CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ENGLISH COLLECTION THE GIFT OF JAMES MORGAN HART PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH .-THE’ BIRDS OF - OLD: ENGLISH LITERATURE BY’ CHARLES HUNTINGTON WHITMAN. Fellow in English of Yale University. REPRINTED FROM 2 “The Journal of Germante Philology, Vou. II, No. 2 4898 =o THE BIRDS OF OLD ae SH LITERATURE. : antes ‘ how , ‘HE scientific remains of the-Old English period are not extensive, consisting chiefly of King Alfred’s geographical insertions in the Orosius, lists of plant- names, and treatises on medicine and astronomy. Natural History at that time had hardly attained the dignity of a science, but there was some attempt, at least, to explain natural phenomena, as in the following extract from 4£lfric’s Hexameron: ‘The birds, indeed, that dwell in the waters, are web-footed by the provi- dence of God, so that they may swim and seek food for themselves. Some are long-necked, as are swans and ylfets, in order that they may reach their food from the ground. And those (birds) which live on flesh are claw- footed and sharp-billed, so that they may bite with short necks, and (they are) swifter in flight, so that they may be adapted for obtaining their liveli- hood.’ The entire body of Old English literature abounds in references to birds, but the most fruitful source of material is the lists of bird-names in the glosses, in some of which there seems to be a rude attempt at classification. More- over, the art of falconry (cf. sect. XX XVID, which was introduced into England not later than the middle of the 8th century, and was very popular among the Anglo- Saxons, presupposes a considerable knowledge of the haunts and habits of birds. My examination of Old English literature has brought to light over 140 bird-names. Although several names often refer to the same bird, it has been possible to iden- tify some 67 species, which, there is reason to believe, were then residents of Great Britain. This article falls into three main divisions : I. Indigenous wild species. II. Domestic fowl. III. General terms, foreign species, etc. ; A 2 Whitman, [Vol. II In classification and nomenclature I have followed R. Bowdler Sharpe’s Hand-Book of the Birds of Great Britain. More exhaustive works on the subject are those of Macgillivray, Yarrell, and Seebohm. I haveattempted to make use of all accessible material, though no doubt some references have escaped notice, especially under the gen- eral term fugol. For the poetry the references are to the Grein-Wiilker Bibliothek. The prose references are generally to page and line, sometimes to section and line. Most of the abbreviations require no explanation. The following key will cover all cases which are likely to cause difficulty. ZE. Gl. E. Gr. Cp. Corpus Glossary, ed. Hessels. Ae: Ein { Glossary—Sweet's Oldest English Texts. Er, Erfurt L£xod. Poem of Exodus. Exod. Prose version of Exodus in Grein’s Bibliothek der Ags. Prosa. Gen. Poem of Genesis. Gen. Prose version of Genesis in Grein’s Bibliothek der Ags. Prosa. Gu. Poem of Guthlac. Hpt. Gi, Glosses in Haupt’s Zettschrift fur deutsches Altertum, vol. 9 (1853). Ld, Leiden Glossary, in Sweet’s Oldest English Texts. St. Guth. Life of St. Guthlac, ed. Goodwin. WW, Wright-Wiilker’s Old English Vocabularies. Second Edition. ZdA. Glosses in Zettschrift fir deutsches Altertum, vol. 33. The sign ~ is used to avoid repetition of the preceding word. D is used for both p and 8. } altric’s Grammatik und Glossar, ed. Zupitza. I. Indigenous Wild Species. Ord. Passeriformes. Perching Birds, F, Corvide. Crows. Sub. F. Corvine. True Crows. Gen. Trypanocorax. Rooks. I, hroc. Rook (¢rypanocorax frugilegus); of imitative origin, meaning a croaker. ME. rook, roc, rok; OHG. hruoh (cf. G. ruchert, a jack- daw); Icel. Arokr ; cf. Goth. hrakjan, to crow. No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 3 WW, 132.15: gracculus uel garrulus, hroc; 260. 10, 413. 33: grallus ~; 286.6: gralus ~ ; 518. 12, A. Gl. 307. 12; graculus ~; WW. 412. 40: grau- culus ~ , Cp. G. 154, Ep. 469: grallus, hrooc; Er. 469: graculus ~ ; Ld. 201: garallus ( graculus) hroc; Shrn, 29. 1: garula ~ ; ZdA. 240. 34: grallus, roc; Spl. Ps. 146 ro: se seld nytenum mete and briddum hroca cigendum hine; 4E, St. 1. 492. 14: and Ser flugon sona to hrocas and hremmas. HTroc also appears in names of places: Cod. Dip. 6. 303. Gen. Corvus. Ravens. II. 1. hrefn. Raven (corvus corvus); perhaps named from its cry, from root seen in L. crepare. ME. raven, reven; D. raven; OHG. hraban, hram, rabo; G. rabe; Icel. hrafu. 4E. Gl. 307. 2, AE. Gr. 28. 19: coruus, hremn; WW. 260.8: ~ hrefn; 365. 20: corax ~ ; Ch. C.735: ~ hraefn; Zr. 285: (nyet?)corax, hraebn; AL. Gr. I2. 14: miger coruus, hrem; 19. 12: hie coruus, Ses hremn; ZdA. 240. 32: coruus, hrem; AL. St. 1. 492. 14: and Ser flugon sona to hrocas and hremmas and feala cynna fugelas; Th. Ps. 146. 10: hrefnes briddum; Vesp. Ps. 146. g: briddum hrefna; Azo. 1801: hrefn blaca ; 2448: hrefne to hro@re ; 3024: ac se wonna hrefn [sceall] fus ofer fegum fela reordian, earne secgan hu him zt zte speow, denden he wid wulfe wel reafode; Gen. 1442: sweartne ....hrefn; 1449: sweartum hrefne; Gen. 8. 7: and asende ut enne hremn ; se hremn fleah 6a ut and nolde eft ongean cirran ; Jud. 206: se wanna hrefn, welgifre fugel; Z/. 52: hrefen uppe gol, wan and welfel; 110: hrefen weorces gefeah; Fixn.: 36: hrefen wandrode, sweart and sealobrun; Fates of Men 36: Ser him hrefn nime®d heafodsyne, slited salwigpad sawelleasne ; Soul's Address, Ex. 54: se swearta hrefn; 74., Vere.: se swearta hrefen ; Brun. 61: salowigpadan, Sone sweartan hrefn, hyrnednebban; Ay. 106: hremmas wundon; Céron. 878: and Ser wes se gudfana genumen Ze hie Hrefn heton ; Lk. 12.24: besceawiad Sa hrefnas ; Lind. LA, 12.24: behaldad Sa refnas; Beo. 2925: hrefna wudu; 2935: hrefnes holt; Zzst. Pol. 19: hi lecead eallswa gyfre hremnas of holde dod; A. Past. Zp. 49: swa swa gredige remmas; Lchdm. 3. 333: hrefnes fot; hrefnes leac; A. H. 2.46.15: nefd he na culfran Seawas, ac hef{S des blacan hremmes; 140.1: sede giu wr Elian afedde Surh Sone sweartan hremm ; 144. 13: 6a woldon hremmas hine bereafian zt his gedeorfum, gif hi dorston; 144. 19: hwet da hremmas @a ricene flugon, ealle tosomne, ofer Sone sealtan brym; 144. 21: eft 3a siddan odre twegen swearte hremmas sidlice comon; 162. 21: 8a wes sum wilde hrem gewunod det he deghwomlice fleah fram wuda to mynstre; 162. 23: he Sa wearp Sam hremme Sone gezttrodan hlaf ; St. Guth. 48.4: and hrefena crecetunge; 50. 1: Sa com Ser sum hrefen in; 50.5: 8a geseah he done hrefen 8a cartan beran; 50. 9: ac swa se hrefen Surh 3a fennas upp afliged, swa Su him efter row; 50. 22: weron on dam ylcan yglande twegen hrefnas gewunode; 54.1: ymb 9a glofan Se da hreinas beron; 54. 17: 3a gesegon hi Sone hrafn mid San sweartan 4 W hitman, [Vol. II nebbe 8a glofe teran uppe on anes huses Sace; 54. I9: he 8a sona se halga wer Guthlac Sone hrefn mid his worde Sreade; 56.5: seedon Set heo of anes hrefnes mude feolle ; 4d. and R. 202. 21: saga me for hwam si se hrefen swa sweart, Se ser wes hwit; 202. 22: saga me for hwam se hrefen Surh gehyrsumnisse gedingode Sat he er Surh modignisse agilte; 202. 24: corvus se fugel, Szt is se hrefen; Shrvn. 50, 12: fedde hine an hreefn; 88. 16: and him Sezer beer hrefn mete. For instances of #refn in names of places, see Cod. Dip. 6. 302. 2. hrefncynn., Raven-kind. Lev, 11,17: Ne [ete] nan [Sing] hrefncynnes. 3. welcéasega. Lit. ‘chooser of the slain’; OHG. habuch, habich; G. habicht; Icel. haukr. £E. Gr. 43.15: accipitres, hafuc; Ld. 51: ~ haefuc; WW. 95. 12: mid hafoce; 95. 14: hefst Gu hafoc; 95. 18: syle me znne hafoc; 95. 20: hwylcne hafac; 95. 22: hu afest Su hafocas dine; Beo. 2263: ne god hafoc geond sz] swinged ; Rid. 25. 3: hwilum gielle swa hafoc ; 41. 67: ic meg fromlicor fleogan Sonne pernex odde earn, odde hafoc efre meahte; Crafts of Men 81: sum bid fugelbona, hafeces creftig; Vesp. Ps. 103. 17: heafuces; Fates of Men 86. sum sceal wildne fugel wloncne atemian heafoc on honda; Cod. Dip,.2. 380. 26: twegen hafoces; By. 7: he let him 8a of handon leofre fleogan hafoc ; Aid. 7.8: hafoc; Gu. Ver. Cot. 17: hafuc sceal on glofe wilde gewunian; 4. G/. 307. 2: accipiter, hafoc. Hafoc is often found in names of places; see Cod. Dip. 6. 205. 2. hafoccynn. Hawk-kind. Lev, 11, 13: ne ete ge nan Sing hafoccynnes ne earncynnes, No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 19 3. hafocfugel. Hawk. £cg. C. 38: Seah hafocfugel abite, etiamse accipiter ea momorderit. 4. heoroswealwe. Used as an epithet of Aa/foc. Fates of Men 86: sum sceal wildne fugel wloncne atemian heafoc on honda, oddzt seo heoroswealwe wynsum weor®ded. 5. mishafoc. Lit. ‘mouse-hawk’; < mds, mouse + hafoc, hawk; probably so called because of its feeding on mice. It seems impossible to determine what species of hawk bore this name in OE. The name now belongs to the rough-legged buzzard (archibuteo lagopus), an irregular winter visitant to England. WW. 285.6: saricaricis, mushafoc ; ZdA. 240. 17: siracaricis,~; WW. 259. 10: suricaricis, mushafuc; Cp. S. 438: scoricarius, mushabuc; A. Gi. 307. note: scuricaricus, mushauac. 6. bleripittel. Mouse-hawk; glossed the same as mis- hafoc. WW. 132. 38: scoricarius, bleripittel ; 287. 8: soricarius, bleria pyttel. 7, h&swalwe. Hawk. Although Sweet defines this word as sea swallow, i. e. the tern, the L. gloss astur (It. astore), properly goshawk, proves that it is a species of hawk. For an instance of swealwe in a compound word, meaning hawk, see heoroswealwe, used synonymously with hafoc. C. A. 864: astur, heesualwe. Sub. F. Buteonine. Buzzards. Gen. Buteo. True Buzzards. XXXIV. tysca. Buzzard; probably common buzzard (duteo buteo). WW. 195. 4, 259. 12: ddzus, tysca. Sub. F. Aquilinez. Eagles. XXXV. 1. earn. The original name of the eagle, now chiefly poetical or dialectal. ME. ern, erne; OHG. arn; Icel. 6rz,; also, without the formative -z- OHG. aro, G. 20 Whitman, [Vol. II aar; \cel. avi; Goth. ava; related to Gr. dps. At present, two species of eagle are natives of Britain, the golden eagle (aguila chrysaétus) and the white-tailed eagle (haliaétus albicilla), both of which were probably known to the Anglo-Saxons. In the Battle of Brunanburh, the eagle, described as white behind (¢/tan whit), is undoubtedly the white-tailed eagle, but the war-eagle, usually called dark-feathered (salowzgpada), is probably the golden eagle, known in Scotland as the black eagle. WW. 131. 10, 258. 3, 284. 3, 351. 12, A. Gl. 307. 2, ZdA. 239. 7: aguila, earn; ©. Gr. 19. 14, 243. 15: haec aguila, Ses earn; Beo, 3026: se wonna hrefn fus ofer fegum fela reordian, earne secgan; 3031: earnanes; Jud, 210; ac him fleah on last earn ztes georn, urigfedera, salowigpada, sang hildeleod, hyrnednebba; £Z/. 29: urigfeSera earn sang ahof lajum on - laste; 111: urigfedera earn sid beheold welhreowra wig; An. 863: Ba comon earnas ofer yda wylm on flyhte federum hremige ; Sa/. 471: blodige earnas; Ph. 235: he zerest bid swylce earnes brid, feger fugeltimber; Ph, 238: he bid waestmum gelic ealdum earne; Add. 25. 4: hwilum ic onhyrge done haswan earn, gudfugles hleodor; 41. 67: ic meg fromlicor fleogan, Sonne pernex odde earn odde hafoc zfre meahte; Brun. 63; Sone hasopadan earn, zeftan hwit zses brucan, gredigne gudhafoc; By. 107: earn zses geormn; Seaf. 24: ful oft Sat earn bigeal urigfedera; Zchdm. 1. 128. I0: se earn; 3. I4. 24: earnes mearh; 3. 168. 20: Sonne him dynce Set his earn ehte, Get bid dead; 3. 214. 11: gif Su gesihst earn fleon wif din gegripan dead getacnad; Vesp. Hy. 7. 20: swe swe earn Seced nest his and ofer briddas his geset; Vesp. Ps. Spl. Ps. 102. 5: earn; Cant. Ps. 102.5: ewtn; Th, Ps. 102.5: earne; Mt, 24. 28, ZA. 13. 17: beod earnas gegaderode; #7. 7. 3: swa se earn Sonne he up gewit bufan da wolcnu ; Deut. 32. 11: swa earn his briddas spzen@ to flihte and ofer hig flicerad, swa he tobredde his federu; Sa/. (Pr) 146. 10: bid se Pater Noster on seolfrenes earnes onlicnisse; 146. 16: on gyldenes earnes onlicnisse; Gosp. Nic. Bright’s Reader 133. 4: he wes hyne asceacende eal swa earn Sonne he myd hredum flyhte wyle ford afleon; A. H. 2. 138. 30: Sa fleah sum earn etforan him on side ; 138. 35: la hwat se Almihtiga God meg foreade unc Surh @isne earn zt foresceawian; 140. 3: and efne se earn on Sam ofre geset; 140. 5: yrn to Sam earne; 140.8: syle swa-deah sumne dzl Sam earne to edleane his geswinces; 430. 24: feorde on earnes; 434. 8: and his neglas swa swa earnes clawa. For instances of eavz in names of places, see Cod. Dip. 6. 282. 2. earncynn. Eagle-kind. Lev. 11, 13: ne ete ge nanding hafoccynnes ne earncynnes. No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 21 3. gidfugel. Lit. ‘bird of war’; < gad, war + fugel, bird ; used as an epithet of the eagle. Rid, 25.5: Sone haswan earn, gudfugles hleodor. 4. gudhafoc. An epithet of the eagle; < gwd, war + hafoc, hawk. Brun, 64: earn zftan hwit, eses brucan, gredigne gudhafoc. Gen. Milvus. Kites. XXXVI. 1. c¥ta. Kite (mlvus milvus). ME. kite or kete. Once perhaps the most familiar bird of prey in Great Britain, but now extinct in most of its former haunts. In the Middle Ages it was very abundant in the streets of London, where it fed upon offal and garbage. WW, 131. 38: buteo, cyta; 196. 3: butium, cyta, frisca; 287. 7, 358. 35, Cp. B. 199: butio~. ‘The L. dutio is properly a bittern, but doubtless duteo is meant signifying a kind of falcon or hawk’ (Skeat). 2. glida. Kite, glede; also written gleed or glead. ME. gilede; Icel. gleda. < glidan, to glide, referring to its gliding motion. Glede continued to be the usual Eng. name for the kite until a comparatively late period, and is not wholly obsolete. The term is sometimes applied to related hawks, such as the common buzzard and the marsh-hawk. WW, 132. 16, 259. II, 285. 7, 443. 17, AL. Gl. 307. 2: mtluus, glida: Shrn. 29: milvus ~; AE. Gr. 243.14: hic miluus, Ses glida; Cp. M. 201: ~ glioda; ZdadA. 240, 31: ~ glide; Aid. 25. 5: hwilum glidan reorde mude gemene; 48. H. i. 586.6: se Se Surh reaflac gewilnad Sa Sing de he mid his eagum widutan sceawad, se is glida, na culfre et his ehdyrlum; A. Z. i. 46. 16: se Se reaflac lufad, he bid glida, and na culfre; A. Gr. 19. 13: hic miluus, Ses glida; 28. 19: mz/uus, glida. 3. frysca. Kite. This word is called a bittern by Bos- worth-Toller, probably because. its gloss éu¢zo is prop- erly the L. word for bittern. Bzzzo occurs several times in OE. glosses, but always, with this single exception, in connection with cyfa, kite. It may possibly be intended for duteo, a kind of hawk. The following gloss seems to identify frysca with cyta. WW. 196. 3: butium, cyta, frisca; Cp. B. 227: dbutio, frysca. 22 Whitman, [Vol. II Sub. F. Falconine. True Falcons. Gen. Falco. Falcons. XXXVII. wealhhafoc. Peregrine falcon (falco pere- grinus ; < wealh, foreigner + hafoc, hawk, i. e. the foreign or Welsh hawk; cf. OHG. waluchapuh. ‘In the A.S. period the favorite hawk for falconry was obtained from Wales’ (WW. 417). The falcon, on account of its bold spirit and great strength, has always been considered the best bird for falconry, a sport that was very popular among our Anglo-Saxon forefathers. The exact date of the introduction of falconry into England is not known, but about the year 750 Winifred or Boniface, then arch- bishop of Mons, sent Aithelbald, king of Kent, a hawk and two falcons; and Hedilbert, king of the Mercians, requested the same Winifred to send him two falcons, which had been trained to kill cranes (cf. Warton’s Ast. of Eng. Poet. 2. 40. note). WW. 132. 36: falco uel capus, wealhhafoc; #E. Gl. 307. 11: falco uel capun ~; WW, 406, 20, 514. 12: faleonum, wealhhafeca; 259. 8, 417. 10: herodius, wealhhafuc; ZdA. 240.15: ~ wealhheafoc; Cp. H. 83: ~ walch- habuc; F. 10: fal, walhhabuc; £%. 497: horodius, uualh[hjebuc; Zr. 497: ~ uualhhaebuc ; Za. 50: horodion, ualchefuc; Shrn. 29: erodionem [épodidv] valuchebuc; Spl. Ps. 103. 19: weahhafoces hus lateow is heora, herodii domus dux est eorum ; Nar. 16.13: 8a fugelas nocticoraces hatton weron in wealhhafoces gelicnisse (wulturibus similes). The falcon forms the theme of one of Cynewulf’s Riddles (78), which appears in Grein’s Bibliothek as the 8oth: Ic eom eelinges eaxlgestealla, fyrdrinces gefara, frean minum leof, cyninges geselda. Cwen mec hwilum hwitloccedu hond on lege@, eorles dohter, Seah hio eSelu sy. Hzbbe me on bosme, Szt on bearwe geweox. Hwilum ic on wloncum wicge ride herges on ende; heard is min tunge. Oft ic wodboran wordleana sum agyfe efter giedde. Good is min wise and ic sylfa salo. Saga, hweet ic hatte! No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 23 Ord. Pelecaniformes. Pelican-like Birds. Sub. Ord. Pelecani. Pelicans. XXXVIII. 1. pellican. Pelican; < L. pelicanus, < Gr. menexavos; ME. pelican, pelycan,; F. pelican; It. pellicano ; D. peltkaan. The pelican does not now exist in England. The following is taken from the Dict. of Birds: ‘Two specimens of the humerus of as many Pelicans have been found in the English fens (/éés. 1868), thus proving the former existence of the bird in England at no very distant period, and one of them being that of a young exampie points to its having been bred in this country. It is pos- sible from their large size that they belonged to Pelecanus Crispus.’ Th. Ps. 101. 5: ic geworden eom pellicane gelic se on westene wunad. 2. stangella. Pelican; < stén, stone + gellan, to yell; lit. a ‘stone-yeller.” In Rid. 25, gellan is used of the cry of a hawk. WW, 287. 10: pellicanus, stangella and wanfota; Spl. Ps. ror. 7: gelic geworden ic eom dam stangillan westene, similis factus sum pellicano solitu- donts. 3. wanfota. Pelican; < wan, lacking + fot, foot. Bos- worth-Toller suggests it is derived from wann, dark + fot, i.e. dark-footed. WW, 287.10: pellicanus, stangella and wanfota. 4. diifedoppa. Probably a pelican, because it is glossed by the L. Jel/icanus, pelican, although it is given in the Cent. Dict. as a general term for diving bird. < di#fan, to dive + dopettan, to dip. It is preserved in Mod.E. didap- per, divedappa, divedopper; the dife appears in Mod.E. dove, and doppa in Mod.E. doppe, a dabchick. ME. ay- doppar. Lamb. Ps. 101.7: gelic geworden ic eom nihthrefne od3e dufedoppan westennes, similis factus sum pellicano solitudinis. s. dumle. Pelican. Given in Lye’s Dict. with the gloss onocratallus. \t appears in the compound raradumle, bit- tern. 24 Whitman, (Vol. I5 Sub. Ord. Phalacrocoraces. Cormorants. Gen. Phalacrocorax. Cormorants and Shags. XXXIX. screb. Cormorant. Cf. Icel. skarfr, prop- erly the green cormorant; Shet. scarf; Scot. scart; G. sharbe. Cp.M. 199: merga, screb; Shrn, 29. 19: ibinem [’IBev], i. e. screb. Sub, Ord. Sule. Gannets. Gen. Dysporus. True Gannets. XL. ganot. Gannet (dysporus bassanus),; also used as a general term for sea-fowl, as ganotes b@5, the sea-fowl’s bath (sea). In ME. the word is found only in the con- tracted form, gant, gante. OHG. ganazza. < gan,seenin gander and goose (G. gans) + suffix, -of, -e7. WW, 259. 1, 284. 9, 404. 24, Z@A. 240. 24: fulix, ganot; Bl. Gl: fulice, ganotes; Cp. F. 382: funix, gonot uel doppaenid; #p.-Er. 419: fulix, ganot uel dopaenid; Prud. Gl. 398: cygnus, ganet; Beo. 1861, Run. 75: ganotes bed; Chron. 975: and Sa weard eac adrefed deormod hzle@ Oslac of earde ofer ySa gewealc ofer ganotes bed: Seaf.20: dyde ic me to gomene ganetes hleodor; Th. Ps. 104. 35: fuglas comon of garsecge, ganetes fleogan. Ord. Anseriformes. Geese, Swans, Ducks. F. Anatide. Sub. F. Anserine. Geese. XLI. 1. gis. Goose. ME. goos, gos; OHG. gans; G. gans,; cel. gas; L. anser; Gr. xnv. WW. 131. 21, ZdA. 240, 11, AL. Gr. 25.6, AE. Gl. 307. 8: auca, gos; Ine’s Laws 70: gees; Cod. Dip. 1. 297. 2,1. 299. 21: x ges; WW. 284.6: ossigra ~ 3 349. 30: anser ~; Cp, A. 627, Hp.-Er. 117: ~ goos; Er. 1103: anser, auca, gos; Lchdm. 3, 176. 6: gyf man mete Set he fela gosa hebbe, god Set bid; 2. 196. 22: gose fidru; Aid. 25.3: hwilum grade swa gos. For gés in local names, see Cod. Dip. 6. 291. 2. gosfugol. Goose. Cod, Dip. 1. 312.9: sex gosfuglas, 3. gandra, ganra. Gander. ME. gandre; the same word, but with different suffix, as MHG. ganzer, G. ganser. 4E. Gr. 43. 14, AE. Gl. 307. 8: anser, gandra; WW. 131.23: ~ ganra; 284. 12: ~ uel ganra, hwitgos; Cod. Dip. 5. 166.6: on gandra dune; Lchdm. 3. 145. 24: ganran. No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 25 4. hwitgés. White goose. WW. 259.2: canta, hwitegos ; 351. 16; anser ~~; ZdA. 240.14: ~ hwit- gos; WW. 284. 12: ~ uel ganra, hwit gos. ‘The words we/ ganra are added in another hand.’ 5. greggos. Gray goose, wild goose. Er. 1104: anser silvatica, gregos; WW. 259.3: canta, greggos ; 284.13: ganta uel auca~ ; Z@A. 240.13: ganta~; FE. Gl. 307. note: canta, grei gos; WW. 415. 31: gans, gregegos. 6. wildegés. Wild goose. WW, 413.6: gente, wildegos ; Cp. G. 53, 68: ~ wildegoos ; C. 341: cente ~; WW. 364.1: ~ wildegos. Riddle 11 is usually interpreted as the sea-furrow, but Brooke believes that it describes _the barnacle goose (ranta leucopsis) : Neb was min on nearwe and ic neodan wetre flode underflowen, firgenstreamum swide besuncen, and on sunde awox ufan ydum Seaht, anum getenge lifendum wuda lice mine, hefde feorh cwico, da ic of fesmum cwom. brimes and beames on blacum hregle: sume weron hwite hyrste mine, Sa mec lifgende lyft upp ahof wind of wege, siddan wide ber ofer seolhbado. Saga, hwet ic hatte! Sub. F. Cygnine. Swans. Gen. Cygnus. True Swans. XLII. 1. swan. Swan; doubtfully derived from the root of L. sonare,to sound. ME. swan, swon; OHG. swan, swana,; G. schwan,; Icel. swanr, used only in a poetical sense. At present three species of swans are found in England. The most common species, the whistling or wild swan (cygnus musicus), was known to the Anglo-Saxons, as its peculiar song is described in Riddle 8. The mute swan (cygnus olor) is said to have been introduced into England by Richard I. towards the end of the 12th cent. It now exists as a semi-domesticated species. 26 Whitman, [Vol. 11 WW. 131. 13, 459. 22, 274, 239.9: olor, Swan; 131.12: herodius ~ ; 417. 16: holor~ ; 287.4: diomedia uel herodioe ~~; Lchdm, 2.196. 20: swan; CH. H.134: Aolor,suan; Ep.-Er.700: olor, suan; WW, 294. 4,459.22: ~ swon; 349. 16: aluor, swon odee ilfatu; Shrn. 29: cicnum, suon, Beo, 200: swan- rade; Ph. 137: swanes fedre; WW. 284. 14: olor, swann; AL. Hex. 8.13: sume béo®d langsweorede, swa-swa swanas and ielfetan, det hie aracean him mzgen mete be Sem grunde. For instances of swax in local names, see Cod. Dip. 6. 339. 2. ilfetu. Swan. Cf. Icel. a//t, swan. WW. 349. 16: aluor, swon, 086e ilfatu ; 459. 22: olor, swan, ilfetu, swon; 131. 8, cignus, ylfete; 318.12: olor uel cignus, ylfette; Ep. 718: olor, cignus, eelbitu ; Z7A. 240. 10: cicnum, wluetu; Seaf. 19: hwilumylfete song: &, Hex. 8.12: sume beod langsweorede, swa-swa swanas and ielfetan; Z/. 718: olor gr(a)jece, latine cignus, ebitu. Riddle 8 describes the whistling swan (cyguus musicus) : Hregl min swigad, Sonne ic hrusan trede ode Ba wic buge odde wado drefe. Hwilum mec ahebbad ofer heleda byht hyrste mine and Seos hea lyft and mec donne wide wolcna strengu ofer folc byred : fratwe mine swogad hlude and swinsiad torhte singad, Sonne ic getenge ne beom flode and foldan ferende gest. Sub, F. Anatine. True Ducks. XLIII. 1. ened. Duck and drake. ME. ened, ende ; OHG. anut, anit; G. ente; L. anas. Ened was the com- mon name for duck in OE., dice being found only once. Bones of the common wild duck (azas boschas) have been found in Eng. peat bogs. WW, 131. 24: anas, ened; 258.9: anatis ~; 258. I0, 318. 9, 349. 24, ZE. Gr. 25. 6: anela ~; 258. 11, 434. 22: larax ~, Cp. A. 569: aneta, enid; £f.17: ~ aenid; £7.17: ~ aenit; Zd¢d. 240. 21, WW. 284.10: ~ wned; Zdd. 240. 22, WW, 284. 11: uel anax, ened; Lehdm. 2. 196. 20: ened ; Cod. Dip. 1. 258.5: 08 enede mere; 5. 216. 35: to enedforda. 2. diice. Duck; found only in genitive; lit. ‘a ducker,’ < *ducan, to duck. In ME. there are three types: dukke, duk, corresponding to Mod.E. duck; ddke, dook,; douke, dowke. a No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 27 Cod, Dip. 3. 18.16, 17: andlang Osrices pulle Sat hit cym®d on ducan seade; of ducan seade Set hit cymd on Rischale; 3. 399. 18: ondlang Osrices pulle, and swa Set hit cym®d on ducan seade; of ducan seade Set hit cym@ on Rischale. Ord. Ardeiformes. Herons, Storks and Ibises. Sub. Ord. Ardez. Herons. 2 F. Arderide. True Herons. Gen. Ardea. Grey Herons. XLIV. hragra. Common heron (ardea cinerea); proba- bly of imitative origin. MHG. vedger,; G. reiher; Icel. hegrit. Bones of the common heron are frequently found in East Anglian bogs. This bird is a favorite quarry of the falcon, and when falconry was at its height, heronries were protected by law in England and other European countries. « WW. 131. 14, 287. 3, 351. 25, 356. 30: ardea, hragra; A. Gl. 307.3: ~ hrahra ; Z¢A. 240. 30: ~ rahgre: Cp. A. 729: ardia et die perdulum, hragra ; Ep.-Er. 42. ardea et dieperdulum ~ ; Ld. 214: die perdulum ~; Shrn. 29.18: Jarum ~. Gen. Nycticorax. Night-Herons. XLV. 1. nihthrefn. Lit. ‘night-raven’; the common -night-heron (uycticorax nycticorax)., ME. nyghteraven; OHG. nahthraban ; G. nachtrabe ; \cel. natthrafn. This word has been variously interpreted as owl, night-jar and night-heron, but the weight of evidence seems to favor the last theory. Mhthrefn is usually glossed zicticorax, a word which presents some difficulties. In the 15th cent. glossaries it glosses nyghtcraw (night- crow) which is identical with the night-raven, according to the Cent. Dict. Glanvil in his De Propriet. Rerum p. 430, says: ‘ The nighte crowe hyghte Wictzcorax and hath that name for he louith the nyghte and fleeth and seeketh hys meete by nyghte.’ The Cent. Dict. identifies both the night-raven and night-crow with the night-heron, and adds: ‘The common European bird to which the name night-heron (and also night-raven) was originally applied is ardea nycticorax of the older writers’ [identical with nycticorax nycticorax above]. 28 Whitman, [Vol. I WW. 287.2: nocticorax, hrefn; 261. 12: ~nihtrefn; 453. 12: ~ niht- hremn; Z¢@A. 240. 35: ~ nihtrem; WW. 132. 3: nicticorax, nibtremn; £7. 674: ~ necthrebn ; Zp. 674: nycticorax, naechthraebn ; Cp. N. 145: noctua, naehthraefn ; Za. 204: ~ necthtrefn; Z£f. 673: ~ naechthraebn, ali dicunt nectigalae ; Zv.673: ~necthraebn, nacthegelae; Cant. Ps, 101.7: nocticorax, nihthrefn ; Vesp. Ps. tor. 7: nehthrefn; Th. Ps. tor. 5: nihthrefne ; Spl. Ps. 101.7: nihtrefen; Shrn. 29: noctuam, necstrepin, standing for necctrefin = nihthrefn, on the authority of Dr. Schlutter. 2. nihthroc. Lit. ‘night-rook’; < niht + hroc; used in the same connection as mhthrefn. Lamb Ps. 101. 7: nycticorax, nihtroc. Gen. Botarus. Bitterns. XLVI. 1. raredumle. Bittern (dotarus stellaris); < rar- zan, roar + dumle, pelican. G. rohrdommel. Long ago the bittern ceased to breed in England, but before the recla- mation of the bogs and fens, it was a very common bird, and was regarded as a great delicacy for the table. It makes a bellowing or booming sound that was once com- monly believed to be produced by the bird thrusting its beak and head beneath the water. This is described in Thomson’s Seasons. ‘The bittern knows his time, with bill submerged, To shake the sounding marsh.’ This peculiar booming sound of the bittern offers a possi- ble explanation of the following reference: Shrz. 29. 6: raredumlz, onocratalum, avis que sonitum facit in aqua. In 1544 Turner gave the name of miredromble to the bit- tern, the first part mre meaning a bog. WW. 195. 27: buban, raredumble; 260. 1, 460. Ig: onocratarum ~; 285. 10: onagratulus, raredumbla; Zd@A. 241. 20: origratulus, radumbel. 2. felofor. Bittern. This word, variously glossed by onocratalus, porphyrio, and torax (for thorax, breast) is evi- dently a water-fowl. I have called it a bittern on the strength of a reference in Cockayne’s Shrine, which places it in the same gloss with raredumlae, bittern. There also appears in the Shrine the following reference to porphyrio, properly the sultana-hen: Porphirionem non fit in Brittania. No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 29 Felofor is wrongly called fieldfare by Sweet, Hall and Newton in the Dict. of Birds. Feldefare, appearing as Jeldeware, is the OE. word for fieldfare. The derivation of felofor is uncertain, although Newton says it = fallow- farer, < fealo, fallow + faran, to fare. Shrn, 29: onocratalum, raredumlae vel felofor; WW. 287. 2: ‘torax, feol- ufor; 469. 22: porfyrio, fealfor; Zp. 807: ~ feolofor; Zr. 807: porfirio, fel- usor; WW. 259.5: porphyrio, fealuor; Cp. O. 175; onocratallus, felufer ; Gp. P. 517: porfyrio ~ ; T. 215: torax, felofeard ; Zp. 1027: ~ felofearth ; Er. 1027: ~ felufrech. Sub. Ord. Ciconii. Storks. Gen. Ctconia. True Storks. XLVI. store. Stork: no doubt the common white stork of Europe (ciconza ciconia), which is a frequent visitor to England. Only about thirteen records exist of the presence of the black stork on the island. Giraldus Cam. brensis, who visited Ireland in 1185, says, in his Zogo- graphia Hibernica, that ‘Storks (czconi@) are very rare throughout the whole island, and they are black (z/¢e nigre). From this one might infer that the black stork was not unknown in England at that time. ME. stork ; Icel. storki; OHG. stork; G. storch. — WW. 131. 25, 259. 13, 285. 3, 364. 13, Co. C. 405, Er. 259, ZdA. 240. 19, ©. Gr. 25.6, AE. Gl. 307. 4: ciconia, storc; Ld. 206: ~ storhc; A. H. £. 404. 25, Jer. 8.7: storc and swalewe heoldon Gone timan heora tocymes. Ord. Gruiformes. Crane-like Birds. Sub. Ord. Grues. True Cranes. XLVIII. 1. cran. Crane. The name belonged origi- nally to the common crane (grus grus), which, until the seventeenth century, bred abundantly in the fen countries of Great Britain, and was greatly prized as food. Now it is an ‘accidental visitor. WW. 132. 21, 259. 14, 285.9, 413. 32, A. Gl. 307. 3, A. Gr. 14. 3: gras, cran; Z@A. 240. 18: crus, cran. For instances of craz in local names, see Cod. Dip. 6. 274. 30 Whitman, (Vol. II 2. cranoc. Crane. Gr. yépavos; OHG. cranuh, G. kranich ; \cel. trani (for krant). Cp. G, 164: grauis, cornuc; G. 162: grus, gruis, cornoch. Ord. Charadriiformes. Bustards and Plovers. Sub. Ord. Charadrii. Waders. F. Charadriidz. Plovers and Snipes. Sub. F. Charadriine. True Plovers. XLIX. hulfestre. Plover. WW. 132.12: plevialis, hulfestre ; 287. 14: cuzpella, hulfestran. Gen. Vanellus. Lapwings. L. lepewince. Lapwing (vanellus vanellus); < hléapan, to run + wexce: the second part of the word is literally a winker, but we must assign to the verb wink its original sense which is preserved in G. wanken, to totter (cf. Skeat’s Dzct.). Hence the word really means ‘one who turns about in running,’ apparently referring to the bird’s irregular, twitching mode of flight. ME. lapwing ; Gower, lappewinke. WW, 260. 2, 367. 29: cucu, hleapewince; 285. 11, Z¢@A. 240. 26: cucurata ~; CG. C. 951: cucuzata, lepuuince; Er. 264: ~ laepzuince; Ld. 210. ~ lepiumce: AX. Gl. note: cucu, lapawinca. Sub. F. Scolopacinz. Snipes. Gen. Scolopax. Woodcocks. LI. 1. wuducoce. Woodcock (scolopax rusticula); < wudu, wood + cocc, cock. ME. wodekoc. WW. 258.5: acega, wuducocc; ZdA. 240. 28: ~ wudecocc; WW. 1332.. 20: acegia, snite wel wudecocc. 2. wuduhona. Woodcock; < wudu, wood + hana, cock. Cp. P. 183: pantigatum, uuduhona. : 3. holthana. Woodcock; < holt, wood + hana, cock. WW. 344. 30, Zp. 41: acega, holthana; C, A.125: ~ holthona; Ev. 41:. accega, holtana. No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 31 4. wudusnite. Woodcock; < wudu, wood + snite, snipe. Sweet calls this bird the woodcock, and the derivation seems to bear it out. The woodcock is a bird of the woodland, while the snipe frequents the marshes and fens. WW, 363. 27: cardiolus, wudusnite ; Cp. C. 258: ~ uudusnite. Gen. Gallinago. True Snipes. LII. 1. snite. Snipe. ME. swzte, snyte; perhaps allied to snort, probably having reference to the bird’s long bill. WW, 285. 12, 344. 38, Cp. C. 138: acegia, snite; WW. 132. 20: aceta, snite we? wudecocc. 2. heferbl#te. Snipe. This word does not appear in ME. but is preserved in Mod.E. as hammer-bleat and heather-bleat, a snipe. In the dictionaries it is variously termed sea gull, bittern, and hawk. Once it appears as hefenblete (‘haven-screamer,’ gull) but this is probably for haeferblete, the usual form; < hefer, a he-goat (L. caper) + bletan, to bleat, lit. a ‘ goat-bleater.’ This seems to describe accurately the male snipe, whose love song resembles the bleating of agoat. Hence in many languages the snipe is known by names signifying ‘flying goat,’ ‘heaven’s ram,’ as in Scotland the ‘ heather-bleater.’ Cf. Dict. of Birds. WW. 260. 3, 358. 7: bicoca, heferblete; 116.41: ~ heferblate wel pur ; 361.17: dugium, heferblete; 131.29: ~ hefenblzte ; 194.17: dicoca, hefer- bleta; Cp. B. 96: ~haebreblete; Zp. 124: ~hraebrebletae; Z7. 124: ~ hebrebletae ; 4. G/. 307. note. dicoca, heuerbleta. Gen. Pelidna. Dunlins. LIII. pir. Dunlin (pelidna alpina) ; also called purr or purre. The dunlin like the snipe and most of his allies, exercises himself in peculiar flights and makes a peculiar whistling sound. The resemblance of the dunlin to the snipe, both in appearance and habits, would seem to ex- plain the following reference. WW.116. 41: bicoca, heferblete wel pur ; 285.10: onagratulus, raradumla Szet is pur. 32 Whitman, [Vol. II Ord. Lariformes. Gulls. F, Laride. Gulls and Terns. Sub. F. Sternine. Terns. LIV. stearn. This word has often been confounded with the OE. szer and stern, starling, but its occurrence in the Seafarer and the gloss gavza, gull (Er. 1116), prove that it is a water bird. Grein interprets it as sea-swallow, another name of the tern, and Sweet in his A. S. Reader also calls ita tern. It seems very probable that the Mod. E, starn and stern, used in England for the tern, are from the OE. stearn. The following quotation from the Dict. of Birds is suggestive: ‘Starn was used in Norfolk in the middle of this century for the bird known by the book name of black tern, thus confirming Turner, who, in 1544, described that species as ‘xostrati lingua sterna appellata.’ In at least one instance the word has been confounded with one of the old forms of the modern starling. To Turner’s name we owe the introduction by Linnzus of Sterna into scientific nomenclature. ‘J/kstern’ is another Dutch form of the word.’ Dr. Schlutter (Azgdia 19. 461.) identifies stearn with zsern, but the words are in no case glossed the same. The meaning of the L. deacita is uncer- tain. WW. 358. 1, 260. 12, Cp. B. 61: deactta, stearn; WW.131. 11: beacita uel sturnus~; Cp. F. 163: fida~; ZdA. 240. 29; beatita~; WW. 286. 7: beatica, tearn; Ep. 125: deacita, stearno; Er. 125: diactta, stern; Zr. 1116: gavia, avis qui dicitur, sterna sax; Seaf. 23: Ser him stearn oncwz® isig- federa. Sub. F. Larine. Gulls. LV. méw. Mew or sea-gull. The word mew was perhaps originally imitative of the mew or cry of the bird. In the 15th cent. glosses the word semewe appears for the first time. ME. mewe,; OHG. méh; G. méwe ; Icel. mar. WW, 131. 30: alcedo uel alcion, mew; 356.27: alcido~; HE. Gl. 307. 5, ZdaA, 240. 25, AL. Gr. 37.7: alcedo~ ; Cp. A.478: alcido, meau ; G.29: gabea ~; L. 50: larus~; Zp. 610: laris, men; Zr. 610: ~meu; Shran. 29. 2: Jarum, meu uel meg; An. 371: se grega mew; Seaf. 22: mew singende fore medodrince; Rid. 25.6: hwilum mzwes song; Hush. Mes, 25: ongin mere secan, mewes e@el, No, 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 33 Ord. Ralliformes. Rails. F. Rallide. Rails and Water-Hens. Sub. F. Rallinez. Rails. Gen. Crex. Land-Rails. LVI. secgscara. Corn-crake or land-rail (crex crex). Cf. Icel. skaérz, sea-mew. WW, 287. 11: ortigometra, secgscara. Hall calls seegscara a quail, but wrongly I believe. Coturntx is the usual L. word for quail, while ortygometra (épTvE+ wntHp) is properly ‘quail mother,’ a bird that leads the quails in their migrations across the sea, i. e. the land- rail or corn-crake. Moreover the first part of the OE. word, secg (sedge), would seem to suggest the fondness of the land-rail for the reeds of the fens and marshes. Sub. F. Fulicine. Coots. LVII. 1. dopenid. Common coot (fulica atra),; < stem of dopettan, to dip + enzd, duck: lit. ‘dipping duck.’ WW. 132.18: fulica, dopenid; Cp. F. 382: funix, gonot wel doppa enid; £p.-Er. 419: fulix, ganot wel dopaenid; Cp. F. 397: fulice gen(us) auis marinae. 2. iphebbe. Coot; < apahebban, to lift up, ‘tail-lifter.’ Found only in genitive. Th. Ps. 103.17: fulicae domus, uphebbean hus. LVIII. 1. dopfugel. Lit. ‘dipping fowl’; < dopettan, to dip + fugel, fowl. Wiilker says, ‘the moorhen—still called in Dutch doopvogel,’ but it seems to have been used as a general term for diving fowl. It is glossed mergulus, which is the didapper or little grebe in the 15th cent. glosses. Shrn. 29: mergulum, niger avis, mergit sub aquam pisces querere, i. e. dop- fugel. The moorhen would hardly be described as a black bird (niger avis). WW. 258. 14, ZdA. 240. 23: mergus, dopfugel; WW. 284.8: mergulus ~. 2. fugeldoppe. Diving fowl. WW. 131. 20: mergulus, fugeldoppe. 3 34 Whitman, [Vol. I} 3. scealfor. Diving fowl. WW. 258. 13: mergulus, scealfor; 287. 5: turdella ~ ; 287. 6, 518. IO: mergula ~ ; 444. 21: mergulis ~ 5 131. 19: mergus, scealfr: A. Gl. 307. 6: mergus uel mergulus, scealfra; Cp. M. 160: mergulus, scalfur; Zp.-Er. 647: ~ scalfr; Hpt. G/, 418. 70: 8a geseah he swimman scealfran on flode, and gelome doppetan adune to grunde, ehtende Searle Sara ea fixa. Da het Martinus Sa wedleasan fugelas Ses fixnodes geswican, and to westene sidian; and Sa scealfran gewiton aweg to holte hom; . A. 2. 516. 6-12: 6a geseah he symman scealfran on flode, and gelome dopettan adune to grunde, ehtende Searle Sere ea fixa. Da cwed se halga wer to his geferan. ‘Das fugelas habbad feonda gelicnysse, 3e gehwilce menn unwere beswicad, and gredelice gripad to grimre helle.’ Da het Martinus 3a me®dleasan fuge- las Ses fixnodes geswican, and to westene sidian; and @a scealfran gewi- ton aweg to holte. Ord. Columbiformes. Pigeons. LIX. culfre. The general term for dove; preserved in Mod.E. culver, the name of the wood-pigeon in the south and east of England. ME. culver, colfre, culfre. WW. 260. 6, 286. I, 367. 30, AE. Gl. 307. 4, ZdA. 240. 36, AL. Gr. 25. 6: columba, culfre; WW. 131. 30: ~ culfer; 360. 6: dariona, culfran sunu; Lchdm, 1. 170.12: culfron; 2. 196. 21, 246.1: culfrena briddas; 2.209. 13: culfran scearne ; 3. 200. 18: culfran gesid sume unrotnysse getacnad ; Past. Care 237. 21: beo ge....sua bilwite sua culfran; 237. 22, 23: Sere cul- fran biliwitnesse; AE. St. I. 54. 73: and an scinende culfre scxt of Sam fyre; I. 58.127: anre culfran anlicnysse; 1. 58.130: culfran; Bd H.135.1, se Drihtnes Gast ofer hiene astige on culfran onlicnesse; 157. 10: aris Su ...min culfre; 23. 27: ah twegen culfran briddas him geniht-sumedan ; Gen. 1451: haswe culfran; 1464: 8a wes culufre eft of cofan sended ymb wucan; 1477: 3a gyt se eadega wer ymb wucan Oriddan wilde culufran ane sende; Gen. 8. 8, 10, 12: culfran; Th. Ps. 67. 13, Vesp. Ps., Cant. Ps., Spl. Ps. 67.14: culfran; Th. Ps., Spl. Ps. 54.6, Vesp. Ps. 54.7: culfran; Cant. Ps. 54. 7; culfre; Az. 3.16: culfran; Lind. Mt. 3.16: culfre; M¢. 10. 16: culfran: Lind. Mt. 10. 16: culfre ; A/¢. 16.17: culfran bearn; JZ. 1.10: culfran , Lind, Mk. 1.10: culfre; LA, 2, 24: twa turtlan, odde twegen culfran-briddas; Lind. Lk, 2, 24: culfras birdas; /z.1. 32: culfran: Lind. Jn. 1.32: culfre: Lev. 1. 14: culfran briddas ; culfranmere occurs in Cod. Dip. 3.570; Vesp. Hy.3. 11: ic smegu swe swe culfre; Zev. 5.7: twegen culfran briddas ; 5. rr: culfran; Gen. 15. 9: geoffra me to lace... sume turtlan and sume culfran; 2. H. I, 104. 21: 3a Sa se Halga Gast, on culfran hiwe, uppon him gereste; 140. 2; ane culfran; 140. 4, 15: twegen culfran-briddas; 142. 7: culfran sind swide unsceOdige fugelas ; 320. 1: on anre culfran anlicnysse ; 320. 2: on culfran hiwe ; 320, 12, 31: on culfran anlicnysse; 322.6: on culfran ; 368. 3: eadig eart du, culfran sunu ; 368.4: on culfran anlicnysse; 368.5: nu gecigde se Hzlend Petrum culfran bearn ; 406, 18, 20: culfran; 412. 10: se No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 35 lareow bid culfran cypa; 444. 10: ic geseah 3a wlitegan swilce culfran astigende ofer streamlicum ridum, and unascegendlic bred stemde of hire gytlum ; 584. 28: hwet sind Sas Se her fleogad swa swa wolcnu, and swa swa culfran to heora ehdyrlum; 584. 32: se witega.... gecigde hi culfran, and fleogende wolcnu ; 584. 34: culfre is bilewite nyten; 586. 1: sodlice da halgan apostolas weron swilce culfran at heora eh-dyrlum; 586.6: seis glida, na culfre zt his eh-Syrlum; A. ZH. 2. 40.3: and Godes Gast com on anre culfran hiwe ; 42.34: dada he wes gesewen on anre culfran anlicnysse ; 44.16: on culfran gelicnysse; 44. Ig: ac he com ofer Criste on culfran hiwe ; 44. 24: we redad on bocum be Sere culfran gecynde; 44. 34: on culfran; 46.1: Set he hebbe bilewitnysse Sere culfran; 46. 3, 4: swa swa seo culfre is buton geallan, and ne begange nan reaflac, ne nanes mannes ne ehte, Se ma de seo culfre ded; 46.14: nefd he na culfran Seawas, ac hefd Ses blacan hremmes; 46. 16: se de reaflac lufad, he bid glida, and na culfre ; 46. 18: ne ded seo culfre na swa, ne leofad heo be nanum deave; 46. I9: be Sere culfran gecynde; 46. 20: uton habban... dere culfran unsceddignysse ; 184.17: sawle bedan to heofenan, on anre culfran hiwe; 210. 32: culfran we offriad ; Grein’s Bibl. A.S. Prosa 3. 130. 472: Sonne sceolde culfre fleogan of Sere gyrde foreweardre up 09 done heofon ; 3. 131. 506: Ser of sona fleah culfre; Sal. (Pr). 186. 29: ic Se secge, culfre is selust, heo getacnad done Haligan Gast; Shrm. 54.14: on culfran hiwe. F. Columbide. True Pigeons. Gen. Columba. Wood-pigeons. LX. 1. ciiscote. Wood-pigeon, ring-dove (columba palumbus) ; still called cushat or cowshot in the northern dialects and in Scotland. The word has no cognates in the other Teutonic languages, and its etymology is obscure. The element scote, scute, is apparently a deriva- tive of sceotan, to shoot, and may mean a shooter, or darter. (Cf. WV. Z. Dict.) ME. cowscot, couscot. WW. 286.2: palumba, cuscote wel wuduculfre ; ZdA. 240. 40: ~ cuscote ; Cp. P. 136: palumbes ~ ; WW. 260.7: pudumbra, cusceote; Ep. 829: palum- pes, cuscutan ; Er. 829: palumpes, cuscotae. 2. wuduculfre. Wood-pigeon. WW. 286. 2: palumba, cuscote wel wuduculfre; . Gl. 307.4: ~ wude- culfre; WW. 131. 32: palumous, wudeculfre. 3. diife. Dove; a hypothetical form found only in the compound dufedoppa, pelican. 36 Whitman, [Vol. II F. Peristeridz. Ground-pigeons. Sub. F. Tuturine. Turtle-doves. Gen. Turtur. Turtle-doves. LXI. 1. turtle. Turtle-dove (turtur turtur); a redupli- cated form, prob. imitative of the cooing of a dove. ME. turtle, also tortor ; G. turtel (taube); OF. turtre,; F. tourtre ; It. cortora; L. turtur. WW, 132. 1, 4. Gl. 307.11, 4. Gr. 14. 2: turtur, turtle; AL. Gr. 48. 16: hic turtur, Seos turtle ; Z¢A. 240.37: turtura, turtle; AL. A. 2. 210, 34: turt- lan we offriad ; Cant. Ps. 83.4: turle; Th. Ps. 83.3: turtle; Spl. Ps. 83.3: turtlah; ZA. 2, 24: twa turtlan; Zev. 1. 14: turtlan; A. H. 1. 140. 2: ane turtlan; 140. 5: twa turtlan; 140. 15: Sonne sceole we him bringan twa turtlan ; 140. 22: lytel wes an lamb, ode twa turtlan, Gode to bringenne ; 142. 12: 8a turtlan getacniad clennysse; 142. 16: Sonne geoffrad he Sa turtlan; Gen. 15. 9: geoffra me to lace. ... sume turtlan and sume culfran ; Lev. 5.7: bringe [he] twa turtlan; 5. 11: turtlan. 2. turtur. Turtle-dove; < L. turtur. . Lind, Lk, 2. 24: tuoe tuturas; Surt. Ps. 83. 4, Vesp. Ps. 83. 3: speara gemoeted him hus and tutur nest; B/. AH. 23. 27: twegen culfran briddas and twegen turturan gemzccan. Ord. Galliformes. Game-Birds. F. Phasianide. Partridges. Sub. F. Perdicine. Gen. Coturnitx. Quails. LXII. 1. erschen. Quail (coturnix coturnix); < erse, stubble-field + hen. WW, 132.10; coturnix, erschen ; 287.12: ~ erschen; A. Gi. 307.9: ~ erschen; WW. 460. 2: ortigomera ~; Spl. Ps. 104. 38. Marg. Ref.- hi beedon and com erschen (coturnix) ; Exod. 16, 13: Drihten gesende swa micel fugolcyn on hira wicstowe swilce erschenna, Set is on Lyden coturnix. 2. nihtlecan. Quail. Cant. Ps. 104. 40: biddz@d flesces and kym®d dz nihtleczen hlaef hefones gefylled hie. 3. edischen. Quail; < edisc, pasture + hen. WW. 367. 34: ciaus, edischen; 260. 32: ~ edischenn ; 380. 18: coturnix, edischen ; Vesp. Ps. 104. 40: ~ edeschen; Cf. O. 236; ortigometra, edi- schen ; Zp. 714: ortigomera, edischen ; Z7. 714: ~ edischenim ; A. Gi. 307. note: gaus, hedeshen: Spl. Ps. 104. 38: hi bedon and com edischeen (cotur- nix). No. 2] The Birds of Old English Literature 37 4. wuduhenn. Quail; < wudu, wood + henn, hen. Cp. C. 840: coturno, wodhe. 5. wihtel. Quail; a hypothetical form given by Sweet and Hall. G. wachtel. Sub. F. Phasianine. Pheasants. Gen. Phasianus. True Pheasants. LXIII. 1. worhana. Pheasant (phascanus colchicus). At present the pheasant exists, in England, in a semi-domesti- cated state. In regard to its introduction Hudson says in his Brztish Birds, ‘When and by whom it was intro- duced into England is not known. There is evidence that the bird existed and was held in great esteem in this country before the Norman Conquest; and the belief is that it was brought hither by the Romans, who were accustomed to introduce strange animals into the countries they conquered.’ WW. 260. 4: fusianus, worhana; 285.13: fursianus ~ ; 402.3: fasianus ~; 2. Gl. 307. note: fusionus~ ; Cp. F. 22: fasianus, worhona; Zd@A. 240, 27: fursianus, morhana; Zp. 424: fasianus, uuorhana; Er. 424: fassianus, uuorhana, 2. worhenn. Probably a pheasant. The gloss cracznus is of uncertain meaning. WW, 215. 1, 380. 18: cracinus, worhenn. Il. Domestic Fowl. LXIV. 1. capun. Capon;