THE SCOVIISH COVENANTERS 1637-1088 ner Cornell University Library BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henry W. Sage 1891 pA acceso eel al ix).10. 9306 Cornell University Library DA 800.T48 “WHT olin BELL’S ENGLISH HISTORY SOURCE BOOKS General Editors: S. E. WinBoit, M.A., and KENNETH BELL, M.A. THE SCOTTISH COVENANTERS BELL’S ENGLISH HISTORY SOURCE BOOKS. Volumes now Ready. 1s. net each, 449-1066. The Welding of the Race. Edited by the Rev. JoHn Wa ttis, M.A. 1066-1154. The Normans in England. Edited by A. E. Bianp, M.A. [In preparation 1154-1216. The Angevins and the Charter. Edited by S. M. Toyne, M.A. 1216-1307. The Struggle for the Charter. Edited by W. D. Rosigeson, M.A. (In preparation 1307-1399. War and Misrule. Edited by A. A. Locke. 1399-1485. York and Lancaster. Edited by W. Garmon Jones, M.A. 1485-1547. The Reformation and the Re- naissance. Edited by F. W. Bewsner, B.A. 1647-1603. The Age of Elizabeth. Edited by ARUNDELL Espaivez, M.A. 1603-1660. Puritanism and Liberty. Edited by Kennetu Bext, M.A. 1660-1714. A _ Constitution in Making. Edited by G. B. Perrett, M.A. 1714-1760. Walpole and Chatham, Edited by K. A. EspalLe. 1760-1801. American Independence and the French Revolution. Edited by S. E Winsott, M.A. 1801-1815. England and Napoleon. Edited by S. E. WinBott, M.A. 1815-1837. Peace and Reform. Edited by A.C. W. Epwarps, M.A., Christ’s Hospital. 1837-1856. Commercial Politics. By R. H. Gretton, M.A. (Un preparation. 1856-1876. Palmerston to Disraeli. Edited by Ewinc Haroine, B.A. 1876-1887. Imperialism and Mr. Gladstone. Edited by R. H. Grerton, M.A. 1663-1913. Canada. Edited by James Munro, Lecturer at Edinburgh University. Other volumes, covering the whole range of English History from Roman Britain, are in active prepara- tion, and will be issued at short intervals. LONDON: G. BELL AND SONS, LTD. THE SCOTTISH COVENANTERS (1637—1688) COMPILED BY J. PRINGLE THOMSON, M.A. AUTHOR OF ‘¢ ALEXANDER HENDERSON, THE COVENANTER ” LONDON G. BELL AND SONS, LTD. 1914 PREFACE One or two points which engaged my attention while preparing the first Source Book dealing exclusively with Scottish history may be mentioned. While modernising the spelling of the originals toa certain extent, I have thought it right to preserve many of the characteristics of the writers of the time, such as their curious use of commas and full stops, their habit of using small letters where we would use capitals, and vice versa. Archaic and dialectal words and phrases are explained in footnotes. The student who essays to investigate the contemporary authorities for this period has no lack of material to draw on, and, thanks to the patriotic labours of such bodies as the Bannatyne, Spalding, and Maitland Clubs, and the Scottish History Society, research has been greatly simplified. It will be seen that I have drawn freely on these publications, and I have specially to acknowledge the kindness of the officials of the Scottish History Society, which continues its labours to-day with unabated enthusiasm. I have endeavoured to give a fair selection of constitutional documents, and any omissions in this respect are intentional. It did not seem advisable, for example, to give the full text of the National Covenant, epoch-making though it was, on account of its extreme length. A considerable amount of space has been devoted to passages illustrating the social life of the period, and for this I offer no apology. J.P. T. GLascGow, December, 1913. DATE 1637. 1638, 1639. 1640. 1641, 1643. 1644. 1645. 1646. 1648. 1649. 1650. 1650. 1651, TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Lavp’s Liturcy THE NATIONAL CovENANT ABERDEEN AND THE COVENANT THe GLascow ASSEMBLY THE Trot oF TURRIFF THE First BisHops’ War: A, THE Scots GENERAL B. THE Kine Raises AN ARMY - C. THE Scots Camp - THE SECOND BisHops’ War: A. THE CovENANTERS’ DEMANDS B. THE Kine Gives Way CuHarLEs IJ, IN SCOTLAND Tue INCIDENT - - AN APPEAL FROM ENGLAND - THe SOLEMN LEAGUE AND COVE- NANT MontTrROSE’S REBELLION Tue BATTLE oF INVERLOCHY - Lorp Ocitvy’s ESCAPE FROM THE COvVENANTERS CHARLES SURRENDERS TO THE SCOTS A SoLEMN WaRNING TO THE KING Tue Last Errort To SAVE THE KING PROCLAMATION OF CHARLES II. EXECUTION OF THE Marguis oF MoNTROSE : - DunzBar DROVE PROTESTERS AND RESOLUTIONERS CROMWELL’s ARMY IN EDINBURGH - CoRONATION OF CHARLES II. Sack or DuNDEE BY GENERAL Monk vii Rothes’ '' Relation’’ = - Monteth’s ‘‘ Troubles of Great Britain’? - Spalding’s ‘‘ History’ Baillie’s ‘' Letters"? : Spalding's ‘‘ History "’ Spalding’s ‘‘ History”’ Spalding’s ‘' History’ Baillie’s ‘* Letters’’ Peterkin’s '‘ Records "’ Spalding’s ‘‘ History"? ‘*Calenday of State Papers"’ - Spalding’'s ‘' History"’ Baillie’s ‘‘ Letters ’’ Gardiner's ‘* Constitu- tional Documents"' Spalding's ‘‘ History’ Napier's *' Memorials of Montrose’’ - Wishart’s ‘' Deeds of Montrose ”' - ‘*Calenday of State Papers" - Peterkin’s ** Reecovds ue Kirkton’s ‘' Secret and True History"? Baillie’s ‘‘ Letters" “* Diary of John Nicoll”’ Carlyle's ‘* Cromwell’’ - Kirkion's ‘* Secret ont True History"’ ‘' Diary of John Nicoll [ ‘' Diary of John Nicoll’' "' Diary of John Nicoll" PAGE H OAR W viii DATE 1652. 1654. 1655. 1657. 1660. 1661, 1663. 1665. 1666. 1667. 1669. 1674. 1678, 1679. 1680. 1683. 1685. 1687. TABLE OF CONTENTS A PROCLAMATION CONCERNING LIGHT- ING UNION OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND: A. RESOLUTIONS OF THE ENGLISH PaRLIAMENT B. A News-LetTTER FROM LEITH C. Scottish MEMBERS OF THE PROTECTORATE PARLIAMENT INSTRUCTIONS TO GENERAL Monk - THE SEAPORTS OF SCOTLAND PROCLAMATION OF THE SECOND PROTECTORATE THE GARRISONING OF SCOTLAND THE RESTORATION Episcopacy RESTORED IN SCOTLAND CONSECRATION OF SCOTTISH BISHOPS Fatt oF Lorp MIDDLETON” - THE Fate oF JOHNSTON OF War- RISTON - - Tue Scots Mire Act CONVENTICLES - . THE PENTLAND RISING BatTLe oF RULLION GREEN Tue WHIGs First LETTER OF INDULGENCE A ScottisH Lairp’s Accounts - Tue HicuLtanp Host Domestic LiFE IN SCOTLAND MurpER OF ARCHBISHOP SHARP - BaTTLe oF BoTHWELL Bric THE SANQUHAR DECLARATION A HuNTED COVENANTER THE KiILLinGc TimMEs THE Wictown Martyrs ARGYLE's REBELLION -- Dark DEEDS IN DUNNOTTAR CASTLE Tue TuirpD LETTER OF INDULGENCE 1687-88. THE EvE oF THE REVOLUTION 1688. THE REVOLUTION IN SCOTLAND THE Hoor oF TRIUMPH - ‘* Scotland and the Com- monwealth"’ ‘* Diary of John Nicoll’ '* Scotland and the Com- monwealth ”’ - '' Diary of John Nicoll” '* Scotland and the Pro- tectovate"’ “* Report’? by Thomas Tuckey - - ‘* Scotland and the Pro: tectorate’’ "* Scotland and the it tectorate’ - ‘* Diary of John Nicoll" ue ‘* Mackenzie's Memoirs’ ‘“' Diary of John Nicoll” ‘* Diary of John Nicoll"' “ Diary of John Nicoll” Wodrow’s ‘‘ History "’ “The Lauderdale Papers” Kirkton’s * Secret ss True History” “ The Lauderdale Papers® a Peterkin’s ‘‘ Records"’ Wodrow’s ‘* History” - Cunningham's ‘‘ Diary "’ Law’s ‘‘ Memorials’’ Kirke’s ‘' Modern Ac- count'' - - Wodrow's ‘‘ History" Law's ‘‘ Memorvialls"’ Wodrow's ‘' History"’ Nimmo’s ‘‘ Narrative” - Walker's ** Six Saints of the Covenant” Stewart's ‘' History Vin- dicated” - . - Fountainhall’s ‘* Histori- cal Observes” Wodrow’s '‘ History” Wodrow's ‘' History” Balcarves’ ‘* Memoirs” Balcarres’ '* Memoirs” - Burnet's ‘* History of My Own Times” - PAGE 52 IoI 104 106 III II4 116 118 119 THE SCOTTISH COVENANTERS 1637—1688 LAUD'S LITURGY (1637). Source.—Appendix to Rothes’ Relation, pp. 198-200. (Edinburgh : Bannatyne Club, 1830.) A Brier AND TRUE RELATION OF THE BROYLE WHICH FELL OUT ON THE Lorp’s Day, THE 23RD OF JULY, 1637, ‘THROUGH THE OCCASION OF A BLACK, POPISH, AND SUPER- STITIOUS SERVICE Book, WHICH WAS THEN ILLEGALLIE INTRODUCED AND IMPUDENTLY VENTED WITHIN THE CHURCHE OF EDINBURGH. ... In the Greyfriars Church, when it was first presented, there was such a confused exclamation, such extraordinary gazing (for that was the greatest reverence which was there given to that Babylonish service), such wringing of hands, and such effusion of eye-streams that Mr. James Fairlie, one of the ordinarie pastors (now Bishop of Argyll) was forced to put an end to that patched work before he had scarcely begun -the same. To make the birth and death day of each corrupt novation of alike proximity and nearness will prove, I hope, a most singular antidote against all such unrighteous pro- ceedings. In the Old Church there was great malcontentment and a wonderful stirre: many mouths were there opened to the Bishop’s disgrace— false antichristian,” “wolf,” “ beastly belly god,” and “crafty fox” were the best epithets and titles of dignity which were given him. The Dean, Mr. James Hanna, was 1637-1688 1 2. LAUD’S LITURGY mightily upbraided. Some cried : ‘He is a son of a witches breeding and the devil’s get. No healthsome water can come forth from such a polluted fountain.” Others cried, “ Ill-hanged thief! if at that time when thou wentest to Court thou hadest been well hanged, thou hadest not been here to be a pest to God’s church this day.” One did cast a stool at him, intending to have given him a ticket of remembrance ; but jouking * be- came his safeguard at that time. The Church was immediately emptied of the most part of the congregation, and the doores thereof barred at commandment of the secular power. A good Christian woman, much desirous to remove, perceiving she could get no passage patent, betook herself to her Bible ina remote corner of the Church. As she was there stopping her ears at the voice of popish charmers, whom she remarked to be very headstrong in the public practice of their antichristian rudiments, a young man sitting behind her began to sound forth “ Amen!” At the hearing thereof, she quickly turned her about, and after she had warmed both his cheeks with the weight of her hands, she thus shot against him the thunderbolt of her zeal: ‘“ False thief!” said she, “is there no other part of the Kirk to sing Mass in, but thou must sing it at my lug ?” + The young man, being dashed with such a hot, unexpected rencounter, gave place to silence in sign of his recantation. .. . When that forenoon’s convocation and meeting was dissolving, Togatus Homuncio, a little man with a gown, one who of his own accord had adjoined himself as a specialactor in the former superstitious exercise (God’s service or worship it deserves not to be called) got-his back bones and belly full of no small buffeting distributions. His gown was rent, his Service Book taken from him, and his body so pitifully beaten and bruised that he cried often for mercy, and vowed never afterwards to give his concurrence to such clogged devotion. The Bishop in the meantime thought to have removed himself peaceably to his lodging, but no sooner was he seen upon the streets, when the confused multitude rushed violently upon him, and furiously pursued after him with railing and clod- * Ducking. + Ear. THE NATIONAL COVENANT 3 ding; and if their hands could have been as active as their minds were willing, they had doubtless demolished the great butt which they aimed at.... The Bishop was after noon accompanied to the Old Church again with a great guard, and the doores were closed and no women permitted to enter. Mr. Alexander Thomson did read several collects of the Service Book a little before his afternoon’s sermon, and if the church doors had not been well fenced with the Magistrates and others, he had questionless been pulled out of the pulpit with violence. THE NATIONAL COVENANT (1638). Source.—History of the Troubles of Great Britain, etc., translated from the French by Robert Monteth of Salmonet, pp. 22, 23. (London: 1735.) The petitioners* went from Sterling to Edinburgh, where, having drawn together a vast multitude of all sorts of persons, in order to deliberate upon so pressing an affair, they resolved to enter into a strict union and confederacy together, which they called the Covenant. This Covenant consisted of three heads— the first was a renewing of the Oath that their forefathers had taken, to defend, as well the purity of religion, as the King’s person and rights, against the usurpations of Rome, and to adhere inviolably to the Confession of Faith, which was drawn up in the year 1580, confirmed by a National Assembly and the Estates of Parliament in 1581, and by an Order of Council subscribed by all sorts of persons in 1590. The Confession contains, in very bitter and injurious terms, a disavowing of all the articles, which the Protestants of the Communion of Zuinglius+ and Calvin reject in the Catholic faith, and expresses not what they positively believe (which is to be found in another ample Confession, not unlike that of the Swiss, which is inserted in the Acts of Parliament) but what they do not believe, which they condemn with execrable words, The second head contained a recital of all the Acts of Parliament made in Scotland for maintaining the religion, reformed after * Against the Service Book. + Zwingli. 4 ABERDEEN AND THE COVENANT their manner, as well in discipline as in doctrine. The third contained an engagement to four things. (1) ‘‘ Not to practice any more the ceremonies introduced into the administration of the Sacraments, nor to approve the ecclesiastical government by Bishops, nor their seat and voice in the Parliament and Courts of Justice, until a free meeting of an Assembly and Parliament had decided these matters. (2) To detest and abhor all those novelties, which, among the other popish points, are abjured in the Confession of Faith, because, having seriously examined them (which was plainly anticipating the judgment both of the Assembly and Parliament) they had found that they tended to the re-establishment of the Romish religion and tyranny, and that they were manifestly contrary to the intention of the reformers of religion in Scotland, and to the very words of the Confession of Faith, which ought to be understood of all those innovations, no less than each of them had been therein particularly expressed. (3) To take a solemn oath, that all and everyone in his profession, shall defend the King’s person and authority, as his Majesty shall defend the religion, liberties, and laws of the Kingdom, and that they shall mutually defend one another in maintaining this cause, against all persons whatsoever. (4) Seriously to reform themselves, their families, lives, and manners, as it became people that had renewed the Covenant with God.” ABERDEEN AND THE COVENANT (1638). Source.—Spalding’s History of the Troubles and Memorable Transac- tions in Scotland and England from 1624 to 1645, vol. i., p. 57. (Edinburgh : Bannatyne Club, 1828.) Upon the 2oth day of July, the Earl of Montrose, the Lord Couper, the Master of Forbes, the Laird of Leys Burnet, the Laird of Morphie, Mr. Alexander Henderson, minister at Leuchars in Fife, Mr. David Dickson, minister at Irvine, and Mr. Andrew Cant, minister at Pitsligo, as commissioners for the covenanters came altogether to New Aberdeen. The provost and baillies courteously salutes them at their lodging ; offers ABERDEEN AND THE COVENANT 5 them wine and comfits according to their laudable custom, for their welcome: but this their courteous offer was disdainfully refused, saying they would drink none with them while* first the covenant was subscribed ; whereat the provost and baillies was somewhat offended. Always, they took their leave suddenly ; caused deal the wine in the bead house amongst the poor men, which they so disdainfully had refused ; whereof the like was never done to Aberdeen, in no man’s memory. Upon the morn, being Sunday, these three covenanting ministers intended to preach; but the town’s ministers keeped them therefrom, and would give them no entrance, but preached themselves in their own pulpits. They, seeing themselves so disappointed, go to the Earl Marischal’s close, where the Lady Pitsligoe’s sister was then dwelling, a rank puritan ; and the said Mr. Alexander Henderson preached first, next Mr. David Dickson, and lastly Mr. Andrew Cant, all on the said Sunday: and divers people flocked in within the said close to hear these preachers, and see this novelty. It is said, this Mr. Henderson read out, after his sermon, certain articles proponed by the divines of Aberdeen; amongst which, was alleged, they could not subscribe this covenant without the King’s command ; whereunto he made such answers, as pleased him best. Upon the morn, being Monday, they all three preached again, after others, within the said close. Many auditors was there, whereof, some was moved to subscribe the covenant, such as, Patrick’ Leslie burgess of Aberdeen, John Leslie his brother, Mr. Alexander Jaffray, sundry of the name of Burnet, and other burgesses of Aberdeen; and likewise, Mr. John Lundie, master of the Grammar School, common procurator of the King’s College, Mr. David Lindsay parson of Belhelvie, Mr. Andrew Melvill parson of Banchory Devenick, Mr. Thomas Melvill minister at Dyss, Mr. Walter Anderson minister at Kinneller, Mr. William Robertson minister at Fitty ; and such like, by all man’s expectation, Dr. William Guild, one of the ministers of the said burgh of Aberdeen ; and Mr. Robert Reid minister at Banchory Ternan: but these two subscribed this covenant with some limitations and restrictions. . * Until. 6 THE GLASGOW ASSEMBLY But the forenamed commissioners and their three ministers, before this, went from Aberdeen, went down through the presbyteries of Buchan, and got many subscriptions of ministers and laicks * to their covenant. They passed out of Aberdeen, upon the 23rd of July: and returned back again there, upon the 28th of July; and got the subscriptions of Aberdeen, as ye have heard. They were but few in company, about thirty horse, and multitudes resorted to them besides, out of Buchan, Mar, Mearns, and the Garioch, who subscribed all. In end, these commissioners departed south out of Aberdeen. THE GLASGOW ASSEMBLY (1638). Source.—Baillie’s Letters and Fournals, vol.i., p. 121. (Edited by David Laing. Edinburgh: 1841.) On Friday, the 16th of November, we in the West, as we were desired, came to Glasgow ; our noblemen, specially Eglin- ton, backed with great numbers of friends and vassals. ... The town did expect and providefor huge multitudes of people, and put on their houses and beds excessive prices ; but the diligence of the Magistrates and the vacancy of many rooms, did quickly moderate that excess. We were glad to see such order and large provision above all men’s expectation ; for this that town got much both thanks and credit: it can lodge easily at once, both Council, Session, Parliament, and General Assembly, whenever it shall be required.... On Wednesday the 21st of November, with much ado could we throng into our places, one evil which troubled us much the first fourteen days of our sitting. The Magistrates, with their town guard, the noble- men, with the assistance of the gentry, whiles the Commissioner in person, could not get us entry to our rooms, use what force, what policy they could, without such delay of time and thrumbling + through, as did grieve and offend us. Whether this evil be common to all nations, at all public confluences, or it be proper to the rudeness of our nation alone, or whether in these late times, the love and admiration of this new reforma- * Laymen. t Thronging. THE GLASGOW ASSEMBLY 7 tion, have at all public meetings stirred up a greater than ordinary zeal in the multitude to be present for hearing and seeing, or what is the special cause of this irremediable evil, I do not know ; only I know my special offence for it, and wishes it remedied above any evil that ever I knew in the service of God among us. As yet, no appearance of redress. It is here alone, where I think we might learn from Canterburie, yea, from the Pope, from the Turks, or Pagans, modesty and manners; at least their deep reverence in the house they call God’s ceases not till it have led them to the adoration of the timber and stones of the place. We are here so far the other way, that our rascals, without shame, in great numbers, makes such din and clamour in the house of the true God, that if they minted * to use the like behaviour in my chamber, I could not be content till they were down the stairs. When with great difficulty we were set down; the Commis- sioner’s Grace in his chair of state; at his feet, before and on both sides, the chief of the Council, the Treasurer, Privy-Seal, Argyll, Mar, Moray, Angus, Lauderdale . . . and more; ata long table in the floor, our noblemen and barons, elders of parishes, commissioners from presbyteries. ... Few barons in Scotland of note, but were either voters or assessors; from every burgh the chief burgess; from Edinburgh, James Cochrane and Thomas Paterson; from all the sixty-three presbyteries three commissioners, except a very few; from all the four Universities also; sitting on good commodious roomes, rising up five or six degrees, going round about the low long table. A little table was set in the midst, fore anent the Commissioner, for the Moderator and Clerk. At the enda high roome prepared chiefly for young noblemen . . . with huge numbers of people, ladies and some gentlewomen, in the vaults above. * Attempted. 8 THE “TROT OF TURRIFF”’ THE “TROT OF TURRIFF” (1639).* Source.—Spalding’s History of the Troubles and Memorable Transac- tions in Scotland and England from 1624 to 1645, vol. i., p. 133 (Edinburgh : Bannatyne Club, 1828.) Ye heard how the committee} to be holden at Turrifft was adjourned to the 20th of May. Now, there began to gather to keep this committee, the Earl Marischal’s men tenants and servants of Buchan, himself being absent; the infant Earl of Errol’s men tenants and servants; the minor Lord of Pitsligo’s men, with their captains and leaders; the Lord Fraser, the Master of Forbes, the lairds of Delgettie, Towie Barclay, Ludquharne, Craigievar, Echt, Skene, Torquhone, and Water- toun, being present, and divers others [of] their kin, friends, men tenants, and servants; and were estimate to be about 1,200 horse and foot, And upon Monday the 13th of May, they came forward to Turriff, thinking there to abide while the 2oth of May, that more forces might gather, to hold their committee; and thereafter to go in fear of war upon the laird of Banff and such others as had assisted the lord Aboyne,§ to plunder their goods, and take their persons, and to abuse them at their pleasure. But how soon the barons, who had assisted the Lord Aboyne, heard of this meeting, they resolved shortly to wait upon the same; and convene the lairds of Banff, Abergeldie, Haddo, young Cromartie, Craig, Auchmedden, Foveran, Cromie, Geight, Newtoun, Harthill, Udny, and lieutenant crowner Johnston, with divers others brave gentlemen, about the number of 800 horse and foot, with some good commanders, such as Arthur Forbes of Blacktoun; and quickly brought out of Strathbogie four brazen field pieces ; and understanding the covenanters’ forces to increase daily, therefore they stoutly resolve to take them in time, and to go on with all diligence; for their committee was to be holden at Turriff the 2oth of May, as ye have heard. * Here the first blood in the Civil War was drawn. ft Of Covenanters. { In. Aberdeenshire, § Son of the Marquis of Huntly, and an ardent Royalist. THE “TROT OF TURRIFF ” 9 And the covenanters came to Turriff, upon the Monday before, being the 13th of May, thinking to abide there while the twenty day of May to hold their committee: but the barons quickly followed, and that self same Monday, at night about ten hours, they began to march in very quiet and sober manner, and by the peep of day they came by an unexpected way (whereof the covenanters’ watches could have no know- ledge) to the town of Turriff; the trumpets shortly began to sound, and the drums to tuck. The covenanters, whereof some were sleeping in their beds, other some drinking and smoking tobacco, other some walking and moving up and down, hearing this fearful noise of drums and trumpets, ran to their arms and confusedly to array, and recollect themselves. And by now both the covenanters and ante-covenanters are standing in others sights, in order of battle. There were two shots shot out of the Earl of Errol’s house against the barons, which they quickly answered with two field pieces. Then the covenanters began an hot service, and the barons both, and shot many musket shot. Then the barons shot a field piece in amongst them, which did no skaith;* but feared} the commons. Both parties played on others. At last there was another field piece again shot, the fear whereof made them all clearly to take the flight. Followed the chase. The Lord Fraser was said to have foul fauldings, but won away. The lairds of Echt and Skene, and some others, were taken prisoners. There were some hurt, some slain. The barons sounds the retreat, and comes immediately back to Turriff, takes meat and drink at their pleasure, and fears Mr. Thomas Mitchell, minister at Turriff, very evil. And so this committee was after this manner discharged at this time. ... The covenanters, hearing of this trot of Turriff, and that they were come into Aberdeen, began to hide their goods, and to fly out of the town for safety of their lives, marvelling at the overthrow of this meeting at Turriff, which was the first that fell out since the beginning of this covenant. * Harm, + Frightened. 10 THE FIRST BISHOPS’ WAR THE FIRST BISHOPS’ WAR (1639). A, THE ScoTrisH GENERAL. Source.—Spalding’s History of the Troubles and Memorable Transac- tions in Scotland and England from 1624 to 1645, vol. i., p. 87. (Edinburgh : Bannatyne Club, 1828.) Now about this time, or a little before, there came out of Germany, from the wars, home to Scotland, one gentleman of base birth, born in Balveny, who had served long and fortu- nately in the German wars, and called to his name Felt Marshal Leslie his Excellence. His name indeed was = Leslie, but by his valour and good luck, attained to this title his Excellence, inferior to none but to the King of Sweden, under whom he served amongst all his cavalry. Well, this Felt Marshall Leslie, having conquest, from nought, honour and wealth in great abundance, resolved to come home to his native country of Scotland, and settle himself beside his chief the Earl of Rothes, as he did indeed, and cost fair lands in Fife. But this earl, foreseeing the troubles, whereof himself was one of the principal beginners, took hold of this Leslie, who was both wise and stout, acquaints him with this plot, and had his advice for furthering thereof to his power. And first, he advises cannon to be casten, in the Potterraw, by one captain Hamiltone; he began to drill the earl’s men in Fife; he caused send to Holland for ammunition, powder and ball, muskets, carbines, pistols, pikes, swords, cannon, cartel, and all other sort of necessary arms fit for old and young soldiers, in great abundance; he caused send to Germany, France, Holland, Denmark, and other countries, for the most expert and valiant captains, lieutenants, and under officers, who came in great numbers in hopes of bloody wars, thinking (as they were all Scots soldiers that came) to make up their fortunes upon the ruin of our kingdom, but the Lord did otherways, blessed be his holy name; he establishes a council of war, consisting of nobles, crowners, captains, and other wise and expert persons ; and, in the beginning of this month of January, began to cast trenches about the town of Leith. * Blank in MS. here. THE FIRST BISHOPS’ WAR II B. Tue Kine Ratses an Army. Source.—Spalding’s History of the Troubles and Memorable Transac- tions in Scotland and England from 1624 to 1645, vol. i., p. 131. (Edinburgh : Bannatyne Club, 1828.) Word came to Aberdeen that the King was coming to Berwick with a land army. And before his incoming, he had sent a proclamation to be proclaimed at all the market crosses of Scotland, bearing in effect his majestie’s great patience and gracious procedure from time to time since the beginning of these uproars, as his proclamations made oftentimes before, bear- ing his loving intentions, clearly do declare: And now as before, noways willing to trouble his ancient Kingdom of Scotland, if so be the covenanters would break their lawless covenant, and dissolve the same; render and restore his own castles; set to liberty such as they had, but * warrant, warded and incarcerat ; and restore such ministers and pastors to their churches, places and callings, whom violently they had thrust from; and diverse other articles; and that the said covenanters would acknowledge their disorder, ask mercy for the same, and promise loyal obedience in all time coming: Upon these con- ditions, his majesty most freely and graciously not only would pardon and forgive all bygone faults; free them of all fears, anent inbringing of alterations, novations, or changes in church and policy; and that he should indict a parliament, anent the lawfulness and unlawfulness of their last General Assembly holden at Glasgow ; and strive in every thing to give his good subjects pleasure and contentment: Otherways, if the covenanters would refuse these his majestie’s most gracious offers, that then he did protest before the King of Kings, if he was compelled to draw his sword for their rebellious behaviour, that the innocent blood should not be craved at his hands ; but at their hands who were the procurers thereof, and workers of the same: And therewithal by this proclamation denounced open war and hostility against these rebellious covenanters ; with promise of mercy and forgiveness to all such as by constraint, fear, or persuasion, had subscribed the same: And * Without, 12 THE FIRST BISHOPS’ WAR likeways with power to all the commons, labourers of the ground, men tenants, servants, and yeomanry, not to pay maill, duty or service to their masters who were covenanters, from this time forth; and each tenant to pay the half of their maills, farms and duties to the King, the other half to appertain to themselves; and to keep their tacks, steadings and possessions for payment yearly of the half duty to the King only; and nothing to be paid to their covenanting masters, heritors of the saids lands, but the tenants to keep and retain in their own hands the other half of the said yearly duty: And further, charging and commanding them to go on in his majestie’s service, with force of arms, fire and sword against the covenanters; promising maintenance and assistance, and a free remission of what hurt and prejudice followed thereupon. This proclamation, containing diverse other clauses, and conditions, was imprinted. But howsoever it was his majestie’s will and command, that this his proclamation should be publicly proclaimed at the cross of Edinburgh and other burghs of Scotland, yet no obedience was given thereto; but was masterfully stopped and concealed by the Green Table, lest being heard, his majestie’s subjects would have hearkened thereto, and fled the covenant, and left the cause manless ; and therefore no herald, pursuivant, nor messenger durst hazard, for fear of their lives, to go make the King’s proclama- tion. C. Tue Scots’ Camp. Source.—Baillie’s Letters and Fournals, vol. i., p. 210. Edited by David Laing. (Edinburgh, 1841.) This our march did much affray the English camp; Dunse- Law was in their sight within six or seven miles, for they lay in pavilions some two miles above Berwick, on the other side of Tweed, in a fair plain along the river. The King himself beholding us through a prospect,* did conjecture us to be sixteen or eighteen thousand men; we were indeed above twelve * Spy-glass. THE FIRST BISHOPS’ WAR 13 thousand; but at once we were above twenty. We might have doubled that number, but we had none there from the one full half of Scotland ; not a man beyond Tay; few from Lothian, Fife, Edinburgh, March, for they were waiting on the ships, or employed in carriages; the South behooved to observe the border about Carlisle; and the West the Irish shore... . It would have done you good to have casten your eyes athwart our brave and rich Hill, as oft I did, with great con- tentment and joy, for I (quoth the wren) was there among the rest, being chosen preacher by the gentlemen of our shire, who came late with my Lord of Eglinton. I furnished to half a dozen of good fellows, muskets and pikes, and to my boy a broadsword. I carried myself, as the fashion was, a sword, and a couple of Dutch pistols at my saddle; but I promise, for the offence of no man, except a robber in the way ; for it was our part alone to pray and preach for the encouragement of our countrymen, which I did to my power most cheerfully. Our Hill was garnished on the top, towards the south and east, with our mounted cannon, well near to the number of forty, great and small, Our regiments lay on the sides of the Hill, almost round about: the place was not a mile in circle—a pretty round rising in a declivity, without steepness, to the height of a bowshot; on the top somewhat plane; about a quarter of a mile in length, and as much in breadth, as I remember, capable of tents for forty thousand men. The crowners* lay in kennoust lodges, high and wide ; their captains about them in lesser ones; the soldiers about all in huts of timber, covered with divot or straw. Our crowners for the most part were noblemen... . Argyll was sent for to the treaty of peace; he came and set up his tent in the Hill; but few of his people with him... . It was thought the country of England was more afraid for the barbarity of his Highlanders than of any other terror ; these of the English that came to visit our camp did gaze with much admiration upon these supple fellows, with their plaids, targes, and dorlachs.{... Our * County commandants. + Spacious. t Daggers. 14 THE FIRST BISHOPS’ WAR captains, for the most part, barons or gentlemen of good note ; our lieutenants almost all soldiers who had served over sea in good charges; every company had, flying at the Captain’s tent- door, a brave new colour stamped with the Scottish arms, and this ditton, For Curist’s Croun anD Covenant, in golden letters. Our General had a brave royal tent; but it was not set up; his constant guard was some hundreds of our lawyers, musketeers, under Durie and Hope’s* command, all the way standing in good arms, with cocked matches before his gate, well apparelled. He lay at the foot of the hill in the Castle, with Baylie, his sergeant-major, or lieutenant-generall. . . . The councils of war were keeped daily in the Castle; the ecclesiastick meetings in Rothes’s large tent. The Generall, with Baylie, came nightly for the setting of the [watch] on their horses. Our sojours were all lusty and full of courage ; the most of them stout young plewmen; great cheerfulness in the face of all; the only difficulty was, to get them dollors or two the man, for their voyage from home, and the time they entered in pay; for among our yeomen, money at any time, let be then, uses to be very scarce; but once having entered on the common pay, their sixpence a-day, they were galliard.f None of our gentlemen was anything worse of lying some weeks together in their cloaks and boots on the ground, or standing all night in arms in the greatest storm. Whyles, through storm of weather, and neglect of the commissaries, our bread would be too long in coming, which made some of the Eastland sojours half-mutinie; but at once order being taken for our victualls from Edinburgh, East-Lothian, and the country about us, we were answered better than we could have been at home. Our meanest sojours were always served in wheat- bread, anda groat would have gotten them a lamb-legge, which was a daintie world to the most of them. There had been an extraordinary crop in that country the former year, beside abun- dance which still was stolen away to the English camp for * Sir Alexander Gibson and Sir Thomas Hope, two distinguished lawyers. + Cheerful. THE FIRST BISHOPS’ WAR 15 great prices; we would have feared no inlake * for little money in some moneths to come. March and Teviotdale are the best mixed and most plentiful shires both for grass and corn, for fleshes and bread, in all our land. We were much obliged to the Toun of Edinburgh for monies: Harie Rollock, by his sermons, moved them to shake out their purses; the garners of non-covenanters, especially of James Maxwell and my Lord Wintoun, gave us plenty of wheat. One of our ordinances was to seize on the rents of non-covenanters ; for we thought it but reasonable, frae they sided with these who put our lives and our lands for ever to seile,t for the defence of our church and country, to employ for that cause (wherein their entresse | was as great as ours, if they would be Scottish-men) a part of their rent for one year: but for all that, few of them did incur any loss by that our decreit, for the peace prevented the execu- tion. Our sojours grew in experience of arms, in courage, in favour daily ; everyone encouraged another; the sight of the nobles and their beloved pastors daily raised their hearts; the good sermons and prayers, morning and even, under the roof of heaven, to which their drums did call them for bells; the remonstrances very frequent of the goodness of their cause ; of their conduct hitherto, by a hand clearly divine; also Leslie his skill and fortune made them all so resolute for battell as could be wished. .. . Had you lent your eare in the morning, or especially at even, and heard in the tents the sound of some singing psalms, some praying, and some reading scripture, ye would have been refreshed; true, there was swearing, and cursing, and brawling, in some quarters, whereat we were grieved ; but we hoped, if our camp had been a little settled, to have gotten some way for these misorders; for all of any fashion did regraitt, and all did promise to contribute their best endeavours for helping all abuses. * Deficiency. ft =in bondage. + Interest. 16 THE SECOND BISHOPS’ WAR THE SECOND BISHOPS’ WAR (1640). Source.—Peterkin’s Records of the Kirk of Scotland, p. 300. (Edinburgh, 1843.) A, LETTER FROM THE COVENANTERS TO THE EARL OF LANaRK. Ricgut HonouRaBLe,— As nothing in Earth is more desired of us than His Majesties favour, so doth nothing delight us more than that His Majesty beginneth again to hearken to our Humble Desires, wherein we trust nothing shall be found but what may serve for His Majesties Honour and for the Peace of his Dominions. The Particulars we would have expressed, but that they are contained in the Conclusions of the late Parliament, and our Printed Declarations, which were sent to your Lordship; but in case the Papers be not by your Lordship, we now summar- ily repeat them. That His Majesty would be Graciously pleased to command, that the last Acts of Parliament may be published in his High- ness’s Name, as our Sovereign Lord, with the Estates of Parliament convened by His Majesties Authority ; Next, That the Castle of Edinburgh, and other strengths of the Kingdom of Scotland, may, according to the first foundation, be furnished and used for our Defence and Security; Thirdly, That our Countrymen in his Majesties Dominions of England and Ire- land may be free from Censure for subscribing the Covenant, and be no more pressed with Oaths and Subscriptions unwar- ranted by our Laws, and contrary to their National Oath and Covenant approved by His Majesty; Fourthly, That the Com- mon Incendiaries, who have been the Authors of this Combus- tion in His Majesties Dominions may receive their Just Censure; Fifthly, That our Ships and our Goods, with all the Damage thereof, may be restored; Sixthly, That the Wrongs, Losses, and Charges, which at this time we have sustained, may be repayed; Seventhly, That the Declarations made against us as Traytors may be recalled, and in end, by advice and consent of the Estates of England convened in Parliament, His Majesty may be pleased to remove the Garrisons from the THE SECOND BISHOPS’ WAR 17 Borders, and any Impediment that may stop free Trade, and with their advice may condescend to all Particulars, which may establish a stable and well-grounded Peace, for enjoying of our Religion and Liberties, against all fears of molestation and undoing from year to year, as our Adversaries shall take the advantage. This Royal testimony of His Majesties Justice and Goodness, we would esteem to be doubled upon us, were it speedily bestowed, and therefore must crave leave to regrate, that His Majesties Pleasure concerning the Meeting of the Peers the 24th of this Instant, will make the time long ere the Parliament be convened, which is conceived to be the only means of settling both Nations in a firm Peace, and which we desire may be seriously represented to His Majesties Royal thoughts; the more this time is abridged, the more able will we be to obey His Majesties Prohibition of not advancing with our Arms. Our Actions, and whole comportment since the be- ginning of these Commotions, and especially of late since our coming into England, are Real Declarations of our love and desire of Peace: nothing but invincible necessity hath brought us from our Country to this Place, no other thing shall draw us beyond the limits appointed by His Majesty; which we trust His Majesty will consider of, and wherein we hope your Lordship will labour to be a profitable Instrument for the King’s Honour, the Good of your Country, and of Your Lordship’s humble Servants and affectionate Friends, A. Leste, Rotues, Cassitis, Montrose, Dun- FERMLINE, Linpsay, Loupon, Napier, Tuo. Hope, W. Riccartoun, J. Smitu, P. Hepsurn, D. Home, Kerr, Ja. Sworp. Scors-LEaGER at NEw-CASsTLE, September 8th, 1640. B. Tue Kine Gives Way. Source.—Spalding’s History of the Troubles and Memorable Transac- tions in Scotland and England from 1624 to 1645, vol. i., p. 260. (Edinburgh ; Bannatyne Club, 1828.) The King, thus urged with so many petitions for a parlia- ment, all at this time of the convention of his peers at York, 1637-1688 2 18 THE SECOND BISHOPS’ WAR which was upon the 24th of September, at last yields to their importunate petitions, and indicts a parliament to be holden at his own palace of Westminster the 5th of November next to come, by consent of his peers convened there for the time. How soon the English had gotten a Parliament indicted, they then began to exult and rejoice, and resolved to have the Scots settled to their own contentment, and to work out their own desires in England, according to their own pleasure; and for our Scots party, they begin even then to draw on a meeting be- twixt 15 English nobles and others and 15 Scots nobles and others, to meet at Northallerton the first day of October next for pacification, and his majesty to send a safe conduct under his hand to the Scots commissioners : and in the meantime, a cessation from war to the 16th of December next, prisoners on both sides to be restored; and during this cessation from war, the Scots army to get monthly pay out of Northumberland, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, for their sustentation, and to save the country from plundering. This was at this time con- descended to at York. By and attour they had for their pro- vision the King’s magazine in Newcastle, and the customs of coal and salt of that town, which is of no small importance, and daily supplied and helped out of the bishopric of Durham. Thus, was our Scots army, that came in to seek the King, royally entertained’ at Newcastle; whereat the Englishmen were well content, as being done out of their own content and privy fraction: but the King had his army lying also in Eng- land, sustained upon his own pay and expenses. So is he handled, and in place of taking order with our army, according to our deserts and his majestie’s honour, a parliament is granted, and a parley of pacification drawn up betwixt him and his Scots rebels; which parliament brought the King in many troubles, and to the shedding of much innocent blood, both in England and Ireland, as after ye shall hear. CHARLES I, IN SCOTLAND 19 CHARLES I. IN SCOTLAND (Avcusr, 1641). Source.—Calendar of State Papers (Domestic), 1641. August 18, Edinburgh. Sidney Bere to Siv John Pennington. What I wrote to you from Newcastle was in such haste that I fear much it was not intelligible. We arrived here the Tuesday following, taking easy journeys, for until that time the Court here was busied in ceremonies. His Majesty went then first to Parliament, and made a very gracious speech, as you will see by the enclosed copy. ... The entertainment we have here is for the quantity very good. The Chaplains’ places are supplied by Mr. Henderson and another, who say grace, but I cannot say read prayers, they being likewise extemporary ; one in the beginning, then a chapter or two, after that another prayer, then a psalm and the benediction. This is in the Chamber of Presence at the usual hours. The sermons have been hitherto in the parish church, though the chapel here be fitted, but after their fashion, without altar or organ. August 28, Edinburgh. The Same to the Same. The Scotch army came over the Tweed rather before than after the day prefixed, which was the 25th present, and the next day began to disband, giving to every common soldier 2os, ; 4,000 foot and 500 horse arrived yester night about this town, and are lodged in Leith and the other villages hereabouts, where they expect the total disbanding of the English army and the garrisons of Berwick and Carlisle; to which end an express was sent yesterday with his Majesty’s letters to the Earl of Holland to hasten the same, and this Parliament sends a Lord to be present to see it effected, and then this remainder of the army is to disband likewise. General Leslie is arrived here, and was this morning with his Majesty; and thus we see, thanks be to God, an end of these wars, contrary to the belief of most men. General Leslie, it is said, shall be made an Earl, and other chief officers receive honours. The Lords Commissoners from the Parliament of England are not yet 20 THE INCIDENT arrived, but daily expected... . We cannot yet speak with any certainty of our return till the arrival of the English Com- missioners, but it is thought a month will be the longest. The 6th present his Majesty in full Parliament here laid the sceptre to the Act of Pacification between both nations, so that the only care is to see all things contained in the treaty per- formed, in which his Majesty is very precise. Meantime, he continues to go every morning to Parliament, omitting not the least time to despatch his affairs, so that we hope to make as speedy as happy an end. THE INCIDENT (1641). Source.—Spalding’s History of the Troubles and Memorable Transac- tions in Scotland and England from 1624 to 1645, vol. i., p. 345. (Edinburgh : Bannatyne Club, 1828.) Much about the 13th of October, there fell out a great stir at Edinburgh (the King and parliament peaceably sitting) anent an alleged plot devised by the Earl of Crawford, Lieutenant-Colonel Stewart, Crowner Cochran, and some others, for taking or killing the Marquis of Hamilton, the Earl of Argyle, and Earl of Lanark, brother to the marquis, as the chief instruments of all these troubles. The King never seeing, or at least mistrusting Hamilton’s loyalty, who had approven himself a traitor to his King and gracious master, and that with great policy and greater secrecy, who ever acquainted our covenanters of whatever his Majestie spoke, or wrote, or devised against them, whereby they were put on their guard before the King could act any purpose; and, as was plainly spoken, he did what he could to fortify the covenanters against his royal master the King, who had made up his lost estate, and given him so many favours as his heart could crave, or his majestie could give. Always, Hamilton, Lanark his brother, the lord Gordon his sister’s son, and the earl of Argyle (by the King’s know- ledge) went quietly from court, and ride to a place of Hamilton’s mother’s called Kinneill, where for a while they remained together, near hand Linlithgow, syne went to THE INCIDENT 21 Hamilton, and therefrom to Glasgow in sober manner, as they thought fit. This pretended plot is alleged to be revealed to general Leslie by one called captain Hurry. The town of Edinburgh, understanding of their flight, suddenly goes to arms, and puts a strong guard besides his ordinary guard, and within them, nearest and about the King, so that none could win in nor out to his majestie but of their knowledge. General Leslie was made captain of this guard, governor of Edinburgh, and captain of the castle thereof. At this sudden alteration the King is astonished, not well knowing what it meaned, while he received a letter from the marquis excusing his sudden departure, because his enemies had devised his death, whereat he much marvelled; and immediately hung a sword about his craig, which he never did before. The earl of Crawford, crowner Cochran, and lieutenant crowner Stewart are suddenly taken, and each one put in a bailiff’s house, securely guarded while a further order should be taken. Cochran and the whole officers of his regi- ment in the meantime is cashiered and discharged, and general Leslie appoints other officers over his regiment, which stood whole unbroken, and, with Monro’s regiment, consisting of about 1,400 men, was drawn nearer Edinburgh through this business, and the town of Edinburgh straitly watched both day and night, with about 1,000 men. This sudden flight was wondered at by many, quietly speaking of Hamilton's guilti- ness everywhere. Always, the parliament sits daily. This matter is agitate before the King and before the parliament, where his majesty spoke plainly, that his own queen with tears had oft times told him of the marquis’s miscarriage, which he would never believe, and now he saw some sparks thereof appear; not only miscarrying himself, but also drawing on the earls of Argyle and Lanark to his opinion. Some marvelled at the King’s speech in sucha place. Now it falls, in how these alleged plotters should be tried, some saying it was fittest they should be tried in face of parliament, which also was the King’s will; others more politicly (who were the marquis’s friends, the most part all being his) said it was more 22 THE INCIDENT fit they should be tried before a committee, to be chosen to that effect; which last opinion prevailed, and the committee chosen, The earl of Crawford, crowner Cochran, and lieu- tenant Stewart, were brought in before them well guarded ; they are examined and denied all, as they who in end proved most innocent of this guise. They are sent back each with his own guard to their own lodgings. .. . . .. As was reported, the committee appointed for trying this plot went on but slowly; and what matters came in voting they would not voice publicly, according to our old Scots form, lest their voices might be revealed, and turn to their own prejudice, but each one did vote privately by ballots, whereby no man’s voice might be known. A new form here in Scotland; and as was thought, the slowness of this com- mittee proceeded only of policy from Hamilton himself, and as was said, he feared to be accused of his enemies upon some matters, whereof he was doubtless guilty, as favouring the country before the King in all these troubles ; and in special, while as his majestie had given him orders to land four thousand soldiers at Aberdeen or Cromartie, to the effect they might have joined with the King’s loyal subjects in the North to suppress the Covenant, and to have debursed monies for levying soldiers to that purpose, where by the contrair he came to Forth, and there lay, spending and wasting the King’s money in huge measure, without doing any good service, or landing the men, whereas the lord Aboyne coming by sea in his fleet, landed at Aberdeen, as ye may see before, gathered his friends in warlike manner, assuring them of help of men and money, and that they were to land presently, wherein the marquis failed, contrar to the King’s command- ment and expectation, and to the great disturbance of these north parts. The marquis of Hamilton finding himself guilty in these and divers other points, and fearing to be revealed by some sparks that knew the veritie,* he shows his mind to the earl of Argyle, saying, he had engaged himself so far for the * Truth. AN APPEAL FROM ENGLAND 23 covenant and the country, that he knew not how to eschew danger of himself, his estate and means, craving at Argyle what would be his part, who answered, he would live and die with him. “ Well then,” says he, ‘‘I1 mind to close up some of mine enemies mouthes, and will make it spread, that both your life, my brothers, and my own, are plotted by such and such persons, and in the mean time, we ourselves will convoy ourselves from court, to make the matter more likely; and being spread, it will fall out, that both the Kirk and country will suspect the King to be upon the counsel of this plot.” For so it was said, that out of pulpit it was preached in Edinburgh, that it was pletted to bring to death these three noblemen, chief patriots and pillars of the Kirk of God. This policy being acted, as ye have heard before, stopped the mouthes of such as intended to complain against the marquis of Hamilton and his accomplices, and Committee ways was busy in trying of the said supposed plotters, as ye have heard. In the mean time, the King, ignorant of their pieces, goes daily to the parliament, and was followed by multitudes of antecovenanters and malcontents, such as the lord Ogilvie, the lord Ker, the laird Banff, and divers others, who daily convoyed him to the tolbooth and from the tolbooth during these times ; but the King would not let them enter the tol- booth in presence of the parliament. What shall be said? The King is counselled and persuaded to send for the marquis of Hamilton, and the earls of Argyle and Lanark, who upon his letter came; the rumour is calmed, and some little business made about the trial aforesaid, but all for nought. ... They returned to the King upon the 2nd of November. AN APPEAL FROM ENGLAND TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY (1643). Source.—Baillie’s Letters and Fournals, vol. ii., p. 88. (Edinburgh : Bannatyne Club edition, 1841.) Sunday the sixth* Mr. David Dick preached well, as always, in the New Church, before noon, but little of the present affairs; * Of August. 24 AN APPEAL FROM ENGLAND for as yet men knew not what to say, the English Commis- sioners not yet being come. But on Munday the seventh, after we were ashamed with waiting, at last they landed at Leith, The Lords went, and convoyed them up in coatch. We were exhorted to be more grave than ordinare ; and so indeed all was carried to the end with much more awe and gravity than usual... . When we met, there appeared four gentlemen, Sir William Armine, Sir Hary Vaine younger, one of the gravest and ablest of that nation, Mr. Hatcher, and Mr. Darley, with two ministers, Mr. Marshall and Mr. Nye. They presented to us a paper introductorie, drawn by Master Marshall, a notable man, and Sir Hary, the drawers of all their writes; also their commission from both Houses of Parliament, giving very ample power to the Earl of Rutland, Lord Gray, and these four, to treat with us, and to the two ministers, to assist in all ecclesiastick affairs, according to their instructions given or to be given, or to any four of them. Also they presented a declaration of both Houses to our Generall Assemblie, shewing their care of reforming religion, their desire of some from our Assembly to join with their Divines for that end, and withall our Assemblies dealing, according to their place, for help from our State to them ; likewise a letter from their Assemblie, subscribed by their prolocutor, Dr. Twisse, and his two assessors, Mr. Whyt and Dr. Burges, shewing their permission from the Parliament to write to us, and their invitation of some of us to come for their assistance ; further, a letter, subscryved by above seventie of their Divines, supplicating, in a most deplorable style, help from us in their present most desperate condition.... All these were presented by us to the Assemblie and read openlie. The letter of the private Divines was so lamentable, that it drew tears from manie... . There was in the Moderator’s chamber a meeting sundrie times of the prime Nobles, and some others, where I oft times was present. I found, however, all thought it most necessare to assist the English; yet of the way there was much difference of opinion. One night all were bent to go as Redders,* and * Arbiters. AN APPEAL FROM ENGLAND 25 friends to both, without siding altogether with the Parliament. This was made so plausible, that my mind was with the rest for it; but Warriston his alone did shew the vanity of that motion, and the impossibilitie of it. In our committees also we had hard enough debates. The English were for a civil League, we for a religious Covenant. When they were brought to us in this, and Mr. Henderson had given them a draught of a Covenant, we were not like to agree on the frame; they were, more nor we could assent to, for keeping of a doore open in England to Independencie. Against this we were peremptor. At last some two or three in private accorded to that draught, which all our three committees, from our States, our Assemblie, and the Parliament of England, did unanimouslie assent to. From that meeting it came immediatelie to our Assemblie ; in the which, at the first reading, being well prefaced with Mr. Henderson’s most grave oration, it was receaved with the greatest applause that ever I saw anything, with so heartie affections, expressed in the tears of pitie and joy by verie manie grave, wise, and old men. It was read distinctlie the second time by the Moderator. The mind of the most part was speared,* both of ministers and elders ; where in a long houres space, everie man, as he was by the Moderator named, did express his sense as he was able. After all considerable men were heard, the catalogue was read, and all unanimouslie did assent. In the afternoon, with the same cordial unanimitie, it did passe the Convention of Estates. This seems to be a new period and crise of the most great affair, which these hundred yeares has exercised thir dominions. ... The Convention of our Estates emitted a proclamation, containing the heads of the Covenant, and commanding all within sixtie and sixteen, to be in readiness in full arms, with fourtie days provision, to march to the randevouze that the Convention or their com- mittees should appoint. This was the first allarum. * Asked, 26 THE SOLEMN LEAGUE AND COVENANT THE SOLEMN LEAGUE AND COVENANT (1643). Source.—Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution, edited by S, R. Gardiner. (Oxford : 1889.) A Sotemn LeaGue AND CoVENANT FOR REFORMATION AND DEFENCE oF RELIGION, THE HONOUR AND HAPPINESS OF THE KING, AND THE PEACE AND SAFETY OF THE THREE KINGDOMS OF ENGLAND, SCOTLAND AND IRELAND, We noblemen, barons, knights, gentlemen, citizens, burgesses, ministers of the Gospel, and commons of all sorts in the King- doms of England, Scotland and Ireland, by the providence of God living under one King, and being of one reformed religion; having before our eyes the glory of God, and the advancement of the Kingdom of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, the honour and happiness of the King’s Majesty and his posterity, and the true public liberty, safety, and peace of the Kingdoms, wherein every one’s private condition is included; and calling to mind the treacherous and bloody plots, con- spiracies, attempts and practices of the enemies of God against the true religion and professors thereof in all places, especially in these three kingdoms, ever since the reformation of religion ; and how much their rage, power, and presumption are of late, and at this time increased and exercised, whereof the deplorable state of the Church and Kingdom of Ireland, the distressed estate of the Church and Kingdom of England, and the dangerous estate of the Church and Kingdom of Scotland, are present and public testimonies : we have (now at last) after other means of supplication, remonstrance, protestations and suffer- ings, for the preservation of ourselves and our religion from utter ruin and destruction, according to the commendable practice of these kingdoms in former times, and the example of God’s people in other nations, after mature deliberation, resolved and determined to enter into a mutual and solemn league and covenant, wherein we all subscribe, and each one of us for himself, with our hands lifted up to the most high God, do swear, THE SOLEMN LEAGUE AND COVENANT 27 I, That we shall sincerely, really and constantly, through the grace of God, endeavour in our several places and callings, the preservation of the reformed religion in the Church of Scotland, in doctrine, worship, discipline and government, against our common enemies ; the reformation of religion in the Kingdoms of England and Ireland, in doctrine, worship, discipline and government, according to the Word of God, and the example of the best reformed Churches; and we shall endeavour to bring the Churches of God in the three Kingdoms to the nearest conjunction and uniformity in religion, confession of faith, form of Church government, directory for worship and catechising, that we, and our posterity after us, may, as brethren, live in faith and love, and the Lord may delight to live in the midst of us. Il. That we shall in like manner, without respect of persons, endeavour the extirpation of Popery, prelacy (that is, Church government by Archbishops, Bishops, their Chancellors and Commissaries, Deans, Deans and Chapters, Archdeacons, and all other ecclesiastical officers depending on that hierarchy), superstition, heresy, schism, profaneness, and whatsoever shall be found to be contrary to sound doctrine and the power of godliness, lest we partake in other men’s sins, and thereby be in danger to receive of their plagues; and that the Lord may be one, and His name one in the three Kingdoms. III. We shall with the same sincerity, reality and constancy, in our several vocations, endeavour with our estates and lives mutually to preserve the rights and privileges of the Parlia- ments, and the liberties of the Kingdoms, and to preserve and defend the King’s Majesty’s person and authority, in the pre- servation and defence of the true religion and liberties of the Kingdoms, that the world may bear witness with our consciences of our loyalty, and that we have no thoughts or intentions to diminish His Majesty’s just power and greatness. 28 THE SOLEMN LEAGUE AND COVENANT IV. We shall also with all faithfulness endeavour the discovery of all such as have been or shall be incendiaries, malignants or evil instruments, by hindering the reformation of religion, dividing the King from his people, or one of the Kingdoms from another, or making any faction or parties amongst the people, contrary to the league and covenant, that they may be brought to public trial and receive condign punishment, as the degrees of their offences shall require or deserve, or the supreme judicatories of both Kingdoms respectively, or others having power from them for that effect, shall judge convenient. V. And whereas the happiness of a blessed peace between these Kingdoms, denied in former times to our progenitors, is by the good providence of God granted to us, and hath been lately concluded and settled by both Parliaments: we shall each one of us, according to our places and interest, endeavour that they may remain conjoined in a firm peace and union to all posterity, and that justice may be done upon the wilful opposers thereof, in manner expressed in the precedent articles. VI, We shall also, according to our places and callings, in this common cause of religion, liberty and peace of the Kingdom, assist and defend all those that enter into this league and cove- nant, in the maintaining and pursuing thereof; and shall not suffer ourselves, directly or indirectly, by whatsoever combina- tions, persuasion or terror, to be divided and withdrawn from this blessed union and conjunction, whether to make defection to the contrary part, or give ourselves to a detestable indiffer- ancy or neutrality in this cause, which so much concerneth the glory of God, the good of the Kingdoms, and the honour of the King; but shall all the days of our lives zealously and con- stantly continue therein, against all opposition, and promote the same according to our power, against all lets and impedi- ments whatsoever ; and what we are not able ourselves to sup- MONTROSE’S REBELLION 29 press or overcome we shall reveal and make known, that it may be timely prevented or removed: all which we shall do as in the sight of God. . . . And this covenant we make in the presence of Almighty God, the Searcher of all hearts, with a true intention to perform the same, as we shall answer at that Great Day when the secrets of all hearts shall be disclosed : most humbly beseeching the Lord to strengthen us by His Holy Spirit for this end, and to bless our desires and proceedings with such success as may be a deliverance and safety to His people, and encouragement to the Christian Churches groaning under or in danger of the yoke of Antichristian tyranny, to join in the same or like association and covenant, to the glory of God, the enlargement of the Kingdom of Jesus Christ, and the peace and tranquility of Christian kingdoms and commonwealths. MONTROSE’S REBELLION (1644). Source.—Spalding’s History of the Troubles and Memorable Transac- tions in Scotland and England from 1624 to 1645, vol. ii., p. 246. (Edinburgh : Bannatyne Club, 1829.) Montrose was grievously vexed by Argyle and [the] Estates, whereof he was the ringleader, and was forfeit to fly his native country to the King’s Majesty for redress. And after he had shown his mind amply to his Highness, he thought wisely upon the same, and found these Estates had made the Marquis of Huntly to fly the country likewise, and his whole loyal subjects in Scotland oppressed pitifully under the pretext of religion, which his Majesty maintained, viz., the true Protestant religion, with his just and sacred authority, the fundamental laws and privileges of Parliaments, the peace and freedom of the op- pressed and thralled subject, as ye may find in Montrose’s Declaration; and considered, if the Marquis of Huntly had come in to the Estates and joined his power with theirs, he was likely to lose his royal authority over this nation. The King, having thought upon these and divers other grounds, makes the Earl of Montrose Marquis, and gives him 30 THE BATTLE OF INVERLOCHY his letters patent to be Lieutenant General of Scotland, who gladly was accepted by Montrose and faithfully prosecuted, as ye have hereafter. The King furnishes him about 1500 Irishes brought up in West Flanders, expert soldiers, with a year's pay. Amongst whom, Allaster McDonald was one valiant captain, born in the Iles, fled Argyle’s tyranny, who had warded his father and his two brethren, and taken their lands and possessions from them; a man resolved to avenge these injuries against Argyle if he might, and gladly took this occa- sion to hazard with the Marquis of Montrose in this service, who was no less glad of his service and assistance. This mighty Montrose, having gotten the King’s patent to go upon the covenanting rebels of Scotland with fire and sword, and either to bring them under subjection and obedience, or otherwise to destroy them all, their lives, lands, and goods; he, I say, gives orders to this Allaster McDonald or Maister McDonald to ship his soldiers, and land in Ardimurchan, ane Island belonging to Argyle, and destroy his country, and prom- ised to meet him in Scotland; and likewise gave orders to this captain of his carriage and travels while they met, being confident that the King had some good subjects in Scotland. McDonald takes the sea, and, about the 8 of July, lands in the foresaid Iland of Ardimurchan, plunders the whole goods and gear, kills the inhabitants, and burns the whole country, takes in ane strong castle, and mans the same with provision necessary. Thereafter he takes in another Iland and castle thereof, burns, kills, and plunders all. THE BATTLE OF INVERLOCHY (1645). Source.—Memorials of Montrose and his Times, edited by Mark Napier, vol. ii, p. 175. (Edinburgh : Maitland Club, 1840.) Montrose to King Charles I., 3vd February, 1645. May IT PLEASE YOUR SacRED Majesty,—The last dispatch I sent your Majesty was by my worthy friend, and your Majesty’s brave servant, Sir William Rollock, from Kintore near Aberdeen, dated the 14th of September last; wherein THE BATTLE OF INVERLOCHY 31 I acquainted your Majesty with the good success of your arms in this kingdom, and of the battles the justice of your cause has won over your obdurate rebel subjects. Since Sir William Rollock went, I have traversed all the north of Scotland up to Argyle’s country ; who durst not stay my coming, or I should have given your Majesty a good account of him ere now; of which your gracious Majesty be pleased to receive the following particulars. After I had laid waste the whole country of Argyle, and brought off provisions, for my army, of what could be found, I received information that Argyle was got together with a considerable army, made up chiefly of his own clan, and vassals and tenants, with others of the rebels that joined him, and that he was at Inverlochy, where he expected the Earl of Seaforth, and the sept of the Frasers, to come up to him with all the forces they could get together. Upon this intelligence I departed out of Argyleshire, and marched throw Lorn, Glencow,* and Aber,} till I came to Lochness, my design being to fall upon Argyle before Seaforth and the Frasers could join him. My march was through inaccessible moun- tains, where I could have no guides but cow-herds, and they scarce acquainted with a place but six miles from their own habitations. If I had been attacked but with one hundred men in some of these passes, I must have certainly returned back, for it would have been impossible to force my way, most of the passes being so streight that three men could not march abreast. I was willing to let the world see that Argyle was not the man his Highlandmen believed him to be, and that it was possible to beat him in his own Highlands. The diffi- cultest march of all was over the Lochaber mountains, which we at last surmounted, and came upon the back of the enemy when they least expected us, having cut off some scouts we met about four miles from Inverlochy. Our van came within view of them about five o’clock in the afternoon, and we made a halt till our rear was got up, which could not be done till eight at night. The rebels took the alarm and stood to their * Glencoe. + Lochaber. 4 32 THE BATTLE OF INVERLOCHY arms, as well as we, all night, which was moonlight, and very clear. There were some few skirmishes between the rebels and us all the night, and with no loss on our side but one man. By break of day I ordered my men to be ready to fall on upon the first signal, and I understand since, by the prisoners, the rebels did the same. A little after the sun was up both armies met, and the rebels fought for some time with great bravery, the prime* of the Campbells giving the first onset, as men that deserved to fight in a better cause. Our men, having a nobler cause, did wonders, and came immediately to push of pike, and dint of sword, after their first firing. The rebels could not stand it, but, after some resistance at first, began to run, whom we pursued for nine miles together, making a great slaughter, which I would have hindered if possible, that I might save your Majesty’s misled subjects, for well I know your Majesty does not delight in their blood, but in their returning to their duty. There were at least fifteen hundred killed in the battle and the pursuit, among whom there are a great many of the most considerable gentlemen of the name of Campbell, and some of them nearly related to the Earl. I have saved and taken prisoners several of them, that have acknowledged to me their fault and lay all the blame on their Chief. Some gentlemen of the Lowlands, that had behaved themselves bravely in the battle, when they saw all lost, fled into the old castle, and, upon their surrender, I have treated them honourably, and taken their parole never to bear arms against your Majesty. We have of your Majesty’s army about two hundred wounded, but I hope few of them dangerously. I can hear but of four killed, and one whom I cannot name to your Majesty but with grief of mind, Sir Thomas Ogilvy, a son of the Earl of Airly’s, of whom I writ to your Majesty in my last. He is not yet dead, but they say he cannot possibly live, and we give him over for dead. Your Majesty had never a truer servant, nor there never was a braver honester gentleman. “ Best. LORD OGILVY’S ESCAPE FROM THE COVENANTERS 33 For the rest of the particulars of this action, I refer myself to the bearer, Mr. Hay, whom your Majesty knows already, and therefore I need not recommend him. LORD OGILVY’S ESCAPE FROM THE COVENANTERS (NOVEMBER, 1645). Source.—The Deeds of James, Marquis of Montrose (1639-1650), by George Wishart, D.D., Bishop of Edinburgh, edited by Murdoch and Morland Simpson, p. 166. (London: 1893.) At that time the Covenanters held their Convention of Estates at St. Andrews, which they profaned with blood that cries aloud for vengeance, by the murder of several innocent men, whose virtues deserve eternal praise. The very hatred of the rebels is their highest glory ; for their rage was directed against the noblest and best. Those from whom they had less to fear they thought it sufficient to punish with sequestration. Lord Ogilvy, Sir Robert Spottiswood, William Murray, a noble young gentleman, and Andrew Guthrie, a brave, active officer, were condemned to be executed at St. Andrews, as an atonement for the blood of so many of that district, of whom over 5,000 were said to have fallen in various battles. As their proceedings were guided not by law but passion, they had recourse to their usual arts, and made religion the cloak for their savage cruelty. To this end they set up their prophets Cant, Blair, and other fanatics of the same spirit, to work on the people, and declame their bloody oracles from the pulpit. God, they declared, demanded the blood of these men ; only thus could the sins of the people be expiated and the wrath of the Lord turned aside. Most of the people, otherwise disposed to mercy, were by this artifice inflamed to regard them as accursed and devoted to destruction: those whom God Himself demanded had lost all title to the protec- tion of human laws or advocacy. These worthy interpreters of the Divine will and secrets even presumed to doom them, body and soul, to eternal damnation. Having thus blinded the people, it was easy for those who were at once accusers 1637-1688 3 34 CHARLES SURRENDERS TO THE SCOTS and judges to condemn innocent men, with none to protect them, none to plead for them. Lord Ogilvy, however, one of their most distinguished prisoners in rank and power, related to the Hamiltons on his mother’s side, and a cousin of Lord Lindsay, contrived to escape by the following stratagem. He pretended to be sick, and applied for leave to have his mother, wife, and sisters to visit him in prison and attend him in his illness, a favour he obtained with difficulty. Out of respect to these noble ladies, the guards retired from his chamber. He embraced the opportunity to dress himself in his sister's gown and attire. At the same time she put on the night-cap he used in his sick- ness, and lay down in her brother’s place. They then bade each other a tender, tearful farewell, and about eight o’clock in the evening were lighted out by the guards, who took him for his sister, and were completely deceived. Immediately he left the town. Horses were waiting in readiness. He at once mounted, and attended by two followers, before daybreak reached a place of safety. His keen-eyed guards did not discover their mistake till next day. Argyle was furious with rage and baffled malice, and shamelessly insisted, but in vain, on the punishment of those truly noble and loving ladies for the active part they had taken in the escape. They were pro- tected by the justice of their cause, but still more by the power of the Hamiltons and Lindsay. Many even think that they connived at the part they had played; but on this I can pronounce no certain judgment. CHARLES SURRENDERS TO THE SCOTS (May, 1646). Source.—Calendar of State Papers (Domestic) 1645-1647, p. 433: Tue Ear of LoTHIAN, BY COMMAND OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF THE PARLIAMENT OF SCOTLAND. Ricut HonouraBLe,—T hedischarging of ourselves of the duty we owe to the Kingdom of England and unto you as Commis- sioners from the same move us to acquaint you with the King’s A SOLEMN WARNING TO THE KING 35 coming into our army this morning, which having overtaken us unexpectedly hath filled us with amazement and made us like men that dream. We cannot think that he would have been so unadvised in his resolution to have cast himself upon us without a real intention to give full satisfaction to both kingdoms in all their just and reasonable demands in all those things which con- cern religion and righteousness. Whatsoever be his disposition, our resolution, you may be assured, is that we shall never entertain any thought, nor correspond with any purpose, nor countenance any endeavour that may, in any circumstance, encroach upon our League and Covenant or weaken the union and confidence between the kingdoms. That union betwixt our kingdoms was the matter of many prayers ; and as nothing was more joyful to us than to have it set on foot, so hitherto have we nothing too dear to maintain it. And we trust to walk with such faithfulness and truth in this particular that as we have the testimony of a good conscience within ourselves, so you and all the world shall see that we mind your interest with as much integrity and care as our own, being confident that you will entertain no other thought of us. A SOLEMN WARNING TO THE KING (1648). Source.—Peterkin’s Records of the Kirk of Scotland, p. 515. (Edinburgh : 1843.) EDINBURGH, August 12, 1648, The Humble Supplication of the General Assembly of the Kirk of Scotland, met at Edinburgh August 12, unto the King’s most Excellent Majestie. Albeit Your Majesty through the suggestions of evil men, may haply entertain hard thoughts of us and our Proceed- ings, yet the Searcher of hearts knowes, and our consciences bear record unto us, that we bear in our spirits these humble and dutiful respects unto Your Majesty, that loyal subjects owe to their native Soveraigne, and that it would be one of the greatest contentments upon earth to see Your Majestie reigning for the Lorp, in Righteousness and Peace over these nations. « 36 A SOLEMN WARNING TO THE KING And therefore as we do bow our knees daily before the Throne of Grace on your behalf, and the behalf of your Posterity ; so we find our selves, as heretofore, obliged faithfully and freely to warn your Majesty of your danger and duty; Wishing, and hoping that the Lorp will incline your Royal heart, from the sense of the evil which hath befallen you, through the slighting of former warning, to be more attentive unto this, We are very sensible of Your Majesties sufferings, and low condition, and do not in the least measure approve, but from our hearts abhor anything that hath been done to Your Majesties Person, contrary to the common resolutions of both kingdoms: Yet it shall be Your Majesties wisdom, in this as in all that hath befallen you these years past, to read the righteous hand of the LorpD, writing bitter things against you, as for all your Provo- cations, so especially for resisting his Work, and authorising by your Commissions the shedding of the blood of his People, for which it is high time to repent, that there be no more wrath against you and your Realms. The Commission of the preceding Assembly, whose proceed- ings are unanimously approven by this Assembly, Having read your Majesties Letter of the date at Carisbrook Castle, December 27, And perused your Concessions, did find some of these Concessions destructive to the Covenant, and all of them unsatisfactory, and did therefore emit a Declaration concerning the same, least your Majesties subjects in this Kingdom should have unawares imbarked themselves in an Engagement upon grounds not consisting with the good of Religion, and the Solemn League and Covenant. ... Notwithstanding of all which, the Engagement hath been carried on without clearing either of the lawfulness or necessity thereof. Therefore, We now having examined the same by the Rule of Gods Word, and having found it unlawful, as we have warned the whole kingdom of the danger thereof, So we hold it our Duty also to warn your Majestie, as the servants of the most High GOD, and in the Name of the Lord Jesus Christ, who must judge the quick and the dead, Earnestly beseeching your Majestie that as ye would not draw new guilt upon your Majesties A SOLEMN WARNING TO THE KING 37 Throne, and make these Kingdoms again a field of Blood, you would be far from owning or having any hand in this so unlawful an Engagement; Which, as it hath already been the cause of so much sorrow and many sufferings to the People of God in this Land, who choose affliction rather than sin, So it tendeth to the undoing of the Covenant and work of Reforma- tion.... So we do now from ourselves, make this humble address unto your Majestie, entreating Your Majestie as you tender Truth and Peace, you would be pleased to suffer your- self to be possessed with right thoughts of the League and Covenant, and of the proceedings of Your Majesties loyal subjects in relation thereunto, and give your Royal assent for enjoining of it in all your Dominions. If your Majestie had been pleased to hearken to our Counsel here anent some years ago, the blood of many thousands, which now lies upon your Majesties throne, might have been spared, Popery, Prelacy, Idolatry, Superstition, Profaneness, Heresy, Error, Sects and Schisms which are now grown to so great a height in England, might have been extirpate, and your Majestie sitting in Peace in your own House, Reigning over your subjects with much mutual contentment and confidence, And if your Majestie shall yet search out and repent of all your secret and open Sins, And after so many dear-bought experiences of the danger of Evil-counsel, be now so wise as to avoid it, and to hearken to us speaking unto you in the Name of the Lord, We are confident by this means your Majestie may yet be restored, and a sure and firm peace pro- cured. We take it as a great mercy, and as a door of hope, that GOD still inclines the hearts of all his Servants to pray for your Majestie; And we would not have your Majestie to look upon it as a light thing that you have been preserved alive, when so many thousands have by your means and procurement fallen on your right hand and on your left hand. God forbid that your Majestie should any longer despise the word of exhortation... . For if your Majestie do so, As we are afraid, all Counsels and Endeavours for your Majesties re-establish- ment shall be in vain and without success; . .. So we shall 38 THE LAST EFFORT TO SAVE THE KING mourn in secret for it, and for all the miseries that are like to come unto your Throne, and your Dominions, and comfort ourselves in this, that we have delivered our own souls. THE LAST EFFORT TO SAVE THE KING (1648). Source.—Kirkton’s Secret and True History of the Church of Scotland from the Restoration to the Year 1678, edited from the original MS. by C. Kirkpatrick Sharpe, p. 45. (Edinburgh, 1817.) The last effort that was made to rescue the King out of his imprisonment, was made by the parliament of Scotland in the year 1648. The Church of Scotland was against engaging in war with the English parliament at that time; partly because they judged the king had given no security for religion and peace, and partly because they doubted the stiffness of his temper, fearing that upon his enlargement he might return to his old designs; however, the parliament by the plurality carried the war, contrare to a protestation of many members, and a petition from almost every parish in Scotland. And here begun the lamentable justling betwixt church and state. Always the Scottish army was beaten at Preston by Cromwell, and the command of Scotland was, by a rising of the disaffected party in arms, wholly wrung out of the hand and reach of the late governing party, who were by a capitulation not only con- strained to lay down arms, but also to engage thereafter to meddle no more with the government of thenation. This was done at the Whiggs’ Road, as it was called, and so the protes- tors in parliament became entire masters of Scotland. The English independents, fearing now neither Scotland nor England, immediately upon the back of the defeat of the Scots brought the King from the Isle of Wight to his trial at London, where, contrare to the heart of the parliament of England, and the protestation of the Scots commissioners there present, they condemned him to die, and struck off his head, to the great astonishment of the world, and the sad regret of Scotland, excepting those who had lossed relations by his sword. He was a gentleman, because of his continual misfortunes pitied by most, and admired by many. THE PROCLAMATION OF CHARLES II. 39 THE PROCLAMATION OF CHARLES II. (1649). Source.—Baillie’s Letters and Fournals, edited by D. Laing. (Edinburgh, 1841.) To Mr. Spang. EDINBoRGH, February 7, 1649. One act of our lamentable tragedy being ended, we are entering again upon the scene, O! if it might be the Lord’s pleasure to perform more happy and comfortable actions than have appeared these years bygone. To the great joy of all, in the midst of a very great and universal sorrow. we proclaimed, on Monday last, the Prince, King of Britain, France, and Ire- land. We have sent the bearer, a worthy gentleman, to signify so much to his Majesty at the Hague. We purpose’ speedily to send an honourable commission from all estates. The dangers and difficulties wherewith both his Majesty and all his kingdoms at this time are involved, are exceeding great and many. The first necessity and prime one (as all here, without exception, conceive) doth put his Majesty and his people both in a hopeful proceeding ; and his Majesty’s join- ing with us in the national covenant, subscribed by his grand- father K. James, and the solemn league and covenant, wherein all the well-affected of the three kingdoms are entered, and must live and die in, upon all hazard. If his Majesty may be moved to join with us in this one point, he will have all Scot- land ready to sacrifice their lives for his service. If he refuse, or shift this duty, his best and most useful friends both here and elsewhere, will be cast into inextricable labyrinths, we fear, for the ruin of us all. We know Satan will not be wanting to stir up ill instruments to keep him off from a timeous yielding to this our most earnest and necessary desire, but as it is, and will be, one of Scotland’s strong petitions to God, to dispose his heart to do his duty without delay; so we will acknowledge ourselves much obliged to any, whom the Lord may honour to be the happy instruments of his persuasion. 40 EXECUTION OF THE MARQUIS OF MONTROSE EXECUTION OF THE MARQUIS OF MONTROSE (1650). Source.—A Diary of Public Transactions and Other Occurrences, chiefly in Scotland, from January, 1650, to June, 1667, by John Nicoll, p. 11. (Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club. 1836.) There is no doubt but it is and should be the duty of all good Christians to mark and lay up in their memories the works of mercy and judgment, and to take notice of the shameful end of incorrigible sinners, that others may hear and fear; and to the end that the future ages and posterity may be informed of the tragical end of this excommunicat traitor, it is thocht guid, in few lines, to manifest the same in manner following. The Committee of Estate, after this last victory, being certi- fied that this excommunicat traitor was apprehended in the North by this Neil McLeod of Assynt, and delivered by him to the commanders of the troops there, the Estates gave order to these troops to bring him south to Edinburgh, there to receive, in face of Parliament, his doome and sentence ; which they did; and, upon Settirday the xviij day of May, 1650, he was brought over first to Leith, from which he was conveyed with a great number of foot soldiers, to the foot of the Cannogait, at the Water-gate, where the provost and baillies of Edinburgh, with a great number of their tounes folk, being all in arms, received him off the soldiers’ hands, at the said Water-gate of the Cannogait ; and there being commanded to discover himself, and he refusing, he was discovered by the hangman and his hat taken from him, and he, set up in a carriage cart appointed for that effect, set down bare-headed upon a high chair built up in the end of that cart, and mounted that all the people might behold him. The hangman riding on a horse before him yoked in that cart; and therefrom was carried all along through Edinburgh and Cannogait in this cart, till it come to the new Tolbooth of Edinburgh, to the view of many thousands of people, upon the said xviij day of May anno foresaid. After his imprisonment the Ministrie were careful to visit him, and dealt earnestly with him for his conversion; but all in vain, he adhered to his first principles. And upon Monday EXECUTION OF THE MARQUIS OF MONTROSE 4I thereafter, being the xx of May, he was called in before the Estates then sitting in Parliament, where he received the sen- tence of death; to be hangit the morn thereafter, at the mercat cross of Edinburgh, at two after noon, there to hang for the space of three hours thereafter upon the gallows, and thereafter to be taken down and to be headed and quartered; his heid to be hung up upon the Tolbooth of Edinburgh, his two legs and arms to be sent to four several towns, viz., to Glasgow, Stir- ing, Perth, and Aberdeen. This sentence was punctually execute upon him at the mercat cross of Edinburgh upon Tues- day thereafter, being the 21 day of May, 1650, and he hangit upon a high gallows, made for the view of the people more than ordinar, with his books and declarations bound on his back. He hang full three hours; thereafter cut doun, falling upon his face, nane to countenance him but the executioner and his men. His heid, twa leggis, and twa arms, taken from his body with an axe, and sent away and affixt at the places foresaids appointed therefor; his body cast in to a little short kist,* and taken to the Borough-muir of Edinburgh, and buried there among malefactors. This being the tragicall end of this un- happy man, I thocht guid to set doun his carriage to the scaf- fold and his speeches thereon. In his doun going from the Tolbooth to the place of execu- tion, he was very richly clad in fine scarlet, laid over with rich silver lace, his hat in hand, his goldin hat band, his bandis and cuffes exceeding rich, his delicate whyte gloves on his handis, his stockings of incarnet silk, and his schooes with thair ribbenes on his feet, and sarkist provided for him with pearling about, above ten pund the elne.t All these were provided for him by his friends, and a prettie cassock put on upon him upon the scaffold, wherein he was hangit. To be short, nothing was here deficient to honour his pure carcase, more beseeming a bridegroom, nor a criminall going to the gallows.... So did this man end his days, being a Marquis and a Knight of the Garter, and ina way to be preferrit to be a Duke. * Chest. ft Shirts. ¢ Yard. 42 DUNBAR DROVE DUNBAR DROVE (1650). Source.—The Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, by Thomas Carlyle, edited by S. C. Lomas, vol. ii, p. 102. (London, 1904.) DuNBAR, 4th September, 1650. For the Honouvable William Lenthall, Esquive, Speaker of the Parliament of England : These . . . Upon Saturday the 3oth of August we marched from Musselburgh to Haddington, where, by that time we had got the van-brigade of our horse, and our foot and train, into their quarters, the enemy was marched with that exceeding expedi- tion that they fell upon the rear-forlorn of our horse, and put them into some disorder ; and indeed had like to have engaged our rear-brigade of horse with their whole army, had not the Lord by His good Providence put a cloud over the moon, thereby giving us opportunity to draw off those horse to the rest of the army, which accordingly was done without any loss, save of three or four of our aforementioned forlorn; wherein the enemy (as we believe) received more loss... . The next morning we drew into an open field on the south side of Haddington; ... and... we resolved to go, according to our first intendment, to Dunbar. By the time we had marched three or four miles, we saw some body’s of the enemy’s horse draw out of their quarters; and by that time our carriages were gotten near Dunbar, their whole army was upon their march after us; and indeed, our drawing back in this manner, with the addition of three new regiments added to them, did much to heighten their con- fidence, if not presumption and arrogancy. The enemy, that night, we perceived, gathered towards the hills; labouring to make a perfect interposition between us and Berwick, and having in this posture a great advantage, through his better knowledge of the country; which he effected by sending a considerable party to the strait Pass at Copperspeth; where ten men to hinder are better than forty to make their way... . DUNBAR DROVE 43 The enemy lying in the posture before mentioned, having those advantages ; we lay very near him, being sensible of our disadvantages, having some weakness of flesh, but yet consola- tion and support from the Lord himself to our poor weak faith, wherein I believe not a few amongst us shared: that because of their numbers, because of their advantages, because of their confidence, because of our weakness, because of our strait, we were in the Mount, and in the Mount the Lord would be seen; and that He would find out a way of deliver- ance and salvation for us :—and indeed we had our consolations and our hopes. Upon Monday evening, the enemy, whose numbers were very great; as we heard, about six-thousand horse, and sixteen-thousand foot at least ; ours drawn down, as to sound men, to about seven-thousand five hundred foot, and three- thousand five hundred horse, the enemy drew down to their right wing about two-thirds of their left wing of horse, to the right wing, shogging* also their foot and train much to the right, causing their right wing of horse to edge down towards the sea. We could not well imagine but that the enemy intended to attempt upon us, or to place themselves in a more exact condition of interposition. The Major-General and myself coming to the Earl Roxburgh’s House, and observing this posture, I told him I thought it did give us an opportunity and advantage to attempt upon the enemy, to which he imme- diately replied, that he had thought to have said the same thing to me. So that it pleased the Lord to set this apprehen- sion upon both of our hearts at the same instant. We called for Colonel Monk, and showed him the thing: and coming to our quarter at night, and demonstrating our apprehensions to some of the colonels, they also cheerfully concurred. We resolved therefore to put our business into this posture: The six regiments of horse, and three regiments and an half of foot should march in the van; and that the Major-General, the Lieutenant-General of the horse, and the Commissary- General, and Colonel Monk to command the brigade of foot, * Pushing. 44 DUNBAR DROVE should lead on the business; and that Colonel Pride’s brigade, Colonel Overton’s brigade, and the remaining two regiments of horse should bring up the cannon and rear; the time of falling-on to be by break of day: but through some delays it proved not to be so until six o’clock in the morning. The Enemy’s word was The Covenant ; which it had been for divers days. Ours, The Lord of Hosts. The Major-General, Lieutenant- General Fleetwood, and Commissary - General Whalley, and Colonel Twisleton’s gave the onset ; the enemy being in a very good posture to receive them, having the advantage of their cannon and foot against our horse. Before our foot could come up, the enemy made a gallant resistance, and there was a very hot dispute at sword’s point between our horse and theirs. Our first foot, after they had discharged their duty (being overpowered with the enemy), received some repulse, which they soon recovered. But my own regiment, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Goffe and my Major, White, did come seasonably in; and, at the push of pike, did repel the stoutest regiment the enemy had there, merely with the courage the Lord was pleased to give, which proved a great amazement to the residue of their foot; this . being the first action between the foot. The horse in the mean time did, with a great deal of courage and spirit, beat back all opposition; charging through the bodies of the enemy’s horse, and their foot ; who were, after the first repulse given, made by the Lord of Hosts as stubble to their swords, Indeed, I believe I may speak it without partiality: both your chief commanders and others in their several places, and soldiers also, were acted* with as much courage as ever hath been seen in any action since this war. I know they look not to be named ; and therefore I forbear particulars. The best of the enemy’s horse and foot being broken through and through in less than an hour’s dispute, their whole army being put into confusion, it became a total rout; our men having the chase and execution of them near eight miles, We believe that upon the place and near about it were about * Actuated. PROTESTERS AND RESOLUTIONERS 45 three-thousand slain; prisoners taken of their officers, you have this enclosed list ; of private soldiers near ten-thousand. The whole baggage and train taken, wherein was good store of match, powder and bullet; all their artillery, great and small, thirty guns. We are confident they have left behind them not less than fifteen-thousand arms. I have already brought-in to me near two-hundred colours, which I herewith send you. What officers of quality of theirs are killed, we yet cannot learn, but yet surely divers are, and many men of quality are mortally wounded, as Colonel Lumsden, the Lord Liberton, and others. And, that which is no small addition, I do not believe we have lost twenty men. Not one com- missioned officer slain that I hear of, save one cornet and Major Rookesby, since dead of his wounds; and not many mortally wounded: Colonel Whalley only cut in the hand- wrist, and his horse (twice shot) killed under him; but he well recovered another horse, and went on in the chase. Thus you have the prospect* of one of the most signal mercies God hath done for England and his people this war. PROTESTERS AND RESOLUTIONERS (1650). Source.—Kirkton’s Secret and True History of the Church of Scotland from the Restoration to the Year 1678, edited from the original MS. by C. Kirkpatrick Sharpe, p. 52. (Edinburgh : 1817.) Immediately upon the King’s landing, Cromwell invaded Scotland, and the Scottish army levied for the King being entirely beaten at Dunbar by the English, division entered both state and church, which is not as yet even to this day removed. Here the staff of bands was broken. The cause of this rent was this: After the defeat of Dunbar the King required a new army to be levied, wishing earnestly it might be of another metal than that which had been lossed. So he desired that sort of people who were called malignants, his darlings, might be brought into places of trust both in council and army, though they had been secluded from both by their * Survey. 46 CROMWELL’S ARMY IN EDINBURGH own consent. And this request was granted both by com- mittee of estates and commission of the church sitting at Perth. But there was a party in both these councils, which alleged confidently, that though the malignants were content to profess repentance for their former practices, yet they should be found to be men neither sincere in their pro- fessions, nor successful in their undertakings. This was the beginning of the fatal schism in the Scottish church. For though the King, to secure Scotland, was content once more to take the covenant at his coronation in Scone (which instru- ment he caused burn at London) yet the dissatisfied party continued still in their jealousies, and even of the King him- self, whom they doubted most of all. This party was called Protesters and Remonstrators, as the other was called Reso- lutioners: which names occasioned lamentable distraction. However, the King would try his new levied army, composed of his loyal malignants, but it prospered just as it had been foretold ; for, after many unfortunate attempts in Scotland, they entered England, partly in the way of flight, and partly in the way of invasion, where they were entirely beaten at Worcester upon the 3rd of September, 1651, being the same remarkable day upon which the Scots had been beaten at Dunbar the preceding year. The King escaped into France, and the English became peaceable masters of Scotland for the nine years following. CROMWELL’S ARMY IN EDINBURGH (1650). Source.—Nicoll’s Diary of Public Transactions, etc., p. 33. (Edinburgh : Bannatyne Club, 1836.) It would be remembered that the English orders and government in their armies were much to be observed and followed; for their faults and offences were severely punished, being tried and proven, after that the complaints of the sufferers were heard ; but the misery was that few complaints were heard, except the complainers had made moyen* for * Means. CROMWELL’S ARMY IN EDINBURGH 47 that end. Yet some particulars I thought good here to set down: viz. Upon the 27 of September 1650, by orders of the General Cromwell and his council of war there was three of his own soldiers scourged by the Provost marshal’s men, from the Stone chop to the Nether Bow, and back again from thence to the Stone chop, every one of them severally, for plundering of houses within the town at their own hands without direction of their commanders; and another soldier made to ride the mare, at the Cross of Edinburgh, with an pint stoup about his neck, his hands bound behind his back and muskets hung at his feet, the full space of two hours, for being drunk. 28 September anno 1650 a gardener dwelling near to the West Kirk of Edinburgh, being apprehended by the English soldiers for giving intelligence to the Castle of Edinburgh, being then holden out against them, he was carried to their main guard, and there hung up by the thumbs, and lighted matches put in betwixt all his fingers, till he was burned to the bone. Beside these, many persons were taken and apprehended going up and returning from the Castle of Edinburgh; great numbers killed and slain both by the shot of cannon and musket, as well of Scots as English, going, repairing, and upon watch, as well within the Castle of Edin- burgh and about, as within the town, who did play upon others continually by night and day... . The body of the English army being thus quartered in Edinburgh, Cannogait, Leith, and in several other parts of Lowthiane; and a number of the English foot men being lodged within the Abbey of Halyrudhous,* it fell out that upon a Wednesday, being the thirteen day of November 1650, the whole Royal part of that Palace was put in a flame, and burnt to the ground on all the parts thereof. These three Kirks, viz. the College kirk, the Gray Friar kirk, and the Kirk called the Lady Yesteris kirk, the High School, and a great part of the College of Edinburgh were all wasted, their pulpits, desks, lofts, seats, windows, doors, locks, bands, and all their other decorments, were all dung down to * Holyrood. 48 THE CORONATION OF CHARLES II. the ground by these English soldiers, and burnt to ashes; by and beside the timber, inside, and plenishing of many dwelling houses in these towns, and other towns, and sundry other parts of the country. THE CORONATION OF CHARLES II. (1651). Source.—Nicoll’s Diary of Public Transactions, etc., p. 41. (Edinburgh : Bannatyne Club, 1836.) Upon the first day of Januar 1651, being Wednesday, a great part of the nobility, barons, and commissioners of several shires were convened at the Abbey of Scone, erected now in a temporal lordship, belonging to the heirs and successors of umquhil* David, Lord of Scone, where the King’s Majestie had his residence for the time; and being clothed in a princely robe, was conducted from his bed-chamber by the Great Constable of Scotland on his right hand, and the Great Marshal on the left, to the chamber of presence, and was there placed in a chair under a cloth of state by the Lord Angus, chamberlain appointed by the King for that day; and there, after a little repose, the Noblemen, with the Commis- sioners of barons and burghs, entered the hall, and presented themselves before his Majestie. . Thereafter the Noblemen and the Commissioners of barons and burghs accompanied his Majestie to the Kirk of Scone, in order and rank according to their quality, two and two; the spurs being carried by the Earl of Eglinton, next the sword by the Earl of Rothes, the sceptre by the Earl of Crawford Lindsay, and the crown by the Marquis of Argyle, immediately before the King. Then came the King, with the Great Constable on his right, and the Great Marshal on his left, his train being carried by four earls’ eldest sons, under a canopy of crimson velvet sup- ported by six earls’ sons, and the six carriers supported by six other noblemen’s sons. Thus the King’s Majestie entered the kirk. The kirk being fitted and prepared with a table whereon the honourst were laid, and a chair set in a fitting place for * Deceased, tT Regalia. THE CORONATION OF CHARLES II. 49 hearing of a sermon, over against the minister, and another chair on the other side, whereon he sat when he received the crown, before which was prepared a bench and seat, whereon the noblemen, barons, and burgesses were placed. There was also a great stage erected, upon which great stage another little stage was erected, on which the throne or chair of state was set... . The King being to renew the (Covenants, first the National] Covenant, and [then] the Solemn League and Covenant were distinctly read. After reading whereof, the Minister prayed for grace to perform these Covenants, and for faithful stedfast- ness in the oath of God; and then (the ministers, commis- sioners of the General Assembly being present, standing before the pulpit,) he ministered the oath to the King; who, kneeling and lifting up his right hand, did swear to this effect, viz, His allowance and approbation of the National Covenant, and of the Solemn League and Covenant, swearing that he shall prosecute the ends thereof in his station and calling ; and that he, for him and his successors, shall consent and agree to all the Acts of Parliament enjoining the National Covenant, and the Solemn League and Covenant, and fully establishing Presbyterial government, the Directory of Worship, Confes- sion of Faith, and Catechisms, in the Kingdom of Scotland, as they are approven by the General Assembly and Parliament of this Kingdom; and that he shall give his Royal assent to all acts and ordinances of Parliament passed and to be passed, enjoining the same in [his] other Kingdoms; and that he shall observe the same in his own practice and family, and shall never make opposition thereto, nor endeavour to change the same... . Then the Oath of Coronation, as is contained in the 8 Act of the first Parliament of King James the Sext, being read by the Lyon, the Minister tendereth the oath to the King, who, kneeling down, and holding up his right hand, swear in these words; “ By the eternal and mighty God, who liveth and reigneth for ever, I shall observe and keep all that is contained in this Oath.” . . . 1637-1688 4 50 SACKING OF DUNDEE BY GENERAL MONK Which done, the Lyon King at Arms, the Great Constat standing by him, caused a herald to call the whole nobleme one by one, according to their ranks; who coming before t King, kneeling and touching the crown on the King’s hez swear these words: “By the eternal and mighty God, w. liveth and reigneth for ever, I shall support ye to my utte most.” And when they had done, then all the nobility he up their hands, and sware to be loyal and faithful to t crown. ... When the King was set down upon the throne, the Minist spake a word of exhortation unto him, saying; “Sir, you a set down upon the throne in a very difficult time, I shall ther fore put you in mind of a scriptural exposition of a thror 1 Chro, 29c. 23v. ‘It is said, Solomon sat on the throne of t Lord,’ Sir, you are a King, and a King in covenant with t Lord. If ye would have the Lord to own you as his Kin and your throne to be his throne, I desire you to have son thoughts of this expression, It isthe Lord’s throne. Remer ber, you have a King above you, the King of Kings and t. Lord of Lords, who commandeth thrones. He setteth up a pulleth down, etc,”: and much more to this purpose. Then the Lord Chancellor went to the four corners of t stage, the Lyon King of Arms going before him, and p1 claimed His Majestie’s free pardon to all breakers of per statutes, and made offer thereof; where upon the people crit “God save the King.” . .. This is a short sum of the Kin; Coronation and order of it, in anno 1651. SACKING OF DUNDEE BY GENERAL MONK (1651). Source.—Nicoll’s Diary of Public Transactions, etc., p. 57. (Edinburgh : Bannatyne Club, 1836.) Thereafter it fell out that Monk, colonel in the north, havi taken in Innerkething, Brintyland, Peerth, and all the parts Fyff, he assaults Dundie, wherein were many not only r inhabitants and townsmen, but also many strangers from Ed burgh, Leith, and sundry parts of Lowthiane, with their m SACKING OF DUNDEE BY GENERAL MONK 51 chandise, goods, and much other provision of gold and silver, thinking to have made it sure there as in a town of defence, fortified both by land and sea; but the Lord having a con- troversy with the land, he, by a weak and feeble company of Englishes, compassed the town, laid siege to it, gave sundry assaults unto it; and last, upon first day of September, being Monday, 1651, stormed it and took it in perforce in manner following: Upon Tuesday immediately preceding, being the 26 of August, Lieutenant General Monk came to the said town of Dundie, inclosed and beleaguered it. But before he attempted anything, he sent abroad a number of his horse troops, cleyngit * the fields, took captives our nobles, gentry, ministry, and burgesses, being then frequent at Eliot, within xiiij miles to Dundie, at a Committee ; where suddenly in the morning they were surprised, shipped them and carried them away to Lundon in England, All this he did before ever he loosed a musket shot against the town, whereof the town was ignorant, not knowing that these were thus apprehended. Then, after their shipping, he caused a pot piece to be set against the town, and sent in a granad upon it, which by Gods providence did small skaith.t This he did upon Sunday the last of August at afternoon, and played all that night upon the town with batter- ing pieces till ten in the morning on Monday the first of Sep- tember, offering quarters to the town at two several times. But Duffus, governor of the town, and the townsmen, being ignorant what was done to the persons of the foresaid commit- tee, and looking for help from them, stood stoutly to their pos- ture, and defended themselves, not looking that their assistance by land had failed them; but they being disappointed, they were overcome, the walls of the town dung down, and the enemy coming in furiously upon the people, puts all that were found outwith doors to the sword, both man and woman. Lieutenant Monk granted liberty to the soldiers to plunder the town 24 hours space. They were not idle, but reft, spulzeit,} and plundered the whole town, none escaping their * Cleansed. y~ Harm. t Spoiled, 52 LIGHTING AND CLEANING THE STREETS hands. It is reported by credible men that were in the town for the time, that the English army had gotten above two hundred thousand pound sterling, partly of ready gold, silver, and silver work, jewels, rings, merchandise, and merchant wares, and other precious things belonging to the town of Edinburgh, by and beside all that belonged to the town and other people of the country, who had sent in their goods for safety to that town. It was reported that the clownish carles* of the town placed such of Edinburgh men as were there for the time at the weakest place of the town, and would not grant them the favour of mixture with others, thinking if the enemy should prevail at that part, to lay the aspersion on the people of Edinburgh, and to call them the betrayers of the town; but they were disappointed, for the enemy, by providence, did never assault that part of the town, which was the occasion that few of the Edinburgh people were killed, not exceeding 22 persons or thereby. All of them, not withstanding, without exception, were robbed, even to the sark,+ without pity, and all these that were found with arms were killed without mercy. The number, by estimation of wise men, was about ten or eleven hundred, beside four or five hundred prisoners ; of which number were there two ministers of the town of Dundie, the third, being an old man and very sickly and infirm, called Dun- canesoun, was spared. Seven score women and young children were also killed. A PROCLAMATION CONCERNING LIGHTING AND CLEANING THE STREETS (1652). Source.—Scotland and the Commonwealth : Letters and Papers relating to the Military Government of Scotland from August, 1651, to December, 1653, edited by C. H. Firth, p. 347. (Edinburgh : Scot. Hist. Soc., 1895.) The Court Martial at Edinburgh (out of an earnest desire of the good of the place, and to reform the usual disorders there, passed these several Results, as orders to be * Churls. t Shirt. UNION OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND 53 proclaimed by beat of drum in Edinburgh), whereof at present you shall receive only the brief heads as they came to hand, viz.: 1. That all and every the inhabitants in and about Edinburgh (in regard of many disorders and losses, that are often unjustly charged upon the private soldiers, to the great dishonour of the army), do from henceforth hang forth lanthorns with candles at their windows or doors, from the sixth hour at night to the ninth hour, which practice hath been long (among other good and wholesome orders) observed in Leith Garrison. 2. That the Provost of Edinburgh (to whom the business is recommended) be desired to give present order, that the streets, closes, and wynds in Edinburgh be cleansed within fourteen days, and so continued from time to time. 3. That no person or persons whatsoever, in and about Edinburgh, do presume to throw forth any filth or water from their windows, upon pain of paying immediately four shillings sterling, viz., two shillings to the discoverer, and two shillings to the poor of the same town. UNION OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND (1652). A. RESOLUTIONS OF THE PARLIAMENT OF ENGLAND. Tuesday, 23 March, 1652. Source.—Nicoll’s Diary of Public Transactions, etc., p. 90. (Edinburgh : Bannatyne Club.) Resolved upon the question by the Parliament 1. That an Act be brought in for incorporating Scotland into ane Common wealth with England, for taking away and abolishing kingly power in Scotland, and all laws and oaths relating thereunto, and for the punishment of such as shall endeavour the restitution of kingly power in Scotland, or that shall oppose or endeavour to subvert the government established upon the said union, or the authority exercised in Scotland in order thereunto, or in pursuance thereof. 2. That in the said Act it be declared, that Scotland upon this union shall have power to elect members to serve in the 54 UNION OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND Parliament of England in such proportion and at such time as this Parliament shall think fit. 3. That a Declaration be brought in, that the respective shires and burghs, who accept the tender of Union, be authorised to elect a certain number of persons, with power to the deputies (each of them having first expressed their consent to the Tender of union in such manner as the Parliament shall think fit) to elect a fewer number of persons to represent all the shires, and a lesser number of persons to represent all the said burghs. Which persons, or any or more of them, are to repair to such place as the Parliament shall appoint by a certain day, with full power to them, on the behalf of Scotland, to effect the premises, with blank for the number of persons, and the place to which they are to resort; and that the charge of these persons in coming up and attending that business be defrayed out of the revenue in Scotland or otherwise as the Parliament shall approve. 4. Resolved, That a Bill be brought in, wherein the names of such persons in Scotland whose estates are to be confiscated shall be ascertained and inserted, and that the rest be pardoned in such manner as shall be thought fit. 5. Resolved, That it be referred to the Council of State, to put in execution the two last proposals in the said paper of Tenders, touching the sending down persons for administration of justice in Scotland with all possible speed; and the sending down of ministers to reside in the several garrisons and in other convenient places of Scotland. 6. Ordered, That it be referred to the same Committee to bring in an Act for preventing the mischiefs and robbereys upon the borders, as likewise for settling of the matter of the fishery upon Tweed. UNION OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND 55 B. A News-Letrer From LeiTHu. Source.—Scotland and the Commonwealth: Letters and Papers relating to the Military Government of Scotland from August, 1651, to December, 1653, edited by C. H. Firth, p. 41. (Edinburgh : Scot. Hist. Soc., 1895.) Leitu, Apr. 24, 1652. On Wednesday last, the Declaration of the Parliament of England for the union with Scotland, and their election of 21 deputies to come into England in order to their sending members to the Parliament, was proclaimed with much solemnity at the Market Cross in Edinburgh by beat of drum and sound of trumpet and the Cross adorned with hangings. It was read by Judge Advocate Whalley (a guard of horse and foot being drawn out during thetime). There was a very great concourse of people at the proclaiming of it; after the reading whereof the soldiers gave several shouts, as complying with the Parliament in their free conferring of liberty upon a conquered people, but so senseless are this generation of their own goods that scarce a man of them shew’d any sign of rejoicing. Though the most flourishing of their Kings would have given the best jewel in their crown to have procur’d a vote in Parliament for their equal shares or staking in the Laws of England. C. ScotrisH MEMBERS OF THE PROTECTORATE PARLIAMENT. Source.—Nicoll’s Diary of Public Transactions, etc., p. 98. (Edinburgh : Bannatyne Club.) In the midst of August, 1652, Commissioners from the shires and burghs of Scotland convened in Edinburgh, for choosing Commissioners to go to London to hold the Parliament there, as was agreed upon in the month of March preceding. The names of the Commissioners of Parliament are these following, viz. : For the Shives Swyntoun 3 Tanochy, for Caithness. Rantoun } eas L. St. Racca for Edinburgh. Lokhart of Ley, for Lanark, Glenforder, for Mearns. L. Lyntoun, for Peebles. Lord Carnegy, for Angus. 56 INSTRUCTIONS TO GEORGE MONCKE Sir James Hamiltoun of * , L. Ricartoun, for Linlithgow. for Lennox. Lord Durie, for Fife. L. Garthland, for Galloway. Laird of Keir, for Sterling. t , for Nithsdale. For Burvrows Johnne Jowsie,for Edinburgh. Sir Alexander Weddirburne, Johnne Mylne, his assessor. for Dundee. Daniell Wallace, for Glasgow. Johnne Glene, for Aberdeen. James Sword, for St.Andrews. Andro Glen, for Linlithgow. 17, 18, and 19 of September. These Commissioners took journey in the end of September, and went to London. INSTRUCTIONS TO GEORGE MONCKE, COMMANDER-IN- CHIEF OF THE FORCES IN SCOTLAND (1654). Source.—Scotland and the Protectorate: Letters and Papers relating to the Military Government of Scotland from January, 1654, to June, 1659, edited by C. H. Firth, p. 76. (Edinburgh: Scot. Hist. Soc., 1889.) You are with all speed to make your repair into Scotland, and you are (by all possible ways and means) to inform your- self of the state of the country, and particularly of the High- lands, and of the readiest and best way for the reducing and settling of the same, and to present your opinion therein to us with all speed, and from time to time as there shall be cause. You are to endeavour the promoting of the preaching of the Gospel there, and the power of true Religion and holiness, and to take care that the usual maintenance be received and enjoyed by such Ministers and Persons of pious Life and Con- versation, and well affected to this Commonwealth, as are qualified with gifts for the preaching of the gospel and instruct- ing of the people there in godliness and in honesty, and that all due protection, countenance, and encouragement be given thereunto. You are authorised to suspend from the execution of his and their Office or place of Magistracy, Government, Authority in * Lacuna in MS. here, ¢ Ibid. INSTRUCTIONS TO GEORGE MONCKE 57 Scotland, any Magistrates, Sheriffs, officers, or others whom you shall find incapable of the trust reposed in them, and if you see cause, to secure such as you shall find to be dangerous to this Commonwealth, and certify us thereof... . You are authorised to give protection, grace, and favour to such of those who now are, or hereafter shall be in Arms in Scotland, and to grant and assure unto them such pardons, im- munities, enjoyments of their Estates, and such freedom as you shall judge fit for the public service there (excepting only such as are or shall be by name excepted in any Ordinance of Grace and pardon to the people of Scotland). And you are authorised to put forth from time to time such Declarations and proclamations to that end, and therein to assign certain days for the coming in of such persons, as you shall think fit ; Provided the same extend not to any person who hath an Estate in land to the value of four hundred pounds p. Annum, and in goods to the value of four thousand pounds, And you are also empowered to send forth such other proclamations as you shall judge necessary... . You are hereby authorised and empowered to make use of and command any press or presses there, for printing and pub- lishing any proclamations, Declarations, Orders, books, or other matters which you shall think fit for the public service, and to prohibit the use thereof by any person or persons in any cases where you shall see cause. You are empowered and authorised by warrant under your hand and Seal to charge the receipt of the Customs in Scotland for the payment of the Salaries to the Judges, Commissioners for Sequestrations, and other Officers belonging thereunto, and for defraying the Charges of Administration of Justice, and the Overplus of the Customs, as also the monies arising by the Assessments and Sequestrations in Scotland for Contingencies, excepting so much of the said Customs and Assessments as shall be charged monthly by the Committee of the Army towards the pay of the forces in Scotland according to such order as the said Committee shall receive from time to time from Us and Our Council, 58 THE SEAPORTS OF SCOTLAND You are authorised in case any Robberies or burglaries shall be committed, and the Actors shall escape to the Enemy, and not be brought to Justice by the Inhabitants of the Shire wherein the same shall be committed, to cause such Shire to make full satisfaction to the party wronged, and in case of Murder to impose such Fine upon the Shire wherein the same shall be committed as you shall think fit, unless the Offender shall be apprehended and brought to Justice as aforesaid. You are authorised and empowered to entertain into the service of the Commonwealth by retrenchment of your present number, one Regiment of the Highlanders not exceeding six hundred besides Officers, if you shall find the same advantage- ous for the public service. ... You are empowered to transport or cause to be transported to any Foreign English Plantation such of the Enemies now in Arms in the Highlands as shall be in your power, as often and in such numbers as you shall think fit. THE SEAPORTS OF SCOTLAND (1655). Source.—Report by Thomas Tucker upon the Settlement of the Revenues of Excise and Customs in Scotland. A.D. MDCLVI. (Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club, 1825.) Although Scotland is almost encompassed with the sea (which hath very many inlets into the main land) and hath a very great number of islands adjoining thereunto, both on the eastern and western parts thereof, and so naturally commodious for commerce and traffic, yet the barrenness of the country, poverty of the people, generally affected with sloth, and a lazy vagrancy of attending and following their herds up and down in their pasturage, rather than any dextrous improvement of their time, hath quite banished all trade from the inland parts, and drove her down to the very sea-side, where that little which is still remaining (and was never great in the most proud and flourishing times), lives pent and shut up in a very small compass, even of those parts where there is any exer- cised, which is mostly and chiefly on the east part, and so THE SEAPORTS OF SCOTLAND 59 northerly along the side of the German ocean; or else on the western part, along Dunbryton* Fyrth into the Irish or Eng- lish seas, the rest of the country from that Fyrth on the west side, with all the islands up towards the most northern head- land, being inhabited by the old Scots or wild Irish, and speak- ing their language, which live by feeding cattle up and down the hills, or else fishing and fowling, and formerly (till they have of late been restrained), by plain downright robbing and stealing. According to the most eminent places of trade, the commis- sioners have erected or established eight several head ports or offices for customs and excise. Those lying on the east sea are Leith, Burrostones, Brunt Island, Dundee, Aberdeene and Invernesse; those on the west are only two, Glasgoe and Ayre... The town of Leith is of it self a pretty small town, and fortified about, having a convenient dry harbour into which the Firth ebbs and flows every tide; and a convenient key t on the one side thereof, of a good length, for landing of goods. This place formerly, and so at this time, is indeed a storehouse not only for her own traders, but also for the merchants of the city of Edinburgh, this being the port thereof; and did not that city (jealous of her own safety) obstruct and impede the growing of this place, it would, from her slave, ina few years become her rival.... The town of Dunbarre, or village rather (for all the towns of Scotland deserve no other appela- tion, did not use and custom of speech give them a bigger title), is a fisher town, famous for the herring fishing, who are caught thereabout, and brought thither and afterwards made, cured, and barrelled up either for merchandise, or sold and vended to the country people, who come thither far and near at that season, which is from about the middle of August to the latter end of September, and buy great quantities of fish, which they carry away, and either spend them presently or else salt and lay up for the winter provision of their families. The trade here is little else except salt, which is brought hither and laid * Dumbarton. ft Quay. 60 THE SEAPORTS OF SCOTLAND up, and after sold for the fishing; the people of these parts which are not fishermen, employing themselves in tillage and in affairs of husbandry. . . . On the north side of the Firth, there is a pretty fine burgh called Alloway, having a fine harbour, and an excellent coal, which is for the most part shipped out and carried away by the Dutch, there being no vessel belonging to the place. . The next are Kincarne* and Culrosse, the first a small, and the other a burgh town. From these two places salt only goes out. ... The last place of this district is Lyme-Kills, a town whence some small coal hath some time been sent out, but very little of late. The next head port is Brunt Island, lying opposite to Leith, on the north side of the Firth, whose districts reach from Innerkeithen all along the shore of the county of Fife, unto the banks of the river Tay. The trade of these parts inwards, is from Norway, the East country, and sometimes from France with wines, and outwards with coal and salt, at all times very small, and worth little. For, although this be the bounds of one of the best and richest counties of Scotland, yet the good- ness and riches of the country, arising more from the goodness and fertility of the soil and lands than any traffic, hath made it the residence and seat of many of the gentry of that nation, who have wholly driven out all but their tenants and peasants even to the shore side. There is one collector and five officers constantly attending in this port, and members thereof, which are on the west of Brunt Island, Innerkeithen; on the east Abirdore, Kinghorne, Kircaldy, Disert, Wems,} Leven, Ely, St. Minas,§ Petten-Weym, Ainster,|| Craill, St. Androes, and South-ferry ;4] all pitiful small towns on the coast, inhabited by sea-men, colliers, salt makers, and such like people, except St. Androes, which (if I mistake not) is a burgh town, but if not a pretty neat thing ;—which hath formerly been bigger, and although sufficiently humbled in the time of intestine * Kincardine-on-Forth. ¢ Wemyss. t Elie. § St. Monans. || Anstruther. | Newport. THE SEAPORTS OF SCOTLAND 61 troubles, continues still proud in the ruins of her former magnificence, and in being yet a seat for the Muses. .. . The port of Dundee comes next in view, which is a pretty considerable place, lying by the mouth of the river Tay, which, springing out of the mountains of Albany, and running through the fields, at length spreads itself into a lough full of islands, and afterwards contracting itself, taketh in Amund,* (a river of Athol) passeth on to Dunkell, and thence by Scoone maketh its way into the German Ocean.... The port of Aberdeene lies next northward, being a very handsome burgh, seated at the mouth of the river Donne, and is commonly called the New town, for distinguishing it from another town hard by, of the same name, but more antiquity, lying at the mouth of the river Dee, some a mile distant from the New town, and is the chief academie of Scotland. This being now a place more for study than trade, hath willingly resigned her interest that way, unto the New town, which is no despicable burgh, either for building or largeness, having a very stately mercat place, sundry houses well built, with a safe harbour before it for vessels to ride in... . Being advanced as far as the furthest coast of all Britain, I shall pass over Strathnaverne, Assinshire,t and the Western Isles, (places mangled with many arms of the Western Sea, imbosoming itself within many parts thereof, and destitute of all trade, being a country stored with cattle, craggy hills, and rocks, and planted with the ancient Scots or wild Irish, whose garb and language they do still retain among them,) and return southerly as far as Glasgowe, a very neat burgh town lying upon the banks of the river Cluyde, which, rising in Anandale, runs by Glasgowe and Kirkpatrick, dis- burthening itself into the Firth of Dunbarton. This town, seated in a pleasant and fruitful soil, and consisting of four streets, handsomely built in form of a cross, is one of the most considerablest burghs of Scotland, as well for the structure and trade of it. The inhabitants (all but the students of the college which is here) are traders and dealers: some for Ireland * The Almond. + Assynt. 62 PROCLAMATION OF THE SECOND PROTECTORATE with small smiddy* coals in open boats, from four to ten tons, from whence they bring hoops, rungs, barrel staves, meal, oats, and butter; some for France with plaiding, coals, and herring, (of which there is a great fishing yearly in the Western Sea), for which they return salt, paper, rosin, and prunes; some to Norway for timber; and every one with their neighbours the Highlanders, who come hither from the isles and western parts; in summer by the Mul of Cantyre, and in winter by the Torbant to the head of Lough Fyn, (which is a small neck of sandy land, over which they usually draw their small boats into the Firth of Dunbarton,) and so pass up into the Cluyde with pladding, dry hides, goat, kid, and deer skins, which they sell, and purchase with their price such commodities and provisions as they stand in need of, from time to time. ACCOUNT OF THE PROCLAMATION OF THE SECOND PROTECTORATE (1657). Source.—Scotland and the Protectorate, edited by C. H. Firth, p. 362. (Edinburgh : Scot. Hist. Soc., 1899.) EDINBURGH, 15 July, 1657. This day his Highness the Lord Protector was proclaimed in Edinburgh. There were besides the Lord General and the rest of his Highnesse’ Council, the Judges of the Exchequer, 6 Scots noblemen present, vizt. the Marquis of Argyll, the Earl of Caithness (now contracted to his 2nd daughter), Lord Carnegie, Lord Brechin, Lord Lowre, and Lord Bavard. There was the day before 25 or 30 Lords in town, some of whom stayed in town and did not come, as Earl of Wemyss, Lord Kingston, etc., and the rest went out of town because they would not be present, though such noblemen as were in town were invited, and of the 5 or 6,000 Scotsmen that were present, not one Scotchman opened his mouth to say God bless my Lord Protector, but the soldiers gave several acclamations, or shouts, for they could easily be distinguished, * Blacksmith’s, t Tarbert. MONK AND THE GARRISONING OF SCOTLAND 63 for the soldiers stood in arms by themselves, and the people stood near to hear his Highness proclaimed, and the Petition and Advice read, but it was done with as much solemnity as the place would afford. The magistrates of the town were very forward and made a good appearance with their scarlet gowns lined with fur, and had their city trumpets with banners and the city’s arms, as the trumpeters of the army had the state’s banners, and the officers of the army in these parts went on foot with the rest from the Parliament yard to the Cross. The Council have given out orders to have his High- ness proclaimed in all market Towns in Scotland. GENERAL MONK AND THE GARRISONING OF SCOTLAND (1657). Source.—Scotland and the Protectorate, edited by C, H. Firth, p. 370. (Edinburgh ; Scot. Hist. Soc., 1899.) A list of the horse and foot which are to be left in Scotland, and the places of their quartering ; in case your Highness shall draw away the rest if there be occasion. Foot. Horse. Invernes, whereof 30 foot in the Castle ... 490 100 Ruthven Castle a ine sss 070 O15 Sinclaire Castle wins a9 ves O70 O15 Scalloway Castle in Zetland vie sss 070 Kirkwall in Orkney es igs se 140 Head of Loughnes _ ates «ss 140 050 Boggygeith ... 5 ses ses 070 030 Inverloughee* ... te a ws 210 Dunstaffnage Castle... or oe 035 Dowart Castle ... asa aie + 070 Aberdeene ae wie sist «ss 070 Dunnotter oo vee aoe + 070 O12 Braymarre... in sa ee 035 006 S. Johnstone ... sigs tee ve 420 100 Blaire Castle... aise sie ss 070 020 Finlarick ais ee ee ss 070 O15 * Inverlochy. 64. MONK AND THE GARRISONING OF SCOTLAND Foot. Sterling ais g10 Cardrosse and 20 horse ‘of theses in n Sterling 035 Downe, Buchannon, and 12 horse each of those in Sterling ... ate soe 035 Dunbarton Castle a8 sie +s 070 ee sas Ses es ss. 070 Ayre .. sige wae etd wes 490 Leith .. a eee see 490 Edinburgh Castle as Su0 se 140 Tymtallon and the Basse ues wee 035 Douglas Castle sa eee eee 035 Anderwick and Dunce ... ach vse 070 4480 Horse. 300 020 030 100 100 030 040 983 In all 6 regiments and 5 companies of foote, and 3 regiments of horse and two troops of dragoons. So there may be drawn out of Scotland upon settling of these garrisons four regiments and 5 com- panies of foot, and two regiments of horse and two troops of dragoons. Your Highness may take notice that the horse to be at Berwick and Carlile be not in this list. For the four first months after the excise was settled in Scotland, the inland excise was farmed ae. ah for 2481/. monthly, which is per annum .. 29772 00 00 The customs received at the ports in Scotland, and the excise collected for inland salt in Scotland, and for other excise collected at the ports, amounted for three months to 2227/. 14s. 10}d., which for twelve months make up ... . 06683 04 08} His Highness’ revenue by the property rolls, Sheriff rolls, casual revenues, and compositions in the Exchequer was estimated yearly at ... ws 09622 I7 00 £46078 o1 o8} THE RESTORATION 65 THE RESTORATION (1660). Source.—Nicoll’s Diary of Public Transactions, etc., p. 292. (Edinburgh : Bannatyne Club, 1836.) The Kingdom of Scotland having taken to their consideration the great things and wonderful that the Lord God had done for them, in restoring unto them their native Sovereign Lord and King, after so long banishment, and that in a wonderful way, worthy of admiration, they resolved upon several days of thanksgiving to be set apart for his Majesty’s Restoration, and for his mercies to this poor land, who had opened a door of hope to his people, for settling these three Kingdoms in religion and justice. And, first, this day of thanksgiving began at Edinburgh, and through all the kirks and parts of Lothian, upon Tuesday the nineteen day of June, 1660, where there were sermons made through all the Kirks, and whereat all the Magistrates of Edinburgh and the Common Council were present, all of them in their best robes; the great mace and sword of honour carried before them to the sermon, and through the whole streets as they went, all that day. And after the sermon ended, the Magistrates and Council of Edinburgh, with a great number of the citizens, went to the Mercat Cross of Edinburgh, where a great long board of * foot of length was covered with all sorts of sweet meats, and there drank the King’s health, and his brothers ; the spouts of the Cross running all that time with abundance of claret wine. There were three hundred dozen of glasses all broken and casten through the streets, with sweet meats in abundance. Major-General Morgan, commander in chief of all the forces in Scotland, and the Governor of the Castle of Edinburgh, being both English- men, with some of the special officers of the army, were all present. There was a guard, also, of the most able burgesses of the town, who did guard the Cross, table, and streets during this feast, all of them well apparelled, and with partizans in their hands, to the number of four or five hundred persons or thereby, in very good equipage and order. And in the 7 * Lacuna in text. 1637-1688 35 66 EPISCOPACY RESTORED IN SCOTLAND meantime, while they were thus feasting at the Cross, the whole bells in Edinburgh and Cannogait did ring, the drums did beat, trumpets sounded, the whole troops on horse-back, and soldiers on foot being also within the town at this time and upon service, with the whole inhabitants, both men, women, and children, gave their several volleys. There were numbers of trumpets and trumpeters at this solemnity, who acted their parts formally. Further, at night there was bonfires put out through the whole streets of Edinburgh, and fireworks both there and at the Castle of Edinburgh, and within the Citadel of Leith that night, in abundance, till after xij hours and more. There were also six viols, three of them bass viols, playing there continually. There were also some musicians placed there, who were resolved to act their parts, and were willing and ready, but by reason of the frequent acclamations and cries of the people universally through the whole town, their purpose was interrupted. Bacchus also, being set upon a puncheon of wine upon the frontispiece of the Cross with his comrades, was not idle. And in the end of this solemnity, the effigies of that notable tyrant and traitor Oliver, being set up upon a pole, and the Devil upon another, upon the Castle Hill of Edinburgh ; it was ordered by fire work, engine, and train, the devil did chase that traitor, and pursued him still, till he blew him in the air. EPISCOPACY RESTORED IN SCOTLAND (Aucust, 1661). Source.—Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland, by Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh,* p. 57. (Edinburgh: 1821.) Cuartes R.: Right trusty and well beloved Cousins and Councillors, right trusty and well beloved Councillors, We greet you well; Whereas in the month of August 1660, We did, by our letter to the Presbytery of Edinburgh, declare our purpose to maintain the government of the church of Scotland settled by law, and our Parliament having since that time not only rescinded all the Acts since the troubles began referring * The ‘' Bloody Mackenzie "’ of Covenanting tradition. EPISCOPACY RESTORED IN SCOTLAND 67 to that government, but also declared all those pretended Parliaments null and void, and left to us the settling and securing church government: Therefore, in compliance with that Act Rescissory, according to our late proclamation dated at Whitehall the roth of June; and in contemplation of the inconveniences from the church government as it hath been exercised these 23 years past, of the unsuitableness thereof to our monarchical estate, of the sadly experienced confusions which have been caused during the late troubles, by the violences done to our royal prerogative, and to the government civil and ecclesiastical, settled by unquestionable authority : We, from our respect to the glory of God, and the good and interest of the Protestant religion, from our pious care and princely zeal for the order, unity, peace, and stability of that church, and its better harmony with the government of the churches of England and Ireland, have, after mature delibera- tion, declared to those of our Council here our firm resolution to interpose our royal authority for the restoring of that church to its right government by Bishops, as it was by law before the late troubles during the reigns of our royal father and grandfather of blessed memory, and as it now stands settled by law. Of this our royal pleasure concerning church govern- ment you are to take notice, and to make intimation thereof in such a way and manner as you shall judge most expedient and effectual: And we require you and every one of you, and do expect according to the trust and confidence we have in your affections and duty to our service, that you will be careful to use your best endeavours for curing the distempers con- tracted during these late ill times, for uniting our good subjects amongst themselves, and bringing them all to a cheerful acquiescing and obedience to our sovereign authority, which we will employ, by the help of God, for the maintaining and defending of the true reformed religion, increase of piety, and the settlement and security of that church in her rights and liberties, according to law and ancient custom. And in order thereunto, Our will is, That ye forthwith take such course with the rents belonging to the several Bishopricks and 68 CONSECRATION OF SCOTTISH BISHOPS Deaneries, that they may be restored and made useful to the church, and that according to justice and the standing law. And moreover, you are to inhibit the assembling of ministers in their several synodical meetings throughout the Kingdom, until our further pleasure: And to keep a watchful eye over all who upon any pretence whatever shall, by discoursing, preaching, reviling, or any irregular and unlawful way endeavour to alienate the affections of our people, or dispose them to an ill opinion of us and the government, and to the disturbance of the peace of the Kingdom. So expecting your cheerful obedience, and a speedy account of your proceedings herein, We bid you heartily farewell, Given at Our Court at Whitehall, the fourteenth day of August 1661, and of our reign the 13th year. By his Majesties command LauDERDALE. CONSECRATION OF SCOTTISH BISHOPS (1661). Source.—Nicoll’s Diary of Public Transactions, etc., p. 354. (Edin- burgh : Bannatyne Club, 1836.) Westminster, 15 December, 1661.— Now to return to the Episcopal dignity of Scotland, it is formerly recorded that Mr. James Sharp, sometime minister at Crail, thereafter professor of divinity at St. Andrews, Mr. Andrew Fairfoul, sometime minister at Leith, thereafter minister at Duns, Mr. James Hamilton late minister at Cambusnethan, went up to Court upon the Friday, the fifteen day of October last, to be consecrate in their several stations after mentioned ; but it was delayed (upon what occasion the writer knows not) till the fifteen day of December 1661, being a Sabbath day. At which time, by a commission from his Majestie, under the Great Seal of England, direct to the Bishop of London and Lord Bishop of Worcester, these three persons abovenamed, and Mr. Robert Lichtoun,* primer of the College, were all consecrate to their several offices and dignities following ; to * Leighton. FALL OF THE EARL OF MIDDLETON 69 wit, the said Mr. James Sharp to the Archbishopric of St. Andrews, designed Lord Archbishop of St. Andrews; the said Mr. Andrew Fairfoul, designed Andrew Lord Bishop of Glasgow; and the said Mr. James Hamilton, James Lord Bishop of Galloway; and the said Mr. Robert Lichtoun, primer of the College of Edinburgh, Robert Lord Bishop of Dunblane, and Dean of His Majestie’s Chapel Royal of Scot- land. This consecration was acted with great solemnity, in presence of many of the nobility and clergy of England, and many of the nobles of Scotland, being there for the time attending his Majestie. This order of consecration at West- minster was done of necessity, because there was no bishop in life in Scotland, except only one, to wit, Mr. Thomas Sydserf, Bishop of Galloway.—After this consecration, these new bishops, with many peers of England and Scotland, were feasted in the new parish yard* at Westminster; after which, the Bishops went all to the church and heard an other sermon. FALL OF THE EARL OF MIDDLETON (1663). Source.—Nicoll’s Diary of Public Transactions, etc., p. 392. (Edin- burgh : Bannatyne Club, 1836.) Great preparation was made of all things for this ensuing Parliament ; and therefore the Earl of Rothes, being chosen Commissioner to this Parliament, as likewise Great Treasurer of Scotland, come down from Court, with sundry of the nobility that had been in England a long time before, upon the 15 day of June, being Monday, to Holyrood House, richly prepared for him; at his downcoming many thousands attending. Thereafter, upon the 17 day of June, being the day preceding the sitting of that Parliament, the Honours were, with all reverence, brought down from the Castle to the Parlia- ment House, with a guard on horseback to attend them. The morn thereafter, being the eighteen day of that month, * Probably New Palace Yard. 7O FALL OF THE EARL OF MIDDLETON and the first day of the Parliament’s meeting, the Earl of Rothes, high Commissioner, was honourably conveyed from the Abbey with all our lords, gentlemen, commissioners of burghs and shires, to the Parliament House, all of them dis- covered, being guarded by the town of Edinburgh and life guard, heralds, macers, trumpeters, and kettle drum passing before him, with all other honours requisite. That day, being the first day of their meeting, they met precisely at one in the afternoon ; and, after sermon made by the Bishop of Aberdeen, the rolls were called, and such of the Commissioners for the Parliament as were absent before, and had not given their Oaths of allegiance, their oaths were then taken. Thereafter the Lords [of] articles were chosen; and thereafter a speech made to the Parliament, first by the Earl of Rothes, his Majestie’s high Commissioner, and thereafter by the Chancellor. Many did admire this sudden change and alteration—namely, the depriving of Middleton, and promoving the Earl of Rothes to this high dignity of Commissioner for the Parliament and high Treasurery of Scotland. The supposed causes of the Earl of Middleton’s removal from his Commission are these ;—-1. The act of fining and the illegal way of contriving thereof; 2. The act that none should address themselves to his Majestie in any thing without their first application to the Commissioner of Parliament or Council; 3. The act of incapacity of 12 persons of honour; 4. The misapplication of the several bygone monthly cesses passed by, by the Usurper, and yet renewed and taken up by him; 5. His missive letter direct to a certain delinquent in the late time, commanding him to pay a certain great sum of money to a gentleman, one of his own friends, or else to abide the highest censure of the law; 6. His other letter, direct to the Duke of Ormond, Lieutenant of Ireland, desiring correspondence and a mutual assistance, when they had need for other Kingdoms, without warrant or knowledge of his Majesty ; which letter (as is supposed) was not well accepted by the Duke of Ormond, but sent to his Majestie to be revised by him; 7. The misemploy- ment of the cesses and excise, and of the forty thousand pound THE FATE OF JOHNSTON OF WARRISTON 71 sterling; 8. The stopping of the order given by his Majesty for prorogating the terms of payment of the fines, and stopping the proclamation and publication thereof. THE FATE OF JOHNSTON OF WARRISTON (1663). Source.—Nicoll’s Diary of Public Transactions, etc., p. 394. (Edin- burgh : Bannatyne Club, 1836.) The 22 day of July 1663 being come, to the which day Sir Archibald Johnston of Warriston Knight his execution was continued by the Parliament now sitting, a gallows of extraordinary height, whereon he was to be hanged, was prepared, and set up at the Mercat Cross of Edinburgh ; and at two hours in the afternoon, he was brought forth out of the Tolbooth of Edinburgh, to the place of execution, where he made his confession, declaring, that he was only a complier with the English usurpers, and denied that he was anyways accessory to the King’s death; and because his memory was short, by reason of his often sickness and long imprisonment, he read his confession off a paper ; and then, after two several prayers, he was first hanged, and then his head stricken off, and hung up upon the Nether Bow. To his execution a great part of the King’s life guard on horseback, with their carbines and naked swords, and trumpeters, and kettle-drum, were present, and a guard of the town of Edinburgh with their colours displayed, were all present as spectators and beholders, and to see the Parliament’s sentence put to execution against him as a traitor to his Majestie. Yet he did not want a great number of friends, who accompanied him to the scaffold and burial, and that in their mourning apparel. His body was suffered to be buried in the Kirk yard of Edinburgh among his kin and friends; which favour and respect was refused to the Marquis of Montrose, and sundry barons and gentlemen, whose corps were not suffered to be buried in Christian mules* (as it is so called) but buried among thieves, traitors, and robbers, even under the gallows foot in the Borough Muir. * Probably mould. Cf, Middle Scots mold, moll, 72 THE SCOTS MILE ACT THE SCOTS MILE ACT (1663). Source.—Wodrow’s History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland, vol. i, p. 340. (Glasgow : 1828). Act oF CounciL, EpINBuURGH, AUGUST 13TH, 1663. Forasmuch as it doth appear, that divers ministers, who, by the law, have no right to preach or remain in those parishes which did belong to their cure, do notwithstanding presume to assemble his Majesty’s subjects in churches and elsewhere, to preach, administer the sacraments, and to keep conventicles and disorderly meetings; and do go about to corrupt and dissuade the people from that affection, duty, obedience, and gratitude they owe to his Majesty’s government, the laws and authority established, under which the kingdom doth enjoy this great tranquillity and the blessings thereof: as likewise, that many subjects do countenance and join in these unlawful meetings, contrary to the acts of parliament prohibiting the same. Therefore, the lords of his majesty’s privy council, in discharge of the trust reposed in them, for preserving the public peace and the laws in their authority and vigour, and that turbulent and disaffected ministers may not have such opportunity, as they have hitherto had, to continue their evil practices in seducing too many people into ways of schism, separation, and sedition, tending to the disquieting and over- turning of the established government of the state, as well as that of the church; and in pursuance of what is recommended by his majesty and his estates of parliament, in the late act of the tenth of July, intituled, ‘‘act against separation and disobedience to ecclesiastical authority,” do hereby command and charge all ministers, who are or shall be found to preach seditiously against the government of church and state, who entered in or since the year 1649, and have not since obtained presentations from their lawful patrons, and collations and admissions from their ordinary, and have notwithstanding continued to preach or exercise any duty, proper to the function of the ministers, either at these parish churches where THE SCOTS MILE ACT 73 they were incumbents, or at any other place, house, or family, to remove themselves, their families, and goods belonging to them, within twenty days after publication hereof, out of these respective parishes where they were incumbents, and not to reside within twenty miles of the same, nor within six miles of Edinburgh or any cathedral church, or three miles of any burgh royal within this kingdom; with certification, that if they fail to remove themselves, as said is, and to give exact obedience hereunto (unless they have the permission of the lords of privy council, or of the bishop of the diocese), they are to incur the penalties of the laws against movers of sedition, and to be proceeded against with that strictness that is due to so great contempts of his majesty’s authority over church and state. And do hereby inhibit and discharge all heritors and house- holders in burgh or land, to give any presence or countenance to any one or more of these ministers, removed by this act, to preach or exercise any act of the office of a minister; with certification, if they, after publication hereof, shall presume so to do, they are to be proceeded against according to law. And being likewise informed, that divers ministers who were entered by lawful presentations before the year 1649, and do still continue in their exercise of their ministry, do yet forbear to attend ecclesiastical meetings appointed by authority, and to exercise discipline in their parishes, without giving any account of their administrations, to the great detriment of the order and peace of the church; therefore they command and charge all those ministers to keep the diocesan synods, and other ecclesiastical meetings appointed by authority; with certification, that if, after publication hereof, they fail so to do, and disobey the acts of parliament and council made there anent, they are to be proceeded against as contemners of his majesty’s authority. And ordain these presents to be printed, and published at the Market-cross of Edinburgh, and other places needful, that none pretend ignorance. 74 CONVENTICLES CONVENTICLES (1665). Source.—The Lauderdale Papers, vol. i., p. 233. (Camden Society, 1884.) The Earl of Rothes to the Earl of Lauderdale. My prEar Lorp,—As to the dispositions of the people in the country, I dare not say they are well inclined, but must acknowledge I think they are worse than I did imagine; had they any opportunity, I dare not answer; but I judge it more than probable they would undertake though it were desperate enough; but as they are I do assure you I have not the least apprehension of any further trouble from them than their keep- ing conventicles, and private meetings, which is too much, and has of late been too frequent, though the secret conveyance renders it most difficult to discover till they be over, and then they do immediately disperse to all corners of the country. Their meeting-places are most commonly at the side of a moss or at the side of a river, and they have their spies at a distance on all hands, who give warning if any party appear, which makes them run, were the party never so small; but the truth is, the cause of most of this trouble we receive in this kind is occasioned by some outed ministers, against whom both council and commission has proceeded against, and they have put themselves in disguise, so as when they preach they are in gray clothes and long pediuicks,* and it is alleged some of them preaches in masks and these rogues stirs up the women so as they are worse than devils; yea, I dare say if it were not for the women we should have little trouble with conventicles or such kind of stuff, but there are such a foolish generation of people in this country who are so influenced with their fanatic wives as I think will bring ruin upon them. Now to prevent all these troubles I have dispersed parties through the country, one of horse I have sent to that renowned place macklien t tower, to quarter in the town of macklien, and in the new mills which is near to it; another party, but of foot, I have sent to * Periwigs? + Mauchline. THE PENTLAND RISING 75 ouruien,* there being no accomodation for horse in that place, and one I am to send to Galloway, both of horse and foot, which I will make as considerable as I can, but I delay it till I speak with the bishop, who will be here this night, and another party of horse I send to jedbrue,} for in tiffedeall { there are many persons as disaffected as in the west, and presently there has been a great disorder in the parish of anckrum,§ they re- fusing to let the minister come into the pulpit, but the persons are seized and will be severely punished. Now those parties I have so dispersed, I hope will not only prevent these disorderly meetings, but will either catch those roguish ministers, or fear of them will chase them out of the country, I have bestowed money upon several of their followers, and it shall stand me dear and much pains but I shall have a hit at some of them. THE PENTLAND RISING (1666). Source.—Kirkton’s Secret and True History of the Church of Scotland, from the Restoration to the Year 1678, edited from the original MS. by C. Kirkpatrick Sharpe, p. 229. (Edinburgh: 1817.) I come now to the lamentable story of an unsuccessful attempt made by some of these poor tempted people in the west country, and thus I received it from the most understand- ing upon the party. Sir James Turner and his ruffians con- tinued his oppression and violence till the country was near ruined, many families scattered, both gentlemen and others were forced to flee their dwellings, and lurk in mountains and mosses till November 13th; which day being Tuesday, four countrymen coming from their wanderings towards the old town of Dalry to seek refreshment after long fasting, met pro- videntially upon the highway with 3 or 4 soldiers driving before them a company of poor neighbour men to compel them to thresh the corns of a poor old country man (who had fled from his own house himself), that out of his corns they might make money to satisfy his church fines, as they were called. This troubled the poor country men very much, yet they passed it * Irvine, t Jedburgh. t Teviotdale. § Ancrum. 76 THE PENTLAND RISING in silence, till, coming to a house where they expected refresh- ment, they were informed the soldiers had seized the poor old man, and were about to bind him and set him bare upon a hot iron gird-iron, there to torment him in his own house. Upon this they run to relieve the poor man, and coming to his house, desired the soldiers to let the poor man go, which the soldiers refused, and so they fell to words; whereupon two of the soldiers rushing out of the chamber with drawn swords, and making at the country men, had almost killed two of them behind their backs, and unawares; the country men having weapons, one of them discharged his pistol, and hurt one of the soldiers with the piece of a tobacco pipe, with which he had loaded his pistol instead of ball. This made the soldiers deliver their arms and pistol. Now the poor country men are engaged, and in as great danger as they could be; this they knew very well, and therefore resolved to go through with it; and because there were about a dozen of soldiers in another place oppressing the same parish, least they should be destroyed by these they resolve to prevent them; and next morning, with the attendance of other six or seven country men who joined them, they seize these dozen of soldiers also; all of them quietly rendered their arms save one, who making resistance, was killed. Upon this the country takes the alarm, and being all of them certain Sir James Turner and his soldiers would avenge this affront in his own cruel way, and make the innocent suffer with the guilty, the country people gather to the number of 50 horsemen of the country men, and some few foot men, resolving to be before hand with Sir James; and thereupon march straight towards Dumfries Cross, and there, forsooth, drink the King’s good health,—a labour they might well have spared, for they had cruel thanks. Such was the beginning of this insurrection, an occasional tumult upon a sudden fray, and this was the preamble to the purpose. Sir James was taken upon Nov. 15th; and he who was chief in the party that took him was one Andrew Gray, an Edinburgh merchant, who immediately deserted them, as did many more, though so many kept still together as were the beginning of THE BATTLE OF RULLION GREEN TL. the small army which gathered to them. Indeed, while they continued in Galloway, tho’ that country had suffered most, and tho’ their oppression was the quarrel, yet their number was still very small, not exceeding three hundred, tho’ divers men and heritors had joined them. All ways, the first thing the council did upon the news was to command Dalziel and the army to march westward to sup- press the rebels; and him they accompany with a severe pro- clamation, commanding all the rebels in arms to lay down their arms within 24 hours after the publication of the proclamation, but without any promise of indemnity, (which is usual and necessary in such cases,) and this was just to command to come to the scaffold. Moreover, they command all the subjects in Scotland to assist the general with all their power, under the pain of rebellion, which made many join him sore against their conscience. THE BATTLE OF RULLION GREEN (1666). Source.—The Lauderdale Papers, vol. i., p. 248. (Camden Society, 1884.) Charles Maitland of Haltown to the Earl of Lauderdale. 28 Nov.-3 Dec,, 1666. My pear Lorp,—The alarm of the Whigs given on Saturday 17 November you have got accompt of. On Saturday morning we marched from Edinr. to Linlithgow, next day to Glasgow, next day to Kilmarnock, where our party took three straggling Whigs, by whom we understand they were past Mauchline, where we arrived next night. There we got notice of their march toward Lanark, touching at Evandale, where we lay next night, from thence next day we marched to Lanark, where it was my turn to have the fore party. And upon the Hill above the Horns [Ford ?] of Clyde, within a half mile of Lanark, we discovered the enemy’s rearguard of horse lying at the head of the pass on Lanark side, and did see their body marching over Lanark Hill; at 78 THE BATTLE OF RULLION GREEN that time we got intelligence that they did intend to fight us at Lanark Moor. And so I was commanded to halt (after we had crossed the ford) till the body of horse drew near; so we marched all together till we came to Blackwood’s house, a mile by east Lanark, where there is a bridge and a pass. And it is a strange thing that such beasts did not keep that ground betwixt the two passes, having a town for entertainment and a safe retreat at Blackwood pass. The whole body of horse stood and commanded, foot being planted at the pass for retreat to wis [?],* we went on three miles eastward to the Mosplatt and followed the enemy’s track through two mosses almost impassible till we lost [?] + day to return to our body, but got never a sight of them; but on they marched so very hard, and our command being to follow but two mile, we went three till moss separated us. We lodged at Lanark all that night. Next day we followed their track, and six miles off Lanark we understood the enemy to be before us, lodging at Bathgate, . eleven miles from Edinr. We marched from Lanark to Calder, Torphicens house, that night, being Tuesday last 27 instant, where we understood the enemy had lodged at Colinton and thereabouts; the bridge whereof is a strong pass. We marched towards that same Water of Leith, and crossed at Currie bridge, a mile by west Colinton. Our intention was to have gone up by the hills by west Brodscrags (where Cromwell lay) and to have dropped down on them at Dreg- horn, Sir Robt. Murray’s brother’s house. But at Currie we had notice they had gone by the back of Pentland Hills. And this made us march straight south to St. Katherine’s hope, where our fore party, commanded by the Earl of Airley’s brother, engaged the enemy on the side of Turnhouse hill, which is the westmost greatest and highest of Pentland hills, and the top of it doth just resemble the top of Arthur’s seat. The body of it is of easter ascent, and hath two lower tops passable to horse. Upon the uppermost stood their horse, the lowest their foot. Our fore party, being twenty two horse, the * MS. indistinct, Probably ‘' west."’ + Marched so late that there was no daylight left for return. THE BATTLE OF RULLION GREEN 79 third party of our full forlorne, engaged their forlorne of eighty horse and beat them, though they had the advantage of the ground even to a precipice, killed eight, whereof a minister, Cruickshank, and a great villain, a captain, and another captain. We lost one man of the Duke’s troop and two hurt. One was ours off the grass.* We getting notice of the engagement, march with the whole horse (our foot being two miles behind) up a straight hill by east, the hill so straight that we could hardly keep the saddle. There was a glen betwixt us and them, and a great sidlens+ or precipice, which we behoved to pass if we charged them, and where horse could hardly keep foot, we drew all up there. And the two general persons, Dalziell and Drummond (whose excellent conduct in all this matter I most admire) finding this dis- advantage, we marched down again, crossed the water, and went up to another hill, not so high, by east and opposite to them, where the horse drew up and waited from half three till half four until our foot came up. Thence we marched down southward toward Losleine and drew up all on the bottom on the south side of the hill where the enemy stood; this made them draw down to the skirt of their hill toward us. Our foot was in the mid battle, the King’s guard, commissioner’s troop and Lord-general Drummond’s was on the right wing. The general’s, the Dukes Atholl’s and Airly’s, on the left wing of the foot. The engagement began by a commanded party of 50 of our right wing of horse, received by the rebels by 100 of their horse; ours did gallantly, and they stuck in others birset for a quarter of an hour, and ours being borne by weight from so great a precipice, they retired a little. Our right hand of our right wing charged and forced back the enemy to their ground and body. And they returned un- broken. And by order our left hand of our right wing charged and made them reel, the right wing of the enemy’s horse not yet stirring from their body. We on the left hand, seeing a part of our right wing retire, did presently charge the enemy’s horse on the right wing. And by the time we had received * =Gone to grass=dead. t+ Declivity. + Fought at close quarters, 80 THE BATTLE OF RULLION GREEN their fire, those of their left wing that were reeling thrust amongst their own foot [and] disordered them. And though pressing to assist their right wing of horse, yet helped to put them in confusion. And so all of them run for it through the hills, few were killed on the place, about 100. The pursuit lasted the length of two miles through hills almost not ride- able. And about three hundred were there killed as I hear. The ascent from us to the ground where they stood was of that precipice that it were much for a double horse to ride up it, and the hindmost not to fall off. We engaged together just at sunsetting, and pursued as long as we had light to dis- tinguish them from us. Will Murray and I were together the whole time of the pursuit. This is all I can say after so much trial, only if we had not engaged there, we might have followed this ten days. The general persons certainly showed their skill much. Our foot stood fora reserve. Nor could they fire unless they had killed our men off the horse. The enemy was judged to be no less than nineteen hundred, whereof twelve hundred foot, and eight troops of horse.* Four hundred of the foot well-armed, the rest furnished with sayzts + mounted like hedgebills, forks, and partizans. The half of the horse well armed, I thank God I was untouched, only my horse shot through the ear with a musket ball. This I am sure is a true relation of what I did see with my eyes. This is all that can be said by, My dear Lord, your humble servant Cu. MartTLanp. * These numbers are greatly exaggerated. + This word is not explained in any Scottish dictionary. THE WHIGS 81 THE WHIGS (1667). Source.—Peterkin’s Records of the Kirk of Scotland, containing the Acts and Proceedings of the General Assemblies from the Year 1638 downwards, as authenticated by the Clerks of Assembly, p. 533- (Edinburgh : 1843.) The following description is taken from a manuscript copy of a doggerel poem (attributed to Cleland) : It was in Januar or December, When I did see the outlaw Whigs Lie scattered up and down the riggs.* Some had hoggers,} some straw boots, Some uncovered legs and coots ; { Some had halbards, some had dirks, Some had crooked swords, like Turks ; Some had slings, and some had flails, Knit with eel and oxen tales ; Some had spears, some had pikes, Some had spades which delvit§ dykes ; Some had guns with rusty ratches,]| Some had fiery peats for matches ; Some had bows, but wanted arrows, Some had pistols without marrows ;{ Some the coulter of a plough, Some scythes had, men and horse to hough ; And some with a Lochaber axe Resolved to give Dalziel his paiks ;** Some had cross-bows, some were slingers, Some had only knives and whingers ; But most of all (believe who lists,) Had nought to fight with but their fists; They had no colours to display ; They wanted order and array ; Their officers and motion-teachers Were very few beside their preachers : * Ridges, + Footless stockings, t Ankles, § Dug. || Lock of a musket. 9 Pairs. ** Punishment, 1637-1688 6 82 THE FIRST LETTER OF INDULGENCE Without horse, or artilzierie pieces, They thought to imitate the Sweeses, When from Novarr they sallied out Tremoville and brave Trivulce to rout. For martial musique every day They used oft to sing and pray, Which cheers them more, when danger comes, Than others trumpets and their drums. With such provision as they had, They were so stout, or else so mad, As to petition once again ; And, if the issue proved vain, They were resolved, with one accord, To fight the battells of the Lord. THE FIRST LETTER OF INDULGENCE (1660). Source.—Wodrow’s History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland, vol. ii, p. 130. (Glasgow : 1830.) Lonpon, June 7, 1669. Whereas by the act of council and proclamation at Glasgow, in the year 1662, a considerable number of ministers were at once turned out, and so debarred from preaching of the gospel, and exercise of the ministry; we are graciously pleased to authorise you and our privy council, to appoint so many of the outed ministers, as have lived peaceably and orderly in the places where they have resided, to return and preach, and exercise other functions of their ministry in the parish churches where they formerly resided and served (provided they be vacant) and to allow patrons to present to other vacant churches, such others of them as you shall approve of; and that such ministers as shall take collation from the bishop of the diocese, and keep presbyteries and synods, may be war- ranted to lift their stipends as other ministers of the Kingdom: but for such as are not, or shall not be collated by the bishop, that they have no warrant to meddle with the local stipend, but only to possess the manse and glebe; and that you appoint THE FIRST LETTER OF INDULGENCE 83 a collector for those and all other vacant stipends, who shall issue the same, and pay a yearly maintenance to the said not collated ministers, as you shall see fit to appoint. That all who are restored and allowed to exercise their ministry, be, in our name, and by our authority, enjoined to constitute and keep Kirk-sessions, and to keep presbyteries and synods, as was done by all ministers before the year 1638, and that such of them as shall not obey our command in keeping presbyteries, be confined within the bounds of the parishes where they preach, ay, and while they give assurance to keep presbyteries for the future. That all who are allowed to preach, be strictly enjoined not to admit any of their neighbour or any other parishes unto their communions, nor baptise their children, nor marry any of them, without the allowance of the minister of the parish to which they belong, unless it be vacant for the time. And if it be found, upon complaint made by any presbytery unto you, our privy council, that the people of the neighbouring or other parishes resort to their preachings, and desert their own parish churches, that according to the degree of the offence or dis- order, you silence the minister who countenances the same, for shorter or longer time; and upon a second complaint verified, that you silence again for a longer time or altogether turn out, as you see cause; and upon complaint made and verified, of any seditious discourse or expressions in the pulpit, or elsewhere, uttered by any of these ministers, you are immediately to turn them out; and further punish them according to law and the degree of the offence. That such of the outed ministers who have behaved peace- ably and orderly, and are not re-entered, or presented as aforesaid, have allowed to them four hundred marks* Scots yearly, out of the vacant churches, for their maintenance till they be provided of churches; and that even such who shall give assurance to live so for the future, be allowed the same yearly maintenance. And seeing by these orders we have taken away all pre- * A silver coin worth 134d. sterling. 84 A SCOTTISH LAIRD’S ACCOUNTS tences for conventicles, and provided for the wants of such as are, and will be peaceable ; if any shall hereafter be found to preach without authority, or keep conventicles, our express pleasure is, that you proceed with all severity against the preachers and hearers as seditious persons, and contemners of our authority. So leaving the management of these orders to your prudence, and recommending them to your care, we bid you farewell. By his majesty’s command. LauDERDALE, A SCOTTISH LAIRD’S ACCOUNTS (1674). Source.—The Diary and General Expenditure Book of William Cunning- ham of Craigends, 1673-1680, p. 30. (Edinburgh: Scot. Hist. Soc., 1887.) DISCHARGE OR DEPURSEMENTS.* 1674. £ sid. Fanry. 3. To W®,. Hopkin, in payment of a met of ink he bought me ... 00 o 8 To Mr. Alexr, Forbes, in payment of 2 dozen of pens ... tee 28. Sent to Glasgow for a horse comb Febry. 6. Sent to Glasgow for a horse brush 17. To a poor man that had a Testimonial 24. Sent to Paisley, with William Cunningham, tailour, for furnishing to the altering my mourning cloke, for ten dozen buttons, 45s. ; for ane yard of silk, 21s. 4d. ; for threed, qs. ; for a quarter and a half of serge, 15s.; for waltin,f 3s. ; and in whole ke March 7. Sent to Glasgow to buy ratt poison 22. To Kilbarchan bred{ and a poor man 26. Sent to Glasgow for 3 quire paper 28. To my wife to give in charity to the relict and child of a minister called Mr. Ja. Dunbar 06 3 0 April 3. For sharping my razor na a9 + OO 2 0 H w oof Oo 8 4 I 3388 13 * Three kinds of money were in circulationin Scotland. For the value of the Scots shilling, see p. 92. But English and foreign coins were also legal tender. + Edging, or embroidery. t+ Alms. 1674. April 16. 23. May 13. 18, 19. 2I. 22. 28. 29. Fune 2. 21. 25. 30. August 2. 14. Sept. 4. A SCOTTISH LAIRD’S ACCOUNTS Sent to Glasgow by William Hopkin for a quarter pound of sweet hair powder Sent in to Glasgow to my cusing Richard to give the post for me as I employ him For three fish hooks A pair stirrup leathers Reins to a snaffle bit aes To W®. Cuningham to buy 4 ell stuff to be a Livery coat, 42s.; for thread and wax candle, 5s. qd. ; a chappin* of ale drunk, ts. ; and for making the coat, 12s, ; and in whole for the said coat To the Ferry boat of Renfrew for carrying 1 us over, 5 horse and 9 persons To Mat Allason for drink by the way For our quarters at Stirling that night -—Man’s s meat, 3lb. 4s. 6d.; 5 horse meat, 2lb. 55. ; a mutchkint of wine, 5s. ; a glass broken, 6s. 8d.; drink silver to the Lasse, 6s. 6d. ; to the stabler lad, 6s,; and in whole To the beddallt of Scoon for letting us see the kirk To a barber for polling Cuninghd’s hair To the fool at Freeland For a dozen lemons and dozen orrangers Spent at the Chocollatte house . For two bughts§ of comfits to take to Freeland . For a horn comb and night cap isis For a stick of wax Lost at bowling green For three dish chocolatte To the lad for sheiring grass To my Uncle’s son, to his fairing, || I bought the worth of it in sweeties ... To the woman that keeps the poor “daft lad it in Houstoun side . ain dies tte Lost at tennis with Kilbirnie For half hundred pears * A quart. f A pint. } Beadle. oo 888 03 3 8 § Bags. || A present bought at a fair. 12 = w Land w - _ ADKHAnNWRABROYWO an nO wd COC C ORDO SOR ° ao 86 THE HIGHLAND HOST 1674. £ s.d Sept. 9. For 2 dozen of apples at Glasg. ; 00 13. For our drink between Sermons at Kiibarchan, the Laird and lady being at Paisley +. 00 5 4 Oct. 2. To Cuninghamheid, to send to Greenock to buy chastens* with, there was no chastens gotten, so my wife got the 6d. ... .. 00 6 0 Nov. 2. For two gravats t from Edin’. leas «. 04 0 0 23. To buy a Psalme book with, in Edin’. s. 00 7 0 Dec, 21. To a poor sea-broken German ie 00 6 Oo 26. To the violers at Pollock, at Rossyth’s marriage 02 16 oO THE HIGHLAND HOST (1678). Source.—Memorialls, or the Memorable Things that fell out within the Island of Britain from 1638 to 1684, by R. Law, edited by C. Kirkpatrick Sharpe, p. 135. (Edinburgh : 1818.) January, 1678.—The Duke of Lauderdale, with the rest of the King’s council, having sent to the gentlemen of the west of Scotland, willing them to quash these frequent field conven- ticles were there, the gentlemen having met on it out of these shires of Barronthrow,{ Cunningham, Kyle, and Carrick, return answer that they were not able to do it, and that they knew no better mean than to extend the indulgence throughout the whole realm for the satisfaction of the people. This answer offended Lauderdale and the King’s council, whereupon they take an oath of secrecy, and concludes to send in a potent army amongst that people; and accordingly raises a number of the Highlanders, to the number of 5 or 6000 men, out of the lands of Atholl, Mar, Strathmore, Caithness, and others, as also the militia of Stirling and the Lothians ; as also the King’s standing forces, consisting of a 1,000 men, together with the King’s lyve- guards, in sum amounting to the number of 8 or gooo men, and sent them all to Glasgow, with four cannon and ammuni- tion, and from that to the west, Kilmarnock and Ayr, where there was a committee of the King’s Council to give orders as * Chestnuts. + Neckties. ¢ Renfrew. THE HIGHLAND HOST 87 they saw meet, and to press a bond tendered unto them that they shall not keep conventicles, nor intertain intercommuned persons, nor vagrant ministers, and these that will not embrace this, they were to subscribe to the Letters of Lawbarrows to keep the peace. ... These that did not take them are denounced, and put to the King’s horn, and made rebels; of whom was Duke Hamilton, Cassilis, Cochrane, Loudoun, and other gentlemen of good quality, to a very great number, All were denounced and made rebels upon their refusing to take this bond; and, indeed, many thought that all this work was done out of design to catch Duke Hamilton in one snare or another, for there was not a good understanding ‘twixt the Duke of Lauderdale and Duke Hamilton at that time. Then Duke Hamilton, Cassilis, Cochrane, and severals of the gentle- men finding themselves difficulted, go up to London to the King’s majesty, notwithstanding of a proclamation to the contrair that none should go off the kingdom, and they get but small acceptance with the King; yet they get this done, the bond laid aside from farther pressing of it, and the forces recalled out of the west, and disbanded all of them, excepting the King’s troop and the regiment of red-coats; but as yet there are none of them relaxed from the horn. These forces were disbanded in April, after three months stay in the west, where some of the people were very ill abused with the High- landers, especially many of them were utterly harried, and disabled from labour; and great sums of money, got by their dry quarters, and other means, were taken out of that country, some say to the value of ane hundred thousand merks Scots, and above. The arms of the people, as guns and swords, etc., are taken from them, and they are summon’d to give them upon oath throughout all the western shires. 88 DOMESTIC LIFE IN SCOTLAND DOMESTIC LIFE IN SCOTLAND (1679). Source.—A Modern Account of Scotland by an English Gentleman, by Thomas Kirke (?).* (London: 1679.) The habit of the people is very different, according to the qualities and places they live in, as Low-land or High-land men. The Low-land gentry go well enough habited, but the poorer sort go (almost) naked, only an old cloak, or a part of their bed-cloaths thrown over them. The Highlanders wear slashed doublets, commonly without breeches, only a plad + tied about their waists, etc., thrown over their shoulder, with short stockings to the gartering place, their knees and part of their thighs being naked ; others have breeches and stockings all of a piece of plad wear, close to their thighs; in one side of their girdle sticks a durk or skean, of about a foot and half a yard long, very sharp, and the back of it filled with divers notches, wherein they put poison; on the other side a brace (at least) of brass pistols; nor is this honour sufficient, if they can purchase more, they must have a long swinging sword. The women are commonly two-handed tools, strong-posted timber, they dislike English men because they have no legs, or (like themselves) posts to walk on; the meaner go bare-foot and bare-head, with two black elf-locks on either side their faces; some of them have scarce any cloaths at all, save part of their bed-cloaths pinn’d about their shoulders, and their children have nothing else on them but a little blanket ; those women that can purchase plads, need not bestow much upon other cloaths, these cover-sluts being sufficient. Those of the best sort that are very well habited in their modish silks, yet must wear a plad over all for the credit of their country. The people are proud, arrogant, vain-glorious boasters, bloody, barbarous, and inhuman butchers. Cozenage and theft is in perfection among them, and they are perfect * In his Eavly Travellers in Scotland, p. 251 (Edinburgh : 1891), Professor Hume Brown discusses the authorship of this pamphlet. } Plaid. DOMESTIC LIFE IN SCOTLAND 89 English haters, they show their pride in exalting themselves, and depressing their neighbours. The nobility and gentry Lord it over their poor tenants, and use them worse than galley-slaves ; they are all bound to serve them, men, women, and children ; the first fruits is always the landlord’s due. Those of his own name that are inferior to him, must all attend him (as he himself must do his superior, of the same name, and all of them attend the chief), if he receives a stranger, all this train must be at his beck armed as aforesaid ; if you drink with them in a tavern, you must have all this rubbish with you ; and if you offend the laird, his durk shall be soon sheathed in your belly, and, after this, every one of his followers, or they shall suffer themselves that refuse it, that so they may be all alike guilty of the murder. Every laird (of note) hath a gibbet near his house, and has power to condemn and hang any of his vassals; so they dare not oppose him in any thing, but must submit to his commands, let them be never so unjust and tyrannical. . . . Their cruelty descends to their beasts, it being a custom in some places to feast upon a living cow, they tie in the middle of them, near a great fire, and then cut collops off this poor living beast, and broil them on the fire, till they have mangled her all to pieces; nay, sometimes they will only cut off as much as will satisfy their present appetites, and let her go till their greedy stomachs call for a new supply; such horrible cruelty as can scarce be parallel’d in the whole world. Their theft is so well known, that it needs no proving, they are forced to keep watch over all they have, to secure it ; their cattle are watch’d day and night, or otherwise they would be overgrown * by morning. In the Highlands they do it publicly before the face of the sun. If one man has two cows, and another wants, he shall soon supply himself from his neighbours, who can find no remedy for it. The gentry keep an armoury in their own houses, furnish’d with several sorts of fire-arms, pikes, and halberts, with which they arm their followers, to secure themselves from the rapine of their neighbourhood. The * Stolen. 990 DOMESTIC LIFE IN SCOTLAND Lowland language may be well enough understood by an English man, but the Highlanders have a peculiar lingue* to themselves, which they call Erst,t unknown to most of the Lowland men, except only in those places that border on them, where they can speak both. Yet these people are so currish, that if a stranger enquire the way in English, they will certainly answer in Erst, and find no other language than what is enforc’d from them with a cudgel. . . . Their nobility and gentry have tables plentifully enough furnish’d, but few or none of them have their meat better order’d. To put one’s head into their kitchen doors, is little less than destructive; you enter Hell alive, where the black furies are busied in mangling dead carcases, and the fire and brimstone, or rather stew and stink, is ready to suffocate you, and yet (which is strange) these things are agreeable to the humours of the people. The poorer sort live on haddock, whiting, and sour milk, which is cried up and down their streets (““whae buys soor milk”) and upon the stinking fragments that are left at their laird’s table. . Their drink is ale, made of beer-malt, and tunned up, in a small vessel, called a coque;{ after it has stood a few hours, they drink it out of the coque, yeast and all; the better sort brew it in larger quantities, and drink it in wooden queighs,§ but it is sorry stuff, yet excellent for preparing birdlime; but wine is the great drink with the gentry, which they pour in like dishes, as if it were their natural element; the glasses they drink out of, are considerably large, and they always fill them to the brim, and away with it; some of them have arrived at the perfection to tope brandy at the same rate; sure these are a bowl above bacchus, and of right ought to have a nobler throne than a hogshead. Music they have, but not the harmony of the spheres, but loud terraine noises, like the bellowing of beasts; the loud bagpipe is their chief delight, stringed instruments are too soft to penetrate the organs of their ears, that are only pleased with sounds of substance. * Modern ‘lingo.’’ + Erse. ft Cog. § Quaichs. DOMESTIC LIFE IN SCOTLAND gI The high-ways in Scotland are tolerably good, which is the greatest comfort a traveller meets with amongst them; they have not inns, but change-houses (as they call them), poor small cottages, where you must be content to take what you find, perhaps eggs with chicks in them, and some lang cale ;* at the better sort of them, a dish of chap’d chickens, which they esteem a dainty dish, and will take it unkindly, if you do not eat very heartily of it, though for the most part you may make a meal with the sight of the fare, and be satisfied with the steam only, like the inhabitants of the world in the moon ; your horses must be sent to a stablers (for the change-houses have no lodging for them) where they may feed voluptuously on straw only, for grass is not to be had, and hay is so much a stranger to them that they are scarce familiar with the name of it. The Scotch gentry commonly travel from one friend’s house to another, so seldom make use of a change-house ; their way is to hire a horse and a man for two pence a mile; they ride on the horse thirty or forty miles a day, and the man, who is his guide, foots it beside him, and carries his luggage to boot. The commonality are so used to worship and adore their lairds, that when they see a stranger in any tolerable equipage, they honour him with the title of laird at least. ‘‘An’t please you, my laird such a one,” or “ An’t please you, my laird Dr.,” at every bare word forsooth. The nobility show themselves very great before strangers, who are conducted into the house by a many servants, where the lord with his troop of shadows receives them with the grand law,t then enter into some discourse of their country, till you are presented with a great queigh of syrup of beer, after that a glass of white wine, then a rummer of claret, and some- times after that a glass of sherry sack, and then begin the round with ale again, and ply you briskly; for its their way of showing you’re welcome, by making you drunk. If you have longer time to stay, you stick close to claret, till Bacchus wins the field, and leave the conquer’d victims grovelling on the * Kale. + The grand air, 92 THE MURDER OF ARCHBISHOP SHARP place where they receive their overthrow. At your departure you must drink a dougha dovas,* in English a stirrup-cup, and have the satisfaction to have my lord’s bagpipe (with his loud pipes, and his lordship’s coat armour on a flag) strut about you, and enchant you with a loath to depart. Their money is commonly dollars, or mark-pieces, coined at Edinburgh, but the way of reckoning is surprising to a stranger. To receive a bill of £100 in one of their change- houses, where one would not suppose they had any of the value of a hundred pence; they call a penny a shilling, and every twenty shillings, viz., twenty pence, a pound; so the proportion of their pound to ours is twelve to one. Strangers are sure to be grossly imposed upon in all their change-houses, and there is no redress for it. If an Englishman should com- plain to their magistrates, they would all take a part against him, and make sure to squeeze him. THE MURDER OF ARCHBISHOP SHARP (May, 1679). Source.—Wodrow’s History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland, vol. iii., p. 45. (Glasgow: 1819.) NaRRATIVE OF THE MuRDER OF THE ARCHBISHOP, PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY. On the third of May, a day remarkable in the church Kalendar for the invention of the holy cross, this excellent primate found his, and I hope obtained his crown, (in which month also, Henry IV. of France, and cardinal Beaton, one of his predecessors, were assassinated) about nine of the clock in the morning he took his coach in Kennoway, a village ten miles distant from St. Andrews, where he lay the night before, accompanied only with four of his servants, and his eldest daughter in the coach with him. About half an hour before he was attacked, his great soul, it seems, presaging what came to pass, he fell on a most pious and serious discourse to his daughter, giving her such pious instructions and directions, as * Deoch an doris. THE MURDER OF ARCHBISHOP SHARP 93 he would have done, if upon his death-bed, whereunto she gave such becoming and satisfactory answers, that he embraced, and formally blessed her: afterward coming near to a farmer’s house, called Magus, he says, ‘ There lives an ill-natured man, God preserve us, my child.” Within a very little time after, the coachman perceiving some horsemen on the spur after them, calls to the postillion to drive on, for those men had no good in their minds. My lord finding the coach run so hard, looked out to see what the matter was, and then perceiving armed men pursuing, he turning to his daughter, said, «* Lord have mercy upon me, my poor child, for I am gone”: upon which, presently three or four of the ruffians fired at the coach, but touched neither of them in the coach; the coachman put faster on, and outrun the most part of the rogues (my lord’s own servants, of which the best armed was wounded in the head by a sword, being mounted on weak hackney horses, had fallen behind before this, and were disarmed at the first coming up) while at last, one of the best mounted overhighted the postillion, and by wounding him on the face, shooting the coach-horse which he led in the back, and cutting him in the hams, turned the coach out of the way, and gave the rest the advantage to come up. Then they fired again; one of them had his pistol so near my lord, that the burning calfing * was left on his gown, and was rubbed off by his daughter, which wounded him two or three inches below the right clavicle, in betwixt the second and third rib, and then another of them on the other side of the coach run him upon the region of the kidneys with a small sword; thereafter they called, “Come out, cruel and bloody traitor,” but not any offered to lay hands upon, or drag him out of his coach, as is falsely reported in the relation, the assassinates being all yet on horseback ; whereupon most composedly he opened the door of the coach himself, and stepped out, and then said, ‘‘ Gentle- men, you will spare my life, and whatever else you please to do, you shall never be questioned for it.” They told him there was no mercy for a Judas, an enemy and traitor to the cause * Wadding for a gun. 94 THE MURDER OF ARCHBISHOP SHARP of Christ. ‘‘ Well then,” said he, ‘I shall expect none from you, but promise to me to spare my poor child,” directing his speech to one, whom it is suspected, by his looking him broad in the face, he knew, and reaching forth his hand to him, the bloody villain starts back from my lord, and, by a mighty blow, cut him more than half through the wrist: then said my lord, “I hope ye will give me some time to pour out my soul to God, and I shall also pray for you;” and presently falling on his knees, he said, “ Lord, forgive them, for I do: Lord receive my spirit.” While thus praying on his knees (one of the traitors standing some paces off, called to the rest, “ Spare those gray hairs”) and his hands lifted up, they struck furiously at him, and wounding him therein in three places, which nevertheless he kept up bleeding to heaven, while one of them cut him to the very bone, a little above the left eye, whereupon my lord said, ‘‘ Now you have done the turn”; then falling forward, he stretched himself out, and laid his head on his arm, as if he had been to compose himself for sleep, when some of the villains from their horses, and others a foot (having alighted) gave him about fifteen or sixteen wounds in the head, and in effect the whole occipital part was but one wound; after which they rifled his pockets, and took some papers out of them; and so mad was their spite and rage, that even after he was dead, and the murderers gone some way from the body, one of the furious and bloody assassins returned, and thrust twice or thrice at him with a sword. ... The place where this horrid murder was committed, is called Magusmuir, within two miles, and in sight of the town of St. Andrews. . . Thus fell that excellent prelate . . . by the hands of nine fanatic ruffians: that they were so, is not to be doubted, their names being all now known, and all of them denounced or intercommuned, for frequenting field conventicles, and the known champions of that party in the shire of Fife ; besides their holy sanctified discourse at the time of their bloody actings, shows what temper of spirit they were of. I have done with my relation. THE BATTLE OF BOTHWELL BRIG 95 THE BATTLE OF BOTHWELL BRIG (1679). Source.—Memorialls, or the Memorable Things that fell out within the Island of Britain from 1638 to 1684, by R. Law, edited by C. Kirkpatrick Sharpe, p. 149. (Edinburgh : 1818.) May, 1679.—The field meetings in the west turning so tumultuous, as that many of the people were in arms, the estates order’d some troops of horse to notice them; betwixt whom there were some skirmishes and blood on both sides. At length they draw to some number, having over them Rott. Hamilton, brother to Preston Hamilton, and come down to Rougland,* and there put out the bonfires on the 29th of May, kept for the King’s birth and restoration day, and publish their declaration and causes of rising, disclaiming the King and his interests, and that they did rise to bring down the bishops. Some few days after they fall in upon Glasgow, where my Lord Ross with 800 men were barricaded at the cross, and were repulsed by him, and some killed. This done they cross the water at Bothwell Bridge, and severals gather to them even from Fife, Kippen, and other parts about on the north side, as well as from the west, south, and east, and there they encamp; the country about sent them victuals. At length Mr. Welch comes to them with supplies of men and horse from Galloway and Carrick. He emits a declaration, wherein he recites the great injuries done to the church in introducing of prelates, the casting out of the ministry, and imposing on folk’s consciences, the great oppressions of the land, etc., as the cause of their rising; but yet withal includes the King’s interest, as did the League and Covenant, for he keeps by the same words ; and forces the printer of Glasgow to print it, and then they published it. This raised a great heat among them- selves, for Mr, Welch and some ministers with him were for declaring for the king’s interest according to the covenant, Rott. Hamilton, their governor, with Mr. Kid, Mr. Douglas, two probationers, and others that followed their way, were for disclaiming the king and his interest. Some of their preachers * Rutherglen. 96 THE BATTLE OF BOTHWELL BRIG were confident of victory, and prophesied so far to their hearers, particularly Mr. Cargill. This poor multitude, so led with divided and dividing pastors, at length come to battle on the 8th of June, 1679, viz.,on the Sabbath day. The states having raised the militia in the north, and gathered together all the trained bands, with four cannons, the King also having sent down the Duke of Monmouth, his son, with some Englishes, he commanded in chief the King’s forces; and having a great tenderness towards the poor misled multitude, he offered them peace on condition of laying down their arms and going home, and to deal with the king for satisfaction to their demands, in what he could; but all could not avail with Mr. Cargill, Kid, Douglas, and other witless men amongst them, to hearken to any proposals of peace. Among others, that Douglas, sitting on his horse and preaching to the confused multitude, told them that they would come to terms with them, and like a drone-bee, always droning on these terms with them ;—they would give us a half Christ, but we will have a whole Christ, and such like impertinent speeches as these, good enough to feed those that are fed with wind, and not with the sincere milk of the word of God. Monmouth, finding that they had refused terms of peace, gives orders to fallon. Robert Hamilton, who was their general before, now declines to govern them, so that every one of them are left to themselves. There were about three hundred of them that kept the pass of the Bridge of Bothwell, for there was the fight, and did it very stoutly ; but when they cry’d for help, Hamilton declined to send any; and when the King’s forces were coming over the bridge, there goes off five or 600 men to meet them. But Hamilton calls them back, telling them we will give them fair play, and so suffered them to advance, which, when they had done with their cannon, the king’s forces fires; and on the first fire of the cannon, Robert Hamilton turns his back, and all the horsemen fled with him, leaving the foot to be cut down, which, when the Duke of Monmouth perceives, he gives orders to spare the poor countrymen, and yet, notwithstanding, there was cut down | THE SANQUHAR DECLARATION 97 that day 800 of them, and 300 taken prisoners. Among them that was taken was Mr. Kid, and after him Mr. King, two of the preachers, and were afterwards execute at Edinburgh. Many of them that were taken were sent abroad and perished by sea. These people, while they were agathering, ranged through all the country and citys they could come at, and took all the arms, guns, and swords they could, and best horse, without recompense. THE SANQUHAR DECLARATION (1680). Source.—Wodrow’s History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland, vol, iii., p. 212. (Glasgow : 1829.) It is not among the smallest of the Lord’s mercies to this poor land, that there have been always some who have given their testimony against every course of defection, (that many are guilty of) which is a token for good, that he doth not as yet intend to cast us off altogether, but that he will leave a remnant in whom he will be glorious, if they, through his grace, keep themselves clean still, and walk in his way and method, as it has been walked in and owned by him in our predecessors of truly worthy memory, in their carrying on of our noble work of reformation in the several steps thereof, from popery, prelacy, and likewise erastian supremacy, so much usurped by him, who (it is true so far as we know) is descended from the race of our kings, yet he hath so far deborded* from what he ought to have been, by his perjury and usurpation in church matters, and tyranny in matters civil, as is known by the whole land, that we have just reason to account it one of the Lord’s great controversies against us, that we have not disowned him and the men of his practices, (whether inferior magistrates or any other) as enemies to our Lord and his crown, and the true protestant and presbyterian interest in these lands, our Lord’s espoused bride and church. Therefore, although we be for government and governors, * Gone beyond bounds. 1637-1688 7 98 THE SANQUHAR DECLARATION such as the word of God and our covenant allows, yet we for ourselves, and all that will adhere to us, as the representative of the true presbyterian kirk, and covenanted nation of Scot- land, considering the great hazard of lying under such a sin any longer, do by these presents disown Charles Stuart, that has been reigning (or rather tyrannising, as we may say) on the throne of Britain these years bygone, as having any right, title to, or interest in the said crown of Scotland, for govern- ment, as forfeited several years since, by his perjury and breach of covenant both to God and his kirk, and usurpation of his crown and royal prerogatives therein, and many other breaches in matters ecclesiastic, and by his tyranny and breach of the very leges vegnandi in matters civil. For which reason, we declare, that several years since he should have been denuded of being king, ruler, or magistrate, or of having any power to act, or to be obeyed as such. As also, we being under the standard of our Lord Jesus Christ, Captain of salvation, do declare a war with such a tyrant and usurper, and all the men of his practices, as enemies to our Lord Jesus Christ, and his cause and covenants; and against all such as have strengthened him, sided with, or any wise acknowledged him in his tyranny, civil or ecclesiastic, yea, against all such as shall strengthen, side with, or any wise acknowledge any other in the like usurpation and tyranny, far more against such as would betray or deliver up our free reformed mother-kirk unto the bondage of antichrist, the pope of Rome. . . . As also we disown, and by this resent the reception of the duke of York, that professed papist, as repugnant to our principles and vows to the most high God, and as that which is the great, though not alone, just reproach of our kirk and nation, We also by this protest against his succeeding to the crown; and whatever has been done, or any are essaying to do in this land (given to the Lord) in prejudice to our work of reformation. And to conclude, we hope after this none will blame us for, or offend at our rewarding these that are against us, as they have done to us, as the Lord gives opportunity. A HUNTED COVENANTER 99 This is not to exclude any that have declined, if they be willing to give satisfaction according to the degree of their offence. Given at Sanquhar, June 22nd, 1680. A HUNTED COVENANTER (1683). Source.—Narrative of Mr. Fames Nimmo, written for his own satisfac- tion, to keep in some remembrance the Lord’s way, dealing, and kindness towards him, 1654-1709, edited by W. G. Scott-Moncrieff, p. 45. (Edinburgh : Scot. Hist. Soc., 1889.) Saturday the 7th [of March] the Lord made the 8th chapter of Deuteronomy sweet to me anda part of the ninth, but oh what staggering at the promises through unbelief, in the thoughts of my dangerous circumstances, though the Lord was, and is faithful in all his promises, even to me. I was much troubled to leave that place though the Lord had been several ways loosing me therefrom... . And on Wednesday the rth day I went east to Pluscarden* again and in some few days thereafter met with several things as it were forcing me out of that place, first two of Siddie McKenzie’st sentinels were coming to my mother-in-law her house, as was thought, and a boy came running in and told it, and I was suddenly advertised thereof, and coming down stairs, I put on the boy’s bonnet and slipped out towards an old abbey that was hard by. And when I was there I thought fit to slip in to an old vault and deliberate what to do. I was but a little time there till the two soldiers came to the door of that same vault, and righted the works of their muskets, but that place of the vault was dark where I was, that they saw not me, but I them, and I put my hand upon my cravat least it had appeared white and discovered me, but they went away, and in a little there- after a servant maid of my mother-in-law’s came to the door where I was, and I called to her and asked where the soldiers were. She said they were gone in to a change house.{ I desired her quickly to be gone, and in a little I resolved to go * In Morayshire, t A local Claverhouse, { Tavern. 100 A HUNTED COVENANTER out and walked straight forward from the house, and I was hardly well out till the soldiers came after me, but I resolved to keep them at some distance and walked forward about a mile and they still coming after me, at length I did cast a hill between them and me, and returned another way. EDINBURGH, May, 1683, idem, p. 49. And that same night the party came to the foot of the stair where I was, and our Land Lady called me if I was sleeping, I answered not, she told me there was a party searching at hand, hard by, I asked what she would have me do. She replied, put on my clothes and go to the street and after a little silence I said no I was in the hands of the Lord and would abide there, but if I went to the street I might fall into the hands of men. And the party, coming to the next house and I hearing them, rose up, and put my sword and wig in a chest, and there being only a thin partition betwixt the party and me, I did see them with the light candles they had, but they could not see me in the dark. I did see them search so narrowly, and to turn an old woman out of her bed and then turn out the bed clothes also, and search under them. Then within a little they went off and took the landlord a wright or mason with them. All this while my mind was pretty com- posed, but when they were gone, and I in bed again, I fell atrembling, that I might see as my safety was of the Lord, so I had no strength in myself, but need of continual fresh supplies from the Lord himself. BERWICK, 1684, idem, p. 63. Then we got a new alarm, by advertisement from severals that there was some mischievous design in hand, but I had no freedom to go out of that place, and it is observable that some time before, when there was more liberty there, I had not freedom to stay and others in my circumstances stayed and made themselves more public and known, whereas my going to Scotland sometime, when there was a breathing, made me less known in the town. And therefore the storm increasing THE KILLING TIMES 1ol again, they were necessitate all to flee, and I had not but peace to stay, and one day there came certain word of a general search through the town. And accordingly after dinner the garrison began and the ports were closed, and houses searched, and hay lofts and the hay in some overturned with great pains, they began at the next house to where Mr. Hoge and I were, and went round, and so our house was last, and a mercy also. Mr. Hoge went to a private closet behind a hanging, and I went up to a little place made for doves above a fore-stair, where 1 could only sit or lie but not stand, to which only a deal* did lift and came down again so exactly as made of purpose, and so were in prisons till they went their round of search, and against they came back to our close, it was growing dark and they much fatigued, and Mr. Hary Shell our landlord and true friend met them at the entry and said he judged they were weary, would they take a bottle of his ale or beer, to which they willingly agreed and accepted of, and he did carry pleasantly and diverted them for some time and told them an old woman his mother lived in the lodging beside him, and if they pleased they might go in and see there was none else there, which they refused saying they would not trouble the old gentlewoman, and so were gone and immediately the landlord came to Mr. Hoge and me and took us in his arms, with as much joy as if he had got a prize, that all was over and so we mercifully escaped them. THE KILLING TIMES (1685). Source.—Six Saints of the Covenant,t by Patrick Walker, edited by D. Hay Fleming, vol. i, p. 84. Two vols. (London : 1901.) In the beginning of May 1685 het came to the house of John Brown and Isabel Weir, whom he married before he went last to Ireland, where he stayed all night; and in the morning, when he took his farewell, he came out at the door saying to himself, ‘Poor woman, a fearful morning,” twice * A deal-board. { First printed in 1724. ~ Alexander Peden, ‘' the Prophet.’’ 102 THE KILLING TIMES over, “a dark misty morning.” The next morning between five and six hours, the said John Brown, having performed the worship of God in his family, was going with a spade in his hand to make ready some peat-ground; the mist being very dark [he] knew not until bloody, cruel Claverhouse compassed him with three troops of horses, brought him to his house, and there examined him; who, tho’ he was a man of a stammering speech, yet answered him distinctly and solidly ; which made Claverhouse to examine these whom he had taken to be his guides through the muirs, if ever they had heard him preach: they answered, ‘No, no, he was never a preacher.” He said, “‘ If he has never preached, meikle* has he prayed in his time.” He said to John, “Go to your prayers, for you shall immediately die.” When he was praying, Claverhouse interrupted him three times. One time that he stopped him, he was pleading that the Lord would spare a remnant, and not make a full end in the day of his anger. Claverhouse said, “TI gave you time to pray, and ye’ve begun to preach”; he turned about upon his knees, and said, ‘‘ Sir, you know neither the nature of preaching nor praying, that calls this preaching”’; then continued without confusion. When ended, Claverhouse said, ‘‘ Take goodnight of your wife and children.” His wife standing by, with her child in her arms that she had brought forth to him, and another child of his first wife’s, he came to her and said, ‘“ Now Isabel, the day is come, that I told you would come, when I spake first to you of marrying me.” She said, “‘ Indeed, John, I can willingly part with you.” Then he said, ‘ That’s all I desire, I have no more to do but die; I have been in case + to meet with death for so many years.” He kissed his wife and bairns, and wished purchased and promised blessings to be multiplied upon them, and his blessing. Claver- house ordered six soldiers to shoot him ; the most part of the bullets came upon his head, which scattered his brains upon the ground. Claverhouse said to his wife, “ What thinkest thou of thy husband now, woman?” She said, “I thought ever much good of him, and as much now as ever.” He said, * Much, Tt Ready. THE KILLING TIMES 103 “Tt were but justice to lay thee beside him.” She said, “ If ye were permitted, I doubt not but your cruelty would go that length; but how will ye make answer for this morning’s work?” He said, “To man I can be answerable; and for God, I will take him in my own hand.”’ Claverhouse mounted his horse, and marched, and left her with the corpse of her dead husband lying there ; she set the bairn * upon the ground, and gathered his brains, and tied up his head, and straighted his body, and covered him with her plaid, and sat down and wept over him; it being a very desert place where never victual grew, and far from neighbours. It was some time before any friends came to her; the first that came was a very fit hand, that old singular Christian woman in the Cummer- head, named Jean Brown, three miles distant, who had been tried with the violent death of her husband at Pentland, after- wards of two worthy sons, Thomas Weir, who was killed at Drumclog, and David Steil, who was suddenly shot afterwards when taken. The said Isabel Weir, sitting upon her husband’s gravestone, told me, that, before that, she could see no blood but she was in danger to faint, and yet was helped to be a witness to all this without either fainting or confusion, except, when the shots were let off, her eyes dazzled. His corpse was buried at the end of his house where he was slain, with this inscription on his gravestone : “Tn earth’s cold bed the dusty part here lies Of one who did the earth as dust despise. Here in that place from earth he took departure, Now he has got the garland of the martyre.” * Child. 104 THE WIGTOWN MARTYRS THE WIGTOWN MARTYRS (1685). Source.—History vindicated in the Case of the Wigtown Martyrs, by the Rev. Archibald Stewart, p. 87. Second edition. (Edin- burgh : 1869.) EXTRACT FROM PENNINGHAME KiRK-SEsSION MINUTES, Fes, 19, 1711. Gilbert Wilson of Glenvernock, in Castlestewart’s land, being a man to ane excess conform to the guise of the times, and his wife withoyt challenge for her religion, in good con- dition as to worldly things, with a great stock on a large ground (fit to be a prey), was harassed for his children who would not conform. They being required to take the test, and hear the curates, refused both; were searched for, fled, and lived in the wild mountains, bogs, and caves. Their parents were charged, on their highest peril, that they should neither harbour them, speak to them, supply them, nor see them; and the country people were obliged by the terror of the law, to pursue them, as well as the soldiers, with hue and cry. In February 1685, Thomas Wilson, of sixteen years of age, Margaret Wilson of eighteen years, Agnes Wilson of thirteen years, children of the said Gilbert,—the said Thomas keeping the mountains, his two sisters Margaret and Agnes went secretly to Wigtown to see some friends, were there discovered, taken prisoners, and tinstantly thrust into the thieves’ hole as the greatest malefactors; whence they were some times brought up to the tolbooth, after a considerable time’s imprison- ment, where several others were prisoners for the like cause, particularly one Margaret McLachland of Kirkinner parish, a woman of sixty-three years of age. After their imprisonment for some considerable time, Mr. David Graham, sheriff, the Laird of Lagg, Major Winram, Captain Strachan, called ane assize, indicted these three women, viz., Margaret McLachlan, Margaret Wilson, Agnes Wilson, to be guilty of the Rebellion at Bothwell-bridge, Airds THE WIGTOWN MARTYRS 105 Mosse, twenty field conventicles, and twenty house conventicles. Yet it was well known that none of these women ever were within twenty miles of Bothwell or Airds Mosse; and Agnes Wilson, being eight years of age at the time of Airds Mosse, could not be deep in rebellion then, nor her sister of thirteen years of age, and twelve years at Bothwell-bridge its time. The assize did sit, and brought them in guilty, and these judges sentenced them to be tied to palisados fixed in the sand, within the flood-mark, and there to stand till the flood overflowed them, and drowned them. They received their sentence without the least discourage- ment, with a composed smiling countenance, judging it their honour to suffer for Christ’s truth, that He is alone King and Head of his Church. Gilbert Wilson, forsaid, got his youngest daughter, Agnes Wilson, out of prison, upon his bond of ane hundred pounds sterling, to produce her when called for, after the sentence of death passed against her; but was obliged to go to Edinburgh for this before it could be obtained. The time they were in prison no means were unessayed with Margaret Wilson to persuade her to take the oath of abjuration, and hear the curates, with threatenings and flattery, but without any success. Upon the eleventh day of May, 1685, these two women, Margaret McLachland and Margaret Wilson, were brought forth to execution. They did put the old woman first into the water, and when the water was overflowing her, they asked Margaret Wilson what she thought of her in that case? She answered, ‘“‘ What do I see but Christ wrestling there? Think ye that we are sufferers? No, it is Christ in us, for He sends none a warfare on their own charges.” Margaret Wilson sang Psalm xxv. from the 7th verse, read the eighth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans, and did pray, and then the water covered her. But before her breath was quite gone, they pulled her up, and held her till she could speak, and then asked her if she would pray for the King. She answered that she wished the salvation of all men, but the damnation of none. Some of her relations being on the place, cried out, 106 ARGYLE’S REBELLION “She is willing to conform, being desirous to save her life at any rate.’ Upon which Major Winram offered the oath of abjuration to her, either to swear it, or return to the waters. She refused it, saying, “I will not. I am one of Christ’s children, let me go.” And then they returned her into the water, where she finished her warfare, being a virgin martyr of eighteen years of age, suffering death for her refusing to swear the oath of abjuration and hear the curates. ARGYLE’S REBELLION (1685). Source.—Historical Observes of Memorable Occurrents in Church and State from October, 1680, to April, 1686, by Sir John Lauder of Fountainhall, p. 164. (Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club, 1840.) On the 15 May, 1685, we had an account from Orkney, by Mr. Murdoch Mackenzie, bishop there, and others, that the late Earl of Argyle had touched there with three ships; and having sent Mr. William Spence, who lately was tortured by the Privy Council, and one Mr. Blacketer, an outed minister’s son, on land to try the pulse of the people, and they being apprehended and brought in prisoners to the Castle of Kirkwall he shot off a long boat with 50 men, and they seized on 7 persons, 3 gentlemen of the name of Grahame, and brought them prisoners to his ships. Then he wrote a letter to the bishop craving back his two men, otherwise, whatever usage they met with, the hostages he had taken by way of reprisal should meet with the same. But the bishop refused; whereon, he took a vessel lying there with meal and money, and sailed about the North Isles; and within a few days we heard he was come towards his own country, in these Western Seas, between Scotland and Ireland, and had first landed at the Castle of Dunstaffnage (where our marble chair long stood); then he entered Kintyre, and Campbeltown, and the Isle of Bute, and plundered meal and cattle and all that he judged for his use. It was reported, he had about 500 well appointed men with him in arms, and about 20,000 stand of arms for horse and foot, for he expected many both in England and Scotland ARGYLE’S REBELLION 107 would run in and join with him; and he emitted 2 Proclama- tions and Declarations; one, a very long deduction of all the grievances these nations have groaned under these 20 years, with a specious pretence of religion, now made threadbare by all rebels, The Shorter one shows, he is only come to recover his estate unjustly taken from him, and to vindicate them from the usurpation and tyranny of the present King; and in the long one he insinuates, his brother the late King was dispatched to the other world by unlawful means, and that he is restored to his estate by the righteous heir, meaning Monmouth, and therefore requires all his vassals to come in to his assistance. Campbell of Auchinbreck (who holds his lands to be Lieutenant General to Argyle, but this will not allow him to help Argyle against his King), came in with him with 200 men; for which a summons of treason is raised against him in order to his forfaultar.* Argyle, minding the former animosities and dis- contents in the country, thought to have found us all alike, combustible tinder, that he had no more ado than to hold the match to us, and we would all blow up in a rebellion: but the times are altered, and the people are scalded so severely with the former insurrections, that they are frightened to adventure on a new one.... Argyle did indeed send the fiery cross (which is a long stick fired at the end, set upright in some high conspicuous place, to raise the country according to their custom,) through his highlands; but there came not in above 2,000 men to him, and many of them joined through fear. His lady, and my lord Neill his brother, and his son James, were secured prisoners in Edinburgh, and they were threatened, that as he used the Orkney prisoners, so should they be used: he had with him two of his sons, Charles and John. . About the 4th of June, Argyle, hearing some of the King’s men of war had come to the West Seas, over against Ayr, he drew in his ships, to avoid drowning or burning, into Island Greg, a narrow creek in Cowal, near Lochfyne, and fortified it, so that it would be easy with his cannon to stop all access. But the news of this coming to Edinburgh, the statesmen * Forfeiture. 108 ARGYLE’S REBELLION thought he had deserted the sea, and now would study to surprise some strength at land, at Dumbarton or Stirling; whereon the militia of Edinburgh was instantly commanded to march to Stirling, though it was Sunday. Sir John Cochrane with some of his men landed at Greenock, and being charged by Houston, Carseburn, and his nephew, my Lord Cochrane, and the gentry of that country, he retired and they shot their pistols after him; but he discharging a cannon amongst them, they fled in great haste and disorder, for it is not to be expected that our heritors and militia (the most part of whom are drop- ping away already, and refuse to swear to their colours) will engage in any action further than as a reserve, and to make a show, for the brunt of the battle must lie on the Highlanders and the standing forces; but they being few, not 3,coo men, and dispersed, cannot be in all places, nor well spared from the posts they are in, which, if they were evacuated, the dis- contented people there might rise in arms upon their back.... Then the news came, that on the 17th of June, 1685, the King’s ships had ventured in upon Argyle’s ships, and taken them with all his cannon, arms, and ammunition, and the fort of Ellengreig, with his standard, which was sent away im- mediately to the King at London, its motto was, engraven on it, “For God and Religion against Popery, Tyranny, arbitrary Government, and Erastianism.” ... The night before Argyle’s taking, and the dispersion of his forces, he had a council of war, where he proposed, first, that, seeing the King’s forces under the command of the Earl of Dumbarton was come within a mile of them, it was fit im- mediately to fall upon them, and fight them while they were weary; this was rejected by Sir John Cochrane, and Sir Patrick Home of Polwarth (who had an accumulation of reasons against everything that was proposed, being never satisfied with anything he met with), Then Argyle moved, that they should march straight forward to Glasgow, and he doubted not but they might easily surprise it, there being nothing to guard it but Winton’s militia regiment of East Lothian, and by it they would both get provisions and breathing ARGYLE’S REBELLION 109 tolook about them ; in this he was also outvoted as a dangerous attempt. So their next resolve was, to cross over to the south side of the river of Clyde to Renfrew, at that ford called Kilpatrick ford; by which they had this advantage, that, the sea being out, they passed over easily, whereas, in the morning, my Lord Dumbarton and his forces missing the rebels, and hearing they had crossed the river, and attempting to do the like, there was no riding it, the sea being in, so that he be- hoved either to stay till the ebb tide, or to go to Glasgow bridge, which last he choosed. But this stratagem did cast him half a day behind; however, Providence infatuated the rebels, so that this advantage of marching signified them nothing, for Sir John Cochrane, thinking himself in his own ground, undertook, with the help of guides, to conduct them safe into Galloway, and so jink * their enemy; and if they found their reception there not secure, then to march straight to the English border. But, on the 18th of June, in the morning, being Thursday, they fell into a bog, where all their horse and baggage is mired; and during the time they are disembogging them- selves, a detached party of dragoons, under the command of the Lord Ross and Captain Cleland, comes upon them. Before this time, Argyle had left them, and desired every one to shift for himself. . . . The service was so hot, and the ground so well defended by Sir John Cochrane and the rebels, that the dragoons, seeing Cleland, their captain, killed, would not come up, so the rebels escaped to Blackstone, beside Paisley, and in the night time, dissipated and escaped by the help of the dark- ness; though the next day, many of the Highlanders and other common bodies were apprehended stealing away home. As to the singular and providential way of Argyle’s taking, it was this: seeing their affairs marred, and their march retarded by falling in that bog, and having caused Seton fire a heathery moor, to impede, by the mist, the enemy’s pursuit of them ; he withdraws from the body of his forces with 2 men, and thinking he would be less suspect alone, he dismisses them, and trysts them to meet him at night at sucha placein Galloway. Thus, * Dodge. 1IO ARGYLE’S REBELLION riding all alone on a little horse, he comes to cross the water at Inchinnan, beside Paisley, there 2 serving men to Sir John Shaw of Greenock, are riding behind him, driving their master’s baggage horse, and it being weary, they resolve to take that countryman’s horse, (for he was disguised, and had a bonnet on,) from him, and set him to his foot: they designed no more, so that if he had quit his horse, he had escaped that bout; but he not knowing their design, did, on their crying and pursuing him, turn about and fire a pistol or 2 at them, (for he had 3 on him,) and then took the water ; but a webster* dwell- ing there, under Semple of Beltries, being awakened with the noise, came forth with a broad sword, and while the other 2 were capitulating with him, for to let him go for some gold he offered them, the weaver being in drink, and so stouter than the rest, swore that he would not part with him, for he was one of Argyle’s men; whereon Argyle attempts to fire at him, but the morse} being wet with the river water, it would not go off: whereon the weaver had leisure to draw his sword, and it was so rusty it cracked in the coming out, and with it he gave Argyle a great skelp on the head, and so stunned him that he fell in the water, and in the fall cried Ah! unfortunate Argyle; whereon they lifted him up, and being recovered, carried him away prisoner to Sir John Shaw, their master, saying, that he lied in calling himself Argyle, for he was but one of his men. When Greenock saw him, he presently knew him, though he had a long beard, for he had suffered it to grow ever since his escape, and had resolved never to take it off till he were re- dressed ; however, when prisoner, they caused him let shave it. . . . Immediately the Privy Council sends orders to bring him in with a safe guard to the Castle of Edinburgh. * Weaver. + Powder. DARK DEEDS IN DUNNOTTAR CASTLE IIT DARK DEEDS IN DUNNOTTAR CASTLE (1685). Source.—Wodrow’s History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland, vol. iv., p. 322. (Glasgow: 1836.) This brings me to the hardships and severities, wherewith the prisoners who were sent to Dunnotter castle were exer- cised. . . . The account of Argyle’s invasion turned not towards the beginning of May, and the managers at Edinburgh were alarmed with his being at Orkney, and coming about to the west; and fearing the earl’s landing, and not knowing what the consequences might be, very suddenly it was resolved, that all the prisoners for religion, especially those from the south and west, should be sent to Dunnotter castle... . They were, when they entered Dunnotter, in all eight score and seven persons. At Dunnotter, they were received by George Keith of White-ridge, sheriff-depute of the Mearns. This large com- pany was thrust into a dark vault under ground, one of the most uncomfortable places poor people could be in. It was full of mire, ankle deep, and had but one window towards the sea. So throng were they in it, that they could not sit without leaning one upon another. They had not the least accomoda- tion for sitting, leaning, or lying, and were perfectly stifled for want of air. They had no access to ease nature, and many of them were faint and sickly. Indeed all their lives were in great danger. In this miserable vault about a hundred of them were pent up all this summer, and it was a miracle of mercy they were not all killed. The barbarities of their keepers and the soldiers are beyond expression. The prisoners had nothing allowed them but what was paid for, and money was paid for cold water. And when the soldiers brought in barrels of water, and had sold it out in parcels to them till they began to weary of it, they would pour it into the vault to incommode them the more. Considerable numbers of them died, and no wonder, through such hardships; and it was boasted of as an undeserved favour by the soldiers, that they received the dead corps, and disposed of them as they pleased, 112 DARK DEEDS IN DUNNOTTAR CASTLE for none of their fellow-prisoners were allowed to see them interred; it was too great a favour to allow them so much of the free air. When the whole number had continued for some days in the great vault, the governor was pleased to remove about forty of the men to another small vault, which being narrow and low, they were not much less straitened than in the great vault; and they were in hazard to be stifled, there being no air nor light there, but what came in by a very small slit or chink. The walls, it seems, were a little decayed, and some little air came in at the bottom of the vault; and they used one by one to lie down on their belly on the bottom of the vault, that they might have some of the fresh air. By this means, some of them, particularly the reverend Mr. Frazer, contracted a violent cold and dysentery. After some time spent in this melancholy posture, the governor’s lady came in to see the prisoners in the two vaults, and prevailed with her husband to make them a little more easy. Twelve of the men were removed from the forty to a better place, where they had room and air enough, and the women were removed from the large vault, and put into two several rooms. This was indeed a great kindness, but they had abundance of hardships remain- ing. ... Such who were in the great vault were in the greatest misery, and not a few of them died. It was no great wonder that under such grievous hardships they essayed all innocent methods for their own safety. In order to this, they en- deavoured, and got at length out by the window in the vault, which was just over the sea, one night, and crept along a most dangerous rock, to the utmost hazard of their lives; and indeed it was one to ten, that they were not either crushed by their fall, or drowned in the sea. Some twenty-five of them escaped before the alarm was given to the guard, by some women who were washing near the rock, and the rest were stopped. Upon the alarm, the outer gates were shut, and the hue and cry raised, and all possible means used to retake them. Fifteen of them were apprehended, and it was a DARK DEEDS IN DUNNOTTAR CASTLE 113 wonder all of them were not catched, being so weak that they were not able to flee far, and the country round about being disaffected to them and their way. Such as were seized were most barbarously used. I have the accounts of this mostly from the foresaid William Niven, who was one of those who were retaken, Not only were they most inhumanly beat and bruised when apprehended, but, when brought back to their prison, they were put in the guard-house, bound and laid on their backs on the floor, and most dreadfully tormented. In three different parts of the room they were tortured. The said William, with Peter Russel, and Alexander Dalgleish in Kilbride, were laid upon their backs upon a form, and their hands bound down to the foot of the form, and a fiery match put betwixt every finger of both hands, and six soldiers waiting on by turns, one after another, to blow the match, and keep it equal with their fingers. This was continued for three hours without intermission, by the governor’s order, merely for the fault of essaying to escape at the hazard of their lives, By this treatment William Niven lost one of the fingers of his left hand. Alexander Dalgleish died of the pain, and the wounds he got, and an inflammation rising thereupon; and several others had their fingers burnt, and the very bone turned to ashes, and some, besides the last mentioned, died of this torture. Some accounts of these barbarities were sent into Edinburgh, and methods taken to lay them before the council. By the influence of some there, not altogether so merciless as others, orders were sent to the governor to treat the prisoners with a little more humanity, and to accomodate them with some better rooms. 1637-1688 8 Il4 THE THIRD LETTER OF INDULGENCE THE THIRD LETTER OF INDULGENCE (1687). Source.—Wodrow’s History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland, vol. iv., p. 426. (Glasgow : 1836.) PROCLAMATION, JUNE 28TH AND JULY 5TH, 1687. James VII. by the grace of God, King of Scotland, England, France, and Ireland, defender of the faith, etc. To all and sundry our good subjects whom these presents do or may con- cern, greeting. Whereas, by our royal proclamation of the date the 12th day of February, 1686-7, we were graciously pleased for the causes, and on the terms therein mentioned, to grant our royal toleration to the professors of the Christian religion therein named, with, and under certain restrictions and limitations; all of which are in the said proclamation more at length expressed : we now, taking into our royal con- sideration the sinistrous interpretations, which either have, or may be made of some restrictions therein mentioned, have thought fit by this our royal proclamation, further to declare, that we will protect our archbishops and bishops, and all our subjects of the protestant religion, in the free exercise of their protestant religion, as it is by law established, and in the quiet and full enjoyment of all their possessions, without any moles- tation or disturbance whatsoever. And we do likewise by our sovereign authority, prerogative royal, and absolute power, suspend, stop, and disable, all penal and sanguinary laws, made against any for nonconformity to the religion established by law, in that our ancient kingdom, or for exercising their respective worships, religions, rites, and ceremonies; all which laws are hereby stopt, suspended, and disabled, to all intents and purposes. And to the end, that by the liberty thereby granted, the peace and security of our government in the practice thereof, may not be endangered, we have thought fit, and do hereby straitly charge and com- mand all our loving subjects, that as we do give them leave to meet and serve God after their own way and manner, be it in THE THIRD LETTER OF INDULGENCE 115 private houses, chapels, or places purposely hired or built for that use, so that they take care that nothing be preached or taught among them, which may any ways tend to alienate the hearts of our people from us or our government, and that their meetings be peaceably, openly, and publicly held, and all persons freely admitted to them, and that they do signify and make known to some one or more of the next privy councillors, sheriffs, stewarts, bailies, justices of the peace, or magistrates of burghs royal, what place or places they set apart for these uses, with the names of the preachers. And that all our subjects may enjoy such their religious assemblies with greater assurance and protection, we have ‘thought fit, and do hereby command, that no disturbance of any kind be made or given unto them, under pain of our royal displeasure, and to be further proceeded against with the utmost severity ; provided always, that their meetings be in houses, or places provided for the purpose, and not in the open fields, for which now after this our royal grace and favour shown (which surpasses the hopes, and equals the very wishes of the most zealously concerned) there is not the least shadow of excuse left; which meetings in fields we do hereby strictly prohibit and forbid, against all which we do leave our laws and acts of parliament in full force and vigour, notwithstanding the premises ; and do further command all our judges, magis- trates, and officers of our forces, to prosecute such as shall be guilty of the said field conventicles or assemblies, with the utmost rigour, as they would avoid our highest displeasure ; for we are confident none will, after these liberties and freedoms we have given to all, without reserve, to serve God in their own way, presume to meet in these assemblies, except such as make a pretence of religion, to cover their treasonable designs against our royal person, and the peace of our govern- ment. 116 THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION (1687-88). Source.—Memoirs touching the Revolution in Scotland, 1688-1690, by Colin, Earl of Balcarres, p. 2. Presented to King James II. at St. Germains. (Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club, 1841.) To Kine James. The first symptoms of discontented humour, or jealousy, that appeared in Scotland after the happy restoration of the Monarchy, were in the Earl of Moray’s Parliament.... In this Parliament of the Earl of Moray’s, affairs took another turn; your Majesty desiring the penal laws against Roman Catholics to be rescinded, gave a jealousy beyond expression, as if some greater alterations were designed; and the more, that these laws never (except once) had been put in execution. But that which gave the great alarm was the noise of your Majesty’s intending a general liberty of conscience, to the ruin of the Established Church. If that had not been too firmly believed, and the bringing back the Presbyterian party (scattered throughout the world) too much feared, there would have been little doubt of obtain- ing all you desired in that Parliament. But the terror of bringing back a party who had ever lain at catch for the bringing down of the Monarchy, and that had cost your predecessors so much time, blood and treasure to humble, made even your firmest and faithfulest servants comply with your demands but with an unwilling mind... . The order your Majesty sent down, commanding all in office, civil and military, to give up their commissions, and take out new ones without taking the test, brought all in employment liable to severe penalties, and put them in no small consterna- tion; but nothing to what was commanded by another order, wherein [it was enjoined that] all those who had broke the law should take out remissions for it, though they thought them- selves sufficiently in safety ; as may appear by a letter from the Council to your Majesty, wherein not only they, but the judges, gave it as their opinion, that your Majesty’s giving THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION 117 a commission was sufficient to hinder any from being liable to the law, especially considering those penalties were due to yourself... . The fears and jealousies both parties had of the Roman Catholics did not a little heighten these discontents; and although neither of the parties were so afraid of them as of each other, because of their small number, yet both equally joined in being highly dissatisfied by seeing them daily advanced to the highest posts in the nation, both in Council, Session, and the army; the Jesuits living in the Abbey* and keeping open school, and money given out of the Treasury to mission- aries of several orders, were likewise grievances to both parties. The Presbyterians, though they had their share, and were admitted to employments which they rarely had before but when necessity and force compelled our Kings, yet they were so far from being thankful for this favour, that, both in their conversation and pulpits, they openly declared they thought themselves nothing obliged by any toleration allowed them, it being granted only to ruin Protestants, and introduce the Roman Catholics. This spirit was not a little heightened among them by their friends in England, and their countrymen who had fled into Holland ; by them they were put in hopes of having the Government entirely put their into hands, and to have revenge upon their enemies, the two things they had so long wished for an opportunity to accomplish, but could never have obtained if the indulgence granted them had not rallied them together from all parts of the world, but most from Holland, Dantzick, and the West Indies, so that they appeared in far greater numbers than could have been imagined after so long a tract of discouragement ; but they not only re-assembled, but many who had never made that profession before joined with them—as all the discouraged of the nation have ever done, making Religion the pretext to gain their ends. * Holyrood. 118 THE REVOLUTION IN SCOTLAND THE REVOLUTION IN SCOTLAND (1688). Source.— Memoirs touching the Revolution in Scotland, 1688-1690, by Colin, Earl of Balcarres, p. 14. Presented to King James II. at St. Germains. (Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club, 1841.) The news of your Majesty’s retreat from Salisbury, your return to London, and that many general officers and soldiers had abandoned you, was no small encouragement for your enemies to act this part at Edinburgh, and make their court to the rising sun, Viscount Tarbat [and] Sir John Dalrymple, Lord Justice-Clerk, were thought to have the greatest share in this early appearance for the Prince of Orange’s interest, nor could they act a part more cunningly for their own; for, if your Majesty’s affairs succeeded, the Marquis of Atholl, who was satisfied with the name of head of the party, would have borne all the load of what was done, and if the Prince of Orange had success (as was not then much doubted), they were sure of so many friends about him, that they should reap all the honour of making the Council and chief town of the nation declare for him. To bring this about more easily, it was proposed in Council to have all the troops disbanded, which they knew were entirely at the Chancellor’s* devotion, and, although insufficient, yet were better than any [that] could be brought against them. The reasons given for this advice were the unnecessary charge, all appearances of war being now ended, and the Prince of Orange’s declaration, wherein he had shown dislike at keeping up any forces in time of peace. The Earl of Perth, who was desirous to satisfy them, and not considering their design, too easily consented to the army’s being all disbanded except four troops of horse, kept for bringing in the public money. So soon as the small army was dismissed, the Mar- quis of Atholl, and those of his party in the Council, came to the Chancellor, and told him they thought themselves no longer in safety to meet in Council, where he was, and several others * The Earl of Perth, THE HOUR OF TRIUMPH 119 of his persuasion, incapacitated by law ;—that if his lordship and they would retire, it should be seen how vigorously they would act in your service, and have the rabble and discontented assemblies dismissed. Before he gave them any positive answer, he consulted with his Roman Catholic friends, who all advised to give way to necessity, and, since they had no power to maintain the Government, it would look better to quit it voluntarily than to be compelled, as certainly they must, considering so great a part of the Council would be sustained in what they proposed by the most considerable part of the city and assemblies of the discontented gentry. Several like- wise of his friends gave him the same advice, that he might not be at the discretion of an enraged mob. ‘These advices determined him, so he returned to those Lords, took his leave, and retired to the country. THE HOUR OF TRIUMPH (1688). Source.—Burnet’s History of My Own Times, vol. ii., p. 509. (London : 1838.) But before I enter into the next year, I will give some account of the affairs of Scotland. There was no force left there, but a very small one, scarcely able to defend the Castle of Edinburgh, of which the duke of Gordon was governor. He was a papist; but had neither the spirit, nor the courage, which such a post required at that time. As soon as the news came to Scotland of the King’s desertion, the rabble got together there, as they had done in London. They broke into all popish chapels, and into the church of Holy Rood House, which had been adorned at a great charge to be a royal chapel, particularly for the order of St. Andrew and the Thistle, which the King had resolved to set up in Scotland in imitation of the order of the garter in England. They defaced it quite, and seized on some that were thought great delinquents, in par- ticular on the earl of Perth, who had disguised himself, and had got aboard a small vessel; but he was seized on, and put in prison. The whole kingdom, except only the castle of Edinburgh, declared for the prince, and received his declara- 120 THE HOUR OF TRIUMPH tion for that kingdom with great joy. This was done in the north very unanimously, by the episcopal as well as by the presbyterian party. But in the western counties, the presby- terians, who had suffered much in a course of many years, thought that the time was now come, not only to procure themselves ease and liberty, but to revenge themselves upon others. They generally broke in upon the episcopal clergy with great insolence and much cruelty. They carried them about the parishes in a mock procession; they tore their gowns, and drove them from their churches and houses. Nor did they treat any of them, who had appeared very zealously against popery, with any distinction. The bishops of that kingdom had written a very indecent letter to the King, upon the news of the prince’s being blown back by the storm, full of injurious expressions towards the prince, expressing their abhorrence of his design: and, in conclusion, they wished that the King might have the necks of his enemies. This was sent up as a pattern to the English bishops, and was printed in the Gazette. But they did not think fit tocopy after it in England. The episcopal party in Scotland saw themselves under a great cloud; so they resolved all to adhere to the earl of Dundee, who had served some years in Holland, and was both an able officer, and a man of good parts, and of some very valuable virtues; but, as he was proud and ambitious, so he had taken up a most violent hatred of the whole presbyterian party, and had executed all the severest orders against them with great vigour; even to the shooting many on the highway, that refused the oath required of them. The presbyterians looked on him as their most implacable enemy; and the episcopal party trusted most entirely to him. Upon the prince’s coming to London, the duke of Hamilton called a meeting of all the men of quality of the Scotch nation then in town; and these made an address to the prince with relation to Scotland, almost in the same terms in which the English address was conceived. And now the administration of the Government of the whole isle of Britain was put in the prince’s hands, BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD Crown 8vo. 15. net each Bell’s English History Source-Books Joint Epitors S. E. WINBOLT, M.A., Christ’s Hospital, Horsham KENNETH BELL, M.A., Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford THE FOLLOWING VOLUMES ARE READY 449-1066. The Welding of the Race. By the Rev. JoHN WALLIS, M.A., Christ’s Hospital, Horsham. 1066-1154. The Normans in England. Edited by A. E. BLAND, M.A. (Public Record Office). 1154-1216, The Angevins and the Charter. Edited by S. M. Toyneg, M.A, 1216-1307. The Growth of Parliament. By W. D. RoBIEsoNn, University of Glasgow. 1307-1399. War and Misrule. Edited by A. A. Locke. 1399-1485. The Last of Feudalism. Edited by W. GARMON JONES, M.A., University of Liverpool. [Ready immediately. 1485-1547. The Reformation and the Renaissance. Edited by F. W. BEWSHER, B.A. 1547-1603. The Age of Elizabeth. Edited by ARUNDELL ESDAILE, M.A, 1603-1660. Puritanism and Liberty. Edited by KENNETH BELL, M.A. 1660-1714, A Constitution in Making. Edited by G. B. PzRRETT, M.A. 1714-1760, Walpole and Chatham. Edited by K. A. EspaILe, 1760-1801, American Independence and the French Revolution. Edited by S. E. WINBOLT, M.A. 1801-1815, England and Napoleon. Edited by S. E. Winzort, M.A. 1815-1837. Peace and Reform. Edited by A. C. W. Epwarps, Christ’s Hospital, Horsham. 1837-1856. Commercial Politics, By R. H. GretTon, M.A. 1856-1876. From Palmerston to Disraeli. Edited by EwING HARDING, B.A. 1876-1887. Imperialism and Mr. Gladstone. Edited byR. H. GRETTON. 1535-1913. Canada, By James Munro, M.A., University of Edinburgh. 1637-1688, The Scottish Covenanters. By J. PRINGLE THOMSON. This volume will be followed by others dealing with Scottish History. LONDON: G. BELL AND SONS, LTD. Now Ready. Crown 8vo. 15. 6d. net. A Source Book of London History FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO i800 By P. MEADOWS, M.A. Tus book is intended for those who realize the value and importance both of local history and of original material as giving vividness and interest to the history lesson. It consists of a great number of selections from con- temporary sources connected together by a narrative which traces the de- velopment of the capital from the earliest times to the end of the eighteenth century. Crown 8v0. With Maps and Plans. Second Edition, 2s. An Introduction to English Industrial History By HENRY ALLSOPP, B.A., Late Vice-Principal of Ruskin College, Oxford TuIs book attempts to make a really interesting, simple and suggestive introduction to industrial and economic history. It is intended to induce our young men and women of all classes to study earnestly this important subject, which has, up to the present, been impossible, because the text- books are too expensive or else too learned and academic. Contents: Part I. THE ManoriaL System. Part II. Towns AND Guiups. Part III. Strate REGULATION AND THE MERCANTILE System. Part IV. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. Mediaeval England A FRAMEWORK OF ENGLISH HISTORY 1066-1485 By S. M. TOYNE, M.A., Late Senior History Master at Haileybury College. 1s. Ir is suggested that this volume may be of considerable assistance not only to students using the ordinary text-books, but also to those whose work is based on some such series as Messrs. Bell’s English History Source Books. The author’s object has been to produce a volume that will be an aid to, andnot a substitute for, reading, and it is hoped that it may be of value as giving a summary of important events and a review of national development. LONDON: G. BELL AND SONS, LTD. EUROPE SINCE 1815. By Cuaries D. Hazen, Professor in Smith College. New and cheaper edition. ros. 6d. net. “*, , . Professor Hazen’s book is a veritable store of sound political wisdom for the student of history, and at the same time is written in a lively style, full of the actual thoughts and words of great historical personages.” —/ournal of Education. ATLAS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY. By Earte W. Dow, Professor in the University of Michigan. 8vo. 6s. net. This work contains thirty-two double-page coloured maps and eighteen smaller maps, plans, etc., in black and white. The maps cover the field of European History from the Ancient Eastern Empires to the Decline of Europe in the Americas and Contemporary Europe. It meets the need of a handy historical atlas in the English language suitable for use in schools and colleges. The full index adds to its value, MEDIZZVAL EUROPE, 395-1270. By CHARLES BEmMont and G. Monon. Translated under the Editorship of GEoRGE BuRToN Apams, Professor in Yale University. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d, net. THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. By Victor Durvy, of the French Academy. Translated from the Twelfth Edition by E. H. and M. D. Wuitney. With Notes and Revisions by GEorcE BuRTON Apvams, Professorof History at Yale University. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. net. A HISTORY OF MODERN EUROPE. From the Fall of Constantinople. By THomas Henry Dyer, LL.D. Third Edition, revised and continued to the end of the Nineteenth Century, by ARTHUR HassaLL, M.A., Student of Christ Church, Oxford. In Six Volumes. Crown 8vo. With Maps. 35. 6d. each. “For the general reader, and even for the historical student who is content with anything short of original research, Dyer’s book is indispensable, at any rate for the first three centuries after the fall of Constantinople. But if it was to keep its place as a text-book, it was unavoidable that it should be submitted to asomewhat drastic revision in the light of additions made to our knowledge since it first appeared. This work could not have been committed to more competent hands than Mr. Arthur Hassall.”—Sz. James's Gazette. LONDON: G. BELL AND SONS, LTD. G. Bell & Sons’ LATIN AND GREEK Full Catalaue of Classical Books sent on application Bell’s Illustrated Classics Edited by E. C. Marcuant, M.A. Edited with Introductions, Notes and Vocabularies. With illustrations, maps and plans, ts. 6d. each ; except the GREEK PLays, which are 2s. each. Cesar. BookI. By A.C. Lippert, M.A. — Book II. By A.C. Lippert, M.A. — Book Ill. By F. H. Corson, M.A., and G. M. Gwytuer, M.A. — Book 1V. By Rev. A. W. Urcort, D.D. — Book V._ By A. Reynotps, M.A. — Books 1V. and V., in one volume, 2s. 6d. — Book VI. By J. 7 Puitritpson, M.A. — Bocks V. and VL., in one volume, 2s. 6d. — Book VII. By S. Fk. Winnott, M.A. Ceesar’s Invasions of Britain (De Bello Gallico. Lib, IV. XX.—V. XXIII). By Rev. A. W. Urcorr, D.D., and A. Rey- no.ps, M.A. Cicero. Speeches against Catiline. I. and II. (z vol.) By F. Herrina, M.A. — Selections. By J. F. Cuarves, B.A. — DeAmicitia. By H. J. L. J. Massé, M.A. — De Senectute. By A. S. Warman, B.A. Cornelius Nepos. Epaminondas, Hannibal, Cato. By H. L. Barr, M.A. Eutropius. Books I. and II. (x vol.). By J. G. Spencer, B.A Homer: Iliad. Book I. By WRIGHT, M.A. Horace: Odes. Book I. By C. G. Bor- TING, B.A. — Book II. ByC. G. Borvine, B.A. — Book III. By H. Larrer, M.A. — Book IV. By H. Larvrer, M.A. Livy. Book IX., cc. i-xix. By W. C. FLAMSTEAD Wa ters, M.A. L. D. Watn- Livy. Hannibal's First Campaign in Italy. (Selected from Book XXI.) By F. E. A. Trayes, M.A, Ne Vera Historia. By R. E. Yates, Ovid: Metamorphoses. Book I. By G. H. Wettrs, M.A. — Selection from the Metamorphoses. By J. W. E. Pearce, M.A. —HElegiac Selections By F. CovErLey Smity, B.A. — Tristia. BookI. By A. E. Rocrers, M.A. — Tristia. Book III. By H. R. Woot- rycu, M.A. Phaedrus: A Selection. By Rev. R. H. CHAMBERS, M.A. Stories of Great Men. By Rev. F. Con- way, M.A. Virgil: Aencid. BookI. By Rev. E. H.S. Escotr, M.A. — Rook lI. ByL. D. Warnwricnt, M.A. — Book II. By L. D. Wainwricut, M.A. Book IV. By A. S. Warman, B.A. — Book V. By J. T. Pittttrpson, M.A. — Book VI. By J.T. Puttiirson, MLA. -—— Books VII., Vii. IX., X., XL, XIL By L. D. Watnwricis, M.A. 6 vols. — Selection from Books VII. to XII. By W. G. Coast, B.A. —— Georgics. Book IV. By L. D. Warm. WRIGHT, M.A. Xenophon: Anabasis. Books I., IL, II. By E. C. Marcuant, M.A. 3 vols. GREEK PLAYS (as. each) Aeschylus: Prometheus Vinctus. By C. E. Laurence, M.A. Euripides: Alcestis.s By KE. H BLakeney, “A. Buripldes: Bacchae. By G. M. GwyTHer, — Hecuba. By Rev. A. W. Urcott, M.A. — Medea. By Rev. T. Nickuin, M.A. Bell’s Illustrated Classics—Intermediate Series Edited for higher forms, without Vocabularies. Cesar: Seventh Campaign in Gaul, B.c. 52. De Bello Gallico. Lib. VII. By the Rev. W. Cookworruy Compton, M.A. 2s. 6d. net. — ue Bello Civili; Book I. By the Rev. J. Benscey, M.A. 25, 6d. net. Livs ret XXI. Edited by F. E. A. TRayEs, "7 as. 6d. net. Tacitus: Agricola. By J. W. E. Pearce, M.A. as With Illustrations and Maps. Sophocles: Antigone. By G. H. Watts, M.A. 2s. 6d. ret. Homer: Odyssey. Book I. By E. C. Mar CHANT, M.A. 2s. Athenians in Sicily. Being portions of Thucydides, Books VI, and VII. By the Rev. W. Cooxworrsy Compros, M.ay as. 6d. net, Select Educational Catalogue 4 Bell’s Simplified Latin Classics Edited, with Notes, Exercises, and Vocabulary, by S. E. Winnort, M.A., Christ's Hospital, Horsham. Crown 8vo. With numerous Illustrations. 1s. 6d. each. FIRST LIST OF VOLUMES, NOIV READY Casar’s Invasions of Britain. Livy's Kings of Rome. Vergil’s Taking of Troy. Vergil’s Athletic Sports. Simple Selections from Cicero’s Letters, Cesar’s Fifth Campaign (from De Bello Gallico, Book V.). Tacitus’ Agricola. Sallust’s Caviline. Cniform with ‘ Bel?s Simplified Latin Classics.’ Dialogues of Roman Life. without Vocabulary. 2s. By S. E. Wixporte MAL Feap. 8vo. Illustrated. With or Latin and Greek Class Bocks Bell’s Illustrated Latin Readers. Edited by E. C. Marcuantr, M.A. Pott Svo. With brief Notes, Vocabularies, and numerous Illustrations. 1s. each. Scalae Primae. A Selection of Simple Stories for Translation into English. Scalae Mediae. Short Extracts from Eutropius and Caesar. Scalae Tertiae. Selections in Prose and Verse * from Phaedrus, Ovid, Nepos and Cicero. Latin Picture Cards. Edited by Prof. FRANK S. GRANGER, M.A. Sixteen cards printed in coiours, with Vocabularies and Exercises. 1s. 3@, net per set. Beli’s Illustrated Latin Course, for the First year. In three Parts. By E. MarcnantT, M.A., and J. G. Spancer, B.A. With numerous Illustrations. rs. 6¢. each. Latin Unseens. Selected and arranged by E.C. Marcnant, M.A. rs, Latin Reader (Verse and Prose). By W. HING oer M.A., and H. J. ANDERSON, M.A. Latin of “he Empire (Prose and Verses. By W. Krixc Girries, M.A., and A. R. CumminG, M.A, 4s. 62. First Exercises in Latin Prose Com- position, By E. A. Wetis, M.A. With Vocabulary. 1s. Materials for atin Prose Composition, By the Rev. P. Frost, M.A. 2s. Key, 4s. net. Passages for Translation into Latin '" Prose. By Prof. H. Nerriesiiivr, M.A, . Key, 4s. 6d. net. ‘Easy Translations from Nepos, Cuzsar, Cicero, Livy, &c., for Retranslation into Latin. By T. Corrins, M.A. 2s. Memorabilia Latina. By F. W. Levanper, F.R.A.S. rs. Test questions on the Latin Language. Ry F. W. Levanver, F.R.A.S. 15. 6¢d. Latin Syntax Exercises. By L. D. Warinwricut, M.A. Five Parts. a each. A Latin Verse Book. By the Rev. P. Frost, M.A. 2s. Key, 5s. net. El Verse, ey Exercises in, By the Rey. J. PENROSE. 25 ey, 25. 6d, net. Bell’s Concise Latin Course. Part I. By E. C. Marcuanr, M.A., and J. G, Spencer, B.A. 2s, Bell's enole Latin Course. By Marcuant, M.A., a M.A. 25. 6d. Cothurnulus. Three Short Latin Historical Plays, By Prof &. V. Arnon, Lirr.b. With or without Vocabulary, ts. Vocabu- lary separately, 47. Easy Latin Plays. By M. L. Newman. 67, Ecloge Latin; or, First Latin Reading Book. With Notes and Vocabulary by the late Rev. P. Frosr, M.A. 15. 62. Latin Exercises and Grammar Papers. By ‘T. Cotrins, M.A. 2s. 6:4. Unseen Papers in Latin Prose and Verse. By T. Cortins, M.A. 25. 64 Foliorum Silvula, Part I. Passages for Translation into Latin Wlegiac and Heroic Verse. By H. A. Hotpen, LL.D. 7s. 6:4. How to Pronounce Latin. By J. P. Postcate, Lirr.D. 1s. net Res Romanae, being brief Aids to the Tis- tory, Geography, Literature and Antiquities of Ancient Rome. By E. P. Cotxnince, M.A. With 3 maps. 2s. 6:2. Climax Prote. A F.rst Greek Reader. With Hints and Vocabulary. By E. C. Marcruant, M.A. With 30 illustrations. 1s. 6d. Greek Verbs. By J. S. Bairp,T.C.D. 2s. 6d. Analecta Greece Minora. With Notes and Sens By the Rey. P. Frost, M.A. Part II. and S. kK. Unseen Papers in Greek Prose and Verse. By T. Corttns, M.A. 35. NGtes on Greek Accents. A. Barry, D.D. 1s. Res Graecae. Leing Aids to the study of the History, Geography, Archeology, and Literature of Ancient Athens. By E. P. Coveriwcr, M.A. With 5 Maps, 7 Plans, and 17 other illustrations. 55. Notabiia Quaedam. 15 By the Rt. Rev. 6 G. Bell & Sons’ Cambridge Mathematical Series—continued Euclid. Exercises on Euclid and in Modern Geometry. By J. McDowern1, M.A. 6s. Elementary Graphs. By W. M. Baker, M.A., and A. A. Bournr, M.A. 6d. net. A New Geometry. By W. M. Barer, M.A., and A. A. Bourne, M.A. Crown &vo. 2s. 6d. Also Books I.-III. separately, zs. 6¢. Elementary Geometry. By W. M. Baker, M.A., and A, A. Bourne, M.A, qs. 6d. Or in Parts. Answers, 62. net. Key, 6s. net. Examples in Practical Geometry and Mensuration. By J.W. Marsuatt, M.A, and C. O. Tuckry, M.A. 1s. 61 Geometry for Schools. By W. G. Bor- CHARDT, M.A., and the Rev. A. D. Perrort, M.A. Complete, 4s. 6¢. ; also Vol. I., 1s. 3 Vol. IL, 1s. 6.3; Vol. III., 15.3; Vols. I.- JIL, 2s. 62.; Vol. IV., 15.3 Vols. I.-1V., 3s.; Vol. V., rs.; Vol. VI, 1s. 6¢.; Vols. L.- V., 38. 6d. ; Vols. 1V.-V., 25. A New Trigonometry for Schools. By W. G. Boxcuarpt, M.A., and Rev. A. D. Perrott, M.A. 4s. 6d. Or Two Parts, 2s. 6a. each, Key, ros. net ; or 2 Parts, 5s. net each, Numerical Trigonometry. By W. G. BorcHarpt, M.A., and the Rev. A. D. Perrorr, M.A. 2s. 6d. Junior Trigonometry. By W. G. Bor. cuarpT, M.A., and the Rev. A. D, Perrort, M.A. 3s. 6¢. Elementary Trigonometry. By Cuaries Penpiepury, M.A,, FRIAS. 4s. 64. Short Course of Flementary Plane Tri- gonometry. By Cuartes Penpcepury. 2s. 6d, Elementary Trigonometry. By-J. M. Dyer, M.A., and the Rev. R. H. Wuir- comBE, M.A. as. 6c. Algebraic Geometry. By W. M. Baken, M.A. 6s, Part I. (fhe Straight Line and Circle), 2s. 62. Key, 7s. 6d. net. Practical Solid Geometry. By the Rev. Percy Unwin, M.A. 4s. 67. Analytical Geometry for Beginners. By Rev. T. G. Vyvvan, M.A. Part I. The Straight Line and Circle. 2s, 6d. Conic Sections, treated Geometrically. By W. H. Besant, Sc.D., F.R.S. 4s. 6d. Key, 55. net, The Junior Cambridge A Junior Arithmetic. By C. Penpiepury, M.A., and F. E. Ropinson, M.A. rs. 6d. With Answers, 2s. Exau ples from a Junior Arithmetic. Fixtracted from the above. 1s. With Auswers, 15. 64, Elementary Conics, being the first 8 chap ters of the above. 25, 6d. Conics, the Elementary Geometry of, By Rev. C. Taytor, D.D. 55, Calculus for Beginners. By W. M. Baker, M.A. 35. Differential Calculus for Beginners. By A. Lopcr, M.A. With Introductioh by Sir Ottver LopcE. 4s. 6d. Integral Calculus for Beginners. By A. Lopce, M.A. 4s. 6d. Roulettes and Glis:ettes. By W. H. Besant, Sc.D., F.R.S. 55. Geometrical Optics. An Elementary Treatise by W. S. ALpis, M.A. 4s. Practical Mathematics. By H. A. Stern, M.A., and W. H. Topuam, 6s.; or Part Tis 2s. 6d. ; Part II., 3s. 6a. Elementary Hydrostatics. By W. H. Besant, Sc.D. 4s. 6d. Solutions, 5s. net. Elements of Hydrostaiics. By C. M. Jeers M.A., and G. W. Caunt, M.A, 2s. 6d. : Elementary Mechanics. By C. M. JEssop, Mids; and J. H. Havetock, M.A.; D.Sc. 4s. 67. Experimental Mechanics for Schools, By Frep Cuartes, M.A, and W. H. Hewitt, B.A., B.Sc. 35. 6d. The Student's Dynamics. Comprising Statics and Kinetics. By G. M. Mincuiy, M.A., F.R.S. 3s. 62. Elementary Dynamics. By W. M. Baker, M.A. New Revised Edition, 4s. éd, Key, ros. 6d. net. Elementary Dynamics. By W. Garnett, M.A., D.C.L. 65, Dynamics, A Treatise on. By W. H. BESANT, Sc.D., F.R.S. ros. 6a. Heat, An Elementary Treatise on. By W Garnett, M.A., DIC.L. 4s. 6d. Elementary Physics, Examples and Ex- amination Papers in. By W. GaLiat.y, M.A. as. Mechanics, A Collection of Problems in Elementary. By W. Watton, M.A. 6s. Uniform Volume Geometrical Drawing. For Army and other Examinations. By R. Harris. 35. 6d. Mathematical Series. A First Algebra. By W. M. Bakar, M.A., and A. A. Bourne, M.A. 15. 62. ; or with Answers, 25, A First Geometry. By W. M, Baker, M.A., and A. A. Bournr, M.A. With or without Answers. 1s. 6c. Elementary Mensuration. By W. M. Bane M.A. and A.A, Bourne, MLA, 15, 64 Select Educational Catalogue 4 - —_— eR Other Mathematical Works The Mathematical Gazette. Edited by W. J. GREENSTREET, M.A. (Jan., March, May, July, Oct. and Dec.) 15. 6@. net. The Teaching of Elementary Mathe- matics, being the Reports of the Committee of the Mathematical Association. 6¢. net. The Teaching of Elementary Algebra and Numerical rig mometry. Being the Report of the Mathl. Assoc. Committee, 1gir. 3d. net. A New Shilling Arithmetic. By C. PenDLesury, M.A., and F. K. Rosinson, M.A. 1s. 3; or with Answers, 1s. 4d. A Shilling Arithmetic. By Cuarves Penptegury, M.A., and W. S. Bearp, F.R.G.S. 1s. With Answers, 1s. 4d. Elementary Arithmetic. By Cuaries PenpLesury, M.A. With or without Answers. 15. 6d. A Preparatory Arithmetic. By Cuarves PenpLesury, M.A. With or without Answers. 15. 6d. Problem Papers for Preparatory Schools (Arithmetic). Situ, B.A. 1s. 6d, Bell’s Indoor and Outdoor Experi- mental Arithmetic. By H. H. Goon- acrE, F.R.G.S. Parts L-IIL., paper, 3a. each, cloth, 4d. each; Parts 1V. and V., pee, 4d. each, cloth, 6d. each. Teachers’ ook, 35. 6a. net. Graduated Arithmetic, for Junior and Private Schools. _By the same Authors. Parts I., II., and III., 3. each ; Parts 1V., V., and VI., 4d. each; Part VII., 6a. Answers to Parts I. and IL, qd. net; Parts I1I.-VII., 4d. net each. Arithmetic for the Standards (Scheme B). Standard I., sewed, 2d., cloth, 3d. ; II., III, 1V., and V., sewed, 3d. each, cloth, 4a. each; VI. and VII., sewed, 4d. each, cloth, 6d. each. Answers to each Standard, 4d. net each. Exercises and Examination Papers in Arithmetic, Logarithms and Mensura- By T. Cooper Test Cards in Arithmetic (Scheme B) ByC. Penp.epury, M.A. ForStandardsIL IIL, 1V., V., VI. and VII. rs, net each. Public School Examination Papers in Mathematics. Compiled by P. A. Open- suaw, B.A. rs. 6d. Bell’s New Practical Arithmetic. By W. J. Srainer, M.A. ist, and, 3rd, 4th, sth and 6th Years, paper, 3¢. each, cloth, 4@. each; 7th Year, paper, qd., cloth, 6d. Teachers’ Books, Sd. net each Year. Bell’s New Practical Arithmetic Test Cards, for the and, 3rd, 4th, sth, 6th, and 7th years. 1s. 3d. net each. Graduated Exercises in Addition (Simple and Compound). By W. S. Brarp. 1s. Algebra for Elementary Schools. By W. M. Baker, M.A., and A. A. Bourne, M.A. Three stages, 6¢. each. Cloth, 8d. each. Answers, 4s. net each, A First Year’s Course in Geometry and Physics. By Ernest Younc, M.A.. B.Sc. 25. 6d. Parts I. and II. 15. 6a. ; or Part II. is. Trigonometry, Examination Papers in. By G. H. Warp, M.A. 2s. 6d. Key, 5s. net. Euclid, The Elements of. The Enuncia- tions and Figures. By the late J. Brasse, D.D. 1s. Without the Figures, 6d. Hydromechanics. By W. H. Besanvr, Sc.D., and A. S. Ramsey, M.A. Part I., Hydrostatics. 7s. 6¢. net. Part IL., Hydro- dynamics. By A. S. Ramsey, M.A. 10s. 6a. net. Hydrodynamics and Sound, An Elemen- ae aoa on. By A. B, Basset, M.A, F.R.S. 8s, The Geometry of Surfaces. Basset, M.A., F.R.S. ros. 6d. Elementary Treatise on Cubic and Quartic Curves. By A.B. Basset, M.A, FLR.S. 10s. 6a. By A. B. ton. by C. PenpLenury, M.A. 2s. 6a. Analytical Geometry. By Rev. T. G. New Edition, Vyvyan, M.A. 4s. 64. Book-keeping Book-keeping by Double Entry, Theo- retical, Practical, and for Examination Purposes. By J. T. Mzpuurst, A.K.C., F.S.S. 1s. 6. Book-keeping, Examination Papers in, Compiled by Joun T. Mepuurst, A.K.C., FS.5, 39 Key, a. 6d. net. Book-keeping, Graduated Exercises and Examination Papers in. Compiled by P. Murray. F.S.S.S., P.Sc.S. (Lond.), 25. 67. Text-Book of the Principles and Prac- tice of Book-keeping and Estate- Office Work, Ly Prof, A, W, THomson, BSc 5s 10 G. Bell co Sons Beill’s English Macaulay’s Lays of Ancient Rome. Edited by P. Horpgern. 1s, —— Essay on Clive. Edited by Ceci Barrow. ts. 6d. —— War of the Spanish Succession. Edited by A. W. Reapy. 1s. 6d. Massingers A New Way to Pay Old Debts. Edited by K. Diicuron. 1s. 6d, Milton’s Paradise Lost. Books III. andIV. Edited by R. G. Oxenuam, M.A. 15. 3 or separately, sewed, rod. each. Milton’s Paradise Regained Edited by K. Deicutron. 1s Classics—continued Pope’s Essay on Man. Edited by F. RyLaxp, M.A. 1s. Pope, Selections from. Edited by K. DrFicuTon. 1s. 67. Scott's Lady of the Lake. Edited by the Rev, A. E. Woopwarp, M.A. 2s. 6d. The Six Cantos separately, sewed, 67, each. Shakespeare’s Julius Czsar. Edited by T. Durr Barnett, B.A. (Lond.). 1s. 62. —~ Merchant of Venice. Edtied by T, Durr Barnett, B.A. (Lond.). 1s. 6d. —— Tempest. Edited by T. Durr BARNETT, B.A. (Lond.). 1s. 6a. Wordsworth’s Excursion. Book I. Edited by M. T. Quinn, M.A. Sewed, 15, Bell’s Sixpenny English Texts Bound in limp *Poems by vohn Milton. *Spencer’s ‘Faerie Queene,’ *Poems by Tennyson, Selections from Byron, *Macaulay’s ‘History of England.’ Chapter III. Gibbon’s ‘Decline aud Fall.’ Chapters I. to III. Book I, cloth, 6d. each. Selections from Pope. Poems by Gray and Cowper. Plutarch’s Lives of Cesar and Cicero, *English Elegiacs. *Selections from Chaucer. Kingsley’s Heroes. The volumes marked with an asterisk are supplied interleaved and bound 2x clotn boards, Is. English Readings. Burke: Selections. Edited by Biiss Perry. as. 6d, Byron: Selections. PENTER, BS ~ , Coleridge: Prose Selections. Henry A. Berrs. 2s. Edited by F. J. Car- Edited by Dryden: Essays on the Drama, Edited by WILLIAM STRUNK. 25. Johnson: Prose selections. Edited by C. G. OsGoop. 4s. Rea The Story of Peter Pan (as told in ‘‘ The Peter Pan Picture Book.”), With 16 Illus- trations and Songs from the Play in Tonic Solfa and Old Notation. gd. Alice in Wonderland. By Lewis Car- ROLL, Illustrated by ALicz B. Woopwarp gd. Thrift. A Common Sense Book for Girls. By F. Foot. 8d net. York Readers. A new series of Literary r6mo. Milton: Minor English Poems. Edited by Martin W. Sampson. 2s. 6:2. Swift: Prose Selections. Edited by Freverick C. Prescorr. 2s. 6¢. Tennyson: The Princess. KditedbyL. A. SHERMAN. 2s, Thackeray: English Humourists. Edited by WitLiam Lyon Purwps. 2s. 6d. ders York Readers—costinned. Infant Reader. 6d. Introductory Reader. 8d. Reader, Book I.,9¢. Book II., 10a. Book Ally 5 Book IV., 1s. 3¢. Book V., ts. 6a. York Poetry Books. 3 Books. Paper covers, 67. each ; cloth, 8d. each, Bell's Poetry Books. In Seven Parts. Price Readers, with Coloured and other lllus- trations. : Primer J. 3% Primer 1d. qa, 3@. each Part, paper covers; or 4¢ cloth covers, Poetry for Upper Classes, Selected b E. A. Hanes, 1s, 6a, 5 Select Educational Catalogue II Readers—continued te Books for Young Readers. 6a. each. sop’s Fables. | Tot and the Cat, etc, The Old Boat- House, etc. The Cat and the Hen. etc. The Two Parrots. | The Lost Pigs. The Story of Three Monkeys. The Story of a Cat. Queen Bee and Busy Bee. | Gull’s Crag. Bell’s Continuous Readers. Bound in Cloth. gd. each. Suitable for Standard [1T, The Story of Peter Pan. The Adventures of a Donkey The Life of Columbus. The Three Midshipmen. Suitable for Standard 1V. Alice in Wonderland. The Water Babies. The Parables from Nature. Uncle Tom's Cabin. Robinson Crusoe. Suitable for Standard V. Tom Brown's Schooldays. The Last of the Mohicans. Feats on the Fiord. The Little Duke. Hereward the Wake. Suitable for Standards VI, and VII, The Last Days of Pompeii. Oliver Twist. The Tale of Two Cities, Ivanhoe. Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare. Bell’s Reading Books and Literature Readers. Strongly bound in Cloth. Iilus- trated. rs, each. Suitable for Standard [/I, Adventures of a Donkey. Great Deeds in English History. Grimm's German Tales. Andersen’s Danish ‘Tales. Great Englishmen. Great Irishmen. Life of Columbus. The Three Midshipmen. Suitable for Standard LV. Great Scotsmen. Uncle Tom's Cabin. Swiss Family Robinson. Great Englishwomen. Children of the New Forest. Settlers in Canada. Edgeworth's Tales. The Water Rabies. Parables from Nature. Suitable for Standard V. Lyrical Poetry. The Story of Little Nell. Masterman Ready. Gulliver’s Travels. Robinson Crusoe. Poor Jack. Arabian Night, Illustrated. Bell’s Reading Books, &¢.—continued, The Last of the Mohicans, Feats on the Fiord. The Little Duke. Suitable for Standards VI, and VII, The Talisman. | Ivanhoe. Woodstock. Oliver Twist. The Vicar of Wakefield. Lamb's Tales from Shakespeare. Southey’s Life of Nelson. Sir Roger de Coverley. Deeds that Won the Empire. Six to Sixteen. | Fights for the Flag. Bell’s Supplementary Readers, Crown 8vo. IMlustrated. Limp Cloth. 6:7. net each. Suitable for Standards JIT, and lV. Anderson's Danish Tales, Great Deeds in English History Grimm's Tales. Adventures of a Donkey. Great Englishmen, Life of Columbus. Suitable for Standards IV, and V, Parables from Nature. Uncle Tom's Cabin. Swiss Family Robinson. Great Englishwoman. Settlers in Canada. Suitable for Standards V. and VI Masterman Ready. Robinson Crusoe. Children of the New Forest. Suitable for Standards \/, and VII, The Talisman. | Ivanhoe. Oliver Twist. | Woodstock. Bell’s Geographical Readers. BarRRINGTON- Warp, M.A ‘The Child's Geography. Illustrated. 62. The Round World. (Standard 11.) 1s. About England. (Stand. 111.) Illus. rs. 4. The Care of Babies. A Reading Book for Girls’ Schools. Illustrated. Cloth, rs. Bell’s History Readers on the Con- centric Method. Fully Illustrated. First Lessons in English History. 10:%, A Junior History of England. rs. 6. A Senior History of England. 2s. Abbey History Readers. Kevised by the Rt. Rev. F. A. Gasquet, D.D. Iiustrated. Early English History (to 1066). 15. Stories from English History (1066-1435). By M. J. 1s. 3d. The Tudor Period (1485-1603). 15. 3a. The Stuart Period (1603-1714). 15. 6. The Hanoverian Period (1714-1837). 1s. 6d, Bell’s History Readers. Illustrated. Early Inglish History (to 1086). 1. Stories from English History (1066-745). Is. 3d. The Tudor Period (1485-1603). 15. 37. The Stuart Period (1603-1714). 15. 6¢d. The Hanoverian Period (1714-1837). 1% @ 14 G. Bell & Sons SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Detailed Catalogue sent on application Elementary Botany. By Percy Groom, se Py D.Sc., F.L.S. With 275 Illustrations. Bleineatary Botany. By G. F. ArKInson, Botany for Schools and Colleges. By F. Atkinson. _ Illustrated. 45, 6d, net. Practical Plant Physiology. By Frep- ERICK KersLte, M.A. Crown 8vo. 35. 6d. A Laboratory Course in Plant Physio- logy. By W. F. Ganone, Pu.D. 7s. 6d. net. The Botanist’s Poon ee By W.R. Havwagp. Revised by G. C. Druce. 4. 6d. An Introduction to the Study of the Comparative Anatomy of Animals. By G. C. Bourne, M.A., D.Sc. With numerous [llustrations. 2 Vols. Vol I. Animal Organization. The Pro- tozoa and Coelenterata. Revised Edition. 65. Vol. II. The Coelomata. 6s. A Manual of aoe By Ricuarp Hert- wic. Translated by Prof. J. S. Kincsuey. Illustrated. 125. 6d. net, Injurious and Useful Insects. An Intro- duction te the Study of Economic Ento- mology. By Prof. L. C. Miarz, F.R.S, With 100 Illustrations. 31. 6d. Civil Service Examination Papers: Chemistry Papers, Theoretical and Practical. By A. P. NewrTon. 15. A First Year's Course of Chemistry. By James Sincair. 15, 6d. Aun Introduction to Chemistry. By D. S. Macnair, Pu.D., B.Sc. 2s. Elementary Inorganic Shenistry: By | Prof. James Watker, D.Sc. 335. Introduction to Inorganic Chemistt By Dr. ALEXANDER SMITH. 75. 6d. net. Laboratory Cutline of General Cheni- istry. by Dr. ALexanper Smuiru. as, 6d. General Chemistry for Colleges. By Dr. ALEXANDER SMITH. 65. 6d. net. An Experimental Course in Physical Chemistry. By J. F. Spencer, D.Sc, A ce ate eae 38. 6d. each. €Xt-DOOK O rganic Chemis’ B: Wa. A. Noves. 6s. net. na Be A Three Years’ Course in Practical Physics, By James Sincrair. 3 vols. 1s. 6. each. A ee Text-Book of Physics. By Kimpati, Pu.D. Illustrated, tos. 6d. net. The Principles of Physics. By W. F. Maite. lilustrated. 7s. 6d. net. Practical Electricity and Magnetism. First Year's Course. ByR. E. STEEL. 25. A Text-Book of Gas Manufacture for Students. By Joun Hornpy. Revised and Enlarged. 7s, 6d. net. Turbines. By W. H. Sruart Garnett. 8vo. 55. net. Electrons. By Sir Otiver Lopce. 6s. net. Engines and Boilers. By W. McQuapz. Crown 8vo. Numerous Illus. 35. 6d. net. Exercises in Metal Work. By A. T. J. Kersey, A.R.C.Sc. Crown 8vo. 15. 6d. net. Practical Wood Carving for Technical Classes. By F. P. Drury. 2s. 64, Technological Handbooks Edited by Sir H. TRuEMAN Woop Specially adapted for candidates in the examinations of the City and Guilds Institute. Woollen and Worsted Cloth Manufac- ture. By Prof. Rouerrs beaumont. (New Lui ion in preparation, Soap Manuecwe By W. Lawrence Gapp, F.I.C., Plumb:ng : Its Principles and Practice. By S. Stevens HELLVER. 5s. Silk-Dyeing and Finishing. By G. H. Illustrated Cotton Spinning: Its Development, Principles, and Practice. By R. Mars- DEN. 6s. 6c. Cotton Weaving: Its Development, Principles, and Practice, By R. Mars- DEN. 108. 6f, Coach Building. 6s. B OHN PuILipson, M.Ixsr. ALE. vot ; Horst, F.C.S. 48, 6d. Bookbinding. By J. W. Zarunsporr. ss. Printing. A Pract’cal Treatise. By C. T. The Principles of Wool Combing. By Jacoul. 7s. Gd. Howarb PrigsTMan. 65, Music , A Complete Text-Book of. By mea Cc enone New and Cheaper Edition, 3s. Od. A Concise History of. By Rev. . Bonavia Hunt, Mus. Doc. New Music, H. andCheaper Edition. 2s. net, Select Educational Catalogue 15 HISTORY Catalogue of Historical Books sent fost free on application Lingard’s History of England. Abridged and Continued by Dom H. N. Birr. With a Preface by ABBor Gasquet, D.D. New Edition, With Maps. 3s. 6¢.; or in 2 vols. Vol. 1. (to 1485), 28. Vol. II. (1485-1912), 25. An Introduction to English Industrial History. By Henry Attsorr, B.A. 2s. English History Source Books. Edited by S. E. Winpott, M.A., and KENNETH Beir, M.A. 15. net each. 449-1066. The Welding of the Race, Edited y Rev. Joun Wattis, M.A, 1066-1154. The Normans in England. Edited by A. E. Brann, M.A. 1154-1216. The Angevins and the Charter. Edited by S. M. Tone, M.A. 1216-1307. The Growth. of Parliament. Edited by W. D. Rontson. Edited by 31307-1:99 War and Misrule A. A. Lockr. 1399-1485. The Last of Feudalism. Edited by W. Garmon Jones, M.A 1485-1547. The Reformation and the Re- naissance. Edited by F. W. BEwSHER 1547-1603. The Age of Elizabeth. Edited by ARUNDELL EspaiLe, M.A. 1603-1660. Puritanism and Liberty. Edited ted by Kennetn Bexr, M.A. 1660-1714. A Constitution in Making. Fdited by G. B. Perretr, M.A. 1714-1760, Walpole and Chatham. Edited by K. A. Espaicr. 1760-1801. American Independence and the French Revolution. Edited by S. E. Wingort, M.A. 1801-1815. England and Napoleon. Edited by S. E, Winpott, M.A. 1815-1837. Peace and Reform, Edited by A.C. W. Epwarps, 1856-1876. From Palmerston to Disraeli. Edited by Ewinc H arorne, B.A. 1876-1887. Imperialism and Mr. Gladstone. By R. H. Grerton, M.A. 1535-1913. Canada. By JamEs Munro. Medizval England: 1066-1485. A Frame- ... work of History. By S. M. Toyne, M.A, “* + Crown 8vo, rs. net. First Lessons in English History. Illustrated. 15, : A Junior History cf England. By E. Nixon. Illustrated. 15. 6d. A Senior History of England. Mc&iiittam, M.A. Crown 8vo. Illus. 2s, Highways of the World. By A. E, McKititam, M.A. Second Edition, Re- vised. Crown 8vo. With Maps and Illustrations. rs. 6c. A Social History of England. By Geoxcr Gursr. Crown 8vo, With many Illust ations. 1s. 6a. English Church History to AD. 1000. By W. H. Fiecker, M.A., D.C.L. 1s. 6a. Civil Service Examination Papers: I story Questions. By A. Percivat Nuiwron, M.A. 1s. Ancient History for Schools, Nixon and H. R. Sree... as. Strickland’s Lives of the Queens of England. 6 vols. 5s. cach. *,* Abridged edition for Schools, 6s. 6d. Landmarks in the History of Eurcpe. By E. M. Ricuaxpson, B.A. Crown 8vo. 2s. Building of the British Empire. By i. M. Ricuarpson, B.A. 1s. 6d. An Atlas of European History. By Earce W. Dow. 6s. net. he Foundations of Modern Europe. By Dr. Ensue Reicu. 5s. net. Dyer’s History of Modern Europe. Revised throughout by ARTHUR HassaLL, M.A. 6vols. With Maps. 3s. 6d. each. Life of Napoleon I. By Joun Hotianp Rosg, Lirr.D. 2 vols. os. net. Carlyle’s French Revolution. Edited by J. Hotranpo Roseg, Lirt.D. 3 vols. With numerous illustrations. 15, net each. Mignet’s. History of the French Revo- lution, from 1789 to 1814. 1s. net. Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages. Translated and edited by Ernest F. Henverson, Pu.D. 55. By A. By E. Menzel’s History of Germany. 3 vols. 3s. 6d. each. Ranke’s History of the Popes. Trans- lated by E. Foster. New Edition. Re- vised. 3 vols. xs. net each. Ranke’s History of the Latin and Teutonic Nations. Revised Translation by G. R. Dennis, B.A. With an Introduc- tion by Epwarp ARMSTRONG, M.A. 6s, net Bohn’s Popular Library THE PIONEER SERIES OF CHEAP REPRINTS IN NEW AND DISTINCTIVE FORMAT. First List of 40 Volumes. Strongly bound in Cloth. One Shilling Net. 1, SWIFT (J.) GuLiiver’s TRAVELS. 2-4, MOTLEY (J. L.) Riss or THE DUTCH REPUBLIC. 3 vols. 5-6. EMERSON (R. W.) Works: Vol. I.—Essays and Representative Men. Vol. II.—English Traits, Nature, and Conduct of Life. 7-8. BURTON (Sir R.) Pr~crRimace ro AL-MADINAH AND MECCA, 2 vols. 9. LAMB (C.) Essays or Evra and Last Essays oF ELIA. 10. HOOPER (G.) WaTERLOO: The Downfall of the First Napoleon. 11. FIELDING (H.) Josep ANDREWS. 12-18. CERVANTES. Don QUIXOTE. 2 vols. 14. CALVERLEY (C.S.) Tue IpyLts oF THEOcRITUS with THE ECLOGUES OF VIRGIL. 15. BURNEY (F.) Evetina. 16. COLERIDGE (S.T.) Aips To REFLECTION. 17-18. GOETHE. Porrry anp TRUTH FROM My OWN LIFE. 2 vols. 19. EBERS (Georg). AN EGYPTIAN PRINCESS. 20. YOUNG (Arthur). TRAVELS IN FRANCE. 21-22. BURNEY (F.) Tue Earry Diary or FRANCES BURNEY (Madame D’Arblay), 1768-1778. 2 vols. 23-25. CARLYLE’S History oF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. _ Introduc- tion ond Notes by J. Holland Rose, Litt.D. 3 vols. 26-27. EMERSON (R. W.) Works. Vol. III.—Society and Solitude; Letters and Social Aims; Addresses. Vol. I1V.—Miscellaneous Pieces. 28-29. FIELDING (H.) Tom Jones. 2 vols. 80. JAMESON (Mrs.) SHAKESPEARE’S HEROINES. 81. MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS, THE Tuovucuts orf. Translated by George Long, M.A. 32. MIGNET’S Hisrory of the FRENCH REVOLUTION, from 1789 to 1814. 33-35. MONTAIGNE. Essays. Cotton’s Translation. 3 vols. 86-38. RANKE. History oF THE Popgs. Mrs. Foster’s Translation. 3 vols. 39. TROLLOPE (Anthony). THe Warven. Introduction by Frederic Harrison. 40. TROLLOPE (Anthony). BarcuHesTer Towers. Others tn active preparation. WRITE TO-DAY for a copy of the prospectus containing a history of the famous Bohn’s Libraries from their inauguration to the present day, G. BELL AND SONS, LTD., PORTUGAL STREET, LONDON, w.G Ser pinnae remem neat rae -- Sa aoeomctes ee : eee : Se a So “ 3 > =e . Fp pd I eee nae - > - — = oS: ere oo Sree ; een nr en Salo See ae 7 = oes z