CORNELL LAB of ORNITHOLOGY LIBRARY at Sapsucker Woods Illustration of Bank Swallow by Louis Agassiz Fuertes 7 Laboratory ot Ornithology 0 159 Sapsucker Woods Roa Cornell University ‘ Cornell University Lib rm a eae jthaca, New York “Wiiilintiiin 4850 orn DATE DUE GAYLORD PRINTED IN U.S.A. (oat Sum Te aes a OF St a ee a Talos Ogee UNIVERSITY. OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS, Shee > Mota.—the ‘University ‘of ‘California Publications are ‘offered. in ‘tac ee the anes Pee of = cations of learned societies and institutions, universities: and libraries. ’ plete: Mists of — ; ee, University Library, Le Peon v. 8. a ati Mace ee all the publications of the University. will be’ sent upon request.’ For sample copies, liste. of publications or other information, address ‘the Manager of the University Press, Berkeley, © Oalifornia, U.'S. 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Publ, Bool, shee : Volume A, 4902. 2-908, 317 pages, with 28, plates . cee ee Volume 2° (Contributions from. the Laboratory ‘of the: Marine: Biologie tion of: San Diego), 1904-1906, xvii, ot 882: pages, weit: 19 ‘plates’; A list of titles ta volumes 2-3) will be sent ‘on. request, Vol. a a The Ascidians Collected by:the’ United States Pistiarles Bureau ines . ‘0 i Albatross on the Coast of California daring the Summer. of 1904) by: enue . William Emerson Ritter. Pp., 1-62, plates 1-3,. October, 1907. BO. ee cya Behavior ofthe: Starfish: ‘Asterias forreri de Lorriol,. by HH. S.- cable ‘by Jennings. | Pp. 53-185, 19. text. figures, November, 190720... 25" 100)... i 3. (Xx) /The Early. Lite-History of, Dotichoglossts, Dusillug ‘Ritter, ae Bw - @ SMS Davis, Pp. 187-226, plates” 4:8; ‘March, 1908: padastina erocetpndnessclogn Sey 5a Bs . 4s Notes on. two “Amphipods of ‘the Genus: Corophium ‘from’ the ‘Pacific ok © “2s - Coast, by J. Chester Bradley. ‘Pp. 227-252, plates 9-19. April, 1908. 30 Roa EA (=x), The Iherusting Chilostomatous Bryozoa of the Western Coast of 6 seh?’ North: America, “by Alice: ‘Robertson. ae BS 344, plates, 1424 May, Seek ee ks agn 1.00 es Vole 5.. ‘(Contributions from *he: ‘Museum of” ‘Vertebrate ‘Zootogy.): PiU 6, (EXE): ‘On Exuviation, “Antotomy, aaa Regeneration tn: Geratium, by “> Ss Charles’ Atwood Kofoid., Pp, 345-886, ‘with’ text figures. 7, (<=) Notes: “On, S0me Obsenrg pepecies: of cee by. Charles Atwood i oe Pp; 387-393. me Ne Nog, 6 and 7: in one: caver, “Apr, 1908. aes ci hel _ Index, pp.'395-400. os "1 The Biota of the San Bernardiny ‘Mountains, ‘by Joseph Grinaal., Pp. _ 4-170, plates 1:24, December, 1908. 2. ee and Mammals of tle.1907 Alexander Expedition to Southeastern ae oS Alaska, Pp, 171-264, pls, 25-26, figs. .1-4,> February, 1909 222 ae Be ‘Three New Song Sparrows from ‘California, by Joseph’ Grinnell, Rpt s "266-269. April 9, 1909 .. 05. 4. A Nev Harvest Mouse from Petaluma, ‘California, “by. Joseph Dixon, Leen tet be Rp. 271-878. August 14; 1909, 2,05 ; 6... New Cowbird of the Genus Molothrus, with a uote on the Probable. ihe ahd Genetic Belationehips| of the North. American Forma; by Joseph. = nell. Pp. 275-281, 1 text: figure. pBacemstier, Laon ween ene "05 Roman. ahaha indicate sequence ‘of the. (contetbntions trot ‘the aboratory ofthe. eens Bela Arena of: San Rie e eee tes a ase Se Phi HR “HMaOLY aT uy 159 Sapsucker Woods Roao UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS Cornell University in tthacas New York 4950 ZOOLOGY Vol. 7, No. 10, pp. 319-436, plates 7-12 February 14, 1912 FIELD NOTES ON AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES AND BIRDS OF NORTHERN HUMBOLDT COUNTY, NEVADA, WITH A DISCUSSION OF SOME OF THE FAUNAL FEATURES OF THE REGION BY WALTER P. TAYLOR (Contribution from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California) CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 319 Itinerary , .-- 821 Descriptions of Localities 322 The Life Zones of the Pine Forest Mountain Region -...0...0..2..:c0cc0- 333 Discussion of Life Zones 338 Check-lists of Species Recorded by the Nevada Expedition .................. 340 General Observations of the Species 342 The Amphibians 342 The Reptiles “346 The Birds 356 Literature Cited 423 Explanation of Plates 426 INTRODUCTION In order to progress toward the ultimate solution of the problems in the field of biology, it is essential that increasingly accurate and comprehensive observations of living forms, both in a state of nature and under experimental conditions, be carried 320 University of California Publications in Zoology. (Vou 7 forward and recorded. The biological explorations made in the Pine Forest Mountain region were prosecuted with this principle in mind; and in the present paper detailed facts of possible faunal and distributional significance have been emphasized. , At the present time it is coming to be realized that there are other characters distinguishing species than those brought for- ward through morphological researches, as, for example, those belonging to the domains of physiology and psychology. These characters, being less accessible and sometimes less tangible, offer more obstacles to precise definition than those others dealing with structure. Nevertheless, traits, habits, manners of perform- ing particular acts, preferences of one kind and another, seem in most cases to be as definite and as constant characteristics of species as the shape and size of bill and feet, or coloration of fur and configuration of skull. An attempt has in this paper been made to place the emphasis upon such non-morphological characters, here mainly psychological. That the facts as recorded are in some cases fragmentary and unrelated to others indicates strongly the general desirability of putting on record such data as are available, to the end that later investigators in this field may at least benefit by that little which is at present known. This paper represents the completion of the report on the vertebrates of the Pine Forest Mountain region, the first major installment of which appeared as the ‘‘ Mammals of the Alexander Nevada Expedition of 1909’’ (Taylor, 1911). While Mr. Richardson and the writer were carrying on field work in the Pine Forest Mountain region, Miss Alexander and Miss Kellogg were members of a palaeontological expedition working in the same general neighborhood (see Taylor, 1911, p. 205). They incidentally collected specimens of vertebrates and made field notes. The results of their work as well as of our own have been incorporated into the present paper. The writer must acknowledge indebtedness to the following persons: to Professor Charles A. Kofoid, of the Department of Zoology of the University of California, for generous criticism ; to Mr. Joseph Grinnell, Director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California, for general direction and advice in connection with the paper; to Professor Harvey M. 1912] Taylor: Birds and Reptiles of Northern Nevada. 321 Hall, of the Department of Botany of the University of Cali- fornia, for identification of plants submitted to him; and to Mr. Harold C. Bryant, Fellow in Zoology on the foundation estab- lished by the California Fish and Game Commission, for pro- visional identification of certain species of reptiles. ITINERARY Mr. Charles H. Richardson, Jr., and the writer left Berkeley on May 10, 1909, arriving at Winnemucca, Nevada, on the fol- lowing morning. From there we journeyed by stage to Quinn River Crossing (Mason’s Crossing), seventy-five miles to the northwest. One night en route was spent at Amos (Cane Springs Station), and one at Tregaskis Well. The morning of May 14 found us at our first collecting ground. Camp was established one mile from the buildings of the Quinn River Ranch on Wheeler Creek, tributary to the river (see map, plate 7). Practically three weeks (May 15 to June 8) were spent at this locality. Twelve miles in a northwesterly direction from Quinn River Crossing is found Big Creek Ranch, the second collecting station. This ranch is located at the base of the Pine Forest Mountains. It constituted the first camp of the ‘‘biological cross-section’’ series (see map, plate 7). By establishing collecting localities from one side of the mountains to the other, 1000 feet apart as regards altitude, we hoped to obtain precise data on the range of species, life zones, and com- parative distribution of forms on the two sides of the mountains. Big Creek Ranch was the base camp for all further operations, which had to be conducted by means of pack animals. We remained in this locality two weeks (June 8 to 238). The next camp was at the head of Big Creek (8000 feet), where the time from June 23 to July 6 was spent. This became the secondary, or mountain base of supplies. The following camps were then established as parts of the cross-section plan: Big Creek (6000 feet), July 6 to 8; Big Creek (7000 feet), July 8 to 10; Duffer Peak Meadow (8400 feet), July 10 to 12; Alder Creek (7000 feet), July 12 to 14; Alder Creek Ranch (5000 feet), July 16 to 18; Head of Big Creek (8000 feet), July 19 to 29. The gaps in the series were thus filled, and the east-west 322 University of California Publications in Zoology. (Vou. 7 cross-section completed. It will, of course, have been noted that the cross-section is not an ideal one. To make it so an equal amount of time should have been spent at each locality. Practical difficulties, however, made this impossible. Furthermore, sea- sonal change, even within the short space of time covered in the cross-section series of camps, affects the distribution of certain forms, particularly birds, and so ideally these localities should all have been worked at the same time. On July 29 we departed for Leonard Creek, making camp at 6500 feet altitude, and remaining until August 10. On this date we returned to Big Creek Ranch, and prepared our outfit for transit back to the University. Practically three months were occupied in actual collecting. DESCRIPTIONS OF LOCALITIES (Refer to map, plate 7) The following localities were visited either by members of the palaeontological party or by our expedition. Willow Point, Amos (Cane Springs Station), Sod House Point, and Tregaskis Well (fourteen miles south of Quinn River Crossing) are successive stage stations between Winnemucca and Quinn River Crossing. Chimney Creek is a stream flowing west- ward out of the Santa Rosa Mountains east of Amos. Virgin Valley is located northwest of the Pine Forest Moun- tains over a low range of hills (see map). Thousand Creek flows northeast out of Virgin Valley. It is situated some twelve miles north and a little west of Alder Creek Ranch. Soldier Meadows is located on an arm of the Black Rock Desert, and is forty miles due south of Virgin Valley. Little High Rock Cajfion is west and a little south of Soldier Meadows, being just over the Humboldt County line in Washoe County. Mason’s Crossing or Quinn River Crossing (altitude 4100 feet). —This locality is situated in the midst of the open desert on the Quinn River. The stream is in this region strongly alkaline and follows a winding course in a general westerly direction, soon turning toward the southwest and flowing into a sink on the Black Rock Desert. Toward the east appears a series of low, desert hills, which 1912] Taylor: Birds and Reptiles of Northern Nevada. 323 culminate to the north in Split and Trident peaks. The Pine Forest Mountains, which constitute the highest range in this part of Nevada, are seen to the west. Upon the south appear the Jackson Mountains. The flat expanse of the open desert extends away in all direc- tions, interrupted in the near vicinity of the Crossing only by two lava buttes which rise up to the northward. One can easily realize that this great extent of regular desert was once the floor of an arm of the great Pleistocene Lake Lahontan. Tributary to the Quinn River at this locality is Wheeler Creek, which rises in the hills to the northeastward and flows as far as the river for a part of the year. The smaller stream is largely utilized for the irrigation of the Quinn River Ranch, owned by Miller & Lux. The soil in the vicinity is made up of very fine particles, which fly in clouds in response to the slightest breeze. Ordinarily ‘several miniature sand-pillars or whirls may be seen in the dis- tance. Beneath the surface the soil is exceedingly hard, this fact perhaps accounting for the comparative rarity there of burrow- ing mammals. A few willows (Salix fluviatilis exrgua) along the river were the only trees in the vicinity. Mr. F. M. Payne, of the Miller & Lux Company, said that introduced trees do not thrive. The commonest shrub on the desert was Artemisia tridentata. This plant grew more luxuriantly and to a greater size in the general neighborhood of some creek or stream than elsewhere. On the more arid waste places it was replaced locally by Arte- misia spinescens, Grayia spinosa, and Sarcobatus vermiculatus. On less arid portions of the desert such plants as Tetradymia spinosa, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, and Mentzelia albicaulis were associated with the true sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). Along the river, vegetation was very sparse. At intervals there were thickets of willow and wild rose (Rosa blanda) but the growth was nowhere luxuriant. Other species occurring along the stream were Poa buckleyana, Ribes aureum, Radicula sinuata, Vicia americana, Artemisia ludoviciana, and Taraxacum officinale. A large proportion of the species of animals and plants found 324 University of California Publications in Zoology. (Vou.7 at Quinn River Crossing are typically Sonoran in distribution, many of them being found elsewhere not lower than Upper Sonoran. On the other hand, while a number of the animal species abundant at this locality (e.g., Oreoscoptes montanus, Dendroica aestiva brewsteri, Eutamias pictus, Perognathus par- vus olivaceus, Thamnophis vagrans) occur also in Transition, no species in other localities characteristic of, or limited to, that zone, with the possible exception of Otocoris alpestris merrilli and Sceloporus graciosus, were found at Quinn River Crossing. The conclusion seems justified, therefore, that the Quinn River Valley in this vicinity is Upper Sonoran. Pine Forest Mountains (4350-9400 feet; Biological. Cross- section Camps nos. 1 to 8).—If one stands upon a high point and looks out over the lower slopes of the range he is impressed immediately with the excessively arid appearance of the moun- tains as a whole (see pl. 8, figs. 1 and 2). No trees are to be seen anywhere at the lower altitudes, except for the very narrow and often broken lines along streams. The lower ridges, lying baked and bare, are observed to be unprotected except by a very meager growth of sagebrush or associated xerophytes. In the higher parts of the mountains, the scene is somewhat more varied (see pl. 10, fig. 1). A few quaking-aspen groves are noted on the more humid of the meadows, and brush-like patches of the same species of tree are apparent on certain favorable steep slopes. Furthermore, a tract of limited proportions, confined almost entirely to the western slope of the mountains, is seen to be occupied by small limber pines, Pinus flextlis (2) (see pl. 11, fig. 1). It is unfortunate that the identification of the pine is based on foliage only, no cones being at hand. Geographic and zonal considerations indicate that it is Pinus flexilis, although its identity can not be considered to be certainly established. Scattering groups of mountain mahogany are observed on certain of the western ridges (see pl. 10, fig. 2). The topography of the higher parts of the mountains seems to indicate the former presence of glaciers. Several hanging valleys were observed, and in three localities, namely at the head of Leonard Creek, in the vicinity of Alder Creek Lake, and at the head of Big Creek, there are land forms resembling cirques. 1912] Taylor: Birds and Reptiles of Northern Nevada. 325 Each one of the three little lakes appears to have been formed through the damming up of cafions by morainal material. The best examples of moraines in the mountains are found at the head of Alder Creek. The peculiar shape of Alder Creek Lake (see pl. 10, fig. 2) and the intersection of it by long mounds are with very little doubt to be accounted for in this way. A number of facetted rocks were picked up at Alder Creek Ranch. Certain ridges in the mountains resemble the ‘‘sheep-back’’ type. There are several extensive meadows, always grass-covered and usually traversed by at least one creek, in the higher parts of the mountains (see pl. 12, fig. 1). Usually there is a limited area of springy ground, surrounded by thickets and grown over with rank grass. Along the creeks or on the borders of the meadow quaking aspens and a few willows may be found. On the mountain slopes rising up from it extensive chinquapin thickets and locally individual limber pines are often noted. Snow banks persist until late in the summer on the highest meadows (see pl. 9, fig. 1), and Iris missouriensis and Veratrum californicum are common plants on the moister ones (see pl. 11, fig. 2). Big Creek Ranch (4350 feet; Biological Cross-section Camp no. 1; see pl. 8, fig. 1).—This station is located three-fourths of a mile from the mouth of Big Creek Cafion, and ten or twelve miles in a northwesterly direction from Quinn River Crossing. The ranch is on a broad alluvial fan. During the summer season all the water of Big Creek is used for purposes of irriga- tion. The Pine Forest Mountains rise up immediately to the west, appearing as a series of foothills resembling badlands. Their very sparse covering of xerophilous plants is at once noticeable. The vegetation of the fiat in the neighborhood of the ranch was more scattering even than at Quinn River Crossing, being made up largely of Chrysothamnus and Grayia, with some Arte- misia tridentata. About the ranch buildings was a windbreak of poplars. These trees, together with the willows and alders along the stream, were the only ones in the vicinity. The quak- ing aspens (Populus tremuloides) followed the creek down to within a half-mile of the ranch. 326 University of California Publications in Zoology. [Vow 7 As the mountains were approached, a pronounced difference in the fauna, especially as regards reptiles, was observed. The number of species of the latter, as well as the number of indi- viduals, increased markedly. Cnemidophorus tigris, Crotaphytus collaris baileyi, and Uta stansburiana were recorded for the first time. Crotaphytus wislizenti, Sceloporus biseriatus, and Phry- nosoma platyrhinos became abundant, whereas previously but few specimens had been collected. Of the mammals, Neotoma nevadensis, Lepus californicus wallawalla, and Perodipus microps levipes were found in somewhat increased numbers. This locality was the only one at which Onychomys brevicaudus was secured. As regards birds, Say phoebes, western wood pewees, black- throated sparrows, and western robins were more in evidence. These facts probably do not indicate difference in temperature so much as they do that there is something present, whether a more suitable dwelling-place or better food supply or something else, which proves especially attractive or favorable to the species in question. For example, the presence of rock piles in which they may nest conveniently accounts, at least partly, for the inerease in numbers of wood rats. One factor which doubtless affects distribution is the nature of the ground (see C. H. Merriam, 1892, p. 46). As Big Creek Ranch is approached the flour-like, hard soil characteristic of Quinn River Crossing is replaced by a more sandy, slightly coarser material. The more favorable conditions in this respect may account somewhat for the difference in number and abund- ‘ance of certain species of mammals and reptiles at the two localities. Zonally Big Creek Ranch is inseparable from Quinn River Crossing, except that it apparently possesses a facies representa- tive of a higher division of Upper Sonoran. Nearly all of the species taken at Big Creek Ranch occur elsewhere in Upper Sonoran, and several are not found above that zone. Transitional elements were, however, noted at Big Creek Ranch, which were lacking at Quinn River Crossing ; for example, among plants, Populus tremuloides, Castilleia parvifolia, Alnus tenuifolia, and Achillaea millefolium lanulosa; among mammals, Erethizon epixanthum and Microtus mordar; and among birds 1912] Taylor: Birds and Reptiles of Northern Nevada. 327 Vireosylva gilva swainsoni. So, keeping in mind the fact that temperature may not be the only or even the principal limiting factor in certain individual cases (of the species cited), still the conclusion is justifiable, that Big Creek Ranch belongs to higher Upper Sonoran than Quinn River Crossing, and may properly be included in the area of admixture of Transition and Sonoran forms, as shown in the accompanying map. The Big Creek Camps (4500-8000 feet; Biological Cross-sec- tion Camps nos. 2 to 4; see pl. 8, fig. 2) —From its mouth to a point about a mile into the mountains Big Creek Cafion is narrow and fairly steep-sided. Then it begins to widen, until at the forks, about two miles distant from the mouth, a broad series of rolling flats comes to view. If the creek is followed still farther, the cafion once more becomes constricted. In the biographie accounts of certain species reference has been made to the ‘‘ Dugout Camp,’’ which marks a mining claim. This is located at 5000 feet altitude on Big Creek about half- way between the mouth of the cafion and the forks. The range in the region of the Dugout Camp and for some distance east and west is made up of steep-sided foothills re- sembling badlands. This series of hills continues for nearly the entire north and south extent of the Pine Forest Mountains. Then at the forks the rolling flats come into view. These are continuous on the south with the even more extensive Leonard Creek flats. From two to four miles farther west the main ridge of the mountains, culminating in Duffer Peak (9400 feet), is seen. Biological Cross-section Camp no. 2 (6000 feet; see pl. 8, fig. 2).—This camp was situated on Big Creek about a half-mile above the forks. Artemisia tridentata was the prevailing plant all over the flats and ridges. The trees along the stream, named in the order of their abundance, were quaking aspens, willows, and alders. The flowering plant most in evidence in the open was Lupinus laxiflorus. This camp may perhaps more properly be said to represent lower Transition than high Upper Sonoran. The green-tailed towhee was common, and Citellus oregonus was secured on nearby ridges. The presence of Chondestes gram- 328 University of California Publications in Zoology. [Vou 7 macus strigatus indicates, however, that it is at best only low Transition. Biological Cross-section Camp no. 3 (7000 feet).—This camp was made on a small meadow separated from the main stream of Big Creek by a rocky ledge. The meadow was undoubtedly Transition, as Thomomys fuscus fisheri was trapped upon it, and Tris missouriensis was fairly common on nearby slopes. Zono- trichia leucophrys leucophrys was probably nesting in brush in the vicinity. Very high Transition, with a touch of Boreal, was represented on a limited area on a north-facing slope on the south side of Big Creek at this altitude. There were several springs in this area, and the verdure grew as luxuriantly as at any locality in the mountains, the thickets being made up of quaking aspens and many water-loving species of plants. In this cool, protected situation both Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni and Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys were noted. Biological Cross-section Camp no. 4 (8000 feet; see pl. 9, figs. 1 and 2).—This camp at the head of Big Creek, at which more time was spent than at any other established, was located at an altitude of approximately 8000 feet, near the source of the south- ernmost of the main feeder streams. Geologically speaking, the glade in which camp was situated was apparently a hanging valley. As might be anticipated, the flowering season was found to be later at this altitude than at the lower camps. Vegetation was comparatively abundant. Quaking aspens grew to a height of thirty feet along the creek. Associated with them in the sheltered cafion was the limber pine, which occurred also quite abundantly on the north-facing slope on the south side of the cafion, and less commonly on the south-facing slope on the opposite side. Such plants as the following, referable to Transition zone and higher, were found at this locality: Aquilegia truncata, Ribes cereum. Achillaea millefolium lanulosa, Aphyllon fasciculatum, Pent- stemon confertus caeruleo-purpureus, Arnica chamissonis, Iris missourrensis, Aconitum columbianum, Elymus pubiflorus, Sisym- brium canescens, Allium validum, Ceanothus velutinus, Castanop- sis (species not known), and Veratrum californicum. Of the 1912] Taylor: Birds and Reptiles of Northern Nevada. 329 plants found the following indicate that zonally the locality is high Transition with a Boreal infusion: Ribes cereum, Aconitum columbianum, Pinus flerilis, Allium validum, Aquilegia trun- cata and Veratrum californicum. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni, Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys, Microtus mordax, Zapus princeps oregonus, and Sorex palustris navigator also were taken. Certain warm slopes nearby should probably be regarded as low Transition, for while the Transition species Prunus demissa and Amelanchier alnifolia were present, so also was the cafon mouse (Peromyscus crinitus), an Upper Sonoran form. Mammals were more numerous at this locality than at any other visited, but birds were rare. In one day during which I remained in camp and kept count of those noted, only sixteen individuals, made up of the following species, were seen: red- shafted flickers, 2; Clarke nutcrackers, 3; Cassin purple finch, green-tailed towhee, thick-billed fox sparrow, rock wren, Audubon warbler, and russet-backed thrush, 1 each; and western robins, 5. The Duffer Peak Meadow (8400 feet; Biological Cross-section Camp no. 5; see pl. 11, fig. 2).—This station, the highest made by the party, was located on a rather broad, level meadow directly north of Duffer Peak, and in the most extensive belt of limber pines in the mountains. Snowbanks persisted here until late in the summer. On the north side of the meadow was a tract of quaking aspens. The pine-covered face of the highest peak in the range rose up to the south. The dominant tree of the high pass to the east was the limber pine, associated there with stunted mountain mahogany. To the north, in the direction of Alder Creek Lake, lay one of the principal forested areas, which was interrupted to some extent by slopes of a more open character immediately north of the meadow, covered by chinquapin and quaking aspen. On the west were other meadows. The Duffer Peak meadow itself was open and grassy, a small lake occupying its lowest portion. Veratrum californicum was perhaps the commonest plant on the meadow (see pl. 11, fig. 2). The pines themselves persisted to the peak, as did also Euta- mias pictus and Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis. Among the species of birds secured at the locality, purple 330 University of California Publications in Zoology. {Vou.7 finches, Audubon warblers, Clarke nutcrackers, white-crowned sparrows, and western red-tails were numbered. The following mammals were noted: Odocoileus hemionus, Callospermophilus trepidus, Eutamias pictus, Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis, Microtus mordar, Zapus princeps oregonus, Canis lestes, and Myotis lucifugus longicrus. The latter was a species of mammal noted at the Duffer Peak meadow only. The limber pines and the presence of a number of species usually ranging into zones above Transition gave to the locality a distinctly Boreal complexion. As in the case of the head of Big Creek, the predominant Transition facies was somewhat diluted by the addition of certain Boreal elements. It seems appropriate, therefore, to regard the locality as Transition with a marked Boreal infusion. Alder Creek Camps (5000-7000 feet; Biological Cross-section Camps nos. 6 to 8).—The mountains grade off to the west more gradually, locally at least, than they do to the east. As is the case with certain other desert ranges, as well as with the Warner, Sierra Nevada and other mountains of California, there is a line of faulting along the eastern side, which accounts for the greater steepness upon that slope. The western slopes seem more rocky and are apparently made of harder material, as the cafion-sides are steeper. There are great masses of igneous rock. In the vicinity of Alder Creek Ranch especially, much scattered pumice stone was noted. ‘While in general the flora as regards species was the same as on the eastern side, it was noticeably more sparse, and the ridges and flats of the western slope had even more of an arid and baked appearance than those of the eastern. Biological Cross-section Camp no. 6 (7000 feet).—In favor- able situations along the stream, for the most part above this altitude, quaking aspens formed rather dense groves. As a rule, north-facing slopes, i.e., on the south side of the cafion, were covered with a scattering, sometimes with a dense, growth of | these trees. Clumps of willows occurred along the stream, and on the arid, exposed ridges mountain mahoganies were fairly common. The vicinity of Camp no. 6 must apparently be referred to 1912] Taylor: Birds and Reptiles of Northern Nevada. 331 high Transition. A few limber pines occurred below the level of Alder Creek Lake (7800 feet), and occasionally the pene- trating cries of Nucifraga columbiana sounded from the ridges. About the lake itself a number of Boreal and Transition forms, as Aphyllon fasciculatum, Pentstemon confertus caeruleo-pur- pureus, Arnica chamissonis, and Pinus flexilis, were present. White-crowned sparrows, olive-backed thrushes, Brewer spar- rows, chipping sparrows and green-tailed towhees were common at Camp no. 6, as were also Oregon ground squirrels. Biological Cross-section Camp no. 7 (6000 feet; see pl. 12, fig. 2).—As progress was made down the creek the flora grew more limited. In the neighborhood of this camp there was no thick vegetation away from the stream. That along the creek was made up of quaking aspens and willows, with occasional thick tangles of Rosa and other vines. Alders appeared for the first time on this stream not far below this altitude, and were found secatteringly down to Alder Creek Ranch. Three species of mammals were taken here which make the locality an extremely interesting one from a zonal standpoint, namely, Neotoma cinerea occidentalis, Zapus princeps oregonus, and Putorius cicognani. The olive-backed thrush, western war- bling vireo, and green-tailed towhee were also noted. The ex- posed ridges in the vicinity may be high Upper Sonoran, as Sylvilagus nuttallt grangert was secured on one of them. On the other hand the Oregon ground squirrel ranges down below the large Alder Creek Meadow (6700 feet) even on exposed ridges. So, if the ridges are Sonoran at all they should be regarded as high Upper Sonoran. There is little doubt that along the stream Transition extends down to and beyond this point. This remarkable association of Boreal, Transition and Upper Sonoran forms, found at several points in the mountains, is strikingly illustrated by the fauna of this locality. Biological Cross-section Camp no. 8 (5000 feet).—Willows, with a few alders and aspens, made up most of the line of vegetation along the creek in the vicinity of Alder Creek Ranch. Treeless stretches were fairly common. The Artemisia associa- tion of the open desert was more sparse and scattering here than at any other point visited. 332 University of California Publications in Zoology. (Vow. 7 One fact of distribution may be of particular interest, namely, the occurrence on Alder Creek not far above the ranch of a Populus, tentatively identified by Professor H. M. Hall of the University of California as P. balsamifera. The species was represented by a clump of four trees only. The tree is northern in distribution, the nearest locality from which it is reported by Sudworth (1908, p. 244) being northern Oregon and Idaho. May not a colony of these trees have been left here when the cooler environment of the Glacial period retreated ? Zonally Alder Creek Ranch (Camp no. 8) is referable to Upper Sonoran. Ammospermophilus leucurus, Neotoma nevad- ensis, Phrynosoma platyrhinos, Tyrannus verticalis, and Icterus bullochi were all recorded here. That it is high Upper Sonoran is shown by the fact that the green-tailed towhee occurs in the neighborhood. The apparent absence from Alder Creek Ranch of Citellus mollis, so abundant on the other side of the mountain, and the scarcity on the Alder Creek side of Centrocercus uro- phasianus, common on the Big Creek side, and so very numerous on the Leonard Creek flats, attracted our attention. Possibly these facts are accounted for, the first on the theory that Alder Creek Ranch is higher in Upper Sonoran zone than is the Quinn River Crossing district, and the second on the observed’ fact that the sage-brush was very much more sparse on the Alder Creek slopes than on Big or Leonard creeks. Leonard Creek (6000 feet).—The flats and mesas drained by Leonard Creek are by far the most extensive in the mountains. The main ridge rises up to the west of the Leonard Creek basin, furnishing several tributary streams, while toward the east appear the Pine Forest foothills culminating in Sentinel Peak (6800 feet), and presenting a very arid and barren appearance indeed. Except where interrupted by patches of dry meadow the flats were covered with sagebrush, which was locally very luxuriant. These dry meadows were apparently slightly more favorably situated as regards moisture conditions than the rest of the flats; the most conspicuous members of their flora were grasses and Tris missouriensis. Willows were the dominant trees along the stream. A few 1912] = Taylor: Birds and Reptiles of Northern Nevada. 333 alders were observed near the Leonard Creek Ranch. A short distance above our camp, which was located at 6500 feet altitude, patches of chinquapin were in evidence, and on certain nearby ridges, at altitudes not much greater than that at which our camp was located, mountain mahogany trees were found. It is rather difficult to decide whether the Leonard Creek flats should be regarded as Transition or Upper Sonoran. Ele- ments of both were present. Neotoma cinerea occidentalis was taken in a rocky outcrop at 6500 feet altitude. Perognathus parvus olivaceus was quite common, and Microtus mordaxz, Odo- cotleus hemionus, and Citellus oregonus were recorded. On the other hand, Reithrodontomys megalotis deserti was fairly abun- dant and cottontails and jackrabbits ranged commonly over the flats. Among bird species noted, Spizella brewert, Oreoscoptes montanus, and Centrocercus urophasianus were present in greatest numbers. White-crowned sparrows, green-tailed tow- hees, sage sparrows, and vesper sparrows were all noted. One difficulty is apparent in attempting to use species of birds as zone indicators at this time of year (August 1 to 8), namely that many species were no longer nesting and were migrating locally. This probably accounts for the presence at this locality of the white-crowned and sage sparrows, both of which were in all likelihood out of their breeding zone. It may be said that in all probability the Leonard Creek flats (altitude 6000 to 7000 feet) should be regarded as an area of overlapping Transition and Upper Sonoran, with the emphasis placed on the Transition. This zone certainly follows the stream down nearly to Leonard Creek Ranch. The assemblage of forms more typically Upper Sonoran at the ranch itself is sufficiently predominant to warrant its reference to that zone. THE LIFE ZONES OF THE PINE FOREST MOUNTAIN REGION (See map, plate 7) The region here considered is doubtless fairly typical of the Great Basin in northern Nevada, so that general conclusions as regards life zones, with due regard for local modifying factors, may be widely applicable to the northern Great Basin region. 334 University of California Publications in Zoology. [Vou 7 The following species were doubtless breeding at Quinn River Crossing and Big Creek Ranch. In many cases proof of sexual activity was obtained. The chief evidence from this list would indicate that these localities are both Upper Sonoran. SPECIES PROBABLY BREEDING AT QUINN RIVER CROSSING OR BIG CREEK RANCH, AND KNowN TO BREED IN UPPER SONORAN ELSEWHERE (ranging above in some cases) Birds Tyrannus tyrannus Amphispiza nevadensis nevadensis Aphelocoma woodhousei Melospiza melodia montana Molothrus ater artemisiae Pipilo maculatus curtatus Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Passerina amoena Agelaius phoeniceus (subsp. indet.) Vireosylva gilva swainsoni Poewcetes gramineus confinis Dendroica aestiva brewsteri Passerculus sandwichensis nevaden- Geothlypis trichas occidentalis sis Icteria virens longicauda Chondestes grammacus strigatus Oreoscoptes montanus Spizella breweri Psaltriparus plumbeus Mammals Citellus mollis Dipodomys merriami nevadensis Eutamias pictus Perognathus parvus olivaceus Onychomys brevicaudus Perognathus nevadensis Peromyscus crinitus Sylvilagus nuttalli grangeri Neotoma nevadensis Lepus ecalifornicus wallawalla Thomomys nevadensis . Taxidea taxus Reptiles Crotaphytus collaris baileyi The following species are known to breed commonly in Lower Sonoran elsewhere, and occurred at the lower stations visited by the expedition. Definite proof of the breeding of some of them was obtained. Species Known To BrEep In LowEeR SonoRAN ELSEWHERE AND PROBABLY BREEDING IN NoRTHERN NEVADA Birds Tyrannus verticalis Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis Icterus bullocki Amphispiza bilineata deserticola Mammals Ammospermophilus leucurus Antrozous pallidus pallidus Reithrodontomys megalotis deserti Reptiles Uta stansburiana Phrynosoma platyrhinos Sceloporus biseriatus Cnemidophorus tigris Crotaphytus wislizenii 1912] = Taylor: Birds and Reptiles of Northern Nevada. 335 SPECIES APPARENTLY Not RANGING ABOVE UPPER SONORAN IN THE NORTHERN NEvADA REGION Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis Chondestes grammacus strigatus Amphispiza bilineata deserticola Amphispiza nevadensis nevadensis Mammals Citellus mollis Ammospermophilus leucurus Onychomys brevicaudus Peromyscus crinitus (possibly ranging into lower Transition) Reithrodontomys megalotis deserti (possibly ranging into lower Transition) Neotoma nevadensis Thomomys nevadensis Perodipus microps levipes Dipodomys merriami nevadensis Perognathus nevadensis Sylvilagus nuttalli grangeri Lepus californicus wallawalla (per- haps ranging into lower Tran- sition) Antrozous pallidus pallidus Reptiles Crotaphytus collaris baileyi Crotaphytus wislizenii Uta stansburiana Seeloporus biseriatus Phrynosoma platyrhinos Cnemidophorus tigris Bascanion taeniatum Pituophis catenifer deserticola Crotalus, species uncertain The following species were present and were probably breed- ing in the mountains (Transition). In certain cases definite proof of sexual activity was obtained. SPECIES KNOWN TO BREED ELSEWHERE IN TRANSITION OR ABOVE Oreortyx picta plumifera Selasphorus platycercus Empidonax wrighti Carpodacus cassini Spinus pinus Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys Juneo hyemalis thurberi Passerella iliaca schistacea- Oreospiza enlorura ‘Tachycineta thalassina lepida Vermivora celata orestera Dendroica auduboni auduboni Oporornis tolmiei Cinelus mexicanus unicolor Penthestes gambeli gambeli Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni Sialia currucoides [ Be ud Mammals Odocoileus hemionus Citellus oregonus Callospermophilus (various species) Mierotus mordax Microtus (Lagurus) (various species) Zapus princeps oregonus Erethizon epixanthum ; Putorius cicognani Putorius arizonensis (possibly breeds below Transition) Sorex palustris navigator Myotis lucifugus longicrus Reptiles Sceloporus graciosus 336 University of California Publications in Zoology. [Vou.7 SPECIES APPARENTLY BREEDING BOTH IN UPPER SONORAN AND TRANSITION IN THE NoRTHERN NEVADA REGION Birds Zenaidura macroura carolinensis Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni Spizella passerina arizonae Spizella breweri Melospiza melodia montana Pipilo maculatus curtatus (occurred only in area of zonal overlap- ping) Passerina amoena Dendroica aestiva brewsteri Oreoscoptes montanus Planesticus migratorius propinquus Mammals Eutamias pictus Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis . Perognathus parvus olivaceus Erethizon epixanthum Canis lestes Reptiles Sceloporus graciosus Thamnophis vagrans Species APPARENTLY LIMITED TO PURE TRANSITION IN THE NORTHERN NEVADA REGION Oreortyx picta plumifera Selasphorus platycercus Oreospiza chlorura (possibly rang- ing into Upper Sonoran) Cinelus mexicanus unicolor Mammals Citellus oregonus Microtus intermedius Nearly all the forms following proved to be breeding in the Pine Forest Mountains. Specigs KNOWN TO BREED ELSEWHERE IN CANADIAN Carpodacus cassini Spinus pinus Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys Juneo hyemalis thurberi Passerella iliaca schistacea Vermivora celata orestera Dendroica auduboni auduboni Oporornis tolmiei Penthestes gambeli gambeli Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni Planesticus migratorius propinquus Sialia currucoides Mammals Odocoileus hemionus Marmota flaviventer Callospermophilus (various species) Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis Microtus moruax Erethizon epixanthum Canis lestes Putorius cicognani Putorius arizonensis Sorex palustris navigator Myotis lucifugus longicrus 1912] = Taylor: Birds and Reptiles of Northern Nevada. 337 SPECIES IN OTHER REGIONS APPARENTLY Most CoMMON IN CANADIAN OR ABOVE DURING THE PERIOD OF REPRODUCTION (Found locally in the Transition of the Pine Forest Mountains) Birds Nucifraga columbiana Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys Spinus pinus Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni Mammals Marmota fiaviventer Putorius arizonensis (may be more Microtus mordax (in some regions common in Transition) occurs in Transition also) Sorex palustris navigator Putorius cicognani The fgllowing birds occur commonly during the breeding season above Canadian, and breed in the Pine Forest Mountains. Species KNown TO BREED IN HUDSONIAN IN OTHER REGIONS Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys Nucifraga columbiana The small collection of plants leads to much the same conclu- sions that the faunal lists indicate. Only those species are here listed which have been used by other authors as life zone indi- cators. PLANTS OccuRRING ELSEWHERE IN UPPER SONORAN AND FOUND aT QUINN RIVER CROSSING AND BIG CREEK RancH (UPPER SONORAN) Artemisia tridentata Tetradymia spinosa Artemisia spinescens Grayia spinosa Sarcobatus vermiculatus 5 PLANTS OCCURRING ELSEWHERE IN TRANSITION AND FOUND ‘aT QUINN RIVER CROSSING AND Bic CreeK RancH (UPPER SONORAN) Poa buckleyana Artemisia tridentata Vicia americana Alnus tenuifolia (along stream at Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus torti- Big Creek Ranch) folius Achillaea millefolium lanulosa Populus tremuloides (mouth of (along stream at Big Creek caiion) Ranch) Castilleia parvifolia (foothills) PLANTS OCCURRING ELSEWHERE IN THE SONORAN ZONES AND FOUND IN THE PINE Forest MountrvAINS Cereocarpus ledifolius (found on Artemisia tridentata (found from certain ridges from 7000 to 4100 to 9400 feet altitude) 8800 feet) 338 University of California Publications in Zoology. [Vou.7 PLANTS ORDINARILY OCCURRING IN TRANSITION AND FOUND IN THE PINE Forest MOUNTAINS (Cool, shaded situations in meadows or along streams, except as noted, from 7500 to 8600 feet altitude) Prunus demissa (found on favor- ably exposed slopes at 8000 feet) Aquilegia truncata Ribes cereum (ordinarily occurring elsewhere in upper Transition and above) Achillaea millefolium lanulosa Aphyllon fasciculatum Pentstemon confertus caeruleo-pur- pureus Cercocarpus ledifolius (on dry, ex- posed ridges 7000 to 8800 feet) Iris missouriensis (in meadows and on dry, open hillsides) Amelanchier alnifolia (found on favorably exposed slopes at 8000 feet) Arnica chamissonis Aconitum columbianum Sisymbrium canescens Hypericum formosum Artemisia tridentata (found from 4100 to 9400 feet altitude) Ceanothus velutinus (on favorable slopes) Veratrum californicum (ordinarily oceurring elsewhere in upper Transition and above) PLANTS ORDINARILY OCCURRING IN CANADIAN OR HUDSONIAN AND FouND IN THE PINE Forest MountvAINS (8000 feet and above) Aquilegia truncata Ribes' cereum Arnica chamissonis Iris missouriensis (from 7000 feet up) Aconitum columbianum S‘symbrium canescens Pinus flexilis Allium validum Ceanothus velutinus Veratrum ealifornicum (in mead- ows 7000 feet in altitude and above) DISCUSSION OF LIFE ZONES The life zones represented in the region are Upper Sonoran and Transition, with a touch of Boreal (see map, pl. 7). The desert proper, comprising in this region the broad flats of the Quinn River Valley and the neighboring deserts, is Upper Sonoran. On favorable slopes tongues of this zone invade the mountains to an altitude of 8000 feet at least, as is indicated by the presence at that elevation of Reithrodontomys megalotis desertt and Peromyscus crinitus. The zone of widest extent in the mountains is the Transition. The most conspicuous element of its flora on exposed flats and treeless ridges was Artemisia tridentata. The most abundant Ladvulau.. i owes 159 Sapsucner 0-2. Reo Cornell University ithaca, New York 14850 1912] Taylor: Birds and Reptiles of Northern Nevada. 339 Transition tree was Populus tremuloides. The occurrence of this species and of Alnus tenutfolia along creeks to 4500 feet altitude, and even in the case of Alnus below that, indicates the downward extension of Transition. Certain species of mammals, ordinarily characteristic of that zone, were found at comparatively low altitudes. Callospermophilus trepidus and Microtus mordax were both found near Big Creek Ranch, the former on a nearby foot- hill ridge at 5000 feet, and the latter along the creek at the ranch proper. Neotoma cinerea occidentalis was secured at 6500 feet altitude on both Alder and Leonard creeks, and Zapus princeps oregonus at 6000 feet on Alder Creek. In an earlier paper (Taylor, 1911, p. 226 and elsewhere in the same paper) the presence of a zone above Transition was rather questioned. A careful analysis of the vertebrate fauna and of the flora leaves no doubt that while there is locally present a Boreal assemblage of forms, still there is no definite tract of pure Boreal. The species which are found elsewhere above Transition and which are present in the Pine Forest Mountains cannot be referred as a whole to either the Canadian or the Hudsonian subdivision of the Boreal, as an inspection of the foregoing lists will show. Such species have been grouped together, and where they occur there is said to be a Boreal infusion. These areas are very limited in extent. In general the pine-covered areas, together with certain shaded cool strips along the streams in the higher parts of the mountains, may be regarded as tracts of such Boreal infusion into a predominating Transition assemblage of species. The small extent of the Pine Forest Mountains and their comparative lack of elevation above the level of the plateau (see C. H. Merriam, 1890, p. 27) are obstacles to the plotting of their life zones. These factors decrease their humidity and give this element, as compared with temperature, a disproportionate influ- ence in determining the presence of particular species, and the absence of others (see C. H. Merriam, 1890, p. 26, footnote). This being the case, the life-zone concept here becomes difficult , of application, since boundaries of zones cannot be drawn with the precision possible in many other regions. 340 University of California Publications in Zoology. ([Vou.7 CHECK-LISTS OF SPECIES RECORDED BY THE NEVADA EXPEDITION For list of mammals see Taylor (1911, p. 208). AMPHIBIANS PAGE 1, Hyla regilla Baird and Girard 342 2. Bufo boreas Baird and Girard. ......2..2..-.2:22.ce:ceccceceeeeeeeesecceeneeeeeeceenees 343 3. Bufo lentiginosus woodhousei Girard -..........2.2.--------ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 344 4. Seaphiopus hammondi Baird 845 REPTILES 1. Crotaphytus collaris baileyi Stejneger —.......2-....:ccc:cecccceecceeee cette 346 2. Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird and Girard ...........2222----2--eccecsceeteeees 346 3. Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard -.......00.2..222.22-e-ececeeeeeeeee eee 4, Sceloporus graciosus Baird and Girard 5. Sceloporus biseriatus Hallowell 6. Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard. -..............2.cecececeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeereeeeeeeene 7. Cnemidophorus tigris Baird and Girard 8. Bascanion taeniatum (Haltowell) -....2...2.---.----c----ceceecceeeeecetceneteceeteees 9. Pituophis eatenifer deserticola Stejneger ......... 22.222. 354 10. Thamnophis vagrans (Baird and Girard) ...........22..:.::2:0cc:eeeeeeeeees 854 11. Crotalus (species indet.) 355 Birps 1. Larus delawarensis Ord. 356 2. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (Gmelin) .............20..22020-2000ee 356 3. Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus ...........22.2-2-.2csccccsceceeceseceeeeeeeeteseneeeeeeeeees 357 4, Nettion carolinense (Gmelin) 357 5. Querquedula cyanoptera (Vieillot) 2.2.2... eeceeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 357 6: Daifila ‘acuta: (Linnaeus) ot ee os ee ee ak eS sles agstbekesd 857 7. Nycticorax nyticorax naevius (Boddaert) -....2.2....2.2:22:-ceceeeeeeeeeeeeeee 357 8. Porzana carolina (Linnaeus) 358 9. Fulica americana Gmelin ........ --- 358 10. Thamnophis vagrans (Baird and Girard) —-...--2-2...eseeeceeeeeeeeees 354 11. Steganopus tricolor Vieilot 2.22.2 eeeteeeeeec eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 359 12, Recurvirostra americana Gmelin 360 13. Aetitis macularius (Linnaeus) 360 14. Oxyechus vociferus (Linnaeus) 2.02.22... eececeeceeeeeceeccnceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 361 15. Oreortyx picta plumifera (Gould) .2.n2..2.-.2.eccceeeceeeeeceecececeeeeeeeeseteeseceee 361 16. Centrocereus urophasianus (Bonaparte) ..2.2......ccccceccceeeeeeeeseeeeeeees 362 17. Zenaidura macroura carolinensis (Linnaeus) .......0...0..-2.ecececeseeeeeeee 363 18. Cathartes aura septentrionaligs Wied 0.......0......ccccccecececececeeceeeeeeeeeeeeee 364 19. Cireus hudsonius (Linnaeus) 364 20. Accipiter velox (Wilson) 364 21. Buteo borealis calurus Cassin 364 22. Aquila chrysaétos (Linnaeus) .-- 865 1912] Taylor: Birds and Reptiles of Northern Nevada. 341 23. 24, 25, 26. 27. 28. 29, 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. a6. Bits 38. 39. 40. 41. 42, 43. 44, 45, 46. 47. 48, 49. 50. 51, 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64, 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. . Passerella iliaca schistacea Baird .........2.22..22..2::e:cceccecceeeeeeeenseeseceeeeeeee Faleo mexicanus Schlegel 2.02.2... eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeseceeeeeereneeeereeeneeeesese Falco sparverius phalaena (Lesson) Asio wilsonianus (Lesson) : Bubo virginianus pallescens Stone(?) -......2-2--2-2-2:.2:2c2sceseceeececeseeeeeeees Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea (Bonaparte) ..0......22.:1ccceeeeeeeees Ceryle aleyon (Linnaeus) -.......2....22cc:cececesecceseseseeeeseeteseseeeeeeeceeeeeseeeeeeees Colaptes cafer collaris Vigors —......--.-22---e-eseceeeee eee eect eee eens Phalaenoptilus nuttalli nuttalli (Audubon) . Chordeiles virginianus hesperis Grinnell Aéronautes melanoleucus (Baird) ......... 5 Selasphorus platycercus (Swainson) -....2....2..:.::2::s:scecseeceeeeeseereeeeeeeeeees Selasphorus rufus (Gmelin) (2) -...2..-2.2--2-2:2:cececcceeeecececeeeeceeeeeeseseeeeseees Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus) Tyrannus verticalis Say Sayornis sayus (Bonaparte) Nuttallornis borealis (Swainson) .............2.-2-22-2--2:---22-20-0020eeeeeeeeeeeeee Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni (Swainson) on Empidonax trailli trailli (Audubon) -...0.2220.2.22..::ececeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Empidonax hammondi (Xantus) -.....022.2.--2.--ceeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Empidonax wrighti Baird Otocoris alpestris merrilli Dwight ....2....0.20...0.2:c:eccececeeeeeeececeeeeceeeeeeeeee Pica pica hudsonia (Sabine) sa Aphelocoma woodhousei (Baird) —.....2..2.22.......sesescecseeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeee 378 Corvus corax sinuatus Wagler 378 Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson) —...2....22....2...2.eescseeecceeeeeceeeeeeeeeee eee 379 Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus) -.........2.22.2222222c-ceecee eee 380 Molothrus ater artemisiae Grinnell ................. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte) - £ Agelaius phoeniceus (subspecies indet.) -....22..22202-22c:ccceeceeeeeeeeeeeeees Sturnella neglecta Audubon Icterus bullocki (Swainson) Euphagus cyanocephalus (Wagler) —........--....-ececeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee Carpodacus cassini Baird Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say) -.......2.22-.-.2--2:::c:eeseeeeeeee Astragalinus psaltria hesperophilus Oberholser Spinus pinus (Wilson) Poecetes gramineus confinis Baird -...........eececeeeeeeeee eee Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus Bonaparte ...............20:.0------ 390 Passerculus sandwichensis nevadensis Grinnell ..........0...0202:00000 . 390 Chondestes grammacus strigatus Swainson .......2.0......2222:20sceeeeeeees 391 Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys (J. R. Forster) Spizella passerina arizonae Coues ~........2..2c.ec-ceeeeneeeeeeeeeeeeee eee ceeeeee Spizella breweri Cassin Juneo oreganus thurberi Anthony .........2...2.2..:.2:-scceececeeeeeeeeeteeeeeeeeeee Amphispiza bilineata deserticola Ridgway ............2.2.22222:1eeee Amphispiza nevadensis nevadensis (Ridgway) Melospiza melodia montana Henshaw . The Possible vB) _ Significance of Such Investigations, by William BE. Bitter; Part 1, " Practicability of the Determinations, by Samuel E. Bailey: Pp, ‘1-10. October, 1908 % nee Torrey, Pp. 11-31, with text figures. ‘February, 1909 20800 <8. (EV) The Ophiurans of the San Diego Region, by J. F. MoOlen- don.) Pp..33-64, plates.1-6.“ July,:.1909 “2. (XXIV) ‘The Leptomednsae of the San Diego. Begion, by Harry Beal . Lwo Heretofore ‘Unnamed Wrens of ene Genus Thryomanes, by hd el . The’ Savannah Bperrew ‘of ‘the ‘Great. Basin, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 5 $1.00 Fs aa h (XXVI) Halocynthia johnson nysp.: A ‘compreliensive inquiry. as: to” \ theextent of law and order that prevails ina single animal species, “\o-‘by Wm. EB, Ritter. Pp. 65-114, plates 7:14, “November, 1909... Be CRvED) Three ‘Species of ‘Cerianthus from Southern California, by \ Ho. Bi Torrey and F.. L, Bleeberger- “Pp: 115-125, 4. ‘text-figures. December,..1909 —....- - The Life History of Trypanosoma dimorphon “Dutton. & Todd, by he Wee A908. ; Te ee Quantitative Study’ of: the Development of the: Salpa Chain in Salpa fusiformis-runcinata, by. Myrtle Elizabeth Johneon.. ay Pp; 445-176)“ March, 1910" oe BN A ‘Kevision of the Genus ‘Geratocorys, Based on Skeletal Morphology, <3.) 0. by, Charles Atwood Kofoid. Pp) 177-187. May, 1910-57 =) 9.) (XTX). Preliminary. Report on the: Hydrographic Work Carried on by (- the’ Marine. Biological. Station 02 San Diego; oy George F. McEwen. siya Pp, 189-204; text-figure and map, May, 1910 .. ee “10. too) Biological Studies. on Corymorpha, TIT, ole. figures, il. Patek ‘Note on Geottopism in Corym-rpha, by Bary his Torrey, poe 293-094: 1 text-figure, penis 18, Significance of White Markings in Birds of the Order Passeriformes, by Henry Chester Tracy. Pp.’ 285-312: December, 1910... Re ‘Calvin Olin Esterly. “Pp. 313-352; plates 26-82.) February, 1911-.2.- ‘) 1b, The Genus Gyrocotyle, and Its Significance. for Problems of Cestode ee ‘Hindle. . Pp. 127-144, plates 15-17, 1 text-figure, December, a “Nos,.10 and 11 in-one cover, August, 1910... Cue Fas tab eI, The. Cyclostomatous Bryozoa of the West Coast. of ‘North America, by < Alice. Robertson, . Pp, 225-284; plates: 18-25, December, 1910-0...) : ae 14, (SXX1H) Third Report on the Copepoda of ‘the San Diego Region, by : 2.) 7 J) Structure and Phylogeny, by Edna Earl Watson. Pb. 353-468; plates (|. 88a8. June, 1811 ny Ra 85 10 old5 enesration | of Hy- ‘dranth and Sa by ‘Harty: ‘Beal. Torrey. Pp. 205- 221; 16 text- ; 49 * 1,00 (% fiestas Ceaaiss CMM UNIVERSITY. OF. CALIFORNIA . PUBLICATIONS (Continued) . Vol. me Fe from the ‘Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. a MN i ody Two New, Owls from’, ‘Arizona, with Description ofthe. ‘Tabbaay’ ‘Pram Bee Ae 1s ge of Stric) oecidentalis: ogetdentalis (Xantus), by Harry. 8. ‘Swarth. Fes te ae ‘1-8. ‘May, 1910... yas sn a 2. Bi 8 and Mammals of the 1909 Alexander’ Aiauwa Bxpedition, by ou OPA Atak ‘ ‘Harry 8,’ Swarth. Pp, 9-172; plates 1-6; $ text-figures, January, 1911. / 1, re Hit 3. An ‘Apparent’ ‘Hybrid in: the Genus, Dendroica, by. Waiter Pe Taylor, ei 2 Ae 4 Pp. 178-177. February; 10117... i 4) the. Linnet ‘of’ the Hawaiian /Islands: ‘a’ ‘Eroblem in Spebiation,, by me Joseph Grinnell. : Bp. 179-195... Feb 1 Lk . rhe Modesto Song Sparrow, by Joseph \ na mary, 1911 6,""Two New Species of Marmots/from | Northwestern Ame ica, “by “a B +) Bwarth, Pp. 201-204; SPODYUST yy VON: lane pect temmupe ‘7, Mammals: of the Alexander Nevada, Expedition of: 1909, by. Walter: P, } /Eaylor. . Pp. 205-307. June, 1911 f : BE “Description: of a New Spotted Towhee fromthe’ Great Basia by. J. oa Grinnell: (Pp, 309-311: « August, 1911 cone : 9. Description of a New, Hairy, Woodpecker from Southeaste mm H. 8. Swarth. |; Pp./$13-318, October, 1911. ile elie A “40. ‘Field Notes on Amphibians, Reptiles and Birds of Northern Hambi Hol a rea ay County, ‘Nevada, with 4 Discussion of Some of the Panna , ‘Features SN ote ee é of the Region, ‘by Walter. ce Taylor, ‘ Pp. 819: 436,, Plates” TQs Lote Ay ae _ February, 4912 3 aa: 4 Vol, 8. 1. ‘The, ‘Vertical Distribution | of Baealanud: ‘elongatus in. the) ‘San’ Diego» Cee be age Region’ during 1909, by Calvin 0, Easterly. ° Pp. 1-7, May, 1924.:.,.. ea Gay ts 2. ‘New: and ‘Rare Fishes, from ‘Southern’ ‘California, doy.’ Edwin’ ‘Chapin: oo \ | Starks and. ‘William -M, Mann, .Pp,.9-19,°2 toxt-figures: auly, 1911 am 3. pase and Vertical Distribution of the Chaetognatha-of the San...’ a Diego Region, Including Redescriptious of Some; Doubtful Species of «i, 2) the Group, by Ellis L. Michael, Pp. ‘21-186, pls)'4-8. December, 1911 AS Mae iy odes ie of the San, Diego Region, IV. The Genus. Gonyaulax, with 7) Notes on Its Skeletal Morphology ‘and a Discussion of Its Generic Pee oan Specific Characters, by Qharles: naneed: Kofold. - so 187-286, 0) 8 plates 9-17.” A i i ‘On ‘the’ ‘Skeletal. ‘Morphology gy oo Charles Atwood Kofoid. Pp, 287-294, plate 18; =. 7 ; Pie 6, Dinoflagellata of the San: Diego Region, Vi On Spiraulaz, a. ‘New Genus ; ms of Ane; Perldinida, ‘by Charles Atwood Kofold. Pp.) (295-300, Plate » sm Nog, 4, 5, and 6 in ohe cover! , September, 1911 ..;..0..... ee Notes: on Some Cephalopods ‘in: the Collection of the University of Gal. apse y ‘ifornia, by S. S$, Berry... Pp. 301-310, plates:20-21. September, 1911 8. On a Self-closing Plankton Net. for Horizontal: Towing, by Charles At ane oy swood. Kofoid. (Pp, 311-848, plates 22-25, is - On an. Improved Form, of’ Self-closing Water. bucket. ‘for Plankton In. vestigations, by Charles Atwood Kofoid. Pp. 349-352. Nos.'$ and 9 in’ one cover, November 18, 1911. ols 9 2 ‘The ‘Horned ‘Lizards of Califortia and. Nevada ‘of ‘the tienen) hryng ‘ soma and Anota, by Harold ©, Bryant. Pp. 1-84, pls. 1 1-3. December, pes ayia ‘patenava’ erander),, by v/s gti - 2. On’ a Lymphoid Stracture Lying Over the Myelencephaion of Lepisos. cp, | ENS, hy Asa C. Chandler. Pp. 85-104, plates 10- 12. Scisecine ge, : “Mol. 10... (Contributions: from the ‘Museum of Vertebrate Zoology.) : ei \ a. Report on a Collection of Birds and Mammals trom Vancoiver Tstand, ped ; ’ by Harry 8. Swarth. ‘Pp. 1-124, plates 1-422. 4 ‘ay ‘2, A New\Cony from the Vicinity of Pree Whitney, by Joseph Grinnell, if EP, bogie at SERRA, 1912