= =— CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ENGINEERING LIBRARY, — IMPERIAL MINERAL RESOURCES BUREAU. THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES. WAR PERIOD. CHROME ORE AND CHROMIUM. (1913-1919.) ay PRINTE. D PUBLISHED BY HIS Maj EsYs STATIONERY OFFICER we be purchased through anv Booksuller or direculy ‘roma SPATION RRY OFFICE at the follo Scans a Huvsk, KinaswaY, LONDON, W.O2 apd BW, ARINUDON STRERT, LONDON, 3W.1; 1, PETER STUERE. MANCHESTER; MY. ANDSKW 5 CRESCENT, Canbury; Fuld Sin E KT, EDINBURG. of from K. FUNSUNBY, Lrp, 11d, GHLAFTON STREET, DUBLIN 2a. Prive le. Ud. Net. IMPERIAL MINERAL RESOURCES BUREAU. THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES. WAR PERIOD. CHROME ORE AND CHROMIUM. (1913-1919.) LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY vos MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE. To be purchased through ey Bookseller or directly irom HM. S$ ‘ATIONERY oO E at the iollowing addresses: IMPERIAL HOUSE, INGEWAE. LONDON, W.C.2, and 28, ABINGDON STREET, LONDON, 8.W.1; 37, PETER STREET. MANCHESTER ; a sr. ANDREW'S CRESCENT, {CaRDUFF: 25, FORIH STREEL, EDINBU or trom E. PONSONBY, Lrp., 116, GRAFTON STREEL, DUBLIN 1920. Price 1s. Od. Net. w GENERAL. The ore of chromium is known under a variety of names, in- cluding chromite, chrome ore, chrome iron ore, and chromic iron ore. In the pure state chromite contains about 68 per cent. of chromic oxide and 32 per cent. of ferrous oxide. The ore of com- merce, however, contains substantial amounts of magnesia, ferric oxide and alumina. Chromium ore is, indeed, considered of good merchantable quality if it contains, as it is usually required to contain in normal times, about 50 per cent. of chromic oxide. During the war the demand for chromium ore was so great that material ranging in composition down to 25 per cent. of chromic oxide found a market, and low-grade ore containing as little as 8 per cent. of chromite was concentrated and sold at a profit in Canada. Chromite is usually found associated with serpentine, either in the form of bands or lenticular masses of fairly pure ore, or in the form of granules scattered through the mass of the serpentine. It is therefore to be sought for among very basic igneous intrusions in which olivine and chromite have segregated during the cooling of a basic magma. These basic intrusions have been metamor- phosed in some cases, as at Selukwe in Rhodesia; and the serpentine with which chromite is usually associated has been formed by the hydration of olivine. The following are representative analyses of chromium ore :— Rhodesia 3 Quebec Mysore | Baluchistan — ore as ee Black Lake ore as high-grade . shipped. give *| Concentrates. | shipped. ore. Per cent. Per cent. . Per cent. Per cent. | Per cent.. Cr,03... 42-51 544 504 51 56 FeO ... 183 173 18 224 13 Al,O3... | 144-163 11 10 74k 11 SiO, ... 4k 3 3 4} 1 MgO ... 83-15 8 16 12 15 CaO .. _— 13 2 $ 1 The selling price of chromium ore depends on the percentage of chromic oxide present. In the British market the price is usually quoted per ton of ore. In America it is customary to quote the price in terms of cents per unit, the unit referred to being the unit percentage of chromic oxide (Cr,Os). Chromium ore is utilized largely for making the alloy ferro- chromium which enters into the composition of alloy steels used in the manufacture of armour plates, armour-piercing projectiles, guns, the jaws of rock-crushing machinery, and many other products. A steel containing about 12 per cent. of chromium has been used for many years for making wire draw plates. High speed steels contain from three to five per cent. of chromium, and the yearly consumption for this purpose in the United Kingdom amounts to about 1,500 tons. A variety of chromium-iron alloy, containing from 12 to 15 per cent. of chromium is now used largely as a stainless and rustless steel capable of resisting attack by fruit acids, sea air and salt water. It is used in making cutlery, turbine blades, acid pumps, exhaust valves for aircraft engines, and in other ways; and is likely to be used more extensively in the future in the manufacture of machinery. Another important alloy of chromium is stellite, which consists essentially of cobalt and chromium, usually with small amounts of various other metals, notably tungsten and molybdenum. Stellite is made into high-speed cutting tools, and on account of its resistance to nitric acid, it is serviceable in some measure as a platinum substitute. According to information supplied to the Bureau by Dr. L. Aitchison, it is desirable that the ferro-chromium used in the manufacture of high-class steel containing a large proportion of ‘chromium should contain as little carbon as possible and conse- quently the aluminium reduction of chromite is preferable to the carbon reduction. In the aluminium reduction, a great deal of the success of the operation, and the yield of ferro-chromium which is obtained, depends upon the proportion of magnesia. Very little trouble is experienced if the amount of magnesia is below 4 or 5 per cent., and there is a limited demand for ore of this quality at higher prices than those paid for ore richer in magnesia. Chromite finds another important application in the manu- facture of chromite bricks for metallurgical use as refractory material for lining furnaces. When used in this way a high degree of purity is less essential, since the serpentine (magnesium silicate) which is frequently present as a matrix of the chromite or scattered interstitially among the chromite grains, is itself fairly refractory and serves as a ready-made bond. It should be remarked, however, that high percentages of silica and iron oxide are not desired sin chrome refractories. A further important application of chromite is in the chemical trades for the manufacture of potassium and sodium chromates and bichromates, which are used in the tanning, dyeing and pigment, and other trades. The relative amounts of chromium ore used for these different purposes is not the same in all countries, and is probably not the same in times of peace as in war times ; but it is noteworthy that in the United States, which is a large consumer, the following was the War Trade Board’s estimate of U.S.A. requirements for 1918. For ferrochrome ... 52 per cent. of total consumption. For chemicals... 31 i 5 “i For refractories ... 17 a 3 53 28732 A3 WORLD’S PRODUCTION OF CHROMITE. Previous to the war, Rhodesia and. New Caledonia were for some years the chief producers of chromite. The contributions of these two countries were about equal, and together represented from 80 to 90 per cent. of the world’s production. At that time India, Canada and the United States contributed comparatively small amounts to the output. Lack of ocean freight facilities during the war produced a great change. Large increases in the outputs of chromite in the United States, Canada and India con- stitute notable features of the production during the war years, as shown in the figures given below. In consequence of these conditions, there was a serious decline in the Rhodesian output during 1918. The world’s production for the period under review has been as follows :— World’s Production of Chromite * (In metric tons (a).) | 1913.) 1914, ; 1915.) 1916. | 1917. , 1918 | 1919. | | | | | | United Kingdom ... 113 119 — | 392 303 = | = Rhodesia... ... [57,517 | 43,745 | 54,974 | 80,645 | 66,210 | 28,390 | 32,016 Canada ae tees — — |11,199 | 24,970 | 33,326 | 19,958 | 7,426 India... 0 .. we | «5,769 | 5,984 ] 3,829 | 20,488 | 27,503 | 58,713 Australia... 0... 688 | 660] 769] 621] 1,365 730 | +250 Bosnia and Herzego- 305 211 370 967 | 1,805 vina. Greece eae « | 6,342 | 7,059 | 10,420 | 9,880 | 6,750 | 10,890 Norway ae st —_ 81 350 | 2,757 | 3,975 United States wisi 259 601 | 3,335 | 47,803 | 44,439 | 83,695 | 13,964 Japan sss . | 1,332 | 2,117 |] 2,991 | 8,283 | 8,947) 7,244 New Caledonia —_... | 63,370 | 71,708 | 57,474 | 57,024 | 41,892 25,000 BRITISH EMPIRE. The effect of the war on chromium ore production in the British Empire is indicated by the fact that the Empire output grew from 50,508 metric tons in 1914 to 107,791 metric tons in 1918. For this increase in production India and Canada were chiefly responsible. * Other producing countries include Russia, Asia Minor, Brazil, Cuba, and Guatemala. No figures are available for Asia Minor from 1913 onward, but the annual production during the war period may be roughly estimated at from 15,000 to 20,000 tons. : 3 3 (a) The metric, long and short tons referred to in this publication are equivalent to 2,204, 2,240, and 2,000 Ib., respectively. } Preliminary figures. United Kingdom.+ During the period under review chromite was mined to a small extent from deposits in the Island of Unst, in the Shetlands. These deposits contain a large amount of low-grade chromite. The Unst chromite occurs in granules scattered through serpen- tine, which covers a large area in the island. The grade of ore is variable, but some of it is of fairly good quality. The quarries are thirty or more in number, but only six of these have been worked to any considerable extent. Most of the quarrying has been done in search of rich chromite, which occurs in irregular masses. Some of these, and specially that of the great Hagdale quarry, appear to have been of considerable size. The outputs for the United Kingdom given in the above production table represent shipments from Balta Sound between 1913 and 1917. The material was used in the manufacture of chromite bricks. Four grades of ore were sold in 1916 and 1917, as follows :— Average percentage of chromic Grade. oxide. Tonnage. 1. Best ore from various quarries 36°85 83 2. Hagdale quarry; dump ore, upper size from screen... 31°68 232 3. Hagdale quarry; dump ore, under size from screen... 27°33 233 4. Low-grade ore, various quarries and dumps... ie 23°34 147 The price paid in August, 1917, for ore delivered at Middles- brough or Sunderland was 1s. 3d. per unit. plus 10s. per ton war bonus, plus 5s. per ton allowed for extra freight; so that ore containing 36 per cent. of chromic oxide was sold at Middles- brough at the rate of £3 per ton, which was substantially below the price of imported ore. The estimated working costs in Unst wore as follows :— Per Ton. s. d. Quarrying costs... 8 0 Milling 4 0 Transport 1 0 General expenses SO) 16 0 + By arrangement with the Mineral Resources Development Branch of the Industries and Manufactures Department of the Board of Trade, these notes with reference to chromium ore in the United Kingdom have been abstracted from a report by Lt. Arthur Russell, who visited the Shetlands and reported on the chromite deposits for the Ministry of Munitions. The trade statistics are taken from the Annua! Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom. 28732 Ad 8 The approximate costs per ton for conveying chromite concen- trates from Balta Sound to Liverpool were as follows :— Per Ton. s. d.: Bags... a a ae 25 O Loading ss en sie ge ase 22 0 Sea freight to Sunderland ... . 15 0 Dock charges at Sunderland ... . 5 O Rail charges, Sunderland to Garston... 11 3 Unloading charges and cartage at Garston . aes sie das 9 £3 2 O It is noticeable that bagging, which was necessary for con- centrates, was very expensive, and that for lump ore, which could be shipped without the use of bags, the transport charge would be £1 17s. The exports of the chromates and bichromates of potassium and sodium from the United Kingdom during the period under review are remarkable as showing a large increase in the manu- facture and exports of the sodium salts and decrease in the potash salts, as well as a large increase in value of the salts exported. The figures are as follows :— , VSOIUNOD UsIEI0T 10qIO ,, YA papnyouy (7) GOL RE | gue'e9 | geg'es | gegios | a9z'cs | 9gt‘Ts Teer SLL'L SoL't oreag | TWO, co her Pete oan S 608 | ROE cro'l trot | OGTSL 13 ¥E . LOL LLEGR | solaqanop | . i UsIOLOT OF TROL 981 166 LL0°T LIVTL | ogF‘Or 6r &¢ 98 GOT eee'L ee0'L | sergunop usIeIO 10710 = 2 en 7 98FT | 862% = a = = 986 GT | ct" Tapemg _ _ _ aa oF T¥8'F = — = 13 tGN'E | SpurvypreqyeNy _ _ _ — 69L'Se | BLESS = = sal oS FOVCT | aet'en | ++ AuBULIOL) gal II gO orn goc'ol | IS6'FT |. 8 I 18 T EOEL GLGOL | ot soueag = _ = = 990'T | 8gz‘9 es = _ = go! Fivg [ot unispeg oos'sF =. ata‘zo } eaG'TE | T68'ea | eTe'o 90¢'6 LOG'F TELL 9cc'F TLPL SOL F 69¢'9 | t SMOIssessog ysitg 07 [RO], 9 188'¢ 9€6'T LSE G00'T TLE Gat ZEE 69 alt FI€ 183 $86 ee STOTSSa8 “80g ystiig 10430 918 | ¥06 tot B08'T FOE =. 168% GL rer 1g tlt G10°% oIg'tT | erpeaqysny FIv'9 «| goO'TE | garet | Ggcer | |22‘T 6EL'¢ 18¢ 98L'¢ 80F'S e9c'F LITT PPG's «| - SOIPUL seg YsIIG 66ST =; OBIT FIG! 00'S GBT Tee's 6&1 8ST 88 OL9 aq, Tent oj cet epeuey Fae'e | gos'2% | GIOIE | 816% (v) (2) 981'E LOVE Lge'T OSF'T (2) (v) neste gd KB | 'BI61 “2161 | “OT6T ‘eter | “FTGT “SI6I "BIBI “LIBI “9TGT “GI6L "FIGT "STGL ' *poqrodxe yoy 0} A1qunog “(¥) enra ‘(-sqm0) Aqryaend "ysvpog fo ayomosyng pup ayowosyg fo sjrodxq wopbury paz.) 10 SOLIJUNOD UBreI0,g 1049O ,, YL pepnpour (9) _ SUOISSESSOT YS TOYIC ,, YI pepupouy (”) QLg'G9% | BIL'66S | LHL‘62Z | LEL‘rSL | PrE'6G | GIGS | seats | oec‘ze | 2ec‘cs | gee'Te | Gue‘2r | Lac‘sh | — TYLOg, SLOGGT | STS'G8T | ETO‘Z8T | OGG'TOT | I¢9'6r | GoT‘cg | LFB‘co | eFe'sa | gusto | 9zc'on | 2F9.6e | GeLtrr |< — sazyunog USIIIOT 0F [eJOJ, 996'6 €28'T 89L'F 898'0T L49'S 81'S 89G'T 83h SIr'T F082 TL0°% 2096 | Selaqunoy : : ; : usI9I0Og 19440 GLU'GT | FET | BLOT | Lose 889 (9) L683 | 19 Tore | spit | og¢ (q) | pueprezqrang OSL 980'T Sh0'S1 BOr's 006'T = 0% GOL GGg'8 9FG'P L8F'T “ uredg (9) (9) — 196 6h GE8'F (9) (9) _ 92% 6g Ger Sprmepr0qye NT OS'LE | 9EL0T | LIBT | 986 (a) (9) GGL | G60G | 26a PIT (9) (9) ve Apeay = re = = 089'St | SeF'8s = aor = = SL601 | eeres | Auemep GOGOGT | SF9'89T | OSF'89T | 68G‘CL 89092 | IZsGT || O96'es | TeL'so | 090'09 | G80‘es | 66‘ | FeO'sE | =" ecuRT = = = = 180'T 686'T = = _ = 18 29eT fo ‘7 umrBjeg. LOL'SL | LOT'FIT | FEL's6 | LP8‘ss e601 | Fa2'r 9F8'GT | L89'8e | Gest | o28‘0% | 8ze's B6L'G | °° SUOIssessog ; , ; ; qsiig 0} [Roy IL1S 088'9 190°L TOL'T 199 ea8 PSP 684'T F60'T 9¢9 16F 09 fs STOTSSa8 : ; ; ; : : ' “Sod YSt}IIg 10490 coB'TE | OBT'9G | LIB‘Ze | STOTT LOS £62 66T'9 669'9 £06'L eL'g SILT PIS os BIpeaysNy OFs'Ze | GLLBI | CSF FE | 9GT'GT | Eve () gig, | ec2'9T | 109'8 | GFO'OT | 920% (v) fo trpuay ys 188°¢ Sloe | T6g'st | sLg°¢ CELE 809°¢ GO9'T o9g'¢ ToL'€ PPP's LEOP 9166 | Bpeueg SI6l LI61 9T6I GT6I FIGI SI6T' 8I6I LIGT 9161 CI6T FIGT S161 “poqrodxg yory 09 £10 “(F) onyea, (‘syo) AyrQUeNg ‘upoy fo ajnuowyng pun aywuosyg fo sqsodug wopbhury papuy ll Southern Rhodesia.* The total output of chromium ore in Southern Rhodesia up to and including 1918 amounted to 581,558 short tons valued at £1,718,241. This total value exceeds that of any other mineral produced in Southern Rhodesia except gold. Chromite is reported to occur at many localities in Rhodesia. Of these the best known are those of Selukwe, Makiro and Lomagundi, but productive mining has hitherto been confined to the Selukwe property, which has been worked since 1905. The deposits at Selukwe consist of numerous lenticular masses of chromium ore in a matrix of talc-schist and serpentine. Some of the chromite lenses exceed 400 feet in length. The ore is won very cheaply by open-cast mining, and the cost of production is merely nominal, amounting only to a few shillings per ton. The ore as marketed contains from 42 to 51 per cent. of chromic oxide, 8 to 15 per cent. of magnesia, and 143 to 164 per cent. of alumina. The best ore contains on the average about 50 per cent. of chromic oxide. The material is sent by train to Beira and shipped to Europe as crude ore. Shipment was suspended for a time after the outbreak of the war in August, 1914, but was resumed in December, and the output for 1914 showed a substantial reduction compared with 1918. The output rose again in 1915, 1916 and 1917 in spite of the fact that ex- portation was hindered by lack of shipping facilities. The price per short ton realised for the ore during 1917 was £4 9s. 7d., an increase of 14s. 7d. per ton as compared with the price during 1916. This increase in value stimulated prospect- ing, which resulted in the discovery of a large deposit in the Lomagundi district. Lack of shipping facilities, however, caused a serious fall in production during 1918, and the output for that year was confined entirely to the Selukwe mines. Details of the production and export of chromium ore from Rhodesia are given in the following tables :— Production of Chromium Ore in Southern Rhodesia, Year. Production. Value. Short tons. £ 1913 ane wate wie eh iia 63 B84 | 141,481 1914, dae as oon wae 48.207 107 612 1915 ies ie saa a als 60,581 175,792 1916... eas Pt a6 wis 88.871 333,170 1917 aig eae se aie soe 72,963 327 347 1918... ioe on a as 31,286 3 134,857 1919... es “eh ” 16 ” ” ” 35 cay 40 ” ” 18 ” a ” 40 ” 45 ” ” 20 ” ” ” 45 ” 50 ” ” 25 The demand for Quebec ore in the United States continued for the rest of the war period as a result of the shipping difficulties which prevented the supply of ore in the quantities required from Southern Rhodesia and New Caledonia. Prices rose still further, and in November, 1916, ore containing 25 per cent. of chromic oxide was quoted at $18 a long ton, f.o.b. Quebec central stations, while 50 per cent. ore realised 445 per long ton, and some special lots assaying over 50 per cent. were sold at the rate of one dollar per unit. Under these conditions it became possible to concentrate very low-grade ore. A Custom mill at Black Take was operated for this purpose, and crude ore containing only about 12 per cent. of chromic oxide was concen- trated to yield a 50 per cent. product. The mill had been in operation some years previously and had been closed down in 1909. It was repaired and refitted in 1916. It consisted of a Blake jaw crusher, which reduced the ore to 2-inch size, six batteries of 5 stamps each which reduced the ore to pass a 20 mesh screen, and seven Wilfley tables which treated the discharge from the stamps. The tonnage of ore produced during 1918 was rather less than that during 1917 in spite of increasing prices ; and it is noteworthy that the output for 1918 included small shipments from Cascade, a few miles south-west of Rossland in British Columbia. During May and June, 1918, f.o.b. quotations reached $1.55 a unit for 45 per cent. ore, with variations of 5 cents per unit for grades above or below that standard, and it is recorded that 50 per cent. ore was sold in the United States at $100 per ton. The 14 market for chromite ore collapsed after the armistice was signed, and at the end of the year only those operators were working who had contracts to fill at prices which made work possible without loss. The Quebec authorities state that under the conditions obtain- ing early in 1919, a market price of 80 cents to $1.00 per unit for 45 per cent. ore was necessary to make mining profitable. The Custom concentration mill at Black Lake operated throughout the year 1918, and the operating company bought ore containing as little as 8 per cent. of chromic oxide, at $2.10 per ton. The average values of chromite per ton of ore shipped in recent years are reported to have been as follows :—1915, $14.55 ; 1916, $20.35 ; 1917, $24.5 ; 1918, $38.00. The production of chromium ore in British Columbia in 1918 as reported by the Minister of Mines, British Columbia, amounted to about 800 tons. This output was obtained entirely from the Mastodon claim in the Cascade Section of the Grand Forks Mining Division. The total shipments amounted to 670 tons of ore containing on an average 38°5 per cent. of chromic oxide. The occurrence at the Mastodon claim has been known for some years but it was not developed until 1917, when by stripping and sinking shallow shafts some small lenses of chromite were un- covered. The chromite had to be hauled by teams to the Canadian Pacific Railway at Cascade, a distance of 8 miles, and was shipped to the Central States. The haulage costs were $7 per ton, railway freight approximately $17 per ton, and ex- cavation costs $4.25 per ton. The amount of development work hitherto done has not proved conclusively the extent of the ore- bodies, but so far as it has gone it indicates that the lenses have a north-westerly strike and that they dip almost vertically. They have an average width of about 6 feet at the thickest part, vary in length from 10 to 20 feet and have a height of about 10 feet. They are favourably situated as regards railway transportation and electric power, and it is thought that, should the demand for chromite again arise, the cost of mining these deposits could be much reduced by the construction of an aerial tramway from the claims to the railroad. Z89'66hS 98 ponyea su0y cz7‘g¢ ‘LTGT UT pur ‘OOF TIEg 18 pantva suo4 21¢'2z E10 QTET UI sI0yeIOdo q A[oaMp paysodar sv squomdiyG y 15 : P-OL 1699 I-01 ELE LI 0-2 “ysejod = a 699 806 G69 129'8tS 199 B69'FS FSS ‘ Bpos Fo oyvuUOIYorgy —: sqyaoduy g19'ece | res'ur | sze'sre AGEL 8€8'18 068'2 Cyg7g yg 09) sqr0dxay wy | = 029, = — _ re RIGUIN[OD YSTyLtgL ; LOL'GES | Feg'ls ZRNOGF | caL'og ETS CLI TRE'SE fot th tt vadongy a ee a —? 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G6ze'6I Ge 69% Gso'r | 1F9 errs | 66¢'s | mopsaryy pay ‘6IGI | “ST6I | “LT6T | ‘9T6T | “GI6T =| “IGT | “SI6T | ‘6T6T | ‘8T6T | ‘2teT | ‘9T6T | “Stel | “FIGE | “ST6T “ULOL Fone, “Csqymo) &yr0enh CT€ yorvyy Surpuoa savak peosig) ‘mpnung ona ysnpg fo anuowyng fo sjcoduy \7 69T'G1% | ogo'zEeE | se9‘GoT| 20062] g6L'se| IT19'sE 196‘0T| G2r'tt] g90r'2 | o9e'¢ | zLg‘G | geo's | IVLOL, ELE‘9FT| 6861SS| POSEL| GLE'L | TET'el| IPFSl cer’, | etre | 39h | slat | sP9's | III'S | setaqtmoy udte -10,q UWLOAF [B10], ELE VPI. 686'TSS} FOS'EL| ZEI'9 | SBFOT] 80z'8 cer‘ | eIh'L } B19'F | S90'T | SEBS | soe'T |“ seIMg Per = — LUT | eles | LI6F = aS _ O12 ILE Zon. | Auewilory i _ = <= GLE = = = = = OF — |r st eouray Bee soe = — oe ote aS ce =, we ae oF eee wInIspeg, . 962'89 | TFO'GTI| ver'se] 8z9'TS| 399'°6T] OLT'GL 906% | ZIZ'e | Pers | s80'F | Feng | FOS | MOPBury poze 6161 SI6I LIGI 9161 ST6I FI6l S161 GI6T SI6I LI61 916I GI6I PI6L S161 “WwoUud ‘$ one *(‘spmo) AqtyTENg (Te qoreyy Sutpue savod pwostyy) “opog fo aypwo.yorg fo sjsoduy unipouny) 18 India.* The chromite-producing areas of India, in order of impor- tance, are Baluchistan, Mysore, and Bihar and Orissa. The production during the period under review, as recorded in the Annual Reports on Mineral Production in the Records of the Geological Survey of India, has been as follows :— Quantity (long tons). Province. 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | 1918. } 1919, Baluchistan ... | 3,414 | 8,006 | 2,161 | 7,620 | 15,659 | 22,944 Mysore 1,414 | 2,330 | 1,041 | 9,802 | 8,136 | 33,740 Bihar and Orissa| 848 | 552] 565 | 2,737 | 3,266 | 1,085 (Singhbhum). Total ... ... | 5,676 | 5,888 | 3,767 | 20,159 | 27,061 | 57,769 Value (£). Province. 1913. | 1914. ; 1915. | 1916. |} 1917. | 1918. | 1919. Baluchistan we | 1,162 | 1,052 | 2,161 | 7,620 | 15,659 | 22,944 Mysore : ees 821 | 1,258 | 1,088 | 6,286 | 7,446 | 27,474 Bihar and Orissa 452 301 282 | 2,495 | 3,111 | 1,644 (Singhbhum). Total ... «| 2,435 | 2,611 | 3,531 | 16,401 | 26,216 | 52,062 Chromite in Baluchistan exists as veins and segregations in ser- pentine associated with Upper Cretaceous igneous intrusions. The deposits are distributed along the hills bordering the Zhob valley and the upper part of the Pishin river. One mass of almost pure ore, measuring 400 feet by 5 feet and containing over 54 per cent. of chromic oxide was found about 2 miles east of Khanozai (30°37’ : 67920’). The Baluchistan ore is of high grade, and was in considerable demand during the war. During the greater part of the period under review, chromite mining in Mysore was restricted to the districts of Mysore and Hassan, the most important deposits being those near the village of Kadakola in the Mysoredistrict. The chromite at this localityis associated with serpentinized saxonite and occurs mostly as a nar- row vein averaging not more than a foot in thickness; but at one place it swells out to form a large lens. The ore is of fairly good quality yielding up to 52 per cent. of chromic oxide, but much of it is probably of low grade. In the Hassan district the chromium * Records of the Geological Survey of India. 19 ore is in the form of grains embedded ‘in a talcose matrix and the better portions of the rock probably contain 30 to 40 per cent. of chromic oxide. The ore worked in the Singhbhum district of Bihar and Orissa is found as bed-like veins and scattered granules in serpentine. The layers of chromite vary from an inch to a foot in thickness, and are very irregular both in size and distribution, though they yield ore of fairly good quality, containing about 50 per cent. of chromic oxide. It has been found that ore lying at a greater depth than 35 feet below the surface cannot be profitably worked as the ore-bodies are too small to repay the cost of exploitation. Prospecting was carried on vigorously in the Singhbhum dis- trict during 1916 and 1917 and the results are reflected in the noticeable increase in production for those years, though the output fell substantially in 1918. In spite of the fact that the chromite mines of India are remote from the sea-board and not easily accessible, they have shown a remarkable activity during the war, due to the high prices that have been obtained for the ore. A noteworthy feature shown by the output figures is the substantial increase in the Mysore production. This is attributed to the rapid development of a recently discovered property at Bairapur from which a large pro- portion of the 1918 output was obtained. It is reported that about 30,000 tons of ore, averaging about 50 per cent. of chromic oxide, was produced from the Bairapur mine during 1918 and the early part of 1919, under a mining licence which expired in March, 1919. The following analysis represents the composition of a shipment of 1,200 tons of Bairapur chromium ore:—Cr,0,, 51:10; FeO, 21°44; Fe.0,, 1°08; Al,0;, 760; CaO, 060; MgO, 1213; MnO, 0°30; Si0,, 4°50; SO,, 0°05 ; combined water, &c., 1°30. A representative sample from a shipment of 10,000 tons of ore yielded about 50 per cent. of chromic oxide. The exports of chromium ore from India for the fiscal years ending March 31 have been as follows :-— 20 L1'ze | e2¥or | zze'e | Foret | goz's GL6FT | 06r‘9 9F8‘T 1799's g6g'g | TYLOL Ten‘, G6r - 00¢ 8E9'T 960°¢ IPL 96 09% 16) 168. | Sertyanog ‘| USI910,7 [e240], 6F8'S G6 = GT — Gg¢ 96 = OL a vo oedep 688 F re — a —_ 6S —s a ee = aes ais Apeay (aa 00¢ Seo T 960°S = _ 0S3 L&F L68‘T nae soured 986'FS | SLz'Or | sary | 99201 | GOT't 62e'sr | E09 | get | zor'g | ToL‘T wopSary poyay “6161 | ‘ST6T "LI6T “9161 “GI6T "PI6I “6161 “ST6T “LI6I “9T6T “ST6I "PI6T ‘On “(F) ongea ‘(suo y, Saorq) AyNUeny “Dipuy woufatcQ) unrmowyy fo squodasr 21 The imports of sodium and potassium bichromate into India during recent years have been as follows* :— oe Sodium bichromate. Potassium bichromate | Quantity Value Quantity Value long tons. £ long tons. £ 1914-15 ... as 187+ 5,574 103* 4,996 1915-16 ... de 352 13,732 163 11,882 1916217 secs 449+ 44,993 65* 11,120 1917-18 ... tes 820f 75,179 253* 54,328 t Except Bengal. The Director of Industries, United Provinces, stated in his report for 1916-17 that the commercial manufacture of bichromate of potash had been successfully established, and that local supplies had been of great value to the various industries. A company has recently been formed in Calcutta for the purpose of manufacturing chromium salts. Australia. Chromite is found at numerous localities in Australia, but, as shown in the world’s production table above, only a com- paratively small amount of the ore was obtained during the period under review. The output was irregular and was re- stricted to the States of New South Wales and Queensland, the production being as follows :— Production of Chromium Ore in Australia. | New South Wales. | Queensland. | Commonwealth. Year. Quantity Value | Quantity | Value. | Quantity |, Value. | (long tons).| (£). (long tons). | (£). | (long tons). (£). 1913 500 500 177 177 677 | 677 1914 649 649 — _— 649 | 649 1915 638 1,600 119 _— 757 1916 450 203 161 _— 611 1917 587 1,468 756 756 1,343 (22 1918 368 911 350 ! 350 718 1,261 1919 250 1 | Six mines contributed to the New South Wales output of chromite during 1917. * Indian Munitions Board Industrial Handbook, 1919. { Annual Reports of the Department of Mines, New South Wales. Annual Reports of the Under Secretary for Mines, Queensland. 22 In Queensland, the output during 1912 and 1913 was from the Elgalla mine near Cawarral, and in the latter year 1t was sent to the Mount Morgan Co. Of the 1918 output 185 tons were sent to Cloncurry, Mount Lyell and elsewhere. Australia was threatened with a shortage of ferro-alloys during the war, and in consequence of this threatened shortage the Advisory Council of Science and Industry, at the suggestion of the Federal Munitions Committee, carried out some experimental work on the manufacture of ferro-alloys, including ferro- chromium, in the Metallurgical Department of the University of Melbourne. The experiments were made with an electric furnace of the Heroult type. Chromium ore from Noumea in New Caledonia was used, as no supplies of Australian ore were available at the time. The ore had the following composition :—Cr,0, 51°72, FeO 1470, MgO 1418, A1,0, 1790, and SiO, 0°83 per cent. No anthracite could be obtained and coke containing 85°53 per cent. of fixed carbon was used as a reducing agent in the experiments that were made. It was found as a result of these experiments that the manufacture of ferro-chromium presented no special difficulties. The cost of production of the crude alloy was about 1s. per lb., and that of refining was about 54d. per lb., not reckoning labour. Current was paid for at the rate of 12d. per unit, but if used in large quantities it could have been obtained at 4d. per unit. FOREIGN COUNTRIES: Before the war, as already pointed out, New Caledonia was the only foreign country which had a chromium ore output comparable, with that of Rhodesia; but Greece, Russia, and Turkey pro- duced considerable amounts, whilst the outputs of Japan and the United States were small. Lack of freight facilities during the war revolutionized this order of things as is seen from the outputs for 1916, 1917 and 1918, which show that the United States became the leading factor in the world’s production of chromite during the last year of the war. | Greece. Chromite in Greece occurs chiefly in the eastern provinces and in the island of Skyros. It is mined in the districts of Pharsala, Nezero and Archani. The ore contains on the average between 34 and 42 per cent. of chromic oxide and from 3 to 5 per cent. of silica. It is serviceable as a refractory. The production and sales have been as follows during the years 19138-1919 :—* * Tableaux Statistiques du mouvement minier de la Grece. ; Sales. Year | Production (metric tons). Quantity | Value (metric tons). | (£).t 1913... ae eo 6,342 6,930 11,925 W914, aa ae 7,059 9,380 15,952 1915, re sie 10,420 7,520 16,411 1916... ws se 9,880 10,447 35,656 1917. ee ie 6,750 9,600 58,710 ae fests iti wraes 10,890 4,420 29,752 + Converted at the rate of 25 francs = £1. Serbia. Chromium ore is reported to have been mined by Germans during 1918 at Gorantza and Grechane; and chrome mines at Uskub in the Vardar valley are reported to have been worked by Bulgarians. Brazil. Chrome ore deposits of some importance near Queimadus and Bom-Fim in the State of Bahia were developed during 1918. The particular masses of ore then being worked were expected to yield from 20,000 to 25,000 tons. The ore produced contained from 44 to 46 per cent. of chromic oxide and was shipped to Phila- delphia. Cuba. Important chromite deposits are reported by the United States Geological Survey to occur in northern Cuba, mostly within 10 miles of the coast. They are of the ordinary type with a matrix of serpentine. The reserves of marketable ore are estimated to range from 92,500 to 170,000 long tons, but it was estimated that probably only about 2,000 tons would be shipped in 1918. Guatemala. Chromite deposits were discovered and exploited during the war in Guatemala. An output of 2,504 tons is reported for 1917, chiefly at the ‘‘ Mina Corona ’’ in the Jalapa district. United States.* The United States felt more than any other country the serious effect of the war on chromite supplies. Before the war the impor- tation of chromium ore from Rhodesia and New Caledonia was more economical than its production from the deposits in Cali- fornia and other western States, which are widely separated from the centres of the steel industry. The shortage of supplies from Rhodesia and New Caledonia, however, led to a large * Mineral Resources of the United States (Annual). Annual Report on the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. 24 increase in value, and stimulated production in the west. In the year 1914 the United States consumed 81,327 long tons of chromium ore valued at $704,360 made up of 591 tons of domestic ore and 80,736 tons imported. In the year 1918 it consumed 182,574 long tons valued at $6,830,816, made up of 82,350 tons of domestic ore and 100,224 tons imported, chiefly from Canada, Bhodesia, New Caledonia and Brazil. . Of the total output during 1916 in the United States, Cali- fornia produced 56,200 and Oregon 22,500 Jong tons. The comparatively small remainder was produced in Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Washington and Wyoming. When the war came to an end production fell to a compara- tively insignificant, amount, as the cost of domestic ore was substantially in excess of imported ore, and production in a large way in the western States had depended entirely on the abnormal demand and consequent high prices brought about by the war. As regards the quality of the ore mined and sold in the United States during 1917 it is reported that :— 10 per cent. contained from 30 to 38 per cent. of chromic oxide. 36 a A® 9? 38 a2 41 a) +? 22 32 a9 +9 29 41 >? 45 a) a8 a9 22 29 9 a 45 pia 50 2? a9 a9 The ore is consumed in the United States chiefly for the manu- facture of ferro-chrome, which is required largely for the manu- facture of high-speed steels; but large quantities are used also in the chemical trades, and for making the chromite refractories used extensively in metallurgical industries. The estimated relative amounts of chromium ore required for these different purposes during 1918 have been already mentioned (p. 5). The imports of chromium ore and chromium compounds into the United States are shown in the two following tables :— Imports of Chromium Ore into the United States. (In long tons.) Country from which | 7 teporial, 1913. | 1914. 1915. | 1916. 1917. 1918. bh Cuba... —_ = — | 34 17 8,821 Brazil ho ed eee — a = | 17,854 Canada a a = 533 | 10,087 | 12,220] 19,012 | 20,949 Australasia ... oss at = _ a = 17,039 England ws abs —_— 58 2 5 5 4 Greece bie a 4,600 | 8,155} 4,305 | 7,900 — — Japan we as 79 a — — — = French Oveani: ... | 21,850 | 30,860 | 28,021 , 33,936 — | 25,761 British S. Africa... | 30,001 | 23,200 | 34,039 | 61,850 | 42,550! 81591 Turkey in Asia...) 8,650 | 11,880) — ze Seay fee Guatemala ..0 0.) oe —_ 179 | 1,193 ' 1 Total... is 65,180 | 74,686 : 76,455 | 115,945 | 72,063 100,142 | ( | “G10 euNe Surpue ivek Og | | | | pert | ctu'y | ogo'g | | aaeg | at wr | sg | | : | | i | — 8661 | Z99'T | gests] ere TE = 006 0r9 m # , : ‘ ‘ ‘ : a 8 i 896 $2 - | 206% | Gass | 6IB'T % | * 66 = LT pS fp GGL L6¢'T | OOT‘T = | = Ee Ee tte ese | acim caltae | avila oot ‘e161 | “SIGI «= “LIGT. «+S “9TGT =| “GT6T =| “bIGT | “GI6T | “6I6T | “RI6T | “LTGI | “N6I | “ST6T i ! . As ; a “($) ongey “(q40) AqQUeny "saqnyy pay] ay} 0} spunodmoy wnimosyy) fo sjsoduy “epos JO a}VMOIGoIG puv = ayeutoig¢ “wantu -OIYDIOIIOF 10 emo1qo01laz pae winimo01yg9 OFI'9 | 10 amoryg “qsejod JO ayBuIoIqoIq pue oyemoiyo “** plow o1mo1yg On0'F $86 9OT 68 0G “GT61 | ‘PI6I i 26 Asia Minor. Chromium ore of good quality occurs in various parts of Asia Minor, notably in the Brusa district. The Dagh Ardi mines 1n this district are reported to have yielded about 15,000 tons a year during the war. The ore is of good quality and contains about 50 per cent. of chromic oxide. The workings are in part underground, and there is an elaborate ore-dressing plant, includ- ing up-to-date screens, classifiers, jigs and Wilfley tables. The mines were worked during the war to supply German require- ments. Other localities in the Brusa district from which chrome ore was obtained during the war were Miram, Kosludja, Artranlar, and Kaliar ; but a total of only 900 tons is reported as having been shipped from these localities though 16,500 tons were stacked and could not be shipped as there were no facilities for transport. New Caledonia. Chromium ore occurs abundantly in New Caledonia partly in the form of veins and irregular masses in serpentine and partly in the form of friable lumps embedded in ferruginous clay. The latter variety is easily worked and is much sought for not only on this account, but also because it is a high-grade ore. The most important deposits are those in the vicinity of the Tiebaghi mine where the chromite occurs in decomposed serpentine and has been concentrated near the surface by weathering agencies. The ‘Tiebaghi mine is within a few miles of the sea on the northern side of the island. Modern methods of mining, transport and loading are adopted in New Caledonia, and early during the war period furnaces were built at Noumea and Thio. There are hydro-electric plants at Tate and Tao, which have been built for the purpose of manufacturing ferro-chromium and ferro- nickel. REFERENCES TO TECHNICAL LITERATURE. Mineral Industry, edited by G. A. Roush; New York: McGraw Hill Book Co. (Annual). Rhodesia Chamber of Mines, Annual Reports Nos. 19-24; Bulawayo, 1913-1918. Report on mining operations in the province of Quebec, 1913-1918; Quebec, Dept. of Colonisation, Mines & Fisheries (Annual Reports). Annual Reports of the Director, Geological Survey of India, and Mineral Production of India (Annual), in Rec. Geol. Surv. India. Chrome iron ore in Mysore; Rec. Mysore, Geol. Surv., passim. Annual Reports of the Department of Mines of New South Wales, Sydney. Chromic Iron Ore, by J. S. Diller; U.S. Geol. Surv., Min. Res. U.S.A. Vol. 1. Metals (Annual). a7 1913. 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