OF 2 2 eae

WITH

 

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Revp. W.E. WITTER, wa,
_ Wokha, Naga Hills, Assam. — _ ae =r

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

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CORNELL

UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
“Tilia
OUTLINE GRAMMAR

OF

THE LHOTA NAGA LANGUAGE;

WITH

A VOCABULARY AND ILLUSTRATIVE SENTENCES.

BY

Rev. W. E. WITTER, M.A,

WOKHA, NAGA HILLS, ASSAM,

 

CALCUTTA: Pi
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1888, Ay ous
CH Se y
G@ (1 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PREFACE ‘ . . ,
ALPHABET ‘ e .
PRONUNCIATION . : -

Tue ARTICLE . * é
Nouns ‘ - 7 .

ADJECTIVES . ‘ 5

OrpINAL ADVERBS 5 :
PRONOUNS . . .
THE VERB . 5 ‘ :

Apverss, ADVERBIAL PHRASES

POSTPOSITIONS . . .
ConjJUNCTIONS . %
INTERJECTIONS . .

TABLE OF MONEY, ETC. .

SYNTAX ri . 5 :

PHRASES ILLUSTRATING THE USE OF

PHRASES ILLUSTRATING THE USE OF

GENERAL CONVERSATION .

ENGLISH LHOTA VOCABULARY

.

AND AFFIXES .

VERBS °

.

THE DIFFERENT PARTS

oF SPEECH

Pact

12
13
14
23
28
28
35
52
55
56
59

‘59

62
65
70
79
85
PREFACE.

 

My object in preparing this brief work has been to furnish
some assistance to any who, either in the interests of good
government or of the Christian religion, may wish to acquire
the Lhdta Naga language.

With the exception of a few words collected by Captain
John Butler, B.S.c., the following Outline Grammar, with a
vocabulary and illustrative sentences, is the first presenta-
tion of the speech of the Lhota Nagas.

I gratefully acknowledge the interest taken in my labours
by Mr. W. E. Ward, M.A., C.S., Chief Commissioner of
Assam, through whose kindness this publication has been
made possible; and also the assistance I have derived from
the perusal of an article by Mr. John Avery, M.A., on the
‘Ad Naga Language of Southern Assam,” reprinted from
the American Journal of Philology, Volume VII, No. 3, and an
“ Outline Grammar of the Angami Naga Language” by Mr.
R. B. McCabe, C-.S.

I am especially indebted to my wife, who has travelled
with me through the mazes of this new language and by many
helpful suggestions has added much to the accuracy of the

following pages.
W. E. WITTER.

WOKHA NAGA HILLS,
The goth September 1887.
ALPHABET.

In preparing the following pages for the Government Press, I
have followed the suggestions of Mr. C. J. Lyall, C.LE, employing
as an alphabet for the Lhota Naga language the Roman character
with the help of diacritical marks, as follows :—

VOWELS.

a—unmarked, short as in “company,” like the sound of w in
“but.”

a—long, as in “ father.”

a@—broad, as in “ball.”

&—sharp, as in “ pan.”

e—unmarked, as in “then,” “ met,” “bed.”

é—ior the sound of ey in “they” or a7 in “aim.”

¢#—unmarked, as in “thin.”

z—long, as in “ machine,” never for z in “ shine.”’

o—unmarked, a medium sound, neither so short as in “not” nor
so long as in ‘‘naught.”

6—long, as in “bone.”

é—a peculiar sound, somewhat resembling the German @ in
“*schén.”

u—like wz in “pull,” “bull,” never the sound of wz in “hull,”
“skull.”

a—\long sound of go in English.

ti—a thin, light sound of u, about half-way between the sound of
w in “but” and the sound of # in “bull.”

DIPHTHONGS.
ai—as ze in “‘lie.”
au—as ow in “how.”
yu—as ut in “suit.”
oi—as oy in “boy.”

CONSONANTS.
é—as in English. ;
c—is discarded, except in ch as in “church,” and chk a prolonga-
tion of the same sound, and when it follows the letter s in
order to prolong or slightly aspirate that letter.
d—as in English,
jas in English.
8. Alphabet.

 

g—discarded, except when in combination with z, as in “song.”

j—discarded.

k—as in English.

/—as in English.

m—as in English,

n—as in “now.”

z—gives a nasal intonation to a vowel, and corresponds with the

sundrobindu_ of Assamese and Bengali, This nasal intona-
tion of vowels is very common in Lhota Naga.

ng—like ng in “song.”

p—as in English,

g—discarded. sw = the sound of gu in “ queer.”

v—as in English.

rr—employed when + is strongly trilled.

s—as in “ this.”

sh—as in “shall.”

¢#—as in English.

th—as in “hot-house.”

v—as in English.

w—as in English.

«—discarded,

s—as in English.

_ Lhota Naga unlike the Aé abounds in aspirate consonants.
Besides those above mentioned, the following are more or less
frequent :—

ah, fh, kh, lh, mh, ph, phh, rh and zh.

A peculiar sound is sometimes given to the consonants d and /.
As these sounds are infrequent and can only be learned by ear, I
have thought it unnecessary to add any distinguishing mark.

The letters 4, & and v are often mute, as is also g following x.

The number of letters that are used interchangeably in Lhota
Naga are surprisingly large: some are interchangeable in certain
words, and not in others.

A few illustrations will indicate the variety of these mutations,

VOWELS.

a and d—lamatero, lamatero = this and that.
ad and e—taro, tero = ten.

@ and o—nna, nno = you.

é@ and o—rokra, rdkro = sixty.

e and 7—theni, thingi = with, toward.

e and i—mepok, mipok = ashes.
Alphabet.

 

e and ai—yantse, yantsai = poor man.

i and z—otsi, otsii = rice.

6 and #—nchokapen, nchiikapen = daily.
6 and y#—iché, dchyi = tomorrow.

te and wi—efiie, efwi = thief.

CONSONANTS.

6 and p—dlab, dkap = a grave.

6 and v—ekab, ekav = a bribe.

ch and kh—dkhia, Schia = who.

dl and dr—eké hendlyaiwo, ekd hendrawo = a span,
A and p—tamhé, tampd = another.

kh and ¢h—khiala, thiala = shoots,

Zand 2—n-li, n-ni = is not.

mand p—dmdms, dpop6 = himself.

m and x—m-m§, n-va = is not.

m and v—m-ma, n-va = is not.

m and w—m-mo, n-wo = not go.

mand y—nj, yi = you.

mand z—6lan, olan = road, path.

n and ug—theni, thingi = with, to.

p and s—poktheta, soktheta = put on the upper cloth.
tsi and ¢zii—kyodntsi, kyoutzii = all men.
 
OUTLINE GRAMMAR

OF

THE LHOTA NAGA LANGUAGE,

WITH

A VOCABULARY AND ILLUSTRATIVE SENTENCES.

 

Lhata Naga may be described as a “‘non-Aryan”’ language of the
Indo-Chinese stock.

It constitutes the speech of about thirty thousand Nagas who
occupy sixty villages, all but four of which are included in the Wokha
subdivision of the Naga hills.

Their location may be more exactly defined as lying on the
southern edge of the Sibsagar district, having as their southern
boundary the Doyang river as it enters the hills, and thence follow-
ing the curve of the hills to about 20° 20’ N. Lat., where they are
met by the Ad or Hatigoria tribe of Nagas.

Like the speech of neighbouring tribes, Lhota Naga is found to be
in the early stages of agglutination.

Its monosyllabic base is quite apparent, but in its present state it
is unquestionably rather dissyllabic than monosyllabic. In this it
corresponds with Ao Naga.

The tendency to dissyllabify the language is seen from the fact
that nearly every noun, which would otherwise be a monosyllable,
becomes a dissyllable by assuming the prefix 6, which prefix is again
dropped so soon as a possessive or modifying word can unite with the
stem of the noun to form a dissyllable, e.g.,—

Oyan = village.
Niyan = your village.
Otchhi = water.
Elam = hot.

Tchiilam = hot-water.
12 List of Common Words.

 

PRONUNCIATION.

The marked varieties of intonation and pronunciation of words
and sentences among persons of the same, and more particularly
among those of different villages, together with the use of certain
root words, which, in the development of the language, have lapsed
into so vague and general a signification, that they are now simply
used as particles to modify the meaning, and relations of other words
constitute the chief difficulties in acquiring the languages of these
rude hill tribes,

The chief cause of the difference in the pronunciation of words is
clearly traceable to the isolated lives of the natives, As each village
occupies a separate hill-top and has little communication with other
villages, except for occasional purposes of trade, or when they join
the war-path against some common enemy, a dialect is developed,
distinguishable at once from that of every other village.

Again, in all Naga land there are small groups of villages which,
by frequent and friendly intercourse, have produced dialects charac-
teristic of these several groups.

In acquiring the language it is well to employ, as far as possible,
individuals representing these several groups, especially if the differ-
ence in dialects is not too marked.

Lhota Naga has been very aptly characterised as a “hilly lan-
guage.” Sentences are sometimes spoken in waves of sound, beauti-
fully balanced, and not unmusical. More often, however, the progress
of a sentence is jagged, abrupt and precipitous in its utterance.
Slight difference in stress is the only distinguishing feature of many
words. Thus, yid means either to go or to come, éyaz = a village or
another person, 6s@ =a sitting-place or to wait, duang = pith or a
stone, &c., &c.

These differences in accent can only be properly learned by ear,
and I have made no attempt to mark tones or emphasis except in the
single instance of negatives, These are indicated by a dash following
the syllable of negation, which is always to be pronounced on a much
higher key than the rest of the word.

M-ma = is not.

Mma = stomach. (The two ems in the latter case are to be pro-
nounced on nearly the same key.)

N-li = is not.

Nii, or nni = tongue.
The Article. 13

 

It should also be remembered that the voice always falls at the close
of a sentence, and in double interrogatives, where the verbal root is
reduplicated, the first syllable of the interrogative verb is to be spoken
on a much higher key than the rest of the word. These forms of inter-
rogation are fully explained under interrogative forms of the verb.

For remarks on interchangeable and mute letters, see under

. Alphabet.

In the study of Lhota Naga much care should be taken to ascertain,
so far as possible, the precise meaning in each case of those root-
words which have ceased to be used as words by themselves, but
combine with the roots of other words to modify their meanings and
relations.—See under Verbal Modifiers.

ARTICLE.

Indefinite Article.—In Lhota Naga the place of the indefinite
article is supplied by the demonstrative particles xchyaa = “ one,”
referring to individuals of the human species, and matsanga or
ntsanga = “one” of any class of objects.

I see a man—
Ana Kyén nchyaa hiingala.
os ”, matsanga ,,
Lit.—I man one see.
I see a bird—
Anda woro matsanga hiingala.
» » atsanga 3
Lit.—I bird one see.

The above particles are employed, however, only when special
attention is drawn to the fact that but one object is mentioned.

Definite Article.—Strictly speaking, there is no definite article.
Its place is supplied by the demonstrative pronouns shi = “ this ” and
chi = “that,” and by the relative pronoun chi or chi = “the one.”

Give me the book.
Kako shi a pid.
Lit.—Book this me give.
a me the walking-stick.
Charéong chi @ pia.
Lit.—Walking-stick that (at some distance) me give.

The boy who came yesterday,
Nché nuingor erowichi.
Lit.—Yesterday boy coming the one.
14 Nouns.

 

; The particle cho also, a frequent affix of nouns and pronouns,
_ seems often to have the force of the definite article :

i
This is good, that is bad.
Shicho mhina, ochicho m-mho.
Lit.—This the good, that the bad.

NOUNS.
I,.—CLASSIFICATION.

Under the classification of nouns I need only refer to the forma-
tion of collective, verbal or participial, and diminutive nouns,

I.—Collective nouns are formed by affixes or added words

signifying a collection of objects of the same kind:—

The affix ¢z# or ¢siz signifies all, large, whole.

Kyéontzi = all men.

Metatzii = all places, the whole place.

Yantzi = a large village, — one containing many men and
many houses.

Kyontziiyan = all villages.

Oyan ekdni = the whole village, — all the inhabitants, all

the fighting men.

The affix yo from dyo = a group, clump.

Kyonyo = a group of men.

Oténgyo = a clump of trees.

Eyo = we (the group of us).

The affix ¢ez from ofen = herd, flock, shoal.

Mangsiiten = a herd of cows.

Nien = you (several), (the flock of you).

Weoroten = a flock of birds.

Ongoten = a shoal of fish.

1].—Verbal or participial nouns are formed by—
(1) Affixing phen or pen to the verbal root :—
Kokthe = to sit.
Kokthephen = a sitting-place, a chair.
Eram = to write.
Eramphen = an instrument for writing, a pen,
(2) By affixing ex to the verbal root :—
Shisho = to trade.
Shishoen = a trader.
Oyéncho = to work in metals.
Nouns. 15

 

Oyénchéen = a worker in metals, a blacksmith.
Yonchoen = ” ” ” ”

(3) By employing both the prefix e and the affix en :—
Oyéncho = to work in metals,
Oyén echoen = a worker in metals.
Vii = to sew.
Eviien = a tailor.

When the verbal root ends in d@m or en, the derivative noun is
formed by simply changing the final z to z nasal, and prefixing e to
the verbal root. The prefix e is sometimes suppressed for the sake
of euphony :— ,

Ongoyen = to sell fish. Evan = to write.
Ongoeyen = afish-monger.| raz = a writer.

4. By affixing to the verbal root the participial affix wd, sometimes
for euphony md or 6, one form of the verb “to go” signifying “gone,”
“become”, and the further affix chi, the third personal pronoun,
which, when thus employed, becomes a relative. Nouns thus formed
generally take the prefix e:

Tso = to eat. Van = to stay.
Etséwochi = (he) who eats. Evanméchi = the one who stays.

See again under formation of adjectives.
Diminutive nouns are formed by means of the affixes v0, dro, réro—

Village = Oyan. Duck = Photak.

Small village = Yaudro. Duckling = Photakro,
Leaf = Lomo. Woman = £iié.

Leaflet = Léméro. Girl = Eliéroro. i

Note 1.—The affix Ade used with nouns signifies “another ” :

Yampée = another village.
Naiipoe = another year.
Tsang? si = another day.
Engipoe
Note 2.—The word thampa, thémho, signifying another, sometimes becomes an
affix, and itself takes the affix thang denoting “ time”:
Oyan = village.
Yanthamo = another village.

Ti We ene F
= another time.
Tamhothang ap a
Notg 3.—Nearly every noun which is not a dissyllable becomes such by means 0
\

2
the prefix 3, which is again dropped so soon as a possessive or other modifying word can bi
unite with it to form a word of two or more syllables: ,
16 Attributes of Nouns.

 

Oki = house.

Aki = my house.
Otchhi = water.
Elamo = hot.
Tchhilam = hot-water.

Shena = hot.
Tchhiishen = hot-water.
Oténg = tree.

Etsi = Sahab.

Etsiténg = Sahab’s tree.

ATTRIBUTES OF NOUNS.

].—GENDER.

In Lhéta Naga the distinctions of gender apply only to animate
objects, which are either male or female, and are indicated in two

ways :—

(1) By the use of different sexual names which are confined to
words implying human relationships.
(2) By added words for male and female.

1—Different Sexual Names.

Masculine,
Bachelor = Khyandroe.
Boy = Ongo.

Brother (younger) = Onyui
(older) = O¢a.

Brother-in-law = Onang.

Father = Opa.

Grandfather = Omotzi..

Husband = Orapvii.

Husband = Of: khamo.

Uncle (paternal) Opéramo,

Opére.
Uncle (maternal) Omo.

 

Feminine.
Maid = Lérée.
Girl = Oka.

Sister = Oyzliie,

Sister-in-law = Omi.
Mother = Oyo, dpuu.
Grandmother = Ofz#.
Wife = E-ng.

Wife = Ok7 kham.
Aunt (paternal) = Ono.

Aunt (maternal) = Ophyo.

11.—Added words for Male and Female.

These words differ somewhat according to the class of objects
referred to. Thus, the word for male is epié, and the word for
female elié, respectively, of human beings, and dpong = male, and
6khé = female, when applied to the lower animals.

(1) Added words for Male and Female:—Human Species.
As in other languages, many names of animate objects convey

in themselves no idea of gender:

Niungér = any young person, not an adult.

Ningor epié = boy; Nangor elié = gil.
Attributes of Nouns. 17

 

Otsée = child.
Otsée epiié = male child; Otsée eliié = female child.

Negaro = infant.
Nearo epié = male infant.
Ngdaro elié = female infant.

Chenchi engat = servant.
Chenchi engai epiié = man servant. Chenchi engat elié =
female servant.

Kyén =a Lhota Naga.
Kyou epié =a Lhota man. Kydn elié=a Lhota woman,
Nagini. .
The word £yémz seems to be the nearest approach to a general
term for man, although in its general application it has reference
only to individuals of the Lhota tribe.

(2) Added words for Male and Female:—Lower Animals.
Phurro = dog.

Masc.—Phurro dpong, phurry pong, phupong.
Fem.—Phurro okhé.

Ziro = rat.
Masc.—Ziro dping, ziro pong.
Fem.—Ziro okh6o.

Hono = fowl.
Mase.—Hampong = cock.
Fem.—Hankhé = hen.

Norte.—It will be seen from the above that these added words by contraction
often become really affixes of the term denoting the species. Sometimes, owing to
euphonic changes, quite a different word is produced. Thus, the words for cock and

hen noted above.

II.—NUMBER.

In Lhéta, as in other Naga languages, number is indicated by no
special sign when the context renders this unnecessary.

When, however, the context is considered an insufficient guide as
to the number of objects referred to, mcifia = “one,” applied only
to individuals of the human species, and matsanga or ntsanga = “one”
of any class of objects, are used to denote the singular number; and

either the demonstrative pronouns shang, shiano, hidno = “these,”
B
18 Attributes of Nouns.

 

and chiang, chiano, chian, 6teno = “ those,” or one of several nouns
of multitude, are used to denote plurality of objects :

Yesterday a man came.
Nehé kyén nchyaa rocho.
Lit.— Yesterday man one came.
Nché nehyaa roa.
Lit.—Yesterday one (man) came.
I have one horse.
A korr matsangé lia.
Lit.—My horse one is.
The men have gone.
Kyén shiang yichaka.
Kyén chiang yichaka.
Kyén 6téna yichaka.

The more common nouns of multitude are d¢em = flock, herd,
shoal; 6yo =a clump, group; #4d/6k = a pile, a company, a gather-
ing; enni etham = two or three; mez miungo = four or five, &c.,
&c., signify ‘ several.”

Terraro = a few, several.
Elam = many.

In Lhéta, as in the AG and Angami Naga languages, a rudimentary
dual is seen in the use of the numeral adjective two = oz in Lhéta
(na in Ad and Angami) whenever they wish to express duality.

He and my brother have gone to the bazaar.
Shiha ata oni shi shophent iya.
Lit.—He and my brother two bazaar to have gone.
We (he and I) will come. ,
Shi eni iyi.
Lit.—He we two will come.
Note.—Angami Naga for the same would be He na vortowe,
Andrew and Philip.
Andria Filip oni.
Lit,—Andrew Philip two.

Notz.—4é Naga for the above would be Andria dser Filip na,
Lit.—Andrew and Philip two.
Attributes of Nouns. \ 1g

 

In Lhéta the word for two is occasionally omitted when two are
spoken of:
My brother and his brother went.
Ata na shi 6ta té wocho.
Here the particle na is the conjunction ‘‘and,’’ and the particle ¢6
following 6¢4@ is frequently used when two or more objects are spoken
of in succession.

IIT.—CASE,
In Lhéta Naga case relations are denoted by an incomplete sys-
tem of declension, and also by the use of postpositions—words
used like prepositions but always placed after the word governed.

1.—Nominative Case.

(1) The subject-nominative of an active transitive verb ends in md.

When there are two or more nominatives to the same verb, the
particle 7d is affixed only to the one nearest the verb.

The conjunction z@ =“ and” is not to be confounded with the affix
na of the subject-nominative.

(2) The subject-nominative of an intransitive verb is generally
the crude form of the noun, or the crude form with the affix cho.

Occasionally, however, the subject of an intransitive verb ends in zd. |

The horse eats grass,
Korrna ochak tséala.
Your father is calling you.
Nipona ni tsala.
Your brother and my brother killed a tiger.
Nita na ataténa mhurr langtata.
Norz.—The xd following #7fa is the conjunction ‘‘and,” and the zé affixed to
Gtaia the sign of the nominative case.

This is good, but that is bad.
Hicho mhona, 6si ochicho m-mhé.

I am tired.
A moktata.
The cow is hungry.
Mangsii wontontsanga,

49 wontontata.
T will go.
Ana wo, atyo wo.
He has gone.
Shi yichaka, shina yichaka.

B2
20 Attributes of Nouns.

 

2.—Genitive Case.
The genitive case is expressed simply by position before the
governing noun:
What is your brother’s name?
Nita myangcho schowéla ?
L7it.—Your brother name what is ?

His name is Onhyawo.
Shi myang Onhyiwo.
Shi myangcho Onhyawo.

3.-—Dative Case.

Nouns in the dative end inz = “to” and o =“ for,” or take the
postpositions efchi, etchii, etscéna =“‘for,” theni, thingi =“‘to,” and
pana, nz0, sirra and theni, thingi = “with.” These last may be
classed as dative or ablative of accompaniment :

I will go to your village.
Ana ni yani wo.
Lit.—I your village to will go.

Note.—When the noun ends in d, it unites with the z, the sign of the dative, to
form the diphthong az: eg.—

I will go to the jungle.
And 6rai wo.
He has gone for wood.
Shinad étsango iya.
I came to see your house.
Ana niki zelo rocho.
Lit.—I your house for (the purpose of) seeing came.
Sometimes the noun remains unchanged :
Give this to Onhyuwo,
Shi Onhyiixvo pia.
The dative “for” expressed by means of the postposition etchi,

etchi or etscona:
Buy a cloth for my brother,

A ta etchit dscit shia.
Lit.—My brother for cloth buy.
When persons are spoken of in the dative case with “to,” this
preposition is sometimes indicated by the postposition ¢heni or

thingi: e.g.—
= e Go to the Sahab.

Etsi theni woa,
Attributes of Nouns. 21

 

The Babu sold his pony to my brother.
Babina 6m6 korr ata theni yena.
The following sentences illustrate the use of the dative or ablative
of accompaniment :—
He eats with me.
Shind a theni otst tsoala.
Come with me.
A panda roa.
He-went with the Sahab.
Shicho etsi sirra wocho.
He stays with me.
Shina &@ nzo vanala.
_ We sleep together
Eni nzo ytpala.
It will be seen in the last two sentences that zo seems to be

used in the one case asa postposition governing the pronoun 4@,
and, in the other case, as an adverb of manner qualifying the verb.

4.—Accusative Case.
In the accusative case we have the crude form of the noun: e.g.—
He eats salt,= Shind oma tséala.
When the verb has two objective complements, one direct and
the other indirect, the latter stands nearest the verb: e.g.—
He gave me salt = Shina omé @ picho.

5.—A blative Case.
The affix x@ is generally the sign of the ablative case. It is,
however, sometimes omitted : e.g.—

Whence did you come ?

Nno kidina richola?

I came from my house.

A kina rocho.

He has gone from here.

Shi hellind yichaka.

I killed him with (by means of) a stone.

Anda énungna shi ephiatsangcho.

You go by boat, I’ll go afoot.

Nno shrongena wa, atyo échoena iyd.
For postpositions see under Dative and Locative Cases,
.

22 Attributes of Nouns.

 

6.—Locative Case.

In the locative case we have the crude form of the noun, the
same with the terminations 7 = “in,” 0 or Jo = “on,” and we or
wi = ‘in the direction of,” “on,” ‘upon, ”’ or the simple noun with
the postpositions :—

Onangi = in, among.

Tachiingi = in, inside.

Opéni = on, upon.

Okapi= below, under, &c., &c. _

Shicho shat theta.
Shicho sha ningi theta.
Kako loko tia. #
Kako lokolo lia.
Tsangthi dtongo lia.
Tsangthi téngwe mpapa.
He is in the house = Shi 6hi tachiing: vanda.

Put this in the basket =

The book is on the ground =

The fruit is on the tree = {

The orange is on the table = Kongken pilang poni lid.
Put my shoes under the table = A chékad pilang kapi vata.

You stand at my left hand and let him stand at my
right hand = Nuo dmymwe vanda, shi atyiwe vantoka.

Still other postpositions will be found in the Vocabulary, in the
list of Postpositions and in the list of Adverbs, Adverbial Phrases and
Affixes.

Note 1.—Nouns and adverbs take the affix ¢2, #2, signifying “ only,” “alone,”
‘ just, 966 only. ”
Only the Sahab came = Etsz#i récho.
He has just gone = Nthangati iya.
Note 2.—It will be found that the case endings and postpositions mentioned

above interchange their meanings to some extent according to the words with which
they happen to be used, as is also the case in 45 Naga.

Note 3.—When a noun is modified by a following adjective, the case temination
or the postposition follows the latter, or, in other words, the adjective is inflected instead
of the noun. This is also the case in 4a Naga : e.g.—

My white pony eats oranges—
A korr emmhiwochina kéngke tséala.
There is much fruit on the large tree.
Otong tsapélo tsangthi elam lia.
Lit,—Tree large on fruit much is,
Adjectives. 23

 

‘The red hen is a great layer,
Hono emyammochina elam echiala,

Notge 4.—Nouns, adjectives and verbs are in their root forms indistinguishable
from one another: e.g.—

Etsowo. {

Eatables = 17 sdpen epern. |
C£tsoya@ (food and drink). |
Eatable = Etsdwo. |
Not eatable = N-fséwo.
Good to eat = Ets mhénda.
An eater = Ltsde, tsée.
The one who eats = Ltséwéchi, etsdwochii.
Eating = Tséna.
Eats = 7soald, ts6a, tsé.
To eat = 736, etsdlo, tsdlo.
Note 5.—The particle e, which often appears as a prefix to nouns, adjectives and
supines, seems like the prefix ¢e before consonants and ¢ before vowels in Ad Naga
to have no formative significance, and may be assumed or thrown off at pleasure. It is

perhaps slightly intensive in character, but is more likely assumed for the sake of
euphony and to avoid the occurrence of monosyllabic words.

ADJECTIVES.

1.—FORMATION.

As noted above, adjectives take the case affixes of the nouns
which they qualify, or are followed by the postpositions governing
those nouns. In this sense only can they be said to have declen-
sion :—

There is fruit on the tall tree = Otong sapélo tsangthi mpapa.

Lit.—Tree tall on fruit is.
My new pony kicked a boy = A horr ethana nungor epacho.
Lit,—My pony new boy kicked.
Adjectives sometimes precede the nouns which they qualify :—
A wise man = Wisi kyon. |

Simple adjectives are made participial or verbal by means of the
double affix wéchi, explained under verbal or participial nouns.
These participial adjectives have a prevailingly relative sense and
stand in situations where in English we ordinarily employ a relative
clause :— :

Put the “dao” in the large basket = Ohan tsapowochi ningi lepok

hi theta.
24 Adjectives. -

 

Lit.—Basket large the one in ‘‘dao”’ this place.
Nore 1.—It is interesting to note that in Ad Naga the particle b@ changed from pa,
the third personal pronoun, becomes the affix of verbal adjectives and nouns, and is used

in a relative sense precisely as chi or chii in Lhata.
Thus in A6—

Bushi = sought.
Bushiba = (he) who sought.
In Lhota—
Yana = seeking, sought.
seeking gone the one.
(he) who seeks.
(he) who sought.
the seeker.
Note 2.—Professor John Avery, in his Outline of ‘The Ad Naga in Southern
Assam,” says a suffix nearly identical in form and use with the one in Ad quoted above

occurs in Lepcha, thus from 7@k = “to read” is formed 700d = ‘‘a reader.”
In Lhota—

Yammichi =

Eram = tc write.

writing gone the one
Evramméchi = | (he) who writes,

the writer.

Professor Avery adds, ‘It is curious also to observe the syllable
6a is both the relative pronoun and the adjective-forming prefix in
Khasi, a language which, though bordering on the Naga tongues, is
supposed to be quite unrelated to them.”

Note 3.—The use of the participial affix wa = “ gone,” “ become” in the formation

of verbal or participial adjectives and nouns, may perhaps be more readily understood,
if we illustrate some of its uses as a verb and participle :—

How old are you ? ;
Ni poksi nzti kota wola ?
Lit.—You having been born years how many gone ?
How many days has he been absent ?
Shi yisi nchék kita wéla ?
Lit.—He having gone days how many gone ?
He has been absent two days,
Shi yisi nchok enni we.
Lit.—He having gone day’s two gone.
You are taller than I,
Alyo ni sapé wo.
Lit.—I you tall gone or become.
2.—COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES,

(1) Comparative.—When two objects are compared

Poa in a de-
clarative sentence, the adjective takes the Participial affix wé

ee 6 ”
= “gone,
Adjectives. 25

 

“become’’, sometimes for euphony mé or 0, and the subject of the
expression is placed after the object with which the comparison
is made: e.g.—
You are taller than I.
Alyé ni sapd wo.
Lit.—I you tall gone or become.
You eat more than I.
Aryé ni khyangwé tséala.
Lit.—I you hard gone eat. ,
I am teHer than you. ot er
Nua G ramé.
Lit.—You I old become.

This is better than that.
Shicho chi mhimé.

Lit.—This that good gone or become.

In interrogative sentences comparisons are denoted by repeating
the adjective, first, with the participial affix wd, m6, or o followed by
the interrogative affix d/o; and, secondly, with the same participial
affix followed by the interrogative affix @/4@ :—

Which is the better, Kohima or Wokha ?
Kéhime mhimoalo Wokhe mhomééla ?
Which are the better, cows or horses ?
Mangsit mhimédlo korr mhimééla ?
Cows are better.

Mangsit mhomé.

Are you the taller, or am I the taller ?
Ni sapéalo, a sapoéla ?

I am the taller; you are the shorter.

A sapow6s ; ni hendrowo.

Is this the sweeter or is that the sweeter ?
Shi enangoalo chi enangoéla ?

This is sweeter.

Shi enangwo.

(2) Superlative—The superlative degree is expressed by using
the pronominal adjective “all”, or a numeral indicating the whole
number of objects under consideration before the name of the
26 Numerals.

 

individual supposed to possess the quality par excellence, together
with the adjective with the affix wd, mé, 0:—

This is the largest boy.
Langa ningér shi tsapowd.

Lit.—All boys this large gone or become. °
This is good, this is good, but this is the best of all.
Shi mhé, shi mhé, téaha langa shi mhémé.
Lit.—This good, this good, but all this good gone or

become.

3. NUMERALS.

(1)
1—Ekha.
2—Enni.
3—Etham.
‘  4—Mezii.
5—Miungo.
6—Tirék.
q—Ti-ing, tscang.
8—Tiza.
o— Taku.

10—Tavro, tard, tero.

11—TZaro sii, or si ekha.

12—Taro si enni.
13—Taro sit etham.
14—Tavo si mezi..
15—Taro sii mango.
16—TZaro sii tivok.
17—Taro si titng.

 

CARDINALS.

18—Taro sii tizd.
19—TZaro sit toké
20—Mekwi, or mekwii.
21—Mekwii sit ekha.
22—Mekwit si etham,

&c., &c.
30—Thamdro.
40—Ziro.
50—Tingya.
60—Rékro.
7o—Ekha tscang, ekha

titng.

80—LEkha tiza.

oo—Lkha toka.

100—Ekha taro=nz0, nzu.
1,000—Thanga.

Notes on the Numerals.

Among the Lhotas counting is done on the fingers and toes, and

as far as possible, by tens,

Tally is kept by the use of small sticks or on strings of large

beans.

Ekha = one, is used only in counting. When single objects are

specified, nchyaa, matsanga and ntsanga = “one,

” are used instead

of ekha; nchyua, being applied only to human beings: e. g.—

One man = |

Kyon nchyaa.
Kyén matsangéa.
Kyéon ntsanga,
Numerals. 27

 

Mangsii matsanga.

Mangsi ntsanga.

Nine = 76k or ekhana tato mpam.
Lit.—By one ten wanting.

One cow =

The particle sz like the word £7é in Angami Naga means ‘added
to,” “increased,” “more”: e.g.—

Eleven = 7aro sit ekha.
Lit.—Ten more one.
Give me one more = Matsanga @ pisa.

NotE.—The vowel z is here changed to d, the regular ending of the imperative.

Sixteen = 7aro si tirék = Ten and six, or
Meziinad mekwit m-pen = By four twenty incomplete.

This latter method of counting is in general use among the Ad
and Angami tribes. When the point between ten and twenty is
reached, the mind seems to run forward to the succeeding ten and
completes the calculation by mentioning the number of digits there
are short of the higher number. The Lohtads generally prefer the
former method, although they frequently employ the latter. On
reaching twenty-one they often call attention to the fact that thirty
is the next ten, by saying mekwit si thamdrowe ckhha = twenty and,
toward thirty, one, after which they count on to thirty calling the
digits in regular order, thus, mekd si ennt = twenty and two, &c.
Then again in the same way.

They also sometimes proceed throughout by mentioning each
time how many have been counted in the direction of the next ten, or
how many their calculation falls short of it.

Thirty = Thamdro = ‘‘three tens,” from etham = three and
taro = ten.

Forty = Ziiro = “four tens,” from mesdé = four and ¢a@vo = ten.

FRACTIONS. -
One-half = Péko.
One and one-half = Matsanga sii poko.
One-third = Echt etham chiiche matsanga.
Lit.—Parts three division one.

(2) ORDINALS,

(A) Ordinal Adjectives.

First = Ovdngochu (the one in front).
Second= ,, sila@mo (the one in front behind).
28

Pronouns,

 

Third = Ovdangéchi chito énéi silamo (the one in front that
one two behind), &c., &c., or
Ennoachii silamo (the again behind).

(B) Ordinal Adverbs.

Once = Chéa, echéda, echiinga.
Twice = Echéni, eching enni.
Thrice = Echéetham, eching etham.,

(C) Multiplicatives.

Singly = Mutsangtsangna (one by one).
By twos = Enni nina (two by two).
By threes = Etham thamna (three by three).

PRONOUNS.

In Lhéta Naga the case relations of pronouns are indicated by
postpositions, The nominative and ablative cases take the affix n@
under the same circumstances as do nouns. The same words are
used for both masculine and feminine genders.

es

(1) PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

l= 4, al, atyo, akha.
Singular} You = Nd, nnd, né, nnd, nina, yt.
He, she, it = Hi, shi, chi, chit.
We=E ete.
You = Mi, nino, nten, yi.
They = Aang, shiang, shidno, chiang chidno,
chiang, ott, onte.

Plural—

Shi enni = “we” in the expression “he and I.”
Shi na até = he and I.

Eni = we (you and I).

Ni né @ ¢t6 = you and I.

Nini = You two.

Ochi té 6ni = they two (at some distance).

Shi to 6ni = these two (near at hand),
Pronouns. 29

 

Personal Pronouns Illustrated.
Iam calling = And tsala.
I don’t go for wood = Azyo dtsango m-mé.
It is] = Akha, Akhanyd, Alala.
The expression A khanya seems to be about equal to the
English expression ‘I, if you please.”
Iam hungry = A wénténtsangala.
Iam tired = A mékthata.
Iam sleepy = Az ying hngtata.
This is my property = Shicho @ tsaki.
For genitive forms see under Possessive Pronouns :—
My brother is waiting for me in the road=A facho a tscona
olamena & hnyakavana.
Come to me = A ¢hingi rod.
Did you buy this for me? = No shicho a tchit shichonting ?
oe Did he give it to you? = Shina chi ni pipila ?
They are keeping this for you = Oténa ni etscna shi vatala.
It will be noticed that the dative of “you”’ always ends in z:—
We will beat them = End shian tapoa.
Will you go with them or not? = Mtend shiang pana
wowola ?
Let those two go = Heté éni wotoka.
When I was ill they came = A pirapathang hiano rocho.
They went some time ago = Otena 6si wicho.

(2) POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

Possessive pronouns immediately precede the name of the object
possessed: e.g.—
My house = A ki.
Your house = Ni £i.
His house = Shi ki, m6 ki.
Our house = Eki, enki, etenki.
Your house =Nin ki, nten ki.
Their house = Ofex ki, onte hi, chuang ki, shtang ki.
30 Pronouns.

 

The adjective “own,” frequently found connected with the posses-
sive case of the personal pronoun, is 6md, Omdchi:-—

My own house = A machi ki.
Your own house = Ni méchi ki.
His own house = O méchi ki.
Our own house = E méchi ki.
Your own house = Wz momé hi.
In case of a plurality of objects possessed, the word for “own”
becomes mémdéchi or mémé :—

Your own houses = Ni mémochi ki.
Their own houses = O méméchi ki.

(3) DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS...

The demonstrative pronouns are—

Singular— { 544 42 = this.
8 Chi = that.
Plural— Shiang shian = these.

Oten steno, chiang, chytan = those.

They are used both adjectively and substantively without change
of form, and, as before remarked, shi and chi are employed for the
definite article, and also for the third personal pronoun, singular, the
latter being used as a relative in the formation of participial nouns
and adjectives, and skzang and chiang are used for the third personal
pronoun plural.

The words nchyaa = one, referring to individuals of the human
species, and matsanga and nutsanga = one of any class of objects,
often used to represent our indefinite pronoun, or the indefinite
expression ‘‘a certain,” may also be classed among demonstrative
pronouns. These words may also be used adjectively or substan-
tively without change of form :—

Yesterday a certain individual came = eae woke: nea,
Nché kyén nchyiaa récho.

(4) INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
Who = Ochi, dché.
Which = Oché, kawe, ko.
What = Ocho, échi (referring to persons),
ntid, nyu, nydwo (referring to things),
Pronouns. 31

 

Who came? = Oché rochala ?
With whom did he come? = Shi dchi pana rochéla ?
,Whom did you call? = Nua éché tsachéla ?
Which boy did you beat? = Nné nangér écho (“ or’ kawe)
tapchola
Which “dao” will you take? = Lepok kawe khinla ?
Which of the three will you take? =Nué énthamo ké
khidla ? -
What is your name = ie oe lie m
What do you want? = Nuno ntié chonala ?
Nydwo tscéchéla ?
What is the matter? = jae chéla ?
Nyt chola ?
What is this ? = Hicho nydola ?
What are you searching for? = Nn6 ntié yanala ?
In whose house did he sleep? = Hicho échoki yipchéla ?
Whose necklace is this? = Shicho ocho yokola ?

I don’t know which is good nor which is bad = Mhom ka m-
mhéom kisadna ana n-tsi.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

The relative pronoun in Lhota Naga is expressed either by the
particle chi, chi=“ the one” affixed to verbal nouns and adjectives,
or by the use of the interrogatives dchi, dcho=“ who” and ku kuwe=
‘which, ” followed by the demonstrative this=shi, 42, or that=hi chi :

e.g —_—

The man who came yesterday.
Nehé kyon eréwochii.
L7t.—Yesterday man coming the one.
The child who died.
Niungér etchhiwochi.
This is the horse which I sold.
Anda korr eyemmschit shi.

This is the cow that I said I would sell.
Ana mangsi: eyem ephyswochii shi.

Bring the book which is lying on the table.
Kako pilang 6poni evanwichit hansi iya.
32

Pronouns.

Take the one which you like.
Kiawe ni khi htgana chi khia.

Lit.—Which you to take desiring that take.
The one who is coming is my brother, perhaps.
Ocho réand chi ata khache.

Lit.—Who coming he my brother perhaps.

This is what I wanted.
Anda echiméchi shi.
Lit.—I wanting the one this.
Give me the one I wanted.
Ana kiwe chinana chi apia.
Lit.—I what wanting that me give.

COMPOUND OR INDEFINITE RELATIVES.

Compound relatives are formed by reduplicating the single rela-

tives and employing the particle sama, a sign of indefiniteness.
This particle appears as an affix to the verb or participle :—

Whoever wishes to go can go.

Ochichina wé hngasana chi wotoka.

Ochianna wi hngasana chi wotoka.

Go by whichever road you wish.

Olan hie kiwe ni wohngsana chi woa.

Whatever is bad don’t eat.

Kua ki m-mho nana chi ti tsoa.

Kiuwe kiwe m-mho sana chi ti tsoa.
Lit.—What what bad that not eat.

I will take whatever you give.

Nua ntié ntid a pidsanad ana khia.

Whether he will go or or not I do not know.

Hind woisana n-wosdnd ana n-tsii.

(6) RECIPROCAL PRONouNS.

The reciprocal pronouns are formed by reduplicating the personal

pronouns, or employing with a single personal pronoun the phrase
“one by one” twice repeated :—

We strike each other.
Eni eni taptata.
Eni nchytana nchyaa tav, nchytana nchyaa ta.
Pronouns, 33

 

We love one another.
Ete ete lamtala.

Why do you steal from each other ?

Nini ntsile nchyuana nchyaa tsak efa nchywana nchyia
tsake efu.

They killed one another.

Oten dten nangtacho.

NotEe.—The verbal particle a affixed to verbal roots indicates that several indivi-
duals are engaged in an act.

(7) REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.

The compound personal or reflexive pronouns are formed by
affixing mdéchi or momo = ‘‘self”’ to the simple forms of the personal
pronoun :—

I broke it-myself = Améchina shi khirapcho,
You saw it yourself = Nimochina shi hiingcho.
ie Shiméchina chi tsicho.
He ate it himself = 9 Gmachina chi tsacho.
I struck myself = A mémé tapcho.

Omomona nangthacho.

They, Sled alemselyee es { Shian momona nangthacho.
Did you hurt yourself ? = Nimémo étsako endmpapchoke ?

You yourselves killed the fowl = Nite méména héno satacho.

(8) INDEFINITE PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.

A, certain = Nchydaa, dyan, matsanga, ntsanga.

All = Ompa, halangto, langa, hetopu, hetopad.

Anybody = Oyan, échiha.

Anything = Ntié, nyuisand, nyadwosana, lamalama,

lamathangterro.

How many

How cay = Kota, kita,
No one = Ochiha (with negative form of the verb).
Nothing = Vtiha, nyaha (with negative form of the verb).
Many
Much
Of this kind = Hetuv.

} = Elam, khéosha.
34

Pronouns.

 

Of that kind = Chituv.

One = Nehyaa, matsanga, ntsanga.
Other, another = Oydn, thampho.

Somebody

Some one

} = Oyan, échésa.

Something = Ntidsand, nyasana, nydwosana.

So much
So many
Such = Hetuv, chituv.
This much
That much

\ =Hetata, heta, chita.

t = Hetata, chitata.

ILLUSTRATIVE SENTENCES.

A certain one said that you
were a liar.

Yesterday a certain individual
came to your house.

They are all here.

Give me another ,

I did not break it, another
person broke it,

Is there anybody there or not ?
Has anybody come or not?

Have you anything to sell or
not ?

Let them both go.

How many houses are there in
your village ?

What (how much) is the price
of this?

There is no one here

Oyana physcho nno tacho
ephyoe lato.

Oyana phyocho nno echang
ephyée lato.

= Nehé ni ki nchvaa rocho.

Langa
| Ompa

pret vandrava.
Halangté

Thampho @ pia.

= Ana shi n-khirap oyana khi-

rapcho,

= Ochi ayan vavanila ?
= Ochiha yiyila ?

Ntiha

Ntiosana eyem
Myesana lilila ?
Lama lama \
Lamathangterro

= Heto oni witoka.

= Ni yancho oki hotala ?
= Shicho kita manla ?

= Hello échiha m-ma.
The Verb. 35

 

number of its subject.

He gave me nothing. .

There are many bamboos near
our village.

There is much ‘dhan’” this
year,

Bring me this kind of “dhan”

I will not buy that kind

Give me one

There is only one individual
here and only one there.

Others who say they will sell
fowls can sell them, I will
not sell.

Others can eat dogs, I will not
eat them.

These oranges are good, but
the others there are bad.

Some one is there

Give me something for this
sore.

I have a few cattle :
Give me some (a little) é
I can not give so much (price)

There were so many others
here we did not converse.

I have no mind to deal with
such a man.

Bring this kind of cloth .

= Hina nytha @ n-pi.

= Eyani yanchie puhri elam
lia.

| Nehthamcho étsok késha lia,
Nehtkamcho otsok elam lia.

= Otscang hetév hansi roa.

=Chituv ana n-shia.

=Matsanga a pia.

=Fello nchyiad ochi nchyia
to, te.
=Oyana héino eyem ephyo-

wotuvhaka chitéiuvna
yemka, atyo n-yen.

= Oyana phuro tsdka, atyo n-
tso.

=Konghen hicho mhéna tésu
thampo chicho m-mho.

= Ochi dchiosana vana.

=LEmhoa shi etscina nyuwé-
Sana & pia,

=A mangsii terraro lia.

=LEtchakaro @ pia.

=Oman hetacho ana n-pikok.

=Oyan heta vancho enni n-
chanta.

=Kyén hetuv thencho nytha
a n-shita hug.

=Oscii hetuv hansi iya,

Oscii shi essa hansi iya.

Notze.—Ess¢ = like, resembling.

THE VERB.

In Lhota Naga the verb undergoes no change for the person and

Moods, voices and tenses are indicated
either by verbal affixes or by the context, and, as in Ao Naga, the
verb freely enters into composition with other root words, which in a
variety of ways modify its meaning. As will be seen, the Lhota verb
fairly expresses the relations of time.

C2
36 The Verb.

 

We will trace the verb ¢sé = “to eat” through the various moods
and tenses. As will be observed, much freedom is allowed in the
use of tenses, and, as in other languages of this type, the forms
employed are far from being used with absolute consistency.

INDICATIVE MOob.

Present Tense.
Present Imperfect.
Past Imperfect,

Often no distinction is made in the formation of these three
tenses, the context being regarded a sufficient guide as to the time
of the action.

The form thus common to these three tenses is the verbal root
with the affix @ followed by the still further affix 7z. This latter affix
is one form of the verb /7@ = “is ’?:—

2 iT I always eat rice.
PANES “UNchakapan ana otsi tsoala.
Lit.—Always I rice eating am.
I am eating now.
Present Imperfect— \ nenanga and tsoala.
Lit.—Now I eating am,
When the Sahab came yesterday I was
eating
Nché etsi réathang chithangché ana
tséala.

Past Imperfect—

Lit.—Yesterday Sahab coming
time, that time I was eating.
The present tense is also indicated by the simple root. This is
also the form for the future. This form of the verb is most commonly
used when several customary or universal acts are mentioned in
succession : @.g.—
“L eat rice, vegetables and meat.
Ana otsi tsé, dhau ts6, os6 tso.
Lit.—I rice eat, vegetables eat, meat eat,
In enumerations like this both the above-mentioned forms of the
verb are employed, thus—
Ao Nagas eat dogs, Angami Nagas eat dogs, Lhota Nagas eat
dogs, all Nag4s eat dogs.
Chamha phurra ts, Tsangoha phirro tsé, Kyonha phiirro tsé,
langana phirro tsoala.
The Verb. 37

 

When the continuity of an act is especially in mind, the verbal
root with @ is followed by the verb van = “is,” in the sense of
continuing, in its various tenses: thus—

I am eating = And tséa vanala.
Lit.—I to eat am continuing.

Yesterday I was eating = Nché ana tsa vanda.
Lut. Yesterday I to eat was continuing.

When the Sahab came yesterday I was eating = Nché etsi
roathangcho ana tsda vancho.

Lit.—Yesterday Saheb coming time I to eat was con-
tinuing or continued eating.
NorEe.—The verb vd@m signifies ‘‘stay” ‘‘remain,” “continue,” “live,” ‘ abide,”
“is” in the sense of continuing, “ have”: thus—
Is the Sahab in or not? = Etsi vavanila ?
He is not in = I/-md, or n-van.
Have you a wife? = Ni elué vavanila ?
I live there = Anda dchi vana, 7
The present imperfect is also indicated by the verbal root with 4,
and the still further affix ama = ‘‘is” “being.” This affix seems
to be still another form of the verb /7@ = “is”: e.g.—

I am eating rice = And tsi tsda kama.
Lit.—I rice eating am.
Nore.—The affix kamé more frequently occurs in participial forms.

Past Tense.—The past tense of the verb is indicated either by
the verbal root with the afix @ or by the verbal root with the
affix cho— 2

1 ate aio tsoa.
Ana tsicho.

Present Perfect Tense.—The present perfect tense is indicated
either by the verbal root with the affix @ or the verbal root with the
affix chakd, e.g.—

_ § Shina tsoa.
~ UShina tsichaka,

Past Perfect Tense.—The past perfect tense is the same in form
with the present perfect tense, the context being relied upon to in-
dicate the completion of the act in past time :—

He has eaten

Etsi roathangcho ana

When the Sahab came I had eaten = | ecohaba.

This tense is also indicated by a reduplication of the affix chaka,
38 The Verb.

 

in which case the completion of the act is considered as having taken
place in time less remote than that indicated by the simple affix : ¢.g.—
Ana tsochakchaka.

Ana tsochaka.

More time, however, has elapsed since the latter act.

I had eaten=

Future Tense.—The future tense is indicated either by the simple
verbal root or the verbal root with the affix 4a. The former is the
more common :—

Ana tsé.
Iwilleat=4 dna tsoka.

A mute v or the vowel w is sometimes heard at the close of future

affirmatives :—
I will eat = Anda tsov.
I will call = And tsau.

Still further the verbal root with the affix sa@/a@ refers to a near
future, and in some connections is hardly distinguishable from the
present : thus—

Ana tsosala = 1 am on the point of eating,

Before passing to the other moods we will illustrate negative and

interrogative forms.

NEGATIVE FORMS.

Negative forms are indicated by prefixing ~ or m to the verb,
except in the imperative mood, where the particle ¢7 is used.

These negative prefixes must generally be pronounced as separate
syllables, and always on a higher key than the rest of the word :—

I do not eat.

I am not eating 2 Bae :
I was not eating = And tsoa m-man.

til

Here m-md4z is only another form for 2-va@u, the letters, x and 9
being changed to “m” for the sake of euphony—

I was not eating = 4 Ana n-tsoavana.

{3 na n-tsoaka.

Ana n-tsda vancha.
Ihave not eaten =} - _ sue
I had not eaten — | Ana n-tsoaha.
I will not eat = And n-tsa,

Do not eat = 77 tséa.
The Verb. 39

 

INTERROGATIVE FORMS.

Single interrogatives that can be answered by “yes” or “no,”
are indicated by the particles fe or mung, while an indirect
question is indicated by the particle 7a. These particles occur
as affixes, fe occurring more commonly with the present, past and
future tenses, and xung with the past imperfect, present perfect
and past perfect tenses. Double interrogatives reduplicate the
verbal root and affix aa, or the verbal root is repeated, first with ao,
and secondly in a negative form with the affix a/a.

In Lhota Naga the voice always falls at the close of a question ;
and in double interrogatives, where the verb is reduplicated, the first
syllable of the reduplication is spoken on a much higher key than
the rest of the word :—

Nn6 tsdake ?
Do you eae = Nné tsddnung ?

Do you eat or not? = Nué tsé tséala ?

Do you eat or do you not eat ? = Nxé tsdalo n-tséala ?
Nna tséala nung ?

Are you eating? = | or
Nna tséa vana nung ?

Did you eat? = Nd tsochéke? —.

Did you eat or not? = Nxné tsé tsdéla ?

Did you eat or did you

nb = Nné tsé tsoalo, n-tsichola ?
not eat?

It will be seen that in the past tense the connecting vowel of
the double interrogative is ¢ instead of @ as in the present tense :—

Have you eaten = ee ee

Had you eaten = \ na tsochakanung ?
Had you eaten? = Nua tsdchakchakanung ?
Have you eaten or not? = Wud tsdtsohala ?
Will you eat ? = Nd tsdke ?
Will you eat or not = Nné tsdtsoala ?

When permission is asked me is the sign of interrogation, CLs
Can I go? = Ang yiane? This form of interrogation is equivalent to
the English eapression “Did you say that I could go” or “Am I
permitted to go?”
40 The Verb.

 

IMPERATIVE Moop.
Like the present tense of the indicative mood, the present and
future imperative are formed by affixing @ to the verbal root—
Eat = Tsd4.

77 is the sign of negation in this mood—

Do not eat = 77 ¢séa.

SUBJUNCTIVE Moop.

In Lhota Naga condition and concession are generally expressed
by means of participial phrases followed, in the clause expressing
the conclusion, by a verb in its regular form—

If you eat this you will be well = Nua shi.tsdna po.

Although you eat I will not eat = Wud tsdleha, and n-tso.
Mangsii dtsok tsé tsdasana
Go and see whether the cow wo zeta.
eats her “dhan” or not = ) Mangsii otsék tséalo n-tsoa
Sana wo zeta.
For further illustrations, see under Participles and Conjunctions.
The potential subjunctive is formed by adding wé to the verbal
root of the protasis and bdtola to the verbal root of the apodosis—
; Otsi hello vanwé, ana
If rice were here, I would eat = aetp Sepa ,
tsé katola.
Nna shi tsiw6, mhim

If you had eaten it, you would
have known whether it vas} sh nbeeboiches
good or bad = m-mhom ntsytkatola.

If | had wished I could have eaten — aed Ree tea ae
chakikatola.

If you had come yesterday .
L-would ave eaten, } = Nnd nché rowé ana tsokatola.
The particles of ambiguity esca and sanyu signifying “perhaps "
are used with the different forms of the verb to indicate the uncer-
tainty of an act—

I may eat=Aud ts6 esca.
Lit.—I will eat perhaps.
Era cho esca.
It may rain = { Erdé chéesciika.
Er chosanya.

Lit.—It will rain perhaps.
The Verb. 4l

 

POTENTIAL MOoD.
Potentials are formed by adding the particles £64 and che to
the verbal root. The particle che frequently denotes that the power

to perform an act is dependent upon the will of another :—

.Note.—The final & of the particle 20% is a mute consonant.
Can you eat or can you not eat? = Nud tsa kokualo n-tsé
kokuala ? 3

: And n-tsbkok.

Tcannot eak = Anda n-tséche.

Ana tsbkoka.

Anda tsocheya.

I cannot walk without ( = Charong m-panda olan n-tsache.
a cane. = Chaging m-pana élan n-tsakok.

Can I eat this rice? = And tsi hi tsikahaniing ?

You can eat it = Naud hi tsokoka.

I can eatit =

Nore.—In asking permission ze is generally the interrogative particle employed—
May I eat.? = And tsoane.

This seems to be a polite way of asking permission, and is some-
thing like the English expression “Please may I eat?” or “Did
you say that I might eat?’ The answer in the same vein would be
Tséna-te khanya =“ Eat if you like.”

Compulsion or permission is denoted also by the causal affix t44—~

You can eat afterwards, ze, you will be allowed to eat
Okhanati ni tsotoka. } afterwards. °

See Causative Forms.

VOICE.

As in Aé and Angami Naga, the Lhota verb has no distinct passive
form. The forms of the perfect and past perfect tenses of the indi-
cative mood may be used in either an active or passive sense, ac-
cording to the construction of the sentence—

I have eaten my rice,

Atsi ana tsichaka.

The rice which was (in that) there yes-
terday has been eaten.

Nché étsi chilo evanwochi tsichaka.

This is broken =Chi khirapchakda.

It was broken before I gave it to you.
Ana ni piwichi vangina khirapchaka,

Active voice—

Passive voice—

The dog was killed yesterday.
Nché phuro satachaka.
42 The Verb.

 

The particle chad is also used with intransitive verbs—
He has come = Hind yichaka.
The tree has fallen = Oténg yiachaka.

PREDICATE ADJECTIVES.
With predicate adjectives signifying bodily or mental states, the ..
copula appears in the affixes 4, ta, tata, tsanga.
I am ill . = (A phiraptata.
Iwasill .=4 A phirapa.
Ihavebeen ill= (A phiraptsanga.
I was ill = A phiraptacho.
I have been ill. = A phirapte vancho.

Iamhungry .=(A wéntona.
Iwas hungry .= \4 wontontata.
I have been hungry ©A wénténtsanga.
Ni ying hngtsangchoke ?
Are you sleepy ?= 1 ying hngtachoke ?
Ni ying hngtata niing ?
Fo, atyo ying hngtatda.
Yes, 1 amsleepy = Ho, ia sie se
INFINITIVE.

The naked root in the simple verb in Lhdta does not correspond to
the infinitive in English, nor is it to be confounded with the participle,
since it partakes of the nature neither of a noun nor an adjective.
It may be translated either by the present participle or the simple
verb followed by the conjunction “and,” the same as in Assamese,

The latter form gives the most exact sense: e.g.—

I eating slept

I ate and slept } Brees, nee:

I am eating and drinking = And tso yadla.

Eating drink. er
Eat and drink z: mana ae
Going eat OV aS eee
Go and eat } = Oyi tsa.
Coming eat

“t=Or6 tséa.
Come and eat } e
Note.—Here the words for ‘go’ and ‘come’ each assume the prefix d, which is a very
common prefix with a large class of nouns; as 6ki=house, dmd=salt, dtsi =rice, &c., &c.
(See Note 3 under Classification of Nouns.)
The Verb. 43

 

GERUNDS. r

The following forms may perhaps be best classified as gerunds—
(1) The verbal root with the affix £a¢té or .hiatto:

I wish to eat = And tso hidtto tscoala.
He came to eat with me = Hind a theni tsé kiatto yicho.

(2) The verbal root with the affix /6, or with both the affix /6 and
the prefix e, or with simply the prefix e—

Ana tsolé récho.
I came to eat = | ina etsél6 récho.

Ana etsé récho.
I wish to go to eat, z.e., for the purpose of eating—
Ana tsolé wokidtto tseoala.

The above forms seem for the most part to be used interchange-
ably. In expressions of purpose, however, I am inclined to think the
latter forms are the more common.

Purpose may also be expressed by the use of the participle
kama = “being,” followed by a conjunction or even without the
conjunction :—

Iam going very early in order to reach Wokha to day.
Nehing Wékha cham kama hi etscéna ana nyazangina wo.
Lit.-—To-day Wokha being reached for this I very early
will go.
The above sentence with the gerund forms would read—
Nehing Wokha echam or chamkiatté nyazangina wo.

PARTICIPLE,

As in other languages of this type, participial expressions are a
favourite style of structure. Connectives are little used, and long
sentences consist almost wholly of adverbial and _postpositional
phrases and participial expressions, as will be seen from the following
illustrations :—

Efwina Wokha etsi mangsii efwi sosi yia vanle Wokha etsina
korr mankwina Kohime thréwa vanle, dlamina mhingi tsangina
thiapanaha n-thihrak ore sante sicho. Kyona ochite Kangchi
yilo ewena mhingikhi rhami hansiro sepe pile sepena tapsi
ochoe yinchak theyisi vangala.

ZLit.—A thief Wokha Sahab’s cow stealing, having bound,
while going along, Wokha Sahab pony’s back upon,

ht

le
44 The Verb.

 

 

to Kohima while going over, from the path seeing,
with a gun even shooting, did not hit. To the
jungle fled. A Naga the next day, Kangchi (name of
village) to the cultivation of on going, getting a
sight of, catching, bringing to the sepoys gave.
The sepoys having beaten, on his legs fetters having
put, are keeping in confinement.
Kyéna rona ni mangsii kulaté angana emyamocht Kalai sost
chéwé yenchaka, emhui wochi hello vana to ezdka.
Lit.—A Naga coming your cows where me asking, the red
one to Golaghat being led down has been sold, the
white one here is, saying, will tell.

Ayo hellina Kéohime thréwosi, chichéro ntsinga vansi Kalat
chowost chingchena Bundar lanina chingyit.
Lit.—I from here to Kohima having gone over, there month

one after staying, to Golaghat having gone down,
from there by the Bundar road will come up.

Having taken this and placed it there, taking a rupee
and going quickly down to the bazaar buy your
brother a good cloth and bring it up to the house
here,

Shi hanst 6chi vansi 6rang matsanga hansi bozare ekhié
laka chéwd nita etch oscti mhom shi hansi bhi
hello ching yia.

It will be seen from the above that the Nagas very often omit the
subject of succeeding clauses after they have once been mentioned,
and depend largely upon the context to suggest the tense of partici-
pial expressions.

The following short sentences will illustrate the more general uses
of Lhota participles :—

(1) Verbal root with the affix ma:

A If you eat this you will be ill = Sz tsond ni pirapthau.
. pe Eating this causes me pain = Shi tsdna@ & saptokala.
Na is also added to adjective roots, thus —

This being bad how can leat? = Shicho m-mhéna kétoli
tsovla ?

(2) Verbal root with affix 7:

pea He seeing me struck me = Hind a mhangi a@ tapcho.
Verbal Modifiers. 45

 

(3) Verbal root with affix @ and postposition thang=“‘ at the time
of,” “while.” fos
While I eating Isaw a tiger=And tsdathang mhorr mhanga.

This same postposition is used with a negative verbal form to de-
note the precedence of an action—

I cannot go before eating = And n-tsodthang cho n-wohkdk. [ao
(4) Verbal root with @ and affix Ze or v¢nle— af
While I was eating I saw a tiger=Ané tsoa vanle mhorr (ws
mhinga.
While going along in the path I saw a tiger= Ana olani wile
mhorr mhinga.
(5) Verbal root with affix samazz, sign of futurity—
On having eaten your rice go to the bazaar = Ni tsi tsoa-
sanati wea.

(6) Verbal root with affix sz or sa—
The tiger having caught and eaten the man has fled = MW horr- ‘str

na kyon rhami tsdsa tsancho.
Having eaten
After eating
(7) Verbal root with affix chakna :
After having eaten my rice I will go= A tsi tsochakna we. Gal
Having eaten this go = Shi tséchakna iya.

come=7s6si rod.

This having been eaten what shall we do? = Shi tséchakna
eninad kita lyald.
(8) Verbal root with affixes /eha, chak/a, denoting concession :
Although he eats this he cannot get well = Shi tsdleha
m-pokoku.
Although I ate rice yesterday, I’ll eat potatoes to-day =
Nehéana otsi tsdchéleha uchingo ana héré tsé.

Since you have eaten why are you hungry ?=O¢si tséchahla
nyutsole ni wontonala ?

VERBAL MODIFIERS, s
It has already been remarked that the simple Lhéta verb freely
takes on syllables which modify its meaning in a variety of ways

These modifying syllables or root words, the origin of some of which
are clearly traceable, while that of others has become quite obscvre
46 Verbal Modifiers.

 

appear both as prefixes and affixes to the verbal root. The following
are examples :—

Affixes.
(1) Causative Verbs—
Causative verbs are indicated by the affix 46s—

I am causing him to eat = Anda hi tsotokala.
He caused me to go = Shind a wétokcho.
He has been caused to go = Hi watékchaka.
Cause him to come = Shi rotéka.

(2) Permissives are identical in form with causatives—
Let him go = Shi wotéka.
Let him eat = Shi tsotoka.

NotE.—It should be remembered that the sign of interrogation with permissives is
generally ne: e.g.—

Did you say that I could eat? = Anda tsdane ?
(3) Desideratives are indicated by the affix hug and tane—

I wish to eat = A tsdhnga.

I do not wish to eat = A n-tsdhng.

Let us eat = Enz tsétane.

(4) Frequentatives are indicated by the adverbial prefix n-san-
nsam, and by the verbal root reduplicated with the affix
puua—

Shinad n-sdn nsam tsdala,

Mer cate tee guenly 4 piui gta tebe wana

(5) The continuity of an action is denoted by the verb van. See
under present and imperfect tenses—

He was eating = Hind tsoa vancho.
He is continuing to eat = Hina tséa vandala.
(6) The affix /an or Jam signifies repetition and return—
I will eat again = Anda tsdlam.
Eat again = Tsdland.
He came again = Hind rélancho.
Will you come back again? = Nua elanat iyala ?
I gave it back to him = And shi pilancho.
(7) The affix ¢em or ¢en indicates the first doing of an act—
I ate first = And tsotencho.
Verbal Modifiers. 47

 

The boy who came first got the orange = Niangér
rotemichi kingken khicho.
(8) The affix sa/@ indicates the beginning of an act, or that it is

about to be accomplished. This affix is added to the future
form—

I am about to eat Ved eet

I am beginning to eat f§ ~ “”? IGOR,

I am about to go = Ana wésdla.

The child is beginning to cry = Ngaro kiapuasala.

(9) The verbal root repeated with the affix phen denotes regu-
larity—

leat regularly = A tséphen @ tsopheni tséala.

(10) The affixes ¢@ and rd denote that several individuals are
engaged in an act—

We love each other = Exnina eyilotala.
They are eating together = Otend tsétala.

(11) The affix £Aan signifies all, and thus to complete—
I have eaten all = Anda tsokhanchaka,

I have done all the work = And nsundra khauchaka.
Eat it all = Hi tsékhanda.
(12) The affix xhyda” signifies incompleteness—
I have partly eaten the rice = And otsi tsonhyua.
The same is indicated by means of the affix than with a nega-
tive: eg.— ‘
I have not eaten all the rice = And dtsi n-tsékhan,
(13) The affix s@ indicates more—
Give me more = A isa.
' (14) The affix Arak signifies to get—
I got some beef to eat = And mdangsii s6 tsohraka.
I got a sight of him = And shi mhanghraka.
(15) The affixes £64 and che denote ability—
He being ill cannot eat = Hind pirapthakama n-tsokok.
I can go now = Nthanga ana wicheu.
See Potential Mood.
(16) The affix che denotes probability—
I may eat = And ftsoched.
48 Verbal Modifiers.

 

He may go = Hina wiched.
See Subjunctive Mood.

(17) The affix 46 signifies “along,’’ “on” in the sense of con-
tinuing—

Come along = Réalo, réalo.
Go along = Weald, woalo.
Eat on = Tsd4/é6, tsoalo.

(18) The affix AAachz with the verb ze = to see, directs the atten-
tion upwards, and in like manner the affix chdchi directs the
attention downwards—

Look up = Zekdchia.
Look down = Zechéchia.

(19) The affix 4@ is often used to emphasize the action of the verb.

An action may also be emphasized by doubling the verb—
He has surely not arrived there=Shind chi n-chaha.

(20) The affixes tsanga, khanga and tata are very frequently used
with verbs, and denote either frequency or intensity of an
act—

Iam very sleepy = ce”
He keeps beating me = Hind @ tapkhanga.
He is very cross = Hi lamm tsékhanga.

A wontontsanga.
Tam very hungry = A wontontata.

(21) The particles te and ¢az signify ‘‘precisely,” ‘exactly, ”
“enough,” “closely,” ‘ nearly,” neither more nor less than is
stated—

There is one here. That is all = Hello matsanga. Te.
Is there more there? There is no more = Chicho
enndaha lilila? Tat.
He gave me only two. That is all = Hind enni ti
apicho. Te.
For the affix ¢é signifying “ only,’
Locative Case.

* see under Nouns, Note 1, after

Prefixes.
(1) The prefix chang signifies direction upward—
I will go up to Wokha = Ana Wokhe changwé.
Verbal Modifiers. 49

Climb the tree = Oténgwe chingwod.
Mount the horse= Korr mangkwi chingwoa.
(2) The prefix ché signifies direction downward—
Go down to the bazaar=Shishopheni chowod.
Dismount from the pony= Korr mangkwena chéyia.
He came down from the mountain=Hicho phinglanina
chérécho.

(3) The prefixes ¢hvé and thre signify direction “ in’
from the plains is “in”; direction toward the plains is

“out,” the same as in English—

’, Direction

Come in = Thre yid.
I am going into Kohima=Ana Kohime thre yiala.
I will go into Kohima= Ana Kohime throwo.
Note.—The prefix ¢hve is used with forms in yzd of the verb “to go” and ¢hrd
with forms in wd of the same verb.
(4) The prefix chi signifies out—
Go out = Chiyia.
Let us go out to Wokha tomorrow?=L£xi dché Wokhe chiyit
tane ? .
(5) The prefixes chaz, shung, enhyi signifying “against,” are used
with the common verbal form £4fd, signifying contact: e.g.—
The pony ran against the fence= Korrna yingawé pahrilo
chikata.
I threw this against the door=And shi hankana shangkata.
I accidentally struck my elbow against the chair—Ana m-
mhingwo a khechiiken khoktepheno chakata.

Don’t lean against me=A ¢i enhythata.

VERBAL SYNONYMS.
The Lhota language like the Ao is rich in verbs, which denote

variations of the same act: thus—
Ephyopala=wash or cleanse in general.

Etsiala = ,, (clothes).
Suala = ,, (dishes).
Myaiala = ,, (face).
Phiala = ,, (feet).
Nisakalé = ,, (hands).
50 Etymology of Verbs.

 

ETYMOLOGY OF CERTAIN VERBS.

(1) The verb “go” has two roots, yz and wd.

To ascertain in certain expressions why one of these roots is used,
and not the other, is often a difficult task. At times they seem to be
used as exact synonyms. W6, however, is nearly always used when
the thought of a return, more or less remote, is in mind, except in the
present perfect tense, where the root y# is employed: eg.—

I will go to my house (the thought of returning not in
_ mind).

Ana a ki yin.

I will go to the Sahab’s house (expecting to return).

Ana etsi ki wo.

I will go to my village (not to return) =F yani wo.

Where did he go? = Shicho kai wochdla?

He went to the Sahab’s house= tsi ki? wocho.

He has gone to the Sahab’s house= Etsi hi yichakda.

He has gone for water=Hicho dtchhiilo yia.

(2) The verb “come” has three roots, 7d, yz, and tsa—

(a) The root 76 is the simplest form of the verb “to come.”
He is coming= #7 réala.
I came yesterday=Nehé ana rocho.
He has come= Hina rochaka.
Don’t come this way= Hepomwe ti rod.
Am I permitted to come in?=And tachangi thre

roane ?

Don’t let him come in now=Nthanga hi ti thré roteka

(4) The root yz when signifying to come combines with it also
the idea of a previous going, and may, perhaps, be
termed preterito present, as it conveys the thought of

the action as lying partly in the past and partly in the
present: ¢.g.—

I (having been) am coming=Ana yiala.
I (having gone) will come= Ana yia.
When will you (having gone) come ?= Kothang yiala.

The y? signifying “to come” is pronounced on a higher key than
Etymology of Verbs. 51

 

the same verb when it signifies to go. As in other words, there is
sometimes a transposition of the letters of this root for the sake of
euphony, and we have iyd instead of yi@.

(c) The verb ¢sa@ signifying “to come” is defective. It is
used only of incomplete action. The same root signifies “to call.”
The verb ¢s@é = “to come” is doubtless intimately connected in
thought with the idea of calling—

; ; Hii tsata.
He is coming (on the way)= Hi tsatala.

Ihave come (but not yet fully arrived at the point of
destination) = Ana tsachaka.
(3) The auxiliary verbs “be,” “have.’—These verbs appear
under several forms :

(2) The verb /2 is the simplest form of the verb “to be.” When
standing alone it generally appears with the affix 4, and when used
as an auxiliary, the zis dropped, and the verb appears as the affix
la or ala, cho and chaka.

In the early stages of the language the 7 of the root was doubt-
less retained, but for the sake of euphony, or on account of careless-
ness in pronunciation, was soon dropped: e.g.—

I have two ponies, you have three ponies, together we
have five=A korr enni li ni korr etham li té enni tsétsi
mingoala.

It is there= Ochi lia.

It was there= Ochi licho.

Have you cloth or not?= Ni scuz lilila ?

I have much cloth= Azyo dscit elam lid.

Bring my book which is on the table=A kako pilang
lianacht hansi yid.

The word for “is” is often omitted: e.g.—

Shicho a ta.
He is my brother = {ie Shi.

Atacho shi.
This is good, that is bad=Shicho mhona, chicho m-mho,
I am eating=And tséala.

Iam sleeping=Anda yipala.
52 Adverbs, Adverbial Phrases, and Affixes.

 

The form of this verb is generally cho in the past tense and
chaka in the present perfect and pluperfect tenses :—

I ate= Ana tsdcho.

Lit.—I eating was.

I have eaten all= And tséchaka.
The affix /@ is frequently retained in the past tenses.

¢ = . . <
(4) “Be,” “have” in the sense of continuing is expressed by the
verb vana=“ stay,”’, “remain,” “ inhabit,’ &c:—

Have you a wife? =i eng vavanila ?

Is the Sahab in ?= £Z¢s7 tachingi vavanila ?

He is not in

He was here yesterday=Nché hina hello vancho.

ADVERBS, ADVERBIAL PHRASES, AND AFFIXES,
ADVERBS OF TIME.

After a little= Okhaicho esangaro
vasi, terrarovasi, okhanati.

Afternoon=Wydalani.

Afterwards= Hisi, thampéthang,
thamphothang.

After a few days=Nchok enni
etham vasu, nchok mesu mingo
vasu.

A while ago= Vanga, nthongna.
Again= Ennéa.—Verbal affix lan
(see Illustrative Sentences).

Ago, long since= Volo.
Always = Echang, nchinko.

Before= Vanga, long before=
nkolé (see Wlustrative Senten-
ces for negative with parti-
ciples of time).

By day =£ngilo.
By night=Zamé/o.
Cock-crow=Héno khaathang.

 

Constantly =

Continually= (Verbal affixes
Habitually= (khanga and pod.
Unceasingly=

Daily=Nchénthang nchénthang,
nchok-nchoka.

Dusk (at) = Mangsathang.

Evening (in the)= Wangchélo.

First=verbal affix fez (see
Illustrative Sentences), vanga.

Formerly = Osina.
Frequently = Nsanusam.
Henceforth= Hisicho.

Last night= samo.

Last year= Lankamo.

Last month=Chéro tchichaka.
Late—Wshuthanga.

Month (this) =Chéro shi.
Month (next)=Chéro épomuwe.
Adverbs, Adverbial Phrases, and Affixes.

53

 

Never = Kéthangha, followed by a
negative.

Night (by} =Zamédlo.
Night before last=Ochya samé.

Nightly=Zaméthang zaméthang.
Zamolo zamolo.

Noon (at) = Nshi ethango.

Now=WNthanga.

Now-a-days=Nchatya hiché.

Now and then = Kéthangha ko-
thangha

Often = N-sadunsam.

One day =
nchoka.

Tsangéna, engya,

Zaméa,

Quickly = Nthanga, erhiolaka,
setoa, ndrda,

One night =

Regularly—adverbial affix phep-
phenochi.

 

Sometimes= Kothangha kothang-
ha.
Soon = Okhdndti, sangaro vasu.

Suddenly = Ekhiapa.
Sunrise = Engi chiropanthang.
Sunset = Engi threpanthango.

The day before
Zamcho.

The day after tomorrow = Raché,

yesterday =

To-day = Nehing.
To-night = Osamo,
Tomorrow = Oché.
Until—(See

tences.)
While—affixes thang and Je.

(See Illustrative Sentences.)
When = Kéthang, and_ thang,

the particle of time, with the
verb.

Illustrative Sen-

ADVERBS OF MANNER.

Accidentally = N-tsitha, m-mhung.

Along (in company with) = Pdézd,
nZ0, Siera.

Alone = Ométi.

Also = Ha.

Badly = M-mhé, yusora,

Designedly = Nisiaha.

Equally = Khiti khiti, heli keti.

Gently = Ennandaté.

How = Kotéli, kété.

Immediately = Nthanga, ndra.

In this way = Heto.

In that way = Chito.

In what way = Kotav.

 

Loudly = Ekhiote.
More = S@ (verbal affix), ennéa.
No = Me, mek.

Perhaps = Kanya.

Probably = Es@, kache,

Quickly = ¢Ekhiapa, ekhidla
Rapidly = ndra, setéa,

Silently = Mphod, ethak n-tsya,
ennate.

Slightly = Eichukaro, terraro.

Slowly = Echamchamna.,

Tightly = Rok rok, rak rak, ta
nanga, raranga.

Truly = Oéscétco.
54

Adverbs, Adverbial Phrases, and Affixes.

 

Very well = Nuanyd.
Well = Mhona.
Wholly = Kaz (verbal affix.)

ADVERBS
Above = Oponi, affix, 6 or Ja,
byaki, omhauwe.
Afar (from) = Ekdnind.
Afar (off) = Ekoni.
Ahead = Ovangwe, dvangi.
Anywhere = Kawesanda, kisand,
kiaisanda.
Around = Ariphia, kafua.
At a short distance = Nhyan-
khang.
At some distance = Nkénkhang.
At the right hand = Amymwe.
At the left hand = Azyiwe.

Silamwe, échiwe
(of bed).

Khantsangwe
(of house).

Backwards = Silamphiwé.

Behind = Si/amwe.

Below = Okhapwe, ndrewe, okha-
pi.

Beside = T7satséhwe

Elsewhere = 7haémphoe.

Everywhere = Meta akua, meta
akwat, metatzhi, meta meyo.

Back side =

 

Why = MNeéséle, nydwotséle.
Yes = Ho.

OF PLACE.

From above = Oyakind.

From below = Okapina.

From within = Ochangwena, ta-
chingwenda.

From without = Hoémphowend.

Hence = Hellona, hepina.

Here = Hello, shilo, hepi.

High = Oyaki.

Hither = Zi, hepi, hello.

In front = Thénthrydwe.

Inside = Tachingwe, takuwe.

In the presence of = Mhatingwe.

In the middle = Ondngo.

Near = Enghydano.

On this side = Hepiwe, hepomwe,

epomwe.
On that side = Ochiwe, spomwe.
Somewhere = Kzusana, kalo-
sana.

Thence = Ochina.

There = Ochi-dchilo.

Whence = Kadina, kuna, kiloné.
Whither = Kaz.

ILLUSTRATIVE SENTENCES.

Ennéa roa.
Come again = 4 Ennéa rokend.
Roland.

Eat before you go = N-yithangha tsoa.

Lit,—Not going time eat.
Postpositions. 55

 

He cries constantly = Hina hidpva kiapuu vanala.

He is habitually cross = Hicho lam tscokhanga.

I came first= oe rétencho.
Ana ovangina récho,

He comes regularly at noon =

rophen répheno réoala.

Nshuthangathang omé

Stay here until I return = And n-rélanthango hello vana.

I can’t go while he is here = Hi hello vanathang ana

m-mobkok.

I saw a tiger while going along the road = Ana é6lani wole

mhorr mhtingcho.

Give me more = A isa.

Very well, I’ll go if you like = Nuduya, and wokhanya.

He sleeps at the back-side, I sleep at the front-side= Hina
ochiwe yip dnd omiwe ytp.

POSTPOSITIONS.

In Lhéta, as in other Naga languages, the words identical in power
with the English prepositions follow the words which they govern,

and hence are called postpositions,
words with their ordinary significations.

The following are some of these
See also case terminations

under nouns, where the affixes here mentioned are illustrated :—

Above=Omhai, om-
hauwe.
After = Silami (along with), pana.

Among = Ondango.

émhaina,

As far as=Te hngd, ntante.

At, in= Affix lo, na, thang.

Before = Ovangwe, dvangi.

(to the presence of) =
Mhatangina.

”

(in the presence of) =
Mhatangi, tonthryiwe.

Below = Oka/pi, skapwe, skhapwe.
Beside = Tsatséhkwe.
Between = Vite, éndngi.

Beyond= Engamvwe.

”

 

By=Affix na.

For=Ltsona, etchi, etchi, affix
16, 6 and kiatté.

From = T7heni, affix na.

In, into= 7achingi,
affix z.

échingwe,

In place of = Nniche.
In the direction of =Affix we.
On, unto, upon—Oféni, affixes
6, 16, olé, we.
To—Sheni thingi, themwe, affix
i, 16.
Toward, at—Zhemwe, affix we,

With—Pand, nzo, sirra, theni,
56

Conjunctions.

 

Thang often governs a verb or participle in the sense of while :—

CL

While staying at Wokha I was ill.
Woke vanathang a ITA atAS

Come in the morning,
Engiyathang roa.
Lit.—Sun coming time come.

The following are a few examples of the use of other postposi-

tions :—

The birds fly above our heads=A hurr mhaina woro
phyat iva. _

Come after me=A silami réa.

Come along with me=A pana rod.

He lives among us= Hind enungo vand.

Go as far as the bazaar= Bozarelo n-tante wd.

Come as far as the tree=Otang he te hnga iya.

I bought this of your brother= Nita theni shi shicho.

Go towards the Sahab’s house= Evsi hiwe wéa.

Throw that toward the tree = Otangchi themwe shamchid.

Go between the houses= Oki yitenad waa.

He sleeps between us= Hind eni ningi yipala.

CONJUNCTIONS.

Lhota Naga, like the other languages of this type, abounds in
participial expressions, a structure not favourable to the use of con-

nectives.

See under Participles.

The following are the most common connectives :—

And=WNa4, hd, sii, nna.
And (more) = Si.

Also= 774.

Both—and= 4@-ha.
But=7¢6si, dsii, sii, toleha,
If=nd4.

If not=menda.

aes } = Chisicho.
Thereupon

Therefore= Chitsakond, chi etscakonda.
Conjunctions. 57

 

ILLUSTRATIVE SENTENCES,

The following sentences will illustrate the use of the conjunctions,
and also how their place is supplied by conjunctive participles :—

The Sahab, the Babu, and I will go=Z¢si na Babu na
a4 td wo. ;
Etstha Babu ha ana ha té ethamaté wo.
: Shind @ t6 wo.
Both h I will go.=
One Maw eS) Css Be
The Sahab’s pony is dead and mine also=Etsi korr tchit
na@ a@ korr ha tchii.
One rupee and two annas=Pidha sii métya.
A hundred and more besides= N04 sii enoa chi ha lia.
Go and eat =Oyi tséa.
L7t.—Going eat.
I went to Wokha and bought fowls=Ana Wokhe wési hano
Sicho.
Lit.—I Wokha having gone fowls bought.
Although you go I will not come=Nnda woleha atyo ndré,
Lit.—You although going I will not come.
Although I went I did not see any one=Ana wéa ha Gyan
m-mhing.
Lit,—I although going another person saw not.
I cannot go because 1 am sick=A pirapthakama alyé m-
mokork.
Lit.—I ill being I cannot go,
I cannot eat more now forlam full=Nthanga a@ nhyicha
kama nthango n-tsokok.
Lit.—Now I full being more cannot eat.
Give me this, but if not, give me that= Shi @ pid, osit mend,
chi a pia.
Lit,—This me give, but, if not, that me give.
Go, but don’t stay long = Woa, dst enhyaka ti vanda.
Lit.—Go, but long don’t stay.
Either you or he come tomorrow = Oché nna n-rénd hina
roa.
Lit.—To morrow you not coming he come,
Conjunctions.

 

Neither you nor he must come = Nua ha ti roa na shiha ti
roa.

Lit,—You also not come and he also not come.

Except: this there is no other = Shi te kama thamphé
n-ni.

Lit.—This only being other not.
If you go, don’t stay jong = Nnéa wina enhyaka li vana.
Lit,—You if going long don’t stay.

I will not go dest it may rain = Era ché esa kama ary6
m-mo.

Zit,—Rain perhaps being I will not go,

I am doing this well in order that the Sahab may give me a
present = Efsina othan a pitokukiatté ana sht mhona
Llyaala.

This is bad, nevertheless I'll eat it = Shiché m-mhéla, tola
ana tsé kanyt.

You come or else send Nymstsemo = x6 réa, osu, mena,
Nymtsemé rotoka.

Lit.—You come, but, if not, Nymtsemo cause to come.

If you go then I will not go= Nua wonda china atyo m-mé.

Lit.—You if going, on that I will not go.

Having done my work I then went to the bazaar= Ana
nsiindryusi chisicho bazare chéwocho.
Lit.—I work having done then (after that) to the bazaar
went.

He has gone therefore I will not go=Shina wocho ana
chitsctkénad m-mo.
Lit.—He has gone I for this will not go.
We cannot go unless both go= i na a té mena m-mokok.
Lit —You and I if not cannot go.

I cannot go unless you go= Nua makna ana m-mokok.
Lit.—You if not I cannot go.

My father has gone and so | did not go = Apénda icha
kama ana chi etscona m-mécho.
Lit.—My father having gone I for this cause did not

go.
Interjections and Tables. 59

 

thus—

INTERJECTIONS,
Admiration = Apapa, atyo, aiyo.
Annoyance = Exen, hatyo-o.
Approval—bravo, bravo = Haha, monsonto monsonto.
Assent—yes = 6.
Yes, yes = Hd, ho.
To attract attention = Haz, haz, the reply h6, han,
To attract attention to one’s words = Nato.

Disgust = Ex, ex. Anhanh. (Violent spitting generally
accompanies these exclamations,)

Sorrow = Hapvo hapvo, hapuo-a.

TABLES,

MONEY TABLE.
Rangmyé terrawé = 1 pie.
Lit.—Money red small,
Rangmy6 matsanga = 1 pice.
Lit.—Money red one.
Rangmyé enni = 2 pice.
Lit.—Money red two,
Rangmyé etham = 3 pice.
Lit.—Money red three,
Rangmyé mezii = 4 pice.
Lit.—Money red four., &c.
Rang terru e-hm = 2 annas.
Lit,—Money small white.
Moétya is now a more common term for 2 annas
Rampiak poko or rangmyé tiza = 8 annas,
Lit.—Rupee half ov money red eight.
Rampiak = 1 rupee.

The Lhotas now generally use the word fo7sd for pice, counting

Poisa matsanga, poisad enni, etc.
Motya matsanga, motya enni, etc.

Orang } ; Orang :
Renna matsanga, Ramses enni, &c.
60

Zables.

 

SPACE MEASUREMENT.
£ké = a span.
Eko hendlo = a span with forefinger.
Eko sappé = a span with middle finger.
Kheché = a cubit.
Wonchen = an arm’s length.
Whi = distance covered by both arms extended.
Mungya = distance from breast bone to finger’s end.
Chohmyekchanchaka = ankle-high (spoken of water and
growing grains). »
Ndra ekhangchanchaka = half the height to the knee.
Nkeo chanchaka = knee high, =. *
Phinang chanchaka = thigh-high,
Kangke chanchaka = \eg-high.
Erya chanchakaé = waist-high.
Khoyo chanchaka = rib-high.
Ohiro chanchaka = breast-high.

Distances are estimated by the time it takes to accomplish them.

Nchéka ets@ = one day’s journey = 40 to 50 miles.
Nchék enni etsaé = two days’ journey.

CaPACITY.

Myokau Pyanga = one handful.
Myé esana
Okhe tsongkén pyangay = two handfuls
Nehama :

BASKET MEASURES.
Tsangtsiré ; lees
Fumsnenies about 2 chuttacks,
Létang

Lali = about 1 powah,
alon

Ramma = about 2 powahs.
Etaka = about I seer.

Lekham = 4 to 5 seers,
Tables. 61

 

£jai=a small balance for weighing salt and meat. Will
weigh up to 4 or 5 seers.

TIME,
Divisions of Day and Night.
A day=Nchoka ; t =24 hours.
Tsangngéna
A day =£xga=one sun.
Daytime=Nchénthang.
Before cock-crow=Hdn6 khisathang.
Cock-crow= Honé khiathang.
Nydzangina.
Nyapa.

Sunrise = Exgiyathang=sun-coming time.

Early morning=

Morning= Eng chiropan thang.
Forenoon=E£ng langhi chingrichaka,
Mid-day= Nshiethango=luncheon time.
Afternoon= Nyalani.
After lunch follow three drinking times, which serve to divide the
afternoon into the three following parts :—
Sendro langhauwo.
Sendro dnnigo.
Sendro lankupo.

Late afternoon= {ne Berane) ee descending
Engi hrepsathang. time.
Dusk= Ua asar hone \= dark getting time.

Mangpanthang
Engi hrepanthang.
Engi hrechakcholo.

Night = Zam.

+7 + 4, § Zamé nangten.
BnGnen Zamé chytsoe.

Sunset=

Divisions of Month.
Co eee:
A month
_ § Choro panthang.
Sa baie chiropanthang.

Half moon= Choro ekavsda.
62 Syntax.

 

Full moon=Chéro ekala.

Time between moons=Chéram

The moon is waxing =Chéro ranchetala.
The moon is about to die= Choro tchyavsala.
The moon has died .

} = Charo tchichaka.
The month has closed ;

MONTHS.
January =£tsén, Echon.
February= Nari.

March= Emha=“‘to blow,” as in lighting a fire and refers
to the firing of jungle on the cultivations.

April= phi.
May = Chesu.
June=£fen, from ofen=“ Koni dhan.”
July = Nuung.

August = Chikanikda.

September=Ndrang.

October = Chochantsu,

November=Aongorongyi referring to the passing and re-
passing in carrying the ‘dhan” from the
fields to the village.

December=Puthe hante=Crop.

SEASONS.
Hot weater= LZ£/amé.
Cold weather= £¢sako.
Sowing time= Yichenthang, lichenthang.
Before harvest = Yirapang, lichenthang.
Harvest time= Yirathang, lirdthang.
Rest time= Mani thang.
Rains= Nzdlo.

SYNTAX.

Owing to the frequent omission of subject nominatives, the pre-
ponderance of participial expressions, and an indifferent system of
inflections, syntax plays a very important part in the construction of
the Lhota Naga language.
Syntax. 63

 

(7) Order of words in a simple sentence.

The verb stands last in the sentence, and, as a rule, the subject
stands first. Considerable freedom, however, is allowed as regards
the position of the latter. It is frequently omitted, and any nouns or
pronouns standing in a possessive relation to it always precede it.

Adverbs often take the first place in a sentence.

Interrogative adverbs, however, take this place less often than in
English.

He struck me= Hina a tapcho.
Lit.—He me struck.

My father struck him=A pénda shi tapcho.
Lit.—My father him struck.

When did he strike you ?=Shina kothang ni tapchéla?
£it.—He when you struck ?

He struck me yesterday=Nché hina @ tapcho.
Lit.—Yesterday he me struck.

Adjectives follow the nouns they qualify. In case, however, the
relation of the qualifying adjective is so intimate as to form with the
noun a compound word it precedes the latter: e.g.—

An Assamese man=Osam kyon,

The articles nchyaa, matsanga, ntsanga, hi, shi, and chi follow
-the nouns which they define—
A (one) horse=Korr matsanga.
The (this) dog=Pharro shi.
When both the article and an adjective qualify a noun, the article
follows the adjective—
A (one) white horse = Korr ehem matsanga,
The (that) beautiful girl= Lordroe mhom chi.
Possessive nouns and pronouns precede the name of the object
possessed :
My house=A i,
Nymtsem6o’s father= NVymtsema ope.
Adverbs frequently stand first in a sentence
He came yesterday=Nché hina rocho.
Adverbs qualifying adjectives or other adverbs immediately
precede them—
Hi tangto pirapthata,

He i ee
Dot ae ne Hi elam pirapthata.
64 Syntax.

 

He came very quickly= i tangto ekhyanga vid.
The verbal affixes Jan, sa, pud, &c., having the force of adverbs
follow the verbal root—
Come back again= Roland.
Give me more=A Pisa.
He comes frequently= Hi ropua répua vanala.
Adverbs qualifying a whole clause precede or follow the subject
indifferently :— _
Ana kithangha shi n-cha.

I ke with him=
Groene ete ens Kothangha ana shi n-cha.

(2) Position of clauses in a sentence.

In compiex sentences the principal clause stands last, and relative
clauses, and constructions taking their place, precede antecedent
clauses :—

Go and tell John what you have seen and heard.

Nn ntio ntio mhang, ntid ntio zo, chi wisi Yohan ezod.
Lit.—What you have seen, what heard, that having

gone, to John tell.

Where did he tell you that the pony was ?

Shina korrcho ku vancho lato, ni zdchéla ?
Lit.—He pony where was saying you told?

I know that a goat is there.

Chi nyanya vana, ana ntsi.

On this principle verbal adjectives precede the nouns they
qualify :—

He killed all who were staying in the house here.
Oki chilo evan langa hena nangthata.
Lit.—House here in staying all he killed.

For the construction of participial clauses, see explanations under
Participles and Conjunctions,

Interrogative and negative constructions are sufficiently explained
under verbs.

(3) Direct and indirect quotations.

Direct quotations are immediately followed by the particle 46
and are generally placed between the subject and predicate of the
principal clause :—

He says I will go=Shina “ ana wo” té phydala.
Lit.— He “I will go” says.
He said to me I am sick= Hina “a pirapthata” to eadcho.
Phrases. 65

 

When thoughts are expressed in any other form than in the origi-
nal words of the author, the affix /a¢é is employed at the close of the
indirect discourse which, as a rule, follows the principal clause :—

He says that he would go = Hind phyoala, émona wolata.
He told me that he was sick = Hind a zdcho, 6mé pirapthe-
lato.

If the speaker says “ And w6”’=“I will go,” any one standing
near and wishing to inform a third party of the fact, will simply say
“ Wolaté”’ = “ He says that he will go,”

PHRASES ILLUSTRATING THE USE OF VERBS.
INDICATIVE Moon.
Present Tense.

Ache, root = No.

I. Does your head ache now-a-
days?

Epatyacho ni kurr ni nétata-
| ning 7
Epatyacho ni kurr ni notachoke ?
Ho, & nod.
2. Yes, it aches. 5 : | He a notata.
flo, & néotsanga.

3. Does it ache much? . ‘i
Fo, tangto a néa.

{int ni noake ?
flo, mpemo @ nod.

4. Yes, it aches hard é :

Ask, root = Nga.
5. Do you ask the Sahab whe- Nd woalo m-mésana etsi enga-
ther you can go or not ? lanung ?
6. Ido not ask him . . Ana hi n-ga.
7. Do you ask the Sahab or Wyzo etsi ngangéla?
not ?
8. Yes, 1 ask him now andthen Ho, kéthangha, kothangha ana
Shi enga.

Assemble, root = ¢scd, with zo or kélok.
g. Do you cause the coolies to Nano kuli kolok tscoyitohanung ?

assemble ?
10. No, they assemble them. Me, dmomé nzé tscoyidla.
selves.
 

66 Phrases.
Present Imperfect.
Beat, root = tap.
11. Is he deating you? . . Hina ni tapalanung ?
12. Yes, he is continually deat- ¢ Ho, hina a tapvavandala.
ing me. Flo, hina a tdpkanga.
13. Why is he deating you? =. Ntsdle hina ni tapala?

14. I struck him first andsohe And hi taptencho ole éména

15.
16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

BS,

is now beating me. nthanga a tapala.
Iam not Jeating him now . Nthanga ana hi tapa m-manaha.
When I struck him a while Oménd nthéng a@ taple ana omé
ago I did not get a chance n-taphrakhama, nthanga hi-
to deat him, so I am deat- tapala.
ing him now.
Blow, root = ve.
The wind zs blowing . . Mpong vénala.
Nthanga m-me.

Now it is not dlowing “L Nehangat ave

Blow, root = Mha.
Why does the boy keep MNyttsole nungorna bmi mhiava-
blowing the fire ? nala ?
. ; : And hi hmtokala.
| 25
lam making him blow it Joie Uivabeniatels
Blow, root = Sa.

Is there a breeze blowing or Ziiro sasapala ?
not ?
A slight breeze 7s blowing . Ziiro terraro esapala.

Past Imperfect.
Boil, roots = /@ and she.
When you came was the Nuno yiathang otchhii elakala-

water dotling ? niing ?
Nuno yiathang otchhii shena-
niing ?
It was not dorling : . Elaka m-ma.

Shena m-ma.

It was dovling an hour . Shala matsanga elakavancho.
Shald matsanga shenavana.
Phrases. 67

 

4
Past Tense.

Borrow, root = No.

26, Yesterday I borrowed ten Nché ana baba theni orang taro

25,

28.

29.
30.

31.

32.
33:

34.

35:

36.

37-

rupees of the Babu. nocho.

I did not borrow anything And hi theni nyaha n-no.
of him. Ana hi theni nyaha n-nécho.

Break, toot = Khirap.
Did you break this dish? . Nuno dpfha hi khivapchoke ?
I did not dreak it : . And hi n-khirap.

When I was holding itin my And penle a tana ewénchéchi
hand my brother, knocking khirapcho.
it out of my hand, droke it.

He made me break it . Hina shi a khiraptokcho.

Present Perfect.

Break, root = vaso,
Have you brokenthe stones? Nuno dniing vasdchakaniing ?

I have not droken them all. And émpa m-maséaha.

Break, root = ranso.

Have you droken my spear A tso eransochakchoalo n-ran-
or not? séahala?

I have made my brother And hi ata eransétokchaka.
break it.

Past Perfect.

Burn, root = réng.

They themselves had burned Ena w6 n-chanthanga dméchtha
their village before we oyan rongchaka or rénga,
arrived.

Bring, root = han yi.

When you were there, had Nua dchi vanathang hind honé

he drought the fowls ? hansi yichakaniing ?

. He had not drought the Shiné hénocho hdnsi n-yina

fowls, but he had brought hono tchhi hansi yichaka.

the eggs.
E 2
68

Phrases.

 

39-
40.
41.

42.

43
44.

45.

46.
47:

48.

49.
50.

51.

52.

53:

Future Tense.

Build, root = Tscé.
I will build ahouse . . And ki tscé.
Where will you duc/d it? =. Nuno kawe tscola?
Will they Jet you ducld Oné hello ni tscotékala ?
here?

Yes, they w7// let me build Ho, hello @ tscotéku khany a.
here.
I am about fo duz/d a house. And oki tsovusa.
Anda oki tsévsakhama.

Will you éu7/d alarge house Nuo oki tsapé tscoalo etchukaro

or a small one? tscoala ?
Will you duzld at once? =. ~Nthanga tscéanung ?
Nthanga tscoke ?
IMPERATIVE Moop.
Call, root = Tsa.
Call the messenger , . Lampen tsa.

Don’t call him now, call Nthanga ti tsa, dkhanati tsa.
him afterwards,

Don’t let him cal/ loudly . Lkhyo ti tsatoka.

POTENTIAL Moon.

Capture, root = Hram,

We cannot capture the thief End efiicho n-hramakok.
We can catch him tomorrow Oché ena hi hramakoki.
Oché ena hi hramakoku hanyt.
Carry, root = Han.
As I was ill yesterday, I Nché a@ phiraptakhama ana 4a

could not carry my bur- han m-hankok.
den.
Carry, root = Pu.
I could not make him carry And shi a putokleté n-toku.
me,
Can you make himcarry the Nua phiraptawéchina shi khi
sick man? putokokiniing ?
Phrases. 69

 

54.
55:

56.

57:

59:

60.

61.

62.

63.

64.
65.

Climb = Chingwa.
May I clmd this tree? . Oténg shi ana chingwane ?
Yes, if you wish you may Ao, xi chungwohngna chung-
climb it, nona te khanyu.

SUBJUNCTIVE Moon.

Catch the cat quickly, she Olyuro otongi chingyidt esciika
may c/imé the tree. ekiapa hramata.
He may close the door . Hina hankhan khama esca.

Lit.—He door will close perhaps.

Collect (revenue), root = £hz.

. If you had collected the re- Nnd lokotsen khiawé orang nzoa

venue, I would have gzven ni pinkatola.
you one hundred rupees.

Collect, root = tsco.
If you will collect (assemble) No kali kélok, tscoitakna chito-
the coolies, I will pay Sati otscen piya.
them.
Cluck, root = koka.

I do not kvxow whether the Héndnd kokokakand ana n-tsit.
hen clucks or not,
Passive Votce.
Command, root = pangnéa.
I have been commanded to Woleto a pangnochaka.

go.
Complete, root = meta. ;

The work has been comples Nehok mesii nsundryukama
ted four days. metakchaka.
NEUTER VERBS,
A-tsaktsanga.

A-tsakala.
lam cold : : *) A tsaktala,
A tsaka.
I was cold 7 : : ! A tsaktsanga.
. A tsaka.
I have been cold i (4 tsakeata.
7O

Phrases.

 

66. If itis cold I will notgo .
67. Although I am tired I will go

Etsakna ana m-mo.
Améktsangleha ana wo.

Also see under Predicate Adjectives.
For illustrations of Infinitive, Supine, Participles, and verbal modi-
fiers, see under these respective heads in the discussion of the verbs.

See also under Conjunctions.

PHRASES ILLUSTRATING THE USE OF THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF
SPEECH.

1. I see a man and a horse

Ana kyén na korr té mhiingala
(No article expressed.)

Ana kyon nchyia na horr matsanga 6 mhiingala.
Lit.—I man one and horse one see.

2. A goat’s horn :

3. For carrying burdens for the
sepoys over to Themokudima
Nagas get eight annas a day.

4. Yesterday @ (one) man came

here.

5. I will remain here about a

year.

6. What is he about ? ‘

7. I went all about your village .

8. Nagas stood adout the Sahib

g. What are you talking about ?

10. Weare talking about going to
Lungsai.

11, The calf appears about to die

12. Birds fly adove our heads

13. Adove this sky there is also
another.

14. Wokha is adov2 Yikum village

15. Give me the book which is
above, t.e, on top.

16. How many days has Lentie
been absent ?

Nydnya etchhii.

Kyonda sepe han hansi Chemangi
thréwona enga lona adholi
piala.

Nehé kyon nchyaa €p7 récho.

Ana hélo nzti matsanga hakono
vam.

Hicho ntiwo lyaala ?

Ana ni yani etchiyua kiacho
esiyua,

Kiéna etsi hachammi vancho.

Nuno nytiné chantala.

Ena Lingse chowé chantala.

Mangsii réchi tchhya sala.

Worona e kurrina pya yidla.

Potséwo shi mhai enungaha pot-
sowo liyelato.

Wokhaicho yikam yan mhai.

Oponi evanwé kako chi a pia.

Lentiona yisi nchék kita wala ?

Lit,—Lentie having gone days how many gone.

17. He has been absen¢ two days
18. He abusesme .
1g. Keep an accurate account

Shind yisi nchok eni wo.
Shina a@ makala.
Otscétscé kai vata.
Phrases.

71

 

20.
21,

22.

23.
24.

25.

20.

25.

28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

33

34.
35°

36.
37-
. [ll go after a little

39-

40.

4.
42.
43.

44.
45:

My head aches . ‘

Tama man from across the
tiver,

A tree has fallen across the
road.

Creep across on the tree

Cutting a tree and putting it
across come over.

The water being deep I can-
not go across on foot.

If you tell the truth it will be
to your advantage.

Seeing an orange tree afar
off he went to it.

Are you afraid ? * .
Don’t be afraid . : ;

Iam not afraid ,

Iam afraid ’

After he had gone I weed

Don’t tell me now, tell me a/-
terwards.

Come after (along with) me .

He is coming after (behind)
me.

Afterwards
know their books.
by, before long.)

After a long time I shall go .

the boys will
(By and

After a while the Sahib vill
go over to Kohima.

After having presented the
Sahib with a fowl, he. will
decide the matter,

Come after you have eaten
.your rice.

Afterwards (at another time)
I'll buy a cow.

I will come again in the after-
noon,

Don’t come again

Listen, he speaks again

A kurvina a noala.
Ato pofai na pankauwe kydp.
4

Otong eyad blan eyazd.

Otongo yangkata yangkata iya,
Otong tani rokat eza iya.

Otchhii chungwikamma ana
n’-khingkakok.

Nina otscétscd phyana ni etchi
kakcho.

Shind kingke ting ekoni mhung-
chi wécho.

Ni khyiake ?

Ti khyaa.

A v’khen.

A khenala, (or) A khentsanga.

Shinag yitona ana chhanto.

Nthangacho a ti zod, Okhanati 4
Zod.

Shina a silamwe iyala.

Okhaicho nangérishiangna kako
ntsiyu.

Okhcleti and wo.
Ana okhanati wo.
Ettsina hisi Koéhime throwo.

ee ethit.
Otsi tsdsi roa.
Tampothung ana mangsit shiya,
Anda eng ehrelani yilam.

Eningo ¢7 réa, (or) Ti roland.
Shind eniwoha phydoyetaka, cnga.
 

72 Phrases.
46. Heis leaning against the tree Of¢éngi engoke vandal.
47. Will you come again or not? 6 nthango réréla?
48. I will not come again . . Alo n’rolam.
49. Don’t throw stones against Ondng ki oki ti ephiakata.
the house.

50. He ran against the fence . Shind pahrilo chenkacho.
51. Heis leaning against the tree Otdngi engike vanala.
52. He is speaking against you . Shind ni etchak etchi rala.
53. He is against me . . Shi a yatapen.

: Nno nzu kota wé 1a ? (or) wo la?
Bae Onan ie yeah aree "UN? poksi nzu kotau i

Aio nau taro si eni wo.
55. | am twelve years of age {4% a poksu neu taro si eni
pentaka.

56. He is very aged . ‘ . Shicho elum scontsunga.
57. He died six months ago . Shi tchhisi choro tirok tsdtaka.

43.

59:

60.
61.

62.
63.

65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
qo.
71.

72.
73:

Nkolona of7 shi tsotaka.
This house was built long ago \ = (or)
Oki shi tsdsi elum sungtaka.

Very, very long ago tigers Nkol6 mutsinad mhurrna kion
married men. séavancho.

He went a little while ago . Shicho nténgna yicho.

He went a few (4 or 5) days Nchok mezsu mungalo iyd,
ago.

He went some time ago » Shicho dsina yicho.

The boat is aground . . Ohréng chingte tala,

. He has gone on ahead . - Shi Ovungina yitaka.

Wait I'll go ahead of you (be- Osa and ni vungi wa.
fore).

I will go ahead (in front) of Anda ni mhatingi wo,
you.

Alas my dhan is all destroyed Haiyon a tsdk hetépua eshokani

Sid.

These two are alike (exactly Shi dni kiti.
alike).

Are al/ the boys here? . Ndangér hetdpa hello vanvan-

nila ? (or) vanvandrela ?

Has al/the cloth beenbrought Osca@ halangt hamsi threitakcho-
in? alo?

All men must die ‘ . Kidntzu tchhikam.

All Angami land : . Tsungin metatzii.

The rice is a// eaten. . Otsi tsékantoka,
Phrases. 73

 

74.

75:
76.

77:
78.

79¢

The dhan is a// gone . . Otscok ezizo kanchaka.
Put a// the fowls together. . Héné dtempan zo vata.
Put a// the books together . ako Sbmpan kdl6k choi vata.
Kako halangfé (or)  hetdpa
tscosceni vata.
All vegetables are good . Han lantero mhona,
Pull a/? together . . Halangtd 226 etchia.
All (the whole) the village Oydan ekani mhurr pancho.
chased the tiger.

80. 1 kept working a@// (the en- Ana@ eng chhum  nsandra
tire) day. vancho,

81. Rub this a// over . . Shi hetopina mheta.

82. He is almost dead : . Hicho tchydv sala.

83. IL almost caught him. . Ana etsukardnaka shi rumhau

te.
: Shi nchyaati vandala.

84. He lives alone Pal Rie oun Seacie

85 I went alone : . . A moti wocho.

86. Come along withme . . A pana rod.

87. He is running along the bank Pdéfd rani esanda iyala.
of the river.

88. He has twenty cattle, I also Skind mangsit mekwiu li, ana ha
have a few (several). teraro lia.

89. Did you tell me that Nymt- Nymtsemé nthanga yitakata
semo had already come? nina a zdchoke ?

90. The mail-carriers go over to Kakod Chemangi nnita throw-
Themokudima a/tefnately, ala,

gi. Come a/ternate days (every Enga vansi, enga roa, Enga
other day). vansi eng réa.

92. Although 1am hungry l’ll go A wénténtsiingleha ana we.

93.

94.
95:
96.
97.

98.

99.
100.

Although I have been called 1 A tsatakleha m’ mo.
won't go.

He is altogether bad . . Shicho echingana m-mhé.

I will a/ways stay here . Ana nchokapen hello vam.

Why are you always late? . No ntsdle nchokapen nshichéla ?

Our spirits live always (for Lte lamim nchiinkd vandala.
ever).

Among many houses this is Oki elumm niingo shi tsapowo.
the largest.

This is avery ancient writing Shi erancho e lamm eketaka.

Look at the sun, moon and Eng na chéro na shantiwo zeta.
stars.
 

a4 Phrases.

1o1. Come and eat Or ts6a.

102. Another man did it Oyamna shi lydicho.

103. Give me another ' . Tampo 4 fia.

104. Put it in another place Shi meta poe vata,

105. Come another (some other) Thamdthang 76d.
time.

106, If you know, why don’t you No ustind, ntsdle n’yichoala ?
answer.

107. There is not amy (no) reason Ntiha mak.

108. Has any one come? Ochiha réchala ?

10g. I don’t find anybody Ana ochiha m-mhung.

110, I did not say anything tohim And chi thangi ntiha n-phyé.

111. We live apart . £&te champo champo vandala.

112. Keep the ducks and hens AHénéna potak t6 champé cham-
apart, po vantoka.

113. Take this aparé (to pieces) . Shi ekilana

114. How many apartments in a Kidr 6kilo nchen kot ala?
Naga house ?

115. I gave the boys an orange Nungér kh ana khongke picho.
apiece.

116. The Sahab gave us boys a Etsind nungéri e ako poisd ma-
pice apzece. _tsang tsangna e picho.

117. As he is aff to break dishes, Opfa kherap keyo tsolanha, shi
don’t put anything in his khelé n-tiha ti teyd.
hand.

118. I am apé to break dishes Aio opfhi kherup tsdlan.

119. Ave you well? N6 mhimhona vanala ?

120. Who aze you? Nno écho la?

121i, They avehere . . Shiang hello lia,

122, As 1 was going over to Ko- And Kéhime wo thang etsi tsapé
hima I met the Bor Sahib. ntokcho.

123. 1 will do as much as | can, Ana kotata mhonad nsandrana
and do it well. chitata aud nsiindryi.

124. He does as I tell him todo . And koto pangndana chitd shina

nsindriala.

125. He has gone as he said he Mpona yiu td phydsi  chito
would, yikanda.

126. He looks as zf he were ill Shi néchoneri esca mhungata.

127, Doasido.
128. As you wish é

Ana koto lydana chitd lyaa.
Ni lamm kanya,
* Phrases.

75

 

129.

130.
131.

132.

137:
138.

139.

140.
T4t.

142.

143.
144.
145.
146,
147-

149.
150.

151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.

As I do not know whether
your conduct is good or
bad, I can’t keep you.

As you are ill I’ll go

He west as far as the door
and stopped.

I'll go and ask what is best .

. He is asleep, do not awaken

him. He has awaked.

. My foot is asleep .
5. On hearing these words they

will be much astonished.

. There is a beggar az the door

Look af me

I came to look af the faad

He is staying at the Sahib’s
house.

Throw this af the cow .

He is sitting at the foot ofthe
tree

I can’t do this work a¢ all

I cannot see at all

You have come at last

They rose at once

Go at once : F 3
He died last autumn . ;

I did not awake once

Take this away . .

It is good for nothing, fae
it away.

He has turned Jack. 3

The boys are'all coming dack

He is lying on his dack °

My dack aches . .

I sleep at the dack side

Come to the dack side of the
house.

Ni etséphyé mhén choalo m’mhé
chésanad n’tsi-kama ni n’van-
taki.

Ni ratakama ana wo.

Shi kipang nthangd wosi vancho.

Ntié ntid mhénana ana ezdlo
wo.

Shi yipavanka ti n-tichhia.
yipchangchitaka.

A cho zziizza.

Oyi shi z6na shiangna elamm
emhoku.

Kipang chhéntsénchoyi nchyaha
vana.

A seta.

Ana 6lan zelo racho.

Shi etsi ki vanala.

Shi

Shi mangsiu ephiava.

Shicho otong kappi kékten vana-
la.

Ana shi nsiindryucho n-siindri-
Rk.

Ana mhing n-drang.

N6 siillami yzcho.

Shiangna ramt6 panticho.

Ndra woa.

Lungkham6é tsungkingo etchhi-
cha

Echingwatiha dna n-yipchang-
cho.

Shi hdnsi wad.

Shi ntiha m-mhé, sia (or) shimte
sia.

Shicho elanai ivataka,

Ningér hetopanda elanai iyala.

Shicho ntikaro yipala.

A manki @ dala.

Ana Schiwe yippala.

Oki khantsangwe rod.
157.
158.

159.
160.

161.
162,
163.
164,
165,

166.
167.
168.
169.

170.
171.

172.
373-

174.
175;
176.
177.
178.

179.
180,

181.
182.

186,
187.

Phrases.

He is walking dackwards

He is writing backwards

Why do you cut wood with
such a bad dao.

He wishes ¢#o de a head man
of the village.

I came decause I wanted to

I went decause you sent me .

He came defore sunrise

I came defore eating my rice

Don’t stand before (in front
of) me.

Where have you deen ?

My father has become blind

He came defore me

I'll deg7n to read the beok
to-morrow.

His dehaviour is very bad.

There isa tiger behind that
mountain.

Put my shoes Jehind the box

Calves follow close behind
their mothers.

You are behind time.

I don’t delieve you.

This spear belongs to me

Yikum village is de/ow Wokha

Bring the chair that is deside
the table.

It is lost destde the road

There are five or six persons
here deszdes me.

I have another deszdes this

Have you another cloth de-.

sides this ?

. Which is the dest road to Mo-

rakcho ?

. Among these give me the one

which is dest.

. His house is de¢fer than mine

Are you detter to-day?
Tama little detter .. '

Shind sciilanphiw6 esetatsala.

Shina silyawo eranala.

N6 ntétsole lepok m-mhom chi-
tyund dtscung wodla ?

Sihna gaunburad  tsdkilatto
tsoala.

L£ré hugcho récho.

Nna woté a lungichi ana wocho.

Eng n-chorothang shina rocho.-

A tsi n-tsothung and récho.

A mhatingi ¢7 chingwod.

N6 kiwe wochola ?

A po omhyek chotaka.

Shi @ vungi récho.

Ochyuacho ana kako shi kauki-
laté tsco.

Shi etsophiys tungté m-mhé.

Panglan chi engammi mhurr
van,

Ochen nhkeni @ chékab vata.

Mangsi bré chin& dpva Ssciilo
ertkata panala.

Nina n-shithanga.

Ana ni yi n-ningtsi.

Shicho a tsco.

Yikumcho Wokhat yan kappi.

Kéktepen pitang nthangi edz-
wochi hansi iya.

Lantsaz elingte moni sia.

Ana ha katola chiha tampo
nchyu mungo tirdk vayeta.

Shiha katola enungaha liéto.

Ni scaé shi tialo ennaaha lili-
yela ?

Morakchée- ews lan kiwe mhé-
m06/a ?

spas Onungi kaiwe mhomsana

id.

A hicho shi ki mhomo.

Nehingo ni mimila ?

Alo etchukaro poa.
Phrases. 77

 

188.

189.
190.

Igl.

192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.

201.

202,

203.

204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
2it.

213.
214.

215.

210.
217.

218.
219.

220.

Write it alittle detter than
that

Don’t stand detween us

The river flows between the
mountains.

I gave defween four and five
hundred rupees.

This is very dztter . .

Bring my 0d/ack hat

The Sahab d/ames me .

I am not to d/ame

Blow the fire ‘ és

The wind is blowing

Has the water dozled ?

It has not dozled . : -

It has dozled 7

Bring do¢lizmg water. '

My first-born and also my
last-dorn are here

Borrow two rupees
shopman.

Loosen doth the ponies

Clean the Jo¢tom of this

The Jottom of the mountain .

Break this thread

Den’t dreak my walldingestiele

Break this stone.

The mat is broken

The stick is broken

of the

. My leg is droken ‘

My tooth is broken.

This mat is very long and
broad.

We are brothers. . :

They are brothers

My older brother and ister
younger brother are of equal
height.

We will go du¢ you must stay
I hear your words, du¢ I don’t
understand what you say.
Buy cloth. -. : :

Chilina
erana.

F ningi ¢7 vanda,

Pofacho punglan yitalona iyala.

etchukaro mbhonkata

Ana rampiak nzé mezu mingalo
nsasa picho.

Shicho elam khoa.

A khikho enyikkochi hanat iva.

Ltsing & phyophi katala.

A phydphi n-ni.

Omi mhaa.

Mpong vénala.

Otchha \alahanla ?

N-lakha.

Elaktaka.

Chhillim hanusz iyd.

A poktemochi ha skauwochi ha
hello van.

Nné shishée thungi rampiak
enni noa.

Korr oniata vachia.

Shi ndrechi sca.

Phinglan chente.

Oying shi chakka.

A charong ti erans6a.

Olung shi phingsoa.

Ophak chi phichecho.

Otscang chi kochaka.

A choke khichaka.

A hé vakiicho.

Ophuk shi elamm suppoa elamm
nzoa.

Enchenni.

Shiang Onchenni Jia.

A tato na ni nyiito oni hiti.

Eni wé si nné ni vantoki.

Ana ni yi 26ala tosi nnd ntiwe
phyoasana ana n-tsi.

Osca shia.
Phrases.

 

221,
222.
223.

224.

225,
226.
227.
228.
2209.
230.
231.

232.

233:

234.
235.
236.
237:

238.

239.
240.
241.

242.
243.
244.

245.
246.

247+

248.
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.

He is sitting dy the door ‘i
Stand dy me
Shall we go 4y boat or afoul ?

I killed him éy means of a
stone,

He stood Sy (up for) me

I will come dy and by .

Go and cal/ the hogs . :

What is it called 7? :

Can you say So or not?

I cannot go without my cane

He says he caz come tomor-
row.

I don’t care

Take good care of everything

Go carefully

Don’t do your work hivateiety

Catch him .

I can’t catch up with titre

I caught the small-pox from
Nymtsemo.

Cause this to be brought

The rain has ceased

Cease the noise (don’t make
a noise)

That bird sings ceaselessly

I will certainly go

Can you give me change fora
rupee, or not?

He has changed his cloth

It is a little chzlly ; :

Take your choice .
I choose this 5 : ;
Drawacircle . : é

He goes around inacircle ,
This dish is clean

Clean this dish , ‘ ‘
Clean the path nicely . ‘i

Shinad kipungd koktevanala.

A escuppo vaua,

Eni ohréngina yiwalo tchhi-
tscaina yidla,

Ana dlungna shi ephiatsungcho.

Shina a yilo techo.

Anda dkhanati ro.

Woké tsald waa.

Shi kité (or) ntio tsala.
Hetyuli phydphyé cheala?
Charong n-stina ana n-wokodk.
Oché ré cheia to phyoa.

Flenhen tchumchaka @ tana te
kanyu.

Lumatungtaro
vanda.

tanunga seta

Tsungtsaro wéd.

77 tscolap philapna nsundra.
Shi ramha.

Ana shi n-paiyatala.
Nymtseménd pencho @ kacho.

Shi hansi yitdka.

Evra pochhitaka,

Ti nyangnydnga (or) ti porak-
tana, sia.

Woro china khapva vanala.

Ans na otscdtscd wo.

Shind ésca thongphicho,

Echakaro eau myimala.

Kuwe ni lummsana
khia,

Shi &\ummala.

Nkona erana.

Shing nkona hariphiala.

Opfhu shi ntsungdrunga,

Opfhu Shi sca.

Olan mhona khecheta.

ethungi
Phrases.

79

 

254.
255.
250,

257.
258.
259.

260.
261.

262.

263.
264.
265,
266.
267.
268.
269.
270.
271.
272.
273:

274.
os,

276.

277:
278.

279

I.

Clear the jungle .

Clear out .

This water is clear

Clear the way (get out of the
way).

Close the door.

This flower closes up at night

Close your mouth

Close your eyes .

Stand close to me

Orat chi tsdni sia.

Tsana, tsana, (ov) w6a, woa.
Otchhié shi ntsunga.

Anka chia.

Hankha khanna.

Thera shi zamétung zaptala.
Nipang ntsappa.

Ni omhyek chokka.

A nthangé nthénga vana.

“UA escapp6 vanda.

It is very cloudy to-day
He clubbed the Naga .
It is cold to-day .

The air is cold

Bring cold water :
Come here . : ‘i .
I did not come

I will commence the work now

Let us go down to the bazaar,
Come, come.

They came to make a com-
plaint against me.

Cloth on being put in water
contracts.

Everything is in confusion

I have no confidence in what
he says.

There is always (or) con-
stantly a great noise here.

The dog barks constantly

He acts contrary tomy com-
mands.

They could not catch the hen

{

Nehingé mpemé elok lia.
Shina khyén lungtsuncho.
Nehingo etsukka.

Mpong myimma,

hansi iyd, (or)

Tchhiimyim hansi iya.

Fléipi roa.

Anda n-yiha (or) n-yicho.

Anda n-droha, (or) n-drécho,

Anda n-tsacho.

Nthanga ana nsundryakilatts
sakau.

{han nkong, (or) Tchhinkong,

Boszare chiwatauka vva. Raald,
roalo.

Shiangna a echakechi yi errya=
kilatto rocho.

Osciti atchhiilo
thryaala.

Hetopa phiroe lia.

Shind ntid ntiwd phydsanad ana
n-nungtst,

Ffeilo nchinkon elamm wonyang
yi nyangala.

Phirro china thryapvu vanala.

Anda ntio phyonachi shina n-26
kiala.

Shiangna hind n-ramhakok.

thena enye-

GENERAL CONVERSATION.

Who are you? Sing.

”

Nn ochiwéla ?
Nna ochila?
 

80 Phrases.

1. Who are you? Pl. Nino bchaiéla ?
: . Nétena bchatéla ?

2. Iam the dak-walla . - Ato kiko ehan.

3. What village do you belong Niné nyt yanla?
to?

4. 1am of Wokha Atyo Wokeka.

5. Where are you going? Nn6 kui wila ?

6. | am going in to Themoku- And Chemangi threiyala.
dima.

7. Whence have you come? Kiiina ichola ?

10.

Il.

12,

13.
14.

15.
10.
17.
18,
IQ.

20.

21.

22.

23.

. Day before yesterday I came

up from Yikam, but to-day
I came in from Wokha.

. When will you go back

again?

I'll go back to Wokha alone
to-morrow, and after four
or five days will go down
to Golaghat.

Why are you going down
to Golaghat ?

I am going down to trade,

if you please.

What are you going to buy?

Iam going to buy this and
that, if you please.

Will you sell me those —

I will not sell

How many houses in shure
village ?

One hundred and fifty or
more, perhaps.

Is there much sickness in
your village or not?

Not much this year, but there
was much last year.

When you are sick, what do
you do?

We call the medicine-man,
and if we don’t get well,
we sacrifice.

Were your crops better this
year than last year ?

Orancho ana Vikammena chiing-
icho dsti nchingo Wokena
threyicho.

Ennéaha kéthang wilamla?

Ochi amoti Woke wolam, osii
nchok mesi,mungo vasi Kulat
chowo.

Ntsole Kulat chowdla ?

Shishoa chéwé kanya.

N16 shiula ?

Lamathangtero  shilo chowod
kanyu. :

Nn6 hono chi @ shishitokala ?

N-yen.

Ni yancho oki kétala ?

N26a si okt thamdro adra

kanyt.

Ni yamo phirapmorom
lilila ?

Nuchtkham phirap mérom elam
n-ni, Osit nankamécho phirap
movom elam lia,

Phiraptatathangcho nyawo lya-
ela ?

Ena ratsen
emalyua.

elam

tsale m-pokama

Nehikam ni li mhomoélo nan-
kamo mhoméla ?
‘Phrases.

81

 

24. They were better last year.
25. What is the price of dhan a
maund ?

26. From Rs. 1-8 to Rs. 2.

What are you doing now-a-
days on your cultivations ?

Weare harvesting Koni dhan
now, afterwards we will
cut the Sali dhan.

How many times do you eat
in a day?

We eat in the morning, at
noon, and in the evening,
three times a day.

27.
28,

29.

30.

31. Who cooks the rice? . .

32. The one who stays at home
cooks it.

33. Have you a wife and child-
ren?

34. I have two wives and five
children.

35. Is the first-born a boy ora
girl ?

36. The first-born is a boy, ten
years old.

37. Do your women do coolie-
work?

38. They donot . ‘ -

39. Get out of the way, I am go-
ing to break the rock with
gunpowder.

40. Now come and go to work .

41. Send two men to bring
bamboos.

42. Let them rest a litte .

43. How much pay do you want
a day?

44. I want four annas and my
boy two.

45. I can’t give so small a boy so
much,

Nankamo mhémo.
Sirrit atrocho kita man la?

Piakda sii poko man dptak enni
man tso.

Epatyahicho olichs ntio lyatala?

Nthanadcho ena oten ntsanala
hesicho matso ru.

Engialo cho kita tséala ?

Ena engiyathang choad tsé, n-
Shitethango chéa ts6, milan
choad ts6, t6 engianaché etham
tham tséala.

Ochina otsi riiala ?

Kilo miingna riala.

Ni kikham lilila, otsée lilila ?

A khikham nchii enni dtsoe o
mungo.

Poktemmichit epuals eluéla ?

Poktemmochit net
tokao,

Ni khikamcho kali “kam’’ n-
sindrala nung ?

Shiano n-siindrii.

Ana khorr ke énang pokoka, anka
chid, anka chia.

epuékama

Nthanga oyi nsiindra.
Nehii eni vepfu hansi yitoka.

Terraro esantokda.

Engi engina btsen kota hngala P

Aiyo motya enni ost a nungor-
cho motyad matsanga,

Nungor hetuv hetata n-pikok.

F
82 Phrases.

 

46. Bring some hot water, I wish
to bathe.

47. Send them away, I’ll pay
them tomorrow.

48. Go to your village and get
ten coolies.

49. Now you may go to get the
wormwood.

Chiilam hansi iyd, ana tsakau-

| kiatto tscoaké.
Vitéka, ana ochichi otsen piuka,

Niydni yisit kali nchii taro sési

roa.
Nthanga mhatso hano wotoka.
ENGLISH-LHOTA VOCABULARY.

—_——

F2
ENGLISH-LHOTA VOCABULARY.

A
A (d¢#.—one) .
Abandon 5 5
Abate (as a storm) .
Abate (as disease) .
Abdomen ‘ .
Abduct . ‘ .
Abet
Abettor

Abhorrent .

Able (to be)
Abide. ° ‘
Abode . ‘ fs
Abortion

About (nearly)
About (on the point of)
Above ; ;
Abreast, adv. . ;
Abreast, to stand
Abscond

Absent .
Abundance

Abuse, zv. . 7
Accept . : .
Accidentally

Accidentally
Accompany

Accumulate . ‘i
Accurate pi é
Accurate

Accuse . : ,
Ache...

Acid é ‘

 

Nehiha, matsanga, ntsanga.
Siisi iyala.
Pochaiyala.
Enytpala.
Ozo, mma, bpok.
Mpéa s6a vanala.
Themé thetala.
Othemwe ethewochii.
Lit.—The one on his side.
Nhkénga, etsaka.
Che “or” 26k (affixed to verb).
Vanala.
Evan.
Ngaro etchi, ngaro eninga.
Hakono, ekono.
Sala.
Mhai, oponi, 6yaki.
Reni.
Rendalda, renivanala.
Mpéa tsanala.
N-van, m-mda.
Kosha, elam.
Makala, khonala.
Khiala.
N-tsitha.
L£it.—unknowingly.
M-mhinga.
Lit.—not seeing.
Pana, nz6, strrd, essiidra (with verbs
signifying to come and to go.)
Tsotsi vatala, shishée vatala.
Otscétscé, khyanga (as a balance).
Ephen, khiti.
Phyo phiala.
Enéa, nokhanga.
Thena, thempvarangkata.
86

English-Lhota Vocabulary.

 

Acquaintance
Acquire
Across
Across

Across, to place

Act

Adams-apple
Add

Admit

Adult
Adulterer

Adultery, to commit

Advance
Advice
Advise
Afar
Affectionate
Afoot
Afraid
After
After-birth
Afternoon
Afterwards

Again
Again
Against
Age
Age

Aged

Ago, (long since), .

Agony
Aground
Ague
Ahead
Aid

Aim

Air

e
.
9

Acute (of pain, joy, &e.) :

Hngtaphen, ntsiitaphen.

Pidala,

Mphiwo.

Pankauwe, '
Lit.—other side of.

Rokat vatala.

Lytala.

Tangto.

Ekhi.

Tsotsi vatala.

Tachingi threyitikd.

_ Ranchakchaka.

Lomé esi, longsulongphae.
Lomé siala,

Ovangwe woa, dvangwe iya.

Okiak.
Okiak piala.
Ekoni..
Lampamchia, lamm mhéna.
Ochéena.
Khyuthata, ekhitsanga.
Silamwe, esilo.
Oshang,
Nshiichachélo.
Okhanati, skaicho, Gkaiti, hisi, okeleti
(long time).
Nthango, eniwoha.
Lam “ or” lan (affixed to verb), ,
Engoke.
Poksi nzu.
Lit.—Years after birth.
Neu kata ?
Lit.—Years, how many?
Sonisanga, sintaka,

, NkGlé, nkolo 6man tsona.
_ Negkak,

Chungtheta.
Libra, yiéra.
Ovangi, mhatungi.
Kyoala,

Echuala,

Ezz.
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 87

 

Alarm : ‘ : Ekhentohala.
Alas ‘i . . Hai yo o, ha-d, dpapa.
Alien ‘ : . Oyam, yampée.
Lit.—Other village.
Alike ‘ 7 . Khiti, myantaktaka (even).
Alive : ‘ . Ekam ,
All -  «  « Omipa, halangto, hetopa, hetopum, langa,

and affix ¢zi. :
Almighty ‘ ‘ : N-suindrukok ntytha n-ni, n-lyakok

nytha n-ni.

Lit—Not able to do, there is no-

thing. ;
Almost “ ‘ . Echtkaro (with a negative), sd/a:
Lit. —About, on the point of,
Alms . . . Othan. /
Alone ; ; . Ométi, bpoti, nchyaati,
Along ‘ ‘ . Pana, thongpana.
Aloof ‘ , . Elonchoe.
Aloud ; ‘i . Ekys.
Already . F . Nthanga.
Also | 3 ; . Ha.
Altar : < . Emi vamphen, Siitsangdhran vamphep.
Alter - : i Oméichang: lyaala.

Alternately . : - Nnita, chungta.
Although ‘ 7 . Ha, aha, toleha, toaha (affixes).

Altogether. . Choalyi.

Altogether (wholly) . Mpems.

Always f é . N-chinkd, echong, nichuthango.
Amazed : ‘ . Emhiktsanga.
Ambush, to liein  . . Ravani vanala.

Amid ; : . Ontingo.

Among : 7 . Onsingo.

Amount . . . Ompa.

Ancestors : ‘ . Pyamtsa matsi.
Ancient 5 é . Nk6lé, ehen, ekenchaka,
And . . . Na, sii, ha.

Angami . ‘ . Lsango.

Angel : ‘ . Patséwo lamphen.
Anger F . . Lamm tsoka.

Angle : ‘ . Nhken:

Angry . a - Lamm tsoka.

Animal (domestic) . . Ekamtsakilo,
88

English-Lhota Vocabulary.

 

Animal (wild) .

Ankle

Anna (4 pice)

Annoyance

Annual

Anoint : ‘ .
Another (of things) .
Another (of persons)
Answer

Ant (black)
Ant (red)

Ant (white)
Ant (winged) .
Ant-hill
Ant-nest
Antler
Anxious
Anybody
Anything
Anywhere.
Apart :
Apart (take), v.
Apartment
Ape .
Apiece . .
Appear

Appearance . ‘
Appetite :
Applaud . :
Approve ; é .
Approach

Approach ; ‘
Archer . . .
Arise : .

Arm (of body)

Armlet 3 a ‘

Armour ‘ 3
Around a ‘ 7
Arouse ‘ ‘ .
Arrest ‘ : .
Arrive ‘ 7
Arrow

Artery

Oséngo.

Chémhyek.

Potsa meat, rangmyo mezi.
Ekhetsa.

Nati nzit.

Neala.

Thamphé, poe.
Oyam.

Yichéala.
Tscamphiro enytko.
Tscamphiro emyomé.
Tscamphiro mmiwo.
Tscamphiro tsiphia.
Tscamphiro yécho.
Tscamphiro shab.
Sepuu ech.
Ekhentsanga,

Ochia, byan.

Nyuha, n-tiha.
Kaha, kaloha.
Chingchingna, champo champo.
Ehilanala,

Nehen.

Otam,

Matsang tsango,
Chiala.

Ophys.
Wonténtsanga.
Tsatyala.

Mhona zecheta.
Escappoé réala, nthango roala.
Escappo woala.

Ols ephen.
Panthiala.

Ewen.

Korro.

Phipé sampo.
Hripia, nkon.
Ntechia,

Olan khanyala, ntalanchiala.
Chanala.

Lotsii.

Chempuu.
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 89

 

Article

As much as
As, so
Ascent
Ashamed
Ashes
Aside
Aside (stand)
Aside (set)
Ask

Aslant

As much, so much .

Assemble
Assembled
Assembly
Assist
Asleep
Associate
Astonish
At once

Attention, to give

Auction

Aunt (paternal)
Aunt (maternal)

Auspices
Await
Awake
Awaken
Awe
Axe

Babe
Babyhood
Bachelor
Back

Back (side of house)
Back (side of bed)

Backdoor
Backwards

“ Backsheesh ”
Bacon

Tharapviro, khikyonikyo.
Kota tata.

Koté chité.

Chingwala.

Ytkrala,

Mipok.

Epomve.

Enkachia.

Vai yala.

Engala.

Yophia.

Kota hetata, kétasana tata.
Santhryuala.

Etsii thrydchaka.

Kyon etsi thri.

Kyoala.

Yipthechakda.

Nezoevan, echauro, nzdeke.
Emhéktsanga.

Nthanga, ndra,

FEngala.

Ovi tsota.

Ono.

Opvuram.
Tsenphikhanga.

Zeta vana,
YVipyangchiala.
Nthechiala.

Lamm thotéka.

Opvhi.

Negaro.

Ngaro thang.
Khyang drée.

M anki, silamwe.
Khantsang.
Ochiwe.
Khantsang.
Silamphiwo.
Othan.

Sonkéng, séhep.
 

go English-Lhota Vocabulary.
Bad 2 ; M-mho:

Bad . : Veroka.

Bad , ‘ . Harokhanga.
Bag . . . Oxit sci.

Bag (money) . . . Rangsciikhi.
Baggage . . ; Khikhyo nyikys.
Bait ( for fish) . : . Ora.

Balance ; : Efhi.

Bald ‘ : Oton phyanga.
Bale . : Otchhii wichikchiala.
Ball , F Eka.

Bamboo . . . Nkyep, vepfa, puhrii.
Band (of music) : . Phiyayickhie.
Band (waist) . Rokab.

Bank (of river) i Tchhittsen.
Banner : . Simyod.

Banquet . Osho.

Barber Kurretsen.

Bare < Khiso mpenscii n-khi.
Barefaced ‘ N-ythra.

Bark, v. ; Thrydala.

Bark, z. ‘ . Tsangti.

Barn ; . . Osén.

Barrel (ofa gun). . Tsangepuu.
Barren é ; . Mpokok, nthikok.
Barter : Théngtala.

Base . . . Chamchaka.
Bashful ; A . Eythrathata,
Basin . Opfhu:

Bask ‘ ji Engi ekhangald.
Basket ‘ 7 Okhyak.

Basket (of open work Okhya.

Basket (for carrying water) Khangdro.
Bastard ‘ : . Métso.

Bat ; ; . Sdsiro.

Bathe fs . Tsakatala,
Batten ‘ . . Tsitam.

Battle ; ; . Orrit nangthata,
Bawl ‘ Khyau khanga.
Bazar : . . Shishophen:

Bead r * . Yoko.

Beak é és . Emen.
English-Ehota Vocabulary. gl

 

Beam 5 .
Bean :

Bear (a burden) :
Bear (fruit) . .
Bear; x. -
Beard i
Beast (wild) .

_ Beast (tame)

Beat 7 ‘i
Beat (a drum). .
Beautiful ; ’
Because 7
Beckon ‘

Bed ,
Bedding ‘
Bedrid 3

Bee .

Beef

Before, adv. (time) .
Before, adv. (place) .

Beg .
Beggar : .
Beget . .
Begin . .
Begone : .
Behaviour , :
Behead A
Behind ‘i
Behold : F
Belch ‘ :
Believe

Bell ‘i
Bellow : Z
Belly . .
Beloved ‘
Below . .
Belt . ‘i
Bench : ;
Bend i ‘i
Benefit 5 ‘
Beneath ;
Benevolent . :

Khytro.

Ohro:

Handala.

Ekhiala.

Sevd.

Khokahm, koshipva.
Romhbni dséngo.

Ekam tsékilo, ekam songo.
TFapala, taptala, satala.
Tamphiala.

Zena tangto mhona, eze mhom phiréa.
Particle amd affixed to verb.
Eyopala, eyiminanthang myenala.
Yipphen.

Satyiphen.

Yipvithia.

Otscak.

Mangsiiso:

Nthong; ee évangi.
Mhatungi, svangwe.
Chénchoni tséala.

Ching kichontse.

Negaro hantokala.

Tscéala, and verbal affix sala.
lya iya, woa woa.
Etsophyo.

Kurr nyakiala,

Silamwe, ndrewe.

Zeta.

Nkhichiala.

Naugtsala.:

Ophiang.

Nrongala.

Opok.

Nzan méochi.

Okapi, skapwe, lékokwe.
Oscit haphen.

Evan, khoktephen.
Kénphiala, nkhathetala,
Na2dana.

Okapi, lakokwe.
Nungphia.
 

92 English-Lhota Vocabulary.
Bequeath Eyi tchhiitai iyala.

Beside Tsatsékwe.

Besides . Affix tialo followed by chiha.
Best Mhémo.

Bet Ngangtala, ngansitala, merangtala.
Betel Oshangwo.

Betray Ekhap kiala.

Betrothed Okikamo, 6kikhamm.
Betroth Séavanala.

Better Mhémo.

Between Yilalo, énungo.

Beyond Engami, yaka.

Big Tsapho, sapo (tall, long).
Bile Latchicho otchhi.

Bill (of bird)
Bind

Bird

Bird-cage
Bird-nest
Birth, to give .
Birthplace
Bisect ‘
Bit: ;
Bitch ‘
Bite

Bite

Bitter

Blabber

Black
Blacksmith
Bladder

Blade

Blame, wv. F
Blame, z.

Blank (point ofa rave
at which aim is taken) .
Blank (paper) -

Blanket
Blaze
Bleat
Bleed

Emen.

Changala, shenala, hokala.
Woro.

Woro vangphen.
Woro shab. —
Pokala, khiala, ndréala.
Epokyan.

Pékséala, rasoala.
Echiikaro.

Fhiro okyt.
Engkakala.

Okhi.

Khoa.

Oyi ponkhanga.
Nyika.

Yonchée.

Tchhicham.

Owo, yowo, yowe.
Phi6é katala, ntanala.
Phiophi.

Echyu kaphen.

Kako n-rancho.
Mpempen.
Kiala.

Erénala.

Echen chiréala,
Blind

Blister
Blockhead
Blood

Bloom
Blossom

Blow (wind)
Blow (breeze) .

Blow (with the mouth)

Blue (indigo)
Blue

Blunt

Boar

Boar (wild)
Board

Boaster

Boat

Boatman

Body

Boil

Boiling water .
Bold

Bone

Book

Border

Bore

Born

Borrow
Borrowed
Borrow on credit
Borrower
Bosom

Both

Bottle

Bottom

Bough ‘
Boundary

Bow

Bow (salute)
Bowels ‘
Bow-string
Bowl

English-Lhota Vocabulary. 93

Omhyek echang.
Piuchapa.
Yimsirra.

Echen.

Ekhisé chiala.
Ekhi.

Vénala.

Esapala.
MUhiala.
Nishakirka.
Myak tsetseta.
Seseto.

Woko oping.

Oni.

Pilang.

Tséporo tsékhanga.
Ohréng.

Ohréng ekam.
Otsak.

Elakala, shenala, letala, vapala.
Chhilam.
Lammkhanga.
Orrii.

Kako.

Sciicham.

Nyala.

Pokala, ndréala.
Ochhi epuwala, nséala.
Nsochaka,

Epvwt hansi yichaka.
Ochhit epwi, nsée.
Takki.

Oni.

Ewompvi.

Ndre, chée.
Khero.

Errii.

Ol6.

Khamala.,

Mma.

Lézit.

Opfa.
 

94 English. Lhota Vocabulary.
Bow-legged « WNkokyaa.

Box : Ochen. °

Boy ; Niungorr.
Bracelet (men) - Khekhap.
Bracelet (women) Rampam.
Brain Penta.

Branch Khero.

Brass Yonchak.
Brave (See “ Bold”).
Bread Mhurr, hmdrr.
Breadth N264.

Break Khachaka.
Break ‘ . Khirapala.
Break (off a small piece) . Vachéala.
Break (stone) . Phangsoala.
Break (stick) . i . Lranséala.
Break (by the foot) . Hnyechaka.
Break (by bending over in Franchakala.

hands).

Break (by splitting length-

wise).
Breath
Breathe
Breeches
Breeze
Brethren A
Bribe, wv.
Bribe, v.
Bribe, z.
Bride
Bridegroom
Bridge
Bridle
Bright
Brim
Brimful
Bring

Brittle °

Broad 3
Broken .
Brook 7
Broom a

°

Kabsoala, phangsoala, vasoala.

Ethak,

Ethak echendala.
Chopokthe.

Ziro, Bit.

Ochenonyai

Khapala.

Ekhabpiala.

Ekhav, ekhab.

Oki khamm.

Oki khammé.

Opho.

Korr zi.

Tsanglapa, tsanglelapa.
Poiipang.

Phyanga.

Hanat iydla, hansi iyala, hansivéala.
Tsak tsakto.

Nzo.

Khirapchaka, khichaka.
Tchhiiso,

Chakcha.
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 95

 

Brother (younger) .

Brother (older)
Brother-in-law .
Brow (eye) . .
Brown ‘
Bruise 7
Brush

Bubble A
Buck : 7
Bucket

Bud

Buffalo

Bug

Bugle :
Build ‘
Building

Bull Fi
Bullet

Bull-frog

Bullock.

Bunch (of flowers)
Bundle (of wood)
Bundle a
Burden

Burn 7
Burst

Bury

Bush

Business "
But $ Fi
Butt

Butterfly

Button

Buy

Buzz ‘

By (by means of)

By and by

By-path ‘ 5

Cc

Cackle (after laying)
Cackle (cluck)

Onydi.

Ota.

Ohra.

Mhyek kon.
Nytkshoka.
Chenalg.
Khetala.

Mpen.

Katson opong, hélya, dpong.
Otchhit wophen.
Thera pudpam,
Zizi.

Orra.
Phiyakhiphen.
Tscéala.

Oki.

Mangsi dping.
Tsangetsang.
Ova.

Mangsti nchétséncho.
Thera vang.
Otsang pampong.
Ochang.

Oha. ©

. _Réngala, nshiikata (scorch).

Ethang hrapa.
Chithetala, shothetala,
Oziiyo.

Nstndrya,

Tosa, osu.

Shingtald.

Sisan phiyie, sishapilie.
Oscit khaphen.

Shidla.

Viivala.

Na.

Okhanati, okhaicho.
Lampiro.

Selakala.

Kékala.
 

96 English-Lhota Vocabulary.

Cactus - Mangyo.

Cage (bird) Hono vangphen.

Calendar Tsangé kaphen kako.

Calf Mangsiiro.

Calf (of leg) Ndran.

Call Tsala.

Can Che, kok, hrak (verbal affixes).
Candlestick Tangrachingphen.

Cane (rattan) . Orru,

Cane (walking- ene Charéng.

Cap | . Khikho.

Captive . Evang.

Captive (to make) V. angala.

Capture Rhamala.

Carcass : Etchhiitsak, 6mang.

Care for Enhyaka vanala, zetavanala.
Careful (be) Tsangtsaréa.

Carefully Raranga, enato, tsangtsaro.
Careless Tsélap phydlapa.

Carry Hanala.

Carry (a child « on tlie Hae Puala.

Carry (a ay Otsong phiala.

Cask Sék6 chen.

Cast away
Castrate

Caste

Cat

Cat (wild)
Cataract

Catch

Catch (disease)

Catch, up, with, overtake .

Caterpillar
Cattle
Causeless

Cave

Cease

Cease (raining)
Centipede
Centre
Certainly

Chaff A
Chair

Siala, shamthesiala,
Nehho tshénala.
Ekuhrr. —

Olyuro.

Tsaphi.

Ngetang.
Hramatala.
Katala.

Paiyatala, phanyatala.
Momo,

Mangsi.

Ntiha n-ni.
Mungkuo.

Osa.

Pétchiala.

Tsiitsi nkakta,
Ontngo.

Otscotscé.

Maka.

Khoktephen, evan.
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 97

 

Chalk ‘ 3
Change (exchange)
Change (small money)
Channel ‘
Charcoal

Chase 5 :
Chaste ‘ ;
Cheap

Cheat

Checked

Cheek

Chest

Chest (box)

Chew

Chicken

Chief :
Child

Child (male)

Child (female)
Child (only)

Child (grand) .
Child (infant) .
Childhood ,
Chill (with fever)
Chilly

Chin

Chirp

Choice

Choke

Cholera

Choose ‘ 5

Chop ‘
Cigar . .
Circle ,
Circuitous

Circular

Claw (fore), 2.

Claw (hind)

Claw, v. ‘ p
Clay , .
Clean ‘

Clean, v. (as dishes)

Ochén emha.
Tongtala.

TsGro.

Zukha.

Mihda.

Yungtala.

Niséa.

Omanla, oman elaro, lalokwa.
Etchit phiala.
Seséa.

Eyd.

Taki (the breast).
Ochen.

Mecha metala.
H6noro.

Ekhang.

Otsoe.

Otsoe epué, ango.
Tséelango, otsde elaé réro, aka.
Eponthi.

Oriwé.

Negaro.

Ngaro thang.
Lira.

Tera etsaka.
Khoka, khikan.
Eronala.

Lamm.
Nhyangala.
Phyotata.
Lammala.
Tanala.

Mektiwé shiicho.
Nkond, eka.
Nhkon, hariphia.
Hariphid, ekalalaka.
Yinkep, yenk yep.
Choyinkyep.
Nshakala.
Phiytcho.
Nisanga.

Siala, nsala.
Clean, v.
broom)
Clear
Climb 2
Cling (twine around)
Cling (as plaster)
Clock 3
Close (near)’
Close, v. (as the mouth)
Close, v. (as the eyes)
Close, v. (as a door) .
Close, v, (as a drawer)

Close, v. (up, as a flower) .

Closely (to sow)
Cloth
Cloth

Cloth

Cloth

Cloth

Clothe 3
Clothe (causative).
Clothing

Cloud 3 :
Club ‘ :
Club, v. ‘
Cluck ‘ ee
Cluster

Coal

Coal (live coal)
Coarse (of cloth)
Coat

Cob (corn).
Cobweb ‘i
Cock

Cock-crow

Cocoanut : .
Cohabit ‘ ‘
Coil ’ ‘
Cold

Cold, to be

(with brush or

98 English-Lhota Vocabulary.

Kketala.

Ntsarga.

Chingwala.

Yokatala.

Tsékata, 2apkata.

Ozen.

Nthangé, essapé, enghyano.

Ntsapala.

Chokala.

Khanala.

Techiala.

Zaptala.

Eyinga yingala, renta yingala.

Oscii.

Silam (with wide white stripes and
narrow dark ones).

Lingkisci (with wide dark stripes and
narrow white ones).

Pandrap (dark blue).

Simyé (red).

Mpenala.

M pentokala.

biposampo.

El6k.

Sataphen.

Sala,

Kohkokala.

Vang.

Miha.

M 7ron.

Peshipeshito.

Sakthescit.

Tsangodhrotong.

Poraktsittsi.

Hampong.

Hono khaathang.

Hokating.

Shathraala, pathraala.

Myima, nkong.

Etsakala, etsaktsanga.
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 99

 

Cold season

Collect :
Collect (revenue)
Colt ‘i
Comb, x.

Comb, v. 3

Comb (of a fowl):
Come :
Coming
Command ,
Commandment
Commerce
Companion
Compel
Compassion
Complain
Complete
Completed

Complexion

Comprehend
Comrade .
Concave
Conceal 5
Concerning
Couch

Conduct
Confide
Confine ‘
Confusion ;
Conquer, v. .
Consider ‘
Constantly .
Contend
Content ‘
Contain -
Contemn
Continue

Etsako:

Khéloktscéi vatala, tsotseni vatala.

Lokétsen khiala.

Korr6ro.

Esha, kurr khephen.

Nshakala, tscan khetala.

Hono hantscak, hinoscenphiak,

Yidla, roala, tsatala.

Oro.

Pangnéala.

Pangnscho.

Shita.

Ntangé evan, essapo evan, n26 evan.

Tokala (causative verbal affix).

Naan.

Ethochakkala.

Metaka.

Metakchaka.

Light as of Europeans—mmia.

Dark as of Chota Nagpore—enyif.

Fairly light as an average Babu or
Naga—sdhaka.

A little darker than the above—somyo.

A little darker still—sdnyek.

Nitsa.

Nao evan, nzo eke.

Ekoka..

Mpée vatala.

Yi.

Yipen, echen, pilang.

Etséphyo.

Lammi ntio nchamandachi ezokanala.

Vangald.

Phyensérava, shamréshamtsia,

Toa.

Echami zetala, nchami zetala.

Pvu (verbal affix).

Pangtala.

Lammchantanga, lammchangchanga.

Tsoa, thetala.

N-zehngala.

Vanala. °
100

English-Lhota Vocabulary.

 

Continually . *

Converse : .
Convert 3 .
Convey . . .
Cook (rice and curry) <

Cook (rice) F ‘
Cook (curry) . .
Cook-house

Cool

Copious

Copper

Cord F .
Cork aie : js
Corn ;

Corner

Corpse 5 ‘ 7
Correct ‘ , ‘
Cost ; j r
Costly ; : .
Cotton ‘i
Cotton tree . ‘ ‘
Cough, v.

Cough, 2. , ,
Counsel (to hold a) .
Count ‘ ‘
Countenance . : .
Counterfeit (money)
Counterfeit (death) v
Counterfeit (sleep) v.

Country : : .
Couple : ‘i °
Couple : : .
Courageous . :

Court-house .

Cousin

Cover, v. ;

Cover (the mouth with the
hands).

Cover (as seed with dirt) .

Cover, #. -
Covet

Nehakapen, pu (verbal affix).
Chantala, ezotala.
Thamphé nchhamala.
Hansi yiala.
Otsihan nsandrala.
Otsi rala,
Ohan ekhuala, Ohan vapala.
Tséyampheni, tsoyanki, tsiraki.
Echakaro nkonga, echakaro myemd.
Khésha.
Yonchak.
Ozzit, etho.
Ndhren, nthreta.
Tongpalak tsittsiing, tsangénthro.
Nken.
Omang.
Otscétsco.
Oman, man.
Oman tsaka, 6man elam.
Khéngkhé.
Khongkhotong.
Ekhuala, haktsiala.
Ekhaa,
Santhrichantala.
Khala,
Ophyon.
Rangtap, 6rang ntapé, rangyims.
Etchira tséala,
Yipthetala.
Meta,
Oni, émpéé (male and female).
Tsongké (spoken of the feet and hands).
Ntyuha eku ntsit, lammkhanga.
Yanki.
Lit.—Village house.
Pétsocheni.
Fllapala, ventala.
Emen efwiala, emen zammiala,

Scézala.
Hlaphen.
Ekhiya nchamala.
English-Lhota Vocabulary. rol

 

Cow

Cowardly

Cowherd

Coy

Crab

Crack, 2

Crack, v

Cracked

Cramp :
Crawling . A
Crazy ‘
Cream 3 .

Cream (is rising on the

milk).
Creep : .
Creeper
Creek .
Crest (of bird)
Cricket
Cries
Cripple
Crooked
Crop
Crops
Cross é
Cross, to look .
Crosswise ‘ .
Crotch
Crow, 2. 3
Crow, v.
Crumb, z. é 3
Crumble z
Crush . <
Cry :
Cubical ‘ ;
Cucumber : a
Cuff, v,
Cultivation :
Cup ; :
Cure : :
Curl (of hair) . .

Current (of a stream)

Mangsii skhyt.

Kaphyoka, ndre nsapkhanga.
Mangsii siraphi.

Vikrata.

Hapirvo, hapviro.

Ekak,

Rakala.

Khingsichaka.

Tscangala.

Epva vanda.

Zuvd, auvala.

Poshang, pishanga.
Shirotzi imha poshangala.

Epvichetala, yangkatala.
Ozu eyowo,

Tchhiro.

Hantsank.

Yoro.

Kiala.

Oché okhe m-mhé.
Khankhaa.

Oli.

Tséphen ephen.

Lamm tsokhanga.

Omha ekhuala, emen nkhapala.
Mphiwé, evaktava,
Esham.

Kashak.

Khiala.

Maniro.

Emeruala.

Sharaala, khirapala, epahrapala.
Khiapala, khiala,

Kupiak rakata.

Vishakchi.

Tamtala, tamala.

Oli.

Opfu, otchhiyiphen
Tanangchetd, stiphicheta.
Otscan khankhaa.
Otchiierru.
 

102 English-Lhota Vocabulary.
Curry . Ohan.
Curse, v. . Yosékhanala.
Curse, v. Sukyang m-mhim phiala, ezaptokala.
Cushion . Nkhamphen.
Custom . Eshukda, shiku, shuku, etsiphyo.
Cut & Nangchetala, sitthechiala.
Cut - Nangalda, tenala.

D
Daily . Nehakapen, nchakana.
Dainty Opang nkhang.
Dan, v. : s . Ophyé zapala.
Dan, z. Ophyé saphen.
Damaged Yasérava.
Dance : . LElhala, ekhislakala, lablatala.
Dark (color or complexion) Mangthetapa, mangthetaka.
Dark Mangkhanga.
Dark (to be) - Mangala.
Darkness Manga.
Dash . Siekhanghrapa.
Daughter Oka, langé.
Daughter-in-law Ohram.
Dawn Engi chirosathang.
Day <4 : Nchok, tsangé, engya.
Daybreak . . . Engichirépangs.
Day-dawn ; . Lngyathang.
Day-light ‘ Tangtangto.
Day (next, to-morrow) Ochyd, oché.

- Oran.

Day before yesterday
Day by day

Day (to-day) . .
Days (now-a-days) .
Day’s journey

Dazzle : .
Dead

Deaf

Dear - ‘i
Dear (high-priced) .
Death-bed

Debt : .

Debt (to make) :

Nehakapen, nchakano,
Nehiing, nching.
Tsungé akhua, epatya.
Engaetsa,

Erathata, eratsanga.
Tchhia.

Enépanga.

Enzana.,

Tsaka, tsen khekhanga.
Etchhipango.

Ochhi, ochhii.
Nopala.
English-Lhota Vocabulary.

103

 

Debt (to pay) .
Debtor
Decay
Decayed
Deceive
Decked
Decline
Declivity
Deep
Deer
Defaced
Defeated

Defend
Defender
Deficient
Deformed
Delay
Delight
Delighted, to be
Delirium
Deliver up
Demon
Den

Dense
Deny
Deride
Descend
Descendants
Desire
Despise
Destroy
Devour
Dew

Dhan
Dhan-house
Dhoby

Diagonal (of cloth) ;

Diarrhcea
Die 4
Different 5

Ochhi léala.

Ochhi epviii.

Kionala.

Kiénchaka.

Etchiiphkiala.

Phipéa.

N-khia.

Chenkhi.

Chingwa.

Sepoa.

Era, mpd.

Tsantohchaka.
Lit.—Caused to flee.

Nkéala, pyonala.

Nkowichi, phydnchéwochi.

Zangkhanga.

. LEnhyaka.

Emathékala.

. Ematsanga, emathatala.

Zava.
Hramipia, vachiala.
Omén.

Ka.

Chamchaka, nkhanga.

LEchang ekhiala, ekhiala.

Chalatala, yikratokala.

Chéowala, chotyala.

Otséereko.

Chonala, tscoala, hngala.

Engkonga.

Yosorala.

Tsokhanala.

Yenchii, yentson.

Otsok.

Oshon.

Osciietsci.

Episci.

Phyétacho.

Tchhiala.

Thampho, ching ching, yipé ips,
champé champo.
104 English-Lhota Vocabulary.

 

Different - :
Difficult ‘

Dig ‘ ‘
Dig-out : .
Diligent ‘
Dilute

Diminish, v. trans.
Diminish, v. tztrans.

Dip

Direction .
Direction, this a
Direction, that :

Directly (now, at once)
Directly (after a little)
Dirty ; ‘
Disappear .
Disappear (as clouds)
Disbelieve

Discharge iene
Discharge (a debt)
Disclose

Disease i ‘
Dish

Dish (a boat- aheped aati
Dishonest

Dismal (weather)
Dismembered .
Dismiss :
Disobey . .
Disobedient

Displease

Dispute ‘i
Distant . F
Distant (very) . .
Distinct (separate) .

Distinctly . :
Distress, ”.  . .
Distress, v.

Distribute is .
Distrust . .
Ditch é .

Dive .

Pée (affixed to nouns).
Khanga.

Chiala.

Khochetala.
Koéntsanga.

Otchhii sakia.
Zankatokala.
Zankatala.
Rriithechiala, thechiala.
We.

Epiwe, hepiwe.
Ochiwe.

Nthanga.

Esangaro vasu.
Myena.

Engamé iyala.
Sakchichiala.
N-nangtsala.
M-mantokala.

‘Otchi léala.

Chichepiala.
Pirapthata.

. Opfhu.

Okung, skin.

Taché elam, oyi n-tsa.
Tsangla m-mho.
Mangtam.

Wotokala,

N-26, ng-ala.

Oyi ng-a, chanchon-zo, ez6cho n-a0.
Ezapala.

Pangtala, ekhirantala.
Ekéni, kona.

Elam kona, lankona, lanként.
Champé champ.
Raranga.

Ezapa.

Ezaptokala.
Chitatyala.
N-nangtsala.

Zikiro.

Chingthetala.
English-Lhota Vocabulary.

105

 

Divide 3 :

Divide (halve) .

Divorce

Divorced

Dizzy ‘ : :

Do js : 7

Doctor é ‘

Dog : .

Domestic

Domestic animals

Door F : ;

Door-way : : R

Double i ‘

Double, z. ji : ‘

Dove ‘ 2 ‘

Down (birds) : .

Downright (perpendicu-
lar).

Down

Dowry

Drag (along on ‘the ground)
Drain ;
Draw (water) .

Draw (a line) ‘ :
Draw (a fire with astick) .
Dream, 2. ‘

Dream, v. : :
Dregs

Dress (put on the ae
cloth)

Dress (put on the ‘lower
cloth) é : P

Dress (one’s self). ‘:

Dress (another) :

Dried up (asastream) .

Drink

Drive :

Drive down (as a stake) ‘
Drive away, off . :
Drop . . :
Drop (as water) . .
Drove . . .

Chiitala (share).
Ontngéna tansoala, sningona pokséala.
Pyéntala.

Oyana sicho.

Negara.

Liuala, lyuala, nsiindrala.
Ratsen.

Fhirro.

Ekam, chenchiengat.
Ekam tsakila.

Hlankha.

Kiphen, kipang.
Chapcheta.

Chapchetala.

Vefa.

Mhiro.

Nténgkachia.
Cho.

Engoman, bkikhamman.
Siala.

Lkhiro.
Ranala.
Setala.
Allapala, hlala.
Omang.

Omang emhala.
Tsitse.

Sokthetala.

M pensciiekatala.
Oscit mpenala.
Oscit mpentokala,
Otchhit hngachecho,
Yiaala.

Vamala.

Eshenala.
Phanisiala.
Eningala.
Lenchéala,

Khélék, tsaten, ten.
 

106 English-Lhota Vocabulary.

Drown . . LEhratsanga.

Drowsy, to be Vingwhala, engwala.

Drum Sénking.

Drunk . Khinéda, ekhiona.

Drunkard Khinékhanga.

Dry . Ekhyang.

Dry (by the fire) Ehoala, khyangtokala.

Dry (put out to dry) Phikachiala.

Dry up (as a stream) Hingachetala.

Duck Potak.

Dull . Seseto.

Dumb Eytim.

Dung Ochii.

Durable : Enhyaka vam, enkyakatsiitsan.

Dusk Mangsathang.

Dust Khirr.

Dwarf Omopui, rantaméchi, lékophitiro, lé-
konyanhngwo.

Dwell Vanala.

Dwelling-place Evamphen.

Dye Ehrii, niinghe.

Dysentery Phyétsanga, echen, phyotata.

Each Langa.

Each other Onichi, éniéni.

Ear ‘ ; Enno.

Ear (auditory canal) Ennbkha.

Ear (lobe) Némang.

Ear (hole, for ornaments). Exndévecho.

Earring
Earring

Earring

Early ‘
Earth (world) .
Earth (ground)
Earthquake
East

Eastern , 7

Easy
Eat

Eatables : .

Norr, norri (made of fine brass coiled
like a watch spring).

Maréngpen, bring (made of coloured
goat’s hair).

Kéngka, yempezu,

Hnyazangend, nyapa (4 to.§ o'clock).

Limhatzhii.

Ochoa.

. Nadrii enyoka.

Engichirophemwe.

Engichiropemwe.

Llashasa, elaka, n-khang ntsaka.

Tsoala.

Etsoyd,, tsophen ephen.
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 107

 

Eaten

Eaves

Echo

Edifice
Effulgent
Effigy -

Egg

Egg-plant
Eight :
Eighteen ‘
Eighty ,
Elbow ‘i
Eldest °
Elephant
Elsewhere ‘
Embankment .
Embrace
Employment .
Empty
Encircle
Enclose -
End

Endless

Enduring
Enemy
Enough, it is .
Enquire
Enslave

‘Enter :
Enter (put in)
Entire s
Entire (whole)
Entirely
Entrails
Entrance
Envious

Equal

Erect

Escape
Espouse
Eternal 5

Tsichaka.
Shuwo.

Owén, abkata.

Oki.

Etangratsanga.

Kyoén shancho, kyon lyacho.
Hono etchhii.

Khénchyi.

Tisza.

Taro sii tizd.

Ekhatiea, zaro.

Khechi, -khetzhii,

Evramé, poktemichi.

Sotsi.

Thamphée.
Epi.

‘Khanyatala.

Nsindra.
Echang, nyuha n-chit.

. Hatyatala.
. LEpiala, hala.

Oché, hurr.

Oché, kurr n-ni. Ochamm n-ni (limit-
less).

Enhyaka.

Orrii.

Tetséa.

Engala.

Vangala.

Thri yiala, tachingi yiala.

Thechiala.

Ekani, sani, meyo.

Metameyo (as the whole village).

Kan (affixed to verbal root),

Errii. mma.

Kipang.

N-zehngta, n-khyngta.

Khiti, myantaktaka (even).

Saksakté, ntsa.

Tsanala.

Séavantokala.

Etchhiha n-chit, epohampok.
 

108 English-Lhota Vocabulary,
Evacuate a Pyéala.

Even (level), ad7. Myana.

Even ‘ Ha (also), khiti (exact).
Evening Milani.

Ever ‘ Kothangha.

Every Langa.

Everyone ‘ Tsak tsakna, nchyit nchydna.

Everywhere .
Every little thing
Every other day
Everything .
Evil .
Exactly

Exact

Exact (as of weight)

Examine
Excellent
Excess
Excessive
Exchange
Expel A
Expel (banish)
Expel (breath)

Expense
Explain
Expose :
Extinguish  .
Eye .
Eye-bal] .
Eye-brow
Eye-lash r
Eye-lid .
Eye-sore

FE
Face .
Face to face .
Fade .
Faint .

Fair (beautiful)

Meta ahiud, metatsi..
Ntaméompa.

Nehoka chasi nchoka.
Tharapviro, mpa, halangto, hetoprva.
M-mho.

Pena, epen (fully).
Otscétsco, myanchaka, khiti.
Ekhyng, khiti.

Ntamho zetala, mhém mhona setala.
Tangto mhona.

Tyaka.

Yaka, tached.

Tongtala, n-nitala.
Himphoe phanchékchisiala.
Ekami siala, phanisiala.
Ephichiala, ehachiala,
Ezan.

Ntsiitokala.

LEchiala.

Mhetokala.

Omhyek.

Mhyektsang.

Mhyekin, imhyekmhi.
Mhyek tshan.

Mhyek fha.

Eze m-mho.

Omha.

Omhalo renkata.

Choiyala (with name of the color),
Zanghala.

Eze hnga, eze mhéna.
English-Lhota Vocabulary.

109

 

Fair (weather) : :
Fall down ‘i .
Fall down (as a tree) .

Fall down (as water) .

Fall down (out of bundle)

Fall down (across) .

False : ‘ ‘

Falsehood ‘ : .

Family °

Family : ‘

Family (penexations, de-
scendants) . ‘ .

Famine

Fan, 2

Fan, v x ‘ .

Far 5 ‘

Far-sighted . : 3
Farther :
Fast (secure) i
Fast (rapid) . .
Fasten .

Fasten (bind to a tree or
stake) ‘ .
Fastener : . ‘
Fat 3 7 .
Father - ‘i
Father-in-law ‘

Father (grand)
Father (great grand)

Fatigue 7 .

Fault . ‘

Faultless ‘ ‘ ‘
‘Favour : * ‘
Favour (in a law-suit) :
Fear ‘ ‘ 3
Fearful ‘ : 4
Fearless . . 7

Feast (to make)

Feather (long tail feather)
Feather : . :
Feeble . . .

Tsangla mhéna.

Eniungala, ekhangala.

Eyala.

Zanchoala, ephya chéala.

Esékrala, zanala.

Mphiwi eyala, ehrapzisiala, thronzi-
siala, chiizisiala.

Echang, n-tsa.

Echang.

Wopan (the people of one house).

Onthruhru, wompa.

Otséeri.

Khanga.

Savendro, vemphen.
Vemphiala. .

Ek6ni, lankona, elam kona.
Omhyek ntsena.

LEkémo.

Rarangi, mhénd, ekhyo.
Seta, ekhiolaka, ekhyunga.
Shenala, shenkatala, khanala.

Oténg khangkatala.
Ntsiiphen.

Peleta.

Po, ops.

Omo.

Ométzit, omotsi.
Pyamtsi, métsi.
Mokthata.

Phiéphi.

Phiophi n-ni.

Neand.

Oyilo theyala.
Khyatala.
Ndrensapkhanga, kaphyoka.
Ntiha ehya n-ni.
Khyéala, oshé lydala.
Eli, ey.

Ohm.

Etho n-chi.
ITO English-Lhota Vocabulary.

Feed (eat, graze)
Feed (to give food to)
Feel (badly, sad).
Feel (to touch)

Feet . 7
Fell (trees):

Female : ,
Fence

Fern

Fertile

Festival

Festival, to make
Fetch

Fever ‘
Fever, to have

Few

Fibula

Fife

Fifteen

Fifty

Fig

Fight 7
Fight (as cattle)
Fight (as horses)
Fight (as dogs)
Fight (as birds)
Fight (as children) .
Fight (as fowls) ‘
Fight (as swine)

Fill

Fin

Find .

Fine (as of wood)
Fine (as of cloth) .
Finger . .
Finger (little) .
Finger (middle)
Finger (first) .
Finger nail

Finish

Fire, 2. .

Fire, v.

Lsdala.

Tsotokala,
Ningrala, nangrala.
Ephia phiala.

M pho.

Tani eyalokala.
Elué, okhé

Pahrr, pahri.
Tscangéno.

Lokotso.

Oshé, emu.

Osho lyaala.

Flanat yiala, pensi yiala.
Libra, ra.

Liora rala.

. LEtchakdro, terraro.

Ning kurr, niing kurrit.
Philali, phiyaya.

Taro si miingo.

Tiingya.

Zowochi, tsiipekhi, thyoyokhi.
Orrii tséala, satala, orriichentala,
Shangtala,

Epatala.

Rétala.

Ntsitala.

Khontala.

Noktala, ntsitala.
Echamtala.

Phyangalda.

Nogotsu, chika.

Yanchetala, mhingala.
Varoa, tsaroa.
Nnaksankerra.

Yingdro,

Yingtamo.

Yingningo.

Ying tsiwo.

Yingkyep.

Sa, kansa (affixed to verbal root).
Omi.

Thenala, réngala.
English-Lhota Vocabulary. I

 

Fire (a gun).
Firefly
Firewood
Fireplace
Firm
Firmament
First

First-born

Fish

Fisherman
Fish-hook
Fish-net
Fishing-rod
Fissure

Fist

Fix

Flag

Flame, x.
Flame, v. 5
Flat (of ground)
Flat (of stones)
Flatulent

Flea :
Flee 3
Fleet

Flesh

Float (in water)
Float (in the air)
Flock

Floor

Flour

Flow

Flower, z.
Flute

Fly, v. :
Fly, 2. e
Fly, sand

Foam

Foe

Fog

Fold

Khiala, thiala.

Orru sasapvit.

Otscang.

Mitsophen, nchakiwe.

Ching chingté, rena.

Oyaki.

Yitemo, dvingo, tem or ten affixed to
verb.

Poktemochit.

Ongo.

Pry dkalo ewe, éngo eye.

Ongo skhi, ngokhi.

Negotsophen.

Ngokhatong.

Ekak.

Khezam.

Mhéna lyia.

Simyé.

Omi ekhi.

Omi ekhiala.

Hatyi.

Epyaka.

Vechia.

Tesi.

Tsanala, tsdnat yidla,

Lelapa, ekhyanga.

Osé.

Phiphiala, nkhikaro vanala.

Vénat yala, pingat yala.

Oten.

Tapvwi.

Ohm.

Phyonala, chéiyala.

Thera.

Phiyiiyii.

Phyat yala.

Peno.

Penchakaro.

Otchhii mpen.

Orra, ori.

Emhentzhit,

Chapala.
112 English-Lhota Vocabulary,

 

Follow . . . Phandala, etangala, silami-wala,
Osciilo erikata phanala.

Follow (close on behind) .

Fool Nyuha n-tsit kyon.
Foolish ‘ Nytha n-tsii.
Foot : Mpo, chimpo.
Foot (base) Nthang, ocho.
Foot-print
Foot-step . 4 Kinase,
For Etchi, etchit, etscona ; affixes 6, 16.
Forbid Siatala.
Force Tékala (causative affix),
Forcibly Rreché.
Ford Péifa khyangkoka,
Forefathers Pyamtsimotsi.
Forefinger Yingtsio.
Forehead ‘i Otén.
Foreigner Yampée, thamphée.
Forenoon Nshii n-tangha
Foreskin Zung-fhu.
Forest : Evani, enting.
Forge, 2 Yonchéki.
Forge, v . Ephiatala.
Forget Mhechéala.
Forgotten . Mhechaka.
Fork Esham.
Former Ehemwichi, svangochii. :
Formerly ‘i Nungkolo, ngkélo (a long time).
Formerly Osi (a short time).
Forsake Susi yidla.
Fort (and fertitication) Kherazi.
Forty Ziuro.
Fortunate Mmha.
Found ‘ Yancheta, yanchecho.
Fortune, to tell Okhe thenala.
Fowl Hono.
Fowler . Woro echhi. .
Four . Mezii.
Fourteen . Taro sit mezii.
Fragrance Ohram.
Fragrant s Ohramera, shrameria.
Free é N-vang.

‘ Nsansam.

Frequently
English-Lhota Vocabulary.

113

 

Friend ‘i 3 i
Frighten : . .
Fringe ‘ :
Frog . .
From - : :
From that time ‘

From, to (from village is

village, is a short dis-
tance)
Front -
Front-room . ‘ .
Front-yard  . : :
Froth ‘ ; :
Fruit-stone . s
Fruitless : ‘
Fuel é a
Full : ‘
Fun

Fur ‘i F
Future (another time)

G
Gadfly ‘ ; .
Gain ‘ 3 3
Gall ‘ : :
Gallop . . .
Gamble 5 :
Gambol : ‘ ‘
Gape , .
Garden Fi : .
Gardener
Garlic : . .
Gate . . :
Gate (village) . . .
Gather

Gather up (as cloth { in the
hand).
Gather (as clouds)

Gaze
i Generation féarnily)

Gentle : ‘

Okamo, ocheni, oshém.
LEkhentékala.
Scacham.

Ova.

Na (affixed to nouns).
Chisiché,

Yanyin enghyans.
Mhating, mhatingi, sving.
Séntoli,

Flinkiwe.

Otchhi ela, otchhii etsit.
Tsangthitsang.

Tsangthi m-pa.

Otsang.

Phyanga.

Ngangéta.

Ohm, otsan.
Thampothang.

Sopen.

Ranghata, kak.
Otscii, omotsci.
Tsoka yiala.

Fhufho nroktala.
Ekhiolakala.
Homhuala, himhala.
Pahrr,

Pahrr echon.

Lasen.

Khamphen.

Pikhii khamphen.
Khisthréala, nshatsdi vatala.
Sarthriaala.

Rémala,

Zetala, nganga setala.
Otséeri.

M-harok.
 

114 English-Lhota Vocabulary.
Get : . . Angala, khiala.
Get outofthe way . . Nba chiala. —
“Ghat” Eri.
Gift Othan.
Ginger Fi Osang.
Girdle ‘ Eruidtsenthepen.
Girl ‘ Elaé roro.
Give ‘ ; . Piala.
Gizzard ‘ : . Mma.
Glad : f . LEmathata.
Glass : Omha champhen.
Gloomy Yima (See Lowery).
Glorify Tsupotokala, ekhingtokala.
Glow-worm . ‘ Orit sasapuda.
Glue : : Oni.
Glutton ‘ ‘ Opang tangotsakshia.
Gnat ‘ : Tsékhipencham.
Gnaw ‘ ‘ . WNkokala.
Go , : . Weald, yiala, wala.
Goaround. : . Lhrriiphyala.
Go down . < Chowala, choi-iyala.
Go down (as a swelling) Sapala.
Go down (as the arm of a Etangala.

balance).
Go in ; : Throt yiala, thre yiala.
Go up : . Chingwala, ching yiala.
Go up (as a balance) Nkanala.
Go out : ; Chi ytala.
Go out (asafire) . Mhetala.
Goat ‘i . Nydanya.
Goat hair (dyed red) Oring.
God ; . Vihova.
God (supreme spirits, one Potsdwo.

evil and one good).
God (river-god) . . Tsangdhram.
God (forest-god) . . Nungkam, Lunkamo,
Goitre 3 : . Noetityi.
Golaghat Kiulat.
Gong Ophiang, kangkangi.
Good Mhona, mhim.
Goods , Kikhio mokhis, kikhys ni khiyé, oki

leyi.
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 115

 

Goose k m
Gore, v. ‘ ‘
Gourd

Grab

Grace

Gradually

Granary ;
Grand-daughter
Grand-father
Grand-mother ‘<
Grand-son
Grand-parents

Grasp

Grass , ‘
Grasshopper

Gratis :
Grave

Graze

Grease

Great

Greedy : 3

Green (fresh)
Green (partly)
Green (colour)
Grief .
Grind (as grain)
Grind (to sharpen)
Grindsstone
Groan

Ground ;
Ground-pine . .
Grow (in length) .
Grow (in volume)

. Hangi.
. Chentala..
Leff.
Eya choi khiala.
. Nean.
Echamchamna.
Oscon.
Osiiwo. .
Ométsi.
Otsii, oteti.
Otsderri, briiwos
Piamtsu moteu.
Hramala, rhamala, penala.
. Lomo, bchak, eriyé.
. Lapviro.
Tacho.
Olap, chab, skhap.
. Eré rangi tsoala, otsak tséala.
Ekha.
Tsapo.
Opang tsakshikhanga.
“U Opang ekhan khanga.
Eniro, eshit.
Mhen shiishak.
Thow6na.
. Ningrathata.
Enhyakala.
Ehetala, phyakala,
Morak, lepok phiakphen, lepok ehephen.
.  Drrala.
Ochhén, loko.
Léko samcho.
Rangkatala.
Tsakatala.

Grow out (as horn or Shdngwala.

nails).
Grow up (sprout)
Growl 5 7
Grub
Grumble
Guard
Guardian

Shingwatchi réoala.
Nyenala.
Choro.
. L£thé chakala. ;
Rarangi hnyaka vanala, dlan zamala.
. Suphichecho, spiro.
H 2
116

English-Lhota Vocabulary.

 

Guest . 7 .
Guide, v. A .
Guide (lead), v.

Guide, x.

Guitar ‘ a ee
Gulp

Gum F 2 ‘i
Gun ‘i é
Gunpowder . :
Gutter i -

H

Habit (custom) :
Habit :
Habitation. 7
Hail (stone), 7.

Hail, v. : .
Hair (of the head) . .
Hair (of the body)

Half ‘

Halfway . . .
Halve 3 . a
Hand ; P ‘
Handle 3 ‘ %

Hang (¢ntrans.) .
Hang (trans.) . ‘
Hang up (as a flag) .
Hang down 4 i
Hang (as fruit on a tree) .
Hang up (ona hook or nail)
Hang (over a line)

Happy . . .

Hard
Hare-lip : .
Harvest, v.

Harvest time .

Hat . e °
Hatch ‘ :
Hate i 5
‘' Hatigoria ” ‘.
Have 5 : ‘i
Hawk ‘ : .

Oki mingchéwichi, oki van yiawochi.
Olan echhiala.

Edrala.

Olan echhiiwochii.

Khiphen.

Lsémala.

Tsiitse.

Tsangi, tsange.

Khorr.

Shuiwdmyenthe.

Shikhii.

Etséphyo.

Vamphen.

Shehri, sherrii.

Sehrii chéala, sherrit chéala.
Otsan.

Ohm.

Poko.

Olan tchiise, slan énungo, 6lan talalo.
Eni ningsoala, phangséaia.
Okhe.

Ntsap, ramhaphen, hramhaphen.
Khyakthe chiala.
Khyakthatala.

Tonala.

Zonchéala.

Ethiala,.

Yikala.,

Yisi vatala.

Emathata.

Khanga, rok rok.

Mefu m-pan.

Oli ratala, 6li rala.
Yerupingo, oli rathang.
Kiven, khiko, kikho.

Hono khechéala.

Nlamala.

Chhiim,

Vanda, lia, chhiaa,
Manoshiro,
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 117

 

He . ‘ . Shi, chi.

Head ‘ . . Kurr.

Headache : : . Kurri nikhanga, kurrivavapa.
Heal - . . Péala, tscenchetala, tanang chetala.
Healthy . z - Mha.

Heap ‘ : . Khélék, nsha.

Hear . ; . 26416, engala, zdthrakatala, sdhraka.
Heart . . . Lampam.

Hearth ‘ . . Omi tsophen.

Heat - . . Lammala.

Heave ; ‘ . Lcham kachiala.

Heaven ‘ . - Potséwé.

Heavy ‘ i . Khekhe, myanga.

Heel . . . Nkhéng.

Heifer : : . Mangsii lammi.

Height . . . Ntson.

Help . : . Khydala.

Helpless : . « Ethé n-chhi.

Hem 7 ; . Oscu ekham, éscit evi.

Hen : . . Hankhi.

Hence . - . Helléna.

Henceforth . : . Hisicho.
Hen roost . : . Hono hanki, hino khyingphen.

Her : 5 . Shi

Herd, x. . . Tsiten, ten.

Herd, v. : Fi - Ekamala.

Herdsman A . . Mangsii ekham.

Here ‘ P . Hello,

Hereafter a 5 . Hisi, khanati.

Here and there : . Olo-dlo.

Hew . . . Lanala, nangala.
Hiccough a . - Nkhichi.
Hide, v. . .  « Mphéa yiala, mpéi vatala.
Hide, z. ; ; . Ofhi..

High : : . Ntsind, dyaki.
Highway 3 “ . Pékilan.

Hill ‘ ‘ . Yontongdro.

Him ; . . Shi.

Himself . ‘ . Omé, imimé, mpipo.
Hinder : . . Khetsala.

Hip . . . Khangkhen.

His . : . Mpo, shi.
118 English-Lhota Vocabulary.

 

Hiss .

Hit .
Hither

Hive

Hoe, v.

Hoe, z . ‘
Hog ; :
Hog-trough .
Hoist ; a
Hold ; ‘
Hold (contain)

Hold (in arms)

Hold out (the arms)
Hole

Hollow

Honest

Honey

Honey-comb . .
Hoof ‘
Hook, x.

Hook, v.

Hop

Horn ‘ ;
Hornet ; ‘i
Horse

Hot

Hot-water . :
Hot-season

House ‘
House. (dhan) .
House (very small) .

House é 5
Household - ‘
House fly ‘i :
Hospitable

Hospital ‘ .
Hostile 3 5
How a
Howl ‘

How many .
How much, ,

Shashiala.

Tamala, ekhokatala, tapala.
Epi, hepi.

Otsak vamphen, étsak pho.
Throénala,

Chokchhi, képerang.

Woko.

Vekha.

Tonala.

Hramala, penala.

Thetala.

Soala, echamala.

Okhe ntichetala, okhe rachiala.
Epo, oki.

Rangki.

Nétsen, ntsa.

Tsak etchhi, tsakitzi.
Tsakpo.
Nongkhi, nkhia.

Ovak.

Shingald.
Tsoka tsanala, tsokala.
Echhi, etzhi.
Réngwe, nangtchhi. tsaktsii.
Korr.

Tscéa, tscdshashapa.
Chhishen, chhiilam.

Yichen, yionthang, elamé.
Oki. -

Oshén.

Kitékro.

Champa (where persons sleep for a night
_who have been bitten by a tiger).
Opvwi.

Pend.

Oyantanang.

Pirap morom ki.
Orriitav.

K6toli

Thrikiapala.

Kotata.

Ketéic,

’
English-Lhota. Vocabulary. 119

 

How often '
Hundred
Hunger
Hungry

Hunt

Hunter

Hurl

Hurricane
Hurry

Hurt

Husband

Husk, z. :
Husk, v. ‘
Hypocrite 7

I

Idiot

Idle

Idler ‘
If 7
Ignite :
Ignorant

Tl

Ill-fortune 5
Image
Immediately
Immodest a
Immerse
Immortal .
Impassable_ .
Impatient
Imprison, v.

In

In company with
Indeed (truly)
Increase

Kotathang.

Nzo4a.

Wonton.

Wonténtsanga.

Osihops iyala, ésékhilo iyala.

Os ékhilewe, osbkipoewe.

Ephia tsangala.

Tsangrompen.

Ekhiapa yid, siito tsiténayia, ndra yid
seto yia, ekhyanga iva.

Nokhanga (with verb).

Orapua, oki khamo.

Ofu.

Ofa raki siala, ofa rakala.

Taché ephyowe.

A, at, aty6, akha.

N.tsit kyon.

N-tyilaha mpang.

Olam pangii.

Na (verbal affix).

Mping katala, nchang katala.

N-tsii, n-tsi.

Rathata, pirapthata, néchonora dtsako
enompapa.

Sakhyang n-ni

Omén..

Ndra, setoa.

N-ythra.

Chingthechiala.

Kothangha n-tchhi.

Menza, menchaka, n-khyngkok.

Karang.

Vangala.

Tachingi, 6ningt (f6 and i affixed to
nouns).

Panda, nzo.

Otscétsco.

Khyéingkata yiala, khyongkatala, khiches
tala.
120

English-Lhota Vocabulary.

 

Increase (in size, grow)
Increase (in length)
Incredible

Indian-corn

Indigent

Indisposed .
Industrious

Infancy .

Infant

Infanticide

In front ‘ j ‘
Inhabit

Inhabitant

Inhale

Ink

Ink-stand

Innumerable . ; -
Inquire

Insane

Insect

Insert

Inside

Instantly

Instead of

Instruct

Insufficient

Interest, 7.

Interpret

Interpreter

Intestines

luto ; ; -
Intoxicate

Invest ‘ ‘ 5
Invite : ‘i :
Tron , x ;
Is

Island , ‘ 7
Is not

Itch, v. ‘ a 3
Itch, x. é i é
Itself ‘

Ivory . . :

Rangakatala.

Sakatala.

N-nangtsit.
Tsangondhro.
Esapthata, yantse.
Oriichaka.

Kontsanga, lamkhyinga.
Ngarothang.

Ngaro.

Ngaro kécho, ngaro ephiacho.
Mhatingi.

Vanala.

Evamichi.

Enghiala, enghala.
Kakotei, kakbtchhii.
Kakotzii thephen.
N-khakhangkok.
Engala,

Zeven, zavat.

Ora.

Thevatala.

Tachingi, dchingi.
Nthanga.

Thong.

Shikala,

Zankhanga, zangkhanga.
Chakche, rangke.

Oyi elényala, yi lamphenyala.
Lamphen, 6yi elon.
Erri.

Tachiingi, oningwe.
Kinélokala.

Sokthetala.

Tsala.

Yongchak, yonchak.

Lia, vana, chia.

Otchhi lingwi ochon eliwochii.
N-li, n-ni, m-ma.
Enthakala.

Enthaka.

Omomén.

Sétsii hé, sétzit ho.
_English-Lhota Vocabulary.

121

 

Jabber
Jacket
Jail
Jaw 5
Jew’s-harp : .
Ma

Join (as two streams)
Joint (of a plant). :
Joint (of the body) . .
Joy :
Joyful
Judge, 2.
Juice . :
Jump ‘ .
Jungle . . .
Jungly
Jungle-fowl

K

Keep . .
Keep (tend) . . .
Keep (in confinement)
Kettle ‘i ; .
Key

“Khel”

Kick (with the toe of foot)
Kick :

Kick (with tke sole ef foot)
Kick (as horses)

Kid

Kidneys

Kill .

Kill (by peuatiiey«

Kill (by cutting off head) .
Kill (by cutting the throat)

Kill (by spearing) . .
Kilt : . -
Kilt (Angami) ; .

Kind, . : :

Ovi khyong khangala, byi porakata.
Sokthescit etchakaro.
Evangki.

Okan, bhandrrii,
Khikhiang, khachang.
Echingtala, wotala.

Erri hritala, phyonsitala,
Olen.

Chingka.

Ema,

Ematha, ematsanga.
Ontingo ephyéala.

Otchhi.

Tsékala.

Ora, romhéni.

Zanga.

Woro.

Vatala.

Ekamala.

Vangala.

Lampen, shempen.
Chonchephen, nyachephen.
Eyangko, kithang.
Nshiala.

Epaphiala, nkanphiala.
Echitala.

Epathata.

Nyanyaro.

Sepyek.

Sathatala, nangthatala, tchhitokala.
Sathatala, satsangala.

-Kurr wonala.

Hotsangala.
Chenala.
Erako, ryuye.
Siihram.

Tuv (affix).
122 English-Lhota Vocabulary.

 

Kindle (a fire)
Kindness

Kiss

Kitchen

Kitten

Knee ts 3
Kneel ‘
Knife (large) .
Knife

Knife (asked,
Knock 7
Knot, .

Knot, z.

Know 3 ‘
Knowledge

Knuckle :

“ Koni dhan”

Labour, x

Labour v.

Lad

Ladder

Lady

Lake

Lamb

Lame . .
Lamp

Land euategy
Land (not water) .
Land-mark

Landslip ‘
Language

Lantern ‘

Lap (with tongue, 2
Lap, take on

Lap

Lard .
Large

Large

Large

Omi-tséala.

Nedan.

Chénchiala.

Otsit riiphen.
Olyitiréro, éyiréro.
Nkho.
Khoktsenala.
Yontha.

Lepok.

Lepokro.
Chemphiala, kokbkala.
Netscii.

Ntsciala.

Ntsiala.

Okiak.

Khemhyek.

Oten.

Nsiindri, elapa.
Nstndrraela, elapala.
Nungor, erankam.

Popa.

Etsielée.

Wiz.

Katséro.

Ochéechang.

Omi tsophen, dmikiphen.,
Meta, metameyo.

Loko.

LErru.

Loko mencho.

Ovi.

Thangdrachéngphen.
Myakala.

Ophilo ekachiala.

Ophi.

Woko-so ekhu, woko so eth.
Tsapo, tsakhanga.

Poa (kyonpvd, large man).
Tsu (ovantsu, large village).
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 123

 

Larger

Last

Late

Latter

Laugh

auch —“lauptier
Lavender

Law ‘
Lawless .
Lawsuit é
Lay

Lay (eggs)
Lay down
Layer .
Lazy

Lead, v.

Lead, 2.

Leaf

Leaf (plantain 1h.

Leak :
Lean p
Lean (flesh) .
Lean, v.

Leap

Leap down
Leather

Leave

Leech (land)
Leech (water)
Left, v.
Left-hand a
Left-side

Leg

Leg (above Bnesy

Leg (to a stand, ne ee)

Lemon

Length
Lengthen
Lengthwise
Lenient ;
Leopard

Let .

Tsapswichi, tsapowochi,
Silamé.

Nshutanga, enhyaka.
Silamochi silamwochu,
Emathatala.

Ematha.

Towdna.

Eshakha.

Eshakhi n-khi,
Oyitsétuwochi

Vatala.

Ltchiala.

Evaki vanala.

Oren.

Ruchakhanga, rachaka, lothia, raked.
Susutsata, suald, siala.
Phyontst.

Owé, lomo.

Oyo.

Soala, echothetala.
Kurrtsanga, kwirritsanga.
Oxi.

Enhtkatala.

Chokpiala.

Tsokchoala.

Sofa.

Susi yiala, siala.
Evan.

Nna, nla.

Vachichaka,
Okhé-ayiwe.

Oyiwe.

Oché.

Oph, ndra.

Chenkia.

Tsampen.

Sapo.

Sapé lyiala.
Théngawo.

Otsaké ese mazzu.
Mhorr terrawo.

Toka (verbal affix).
 

124 English-Lhota Vocabulary.

Let go : Vachiala.

Letter . Kako.

Level . Myanda, haiyi.

Liar Echang-ephyée, tacho ephyée, oyi n-tsa
kyon.

Lick . Myakala.

Lid Hlaphen.

Lie, v. Echang phyéala.

Lie, x. ; Echang.

Lic down . Eraki vandala, yipala.

Lie (in wait) Ravanala.

Lie yon vack) Nthikaré yipala.

Lie (un side) . Tsatsok6 yipala.

Lie (on belly) Nkhammawe yipala.

Life Ethak.

Lift

Light, 7.

Light, adj.
Lightens ‘
Like

Like, v. -

Likely :
Limb (of a tree)
Lime .
Limit .
Limp

Line, ~.

Line (of face or hand)

Line (fishing) .
Line (of houses)
Line, stand in a
Line, stand in a

Line, sit in a line side by

side.
Link
Lip .
Liquor .

Liquor (strong)
Listen .

Echamala, esekatala.

» , Tangtang.

Zakhéa (not heavy).

Tsanglapala, nlapala.

Essa (similar), affix tuv, khitt, kheti
(equal).

Lammala, chokatala, teuiponala
nsantala, chipéonala, eyiliala.

Sala.

Esham, chotyang.

Fhiforéngcho.

Erra, otse.

Eséngala.

Sanga, sangcho.

Ehri.

Ngbkhisi, skhizii.

Kiren.

Reni vanala (side by side).

Zatangi vanala (one in front of an-
other).

Renta vanala,

Nkoncho.
Menfu.
Sok6
Liutchhi.
Engala.
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 125

 

Little .
Little (short) .,
Little while
Live ‘i
Liver

Living

Lizzard

Lo!

Load

Loan, v. .
Lock .
Locust

Lofty

Log

Loins .
Long-lived .
Long ago. .
Longtime.

Longer j
Long .
Look at ‘i
Look up

Look down.
Looking-glass

Loom ‘:
Loose

Loosen

Lose .
Loss ‘
Lost ‘
Loud é
Louse a
Louse (eggs of)
Love ‘
Lovely .
Low :
Low, »v. ‘
Lower .
Lowery (weather)
Luck 3
Luggage .
Lump .

Etchakaro, teraro, echakchakro.
Eknghngdro.

Esangaro.

Ekam vanala, kama vanala, kamala.
Nten.

Ekam.

Oméndro.

Zeta.

Oha.

Nopala.

Khamphen.

Koming.

Elam sipoa, mpemé ntsona, oyaki.
Echéa, ting myi.

Erra.

Hlarishia, enhyaka, piphirongsa.
Ngkélo.

Enhyaka.

Sikuw6, sapowo.

Sapé, ephia, ekoni, (distant).
Zetala, zechiala.,

Zekachala.

Zechochiala, zetechala.

Omha champhen,

Osci takphen.

Takua.

Ephe chiala, lamphetala.

Mona siala.

Epapa, epapva.

Monichaka.

Ekhioté, ekhio.

Ohrak.

Hrak tchhii.

Chipontala, lammala, eyilotala.
Tangto mhéona, ezehngtsanga.
Mmhyema, nkapi, skapi, ennato.
Nréngala.

Okapo.

Tsang yima.

Sikhying.

Ohas

Pama, khéning.
126 English-Lhota Vocabulary.

 

Lump (of dirt) . Changkhoning.

Luncheon : ‘ . Mshi, nshii.
Lurk ‘ ‘ . Mphoa vandala. °
Lust A . . Lamm khanga.
Lustrous ‘ ‘i . Tsanglapa.
Lye : . . Kérichhi:
M
Mad Fi : . Zaven.
Mad, vz. i : . Khonala.
Maggot . ' « Lepvii, ora.
Maid 3 A . Lore, eloe réro, loran.
Maintain ‘ ‘ . LEsaphichetala.
Make : . . Lydala.
Make (fire) . : . Lscoala.
Male (of men) . . LEpie, pani.
Male (of animals) . . Opong.
Man 3 ri . Kyén.

Man (young married) - Chali, chéyi.
Man (young unmarried) . Khingdroe.

Mane ‘ ‘ ‘6 Otscan, ohm

Mango ‘ : . Lsapydngthi, tsipyangthi.

Manhood : ‘ . Chalithang.

Manipulate (the body) . Lmephiala, epiamphiala.

Manure P ° - Ochi,

Many 4 . - Elam, kosha.

Many (so). ‘ . Hetata,

Many (very) . z . Otscantata (as many as the hairs of
the head).

Mare . . . Kérr oké.

Marigold ; ‘ - Vantan thera.

Mark, wv. ‘ i . Chethe lidla, setala.

Mark (sign), z. . . Chethe,

Mark (line). : . Secho, sangche.

Market : ‘i . Shishophen.

Marriage (to give in) . L£ilée séavantékala.

Marriage (to ask in) - L£lée engala.

Marry ; : . LEloe sédvandala.

Marsh ; : . Chonchenyo, chonpyatya.

Master : ‘ ‘ Opvwi.

Mat ; : . Ophak.
English-Lhota Vocabulary.

127

 

Match j
Mate . 3
“Mati Mah” .

Matter * ‘

Matter (what is the) ?
Matting (of bamboo)
Mature ‘ ‘ .
May

Me

Meal

Measles 3 :
Measles, to have. .
Measure, v.

Measure, v. .
Meat : ‘
.Meat basket

Medicine

Mediate

Meet ;
Meet (and return with)
Mem sahab . .
Merchant , , :
Mew ‘i - F
Middling :
Middling (as to size)
Midnight . .
Midst

Midwife

Mighty

Mildew :
Milk, v. ‘ : ‘
Milk, z. < ‘ s
Milk (clotted)

Mimic ‘

Mind

Mind (obey) ‘
Mine , ; .
Mingle . . :
Mirth ; ‘ 4
Mirror

Miscarriage . . .
Miserly

Omisephen, smi nkhyophen.
Oshéno.

Osamdhré.

Chencho.

Niué tsdchéla.

Okiam.

Emhe.

Che, téku (verbal affixes).
A

Orrang, eyingtse.
Niungeak.

Nungeak shenala.
Kaope zetala, etsiala.
fhaala. (See Tables.)
Oso.

Sépap.

Mazi.

Oyi onango ephyoa.
Ntbkala.

Eyilow6.

Etsi elaé, etsi eldé.
Shishoe.

Erénala.

Mhim phia.
Vantangdroa.
Zamé ningwe, tsangchoningte.
Ondngi.

Nyaro khilo ewe, ngaropoko ewe.
Epva khyangwa.
Phama.

Lshenala.
Shirbtchhi.
Khoning.

Etchu esantsoala.
Lamm, lampam.
Engala.

A,

Neitala, naitsiala.
Ematha.

Omha champhen.
Etchit poka.
Chirhrakhanga,
' 128

English-Lhota Vocabulary.

 

Mist ‘
Mist (fog) ,
Mistake *
Mix

Mixed

Moan

Mock (Grnitatey

“Mod” ‘
“Mod” (strong)
Modest ‘
Moist

Moisten .
Molasses F
Mole

Money

Monkey
Monkey (large)
Month

Monthly

Moon

Moon (new) .
Moon (full)
Moon (waning)
Moon

moons) 7
More .
More .
Morning F

Morning (time of sun ae)
Morning (very early)

Morrow

Mortar (for cleaning dhan)

Mosquito
Mother

Mother (grand)
Mother-in-law
Mould :
Mouldy

Mound

Mount
Mountain

Otchhii etsiro.

Emhentchhi.

Mhechoa.

Nei tsatala, nzitala.

Noaiitachaka.

Drala.

Etchi sandrya tsdiyala, etchii esan
tsdala.

Soko.

Liitsit.

Yikrakhanga.

Mpénichaka.

Mpényala.

Nehii shancho.

Visépoa.

. Otscen, 6rang.

(time between

Khisho, yaks6.
Otham.

Choro.

Chéro chéro.
Choro.

Choro chothan.
Choro eka.
Choro chéyilami.

Choram.

Ntangé, dliwoha, enoa.

Sd, (affixed to verb).

Engyathang.
Wonchiathang.

Nyapa, nyazangena.

Oché,

Tsampo, étsam.

Tsokhya.

Opvii, atyé.

Opvii, Otsu.

Onow

Phamala.

Phama.

Ephyéng.

Chungwala,

Pinglan.
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 129

 

Mountain (range)
Mountain (peak)

Mouth-piece (of a pipe) .
in another

Move (up and down)
Move (from one residence
to another).

Move about (restlessly)

Yentsang.
Punglan kurre.
Nungrathatala.
Z1r6r0,

Mehm.

Opang.
Ntsapkaphen.
Thamphée vatala.

Enhyéokala.
Thamphée vanai yiala.

Nyaphiala.

.. Elam.

Murmur (as a stream)
Musical instrument .

Nail (finger or toe)
Nail (carpenter’s)

Name (call)
Nap, v. & n.

Chimpyayt.
Kyén elam etsci.
Nangthatatala.
Langthakhanga.
Ethichakala.
Ekhiala.
Khiphen.
Teran.
Lamphen.

Hani.

Phama.
Punyuala.
Emen manyala, emen zammiala.
Amémoé, apépa.

Yingkyap.

Yonchak, eshenkaphen.
Khiiso, mpenscit n-khi.
Omyang.

Tsala.

Echakaro yipala, terra yip.
Shenti.

Kuhrap, zikhanga.
Ngangkhanga.

Me, mak, mek.

Nna.
130

English-Lhota Vocabulary.

 

Near (very)
Near (not far)
Nearly (about)
Neat .
Neck ;
Neck-cloth
Necklace ‘
Needle

Needy
Neighbour
Neither, nor
Nephew
Nerve
Nerveless
Nest <
Net (fish)
Nettle

Nettle (large kind)

Never ‘
Nevertheless .
New ;
Next

News

Nibble

Niece 7
Nice

Nigh

Night

Night (last)
Night (to-night)
Night before last
Nineteen
Ninety

Nip

Nipple

No

No, none
Nobody

Nod .
Noise (to make)
Noisy i

Escape.

Enghyano, nthangé, nkinkhang.

flakiné, ekono.

Ntscanga.

Engi.

Engilo ntsakaphen.

Yoko.

Opyam.

Yantsai, yantse, ezapthata,

Niangé evan, echaudro, phina ki sham.

Fla-ha.

Ongo.

Etho.

Etho n-chii.

Oshab.

Nedtsiphen.

Sehra.

Koki sehra.

Kothangha (with negative).

Leha.

Ethan.

Chyusilochd, chisiloché.

Ovi

Nkapala.

Oka.

Tangto mhéna, elam mhona, eze mhona.

Enhydano, escapo.

Zamothang, zamolo.

Nsamo.

Osamé.

Nehé amo.

Taro sii-toki, mekit mentokda.

Ekhatoka.

Myiro taphréala, eyen echaki tséala,
ntsakala.

Shiro.

Me, mek, mak.

Nytha “or” ntytiha n-ni.

Ochiha, (with negative) “ m” or “n’’,

Engwala, engamphiala.

Negangwala, poraktala.

Ngang.
English-Lhota Vocabulary.

131

 

Noiseless: 5 ;
None (no one) .
None (not any) ‘
Noon ‘ :
Noose ‘ ;
North 2
Nose
Nose (snout)
Nostril ‘
Not
Not that
Not is
Nothing
Not any
Notwithstanding
Now $
Now-a-days
Number, vz. . :
Numberless
Nurse (ayah) .
Nurse, z,

O
Oar :
Oath ‘ ;
Obey . .

Observe (a command)
Observe
Obstinate

Obstruct Fi i
Obtain

Odour 3 F
Of ‘ ‘
Offence

Offspring : .
Offering (religious) .
Often : ;
Oil * F
Older i ‘

Ethang ntsi..

Ochiha, (with negative) “m’’ or “n.”

Ntyaha, (with negative) “ mak,” “ n-ni,’
Nshi ethango, engi-oningo.

Ozit nkon.

Chichéowe.

Kenno.

Menshang.

Kennoka.

NN, m.

Shi mak, shi mek.

N-ti, m-ma, n-chit, n-chi.
Nkytiha, ntytha. —

Ntytha mak, ntyuha n-ni.

Lehd.

Nthanga.

Epaiya.

Khala.

N-khakok, n-khache.
Negaro epuwi.

Shivrétchha yatikala, shiro yutokala.

Oh rong ehaphen.
Echhama.

Oyi engala, pangnocho zéala.

Engala.
Zechia vampvii.
Rytichakhanga.
Khanala.
Yanchetala, hngchakala.
Ohram, erra.
Theni, thangi.
Lit.—With.
Phyiphi.
Otsée, O70, roro.
Ema.
Nsansam.
Khutchhi, titchhi.
Erams.

$2

)
132 English-Lhota Vocabulary.

 

Old (of man or animals) . Eshén, eran, sénchaka,
Old (of animals or things). Lhen, eke.

Old (very) (of men). . Harishia.

Old (very) (of nee . LEnhyaka.

Omnipotent . . N-siindryakik nytha n-ni.
On ; ; . Opéni, affixes o and lo.
Once F . . LEchinga, echoa.

One f : . Matsanga, ekha, ntsanga, ago pe:
One hundred . 5 . 26a, nz6, ekhataro

One (person) . ‘ . Nehiha.

One’s self ; : . Omomé, bpops.

Onion : ; . Sangdrang.

Only : .  . Suffix moti, pati, ti.

Only child : a . Otsée eponthi.

Onward (to go) ‘ . Vid vanala, wid vanala.

Open (as a box) : . Lthichiala.

Open (asadoor) . . Chénchiala.

Open (as eyes) Fi . Kakatala.

Open (asa flower) . . LEkhiala, ekisochiala.
Open (as the mouth) . Khaala.

Openly . . . Ompahngwa.
Lit.—In sight of all.
Openly é : . Halangté hngwa.
Or 3 ‘ . Talo, alo, osit mend,
Orange . : . Kéngken.
Order (command) . . Pangnoala.
Order, putin . : . Nsangi vatala.
Ornaments. 4 . Phiphé sampo.
Orphan ; : . Ndrit mphen.,
Other ; . . Thamphé, oyam, byan, tampho, affix poe.
Our : : ges
Outside ‘ : . Himpéiwe, himphoe, hinkhwi.
Outside (end one) . . Otani.
Overturn ; . . Khophiala, kopiala, eyala.
Over (above) . ; - Ovdaki, kurre, lamhauwe, omhauwe.
Overcome. ‘ . Téeala. :
Overtake : : . Panhyatala, phanhyatala.
Owe . : . Epiya lia, elé lia.
Owl j . ‘ Velangi, veniing.
Own (one’s own) . . Omémé, éméchi tsaki.
Own (possess) : . Lid, vana.

Ox ‘ ; . Mangsii nchotséncho.
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 133

 

Pace Me. te

Pack

Paddy

Pain, v. ‘ . .
Pain, 2.

Painful

Paint, v.

Pair, (a male and female.)
Pair (of things)

Pale

Palm (of hand)

Pant 3‘ : c
Panther ; : fs
Paper

Parallel

Pardon ‘ *
Pare

Parents i

Part 7

Partition ¥

Pass (in road)

Pass (to keep ee
Pat ;

Path

Patient

“ Pén”

Pauper

Paw, v

Paw (fore). é .

Paw (hind)

Pay

Pay (a debt)

Peace ‘i ‘ .
Peaceful p . .

Peace-maker .
Peak ‘

Pebble
Peck

Khochiala.

Nkhapcho,

Otsok.

Endala.

Noa.

Nokhanga.

Rrichi erankatala.

Ompée, paniponi.

Tsongkhon, tsakai ehan.

Mipyangpanga.

Myokia.

Mhiala.

Tsongoro.

Kako.

Renta.

Si yiala.

Ofa lammala, éfu chisiala.

Opvat ops.

Echi, echi.

Driilo.

Nkachitala.

Woyitala.

Thamphiala.

Olan, lampéro.

Ntséa.

Oshango.

Yantse.

Loko nshakala.

Okhe.

Ocho.

Otsen piala.

Otchi léala.

Mhénta mhontsi, nchenta, nkhonta.

Mhontsi changtheta, changtang, sarang-
a, shangchanga, ,

Olan elyiie, lanyie.
Lit.—“ A road maker,’ éyan ephyo,

Kurre, kirri.

Nungdra.

Enchiala.
134 English-Lhota Vocabulary.

 

Peck. .

Peel, v.

Peel, x.

Peg .

Pen

Penis .
People ; .
People (of one house)
Pepper ‘ .
Peppery .
Perch :
Perfect

Perform . .
Perfume ’ .
Perhaps

Perjure
Perpendicular
Persecute ; .
Person : .
Person (another) .
Perspire ; ‘
Peruse : .
Pestle : .
Petty : :
Phlegm . .
Physic . .
Physician

Pice ‘ .

Pick (as flowers) .
Pick (as fruit) .
Pick (up) ‘ :
Pick (as vegetables)

Picture . .
Piece - .
Pierce ‘ .
Pig . .
Pig (the call for) .
Pigeon ; :
Pile, v. 7 z
Pile : :

Mphoa chechiala, mphoazetala.

Ofi lammala, ofa chisiala, shakisia!a,
hokisiala.

Sofa.

Eshen thephen,

Eramphen,

Ozang.

Oyan, éyam-

Wopan.

Machi, machi.

Tshoa.

Eshonala.

Terila, hinacho m-mhénka.

Lytala,

Ohram.

Esa, kontsya.

Echang echamala.

Nténg kachia.

Ezaptokala,

Nehyaa, dyan, éyam.

Ovam.

Eshantsangala, eshantala.

Kala.

Manki,

Echakaro, terraro.

Enhda, ehno.

Ephyo mazzi.

Mazza even, ratsen,

Potsa, rangmyo.
Lit.—Money red.

Hrénala.

fléala.,

Khiokatala.

Lenala.

Omén lyacho (with name of object).

Echii, echi.

Chenala, echangala, erdkhrapala,

Wokoro,

Lele lele.

Tehirr, vefi.

Léléktscot vatala,

Kholok,
 

Pound (with the fist)

English-Lhota Vocabulary. 135
Pilfer : . Lfiala.
Pillage . < . Shui khiala.
Pillow . : . Nkham.
Pimple : é « Shenchecho.
Pin . . . Okyo.
Pinch : a Myapala, nphyaki tsangéala.
Pink, adj. ‘ . . Drakata.
Pipe (tube) . ‘ . Yemphen.
Platform . . Osa.
Play ‘ . - Chalatala, zavatala, ngangotqla,
Play (a musical instru- Khdéald.
ment).
Please ‘ : . Emathatokala,
Pleased : . Ematsanga.
Plenty . Te.
Pliable (slimsy) . Pilaka, piyda.
Pluck (as fruit) . . Aloala.
Pluck (as leaves) Tenala, ntonala, lapalda,
Plug Ndren.
Plume Woro mhe.
Pocket - r Scikha, lama lamathephen.
Pod ‘ »  « Okyad.
Point . . « Mytro.
Point(tosharpentoapoint) Nzenala.
Point out . : . Lchiichiala.
Poison Thrytisa.
Poison (for Lining fish) Ono.
Pole : : Otsang tsapo.
Polish . Echéala, ntsala.
. Pongee . . Otsci.
Pony ‘ 3 . Kirr, korra.,
Pool Tchhikau.
Poor ‘ . . Yantsat, yantse, kwirritsanga.
Porcupine . : . Liso.
Pork . . . Wordso.
Post : ‘. Tehrri: (middle post of a house), &hiim-
ara.
Pot . ; .- Opfhi.
Potato . . . Horo.
Pound, z. Sirratala.
Pound, v. . . Tapala.

Okhezami echungal,
136

English-Lhota Vocabulary.

 

Pound (as dhdn)

Pounder (dhdn)
Four (in)

Pour (out)
Powerful
Practice

Praise

Pray

Precede °
Precipice
Pregnant

Pout, v.

Press together
Pretty

Prevent (hinder)
Price .
Present (at hand)
Present, ~. .

Present, v.

Prick ;
Pride .
Priest ‘
Prison é
Profit :
Prohibit ‘
Proud 7
Puff :

Puke ‘

Pull ‘ A
Pull (up by the roots)
Pumpkin ;
Punch ‘
Punish

Pup :
Pupil (of eye)
Purchase

Purge

“ Purdah ”

Pure

Purple

Tsiala, potongtala, phéniingtala (when
two pound together.)

Menki.

Esékthechiala.

Eshoki shiala.

Théngchia, ethochia.

Echitala.

Tsai iyala.

Ekhamala.

Ovangi yiala.

Kétsi.

Otsak nchang, ngaro hana, éro hana,
6ro chia,

Emen ethytala, emén ephiatala.

Zamiala, zamala.

Eze mhona.

Ekhetsiala, niyangto|kala,

Oman.

Epi, hepi, hello.

Othan.

Piala.

Erékala,

Ngangwa.

Emi eyalo, ewo kyon,

Evanghki.

Kak.

Ekhetsiala, eninyanga.

Ngangkhanga, ngangwa.

Lmtatala, phachiala.

Lala, latala.

Tsangala.

RbokalG.

Shamd, emyam.

Echingtala, echinghrapala.

Ezapala.

Fhiréro.

Kakaro, mhyektsang.

Shiala,

Phyéthatala.

Oscii hi khan phen.

Nisanga.

Enyika.
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 137

 

Purpose ‘ .

Purse

Pursue

Push ‘

Push (about, ans. -

Put ;

Put (across) .

Put (food in the mouth af
another) é

Put in ; . ‘
Put on (as clothes) . .
Put on (as shoes) . °
Put (wood on fire)

Putrid s

Q
Quag (mire)

Quake . . .

Quarrel ‘ . .
Quarter, ad. .

Quench . e
Quenched (as thirst) ‘
Question . * .
Quick . . -
Quickly . . .
Quiet (to keep) F <
Quietly . ‘ :
Quill ‘i . .
Quite A ‘ s
R

Race, v. . * .
Race, ” ; j
Raft ; .
Rafter

Rain, 2. : : <

Lamm,
Lit,—Mind.
Orang thephen, rang scit kha.
Phandala.
Senchiala, khianivachiala.
Ehaléa.
Vata, theta,
Rékatala.

Ekhamala.

Eshéala.

Mpenala, sékthetala, pokthetala.
Shokhala, hanala,

Nehakala.

Ky6éna.

Chonpyatya.
Enetala.
Pangtala, khontala.
Poko tsensécho.
Ltt.—A divided half.
Mhetokala, hm mhetala.
Era ehyamchaka,
Engala.
Seta, ekhiapa, ekhyanga, ndra.
Ekhiolaka, 2ak2ak, elaro.
Yingtovanala, ntovanala.
Ethak ti tsana,
Lit.—Not taking a breath.
Hm.
Echakaro, (or) terraro with a nega-
tive.

Yongtala.
Ekuhra, echipé.
Yatyim.
Khytiro.

Eri.
 

138 English-Lhota Vocabulary.

Rain, v. é . Eruchodla,

Rainbow ; . Sundraka.

Rainy . Ert chiminga.

Rainy season . Naiipingo.

Raise Phichetala.

Rake, v Khetala.

Rake, z flimphé khephen, oyak.

Ram, 2 Katsé oping, holya pone:

Ram, v ‘i Chenala.

Ramrod . . Tsangi chemphen

Rap ‘ . Kbkikalay

Raspberry . - Lekhikhi.

Rat : . Ziro.

Rat (musk) . . Visdpva.

Rattle . Zang zangala.

Rattle (in throat) Threhretala.

Ratan ‘ Rriipam.

Ratan (split) . . Orrii.

Ravine ; Ekéke.

Raw . M-mhe, eshi.

Razor , . Ketsilo, kirrit tsiiphen.

Reach j 2 - Chhanala,

Read . . . Khala.

Ready . Sala.

Real . . » Otscétsco.

Reap F : z Olidrala, ntsanala (reaping of “koni
dhan”’).

Rear . Silamwe, ndrewe.

Rear (of Hens a . Khantsangwe.

Rebuke ‘ . . Pangndala.

Receptacle . . Vaphen, thephen.

Recently 7 A - Osi.

Receive Aingala, khialda.

Reckon . e . Khala.

Recognise. ° - Chethetala.

Reconcile ; F . Olan lydala.

. Lit,—Make a road.
Recover . : « Angtanala, yanchendala.
Red < . Rakata, rakhia, myéona, myonshia.

Red (colouring matter ob-
tained from the bark of

a shrub).

Lunghi.
English-Lhota Vocabulary.

139

 

Red (yarn). . .

Reed ‘i . ‘
~ Reel j ‘ .
Reign : : ;
Reflect . , ei
Rejoice . .
Relative ' " ,
Release
Remain , j :
Remember . : ‘
Remove 5 5

Remove (causative) .
Rengma Naga

Repair :

Repeat ‘ ‘ :

Repeatedly . : 5

Reply . ‘

Report :

Report (of a gun)

Reptile

Rescue .

Rescue (from drowning)

Reside ° . :

Reside (as a_ spirit in
rocks, &c.)

Resemble . :

Rest

Restore

Retaliate

Return : ‘ .

Revenue

Reward :

Rib : °

Rice (paddy) . : .
Rice (unhulled) ; F
Rice (hulled)

Rice (‘‘koni dhan’’) 3
Rice (‘bora dhan ”’) ;
Rich < ‘ .
Ride ‘i :
Ridge

Ridge-pole_. :

Langhi.

Tséntsang, pempo.
Kokéon, dying kinphen.
Omé yitséala.
Nehami zetala.
Emathatala.

Pitsé piitso, ektihrr, wopan.
Vachiala.

Vanala.
Nehamkatala, nchama-vanala.
Thampé iyala.
Thampho yitokala.
Maéyi, movies

Ethan lyuala.
Lydlanala (do again).
Khiki, nsansam.
Yichoala.,

Lzdala.

Ekhiwo.

Narri.

Sanchéala.

Sachetala.

Vanala,

Mpatala.

Esca huga.

Mingala.

Pilanala.
Thralantala, thratala.
Eldnat iyala, yilanala.
Lokotsen,

Othan.

Ky6on orrii.

Otsok.

Otscang.

Otst, stsi.

Oten.

Tsékpvit.

Eli. —

Manghwi ching iyala.
Fonki.

Honki tsang.
 

 

140 English-Lhota Vocabulary.
Rifle . . . Tsangi.

Right .  Otscétsco.
Righteous : . Ntsda

Right hand . , Amymue.

Rim ; : . Opang, emen, itse, dtsai.
Rind . Ofha.

Ring Yingdrolo poktephen.
Ring (as a bell) Ekhiala.

Ripe ; ‘ Emhe.

Ripened ‘ . Mhenchaka.

Rise Panthiala.

Rise (from exp} - Chang iyala.

Rise (as a river) Tsitlala.

River . Péfa.

River (other dide ih . Péfi pankauwe.
River (this side of) . Pofu-oyamwe.

Road : . Olan, pokilan.
Roar ‘i . EKhraala,

Roast - Phamala, rrala.
Rob : : . Efaala.

Robber ‘ ‘ Lfie.

Rock, 2. : . Ningpod.

Rock, v. : 3 Enhyok phiala.

Rod (fishing) . i Okhitong.

Roll 7 . . Erichiala, eraphiala, erat yiala,
Roll up . : . Shiala.

Roof . Shiwo.

Room é - Nehen.

Room guts . Sontoyi.

Room (middle) Thrythi.

Room (inner or back) Tachingwe.

Roost, v. ‘ ‘ Khyngala.

Roost, x. . Hono khyangphen.
Root Oyang, oying.

Root (used for polsoning
water in order to pro-

cure fish),
Rope ‘
Rot .
Rotten ‘
Round . ‘

Row : ‘:

Ono.

Ozii.

Kyonala, moréala.

More siitaka, ehyo kyondroa.
Eka, mpam.

Renta.
English-Lhota Vocabulary.

14t

 

Row (as a boat) 5: :
Rub . : ‘
Rub (between the hands) .
Rubber 3 : :
Rubber (hard lump of)

Rubber (tree) :
Rule
Ruler . ‘
Ruler (rod). . :
Run 2 ‘ .
Run against .
Run away
Run out, as tongue . .
Rupee ‘ : .
Rust ¢

Ss
Sabbath : i
Sack : wi
Sacrifice, v.  . é
Sacrifice, 7. . é
Sad : ,
Saddle, 2.
Saddle, v. i ‘ ‘
Safe . 3 ‘
Sahab Z . ;
Salary
Saliva
Salt 7 ‘ :
Saltish F ; é
Salute
Same . .
Sand ; .
Sand fly ; ;
Sap . ; 7
Satisfied ‘ : s
Save ‘ .

Save (from drowning)
Save (from wild beast) - .

Ehakatala.

Mhetala, mhephiala.
Nnokala.

Oni.

Nitsi.

Onitong.

Omoyitsoala, pangnoala.
Yantsen etsée.

Sephen.

Escanala, yangala.
Chenkatala, khukatala.
Tsanala.

Tsangchetala, sechetala.
Rampiak, orang.

Sasi hyanga.

. Emung nchok.

Ozzii scil.
Lit.—String cloth.
Ema lyaala.
Ema.
Nungra.
Sofi khoktephen.
Lit.—Leather seat.
Safi khoktephen eriikatala.
Tanangi, rdrangi. .
Etsi,
Otsen.
Nehi.
Oma.
Omatav.
Khamala.
Khiti (equal), tsaka chuki.
Popa.
Penchakaro.
Ométchhi.
Nhichaka, phyangchaka.
Vatala, vala.
Suchetala.
Sanchéala.
 

142 | English-Lhota Vocabulary.

Saw, 2. . Otscang thriiphen.

Saw, v. Thriala.

Say . Phyoala, ezéala.

Scab Emhokyab, émoeyo.

Scald Leroala, leshakala

Scales Efhi.

Scallop Oren.

Scalloped Orioren.

Scalp . Kirrit fha.

Scan Zetala.

Scanty Zankhanga, sangkhanga.

Scar Parak.

Scarce . Lankhanga, zangkhanga.

Scatter . Neesiala, nrokala, tsansoréala.

Scissors Osci nyaphen.

Scold . Khénala, makala,

Scoop, v. Ekhiala. _

Scoop, z. Moro.

Scorch Tying nytkala.

Scour . Mhetald, siia/a.

Scowl Mhetsang nkapala.

Scrape Sakala.

Scratch Enakala, nshakala.

Scream Erénala.

Screw Yonchak erriicho mmyathec. ala.

Scrotum Neho.

Seam Evd, vicho.

Search Yanala.

Seat . Khoktephen, evan.

Secretly M phéa.

Securely . Rarangi.

See . MUhingala, hingala; zetala.
Lit.—Look at.

Seed, 2. - Tsangthi.

Seed, v. . LEthiyala.

Seek . Yanala.

Seize Rhamala, thramatala.

Seldom Kothangna kothangna, chocho.

Select . Zest khidla, ekyoe khiala,

Self Omémé, Opopo.

Sell Yenala.

Semen Zangtchhi.
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 143

 

Send away
Sentry
Separate
Separately
Sepulchre
Serpent
Servant
Set (place)

Set (as the sun)

Set down
Set on fire
Settle
Seventy
Several
Sew
Shade
Shake
Shallow
Sham
Shame
‘Share
Share (part)
Sharp
Sharpen
Shave
She
Sheath
Sheep

Shepherd
Shelf

Shell, v.
Shell

Shell (cowrie) .

Shield
Shine
Shining
Shiver
Shoe
Shoot
Shop

Wotokala, yitokala,
Lanzadm.
Chung chung ; champo champo.
Chung chungnda.
. Olap, dkhap, dlab.
Narr.
- Chenchi engat.
Thetala, vatala.
. Hretala.
Vatala.
. Thyenyala, rongala.
. Nehangala.
. Lkhatiing.
LEtham meaza, tarraro.
Viala.
°. Omon.
Ennetala, enghyokala, ekhyuphiala.
Nehéng, pola.
. Echang echiiphiala.
. Vrkra
Chitala.
Echi.
. Lerrterrto, eraa.
. Lhetala, phyakala, nzenala.
. Sakala, tsiala.
. Shi.
Yondrri etsanphen.
Katsé, holyit.
{ Katsé thrikiwochi.
"| Katsé chamwochi,
- Lamathangtero vaphen, tharapvaro
vaphen,
. Mphakala.
Choké.
» Fhufo,
. Otséng.
Wonala.
Ewona.
Ennetala.
Chékhab.
« TLhiala, khiala.
Shishéeki.
144 English-Lhota Vocabulary.

 

Shot
Short

Shortly ‘ ;
Shoulder i
Shoulder, v.

Shout

Shove

Show

Shut

Shuttle

Sick

Side : ;
Side (front of house)
Side (back of house)
Sieve F 3
Sift

Sigh, ».

Sign, 7. ;
Sign, v. ;
Sign (one’s name) .
Silence

Silent

Silent, to be

Silver

Similar

Sinewy

Sing

Single

Sink $

Sip

Sister

Sister-in-law .

Sit :

Sit (by the fire)

Site é .

Sitting-place (@ sang) in

the village .
Sixty
Skin, 2. .
Skin, v. : -
Skull ;

Tsangi tsang.

Hendruwo, ehngaro, nghangaro, nsii-
khang.

Esangaro, 6khanati, okhatcho.

Epfhia.

Epfhilo ekatala.

Horala.

Sentechiala, senchiala, scemphiala.

Zetokala.

Khanaléa, hlapala.

Tstro.

Rathata, pirapthata, otsako ennémpapa.

We, tsatsokwe.

Héimphowe.

Khantsangwe.

Yaiyang, eyingphen.

Eyingala.

Ethak tsapé chenala, emhenala.

Chethen.

Eyopala, skhe nthang myenala.

Omyang eranala.

‘} Tangtang khia.

Nt6 vanala, yingté vanala.
Orang.

Escatava, khititab, khetitav.
Ethikhyangwa.

Nyantala, elhala.

Ométi.

Chingthetala.
Mpakphiala,

Oyiloe,

Omi, énshi.

Khéokthetala,

Omi lhapala.

Vamphen.

Osea.

Rokro.

Ofhi.

Shakdala, shaki shiala, chisiala.
Makék.
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 145

 

Slack
Slanting
Slap
Slug
Slave
Slay
Sleep
Sleepy
Slender
Slice
Slightly
Slip
Slippery
Slit
Sliver
Slowly
Smack
Small
Small (fine)
Small-pox
Smart
Smash
Smell
Smile
Smite
Smith
Smoke, z.
Smoke, v.
Smooth
Smother
Snail

Snake bear bsp

Snap (the finger)
Snatch 2
Sneeze

Snore

Snuff

Soak

Soap

Sob

Soft

Softly

Takhyutokala.

Yophia.

Tamala.

Zusyit.

Nédri, ezit (one purchased).
Sathatala, nangthatala.
Vipala.

Viphnga, yinghnga.
Solanterriwo.

Opiak.

Etchiikaro.

Phyetala,

Phyephyeto.

Thronala, thisala, khekala.
Okhyo.

Echamnda, echamchamna,

Ntsapala. p
Ltdakaro, teri, ehngaro, echakchakro. i

WU anisensend.

Nangzak.

Entakala.

Temhrapala, echénghrapala.
Ehnghuala, engwhala.
Mensetala.

Tamala.

Yonchée.

Mipong, 6mi ekhia.
Pingala.

Phyephyeto, myana.

Emen zamiala. emen efuiyala.
Ziiziiv.

Narrii.

Phyaphyahala, kapala.
Eyachikhiala, rechoi khiala.
Hatsiala.

Ehretala, ethénala.
Enghiala,

Chamala, mponi vatala,
Oscii etsaphen, tasakaphen.

Nikiala.

Enytro, enytpa,
Enndto.
146 English-Lhota Vocabulary.

 

Soil, v. . ,
Soil, 2

Sole

Some ‘ é
Some one, somebody
Something ‘
Some time é
Sometimes. ‘
Somewhere

So much

Son ;
Son-in-law z 7
Song

Soon

Soothe

Sorcerer

Sore . 3
Sorrow

Sorrow, v. i .
Sort, z. ‘ 7
Sort, 2. 4 :
Soul ‘ F
Sound . *
Sour é F
South - is
Sow, . . °
Sow (seed)

Span

Spark 5
Speak 7
Spear .
Spear (ornamented)
Speck ‘
Spectacles ‘
Spherical

Spider ‘ ‘
Spider-web . .
Spill
Spin
Spind’e
Spirit
Spit

Nyenala.

Loko,

Mpho.

Terraro, etchakaro, etham mezza.
Oyam, échidnsana.
Nyusand.
Kothangsana.
Kothangna kithangna.
Kuasana,

fetata.

Otsce epue, ongo.
Oryiwo.

Okhen.

Nkom, okhanati.
Emephiala.

Ratsen.

Emho.

Ningdra.

Nungrala, ningrata,
Ekhyiala.

Tuv (affix).

Lampam.

Khia.

Thend, thempvirangkata.
Mphiwe, esanawe.
Wok6 okytt.

Yingala, ndrokala.
(See Table of Measures).
Omi eki.

Phyila, nsanala.
Otsé.

Tandro.

Ntav, ntinta.
Ewimpvii, ewimphen,
Mpam,

Sankyé.

Porak tsiitsi,
Engamchiala, enhydk chiala.
Yenala.

fmtsit.

Omon.

Nehokala.
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 347

 

Spittle ‘
Splice ‘
Split .
Spoil

Spool

Spoon :
Sport, v. -
Spout (water) .
Spray

Spread out
Spread out( to dry)
Spring, z. .
Spring, z. :
Spring (of water)
Sprout ‘
Spy

Square .
Squash

Squeeze
Squirrel .
Stack .
Staff

Stag

Stagger

Stain, z. s
Stairs ;
Stamp, z.

Stand up

Stand still i
Star

Stare 4
Start out of sleep
Start (from fear)

Startle .
Starve

Stay :
Steady ‘
Steal .
Steal away .
Steam 5
Steep

Neha.

Wovtaia,

Tsciala, poktsdala.

Oying ndren,

Yenugkok.

Chalatala, ngangtala.

Tchhit yencho.

Otchhii etsero.

Sala.

Phikachiala.

Tsangkingthang.

Enhyophiyala,

Tchhiikhi.

Pokala.

Orririche, 6rriteche.

Tsatsoka, nken meza.

Sham.

Zamala, yetala,

Cherha, taki.

Nshan.

Charong.

Sepvii opong.

Kemphiala, ngaphia iyala, tsatso tsatsé
piala,
Tserakhu mpapa.

Kokau, phopa, papa.

Echiphyala.

Panthiala.

Mangala.

Shantiwo.

Nang tsangala.

Yimchang chiala, yiphyong chiala.
Tscenai yala, ekhentékala.

Echiphiala, ekhentékala.

Khangtsangala.

Vanala.

Nkala, renchaké,chang-changto,

| Efiala.

Mpoa tsanala, mphoa tsanala.
Etak. ~
Ekhid, lanti, chenkha.
. Stream j

148 English-Lhota Vocabulary.

 

Stem ‘ . é
Stem (pipe) . : ‘
Stench ‘ : :
Step ‘ :
Step (of a eddies)

Sterile ‘ ‘ ,
Stern (of a boat) .

Stick - .

Stick in

Stick in (as a spear in the
ground)

Stick together

Stick, walking

Stiff

Still

Sting, z.

Sting, v .

Stink ‘

Stir

Stitch :
Stone : :
Stone, god of .
Stoop :

Stop A : ;
Stopper : ‘ .
Storm ‘
Stout . j
Straight . P
Straighten. :
Strain 5
Strain (filter)
Stranger

Straw ‘

Strength ; : .
Stretch Fi . .
Strike : . .
Strike (as a gong) . ‘

Obhi.

Kapen, kaphen, ntsap kaphen.
Nand.

Kochia.

Khora, khékhan, popha.
Hachang.

Emen.

Otscang.

Echong ki vatala, erbki vatald,

Lendala.

Zapkataléa.

Charéng.

Khyéongteroka.

Tangtangkhua, yingté, nto.

Khi.

Takala.

Nanala, nna shé shokala, nnanchaka,
ohramna Gyi evaka.

Ehaphiala shing phiala, thréphiala.

Evi.

Olung, éning.

Tsangdhram.

Nkham thetala, nkhi thetala.

Osa, vanala.

Ndren.

Tséngromphen.

Epui khydngwa, etho eee:

Nsd, saksakto,

Nsa lydala.

Tsangala.

Ronala.

Kyon, ethan.
Lit.—New man.

Kyén thampho.
Lit.—Another man.

Maéthéing, mavii.

Likhiro.

Ethé, epvwi.

Tsangtala, rangpisiala.

Tamala, tapala,

Ekhophidala.. %

*
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 149

 

String . ; - Otyang, ozsil.
Stockade . . . L£pi.
Stomach ‘ ‘ . Mma.
Stumble é : . Nshiala, nshi ekhangala.
Submerge ; . Changthetala, changtetala.
Subside (as a swelling) . Supata,
Subside (as a storm) . Pochait yala.
Substitute : . Thong.
Succeed (as one generation
succeeds another) . Rental.
Succession. ; . Chingta.
Such : js . Hetdv, chitiv.
Suck : : . Ntsapala.
Suffice : ; . Tetsoala.
Sugar-cane . : . Tsangtchhii nchi.
Suicide ‘ : . Eyen montséi chia.
Summer . : . Naititsotsole.
Summon . - . sala.
Sun 3 : . Eng, engi.
Sunlight ‘ ; . Engi tangtangto.
Sunrise . : . Eng chiréathang.
Sunset ‘ : . Engi thretathang.
Support (hold up). . LEkhyonala, nkhan zidla,
Support (maintain) . . Suphiala, siiphi chetala.
Supreme - ‘ . Tsapowo, shiyi.
Surely . . . Otscotscd.
Surround ; : . Ekonala, hala.
Suspend 5 ; . Héoksi vatala.
Swallow, z . . . Tséng ngoro.
- Swallow, v. . ; . Nei thecala, neala
Swamp ‘ ; . Loko ndran.
Swear ; ‘ . LEchamtala.
Sweat, 2 é . Lshangtchhi.
Sweat, wu. : . Eshang tsangala.
Sweep ; : . Khetala.
Sweet : : . Nanga.
Sweetheart . ‘ . Oshamm, eyinga khangdreoe.
Swell . ? . Pamala.
Swim . : . Otchhii haala, hokatala.
Sword : ‘ . Yonadrrii.

Swing ‘ . - Yatyimala.,
English-Lhota Vocabulary.

 

150
T
Table : : . Pilang.
Tadpole ‘ : . Nebkhiwo, ngélantiwo.
Tail , ‘ . emhi, emhen.
Tail feather . ‘ . L£li, eya, emhen.
Tailor ri ; . Oscit eve.
Take . Khiala, penala,

Take and come : (bring)
Take and go (take away)

Take out -

Take up ;

Take (with the fager aud
thumb)

Take (between the fingers)

Take off ,
Take on (as clothing)
Take one’s part

Take care of . : .
Talk 3 .
Tall ‘ ‘
Tally

Tame ‘i : j
Tank ;

Taste

Tax i
Tax-gatherer .

Tax-payer . <

Tea a F
Tear, 2. i . %
Tear, v.

Tear up (by roots) .

Tear (with teeth) . :
Teat ‘ : A
Teeth : : :
Teeth (front) . . .
Teeth (back) . . ‘

Hansi iyala, hansi réala.

Hlansi iyala, hanse wéala, ssi yidla, sosi
wala.

Khichetala, chichetala, himphée chi Ste
tokde

Khikatala.

Ntseni khiala.

Nehen penadla, nghatyipenala nghen
khiala,

Elhichéala, khichéala.

Ephe chialla.

Themé thetala.

Sciphiala, taxangala, zeta vanala,

Chantala.

Ephia, thangchu keranga, sapho.

Lekham vatala.

ized.

Wizii.

Tsépi zetala.

Loko tsen, okitsen.

Léko tsen ekht.

Léko tsen ekhe, lokotsen epi.

Limo soko.

Esiitchhi.

Resoala, reruala, phiréala, nkha réala,
ushi réala.

Rokala.

Nkokala, nkakala,

Ntsaphen, ntsap kaphen.

Oho.

Oho tonthryilo,

Hokéng.
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 151

 

Teething

Tell ‘
Tempest .
Ten

Tend

Tender

Tent

Terrified ;
Test %
Testicle ;
Than ‘
That ‘
Thatch ;
“ Thebzothu ”
Theft

Then

There
Thereafter
Therefore
Thereupon.
They ‘
They (all)
Thick

Thigh ‘
Thief 7
Thieve

Thin

Thing

Think ;
Third ‘
Third (day after)
Thirsty
Thirteen
Thirty

This .
This, that

This and that
Thorn .
Thousand 3
Thrash

Thread

Oho shinga.
Lzdala.
Tsangrongphen, rruchangkinya.
Taro, terro.
Tanangala, sosu mungala.
Enyipa.
Sciki.
Lif,—(Cloth house).
Ekhen tsanga, ekhya tsanga,
Mhimhéonana zetala.
Nehotscang.
Wo.
Ochi, chi.
Leshit.
Tuyt ening, tiyt ending.
Efiia.
Chithang.
Ochi.
Chitsicho.
Chitsakéna, chilina, chitéliat:
Toliuisi, chitélaisi.
S hiang, shiano,oteno, 6nno chiang,chiano.
Oten, duten mpan, Ompa.
Chhia, chilo kangkanga, nkhanga.
Kangken.
Efiie, efwi.
Efiiala.
Epiaka, eporia, kirrtsanga, woshaka.
Tharaphiro, dlantharo (everything).
Nehamalda, nchami zetala.
Ovangochi to oni silamo.
Zamchié, 6ché nnang.
Evratsanga, erathata.
Taro sti etham.
Thamdro.
Shi, hi.
Shi, chi.
Lama lama, lamatero, lamathangterro.
Okyo.
Thanga, nzd nao tavtero.
Oli tsenala.
Oying.
 

152 English-Lhota Vocabulary.
Three Etham.

Thrice : ; . Chatham,

Throat ‘ : « Yingkhiro.

Throw away . Siala.

Throw (hurl) . Scamchiala.

Throw into . ‘ . Vatechiala, shamtechiala.
Throw overthé shoulder . Mpendala.

Throw against Ephiakatala, shangkatala.
Thumb 3 . Yingpod.

Thunder,v ‘ Echénala.

Thus Feto.

Tick (asa watch) .
Tickle .
Tie :
Tie together .

Tiger °

Tight : : :
Tightly : - ‘
Tigress . . ‘
Time ‘ j ;
Timid ‘ . ‘
Tin ‘ ‘ ;
Tipsy ‘ . 3
Tired s ‘ ‘
Toad ‘ i :
Toad-stool ‘ , :
Tobacco . 7
Tobacco pipe . : i
To-day . . .
Toe ° : :
Toe-nail

Together ‘ .
Together, to place, v.

Toil

To-morrow , . :

To-morrow (day after) .

To-morrow (day after day
after).

Tongue : . ,

To-night ‘ * :

Tsak tsak khumongala, tsak tsakala.

Ezakala.

Nisiala.

Niscitsciitala, chiing thryiiala, ching-
tsala,

Mharr,

Thangthangio.

Rarangt, rakrak, tananga.

Mharr okho.

Thang.

Kuthata, ekutsanga.

Yonchak, yongchak.

Kinda.

Mokthata, moktsanga.

Chaka.

Lamphen.

Mekhi.

Mekhu katong.

Nehing.

Choyingdro.

Choying kyap.

N20, nzo ramto.

Tsotsi vatala, tsotsenala, kholok tsod
vatala, nshatscoala.

Nsiindrd, elapa, ehia.

Oché.

Raché.

Zamché.

Nni, nii.
Osammo, nching sammoé.
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 153

 

Too ‘ , . a.

Tool 2 : . Nsindriphen.
Tooth : : . Oho.
Tooth (front) . . . Ohotonhritlo.

Tooth (double) : . Hokong.
Top (on) ‘ , . Oponi.
Top, 2. ; ; . Kurre, mytro, phivo.
Top (of head where the Chang chang.
hair is uncut).

Torch ‘ : . Milon
Tortoise ‘i : . Shufhd.
Total ; : . Ompa.
Touch . ; . LEpyamphiala, tsamphiala, sukatala.
Towards : ‘ . Ltheni, ethangi.
Towards : : . Affix we.
Track 3 : . Osit, khosii.
Trade (exchange) . . Thongtala.
Trade ‘ : . Shishoala, otsen tsoala.
Transfix ‘ . . Khantra echingala.
Transplant . : . Chamala.
Trap, 2. ‘ : . Vakshub, okyé.
Travel ° : . Khyatyala. simphia woala.
Tread on . : . Hnyetala.
Tree : ; . Otong.
Tree (fruit) . : . Lsangthi tong.
Tremble : ; . LEnnetala, ekhathatala.
Trench . ' . Liukhira.
Tribe . ‘ . Kuhrr.
Trip : : . Shiye ehhangala.
Trouble ‘ . . LEmmoka.
Trigger : . . Kara, shiphen.
Trunk of tree . . Longprii.
Nsayi.
Truth . ‘ 4 _ Lit,—Straight words.
Otsedtscé.
Truthful . . . Ns.
Truly. F ‘ . Otscatsco. ’

Tub (for liquor). . Sakichen.

Tub (bath-tub) .  . Zsakaphen.

Tube . . Otchhit yemphen, tchhitkht.
Tumble ; ; . Yangphiala, nkaning soravala.
Turban ; ; . Kuarrilo eyikaphen.
 

154 English-Lhota Vocabulary.

Turn out . Mmtilanala.

Turn back . Elanad iyala.

Turn over . Khophiala, edrala khoa iyala.

Turn round
Turn round

Turn upside down

Turns (by)
Tusk
Twenty
Twice
Twin
Twine

Twine (around)

Twist
Two

Udder
Ugly
Umbrella
Unable
Unarmed
Unbearable

‘

Unbenevolent .

Unbidden
Unbind
Unbutton
Uncertain
Uncertain

Uncle (paternal)
Uncle (maternal)

Unclean
Uncork
Uncooked
Unconscious
Uncover
Under
Underneath
Understand
Undress
Undulating

Nya phiala.
Hari phiala.

. Chenkhiwo vatala.
Nnita, chingta.
Oho.
Meki, mekwi.
Choni, echiingenni,
Nsamtso.
Ozzii.
Yokatala.
Nyatala, erala,

. L£ni, 6ni.

Shuropang.
. Eze m-mho.
- Phichows.
Nt6, nkhyd, n-hok, n-che.
Pheshu.
Elantsanga.
Tchurakhanga.
Ntsaha.
Ephechiala, lampetala.
Ephe chiala.
Otongochit ntso.
(See perhaps).
A poramd, oporo,
Ophyo.
. Myena.
» Tsang chetala, phechetala.
Eshu.
Zanghda.
Khikatala.
Okapi, skhapi.
. Okapwe, skhapwe.
. Netsiala.
Oscii pokchetala, ephechiala.
Kéchu kéra,
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 155

 

Unequal : . . Khiti mak, m-myanta; sapo hendrya
Lit—Long and short.
Tsapo teri.
Lit—Large and small.

Uneven : ; . Kokhikora, m-mya.
Unfasten . : . Lphe chiala, lamphetald.
Unfertile i : . LHachang.

Unfold : . . Lkhi lanala, ephe chiala.

Unhappy ‘ . . Tsang kavhankab khanga.
Unhealthy . . - Otsako ema mpankhanga.
Uninhabited . ‘ . M-man

Unite : . . Wotala, chiingtala.

Unkind : < . N-san, harokhanga, veroka,

Until 4 ‘ . LEphe chiala, tamphetala.

Until : 7 . Expressed by negative participial forms
in thang, e.g., n-yithang until one
comes,

Untrue . ‘ . LEchang, n-tsa, dtscodtscé mak.

Untwist ‘ 3 . LEkhi lanala.

Unripe ‘ . . M-mhe. $

Unroll ‘ ‘ . Lansé chiala, ephe chiala, ekhilanala.

Unsteady : : - Kalapa.

Up . . . Chang (prefixed to verb “go” or “ come.”’)

Upper ; ; - Omhat, opomuwe,

Upon : F . Opéni.

Upon . : . Zo (suffixed to nouns).

Upper ; 3 . Langhaéwochi.

Upright : : . Ntongkata.

Upset ‘ : . Kacho chiala.

Upward : ; . Omhdauwe.

Urinate - ; . Myongala.

Urine 4 . Myongtchhi.

Use 4 ‘ . &the lydala.

Useful ‘ ; . LEthe via, ethe lia,

Useless ‘i . . Ntilaha m-pang, nyaila m-pang, ethe
n-ni.

V : “

Vacant . 5 . Echang.

Vagina . . . Oshii.

~Vain (useless) - ; . Nti lika mpang.
 

156 English-Lhota Vocabulary.
Vain Negang khanga, dyan challa khanga.
Valley ERR.
Valuable Oma elam, tangtotsaka.
Vapour Ethak.
Variety Pydnpo, thampho.
Veal Mangsiiréoso.
Vegetable Ohan.
Vein Ethé.
Vend Yenala.
Venom , Ono, etchhu mazsi.
Verandah ‘ Kipang.
Verdant Nyak zanga.
Very ‘ Mpemé, tangto.
Very far . Ekéni, elam kina, tangto kina.
Vex . Khang shiala.
Victor : Toa.
Victorious Oyan tokhanga.
Victuals i Etsoyu.
Vigilant Chetang matanga, mhyek-rana,
Vigorous ; Etho khyingwa, epuu khyingwa.
Vehicle . Z6td.
Village ‘ Oyan.
Village chief . Ekhang wochi.
Vine Ozit.
Virgin Lorée.
Visage Omha.
Voice Owe.
Vomit Latala, lavsala.
Vulture Mangtso.
WwW
Wag , Eye phiala.
Wages Otsen.
Wagon Zoto.
Wag tail Potsit sangsu, vame siro,
Waist ; Eri.
Waist-band . Evitlo tsak tephen.
Wait - Osa, vana.
Wait for Nhyaka vanala.
Wait upon Chenchit engala.
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 157

 

Wake, wv.
Wake (another)
Walk

Walk (pace)
Walking-stick
Wall (stone)
Wall (of house)
Wane (as moon)
Want

War, v. ‘
Warm -
Wash ‘

Wash (clothes)
Wash (dishes)
Wash (face)
Wash (feet)
Wash (hands)
Wasp

Waste

Watch, zw.
Watch, 2.
Water

Water, to draw
Water-fall
Water-fowl
Water-god
Wave (as water)
Wave (as a flag)
Waver

‘Waver (in mind)
Wavering

Wax (ear-wax)

Wax (bees-wax) . .

Wax (vegetable)
Way (road)

We

Weak

Wealthy

Wear (earrings)
Wear (bracelet)
Wear (necklace)

Yiptang chiala, yimon chiala.

Ntechiala.

Samphia iyala, thong phia yidla, sephia
iyala, khai iyala.

Khochiala.

Charéng.

Ontng ephi.

Eching.

Zakata yiala,

Chénala, hngala, tscéala.

Orrit tsotala.

Elamd, lama, emhaka, ephia, tscéa.

Epyhépala.

Etsiala.

Siala.

Myiala,

Phiala.

Ntsakala.

Chenkokd, tsipuro.

Vuséra chakala.

Hnyakala, setald.

Ozen.

Otchha.

Ranala

Netang.

Tchhit woro.

Sangdhramm.

Epakatala, enhyokphiala.

Ehraphiala, ehraphitala,

Negaphia tsatala, tsatyé tsatala.

Wo yi wé lan tsdala.

Shamdré shamtsia.

Enno tchhii.

Eran, era.

Otong tsiitse.

Olan, pokila (high-way)..

£, ena, ete.

Etho n-chi.

Eli, evi.

Ennoala.

Penala.

Eyikala.
158

English-Lhota Vocabulary.

 

Wear (clothes)
Wear (shoes, kilt)
Wear (hat)
Weary o
Weather
Weave

Web, spider
Wed .
Weed .
Week ;
Weep :
Weigh ‘
Weight :
Well (in body)
Well, x.

Well, adv.
West

Wet

What ;
Wheel :
When ‘
When, then .
Whence
Where

Where, there
Whet
Whetstone
Which ‘i
Which F
While :
Whirl
Whiskers
Whisper, 7 .
Whisper, v.
Whistle, v.
White

White (very)
White-ant
Whitish ‘
Whither

Mpenala.

Pokthetala, hanala,

Khéala.

Emhokthata.

Tsangla.

Takala.

Porak tsitsii.

Soavanala.

Lémé.

Tsangotsung, nchok tsung.
Kidpala, kiala.
fuala,

Efi.

P6a, enytpa.

Tchhit kau.

Mhéna.

Eng ehrelamvwe,

Lit.—Direction of sun’s setting.

Eng hrephemwe.

Nehia.

Nii, ntyi.

Eviphiphen.

Kothang.

Kéthang-chithang.

Kuind, kilona,

Kalo.

Kiuiwe-chi..

Ehetala, piakala.

Miorak, lepok piakphen, lepok ehenphen.
Oché.

Kiwe, ka.

Thang.

Emungala, harala, hariphiala.
Khéka hm.

Mpéa chantala, mphoa chantéala.
Okapina chantala,

Sukhen khaala.

Emhiaa.

Emhiua réréa.

Nkhid.

LEtchakaro emhi#a, emhuréda.
Kui, kuwe.
English-Lhota Vocabulary. 159

 

Whittle ‘ ®
Who ;
Whoever 7
Whole

Whole ‘
Whose -
Why : ;
Wicked ‘ .
Wide ;
Widen

Widow

Widower

Wife

Wife

Wife (first)

Wife (new, second) .
Wild ‘ j
Wild animal . -
Wild cat , A
Will

Wind (air)

Wind :
Wind .

Wind up

Wind-pipe

Wing

Wink

Winnow ‘ .
Winter A .
Wipe . f
Wise 7 p
Wish 3 7
With : .
With ‘ ‘
Within 3 3
Without ‘
Without

Witness z

Wokha (vicinity of) .
Woman j
Woman (young)

Nzenaila.

Oché, ichéna.

Ochiha, oché-chi, dchésanda.

Ntsong, ehani, sani.

Tsu affixed to nouns,

Oché.

Ntséle, nyawétsdle.

Haroéka, veroka.

N264, kétsa.

N264a lyaala, kotsa lyaa.

Emi.

Khyingdran.

Oki khamm.

E-ng, engt, oki khamm,

Lohen.

Lothan.

Naraka.

Ora séngo.

Tsungoro.

Affix #4 and ke.

Zurro.

MU pong, tsangrongphhen (strong wind).

Rruchangkinyan (very strong wind).

Nyaphiala.

Ekhiing, khiro.

Echo.

Ekyapala.

Zanala.

Etsako.

Mhetala,

Ntsiu, ntsia.

Chonala, hngala.

Na (suffixed to nouns),

Panda, phan, nzo, siirra, sési.

Tachtingwe, schingwe,

Hompée, himphowe.

By negative participle, e.g., Can’t go
without eating = z-¢sond dnd n-wokok,

Ehngui.

Ndrangi.

Elué, elute, elée.

Lortie, lérée.
160 English-Lhota Vocabulary,

 

Womb

Wonder

Wonderful ‘
Wood ‘ .
Wood, bundle of
Wood (fire-wood) ,
Wood (forest)
Wood, pile of . F
Wool . ’
Word

Work, v. .
Work, z. 5 ¢
Work (house-work)
World

Worm ‘
Worship .
Wound, wv ‘
Wound, z.

Wrap, v.

Wriggle

Wrist

Write

Writing

Wrong, to do .
Wrong

Wrongly

Y
Yard :
Yard (in length)
Yard, v.
Yarn
Yawn
Ye
Year .
Yearly :
Yelk
Yell
Yellow
Yes
Yesterday

Negaro hampen, ngaro hamphen.
Emhokala.

Emhoktata, emhokthata.
Otscang.

Tscangpampong.

Otscang nchakia.

Ening.

Tscangpampong, tscammantang.
Otscan, hm.

Ovi.

Nsiindrala, elapala.

Nsindri.

Okilo chia.

Limhatsii, limhatzhit.

Chalya, bra.

Khamala.

Nanghrapiala.

Parak.

Eyékala, nkapala.

Nkanphiala, siiphiala, nyaphiala,
Khemhyek.

Eranala.

LEvramo.

Yusératala, m-mhom lyaala.
M-mhé.

Silyawo, m-mhom,

Kimang.

Khechit enni.

Ki mango ekam techiala.
Niinghe.
Homhiala.

(See ‘ You.’’)
Nia.

Nzii nzit.

Onga.

Horala, nzakala.
Hakhua.

Ho, hokha, hm.
Nehé.
Engltsh-Lhota Vocabulary. 101

 

Yesterday (day before)
Yet et
Yolk

Yonder

You, szng. ‘ .
You, slur. ‘ ‘
You two, you three .
Young

Younger

Youngest

Yours

Yourself

Youth

Zealous

Oran.
Nthanga.
Onga.

Ochi, dchiche.
N6, nné, nna.
Niné, nte.
Nini, nintham.
Khyangdroe.
Nungéwo.
Okhauwo.

Ni.

Nimomo.
Khyangréthang.

Lamm khynga.

 

Government of India Ceutral Printing Offive.—No. 2 5. to C. C. Assam,.—8-3-88,.—450.
 

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