distinction is the presence of vertical processes which divide the ambu-
lacral fossettes into two. The interambulacral plates resemble those of the large plates
of the largest Temnechinus Rousseawi, d’Archiac, sp. (See our Plate XIII, Fig. 10.)

Another distinction is the tumid body of the generative plates and their angular
extremity, which is perforated by a large pore. It is clear that some, but not all, of
the tubercles are excessively finely crenulate, as is the case in the exceptional plate of
the Temnechinus, fig. 15.

Height 12°5 millim., breadth 19:5 millim.

Locality. Kattywar Miocene. Three miles east by north of Gaga and south-

east of Gurgat. Survey-number 42.

Illustrations of the Species in Plate XIII.

Fig. 16. Part of an interambulacrum and ambulacrum: magnified.
17. Diagrammatic section: natural size.

A new species must be added to this list from Kattywar; and as it allies Z'’em-
nechinus costatus, d’Archiac, to Temnechinus tuberculosus, d’Archiac, we have called it
Temnechinus affinis. It has slender oblique ridges, with large open fossettes in the
ambulacra, and the slender oblique costulation of the interradial plates is united by
vertical, processes. In T. costatus the ambulacral ridges are stouter, and they are
stouter still in 7. twberculosus: in the first the fossettes are large and open, and in the
latter they are small and crossed by a vertical process.
86 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

In T. costatus the interradia closely resemble those of 7. tuberculosus. The true
shape of T. costatus is high, that of T. tuberculosus is broader and more depressed, and
that of 7. affinis, nobis, is still more depressed.

4, TEMNECHINUS AFFINIS, Duncan & Sladen. Plate XIII, Figs. 11, 12.

The test is turban-shaped, broader than high, rather flat actinally, tumid at the am-
bitus, and less so in the more conical upper part, and depressed abactinally. Test symme-
trical; peristome very small, and cutssmall. Apical system small. At the ambitus the
width of an ambulacrum is very nearly equal to that of an interradium. Poriferous zone
broad, slightly sunken : pairs of pores in triplets, but in simple succession ; each pair is
placed on the lower slope of a narrow costulate process; the upper pair of each triplet has
its costulate process continuous with the ambulacral plate, on which is a small tubercle,
and the other two are in relation with the small primary tubercle, which is on the two
lower plates in the interporiferous area. ‘There is a vertical row of small primary
tubercles on each side of the interporiferous area near the poriferous zone. Each of
these small primaries is connected with the smaller tubercle above the primary in the
lower plate by a narrow process. Rib-like processes cross the interporiferous space
from the small primaries and smaller tubercles of one vertical series to the other; their
direction is oblique and in zigzag, and they are narrow from above downwards, granular
or minutely tuberculated, and usually the largest of their tubercles is near the primary
whence they originate. This raised ribbing produces broad and rather low (that is,
vertically) fossettes, and their shape is that of a broad straight comma. ‘There is a
vertical row of these fossettes on either side of the median line of the ambulacrum. In
the interambulacra there are two vertical rows of small primaries, which are slightly
larger than those of the ambulacra; they are nearer the poriferous zone than the
median line, are wide apart at the ambulacrum, and the raised surface on which each
tubercle of a series rests is connected with that of the tubercle above and below by a
constricted process.

Long and rather narrow zigzag ribs pass from near the primaries across the median
line to those of the adjoining plates, and smaller coste join on to those of the poriferous
zone on the other side of the primary tubercle. Small vertical costulate processes pass
from the actinal edge of one zigzag to the abactinal edge of the one below, and thus
interfere with the continuity of the very long transverse fossettes. Usually there are
two of these processes in each fossette between the two rows of primaries, and there is
one on the other side of the primary and between it and the poriferous zone in a
well-marked fossette there. So that, including the large vertical processes between the
tubercles of each vertical series, there are eight vertical raised lines, more or less costulate
and omamented, in each interradium. Nearer the abactinal surface the breadth of the
fossettes diminishes; and one of the smaller vertical series is not seen ; and quite close
to. the: apex abun is only the main vertical series of each side, which connects the
primaries above with the one placed actinally to it. The result of the presence of
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 87

these vertical processes is to subdivide the fossettes into several others. On either
side, and actinally to the primary and its process, is a well-marked small fossette-
usually more or less oval or elliptical in outline and taller than broad. Nearer the
median line is another fossette of nearly the same size and shape; and still nearer the
angle of the diverging coste is a more or less concave-shaped one. Even this may be
subdivided. On the poriferous side of the primary, and between the extremity of the
second and third pairs and the vertical costulate process which exists between the
ambulacrum and the vertical line of the primaries, is a fossette.; it is broad towards the
primary and narrow towards the pores. Hence there are two fossettes between the
primary and the poriferous zone, and three or four fossettes in a row between the
transverse oblique or zigzag ribs which stretch across the interambulacral areas.
Abactinally the number of fossettes diminishes and actinally also.

The minor ornamentation of the plates on either side of the primaries and of the
ribs is very elegant, and consists of small mammillated tubercles and distinct miliaries.
Usually there is a small tubercle second to the primary in size on either side of it, and
beyond that which is in relation to the arch of miliaries abactinal to the primary.
Tubercles may be on either side of the root of the vertical processes or upon it. The
tubercles are imperforate and non-crenulate.

Locality. Kattywar Miocene series. Three miles east by north of Gaga and

south-east of Gurgat. Survey-number =.
Itlustrations of the Species in Plate XIII.

Fig. 11. The test, side view: natural size.
12. Part of an ambulacrum and interradium : magnified.

Order ECHINOIDEA EXOCYCLICA.

Family SPATANGIDA..

Subfamily SPATANGINA.

Genus KUSPATANGUS, Agassiz, 1847.
Eupatagus, Agassiz, 1847.

1. KUSPATANGUS PATELLARIS, @’ Archiac.

This species is found in Kattywar ; and our specimens show the fasciole very dis-
tinctly, externally to the posterior ambulacra. It crosses the posterior interradium
considerably in the rear of the line of the distal end of the ambulacra.

The anterior poriferous zone of the antero-lateral ambulacra has its pores visible,
§8 THE TERTIARY FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA

but very small near the apical system. The pores of the odd ambulacrum are also

visible.
Locality. Kattywar Miocene. Three miles east by north of Gaga, and south-east

of Gurgat. Survey-number ae

Genus SCHIZASTER, Agassiz, 1836.

1. ScuizasteR GRANTI, nobis.

This is the commonest fossil in the collection from Kattywar, and some of the
specimens are larger than the type from Kachh (page 70). The specific characters
are, however, well maintained; and it is noticed that even in the largest specimens
the keel on the posterior interradium is low, and that it slopes backwards and down-
wards to the point which overhangs the periproct. The anterior groove is broad and
deep abactinally, and is shallower and less evident in front of the curved fasciole.

The anterior ambulacral pores are separated by a nodule, and they are on the flanks
of the groove. The pairs of pores havea more or less definite swelling like an indefinite
costa between them; and the floor and sides of the groove are very granular, the larger
tubercles being near the top of the keel on either side.

The antero-lateral ambulacra flare outwards, are in deepish grooves, and become
more or less pointed distally. The obliquity of the pores is not so evident as in the
Kachh species, but the granulation of the coste is evident.

 

The apical system, magnified.

The apical system has four generative plates and four-pores; the anterior plates
are rather long in the antero-posterior direction, and include the small anterior ocular
plate in their angle. The posterior lateral plates are large; their pores are larger than
the others and wider apart. The ocular plates are in the angles of the plates and are
well developed; the posterior pair are separated by the madreporic extension.

The whole apical system is small; the anterior genital pores are on the anterior
keels, and the others on the narrow keel of the lateral ambulacra, which is sparely
tuberculate.

The posterior ambulacra are stout, sharp at the end, shallow, and there are about
17-19 pairs of pores.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 89

The peripetalous fasciole resembles that of the type, and is very distinct ; it is
narrow where it passes over the keel, behind the posterior ambulacra. The subanal
branch passes rather close beneath the oval elliptical anus, which is considerably
sunken in consequence of the projection of the keel backwards and of the similar
direction of the termination of the actinal plastron. The anus is visible from the
actinal surface.

Finally, the projecting actinal plastron, bounded by the peculiarly granulated
shagreened posterior ambulacra, is as definite as in the type. The posterior lip has a
very decided fold in well-preserved specimens.

Locality. Kattywar Miocene. Three miles east by north of Gdga, and south-east of

Hl

Gurgat. Survey-number >.

  

The fascioles on the posterior part of the test. The ornamentation of the plastron.

Genus BRISSOPSIS, Agassiz, 1840.

1. Brissopsis, sp. ?

A much crushed specimen of an Echinoderm is in the collection from Kattywar ;
and its generic determination is so full of difficulties that we place it with some doubt
under the genus Brissopsis: it is not Brissopsis scutiformis, d Archiac & Haime%*,
which is a Metalia of the Nummulitic of Sind.

In the specimen under consideration the posterior petals are close, especially near
the apex, and their curve is concave forwards and outwards; they are petaloid, very
widely displayed and shallow, closed at the end, with exceedingly narrow interporiferous
and broad poriferous zones, the pores of each pair being very far apart.

The antero-lateral ambulacra are wide apart, but not nearly transverse, are shorter
than the posterior, and are in deep grooves, the pores being on the flanks. The inter-
poriferous area is rather broader than that of the posterior ambulacra, and yet not so
wide as the space between the pores of a pair. All the pairs are separated by well-
developed cost. The odd ambulacrum is in a deep groove, and the pores are small
and wide apart; the groove notches the margin. There are traces of a fasciole

* Op. cit. plate xv, figs. 5a and 5 0.
OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR. 91

The absence of Echinolampine from the collection is remarkable. Huspatangus
patellaris, d’Archiac, is found in Kattywar as well as in the Kachh Miocene.

‘The commonest fossil in Kattywar is Schizaster Granti, nobis, which had no
satisfactory geological horizon given to it in Kachh. Schizaster Granti, nobis, is a
beautiful form, with sharp-pointed antero-lateral petals flaring outwards and a low keel
on the posterior interradium ; it has a transverse concavity posteriorly, so that the test
above the periproct projects backwards and the hinder part of the plastron also. The
periproct is visible from the actinal view, although it is high up posteriorly. The
granular ornamentation of the posterolateral ambulacra on either side of the actinal
plastron is very characteristic. The species is very distinct, and yet it has been
mistaken for Schizaster Baluchistanensis. It is the common Schizaster of the Miocene
of Western India.

 

APPENDIX.

The following species was accidentally omitted from the Nummulitic fauna of
Kachh. It is interesting on account of its alliance with a Sindian Nummulitic form.

Genus SISMONDIA, Desor, 1857.
1. SIsMONDIA POLYMORPHA, var. SUFFLATA, Duncan & Sladen.

This form constitutes a well-marked variety of a species we are about to describe
from the Khirthar series of strata in Sind. It is characterized by a generally much
smaller habit, by a comparatively thicker margin, and especially by the low, but
decided, convexity of the abactinal surface. The same great variability in the marginal
contour is noticed, although the more elongate and less angular forms appear to prevail.
The characteristic tumidity of the postero-lateral petals is also present. ‘The petals
terminate at a greater distance from the margin than in the type form, and are very
short for the genus.

The length of one of the largest specimens is 7-5 millim., and the breadth 6:5
millim. :

Locality. From the Nummulitic series of strata of Kachh. Three or four miles
north-north-east of Piptir. Survey-number C 039,
Figure

1

PLATE I.

(Nummulitic Series.)

1. Ecuinotampas atta, Duncan and Sladen (page 19). Side view, natural size.
2. Actinal view, natural size.

3. Apical system, magnified twice.

4, Peristome, magnified.

5. End of antero-lateral ambulacrum, magnified.

6.
7
8
9
0

Ornamentation of an ambulacrum, magnified.

. Variety (page 22). Actinal surface, natural size.

. Ecuinotampas Feppenr, Duncan and Sladen (page 23). Side view, natural size.
. Abactinal view, natural size.

. Ambulacrum, part of, magnified.

Il. A postero-lateral ambulacrum, magnified.
Plate I.

     
  

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6.
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Duncan & Sladen dir. A.Gawan lith

Mintern Bros

FosstL Echineidea from Kach.

Nummulitic Series.
Figure 1.

oO

10.

PLATE II.

(Nummulitic Series.)

Ecutnotampas Kacuensts, Duncan and Sladen (page 25). The test seen from the
side, natural size.

Abactinal view, natural size.
Actinal view, natural size.
The end of an ambulacrum, magnified.

Ecuinonampas, species (page 50). Abactinal view, natural size. (Oligocene
Series.)

. Ecntnotampas Harmer, Duncan and Sladen (page 26). Abactinal view, natural

size.
Actinal view, natural size.

. Part of phyllode, magnified.

. Ecutnotampas Damest, Duncan and Sladen (page 27). Abactinal view, natural

size.
Ornamentation, magnified.
Plate II.

Geol. Survey of India

peveaes
haan

AER
ee

 

Mantern Bros mp .

Duncan & Sladen ,dir. A.Gawan Jith.

from Kaelv .
Lr Series:

U

uno
we

uw Ech
Nur

Foss
Figure 1.

Noaapw wow

PLATE III.
(Nummulitic Series.)

Ecuinotampas Damust, Duncan and Sladen (page 27). Actinal surface.
Ecurnotampas Feppsni, Duncan and Sladen (page 23). Actinal view.

. Ecuinotampas rnsienis, Duncan and Sladen (page 29). Abactinal view.
. A side view.

. Actinal view.
. Part of an ambulacrum, magnified.
. Ecurnonampas, sp. (page 32).
 

Duncan & Sladen dir. A Gawan hth

Mintern Bros imp

Fossil Echinoidea trom Kach.

Nuamulitic Series
Figure 1.

i oo

OHNAM

10.

1l.

PLATE IV.

(Nummulitic Series.)

Ampiypycus atrus, Duncan and Sladen (page 16). A large specimen, side view,
natural size.

The same, abactinal view, natural size..

. The same, actinal view, natural size.
. AMBLYPYGUS PENTAGONALIS, Duncan and Sladen (page 18). The test, side view,

natural size.
Abactinal view of the same, natural size.

. Peristomial region of a specimen, natural size.

Marginal ornamentation, magnified.
Ornamentation near the apex, seen obliquely, magnified.’

. Poriferous zone and interporiferous area, magnified.

Poriferous zone and part of interporiferous area of an ambulacrum near the margin,
magnified.

The apical system, magnified.
Geol. Survey of India. Plate IV.

 
   
  
 

    

 

   

10.
~
~
~ 9.
~~
e \
: as
7 2
. Fah oy 1% 2” a
55 te spent ee :
BIS
73,8 Sw OL <
o* >Re, ws
” vi Mo eG?
hd 3 Diy
a? 3
2
°
.
e
.

Stes

Wye

Oily

Ui Hy HW Pesta yy
Masts tiasisfsdi lm

 

Duncan & Sladen, dir A Gawan hth

 

Fossil. Echinot » from Kach.
M les.

ummuluice Series
Figure 1.

CHONATAR wD

PLATE V.

(Nummulitic Series.)

PERIPNEUSTES INSIGNIs, Duncan and Sladen (page 42). The test, side view.

. Abactinal view.

. Apical system, magnified.

. A part of a posterior ambulacrum and fasciole, magnified.

. Scuizaster BaLucHIsTaNENs!s, variety (page 88). Abactinal view.
. Side view.

Actinal view.

. Apical system and ambulacra, magnified.
. Large specimen (page 41), with the posterior keel worn off.
Plate V.

Geol. Survey of India.

 

mtern.Bros imp

M

Duncan & Sladen dir A Gawan lith

rom Hach.
Nummuaulitic Sees

Fossil Echincidea f
Figure 1.
2.

. Hemtaster prciprens, Duncan and Sladen (page 34). Abactinal view.

. Distal end of antero-lateral ambulacrum, magnified.

. Part of anterior odd ambulacrum, magnified.

. CLYPEASTER aPERTUS, Duncan and Sladen (page 11). Abactinal surface.

. Its ornamentation, magnified.

OONA oD w

PLATE VI.
(Nummulitic and Miocene Series.)

Hemiaster, sp. (page 35).
Actinal ornamentation, magnified.

ScuizastEr Grant, Duncan and Sladen (page 70). Abactinal view.

. Actinal view.
10.
11.
12.

Anterior ambulacral pores, magnified.
End of antero-lateral ambulacrum and fasciole, magnified.
Tubercles, magnified.
, VI.
Geol. Survey of Indiw. Plate VI.

  

 

    

      

dl;
any a A
9 DB) ath
ji A os)
"aa Mig irra Wine
Migs

13.

Dancan & Sladen dir. A Gawan Iith Mintern Bros. imp

. Foss. Echinotdea fromv Kach.

Nammulitic Series.
Figure 1

a
wore oo

OW NA TB ww

PLATE VII.

(Oligocene and Miocene Series.)

. Euspataneus rosrratus, d’Archiac and Haime (page 47). Abactinal view.
Actinal view.

Posterior view.

The apical system, magnified.

A large tubercle, magnified.

Part of a poriferous zone, magnified.

. A linear longitudinal section.

A less excised variety.

. TRoscHELIA TUBERCULATA, Duncan and Sladen (page 67). Abactinal view.
. Actinal view.

. Ornamentation of odd ambulacrum, magnified.

. A tubercle, magnified.
Geol). Survey of Indiw . Plate Vil.

 

Duncan & Sladen dir. A,Gawan.lith MesteanhBeee nd

Fosstl Eehinovdea fron Kach.

2PLES

  

Oligocene &
is
09
a

SoMmranrkwwnw

PLATE VIII.

(Miocene Series.)

. Morra antiqua, Duncan and Sladen (page 64). The test, side view.
. Posterior view, natural size.

. Abactinal view, natural size.

Abactinal view, natural size.

. Actinal view.
. Actinal outline of a small specimen. ;

Ciparis Hatasnsis, d’Archiac and Haime (page 51). Part of the test, natural size.

. Part of an ambulacrum, magnified.

. Gonrocrparis arrinis, Duncan and Sladen (page 52). Part of the test, natural size.

to } Spines, natural size, of unknown species (page 58).
14.
Geol. Survey of India.

Plate VII.

   

   

£0
a

   

 
    
    

 

f
(8
ies
13. ll.
& 12. 10.

3 a
~ iE i

~ 1h

3 7

  

Duncan & Sladen dir. A.Gawan lth.

Mintern Bros imp
Fossu. Echinoidea from Kach,
Miocene Series.
PLATE IX.

(Miocene Series.)

EcuinotampPas Inpica, Duncan and Sladen (page 61).

. Side view.
. Actinal view.
. A variety.
. A variety.

A specimen with narrower petals. Side view.

. Abactinal view.

. Apical system, magnified.

. Actinal system, magnified.

. Part of a phyllode, magnified.

. Ecninotampas Wywnet, Duncan and Sladen (page 63).
. Actinal view.

Abactinal view.

Abactinal view.
Geol). Survey of India. Plate IX.

     

     
   

 

eereig th

ua
Wee ce Pe

 
  

 

 

Duncan & Sladen,dir. A.Gawan,hth

Fesstt Echianocidea tren Kach .

Miocene Series .
Figure 1.

CONA TH wW DW

PLATE X.

(Miocene Series.)

Breynia caRinaTa, d’Archiac and Haime (page 66). Abactinal surface.

. Posterior view, slightly magnified.
. Abactinal view of a large specimen.
. Apical system, magnified.

. CLYPEASTER DEPRESsSUS, Sowerby (page 58). Abactinal view.

°

Poriferous zone, magnified.

. Actinal view.
. Longitudinal section.
. Large specimen, showing needle-pillars between the roof and base of the test.
Plate X.

Geol. Survey of India.

 

%:
2

POG OTe
Iya?
5

pry

ans

SAAT
nha Pe

imp

Mintern Bros

Dunean & Sladen dir. A Gawan lth.

Kach.

Fosstt Echinoidea trom

Arenaceons Series.
Figure 1."

Oo oT - 0

con

10.
1).

PLATE XI.
(Nummulitic and Miocene Series.)

Hemuasrer carinatus, Duncan and Sladen (page 35). The test, from the side.

. Abactinal view.

. Actinal view.

. Tubercle on actinal surface, magnified.

. TroscHELIA TUBERCULATA, Duncan and Sladen (page 67). Part of the apical system,

showing the diminished size of the pairs of pores, magnified.

. ARACHNIOPLEURUS RETICULATUS, Duncan and Sladen, variety (page 11). Part of

an interambulacrum and poriferous zone, magnified. (Nummulitic form.)
Trmnecuinus Rovussraut, d’Archiac and Haime, sp. (page 57). The test, natural size.

. Apical system, magnified.
. Part of an interradium and a poriferous zone, magnified.

Part of an ambulacrum (worn), magnified.
Part of a perfect ambulacrum, magnified.
Geol. Survey of India, Plate XI.

 

Dunean & Sladen dir. A.Gawan lith Maintern Bros.imp

Fossl. Echinotdea from Kach.

Miocene Series
Figure 1.
2.
3.
4,
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

PLATE XII.

(Oligocene and Miocene Series.)

Ca@.opieurus Forest, d’Archiac (page 53). Apical system, magnified.
Evusparaneus arrinis, Duncan and Sladen (page 46). Abactinal view.
Evuspataneus patreLiaris, d’Archiac (page 70). Actinal view.
Odd ambulacrum, magnified.
Fasciole, magnified.
Ecutnotampas sPH#RoIDALIS, d’Archiac (page 64). Abactinal view.
Ecurvopiscus Desorr, Duncan and Sladen (page 60). Abactinal view.
Actinal view.
Lunule, magnified.
Peristome, part of, magnified.
Cryreaster Sowersy1, Duncan and Sladen (page 49). Abactinal view.
Carter1, Duncan and Sladen (page 49). Abactinal view.
—— Waacent, Duncan and Sladen (page 58)., Abactinal view.
—— Gorrensis, Duncan and Sladen (page 59). Abactinal view.

— Fanoriensis, Duncan and Sladen (page 50). Abactinal view.
Gorrensis, Duncan and Sladen (page 59). End of petal, magnified.

 

 

 
late XI.
Geol. Survey of India. Plate

 

Duncan & Sladen dir. A.Gowan lith

Mintern Bros amp

Fossil Echinoidew trom Kach:

Oligocene & Miocene Series.
Figure

14.
15.
16.

17.

PLATE XIII. ;

(Miocene of Kattywar.)

. CrpaRis DEPRESSA, Duncan and Sladen (page 80). The test, natural size.
. Ambulacral plates, magnified.

Diagram across an ambulacral plate.

. CrpaRis GranuLtata, Duncan and Sladen (page 80). The test, natural size.
. Ambulacral plates, magnified.
. A coronal interradial plate, showing the radial granulation and the markings on

the boss and partial crenulation.

. GRaMMECHINUS REGULARIS, Duncan and Sladen (page 82). The actinal view,

natural size.

. Ambulacral and coronal plates, magnified.

. TEMNECHINUS CostaTus, d’Archiac, sp. (page 84). A large specimen, side view.
10.
ll.
12.
13.

An ambulacrum and part of an interradium, magnified.

TEMNECHINUS arFiNis, Duncan and Sladen (page 86). The test, natural size.

An ambulacrum and part of an interradium, magnified.

Temnecuinus Rovsszaut, d’Archiac (page 84). A large specimen, diagram of side
outline.

A depressed type, side view.

An interradial plate, showing unusual tuberculation and crenulation.

TrMNECHINUs TUBERCULOsUS, d’Archiac (page 85). Ambulacrum and part of
interradium, magnified.

Diagram of shape, natural size.
Plate XML.
Geol. Survey of India.

 

Duncan & Sladen dir. A. Gawan lith. Mintern Bros inp.

Fossil Echinoidea trom Kattywar.

Mtocene Serves.
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Vou. III. The Pelecypoda, by F. SrotrczKa, pp. xxii, 537, és 50 (13 parts).

Vou. IV. The Brachiopoda, Ciliopoda, Hchinodermata, Corals, &c., by F. ieniecat p. v, 202, pls. 29 (5 parts). The

Brachiopoda, pp. ii, 32, pls. 7. The Ciliopoda, pp. ii, "34, pls. 3. The dechinodermats, pp. i, 59, pls. 7. The
Corals, &c., pp. 70, pls. 12.

THE FOSSIL FLORA OF THE UPPER GONDWANAS.
(Sertes II, XT.)

Vou. I. The Fossil Flora of the Réjmahal Series.
is pt. 1 (in six fasciculi), by T. OnpHAm and J. Morais, pp. 52, pls. 36.
, 2, by O. Frisrmanren, “BP: 53-162, pls. 36-48.
$i i 3. Plants from Golapilli, by O. Paeniihees, pp. 163-190, pls. 8.
‘i » 4, Outliers on the Madras Coast, by O. FristMANTEL, PP. 191-234, pls. 16.
Vou. II. ,, 1. Jurassic Flora of Kach, by O. FEisTManTEL, pp. 80, pls.
‘i » 2. Flora of the Jabalpur Group, by O. FEImstManTEL, pp. 81- 105, pls. 14.

THE FOSSIL FLORA OF THE LOWER GONDWANAS.
(Srries XII.)

Vou. I, pt. 1, The Flora of the Talchir-Karharb4ri beds, by O. Feisruanrun, pp. 48, pls. 27.
JURASSIC FAUNA OF KACH.
(Serres IX.)
Vou. I. The Cephalopoda, by W. Waacen, pp. i, 247, pls. 60 (4 parts).
INDIAN PRETERTIARY VERTEBRATA.
(Serres IV.)

Vou. I, pt.1. The Vertebrate Fossils from the Panchet Rocks, by T. H. Huxuey, pp. 24, pls. 6.
i 3 A Th ogee Fossils of the Kota-Maleri Group, by Sir P. ve M. Grey Eemrron and L. C. Mratz,

Is,
ff sf Ob PP ondlia a and Batrachia, by R. LypExxer, pp. 36, pls. 6.

INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA.
(Serres X.)

Vou. _I, pt. 1. Rhinoceros deccanensis, by R. B. Foors, pp. 18, pls. 3.
3 », 2. Molar teeth and other remains of Mammalia, by . LyDEKKER, pp. 69 (19-87), pls. 7 (iv-x).
55 » 3 Crania of Ruminants, by R. Lypexxer, pp. 84 (88-171), pls. 18 xi-xxviii).

TERTIARY ANNULOSA.
(Series VII.)

Vou. I, pt. 1. Tertiary Orabs from Sind and Kutch, by F. Sroxrczxa, pp. 16, pls. 5.

SALT-RANGE FOSSILS, sy WILLIAM WAAGEN, Pu.D.
(Series XIII.)

I. Productus-Limestone Group: 1, Pisces, Cephalopoda, pp. 72, pls. 6.
The price fixed for these publications is 4 annas (6 pence) per single plate.

-To be had at Geological Survey Office, Indian Museum ; at Office of Superintendent, Government Printing, Calcutta ;
or through any Bookseller. London : Tribner & Co.
_ MEMOIRS

a OF THE

GEOLOGICAL ‘SURVEY OF INDIA.

ey

 

 

5 :
[out of print): On the Coal and Iron of Cuttack.—Stucture and Relations of the

 

Vou. I, Royal 8vo, pp. 809, 1859." Pt.
= Pélchir Doal-field.—Gola “Déposits in Upper Assam.—Gold ‘and’ Gold-dust from’ Shue-Gween. Pt. 2 (price
2Rs.): Geology of the Khasi*Hills—The Nilghiri Hills. Pt.'3 (priod'2 Rx.):-Geology of Bankoorah, Midna-

pore, and Orissa.—Laterite, of i rissa.—Fossil Teeth of Ceratodus. F oe

Vou. IL, Royal 8vo, pp. 341, 1859. Pt. {price 2 Rs.): Report on the Vindhyan Rocks and their Assgciates in Bundelkand.
Pt. 2 (price 2 Ra.): Geologigal Structure of the Oentral Portion of the Nerbudda Djstrict.—Tertiary and
‘Alluvial Deposits of the Nerbifdda Valley.—Geological Relations and probable Geological ‘Age of the several
Groups of Rocks in Central India and Bengal. 5 ‘6

Vou. III. Royal 8vo, pp. 438. Pt. 1, 1868 (price 8 Bs.) Report on the Raniganj Coal-field.— Additional Remarks on the
Geological Age of Indian Rock-systems. Pt. 2, 1864 (price 2 Rs.): On the Sub-Himalayan Ranges between the

Ganges and Sutlej. wt ; :

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Pt. 2,.1864 (price 2'Rs.): On the Structure of ihe Districts of Trichinopoly, Salem, &e. Pt. 3, 1865 (price 1 Re.):

On the Qoal of Assam, &e. 2 foes eas :
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rs : ‘ ibe. a aa

Observations on-Weat
ER ee

now ne

  

Jheria Oval-field | ae ; : ;

Vou. VI. Royal 8vo, pp. 895::, Ph-1) 196% (Brive SRE) On“fhg Neighbourhood of Lynyan, &¢., in Sind.—Geology of a °
Portion of Cutch,## Ptr 23)186% (price 2Rsi)” Bokapg Coal-field—Ramgarh Coal-field.—Trgps of Western and +

969:(frice 2 Re. 88As.):, Tapti'and Nerbudda Valleys.—Frog-beds in Bombay.—Ozy- ~

  
  

 

 

Central India, Pt.'3; 186
glossus pusillus. ar sy a ‘ 3
Vou. VII. Royal 8vo, pp. 342. Pt. 1; 1869 (price,3 Bs.) : Vindhyan Series—Mineral Statistics. —Coal|-Shillong Plateaa, | 2
Pt. 2, 1870 (grice 1 Re.): Karharbati Co: if-fleld.—Deoghar Ooal-field. Pt. 3, 1871 (price 1*Re.): Aden Water- é
supply.—Kéranpura Coal-fields 4... pe F ,

pee oy

Vou. VIII. Royal 8vo, pp. 353. Pt, 1, 1872 (price 4 Rs.): On the Kadapah and Karnul Formationg in the Madras Presi- ,
dency. Pt. 2, 1872 (price 1 Re.): Itkhuri Coal-field—Daltonganj Coal-fisld.—Chope Qoal“field, ?

Vou. IX. Royal 8vo, pp. iv, 358. Pt. 1, 1872 (price 4 Rs): Geology of Kutch. Pt. 2, 1872 e i Re.) : Geology of . }
Nagpir.—Geology of Sirban Hill.—Carboniferous Ammonites, pp. 65. eo 2°

‘

&

Vou. X. Royal 8v0, pp. 359. Pt. 1, 1873 (price 3 Rs.) : Geology of Madras.—Satpura Coal-basin. Pt. 2, 1874 (price 2 Rs.) 4
Geology of Pegu. » §

: < A
Vou. XI, Royal 8vo, pp. 338. Pt. 1, 1874 (price 2 Rs.): Geology of Darjiling and Western Dudrs./ Pt, 2 ice”
§ Rs.): Salt-region of Kohat, Trans-Indus: pp. 230. . ; n Diars.! , 1876 (price ”

Vou. XII. Royal 8vo, pp. 363. Pt. 1; -1877 (price 3 Re): South Mahrdtta Country. Pt. 2, 1876 (price 2 Ra.): Coal-

Wy

fields of the Naga hills :"pp. 95.

Vou. XIII. Royal 8vo, pp. 248. Pt. 1, 1877 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.): Wardha Valley Coal-field. Pt. 2, 18 i if
Geology of the Rajmahél Hills. Pere. » 1877 (price 2 Re. 8 As.) if

‘Vou. XIV. Geology of the Salt Range in the Punjab: Royal 8vo, pp. 313, 1878.

Vou, XV. Pt. 1, 1878 ( price 2 Bs.): Geology of the Aurunga and Hutér Cosl-fields (Palamow).
Vou. XVI. Pt. 1 (price 1 Re 8-As.): ‘Geology of Hastern Coast from Lat. 15° to Masulipatam.
Vou. XVII. Pt. 1 (price 3 Rs.): Geology of Western Sind.

om

  
 

The price fixed for these publications is 5 Rs. (10s.) each volume.

Manual of the Geology of India, 2 Vols. and Map, price 8 Rs. (16s.).
*

To be had at Geological Survey Office, Indian Museum ; at Office of Superintendent, Gove t Printi :
or through any Bookseller. London: Tribner & Co. eae eee

 

 

RECORDS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

The Rucorps of the Geological Survey are issued quarterl 4

: t y,—in February, May, August, i
brief reports and papers; abstracts of more detailed work; notices of recent disenrede re SeceHene es ui ae ae
Library, &e. They are of the same size as the ‘Memoirs,’ but are separately paged. ; ; oor

Th 1 ipti ‘ sigs ‘i
Great Britain, 3 de for four numbers or parts is 2 Rs. (48.). Postage additional, if forwarded, for India, 4 As., for

Forty-seven parts or numbers have appeared: 1868, 3 Nos.; 1869, 4 Nos: 1870, 4 N. i i ; ;
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Oaxcurra, February 1880.
MEMOIRS

OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

Palwontoloqia Judea,

BEING

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ORGANIC REMAINS PROCURED DURING
THE PROGRESS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF HIS EXCELLENOY THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF INDIA IN COUNOIL.

TERTIARY AND UPPER CRETACEOUS FOSSILS OF
WESTERN SIND.
Ser. XIV.

Vol. I. 3. THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA.
Fasciculus I. THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA FROM THE STRATA
BENEATH THE TRAP (CARDITA BEAUMONTI BEDS).
WITH 4 PLATES.

BY
P. MARTIN DUNCAN, MW.B. (Lond.), F.BS., F.GS., F.LS.,

PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY ; PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN, AND FELLOW OF, KING’s
COLLEGE, LONDON ; LECTURER ON GEOLOGY IN THE ROYAL INDIAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
COOPER’S HILL; CORRESPONDENT OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF
PHILADELPHIA, ETC.

AND

W. PERCY SLADEN, F.LS., F.G.S., &c.

CALCUTTA:

SOLD AT THE
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING;
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OFFICE; AND BY ALI BOOKSELLERS;
LONDON: TRUBNER & CO.

 

MDCCCLXXXII.

 

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, LONDON.
MEMOIRS

OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

 

PALHONTOLOGIA INDICA

(Szrizs I, III, V, VI, VIII.)
ORETACEOUS FAUNA OF SOUTHERN INDIA.

Vou. I. The Osphalopoda, by H. F. Buanrorp and F. Sroziczma co) P . 216, pls. 94. The Belemnitids and
Nautilidw, by H. F. Buanrorp, pp. 1-40, pls. 25. (Out of prini. The Ammonitide, by F. Sroxiczxa,
p. 41-216, pls, 71 (13 parts), (complete).

Vor. II, The Gastropoda, by F. Secunia (1867-68), pp. xiii, 500, pls. 28 (10 parts), Koompiets).

Vou, III, The Pelecypoda, by F. SroxiczKa (1870-71), pp. xxii, 537, pls. 50 (13 parts), (¢

Vout. IV. The Brachiopoda, Ciliopoda, Echinodermata, Corals, &e, by F. Sroziczza (187 ces pp. v, 202, pls. 29 (5 parte}
The Beaches, pp. ii, 32, pls. 7. The Ciliopoda, pp. ii, 34, pls. 3. The Behttedermats, pp. i, 59, pls. 7.
The Corals, &c., pp. 70, pls. 12, (complete).

(Surzes II, XT, XIT.)
THE FOSSIL FLORA OF THE GONDWANA SYSTEM.

Vou. _I, pp. xviii, 233, pls. 72, (complete),
5 pt. 1 (1863), (in six ‘fasciculi), (Nos. 4 and 5 out of print), RAjmah4l Group, Réjmahal Hills, by T. OnpHam and
J. Morris, pp. 52, pls. 85.
i », 2 (1877). Same, continued, by O. FristManTEL, pp. 53-162, pls. 36-48.
1 » 3 (1877). Plants from Golapilli, by O. FrrstManrEL, pp. 163-190, pls. 8.
5 », 4(1879). Outliers on the Madras Ooast, by O. FEIstMANTEL, pp. 191-204, pls. 16.
Vou. II, pp. xli, 115, pls. 26, (complete).
94 pt.1 (1876). Jurassic Flora of Kach, by O. Fetstmantet, pp. 80, pla. 12.
55 » 2 (1878), Flora of the Jabalpur Group, by O. Fristmanten, pp. 81-105, pls. 14.
Vou. ITI, pp. xi, 644149, ple. 64 (9 double) (I-XXXI+4I4-XLVIL4), (complete).
pt. 1 (1879). The Flora of the Talchir-Karharbari beds, by O. Feist anrex, pp. 48, pls. 27 (5 double).
i » 1 (Suppl. 1881). Same, Supplement, pp. 49-64, pls. (xxviii-xxxi) 4 (1 doub: le).
- » 2(1880). The Flora of the Damuda and Panchet Divisions, pp. 77, pls. 18 (1 double) (I4~XVL4, 14-16 bis).
a » 3 (1881). Same, concluded, pp. 73 (77-149), pls. 31 (2 double) (XV UA XLVII14).

(Serius IX.)
JURASSIC FAUNA OF KACH.
Vou. I. (1873-76). The Cephalopoda, by W. Waaaen, pp. i, 247, pls. 60 (4 parts), (complete).

(Series IV.)
INDIAN PRETERTIARY VERTEBRATA.

Vou. I, pt. 1 (1865). The Vertebrate Fossils from the Panchet Rocks, by T. H. Huxzey, pp. 24, pls. 6.
» 2 (1878). The veretente Fossils of the Kota-Maleri Group, by Sir P, ps Mw. Grey Earrton and L. C.
Mutt, 8, 4,
“= 1» 3 (1879). "Ae tito and Batrachia, by R. Lyprexer, pp. 36, pls. 6.

(Sertes X.)
INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA.

Vou. ‘I, pp. 300, pls. 46, (complete).
93 Bd 1874). Rhinoceros’ deccanensis, by R. B. Foors, pp. 18, pls. 3.
3 1, 2 (1877). Molar teeth and other remains of Mammalia, by R. Lypzexer, pp. 69 (19-87), pls. 7 (iv-x).
, 3 (1878). Orania of Ruminants, by R. Lypexcer, pp. 84 ea pls. 18 A Oa iii).
» » 4(1880). Supplement to pt. 3, pp. 10 (172-181), pls. 3 (XXI A, B, XXIII
is » 5 (1880). Siwalik and Narbada Proboscidia, by R. Lypzxxer, pp. 119 (189-900), pls. 18 (xxix—xlvi).

(Serres VII, XIV.)
TERTIARY AND UPPER CRETACEOUS FAUNA OF WESTERN INDIA.

Vou. iI, Pt. 1 (1871). Tertiary Crabs from Sind and Kutch, by F. Srouiczma, pp. 16, pls. 5.
ii _1 ere Sind Fossil Corals and Aleyonaria, by F, hha Duncan, M.B., F.R.S., V.P.G.S_ ete.,
pp. 11V, p

(Sznres XTIZ.)
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS, sy WILLIAM WAAGEN, Pu.D.

I. Productus Limestone Group: 1 (1879). Pisces, Cephalopoda, pp. 72, pls. 6.
a vi 2 (1880). Gasteropoda an Sinemnant to pt. I, pp. 111 (73-183), pls. 10 (vii-xvi).
o 6 3 (1881). Pelecypoda, pp. 144 (185-828), pls. 8 (xvii-xxiv).

The price fixed for these publications is 4 annas (6 pence) per single plate,

To be had at the Geological Survey Office, Indian Museum, or through any Bookseller. London: Tribner & Co.
Vou. I
Vou. Ii
Vou. (III.
Vou. IV.
Vou. Vv.
Vou. VI.
Vou, VII.
Vou. VIII.
Vor. IX.
Vou. XxX.
Vou. XI.
Vou. XII
Vou. XIII.
Vou. XIV.
Vou. XV.
Vou. XVI.
Vou, XVII.
Vou. XVITI.

MEMOIRS

OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

 

Royal 8vo, pp. 809, 1859. Pt. 1 (out of print): On the Coal and Iron of. Cuttack.—Structure and Relations of the

Palchir Coal-field.—Gold Deposits in Upper ‘Assam.—Gold and Gold-dust from Shue-Gween. Pt. 2 (price

2 Rs.): Geology of the Khasi Hills —The Nilghiri Hills. Pt. 3 (price 2 Bs,): Geology of Bankoorah, Midna-
pore, and Orissa.—Laterite of Orissa.—Fossil Teeth of Ceratodus.

Royal 8vo, pp. 341, 1859. Pt. 1 (out of print) :, Report on the Vindhyan Rocks and their Associates in Bundelkand.
Pt. 2 (out of print): Geological Structure of the Central Portion of the Nerbudda District.—Tertiary and
Alluvial deposits of the Nerbudda Valley.— Geological Relations and probable Geological Age of the several
Groups of Rocks-in Central India and Bengal. :

Royal 8vo, pp. 438. Pt. 1, 1863 (out of print): Report on the Raniganj Ooal-field.— Additional Remarks on the
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Royal 8vo, pp. 450. Pt. 1, 1863 (price 2 Rs.): Report on the-Cretaceous Rocks of Trichinopoly District, Madras.

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Royal 8vo, pp. 354. Pt. 1, 1865 (price 8 Rs.): Sections across N.W. Himalaya, from Sutlej to Indus.—On the
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_ herria Coal-field.—Geological Observations on Western Tibet.

Royal 8vo, pp. 395. Pt. 1, 1867 (price 8 As.): On the Neighbourhood: of Lynyan, &c.,:in Sind.—Geology of a
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Central India, Pt. 3, 1869 (price 2Rs,'8 As:): Tapti and Nerbudda Valleys.—Frog-beds in Bombay.—Ozy-
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Royal 8vo, pp. 342. Pt. 1, 1869 ( price 3 Res.): Vindhyan Series.—Mineral Statistics—Coal—Shillong Plateau.
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Royal 8vo, Pp. 353, Pt. 1, 1872 (price 4 Ra.): On the Kadapah and Karnul Formations in the Madras Presidency.
Pt. 2, 1872 (price 1 Re.): Itkhuri Ooal-field.— Daltonganj Ooal-field.— Chope:Coal-field.

Royal 8yo, pp. iv, 358. Pt, 1, 1872 (price 4 Rs.): Geology of Kutch. Pt. 2, 1872: wice 1 Re.): Geology ‘of
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Pt. 1, 1881 ( price 2 Rs.): Southern Afghanistan. Pt, 2, 1881 i : M ‘i i
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The price fixed for these publications is 5 Re. (10s.) each volume.
Manual of the Geology of India, 2 Vols. and Map, price 8 Rs. (16s.).

To be had at the Geological Survey Office, Indian Museum, or through any Bookseller. London: Triibner & Co.

RECORDS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

 

The Rzcorns of the Geological Survey are issued quarterly,—in February, May, August, and Ni i
brief reports and papers ; abstracts of more detailed work ; notices of recent ane varias donations: to sarees ait eae

Library, &c.

They are of the same size as the ‘ Memuirs,’ but are separately paged.

Th 1 subscription for f i Tae ;
iat ae re say on for four numbers or parts is 2 Rs. (4s.). Postage additional, if forwarded, for India, 4 As., for

Fifty-one parts or numbers have appeared: 1868, 3 Nos.; 1869, 4 Nos.; 1870, 4 N
go eat , 3 Nos. ; i 28. j i os.; 1871, 4 Nos.; 1872, 4 Nos.;
ean Z ae eee 4 Nos.; 1875, 4 Nos.; 1876, 4 Nos. ; 1877, 4 Nos. with Index to lst Decade; 1878, 4 Nos,; 1879,

Oaxcurta, January 1881.
MEMOIRS

OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

Aaleontologia Indica,

BEING

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ORGANIC REMAINS PROCURED DURING
THE PROGRESS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF HIS EXCELLENOY THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF INDIA IN COUNCIL,

TERTIARY AND UPPER CRETACEOUS FOSSILS OF
WESTERN SIND.
Ser. XIV.

Vol. I. 3. THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA.
Fasciculus II. THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA FROM THE RANIKOT
SERIES OF NUMMULITIC STRATA IN WESTERN SIND.
WITH 16 PLATES.

BY
P. MARTIN DUNCAN, MLB. (Lond.), F.BS., F.GS., F.LS.,

PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY ; PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN, AND FELLOW OF, KING’s
COLLEGE, LONDON ; LECTURER ON GEOLOGY IN THE ROYAL INDIAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
COOPER’S HILL; CORRESPONDENT OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF
PHILADELPHIA, ETC.

AND

W. PERCY SLADEN, F.LS., F.G.S., &c.

~~ CALCUTTA:

SOLD AT THE
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING;
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OFFIOE; AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS;
LONDON: TRUBNER & CO.

 

MDCCCLXXXITI.

 

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, LONDON.
MEMOIRS

OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

 

PALHONTOLOGIA INDICA

(Szetzs I, III, V, VI, VII.)
ORETACEOUS FAUNA OF SOUTHERN INDIA.

Vou. I. The Cephalopoda, by H. F. Brawrorp and F. Sroziczza (1863-66), pp. 216, pls. 94. The Belemnitide and
Nautilide, by H. F. Buayrorp, pp. 1-40, pls. 25. (Out of print.) The Ammonitide, by F. Sroxicaza,
pp. 41-216, pls, 71 (18 parts), (complete).

Vou. II. The Gastropoda, by F. Sroziczxa (1867-68), pp. xiii, 500, pls. 28 (10 parts), (complete).

Vou. III, The Pelecypoda, by F. Sroriczxa (1870-71), pp. xxii, 537, pls. 50 (18 parts), (complete),

Vou. IV. The Brachiopoda, Ciliopoda, Echinodermata, Corals, &., by F. Sroticzxa (1872-78), pp. v, 202, pls. 29 (5 parts).
The Brachiopoda, pp. ii, 32, pls. 7. The Oiliopoda, pp. ii, 34, pls. 3. The Hchinodermata, pp. i, 59, pls. 7.
The Corals, &e., pp. 70, pls. 12, (complete).

(Suries II, XT, XII.)
THE FOSSIL FLORA OF THE GONDWANA SYSTEM.

Vou. _I, pp. xviii, 238, pls. 72, (complete),

7 pt. 1 (1863), (in six fasciculi), (Nos. 4 and 5 out of print). RAéjmah4l Group, Réjmahél Hills, by T. OnpHam and

J. Morris, pp. 52, pls. 35.

, 2 (1877). Same, continued, by O. FetstmanteEx, pp. 53-162, pls. 36-48.
» 3(1877). Plants from Golapilli, by O. FrtstuantEx, pp. 163-190, pls. 8.
, 4(1879). Outliers on the Madras Coast, by O. FristmantTEL, pp. 191-224, pls. 16.
Vou. IT, pp. xli, 115, pls. 26, (complete).

* pt. 1 (1876). Jurassic Flora of Kach, by O. Frrsraanren, pp. 80, pls. 12.

5 » 2 (1878). Flora of the Jabalpur Group, by O. Frisrmanren, pp. 81-105, ple. 14.
Vou. III, pp. xi, 644149, pls. 64 (9 double) (I- I+I4-XLVIL4), (complete).

pt. 1 (1879). The Flora of the Talchir-Karharbéri beds, by O. Furstaanrex, pp. 48, pls. 27 (5 double).
3 , 1 (Suppl. 1881). Same, Supplement, pp. 49-64, pls. (xxviii—xxxi) 4 (1 docbic).
- » 2 (1880). The Flora of the Damuda and Panchet Divisions, pp. 77, pls. 18 (1 double) (I4-XVIA, 14-16 dis).
3 », 3(1881), Same, concluded, pp. 73 (77-149), pls. 31 (2 double) (KVIL4-XLVIL4).

Sw)

(Serizs IX.)
JURASSIO FAUNA OF KACH.
Vou. I. (1873-76). The Cephalopoda, by W. Waacegn, pp. i, 247, pls. 60 (4 parts), (complete).

(Serius IV.)
INDIAN PRETERTIARY VERTEBRATA.
Vou. I, pt. 1 (1865). The Vertebrate Fossils from the Panchet Rocks, by T. H. Huxtey, pp. 24, pls. 6.
», 2 (1878). The Vertebrate Fossils of the Kota-Maleri Group, by Sir P. pz M. Grey Easrton and L. C.
Mratn, pp. 23, pls. 4.
‘5 »» 3 (1879). ptilia and Batrachia, by R. Lyprexcer, pp. 36, pls. 6.

(Sertes X,)
INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA.
Vou. _I, pp. xxx, 300, pls. 46, (complete).

* pt. 1 (1874). Rhinoceros deccanensis, by R. B. Foots, pp. 18, pls. 3.
5 » 2 (1877). Molar teeth and other remains of Mammalia, by R. Lyprxxer, pp. 69 (19-87), pls. 7 (iv—x).
99 » 8 (1878). Orania of Ruminants, by R, Lypexker, pp. 84 (88-171), pls. 18 (xi—xxviii).
5 » 4(1880). Supplement to pt. 3, Bp. 10 (172-181), pls. 3 (XXT A, B, XXII A).
o »» 5 (1880). Siwalik and Narbada Proboscidia, by R. Lypzxxur, pp. 119 (182-300), pls. 18 (xxix-xlvi).

(Series VII, XTV.)
TERTIARY AND UPPER CRETACEOUS FAUNA OF WESTERN INDIA.

Vou. _I, pt. 1 (1871). Tertiary Orabs from Sind and Kutch, by F. Sroutozxa, pp. 16, pls. 5.
ss aj Oe Sind Fossil Oorals and Alcyonaria, by P. Martin Duncan, M.B., F.R.S., V.P.G.S., etc.,
pp- 110, pls. 28.

 

(Sznizes XIII.)
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS, sy WILLIAM WAAGEN, Pu.D.
I. Productus Limestone Group: 1 (1879). Pisces, Cephalopoda, pp. 72, pls. 6.

‘ . 2 (1880). Gasteropoda and Supplement to pt. 1, pp. 111 (73-188), pls. 10 (vii-xvi).
i i; 3 Fs8iy. Pelecypoda, pp. 144 (185-328), pls. 8 (xvii-xxiv). oe ¢ ")

The price fixed for these publications is 4 annas (6 pence) per single plate.

To be had at the Geological Survey Office, Indian Museum, or through any Bookseller. London: Triibner & Co.

‘
MEMOIRS

OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

 

Coal and Iron of a Sr and ae ee
Télchir Coal-field.—Gold Deposits in Upper Assam.—Gold and Gold-dust from Shue-Gween, Pt, 2 (price
2 Bs): Geology of the Khost Hills-The Nilghiri Hills, Pt. 3 (price 2 Rs.): Geology of Bankoorah, Midna-
pore, and Orissa.—Laterite of Orissa,.— Fossil Teeth of Ceratodus.
IL Royal 8vo, pp. 341, 1859. Pt. 1 (out of print): Report on the Vindhyan Rocks and their Associates in Bundelkand.
a : Pt. B (a oF print): Genlagicd price of the Central Portion of the Nerbudda District—Tertiary and
‘Alluvial deposits of the Nerbudda Valley.— Geological Relations and probable Geological Age of the several
Groups of Rocks in Central India and Bengal. ;
Vou. III, Royal 8yo, PP. 438. Pt. 1, 1863 (out of print):
Geological Age of Indian Rock-systems. Pt.
Ganges and Sutlej. :
Vou. IV. Royal 8vo, pp. 450. Pt. 1, 1863 ( ‘price 2 Bs.): Report on the Cretaceous Rocks of Trichinopoly District, Madras.
Pt, 2, 1864 (price 2Bs.): On the Structure of the Districts of Trichinopoly, Salem, &e. Pt. 3, 1865 (price 1 Re.):
On the Coal of Assam, &c.
Vou. V. Royal 8vo, pp. 354. Pt. 1, 1865 (price 3 Rs.): Sections across N.W. Himalaya, from Sutlej to Indus.—On the
sum of Spiti. Pt. 2, 1866 (price 1 Re.): On the Geology of Bombay. Pt. 3, 1866 ( price 1 Re.) : On the
Jherria Coal-field.—Geological Observations on Western Tibet. /
Vou. VI. Royal 8vo, pp. 395. Pt. 1, 1867 (price 8 As.): On the Neighbourhood of Lynyan, é&e., in Sind.—Geology of a
Portion of Cutch. Pt. 2, 1867 (price 2 Rs.): Bokaro Ooal-field.—RAmgarh Coal-field.—Traps of Western and
Central India. Pt. 3, 1869 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.): Tapti and Nerbudda Valleys—Frog-beds in Bombay.—Oxy-
glossus pusillus,
Vou, VII. Royal 8vo, pp. 342. Pt. 1, 1869 (price 3 Rs.): Vindhyan Series.—Mineral Statistics—Coal.—Shillong Plateau.
Pt. 2; 1870 (price 1 Re.): Karh4rb4ri Coal-field.—Deoghar Ooal-field. Pt. 3, 1871 (price 1 Re.): Aden Water-

supply.—Karanpura Coal-fields.

Vou. VIII. Royal 8vo, Pp. 353. Pt. 1, 1872 (price 4 Re.): On the Kadapah and Karnul Formations in the Madras Presidency.
Pt. 2, 1872 (price 1 Re.): Itkhuri Ooal-field.—Daltonganj Coal-field.—Chope Ooal-field.

Vou. IX. Royal 8vo, pp. iv, 358. Pt. 1, 1872 (price 4 Rs.): Geology of Kutch. Pt, 2, 1872 (price 1 Re.): Geology of
Nagpur.—Geology of Sirban Hill.—Carboniferous Ammonites, pp. 65.

Vou. X. Royal 8vo, pp. 359. Pt. 1, 1873 (price 3 Rs.): Geology of Madras.—Satpira Coal-basin. Pt.2, 1874 (price 2 Re.):
Geology of Pegu.

Vou. XI. Royal 8vo, pp. 838. Pt. 1, 1874 (price 2 Rs.): Geology of Darjiling and Western Duars. Pt. 2, 1876 (price
3 Rs.): Salt-region of Kohat, Trans-Indus, pp. 280.

Vou. XII. Royal 8vo, pp. 363. Pt. 1, 1877 (price 3 Rs.): South Mahratta Country. Pt. 2, 1876 ice 2 Rs.): Ooal-fields
of the Naga Hills, pp. 95. a :

Vou. XII. Royal 8vo, pp. 248. Pt. 1, 1877 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.): Wardha Valley Ooal-field. Pt. 2, 1877 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.):
Geology of the Réjmahal Hills.

Vou. XIV. Royal 8vo, pp. 313. Geology of the Salt Range in the Punjab.

Vor. XV. Royal 8vo, pp. 191. Pt. 1, 1878 {price 2 Rs. 8 As.): Geology of the Aurunga and Hutdr Coal-fields (Palamow).
Pt. 2, 1880 (price 2 Rs, 8 As.): Ramkola and Tatapani Ooal-fields (Sirguja).

Vou. XVI. Royal 8vo, pp. 264. Pt. 1, 1879 (price 1 Re. 8 As.): Geology of Eastern Coast from Lat. 15° to Masulipatam.

Pt. 2, 1880 (price 1 Re. 8 As.): The Gneiss and Transition Rocks, and other Formations of the Nellore
Portion of the Carnatic. Pt. 3, 1880 (price 2 Rs.): Ooastal region of the Godavari.

Vou, XVII. Royal 8vo, pp. 305. Pt. 1, 1879 ice 3 Rs.): Geology of Western Sind. Pt. 2, 1880 (pri Ae -
Indus extension of the oe , oe prcree ON ete ene

Vou. XVIII. Pt. 1, 1881 (price2 Rs.): Southern Afghanistan. Pt. 2, 1881 (price 1 Re. 8 As.): MAnbhi d Si him.
Pt. 3, 1881 (price 2 Rs.): Pranhita God4vari Valley. " Sane ree

Vou. I. Royal 8vo, pp. 309, 1859. Pt. 1 (out of print): On the

Report on the Raniganj Coal-field.—Additional Remarks on the
2, 1864 (price 2 Rs.): On the Sub-Himalayan Ranges between the

The price fixed for these publications is 5 Rs. (10s.) each volume,
Manual of the Geology of India, 2 Vols. and Map, price 8 Rs. (16s.).

To be had at the Geological Survey Office, Indian Museum, or through any Bookseller. London: Triibner & Co.

RECORDS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

_ The Rucorns of the Geological Survey are issued quarterly,—in February, May, August, and November. They contain
brief reports and papers ; abstracts of more detailed work ; notices of recent discoveries; donations to Museum, and additions to

Library, &. They are of the same size as the ‘Memoirs, but are separately paged.

Gace a for four numbers or parts is 2 Rs. (4s.). Postage additional, if forwarded, for India, 4 As., for
Fifty-one parts or numbers have appeared: 1868, 8 Nos.; 1869, 4 Nos.; 1870, 4 Nos.; 1871, 4 Nos.; 1872, 4 Nos;

1878, 4 Nos ; 1874, 4 Nos.; 1875, 4 Nos.; 1876, 4 Nos.; 1877, 4 Nos. with Index to Ist Decade; 1878, 4 Nos.; 1879,
08. ; , 4 Nos,

Oaxcurta, January 1881,

 
MEMOIRS

OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

Paleontologia Indica,

BEING
FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ORGANIC REMAINS PROCURED DURING
THE PROGRESS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA,

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF INDIA IN OOUNCIL.

TERTIARY AND UPPER CRETACEOUS FOSSILS OF
WESTERN SIND.
Ser. XIV.

Vol. I. 3. THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA.
Fasciculus III. THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA FROM THE KHIRTHAR
SERIES OF NUMMULITIC STRATA IN WESTERN SIND.
WITH 18 PLATES.

BY
P. MARTIN DUNCAN, M.B. (Lond.), F.B.S., F.G.S., F.LS.,

PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY ; PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN, AND FELLOW OF, KING’s
COLLEGE, LONDON ; LECTURER ON GEOLOGY IN THE ROYAL INDIAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
COOPER’S HILL; CORRESPONDENT OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF
PHILADELPHIA, ETC.

AND

W. PERCY SLADEN, F.LS., F.G.S., &c.

CALCUTTA:
SOLD AT THE
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OFFICE; AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS;
LONDON: TRUBNER & CO.

 

MDCCCLXXXIV.

 

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, LONDON.
Vou. I.

Vou. IL
Vou. ITT,
Vou. IV.

Vou. I,

Vou. II,

Vou.” IIL,

”

%
”

Vor. L

Vou. I,

Vor. I,

Vou. I,

MEMOIRS

OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

RA RRA ARR ney

PALEHONTOLOGIA INDICA.

(Series I, III, V, VI, VIII.)
CRETACEOUS FAUNA OF SOUTHERN INDIA.

The Cephalopoda, by H. F. Branrorp and F. Sroziczxa (1863-66), pp. 216, pls. 94. The Belemnitidea and
Nautilide, by H. F. Buayrorp, pp. 1-40, pls. 25. (Out of print.) The Ammonitide, by F. Sroniczma,
PR: 41-216, pls, 71 (13 parts), (complete).

The Gastropoda, by F. Srourczxa (1867-68), pp. xiii, 500, pls. 28 (10 parts), (compleze).

The Pelecypoda, by F. Sroziczxa (1870-71), pp. xxii, 537, pls. 50 (13 parts), (complete).

The Brachiopoda, Ciliopoda, Echinodermata, Corals, &., by F. Sroticzza (1872-73), pp. v, 202, pls. 29 (5 parts).
The Brachiopoda, pp. ii, 32, pls. 7. The Ciliopoda, pp. ii, 34, pls. 3. The Echinodermata, pp. i, 59, pls. 7.
The Corals, &c., pp. 70, pls. 12, (complete).

(Srrtzs II, XJ, XIT.)
THE FOSSIL FLORA OF THE GONDWANA SYSTEM.

pp. xviii, 233, pls. 72, (complete).
pt. 1 (1863), (in six fasciculi), (Nos. 4 and 5 out of print). R&jmah4l Group, Réjmahél Hills, by T. Oupnaw and
J. Morris, pp. 52, pls. 35.
, 2 (1877). Same, continued, by O. Frrstaanren, pp. 53-162, pls. 36-48.
, 3 (1877). Plants from Golapilli, by O. FrrsrmantTEt, pp. 163-190, pls. 8.
», 4 (1879). Outliers on the Madras Ooast, by O. Fristmantet, pp. 191-224, pls. 16.
pp. xli, 115, pls. 26, (complete).
pt. 1 (1876). Jurassic Flora of Kach, by O. Fetsrstantzt, pp. 80, pls. 12.
y, 2 (1878). Flora of the Jabalpur Group, by O. Frtstante, pp. 81-105, pls. 14.
pp. xi, 644149, pls. 64 (9 double) (I-XXXI+14-XLVIL4), (complete).
pt. 1 (1879). The Flora of the Talchir-Karharb4ri beds, by O. Fristuanret, pp. 48, pls. 27 (5 double).
, 1 (Suppl. 1881). Same, Supplement, pp. 49-64, pls. (xxviii-xxxi) 4 (1 double).
», 2(1880). The Flora of the Damuda and Panchet Divisions, pp. 77, pls. 18 (1 double) (I4~XVI4A, 14-16 bis).
,, 8(1881). Same, concluded, pp. '73 (77-149), pls. 31 (2 double) (XVtL4_XLV ).

(Serizs IX.)
JURASSIC FAUNA OF KACH.
(1873-76). The Cephalopoda, by W. Waaaen, pp. i, 247, pls. 60 (4 parts), (complete).

(Series IV.)
INDIAN PRETERTIARY VERTEBRATA.

pt. 1 (1865). The Vertebrate Fossils from the Panchet Rocks, by T. H. Houxuey, pp. 24, pls. 6.
2 (1878). The Vertebrate Fossils of the Kota-Maleri Group, by Sm P. pz M. Grey Eazeton and L. O.

Mitt, pp. 23, pls. 4.
» 3 (1879). ptilia and Batrachia, by R. Lypsxxer, pp. 36, pls. 6.

”

(Serres X.)
INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA.

pp. xxx, 300, pls. 46, (compieze).

pt. 1 (1874). Rhinoceros deccanensis, by R. B. Foors, pp. 18, pls. 3.

, 2 (1877). Molar teeth and other remains of Mammalia, by R. Lypexxr, pp. 69 (19-87), pls. 7 (iv-x).
», 3(1878). Crania of Ruminants, by R, Lypexnsr, pp. 84 (88-171), pls. 18 (xi-xxviii).

, 4 (1880). Supplement to pt. 3, pp. 10 (172-181), pls. 3 (XXI A, B, XXITT A).

» 5 (1880). Siwalik and Narbada Proboscidia, by R. Lypzxxer, pp. 119 (182-300), pls. 18 (xxix-xlvi).

(Serizs VII, XIV.)
TERTIARY AND UPPER CRETACEOUS FAUNA OF WESTERN INDIA.

pt. 1 (1871). Tertiary Crabs from Sind and Kutch, by F. Sroxioza, pp. 16, pls. 5.
i ner ee Sind Fossil Corals and Alcyonaria, by P. Martin Duncan, M.B., E.R.S., V.P.G.8., &c.,
pp: 3 P. 8. 20.

, 3 The Fossil Echinoidea of Sind, by P. Martin Duncan, M.B.Lond., F.R.S., and W. Percy Suapey, F.G.8., &.
Fase. i. (1882): Echinoidea from the Cardita-Beaumonti beds, pp. 20, pls. 4. Fase. ii. (1882): Hchinoidea
aie ve Ranikot series, pp. 80, pls. 16. Fase. iii. (1884): Echinoidea from the Khirthar series, pp. 146,
pls. 18.

4. The Fossil Echinoidea of Kachh and Kattywar, by P. Martin Duncan, M.B. Lond., F.B.S., &c., and W.
Percy Stapmn, F.G.S., &c., with an Introduction by W. T. Buanrorp, Esq., F.R.S., &., pp. 91, pls. 13.

(Serres XIII.)
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS, sy WILLIAM WAAGEN, Pu.D.

I, Productus Limestone Group: 1 (1879). Pisces, Cephalopoda, pp. 72, pls. 6.

3% 3 2 (1880). Gasteropoda and Supplement to pt. 1, pp. 111 (73-183), pls. 10 (vii—xvi).
i 6 3 OBsly Pelecypoda, pp. 144 (185-328), pls. 8 Crit ae), me : ”

The price fixed for these publications is 4 annas (6 pence) per single plate.

To be had at the Geological Survey Office, Indian Museum, or through any Bookeeller. London: Triibner & Co.
MEMOIRS

OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

 

Vou. I. Royal 8vo, pp. 309, 1859. Pt. 1 (out of print): On the Coal and Iron of Outtack.—Structure and Relations of the
Talchir Coal-field.—Gold Deposits in Upper Assam.—Gold and Gold-dust from Shue-Gween. Pt. 2 (price
2Rs.): Geology of the Khasi Hills—The Nilghiri Hills. Pt. 3 (price 2 Rs.): Geology of Bankoorah, Midna-
pore, and Orissa.—Laterite of Orissa.—Fossil Teeth of Ceratodus.

Vor. IL. Royal 8va, pp. 341, 1859. Pt.1 (out of print): Report on the Vindhyan Rocks and their Associates in Bundelkand.
Pt. 2 (cut of print): Geological Structure of the Central Portion of the Nerbudda District.—Tertiary and
‘Alluvial deposits of the Nerbudda Valley.—Geological Relations and probable Geological Age of the several
Groups of Rocks in Central India and Bengal.

Vou. III. Royal 8vo, pp. 438. Pt. 1, 1863 (owé of print): Report on the Raniganj Ooal-field.— Additional Remarks on the
Geological Age of Indian Rock-systems. Pt. 2, 1864 (price 2 Rs.): On the Sub-Himalayan Ranges between the
Ganges and Sutlej. :

Vou. IV. Royal 8vo, pp. 450. Pt. 1, 1863 (price 2 Rs.): Report on the Cretaceous Roeks of Trichinopoly District, Madras.
Pt, 2, 1864 (price 2Rs.): On theStructure of the Districts of Trichinopoly, Salem, &c. Pt. 3, 1865 (price 1 Re.):
On the Coal of Assam, &c.

Vor. V. Royal 8vo, pp. 354. Pt. 1, 1865 (price 3 Rs.): Sections across N.W. Himalaya, from Sutlej to Indus.—-On the
Gypsum of Spiti. Pt. 2, 1866 (price 1 Re.): On the Geology of Bombay. Pt. 3, 1866 (price 1 Re.): On the
Jherria Coal-field.—Geological Observations on Western Tibet.

Vou. VI. Royal vo, pp. 395. Pt. 1, 1867 (price 8 As.): On the Neighbourhood of Lynyan, &e., in Sind.—Geology of a
Portion of Cutch. Pt. 2, 1867 (price 2 Rs.): Bokdro Coal-field.—Rimgarh Coal-field.—Traps of Western and
Central India. Pt. 3, 1869 (price 2 Rs, 8 As.): Tapti and Nerbudda Valleys.—Frog-beds in Bombay.—Oxy-
glossus pusillus. ;

Vor, VIL. Royal 8vo, pp. 342. Pt. 1, 1869 (price 3 Rs.): Vindhyan Series.—Mineral Statistics —Coal.—Shillong Plateau.
Pt. 2, 1870 (price 1 Re.): Karharb4ri Ooal-field.—Deoghar Coal-field. Pt. 3, 1871 (price 1 Re.): Aden Water-
supply.—Kéranpura Coal-fields.

You. VIII. Royal 8vo, BP. 358. Pt. 1, 1872 (price 4 Rs.): On the Kadapah and Karnul Formations in the Madras Presidency.
Pt. 2, 1872 (price 1 Re.): Itkhuri Ooal-field.— Daltonganj Coal-field—Ohope Coal-field.

Vor. IX. Royal 8vo, pp. iv, 358. Pt. 1, 1872 (price 4 Rs.): Geology of Kutch. Pt. 2, 1872 ice 1 Re.): Geology of
Nagpur.—Geology of Sirban Hill—Carboniferous Ammonites, pp. 65. (erie ee

You. X. Royal 8vo, pp. 359. Pt. 1, 1873 (price 3 Rs.): Geology of Madras.—Satpura Coal-basin. Pt. 2, 1874 (price 2 Rs.):
Geology of Pegu.

Vou. XI. Royal 8vo, pp. 338. Pt. 1, 1874 (price 2Bs.): Geology of Darjiling and Western Diars. Pt. 2, 1876 i
3 Rs.): Bey ncion of Kohat, Trans-Indus, pp. 230. a nce aa cee

Vou. XIE. Royal 8vo, pp. 363. Pt. 1, 1877 (price 3 Rs.): South Mahrdtta Country. Pt. 2, 1876 ice 2 Rs.) : fi
of the Naga Hills, pp. 95. iy a Petey hater

Vou. XIII. Royal 8vo, pp. 248. Pt. 1, 1877 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.): Wardha Valley Ooal-field. 3 i . :
Geology of the R4jmahal Hills. ) Meera ERE Le nnn)

Vou. XIV. Royal 8vo, pp. 313. Geology of the Salt Range in the Punjab.

Vou. XV. Royal 8vo, pp.191. Pt. 1, 1878 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.): Geology of the Aurw d Huté 1-fi
Pt. 2, 1880 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.): ere and Tatapani Ooail-fields (Sieujal Sen nee ee

Vou. XVI. Royal 8vo, pp. 264. Pt. 1, 1879 (price 1 Re. 8 As.): Geology of Eastern Coast from Lat. 15° to Masulipata
Pt. 2, 1880 (price 1 Re. 8 As.): The Gneiss and Transition Rocks, and other Formations of the Nellore
Portion of the Carnatic. Pt. 3, 1880 (price 2 Rs.): Coastal region of the Godavari.

Vou. XVII. Royal 8vo, pp. 305. Pt. 1, 1879 ice 3 Rs.): Geol f W i i : ts
Se ee ie Silage ): Geology of Western Sind. Pt. 2, 1880 (price 2 Rs.): Trans

Vou. XVIIL. Pt. 1, 1881 (price2 Rs.): Southern Afghanistan. Pt. 2, 1881 i 5 : ‘i i u
P4.'3, 1881 (price 2 Ra): Pranhita Godavari Valley (price 1 Re. 8 As.): Minbhim and Singhbhim.

 

The price fixed for these publications is 5 Rs. (10s.) each volume.
Manual of the Geology of India, 2 Vols. and Map, price 8 Rs. (16s.).

To be had at the Geological Survey Office, Indian Museum, or through any Bookseller. London: Trihner & Co.

 

RECORDS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

The Recorps of the Geological Survey are issued quarterly,—in February, May, August, and N b i
brief reports and papers; abstracts of more detailed work ; notices of recent diacveriee’ donations to Aaa, a ee
Library, &. They are of the same size as the ‘ Memoirs,’ but are separately paged. :

The annual subscription for four numbers or parts is 2 Rs. (4s.). iti i i
Gaal tee eae ee Pp 8. (48.). Postage additional, if forwarded, for India, 4 As., for

Fifty-one parts or numbers have appeared: 1868, 3 Nos.; 1869, 4 Nos.; 1870, 4 Nos.; 1871, 4 Nos.; 1872, 4 Nos. ;

pe? ree 4 Nos.; 1875, 4 Nos.; 1876, 4 Nos.; 1877, 4 Nos. with Index te 1st Decade; 1878, 4 Nos.; 1879,

Caucurta, January 1881.

 
MEMOIRS

OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

Haleontologia Judicw,

BEING
FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ORGANIC REMAINS PROCURED DURING
THE PROGRESS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA,

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF HIS EXOELLENCY THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF INDIA IN OOUNCIL.

TERTIARY AND UPPER CRETACEOUS FOSSILS OF
WESTERN SIND.
Ser. XIV.

Vol. I. 3, THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA.

Fasciculus IV. THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA FROM THE NARI SERIES,
THE OLIGOCENE FORMATION OF WESTERN SIND.
WITH 5 PLATES.

BY
P. MARTIN DUNCAN, MB. (Lond.), F.B.S., F.G.S., V.P.LS.,

PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN, AND FELLOW OF, KING’S COLLEGE, LONDON ; LECTURER ON GEOLOGY IN THE
ROYAL INDIAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, COOPER’S HILL ; CORRESPONDENT OF THE
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, ETC.

AND

W. PERCY SLADEN, F.LS., F.G.S., &c.

CALCUTTA:
SOLD AT THE
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING;
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OFFIOE; AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS;
LONDON: TRUBNER & CO.

 

MDCCCLXXXIV.

 

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, LONDON.
MEMOIRS

OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

 

PALZONTOLOGIA INDICA

(Serres I, III, V, VI, VIL)
ORETACEOUS FAUNA OF SOUTHERN INDIA.

Vou. I. The Cephalopoda, by H. F. Buanrorp and F. Sroniozza (1863-66), pp. 216, pls. 94, The Belemnitides and
Nautilide, by H. F. Buanrorp, pp. 1-40, pls. 25. (Out of print.) The Ammonitide, by F. SroniozKa,
pp- 41-216, pls. 71 (18 parts), (complete).

Vou. II. The Gastropoda, by F. Sroricza (1867-68), pp. xiii, 500, ple. 28 (10 parts), (complete).

Vou. ILI. The Pelecypoda, by F. StoziczKa (1870-71), pp. xxii, 537, pls. 50 (13 parts), (complete),

Vou. IV. The Brachiopoda, Ciliopoda, Echinodermata, Oorals, &., by F. Srouiczna (1872-78), pp. v, 202, pls. 29 (5 parts).
The Brachiopoda, pp. ii, 32, pls. 7... The Ciliopoda, pp. ii, 34, pls. 3. The Echinodermata, pp. i, 59, pls. 7.
The Corals, &., pp. 70, pls. 12, (complete).

(Sunixs II, XT, XII.)
THE FOSSIL FLORA OF THE GONDWANA SYSTEM.

Vou. I, pp. xviii, 233, pls. 72, (complete).
i pt. 1 (1863), (in six fasciculi), (Nos. 4 and 5 out of print), Raéjmah4l Group, Rajmahél Hills, by T. OnpHam and
J. Morris, pp. 52, pls. 35.

21877). Same, continued, by O. Fetsrmanren, pp. 53-162, pls. 36-48.

3 (1877). Plants from Golapilli, by O. Fersruantet, pp. 163-190, pls. 8.

ings », 4 (1879). Outliers on the Madras Coast, by O. Feist Antex, pp. 191-224, pls. 16.

Vou. TI, pp. xli, 115, pls. 26, (complete).

pt. 1 (1876). Jurassic Flora of Kach, by O. Fatstantet, pp. 80, pls. 12.

is » 2 (1878). Flora of the Jabalpur Group, by O. Frrstmanret, pp. 81-105, pls. 14.

Vou. III, pp. xi, 644149, pls. 64 (9 double) (I-XXXI-+I4-XLVIL4), (complete).

pt. 1 (1879). The Flora of the Talchir-Karharb4ri beds, by O. Frisrmanru, a 48, pls. 27 (5 double).

1 (Suppl. 1881). Same, Supplement, pp. 49-64, pls. (xxviii-xxxi) 4 (1 double).

2 (1880). The Flora of the Damuda and Panchet Divisions, pp. 77, pls. 18 (1 double) (LA4-XVIA, 14-16 dis).
ViL4-XLVILA),

>
”

” 3 (1881). Same, concluded, pp. 73 (77-149), pls. 31 (2 double) (X

(Series IX.)
JURASSIO FAUNA OF KACH.
Vor. I. (1873-76). The Cephalopoda, by W. Waaazn, pp. i, 247, pls. 60 (4 parts), (complete).

(Series IV.)
INDIAN PRETERTIARY VERTEBRATA.

Vou. I, pt. 1 (1865). The Vertebrate Fossils from the Panchet Rocks, by T. H. Huxuny, pp. 24, pls. 6.

», 2 (1878). The Vertebrate Fossils of the Kota-Maleri Group, by Sim P. pz M. Gauy Harrton and L. C.
Mratt, pp. 23, pls. 4. ‘ .

5 1, 3 (1879). Fotis and Batrachia, by R. Lypexxer, pp. 36, pls. 6.

(Serres X.)
INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA.

Vou. __I, pp. xxx, 300, pls. 46, (compiete).
<5 pt. 1 erry Rhinoceros deccanensis, by R. B. Foor, pp. 18, pls. 3.
“i » 2 (1877). Molar teeth and other remains of Mammalia, by R. Lyprszer, pp. 69 (19-87), pls. 7 (iv-x).
» 3 (1878). Crania of Ruminants, by R, Lypexner, pp. 84 (88-171), pls. 18 (ci-axviii),
,, 4(1880). Supplement to pt. 3, pp. 10 (172-181), pls.3 (XT A, B, XXTIT A).
” ; 5 (1880), Siwalik and Narbada Proboscidia, by R. Lypzxxer, pp. 119 (182-800), pls. 18 (xxix-xlvi).

(Serjzs VII, XIV.)
TERTIARY AND UPPER CRETACEOUS FAUNA OF WESTERN INDIA.

Vor. I, pt. 1 (1871). Tertiary Orabs from Sind and Kutch, by F. Sroziczma, pp. 16, ple. 5.
5 wa eo Sind Fossil Corals and Alcyonaria, by P. Marrin Duncan, M.B., FE.RB.S., V.P.GS., &e.,
yp. 110, pls. 28.
» 8. ho Fossil Echinoidea of Sind, by P. Marrin Duncan, M.B.Lond., F.R.S., and W. Percy Siapen, F.G.S8., &e.
Fase, i. (1882): Echinoidea from the Cardita-Beaumonti beds, pp. 20, pls. 4. Fase. ii. (1882): Echinoidea
ee oe Ranikot series, pp. 80, pls. 16. Fasc. iti. (1884): Echinoidea from the Khirthar series, pp. 146,
8. 18.
» 4 The Fossil Echinoidea of Kachh and Kattywar, by P. Martin Duncan, M.B. Lond., F.RB.S., &., and W.
Percy Suapen, F.G.8., &c., with an Introduction by W. T, Buanrorp, Esq., F.R.S., &c., pp. 91, pls. 13.

(Szrizs XIII.)
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS, sy WILLIAM WAAGEN, Pz.D.

I, Productus Limestone Group: 1 CAD} Pisces, Cephalopoda, pp. 72, pls. 6.
s oe 2 (1880). Gasteropoda and Supplement to pt. 1, pp. 111 (73-188), pls. 10 (vii-xvi).
55 - 3 (1881). Pelecypoda, pp. 144 (185-328), Als. aie) eee

The price fixed for these publications is 4 annas (6 pence) per single plate,

To be had at the Geological Survey Office, Indian Museum, or through any Bookseller. London: Triibner & Oo
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. Pt. 1 (out of print): On the Coal and Iron of Cuttack.—Structure and Relations of the
ape Bttiohie Be eae Gold Rasen Tren Assam.—Gold and Gold-dust from Shue-Gween. Pt. 2 (price
2Rs.): Geology of the Khasi Hills—The Nilghiri Hills. Pt. 3 (price 2 Rs.): Geology of Bankoorah, Midna-

pore, and Orissa.—Laterite of Orissa.—Fossil Teeth of Ceratodus.
i 859. Pt. 1 (out of print): Report on the Vindhyan Rocks and their Associates in Bundelkand.
me er ee Teer onan: Gieclogial oe of the Central Portion of the Nerbudda District.—Tertiary and
Alluvial deposits of the Nerbudda Valley— Geological Relations and probable Geological Age of the several

Groups of Rocks in Central India and Bengal.

. IIL Royal 8vo, pp. 438. Pt. 1, 1863 (oué of print): Report on the Raniganj Ooal-field.—Additional Remarks on the
ve Geolagedl ge of Indian Rock-systems, Pt. 2, 1864 (price 2 Rs.): On the Sub-Himalayan Ranges between the
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ve Pt. 2, 1864 ( ‘price 2Rs.): On theStructure of the Districts of Trichinopoly, Salem, &c. Pt. 3, 1865 (price 1 BRe.):
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Central India. Pt. 3, 1869 (price 2 Re. 8 As.): Tapti and Nerbudda Valleys.—Frog-beds in Bombay.—Ozy-
glossus pusillus. :
Vor. VII. Royal 8vo, pp. 842. Pt. 1, 1869 (price 3 Re.): Vindhyan Series—Mineral Statistics —Coal.—Shillong Plateau.
Pt. 2, 1870 (price 1 Re.): Karharbari Ooal-field.—Deoghar Coal-field. Pt. 3, 1871 (price 1 Re.): Aden Water-
supply.—Kaéranpura Coal-fields.

You. VIII. Royal 8vo, pp. 358, Pt. 1, 1872 (price 4 Rs.): On the Kadapah and Karnul Formations in the Madras Presidency.
Pt. 2, 187. (price 1 Re.): Itkhuri Ooal-field—Daltonganj Coal-field—Chope Coal-field.

Vor. IX. Royal 8vo, pp. iv, 358. Pt. 1, 1872 (price 4 Rs.): Geology of Kutch. Pt. 2, 1872 (price 1 Re.): Geology of
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Vou. X. Royal 8vo, pp. 359. Pt. 1, 1873 (price 3 Rs.): Geology of Madras.—Satptra Coal-basin. Pt. 2, 1874 (price 2 Rs.):
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Vor. XI. Royal 8vo, pp. 838. Pt. 1, 1874 (price 2Rs.): Geology of Darjiling and Western Diars. Pt. 2, 1876 (price
' 8 RBs.): Salt-region of Kohat, Trans-Indus, pp. 230.

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of the Naga Hills, pp. 95. a (? a

Vou, XIIL Royal 8vo, pp. 248. Pt. 1, 1877 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.): Wardha Valley Coal-field, Pt, 2, 1877 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.):
Geology of the Réjmah4l Hills. ) e vee )

Vou. XIV. Royal 8vo, pp. 313. Geology of the Salt Range in the Punjab.

Vou. XV. Royal 8vo, pp. 191. Pt. 1, 1878 (price 2 Rs. 8 As.): Geology of the Aurunga and Hutdr Coal-fields (Palamow).
Pt. 2, 1880 (price 2 Rs, 8 As.): Ramkola and Tatapani Ooal-fields (Sirguja).

Vou. XVI. Royal 8vo, pp. 264. Pt. 1, 1879 (price 1 Re. 8 As.): Geology of Eastern Coast from Lat. 15° to Masulipatam.
Pt. 2, 1880 (price 1 Re. 8 As.): The Gneiss and Transition Rocks, and other Formations of the Nellore
Portion of the Carnatic. Pt. 3, 1880 (price 2 Rs.): Coastal region of the Godavari.

Vou, XVII. Royal 8vo, pp. 305. Pt. 1, 1879 ice 3 Rs.): Geology of Weat: Sind, Ri i -
Indus extension of the ei = SER EN Syne Cesena ees

Vou. XVIII. Pt. 1, 1881 (price 2 Rs.): Southern Afghanistan. Pt. 2, 1881 (price 1 Re. 8 As.): i i
Pt. 3, 1881 (price 2 Rs.): Pranhita Godavari Valley. Korie 7 Cora eee pa

 

The price fixed for these publications is 5 Rs. (10s.) each volume,

 

Manual of the Geology of India, 2 Vols. and Map, price 8 Ra. (16s.).

To be had at the Geological Survey Office, Indian Museum, or through any Bookseller. London: Tribner & Co.

 

RECORDS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

The Recorps of the Geological Survey are issued quarterly,—in February, May, A i
. 3 5 , May, ust, and November. They contain
brief reports and papers ; abstracts of more detailed work ; notices of recent diseovarion . dghaltane to Museum, and actions to
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Caucurra, January 1881, =

 
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Paleontologra Jwdica,

BEING

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF .THE ORGANIC REMAINS PROCURED DURING
THE PROGRESS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA,

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF HIS EXOELLENCY THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF INDIA IN OOUNCIL.

TERTIARY AND UPPER CRETACEOUS FOSSILS OF
WESTERN SIND.
Ser. XIV.

Vol. I. 3. THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA.

Fasciculus V. THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA FROM THE GAJ
OR MIOCENE SERIES.
WITH 12 PLATES.

BY
P. MARTIN DUNCAN, MB. (Lond.), F.B.S., F.G.S., F.LS.,

PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN, AND FELLOW OF, KING’S COLLEGE, LONDON ; LECTURER ON GEOLOGY IN THE
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CALCUTTA:
é SOLD AT THE
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MEMOIRS

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PALHONTOLOGIA INDICA

(Snies I, III, V, VI, VIIL)
ORETACEOUS FAUNA OF SOUTHERN INDIA.

Vou. I. The Cephalopoda, by H. F, Buanrorp, F.R.S., and F. Sronicza (1863-66), pp. 216, pls. 94. The Belemnitide °
and Nautilide, by H. F, Buanrozp, pp. 1-40, pls. 25. (Oud of print.) The Ammonitide, by F. SrontczKa,
PR. 41-216, pls. 71 (18 parts), (complete). ;

Vou. II. The Gasteropoda, by F. Srourozka (1867-68), pp. xiii, 500, pls. 28 (10 parts), (complere).

Vou, III. The Pelecypoda, by F. SrouicaKa (1870-71), pp. xxii, 537, pls. 50 (13 parts), (complete).

Vou. IV. The Brachiopoda, Ciliopoda, Echinodermata, Oorals, &c., by F. SroztozKa (1872-78), pp. v, 202, pls. 29 5 parts).

The Teast spate, pp. ii, 32, pls. 7. The Ciliopoda, pp. ii, 34, pls. 3. The Echinodermata, pp. i, 59, pls. 7.
The Corals, &e., pp. 70, pls. 12, (complete).

... (Serres 11, XY, XIL)-
THE FOSSIL FLORA OF THE GONDWANA SYSTEM.

Vou. I, pp. xviii, 233, pls. 72, (complete). ws «+ : Pe
re pt. 1 (1863), (in six fasciculi), (Nos. 4 and 5 out of print). Réjmah4l Group, R4jmah4l Hills, by T. Oupnam and
J. Morris, pp. 52, pls. 35.
, 2(1877). Same, continued, by O. FristmantEx, pp. 538-162, pls. 36-48,
3 (1877). Plants from Golapilli, by O. Frrsraanten, pp. 163-190, pls. 8.
” + 4(1879). Outliers on the Madras Coast, by O. Fersrmanren, pp. 191-224, pls. 16.
Vou. II, pp. xli, 115, pls. 26, (complete). -
3 pt. 1 (1876). . Jurassic Flora of Kach, by O. Fstsraanrux, pp. 80, pls. 12.
$5 » 2 (1878), Flora of the Jabalpur Group, by O. Futstwanren, pp. 81-105, pls. 14.
Vou, ITI, pp. xi, 644149, pls. 64 (9 aoutie) (I-XXXI+-I4-XLVIL4), (complete).
‘pt. 1 (1879). The Flora of the Talchir-Karharbari beds, by O. Frist antzn, pp. 48, pls. 27 (5 double).
<i » 1 (Suppl. 1881). Same, Supplement, pp. 49-64, pls. (xxviii-xxxi) 4 (1 double). - ;
i » 2 (1880). The Flora of the Damuda and Panchet Divisions, pp. 77, pls. 18 (1 double) (I4-XVIA, 14-16 bis).
- » 8 (1881). Same, concluded, pp. 73 (77-149), pls. 31 (2 double) (XVILA-XLV ILA), :

(Srrms IX.)
JURASSIO FAUNA OF KACH.
Vor. I. (1873-76). The Cephalopoda, by W. Waaasn, pp. i, 247, pls. 60 (4 parts), (complete).

(Surzzs IV.)
INDIAN PRETERTIARY VERTEBRATA.
Vor. I, pt. 1 (1865). The Vertebrate Fossils from the Panchet Rocks, by T. H. Huxuzy, F.R.S., pp. 24, pls. 6.
2 (1878). The Vertebrate Fossils of the Kota-Maleri Group, by Siz P. pz M. Grey Hazrron and L. O,
Mian, F.G.S., pp. 23, pls. 4. . as z
5 », 3 (1879). Reptilia and Batrachia, by R. Lypzxxer, F.G.8., pp. 36, pls. 6.

” ”

(Szzizs X.)
INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA.

Vou. _I, pp. xxx, 300, pls. 46, (complete).
as pt. 1 (1874). Rhinoceros deccanensis, by R. B. Foots, F.G.8., pp. 18, pls. 3.
5 » 2 (1877). Molar teeth and other remains of Mammalia, by R. Lypzxxzs, F.G.S., pp. 69 (19-87), pls. 7 (iv—x).
, 3 (1878). Orania of Ruminants, by R, Lypexker, F.G.S., pp. 84 (88-171), pls. 18 (xi iii). :
, 4 (1880). Supplement to pt. 3, pp. 10 (172-181), pls. 3 (XXTI A, B, XXTIT A).
5 (1880). Siwalik and Narbada Proboscidia, by R. Lypzxxzr, F.G.S., pp. 119 (182-300), pls. 18 (xxix-zlvi).

(Szrizs VII, XIV.)
TERTIARY AND UPPER CRETACEOUS FAUNA OF WESTERN INDIA.
Vor. ‘I, pt. 1 (1871). Tertiary Orabs from Sind and Kutch, by F. Sroniczma, pp. 16, pls. 5.
“i v1 (now 2) (1880). Sind Fossil Oorals and Aleyonaria, by P. Martm Duncay, M.B,, F.R.S,, V.P.G.8,, &e.,

pp. 110, pls. 28.

3. The Fossil Echinoidea of Sind, by P. Martin Duncan, M.B.Lond., F.R.8., and W. Percy Siapen, F.G.8., &e.
Fase. i. (1882): Echinoidea from the Oardita-Beaumonti beds, pp. 20, pls. 4, Fase. ii. (1882): Echinoidea
from the Ranikot series, pp. 80, pls. 16. Faso. iii. (1884): Echinoidea from the Khirthar series, pp. 146,
pls. 18. Fase. iv. (1884) : Echinoidea from the Nari series, pp. 26, pls. 4. .

» 4 The Fossil Echinoidea of Kachh and Kattywar, by P. Martin Duncan, M.B. Lond., F.R.S8., &., and W.

Percy Stapex, F.G.S., &c., with an Introduction by W. T. Buanvorp, Esq., F.R.S., &., pp. 91, pls. 13.

(Serizs XIII.)
SALT-RANGEH FOSSILS, sy WILLIAM WAAGEN, Pa.D.

J, Productus Limestone Group: 1 ree0, Pisces, Cephalopoda, pp. 72, pls. 6.
wars ‘i 2 (1880). Gasteropoda an Bunpiement to pt. 1, pp. 111 (73-183), pls. 10 (vii~xvi),
9% 5 3 (1881). Pelecypoda, pp. 144 (185-328), pls. 8 (xvii-xxiv). ,

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i “Ralchir Garfield. —Gold Dopatte in Upper Assam.—Gold and Gold-dust from Shue-Gween. Pt. 2 (price
2, Rs.): Geology of the Khasi Hilla —The Nilghiri Hills, Pt. 3 (price 2 Rs.): Geology of Bankoorah, Midna-
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e Be. 2 look print): tesloeied Sieeture of the Central Portion of the Nerbudda District.—Tertiary and
‘Alluvial deposits of the Nerbudda Valley.— Geological Relations and probable Geological Age of the several
Groups of Rocks in Central India and Bengal.

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Therria Coal-field.—Geological Observations on Western Tibet.

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“Portion of Cutch. Pt. 2, 1867 (price 2 Rs.): Bokéro Coal-field.—Rimgarh Coal-field.—Traps of Western and
Central India. Pt. 8, 1869 (price 2 Re. 8 As.): Tapti and Nerbudda Valleys.—Frog-beds in Bombay.— Oxy-
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Vor. XVI. Royal 8vo, pp. 264. Pt. 1, 1879 (price 1 Re. 8 As.): Geology of Eastern Coast from Lat. 15° to Masulipata:
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Royal 8vo, pp. 305. Pt. 1, 1879 (price 3 Rs.): Geol rn Bi i :
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Vou. XVIII. Pt. 1, 1881 oe Rs.): Southern Afghanistan,
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Vou, XVII.

Pt. 2, 1881 (price 1 Re. 8 As.):
(price 2 Rs.): Pranhita Godavari Valley. ee ee eee

 

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RECORDS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

The Recorps of the Geological Survey are ‘issued quarterly,—i i

: y,—in February, May, August, and ; i

buat reports and papers ; abstracts of more detailed work ; notices of recent diaporarioe; donasioaa: to SUacni al nabtitione to
ibrary, &c. They are of the same size as the ‘ Memvirs,’ but are separately paged, : ,

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Gis fae am i for four numbers or parts is 2 Rs. (4s.). Postage additional, if forwarded, for India, 4 As., for

 

Fifty-one parts Or numbers have appeared: 1868, 3 Nos.; 1869, 4 N
ig ae e red : , (08. 3 ; os. ; 1870, 4 Nos.; 1871, 4 Nos.; 1872, 4 Nos.; ...
a ne en At S 4 Nos; 1875, 4 Nos.; 1876, 4 Nos; 1877, 4 Nos. with Index to 1st Decade; 1878, 4 Nos.; 1879,"

Caucurta, January 1881,
MEMOIRS

OF THER

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

aaa

Paleontologia Jnd104,

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ORGANIC REMAINS PROCURED DURING
THE PROGRESS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF INDIA IN OOUNCIL.

Series XIV. TERTIARY AND UPPER CRETACEOUS FAUNA
OF WESTERN INDIA.

VOL. I.

Part 4. THE FOSSIL ECHINOIDEA OF KACHH AND KATTYWAR.
WITH 13 PLATES.

BY
P. MARTIN DUNCAN, M.B. (Lond.), F.RBS.,

VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE GEOLOGICAL AND LINNEAN SOCIETIES ; PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL MICROSCOPICAL
SOCIETY ; PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN KING’s COLLEGE, LONDON ; CORRESPONDENT OF THE
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, ETC.,

AND

W. PERCY SLADEN, F.GS., F.LS., &c.

WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
W. T. BLANFORD, ESQ, F.B.S., F.LS., F.Z.S., &c.,

LATE OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

CALCUTTA:

SOLD AT THE
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING;
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OFFICE; AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS;
LONDON: TRUBNER & CO.

 

MDCCCLXXXIII.

 

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, LONDON.
MEMOIRS

OF THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

 

PALHZONTOLOGIA INDICA

.

(Szriss I, III, V, VI, VIII)
ORETACEOUS FAUNA OF SOUTHERN INDIA.

Vor. I. The Cephalopoda, by H. F. Buayrorp and F. Sroziczea (1863-66), pp. 216, ple. 94. The Belemnitide and
Nautilide, by H. F. Buanrorp, pp. 1-40, pls. 25. (Out of print.) The Ammonitide, by F. Srourozna,
pp. 41-216, pls, 71 (18 parts), (complete).

Vou. II. The Gastropoda, hy F. Sroxiczxa (1867-68), pp. xiii, 500, pls. 28 (10 parts), (complete).

Vou. III. The Pelecypoda, by F. Sroziczxa (1870-71), pp. xxii, 537, pls. 50 (13 parts), (complete),

Vou. IV. The Brachiopoda, Ciliopoda, Echinodermata, Corals, &c., by F. SrotiozKa (1872-73), pp. v, 202, pls. 29 (5 parts).
The Brachiopoda, pp. ii, 32, pls. 7. The Ciliopoda, pp. ii, 34, pls. 8. The Echinodermata, pp. i, 59, ple. 7.
The Corals, &c., pp. 70, pis. 12, (complete).

(Serres II, XT, XII.)
THE FOSSIL FLORA OF THE GONDWANA SYSTEM.
Vou. ‘I, pp. xviii, 233, pls. 72, (complete).
i pt. 1 (1863), (in six fasciculi), (Nos. 4 and 5 out of print). RAjmah4l Group, Réjmahal Hills, by T. OnpHas and
J. Morais, pp. 52, pls. 35.
, 2 (1877). Same, continued, by O. FrrstManTEL, pp. 58-162, pls. 36-48.
, 3 (1877). Plants from Golapilli, by O.. Fersruantan, pp. 163-190, pls. 8.
“7 » 4 (1879). Outliers on the Madras Ooast, by O. Fersruanren, pp. 191-224, pls. 16.
Vou. II, pp. xli, 115, pls. 26, (complete).
» pt. 1 (1876). Jurassic Flora of Kach, by O. Fetstuanret, pp. 80, pls. 12.
‘i » 2 (1878). Flora of the Jabalpur Group, by O. Fristwanren, pp. 81-105, pls. 14.
Vou, ITI, pp. xi, 644149, pls. 64 (9 double) (I-XXXI+I4-XLVIL4), (complete).
i pt. 1 (1879). The Flora of the Talchir-Karharbéri beds, by O. Frisruanren, pp. 48, pls. 27 (5 double).
¥3 » 1 (Suppl. 1881). Same, Supplement, pp. 49-64, pls. (xxviii-xxxi) 4 (1 doutle),
i » 2(1880). The Flota of the Damuda and Panchet Divisions, pp. 77, pls. 18 (1 double) (I4-XVIA, 14-16 is).
_ », 3 (1881). Same, concluded, pp. 73 (77-149), pls. 31 (2 double) (XVILA-XLVIL4).

-

:

(Srrtes IX.)
: JURASSIO FAUNA OF KAOCH.
Vor. I. (1878-76). The Cephalopoda, by W. Waaaen, pp. i, 247, pls. 60 (4 parts), (complete).

(Serres IV.)
INDIAN PRETERTIARY VERTEBRATA.

Vou. ‘I, pt. 1 (1865). The Vertebrate Fossils from the Panchet Rocks, by T. H. Huxuezy, pp. 24, pls. 6.

" »n 2 ae The Vertebrate Fossils of the Kota-Maleri Group, by Sir P. ps M. Grey Harton and L. O.
TALL,

: yp. 28, pls. 4.
” » 9 (1879). Reptilia and Batrachia, by R. Lypexxer, pp. 36, pls. 6.

‘(Senms X,)
INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA.
Vou. I, pp. xxx, 300, pls. 46, (complete). .
‘6 pt. 1 (1874). Rhinoceros deccanensis, by R. B. Foors, pp. 18, pls. 3.
i » 2(1877). Molar teeth and other remains of Mammalia, by R. Lyprxker, pp. 69 (19-87), pls. 7 (iv-x).
8 (1878). Orania of Ruminants, by R. Lypexxes, pp. 84 (88-171), pls. 18 (xi-xxviii).
a » 4(1880). Supplement to pt. 3, pp. 10 (ie ED piss (XXI A, B, XXII A).
5 » 5 (1880). Siwalik and Narbada Proboscidia, by R. Lypexxer, pp. 119 (182-300), pls. 18 (xxix—xlvi).

3

(Serres VII, XIV.)
TERTIARY AND UPPER CRETACEOUS FAUNA OF WESTERN INDIA.

Vou. _I, pt. 1 (1871). Tertiary Orabs from Sind and Kutch, by F. Srourczma, pp. 16, pls. 5.
us wl row Ce Sind Fossil Corals and Alcyonaria, by P. Martin Duncan, M.B., F.R.S., V.P.GS., ete.,
pp. 110, pls. 28. . .
A », 3, The Fossil Echinoidea of Sind, by P. Martin Duncan, M.B. Lond.,F.R.S.,and W. Percy Sapen, Hsq., F.G.8., &c.
: Fase. i. (1882): Echinoidea from the Cardita-Beaumonti beds, pp. 20, pls. 4. Fase. ii, (1882): Echinoidea
from the Ranikot series, pp. 80, pls. 16.

(Serres XIII.)
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS, sy WILLIAM WAAGEN, Pu.D.
I. Productus Limestone Group: 1 (1879), Pisces, Cephalopoda, pp. 72, pls. 6.

5 i 2 (1880). Gasteropoda and Supplement to pt. 1, pp. 111 (73-183), pls. 10 (vii—xvi).
e »  8(1881). Pelecypoda, pp. 144 (185-328), id eae. eee

The price fixed for these publications is 4 annas (6 pence) per single plate.

To be had at the Geological Survey Office, Indian Museum, or through any Bookseller. London: Triibner & Co
Vou. L
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Vou. xX.
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Vou. XII.
Vou. XIII.
Vou. XIV.
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Vou. XVI.
Vou, XVII.
Vou. XVIII.

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(