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CORNELL UNIVERSITY.

THE

Roswell P. Flower Library
THE GIFT OF
ROSWELL P. FLOWER
FOR THE USE OF
THE N. Y. STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE.
1897

 

 
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Date Due

 

 

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| Aha ££
VETERINARY OBSTETRICS

A COMPENDIUM

FOR THE USE OF

STUDENTS AND PRACTITIONERS

BY

 

W. H. DALRYMPLE, M.R.C.V.S.

ConxsuLTInG VETERINARIAN To THE Baton Rovce, La. (District)
Boarp or HEaLTH

MEMRER OF THE U.S. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, PRINCIPAL
OF THE DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY SCIENCE, LOUISIANA STATE
UNIVERSITY AND A. AND M. COLLEGE } VETERINARIAN TO
THE LOUISIANA STATE BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE
AND AGRICULURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS
ETC., ETC.

 

NEW YORK
WILLIAM R. JENKINS
VETERINARY PUBLISHER AND BOOKSELLER

851 anp 853 SixtH AVENUE
} Ered

eed
E87 Copyright, 1898, by Witt1am R. JENKINS.

Oy

All Rights Reserved.
al a" ae
Nos fi

PRINTED BY THE
Press oF WILLIAM R. JENKINS,
New York.
TO
ALEXANDER LIAUTARD, M.D., V.S.,
AS A TOKEN OF PERSONAL ESTEEM,
AS WELL AS FOR HIS UNTIRING EFFORTS TO ADVANCE THE
INTERESTS OF OUR NOBLE PROFESSION IN AMERICA,

IS THIS LITTLE VOLUME

Respectfully Medicated

BY
THE AUTHOR.
 
PREFACE,

In offering this little volume to the Veterinary
Profession of America, it is not my desire to encourage
the student in the neglect of the more voluminous
works on Veterinary Obstetrics, but more with the
idea of aiding him, when time is an object, in reviewing
his studies on the subject. It is with the hope, also,
that it may be of service to the busy obstetrician,
in refreshing his memory when quick reference is
required, or when larger works may be inaccessible.

In the preparation of this compendium, the follow-
ing literature has been consulted, and, in several of
the sections, somewhat freely quoted: ‘“ Fleming’s
Obstetrics,” ‘Chauveau’s Comparative Anatomy”
(Fleming), ‘“Vade Mecum of Equine Anatomy”
(Liautard), Friedberger & Frohner’s ‘‘ Pathology and
Therapeutics of the Domestic Animals,” ‘“ Moller’s
Surgery,” ‘Journal of Comparative Pathology and
Therapeutics” (McFadyean), articles in published
reports of the U. S. Department of Agriculture (Law);
and I am much indebted to my friend Mr. John
Renfrew, M.R.C.V.S., of Glasgow, Scotland,. for
numerous and copious notes. I am under many
obligations to Dr. George Fleming, C.B., of Higher
Leigh, Combe Martin, North Devon, England, for his
kindness in granting permission to use the cuts (from

5
vi PREFACE.

his valuable work on obstetrics) for the purpose of
illustrating the text.

The printer and publisher, William R. Jenkins,
New York City, deserves my thanks, not only for the
style and neatness with which he has executed his
work, but for the promptness with which he has
facilitated the reading of the proof, ete.

Should this little work seem to fill a gap, and find
a modest but useful place in our veterinary literature,
I will feel fully repaid for any time or trouble

expended.
W. H. DALRYMPLE.

Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
PAGE
PREFACE. ....... sasieigwied ¥S0e SARs TO pou wis Seley eaMeaawioseaGg on eda Oea w v
ANATOMY—FEMALE ORGANS CONCERNED IN GENERATION AND
PARTURITION. .......0eeceees iseweewe 46 BES ca WB Weaeieimieaiausla tees 50 7
"The: Pelvis saiuuien wisciaciogenieewereveste star atwuaidheicusieortveeace ones 7
The Os Innominatum or Coxa........... sites pesca eer 7.
MUM sesiiwnsien oes dee deticeawsaee vedi edcatigteatnhe aia 8
ASCH IUD sacs cteis ciaisivia 5 spaanara dilbia tease a oietatsansetiroeanetanee se 9
PUDIS soins ces beater beeteswhe eave cede ignaieie 9
The Sacrum.............08. sae A NON Ss Wet Sas Baiaiameewanies Io
PhO Coc yX sascsscaawik ssa camcaniosaeaeneesee ays iGaeie See II
The differences in the pelvic bones of other animals...... paeaMades I
The Cows ws ceawan cases ose headin wacaanoeaee ted oe e Sebewegauy II
The Sheep and Goat. .....-...ceees feet tee ete neers etteeeees I2°
The Bitch and Cat.............. esaiomeahois biswisemee'd ose ais Wars: 12
TNE HOG i siiss tebe ciegiiwriaricubice'scis vaesawsaa vide fiero be Same 13
Pelvic Articulations. ............00008 sla ea aeraine de wate woes sas ROaE 13
Differences in other animals............0000e0008 Sessions aineaeeeetrs 14
THe Cow sas isiesseaded ee cos aise areal teussanale ele 6 ascere wad esse vk eels 14
The Sheep.sanid: Goat seis csieass oa aieeeeaetedn sen Gales esa 14
The Pig .. ...... abe Gincpinle SY ciara wen Wie sie y's eBay ata eer tentenh eae ¥ x 14
The Bitch and ‘Gat oc iccsivic esicwiiie's'es vais We aisioee@aaiew dass 14
Pelvic: Cavity ss v2sesis vs os dees ten sees seeees iets ac sie exe ees taa 15
Pelvic: Lilet. aisisisiaie'e sie cravsres io no be: atwavainaca sete ie-o. 6 ad dieses side wieseveraynlatauorme 15
PelVic: Outletisscccs kfonsdeniclnciecician siete wardens Memencne eu waamees 16
Diffefien Ces ccc eeaiieeeiorasiin sian annie dadaasiee 16
TG CO Welt 's iain soos ieiv'e es ctew fe tl oaidle cian antes en egey Baldoinmees 16
The Sheep and Goat..... ...... Dah asunnaeTaiae sila damier ohs ea 17
The: Pig'.s.ceessssnieeeesew ees RARER REA ONSEN GAs 17
The Biteh aid Cats cs visite ovsiccacos cas saaasdieciesin ete etecaatas 18
The! Villvaisiscec ws eek ce dadsedoeaa cera Sueewead sialelnds a enemas 18
The Clitoris. ......0..ssseseeeeeeees ssta(siaju oe Ginisielajevarateistaie wiotwtatsieiststaialace 18
The: Hymenisi seuss iesed ess vevsesie cages: grenens sa smed ews Suwees 19
The Meatus Urinarius.........25 ccsccceececeeeesnns seceieeeenes 20
The Vagina.....cccscccccccccccccereeeesesesnssenseeneseensaneus 21

vii
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

The Uterus. seis vo vessccsee oo we ve seaeeneewecueae te seine seieneene® 22
Fallopian “Tubesiis ini. ccn.cenrtadtasciciens sieieed soo 3a es Sarat sisi 23
HE OVANIES (cine: Sr WendeOerReeiasdews sd Gives seweesenae eevee es 24
Mammary Glands.........ccccccsecreceeee eee ee eeeeeer eee pease ees 24
Tithe s COW a cise.cie' alicia oom ao aodgnes saa ue aeecaeeeae eevee 25

In Small Ruminants.......... 0.0... c eee cece eee ence ceeeees 26
Inthe Pig...... ieee ee wees e slSeete dilate a abate tnceaststabaiaietsya stave aiaies's 26

In the. Bitchs is sccieslceaasgeesdsvaseeeteegee Qusaeeveaees oes 26

CHAPTER II.
PHYSIOLOGY. 55 ex cscirewnieae ieackcanaine awk Ais see Oden tein ceedecmewigemied 27
Age of Puberty.......ccsceceeeee ceeeeeces Satine eeu taidadeneacatis 27
Iii the COWi2c% sou iene tay. cht gee eee ate peed ada 27
Tin the Mares e:sccissesavenaie ais nag eidiggancegian si aie aig w gies Se vere bie avelelsie dios ones - 28
Period of CHstrum se00 cde ade cee oN va ihe wowawesioas dwenecawed 29
Tin the: Mare cssciiisicsitseca: oo ole Fou see ahisiee lene nerabarelnereemeleaiese 29
In the COW. cs ceivsciiciens wo feadsa aomeeeesaa sake adios etre 29
Inthe: Bitehvsai ss ss2 sais vaveaeeicosamarieie tseanwaee sae 29
In the Ewe...........0005 HPL TIS DAKO RANA Ranne ae manasa 29
Period of Gestation...........cccccccnncee cece net eeeeee ceneenees 31
In the Different Animals............ccceeeec serene eeeeeseeees 33
Fetal Envélopés jcccscci.sc.tsanedsnsvguibeus teobieru eh egeles 33
The: Chorio cacaiaisaso ieee nudinadesiwniiisswlenia Momgeetadaddeadetdds 33
The Amnion...-.........cceeeeeeee eres isle teaGilsitviegioul Ghee epee oa 33
The) Allantois:. osc. 0s steparwevenveamoganss ccs seep cevegs3aae 0% 34
Umbilical, Vesicléss.:.:.ecee ss cisedvam sa aweieaiinaieeiae wea Gein 36
Placental Circulation: 14 0+4s 001% csexsue sewer rvetsaae cnet eae eeeen 36, 39
Unibiliéal Cord icccasesscecceeees vasencinwee., ones adauannanbenisas 38
Symptoms of Pregnancy and Parturition.............-......eeeeee 40
CHAPTER III.

ANOMALIES OCCURRING IN GESTATION... 1+... +--+ eceeceeceecescneeeuces 45
Superfoetations..00s. gases css ss tacausuaeanessnewasioanneana acon 45
Extra Uterine Gestation............ceceecce cence eeee reser erences 45
Spurious Pregnancy.........sccsecceseceneecenneeeseeeeees «daisies 46
Hydrops Uteri.......-00:scecsceceetereenserereacecesecsane + 47

CHAPTER IV.
SoME CONDITIONS INCIDENTAL TO PREGNANCY...seeseccsecsececcece 48

Hydrops Amnii........-.-. cee eeeeeeeeees tem eee eee nec ateaes

48
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix

PAGE
Rachitis and Osteomalachia................cceeeeeereeeceseeeees 48
CRS Sri 2 isso Scie taae eter cpnastnv we acer agcaraen aoe eam raseemnare elatio ears entetscw syria 49
Ante-partum Paresis..............0006 sonenay Bates ne haeanet sian 50

CHAPTER V.

Some ACCIDENTS OF PREGNANCY.........00008 ar shai oh elayle OUiala tae eNere Weeser8 51
Abnormal Retention of Foetus........ als cteeoraieaane ees btuiy vciglerialers 51
Metrorrhagia.... ......... dysiaveislareie' seals OO er rT ee er 51
Prolapsus Vaginal (ante-partum)..........cceeeceeeceeeceeeescnees 52
Hysterocele..........cceecsereecrevecs eames WatSeeaata cert eee yas 54
Rupture of Uterus (ante-partum)......... eeipa siete cs sionjnvaye naked maar 55
ADOMIGH cise sco ososinaesidaies Vox a ena aisle Sa wainynttate eee ators 56

CHAPTER VI.

DDYSTORIA GS os Adiveinseeindes soe os Ba Giese Las eRe ta eee ese es E epdcacareias sears 60
Causes of Foetal Dystokia ..............06 ibarg: Sb RRI Bid saeisey racranees 60
Causes of Maternal Dystokia...........ccseee sence cence cece eeees 60
Mal-Presentations of Foetus.........0.e008 sGhine ceeca ee ats sstchopupaaiele 61
Anterior-Presentations............00008 Wa wie sche esas oa meeless 61

Vertebro-Publews iiss si ccna ces vecssaleaee cee es sas sar sseeens . 61
Vertebro-WMide scii.cs cies ois aa ss Gans eee entewawine eR TEA oe eieiace 62
Vertebro-Sacral (fore legs over neck).........e.eeee eeee eee 63
Vertebro-Sacral (fore legs flexed at fetlocks with headnormal). 63
Vertebro-Sacral (fore limbs flexed at knees).............0005 64
Vertebro-Sacral (head normal, but fore limbs back under
body)... CR rece try ce) shay APR eae 65
Vertebro-Sacral (head bent downwards)........cseeeseeeenee 66
Vertebro-Sacral (head turned to one side)...........0eeeee eee 68
Vertebro-Sacral (head bent backwards and upwards)......... 69
Vertebro-Sacral (obstruction due to hind limbs).............. 69
Vertebro-Sacral (all four feet presented). .... Riadeneeanetc hat 70
Posterior-Presentations.......... A dy Suavhareek eis ie ince ERO is aletmateonets 70
Tim bo-Sactall siieacsss o's 6 'sic eieasisiecein nies ieiede 0s is eseseinareenaseieiecdiaie 70
Lumbo-Sacral (hind limbs flexed at fetlocks)............... - 70
Lumbo-Sacral (hocks flexed).....2.eceeeee coeececesevenenes 7
Lumbo Pubic: c.cccs cscs cea seenweew eves es sseblsinnieeneemmiees 73
Thigh and Croup. .......csscrecce cece cen ceeesensceeeeencnaes 73
Sterno-Abdominal..........ccccccceeeeeeeeeer seers en eeeeeeee 75

Dorso-Lumbar .....0cccecsceseccccsescceeereescssaeceeneenas 76
x TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER VII. PAGE

EMBRVOTOMY 6 ii ii..es6ss0esoe5 tes bis etee ered oe fawe ye ee ceate gassaee we 79:
Decapitation. cacdc dad didaiesis sak oad HeGNete cainhwtun Seles atk 80.
Removal of Limbs (partial or complete)...........eceeeeseeereees 81
DetttinCatlot cove iia ances eee siok's cisieis d Gisle seapiows cane natant 82
wEVISCeT at ONs 00s seve esd waceucedaumaics ex eiesiacs sigs Saenger Gites 82
Rotationiss essae: anew oswunee waedemie unbie da vax sale d oersisinemmewnts ox 83.
Versions «ov os ses wawnsnneierwe reas save vos e esndewaews weaties 83
Cesarian Operations: scdecseseamawie vad sees cs sais s stem nemis deeee 84

CHAPTER VIII.
MONS TROSITIES 4.2 3s danse wauiiie ll Meeededdedes eton- on aun wees 86

DISEASES OF FCETUS....... 00. ce cece cece nee e cnet eee e esse tneeneeanet 89.
Abdominal Ascitis...........ccceeeeeeceeeveecee Kehoe ses 89
ANASAL CAG: «:c:5s anesaina der aauakwneewesie ese s vest 1s Bae asleee Vee. 89.

CHAPTER X.

MATERNAL. DYSTOKIA..s5.0ceieceiecee Gnupeesbiieee esos canopy caanayys go
Deformity of Pelvis..........0ccceeeeeeee ‘Civiwiohddenerans go
Fractutesss.cinswite teint dh ennuenneuchasee cane ecu su auleaguda Geeky ss go
FEXOStOSES.45 sbitieviasiee our ahs sie eee eee a ele duane wee go
Hernia of Uterus. siesecsnssewewcaee egies sis evessnseneeeeses » 92
Deviation of Uterus.............seeeeceeaee {Use Ress Aol ee 93.
Torsion Of Uterus.....---- sees ce se eee cece cece eter cette eeeeeees 94
THMOPS jeoc2 ose aeewewe wr ceipeunsaoten dis ess Oe se es eee HEURES Reales 97
Hernia of the Bladder..........ceceecee cece cee ee cet ee een cece tees 97
Spasin Of OS*UtePiesiscssen sce shane Seaway isa. bh sees wndees Rude 97
Induration of Os-Uteri............ Ie ssusisvideten meine eee ANUeRE TE 99
Scirrhous Chorion......see0e:.ssee8s awacaeueeeriaee Geessces 35 “99.
Persistent. Hymen isis oes: 2 cuwseaws cane avowebetaddusaina naar deden 99
Want of Muscular Power to Expel Foetus............. 0. ...2..000- 100

CHAPTER XI,

Some ACCIDENTS FOLLOWING PATURITION.....0..0cececeeeeseeseeee IOr
Post-Partum Hemorrhage........... ccc cceee cece sees ensesecceeee Io
Retention of Foetal Membranes............ Beis Hie CSRS C0 OXpave ateitin 102
Inversion-of Uterisieiedscccs eects dad acaene: lecwcilas bacase cee + 104
MGtfOtoimys siecGeeined nce acc tart acca Pelee Saale eden Sead eseece TIO
Inversion of Vagina....... cc. cecce eee e eee eseee ceeeeee tee eves TIT

Inversion of Bladder.... ....... ccc eccccecuencecsececceveeueeues IIT
TABLE OF CONTENTS xi

CHAPTER XII.

PAGE
SoME PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS FOLLOWING PARTURITION......++ 113,
NWasiinitis aaa tes cictw sada ood oom eee aia a a ea abo 113
MCtHUS. 5) ccicainncceganchwdeewiteucex Guocaes désseeehente yee sakes 113
Leucbirhceaie: sos cersiceiisisloa ie uiore ni ates ee eeaicsae das case Se aiireen II5
Parturient Apoplexy.......ccecceescecceeeceeeees eta newe nee 116
Eclampsial « <evcavau savvy chvawes a vise eves Seaweeds sah cence ae 122
Parturient Paralysis (post-partum)...........ccececeeeeccsceeeees 124
Phlegmasia Dolens..... once a eiwrpete anya tale sitiaher senate sangepeineets 124
Parturient: Laminitis:s. 6.04 ce ceckoaseeieea see eee es 4% caeersies ceeas 126
CHAPTER XIII.

DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS........ecccvcrcceesenseseereee 127
Wounds:and ‘Bruises sices seins essa e 6 de eincoinn seeaes sai oes ss aa sees 127
Mastitis or Mammitis........0 wesc cece ee cece eee e cern eeneee 128
Phlegmonous Mastitis...........ccccee cee etee een eeeteeeneeeees 129
Parenchymatous Inflammation.......... ..+. Peete teens eee ee eee 130

Mastitis Catarrhalis........ 0. cece cece cece eee ence eter en eeeee 130
Mastitis Apostematosa..... y siahatenaves aie: Safa a Biase ss apanca vere waauardaolesaneiane as 13
Mastitis Gangrenosa.......... cece cece eee e eee n eee eeneneeees 133
Stenosis of Mammary Duct.........0lecceeeec cece cnee centr eenees 134
Mastitis Chronica ..-........ 0: eccceesceneeaesneeneetoonsenecces 135
Tumors of the Udder. .........- eee ce cece ence ence et ee rer ceeecene 136
Polypi... sc. ccc eee cere eect eee cee teen eee eee e tenes te nent ees 136
Chapped or Fissured Teats.......--- +++ esseesesteseeeeeeeeeeeeees 136
Agalactia or Agalorrhcea........- see sence ee cette eee eeee ener ees 137
CHAPTER XIV.
MILK, Irs CoMPOSITION, ETC.......--- see eeer cece tee eet eens seeeer eens 138
Anamolies of Secretion..........+0eceees cree cece eceenenceae snes 138
Watery Milk. ..... 0.2... cee cence eect cece cent ent e een e ees aes 138
Fat Milk.............--- sentence eer ene eee sete ener ee eees 139
Alterations in Milk Due to External Influences................0005 139
Gurdled Milk..csrcs sci ca as Vecbcene coee Re eR timate ec ocae 139
Milk Which Does Not Produce Butter.........-..5055 serene 140
Putrid Milk.......... Syd bkae aleee'e SB'eeg eee Pe TR ONE Oe Seabees 140
Filamentous Milk. .......0.0 cece cece ete e teen n cence eee eeeees 140
Blue Milk.........- eer ert ere ee ee ere rye 140

Some Other Anomalies...... ...... - Nasa gle AM eee settee Sen ead 141
xii TABLE OF CONTENTS ,

CHAPTER XV.

PAGE

DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES OF THE YOUNG ANIMAL .......-.-+ 142
Asphyxia...... ee eee eee ecco res 142
Umbilical Hemorrhage......... ccc ecee cece eee e cece eee cnee veoe 143
Persistent Urachus......-.esececeeceecsceeceeteeeees caeeeeneeees 143
Umbilical Hernia ac se. scccsie-cisisiuig signe ics 0s 5 weaie se niasa' 0's alin late ada aan 144
Acquired Hernia, Causes Of..........csceeee vee ceceseenceeeeeaes 145
C&dema of Umbilicus.......... 0... cece cece cece nee e reser en nenes 146
Omphalitisiccsssnanae arenes: s04 3 Aes saeeeeees coreeeanuslanvosaen 147
ARTERITIS issiciaid:Poisis Ssh F Seder teed teasers cheareeaidis Obi SWIC AMIAS TELS 6 ON Hs bss 149
COnstipationviiicicccscsscawiietaae awe as dau lesa gid ssienteseemewes 151
Gastro-Intestinal Catarrh.......scceeeccenee ee ceteeceeneesnenenees I5I
DYSENLELY sacimicn nae vncaieecinr pues sa ttt eee Retow Siem heldccum megane 157
Cyan osiSin¥ssoccuseraaeuitn eyes a iucy ee eae eter ene steno 157
Eclamipsia’ sei ucseunsncinveaqoncaled eas cress vig ide eneeeeaenaae 157
Tetanus Neonatorumiesiiccsciccsccccdccsovenseveauenednedareiune na 157
Some Other Conditions Occasionally Met With.................... 158
FIG.

15.

18.
19.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

27.
28,
29.
" 30.
31.
32.
33s

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Pelvis of Mare............0e.cceeees wee eeRAAG iieeutanrotyeaiacaes 8
Pelvisiof: Cows igeies sausicnaan'se< vows cecausecasvvaws Wiseestocsaeen II
Pelvis of Sheep .2 sasescawsie sd care § aalesieusalehd eye's sep neswaoes 12
Lateral Ligaments of Sacrum and Pelvis.............sseeeeceeees 13
Ligaments of Lumbar Vertebrze, Sacrum and Pelvis.............- 14
Diagram of Mare’s Pelvic AXxis..........cccccecsececccscceeenecs 15
Inlet of Mare’s Pelvis................2.. sigeas hates ieseavene Aiaaevarerae vane - 16
Inlet of Cow’s Pelvis...............cccevcuccsncecescecceceveeecs 17
Generative Organs of Mare 772 Siti... ccc. ce ccceuscucccuce ceceees 21
Ovary Opened Vertically............c ccc cceeeecesnveneens aed oes 24
Graafian Vesicles and Ovum............ ai Suasciodenlee wees oe ons ees 24
Section of Udder of Cow...........000005 Uaeaanpiess ed eeeebas bs 25
Section of Cow's Teat.........ce cece ee eeeeenee enuancanieregawas 26
Foetus of Mare and its Envelopes........... Sd acdiiers. bot anbee Geaereibea ee atk 32
Chorion of Mare at Mid-term (Inflated) ............. cc. ceeeeees 34
Foetal Membranes of Cow at Mid-term..............000 eeseeeees 35
Maternal and Feetal Cotyledons of Cow.............ccceseeeeeeee 37
Foetal Circulation: Advanced Period ..........c.ececesceeecnces 39
Normal Position of Foetus in Mare (third stage).................. 43
Jointed Repeller.......... sualavaseieioisjeieid pleated. ne eras Nee Ri cioum ate xe 62 |
Vertebro-Sacral Position (fore-limbs flexed at knees)............. 64
Anterior Presentation (extreme downward deviation of head)..... 67
Short Blunt Crotchet............see00- Soavenisee tensa, wee OF
Long Pointed Crotchet..........sececees iY ea A Re bercaeaets 68
Vertebro-Sacral Position (deviation of head upwards and back-

WATS) ... eee ceeseccrec ere scerreeteneees abd isles aiseeameerees 69
Lumbo-Sacral Position.......... ayes trance ded eat wae Avleleeils 71
Hock Presentation: Hock Corded.......0csesecesecesceceeseeene 72
Thigh and Croup Presentation: Thigh Corded ...............06- 73
Gunther’s Curved Porte-Cord and Blunt Crotchet................ 74
Sterno-Abdominal Presentation ......+..sssseeeeeteeeeseeeeeeens 75
Dorso-Lumbar Presentation...........eeseeseceeeeees i eanvesagor 77
Straight Embryotom.......-.....0seeeeeee: siguiniasiavies eoenes este “80
Cartwright’s Subcutaneous Spatula........... se inteleie@re 2-3 9a bate Bite -» SI

xi
xiv
FIG.
35+
36.
37+
38.
39-
40.
4t.
42.
43.

45.
46.
47-
48.
49-
50.
51.

INDEX.

PAGE
Sysomian Monstrosity: Dicephalus bicollis (Gurlt) .......eseeeees 86
Ectopia Cordis: Schistocormus fissisternauis....cvessesencceneres 87
Skull of Hydrocephalic Calf..............ccceeeeees SSaAy Mnaceeporeess 88
Anasarcus Feetal Calf............ is eid ate Stila Doeeghdsdrevestetracctiaxeavena wie 89
Pelvic EXOsStosisiscg isos ss.40 64 eewennue neon nuts sees a6 eas elas gI
Uterine Herniia. 0: ov ix.ssccais awe noenineieanenwaes ees s icc canes 92
Right Uterine Torsion: Manipulation..............eceeeeeseeeeee 94
Left Uterine Torsion: Manipulation..........cccesecescveceusuee 94
Left Uterine Torsion 77 Site .......eseeeees catia Sa eeee cee ee ee 95
Barnes’ Uterine Dilator..........cceeeseceece te eteeenetersceeens 98
Pad. PeSSaryisivsise'eus s civ ese ceases a alatavalesetatowesaies sientebats Go viele etelwaieta 106
Ring Pessaty wiwsseavsievssiscpecias Sibigre Meera NEBR RRS ae Oe Sea 107
Zundel’s Labial Sutures...........cccceeseceeereccscoeseceseces 107
Deather Trssacegissieser vesicle Gsiieasteny GncasdukesGaamniaedel es os 108
Renault’s Truss..... piGtoreie asaiena aero acta 8 asus @amreiavaeioreG vineaoles eseeess 108
Lund’s Truss Applied..........see0e0. sinleigioreeinec giele see anaes 109
Ring Teat Syphon............cseeeccevcsce gewawiowetiiaeiebae ees 128
VETERINARY OBSTETRICS
Cuapter I.

ANATOMY.

FEMALE ORGANS CONCERNED IN GENERATION AND
PARTURITION :

The Pelvis, Vulva, Clitoris, Vagina, Uterus, Fallopian
Tubes, Ovaries and Mammae.

The Pelvis.

This cavity is formed of bony and ligamentous
walls, and contains a portion of the genito-urinary
apparatus, as well as the terminal portion of the
alimentary canal. It is situated towards the end of
the spine, and is supported by the hinder extremities,
with which it is connected by joints and muscles.
It is composed of three principal bones—the two
ossa innominata, or coxae, and the sacrum, and to
some extent of the coccygeal vertebrae,

OS INNOMINATUM.

The os znnominatum, or coxa, one on each side,
is a flat bone, expanded at either extremity, some-
what constricted in the middle, and curved in two
different directions. At its middle it has a wide’ ,
and deep articular depression surrounded by a
high rim,—the acetabulum or cotyloid cavity,—in
which the articular head of the femur is lodged and
moves. Above this cavity there is a roughened thin
ridge, the supra-cotyloid crest or ischiatic spine, into
8 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

which the sacro-sciatic ligament is fixed. Below the
cavity, and inclining inwards, is a large circular open-
ing, occupied by the obturator muscles and known as
the foramen ovale, or obturator foramen. The two
ossa tnnominata are united in the middle line inferiorly
and posteriorly by a solid suture—the symphyszs
pubis, or ischio-pubic symphysis. Above they articulate
with the sacrum.

 

Fic. 1.

PELVIS OF THE MARE.

A, Ilium; B, Pubis; C, Ischium; D, Foramen Ovale; E, TEE of the
Ischium; F, Cotyloid Cavity.

The os cxnominatum is composed of three portions
uniting at the acetabulum, and have received the names:
the zlzum, tschtum, and pubs.

The zlium, hip, or haunch, is the largest of the three
bones. It is irregularly triangular in shape, and is
directed obliquely downwards, inwards and backwards,
and has two faces, three borders, and three angles,
The external face presents the external iliac fossa;
the internal face the iliac surface, and an auricular
ANATOMY. 9

facet for articulation with the sacrum. The anterior
border or crest is concave; the external has a medullary
foramen and vascular grooves; the internal forms the
great sciatic notch. The external angle or point of
the hip has four tuberosities for muscular attachment.
The internal, or antero-internal angle is a rough
tuberosity curving upwards and backwards, forming,
with the corresponding portion of the opposite ilium,
the summit of the croup. The posterior or cotyloid
angle offers a facet for the cotyloid cavity, the supra-
cotyloid crest, the ilio-pectineal eminence, and some
muscular imprints.

The zschtum is the most posterior of the three
bones. It is flat and irregularly quadrilateral in shape,
and is composed of a solid portion (the body) anda
narrow part (the neck). It is divided into two faces,
four borders, and four angles. The upper face is
smooth, and forms the floor of the pelvic cavity; the
inferior face is roughened for the attachment of
muscles, and presents the ischial crest. The anterior
border forms the obturator foramen, the external the
small sciatic notch; the posterior forms the ischial
arch, while the internal is articular. The antero-
external or cotyloid angle presents a diarthrodial facet,
and the posterior extremity of the supra-cotyloid crest ;
the antero-internal angle is articulated with the pubis ;
the postero-external forms the ischial tuberosity ; and
the postero-internal articulates with that of the
opposite side.

The fudzs is the smallest of the three bones, and is
situated between the ilium and ischium. It is divided
Io VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

into two faces, three borders, and three angles. The
superior face is smooth and concave; the inferior has
a large groove for the pubiofemoral ligament. The
anterior border is thin and rough, the posterior thick
and concave, and assists in forming the obturator
foramen; the internal border is thick and articular.
The external or cotyloid angle forms the bottom of the
cotyloid cavity; the internal and posterior angles are
articular.

The sacrum results from the fusion of five verte-
bre into a single, voluminous, pyramidal or triangular
mass. It may be said to terminate the vertebral spine
posteriorly. It encloses the pelvic cavity above, and
articulates in front with the last lumbar vertebra,
behind with the first coccygeal, and laterally with the.
ossa tnnominata. It is divided into two faces, two.
borders, a base, an apex, and a central canal. The
superior face presents the spinous processes forming
the sacral spine, bent backwards and diminishing in
length posteriorly; it offers on each side the four
supra-sacral foramina. The inferior face is smooth
and shows the lines of separation of the vertebre, and
on each side the four sub-sacral foramina. The borders.
are thick and concave, rough posteriorly, having forward
a broad, rough auricular surface to articulate with the
ossa tnnominata.. The base offers, on the median line,
the anterior orifice of the sacral canal, and the anterior
articular head of the body of the first sacral vertebra ;
on the sides, the articular processes and the anterior
notches of that vertebra, and the outside, the two large
facets for articulation with the last lumbar vertebra.
ANATOMY. Ir

The apex presents the -posterior opening of the sacral
canal, the posterior articular cavity, the body of the
last sacral vertebra, the vestiges of the articular pro-
cesses, and the posterior notches of that vertebra.
The sacral canal is a part of the rachidian canal,
triangular, and diminishes in width posteriorly.

The coccyx is composed of from fifteen to eighteen
coccygeal or caudal vertebre, situated behind the
sacrum, the first three of which may be said to belong
to the pelvis.

 

Fic. 2.

PELVIS OF THE Cow.

A, Ilium; B, Pubis; C; Ischium; D, Foramen Ovale; E, Sciatic Spine;
F, Cotyloid Cavity; G, Tuberosity of the Ischium.

DIFFERENCES OF THE BONES OF THE PELVIS OF OTHER
DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

The coxe in all the domestic animals are more
or less horizontal, and the z/um has a vertical direction.
In the Cow, the space between the coxez is no
greater before than behind; they are less solid and
12 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

voluminous than in the mare. The iliac concavity not
so wide, and is more vertical than in the mare.

The zschcum is thinner, but has a wider surface, is
more curved from before to behind, and from side to
side; while the ischiatic spine is prominent and thin.
There are three tuberosities on the postero-external
angle.

The pudzs is wide and thin; the upper face is very
concave, and on its inferior face it has no channel. The
foramen ‘ovale is large. There is earlier ossification.
of the symphysis than in the mare.

The sacrum is longer, more curved and voluminous.

 

Fic. 3.
PELVIS OF THE SHEEP.

A, Ilium; B, Pubis; C, Ischium; D, Foramen Ovale; E, Cotyloid Cavity.

The caudal vertebrae are stronger and more
tuberous ; sixteen to twenty in number.

The Zelvzs of the Sheep and Goat resembles that of
the Cow, although, on the whole, it is more horizontal
and longer.

In the Bitch and Cat, the lateral diameter is
greater before than behind. The zum is almost
\ ANATOMY. 13

_ vertical, The sacrum is somewhat quadrangular; is
' composed of three bones which are consolidated at an
early age. Only three vertebral foramina.

The bones of the coccyx are strong and tuberous,
the first five or six being as perfect as the true
vertebral bones. :

The pelvis of the Hog (Pig) resembles that of the
Sheep. The iliac crest is convex. The pubis is
narrow, and the ischium has a tuberous prominence.
The sacrum is composed of four vertebra, which do
not become entirely consolidated for a length of time.

 

Fic. 4.
LATERAL LIGAMENTS OF THE SACRUM AND PELVIS.

a, Superior Sacro-iliac Ligament; 4, Sacral Ligament; ¢, Lateral Sacro-iliac

Ligament; d, Sacro-sciatic Ligament; e, Small Sciatic Notch; /, Great
Sciatic Notch.

The spinous processes are absent. The spinal canal is
open above, due to the neural arch being deficient on
each side.

THE PELVIC ARTICULATIONS.

Five in number: sacro-lumbar, two sacro-iliac, the
ischio-pubic symphysis, the sacro-coccygeal articulations
and the ilio-sacral and sacro-sciatic ligaments.
14 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

With the exception of the equine species, the
sacrum is joined to the last lumbar vertebra by three
diarthrodial surfaces only—the head of the body and
two transverse processes.

The ischio-pubic symphysis in the Cow is con-
siderably longer than in the Mare and not rectilinear;
ossification of the symphysis is less complete, and takes
place much later than in the Mare.

 

Fic. 5.

LIGAMENTS OF THE LUMBAR VERTEBR#&, SACRUM AND PELVIS.
(Seen from below.) :

a, Intertransverse Ligament of the Lumbar Vertebree; 6, Capsular
Ligament of the Spinous Process of the Fifth and Sixth Lumbar
Vertebree; c, Capsular Ligament of the Sacrum; d, Inferior Sacro-
iliac Ligament; ¢, Obturator Ligament; “, Transverse Ligament of
the Ischio-pubic Symphysis.

In the Sheep and Goat, the ischio-pubic symphysis
is rectilinear. Ossification very late in life, and almost
never in those animals which have had many young.
These remarks apply also to the Pig,

In the Bitch and Cat, the symphysis rarely ossifies.

The sacro-sciatic ligament is attached superiorly

to the lateral borders of the transverse processes of the
ANATOMY. 15

sacrum and first two or three coccygeal vertebre;
inferiorly, to the superior ischiatic spine and tuberosity
of the ischium, |

The Mare’s pelvis represents a somewhat cone-
Shaped cavity at the posterior part of the trunk
continuing the abdominal cavity. It has an internal
and an external surface, and two openings.

The anterior opening is termed the inlet of the
pelvis, by which the foetus enters the pelvic cavity.
The posterior is known as the outlet or recto-urethral
opening.

 

’ Fie. 6.

DIAGRAM OF THE Mare’s PELvic Axis.
A, Inlet; B, Outlet.

The diameters of the inlet are generally recognized
as two: The supero-inferior or sacro-pubic, which is
the width between the sacro-vertebral angle and the
symphysis pubis. It varies with the size of the animal,
but is usually between eight and ten inches. The
transverse or bis-iliac diameter is the distance between
one ilio-pectineal crest and the other. From seven to
nine inches.
16 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

The outlet of the Mare’s pelvis is limited above |
by the apex of the sacrum and the base of the coccyx,
and below by the ischial arch formed by the junction
of the two ischia; and laterally by the upper surface of
the ischia, and posterior border of the sacro-sciatic
ligaments. The diameters are usually less than those
of the inlet.

The pelvis of the Cow is longer than that of the
Mare, and not so vertical; the ischio-pubic symphysis
is longer, and is very curved, making the floor concave

 

 

Fic. 7.

INLET OF THE PELVIS OF THE MARE.
a 6, Supero-inferior, or Sacro-pubic Diameter; c¢ d, Superior Bis-iliac
Diameter; ¢/, Inferior Bis-iliac Diameter; e 7, £2, Oblique, Ilio-sacral
or Sacro-iliac Diameters ; J K, Middle Diameter.

in every direction. Comparatively speaking, the bony
structure is altogether more extensive. The sacral
surface is more concave, and the sacro-sciatic ligaments,
although narrower, are longer. Compared with its
height, the Cow’s pelvis is less wide.

The inlet being more oblique than in the Mare,
the diameters are very unequal.
ANATOMY. 17

The diameters of the outlet are more equal, being
about those of the transverse diameter of the inlet.
The cavity is more cylindrical and less conical than
that of the Mare.

In the Sheep and Goat, ossification occurring at a
much later period, allows of the pelvic cavity being
increased during parturition, and permits of the act
being performed with fewer difficulties in these
animals.

In the Pig, the general conformation of the pelvis

 

 

Fie. 8.
INLET OF THE Cow’s PELVIS,

a 6, Supero-inferior, or Sacro-pubic Diameter; ¢ d, Superior Bis-iliac
Diameter; ¢/, Inferior Bis-iliac Diameter; e 7, £4, Oblique, Tlio-sacral
or Sacro-iliac Diameters.

*

is not unlike that of ruminants. The promontory of
the sacrum is more salient, the canal longer, the plane
of its anterior circumference more oblique, and the
direction of the ischio-pubic symphysis perfectly recti-
linear. The cavity is very large in proportion to the
size of the young at birth, hence accidents are rare
during parturition.
18 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS,

In the Bitch and Cat, the promontory of the
sacrum is still more marked than in the Pig, which
diminishes notably the inlet of the pelvis; the direction
of the symphysis is rectilinear, and the general outline
of the cavity is nearly cylindrical, although the inlet is
larger below than above. The narrowest part of the
canal is immediately above the obturator foramen,
where the ischium is wide and shallow, and rises
abruptly to almost a right angle.

The Vulva.

This is the most external portion of the female
reproductory organs, and presents posteriorly an
opening situated vertically under the rectum, from
which organ it is separated by a narrow space—the
perineum. ‘

The labiz form the lateral boundaries, and, in the
normal condition of the parts, are in contact with each
other. They are lined on their internal surface with
mucous membrane; externally with a very smooth skin
devoid of hair.

The cavity of the vulva varies in length in the cow
and mare, from six to ten inches. At parturition, the
walls become separated to allow of the escape of the
foetus.

The cavity contains several organs accessory to
reproduction, which we will now notice separately.

The Clitoris.

This organ is situated on the inferior commissure
of the vulva, and corresponds to the corpus cavernosum
ANATOMY. 19

of the male. It is firmly held in position by a fold of
ligamentous tissue, to the floor of the vulva. It is.
composed principally of erectile tissue, which tissue
becomes congested at the period of cestrum, rut, or
heat. The clitoris is covered, on its free surface, with
a pigmented membrane which is arranged in folds, and
is very highly endowed with sensibility ; this membrane.
being believed to perform an important function in the
act of copulation.

The Hymen.

This is a fold of mucous membrane which more or:
less completely separates the vulva from the vagina,
and stretches across the passage at the division of
these two organs. It is a very delicate mucous struc-
ture, and for a long time it was believed that this
membrane was normally complete, and was only
ruptured at the first act of copulation, and its presence
or absence was looked upon as a sign of virginity.
Even to this day some authorities hold that laceration
of this membrane denotes the absence of virginity.
This, however, is a mistake in all animals, as some
human females have been examined who never had
coition, and this membrane was represented simply by
a small band; while others again have been examined
and this membrane found complete after the female
had given birth to several children.

In our subjects, the hymen is often well developed
in Fillies, but is often absent, or only rudimentary, in
Heifers
20 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

The Meatus Urinarius.

This is the external opening of the female urethra,
and is found on the floor of the vulva about five inches
from its external opening, but the distance varies in
different animals. The opening is guarded by a fold
of mucous membrane attached to the floor and sides of
the vulva, having its free border placed in a backward
direction. This membrane is believed to prevent the
passage of urine into the vagina. In the Cow, imme-
diately behind the opening of the meatus, there is a
small fossa about half an inch in depth, also guarded
by a valve, the function of which is doubtful, but it
frequently causes difficulty in passing the catheter in
that animal, being mistaken for the meatus.

About one inch from the external opening of the
vulva in the Cow, are situated some almond-shaped
conglomerate glands whose ducts unite to form a sinus,
by which the secretion from the glands is thrown into
the vulva about half an inch, from the external border,
These glands are only active at the period of cestrum,
and are believed to secrete a fluid having a character-
istic odor, which seems to attract the opposite sex at
this period.

In the female Pig, there is no vulvo-vaginal
membrane guarding the opening of the meatus, and in
this animal the clitoris is only rudimentary, and often
absent altogether.

In the female Cat, there is in the clitoris a small
cartilaginous body which has not been seen in any
other of the domestic animals, and has been believed
ANATOMY, 21

by some to be the means of prolonging the act of
copulation in this feline, .

In the female Sheep, the hymen is often repre-
sented by a delicate band stretching obliquely across
the cavity, and even this is sometimes absent.

The Vagina.

This is the cavity which connects the vulva and
uterus. It varies in length from nine to twelve inches,

 

Fic. 9.

THE GENERATIVE ORGANS OF THE MARE 7” Situ.

1, Body of the Uterus; 2,2, Cornua ofthe Uterus; 3, Vagina; 4, Bladder;
5, Rectum; 6, Sphincter of the Anus; 7, Constrictor Muscle of the
Vulva; 8, Bulb of the Vagina; 9, Ovary and Fimbriated Body; 10,
Fallopian Tubes; 11, Kidney; 12, 12, Broad Ligament.

and the membrane of its walls is very loosely attached
to the sub-mucous tissue. In the normal condition
this membrane is thrown into folds, which in the Cow
are always in a transverse direction, and in the Mare
‘22 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

\

are longitudinal. These folds assist in enlarging the
cavity at the period of parturition, and become oblite-
rated then.

Anteriorly the vagina receives into it the cervix
or neck of the uterus, which is projected some distance
into its cavity, and has its walls thrown into a number
of folds or ridges.

In the walls of the vagina in the Cow, and
sometimes also in the Mare, are found the canals of
Gertner, which are believed to perform a function in
foetal life. By one extremity these canals open into the
vulva at the lateral aspect of the meatus, and by their
other extremity they terminate in a blind cavity in the
walls of the uterus.

The Uterus.

This is the most important female organ of
reproduction, and is the cavity in which the healthy or
normal development of the foetus takes place, and
where it is retained and nourished until it is able to
maintain an independent existence outside of the body.
This organ is divided into a body and two horns, The
horns are situated anteriorly, and are slightly curved on
themselves, presenting inferiorly a concave curvature
in the Cow, and a convex one in the Mare. The
internal cavity of the uterus, like the external, is also
divided into a body and two horns, but in the non-
pregnant animal, the horns are only very rudimentary,
and become enlarged to accommodate the foetus after
impregnation and growth take place. The walls of the
uterus and horns are formed of three distinct layers,
ANATOMY. 23

viz.: an internal, mucous; a middle, muscular; and an
external, serous layer. The central or muscular layer
has its fibres arranged in different directions, some
longitudinal and others circular. The muscular fibres
become considerably hypertrophied in the pregnant
state, and by their contractions are largely responsible
for the expulsion of the fcetus.

In the Cow, the mucous membrane of the uterus,
and more especially that of the horns, is studded with
a great many processes, resembling very much the
appearance of the half of a large English walnut.
These processes are called the maternal cotyledons.
They contact with opposing surfaces on the fcetal
membrane, and by means of this connection, circulation
between the foetus and parent takes place in the
uterus.

In the Sheep and the Goat, these cotyledons are
concave on their free surfaces, and in the Mare they
are entirely absent, the connection being diffuse.

The uterus is held in position to the sub-lumbar
region, by two broad ligaments which are attached to
the superior border of the horns, and between the folds
of these are found the Fallopian tubes.

Fallopian Tubes.

Two in number, are situated between the folds
and near to the anterior border of the broad ligaments.
By their posterior extremities, they communicate with
the uterine horn of their own side, and by their
anterior extremities, indirectly with the ovary.
24 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

The Ovaries.

These organs, two in number, resemble very much
in shape and size the testes of male animals, but are
always comparatively smaller. They are situated in
the sub-lumbar region, being suspended at the anterior
extremity by the broad ligament. Each ovary consists

 

FIG. Io.
Ovary OPENED VERTICALLY.
a, a, 6, 6, Graafian Vesicles at different stages of development.

of a serous covering externally, the tunic or covering
proper of the ovary, a number of Graafian vesicles,
each of which contains a number of ova, and on the
presence of these vesicles and the ova the life of the
future animal depends.

 

GRAAFIAN VESICLE AND Ovum.

Mammary Glands or Mamme.

The mammez of the Mare are situated in the
inguinal region, and are formed of two hemispherical
ANATOMY, 25

masses, distinct from each other, and having in their
centre the teat, nipple, or mammille. They are
composed of a yellow elastic fibrous envelope, glandular
tissue made up of acini, clustered in groups around the
lactiferous ducts, which by their union open into the
_ galactophorous sinuses, from which arise the true
excretory canals of the glands.

   

     
 

  
  

        
  
  
 

SS

S eS & 5

    
  

\ oD So

\ AWS OA 2 A

\ SO Ow
LEY

   

Fic. 12.

SECTION OF UDDER OF Cow.

a, Anterior Quarter; 4, Posterior Quarter; g, Septum between the Quarters;
c, ¢, Section of the Lactiferous Ducts; d, d, Lactiferous Sinus or Milk
Cistern; ¢, e, Orifice of the Teat; 4 Large Lymph Gland in the Posterior
Quarter. ,

In the Cow the mammez are also inguinal, and are
composed of two symmetrical halves placed one against
the other. Each half is again divided into two distinct
glands, each with its own teat, so that the vessel
consists of four mammez and four teats; behind this
there may be two small rudimentary teats. In the
centre of each quarter, just at the base of the teat, is a
large galactophorous sinus, the general receptacle of
all the lactiferous conduits.
26 : VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

In the small ruminants there are two mammze and
two teats, constructed like those of the Cow.

 

Fic. 13.
SECTION OF THE Cow’s TEAT.

a, a, Principal Lactiferous Ducts; 4, Lactiferous Sinus; c, c, Acini;
d, Elastic or Dartoid Tissue of the Teat; ¢, Orifice of the Teat.

In the Pig the mamme are ten or twelve im
number, disposed by pairs in two parallel rows,
extending from the inguinal region to beneath the
thorax, and distinguished as inguinal, abdominal, and
thoracic. They have no sinuses, the lactiferous ducts.
of each teat joining directly to form a variable number:
of excretory ducts which open at the free extremity of
the teat by from five to ten orifices.

The Bitch has from eight to ten mamme, arranged
as in the Pig.

The special function of these glands is the

secretion of milk.
Cuapter II.

PHYSIOLOGY.

As a rule, it is necessary that before the female
animal can become pregnant, copulation with the male
must take place. There are exceptions to this rule,
however, as it has been found possible by mediate or
artificial means, z. e., by collecting the seminal fluid of
the male, and through the agency of an instrument
(the Impregnator) injecting this fluid directly into the
uterus of the female, to cause impregnation.

The age or period of an animal’s life when
copulation can take place with impregnation as the
result, is termed the

Age of Puberty.

The appearance of puberty, and certain conditions
which it gives rise to, takes place at different periods
in different animals.

In the human female, this condition appears at
from ten to twelve years, and in the male, from eleven
to fourteen years.

In the Cow, nine months to two years, although
in some exceptional cases it appears very much earlier.
A case has been reported where the female gave birth
to a calf at eleven months old, the sire of the calf

being only twelve months old at this time.
27
28 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

In the Mare, about eighteen months to two and a
half or three years, but where attention to improvement
of breed is paid, the Mares should not become mothers
till they are four years of age, as the parent and
offspring are both more valuable.

Certain characteristic changes take place in the
female on the appearance of puberty. These changes
remain for a short time only, then disappear, to appear
again with more or less regularity throughout the
whole fertile period of the animal’s life. When these
conditions mentioned are present, they indicate what
is known as the period of cestrum, rut, or heat.

Some of these changes can be recognized exter-
nally, others can not. In the Cow, we notice an
irregularity in feeding, partial loss of appetite at this
period; roaring occasionally; pulse irritable and
accelerated ; temperature slightly elevated, which may
be from one to two degrees Fahrenheit. If the Cow
be giving milk, the supply will be decreased, and in the
Mare, which has never been in milk, the mammary
glands become enlarged, congested, and sometimes
secrete a fluid very much resembling healthy milk.
The mucous-membrane of the vulva and vagina, in all
animals, becomes injected, and red in color. The
clitoris is enlarged, and frequent movements of that
organ take place. There is also a discharge from the
vulva of a gelatinous looking fluid, believed to come
from the walls of the vulva, vagina and uterus, and in
some animals, from the glands of Gertner, already
described. If the animal be at liberty, there seems to
be a natural desire for her to seek the opposite sex.
PHYSIOLOGY. 29,

The temper becomes altered. It occasionally happens
that Mares which are vicious at any other period, are
perfectly quiet at this; while others again are very
troublesome when in this condition.

Certain changes also take place in the ovaries.
These organs become congested and considerably
enlarged, One or more Graafian vesicles become fully
developed, find their way to the surface of the ovary,
and when there, rupture, their contents escaping into
the Fallopian tubes. In animals which give birth to
only one at a time, only one Graafian vesicle is
ruptured, and that generally in the right ovary; but in
those that have several young at a birth, two or more
vesicles are ruptured, the rupture taking place from
right and left alternately. When these changes in the
female are going on and an ovum has been liberated,
if no contact with the male is allowed, impregnation
can not take place (except as before stated), and the
various organs resume their normal condition, and
remain so for a time, which varies in the different
animals.

In the Cow, the period of cestrum is present from
one to four days, and then disappears, to reappear in
from twenty-one to twenty-two days. In the Mare, the
period lasts from three to six days, and disappears, to
return again in from twenty-one to twenty-two days.

The Bitch is in heat generally twice a year, in
early spring and autumn, and the period lasts from
eight to fifteen days,

In Great Britain, the Sheep appears in heat about
the middle of September, the condition lasting for
30 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

twenty-four hours only, but appearing again every
fourteen days until the end of December.

While these periods may be accepted as the
average, they are by no means definite, as some
animals, more especially high-tempered Mares, appear
always in heat; while others again, the closest examin-
ation or manipulation fails to detect them in this
condition at any time,

In a state of nature and free from artificial
surroundings, it may be accepted as a rule, that the
period of cestrum. is so regulated that the young
animal may be born at a time of the year when its
maintenance can be most suitably provided for in its
surroundings,

If at this period contact with the male is allowed,
certain changes take place which give rise to impreg-
nation. The spermatic fluid of the male animal,
either at or shortly after coition, finds its way to the
uterus of the female, and from the uterus the
spermatozoa enter the Fallopian tubes, and pass along
to the ovarian termination of these structures.

While it is generally believed that contact with
the ova of the female takes place in the Fallopian tube
and at its ovarian extremity, still we have occasionally
a foetus developed in the ovary, and in this case at
least, impregnation must have taken place in the ovary
and not in the tube.

When impregnation has taken place, wherever it
may be, the impregnated ovum immediately afterwards
commences to descend the tube, gains the horn of the
uterus, becomes attached to the mucous membrane at
PHYSIOLOGY. 31

this situation, and development of the embryo now
commences.

The time which must necessarily elapse between
the periods of impregnation and parturition has been
termed the period of gestation.

The Period of Gestation.

This period varies very much in different animals,
and also in the same class of animals when subjected
to different surroundings and treatment.

In the Mare, the period of gestation is about
forty-eight weeks, but varies more in this animal
perhaps than in any other. Some brood mares foal
regularly at a little over ten months, while others are
pregnant nearly a year, and then give birth to a
healthy foal.

Note.—Mr. John Renfrew, M.R.C.V.S., Glasgow,
has furnished me with the record of two cases, one,
that of a Pony Mare belonging to Mr. Mitchell,
Polmont, Scotland, which had been served for twelve
months and three days, and was then said to be in
season; was sent to the stallion and served, and the
next day gave birth to a healthy colt foal.

The other case was that of a thoroughbred Mare,
the property of Mr. Stevenson, Hurlet, Scotland,
which carried her foal twelve and a half months
regularly.

As a rule, a Mare carrying a colt-foal (horse-colt)
is pregnant several dayselonger than with a filly-foal
(mare-colt). If the animal be kept at gentle work, it
will generally give birth several days earlier, and
32 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

usually much more easily than if standing idle for

some time previous.

 

Fic. 14,
Fatus oF MARE AND ITS ENVELOPES.

A, Chorial Sac; C, Amniotic Sac withdrawn from the Allantoid Cavity, and
opened to expose the Fcetus; D, Infundibulum of the Urachus; B,
Allantoid portion of the Umbilical Cord; 4, Portion of the External
Surface of the Chorion destitute of Placental Villosities, and corre-
sponding to the point of insertion of three pediculated Hippomanes.

A Mare with her first foal generally carries it for
a shorter period than her next and successive ones.
PHYSIOLOGY. 33

The period of gestation in the

Cow. .... is 9 months, average 283 days.
EWeevacae & “ ai isq-
SOW. s.e3 4 . e izo |
Bitch eka 2 - e 56-65 “
Cait wen aue 2 - a 55 *
Rabbit... 1 . : 23 *
Human... 9 7 " 280 «©

If we suppose, then, that impregnation has taken
place, and the period of gestation has begun, in
the interval certain structures responsible for the
nourishment of the foetus have been formed. (Fig. 13.)
These are known as the “foetal envelopes” or
“placental membranes.” They consist of a membrane
called the ‘chorion,” another the “amnion,” the
“allantois,” the ‘umbilical vesicle,” and the “umbilical
cord.”

The Chorion.

This .is the most externally situated of the
placental membranes. By its external surface it is in
contact with the inner aspect of the walls of the uterus.
In shape it is a regular counterpart of the uterus, which
it lines. (Fig. 14.) It is a closed sac, and is principally
concerned in the supply of nutrition to the fcetus,
the process going on from the external surface of this

membrane.

The Amnion.

This is the most internally situated of the fcetal
envelopes, and, like the chorion, is a closed sac. It
surrounds the foetus, and from its internal aspect a
34 , VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

fluid is secreted called the “liquor amnii,” or “amniotic
fluid,” in which the foetus floats in the later period of
pregnancy. This fluid assists in regulating the
temperature of the foetus, also, by diffusing shock,
prevents injury from external violence. It also assists

 

CHORION OF THE MARE AT MID-TERM (INFLATED).

A, Posterior portion occupying the Body of the Uterus; B, Left Cornu
plicated and sacculated; C, Right Cornu, longer than the left, and con-
taining 2 portion of the Fcetus.

in the act of parturition by dilating the passage, or

cavity, and when the sac is ruptured the fluid assists in

the lubrication of the vagina and vulva.

The Allantois.

This allantoid membrane is composed of two
contiguous layers: a superficial one, which is applied
to the inner aspect of the chorion ; and an internal or
deep layer, which is applied to the external aspect of
the amnion. These two layers come together at the
umbilical opening to form a constricted hollow passage
or tube. This constricted portion passes into the
PHYSIOLOGY. 35

abdomen of the foetus at the umbilical opening, and
then passes backwards to join the anterior extremity of
the bladder, with the cavity of which the space between
the two layers of the allantois is in communication. It
is believed that the allantoid sac or cavity acts the

so

aS

ee
GT
ee

ts

a)
\\

ae
if

 

Fic. 16.
Fa:TAL MEMBRANES OF THE Cow AT MID-TERM.

A, Uterus opened on its left side; B, B, Cotyledons of the Uterus; GG,
Placentulz; D, D, Allantois; E, Vesicle of the Urachus; F, Amnion;
G, Umbilical Cord.

part of a urinary reservoir during fcetal life. The
constricted portion, which passes in at the umbilical
opening, has been called the ‘urachus.”
26-7 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

The Umbilical Vesicle.

This is a small, pear-shaped structure, which is
only seen in the very early stages of fcetal life. Its
function is not very well understood, but it is believed
to supply the foetus with nourishment until the
membranes have assumed that function. By its narrow
extremity, the umbilical vesicle is in contact with the
small intestine of the foetus; and by its other or broad
extremity, it is in contact with or rests upon the inner
aspect of the chorion. As soon as the placental
circulation is established, this structure commences to
undergo atrophy, and all that remains of it at birth is a
brownish colored fibrous cord.

The PLACENTAL CIRCULATION, Or, as it is sometimes
called, the ‘vascularization,” varies in the foetus of
different animals.

In the Cow, as already stated, there are a large
number of vascular processes in the pregnant animal,
called cotyledons. These are in contact with the
external surface of the chorion, and the blood of the
parent is thus brought into close contact with the
blood of the foetus at these situations. There is no
direct continuity of the circulation, the blood of the
parent being spread out in very small vessels on the
surface of the maternal cotyledons, while that of the
foetus is distributed in a similar manner, on the
opposing surface of the chorion. Through the walls
of these opposing vessels the exchange takes place.

In the Mare, instead of the blood-vessels being
found at certain parts, they are distributed all over the
PHYSIOLOGY. Pe

external surface of the chorion, and arranged in small
vascular tufts, which are received into depressions on
the corresponding aspect of the uterus, and here the
exchange of nutrition takes place.

In the Sheep and Goat, cotyledons are present, but
are concave instead of convex on their free surface, as
in the Cow,

 

Fic. 17.

MATERNAL AND FC:TAL COTYLEDONS OF THE Cow.
A, Pedicle of the Maternal Cotyledon; B, B, Maternal Cotyledon; C, Fcetal

Cotyledon; D, Placental Villi; E, Chorion.
In the Pig, there are no cotyledons present, and
the connection resembles that seen in the Mare, with
this exception, that the vascular tufts are very
: 38 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

irregularly distributed, being very numerous, especially
about the horns, while at other situations they may be
absent.

In the Bitch, the vascular connection has been
termed “zonular.” The tufts are arranged in a ring or
circle around the external aspect of the chorion,
contacting a similar circle on the internal aspect of the
uterus. This zone or circle is from one and a half to:
two inches broad.

In animals which give birth to more than one fcetus.
at a time, each foetus may have a separate chorion and
umbilical cord complete, and in this case that portion
of the chorion which is in contact with another
chorion, and not in contact with the wall of the uterus,
has no vascular tufts. In other cases, there is one
common chorion, and from it each foetus is supplied
with an umbilical cord, through which it derives its.

nourishment. ‘

Umbilical Cord.

This forms the means of communication between
the parent and fcetus.

In the Mare, besides the tissue proper of the cord,
it consists of two arteries and one vein. The arteries.
are given off by the internal iliacs of the foetus, pass.
along the lateral aspect of the bladder, and leave
the abdomen (of the foetus) at the umbilical opening.
They then give off some small nutrient branches to.
the structure of the cord, pass outward, and break up.
into a great number of smaller vessels, which ramify
between the external surface of the allantoid membrane
PHYSIOLOGY. 39

and the inner aspect of the chorion; finally these
vessels enter into the vascular tufts found on the
external aspect of the chorion. From these vascular
tufts the numerous branches which meet to form the
umbilical vein take their origin. These unite to form
one vein, which passes along the cord and enters the

 

Fa@TAL CIRCULATION: ADVANCED PERIOD.

A, Placentulz; B’, B', Umbilical Veins, with their Common Trunk, B;
D, Vena Porte, and its Anastomosis, C; E, Ductus Venosus, F, Pos-
terior Vena Cava; G, Right Ventricle of Heart; H, Pulmonary Artery;
J, J, Aorta; I, Ductus Arteriosus; K, Umbilical Arteries, with their
Anastomosis at the extremity of the Umbilical Cord.

abdomen of the fcetus at its umbilical opening. From
this situation it passes forwards, discharging its
contents into the foetal heart.
40 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

In the Cow; there are two distinct umbilical veins,
and these only unite after they enter the abdomen of
the foetus.

While these structures are being developed in the
uterus of the parent, certain changes are visible
externally, by which we are enabled to say whether the

animal is pregnant or not.

Symptoms of Pregnancy and Parturition.

The first, in the Mare and Cow, is the absence of
the period of cestrum. This rule, however, has several
exceptions, as it often happens that this period may be
absent, or present unnoticed, and still the animal
remain non-pregnant. On the other hand, the animal
may show all the symptoms, except the menstrual
discharge from the vulva, and may at this season allow
copulation with the male, while being in a pregnant
condition, and may be again impregnated.

The Mare soon becomes altered in general tem-
perament and behaviour. If used for harness purposes,
she becomes dull, lazy, and somewhat difficult to drive,
and for the first three months after impregnation has a
tendency to put on condition. The abdomen becomes
pendulous, a well marked hollow being seen at the
flank,

In the Mare, the mammez often secrete a white,
thin fluid, for a few days, about nine months after
impregnation; afterwards, this secretion stops, the
gland resumes its normal condition, but may again fill,
and secrete this fluid, at varying intervals throughout
pregnancy.
PHYSIOLOGY. 4I

About five to six months in the Cow, and seven to
eight in the Mare, the foetus can be felt in the
uterus, and positive evidence thus established. This
can best be done by Jdallottement, 7. e., by pressing
against the abdomen several times with the closed fist,
so as to produce a swinging movement, when the foetus
can be felt falling against the hand.

In the Cow, this method should be practised on
the right side, as the large cavity of the stomach
interferes with it on the left.

In the Mare, percussion may be performed on
either side, but the left is perhaps preferable. Another
method adopted is to give the parent a drink of cold
water, if possible, on an empty stomach. This often
causes a movement of the foetus in the uterus, which
can be seen through the wall of the abdomen, by
looking at the right flank of the Cow, and the left
of the Mare.

An examination per rectum or vagina may be
resorted to, to confirm the diagnosis. There is no
objection to the examination per rectum, if it is
imperative that the condition should be known, but an
examination per vagina, besides considerably irritating
the parent, in some.cases will lead to abortion.

The method by auscultation is not satisfactory in
our larger subjects.

About the eighth month in the pregnant Cow, and
about the tenth in the Mare, the external positive
symptoms commence.

The mucous membrane of the vulva becomes
_ congested; the mammary glands become enlarged, the
42 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

enlargement becoming gradually more marked until
the period of parturition. About two weeks before
parturition, in both these animals, a mucous discharge
makes its appearance from the inferior commissure of
the vulva, and at the same time the lateral aspect of
the croup begins to fall, owing to relaxation of
the pelvic ligaments. This condition is known as
“slipping,” or “loosening.” When all these conditions.
are present, the animal has arrived at the termination
of the period of gestation, and the more immediate
symptoms of parturition commence. The animal
becomes restless, continually on the move from one
hind foot to the other, lying down occasionally; and.
the Mare, especially if she has a hot temper, behaves.
much in the same way as shown in colic. The pulse,
if felt in this condition, is quick, frequent, and irritable,
and the mucous membrane of the eye may be injected.
The uterine contractions now commence, the animal at.
this period apparently suffering an amount of pain.
Each contraction may be accompanied by a groan, and.
last only for a few seconds. The interval between
the contractions may be, at the primary stage of
parturition, from five to ten minutes. The contractions.
now become more powerful and of longer duration,
the interval between being shorter. The ‘os uteri”
becomes dilated, the uterine contractions having forced
the foetal membranes through that opening. Shortly
afterwards, the amniotic sac appears at the margin of
the vulva, containing the “liquor amnii.” This sac is.
sometimes called the “water bag,” sometimes the ‘‘sac
containing the fluids.” The sac may rupture in the.
PHYSIOLOGY. 43

passage, or it may pass outside, without rupture,
In any. case, it is shortly followed by the two fore-
feet of the foetus, with the head resting between them
at the fetlocks. When the point of the withers of the
foetus appears at the entrance of the pelvic cavity, a
few more slight contractions complete parturition.

 

Sig
=

Fic. I9.

NorMAL PosITION OF THE Fa:tus IN THE Mare (THIRD STAGE),
VERTEBRO-SACRAL POSITION.

Parturition is quite a normal function, when
performed in the manner described. When the fcetus
has been fully developed in the uterus, there is a
gradual determination of its blood supply to the
mamme of the parent. A number of the vascular
connections are then no longer needed between the
uterus and the placental memibranes, and fatty degene-
ration of these takes place. This alteration is believed
to have some special action on the nerve filaments in
the uterine walls, which (filaments) become irritated, and
through them the walls of the uterus are stimulated to
44 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

involuntary muscular contractions; the longitudinal
fibres, in the primary stage of the act, and both
longitudinal and circular, in the later stages, contracting,
and thus the expulsion of the foetus is brought about.

~The umbilical cord is ruptured at the act of
parturition, or immediately afterwards. Ina state of
nature, the parent tears the cord with her teeth, if it is
not ruptured in the act. The foetal membranes, or
envelopes, may come away with the foetus, or may be
retained in the uterus for several days, and require to
be removed by hand.

Parturition in the Cow may be completed in from
half an hour to one anda half hours, but sometimes
may be prolonged for five or six hours, and both
mother and fcetus do well. In the Mare, how-
ever, if the act is prolonged beyond two to two and
a half hours, there is danger of the foetus dying,
possibly also the parent.

Parturition, as thus described, requires no assistance.

Those cases in which mechanical or other inter-
ference is necessary, is called “ difficult parturition,” or

“ difficult labor.”
Cuapter III.

ANOMALIES OCCURRING IN GESTATION.

Superfcetation.

By this term is meant the conception of an already
pregnant animal.

Facts have been recorded, by a number of com-
petent authorities, which go to prove that this condition
is not only possible, but probable. :

Cases have been observed amongst the unipara,
one of which is where a Mare gave birth to a horse-foal

and a mule-foal at the same parturition.

Extra-Uterine Gestation.

The foetus here is developed in the abdomen, but
outside of the uterine cavity. The foetus may be
healthy, and normally developed, for a certain period of
its existence, but generally dies before the termination
of gestation. Sometimes the foetus is developed in the
ovary (‘‘Ovarian Gestation”); or, it may be outside
the tissue, but inside the covering of the ovary.
Sometimes it is developed in one of the Fallopian
Tubes (“Tubal Gestation”); sometimes between the
tissue of the walls of the uterus (‘Interstitial Gesta-
tion”). The most common situation, however, is in
the abdomen (‘‘ Abdominal Gestation”). ‘In this case
the foetus is attached to some part of the abdominal

wall, and is supplied with its membrane, and draws its
45
46 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

nourishment much in the same way as in the uterus,
the blood-vessels in the neighborhood becoming
enlarged to accommodate the new growth.

In abdominal gestation, the foetus may undergo
mummification, becoming dried up, and remaining
attached to the abdomen for an indefinite period. In
other varieties, the foetus undergoes decomposition,
and may destroy the parent by septicaemia, or may
destroy the abdominal wall and escape, the wound
ultimately healing and leaving a fistula, or causing a
hernia.

In ovarian gestation, after development has gone
on for some time, the mass falls into the abdominal
cavity, the parent as a rule dying from hemorrhage
from the large vessels in the neighborhood of the
ovaries.

Spurious Pregnancy.

This is a disease which is at times seen in the
human subject, and may be due to pathological, or
other conditions; but, when seen in the lower animals,
it is generally the result of the former. The history
usually is, that the animal is believed to be pregnant,
but at some time during the period of gestation it
gives birth to a cyst, or irregular hollow mass, con-
taining a quantity of fluid, degenerated tissues, some-
times portions of teeth, partially formed bones, etc.
This cyst, as a rule, is floating in a quantity of
serous-looking fluid having a disagreeable odor. It
has attachment to, and draws its nourishment from,
some part of the abdominal and uterine walls. The
ANOMALIES OCCURRING IN GESTATION. 47

causes are unknown. The condition is said to be
oftenest observed in light, or roan-colored heifers, and
most common where in-breeding is allowed.

Treatment.—Remove the cyst and its contents, and
wash out the uterus with antiseptic and astringent
solutions.

Hydrops Uteri.

In this case, the animal is supposed to be pregnant,
but, on examination, fluid instead of a foetus is found.
It is due to some disease of the walls of the uterus, and
when the fluid is allowed to escape, it may, or may not,
be again secreted.

Remove any diseased product that may be found
attached to the walls of the uterus, and wash the cavity
out daily with antiseptics and astringents. The dietary
should be easily digestible and nutritious, and a
course of vegetable and mineral tonics should be
administered.
CuaptTer IV.

SOME CONDITIONS INCIDENTAL TO
PREGNANCY.

Some of the conditions may be alluded to merely
by name: Pica, or depraved appetite, constipation,
vomiting, colic, amaurosis, albuminuria, cough, mam-
mitis, hysteria, eclampsia, and cramp.

Hydrops Amnii.

Here the amniotic fluid is in excess, and, by
pressure or tension, may cause death of the foetus, and
sometimes also the parent, from injury to the uterine
walls. This condition may be brought about by an
impoverished condition of the blood, with transudation
of its watery constituents, resulting in dropsy.

The membrane should be punctured with a trocar
and canula, to allow escape of the excess of fluid, and if
abortion supervene, the cavity should be washed out
with antiseptics and astringents. It is possible,
however, for the full period of gestation to be
completed, after withdrawal of the excess of fluid,
should the wound in the membranes close.

The dietary and medicinal ¢veatment is similar to
that suggested in ‘“‘ Hydrops Uteri.”

Rachitis and Osteomalacia.

Softening or fragility of the bones has been

observed, especially in young pregnant animals. The
48
CONDITIONS INCIDENTAL TO PREGNANCY. 49.

bones are enlarged, friable and brittle. This condition
has been noticed in Mares, Cows, and Ewes, as well as
Bitches and Swine.

The cause is due to an insufficiency of food,. or to
food that is lacking in mineral and nitrogenous
elements.

The treatment is, to supply food rich in the con-
stituents required, and medicinally, nerve tonics and
preparations of calcium. As a preventive, animals
should not be bred from too young.

CGidema.

Serous infiltration into the connective tissue, at
different parts of the body of pregnant animals, the
Mare being the principal victim. The condition is
most marked in primipare, and appears much later in
better bred animals, than in those of coarse breeding
and lymphatic temperament. The cedema commences
at the lower part of the hind limbs, gradually ascending
to the hocks, or higher, and may extend to the
dependent parts, such as along the floor of the
abdomen, mamma, chest, and fore-arms.

The condition is said to be due to pressure of the
foetus on the pelvi-crural vessels, and to an anzmic
condition of the system. The large mammary veins
of the Cow, allowing of free return of blood from the
hind limbs, is considered the reason why this animal
is exempt.

Exercise and hand-rubbing are generally all that
is necessary, the swelling disappearing a day or two
after parturition.
50 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

Ante-Partum Paresis.

Paraplegia (posterior extremities) in the pregnant
Cow, when near the time of parturition, is sometimes
seen. It is a rare occurrence in the Mare. It has been
witnessed in the Sheep and Goat. The onset of the
disease is sudden, and without premonitory symptoms.
The condition seems to be evident only when the
animal attempts to rise, and then the loss of power is
observed in the hind extremities. All the other
functions of. the body appear to be normal.

The cause and pathology do not seem to be well
understood, but strain of the nerves and vessels of the
posterior extremities by the heavy uterus, is supposed
to be responsible.

Treatment.— Attention to the comfort of the
patient ; frequent turning over; careful dietary; laxa-
tives and enemas, followed by stimulants, and afterwards
tonics; a stimulating application to the spine may be
found useful. Should the condition remain for any
length of time after parturition, nerve stimulants, as
nux vomica, or strychnza, the latter orally or subcutane-
ously administered. Galvanism may also be resorted
to with benefit. :

The induction of abortion has been recommended,
should the paralysis continue, and parturition not due
for some months.
CHAPTER V.

SOME ACCIDENTS OF PREGNANCY.

Abnormal Retention of Foetus.

In this case the foetus is not expelled at the
termination of gestation. It may be due to loss of
contractile power in the walls of the uterus, to a mal-
presentation, or a mal-formation of the fcetus, or
parent. The labor pains may be present for a time,
and then cease, the fcetus being retained in the cavity
for an indefinite period. It may become mummified,
or undergo calcareous degeneration, and when either
of these changes has taken place, the parent seems to
suffer very little inconvenience. After a time, it
sometimes decomposes, and may destroy the parent by
septicemia, or pyemia. It is possible for an animal to.
give birth to a fully developed foetus, while she has a
mummified one in her uterus,

The treatment will depend upon the cause of the
retention.

Metrorrhagia.

Hemorrhage from the Womb of a Pregnant Animal.

This condition is rare in our subjects, but more
common in the human female. When present, should
be treated on similar lines to post-partum hemorrhage
(which see), avoiding, of course, any part of the

treatment which would cause irritation to the parts.
5r
52 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

and lead to abortion, which, however, frequently
follows this condition.

Prolapsus Vaginee (ante-partum).

This consists of a forcing backwards of the vagina
by the gravid uterus. The condition has been observed
most frequently in the Cow and Ewe; rarely in the
Mare and Bitch. It is peculiar to pregnancy, and may
occur in well formed animals, in which the tissues of
the genital organs are soft and relaxed—animals of
lymphatic temperament, with a wide pelvis, and which
may be fed on bulky, but innutritious food. Falls,
injuries, distension of the rumen, etc., are all probable
causes of this condition in the pregnant animal.

Prolapsus of the vagina is most frequently observed
after the third or fourth gestation, and at the end of
the seventh or eighth month. It is rare in primipare.

The following case has just recently come under
my observation: A Cow at pasture was noticed to have
inversion of the vagina, but the lad (a colored boy)
forgot to mention the fact to the owner, and when I
was called to the case, the condition had been in
existence at least six days. The tumor was about the
size of a man’s head, and in a very unfavorable
condition for reduction. This, however, I accomplished,
after bathing with a warm antiseptic solution (creolzn),
and lubricating. A truss was then adjusted, and no
further inversion occurred.

The presumption was, that the animal had aborted,
on account of some injury while at pasture, the vaginal
prolapse following that accident. About a week,
SOME ACCIDENTS OF PREGNANCY. 53

however, after reduction, the Cow gave birth to a
foetus in a state of decomposition. Her pregnant
condition was not suspected, and was not ascertained,
on account of the callous and constricted state of the
cervix, which rendered exploration of the uterus an
impossibility. The Cow seemed to make a satisfactory
recovery.

The prolapse may be first observed only when the
animal is in the recumbent position, and may or may
not disappear when she rises to her feet, depending
upon the volume of the tumor. Should the condition
have been in existence for some time, infiltration and
inflammation will most likely have taken place, the
color passing through a dark red to a dark brown, due
to exposure and strangulation of the vessels.

Prolapse of the uterus may follow, which makes the
condition much more serious, and the reduction more
difficult.

Treatment.—In some cases, the vaginal tumor
disappears after calving, without any interference being
necessary. If treatment be required, the method of
procedure will depend upon the condition of the
everted organ. Elevation of the hind quarters; a rope
or surcingle passed round the chest and tightened,
to try to prevent straining. The dietary should be
carefully attended to, and should be nutritious, but not
bulky, and the bowels should be regulated. Should
the prolapse be in a more advanced stage, with partial
protrusion of the womb, return of the organ must be
attempted, and the measures to be adopted, being on
the same general plan as for inversion of the uterus,
54 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

reference can be made to the mechanical and medicinal
means described under that head.

It may sometimes happen, that after all available
methods have been exhausted, the animal still
continues to strain and evert the vagina, and that
death, as a result, may appear imminent, so that
premature delivery has to be resorted to, to save the
life of the parent, and if the 260th day of pregnancy
has been reached, possibly the life of the young one
(Calf) also. After the os has been dilated, the
membranes may be perforated by the fingers. After
delivery, great care should be exercised, for some days,
to prevent subsequent inversion. In vaginal prolapse
in the Ewe, similar methods can be adopted to those
already described. A common custom with some is to
knot a portion of wool, from each side of the vulva,
together, to prevent eversion.

Hysterocele (Hernia of the Uterus).

This condition has been observed in the Mare,
Cow, Ewe, Goat and Bitch. It may be due to rupture
of the musculo-fibrous floor of the abdomen, the
gravid uterus escaping into a sac formed by the
peritoneum and skin. In the Bitch, the womb is often
displaced before conception, the foetus being developed
in the hernia. With the exception of the Bitch, in
which the hernia may be inguinal, it is always.
accidental and ventral, and usually towards the inferior
portion of the abdomen.

Its cause is generally violence, although it may
start from an umbilical hernia, or from natural or
SOME ACCIDENTS OF PREGNANCY. 55

spontaneous relaxation of the abdominal aponeuroses.
It is rare in young animals,

In the Bitch, ventral hysterocele has been observed
above the mammary glands—simulating a scirrhous
enlargement—and in one of the labizw of the vulva,
beneath the skin.

Treatment.—Support of the hernia by bandaging
until the contents of the uterus have been expelled.
Abortion may have to be artificially induced, or
hysterotomy performed.

As amammary tumor may be mistaken for hernia
in the Bitch, diagnosis should be very carefully made
in this animal.

Note.—Referred to also under “Maternal Dystokia,”
Chapter X, page, 90.

Rupture of the Uterus (ante-partum).

This accident is not common before the termination
of the period of gestation. It may occur before, and
during parturition, due to injuries by the fcetus, or to
ill-directed efforts to assist at the act, or in attempts to
reduce the organ when eversion has occurred during
the act. Other causes are attenuation of the uterine
walls, hydrops amnii, and distension by the gas evolved
from a putrefying foetus, etc.

The dangers resulting from this condition are,
hemorrhage from the womb, escape of the bowels
through the opening, and peritonitis, from extension
of inflammation from the wound, or from the septic.
fluids escaping into the abdominal cavity.
56 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

Symptoms of rupture of this organ may not be well
defined. If due to external violence, the signs may be
apparent. After straining ceases, the animal may exhibit
all the symptoms of acute abdominal pain : inappetence,
suspension of rumination, quickened pulse, short,
hurried breathing, looking round to the flanks, ete.
The presence of fluid may be detected in the lower
third of the abdomen. Exploration per vagina may
reveal an empty womb, and perhaps the discovery of
the rupture itself.

Treatment can not be said to be very satisfactory.
If the uterus has been everted, the wound can be
closed by sutures, the parts made thoroughly aseptic,
and the organ carefully returned to its cavity. Should
the foetus be alive, and the period of parturition close
at hand, it may, under certain conditions of the parent,
be advisable to destroy her, and endeavor to save the
young one. Or, on the other hand, a surgical operation
might be performed for the extraction of the dead
foetus, with the chance of saving the life of the mother.
Should peritonitis threaten, treatment for that
condition would necessarily follow.

In favorable cases in the smaller animals, the
Czsarian section might be practiced with considerable
success.

Abortion.

Premature Expulsion of the Foetus.

There are two varieties of this condition, viz:
Sporadic; and Epizootic, Enzootic, or Infectious.
SOME ACCIDENTS OF PREGNANCY. 57

In the sporadze form, one pregnant animal gives
birth to a foetus, some days, or perhaps months, before
the normal period, and there the disease stops.

In the zzfectzous form, one animal after another is
affected, it may be for years, till it seems impossible to
get any animal to carry her young the full period of
gestation.

The disease is most common amongst cattle, much
less frequent in Mares. It has also been observed in
the Sheep and Goat.

The causes of the sforadic form are: excitement,
sudden fright, either at pasture or in the _ stable;
injuries by being thrown down, large doses of
medicine, especially purgatives; injudicious feeding, as
large quantities of cold food in cold weather; and
some varieties of pasture are believed to cause it.

The disease may appear, or take place at any time
during pregnancy.

It is now recognized by the most competent
authorities, that the zzfectzous form may be transmitted,
either directly, or through the intervention of certain
media, as infected feces, urine, or litter; by attendants
on the animals which have aborted; by the veterinary
attendants, or even by the male animal in the act of
coition. Abortion has been induced by the introduction
into the vagina of pregnant cows, mucus from that of
animals that had aborted accidently, also by inoculating.
the purulent vaginal discharge from a cow just aborted,
and the matter obtained by scraping the surface of the
chorion expelled by another animal which had likewise
“lost” her calf. Whether the infective material finds
58 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

access to the system through the digestive, respiratory,
or circulatory channels, or has altogether a local action,
has not yet been definitely ascertained, but it is
thought probable that it finds its way to the interior of
the uterus through the vagina and cervix.

The first symptom may be the presence of a
partially developed foetus found on the pasture, or in
the stable, but the symptoms generally are so slight as.
to escape observation. If the animal be very closely
watched, there may be noticed a very slight relaxing of
the pelvic ligaments, and congestion of the vulva for
several hours before parturition, but even this is
sometimes absent.

In the Mare, the condition occurs generally from
the fourth to the ninth month of pregnancy; in the
Cow, from the third to the seventh month.

Treatment.—Complete isolation of all animals that
are affected, and thorough disinfection of the stables.
or houses. Attendants on the affected animals
should have their duties confined entirely to those
animals, and should have no connection whatever with
the healthy stock. It has been recommended that:
pregnant animals should have antiseptics administered
internally, and careful attention paid to their feeding.

Animals that have aborted should have their
membranes removed as early as possible, and burnt,
and the uterus, vagina, external genitals, and tail, as
well as the hind limbs to the hoofs, should be
carefully treated with antiseptics.

Nocard recommends the following solution for
sponging the anus, tail, vulva, ete.:
SOME ACCIDENTS OF PREGNANCY. 59

Distilled, or rain water, 2 gallons.

Hydrochloric acid, . 2% ounces.

Corrosive sublimate, 21% drachms,
The ingredients to be thoroughly mixed.

In Denmark, after the membranes and foetus are
removed, and buried in lime, the genital cavity receives
repeated washings with a one per cent. solution of
creolin, or half per cent. of Zysod, until all vaginal
discharge has disappeared. Cows which have aborted
are not again put to the bull until two or three months
have elapsed, so as to prevent extension of the
infection, and afford a better chance of their becoming
pregnant afterwards. Even Cows and Heifers in
infected places, and apparently healthy, receive a
vaginal injection before copulation; afterwards the
parts about the tail and vulva are carefully washed,
every day, with a mild disinfectant. The Bull in an
infected locality has the parts about the generative
organs treated in a like manner (cleansed and
disinfected) before and after service. Every precaution
should be taken to prevent the introduction among
healthy pregnant animals, of animals from infected
localities,
CuaprtTer VI.

DYSTOKIA.

Among the lower animals, and, in fact, among all
females, a great many of the troubles and abnormal
conditions met with at parturition, can be immediately
traced to the habits, laws, and fashions of domestica-
tion. In the majority of cases, when a Cow, for
instance, is allowed to run at pasture, and the grass not
too luxuriant and stimulating, parturition takes place
unattended, and both mother and young one do well.

The same law holds good in the human subject.
When the female is in comfortable, but not too
luxuriant circumstances, the percentage of cases of
difficult parturition, or accidents after, is considerably
less than it is in those who spend their time, while

pregnant, in indolence and luxury.

Actual Causes, other than Hygienic Treatment, which
give rise to Difficult Parturition.

FETAL DYSTOKIA.
The first great cause is mal-presentation or mal-
position of the feetus.

The second, mal-formation of the fcetus.
MATERNAL DYSTOKIA.

The third, mal-formation of the parent.
The fourth, disease existing in the parent at the
time of parturition, interfering with or preventing the

expulsion of the foetus.
60
DYSTOKIA. 61

Mal-presentation of the Foetus.

For convenience of description, all presentations
met with are classified under four heads. These are:

ist, Anterior.

2nd, Posterior..

3rd, Sterno-abdominal.

4th, Dorso-lumbar.

Anterior Presentations.

VERTEBRO-PUBIC.

In this case the fcetus is lying on its back, with
fore-feet up and backwards, and, if long neglected, this
presentation will most likely terminate in injury to the
roof of the vulva or vagina,

If the head and feet have both entered the passage,
cord the fetlocks, and apply traction in a downward
direction till the fore-feet are clear of the vulva. As
soon as the fore-feet have escaped, elevate them, apply-
ing traction in an upward direction, until the withers
have entered the pelvic cavity. If the point of the
withers should catch at the brim of the pelvis, pass in
the hand, and try, by leverage, to elevate it. It
sometimes happens, however, that the foetus is firmly
wedged in the passage, caught at the withers, and no
amount of traction can extricate it. In this case, the
foetus must be pushed back into the cavity, by placing
a repeller (fig. 21) against the tissues, in front of the
sternum; and when it (the foetus) has entered the cavity,
this presentation can be transformed into a normal
one, when delivery can be easily effected.
62 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

VERTEBRO-ILIAC.

In this case the foetus is lying in an oblique

 

W_S837135 AsNIVH

 

 

 

Fic, 21.
JoInTED REPELLER.

direction, the vertebral spines of the foetus being
presented to the iliac shaft of the parent. If partu-.
DYSTOKIA. , 63

rition has only just started, this is easily reduced to a
vertebro-sacral; but, if this is not practicable, cord
‘the fetlocks and apply traction. The foetus may be
delivered in this position; it (the position) has been
divided into right and left vertebro-iliac, depending
upon the direction, to the right or left.

VERTEBRO-SACRAL.
With Fore-Legs Over Neck,

If the foetus is small, and the pelvic cavity of
parent large, delivery may be effected in this position.
If this fails, cord both fetlocks, also the head, then
apply repeller to sternum of foetus, push well into the
uterus, and have one or more assistants applying
traction to the fetlock cords in the direction most
likely to bring the limbs into their normal position.
By this means, the presentation is converted into
vertebro-sacral, when delivery is easily effected.

VERTEBRO-SACRAL,
With Fore-Legs Flexed at the Fetlocks and the Head Normal.

This is generally a normal presentation, when
parturition commences; but the fore-feet being caught
at the brim of the pelvis, the fetlocks thus become
flexed, and each successive Jabor pain only increases
the abnormal condition. To deliver, cord the head,
and if the fetlocks can be secured, cord them also;
then pass in the hand, if possible, grasp the fore-
limb at the fetlock, and, by powerfully flexing all the
joints below the shoulder, try to bring it into the
passage. Do the same with the other limb. If this
be found impossible, then apply a repeller to the front
64 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

of the sternum, push the foetus back into the uterus, while

at the same time traction should be judiciously applied
to the fetlocks, and thus convert into vertebro-sacral.

VERTEBRO-SACRAL,
With Fore-Limbs Flexed at the Knees,

This is sometimes a most difficult presentation. If
the head can be reached, cord it before anything else

 

Fic. 22.
VERTEBRO-SACRAL POSITION; FORE-LIMBS FLEXED AT THE KNEES,”

is done. Then elevate the quarters of the parent, and,
with a repeller applied to the chest, endeavor to push
the foetus into the womb. If the foetus has been
returned, cord the fore-limbs as near the fetlocks as
possible, and apply traction with the cord until the
forelimbs can be grasped at the fetlocks. If the
fetlock can be got hold of, grasp it firmly, flex that
joint, and all the other joints above it, and by this
DYSTOKIA. 65

means the foot will likely be got into the passage. If
the parent be straining considerably, it may be nearly
impossible to push the foetus back; in this case it
is advisable to inject into the passage some lubricating
agent which may facilitate its movement. If, however,
after this is done, the fcetus is so firmly wedged that it
cannot be returned (the head having “been corded, as
well as the fore-limbs at the knees), the foetus being
small, delivery may be effected in this position. If
this fails, remove the head, and as much of the neck as
can be got at, then remove one or both fore-limbs at the
shoulder, when delivery will be effected.

VERTEBRO-SACRAL.

With Head Normal, but Fore-Limbs Right Back Under the Body.

If the head be fixed in the passage, and has been
so for a length of time, the foetus will likely have
perished, more especially if it is a foal. If the head is
not yet fixed, elevate the quarters of the parent, cord
the head, and push the fcetus back into the uterus.
When this is done, cord the fore-limbs, and proceed as
directed in the last presentation. If this is not
practicable, cord the head and apply powerful traction.
The foetus may be delivered in this position, but will
most likely be dead. If the above means prove un-
successful, try to remove one or both fore-limbs at
the shoulder, and then delivery will likely be effected.

Note.— While these mal-presentations have “been
described in the vertebro-sacral position, they may also
occur in the vertebro-pubic and vertebro-iliac, and must'
66 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

be treated on a similar plan, although in every case the
treatment in the vertebro-pubic and vertebro-iliac is
much more difficult than in the position described.

VERTEBRO-SACRAL.
With Deviations of the Head,

This is one of the most common causes of difficult
parturition.

The feet, one or both, are presented normally, and
labor goes on for some time, but suddenly stops, and
on examination, the head is found to be bent backwards,
downwards, upwards, to the left or right. In the Mare,
when this has taken place, the foetus as a rule perishes.

VERTEBRO-SACRAL.
With Head Bent Downwards,

If called when the head is just caught at the brim
of the pelvis, and both fore-feet are presented, cord
them at the fetlocks; pass in the hand between the
fore-limbs, grasp the foetus by the mouth, or under the
chin, and raise the head, while traction is applied to the
cords. If only one fore-limb is presented, the position
is more difficult. It will be necessary to get both into
position before anything else can be done.

, A more serious presentation, however, is caused by
the arch of the neck being presented to the pelvic
cavity. In this case, cord the presented limbs, pass in
the hand, and if the mouth can be reached, cord the
upper jaw and push the foetus back into the womb.
Apply pressure to the neck, and at the same time
traction to the cord round the upper jaw. If much
traction is required, it is more than likely that the jaw
DYSTOKIA. 67

will be fractured, and if this happens, or if the foetus be
dead, traction hooks applied to the orbits are of great
advantage. Sometimes a hook applied to the angle of

 

Fic. 23.
ANTERIOR PRESENTATION.
EXTREME DOWNWARD DEVIATION OF THE HEap.

the lower jaw may be used, but it also is easily drawn
away (fig. 23). If, however, the neck be completely

 

Fic. 24.
SHORT BLUNT CROTCHET,

doubled up, and the arch be in the passage, with or
without the feet, the case is more difficult. In this
presentation, good results have been obtained by
68 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

placing the parent on her back, and elevating her hind
quarters while in that position.

If the vulva and vagina are hot and dry, inject some
warm emollient fluid; cord the arch of the neck, or
the mouth, or hook the orbits, if they ‘can be reached,
then try to return the fcetus. If this fails, cut through
the neck at the portion presented, when delivery may
be effected. .

VERTEBRO-SACRAL.
With the Head Turned to One Side,

If one or both fore-feet are in the passage, cord
them, and also the jaw, upper or under, whichever
can be reached, then try to push the foetus back
into the uterus, and whilst this is being done, apply |
traction to the cord round the jaw. If the foetus
be dead, a crotchet or traction hook in the orbit

——

Lonc PoINTED CROTCHET.

 

=e

FIG. 25.

is useful in directing the head. If, however, the neck’
is well in the passage, it may be impossible to return
the foetus; then cord the neck, and try, by powerful
traction, to remove it (foetus) in this position, In
practice, it is often possible to remove a foal with its.
head bent back in front of the withers, but it is more
difficult to remove a calf. If these methods fail, cut
through the neck, and remove as in the last.
DYSTOKIA. 69
‘VERTEBRO-SACRAL.
With the Head Bent Backwards and Upwards.

This very much resembles the last, and requires
similar treatment.

 

Fic. 26.

‘VERTEBRO-SACRAL POSITION.
DEVIATION OF THE HEAD UPWARDS AND BACKWARDS.

VERTEBRO-SACRAL,
But the Obstruction Due to the Hind Limbs.

It sometimes happens, that an apparently normal
parturition suddenly becomes difficult, without any
apparent catse. On examination being made, it is
found that the hind-limbs have become abducted, the
toes looking outward and forward, and the stifles caught
at the brim of the pelvis. All that is required, is to
cord the feet already out, and traction and rotation,
go VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

applied simultaneously, will most likely complete
delivery.

VERTEBRO-SACRAL.
With All Four Feet Presented.

In this, we generally find the head and two fore-feet
presented normally, until parturition has gone on for
a time, when it suddenly stops. On examination, it
is found that the hind-feet have become flexed
under the fuetus, and are presented a certain distance
in the pelvic cavity. If called early, pass a repeller
between the fore-limbs, and, if possible, push back the
hind-limbs, separately, into the uterus. If this fails, cord
the hind-legs, draw them well under the body, then
apply traction to all four Jimbs simultaneously, when
delivery may be effected. If this fails, try to remove
the abdominal organs, either through the chest or
abdominal walls, which will allow the hind-legs to get
further up under the spine, when delivery may be
brought about. Failing this, remove the head and as
much of the fore-limbs as can be secured, then push the
remaining portion back into the uterus, at the same
time applying traction to.the hind-limbs, and deliver in
the lumbo-pubic position.

Posterior Presentations.

LUMBO-SACRAL.

In this, the hind-limbs are first presented, and the
lumbar region of the fcetus is applied to the sacrum of
the parent.
DYSTOKIA. ot

Cord the hind-limbs, at the fetlocks, and see that
the tail of the foetus has entered the pelvic cavity;
then apply traction downwards. The most difficult

part of the act will be when the dorsal spines of

 
   
            
   

AWW WN a sal
\\\ Ii\\ \\\
<i \\
i q P. \ “Sy

1d
\ \\' i) Hy) Wt )

VW \ ‘| i
(ip es

  

Fic. 27.
LUMBO-SACRAL PosITION.

the foetus enter the pelvic cavity; but, in every case,
by forced traction, delivery may be effected.

LUMBO-SACRAL.
With Hind-limbs Flexed at the Fetlocks.
This resembles very much the vertebro-sacral, with
the fore-limbs caught at the fetlocks, and the same
means must be used to bring about delivery.

é LUMBO-SACRAL,
he With Hocks Flexed.

In this, the hind-limbs are flexed at the hocks, and
completely doubled under the fcetus. First elevate the
72 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS,

hind-quarters of the parent, cord any part of the hind-
limbs that can be got at, as near the foot as possible,
and try to push the fcetus into the uterus; then grasp
the hoof, if it can be reached, in the hollow ofthe
hand, and, powerfully flexing all the joints above, try
to get the foot into the passage; do the same with
the other. If the Cow is down, and cannot rise,
try to elevate her quarters, by a rope passed over

 

Fic. 28.
Hock PRESENTATION: Hock CorDED.

a pulley, and proceed as if standing. If the foetus be
dead, divide the tendons, just above the hock, when
delivery will be more easily effected. If the foetus is
still alive, and these methods have failed, pass a cord
round the limbs, at the hocks, and one round the body,
then apply traction, when delivery may be accom-
plished. If this fails, disarticulate the limbs at the
hocks, when delivery will be more easily brought about.
DYSTOKRIA. 73

LUMBO-PUBIC.

In this, the foetus is lying on its back, with all the
limbs pointing upwards. If called early, it may be
possible to push the foetus into the uterus. Having
corded the limbs, by rotation, convert this into a lumbo-
sacral. If this is not possible, cord the hind-limbs, and
apply traction upwards. As the hocks come to the
brim of the pubis, they will likely be caught; then pass
in the hand and elevate them (hocks). When the point
of the withers reaches the same situation, they will also
be fixed, and it may require considerable traction, still
upwards, to relieve them.

THIGH AND CROUP.
Or Breach Presentation,
This is looked upon as the most difficult presentation
met with in practice, and both parent and foetus often

die before delivery is completed. The hind-limbs are

 

Fic. 29.
THIGH AND Croup PRESENTATION: THIGH CORDED.

presented. If possible, push the foetus into the womb,
cording the fetlocks, and proceed as in hock presentation.
74 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

This is often not practical, however, and, as a rule, we
find the foetus so firmly wedged, that it is perfectly
impossible to move it, either one way or the other. In
this case, the effort must be made to deliver the foetus
as presented (fig. 28). First of all, pass a cord, in

SS

 

 

 

FIG. 30.
GUNTHER’S CURVED PoRTE-CoRD AND BLUNT CROTCHET.

front of each stifle (which is best done by an instrument
called the porte-corde), through between the hind-limbs,
DYSTOKIA. 45

bringing it back on the outside of the stifle, then

hitching the two ends of the rope together. Do

likewise to the other limb. Then pass a rope round
the body of the fetus, the rope having a running
loop on one end; pass both ends between the hind-
limbs, one up each side, there joining across its back,
and, just at the lateral aspect of the spine, pass the end
through the loop, and bring it backwards to the outside,
then apply traction to the three ropes, when the foetus
may be delivered. If this fails, as it often does,
‘“embryotomy” must be performed, and the foetus
brought away in pieces.

STERNO-ABDOMINAL.

An examination reveals the foetus lying on its side;
the head may be in the right or left flank of the parent,

 

FIG. 31.
STERNO-ABDOMINAL PRESENTATION.

and there may be one, two, three, or four feet presented
in the passage. In some cases, the head is also
76 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS,

t

presented; in others, it is not. Here, as in the last
presentation, it must be decided at once, the position
of the head and neck, and, as it is rather common to
have a fore and a hind foot presented, it is necessary
to be particular in distinguishing the one from the other.
Cord all the limbs presented, using cords of different
colors for fore and hind limbs, and if the head is in the
passage, cord it also; then, when this is done, witha
repeller, push into the uterus the extremities not
wanted, and apply gentle traction to the limbs to be
deliverd first. In this, as in the previous case, the
lumbo-sacral presentation should be adopted, if both
extremities can be reached. If, however, all the limbs
are firmly wedged in the passage, then a portion of both
fore and hind limbs must be removed, at the knee,
or further up. Sometimes it is then impossible to
push back the foetus; cut into the abdomen and remove
the organs, when it will be possible to return either
extremity into the uterus, and complete delivery.

DORSO-LU MBAR.

In this, it is found that labor has been present for a
time, and still no foetus presented. On examination
per vagina, instead of the feet of the fcetus, we find
some portion of the vertebral column presented, and
the head of the fcetus is found in the right or left
flank, all four feet pointing in an anterior direction.
Before delivery is attempted, it must be ascertained
definitely the position of the head and neck, and of all
the limbs; then decide whether the foetus has to be
delivered in the anterior or posterior presentation.
DYSTOKIA. 77

When both pairs of limbs can be secured, it is preferable
to deliver in the lumbo-sacral position, as, by doing so,
we get rid of any difficulty which might be experienced
with the head and neck. .

Having decided to remove the hind-limbs first, cord
them, and also the fore-limbs, if they can be reached.
This done, apply gentle traction to the cords round the

 

Fic. 32.

DorRSO-LUMBAR PRESENTATION.

feet wanted, and at the same time, with a repeller,
endeavor to push the other extremity downwards and
forwards to the opposite extremity of the womb to
that in which the limbs wanted are situated. Should
the fetlocks be beyond reach, it will be necessary to
cord the limbs as near the fetlocks as possible, and
traction applied till the fetlocks can be secured.
Sometimes great advantage is derived from elevating
the hind-quarters of the parent, in this presentation.
Sometimes casting the patient, and placing her on her
7 8 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

back, may cause the foetus to change position. This
should always be tried when other means fail. It
occasionally happens that the foetus is so firmly wedged
in the cavity that it cannot be made to alter its position;
then we must cut through the spine at the part
presented, remove the abdominal organs, and if delivery
cannot then be effected, transect the abdominal wall,
and deliver the two portions of the foetus separately.
Cuapter VII.

EMBRYOTOMY.

A Few Operations.

Embryotomy simply means the removal of the foetus
from the uterus, through the natural opening, by a
surgical operation. It might here be stated, that while
the'various operations are easily described theoretically,
the majority of them are performed with some difficulty,
and in every case the practitioner must be guided by
circumstances and the surroundings, as much as by
theory. Ifthe parent be down, and in a weak condition,
attend to her at once with stimulants and gruel, and, if
she can stand at all, get her on her feet.

If the operation is likely to be a serious one, great
advantage will be derived from placing the animal in a
narrow stall, and having her hind-limbs tied forward
from above the hocks, over a bar at her head, and the
ends of the ropes given to an assistant to hold. The
quarters can be raised or lowered according to the
presentation, and, if a Mare, inclined to be ill-tempered,
belt up one fore-limb, put a twitch on her nose, and,
if this fails, it may be necessary to throw and hobble
her. Further movements will depend on the situation

of the foetus.
79
80 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

Decapitation.

This is the removal of the head, which may be
performed in the vaginal cavity, or in the uterus, and
in various ways.

First of all, apply a hook, either to the angle of
lower jaw, or to one or both of the orbits, and bring
the head into the most favorable position; make a
circular incision just in front of the ears, and push
back the skin, either with the fingers and a spatula,
or the handle of a scalpel, for one and a half to.
two inches all round the neck; cut through the

 

Fic, 33.
STRAIGHT EMBRYOTOM.

articulation between the atlas and dentata, divide the
remaining tissues of the neck, bringing the skin
together over the divided structures, using a traction
hook to keep them together. With the hook, gentle
traction may be applied.

Another method is by making the incision further
back, and dividing the articulation between the second
and third, or the third and fourth, cervical vertebre,
treating the divided borders as in the last.

Another method is by removing the skin entirely
from the head, and disarticulating the head at the first
cervical vertebra, bringing the skin together over
the divided structures. This is by far the longest
operation, and the only advantage to be derived from
EMBRYOTOMY. St

it is, that the skin, when thus treated, will stand more
traction.

Decapitation is at all times a difficult operation,
as there is great danger of injuring the parent; if

the head is firmly wedged, the operation is even more
difficult.

 

 

Fic. 34.

CARTWRIGHT’S SUBCUTANEOUS SPATULA.

One or More Limbs Require to be Removed, Hither
Partially or Completely.

This may have to be done either in the passage or
in the uterus. If a fore-limb, cord it at the fetlock,
extend it in the passage, if possible, and make a
circular incision through the skin above the knee or
fetlock. From this incision, divide the skin, either in
front, or on the inside of the limb, as far up as
82 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

possible. Remove the skin from the subcutaneous
tissues, with the fingers, or small spatula; apply a
repeller to the sternum, and traction to the cord, at
the fetlock, and tear away the muscular structures.
Another method of removing a forelimb, when
within the uterus, is to make an incision through the
skin, in front of the scapula and behind it, and, if
possible, unite these incisions above and below;
then an ordinary amount of traction will tear it

away.
Partial Amputation of a Fore-limb.

This may occur at the knee or fetlock, and should
always be performed subcutaneously. When partial
amputation of a hind-limb is desired, it may be
performed as in the fore. When it is to be completely
removed, make a circular incision at the hock, if possible,
divide the skin on the posterior or internal aspect of the
limb, as far up as can be reached; separate the skin
from the tissues and apply traction, a larger amount
being necessary than in the fore extremity.

Detruncation.

When azvzszon of the body is required, it is always
necessary to bring the skin together over the divided
vertebre, and it is better to put a stitch or hook through
the divided surfaces to keep them in position.

Evisceration.

It may be necessary to remove some of the abdominal
organs, either through the abdominal walls, or through
the thorax. In the anterior presentation, cut into the
EMBRYOTOMY. 83.

thorax, immediately above the sternum; rupture the
structures in passing into the cavity; tear away the
first pair of ribs, to allow free passage of the hand;.
remove the lungs and heart; puncture the diaphragm,
and remove the abdominal organs through the opening.

Rotation,

Sometimes it is necessary to bring about votazzon of
the foetus, which means a partial turning of it to right
or left. If either the fore or hind limbs are out of the
passage, this is not so difficult of accomplishment, by
cording the presented extremities, and applying traction
in the direction the foetus is desired to take.

If all the limbs are in the uterus, it is much more
difficult. Cord one pair, pass in the hand, and try to
elevate the body of the foetus, while traction on the
cords is applied as directed. Failing in this, a sack
or blanket, passed under the abdomen of the mother,
and pressure applied, may bring about rotation,

Version.

It is sometimes necessary to cause verszon of the
foetus. This means converting a posterior into an
anterior presentation, and wzce versa. In this case,
cord the limbs that are wanted into the passage, and,
with a repeller, push the opposite extremity downwards
and forwards into a horn of the uterus, at the same
time applying traction to the cords. Sometimes great
benefit is derived by elevating the body of the foetus
with the hand, or by raising or lowering the hind-
quarters of the parent; the treatment depending upon.

the case.
84 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

Ceesarian Operation.

It sometimes happens, that it is impossible to
remove a foetus through the natural opening, and if it
be considered necessary to attempt to save the lives of
both mother and fcetus, the “Cesarzan Operation,”
sometimes technically termed ‘ Hysterotomia,” or
“Gastro-hysterotomy,” has to be performed.

There are two situations in which to operate.

When the parent is useless, it can be performed as
follows, viz.: Throw the patient on her back; make a
crucial incision in the inferior aspect of the abdominal
wall; bring the uterus to this opening; incise its walls,
and remove the fcetus.

The other situation is in the right flank. The
operation is a serious one, and while it is often
successful in the Bitch, it is fraught with much gravity
in the case of the Mare or Cow.

Operation.—Have the animal gently and carefully
cast on theleft side. Take the right hind limb out of the
hobble and stretch it gently but firmly backwards; give
the rope attached to it 4 turn round some fixture, and
the end to an assistant to hold; then make an
incision about six inches long, beginning from about
three and a half to four inches below the spine of the
ilium, cutting obliquely downwards and forwards.
Care must be taken to prevent injury to any part of
the intestines when making the incision, and for this
reason cut through the skin and muscles first ; puncture
the peritoneum with a probe-pointed bistoury, cutting
from within outwards. Bring the uterus to the
external wound, puncture it, and, with a probe-pointed
EMBRYOTOMY. 85

bistoury, enlarge the opening, cutting from within
outwards. Remove the foetus and its membranes;
sponge out the cavity of the uterus, using every care to
prevent escape of fluid into the peritoneal cavity.
Wash out the uterus with an antiseptic solution, and
bring the wound together with antiseptic catgut
sutures. The treatment of the external wound consists
in bringing it together with quill sutures, over which is
applied transverse stripes of pitch-plaster, leaving a
dependent orifice for drainage. Over all, apply a
body-swiller, or broad bandage. If the patient is a
Mare, put her in slings, and fix them so that most of
the weight will be borne by the sternum. If a Cow,
inclined to lie down, let her do so, but only on
her left side. The dangers to be dreaded from this
operation are: hemorrhage, death from nervous shock,
metritis, septicemia, pyemia, fistula, and hernia. Of
equres previous to, and throughout the entire
operation, the strictest antiseptic precautions, consistent
with the general surroundings of our patients, must be
observed.

This operation was successfully performed by
Dr. A. Babb, M.D.C., of Springfield, Mo., on April
6th, 1895, the patient being a Cow. .
Cuapter VIII.

MONSTROSITIES.

The most common monstrosity is a foetus with an
abnormal number of limbs. They may be too few, or
many. All four limbs may be presented, and one or
more rudimentary limbs attached to each.

 

Fic. 35.

SysoM1An Monstrosity: Dicephalus bicollis (GURLT).

In some cases the head is only partially developed.
The mouth or eyes may be entirely absent. Two
heads may be present on one body, or two bodies
only slightly connected to one another. In other
cases, one body is present, apparently normal, with a

small rudimentary fcetus attached to it,—a parasite.
86
MONSTROSITIES. 8 7

The abdominal walls may be only partially developed,
and the viscera floating about in the uterus. In other
cases the ribs may be wanting, with only the muscular
tissue of the walls present. The ribs may be curved
upwards and inwards, and united above instead of
below. The skin may line instead of cover the
abdominal cavity. The diaphragm is oftenabsent. A
very common monstrosity amongst cattle, consists in

 

Fic. 36.

Ecropia Corps: Schistocormus Fissisternalis.

the spine being curved forwards, the coccygeal vertebra
terminating about the withers, and the ribs springing
from the spine upwards. This condition has received
the name of “Schzstocormus reflexus.” Sometimes the
sternum is cleft in two throughout its length, this
condition being termed “ Schdstocormus fissisternalzs.”
The brain may be absent entirely, or partially, and, in
some cases, is outside the cranial cavity. The sternal
and thoracic ribs are sometimes absent, the heart and.
88 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

lungs being unprotected. This condition is known as
“Ectopia cordzs.” Often the foetus is born with the
cranial cavity enlarged with fluid,—“ Hydrocephalus” or
“ Hydrops capitis.” First of all, fluid collects in the
ventricles, and the diseased process may go on until

 

Fic. 37.

SKULL OF HyDROCEPHALIC CALF: THE CRANIAL BONES ARE PARTIALLY
DESTROYED AND DEFECTIVE.

the whole of the brain structure is displaced by fluid,
and only retained in position by the skin. This
condition often gives rise to difficult parturition, and
must be reduced by puncturing and allowing the fluid
to escape.

There are several other mal-formations of more or
less importance, but which may be passed over here.
CuapTer IX.

DISEASES OF FQ@TUS.

Abdominal Ascites.

This is rather common in large herds of cattle, and
is believed to be due to some injury to the foetus
zn utero. The abdomen of the foetus is considerably
distended with fluid, and the foetus is often dead.
_ Before delivery can be effected in this case, the

Pp

Ci

   
 
  

ANASARCOUS FC:TAL CALF.

abdominal wall (of the foetus) must be punctured, and,
if this is not possible, puncture through the chest with
a long trocar and canula designed for the purpose.

Anasarca.
This is not socommon. The fcetus is always dead.
It may be fully developed, but a collection of fluid has
taken place in the subcutaneous cellular tissue. If it
interferes with delivery, the skin must be freely

incised, to allow the fluid to escape.
89
CHAPTER X.

MATERNAL DYSTOKIA.

Deformity of the Pelvis.

Complete deformity of the pelvis is rare in our
subjects. It is most frequently observed in the Pig,
due, generally, to rachitis.

Fractures.

Callosities, resulting from fracture of some of the
pelvic bones, may give rise to difficult parturition.

Exostoses.

When these occur on the bones of the pelvis, and
project so as to cause narrowing of the passage, they
may become an obstacle to the delivery of the foetus.

Treatment.—This will depend upon circumstances,
and expediency. If delivery be impossible, without
serious injury to the parent, and the latter fit for food,
then it may be advisable to callin the butcher. Or, if
the animal is in poor condition and unfit for butching,
artificial abortion may be produced while the foetus is
small enough to easily pass through. Should par-
turition have commenced, it will then be necessary to
resort to surgical or obstetrical measures before
delivery can be effected.

The indications are: forcible extraction of the

foetus through the narrowed passage ; widening of the
go
MATERNAL DYSTOKIA. gI

passage; diminishing the size of the fcetus, or making
an artificial opening.

The methods of inducing artificial abortion are:
irritation of the cervix by hand; puncture of the
envelopes ; and vaginal irrigations.

 

Fic. 39.
PELvic ExosTosis.

Before forcible extraction is contemplated, a very
cdreful examination should be made, to ascertain

whether such procedure is practicable. If such should

be found to be the case, the parts should be well

lubricated, to facilitate movement.
Enlargement of the passage is not usually prac-
ticable, unless the constriction be occasioned by a tumor,

which may be removed by excision, or by the ecraseur.

Diminution of the Size of the Foetus.

See section on “ Embryotomy.”

Artificial Opening for Foetus.

Refer to “ Czsarian Operation.”
g2 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS,

Hernia of the Uterus.

This condition is seldom seen; is easily detected in
the Mare and Cow, but difficult to detect in the Bitch,
in which animal it is probably more common than in
the other two named. It is often caused by an acci-
dent at some period of pregnancy. The abdominal

 

Fic. 40.

UTERINE HERNIA.

A, B, Hernial Tumor; C, Teat carried down by Tumor.

muscles become ruptured, the uterus and its contents
passing through; and development of the foetus may
go on in this situation, or may be at once stopped.
The condition will be recognized by the history,
manipulation, and the general appearance, and the
presentation of the foetus will be ascertained in the

usual way.
MATERNAL DYSTOKIA. 93

The best method of delivery, is to support the
hernia by a_ broad bandage or blanket, and then
proceed as usual. Sometimes this can not be accom-
plished, as the opening through which the hernia has
passed may be constricted, and in this case ‘ Gastro-
Hysterotomy ” has to be performed.

Note.—Referred to also under ‘Conditions Inci-
dental to Pregnancy,” Chap. IV,, p. 48.

Deviation of the Uterus.

This is more common in the human subject, pos-
sibly due, in a great measure, to the use of tight
garments.

The principal deviation met with in the lower
animals, is the ‘inferior oblique,” which corresponds
to the anterior oblique of the human subject. In this
case, the body of the uterus is directed from above
downwards, and slightly forward; and, in an anterior
presentation, the head of the fcetus is presented to the
spine of the parent. If the amount of deviation is not
great, gentle traction may bring about delivery. If
this fails, then apply steady pressure to the superior
wall of the uterus, and try to force it into its natural
position. Should this also fail, apply pressure, through
the abdominal wails, to the uterus, at the same time
applying traction to the fcetus. If this is not successful,
cast the animal gently, and turn her on her back, when
the uterus will, in all probability, assume its normal
position. This condition is seen in old and poorly
nourished animals.
94 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

Torsion of the Uterus.
This condition may be seen in any of the domestic
animals, with the exception of the Bitch and Sow.
The torsion may be partial or complete. As in the
previous case, the broad ligaments are relaxed, and the

 

Fic. 41.
R1GHT UTERINE TORSION: Lert UrEerinE Torson:
MANIPULATION. MANIPULATION.

body of the uterus makes a partial or complete revo-
lution on its own axis, so that the superior wall (of the

uterus) may pass to the right or left, depending on
which direction the torsion has taken.
MATERNAL DYSTOKIA. 95

It is generally due to some accident in the later
months of pregnancy, through falling or being cast.
Some authorities think that the movements of a strong
foetus may bring it about. The condition is often
difficult to diagnose. The labor pains may have been
present for some time, and the animal apparently very

 

Fic. 43.
LEFT UTERINE TORSION 7m situ.

1, Body of the Uterus; 2, Twisted cervix uteri; 3, Vagina; 4, Left
Fallopian Ligament.

uncomfortable, but still there is no appearance of the
amniotic sac or fluid. If the abdomen of the patient
be examined, it may be larger on one side than the
other, the large side being that to which the uterus.
has turned. If explored per vagina, the os-uterd is
constricted or closed. If the fingers can be passed into
the os, the mucous membrane will be found to have
96 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

assumed a spiral direction, and the direction of the
twist will depend on the side to which the uterus has
turned. If torsion be complete, the os may be perfectly
closed. If only partial, it may be possible to pass in
the hand. If the left ligament has passed over the
right, the condition is termed “right torsion”, and vzce
versa. There are various methods adopted to reduce
the torsion. When only partial, it is often possible to
do so by pressure of the hand in the uterus.

Another method is, by making an incision through
the flank of the parent, and at the side to which the
uterus has turned; then, with a clean cloth, which has
first been rendered aseptic, apply pressure to the walls.
of the womb, through the opening.

Another is, by making an incision in the roof of
the vagina, as in oophorectomy, and applying pressure,
with the hand, through the opening.

Another,—and perhaps the best,—is rotation of the
parent.

When this plan is adopted, decide first which way
the uterus has turned. When to the right side, cast
the patient on that side; turn her over the back; gather
her feet well under her, and turn her to the right.
During the turning process, the hand should be kept in
the vagina, with the fingers, if possible, in the spiral ;
and, by this means, reduction of the torsion will be
detected. If left torsion has taken place, proceed ina
similar way, but turn to the left.

When the torsion has been reduced, the amniotic
fluid will escape, and the foetus will be born in the usual

way.
MATERNAL DYSTOKIA. 97

Tumors.

These neoplasms may be found growing from some
part of the passage, and, before delivery can be effected,
they must be removed by the scalpel or ecraseur.

Hernia of the Bladder.

If the condition is of quite recent occurrence, the
bladder may be returned, but if the displacement has
been in existence for some time, its blood vessels will
most likely have become strangulated, and if it be
deemed unadvisable to return the organ, it will be
necessary to ligate and amputate it. The after treat-
ment, of course, calls for strict antisepsis. As the
sphincter will most likely have been injured in the
operation, the flow of urine will afterwards be
continuous.

Spasm of the Os-uteri.

This is a functional ailment, due to contraction of
the muscular tissues at the neck of the womb. The
labor pains may have been present for some hours, and
when the foetus fails to be presented, an examination of
the os will reveal the fibres firmly contracted, so that
the cavity may not admit one finger. This condition
is oftenest seen in young well-bred animals at their first
pregnancy, and those of nervous temperament.

The ¢reatment depends on the condition of the
patient. If the animal is not suffering much pain, little
need be done for two or three hours, in the Cow, and
half that time in the Mare; but if after that there
is no improvement, try hot cloths across the quarters;
warm injections per vagénam et rectum, to which should
98 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

be added sedatives or anodynes, as tincture of opium,
tincture or fluid extract of belladonna, or chloral hydrate.
To the constriction apply equal parts of solid extract
of belladonna and vaseline. Internally administer
chloroform, tincture of opium, or chloral, and keep the
animal quiet as possible. These failing, try to dilate
the os by force, as by the introduction of the fingers,
which will sometimes bring about relaxation.

Another method is by inserting a dry cone-shaped
sponge, and then wetting it; as it increases in size, the
os may dilate.

Another is to insert a bladder into the opening of
the os, and then distend it with hot water; or, insert a
rubber bag, similar to a “ Barnes’ Dilator” (used in
human practice), and inflate it with air, or distend it
with hot water.

a Se

 

WEISS & SON ——

 

 

Fic. 44.
BARNES’ UTERINE DILATOR.

Should all these methods fail, make an oblique or
lateral incision with a probe-pointed bistoury. Be
careful that the incision is not made above or below,
on account of injuring the contiguous structures in
those situations.
MATERNAL DYSTOKIA. 99:

Induration of the Os-uteri.

This is a diseased condition, due to degeneration.
of the muscular fibres of the os, the degeneration being
fibroid, or cancerous, in its nature. Sometimes there
is no increase, at others there is an enlargement. On
examination by vagina, a hard, scirrhous mass is found
at the situation of the os. This is often seen in old
animals, and is believed to be the result of an injury to
the os at some previous parturition.

The only ¢reatment is to incise the obstruction, as
in the last case. The hemorrhage is not usually
dangerous, and, if the growth is not cancerous, the
parts have a tendency to heal quickly.

It is not advisable to breed from an animal in this
condition, and, being believed by some to be here-
ditary, it is scarcely advisable to breed from an
offspring.

Scirrhous Chorion.

This is due to hypertrophy of the tissues of the
chorion, these being morbidly adherent to the walls
of the uterus. Sometimes morbid adhesions have also
formed between the chorion and the feetus, through the
other membranes.

Should this condition interfere with parturition, the
adhesions between the fcetus and its membranes must
be forcibly broken down; and, if the foetus is delivered,
allow the membranes to remain for a time, to prevent
hemorrhage, when they can be removed.

Persistent Hymen.
This is more common in the human subject. The
tissues of the hymen, after impregnation, become
100 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

hypertrophied, and must be incised before delivery
can be effected.

Want of Muscular Power to Expel the Feetus.

This condition is seldom, if ever, present at the
beginning of parturition, but it is often found, that
after an animal has been straining for a considerable
length of time, with an abnormal presentation, that she
becomes exhausted; the muscular fibres of the uterus,
for the time being, being paralysed; and although the
foetus be brought to a normal position, the parent
makes no effort to expel it.

In some animals, especially those in a plethoric
condition, the muscular tissue of the uterus undergoes
fatty infiltration. During pregnancy, in such subjects,
this paralysed condition is much more easily brought
about.

In this case, the animal should be allowed to rest
for several hours, and stimulants and gruel judiciously
administered. When her strength has been partially
restored, traction, gently applied, will very often com-
plete delivery.
CuartTer XI.

SOME ACCIDENTS FOLLOWING PARTURITION.

 

Post-Partum Hemorrhage—Flooding.

Hemorrhage from the womb, after parturition, is
quite frequently met with in the human subject, but
not so often, relatively, in the lower animals. It
may be due to the violent rupture of a number of
vessels, in a difficult case of labor. It is sometimes
seen when adhesions have taken place between the
uterus and its membranes. It may also be due to an
injury to the walls of the uterus at parturition, or may
follow a healthy labor, but involution failing to occur
after expulsion of the foetus.

The symptoms are not always evident. While
there is no difficulty in detecting it, should blood
escape from the vulva, still, if the animal is standing,
there may be no escape from the vulva, and only the
signs of internal hemorrhage can be seen, which are a
quick, frequent, and fluttering pulse, very weak heart,
which may beat irregularly and intermittently; pale-
ness of the visible mucous membranes, general uneasi-
ness, shifting from one hind-limb to the other, sighing
occasionally, the animal becomes unsteady in her gait
and staggers, respirations much increased, and she
ultimately falls and is unable to rise ; a cold perspiration
bedews the body, and death is preceded by convulsions.

I0Ir
Io2 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

Treatment.—lf the foetal membranes have not been
removed, have them taken away at once. Apply cold
cloths, or ice bags, to the lumbar region; inject cold
water into the rectum and womb, and _ internally
administer styptics; and if the animal is weak, give
stimulants. Should these fail, pass into the uterus a
soft, clean cloth, or absorbent cotton tampon, saturated
with a cold styptic solution; tincture of ergot, or
ergotine, orally. As a revulsive, powerful counter-
irritation may be tried over the chest wall. If the
animal survives the acute stage, she should have food
that is easy of digestion and assimilation, and stimu-
lants for several days. 7

Retention of the Foetal Membranes.

(Retentio Secundarum.,)

This is one of the commonest conditions following
parturition, being often due to weakness, or to a
degenerate condition of the uterine walls; it may
be due to an injury to the walls of the uterus, and
is common in animals that have aborted; in which
case the os contracts before the membranes are
expelled. It is sometimes due to morbid adhesions.

This is very easily diagnosed. A portion of the
membrane may be seen hanging from the inferior
commisure of the vulva, the appearance of which will
depend upon the length of time it has been there.
The odor is characteristic, and the mass often gives
rise to an amount of irritation, exhibited by the strain-
ing and general uneasiness of the animal. In other
cases, nothing can be seen while the animal is standing,
ACCIDENTS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 103

but, when lying down, a portion of the membranes may
be seen protruding from the vulvar orifice, When
putrefaction of the membranes has taken place, the
general health of the patient suffers. She feeds
irregularly; the coat is harsh and dry; there is loss
of condition; the secretion of milk is decreased, or
may be stopped; there is hollowness at the eyes; the
pulse is small, weak, quick, and frequent; and the
condition may terminate in pyzemia or septicemia.

Retention of the membranes is seldom seen, except
in the Cow.

Treatment.—The placental membranes should not
be allowed to remain longer than from twenty-four to
thirty-six hours after parturition.

There are a number of methods adopted to remove
them. A common one is to fix a weight to the
exposed part, until it mechanically brings them away.
Another is to give a full dose of purgative medicine.
The best, and most professional method, is to remove
the mass by hand. Pass the hand into the uterus, and,
with the thumb and index finger, break down the
connections at the cotyledons. When these con-
nections, or as many of them as can be reached,
have been ruptured, gentle traction will often complete
the removal.

In any case, after the removal of the membranes,
the womb should be washed out with an antiseptic
solution. If the membranes have undergone decom-
position, repeated washing or douching will be
necessary, and the general health of the animal should
be attended to.
104 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

Inversion, or Eversion, of the Uterus.
(Procidentia Urert.)

This signifies the protrusion of the uterine mass
beyond the outside of the vulva. The size and appear-
ance will depend upon the length of time the organ
has been in that situation.

The cause is not always evident. It may be
seen after a healthy case of labor, or an extremely
difficult one. It is of much more frequent occur-
rence in the Cow than in the Mare. Sometimes
it is due to lack of tone of the muscular system,
the uterus failing to contract normally after parturi-
tion. It is sometimes observed in animals that have
calved immediately after coming off a railway journey,
and is then believed to be due to excitement or
injury. Occasionally it is caused by retention of
of the foetal membranes. If the inversion be complete,
the mass may be seen hanging as low down as the
hocks. The color may vary from a bright, healthy red,
to a dark brown, nearly black, depending entirely upon
the length of exposure, and the strangulation of the
vessels.

If the animal has been lying down for any length
of time, the most dependent part will have the greatest
amount of discoloration.

The ¢veatment will depend altogether on the length
of time the organ has been exposed. Ascertain exactly
when it was expelled, and what treatment, if any, has
been adopted in the interval, and then decide whether
it is advisable to attempt to return it or not.

If the mass be dark, cold to the feel, and a number
ACCIDENTS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 105

of the blood-vessels strangulated, then the chances are
that the case will terminate fatally, although reduction
of the condition has been successfully performed. If
the womb is cold, and the vessels strangulated, it is
advisable to immerse it in a hot antiseptic solution.
If cedematous, the most dependent part should be
scarified, to allow of escape of the fluid. In every
case, if the membranes have not been removed,
this should be done. before any other treatment is
adopted.

When the animal is down, and it is impossible to
persuade her to rise, have some clean bedding, on
which should be placed a clean sheet, or piece of
sacking, for the uterine mass to rest on, and when it
has been satisfactorily treated, its return must be
attempted. An assistant should elevate each corner of
the sheet, and at the same time should press it towards
the quarters of the patient, whilst the operator manipu-
lates the mass at the lips of the vulva.

As soon as the organ is partially returned, the best
mode of treatment is to press the closed hand firmly
against the most dependent part of the uterus, and,
doubling its walls, push the mass before the hand into
the normal cavity. If called at once, the uterus may
be returned; but if it has been out for several hours,
or perhaps days, and the os is partly or firmly con-
tracted, it may be impossible to return it.

If the animal can stand, the operation is much
simpler, on the same plan, the only difference being
that the sheet is held by the assistants, and not laid on
the ground or floor. When the uterus is returned, it
106 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

may be difficult to retain it in position. Various
measures may be adopted for that purpose.

The animal should have a full dose of sedative
medicine, as opium, chloral hydrate, belladonna, or
morphine; and, if she is very weak, it may be com-
bined with stimulants. If this fails in preventing
straining, then mechanical means must be adopted, viz.:
Elevate the hind-quarters considerably; pass a sur-
cingle, or rope, round the chest, and brace it up as
tightly as possible.

Another method is by passing a piece of wood,
made smooth, with a circular head on it about three
and a half inches in diameter, through the vulva and
vagina, the head resting against the os; and to the
external end of which two ropes are attached, one pass-
ing along each side, to a roller or surcingle round the
animal’s chest. A similar method to this is adopted in

 

Fic. 45.
PAD PESSARY.

human practice, but an objection to it in veterinary
practice is, that the animal is continually changing posi-
tion, and, unless constantly watched, may injure herself.

Instead of a circular solid head, one in the form of
a ring is sometimes used, it being covered with some
soft material, which embraces the os. These appli-
ances are known as pessaries.

Another, and one which is very common, is closing
the vulvar opening by means of sutures, There are
ACCIDENTS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 107

two kinds, Hip and Labial. The former stretch

 

Fic. 46.
RING PESSARY.

across from the prominent part of one quarter to that

 

 

FIG. 47.
ZUNDEL’sS LABIAL SUTURES.

of the other, crossing the vulva. For this purpose,
108 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

strong metallic wire, or antiseptic tape, may be used,

 

Fic, 48.
LEATHER TRUSS.

The Labial sutures simply unite the lips of the
vulva. They are less subject to strain than the hip

 

Fic. 49.
_RENAULT’s Truss,

sutures, but the parts being more sensitive, they cause
more pain and irritation, and are more liable to slough.
ACCIDENTS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 109

When sutures are adopted, it is better to use some of
each; two Hip, and two or three Labial, being quite
sufficient to retain the uterus in position.

Another very common method is by a truss, which
may be composed of leather, webbing, or rope, and
when the former of these is properly made, it is easy
to affix it to a roller round the chest, or waist.

 

Fic. 50.
Lunp’s Truss APPLIED.

In the absence of a truss, a rope, 25 to 30 feet long,
may be used. The rope must be doubled, and one end
passed over each shoulder, making a knot between the
animal’s fore-limbs, and another knot at the base of
the neck; then passing one end on each side of the
neck, joining them at the withers, and knotting them
there. The ends are then passed back along the spine,
making a knot every 15 or 16 inches, then enclosing
the tail, and a knot at the superior and inferior com-
110 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

missures of the vulva (fig. 49). Both ends are then
passed between the hind-limbs, one forward and
upward on each side, to become attached to the rope
passing along the spine, just behind the withers.

Another appliance is known as Lund’s truss.

It sometimes happens that the uterus has been so
long exposed, that it is not advisable to return it, and
if saving the life of the patient must be attempted,
it will be necessary to remove the uterus by a surgical
operation, which is known technically as ‘‘ Metrotomy.”

Metrotomy.

This is always a serious operation, and the number
of cases which terminate fatally is very considerable.
It has been estimated at 95 per cent. It should only
be attempted after the owner has been made aware of
the danger.

Having decided to operate, puncture the uterine
mass, and ascertain that no part of the intestine has
been enclosed in the inverted uterus. This done, pass
a ligature round the uterus, close up to the lips of the
vulva, thén pass a double ligature through the mass,
and tie those ligatures so as to divide the tumor into
four portions, tying the circular and transverse liga-
tures together. When the ligatures have been made
fast, cut the mass with a scalpel; cleanse the stump
with an antiseptic solution or dressing, and return it to
the cavity.

The local treatment consists in keeping the parts
healthy with antiseptics. The general treatment
ACCIDENTS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. III

depends on conditions. Febrifuges are generally
always necessary.

Inversion of the Vagina.

This condition may accompany the last, or may
occur alone. When alone, the everted mass is much
smaller, and may only be seen when the animal is
lying down. The color varies with the time the part
has been exposed. ‘The maternal cotyledons are
absent, the inferior portion shows a groove leading to
the meatus urinarius, and on the free extremity is
found an opening corresponding to the os. If the
hand be passed along the lateral aspects of the mass,
the membrane is found to be continuous with the lips
of the vulva, which will serve to distinguish this con-
dition from inversion of the womb.

Treatment.—This is similar to that prescribed in
the previous case. If the sub-mucous tissue has been
torn from its connections, or otherwise injured, it often
leaves the parts in an irritable condition, and it will
be necessary to apply a truss, styptics, or other means,
to prevent a second prolapse.

Inversion of the Bladder.
(Prolapsus Vesa.)

This condition is of somewhat rare occurrence, and
is met with more frequently perhaps in the Cow than
in the Mare. The protrusion of the bladder through
a laceration in the floor of the vagina, sustained in
the act of parturition, and its subsequent protrusion
through the vulva, is occasionally met with. In such
112 VIEELERINARY OBSTETRICS.

a case, the bladder will be found to contain urine,
which, however, could not occur in a complete cversion
of the organ.

If it is found difficult and impracticable to intro-
duce: a catheter, the bladder may be carefully punctured
with a small trocar and canula, the urine drawn off, and
the organ replaced. The Jaceration in the vaginal
floor should be sutured; this complication, however, is
very scrious, although not always fatal. As the con-
dition may recur at a subsequent parturition, the
patient—if a Cow—should be prepared for the butcher,

Amputation of the bladder may be performed, but
there will be a continuous flow of urine ever after.

Sometimes the walls of thé uterus get ruptured ;
also the bladder, intestines, diaphragm, or tissucs of
the perineal region ;—all of which are very serious, and
nearly always fatal, and the treatment must be accord.
ing to the symptoms presented by the animal.
CuaptTer XII.

SOME PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
FOLLOWING PARTURITION.

Vaginitis.—Inflammation of the Vaginal
Mucous Membrane.

The causes are injuries at parturition, unskilful use
of instruments, large foetus, extension of inflammation
from metritis, etc.

The inflammation may lead to, or be complicated
with, ulceration, gangrene, or mortification.

Symptoms.—Swelling of the lips of the vulva and
their membrane, which may become dark red or lead
color. Mucous discharge, which increases, and becomes
whitish, purulent, and may be fetid. Ulceration may
supervene, and portions of the membrane slough.

Treatment.—Simple cases may make a spontaneous
recovery. Cleanliness, attention to diet, and injections
of mild astringents, and anodynes, if necessary. For
the more serious stages, antiseptics and general

constitutional treatment.

Metritis.

This is an inflammation of a portion, or of all of the
structures composing the walls of the uterus. It may
be acute, or sub-acute. The causes of acute metritis
are, injuries to the wall, in parturition, or injuries caused

by the contractions in mal-presentations.
11g
114 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS,

It is sometimes due to standing in draughts after
labor, or lying on a wet, cold bed. Injudicious feeding
is always a predisposing cause. The sub-acute form
may be due to other, or similar causes, but often brought
about by the absorption of some morbid material from
the cavity of the uterus, or may extend from vaginitis,
and is frequently due to retention of the placental
membranes.

When caused by the absorption of* septic material,
it is called ‘‘septic metritis”.

In acute metritis, all the tissues become involved,
—the muscular, mucous, and serous coats; while in
sub-acute, only the mucous coat may be affected.

Symptoms of Acute Metritis—The animal stops
feeding, and in cattle, ruminating. There is great
restlessness, moving from one hind-limb to the other;
straining occasionally, and frequent attempts to
micturate. The mucous membrane of the vulva is
congested; the visible mucous-membranes are also
injected. The pulse is quick, frequent, and sometimes
irregular. The Mare behaves as with colic. The Cow
gets down, and is disinclined to rise. She generally
lies on her side, grunting occasionally, and grinding
her teeth.

In all animals there is a discharge from the vulva,
which is seen several hours after the origin of the
disease, and is then dark red in color, passing through
a chocolate to a dark yellow.

The ¢reatment depends upon the cause. If possible,
have the animal made comfortable on a dry, clean bed,
and avoid draughts of cold air. Elevate the hind-
CONDITIONS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 115

quarters a little. Reduce any fever present, and give
sedatives. Regulate the bowels, and give antiseptics
internally. Wash out the uterus twice daily with a hot
antiseptic douche. Hot blankets should be applied round
the quarters, and fixed so that they cannot be easily
displaced. Some recommend a blister as a revulsive.
If the appetite is not lost, the food given should be of
an easily digestible nature. If the patient is unable to
rise, she should be turned every four to six hours.
When the acute symptoms have disappeared, an
astringent may be added to the antiseptic solution.
Tonics and stimulants should be given internally, and
exercise as soon as possible.

In the sub-acute form, the symptoms are, as a rule,
confined to the uterus, and there is little constitutional
disturbance.

Treatment.—Use astringent and antiseptic douches,
and give antiseptic and tonic medicine internally.

In either form of the disease, if the animal appears.
to be suffering acutely, add an anodyne to the injections.

In Sheep, septic metritis of an acute nature is.
common, and is believed in many cases to be due to
infection carried by the shepherd from one ewe to.
another at parturition.

The ¢reatment is similar to that employed in cattle,
but the use of hot blankets is not practicable. Remove
the wool, and apply an external stimulant to the

quarters.
Leucorrhea.

This is a sub-acute catarrhal inflammation of the

mucous-membrane of the uterus or vagina, or both. It
vr.
116 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

is most common in pregnant animals, but may remain
after parturition, and sometimes it is only seen at that
period.

The causes are, copulation with an infected male,
injury to any part of the passage, a case of neglected
metritis, or the morbid products from retained
membranes.

Symptoms.—An almost continuous discharge from
the vulva of a glary white fluid, having a creamy
consistence and an offensive odor. The animal may
occasionally strain, when the discharge is most plentiful;
indifferent appetite ; harsh, dry coat; loss of condition;
hollow appearance at the eyes, and all the symptoms of
anzemia are present.

Treatment.—Wash out the uterus and the passage
daily with antiseptics first, and afterwards astringents.
The animal should have good food, and a plentiful
supply of it, and she should have a course of tonic
medicine.

Parturient Apoplexy—Milk Fever.

So numerous and diverse are the opinions with
regard to the nature of this disease, that we will have’
to refer our readers to the larger works on obstetrics
and pathology, in which the different theories, both
ancient and modern, are discussed

As evidence of the difference of opinion which has
existed and still prevails, the following designations for
the disease will go to show: vitulary fever, milk fever,
parturition fever, puerperal fever; inflammatory
septicemia; nervous, paralytic, and tympanic forms of
CONDITIONS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 117

vitulary fever; septicaemia, puerperal eclampsia, drop-
ping after calving, parturient apoplexy, parturient
collapse, etc.

Parturient apoplexy may be said to be an acute
post-partum disease, observed in all the domestic
animals, but especially in the Cow. Not only so, it may
be said to be almost confined to the plethoric animals
of the improved breeds. The disease is peculiar to the
Cow in the parturient state, and to those animals that
are the ‘‘deepest milkers”. Indifferent milkers are
almost exempt. It is exceptional for the disease to
make its appearance before parturition. It usually
occurs from about twelve to forty-eight hours after that
act, and generally after giving birth to the third calf,
the parturition being an easy one. Law says, that the
two factors, plethora and parturition, may be set apart
as pre-eminently the causes of this disease. The same
authority remarks that the condition of the blood-
globules in the suffering Cow attest the extreme richness
and density of the blood, and that he has never examined
the blood of avictim of this disease without finding the
red corpuscles reduced to little more than one-half their
usual size, due to density of the liquid in which they
float.

Symptoms.—In many cases the disease sets in
suddenly, and without any premonitory symptoms;
running its course and terminating fatally in a very
short space of time. In some instances, the lacteal
secretion may be diminished or suspended before the
symptoms appear. The Cow hangs her head, stops
feeding, and there is an uneasy movement from one
118 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

hind-limb to the other. There are indications of
cerebral excitement, exhibited by frequent spasmodic

contractions of the eye-lids, pricking of the ears, and
the animal has a wild, staring appearance. Lacrymation

is generally excessive, the téars coursing down the sides.
of the cheeks. Breathing becomes accelerated. After
a time there is loss of power, the animal sinking down
at the hocks, and ultimately falling to the ground. In

the early stage the pulse is hard and full; later, however,

it becomes quick and frequent. The horns are hot.

The animal may fall into a comatose condition, lying
with the muzzle turned round to the flank, the pupils.
widely dilated, and the eye insensible to light. Or,

there may be excitement, the head being thrown

violently about. Tympany seems to be invariably
present. When death is imminent, the more serious
symptoms become aggravated. Coma becomes more

and more complete. The muzzle rests upon the ground; -
the animal, instead of lying on the sternum, is stretched
at full length on her side. The eye-lids no longer
respond when the cornea is touched; the pulse becomes
smaller, irregular, intermittent, and quicker, until it is
imperceptible. Tympanitis increases; the mouth is
open, the breathing partially oral, with puffing of the
cheeks at each expiratory act, and stertor becomes
more marked, death taking place apparently without a
struggle, or during slight convulsions,

The ordinary duration of the disease is two or three
days, but there are instances on record in which it has
been less than twenty-four hours; rarely does it extend
to five or six days.
CONDITIONS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 119

Causes.—The predisposing causes may be enumer-
ated as follows: breed or individual predisposition,
high temperature, confinement, constipation, electrical
disturbances, development of the lacteal function (age),
and plethoric condition.

As to the actual, or exciting cause or causes, although
some authorities believe that the disease is chiefly due
to infection, opinions vary as much as to its etiology as
they do with regard to its pathology.

The post-mortem appearances are varied in character.
The digestive organs are usually normal. The rumen
generally distended with gas. Gall-bladder sometimes
much distended, Lungs normal, or slightly emphyse-
matous; at other times congested, or in various stages
of pneumonia from the inhalation of foreign matters.
The nervous system has not exhibited any uniform or
satisfactory lesions.

Treatment.— Knowing the value of prophylactic
measures, too much emphasis cannot be placed upon
‘the necessity for strict hygiene of the pregnant Cow,
especially during the later months, and more particularly
in those animals whose breed, age, and lacteal develop-
ment predisposes to this disease. The food should
be easy of digestion, and sparing in amount. The
animal should, if possible, be allowed exercise, and her
condition should be made as natural and comfortable
as circumstances will permit. Some recommend
bleeding, a few days prior to parturition, as absolutely
effective; while others advise a saline purgative. A
number of other agents are suggested as useful
preventives.
120 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

The agents and methods recommended for the cure
of this disease, are about as numerous and varied as
are the theories regarding its pathology and cause.
Bleeding, purgatives, stimulants, sedatives, nerve tonics,
cutaneous stimulants, counter-irritants, electricity, etc.
In the present incomplete state of our knowledge
regarding this disease, it would be useless to attempt
to map out any specific line of treatment. Cases
occasionally recover where no medicine is administered,
and it is possible that a great many do so, independently
of the drugs given, which has the effect of deluding
the practitioner into the belief that the virtue lay in
his medicaments. The following are the general
directions given, as to medicinal treatment, in Zuill’s
translation of Friedburger & Frohner’s work on
pathology:

“The treatment must especially consist in com-
bating the more alarming symptoms,—the paralysis

of the voluntary and involuntary muscles, and the
cerebral depression. Avoid, as much as_ possible,
giving medicinal agents through the mouth, on account
of the danger of them going the wrong way, and
pneumonia resulting. Subcutaneous administration is
much preferable. We should counteract the general
paralysis and the nervous depression with stimulants,
administered preferably hypodermically: veratrine,
caffeine, spirits of camphor, ether, nitrate of strychnine,
sulphate of eserine (which excites also peristalsis).
This last, however, like other remedies, is often
absolutely inefficient.

“The principal stimulants administered internally
CONDITIONS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 121

are: wine, essence of turpentine, ammonia carbonate,
brandy and dilute alcohol. These medicines are
recommended to be given in the shape of clysters,
The most used external stimulants, are frictions with
turpentine, camphorated oil, oil of mustard, croton oil,
diluted ammonia, etc.; and frictions of stibiated oint-
ment (1:4), cold and warm compresses, cold douches
upon the head, the application of Mayor’s hammer
along the spinal cord, taking care to cover the skin
with a woolen cloth, etc. Some veterinarians have
used electricity with advantage. Bleeding has been
found useful in some cases, and valueless in others.

‘““We should use drastics to combat the cessation of
intestinal peristalsis, those which likewise act as
derivatives upon the digestive canal, such as eserine,
tartar emetic, croton oil (in mucilaginous decoction),
sulphate of soda, etc. Injections, or a rectal exploration,
frequently repeated, and the manual extraction of fecal
matters, have a similar action to that of these agents.

‘Spasms and general excitement should be combated
by morphine injections, injections of chloral hydrate,
inhalations of chloroform, etc.”

Personally, I have had good results from the
administration of a saline purgative (if deglutition was
not impaired), or the hypodermic injection of sulphate
of eserine, followed by nux vomica in diluted alcohol,
orally, or liquor strychnia, subcutaneously ; extraction
of fecal matters, also any retained membrane, and
enemas; puncturing the rumen; catheterization of the
bladder; cutaneous stimulation by the application of
diluted acetic acid or vinegar; the body covered with
I22 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

warm clothing; and antiseptic uterine douches. (Creolin
is highly recommended.) Similar treatment has also
been successful in the hands of other practitioners.
Dr. Perley, of St. Albans, Vt. records a number of
consecutive recoveries from the nux vomica, or strychnia
treatment.

When the animal is in an excited condition, it will
be necessary to have her secured so as to prevent her
injuring herself. When down and comatose, she should.
be propped on her sternum, with sacks filled with hay,
or by some other means, and she should be changed.
from one side to the other every few hours. When
convalesence, which is extremely rapid in some cases,
is established, it is well that the diet should be judiciously
regulated, and nerve tonics administered for several
days.

As this disease is liable to recur at subsequent.
parturitions, the advisability of breeding again from a.
Cow is very questionable, unless every precaution is.
taken previous to the next calving period.

Eclampsia.

According to some authorities, this disease, if not
identical, bears a strong resemblance to eclampsia of
the human female.

Eclampsia affects the Cow, Goat, Bitch, and perhaps.
the Sow. In these animals, convulsions may be looked.
upon as aconstant symptom, simulating to a considerable.
degree the convulsive or epileptiform attacks in woman.

Symptoms.—The disease may attack the Cow at any
age; occasionally prior to, but oftener after the act of
CONDITIONS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 123

parturition. It is said to be most frequently observed
in Cows in poor condition ; primipare often suffer. It
is not always recurrent. If the pregnant Cow is
attacked, it is thought to be usually about the middle
of the period of gestation, when recovery may follow
without premature labor being induced.

Symptoms in the cases of Mr. Clark, recorded in the
“Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics,”
and referred to by Dr. George Fleming, are as follows:

‘Foaming at the mouth, champing of the jaws,
prominent, staring eyes, excited expression, head very
often turned to the side; sometimes licking at the fore-
leg, stall, or some imaginary object. Some Cows I
have heard bellow, others do not do so; there was
twitching of the body and limbs (clonic spasm),
difficulty of respiration according to intensity of the
attack. The convulsions generally last two or three
hours, and in the majority of cases do not reach the
stage of coma, although I have had cases which have
done so.”

Few cases have been reported in the other animals.

Opinions as to etiology and pathology differ:
neurosis, due to reflex irritation of the spinal nervous
system; albuminuria; acute cerebral anemia; irritation
of the vasa-motor centre, resulting from an anemic
condition of the blood, produced by the retention of
effete material which the kidneys had failed to remove;
renal insufficiency; reflex irritation of uterine nerve-
centres; excessive lactation, etc.

Treatment.—T he recommendations are: venesection,
diuretics and laxatives, belladonna, chloral, etc.
124 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

Parturient Paralysis (post-partum).

This condition may be seen in any of the domestic
animals, is most common in the Cow, and follows
shortly after parturition.

The cause and pathology are not well understood.
Some authorities believe it is due to a strain of the
pelvic ligaments. Others, that the spinal cord is at
fault, or, that the cord may not be affected, but the
nerves supplying the hind extremities are, or that there
is some derangement of the sympathetic nervous system.

Symptoms.—The animal gets down, and is unable to
rise. On an examination being made at once, it will
be found that all the functions of the body appear
normal, but the power of motion, and sometimes of
sensation, is lost,—always motion first. There may be
no response to stimuli beyond the lumbar region of the
spinal cord. If the animal is allowed to lie, all the
other functions soon become interfered with, and in
twenty-four hours afterwards it may be very easy to
confound this with one of “parturient apoplexy.”

The ¢veatment consists in giving a laxative, to be
followed by stimulants and afterwards tonics. A
stimulating blister to the spine; the rectum and bladder
to be kept relieved. Nerve tonics and galvanism will
be found efficacious.

Phlegmasia Dolens.

This condition is more common in the human
subject than in the lower animals. It appears generally
a few days after parturition.

It is due to an obstruction of the lymphatics of one
or more limbs, or of the femoral, or femoral and iliac
CONDITIONS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 125

veins, and is followed by cedema of the affected limbs.
The cause is believed to be pressure of the uterus;
or thrombus, due to obstruction by some foreign
material from the uterus.

Symptoms.— Several days after parturition the
lymphatics on the inside of one or both hind-limbs
become enlarged and corded, somewhat resembling
“lymphangitis.” This is followed by cedema of the
whole limb; the animal loses the power of the limb,
first at the fetlock, then all of the joints become affected,
and ultimately the patient gets down. On examination
the limb is found to be swollen, hot, and very painful.
The disturbance is considerable, and much fever is
present. The pulse is hard, quick, and frequent. There
is inappetence, and the secretion of milk is -much
diminished. If the patient is carefully treated, these
symptoms may gradually disappear; but if neglected,
and the animal allowed to lie too long in one position,
inflammation of the tissues of the limb generally takes
place, and abscesses form, chiefly at the hock, and the
animal may die from anemia, septicaemia, or traumatic
fever.

Treatment.—lf the patient be a Mare, put her in
slings. Give a laxative in all animals, followed by
febrifuges and diuretics. Where the limb is very
painful, hot fomentations may be used in the first stage,
and judicious scarification if the effusion is considerable.
Patients that will not permit of slinging, should be
turned every three or four hours. When the acute
stage has been passed, bandaging will assist absorption,
and diuretics, absorbents, and tonics should be given.
126 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

Parturient Laminitis.

This disease does not appear to be very common,
although it has been mentioned by several writers, as
occurring in the Mare.

The cause, or causes, are imperfectly understood.
The parturient state is generally recognized to be the
predisposing cause, but there is wide difference of
opinion as to how the condition originates.

Symptoms.—Those of ordinary laminitis. Sudden
seizure on the second or third day after parturition or
abortion. Complete stoppage of the lacteal secretion.

The duration of the disease -is from four to eight
days; symptoms most intense between the fourth and
eighth. Recovery is the usual termination, although
the disease may assume a chronic form. Death, in rare
instances, may ensue from nervous exhaustion, or
suppuration may follow the inflammation, resulting in
pyzmia.

Treatment,—Similar to that employed in ordinary
laminitis, and the diet should be carefully regulated.
CuaprTer XIII.

DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLAND.

 

Wounds and Bruises.

Wounds and bruises of the udder and teats are
most frequent in Cows, and generally caused by treads;
animals with large pendulous, udders may even tread
on their own teats when rising. Injuries are caused by
bites, or by sharp objects, like thorns.

Surface wounds are usually unimportant, and may
be treated on general principles. Bleeding is sometimes
considerable at the base of the teat; and should the
wound open into the gland, there may be danger of
milk fistula, which may be feared only during the
period of lactation. Injuries to the teat may produce
cicatricial contraction, and consequent difficulty in
milking.

Bruises of the udder cause bleeding, either into the
gland ducts, the milk then being mixed with blood, or
into the gland tissue, the skin, and subcutaneous tissue.
The blood may be absorbed, as in other soft parts, or
lead to the formation of pus or to putrefactive changes.

Treatment.—In all deep wounds of the udder, the
first object should be to obtain healing, by first inten-
tion, to prevent the formation of milk fistula. In a
fresh wound, the edges should be carefully disinfected
and sutured. The escape of milk from gaping wounds

of the teats can sometimes be prevented by the
127
128 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

application of a rubber ring, carefully fitted, and not.
too tight. Similar wounds on the udder can be dressed
with adhesive plaster, collodion or wound gelatine, the
hair first having been shaved off. The use of the teat,
or milk syphon, assists in procuring healing by primary
union. In wounds which have been in existence for some
time, treatment must follow general principles.

Bruises, accompanied by the passage of blood-stained
milk, require strict cleanliness to prevent infection;

 

Fic. 51.
RinG TEAT SYPHON,

blood and milk removed by catheter or milking tube,
and resorption assisted by moist heat.

Mammitis or Mastitis.
INFLAMMATION OF THE MAMMARY GLAND OR UDDER.

According to Moller (Dollar's translation), the
causes of acute inflammation may be divided into.
mechanical, chemical, thermal, and specific. In cattle,
the first takes the form of horn thrusts and similar
injuries, treads, etc. Chemical or thermal irritants are
much less frequent, although irritant substances may
produce acute mastitis. Chills may also be a possible
cause. Specific irritants are the most important, and
different bacteria have been described as the cause of
acute mammitis.

Infection may occur by three channels: (1) Through
slight injuries to the skin. (2) From the mammary
DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLAND. 129.

duct ; a drop of milk may form a suitablé medium for
pathogenic bacteria, the organisms passing ultimately
to the smallest divisions of the affected portion of the
gland; retention of milk in the gland, through its.
being a suitable medium for the development of bacteria.
(3) Infection through the blood stream, which is.
probably rare.
» This author gives the following divisions of acute
mammitis, viz.:
Inflammation of the Stroma, of which there are the
traumatic and phlegmonous forms.

TRAUMATIC INFLAMMATION.

Only surface injuries remain confined to the con-
nective tissue of the udder ; the deeper reaching involve.
the true gland tissue.

PHLEGMONOUS MASTITIS.

The disease generally starts from surface injuries ;.
the bacteria entering the skin and sub-cutis, set up.
inflammation, which generally extends to the capsule
and the stroma of the gland. The process may extend
to several quarters, or may even attack the entire udder.
The skin and sub-cutis are at first cedematous; later
infiltrated with plastic material. We have then an
erysipelatous or phlegmonous condition, of which the
skin is the special seat.

Symptoms.—Introduced by swelling and redness ;
generally diffuse, seldom limited. Appears suddenly ;
skin at first appears bright red, afterwards bluish.
Swelling is then soft and doughy, later becomes hard
and firm. Skin often exceedingly hot. Pain seldom
130 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

severe. Quality of milk not much changed; quantity
diminishes. Slight fever at commencement ; swelling
of the lymphatics of udder, which spreads. Condition
may disappear in four to eight days. In other cases
abscesses form in or just beneath the skin; less fre-
quently, in the superficial portions of the gland, these
break and discharge pus.

Treatment.—Cold applications contra-indicated.
Best results from infrictions with mild fats, like oil, or
with carbolized oil, blue ointment, etc. The parts
washed with lukewarm disinfectant solutions, especially
if the teats are injured. Udder kept warm, and may
be suspended to assist resolution. Local injuries
cleansed and disinfected.

Parenchymatous Inflammation, of which there are
three forms, distinguished, viz.: mastztes catarrhalis,
mastitrs apostematosa, and mastitis gangrenosa.

MASTITIS CATARRHALIS,

This condition consists of inflammation of the lining
membrane of the milk ducts.

Symptoms.—Surface of udder little changed; swell-
ing often wanting, while redness may be slight, but
deep-seated pain can be detected on pressure, and by
sensitiveness during milking. General condition little
altered. The principal changes are found in the milk,
which contains clots of varying sizes, and often drops
of fat; sometimes it is slightly tinged with blood.

The disease sets in suddenly, and may attack only
one, or several sections of the gland,
DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLAND. 131

In most cases it disappears in a few days, the milk
becoming normal. Sometimes, however, it may assume
a chronic character, the milk mixed with pus, whilst the
mucous membrane of the galactophorous sinus becomes.
thickened and feels like a firm cord; the swelling
extending from the sinus to the other parts of the
gland. Localized thickening and induration of the ©
udder may result from the disease in the smaller ducts
becoming chronic. In some cases the inflammation
may lead to stenosis or occlusion of the milk ducts ;.
the affected sections of the gland become changed, the.
induration extending as far as the skin. Abscess.
formation is not often seen.

Causes.—Chills, changes in the milk in the udder,
causing it to become irritant ; micro-organisms.

Treatment.—Instruments introduced into the ducts.
and galactophorous sinuses should be carefully disin-
fected. Withdraw milk frequently, and at the same
time massage will be found to assist discharge from the
finer ducts. The udder should be kept warm, annointed
with some simple unguent, and protected with wad-.
ding.

In enzootic outbreaks, it is better to segregate the.
diseased animals, and provide against transmission by
the milker’s hands. Disinfectant injections can be used
when the disease is clearly infectious.

MASTITIS APOSTEMATOSA (PURULENT INFLAMMATION OF
THE UDDER).

In this form the inflammation also originates in the
milk ducts and alveoli, but instead of remaining con-
132 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

fined to their surface, spread to the depths and to the
interstitial connective tissue.

Symptoms.—Disease sets in suddenly, with pain and
the other symptoms of mastitis. Swelling commences
in the interior of the udder, but spreads as far as the
skin, which is warm and reddened. Secretion of milk
diminishes, or entirely stops, the milk is curdled, later
becomes yellowish from pus, or red from bleeding;
finally it may become more and more puriform, and
contain curdled material, which blocks the milk ducts,
Following these symptoms there is fever, inappetence,
excessive thirst, and depression. Either resolution
sets in, or the disease goes on to abscess formation. If
the former, after four or five days, sometimes later,
symptoms gradually begin to recede, while the secre-
tion more and more becomes normal. In some cases
there is no permanent disturbance left, though, as a
rule, the affected section does not completely recover
its functional activity until the next period of lactation,
Abscesses, however, frequently form, and permanent
thickening and milk fistule are not infrequent results
of the process. Hard swellings also sometimes result.
These suppurative processes may at times lead to
pyzmia or septicaemia.

Causes.—Infectious materials entering through the
mammary ducts, syphons, catheters, and other instru-
ments bearing infection, etc.

Treatment.—Prevent infection, or combat it if
already existing. Care in using instruments. When
occurring enzootically, segregation of diseased animals,
and disinfection of stables, etc. Frequent milking of
DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS. 133

the diseased quarter. If not too sensitive, the udder
should be gently rubbed and kneaded to favor discharge
of diseased products from the acini, Diet should be
such as to diminish secretion of milk. In Cows, saline
purgatives, like Glauber’s or Epsom salt, may be used.
Destroy, or render innocuous, infective material in the
udder, and combat inflammatory changes. Disinfect-
ants injected are useful, but cannot reach the fine milk
ducts and alveoli. Four per cent. boric acid (Nocard);
2 per cent. alum or 2.5 per cent. carbolic solution
(Franck); one-fifth to one-quarter per cent. sublimate
solution (Eggeling). Poultices, hot fomentations;
infriction with bland oils, or ointment of mercury is
useful. As soon as the abscess appears superficial, it
should be opened and the cavity cleansed and disin-
fected.

MASTITIS GANGRENOSA, OR GANGRENOUS INFLAMMATION

OF THE UDDER.

This form o. the disease is commonest in Sheep,
though it occurs in the Cow and Goat. The nature of
the specific poison is at present little understood.

Symptoms.—The disease starts as a peracute paren-
chymatous mastitis. Severe general symptoms, high
fever, inappetence, great weakness, severe pain, and
stiff, straggling gait first direct attention to the udder.
Blueish-violet soft spots on the skin, which are insensi-
tive and often abnormally cool. These spots quickly
spread. They are surrounded by an inflammatory
swelling, which may extend to the lower part of the
abdomen and the thigh. Back arched, hind legs strad-
134 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

dled, great pain, groaning, and after a short time there
are well marked signs of septicemia; death not infre-
quently takes place within twenty-four hours.

Treatment.—Similar to that for purulent inflamma-
tion. Care should be taken to prevent transmission by
the shepherd. Disinfectant injections are generally
too late and without effect in this form. Early incision
into the necrotic parts and disinfection. If the process.
has made much progress, even this treatment seldom
suffices, and the animal’s life can only be saved by
amputation of the diseased portion.

Stenosis and Occlusion of the Mammary Duct.

In Cows, there is only one opening, at which point
the skin is reflected to cover the lower end of the duct.
At the upper end of this canal, which is from three-
sixteenths to one-quarter of an inch in length, the
mucous membrane begins, and lines the galactophorous
sinuses up to their termination. At a point where the
skin becomes continuous with the mucous membrane,
z.é, about three-eighths of an inch above the end of
the teat, lies the valve, which, like the greater part of
the teat, consists of muscular fibres.

Stenosis of the mammary duct in the Cow results.
either from proliferation of the well developed epithel-
ium lining it, or from contraction of cicatricial tissue.
The former of these conditions occurs while the animal
is “dry,” and stenosis only appears after next calving.
Occlusion of the duct is sometimes congenital in Cows
(Furstenberg), or results from inflammation at the lower
end of the teat. Diseases of the skin, injuries, cow-
DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS. 135

pox, aphtha, etc., may cause adhesion and obliteration
of the opening of the duct and of a considerable portion
of its length.

In the upper sections, tumor formation occurs, and
sometimes folds of mucous membrane fall into the
lumen of the duct and produce closure. More fre-
quently chronic inflammation, occurring during mastitis,
causes stenosis or complete closure. Finally, the
mammary duct and lower portion of the galactophorous
sinuses may grow together.

Treatment.—Repeated introduction of bougies, or
the use of small trocar. Division of the duct or amputa-
tion of the end of the teat. Where there is closure
of the upper parts of the teat by indurated masses
of tissue, a passage may be made by passing a
thin trocar, the canula being left in position for some
time, so as to prevent adhesion, whilst the milk is
prevented flowing away by stopping the canula with a

cork.
Mastitis Chronica.

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER.

Chronic inflammatory processes often result from
acute diseases, and may give rise to localized induration,
or to diffuse proliferation of the interstitial connective
tissue. The latter are generally produced by bacteria,
especially by tubercle bacilli, actinomyces, and other
organisms. Sand discovered botryomycosis of the
udder in a Mare. Tubercular enlargements of the
mammary gland are commonest in Cows, and princi-
pally affect the posterior quarters, being rare in the
anterior (Bang).

‘ Bete)
136 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

Tumors of the udder are seen in Cows and Bitches,
but seldom in other animals. They usually take the.
form of warts, and are more common on the teats than:
on the udder.

Polypi occasionally occur on the mucous membrane
of the mammary or milk ducts, and may interfere with
the discharge of milk.

If these neoplasms do not seriously interfere with
milking, it is best to defer operation until lactation
ceases. They can generally be removed by scissors,
ligature, ecraseur, or cautery. Some may require to be
enucleated.

FISSURED OR.CHAPPED TEATS.

This condition is chiefly caused by injuries, unim-
portant at first, it may be, but if neglected may lead to
more serious conditions, as mammitis, or septicemia,
besides rendering the animal uneasy during the process
of milking, or when she is being sucked.

Causes.—Any source of local irritation may bring
about fissure.

Symptoms.—Fissures are perhaps more often seen
in primipare having fine and thin skin. The crack
appears as a more or less deep, narrow sore, running
in a transverse direction round the teat, the edges
being thickened and indurated. When the teat is
distended with milk, the sores have a gaping appearance.
When superficial, chaps may not cause much trouble,
but when deep, they are very painful, as exhibited by
the animal’s aversion to manipulation of the teat, or to
milking, or sucking.
DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS. 137

Treatment.—Emollient dressings, and perfect cleanli-
ness, in the milder stage. When indolent, more efficient
applications have to be resorted to. Carbolized vaseline,
carbolized glycerine, tannate of glycerine, etc. Iodoform,
tannic, or boric acid, in the form of powder, may be
applied with good effect in some cases. Where the
fissures have been tardy in healing, it may be well to
stimulate them with a little silver nitrate cautiously
applied.

Agalactia or Agalorrhcea.
SUPPRESSION OF MILK.

The absence of milk in the mammary gland may
result from debility, emaciation, chronic mastitis,
atrophy of the gland from previous disease, etc.

Trveatment.—This often proves unsuccessful. If due
to a removable cause, have that attended to. Give
nutritious food combined with aromatic carminatives.
Stimulate functional activity by massage and stripping
of the udder, or by the use of some stimulating applica-
tion. When disease of the gland is the cause, treatment
will be directed by indications.
MILK, ITS COMPOSITION, ETC.

CHAPTER XIV.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Albumin-
Butter oid
s Water. Fat. Casein. | Sugar. Salts.
p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c.
Woman......... 87.81 4.37 1.54 5-75 0.53
Mare 88.0 I.0 1.6 8.9 0.5
COW scsccouminngarere 87.0 4.6 4.0 3.8 0.6
EW s exisivea anne 85.62 4.20 4-5 5.0 0.68
GOatiice vives vee 86.8 3-32 4.08 5.28 0.58
ASS ic icieweseaas 90.0 I.4 1.7 6.4 a5 |
SOW o: csiracsaves 82.6 5.7 6.2 5.0 0.5
SPECIFIC GRAVITY.
Woman inib. ad waiunan eee wes bainekedesleteon 1020
COW scirenco nits souaiiiad-ees inte gamle. ew oes 1030
EWES es name vara ee Meras wk te'a ea aaalneli eens eaveres 1035
Goabi wi saiitscsgnancans oes oss Se eR ae eee LISS 1035
ASS iss 0sa Gewaernmasinne nn Copia eens news SRG Deca e Io1g

Agalactda (previously referred to), watery milk, fat
milk,

Causes.—Too watery alimentation of poor quality,
the exclusive feeding of malt, swill, turnips, etc.;
stomachal or intestinal diseases, cahectic and hydremic

Anomalies of Secretion.

WATERY MILK.

conditions ; peculiarity of breed.

Treatment.—According to case. Change of regimen.
Stomachics. -Diseases of the alimentary canal, or of

the blood treated according to indications.

138

 

 
MILK, ITS COMPOSITION, ETC. 139

FAT MILK,

Observed in Ewes subjected to highly nutritious
alimentation, May also be observed during cestrum.
Treatment.—Regulation of the diet.

Alterations in Milk Due to External Influences.

CURDLED MILK.

Seen in the Cow and Goat.

Causes.— Diseases of the digestive organs, acid food,
affections of the mammary gland, as mastitis, hyper-
zmia, tumefaction in advanced gestation, nymphomania
overheating of the body.

As the result of external influences: great heat,
electrical conditions during thunder-storms, damp
stables, uncleanliness of mangers, “consumption of
rusty grain” (Fleischmann), bacteria.

Treatment.—Dependent upon cause. Regulated
ventilation and temperature are essentially necessary.
Perfect cleanliness of dairy utensils. Refrigerant
apparatus recommended, and some alkali added to milk.
Alkalies administered internally. Attention to digestive
irregularities, and to the udder.

‘Organisms observed which produce acidity and
curdling of milk: Bacterium lactis, micrococcus of
osteomyelitis, staphylococcus albus, S. citreus, S. cereus
albus, S. cereus flavus; Streptococcus pyogenes, S.
erysipelatosus, S, coli gracilis, Bacillus pyogenes
fetidus, Bacterium lactis acidi, Bacterium lactis
aerogenes, micrococcus ovalis, and micrococcus et
Sphaerococcus lactis acidi.
140 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

MILK WHICH DOES NOT PRODUCE ANY BUTTER.

Causes.—Digestive diseases, and certain morbid
conditions, poor quality of nourishment, disease of the
mammz, excessive heat or cold, and various alterations
of milk (curdled, rancid, putrid milk).

Treatment.—Galactopoietics (fennel, antimony,
cumin, etc.), “hydrochloric and acetic acids” (Haubner
and Siedamgrotzky), “alum and chalk” (Harms).
When the milk is bitter, add to these agents 15
grammes calcium chloride daily.

PUTRID MILK.

Causes.—This alteration is rare. Occasioned by
introduction of agents of putrid fermentation in milk;
unclean premises, and stable or dairy utensils ; processes
of decomposition in alimentary canal after ingestion
of tainted food. Bacteria: Bacterium termo, and B.
lineola.

Treatment.—Prophyllaxis; cleansing and disinfec-
tion of stables and utensils. When due to gastro-
intestinal troubles, give stomachics and antiseptics
internally.

FILAMENTOUS MILK.
Causes.—Invasion of microbes.
Treatment.—Thorough cleansing and disinfection

of dairy and utensils. “A temperature of 65 degrees
C. destroys the organisms (Schmidt-Muhlheim).
Stomachics and anti-catarrhal agents internally.

BLUE MILK.

Causes.—Bacteria. The names given to the bac-
terium are: “ Bacillus syncyanum” (Schroter), ‘‘ Vibrio
: MILK, ITS COMPOSITION, ETC. I4I

cyanogenus” (Fuchs), “Vibrio syncyanus” (Ehren.
berg). Milk which is very albuminous, due to nitro-
genous alimentation, or very alkaline, with feeble
coagulating properties, is predisposed to this alteration.
“Certain diets, diseases of the udder, etc., by retarding
the acidification of the milk, may have a certain
influence upon its production ” (Hueppe). Contamina-
tion by the medium of air and flies may be a causative
factor.

Treatment.—Aeration, cleansing and disinfection of
stables, dairy, and utensils, In certain cases change of
diet is indicated. ‘Washing of the gland with anti-
septic solutions to destroy organisms”’ (Zurn).

Other anomalies are: Red and yellow milk; foreign
products in milk, such as abnormal substances, flavoring
matters, coloring matters, medicinal substances, patho-
genic organisms transmissible to the human subject,
red blood corpuscles or hemoglobin, etc.
CuHapTerR XV.

DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES OF THE
YOUNG ANIMAL.

 

Asphyxia or Suspended Breathing.

Whenever the circulation between the mother and
offspring is stopped, either by rupture or occlusion of
the umbilical cord, respiration in the young animal must
be carried on by the lungs, or death will speedily follow.
The establishment of respiration is a purely reflex act.
The sudden transition, from an intra-uterine existence
to that in the outer world, operating upon the skin,
produces an impression which is transmitted to the
respiratory nervous centres, and resulting in the respira-
tory muscles being called into action.

Causes—Among the obstacles to respiration may
be mentioned suffocation, before or during birth, from

compression of the umbilical cord and the arrést of its
circulation; intra-uterine respiration; detachment of
the foetal membranes from the womb before the birth
of the foetus; a too free communication between the
cardiac auricles ; envelopment of the head in the mem-
branes; tenacious mucus in the mouth or nose, etc.

Resusciation.—Cold water thrown over body, and
especially the head and chest. Inflating the lungs,
performing artificial respiratory movements ; rubbing
of the limbs; the forcible introduction of air into the
lungs; tobacco smoke blown into the nose, etc.

142
DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES. S143

Umbilical Hemorrhage.

This condition is not very often seen. It ensues
immediately after birth, rarely after some days.

In the Foal, bleeding may be from the artery, that
vessel being firmly attached to the umbilical ring. In
ruminants, the hemorrhage is from the vein, because of
the existence of the ductus Aranzi, and the retraction
of the artery within the abdomen. _

Causes.—Cutting the cord off too close to the
umbilicus, or laceration of the vessels during difficult
parturition. The cord may bleed when torn across
naturally, due to sucking at the remains by the mother,
the young one itself, or some other animal.

Treatment.—lf the cord is short, apply astringents
or styptics, or even caustics. Should the cord be
sufficiently long, it is better to ligate it. The precau-
tion necessary here, is to see that the ligature does not
include a portion of intestine. Should there be infiltra-
tion, get rid of it as much as possible before applying
the ligature.

If much blood has been lost, it may be necessary
to resort to the transfusion of blood, or of common salt

solution, into the umbilical vein.

Persistent Urachus.

During foetal life the urachus is the tube through
which urine passes from the urinary bladder of the
foetus into the allantoid cavity. After birth this canal
is obliterated, its walls becoming like a thin cord; the
bladder is retracted within the pelvic cavity, the urine
then passing through the urethra. It sometimes happens
144 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

that through accident, or malformation, it may be only
partially closed, the urine continuing to escape from
the umbilical opening or cord.

Seen oftener in Solipeds than in Ruminants, owing
to the urachus,—like the umbilical artery of the former,
—being firmly attached to the umbilical ring, and
consequently not immediately withdrawn into the
abdominal cavity. It is said to be of more frequent
occurrence in males than in females, and more serious
in the former.

Treatment.—If interference is necessary, ascertain
if the urethra is pervious. If part of the umbilicus
remains, ligate it and allow the whole to slough.
Should the urachus protrude separately, ligate it. If
the urachus is covered by skin, it must be secured by
passing a curved needle through the skin and above the
duct, and tying the ends. A cantharidin blister, or the
cautery iron, will often close the orifice.

Umbilical Hernia.
(Omphalocele, Exomphalos),

This condition is frequently observed in young
animals; more often in Foals and Puppies than in
Calves, Pigs and Lambs. The hernia may appear at
birth or some time after, and, if proper measures are
not adopted for its reduction, may continue during the
life of the animal. By union of the visceral plates in
the linea alba, the abdomen closes during uterine life
as faras the annulus umbilicalis, which remains open
for the umbilical cord, and after birth ceases to exist
on account of obliteration of these vessels. In new
DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES. 145

born animals the umbilical ring not infrequently appears
abnormally large, so that the umbilical cord does not
completely fill it, in consequence of which, the skin and
peritoneum either immediately, or in the first few weeks
after birth, yield to the pressure of the abdominal
contents, and allow the latter to pass through under the
skin.

Two forms recognized, viz., congenital, which is
apparent at birth ; and acquired, which appears during
the first few weeks afterwards.

As a rule, a portion of the colon, or cecum, and
sometimes of the omentum, is found in the sac, which
is composed of skin and peritoneum.

Symptoms. — Umbilical hernia is recognized by
the presence of a swelling, varying in size from a
hazel-nut to that of a man’s head, and lying above the
umbilicus ; is elastic, soft, sharply defined, and free from
inflammatory symptoms. By pressing with the fingers.
or hand on the swelling, it entirely disappears. Some-
times this condition is mistaken for an abscess, so that
caution is required before using the knife, Where the
umbilical ring cannot be felt, and its complete closure
ascertained, every fluctuating enlargement must arouse
suspicion of umbilical hernia. When the tumor is not
reducible, it is generally due to the accumulation of fcecal
or other matters in the intestine.

CAUSES OF ACQUIRED HERNIA.

Acquired or accidental hernia may be due to severe
or sudden muscular exertion on the part of the young
146 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

animal (Foal or Calf). Some authorities suggest
heredity as a predisposing cause.

Treatment,— Among tthe varied applications
recommended in umbilical herniz are : local astringents,
subcutaneous injections of solutions of sodium chloride,
trusses of various kinds, caustic and blistering agents,
as sulphuric and nitric acids, cantharides ointment, etc.
For small herniz, nitric acid may be employed to
destroy the skin and cause such swelling as to close the
orifice before the skin is separated. Some authorities
recommend the application of concentrated sulphuric
or nitric acid with a glass rod in the form of lines, at least
three-eighths to three-quarters of aninch apart. Others
use.a brush, applying the acid to entire surface of the sac.
Bandages, pads, simple or multiple ligation of the sac,
clamps, as Combe’s or Bordonnat’s, herniotomy, etc.

In small herniz, treatment is not always necessary,
the enlargements frequently disappearing spontaneously.

Gtdema of the Umbilicus.

This condition is due to the accumulation of serum,
sometimes blood, in the connective tissue of the cord.
It is usually due to laceration or contusion during
birth, but may frequently be caused by sucking and
tearing at the remains of the cord, by other young
animals.

Symptoms.—The swelling is often of considerable
size, and is always cold to the touch. In Calves it
often remains for a length of time, and is said by
Zundel to constitute a grave defect in young Bulls,
which it mechanically prevents from copulating.
DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES. 147

Treatment.—Cold applications and compresses ;
scarification followed by hot fomentations, and after-
wards astringents.

Omphalitis—Inflammation of’ the Umbilical Cord.

This is an inflammation of the umbilical vein
(omphalo-phlebztzs), but may also involve the abdominal
portion of that structure, and as a consequence of
extension of infection and inflammation, the condition
may become very serious. Embolic infarction of the
lungs, liver, or other organs is likely to ensue, with
gangrene, septicemia, and pyzemia.

Causes.—Mechanical injury, admission of air or
foreign material to the interior of the umbilical vessels,
exposure, improper food to mother. Infection from a
decomposed afterbirth, an abortion, a case of metritis,
a foetid discharge from uterus, a case of erysipelas,
accumulations of excreta, infected litter, etc.

Symptoms.—In the normal state, the umbilical cord
usually dries up and becomes separated a few days after
the young one is born. When inflammation attacks it,
however, the part appears moist, and projects from the
abdomen as an indurated enlargement, discharging from
its centre a small quantity of thin, unhealthy, purulent-
looking fluid. The umbilical vein usually remains open,
and can be explored by a probe, passed at first upward,
and then forward towards the liver.

The general symptoms are: dulness, arched back,
indifference to the teat, and to surrounding objects,
constantly lying down, elevation of temperature,
hurried, panting respiration. Later, great prostration,
148 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

enlargement at the umbilicus, which, if manipulated,
causes great pain; eyes dull and injected, mouth hot
and dry; pulse small, quick, and almost imperceptible.
At first there may be constipation, diarrhcea usually
supervening ; urine scanty; visible mucous membranes
present a yellowish appearance; swellings, containing a
gelatinous, yellow fluid, are sometimes seen on various
portions of the body. Colic or peritonitis sometimes
occurs, and, in the majority of cases, death rapidly
follows.

Sometimes a large swelling takes place at the
umbilical ring, due to accumulation of pus in the canal,
and which might be mistaken for hernia.

It is now recognized by the most eminent authori-
ties, that a great number of diseases of Foals, Calves,
and Lambs take their origin in inflammation of the
umbilical cord. Some of these are: arthritis (pyemic,
and septicemic inflammation of joints, — joint-ill),
iritis, choroiditis, diarrhoea, adenitis, abscesses of
muscle, etc.

Treatment.—Prophylactic. Absolute cleanliness,
protection of the young from septic infection, dressing
of the cord immediately after birth with antiseptics.

Curative.—Chiefly antiseptic. Local antiseptics
combined with astringents. When general infection is
probable, or has already taken place, internal antiseptics
should be administered.

The most serious complication, Franck notes, is
inflammation of the umbilical artery, which is more
frequent in the Foal than in the Calf. General infec-
tion or pyzmia rapidly follows umbilical arteritis.
DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES. 149

Arthritis.

This disease occurs in_-young animals soon after
birth. Roloff has observed pyzmic arthritis in the
Foal, the Calf, and the Lamb. It is much less
frequently seen in Puppies and Pigs.

Modern researches, especially those of Bollinger,
have led us to recognize: (1) Pyzmic arthritis, which
is the most frequent form (Bollinger); it is consequent
upon septic infection starting from the umbilical region.
(2) Fatty degeneration of the red muscles, observed
especially in young Pigs. (3) Acute articular rheuma-
tism. (4) Acute or chronic muscular rheumatism. (5)
Rachitis of young Pigs. (6) Tetanus and cerebro-
spinal meningitis in Lambs. (7) Consumption (Darr-
sucht), a disease of young horses which is probably only
an intestinal or ganglionic (mesenteric) tuberculosis (?).
(8) Various other affections of sucklings, such as
intestinal catarrh, pleuro-pneumonia, general weakness
of the extensors of the limbs with contraction of the
flexors (Colt, Dog).

Causes.—Pyzemic arthritis is due to the introduction
into the blood of putrid matter coming from the
suppuration of the thrombus of the umbilical vein.
The starting point of the morbid processes is infection
of the umbilical wound by the products of putrid
decomposition often to be found in the unclean stable,
the lambing pen, etc. The disease sometimes runs an
enzootic course in flocks and stud farms, where it occa- |
sions considerable loss.

Pathological Anatomy.—Besides the changes already
150 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

noticed, the articular synovial membranes are injected,
thickened and tumified; the synovia, which is very:
abundant, is suspicious when mixed with flaky clots;
later it becomes entirely purulent. The articular carti-.
lages are ulcerated; the epiphyses may be necrosed.
Purulent wasting of the tendons and _ neighboring
muscles from peri-articular abscesses; these structures.
are affected by fatty degeneraticn. Metastatic abscesses.
in most of the organs and tissues (liver, lungs, brain,
kidneys, muscles, and subcutaneous connective tissue).
Finally the heart, liver, kidneys, and muscles have
undergone fatty degeneration.

Symptoms.—Enlargement of one or more joints,
which are hot and tender, general weakness, difficulty
in moving, or even standing, extreme apathy ; high
temperature ; pulse and respirations accelerated. Puru-
lent, and often fetid discharge from the swollen
umbilical region. Death may take place from coma
without any alarming premonitory symptoms; at times,
however, it is preceded by diarrhoea, spasms, and
paralysis.

Symptoms may appear which indicate disease of
other organs (already referred to).

Treatment.—Curative measures are not at all satis-
factory, and the greatest hope of success is to be found
in prophylaxis.
. The utmost cleanliness should be observed in the
surroundings of the young animals, the places thoroughly
disinfected, etc., and the umbilical cord of all young
animals (especially those most susceptible) should be
treated antiseptically immediately after birth.
DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES, 151

Constipation—Retention of the Meconium.

The meconium (intestinal contents), is generally
expelled immediately after birth. When retained, it
becomes an abnormal condition, and interferes with the
function of various organs. The colostrum, being rich
in albumin and salts, is Nature’s laxative for the getting
rid of this material from the intestines, and should
never be withheld from the young animal.

Causes.—The condition is said to be observed in
Foals whose dams have been fed exclusively on dry
fodder during the winter. Also that the result is likely
to follow when the mother has been worked right up
to foaling time, her milk being then deficient in laxative
properties. Depriving the young animal of the colos-
trum. Calves are likely to suffer from similar causes.

Symptoms.—\n the Foal, there is uneasiness, strain-
ing, symptoms of colic, looks toward the flank, gets
down and rolls, no inclination for the teat. Accelerated
pulse and respirations, grinding of the teeth, and if
relief is not given, death may take place from inflam-
mation of the bowels.

The Calf behaves similarly to the Foal.

Treatment.—Prophylactic. The pregnant animal
should receive proper aliment for some time previous
to parturition. The young one ought to be allowed
the colostrum (the first milk), or if this cannot be done,
it should be given a dose of an oleaginous laxative, as
castor oil, linseed oil (raw), sweet oil, etc.

If any portion of the meconium is within reach of
the finger, it should be carefully removed ; the finger
should always be well lubricated. Enemas may have
152 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

to be given; glycerine in water, oil, soap-suds, are all
useful. The mother should receive laxative diet. Should
constipation arise in the young animal from any other
cause, similar treatment should be adopted.

Gastro-Intestinal Catarrh.

“Friedberger & Frohner’s Pathology” (Zuill’s
translati o) says: ‘‘By its etiology, its course, and
treatment, gastro-intestinal catarrh of young animals
differs essentially from the same affection in adults. It
has often been confounded with dysentery and described
under this name; but it must be distinguished from it.”

Causes.—(1) Diseases of the mother, the alimenta-
tion of the mother influencing the condition of the
milk ; certain medicinal substances mixed with the milk,
irritating the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane; over
fatigue of the mother influencing the quality of the milk.
Zuill remarks, that one of the most common causes of
this disease among young animals on American farms
is the careless and irregular manner in which they are
fed. Kept for long periods without food while the
mother is at work, they are allowed to take an unlimited
quantity of milk furnished while the dam is overheated
and fatigued. This is one of the reasons why so many
of our animals are suffering from a chronic form of this
disease. If the young animals are not nursing, they
are allowed to take an overabundance of milk or other
food, thus producing indigestion of the abomasum,—a
common disease among Calves.

2. When the young animals are fed irregularly, at
the time their mothers are used for work.
DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES. 153

3. Colds (cold or damp stables, draughts, and cold
udder of the mother).

4. Retention of intestinal mucus of the foetus
(meconium), when the first milk (colostrum) is not used,
the result of which will be constipation and a decom-
position of the contents of the stomach, the products

_ of which irritate the mucous membrane.

Among the circumstances capable of determining
catarrh in weaned animals, we must especially point
out:

1. Weaning when taking place under unfavorable
conditions.

2. Substitutes for milk, particularly those contajn-
ing starch.

3. Cold and damp weather; also cold drinks.

4. Intestinal parasites.

The predisposing causes are: hereditary weakness
of the digestive apparatus, affections of the mesenteric
ganglion, etc., and also extreme sensibility of the diges-
tive organs in very young animals.

Symptoms.—At the commencement of the disease the
symptoms vary with the cause. Sometimes they appear
suddenly, at other times gradually, and fail to attract
attention for the first few days. In sucklings, the
principal symptom—diarrhcea—is usually preceded by
slight anorexia, some depression and weakness; in
weaned animals (when the disease is induced by the
ingestion of very cold water, or external cold), it
commences with fever and general troubles; body
temperature irregularly distributed ; pronounced nervous
depression, both sensory and motor. Diarrhcea soon
154 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

develops, the excrements become more and more liquid
and clear; they then become fetid, mucous, yellow or
greenish-grey spumous, and contain more or less fibrin-
ous flakes or clots. They have an acid, putrid odor ;
later they are streaked with blood or even bloody.
There is ordinarily tenesmus and slight colic; back
arched, and limbs gathered; skin dry, and hair erect; |
exhalations become fetid, and there is excessive weak-
ness. Tympanites from abnormal fermentation, which
may exist before, during, or after the diarrhceic period.
Death may occur in from a few days to several weeks,
and is generally produced by exhaustion, anzemia, or
dropsy. ;

Treatment.—Ascertain the cause, suppress it, or
diminish its effects. In sucklings, the mother ought to.
receive attention; regulation of her diet; fatiguing
work should be avoided, also too long intervals of
milking. Another nurse may have to be selected.

Regulation of the food and feeding of the young
animal should be attended to.

The diarrhcea combated by albuminous or mucil-
aginous agents. A mild laxative may be necessary to
clear the intestinal canal. When due to fermentation,
the carbonates of soda or magnesia may be beneficial.
Antiseptics, as creolin, salicylic acid, etc., have been
recommended ; these medicaments may also have the
desired effect should intestinal parasites be the cause
of the diarrhoea. Other agents recommended are:
opium and rhubarb, Dover’s powder, tincture of opium,
chlorodyne. Styptics or astringents, and antiseptic:
and astringent enemas.
DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES, 155

Dysentery.

(Dysenteria Neonatorum.)

Dysentery of the newly-born animal is the least
known of all the infectious diseases which affect our
subjects. It is observed in the Calf (white dysentery
or scour), Lamb, Foal, Puppy, and Kitten. This affec-
tion and pyzmic polyarthritis are the most fatal diseases
of young age.

Causes.—Generally, it is developed from the first
to the third day after birth; after the fourth day it is
much less frequent ; young animals are often affected
by it before having sucked ; milk, therefore, has nothing
to do with the development of the disease. Although
the infectious element is yet unknown, its exciting cause
is evidently infection, contained in, and carried by, the
excrements, It appears to be miasmatico-contagious,
and seems to be transmissible from one animal species
to another. It is thought that causal relations exist
between epizootic abortion and dysentery of Calves,
Intra-uterine infection may probably occur by trans-
mission to the digestive mucous membrane of young
animals of an infectious product of the uterus and
vagina.

Symptoms.—Very similar in the different species.
The Calf stops sucking, shows symptoms of restless-
ness, bellows, and by violent efforts ejects excrements,
which may be whitish, mixed with clots of coagulated
milk, or very often with blood ; later, involuntary evacu-
ations. Exhaustion, convulsions at intervals; ptyalism ;
fetid breath, Death takes place often within twenty-
156 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

four hours, sometimes within three days. Mortality,
80 to 100 per cent. ,

The Lamb becomes depressed,’ weak, and the
ejected excrements are of a mucous liquid, with fetid
odor. Tenesmus. Elevation of temperature in the
beginning (41.5 C.), which afterwards drops abruptly.
Breathing accelerated ; ptyalism, etc.

In the Foal, the symptoms appear during the first
three days. Depression and restlessness; the excre-
ments are mucous or liquid in appearance, and extremely
offensive. The breath and cutaneous exhalations have
a disagreeable odor. Eyes are sunken in their sockets ;
great weakness and thirst, etc,

Gastro-intestinal catarrh may be distinguished by
less severity, and from occurring at a slightly later
period.

Treatment.—Separation of the healthy from the
sick, and disinfection of the premises, as well as the
genital canals of the females both before and after
parturition. When the disease exists in enzootic form,
it is well to isolate, in a suitable place, pregnant animals
a month or two previous to parturition.

On the first indication of sickness, a mild laxative
should be given. Rhubarb and opium is recommended,
also Hertwig’s prescription is highly spoken of. It is
the following: Pulverized rhubarb, 4 grammes; mag-
nesium carbonate, 1 gramme; pulverized opium, 2
grammes (to be given at one time to the Calf in 100
grammes of infusion of chamomile, or in 50 grammes
of whisky).

Other agents suggested are: tannin, salicylic acid,
DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES. 157

cresol, creolin, tar-water, resorcin ; mucilaginous prepa-
rations, as decoction of linseed, gum, marsh mallow,
mucilage, gelatin water, etc., either alone or associated
with opium. If the animal can partake of food, it
should be given in small quantities, and be suitably
prepared.

Cyanosis—Blue Disease.

This condition results from the mixing of the arterial
and venous blood, and due to patency of the foramen
ovale after birth.

It is recognized by blueness of the visible mucous
membranes, coldness of the surface ; and sensitiveness
to cold. The condition, when due to this cause, cannot
be remedied.

Eclampsia.

Eclampsia of young animals, says Hering, is speci-
ally observed in the Puppy, at the time of cutting teeth,
and in young Pigs.

It is expressed by convulsions, which are similar to
those of the eclampsia of children, by a turning of the
eyeball in the orbit, trembling, spasms of the masseters,
grinding of the teeth, ptyalism, with discharge of foamy
saliva, etc. .

Causes.—Abnormally nervous disposition ; at other
times peripheric irritations.

Treatment.—Antispasmodics.

Tetanus Neonatorum.

Tetanus of young animals seems to be confined
more particularly to Lambs. It is supposed that certain
I 58 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

Lambs are predisposed through improper feeding and
management of the Ewes. Exposure to extremes of
heat and cold is thought to predispose to this disease.

Treatment.—Prophylactic. Attend to the healthy
and proper condition of the mothers.

Curative Measures,—A laxative at the beginning
of the disease. Chloral alternated with quinine. Fric-
tion to the limbs and spine.

 

 

Some other conditions occasionally met with, and
requiring more or less surgical interference are—I mper-
forate Prepuce; Atresia Ani; Imperforate Vulva and
Vagina; Tongue-Tie; Occlusion of the Auditory Canal;
Occlusion of the Eye-Lids ; Cleft Palate, etc.
INDEX.

A

Abdominal gestation, 45, 46.
Abnormal retention of foetus, 51.
Abortion, 56-59.

Agalactia, 137.

Agalorrhoea, 137.

Albuminuria, 48.

-Allantoid membrane, 34.
Allantois, 34.

Amaurosis, 48.

Amnion, 33.

Amputation, partial, of fore-limb, 82.

-Anasarca, 89.

Ante-partum paresis, 50.
Apoplexy, parturient, 116-122,
Arthritis, 149, 150.

Articulations, pelvic, 13.
Articulations, pelvic, of Bitch, 14.
Articulations, pelvic, of Cat, 14.
Articulations, pelvic, of Goat, 14.
Articulations, pelvic, of Cow, 14.
Articulations, pelvic, of Pig, 14.
_Articulations, pelvic, of Sheep, 14.
Ascites, abdominal, 89.
Asphyxia, 142.

Atresia ani, 158.

Auditory canal, occlusion of, 158.

B

Ballottement, 41.
Bladder, hernia of, 97.
Bladder, inversion of, 111.
Blue disease, 157.

Cc

-Czesarian operation, 84, 85.
Canals of Gertner, 22.

‘Catarrh, gastro-intestinal, 152-154.
‘Chapped teats, 136.

Chorion, 33.

Chorion, scirrhous, 99.

159

 

Circulation, foetal, 39, 40.
Circulation, placental, 36-39.
Cleft palate, 158.

Clitoris, 18.

Clitoris of Cat, 20.

Clitoris of Pig, 20.

Coccyx, It.

Colic, 48.

Constipation, 48.

Cord, Umbilical, 38.
Cotyledons, maternal, 23, 36, 37.
Cough, 48.

Coxa, 7.

Cramp, 48..

Cyanosis, 157.

D
Decapitation, 80.
Detruncation, 82.
Deviation of uterus, 94.
Dysentery, 155, 156.
Dystokia, 60.
Dystokia, causes of, 60.
Dystokia, foetal, 60.
Dystokia, maternal, 60, go.

E

Eclampsia, 48, 122, 123.
Eclampsia of the young, 157.
Embryotomy, 78.
Envelopes, foetal, 33. °
Eversion of uterus, 104-110.
Evisceration, 82.

Exostosis, 90.

Extra-uterine gestation, 45.
Eye-lids, occlusion of, 158.

1 F

Fallopian tubes, 23.
Flooding, rot.
Feetal circulation, 39, 40.
160 “INDEX.
Feetal envelopes, 33. z I
Foetal membranes, retention of, 102,

103.
Foetus, abnormal retention of, 51.
Foetus, manipulation of, 46.
Feetus, rotation of, 83.
Feetus, version of, 83.
Fore-limb, partial amputation of, 82,
Fractures, go.
G

Geertner’s canals, 22.
Gastro-Hysterotomy, 84, 85.
Gastro-intestinal catarrh, 152-154.
Gestation, period of, 31.
Gestation, period of, in Bitch, 33.
Gestation, period of, in Cat, 33.
Gestation, period of, in Cow, 33.
Gestation, period of, in Ewe, 33.
Gestation, period of, in Human, 33.
Gestation, period of, in Rabbit, 33.
Gestation, period of, in Sow, 33.
Gestation, abdominal, 45.
Gestation, extra-uterine, 45.
Gestation, interstitial, 45.
Gestation, ovarian, 45.
Gestation, tubal, 45.
Glands, conglomerate, in vulva of

cow, 20.
Glands, mammary, 24-26.
Graafian vesicles, 24.

H
Heat, 28.
Heat, period of, in Bitch, 29.
Heat, period of, in Cow, 29.
Heat, period of, in Ewe, 29.
Hemorrhage, post-partum, ror.
Hemorrhage, umbilical, 143.
Hernia, acquired, 145.
Hernia of bladder, 97.
Hernia of uterus, 54.
Hernia, umbilical, 144, 145.
Hydrops uteri, 47.
Hymen, 19.
Hymen, persistent, 99.
Hysteria, 48.
Hysterocele, 54.
Hysterotomia, 84.

 

Impregnation, 30.

Inipregnator, 27.

Induration of os uteri, 99.

Interstitial gestation, 45.

Inversion of bladder, 111.

Inversion of uterus, I04-1Io,
Inversion of vagina (post-partum), 11T.

L

Laminitis, parturient, 126.
Leucorrhecea, 115.

M

Mammal, 24-26.

Mammal, polypi of, 136.

Mammal, tumors of, 136.

Mammal, wounds and bruises of, 127,
128.

Mammary duct, 134.

Mammary duct, stenosis of, 134, 135.

Mammary glands, 24, 25, 26.

Mammitis, 128.

Mastitis apostematosa, 131, 133.

Mastitis catarrhalis, 130.

Mastitis chronica, 135.

Mastitis gangrenosa, 133.

Mastitis, phlegmonous, 129.

Maternal cotyledons, 23, 36, 37.

Meatus urinarius, 20.

Meatus urinarius, Cow, 20.

Meconium, retention of, 151.

Membrane, allantoid, 34.

Membrane, vulva-vaginal, 20.

Metritis, 113-115.

Metrorrhagia, 51.

Metrotomy, rio.

Milk, blue, 140.

Milk, composition of, 138,

Milk, curdled, 139.

Milk, fat, 139.

Milk fever, 116-122.

Milk, filamentous, 4o.

Milk, non-butter-producing, 140.

Milk, putrid, r4o.

Milk, specific gravity of, 138.

Milk, suppression of, 137.

Milk, watery, 138.

Bo he al
INDEX.

Monstrosities, 86.

Monstrosities, parasitic, 86.

Monstrosities, dicephalus bicollis, 186.

Monstrosities, ectopia cordis, 87,

Monstrosities, hydrocephalus, 88.

Monstrosities, hydrops capitis, 88.

Monstrosities, schistocormus fissister-
nalis, 87.

Monstrosities, schistocormus reflexus,
87.

Mummiification of foetus, 46.

Oo

CEdema, 49.

CEdema of umbilicus, 146.
CEstrum, 28.

strum, period of, in Bitch, 29.
strum, period of, in Cow, 29.
CEstrum, period of, in Ewe, 29,
Omphalitis, 147, 148.

Os innominatum, 7.
Osteomalachia, 48.

Os-uteri, induration of, 99.
Os-uteri, spasm of, 97, 98.
Ovarian gestation, 45, 46.
Ovaries, 24.

P

Paralysis, parturient (post-partum),
124,

Paresis (ante-partum), 50.

Parturient apoplexy, 116-122.

Parturient laminitis, 126.

Parturient paralysis (post-partum), 124

Parturition, symptoms of, 41-44.

Pelvic articulations, 13.

Pelvic articulations, Bitch and Cat, 14.

Pelvic articulations, Cow, 14.

Pelvic articulations, Ewe and Goat, 14

Pelvic articulations, Sow, 14.

Pelvis, 7.

Pelvis of Bitch and cat, 12.

Pelvis of Cow, 11.

Pelvis of Ewe and Goat, 12.

Pelvis of Sow, 13.

Pelvis, deformity of, 90.

Pelvis, diameters of, 15.

Pelvis, inlet of, 15.

 

16L

Pelvis, outlet of, 15, 16.
Persistent hymen, 99.
Persistent urachus, 143.
Phlegmasia dolens, 124, 125.
Pica, 48.
Placental circulation, 36-39.
Placental membranes, 33, 34.
Polypi in milk ducts, 136.
Pregnancy, spurious, 46.
Pregnancy, symptoms of, 4o, 41.
Prepuce, perforate, 158.
Presentation, breach, 73.
Presentation, dorso-lumbar, 76.
Presentation, hock, 72.
Presentation, lumbo-pubic, 73.
Presentation, lumbo-sacral
limbs flexed at fetlocks), 71.
Presentation, lumbo-sacral
flexed), 71.
Presentation, sterno-abdominal, 75.
Presentation, thigh and croup, 73.
Presentation, vertebro-iliac, 62.
Presentation, vertebro-pubic, 61.

(hind

(hocks.

Presentation, vertebro-sacral (fore-
legs over neck), 63.

Presentation, vertebro-sacral (fore-
legs flexed at fetlocks; head nor-
mal), 63.

Presentation, vertebro-sacral (fore-
legs flexed at knees), 64.

Presentation, vertebro-sacral (four
feet presented), 70.

Presentation, vertebro-sacral (head
normal; fore-legs back under body),
65.

Presentation, vertebro-sacral (head
bent downwards), 66.

Presentation, vertebro-sacral (head
bent to one side), 68.

Presentation, vertebro-sacral (head,

bent backwards and upwards), 69.
Procidentia uteri, 104-110.
Prolapsus, vaginal (ante-partum),52, 53.
Prolapsus, vessical, 111.
Puberty, 27, 28.

R
Rachitis, 58.
Retentis secundarum, 102, 103.
162

Retention of fcetal membranes, Io2,
103.

Rotation of foetus, 83.

‘Rupture of uterus (ante-partum), 55,
56.

Rut, 28.

Rut period in Bitch, 29.

Rut period in Cow, 29.

Rut period in Ewe, 29,

Ss
Sacrum, Io.
‘Scirrhous chorion, 99.
Spasm of os uteri, 97, 98.
‘Spurious pregnancy, 46.
Superfcetation, 45.
Symptoms of parturition, 41-44.
Symptoms of pregnancy, 40, 41.

T
‘Teat, 25, 26.
‘Teat, fissured or chapped, 136.
Tetanus neonatorum, 157.
‘Tongue-tie, 158.
Torsion of uterus, 94-96.
Tubal gestation, 45.
‘Tubes of Fallopius, 23.
Tumors, 97.
‘Tumors of udder, 136.

 

INDEX.

U
Umbilical cord, 38.
Umbilical vesicle, 36.
Umbilicus, cedema of, 146.
Urachus, persistent, 143.
Uterus, 22.
Uterus, deviation of, 93.
Uterus, eversion or inversion of, 104-
IIo.
Uterus, hernia of, 54, 92.
Uterus, rupture of, 55, 56.
Uterus, torsion of, 94, 95, 96.

Vv

Vagina, 21.

Vagina, ante-partum prolapse of, 52,
53+

Vagina, imperforate, 158.

Vagina, inversion of (post-partum),II1.

Vaginitis, 113.

Vascularization, 36, 37, 38

Version of foetus, 83.

Vesicle, Graafian, 24.

Vesicle, umbilical, 36.

Vomiting, 48.

Vulva, 18.

Vulva, imperforate, 158.
WILLIAM R. JENKINS’
Veterinary Books.

1898.

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Among contents are items concerning: Veterinary
Drugs; Poisons; Solubility of Drugs; Composition of
Milk,Bile, Blood, Gastric Juice, Urine, Saliva; Respi-
ration; Dentition; Temperature, ete., ete. Bound in
leather, with flap and pocket ..... KuaeeneyeNe Bs 1 25

(*)BRADLEY. ‘* Outlines of Veterinary Anatomy.”
By O. Charnock Bradley, Member of the Royal Col-
lege of Veterinary Surgeons; Professor of Anatomy
in the New Veterinary College, Edinburgh.

The author presents the most important facts of
veterinary anatomy in as condensed a form as possible,
consistent with lucidity. 12mo, paper.

Complete in three parts.

Part I,: The Limbs........ cc cece e eee eee eens 1 25
ParT II.: The Trunk ...... 0. cc ccc cece ce cer eees 125
ParRTIil.: The Head and Neck’ ................ 1 25
THE SET COMPLETE ......... ccc cece ee cee enees 3 50

CLEMENT. “Veterinary Post Mortem Examina-

tions.’ By A. W. Clement, V.S. Records of
autopsies, to be of any value, should accurately
represent the appearances of the tissues and organs
so that a diagnosis might be made by the reader were
not the examiners conclusions stated. To make the
pathological conditions clear to the reader, some
definite system of dissection is necessary. The
absence in the English language, of any guide in
making autopsies upon the lower animals, induced
Dr. Clement to write this book, trusting that it
would prove of practical value to the profession.
12mo, cloth, illustrated. ............00. ote aoeeeweae
a

851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48th St.), New York. 38

(*) CADIOT. - ‘‘ Roaring in Horses.” Its Pathology
and Treatment. This work represents the latest
development in operative methods for the alleviation
of roaring. Each step is most clearly defined b7
excellent full-page illustrations. By P. J. Cadiot,
Professor at the Veterinary School, Alfort. Trans,
Thos. J. Watt Dollar, M.R.C.V.S., etc. Cloth..... 75

(*}— “ Exercises in Equine Surgery.” By P. J. Cadiot.
Translated by Prof. A. W. Bitting, M.D.,V.S., edited
by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D.V.S. 8vo, cloth illus-
(rated. ccasis canvencerdasan algemeaaas eds 2 50

CHAUVEAU. ‘The Comparative Anatomy of the
Domesticated Animals.” By A. Chauveau. New
edition, translated, enlarged and entirely revised by

George eee F.R.C.V.8. 8vo. cloth with 585
DNS trationsin..41- ieee gacsivenagdoraweuiaegws .5 75

CLARKE, ‘Horses’ Teeth.’ <A Treatise on their
Anatomy, Pathology, Dentistry, etc. Revised and

enlarged. By W.H. Clarke. 12mo, cloth........ 2 50
— ‘Chart of the Feet and Teeth of Fossil
WMOrses2 scscamaaxresnawensenenns creek a iew een awe 25

CLEAVELAND. *“ Pronouncing Medical Lexicon.”
Pocket edition. Cloth 5
COURTNEY, ‘Manual of Veterinary Medicine and
Barwerye By Edward Courtney, V.S. Crown, ay
seotdies Als gute avtans eseletunsdisu Aen GBA SAR awies Aloo 275

(**) COX, ‘Horses: In Accident and Disease.” The
sketches introduced embrace various attitudes which
have been observed, ‘such as in choking ; the disorders
and accidents occurring to the stomach and intestines ;
affection of the brain; and some special forms of lame-

ness, etc. By J. Roalfe Cox, F.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth,
fully illustrated .........c cece eee eee seceesceceel 50
4 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins

CURTIS. ‘Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Swine.” The
origin, history, improvement, description, characteris-
tics, merits, objections, ete. By Geo. W. Curtis,
M.S.A. Superbly illustrated. Cloth, $2 00; half
sheep, $2.75; half MOroGGO.......... ee eee e eee eee 3 50

DALRYMPLE. “Veterinary Obstetrics.” A com-
pendium for the use of advanced students and Practi-
tioners. By W. H. Dalrymple, M.R.C.V.S., late
principal of the Department of Veterinary Science in
the Louisiana State University and A. & M. College;
late Veterinarian to the Louisiana State Bureau of
Agriculture, and Agricultural Experiment Stations;
Member of the United States Veterinary Medical
Associations, ete. (Ready February 15th.)

DALZIEL. “British Dogs.” Describing the History,
Characteristics, Points, and-Club Standards, ete., etc.
With numerous colored plates and wood engravings.
By Hugh Dalziel. Vol. I., $4 00. Vol. IL., 8vo.4 00

— “The Fox Terrier.” ‘Illustrated. (Monographs on
British: -DOgS)< dciesic seine seis oe ce edvesesateeees« 1 00

— ‘¢Fox Terrier Stud Book.”? Edited by Hugh Dalziel.

Vol. I. Containing Pedigrees of over 1,400 of the best-

known Dogs, traced to their most remote known an-
COSLOTS <cecccevecseetaatetesgsee’ piso he hek 1 00

Vol. II. Pedigrees of 1,544 Dogs, Show Record, &c.1 00
Vol. III. Pedigrees of 1,214 Doge,Show Record,&c.1 00
Vol. IV. Pedigrees of 1,168 Dogs,Show Record,&e.1 00
Vol. V. Pedigrees of 1,662 Dogs, Show Record, &c.1 00

— ‘The St. Bernard.” Illustrated.............. .-1 00
851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48th St.), New York. 5

- “St. Bernard Stud Book.” Edited by Hugh Dalziel.

Vol. I. Pedigrees of 1,278 of the best-known Dogs,
traced to their most remote known ancestors, Show
Record; &Civc vics sags caaws cased sess e sane de Geveks 1 00

Vol. II. Pedigrees of 564 Dogs, Show Record, &c..1 00

— “The Diseases of Dogs.” Their Pathology, Diagnosis
and Treatment, with a dictionary of Canine Materia-
Medica. By Hugh Dalziel. 12mo, cloth............. 80

— “Diseases of Horses.” 12mo, cloth.............. 1 00

— “Breaking and Training Dogs.” Being concise
directions for the proper education of dogs, both
for the field and for companions. Second edi-
tion, revised and enlarged. Part I, by Pathfinder:

Part II, by Hugh Dalziel. 12mo, cloth, illus....2.60
— “The Collie.” Its History, Points, and Breeding. By
Hugh Dalziel. Illustrated, 8vo, cloth............ 1 00
— “The Greyhound.” ‘8vo, cloth, illus.............. 1 00

DANCE. “Veterinary Tablet.” Folded in cloth case.
The tablet of A. A. Dance is a synopsis of the diseases
of horses, cattle and dogs with the causes, symptoms
ANG -CULCSiexcusedanasasisniienie ad Pode da. ae nage es 75

DANA. “Tables in Comparative Physiology.” By
Prot... Li: Dania; MeDiscsades gavase sss Saieee ss teas. 26

DAY. «<The Race-horse in Training.” By Wm. Day,
BOO ces kidawevteccakcd TRERER eT PPS) Wee eR ERD 3 5

DOLLAR. ‘The Structure and Functions of the
Horse’s Foot, with especial reference to Horse-
shoeing, by Jno. A. W. Dollar, M.RCV.S.and Albert
Wheatley, F.R.C.V 8. With over 300 woodcuts, aboul
70 large process-work plates, and 2 double-page
colored plates. 8vo, cloth, $4.75.
6 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins

(*)DUN, ‘ Veterinary Medicines, Their Actions and
Uses.” By Finlay Dun, V.S. Revised edition (almost
entirely re-written) 8vo, cloth................008. 3 50

DWYER. ‘Seats and Saddles.”? Bits and Bitting,
Draught and Harness and the Prevention and Cure of
Restiveness in Horses. By Francis Dwyer. Illus-
trated. 1 vol., 12mo, cloth, gilt................4 1 50

()FLEMING. “Veterinary Obstetrics.” Including the
Accidents and Diseases incident to Pregnancy, Parturi-
tion, and the early Age in Domesticated Animals.
By Geo. Fleming, F.R.C.V.8. With 212 illustrations.
New edition revised, 226 illustrations, 758 pages. ..6 25

773 pages,8vo, cloth (old edition) ...... aid cosets ta .3 50
— “Rabies and Hydrophobia.” History. Natural
Causes, Symptoms and Prevention. By Geo.
Fleming, M. R.C.V.S, 8vo, cloth....... ev eee ta ey 3 75

— ‘Propagation of Tuberculosis.” Stating Injurious
Effects from the consumption of the Flesh and
Milk of Tuberculous Animals. By Geo. Fleming,
M.D., M.R.C.V.S., and others. 8vo, cloth....... 1 50

— ‘A Treatise on Practical Horseshoeing.” By George
Fleming, M.R.C.V.S. Cloth............. 0... eee eee 75

— “Tuberculosis.” From a Sanitary and Pathological
POlNHOL VIC Wiediecisisiawisicncisysial ammere ns aibsieleanedianirs 25

— “The Contagious Diseases of Animals.” Their
influence on the wealth and health of nations.
T2mM0, PAPEL oo... eee eee eee eee eee ee teens eee 25
851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48th St.), New York. 7

“Operative Veterinary Surgery.”’ Part I, by Dr.
Geo. Fleming, M.R.0.V.S. This valuable work,
the most practical treatise yet issued on the
subject in the English language, is devoted to the
common operations of Veterinary Surgery; and the
concise descriptions and directions of the text are illus-
trated with numerous wood engravings. 8vo,cloth.2 75
Orders will now be received for the second volume.

“ Human and Animal Variole.” A Study in
Comparative Pathology. Paper .................- 25

‘Animal Plagues.” Their History, Nature, and
Prevention. By George Fleming, F. R. C. V.S., etc.
First Series. 8vo, cloth, $6.00; Second Series.
8v0, Cloth. sseeveccaveadek sec adenais ca eens ereusy 3 00
“ Roaring in Horses.” By Dr. George Fleming,
F.RC.V.S. A treatise on this peculiar disorder
of the Horse, indicating its method of treatment
and curability. 8vo, cloth, with col. plates ...... 1 50

(*)FLEMING-NEUMANN. “Parasites and Para-

sitic Diseases of the Domesticated Animals.” A
work which the students of human or veterinary medi-
cine, the sanitarian, agriculturist or breeder or rearer
of animals, may refer for full information regarding
the external and internal Parasites—vegetable and
animal—which attack various species of Domestic
Animals. A Treatise by L. G. Neumann, Professor
at the National Veterinary School of Toulouse,
Translated and edited by George Fleming, C. B., L.L.
D.,F.B.C.V.S. 873 pages, 365 illustrations, cloth.7 50

FRIEDBERGER - FROHNER. “* Pathology

and Therapeutics of the Domesticated Animals.”
Translated by Prof, L. Zuill, M. D., D. V. S.
BVO) satis tan ee Ra BARA cdntapvannes Soaluns gabus eg ecorerese . 10 00
8 ‘Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins

GRESSWELL, ‘The Diseases and Disorders of the
Ox.” By George Gresswell, B.A. With Notes by
James B. Gresswell. Crown, 8vo, cloth, illus....3 50

— ‘Diseases and Disorders of the Horse.’’ By Albert,
James B., and George Gresswell. Crown, 8vo, illus-
trated, Clothiss scx. cevedaes ceey ae cease yaa dle ee ces 1 75

GRESSWELE,. Manual of “The Theory and Practice
of Equine Medicine.” By J. B. Gresswell, F.R.C.V.S.,

and Albert Gresswell, M.R.C.V.S., second edition,
enlarged, 8vo, Cloth......-.....scceceseaecennves 2 75

— ‘Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics.” By
James B. Gresswell, F.R.C.V.S. 16mo, cloth ...1 50

— ‘The Bovine Prescriber.” For the use of Veterina-

rians and Veterinary Students. By James B. and
Albert Gresswell, M.R.C.V.S Cloth.............2..75

— “The Equine Hospital Preseriber.” Drawn up for the
use of Veterinary Practitioners and Students. By
Drs. James B. and Albert Gresswell, M.R.C.V.S.
Cloths seceantiicigacadecisnis Aten ae raan see lona pie Sida aegis 75

— “Veterinary Pharmacopzia, Materia Medica and
Therapeutics.” By George and Charles Gresswell,
with descriptions and physiological actions of medi-
eines. By Albert Gresswell. Crown,8vo,cl........ 2 75

()GOTTHEIL, “A Manual of General Histology.”
By Wm. 8. Gottheil, M.D., Professor of Pathology in
the American Veterinary College, New York; etc., etc.

Histology is the basis of the physician’s art, as
Anatomy is the foundation of the surgeon's science.
Only by knowing the processes of life can we under-
stand the changes of disease and the action of remedies;
as the architect must know his building materials, so
must the practitioner of medicine know the intimate
structure of the body. To present this knowledge in
an accessible and simple form has been the author’s
task. 8vo., cloth, 148 pages, fully illustrated... 1 00
851-853 Siwth Avenue (cor. 48th St.), New York. 9

(\SHASSLOCH. “A Compend of Veterinary Materia
Medica and Therapeutics.” By Dr. A. C. Hassloch,
V.S., Lecturer on Materia Medica and Therapeutics,
and Professor of Veterinary Dentistry at the NewYork
College of Veterinary Surgeons and School of Compa-
rativé Medicine, N. Y. 12mo, cloth, 225 pages ..1 50

HAYES. * Veterinary Notes for Horse-Owners.” An
every day Horse Book. Illustrated. By M. H. Hayes.
12m, COWL: cicscccs erewesnsie ond nme waistetee asin 5 00

— “Riding.” On the Flat and Across Country. A Guide
to Practical Horsemanship. By Captain M. H. Hayes.
Second edition, 16mo, Cloth...............6+ c00e 4 25

— “lustrated Horse Breaking.” By Captain M. H.
Hayes. 12mo, cloth, illustrated................. 8 40

— “The Horsewoman.” By Captain M. H. Hayes and
Mrs. Hayes. 12mo, cloth, illustrated.... ...... 4 25

(“)HEATLEY. “The Stock Owner’s Guide.” A
handy Medical Treatise for every man who owns an
ox orcow, By George S. Heatley, M.R.C.V. 12mo,
GlOtn a scccie eedcctemmain wand ema var heneaain sean eee 1 25

— “The Horse Owner’s Safeguard.” A handy Medical
Guide for every Horse Owner. 12mo, cloth...... 1 50

— “Practical Veterinary Remedies.” 12mo, cloth...1 00
HILL. ‘The Principles and Practice of Bovine Med-

icine and Surgery.” ByJ. Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C. V.S.
Cloth. (Temporarily out of print).
10 =: Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins

HILL. ‘The Management and Diseases of the Dog.”
Containing full instructions for Breeding, Rearing and
Kenneling Dogs. Their Different Diseases. How to
detect and how to cure them. Their Medicines, and
the doses in which they can be safely administered.
By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C.V.S. 12mo, cloth, extra
fully illustrated................ #4 sland we eoverernss 2 00

HINEBAUCG. ‘Veterinary Dental Surgery.” For
the use of Students, Practitioners and Stockmen.
12mo, cloth, illustrated....... 0... ce eee ee eee 2 00

(**)HOARE. ‘A Manual of Veterinary Therapeutics
and Pharmacology.” By E. Wallis Hoare, F.R.C.V.S8.
12mo, cloth, 560 pages.......... Hee eas 2 75

“Deserves a good place in the libraries of all veterina-
rians. * annot help but be of the greatest assist-

ance to tie young veterinarian and the every day busy
practitioner.”—American Veterinary Review.

HUNTING. The Art of Horse-shoeing. A manual
for Farriers. By William Hunting, F.R.C.V.S., edi-
tor of the Veterinary Record, ex-president of the Royal
College of Veterinary Surgeons. (Ready in February.)

()KOBERT, ‘Practical Toxicology for Physicians
and Students”? By Prof. Dr. Rudolph Kobert,
Director of the Pharmacological Institute, Dorpat,
Russia Translated and edited by L. H. Friedburg,
Ph.D., of Dept. of Chemistry, College of City of New
York, Prof. of Chemistry and Toxicology at the Ame-
rican Veterinary College, New York, and New York
Homeepathic Medical College and Hospital. Author-
ized edition. 8vo., Cloth....-....... 0... cere eee 2 50

KOCH. ‘Etiology of Tuberculosis.» By Dr. R.
Koch, Translated by T, Saure, 8vo, cloth.....1 00
851-858 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48th St.), New York, 11

KEATING. ‘A New Unabridged Pronouncing
Dictionary of Medicine.” By John M. Keating, M.D.,
LL.D., Henry Hamilton and others. A voluminous
and exhaustive hand-book of Medical and scientific
terminology with Phonetic Pronunciation, Accentu-
ation, Etymology, etc. With an appendix containing
important tables of Bacilli, Microcci Leucomaines,
Ptomaines; Drugs and Materials used in Antiseptic
Surgery; Poisons and their antidotes; Weights and
Measures; Themometer Scales; New Officinal and
Unofficinal Drugs, etc., etc. S8vo, 818 pages..... 5 00

LAMBERT. ‘The Germ Theory of Disease.”
Bearing upon the health and welfare of man and the

domesticated animals. By James Lambert, F.R.C.V.S.
BVO; PHP OL cononcitcnererasajcneranias Graucuauereonteiarcuecivor® Ree Se 25

LAW, ‘*¥armers’ Veterinary Adviser.” A Guide to
the Prevention and Treatment of Disease in Domestic

Animals. By Professor James Law.lllustrated. 8vo,
ClOE Dorinda snrcatdeseerreo nes Modan mmasenece 3 00

LIAUTARD., ‘Median Neurotowy in the Treatment

Chronic Tendinitis and Periostosis of the Fetlock.”
By C. Pellerin, late Repetitor of Clinic and Surgery to
the Alfort Veterinary School. Translated with addi-
pom facts relating to it, by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D.,

Having rendered good results when performed by
himself, the author believes the operation, which
consists in dividing the cubito-plantar nerve and in
excising a portion of the peripherical end, the means
of improving the conditions, and consequently the
values of many apparently doomed animals. Agricul-
ture in particular will be benefited,

The work is divided into two parts. The first covers
the study of Median Neurotomy itself; the second,
the exact relations ofthe facts as observed by the
author. 8vo., boards...... griieeg wraneiailes solace ears 100
12 = - Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins

()LIAUTARD., ‘Manual of Operative Veterinary
Surgery.” By A. Liautard, M.D., V.M., Principal
and Professor of Anatomy, Surgery, Sanitary Medicine
and Jurisprudence in the American Veterinary College;
Chevalier du Merite Agricole de France, Honorary
Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons
(London), ete., etc. 8vo, cloth, 786 pages and nearly
600 illustrations. ............ cee cee eee ee eee ees 6 00

— “Animal Castration.’’ A concise and practical Treatise
on the Castration of the Domestic Animals. The
only work on the subject in the English language.
Illustrated with forty-four cuts. 12mo, cloth...2 00

cise wae Mecum of Equine Anatomy.” By A. Liautard,
y.S. Dean of the American Veterinary College.
ee cloth. New edition, with illustrations....2 00

— * Translation of Zundel on the Horse’s Fog
Clothes ose cae cele oat bers Deaton as ou eens taaniy es 00

— * How to Tell the Age of the Domestic Animal.” By
Dr. A. Liautard, M.D., V.S.  Profusely illustrated.

1205) Cloth sis aces shige adc hee eee ee eRe es baw EL eee nae 50
— “Qn the Lameness of Horses.?? By A. Liautard,
Di, NViOb occas esccarasctetesseseee sae ne ree yes 2 5u

See also ‘‘Cadiot’s Surgery.”

LONG. “Book of the Pig.” Its selection, Breeding,
Feeding and Management. 8vo, cloth........... 4 25

()LOWE. ‘Breeding Racehorses by the Figure Sys-

tem.” Compiled by the late C. Bruce Lowe. Edited by
William Allison. With numerous fine illustrations of
celebrated horses. Quarto, cloth, $7.50.

(“)ZLUPTON. ‘Horses: Sound and Unsound,” with
Law relating to Sales and Warranty. By J. Irvine
Lupton, F.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, illustrated...... 1 25

— **The Horse.”? As he Was, as he Is, and as he
Ought to Be. By J. I. Lupton, F.R.C.V.S. Tllus-
trated, Crown, 8vo .......... hovered cas tance 40
3851-853 Siath Avenue (cor, 48th St.), New York. 13

MAGNER. ‘Facts for Horse Owners.” By D.
Magner. Upwards of 1,000 pages, illustrated with 900

engravings. 8vo, cloth, $5.00; Eheep: $6.00; full
MOrocco.. ......5-.... 7 50

MAGNER. ‘Veterinary Diagrams.” (1) The Struc-
ture of Horses Feet (in colors). The Structure of
Horses Feet (Effects of Bad Treatment of the eee

Mounted and Varnished...............0ceeeeeees 20
(2) The Shoeing of the Horse. The Education of the
Horse. Mounted and Varnished................ 2 00

MAYHEW. ‘The Illustrated Horse Doctor.» An
accurate and detailed account of the Various Diseases
to which the Equine Race is subject ; together with the
latest mode of Treatment, and all the Requisite Pre-
scriptions written in plain English. By E. Edward
Mayhew, M.R.C.V.S. Illustrated. Entirely new

edition, 8vo, cloth............... pt enennae annals 275
McBRIDE. ‘Anatomical Outlines of the Horse.”
TQM OG, 1Cl Ot esas scsracacacevanslazavcan ties Sew eho riaereets Waenion Gis 2 50

McCOMBIE. “Cattle and Cattle Breeders.” Cloth.1 00

WFADYEAN. ‘Anatomy of the Horse.” A Dis-
section Guide. By J. M. M’Fadyean, M.R.C.V.S.
This book is intended for Veterinary students, and
offers to them in its 48 full-page colored plates numer-
ous other engravings and excellent text, the most

valuable and practical aid in the study of Veterinary
Anatomy, especially in the dissecting room. 8vo,
CLOUD, osisiscosssere. acete. cides Sioa kee eI N he teow ees 5 50

- Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Ani-
mals.” By J. M’Fadyean. Profusely illustrated,
and to be issued in two parts. Part 1—Osteology,
ready. Paper, $2 50; cloth..............0ereeee 275

(Part TI. in preparation.)
14 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins

MILLS. ‘How to Keep a Dog in the City.” By
Wesley Mills, M.D, V.S. It tells how to choose
manage, house, feed, educate the pup, how to keep him
clean and teach him cleanliness. Paper........... 25

(®)MOLLER. ‘Operative Veterinary Surgery.” By
Professor Dr. H. Moller, Berlin. Translated and
edited from the 2d edition, enlarged and improved,
by John A, W. Dollar, M.R C.S.

Prof. Moller’s work presents the most recent and
complete exposition of the Principles and Practice of
Veterinary Surgery, and is the standard teat-book on the
subject throughout Germany.

Many subjects ignored in previous treatises on
Veterinary Surgery here receive full consideration,
while the better known are presented under new and
suggestive aspects.

As Prof. Moller’s work represents not only his
own opinions and practice, but those of the best
Veterinary Surgeons of various countries, the trans-
lation cannot fail to be of signal service to American
and British Veterinarians and to Students of Veter-
inary and Comparative Surgery.

1 vol., 8vo. 722 pages, 142 illustrations ........5 25

MORETON. “On Horse-breaking.” i12mo, cl. ..50

MOSSELMAN-LIENAUX. “Veterinary Microbio-
logy.” By Professors Mosselman and Liénaux, Nat-
ionai Veterinary College, Cureghem, Belgium. Trans-
lated and edited by R. R. Dinwiddie, Professor of
Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Arkansas
State University. 12mo, cloth, 342 pages........ 2 00
851-858 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48th St.), New York. 15

“\)NOCARD. ‘The Animal Tuberculoses, and their
Relation to Human Tuberculosis.” By Ed. Nocard,
Professor of the Alfort Veterinary College. Trans-
lated by H. Scurfield, M.D. Ed., Ph. Camb.

Perhaps the chief interest to doctors of human
medicine in Professor Nocard’s book lies in the
demonstration of the small part played by heredity,
and the great part played by contagion in the propa-
gation of bovine tuberculosis. It seems not unreason-
able to suppose that the same is the case for human
tuberculosis, and that, if the children of tuberculosis
parents were protected from infection by cohabitation
or ingestion, the importance of heredity as a cause of
the disease, or even of the predisposition to it, would
dwindle away into insignificance. 12mo, cloth a

PEGLER. ‘The Book of the Goat.”? 12mo, cloth.1 75

PELELERIN. ‘Median Neurotomy in the Treatment
of Chronic Tendinitis and Periostosis of the Fetlock.”
By C. Pellerin, late repetitor of Clinic and Surgery to
the Alfort Veterinary School. Translated, with Addi-
tional Facts Relating to It, by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D.,

V.M, 8vo, boards, illustrated............... 00. 100
See also under Liautard.

PROCTOR. ‘The Management and Treatment of
the Horse” in the Stable, Field and on the Road.
By William Proctor. 8V0.............ceeeeee ae 2 40

PETERS. “A Tuberculous Herd—Test with Tuber-
culin.” By Austin Peters, M.R.C.V.S., Chief
Inspector of Cattle for the New York State Board of
Health during the winter of 1892-93. Pamphlet....25
16 =—- Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins

REYNOLD. ‘Breeding and Management of Draught
Horses.” 8vo, cloth............ ccc cece ee cee 1 40

ROBERTSON. “The Practice of Equine Medicine.”
A text-book especially adapted for the use of Veter-
inary students and Veterinarians. By W. Robertson,
Principal and Professor of Hippopathology in the
Royal Veterinary College, London. 8vo. cloth, 806

pages, revised edition............ seuasseaces¥eses 6 25
- 7

(ROBERGE. ‘The Foot of the Horse,” or Lame-
ness and all Diseases of the Feet traced to an Unbal-
anced Foot Bone, prevented or cured by balancing the
foot. By David Roberge. 8vo, cloth..... eeeete 5 00

(*“)SMITH. ‘A Manual of Veterinary Physiology.”
By Veterinary Captain F. Smith, M.R.C.V.S. Author
of «A Manual of Veterinary Hygiene.”

Throughout this manual the object has been to con-
dense the information as much as possible. The
broad facts of the sciences are stated so as to render
them of use to the student and practitioner. In this
second edition—rewritten—the whole of the Nervous
System has been revised, a new chapter dealing with
the Development of the Ovum has been added together
with many additional facts and illustrations. About
one hundred additional pages are given. Second
edition, revised and enlarged, with additional illus-
trations ........... Bang Monge dsaeeus Sees sn dels 3 75

(")SMITH. ‘Manual of Veterinary Hygiene.” 2nd
edition, revised. Crown, 8vo, cloth ........... 13 25
851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48th St.), New York. 17

STORNMOUTH. “Manual of Scientific Terms.”
Especially referring to those in Botany, Natural
History, Medical and Veterinary Science. By Rev.
James Stornmouth 3 00

i a

()STRANGEWAY. “Veterinary Anatomy.” New
edition, revised and edited by I. Vaughn, F.L.S.,

M.R.C.V.S., with several hundred illustrations. 8yo,
CLO UH a erciscac crastaraltstametleuse sects an acces GaAs wcabigaod 5 00

(*)SUSSDORF. Colored Plates specially for Lectures.
Size 40x27. By Professor Sussdorf, M.D. Translated
by Prof. W. Owen Williams, of the New Veterinary
College, Edinburgh.

Plate 1.—** Diagram of the Horse.?? Left or near side
view.

Plate 2.—** Diagram of the Mare.” Right side view..

Plate 3. ‘Anatomy of the Cow,” showing the
position of the viscera in the large cavities of the body.

Plate 4. ** The Ox.” Showing right side view of the
position of the viscera in the large cavities of the
body.

Plate 5. ‘*The Boar.?? Left side view of the position of
the viscera in the great cavities (thoracic and abdo-
minal). ‘The Sow.” Right side view.

Plate 6. ‘*The Dog.”? Left side view of the position of
the viscera in the great cavities (thoracic and abdo-
minal). ‘**The Bitch.” Right side view.

Price, unmounted........... cee cceeeeerece 1 75 each
*¢ mounted on linen, with roller,..1 75 extra ‘*
18 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins

VAN MATER. “A Text Book of Veterinary Oph-
thalmology.””> By George G. Van Mater, M.D.,
D.V.S., Professor of Ophthalmology in the American
Veterinary College; Oculist and Aurist to St. Martha’s
Sanitarium aud Dispensary; Consulting Eye and Ear
Surgeon to the Twenty-sixth Ward Dispensary ; Eye
and Ear Surgeon, Brooklyn Eastern District Dispen-
sary, etc. Illustrated by one chromo lithograph plate
and seventy-one engravings, 8vo cloth.......... 3 00

VETERINARY DIAGRAMS in Tabular Form.
Size, 284 in. x 22inches. Price per set of five....4 75

No.1. “The External Form and Elementary Ana-
tomy of the Horse.” Eight coloured illustrations—
1. External regions; 2. Skeleton; 3. Muscles (Superior
Layer); 4. Muscles (Deep Layer); 5. Respiratory Ap-
paratus; 6. Digestive Apparatus; 7. Circulatory Ap-
paratus ; 8. Nerve Apparatus ; with letter-press descrip-
TON es yale essai pigs Ae edd sew ade eee 1 25

No. 2. ‘*The Age of Domestic Animals.” Forty-two
figures illustrating the structure of the teeth, indicat-
ing the Age of the Horse, Ox, Sheep, and Dog, with
full description ........... occ e ec cee renee eee nes 75

No. 3. ‘The Unsoundness and Defects of the Horse.”
Fifty figures illustrating—1. The- Defects of Confor-
mation; 2. Defects of Position; 3. Infirmities or Signs
of Disease ; 4. Unsoundnesses; 5. Defects of the Foot;
with full description.............. ccc cece eee ee eee 75

‘No. 4. ‘The Shoeing of the Horse, Mule and Ox.”
Fifty figures descriptive of the Anatomy and Physio-
logy of the Foot and of Horse-shoeing............. 75
851-853 Siath Avenue (cor. 48th St.), New Lork. 19

No.5. ‘The Elementary Anatomy, Points, and But-
cher’s Joints of the Ox.” Ten coloured illustrations
—1. Skeleton; 2. Nervous System; 3. Digestive
System (Right Side); 4. Respiratory System ; 5. Points
of a Fat Ox; 6. Muscular System ; 7. Vascular System;
8. Digestive System (Left Side); 9. Butcher’s Sections
of a Calf; 10. Butcher’s Sections of an Ox; with full
CeSCTIPUUOM: hscis.t cca seveonnns sind omiaaern nod aeeeed 25

WALLEY. ‘Hints on the Breeding and Rearing of
Farm Animals.” 12mo, cloth.................... 80

— “Four Bovine Scourges.”  (Pleuro- Pneumonia,
Foot and Mouth Disease, Cattle Plague and
Tubercle.) With an Appendix on the Inspection of
Live Animals and Meat. Illustrated, 4to, cloth. .6 40

— “The Horse, Cow and Dog.” By Dr. Thomas
Walley. A poetical account of the ‘‘Troubl-
ous Life of the Horse”; ‘The Life of a Dairy Cow,”
and ‘The Life of a Dog”; with an article on Animal
Characteristics. 12mo, cloth,..................06- 80

*)WALLEY. ‘‘A Practical Guide to Meat Inspection.”
By Thomas Walley, M.R.C.V.S., formerly principal
of the Edinburgh Royal (Dick) Veterinary College;
Professor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, etc,
Third Edition, thoroughly revised, with forty-five
coloured illustrations, 12mo, cloth............... 3 00

An experience of over 30 years in his profession
and a long official connection (some sixteen years)
with Edinburgh Abattoirs have enabled the author to
gather a large store of information on the subject,

which he has embodied in his book. Dr. Walley’s opi-
nions are regarded as the highest authority on Meat
Inspection.
20 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins

(**) WILLIAMS. “Principles and Practice of Veter-
-+ 3 inary Medicine.” . New. author's 3 _ edition,, entirely
revised and illustrated with numerous plain and color-

ed plates. By Ww. Williams, M.R.C.V.S.8vo,, el. .6 00

— (*) “Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery.”
New author’s edition, entirely revised and illustrated
with numerous plain and colored plates. ‘By W.
Williams, M.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth......... ewaeed 6 00

WYMAN. “The Clinical Diagnosis of Lameness.
in the Horse.” By W. E. A. Wyman, V.S., Prof. of
Veterinary Science, Clemson A. & M. College, and
Veterinarian to the South Carolina Experiment Sta--
tion. vo, cloth, illustrated................ veeee2 50

ZUNDEL. ‘The Horse’s Foot and Its Diseases.” By
A. Zundel, Principal Veterinarian of Alsace Lorraine.
Translated by Dr. A. Liautard, V.S. 12mo, cloth
HLUSEP ALD vias evecswenes seas Nae a AER ay 2 00-

ZUILL. “Typhoid Fever; or Contagious Influenza
in the Horse.” By Prof. W. L. Zuill, M.D.,D.V.S.
Pamphlet inc. aceutete deesteee- Oesaciages's dusters es 25-

Our Books are for sale by all booksellers,
or will be sent prepaid for prices quoted.

WILLIAII R. JENKINS,
851 and 853 Sixth Avenue,
NEW YORK.
 

 

 

 

 

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