gt Pat eae * fi i - Pee dute Ran as ph ibaa ahs ne th ah we reteconi: cea aed aa es EAS Rana terete ta tee igs ear ok SOA eA ac ea TE La RAGA FA or OO a Sian ee PAR 2 i 5 ¥ esek nes rece vrueet irs Dneete Mareen Lets Peery eee a rae 4 Tee ent Pea QV /9079 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Library of Henry B. Lord ig olin,anx Leaves and flowers : oR, OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. The Mexican Sage,—the Pink,—Phlox,—Bell-flower,—Sweet Pea,—Lily,—Morning-glory, —Heather,—Rose,—Ear-drop,—Monk’s-hood, &c.,—illustrating the several classes of corolla forms. See Lesson XY. Leaves and Flowers; OR, QBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. WITH A FLORA. PREPARED FOR BEGINNERS IN ACADEMIES AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS. BY ALPHONSO WOOD, A.M, AUTHOR OF THE CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY, ETC. WITH 665 ILLUSTRATIONS. NEW YORK: BARNES & BURR, 51 -& 53 JOHN-STRERT. TROY: MOORE & NIMS.—CHICAGO: GEORGE SHE}: WOOD. CINCINNATI: RICKEY & CARROLL. ST. LOUIS: KEITH & WOODS. AND SOLD BY BOOKSELLERS GENERALLY. 1863. Ss A.37048€ PROF. WOOD’S COMPLETE TREATISE. = PS CLASS BOOK OF BOTANY ;; being Outlines of the Structure, Philosophy, and Classification of Plants, with a Flora of the United States and Canada. By Axpnonso Woop, A. M., Principal of Female Academy, Brooklyn. 8vo, pp. 882. Price, $2 50. Published by Barnes & Burr, New York. Teachers, pupils, and amateurs will find in the new Class Book of Botany, the following peculiar advantages : ; First. The Scientific Treatise embraced in Parts I., II., and III., is remarkable for its comprehensiveness, clearness, and brevity; is divided into short paragraphs, suited to the learner’s convenience; and each paragraph, with the topic prefixed in capitals, is adapted to recitation and reviews. ; Second, The Flora comprehends a wider territory than that of any School Botany now in use, extending from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, and from the St. Law- rence to the Gulf of Mexico. 53 j Third. The Flora comprehends not only our native, spontaneous vegetation, but also one thousand species of cultivated plants—almost our entire exotic flora, grow- ing in the field, the garden, aud the conservatory; thus rendering the study of Botany as practicable in the city as in the country. Fourth. The descriptions of species are unusually full, graphic, and popular in style. ° Tripth. The Tables for analysis are far in advance of those in the former editions, both in simplicity and extent, reaching now from the Grand Division to the Species, and by their peculiar form adapted to class exercise throughout the entire route; thus rendering the pursuit at once a vigorous discipline and an exciting amusement. “T am delighted with Prof. Woon’s new Botany ; | in an Academy like this. In the condensation you we have now used it in # class of 35, and find it all | have succeeded admirably; the illustrations are we could desire as a text-book ; simple and clear in | excellent, giving a very clear idea of the different its descriptions, full in its illustrations, style con- | parts of the plant, and of the meaning of the techni- densed, requiring alone attention, and yet all the | cal terms. The Flora is very full, and I think has principles of the science so fully developed, that as ; been much improved by the addition of the exotics. the student advances he finds new pleasure in the | The analytical tables are the most pentect I have form and fashion of every organ, as means adapted | ever seen.”’— William A. Anthony, Teacher of Nat- to a particular end; and then the fine tables of | ural Science, Providence Conference Seminary, East analysis so facilitate the labor in tracing the plant | Greenwich, R. I. : to its species, that but little time is consumed in that process. We heartily thank the author for his long years of patient indefatigable toil, which has CHARLOTTESVILLE, N. Y., Jan. 1861. given to the youth of our country so comprehensive My opinion of your work may be summed up ina a work on the vegetable kingdom.”’—From Hrs. | few words. I deem it the best work of its kind M. Poyle, Teacher of Natural Science in Ohio | extant. I have stadied and think am familiar with Fe College. all American works ; and for preciseness of descrip- tion, I think yours the preferable one. Your ‘t Key’? * is very ingenious, and is the only intelligible one I “T have introduced Prof. Woop’s new Class Book | know of. adapted to_the wants of students.—E. C. of Botany, and am much pleased with it; in fact, it | Howe, Prof. Nat. Science, New York Conference is my ideal for a Class Book of Botany, for classes | Seminary. g The publishers of ‘‘ Prof. Woop’s Botany,” would add, that many large institu-- tions, like ‘‘ Amherst College,” ‘‘Mount Holyoke Female Seminary,” ‘Packer Institute, Brooklyn,” ‘‘ Delaware College, Ohio,” and ‘‘ Michigan State Normal School,’’ are using the Book with great success. : NG ode? > tered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, By BARNES & BURR, In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. : PREFACE. Amone the happiest days of our childhood were those devoted to the study of Botany. Pure sunshine rests upon the memory of those rambles in the fields and woods, amid the opening flowers of Spring, and then in the gay profusion of advancing Summer, in which we made acquaintance with many a floral gem before unknown. We love to think of that wild woodland lake where first we saw the sparkling Sundew, the quaint Sarracenia, and the fair Nymphea, resting on the bosom of the waters; or of that lowly dell by the brookside, where the Yellow Violet, the Hepatica, and the Bloodroet bloomed; or of that craggy mountain, where, among the rocks, the Columbine hung out its scarlet flowers. Then returning home with our gathered treasures, how we entered with a will upon the work of Analysis, toiling for hours as no schoolmaster could have compelled us to do, being attracted to the task by the very love of it alone. Here, then, we have at least one department in learning whose earnest pursuit is so congenial to the affections and tastes of the mind as to be no irksome task, but a pastime,—a perpetual feast; and this not only to maturer minds, but to the season of early youth even in a higher degree, since then the objects of nature are especially invested with the charms of novelty. Let it not be said, however, that Botany attracts such willing votaries because it requires no labor, no persevering effort. No science is more intricate or profound. It cannot be understood except by vigorous and persevering effort. Consequently, in its successful pursuit there is disci- pline for the mind as well as for the body; and since the subject itself is replete with refinement and beauty, and fresh from the hand of God, its pursuit must also conduce to the invigoration of the moral nature. If, then, it be desirable to preoccupy the minds of our children with controlling ideas of purity, refinement, and moral beauty,—with exalted 6 PREFACE. thoughts of God, habits of mental activity, strength of judgment, and decision of character; and, moreover, to do all this by means of a study whose path, in a double sense, is strown with flowers, then is the study of Botany desirable; and that labor is not in vain which is bestowed upon the preparation of a work designed, like the present, for primary classes, from the ages of ten to fourteen. As the title implies, we have aimed to represent to the eye nearly every subject or form treated of, or described in these Lessons. But, notwith- standing the copiousness of these illustrations, neither the teacher nor the pupil will be satisfied to rely upon their aid alone. Nature alone can afford the proper illustrations in the study of Nature’s works, and it is only by comparison with the living specimen that either the picture or the description becomes intelligible. Therefore let specimens in unlimited number accompany every botanical recitation. Most of the figures are original. Others have been derived from Maout, Payer, Richard, Balfour, Lindley, and a few, by permission, from Darl- ington’s ‘“ Weeds and Useful Plants.” Finally, to the children and youth of our country, gathered in schools of every name, this humble volume is dedicated, with confident belief that it will prove to many of them a source of intellectual and moral culture as well as of pure and rational delight. Broortyn, N. Y., February 28, 1868, CONTENTS. PAus PREVAUCE gaisesisweeilesawasies saecens. cane aaa ea ayaa a eamnteaRNe SRR 5 Lesson 1. The Leaf and its parts .......5. cece cece cece sees eveeeee 9 2. Veins and Venation of the Leaf................02% EER il —— 38. Forms and Figures of Leaves ...........ccceeeecccevcnace 15 —— 4. Forms and Figures of Leavesis: sacs oii seca eee eevaeews “i9 —— 5. Other Forms‘and Figures ..............e-eeneeeees eee 22 —— 6. Margin and Apex ............ RGR BeOS ata cRerets NEN etetei 26 —— 7. Compound Leaves. ...... 0c cccce sees cccatceenereceeeeees 28 —— 8. Sessile Leaves.—Forms of Stipules...........-.. cece eeeee 32 ——— 9. Arrangement of Leaves and Buds..........ccceeceucevees 35 —— 10. Appendages, &.............. aie a ewe Bie ees aN peaesusiage as 38 11. Organs of the Flower........ COaa Necwatine snes az wales 41 —— 12. More about the Calyx and Corolla............ cece see e coos 43 —— 13. About Adhesions................. seven sues aee See 48 —— 14. Forms of the Perianth ............. cece eeeee eee eee eeeee 50 15. Concerning the Stamens......... Da aia WERT TNA AS OE 54 ——— 16. More about the Stamens ..............0 cece eee neta cove 59 —— 17. The Plan of the Flower... 0.0... ccceecececencereeranees 62 seen 1S, SOF te: BRISth] 8) ¢ Siiveeseareetidcnss Bij wi oe) igoxesecaibkniguEscna' Suan w'anedevecararwobiaes 67 ——— 19. How the Leaves are folded in the Bud...............-2005 71 — 20. How the Flowers are arranged on the Plant ...........+4- 75 — —— 21. The Inflorescence continued....... gialcaslunttcnravarsanereseiovacgsereeanas ax %8 ———- 22. Concerning the Fruit. .... 0.0... ccc cece cece eee eee 88 —— 28. Fruits continued .... 0.2... cece ee cee ec cece ee ee ee econ 88 ——— 24. Concerning the Seeds.......sceee cece ecee ee eee eee rece es 92 ——— 25. The Seed becoming a Plant ...........ceeceeeeeeeeee ence 95 ——— 26. Life of the Plant, or its Biography .............. eee ee eee 100 ——— 27. Of the Axis of the Plant........... cece eee eeees apdvecbueaats 103, —- 28. Of the Stem or Ascending Axis ........ aiswspndarerawioens eae 106 29. Plants to be arranged in ClasseS........e.cseeereeeeeees ', 118 8 CONTENTS. é PAGE Lusson 30. The Natural NYAtenle: says wana ee es ees siattonessi eeee 115 31. More about the Natural System......... soe toasieaeeesiclanae 119 —— 32. Of the Analysis of Plants. ...........ce cece cee e ce eeere . 122 ——— 33. How to Analyze a Plant by the Tables .........-.-+++005 125 34. Various Suggestions and Cautions ............20sseeeees 128 Abbreviations and Sighs ............0 0. cee e eee cee e cece teen cereene 131 Analysis of the Natural Orders..............- chseapesnng pay agtave Merssainonsiesse 132 THE FLoRA.—Cohort 1. The Polypetalous Exogens.............00005 143 Cohort 2, The Gamopetalous Exogens...............++- 215 _ Cohort 3. The Apetalous Exogens............. seeeeee 205 Cohort 4. The Conoids (omitted). : Cohort 5. The Spadiciflore......... ccc cee cece eee eee 282 Cohort 6. The Floridia .......0. cece cece eee eens oe 284 Glossary of Botanical Terms...........-.0eceeceeceteceeeees Scaiseue 802 Index to the Names of Species, Genera, Orders, &......... Be veserchemne i 309 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. LESSON I. “THE LEAF, AND ITS PARTS, Fig. 1. Leaf of the Quince. 1. We have before us the picture of a Quince leaf, care- fully drawn and colored. It is of a rich green color, very pleasant to the eye. Its outlines are full, even, and grace- fully curved, and its upper surface is: seme and naked. Although it is indeed but one leaf, yet it seems to ue made up of three parts—d, 7, ss. 2. The ieee part, 5, is broad and ae and is called the 10 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. BLADE. The upper end of the blade is the apex, and the lower end is the base. You see at once that the outline of this blade represents a certain form or figure, with an even margin, rounded, and broader at the base than at the apex, like the figure of an egg. So it is called an egg-shaped leaf; or, to use a softer word, ovate. 3. Now see how this blade is supported. At the base it is suddenly narrowed to a foot-stalk, which is properly called the petiorx. You see that this part of the leaf is narrow and slender, and in this leaf terete, or cylindrical, inform. Butin some kinds of leaves it is flattened. Remember its name,— petiole. ; 3 4. Lastly, at the base of the petiole you notice a pair of little leaf-like bodies, one on this side and one on that. These we call the strrutes. Stipules, then, are always in pairs, and placed at the base of the petiole. Their shape is quite various. 5. Thus, when a leaf is complete, it consists of a blade, a petiole, and a pair of stipules. But you will not find every kind of leaf complete. Many sorts have no stipules at all. Can you find stipules on the leaves of the Lilac? Some leaves, moreover,. have not even a petiole. See the leaves of Phlox. Such leaves are said to be sessile, that is, sitting. 1. What is the color of the leaf of the Quince bush? What is the color of leaves generally? Ans. Green, of lighter or darker shade. What of the outline of this leaf?—its upper surface? 2. What is the blade ?—the apex ?—the base? What is the figure of the blade? 5 3. How is the blade supported? Describe the foot-stalk. Tell its real name. : 4. Describe the stipules. 5. Now state the three parts of a complete leaf. Do all kinds of leaves have stipules? Do the leaves of the Lilac?—of St. Johnswort, &c.?—of the VEINS OF THE LEAF. 11 LESSON II. VEINS AND VENATION OF THE LEAF. 6. Tue blade of the Quince leaf. (Fig. 2) shows many veins running through it, and branching all over it. Examine Fig. 2. Leaf of the Quince, showing the veins. them. First, the petiole seems to be extended and continued right through, from the base to the apex, forming the largest vein in the leaf. This is the mzdvein. 4. Next observe several large branches sent off from this midvein on both sides, right and left. These are the veelets. Now, looking at these veins, their arrangement reminds us of a feather, and we call such leaves feather-veined. Therefore, Violet? Do all kinds of leaves have petioles?—of Phlox, for example ? What do you understand by sessile leaves? 6.' Describe the midvein of the Quince leaf. . Describe the veinlets. What is the feather-veined venation? 12 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. we may say that the feather-veined venation ‘consists of one midvein branching into veiniets. This is very common. 8. Thirdly, the veinlets themselves send off little branches (branchlets) on their right and left, and we call these the veinulets. These again and again may divide, and finally, all the little divisions unite again, forming a.complete net-work all over the leaf. Thus we learn what a net-veined leaf is. Fig. 8. The Willow leaf. Some of the veinulets are shown. 9. Here is a picture of the Willow leaf (Fig. 3). You can point out all its parts, and the three kinds of veins in it. In Fig. 4. Leaf of the Red-bud (Cercis). 8. What are the veinulets? When is a leaf said to be net-veined ? VENATION OF THE LEAF. 138 the next cut (Fig. 4), representing the Judas-tree or Red- bud leaf, you see a different venation. 10. At the base of the blade the petiole seems to divide all at once into five large veins, each running through, one to the apex, and four to the margin. In this case the vein- ing (that is, the venation) is compared to the division of the hand (or palm of the hand) into fingers, and so named pal- Fig, 4 a.” Leaf of Sweet-gum (Liguidumbar). mate venation. Therefore, you may say that the palmate, venation consists of about five veins starting together at the base of the blade, each one branching into veinlets and veinulets. Fig. 4 @ is a lobed leaf of the Liquidambar tree, 9. Note the parts of this Willow leaf. Point out its midvein. Its veinlets —veinulets. 10. Define the palmate venation. What are the veins? 14 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. with palmate venation. Maple leaves are very familiar ex- amples of the same. 11. Our next figure (5) represents the leaf of the Tulip. How very different is its venation! How smooth, even, and polished its surface! The veins all run side by side, from base to apex, in graceful and regular curves. They are so nearly parallel, that this kind of venation is called the parallel venation. Look at the grass leaves; the Corn leaves, and the Palm leaves, and see the same kind of venation. Fig. 5. Leaf of Tulip. Fig. 6. Leaf of the Climbing Fern. 12. Let us examine one other kind of venation, and the list will be complete. Here is a cut showing the leaf of 11. Define the parallel venation. Mention examples. 12. The forked venation. Examples. : Now repeat the names of the five or six kinds of venation. FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES. 15 Climbing Fern (Fig. 6). To say nothing of the five veins (which are palmate, as in the leaves of Sweet- gum, Fig. 4 a), you may notice the veinlets, how they fork and run to the margin, without uniting again to form a net-work. This is. the forked venation. You will.tind this sort in nearly all the Ferns. ; LESSON ITI,. FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES. 13. You have already noticed that the form of the Quince leaf, and of most others, is a thin, flat expansion, presenting a large surface to-the air. A few plants have thick, solid leaves, as the leaves of the Live-forevers and Ice-plants. Fig. 7. Represents a branch of Juniper, with awl-shaped leaves (subulate). Fig. 8. Leaves of the Fleur-de-lis (/ris); they are sword-shaped (ensiform). Fig. 9. Leaves of the Scotch Pine; they are needle-shaped (acerose). Other plants have slender leaves, as the Pines. See Figs. 7, 8, and 9. . 13. What is the general form of leaves? What plants have thick and solid leaves? What form of leaves has the Pine? the Iris? the Juniper? 16 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 14. We also spoke of the figure of the outline of the Quince leaf, which is ovate. But you must have observed that there is a very great variety in the figure of leaves, af- fording a very interesting study. - First, we will examine, one by one, the figures of the feather-veined leaves (Figs. 10-21.) Fig. 10. Ovate leaf of the Pear-tree. - Fig. 11. Lanceolate leaf of the Flowering Almond. Fig. 12. Narrow lanceolate leaf of the Weeping Willow. Fig. 13. Deltoid leaf of the White Birch. ! 15. The leaf of the Flowering Alinond (Fig. 11) is anceo- late. It is narrower than ovate, shaped like a lance, having the lower half wider than the upper. This Willow leaf (Fig. 12) is narrowly lanceolate. The leaf of the Lombard} Pop- lar, or of the White Birch (Fig. 18), is so broad at the base as to form a three-sided figure, like the Greek letter (A) delta. Hence it is a deltoid leaf. 14. What is the figure of the Quince leaf? 15. Describe the figure of the leaf of Flowering Almond ; of the Weeping Willow ; of the Lombardy Poplar, &c. LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. 17 16. In the next four kinds of leaves you will notice that the broadest place is midway between the base and apex. Thus the orbicular (Fig. 14), or rounded, leaf is about as broad as it is long. The ova leaf (Fig. 15) is about one-third longer than broad. This Plum leaf is an example. The ed- liptical (Fig. 16) is about twice longer than broad, and the oblong (Fig. 17) is three or four times longer than broad. Here are examples. Fig. 14. Orbicular leaf of. Winter-green (Pyrola). Fig. 15. Oval leaf of the Plum-tree. Eig. 16. Elliptical leaf of Black Haw. Fig. 17. Oblong leaf of a Willow. 17. We next have four varieties of forms which are broader towards the apex than base. First, the obovate (Fig. 18), like this leaf of the Smoke-tree. Its outline is like that of ; 4 16. When is the figure of a leaf called orbicular? ‘Will you show me specimens? Describe an oval leaf, and give specimens. Describe an ellip-, tical leaf, and give examples. Describe an oblong leaf, and give examples. 17. When will the figure of a leaf become obovate? Give examples of 18 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. the egg inverted. A similar form, but narrower, is the ob- lanceolate; that is, the inverted lance-shaped, like the leaf of Papaw, or Fig. 19. Next, still narrower, is the spatulate, a figure compared to the surgeon’s spatula (Fig. 21); and lastly, the wedge-shaped, or cwneate, tapering from a broad apex to a slender base, as in Fig. 20. Fig. 18. Obovate leaf of the Smoke-tree (Rhus cotwla). Fig. 19. Oblanceolate leaf of Muhlenburg’s Willow. Fig. 20. Cuneate leaf’ of a Sundew (Drosera longifolia). Fig. 21. Spatulate leaf of a Sundew (variety of D. longifolia). 18. Thus we have arranged these twelve forms of feather- veined leaves into three classes. guch leaves. Oblanfeolate? Show us examples. Spatulate? Show us ex- amples. Wedge-shaped, or cuneate? Give examples. 18. Repeat the names of the four leaf-forms broadest at base ;—the four broadest in the middle ;—the four broadest towards apex. LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. 19 LESSON IV. FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES. 19. In many kinds of leaves we find the parts at the base more or less enlarged backwards, as you see in this picture ‘Fig. 22, The Morning-glory. of the Morning-glory leaf (Fig. 22). This is the heart- shaped, or, more properly, the cordate leaf. It is' truly an 20 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. elegant figure in this and in the Lilac, &c. But sometimes this peculiar enlargement at base becomes excessive, and the figures more curious than elegant. Such is the arrow-shaped figure, called sagittate, having long-pointed base lobes, as seen in the Arrow-head (Fig. 47), the Scratch Knot-grass, &. (Fig. 26.) Fig. 28. Reniform leaf of Wild Ginger. Fig. 28. Fraser’s Magnolia: obovate- Fig. 24. Reniform leaf of Pennywort. spatulate, auriculate at base. Fig. 25. Peltate leaf of Pennywort. Fig. 29. Oblong leaf of the Toothed Fig. 26. Arrow-shaped leaf of Scratch § Arabis. Knot-grass. Fig. 80. Three-lobed leaf of Liverwort. Fig. 27. Spatulate leat of Silene Virginica. 20. In the common Sorrel leaf, and in Fraser’s Magnolia leaf (Fig. 28), these base lobes remind one of ears, and such leaves are said to be auwreculate (from the Latin auricula, an 19. Describe the cordate leaf, and give examples. The sagittate, and ex- amples. 20. Describe the auriculate form, and give examples. The reniform. Examples. ° LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. 21 ear). In some leaves these lobes are very broad and round- ed, giving to them a kidney-shaped form, that is, reniform, as yon see in this Wild Ginger leaf (Fig. 23), and in the Pennywort (Fig. 24). The peltate, or shield-shaped-leaf (Fig. 25—another Pennywort) has its base lobes united, and its pet- iole fixed to the under side. See, also, Nasturtion leaves. 21. We will next study a class of forms with deeply lobed or cleft blades, not well filled up between the veinlets. 32 88 84 7 ‘ Fig. 31. Bi-pinnatifid leaf of Pig-Weed. Fig. 82, Sinuate-lobed leaf of White Oak. Fig. 38. Undulate-lobed leaf of Jack Oak. Fig. 84. Lyrate leaf of Moss-cup Oak. Fig..85. Lobed leaf of Mulgedium (Blue Milkweed)., ‘First, look at this Liverwort leaf (Fig. 30). It is cleft in two places, rendering it three-lobed. The Sweet-gum leaf (Fig. 4 a) is five-lobed. Oak leaves are lobed in many pat- ~ terns, according to the kind. The White Oak has a sinwate- 21. What is the figure of the Liverwort leaf? What the figure of the Maple leaf? What kind of venation have these last two? Define the fig- ure of the White Oak leaf. Of the Mossy-cup Oak. 22 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. lobed leaf (Fig. 32), the Mossy-cup Oak has a lyrate leaf, having its terminal lobe larger than any other (Fig. 34). 92. Fig. 35 is the leaf of a kind of Milkweed, called -A/ul- gediwn, with sharp lobes pro- jecting at right angles to the midvein; and Fig. 36 is of the Wild Lettuce, with lobes point- ing or hooking backwards. Such leaves are called run- cinate. The Dandelion has also runcinate leaves. When ‘a leaf has only shallow lobes, Fig. 86. Leaf of Lactuca elongata, or as you see in Fig. 33, it ap- Wile Estinees pears with a wavy outline, called wndulate. It is a leaf of that beautiful tree called at the West, Jack Oak. LESSON V. OTHER FORMS AND FIGURES. 23. Ir is now time to learn the difference between a sim- ple and'a compound leaf. The simple leaf has but one blade, as the Quince leaf, and all the leaves which we have hitherto noticed. We have now before us a compound leat, one plucked from a Rose-bush (Fig. 39), consisting of several distinct blades on one petiole. It has also one pair of stip- 22. What of the figure called runcinate? Describe the undulate leaf. What example? What kind of venation have the last four forms 2 23. What is a simple leaf? A compound leaf? LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. 23, Fig. 37. Compound leaf of Red Clover. Fig. 38. Simple leaf of Willow (Salix lucida). Fig. 89. Compound leaf of Rose. : ules, like a simple leaf. This Clover leaf is also compound (Fig. 37), having stipules (s), as well as this simple leaf of the Shining Willow (Fig. 38). 24, But here is a leaf, the Celandine (Fig. 40), which is almost, but not quite, compound. The blade is feather- veined, and deeply divided into several parts, called segments. Such a leaf is called pinnatijid. In Fig. 31, the leaf of a garden weed (Ambrosia), you observe that the segments are themselves pinnatifid, so that the leaf is éwice or bi-pinnatijid. 24, Please define the pinnatifid leaf. The bi-pinnatifid. 24 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 25. But what form of leaf is this (Fig. 41) of the Fennel-flower, with such a multitude of nar- row segments? You may call it pin-nat-i-sect, if the long word does not try your short. memory too much. The Thistle leaf is also pinnatisect, al- though quite different in form. 26. Fig. 42 represents a pedate leaf of a Pas- sion-flower. Observe its palmate venation, each of its veins bearing a seg> ment, and each lower LT . v4 se 40 Fig. 40. Pinvatifid leaf of Celandine. ’ Fig. 41. Pinnatisect leaf of Fennel-flower. segment double, so resembling a bird’s foot. Pedate means foot-shaped. Fig. 42. Pedate leaf of Passion-flower. 25. What do you call such leaves as those of the Fennel-flower ? LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. 25 27. The singular leaf of Monk’s-hood ap- pears as if gashed with scissors, and may be called dacinéate, or gashed (Fig. 48). 28. The parallel-veined leaves may have figures similar to the net-veined, as lanceo- late (Fig. 44), orbicular (Fig. 45), cordate (Fig. 46), sagittate (Fig. 47), &c.; but the most usual form is the Jénear, like the Grass leaf (Fig. 48), which is long and narrow, with sides nearly parallel. The sword-shaped leaf, or ensiform, differs from the linear in having its edges vertical, not horizontal as. other leaves. See the Iris. 8. 26,27. Pedate? Laciniate? State the venation of the above forms. 28. What is a linear leaf? an en- siform? Define the word vertical. Fug. 44. ‘Lanceolate,—Lily of the Valley. %g. 46. Cordate leaf of Pond-weed. Fig. 45. Orbicular,—Round-leaved Orchis. Fig. 47. Sagittate leaf of Arrow-head. Fig, 48. Linear leaves of Blue-eyed Grass (Mayrinchium), 9 a 26 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. LESSON VI. MARGIN AND APEX. 99. In describing a leaf we are to consider the patterns of its border, or margin, which are quite various, and often elegant. Some of the leaves heretofore noticed have the 49 51 ee Fig. 49. Serrate leaf of Chestnut. Fig. 53. Repand leaf of Enchanter’s abe Fig. 50. Doubly serrate leaf of Elm. Night-shade (Circwa Lutetiana). Fig. 51. Dentate leaf of Arrow-wood Fig. 54. Undulate leaf of Shingle Oak (Viburnum dentatum),. (Q. imbricaria). Fig. 52, Crenate leaf of Catmint. Fig. 55. Lobed leaf of Chrysanthemum. margins entire and even, as in the Quince leaf, or the Lily. But most leaves are notched in various ways. For example, 30. This Willow leaf (Fig. 3) is notched in the margin 29. When is the margin said to be entire? MARGIN AND APEX. 7 like a saw, with the teeth projecting forward. Such a mar- gin is said to be serrate, or, if the teeth are quite small, ser- rulate. When the teeth point neither forward nor back- ward, but outward, we call the margin dentate, or toothed ; and if the teeth are quite small, denticulate. See Figs. 49, 50, 51, &e. 31. Some leaves are margined with rounded and blunt teeth, and we call them crenate (Fig. 52); or, if such teeth are very small, crenulate. 32. In Figs. 13 and 50, you see that the teeth themselves are again toothed, an arrangement called doubly dentate. So we may find leaves doubly serrate or doubly crenate. Thus we have described seven modes or styles of border- ing. Several other modes are found described in the larger MADDON OANA WIL A PGP Fig. 56. Apex of leaves: u, obcordate; }, emarginate; ¢, retuse; d, truncate ; €, obtuse; 7, acute; g, mucronate; h, cuspidate; &, acuminate, Fig. 57. Bases of leaves: J, hastate; m, , sagittate; 0, auriculate; p, cordate; q, reniform, 30. When is the margin serrate? When serrulate? How does the den- tate differ from the serrate ? 31. What sort of teeth does the crenate imply? Crenulate? 82. Explain doubly dentate, &. 28 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 33. It is also necessary to be acquainted with the vari- ous forms of the apex of leaves. This diagram (Fig. 56) will assist the memory. The apex may be acuminate, end- ing in a long, tapering point; or cuspzdate, suddenly con- tracted to a sharp, slender point; mucronate, tipped with a spiny point; acute, simply ending with an angle; obtuse, blunt. 84. Or the leaf may end without a point, being truncate, as if cut square off; retuse, with a rounded and slightly de- pressed end where the point should be; emarginate, having a small notch at the end; obcordate, having a deep inden- tation at the end. See also, and explain, the diagram of the bases of leaves (Fig. 57). LESSON VII. COMPOUND LEAVES. 35. A compounp leaf consists of several distinct blades borne on one petiole. (See Lesson V., first paragraph.) ‘These separate blades are called leaflets. You notice that in Fig. 39 each of the five leaflets has its own foot-stalk, called petiolule, and its own midvein, &e. 36. The Rose leaf (Fig. 58) is pinnately compound, or sim- 83. What does the term acuminate imply? What sort of apex is cuspi- date? mucronate? acute? obtuse? 84, When may we call the apex truncate? retuse? emarginate? obcor- date? Please name these several forms of the bases of leaves. 35. Define s compound leaf. What is a leaflet? What do you call the foot-stalk of the leaflet ? COMPOUND LEAVES. 29 Fig. 58. Leaf of the Rose. ply pinnate, having several leaflets arranged along both sides of the com- mon stalk. This common stalk, an- swering to the midvein of a simple leaf, is called the rachis. 87. Among pinnate leaves, there are, at least, three important distine- tions. Observe the Figs. 59, 60, and 61. One of them ends with an odd leaflet, and is called odd-pinnate. Another ends with a pair of leaflets, and is.egually pinnate. Another still has its alternate leaflets smaller, and is interruptedly pinnate. Fig. 59. Odd-pinnate leaf (Tephrosia). Fig. 61. Interruptedly pinnate (Agrimony). fig. 60. Equally pinnate leaf (Cassia). Jig. 62. Pinnately ternate (Desmodium). Fig. 68. Palmately ternate (Clover). 86. Define the pinnate leaf. What is the rachis? 37. Give the distinction between odd-pinnate and equally pinnate. What leaf is interruptedly pinnate ? 30 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 88. Every one knows that the number of leaflets in the Clover is three; also in the Bean, and in this figure (62) of the Desmodium leaf. Such leaves are called ternate. But here the pupil will notice another important distinction. In this Desmodium leaf, the odd leaflet is stalked, and is said to be pinnately ternate; in Clover, the odd leaflet is nearly sessile, like the other leaflets; this is palmately ternate. CUP Fig. 64. Honey Locust. Fig. 65. Poison Hemlock. 89. Fig. 64 represents a b7-pinnate (that is, twice pinnate) leat of Honey Locust. The simple leaflets seem to have each become itself a pinnate leaf. And still more compound is this Poison Hemlock leaf, being tri-pinnate, or thrice pin- nate (Fig. 65). In the same manner, we have bi-ternate and tri-ternate. 88. How many leaflets in a ternate leaf? Difference between the pin- nately and the palmately ternate ? 89. Can you define a bi-pinnate leaf? Tri-pinnate? What is a bi-ternate leaf? A tri-ternate? FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES. 31 40. All the above forms of com- pound leaves, except the Clover, are founded on the pinnate vena- tion; but the palmate venation gives us the palmately ternate (Clover, already described); the WA guinate, with five leaflets; the sep- tinate, with seven leaflets, &c. See the leaves of Horse-chestnut, of Hemp, and of this Lupine (Fig. Fig. 66. A leaf of Lupine. 12 18 / ff Y vy Fig. 67. Rose-bay (Rhododendron). Fig. 72. Sugar-berry (Celtis Americana). Fig. 68. Alder (Alnus glauca). Fig. 78. Enchanter’s Night-shade (Cir- Fig. 69. Knot-grass (Polygonun sagitta- cwa lutetiana). tum). Fig. 74. Catmint (Glechoma Nepeta). Fig. 70. Papaw (Asinvina triloba). fig. 75. Goldenrod (Solidago Canaden- Fig. 71. Touch-me-not (Jmpatiens fulwa), _ sis), a triple-veined leaf. / ‘ The pupils should be required to describe the leaves in this cut, as to venation, figure, margin, apex, and base. 82 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. Fig. 77. Potentilla tridentata; ternate, with palmate, three-toothed leaflets. Fig. 78. Jeffersonia diphylla; a binate leaf. Fig. 79, Lemon ; a simple leaf jointed to the petiole. LESSON VIII. SESSILE LEAVES—FORMS OF STIPULES. 41. Wx have already stated (Lesson I., § 5) that many leaves are without petioles (foot-stalks), or, in other words, are sessile. The figures presented on page 33 exhibit some of the modes of attachment peculiar to sessile leaves. In Fig. 80 (an Aster) you see leaves of the form called spatulate (Lesson IIL., § 5), having large base lobes nearly clasping the stem at the point of attachment. Such leaves are said to be am- plexicaul (stem-clasping). 42. In the next figure (81, Bellwort) the leaves are ellipti- cal, parallel-veined, and not only clasp the stem at base, but the lobes there grow together on the opposite side, appearing as if the stem passed through the leaf; that is, perfoliate. 40. What kind of venation have all these forms? On the palmate vena- tion what forms are founded ? 41. When are leaves said to be sessile? Define an amplexicaul leaf. 42. Can you define a perfoliate leaf? FORMS OF THE PETIOLE. 33 Fig. 80. Amplexicaul leaves of Aster laevis. B fig. 81. Perfoliate leaves of Bellwort ( Vvularia perfoliata). Fig. 82. Connate leaves of Honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens). 43. In Fig. 82 (Trumpet Honeysuckle) the leaves placed opposite are joined together by pairs, base to base. Such are connate leaves. 44, The forms of the petiole, when the petiole exists, are also various. Generally, it is merely a rounded, slender stem, but you will often find it flattened. Have you ever noticed the structure of the Aspen (Poplar) leaf, which so easily flutters in the gentlest breeze? Its petiole is flattened vertically, so that its edges turn sky-ward and earth-ward. Such a form of leaf-stalk is called compressed, and it must be very nicely balanced in order to hold the blade at rest. 43. When are leaves said to be connate? 44, What is the usual form of the petiole? Carefully describe the petiole of the Aspen. a* 34 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 45. A winged petiole is flattened horizontally. A sheath- ing petiole embraces the stem with its winged edges like a sheath. You can find plenty of examples of these forms. 83 &4 Fig. 88. Rose,—stipules adnate. Fig. 84. Violet (V. tricolor),—gashed stipules. 46. Let us now study more particularly the varying forms of the stipules. We have already defined them. (See Les- son I.,§ 4.) Here is seen the leaf of a Rose and of a Pansy (Figs. 83, 84), both with quite showy stipules. The former 87 88 Fig. 85. Leaf of Conioselinum,—tri-pinnate, with sheathing petiole. Fig. 86. Leaf of Polygonum Pennsylvanicum, with its (s) ochrea. Fig. 87. Stem of Grass, with joint (j), leaf (2), ligule (s). Fig. 88. Leaf of Pear-tree, with slender stipules. “ge an 45. What difference between a winged and compressed petiole? Can you describe a sheathing petiole? Give examples of these three forms. ARRANGEMENT OF THE LEAVES. 35 has its stipules adnate; that is, growing to the petiole. The Pansy has large stipules deeply cleft into many segments. 47. Figs. 85-88 are very instructive. Fig. 88 is a Pear leaf, with an ovate blade, a slender, cylindric petiole, and a pair of small, narrow stipules (s). Fig. 86 is a Knot- grass leaf, with an ochrea (s); that is, a pair of stipules so joined at the edges as to form a sheath around the stem. Fig. 87 is a Grass leaf, linear, with a ligule (s) supposed to be the top of a doubled stipule. Fig. 85 is a very compound leaf of Conioselinum, having a broadly winged, sheathing petiole. LESSON Ix. ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES AND BUDS. 48. Ir you carefully notice how the leaves are distributed over any plant,—the Corn plant, for example,—you will soon admire their order and exactness in this respect. At first view, we might suppose their positions all accidental; but it is not so, and much of the peculiar aspect of the plant de- pends upon this circumstance. 49. In the Corn plant, or in this figure of Lady’s-slipper (89), we find the leaves alternate,—that is, one on this side, the next one higher and on that side, and so on. So it is in 46. Stipules; can you repeat the definition? Describe the stipules of the Rose. Describe the stipules of the Pansy. 47. Describe the stipules of the Pear. Stipules of Knot-grass—what called? Stipules of Grass—what called? 48. Are the positions of the leaves on the plant accidental ? 49, Can you describe the alternate arrangement? How is this arrange- ment more accurately described ? 36 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. the Elm, Cherry, Willow, and many other plants. But it would be more accurate to say that the arrangement, in all these cases, is spiral. (See Class Book, § 224.) 4 Ww As WY HY i, 89 90 91 92 Fig. 89. Lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium),—leaves alternate. Fig. 90. Synandra,—leaves opposite. Fig. 91. Larch (Larix Americana),—leaves fasciculate. Fig. 92. Indian Cucumber (Medeola),—leaves whorled. 50. In the Maple, Lilac, Phlox, and in this figure of the Synandra (90), a wild western plant, the leaves are opposite ; that is, two opposite ones stand at each joint. The Meadow Lily, and this Medeola (Fig. 92) of the New England woods, have whorled or verticillate leaves; that is, several in a circle at each joint. Again, look at this Larch (Fig. 91), the Pines, &c., whose leaves, gathered in little tufts or bundles, are Sasciculate. 50. Define the opposite arrangement. The whorled ; fasciculate. VERNATION.—LEAF-BUD. 37 51. In early spring, before the leaves are expanded, we find them folded up in the buds. This is called the verna- tion of the leaves (from the Latin vernus, spring). In this condition the young leaves are closely packed in many curi- ous modes, which are described in the Class Book, §§ 209-214. 52. If we dissect and carefully examine a swelling leaf-bud in early spring, we observe in the midst of it a tender point of a growing pith, bearing and covered by many circles of little leaves and scales, packed as close as possible. Fig. 94 shows a twig with two buds as if split through the axis, exhibiting the pith, growing point, young leaves, and ay, os. 4 twi é scales. with two lateral 53. According to this figure and the next ae one: “tenant (94), buds are either terminal (2), situated at Fig, 94, Same, the end of the stem or twig, or lateral (a), ®plit through the situated on the side. But we must more care. ‘*° '™*® fully define the position of the lateral buds. Should we tell you that they are aaullary, or located in the aa of a leaf, you would not understand, until knowing that the awd of a leaf is the upper angle between the leaf-stalk and the stem. (See 4, Fig. 90.) Now, remember this rule, which you may soon confirm by your own observation, that there is a bud at the termination of every stem or branch, and in the awil of every leaf. 51. What is the meaning of the term vernation ? 52. Give a careful definition of a leaf-bud. 53. What is a terminal bud? What an axillary? Where are buds al- ways found? 38 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. LESSON X. APPENDAGES, ETC. 54, Tur tendril is a very common appendage. You have seen it in the Grape-vine, the Pea-vine, the Greenbrier, &e. It is like a stout, green thread, reaching out its curved point like a finger, until it touches some object; then it quickly entwines itself around it, and soon acquires a firm hold. We do not find tendrils on any plants except such as, like vines, are too weak to stand without support. Fig. 95. Leaf of Greenbrier, with tendrils in place of stipules. Fig. 96. Leaf of Everlasting Pea,—tendrils at end of rachis. Fig. 97. Leaf of Gloriosa,—apex ends in a tendril. Fig. 98. Air-bladder of Horn-pondweed. 55. But tendrils are quite various in habit. Those of the Pea (Fig. 96) grow from the extremity of the rachis. Those of the Greenbrier (Fig. 95), from the base of the leaf-stalk, in the place of stipules; those of the Grape (Fig. 000) are oppo- site the leaves, in the place of clusters. 56. Many plants are armed with sharp thorns, spines, or 54. What is the first appendage mentioned? Please describe the form and use of the tendril. 55. State the habit of the tendril of the Pea; Greenbrier; Grape-vine. APPENDAGES. 39 prickles, as if in self defence. See the Thorn-bush (Fig. 99), where the long straight thorns come trom the axils of the leaves, and are woody. The terrible thorns of the Honey Locust (Fig. 100) are branched. Those of the common Locist are in the place of stipules. Those last mentioned, and all others which originate with the leaves (as in Berberis, Thistle, &c.), are more prop- erly called spines. 57. As for the Rose and Bramble, they are armed with prickles, which are horny in substance, connected with the Thorns.—Fig. 99. Crategus parvifolia bark only, not with the wood. (thorns axillary). Fig. 100. Honey Lo- i cust (branched thorns). (See Fig. 101.) 58. Glands are little wart-like bodies which secrete the peculiar fluids of the plant, sometimes imbedded in the leaf or the rind of the fruit, as in the Lemon, where it is filled with a fragrant volatile oil; sometimes raised on a hair (Figs. 102, 103), as in Sundew, exuding a clammy liquid. 59. Stings are piercing hairs, having a bag at the base filled with an acrid fluid. When touched the tip breaks off, the hair penetrates the skin, and the poison is injected into the wound. (See Fig. 106.) 56. What is the habit of the thorns of the Thorn-bush? of the Honey Locust? of the common Locust? What of the habit of spines? 57. What of prickles? 58. Describe glands, the two kinds. 59. What is the structure and action of stings? 40 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY 101 102 What do these figures represent ?—Fig. 105 represents a branched hair as it appears under a strong magnifier; 7g. 104, an unbranched or simple hair; Fig. 102 is a hair with a gland on it; Fig. 108, also, is a gland on the top of a hair; Fig. 101 represents the hooked prickles of a Rose-bush, not magnified; Fig. 106 represents a sting of a Nettle, much magnified. 60. Hairs of various kinds (Figs. 104, 105) are found on the leaves and other parts of plants. By this clothing pecu- liar qualities are given to the surface, named and described as follows. 61. A dense coat of hairs will make the surface pubescent when the hairs are short and soft; vil/ows, when rather long and weak; sericious, or silky ; tomentows, when matted like felt, &e. 62. But thinly scattered hairs make the surface hirsute when they are long; pilows, when short and soft; Aispid, when short and stiff, &e. 60. How are plants clothed? 61. Define the term pubescent; villous, &c. 62. Define the term hirsute; hispid, &. ORGANS OF THE FLOWER. 41 LESSON XI. ORGANS OF THE FLOWER. 63. To-pay, we commence the study of the beautiful flower. We have before us the Meadow Lily (Fig. 107), whose or- gans are large and perfectly distinct. Observe, in the first place, that its brighter colors form a striking contrast with » the soft green of the leaves. /The coloring, the structure, a Fig. 107. Meadow Lily (Lilium Canadensis). Fig. 108, Wake-robin (Trillium erectum). Fig. 109. Stamens (s, 8) and pistil (p) of the Lily. Fig. 110. Stamens (s, s) and pistils (p) of the Trillium. 42 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. and the fragrance of the flower are all worthy of its Infinite Creator, and remind us of his wisdom and goodness. 64. As to the structure of the flower, it is always com- pound, being composed of several or many pieces nicely adapted to each other. In this Lily, for example, you may count thirteen pieces, or organs, attached in a close order to the summit of the flower-stalk (Fig. 113, a). You may call the flower-stalk the peduncle, and the point of attachment (r) the torus, or receptacle. The former is the better name. 65. Two circles of leaf-like organs form the envelopes of this flower, and each circle consists of three pieces. The outer circle is the calyx, and the three pieces which compose it are called sepals (s, s,s). The inner circle is the corolla, and the three pieces which compose it are called petals (p, p, p). In the Lily and some other flowers the calyx is colored like the corolla. But it is not so generally. In the Rose, Strawberry, Pink, and in this Trillium (Fig. 108), the calyx is green, while the corolla is almost always distin- guished by some brighter color. 66. Now, taking both calyx and corolla together as a whole, we call them the perianth (a Greek word, meaning around the flower). This name is very convenient when we speak of such flowers as this, where the calyx and corolla are not much different. 683. What is the subject of to-day’s lésson? What do you notice as to the color of the flower? 64, What is said of the compound nature of the flower? Of how many pieces is the flower of the Lily composed? What is the peduncle? What is the torus? 65. Will you point out and define the calyx? sepals? Will you point out and define the corolla? petals? What of the colors of these organs? 66. What is the use of the word perianth? Will you point out and define the stamens? What of their number? What is the pistil? How many? OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA. 43 67. Next within the perianth of the Lily we find six long, slender organs of peculiar form and color, called stamens. In the Rose you find a larger number (perhaps one hundred) of stamens, while in the Speedwell you find but two. But the most common number is five. Count them in the Morn- ing-glory, the Bellwort, Primrose, &c. 68. Lastly, this central, club-shaped body (7p), here as long as the stamens, but of totally different structure, is the pistid, Other flowers have more than one pistil, as the Pink, which has two; the Rose, which has many.___ 69. Thus, we have learned that the flower—at least this flower—is compounded of four kinds of organs, those of each kind being arranged in a circle by themselves. The outer circle, of sepals, constituting the calyx; the second circle, of petals, constituting the corolla; the third circle, the stamens; the fourth circle, the pistils. LESSON XII. MORE ABOUT THE CALYX AND COROLLA, ” ‘ 70. Ler us examine the flower of the Pink (Fig. 112), the Strawberry (Fig. 111), the Crowfoot, the Single Rose. In either you observe five green sepals, and the same number of colored petals. Notice also the positions of those organs, —how the petals stand alternating with the sepals, and that they are all distinct and separate. This is the general rule, but there are many exceptions. 67. Lastly. review the whole arrangement. 70. What is the rule as to the number of petals and sepals? What is the rule as to their relative position, &c.? 44 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. Fig. 111. Flower of the Strawberry. Fig. 112. Flower of the Pink. Fig. 118. Flower of the Lily. 71. Often in the petal, and sometimes in the sepal, you can distinguish two parts,—namely, the broad, expanded part above, called the lamina, and the narrow part at base by which it is attached to the torus; this is the claw (Fig. 116, c). The petal of the Pink has a long claw; of the Rose or Buttercup (Fig. 119), a short one. 72. The forms of the petal are almost infinite in variety, like the leaf; as ovate, orbicular, oblong, &c., and some- 71. Will you define the lamina? the claw? 72. Please mention some of the forms of petals. OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA. 45 times very singular. See these figures. Fig. 114 is the form of the bifid petal of a Cerastium; Fig. 115, the flower of Mitella, with five pinnatifid petals; Fig. 117, the flower of Sweet Cicely, with five petals inflected at the point; Fig. 116, fringed, long-clawed petal of Silene stellaria; Fig. 118, many-cleft petal of Mignonette; Fig. 119, rounded, short- clawed petal of Crowfoot, showing its horny scale, or nec- tary, at base. Fig. 120. Larkspur, its petals and sepals separated: 8, 3, 8, s, 8, sepals; a@, the upper sepal spurred ; ¢, the petals all united into one, and produced backwards into a spur which is sheathed in the spur of the calyx. Fig.121. Touch-me-not. Fig. 122. Its petals and sepals displayed: p, p, the two double petals; s, s, s, y, the four sepals, y being in the form of a sack, with a spur, 73. A nectary is found also in the petals of Columbine (Fig. 361), Larkspur (Fig. 120), Touch-me-not (Fig. 121), &e., distorting them into grotesque shapes, called spurs. 74, Before us now is the flower of Pink (Fig. 123). The calyx (c) appears as a green tube, with five notches or teeth at the top. It is evident that this is made up of five sepals 73. What is a nectary? Whatisaspur? Examples. 46 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. cohering (united) by their edges. The Convolvulus (Figs. 128, 144), the Phlox (Fig. 126), the Pink-root (Fig. 127), &c., show a similar cohesion (union) of their petals into a tube more or less complete. Fig. 124. Flower of Tecoma radicans Fig. 123. Pink: a, the five petals; (the Trumpet-creeper): ¢ is the calyx, 2, the calyx, composed of five united composed of five united sepals; ¢, the sepals, c, a bract; d, several bract- tube; 8, the segments of the corolla or lets. the petals, forming the border. 75. The calyx with united sepals is called monosepalous, and the corolla of united petals monopetalous (from the Greek monos, one), from the mistaken idea that this calyx consisted of only one sepal, &e. Gamopetalous and gamosepalous are similar words, used in the same sense. Opposed to these terms are polysepalous and polypetalous (Greek polys, many). 76. The gamosepalous calyx or gamopetalous corolla, al- though composed of several pieces, is described as a single organ, and its lower part, formed by the united claws, whether long or short, is the tube (Fig. 124, 2); the upper 4. Describe the calyx of Pink ; corolla of Phlox. 75. Meaning of the terms monopetalous, &c.? %6. Define the limb of a monopetalous corolla ; the tube ; the throat. GAMOPETALGUS COROLLAS. 4% part, composed of the united laminee, is the limb (Fig. 128, 8); the opening of the tube above is the throat. Fig. 125. Flower of Saponaria (Bouncing-Bet) ; petals and claws quite distinet. Fig. 126. Phlox; claws united, with lamine distinct. Fig. 127. Spigelia (Pink-root); petais still further united. Fig. 128. Quamoclit coccinea; petals united throughont. 77. In the Figs. 125-128, you may see how the petals in different flowers are distinct, or in various degrees united. In the Bouncing-Bet, the petals, with their long claws, are entirely distinct. In Phlox, the claws unite in a tube, while the laminz are distinct. In Pink-root, only the narrow tips of the laminz are distinct; and in Quamoclit, the lamin also are wholly united. 77. What is the condition of the petals in Pink Soapwort? What their condition in Phlox? What their degree of cohesion in Pink-root? What in Quamoclit ? 48 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. LESSON XILE. ABOUT ADHESIONS. 78. We fear that the pupil will find some difficulties in this lesson. Yet if he bring to the task eyes determined to see, and a mend determined to understand, the difticulties will soon vanish. 79. Cohesion, as taught in the last lesson, implies the union of organs of the same kind, as sepals with sepals, petals with petals; but adheszon implies the union of one kind of organ with another kind. Fig. 129. Section of the flower of the Golden Currant, showing its parts. Fig. 180. Section of the flower of Fuchsia. Fig. 181. Of Early Saxifrage. 80. For example, split a flower of Phlox, and you will see the five stamens adhering to the inner side of the corolla tube, appearing as if inserted into it. 79. Can you state how adhesion differs from cohesion ? CONCERNING ADHESIONS. 49 81. Now we take it for granted that all the organs of the flower have their starting-point or origin at the same one point, namely, at the torus (¢, Fig. 129), hence in this figure of the Golden Currant, it is tinderstood that from ¢ to w the calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistil, adhere together; from wu to v, the calyx, corolla, and stamens, adhere; and at 2, all the organs are separate, that is, free. Observe the same structure in the Ear-drop (Fig. 130). 82. In this and like cases, the calyx is said to be superior, because it seems to stand upon the pistil (ovary) and fruit, but the more correct term is, calyx adherent. Fig. 182. Section of the flower of Yellow Violet: ¢, the torus. The stamens are hypogynous. Fig. 188. Section of the flower of Pear: ¢, ¢, sepals; p, p, petals; », «, stamens, —perigynous; 0, ovary,—inferior or adherent. 83. There are two other terms used in similar cases, which, although hard to pronounce, you may as well become ac- quainted with now. When the stamens adhere to the calyx 81, What do we take for granted? Please show the adhesions in the Golden Currant. 82. When is the calyx adherent? When superior? 3 50 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. or corolla they are said to be perigynous (a Greek word, meaning “around the pistil”). Otherwise, when free, they are said to be hypégynous, meaning “ under the pistil.” 84. Now study attentively these figures, or rather, the flowers themselves. The figures are sections, @. ¢., show the flowers as if split. Fig. 132 (the Violet) shows the stamens hypogynous and the organs all free. Fig. 133 (the Pear) shows the stamens perigynous, adhering to the calyx. Fig. 131 (the Saxifrage) shows the stamens perigynous and the calyx half-adherent. Do not fail to examine many flowers until these troublesome terms become familiar, for these distinctions are very important. LESSON XIV. FORMS OF P I, TH. 85. Wurte all flowers agree in certain general characteris- tics, so that you are never at a loss to recognize any one of them as a flower, yet in form and fashion they appear in infinite variety, each form endowed with its own peculiar grace. It is impossible to describe or name every form, but we will endeavor to reduce them to a few classes of forms. = 86. Notice first that all forms are either polypetalous or gamopetalous, as already described (§ 75). Again, they are either regular or trregular. Compare the flower of Flax 83. When are the stamens said to be perigynous? When hypogynous? 84. How are they in Saxifrage? in Pear? in the Rose? the Violet? 86. What is the first division of the corolla forms? What is the second divisidn? When is a flower said to be regular? irregular? FORMS OF PERIANTH. 51 187, Polypetalous corollas.—Fig. 184. Wild Apple (Pyrus coronaria),—rosaceous. Fig. 185. Wall-flower,—cruciform. Fig. 136, Scarlet Catchfly,—caryophyllaceous. Fig. 187. Atamasco Lily,—liliaceous. and Pea. The former is equally and similarly developed all around, and each petal is like all the other petals. It is a regular flower. The Pea flower (Fig. 188) is unequally developed, some of the petals differing in form and size from the others, as shown in Fig. 139; therefore it is irregular. 87. The figures at the head of this page represent four different styles of corollas which are polypetalous and regu- lar. Fig. 134 (Wild Apple) is a vosaceous corolla, that is, rose-like, having five short-clawed petals. Fig. 135 (Wall- flower) is a cruciform (cross-shaped) corolla, with four longs clawed petals. 88. Fig. 136 (Scarlet Catchfly) is a caryophyllaceous corolla, 87. Name the four forms of polypetalous, regular flowers. Can you de scribe the rosaceous corolla? What sort of corolla is the Wall-flower? Describe it. : 88. Please describe the Catchfly or Pink. What sort is it? The Lily; please describe, What sort of corolla is it? 52 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. pink-like; a form with five long-clawed petals. Fig. 137 (Atamasco Lily) is a diléaceous corolla, having a six-leaved perianth, made up of three sepals and three petals, all colored alike. =—x— | C/. We 189 Fig. 188. Pea,—an irregularflower. Fig. 189. Its five petals shown separate, viz, », the banner; a, a, the wings; ¢, ¢, the keel-petals. Fig. 140. Flax (Linum grandiflorum),—a regular flower. 89. Fig. 145 is the flower of Sweet Pea, an irregular corolla, called papilionaceous, or butterfly-shaped, consisting of five petals, as displayed in Fig. 139, viz., one odd petal above, very large, called the banner, two smaller petals below (4), called the Zeel, and two lateral petals (a, a), called the wings. 90. We next propose to examine the principal forms of gamopetalous corollas. Here we have a beautiful array of them. Among the regular forms is, first, the /?otate, wheel- shaped or star-shaped, having a very short tube, and a flat, spreading border; as Fig. 141 (Campanula Americana). 91. Campanulate, bell-shaped, having a wide tube and 89. Can you describe the papilionaceous corolla? 90. Of monopetalous corollas, describe the rotate. 91, The campanulate. FORMS OF Fro fA. 53 142 Gamopetalous corollas.—F7g. 141. Campanula Americana,—wheel-shaped. Fig. 142. Campanula divaricata,—campanulate, or bell-shaped. Fig. 148, Andromeda,— ureeolate. Fig. 144. Field Bindweed (Convolvulus),—a funnel-form corolla. narrow border, as in the Bell-flower (Fig. 142), and in Canter- bury Bells. 92. Urceolate, urn-shaped, an oblong or globular corolla with a narrow opening, as the Whortleberry, Heath (Fig. 143). 7 Funnel-form, narrowly tubular below, gradually en- larging to the border, as Morning-glory (Figs. 22, 144). Fig. 145. Petunia,—salver-form. Fig. 147. Dandelion,—ligulate. Fig. 146. Honeysuckle,—tubular. Fig. 148. Synandra,——labiate. Fig. 149. Toad-flax,—labiate-personate. §2. The urceolate. 93. The funnel-form. 54 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 94. Salver-form, the tube suddenly spreading out in a horizontal border, as in Phlox, Petunia (Figs. 126, 145). 95. Tubular, when the corolla is nearly all a slender tube with a small border or none at all, as in the Trumpet Honey- suckle (Fig. 146). 96. Ligulate (from the Latin degula, tongue), as if formed by splitting the tubular on one side. The notches at the end plainly indicate the number of united petals which compose it, as also do the parallel seams. See the flowers of the Dan- delion (Fig. 147), also of Cichory. 97. Labiate (Latin labiuwm, lip), resembles the mouth of an animal. It is a very irregular corolla, having the petals of ‘dissimilar shape and dissimilarly united. See (Fig. 148) a flower of Synandra, or Catmint, or Catalpa. In Fig. 149 (Snap-dragon), the mouth is closed and said to be personate, which means masked. LESSON XV. CONCERNING © °° AMEN = 98. Sarery infolded within the perianth, we find a number of delicate, thread-shaped organs, quite unlike the sepals and petals. They are arranged in one or more circles, and called the essential organs, because they are absolutely necessary to the perfection of the seed. 94. Describe the salver-form. 95. The tubular. 96. Ligulate. 97. Labiate. Now repeat the regular forms. Repeat the names of the irregular forms. 98. Where do we find the essential organs? How arranged? Why are they so called? Fig. 150. Tiger Lily. Fig. 151. Flower (enlarged) of Dodecatheon: u, pistil; 4, anthers; ¢, filaments; D petals. 3 99. Let us look at this picture of the Lily (Fig. 150), or at some real flower. The slender organs marked a, J, ¢, are the essential organs of which we are speaking; and you see at once that there are two kinds of them. Those which stand in the outer row next to the petals are the stamens. Fig. 152. Rhododendron ; only the torus (¢), the five stamens (s), and the pistil (p), Fig. 158. Buckeye, whole flower; 7 stamens, 1 pistil, 8 petals. Fig. 154. Hydrastis, split through the centre (» section), showing the torus, 2 se- pals (s), many hypogynous stamens (s¢), and several pistils in the midst. 56 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. The central organ (or organs) is the pistil. We now propose to notice the form of the stamens. 100. The stamen may be compared to the leaf. e Its slender, thread -like i stalk is the filament, an- A swering to the petiole of the leaf (7, p). Its head . i if (a) is the anther, answer- i a as ws 29 ing to the blade. More- A leaf (Fig. 155), a sepal (Fig. 156), a petal 3 (Fig. 157), a stamen (Fig. 158), and a pod (pis) OVE, the anther contains til, Zig. 159) of Draba arabizans, placed side within its cells many dust- SSO like particles called pol- len. When the cells burst the pollen escapes. Thus it ap- pears that the stamen consists of three members. See them illustrated in this figure (161) of a stamen of the Morning- glory. 101. The filament is usually of a thread-like form (as its name, from the Latin fidum, a thread, implies), longer than the anther, and more or less elastic. But the filament is no more necessary than the stem of a leaf, and is often wanting. 102. The anther is an oblong body at the top of the fila- ment, consisting of two hollow lobes joined to each other and to the filament by the connectile (ce), which answers to the midvein of the leaf. The two lobes are usually marked along their outer edge by a seam, which at length opens into the cells. This opening, however it takes place, is called the dehiscence. If there be no filament, the anther is sessdle. 99. How many kinds? Situations of the two kinds respectively ? s 100. How does the stamen compare with the leaf? Specify the three mem- bers of the stamen. 101. Describe the filament. 102. The anther ; the dehiscence. OF THE {7AMENS 57 168 166 168 167 161 Fig. 160. Frankenia, showing the five stamens (around the one style, which has three stigmas at top). Fig. 161. Stamen (adnate) of Morning-glory. Fig. 162, Same, enlarged, with pollen-grains discharged : J, filament; a, anther, —two-lobed; ¢, top of connectile. Fig. 168. Buttereup. ig. 164. Same, cut across. Fig. 165. Iris, ent across (extrorse). Fig. 166. Amaryllis,—versatile. Figs. 167, 168. Larkspur,—innate. 103. But dehiscence takes place very variously. When all regular, it is a chink running lengthwise along the outer edge, as you see in this stamen of a Buttercup (Fig. 163). But here, in this stamen of Iris (Fig. 165), it appears on the back of the anther (looking towards the petals), and we say that the anthers are extrorse, that is, turned outwards. A term of opposite meaning is introrse, denoting that the lines of dehiscence turn inwards towards the pistil, or at least do not turn outwards. For example, the anthers of the Violet (Fig. 178). 104. Moreover, other modes of dehiscence besides chinks are occasionally found. The anthers of Berberis, Sassafras, &e. (see Figs. 171, 172), open by lids hinged at the top. The 103. When is the anther said to be extrorse? introrse? i 104. Can you distinguish the opercular and porous dehiscence? 3* 58 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. | i 178 172 171 174 177 178 175 Peculiar forms of stamens.—Fig. 169. A stamen of Pyrola rotundifolia: p, two openings (pores) at top where the pollen escapes. Fig. 170. Stamen of Bilberry (Vaccininium uliginosum): p, its pores at the top of two horns; it has also two spurs. /%g.171. Berberis aquifolium, anther closed. Fig. 172. Anther open by two lids upwards. Fig.178. Anther of Violet with an appendage at top. Fig. 174. Oleander,—an arrow-shaped anther appendaged at top. Fig. 175. Catalpa,—lobes of anther separated. Fig. 176. Sage,—lobes of anther widely separated on stipes ; 3, barren lobe without pollen. Fig. 177. Mallows,—anther one-celled. Fig. 178. Ephedra,—anther four-celled. anthers of Huckleberry, Blueberry, Wintergreen, and others of the Heath family, open through two little tubes at the top. The former is opercular dehiscence, the latter porous. (See Figs. 169, 170.) 105. It is also interesting to notice how the anther is at- tached to the filament in various ways. Generally, it is innate, that is, seeming to stand erect on the top of the fila- ment. Again, it is adnate, which means, attached by its back to the side of the filament, as in Buttercups. And thirdly, it is joined by a single point in its back to the slender tip of the filament, as if lightly balanced uponit. This is the versatile anther, common in the Grasses (Figs. 150, 166). 105. What three distinctions in the attachment of the anther? Describe that of the stamens of the Pink ; the stamens of Buttercups ; of the Grasses. OF THE “AMEN. 59 LESSON XVI. MORE ABOUT + AMEN .. 106. Tue careful student will find a great and interesting variety in the number, arrangement, and form of the stamens. In regard to number, as we have already seen, the Lily has six stamens, the Pink has ten, the Speedwell two, the Indian ‘Shot only one. Some flowers have numerous stamens, as the Rose with forty, fifty, or one hundred, and the Cactus with Fig. 179. Stamens and pistils of Mallow; the filaments (/) are united into a tube sheathing the styles. Fig. 180. Floret of Dandelion,—anthers (a) united into a tube. Fig. 181. Corolla of Lophospermym, split open to show the four stamens (didyn’a- mous) and the one style. Fig. 182. Cardamine,—stamens six, tetradyn’amous. 106. What number of stamens in Pink? Speedwell? Indian Shot? What in the Rose? Cactus? Apple? or in these flowers? Define “ stamens definite ;” “‘ stamens indefinite.” 60 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. two hundred. Let us learn how to distinguish between flowers with definite and with indefinite stamens. Definite, when they are not more than ten, indefinite, when more than ten, or not readily counted. | 107. The stamens are usually separate and distinct, as in the Lily, Rhododendron, &e. (Figs. 150, 152), while in the Mallow (Fig. 179), Pea, and other flowers, they grow together, forming a tube around the pistil; in other words, they are monadelphous (Greek, monos, one, adelphos, brotherhood), The Pea, or Dielytra, is diadelphous,—the stamens in two sets; and the St. Johnswort, polyadelphous,—in three or more sets. Another mode of cohesion is seen in the floret of Dan- delion (Fig. 180), where the anthers cohere while the fila- ments are distinct, 2. ¢., syngenecious. 108. In two cases we may definitely mark the relative length of the stamens. Dédyn’amous stamens (as seen in the Mint tribe, and in the Figworts, Fig. 181) are four in num- > 185 Fig. 183. Pistillate flower of Balm of Gilead. Fig. 184. Staminate flower of the same. Fig. 185. Begonia: a, staminate flower; 4, pistillate flower. 107. Define “stamens monadelphous.” Give examples. Diadelphous. Give examples. Polyadelphous. Example. Define “stamens syngenecious.’: Mention examples. IMP® °°. CT FLOWERS. 61 ber, two long and two short. Tetradyn'amous stamens are six in number, four long and two short (as in the Mustard tribe, Fig. 182). Again, hypégynous stamens may be seen in the Crowfoot tribe and in Fig. 132; and perigynous sta: mens in the Rose tribe and Fig. 133. What is the differ- ence? You need not be told the meaning of these words (SS 88, 84). 109. Some plants have their essential organs separated, so that the stamens are all found in one sort of flowers, the sterile, and the pistils are all in another sort, the fertile. So Fig. 186. Flower of Lizard-tail (Sawrurus) ; it is perfect, but naked, %. ¢., with no floral envelopes ; stamens seven, pistils three. Fig. 187. Flower of Ash (Fraxinus),—naked, with two stamens and one pistil. Fig. 188. Staminate flower of Willow,—made up of two stamens and a bract. Fig. 189. Pistillate flower of the same,—merely one pistil and a bract. it is in the Begonias (Fig. 185), and in the Willows (Figs. 188, 189). Allsuch flowers are called cmperfect, and only the fer- tile bear fruit. ; 110. A perfect flower is one that has both craigs and 108. In what two cases do we mark the length of stamens? Define “sta- mens didynamous;” “stamens tetradynamous ;” “stamens hypogynous ;” “stamens perigynous.” 109. What do you understand by “sterile flowers?” by “fertile flowers ?” 110. What is a perfect flower? complete? imperfect ? 62 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. pistils. A complete flower has ali the organs, viz., sepals, petals, stamens, pistils. A naked flower lacks both the calyx and corolla. 111. A symmetrical flow- er has each of these several organs in an equal number, or, at least, the same num- ber of pieces in each cérele of organs. For example, the Flax flower is symmet- Fig. 190. A symmetrical, regular flower of rical, having sepals five, Trish Moss (Sedum acre); it has five sepals, ; ns fiv five petals, twice five (ten) stamens, and five petals live, BIGIEES oy pistils,—all separate and distinct. and pistils five. The Lily Fig. 191. House-leek (Sedum sempervioum), is also symmetrical, having ee three sepals, three petals, six stamens (in two equal circles), and three pistils (which are combined in one). LESSON XVII. THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 112. Ir is very instructive and delightful to study the symmetry of flowers in the way mentioned in the last lesson. We are thus led to the discovery of a truth in the science of botany at »nce beautiful and sublime,—worthy of the wis- dom of the Infinite Creator. That truth or principle is, that all flowers, though infinitely various in form and fashion, 111. What a symmetrical flower? How is the Lily symmetrical? 112. Please state the principle learned from studying the symmetry of the flower. PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 63 are built upon one only plan, and that plan founded im the science of numbers. Fig. 192. Flower of Hippuris,—one-parted. Fig. 198, Circa Lutetiana; flower two-parted. Fig. 194. Yellow-eyed Grass (Xyris); flower three-parted. 113. Let us, then, examine the Flax. Here all the organs are in fives. The Circe has them all in twos; the Iris, in threes. And every plant is distinguished in this way by some number which we call the radical number, according to which its organs are parted. Now in the Mock Orange, or Philadelphus, although the stamens seem to be indefinite, still the radical number is four. The stamens occur in many circles, with four in each circle, so that these are also in fours. As for the pistils, they are evidently four, but so united as to form apparently but one. Examine also the Bloodroot. Its stamens will be found in fours, the radical number, and the stamens of the Apple will be found in fives. So the petals of Bloodroot are twice four (8), and of the Magnolia twice three (6), or three times three (9). 114. It is therefore a general law, that when any organ is 118. Can you define the radical number of the flower? What is it in Circe? Iris? Flax? How is it in Philadelphus? How in Bloodroot? 114, State the law of multiplied organs. 64 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. multiplied, its new number is only a repetition of the radical number. 115. Also, when any organ is diminished in number, we. find generally that the deficiency is only apparent, and does not interfere with the law of the radical number. Thus in Philadelphus, the one pistil proves to be four growing to- gether. In the Lady’s-slipper, the radical number is three, and the sepals are three, although the two lower ones are united almost to the tip into what seems but one. Thus the true number is often curiously disguised by cohessons. Fig. 195. Flower of Aconitum Napellus displayed ; », 8, 8, 8, 4, the five sepals, the upper one hooded; 2, p, p, the five petals, of which the two upper are nectarics eovered by the hood, and the three lower very minute. Fig. 196. Flower of Catalpa,—two-lipped, five-lobed. Fig. 197. Corolla laid open, showing the perfect stamens and rudimentary. "116. Again, the five petals of Monk’s-hood (Fig. 195) are apparently Sut two, while three of them are so very small as to be overlooked. In the Mint tribe, as Peppermint, Cat- 115. How does cohesion interfere with the radical number in Philadelphus? How in the sepals of the Moccasin flower? 116. How does suppression interfere in Monk’s-hood? In the Mint tribe? Catalpa? Mustard? What tendency do you see in all these cases? PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 65 mint, while five-parted, the flowers have generally but four stamens; but on close observation we often find a small rudiment of the fifth stamen in its proper place, as if its growth had been early stopped. And in Monarda and Catal- pa, only two stamens grow up to maturity, while three are mere rudiments (Fig. 202). Nevertheless, such flowers are said to be unsymmetrical. So the flowers of the Mustard tribe. The stamens are in two rows of four in each; but of the outer row (or circle) two were checked in growth (or suppressed, as the botanists say) at the outset. (See Fig. 97.) The tendency to symmetry is manifest in all these cases. 117. We must carefully distinguish between the terms unsymmetrical and irregular. The former refers to number only, the latter to form and size (Less. XIV.). The Mustard flower is unsymmetrical, but not irregular. The Orchis is irregular, but not unsymmet- rical. Snap-dragon is both irregular and unsymmetrical. Fig. 198. Nymphza odorata. Fig. 199. Petals gradually passing into stamens, 118. Here is a figure of the Water Lily (198), and a separate view of its sepals, petals, and stamens. Observe 117. What difference between unsymmetrical and irregular? Examples. 66 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. how the form of the slender stamen gradually changes to the broad petal, the anther becoming smaller and smaller. One can scarcely say where it ceases to be a stamen and begins to be a petal. So, also, the petals gradually pass into sepals, and in other plants, Peony for instance, the sepals Just as gradually pass : ‘into leaves. (See Class Book of Botany, § 113.). 119. This transforma- tion of one sort of organ into another (always from stamen back to- wards the leaf’) is quite common among culti- vated plants. It is in this manner that the Rose, Carnation, Peony, &e., become double, viz., by the stamens, and oft- en the pistils too, becom- ing petals: for in the wild state these flowers have but five petals. Fig. 200. Flower of Crowfoot. 120. From these ex- %g. 201. Double flower of sam; the sta- amples and others like ™ ee them, we conclude that the different organs of the flower, and the leaf also, although commonly very different, have all one common nature and origin; or, in other words, the organs of the flower may all be considered as transformed leaves. 118. Show the graduation of organs in Water Lily. 119. How do the Rose, Peony, &., become double? 120. What great principle is derived from these facts? OF THE PISTILS. 67 LESSON XVIII. OF THE PISTILS. Fig. 202. Section of flower of Strawberry,—ovaries many, on a raised torus. Fig, 203. Section of a Rose,—ovaries sunk into a hollow torus. 121. Tue pistils occupy the centre of the flower, at the end or centre of the torus. Their number varies in different plants from one to one hundred, or more. When they are several they stand arranged in a circle like the other organs. When they are many they are commonly heaped together in a spiral manner, and raised on the conical torus, as in Butter- cup, Strawberry, or sunk into the cavity of a hollow one, as in Rose. (See Figs. 202, 203.) 122. The pistil consists, plainly, of three parts, as may be seen in Fig. 204. At the top is the stigma (s), at base is the ovary (0), and between them is the style (sty). The style 121. In what part of the flower are the pistils situated? What is their number? their arrangement? How situated in the Rose? 122. Please describe the pistil and each of its parts. In what case is the stigma sessile? 68 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. » being a mere stalk, like the filament of a stamen or the petiole of a leaf, may, like them also, be wanting, without loss to the pistil. In this case the stigma is sessile (sitting) upon the ovary, as in the pistils of Anemone (Fig. 207), and of Trillium (Fig. 206). Fig. 204. Pistil of Tobacco. * Fig. 205. Pistil, stamens, and calyx of Azalia, Fig. 206. Trillium,—stigmas (d) and anthers (s) nearly sessile. Fig. 207. Pistils of Rue Anemone (4. thadictroides),—stigmas sessile. 123. The ovary is a kind of sac or case, enclosing the ovules (see Fig. 215, where there is but one, or in Fig. 209, where there are five, and Fig. 202, where there are many ovaries.) When full grown, the ovary becomes the fruit, and the ovules the seeds. 124. It is very important to distinguish between the s¢mple and the compound pistil, for when there are several in the same flower they often grow together, forming a single body with members more or less distinct. As the petals grow 123. Describe the ovary and the ovules. ; 124. Name an important distinction in ovaries. When is the ovary or pistil compound ? i OF THE PISTILS. 69 211 212 218 214 Fig. 208. Simple pistil of Larkspur. Fig. 209. The five simple pistils of Columbine, all distinet. , Fig. 210. The three pistils of a St. Johnswort,—ovaries united but styles distinct. Fig. 211, Compound pistil of another St. Johnswort, the three pistils entirely united. Fig. 212. Flax,—the five ovaries united but the styles distinct. Fig. 218. Pink,—the two ovaries united, styles distinct. Fig. 214, Saxifrage,—the two pistils slightly united. together, forming a monopetalous corolla, so the pistils may combine into a compound pistil. The parts of such a pistil are conveniently called carpeds. 125. As to the extent of this union of the pistils, it is found in all possible degrees, always beginning at base and pro- ceeding upwards. For example, in Columbine (Fig. 209), the five carpels (pistils) are entirely distinct; in Early Saxi- frage (Fig. 214), the two carpels are united at the base; in Pink (Fig. 213), the two unite to the top of the ovary, leav- ing the styles distinct; so also in Flax (Fig. 212); in Even- ing Primrose, the four pistils cohere to the top of the style, leaving the stigmas distinct; and finally, in the Lily, the three carpels are united throughout. (See Figs. 209-214.) 126. We may know the number of carpels in a compound ’ : f 125. As to the cohesion or union of pistils,—how is it in Columbine? in ” pink? in Early Saxifrage? Evening Primrose? Lily? 70 . OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. pistil by the number of separate styles, or by the separate stigmas, or by the lobes of the stigma or ovary, or by the number of cells in the ovary, or (when only one cell) by the number of seed-rows. Thus the three-lobed stigma or ovary of the Lily indicates a triple pistil, also the three stigmas of the Spring Beauty, and the three seed-rows in the Violet. (See Fig. 229.) 215 Fig. 215. Section of the flower of Alchemilla, showing the stamens perigynous, the style single, simple, and lateral. Fig. 216. Section of flower of Jeffersonia,—stamens hypogynous, pistil single, simple, with one seed-row. 127. But when the pistils remain separate and distinct we call each one a simple pistil. Thus in Columbine (Fig. 209) there are five simple pistils; in Anemone (Fig. 207), and in Buttereups, many ; while in Cherry, Peach, Bean, Alchemilla, and Jeffersonia, there is just one simple pistil in each flower. Such a pistil is usually of an irregular form, with its style lateral (on one side), and only one seed or seed-row. (See Figs. 215, 216.) 126. Please tell us how you detect the number of carpels in the compound ovary of Spring Beauty ; of Lily; of Violet. 127. What peculiarity in the form of a simple pistil? TWO KINDS OF BUDS. 1 LESSON XIX. HOW THE LEAVES ARE FOLDED IN THE BUD. 217 219 222 4Aistivation.—Wg. 217. Valvate calyx, as of Mallow. Fig. 218. Sepals of Holly- hock,—valvate-reduplicate. 2%g. 219, Sepals of Clematis,—valvate-induplicate. Fg. 220. Petals of Flax,—contorted. Fig. 221. Petals of Wild Rose,—quineuntial. Fig. 222. Petals and sepals of Lily or Tulip. 7g. 223, Petals of Wall-flower,— convolute. Fig. 224. Petals of Pea,—vexillary. 128. Tuxre is the leaf-bud, consisting of many scales and young “caves, folded up in such a manner as to occupy as little space as po." le; and the flower-bud, consisting of the organs of the flower in their early state, also closely packed. Now if you study the arrangement of the pieces composing the bud of either sort, you will be surprised and delighted with its variety and elegance. As each species of plant has the same invariable mode of folding in all its buds, this study well becomes a matter of science. Less. XIX.—What is the subject of this Lesson ? 128. Two kinds of buds; please describe each. "2 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 129. With a sharp knife let us make a cross-section (that is, a cut square across) of a flower-bud just ready to open ; we may thus obtain some such views as are here drawn. For example, in Fig. 217, we have the valvate arrangement. Here the pieces composing the circle barely touch each other by the edges, as in the sepals of Mallows, petals of Lilac, valves of a seed-vessel. (See, also, Figs. 218, 219.) 130. In the Phlox, Flax, Oleander, we find a twisted or contorted arrangement of the petals (Fig. 220), where each piece overlaps the next, all in one direction. 131. The bud is said to be imbricated, when some of the pieces are wholly outside, covering by the two edges others which are wholly inside. But this may take place in various ways. See how it is in the petals of the Eglantine, or Apple (Fig. 221). Here two petals are outside, two inside, and one partly both. In the Tulip, one sepal is outside, one inside, and one partly both. And just so with its three petals (Fig. 229). 132. The bud is convolute when each leaf wholly involves all that are within it, as do the petals of Magnolia and Wall- flower (Fig. 223); and it is vexzllary in the Pea tribe, where only the outside petal, larger than the rest, infolds them all (Fig. 224). 133. The plecate arrangement is found in monopetalous flowers, as in Thornapple, Potato, where the corolla is folded in a manner somewhat like a fan. 129. How do we prepare u bud for examination? What do you under- stand by a cross-section? Define the valvate arrangement, with examples. 180. What estivation do we find in Flax, Phlox, &c.? 131. What is the imbricated estivation? Describe it in the petals of Tulip; Apple; Eglantine. _ 132. How are the petals arranged in the bud of Wall-flower? 183. How in the flower of Thornapple? or Potato? VERNATION, "3° 134. The pupil should make himself well acquainted with these seven modes of wstivation (so the botanists call it), Other modes are described in larger works. (Class Book of Botany, p. 79.) 135. Also in the leaf-bud we find similar modes of leaf-. folding (here called, vernation, from the Latin vernus,. spring, as wstivation is from dést¢vus, summer). The figures follow- ing represent cross-sections of various sorts of leaf-buds. In the bud of Sycamore the infolding scales are imbricate, but the young leaves within are somewhat plicate. 136. In the leaf-bud of Cherry (Fig. 230) we find the con- volute vernation, similar to the estivation of Wall-flower. The leaf-bud of Lilac (Fig. 231) gives us another: form ‘of. imbricate. . i) 226 227 228 229 Vernation.—Fig. 225. Unfolding leaf-bud of Tulip-tree,—reclinate. Fig. 226. Fern Jeat-bud,—circinate. Fig. 227.. Sedge,—equitant, Fig. 228. Sage,—obvoiute. Fig. 229. Iris,—equitant, 187. Fig. 229 represents the vernation of Iris, and Fig. 227 , of a Sedge-grass. Both are eguitant (which means, in Latin, 134. What is the meanitig of the word e@stivation? 125. What is the meaning of the word vernation? Please describe ‘the yvernation in Sycamore leaf-bud. 136. In the leaf-bud of Cherry ; Lilac. 137. What of the equitant vernation? 4 4 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. riding horseback). Each leaf, first on this corner, then on that, infolds or overlays all that is within it. 138. Obvolute vernation appears in the leaf-bud of Sage (Fig. 228), where each leaf infolds only half of the blade of its opposite leaf. 281, 232 Vernation.—Fig. 280, Cherry leuf-bud,—convolute. Fig. 281. Lilac,—imbricate. Fig. 232. Birch leaf,—plicate. ig. 283. Dock,—revolute. Fig. 284. Balm-of-Gil- ead,—involute, - , 139. In the bud of Dock (Fig. 233) we find the young leaves revolute, or rolled backwards from both edges; but in the bud of Balm-of-Gilead (Fig. 284) they are znvolute, or rolled inwards from both edges. This is best seen under a microscope of one lens, 7. ¢., a single microscope. 140. In the bud of Tulip-tree (Fig. 225) each leaf is recli- nate, being bent over forward: and infolding all within it; and in the Fern: (Fig. 226) it is circinate, or coiled from the top downwards, like a watch-spring. 138. The obvolute? 139. What the vernation of Dock? of Balm-of-Gilead ? 140. Please describe the reclinate ; the circinate. INFLORESCENCE. "5 LESSON XX. HOW THE FLOWERS ARE ARRANGED ON THE PLANT. 141. Wx may now devote one or two lessons to the arrange- ment and position of the flowers upon the plant, a subject to _ which botanists give the name of inflorescence.” Fig. 235, Staphylea trifolia: a pendulous, paniculate cyme. Fig. 286. Catalpa; a panicle. 142. Every one has observed. such facts as the follow- ing, namely, that flowers are sometimes alone, and often in clusters; that they are sometimes raised on stalks, and some- 141. What is the meaning of the word inflorescence? 142. What common facts’in inflorescence does everybody notice 2, 76 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. times. sessile (or without stalks); and that they may arise from terminal buds, or from axillary. With the meaning of the words terminal and axillary You were made acquainted in Lesson £X. : 148. The stalk which supports the flower, or the cluster of flowers, we call peduncle. . Now the peduncle may be either simple, bearing a single flower, or divided into branches and bearing a cluster of flowers. In the latter case, the branches or branchlets are called pedicels. OO 144. When the peduncle arises from terminal buds it seems like a continuation of the main stem, as in Foxglove, Horse-chestnut ; and when from axillary ie it comes out from the side of the stem just above a leaf, as in the Cur- rant. Sometimes it, arises. from the root or some under- ground part of the stem, and then we generally call it a scape. “Thus the flower-stalk of Tulip is a scape; also of the Dodecatheon. 145. The flower is said to be solitary, not only when alone on the plant, but also when alone in the axil of a leaf, as in Fuchsia, Morning‘glory, Petunia. 146. Among clustered flowers, you will often meet with the following twelve varieties of inflorescence, which we must now try to represent and describe. We begin with the spike, such a cluster as we see in the Plantain, “Mullen, &e. We may define it thus: A long peduncle (called rachis), having sessile flowers arranged along its sides. But before we go further with inflorescence, we must examine the bracts which accompany it. a 148. Please define peduncle; also pedicel. 144. When are the flowers terminal? axillary ? Define scape. 145. Why is the flower called solitary in Fuchsia, Petunia, &.? 146. Define a spike, Explain to us the rachis. INFLORESCENCE, [7 Bracts (6, 6, 0). Fig. 237. Cornus Canadensis, with an involucre of four colored bracts. Fig. 238. Hepatica triloba, with an involucre of three green bracts. Fig. 239. Calla palustris, with a colored spathe of one bract, inclosing the spadix. 147. Bracts are evidently of the same nature as leaves, differing only in their diminished size, and in their position on the flower-stalks, or near the flowers. They are some- times colored as brightly as flowers, as in Painted-cup, or in Balm. When several bracts are arranged in a whorl at the base of the cluster of flowers, an-znvoluere is formed, such as we find in Carrot, and most of the Umbelworts (Fig. 244). In. the Flowering Dogwood the large involucre is colored white. . 148. Next in resemblance to the spike is the spadix, an inflorescence seen in the Calla (Fig. 237), Golden-club (Fig. 941), and Cat-tail. It may be defined as a thickened, club- shaped spike, often with a large bract (called spathe) at base, as in Jack-in-the-pulpit, or without a spathe, as in Fig, 241, 147. What sort of leaves grow on the peduncles, if any? Define bracts, What is an involucre? How is it in Cornus? 78 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. Fig. 240. Lady’s-tresses (Spiranthes),—flowers in a twisted spike. Fig. 241. Golden-club ( Orontium),—flowers in a spadix with no spathe. Fig. 242. Birch (Betula),—flowers in aments. : 149. An ament, called also catkin, is a more slender and delicate spike, filled’ with colored scales and flowers, and all falling together without separating, such as adorn the Birches (Fig. 242), Willows, and Poplars in early spring. The Hop also bears aments. LESSON XX, THE INFLORESCENCE, CONTINUEDS. 150. Tue flowers of the Black Cherry, Currant, Foxglove, Locust, and Moth-mullen are in racemes. The raceme, then, is a rachis bearing its flowers on distinct, simple pedicels 148, 149. Can you define the spike? ament? spadix? and spathe? 150. Please name and describe the inflorescence of Black Cherry. INFLORESCENCE. : 19 (not sessile, as in the spike). It is often pendulous, often erect. " Fig. 242. Secund (one-sided) raceme of Andromeda racemosa. Fig. 243. Pendulous raceme of Currant. 151. The corymb differs from the raceme in having the lower pedicels lengthened so as to elevate all the flowers to about the same level, as in the Yarrow or Wild Thorn. 152. The wmbel appears in Milkweed, Onion, Ginseng, &e. It consists of several pedicels of similar length, all arising from the same point at top of the peduncle. But in Gite away, Carrot, and most of the Umbelworts (Fig. 244), the umbels are compound, § as if each of the pedicels had become “151. How does a corymb differ from a raceme?’ 152. Please name and describe the inflorescence of the Milkweed. How 80 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. itself an umbel. These secondary umbels we call wmbellets. At the base of the umbel there is usually a whorl of bracts forming an involucre (a), and often also at the base of each umbellet (6), when we call it an involucel. 153. The fine flowers of the Ga, talpa are in panicles (Fig. 2385), also the flowers of Oats. We may describe a panicle as if a raceme should have its pedicels irregularly branched. 154. A cluster resembling a pani- cle, but more compact, such as you see in Lilac, is galled a thyrse. * 155. A head of flowers, such as we see in Clover or the Button-bush, hardly needs description. We might say that the head is a reduced umbel, having its flowers all sessile at the top of the peduncle. ‘166. The great family of the Asterworts has all its flowers in heads, so dense and so nicely arranged as to be easily mis- taken for a single flower. But if youcarefully examine such a head, say er an Aster, or especially of a Sunflower, you ‘will see that it is composed of many little flowers or florets. The florets of the outer row are enlarged and open, so as to does that of Carrot differ? What is an umbellet? What the -whorl of bracts at the base of the umbellets? / 158. Please describe the panicle. 154. The thyrse. 155. The head. 156. What the inflorescence of the Asterworts? How is the head of Aster made to resemble a single flower? What the florets of theray? What the florets of the disk? Fig. 244. Compound uinbelaty of Sweet Cicely (Osmorhiza). ’ INFLORESCENCE. 81 5 : resemble the petals of one corolla, and the involucre, formed of many imbricated scales, resembles a calyx. This head is often called a com- pound flower. The outer flo- rets are the florets of the ray, the interior are the florets of the disk. See all this illus- trated in Figs. 245-250. | 157. The forms of inflo- rescence heretofore described result from axillary buds; but the three following eee Fij. 245. Head of Blue Milkweed (Mulgedium) ; all its florets are ligulate. from terminal buds. Cnet iS Fig. 246. A view of one of them remain- the general name given to all ing on the receptacle, Fig. 247. A fruit the forms of terminal inflores- ee en (Verno- cence. You may recognize nia); all its florets‘are tubular. Fig. 249. them by the order in’ which One of them remaining on the receptacle. . Fig, 250. Fruit. the flowers open. Thus, in the cyme, the terminal and central flowers open first, but in the forms before mentioned, the lower and onter flowers first. 158. When the cyme is spreading and level-topped, we call it a cymous corymb, as In the common Elder; and when not level topped, it may become a cymous panicle, as in Chick- weed (Fig. 251), Spergula, and Staff-trée (Fig. 234). 159. The scorpoid cyme is a very remarkable form of in- 157, Are the forms hitherto described terminal or axillary? Please define the cyme. 158. Cymose corymb ; Cymose panicle. 159. What is a scorpoid cyme? Name and describe the inflorescence of Bunch Pink ; the inflorescence of Catmint. 4% 82 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY, Fig. 251. Cyme of Chickweed (Stellaria media). First, the terminal flower (a) opened; secondly, from the axils of its highest leaves arose two branches, and ter- minated in the flowers 3, 6; thirdly, from their highest axils arose the flowers ¢, ¢, ¢, c, from whose axils a fourth set is seen to start, and so on. : Fig. 252. Scorpoid cyme of Forget-me-not (Myosotis palustris). . florescence, as shown in Pink-root and Forget-me-not (Fig. 252). Before flowering it is coiled from the tip down- wards, and it uncoils as it blossoms. In its nature it is a half-cyme. The fascicle is a densely packed cyme, as seen 259 «260 258 257 256 255 254 258 Diagrams of the forms of axillary inflorescence, showing how they gradually pass into each other. Fig. 253. Spike. Fig. 254. Raceme. Fig. 255. Corymb. Fig. 256. Umbel. Fig. 257. Panicle. Fig. 258. Compound corymb. Jig. 260. Head. Fig. 259. Compound umbel. OF THE FRUIT. 83 in Bunch Pink or Pycnanthenfum. The glomerule is a small, dense cyme appearing in the axils of the leaves, as in Cat- mint and the Mint tribe generally. 160. The preceding diagrams may be carefully studied. They will convey a general idea of all these forms of inflo- rescence, and how they are related to each other. LESSON XXII. CONCERNING THE FRUITS ° 161. Tux flower is of short duration. After a few hours or a few days of blooming beauty, it fades and disappears. Fig. 261. Fruit of Currant,—a berry. Fig. 262. Fruit of Maple,—samara, 160. Please explain the diagrams 253-260. 84 —((w OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. The stamens and petals have accomplished their work, and are dead. The sepals also, when colored like petals, are dead. But the pistil, especially the ovary, yet remains in its place, living and growing until the seeds which it contains are perfect. 162. Thus the fruit is the ovary or pistils brought to per- fection. 163. During the growth and ripening of the pistil, great and inanifold changes occur, so that at last the fruit is very different in form, size, substance, and color. The little pistil in the flower of the Cherry must undergo a great alteration in becoming a plump Ox-heart! Fig. 268. An umbel of Cherry blossoms,—namely, a bud, an entire flower, anda section showing the one pistil and the perigynous stamens. Fig. 264. The drupe, cut through’to show the stone and one seed. Fig. 265. A corymb of Strawberry,—flower and fruit. The achenia are seen on the surface of the fruit, which is only the overgrown torus. — 161. Can you tell us what parts of the flower perish? -What parts remain in place and still grow? 162. How do you define the fruit? 163. Mention some of the changes occurring from ovary to fruit. OF THE FRUIT. 85 164. In the fruit we see the end and aim of plant-life accomplished, accord- ing to the wise and good design of the great Creator. While it serves to re- produce and keep alive the plants upon the earth, it also serves as food for ani- mals and for man. 165. It is curious to observe how dif- Hips B86, ‘Bly 6. -tipe ferent are the parts of the fruit which Cherry. in different plants become food. Inthe 7%. 267. Tryma,—acorn of Red Oak. Apple, we eat the calyx which here adheres to 4he ovary, and in ripening was thickened and en- larged by the nutritious substance. In the Strawberry, we eat> the enlarged, pulpy torus, which bears, all over its surface, the little .dry, seed-like fruit. In Peach, the luscious mor- sel is the outer coats of the ovary itself; and in the Orange, it is the in- ner coat. In the Nut, Fig. 268. Eterio,—a Blackberry. Pi ea, Wheat, and most Fig. 269. Capsule of Violet, open. plants, the nourishing matter is laid up in the seeds, while the carpels ripen into a dry fruit. '166. The fruit consists of the seeds and the seed-vessels. The word pericarp means the same as seed-vessel. When 164. Mention some of the uses of the fruit. 165. Can you tell us what part of the Apple is eaten? What part of the Strawberry is the eatable part? What part of the Peach? the Orange? In what ‘part is the nutritious matter deposited in the Pea? Wheat? Almond? 86 * OBJECT LESSUNS LN BUYTANY. the pericarp is ripe, it may open in some special manner of itself and discharge the seeds; or it may have no provision for opening, and remain closed until it grows or decays. — Nii we S Fig. 270. Achenia of Rue Anemone, in a head. Fig. 271, Fruit of Caraway, consisting of two achenia. Fig. 272. Kernel of Wheat,—a sort of achenium called cariopsis. Fig. 278. Fruit of Thistle,—another sort of achenium, crowned with a pappus which serves as wings. Fig. 274. Fruit of Elm,—a samara, or winged achenium. ig. 275. Fruit of Beech,—two nuts, inclosed in the burr. Fig. 276. The Peach (a drupe),—eut open, showing the seed inclosed in its stone, and the stone in the thick pulp. Fig. 277. Fruit of Pigweed,—n one-seeded pericarp called wérdcle. Fig. 278. Fruit of India Strawberry,—a fleshy torus beaging the achenia outside. Fruits that open we will .call dehiscent fruits, and those which do not open, indehiscent. We will first study some of the forms of indehiscent fruits, arranged as follows: 167. First Division: Fruits indehiscent, one-seeded, dry; namely, Acuenium, Samara, Guans. 166. Of what two parts does the fruit‘consist? What is a dehiscent fruit? indehiscent? - OF THE FRUIT. : 87 Second Division: Fruits indehiscent, one-seeded, fleshy ; namely, Drurz, Trrms, Eranrio. Third Division: Fruits indehiscent, several-seeded ; name- ly, Berry, Pero, Pomn. 5 168. The acheniwm is such a fruit as we find in Butter- cups, Anemone, Sage. Usually there are several produced together from one flower. We must not mistake them for seeds.* They are pericarps, each inclosing one seed, as you see inthe figures. The grain of Wheat or Corn (called cariop- sis) is much the same, but the one seed cannot be separated from the pericarp. 169. The samara is mere- ly an achenium with a wing, as in Ash, Elm, Maple. The latter fruit is a* double sa- mara, 170. A glans (or nut) is QW such a fruit as Acorn, Chest- ~ nut, Hazelnut, much like achenium, but larger, and seated in a cup or invo- lucre. 171. A drupe is such a fleshy fruit as the Cherry _ - or Peach. It is well called oe ee Cs aa See astone-fruit. The stone in- Fig. 281. Gooseberry, cut across; an en- closes the one seed, and is larged view, showing the seeds lying in : : : ss the pulp. itself inclosed m a juicy Fig. 282. Fruit of Henbane,—a pyxis pulp. with it# lid open. 167. Please define our first division of fruits. What special fruits belong to4t? the second, &. ; the third, &. 88 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 172. Tryma is the name for such fruits as Walnut, Cocoa- nut. Like the drupe, it has a stony seed-shell, but its outer coat is rather woody than pulpy. 173. Such fruit as the Raspberry or Blackberry we call eterio. It consists of many little fleshy drupes growing fast together or to the torus. In the Blackberry they grow to the torus (Fig. 268). 174, The berry is a thin-skinned, pulpy fruit, holdifig its several seeds loose in the pulp, as Currant, Grape (Fig. 261). The Orange, &c., is much like a berry, bi on account of its thick rind has heb called by another name (hesperidium). 175. Pepo is such a fruit as oe many-seeded, with a hard, crusty rind. iT 6. Pome, the Apple, Pear, Sains a fleshy fruit with sev- eral distinct cells. Here the fleshy calyx grows fast to the ovaries; while in the Hip, or Rose-fruit, the fleshy calyx merely incloses the ovaries, as seen in Fig. 208. LESSON XXIII. FRUITS, CONTINUED. 177, Tue dehiscent pericarp,—that is, those which open to discharge the seeds,—are generally dry fruits, known as pods: The various forms have the following names: Prxis, Foun cir, Legume, Striquf, Carsubn. 168-176. The student will now please define and name the fruit of Butter- cups, Corn, Ash, Maple, Oak, Hazel, Plum, Walnut, Raspberry, Grape, Orange, Squash, Pear, Haw, and Rose. 177. Please give the names‘of the dehiscent-pericarps. FORMS OF FRUITS. ° 89 178. The pycis is the most curious and singulay of all pods. It opens crosswise by a lid, like a snuff-box. Fig. 284 is the likeness of the pyxis of Rheumatism-root, common in Ohio. It is formed of one carpel only. Fig. 282 is the pyxis of : Henbane, formed of two carpels. So the pyxis of Poor-man’s-weat'. r-glass (Anagallis, Fig. 344) is formed of several carpels. " : 28g .. ‘Fiy, 283. A follicle of Milkweed (Asclepias). Fig. 284. A pyxis,—fruit of Jeffersonia, the Rheumatism-root.- Fig. 285. A pair of follicles,—the fruit of the Dogbane (Apocynum). Fig. 286. A legume, open,—fruit of the Pea-plant. Fig. 28% A jointed legume, or loment,—fruit of Desmodium. Fig. 288. a silicle,—fruit of Shepherd’s-purse. 179. Follicle i is the name of such pods as those of Colum- bine (Fig. 208), Milkweed (Fig. 283), and of Dogbane (Fig. 285). They are formed of a single carpel, and open length- wise, on one side only. It is easy to see the resemblance between the follicle and a leaf, the leaf being folded so as to bring its two margins together. (See Fig. 207.) .180. Legume is the proper name of the Pea pod, Bean pod, &e., ot one carpel, one cell, one row of seeds, and commonly 178. Give tha character of the pyxis. ‘How does the pyxis of Henbane differ-from that of Jeffersonia ? 179. Can you describe and name the fruit of Columbine? How is its leafy character seen? 180. Describe and name the Pea pod. What is 2 loment? 90 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. opening by two valves (Fig. 286). Such a pod is sometimes divided crosswise by joints (as in.Fig. 287, Desmodium); we then call it a doment. 181. Stligue is a two-carpeled pod, such as we find in Mustard. It has two cells, separated by a thin partition, and two rows of seeds (Fig. 291). A short silique, or one not much longer than wide, such as we find in Pepper-grass or Shepherd’s-purse (Fig. 288), is called a silicle. (See Fig. 290). 182. Capsule (the word means casket). This name is applied to all other forms of dry, compound fruits, formed of several unit- ed carpels. In opening, they commonly split into several valves, as in Iris; Fig. 280. Silicle oy divide into several parts (carpels) like so of Draba (en- - a - : larged). many follicles, as in St. Johnswort; or they open by small pores, as in Poppy. Fig. 291. A silique,— fruit of Mustard. Fig. 292. A capsule,—fruit of Scrophularia ; it is two-celled, two-carpeled, or two-valved. Fig. 293. A three-celled cap- sule of Colchicum; it opens be- tween the.carpels. | _ fig. 294, Capsule of Iris, open- ing tnto the carpels. i Fig. 295. Cross-section of the same, showing how it opens, Fig. 296. Fruit of Geranium; its five carpels separate, and are carried up on the curving styles (called a vegma), 181. Mustard pod; describe its structure and name. - What is a silicle? 182. What is a capsule? What three modes of opening are mentioned ? COMPOUND FRUITS. 91 183: We should not omit altogether to notice the aggre- gated fruits, such as the Pine-cone (Fig. 300), Pine-apple, &c. These fruits are composed rot merely of the pistil, but of the entire flower, or even of the whole inflorescence, bracts and all, grown thick, and consolidated into one fleshy mass. This is evidently the nature of the Pine-apple and of the Mulberry. eK) -300 Fig. 297. Black Mulberry,—an aggregated fruit. Fig. 298. Fig, cut open, showing the little flowers within. Fig. 299. Hip of a Rose, cut open, showing the achenia within. Fig. 800. Pine-cone, composed of thick scales. 184. As for the Fig, it is a great hollow torus, having its innumerable flowers within the cavity, growing from the walls, and all together become a sweet, pulpy mass. 4 ee ly < \ i \WUANN Fig. 801. A branchlet of the Canada Yew, showing the fruit. 183, 184. Mention some examples of aggregated fruits. Can you describe a Pine-apple? a Fig? 92 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 185. But there are some kinds of fruit almost or quite des- titute of a pericarp, consisting of naked seeds. On the pre- ‘ceding page is a figure (301) of the Canada Yew, a trailing shrub of New England and Canada. The fruit is a single naked black seed, seated in a fleshy, coralline-red cup. The cone (of Pine, Fir, &c.) is made up of thick woody bracts, each covering in their axils two or more winged seeds (Fig. 300). K LESSON XXIV. A \ CONCERNING THE SEEDS. 186. Lasr and most important is the seed, the perfected’ ovule, containing the germ of a new plant like its parent plant. The seed consists of a kernel and its shell. Place a bean in water, and soon its softened shell or skin is easily separated from the kernel. 187. The shell of a seed may be of any-color, as white, black, ‘yellow, red, &c.; may be polished and shining, or dull and rough; may be of any shape, as round, or oval, or egg- shaped; may be winged, as in Catalpa, or may be clothed with long hairs, called coma. The silk of Silk-grass (Ascle- pias) is the coma of the.seed, and cotton is the coma of Cotton seed. The seed‘of Poplar (cotton-wood) or Willow is also furnished with coma. 185. What plants have no pericarps? Please describe a- cone of Pine; fruit of Yew. € 186. What is the seed, and what does it contain? Of what two parts does it consist ? 187. What do you remember concerning the color and shape? Describe the coma of a seed. CONCERNING 7% PAD ¢ , 93 Fig. 302. A seed of the Cotton-plant, with its tuft of coma, or cotton, Fig. 808. A seed of the Cotton-tree (Populus), with its silky coma. Fig. 304. A winged seed of the Catalpa. Fig. 805. Achenium of Eclipta; it has no pappus. Fig. 306. Achenium of Horseweed ; scarcely any pappus. Fig. 807. Achenium of Sunflower; has two awns for pappus. Fig. 808. Achenium of Ageratum ; has five sepals for pappus. Fig. 809. Achenium of Blue Milkweed ; has abundant pappus. Fig. 810.’ Achenium of Wild Lettuce; with pappus raised on a beak. 188. The learner must distinguish between the coma of a seed and the pappus of a fruit. The down of Thistle or Dan- delion is pappus, for the little fruit on which it grows is not merely a seed, but a pericarp (achenium), also containing one seed. In a word, the seed may be fledged with a coma, but the fruit is fledged with a pappus, both intended as wings to bear away the seed to distant places. (See Class Book of Botany, § 485.) 188. What is the distinction between coma and pappus? 94 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 189. As to the seed-kernel, it may consist of two parts, namely, the germ and albu- men, or it may be all germ. 190. In. the Bean (Fig. 311) it isall germ. A better name for the germ is embryo. Now in all seeds, the embryo is, in fact, a miniature plant, consist- ing of three ak, wit TORE: Fig. 811. Sced of Bean, without its cle, plumule, cotyledons. In shell: ¢, care the two cotyledons; 7, the ‘this Bean, r is the radicle, p radicle; p, the plumule. is the plumule, c, ¢, are the Fig. 312. Seed of Wheat, cut open: ais the albumen; ¢, the one cotyledon; p, cotyledons. plumule; 7, radicle. 4 8141 - 816 817 Fig. 318. Seed of Four-o’clock ; embryo two-cotyledoned, coiled; a, albumen. Fig. 314. Seed of Heather. Fig. 315. A section of the same, showing the curved embryo, with two cotyledous, lying in albumen. Fig. 816. Seed of Onion. Fig. 817. Section ef the same, showing the coiled em- bryo, one cotyledon, in albumen. 191. The radicle is the part destined to grow downwards 189. Of what two parts may the seed-kernel consist? 190. Describe the parts of the seed of bean. OF GERMINATION. 95 and become root. The plumule is the young bud destined to expand upwards and become stem and leaves. The cotyle- dons are two young leaves, thick and bulky, full of starchy matter to feed the embryo when it shall awake and begin to grow. 192. In the Wheat-seed (Fig. 312) we find, besides the embryo, a white, mealy mass (a), well known when ground into flour. This mass is evidently intended to answer the same purpose as the starchy cotyledons of the Bean—to nourish the embryo. The radicle (7), the pluniule (p); the cotyledon (c), and the albumen (a), are clearly shown. Fig. 313 (seed of Four-o’clock) also shows albumen; here the em- bryo is coifed into a ring around the albumen. Thus we see that the food of the young plantlet is laid up somewhere in every seed, either in the bulky cotyledons of the embryo itself, or in the albumen outside the embryo. 193. We have, then, seeds albuminous, and seeds ‘exalbu- minous; seeds two-cotyledoned, and seeds one-cotyledoned. LESSON XXV. THE SEED * COMING .A ANT. 194. We have seen that the ripened seed is a miniature plant, living, but sleeping; packed and sealed up for trans- portation. It may contifue to sleep, perhaps, for years, if 191. Describe the mature and destiny of the radicle; of the plumule; of the cotyledons. 192. Of what does the Wheat-seed consist? What is the intention of the albumen? the position of it in Wheat? in Four-o’clock? 193. What seeds are albuminous? exalbuminous? What seeds are two- cotyledoned? one-cotyledoned ? 96 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. kept dry; but if exposed to moisture, it soon awakes and commences its wonderful course of development. 195. In the Spring of the year the melting snows or the warm rains supply the proper moisture to the seeds which have fallen to the ground, and they may be seen everywhere swelling, bursting, and growing. The young botanist must not fail to watch their development. 196. Beneath some Oak, for example, buried in the old leaves, we find acorns in all stages of growth, showing at one view all the steps in the process of ger- mination. Here is an acorn with its shell softened and its kernel a little swollen. We divide it length- wise with a sharp knife, and the section (Fig. 318) shows the two thick cotyledons (¢ ¢) and the radicle (7). 197. In another acorn (Fig. 819) the cotyledons have ab- sorbed yet more water, and en- larged so much as to burst the shell, and the radicle growing, has come forth, a little root, directing its course downwards. Fig. 818. Acorn, seed of the Oak, cut open,—showing «, ¢, the cotyledons; 7, the radicle. / Figs. 819, 320, 821. Show the progress of germination: r, radicle ; p, plumule. 818 . 194. Please tell us again what a seed is. In what condition is a seed ? When will it awake? 195. Condition of the seeds generally in Spring ? OF GERMINATION. 97 198. In the next stage of growth (Fig. 320) the two stalks of the cotyle- dons (s, petioles, Less. I.), make their appearance, and from between them, at the top of the rootlet, the plumule shoots forth, a little stem with a bud at the top, directing its course up- wards. The rootlet, meanwhile, has grown longer, entered the soil, and divided itself into branches and fibres all covered over with fine white hairs. These hairs, called fibrils, ‘may be seen under a microscope, as in- Fig. 322, -which represents the end of a : Pb ae oe se fibre of Maple with its fibrils much snagnified under a Re arei magnified. ing the fibrils. - 199. Up to this stage, the growing rootlet and bud have drawn all their nourishment from the store of food laid up beforehand in the thick cotyledons for this very purpose; but now the rootlet has reached the soil, and by means of its numerous fibrils, which are so many little mouths, it is begin- ning to draw its nourishment from the earth. 200. Another acorn, or the same one a few days later (Fig. 821), shows root and stem well organized, and the young Oak fairly started on its: grand journey of growth and life. The root has descended deeper and spread its branches-wider 196. What is the meaning of the word germination? Describe the section of an acorn in Fig. 318. 197. Describe that stage of growth seen in Fig. 319. 198. Describe the third stage, as represented in Fig. 820. 199. The first source of food for the embryo? the second? 200. How does the plant appear in Fig. 321 ? 6 98 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. , in the soil, while the bud has mounted higher, unfolding itself into stem and leaves, and spreading itself in the air and light. 201. The young plant has now become independent of the seed, which will soon wither and perish. The cotyledons, in this case, are never able to throw off the shell, but perish 827 Progress of germination in Maple.—Fig. 828. A seed (samara). F%g. 324, The same, just beginning to grow; the rootlet descends, the cotyledons have burst the shell. ig. 825. The leaf-like cotyledons (c) nearly open, the stem (s) and root (7) lengthening. J%g. 326. The terminal bud appears. ig. 827. The first pair of true leaves expanded. Fig. 828. The second pair appear, &e. * together with it. In other plants, however, as in Maple (Fig. 325), the two cotyledons escape from the shell, change color, and become leaves,—the first pair on the plant (c). 202. The bud, which we called plumule, is still seen at the 201. When does the seed perish? Cotyledons of Oak and Maple—how differ in development ? , DEVELOPMENT OF BUDS. 99 top, arising higher and higher, as it unfolds its axis into the joints (called nodes and internodes) of the stem, its outer scales into leaves, and is itself continually renewed from within. Thus the ascending stem, or awis, is always termi- nated by a bud. Fig. 829. Bud of Ciniat unfolding,—the scales (s) gradually becoming leaves. Fig. 830. Bud of Tulip-tree,—the scales unfolding into stipules (s). 203. Soon other buds appear. There is one in the axil of each leaf. So long as'the terminal bud only is developed, the plant grows up a simple stem. But by the growth of these axillary buds, if they grow at all, branches are pro- duced ; and these branches, from their axillary buds, produce branchlets, and so on. 202. What do you understand by the nodes and internodes? How is the axis always terminated? 203. In what case will the stem be simple? How are branches produced ? 100 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. LESSON XX VI. LIFE OF THE, ANT, OR ITS BIOGRAPHY. 204. Tun water which the plant imbibes by its roots be- comes sap in the stem, and circulates in every part as the _ blood circulates in the’ animal frame. The leaves, by their broad, thin forms, serve as lungs, to bring all the sap which passes through them into contact with the air and light. 205. By this means the sap is changed into a nourishing food, fitted to sustain the growth of the plant in every part. Thus the leaves are designed, not only as an ornamental robe, but as organs of breathing and digestion. 5 206. In the second stage of growth, when the plant depends no longer upon the seed for nourishment, it goes on increas- ing in stature and multiplying its leaves and branches. It now consists of three parts, namely, root, stem, and leaves. These are called the organs of vegetation. 207. The third stage of plant-life is the period of flowering. Before this period, all its activity was devoted to its own noufishment and growth. Now it begins to live and act for the continuance of its own kind after it upon the earth, according to the Divine decree in Genesis, i., 11. Some of its buds undergo a striking change, and open each a flower instead of a leafy branch. 208. A flower is therefore a Tealy branch transformed (as 204. What becomes of the water which the roots imbibe?’ What part do the leaves act? 205. What change takes place in the sap? 206. What is the second stage of plant-life? 207. The third stage? Whence come the flowers? ve BIOGRAPHY QF THE * (ANT. ~ {01 shown in the Class Book, p. 23), having its axis undeveloped, its leaves in crowded circles, moulded into more delicate forms and tinged with brighter colors, not only to adorn the face of nature, but to prepare the way for fruit. 209. The fourth stage of plant-life is the period of its fruit- bearing. The flowers have gradually faded and disappeared, but the pistil, having received the quickening pollen (see Class Book of Botany, p. 148), remains in its place, holds fast all the nourishing matter which-continues to flow into it through the flower-stem, grows, and finally ripens into the perfected fruit and seed. ; 210. The fifth and last stage in the biography of the plant is its Atbernation (winter’s sleep), or its death. If the event of flowering and fruit-bearing occur within the first or second year of the life of the plant, it is generally followed by its speedy death. In all other cases it is followed by a state of needful repose, wherein it is commonly stripped of its leaves, and gives few, if any, indications of life, until awaked, with renewed vigor, in-the following Spring. 211. Accordivig to their different terms of life, we distin- ‘guish plants as annuals, biennials, and perennials. An an- nual herb completes its whole history in one year. In the Spring it germinates; in Summer it grows, blooms, bears fruit; and in Autumn its work and life are ended. The Mustard, Maize, and Morning-glory are such. 212. A biennial herd lives two years. During the first it 208. Please state the nature of the flower. 209. Please describe the fourth stage of plant-life. 210. The fifth stage. 211. In regard to their term of life, how are plants divided? Describe an annual herb. 212. A biennial herb. 102 * OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. .germinates, grows, and bears leaves only ; and in its second year it blossoms, bears fruit, and dies. Such are the Beet and Radish. : 213. A perennial plant survives several or many years. There are herbaceous perennials and woody perennials. The herbaceous perennials, or perennial herbs, are such as survive the winter only by their roots or their parts which grow underground. These in Spring send up leaves, flowers, and and often stems, all of which perish in Autumn, leaving only the parts underground alive as before. Such are the Hop, Asters, Violets. 214. Woody perennials survive the winter by their stems as well as roots, and usually grow several years before flow- ering, and thence flower annually during their existence. According to their size, such plants are trees, shrubs, under- shrubs. A ¢éree is the largest among plants, having a.perma- nent, woody stem, usually unbranched below, and dividing into branches above. The Oaks, Elms, and Pines are famil- jar examples. 215. A shrub is smaller than a tree, usually growing in clusters from one underground mass of roots. The Lilacs, Roses, Alders, are shrubs. Small shrubs, about of our own stature, as the Currants, Brambles, we call dushes. Very low shrubs, as the Blueberries, Box, &., are undershrubs. 218. Describe » perennial plant. Of what two sorts? Describe a peren- nial herb.’ 215. A tree, a shrub, bush, undershrub,—how distinguished? 'To which of the above-mentioned sorts does the Cabbage belong? To which the Hol- lyhock? the Balsamine? Four-o’clock? To which the Tulip? Golden-rod? Lily? Pink? Quince? &. CONCERNING THE R407. Lisson XXVIII, CONCERNING THE AX: OF THE 216. Tur term amx:: ex- presses the central column or body of the? .ant around which the branches and other organs are arranged. ‘As we have already no- ticed, the ax grows and extends in two directions, —upwardsand downwards. The ascending part is the stem, the descending part is the root. The former loves and seeks the air and light, the latter the dark, damp bosom of the earth. 217. The Roor serves the twofold purpose of fixing . the plant firmly in its place, and of imbibing the neces- sary food from the soil. The food when thus im- bibed is never in a solid Fig. 881. An entire plant (Shep- herd’s-parse), showing the axis (4 tor). The part from ¢ to 7 is the descending axis, or root; frome to a the ascending axis, or stem; 4, 4, branches, bearing racemes of flowers and fruit. ANTS 8312. 103 104 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY state, but dissolved in water, and con- sists of certain earths, alkalies, and gases. (See Part II, Chap. 7, Class Book of Botany.) 218. It is the nature of the root to divide itself into branches, and the only organs which properly belong to it are branches, fibres, and fibrils. It puts forth no buds nor leaves unless the plant be in some unnatural state. ' 219. The roots of woody : ants, es- pecially, are branching roots. Year after year they multiply and extend in branches and branchlets beneath the Fig. 882 Branching root of a young tree. Fig. 883. A tuberous root (Erigenia), Fig. 834. Fibrous roots (Buttereups), Fig. 835. Branching root (White Clover), with tubercles, FORMS OF RCOTS. 105 ground, in proportion to the growth of the branches and ‘twigs of the stem above. The axig itself may not descend to any great depth, and after a few years may be found far exceeded in growth by its own branches which extend hori- zontally in a better soil. The greater the growth of the root, the more firm will be its hold upon the ground, and the great- er its capacity for drinking in liquid‘nourishment for the tree.. 220. The roots of herbaceous fants take a great variety of forms. Some are tuberous, some fibrous. The ¢uderous are such as consist of a large axis or body, with small branches; as in the Beet, Ground-nut, Spring Beauty, and many other biennial plants. 221. The fibrous are such as con- sist mostly of fibres, with scarcely — ; any axis; asin Buttercups, Grass- es. In such cases the axis ceased : to grow immediately after ger- 886 237 mination, and long thread-like Bia. ano. “Tabarons and Pusifown branches supplied its place. root of Beet. 229. The jibro-tuberous: roots ig. 387. Tuberous and napiform . root of Turnip. are such as have some of their fibres thickened and fleshy, as seen in the Peony, Dahlia, 216. Please explain the meaning of the term axis. In what two directions does it grow? 217. What is the twofold purpose of the seed What does it imbibe? In what state is this food when imbibed ? 218. What is said of themature of the root? What are its only proper organs? What is said of leaves or buds? 219. Descrike the roots of woody plants, and their growth. 920-222. Describe tuberous roots; fibrous; fibro-tuberous ; tubercular. 5* . 106 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. Spirea. If little tubers here and there are attached to the fibres, the root is tubercular, as in Squirrel-corn. Fig. 888. Fibro-tuberous root of Peony. Fig. 839. Fibro-tuberous root of Spirea filipundula. Fig. 840. Fibro-tuberous root ef Mourning Geranium. 223. All these fleshy forms, whether tuberous or fibro-tu- berous, are filled with starch, deposited.there in store, for use in the future growth of the plant. Many other forms of roots are described in larger works. LESSON XXVIII. OF THE STEM OR ASCENDING AX”. 224. Tur stem tending upward in its growth is often called the ascending axis. It does not in all cases continue to arise - 223. What purpose do fleshy roots serve ? Luss. XXVIII. What is the subject of this lesson? .d>-_2_ THE ASCENDING AX™ » 107 D BA i aeeee NS t " 342 ig. 841, Spotted Prince’s Pine, entire plant; the stem is a “leaf-stem.” Fig. 842. Diclytra (D. eucullaria), whole plant; it has a “scale-stem@’ ° in growing, but often becomes oblique or horizontal. There- fore we have, besides erect stems, stems prostrate, procumbent, trailing, when running along flat on the ground, or over bushes, as the Partridge-berry, White Wintergreen (Fig. 348) ; and, also, stems decumbent, first arisitig and afterwards re- clining on the ground, as the Poor-man’s-weather-glass (Fig. 344). ; 225. There are, also, subterranean stems, never arising 224. What of the direction of the growth of stems? How does the stem of White Wintergreen grow? How the stem of Anagallis? 108 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. Fig. 848. The White Wintergreen (Chéogenes) ; it has a procumbent stem above the ground at all, but only sending up leaves and. flowers with their stalks, as the Tulip. 226. It is the nature of the stem to produce buds, as it is of the root to produce none. At first the stem is itself a bud, and as it grows it bears this bud alWays at the summit and produces a new bud in the axil of every new leaf. : iN Fig. 844. Poor-man’s-weather-glass (Anagadlis) ; it has a decumbent stem. 227. The stem has nodes and internodes. The joints where the leaves severally come out are the nodes, and the portion of stem between, the internodes. In the bud the internodes are quite undeveloped, and the nodes close together; but as it develops into a regular leaf-stem, the internodes grow, and the nodes with their respective leaves are separated. 228. But in some plants, the nodes only are developed, and the axis never extends itself above ground, and covers itself 225. What of the stem of Tulip? 226. What the nature of the stem with respect to buds? 227. Please tell us what are nodes and internodes. FORMS OF STEMS. 109 aa rt Fig. 845. Corms of Putty-root (Aplectrum): u, of last year; 0, of the present year. Fag. 846. Scale bulb of White Lily. Fig..847. Scale bulb of Violet Sorrel (Oxalis violacea). _with scales instead of leaves. Thus we have two classes of stems; namely, leaf-stems and scale-stems. These figures, one of the delicate Diclytra and the other (Fig. 341) of the v3 Se Fig. 848. Rhizome of Solomon’s Seal: a, fragment of the first year’s growth ;~3, the second year’s growth; v, the third year’s growth, bearing d, the stem of the present year, which will leave a sear (the seal), like that of the others. Fig. 349. Premorse rhizome of Trillium. 228. What two classes of stems have we to consider? What is the differ- ence between them? To which class does Diclytra belong? Prince’s Pine? 110 ' OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. Prince’s Pine, make a fine contrast of the two kinds of stems. ; 229. Several varieties of scale-stems must be distinguished ; as, bulb, corm, rhizome, creeper, tuber, &c. 230. The Tulip, Hyacinth, Onion, Lily; have bulbs; you see (Figs. 346, 847), they consist of roundish masses of thick scales with a small axis—in fact, an overgrown bud. The corm is like it in shape, but has a thick axis with thin scales or none. (Fig. 345.) o 231. The rhizome, or root-stock, is a fleshy, underground stem, often scaly and marked with scars, as you see in the Bloodrost, Solomon’s Seal (Figs. 348, 349). Fig. 850. Creeper of ‘Nimble Will,” or Witch-grass: g, bud; 4, 5, bases of the stems which rise above-ground. 232. The creeper is more slender, much branched, many- jointed and many-scaled, as seen in this figure of the Witch- grass. It sends out rootlets from its joints, and is very tena- cious of life, binding the soil into turf wherever it abounds. 233. The tuber, such as grows on the underground stems of the Potato-plant, is evidently a stem (not a root), for it al- ways produces buds. 229. Name five sorts of scale-stems. 230. Describe the bulb; the corm. 2381. The rhizome. 232. The creeper. 233. The tuber. FORMS OF STEMS. 111 234. Of the leaf-stem class we must describe three kinds, | the trunk, caulis, and vine. runk is the name given to the stems of woody, erect plants, especially of trees. They are . the representatives of loftiness and strength, in poetic phrase, lifting their summits to the skies and doing battle with the storm. There are, indeed, few objects in nature possessed of a truer grandeur than the White-Pine’s trunks of the North- ern forests. 235. Caulis, is the general name given by botanists to the _ Vines. Fig. 851. Passion-flower (Passiflora lutea), climbing by tendrils. Fig. 352. Morning-glory, twining from left to right. Zia. 358. Hop, twining from right to left. es 234. Name, next, three kinds of leaf-stems. Describe the trunk. 235. The caulis. Meaning and use of caulescent? acaulescent? Give ex- amples of each. : : 112 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. stems of herbs. From this word come two adjectives much used and quite convenient, viz., caulescent and acaulescent ; the former denoting the presence of stems above-ground, the latter of only underground stems. Thus the Buttercup is caulescent, while the Pitcher-plant is acaulescent ; the Garden Violet or Pansy is caulescent, while the wild Blue Violet is acaulescent. 236. Vine, as every one knows, denotes a slender stem, too weak to stand alone, and supporting itself by the aid of other plants or objects. Some vines are woody, some herbaceous. The Hop twines itself around its supporter, turning from right to left, as in Fig. 353. The Morning-glory, als, but it turns from left to right (Fig. 352). Thirdly, the Grape and Passion-flower (Fig. 351) climb by special organs, the tendrils, of wonderful adaptation, showing their Maker’s de- sign more truly than if by an audible voice. 236. Describe the vine. What their three varieties? What is the read- moirable in the tendril ? CLASSIFICATION. 113 ‘ AC LESSON XXIxX. YYANTS TO BE’ ARRANGED IN CLASSES. “ANT may be studied by itself, as au individual, separate from other plants or objects; or it may be considered in its re- lations to other plants, as consti- tuting a part of a system. In this latter view we discover one vast design embracing theinnu- merable millions of plants as one kingdom, leading us to adore the wisdom and goodness of him who planned and created the world. For we see that he has not only made each plant with so much. loveliness and perfec- tion in itself, but has assigned Clover > «Grasses «= to. each its proper rank in the system, and endowed it with just that natures habit, and style of beauty, which adapts it to that rank. . 238. To study plants as constituting a system, as we now propose to do, is useful in two ways: first, it gives us a larger and truer conception of the Vegetable Kingdom; and 2937. What two modes of studying the plant are mentioned? In the sec- ond mode what discovery is made? 238. In the systematic study of plants what two other advantages ? 114 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. secondly, it teaches us how to recognize by name the plants with which we. meet, so @s to avail ourselves of all that has been recorded concerning the same by botanists before us. .239. Suppose the pupil, in his study, has dropped a single Flax-seed on a lock of cotton floating in water in a bulb- glass. It grows, filling the clear water with its silvery radi- cles, while its stem shoots upwards covered with leaves and finally blooming with flowers. This is an individual plant. He studies its organs, colors, portrait, and carefully writes its history. 240. Meanwhile, other Flax-seeds, by thousands, have been sown in the fields, and from each, also, a plant has arisen. The student finds them in flower, tinging all the plain in ocean blue. Now, shall he, as a botanist, repeat his study over each of all these millions? Certainly, not. He finds himself already acquainted with them, for each bears an ex- act resemblance to that which he has already described. His knowledge of one individual Flax-plant, therefore, avails him for each and all the myriads of Flax-plants growing every- where. 241. In this manner we obtain the idea of a Species. Thus, a species of plants consists of many individuals of the same kind, having descended from a common stock, and resem- bling each other and their common parent in every feature. 242. The common Blue Flax, of which linen is made, is @ species ; the wild Yellow Flax is another; and the Purple Flax of the gardens is another, The White Clover is a spe- 239. Can you give us an idea of an individual plant ? 240. Having studied one individual Flax-plant, why do we not need to ndy the others? 241. Please state your idea of a species. 242. Please illustrate your idea of a species. THE NATURAL 3 ./STEM. 115 cies with its progeny of millions of plants; the Red Clover is another; the Yellow Clover another; the Buffalo Clover another. In like manner all the plants of the globe are grouped into species, and this is the first step in classification. 243. The second step carries us to the genus, which we may thus define: A Genus is an assemblage of species which are much alike; especially in their flowers and fruit. Thus, Fax is a genus made up of the several species mentioned above, and other similar species. OLoveR is a genus com- posed of 150 species, some of which we have just mentioned. Every one notices the resemblance between White Clover, Red Clover, &c. Pine is a genus, embracing as species White Pine, Yellow Pine, Pitch Pine, Long-leaved Pine, and many others. 244, Individuals of the same species may differ somewhat among themselves, and these differences constitute varieties. Thus Apple-trees differ in their fruit, and there are hundreds of yarieties although only one species. Roses differ in their form, color, and fragrance of their flowers, forming many va- rieties under each species. Probably no two plants of any species were ever exactly alike. Sameness, or monotony, is not a characteristic of Nature. LESSON XXX. THE NATURAL “STEM. 245. In attempting to classify and arrange the genera of plants, according to their ndtural resemblances and differ- 243. Can you now definea genus? Please illustrate your idea ofa genus. 244. What is a variety? Illustrate your meaning. . 116 OBJECT LESSONS IN BUTANY. ences, botanists have formed a system: called the Natural Sys- tem. Let us now briefly notice this system of classification. 246. We have already stated that the plants of the globe are all created in species, and that this is the first step in classification. “Then, in the second place, the species are grouped into genera. Now the number of species of plants already known is about 100,000, and the genera 20,000. 247. “The third step in our system carries us forward to the Naturat Orvers. These are made up of genera. As we as- sociate similar species to form a genus, so we associate similar genera to form the natural orders. The number of orders described in the Natural System is about three hun- dred. For example, the natural order Crucifirse, or the Crucifers, embraces such genera as Mustard, Cress, Cabbage, Turnip, Radish, Wall-flower, which every one sees to bear resemblance to each other in many respects. 248. How then shall we define a natural order? Itisa group of similar genera; or, a group of genera closely re- -lated to each other. Tharefore, individuals form species; species form genera; genera form orders. But how shall we classify these three hundred orders ? 249. Suppose we take an excursion into the mountains. We walk beneath the forest trees, and among the shrubs. We tread upon the lesser herbs, the matted grasses, and the mrosses and lichens which cover the rocks. Everywhere we see plants, and behold the domain of the vegetable kingdom. 245. What is the subject of this Lesson XXX. ? 246, 247. What is the first step in classification? the second? the third? What number of species known in all the vegetable world? What number of genera? of orders? (Ans. 803.) 248. Define a natural order. Please review these three steps. 249, Show how we may divide the vegetable kingdom. THE NATURAL ‘YSTEM. 117 Now viewing this as one grand whole, we want to divide it into two subkingdoms. How shall we do it? 250. Every attentive observer has noticed that some of these plants produce no flowers; as, ¢. g., the Ferns ‘and Mosses. Let us then take all such plants and consider them as forming one sub-kingdom, viz., the Frowrriess Puawts. All other plants will of course penstinte the other sub-king- dom, viz., the Frowxzrine Prants. Botanists call the latter the Pienagante, and the former, the Cryptogamia (Greek words of the same import). * 251., Now these two sub-kingdoms have other. distinctions besides flowering and not-jflowering. See the fruit-dots growing on the back of Fern a. leaves. The microscope shows them to be clusters ees of hollow cases, and each: case filled with a fine 3 Seb wD Be lniny dust. But this dust is not’ seeds, with 5 Se Be embryo, radicle, &e. (Less..24), but little sacs, s == containing a fluid, similar tq the pollen grains (Less. 15). We sal them Srorrs. See, also, the Mushrooms having no leaves, and the Lichens = ie 355 Some of the Cryptogams.—Fig. 355. A Fern, showing the fruit-dots. Figs. 856, 857 858, are Lichens, some appearing to have stems, and some with no appearance of any. 250. Please distinguish thejtwo subkingdoms. The meaning of Crypto- gamia? Phenogamia? 251. What about the Spores of Ferns, &.? 118 OBJECT LESSONS IN. BOTANY. often, also, without stems. Hence we may say of the Cryp- togams that they are not only flowerless, but seedless, and often deajless and stemless. 252. We will now dismiss the Cryptogams for the present, and consider the Flowering Plants (Pheenogams), as one sub- kingdom ;—how shall this be divided? Every one notices a striking difference between plants. with parallel-veined leaves and those with net-veined leaves. The former have their flowers three-parted, while the latter have their flowers two, four, or five-parted, &c.,—the former have seeds one-lobed (monocotyledoned,. Less. 15),.the latter, two-lobed (dicotyle- doned, Less. 15). Let us, then, divide the Pheenogamia into two provinces; as Nature has already done. eh Kx a SE TFs A S 2 Sh: Sao fe ‘ a My 4 Us veal y x . W Fig. 859. Cross-section of an exogenous stem (Elm), of two years growth: 1, the pith; 2, 8, two layers of wood; 4, the bark. ig. 360, Cross-section of an endoge- nous stem (Corn), showing no distinction of layers. 253. We may call these two provinces severally, the Exo- crens and the Enpogsns :—two Greek words denoting outside- growers, inside-growers, referring to their modes of growth. 254, Now, taking such an Exogen as the Apple-tree, and such an Endogen as the Indian Corn, we may distinguish them thus: The Exogen has its wood, if any, arranged in con- centric rings, or layers, as seen in Fig. 360 ;—the outer ring 252. Show how the Flowering Plants are divided. 258. Please give the character of an Exogen; an Endogen. Meaning of these two words ? THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 119 being the youngest; the leaves net-veined; the flowers sel- dom (or never completely) three-parted; and the seeds two- lobed. On the contrary: 255. The Endogen has its wood, if any, confused, the inner portions being the newest ;—its leaves parallel-veined ;—its flowers three-parted; and its seeds one-lobed. LESSON XXXI. MORE ABOUT THE NATURAL SYSTEM. - 256. Tuus Exogens and Endogens are so clearly defined: that you may know them as far off a8 you can see them. The next, step in the analysis is, to subdivide each of these provinces. First, as to the Exogens: We know that they generally have pistils in their flowers, with the young seéds (ovules) inclosed in their ovaries. But there are exceptions to this rule. The Pines, Yews, &., have no pistils at all, or, at least, no stigmas, and produce naked seeds, not inclosed in seed-vessels. Hence, we have two classes of Exogens: the = naked-seeded and the vessel-seeded. The botanists call the lat- ter the AneiosprrMs (Greek, angzos, a vessel; sperma, seed); and the former, the Gymnosperms (Greek, gymnos, naked), 257. Secondly, the Endogens: here consider the peculiar forms and flowers of the Grasses. Their flowers are all en- veloped in green, alternate scales, called glumes, instead of 254, Is the Lilyan Exogen or Endogen? TheButtercup? The Maple, &&.? 256. What is the next step in the analysis? State the manner of subdi- viding the Exogens, What is the meaning and etymology of the word - “ Angiosperms?” What of Gymnosperms? Give an example of each. 257. Show the subdivision of the Endogens. What of the Petalifere? What of the Glumifere ? : 120 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. the circles of petals common in other flowers. Hence we have a class of Glume-plants and of Glumeless-plants, or, as the botanists say, Guumirer# and Prraureraz. Thus we divide all the Flowering Plants into four Classes, viz.: 1. Angiosperns ; Exogens bearing stigmas and seed-vessels. 2. Gymnosperms ; Exogens with no stigmas, and with naked seeds, as the Pines, Firs, Larches, Cedars, Cypresses, Yews, &c. 3. Petalifere ; Endogens with no glumes and ordinary flowers. 4. Glumifere ; Endogens with glumes instead of petals, as the Grasses, Sedges, Grains. 258. Again, each of these Classes are to be subdivided into Cohorts, as follows: the Angiosperms are divided (not very naturally) into three cohorts, viz. : 1. The Dialypetale, or Polypetalous Exogens, having flow- ers with the petals distinct and separate, as in the Buttercup, Rose, Mustard. 2. The Gamopetale, having flowers with the petals united into one piece, as in the Phlox, Morning-glory, Foxglove. 8. The Apetale,:having flowers without petals, either naked, or with only one circle of floral envelopes (which must then be considered as sepals, whatever be the color); as Gin- ger-root Coe Poke (Phytolacea), and Pig-weed (Cheno- podium). 4. Next, the ea uane are regarded as forming one cohort, called the Conoids, having the fruit usually in cones. (Less. XXIIL) 258. After the classes, what is the next step'in analysis? How are the Angiosperms subdivided? Please define the Polypetalous Exogens; the Gamopetalous ; the Apetalous. What cohort do the Gymnosperms form? Why? What two cohorts do the Petaliferous Endogens form? Define the fifth cohort. Define the sixth cohort. What cohort do the Glumiferous Endogens constitute? THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 121 The Endogenous Petalifera are divided into two cohorts, wz. : 5. The Spadicijflore, having the flowers on a spadix, as in the Egyptian Calla and Jack-in-the-pulpit. 6. The Floridiw, having the flowers separate, not on a spadix, as in Tulip, Gladiolus... 7. The Class Glumifere: constitutes the seventh cohort, under the name Graminoids, i. e., the Grass-like plants. Six other cohorts are formed from the -flowerless plants, but we cannot notice them in this work: 259. Lastly, the cohorts are themselves divided into, or composed of, the Natural, Orders, which we defined in Les- son XXX. : 260. Taste I. Tasunar View or rae Naturau Sysrem. Kugaom, Sub-kingdoms Provinces. Classes. Cohorts. y : , Dialypetalous, , | Gamopetalous, ; Angiosperms.. ( Apetalous, . a ( Exogons.. i Gymnosperms.—Conoids. \ Spadicifloree, / | Petalifere. .... | Floridia, ( Phenogamia \ Endogens. i Glumiferx ....—Graminoids. Vegetables. { Cryptogamia. (Its divisions here omitted.) 261 Taste II. View or tae Naturat System. 1, Flowering Plants. (Next pass to No. 2.) PH ENOGAMA4A, ‘1, Flowerless Plants. (Pass to No. 9.) GRYPTOGAMIA 2, Leaves net-veined. Flgwers never quite 3-parted....8. EXOGENS. 2. Leaves parallel-veined. Flowers 8-parted....4. LNDOGENS. 8. Stigmas present. Seeds in seed-vessels.,...5. Angiosperms; 8, Stigmas none, seeds naked. Pines. Spruces, &c.. :6. Gymnosperms. 4. Flowers without glumes, naving petals, &c....7. Petalifere 4, Flowers witn green, alternate glumes, no petals ..9. Glumifera 259. Finally, into what are the cohorts themselves divided? Give us ex. amples of each of all these cohorts. : 260 Explain the use of TableI 261 Of Table II. € 192 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 5. Petals distinct and separate. PoLyPETaLa 5. Petals united more or less. a GAMOPETALA. 5. Petals none. APETALE. 6. The cone-bearing plants. Cedars, Larches. Conorps 7. Inflorescence a spadix. SPADIOIFLORA. 7. Infldrescence not a spadix. Frorivia. 8. Grass-like plants, GRAMINOIDS. 9. Suco as Ferns, Mosses, Lichens, Sea-weeds, Mushrooms all omitted in this book. (See Class-Book, Chapter XIV.» “ 262. Taste TI. Ayorger Virw or raz Naturat Sysrei VEGETABLE KINGDOM, divided into two sub-kingdoms, viz.: Sub-kingdom First, PHAENOGAMIA, the Flowering Plants, including Province L., the EXOGEMS, or Dicotyiedons, including two classes Class 1, the Angiosperms, having three Cohorts, viz.. Cohort A, PotyprraLous Exogens (as Roseworts, &c.): Cohort B, Gamorerazous Exogens (Phloxworts, &.); and Cohort C, AreTALous Exogens (Pokeworts, &c.). Class 2, the Gymnosperms, with one Cohort, viz.: . Cohort D, Conows, or cone-bearing plants (Pineworts, &c.). Province I1., the ENDOG-ENS, or Monocotyledons, two Classes, viz. Class 8, the Petaliferous Endogens, having two Cohorts ; Cohort E, Spapio1rtorz (the Aroids, &c.) ; Cohort F, Fiorwr2 (Lilyworts, &c.). Class 4, the Glumiferous Endogens, one Cohort, viz. : Cohort G, GRaminotps (Grasses, Sedges, &c.). Sub-kongdom Second, CRYPTOGAMIA the Flowerless Plants Province HI. &e , &e. —_ > 0p LESSON XXXII. OF THE ANALYSIS OF PLANTS. 2638. To study any subject by the separate examination of the parts of which it is composed, is a process called analysis. For example, in Grammar, we analyze a sentence when we point out and separately consider. the subject, predicate, 262. Of Table III. 263. What is the general meaning of analysis? Tlustrate, BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 123. object, &c. In Chemistry, we analyze water when we sep- arate its two elements, oxygen and hydrogen, and examine each by itself. ; / - 264. In Botany, however, we use the word analysis in a wider sense. It implies not only the separate study of each particular organ composing +he plant, but doing all this in connection with eertain tables, in order to determine its name and history. = 265. This kind of analysis is the constant and delightful pur- suit of the active botanist. Without it, the study of books loses half its pleasure and usefulness. ‘The student can acquire a better knowledge of a species by the study ofa living specimen, than by memorizing the longest description found in books. 266. During the flowering months, he will often meet with species in blossom which are yet unknown to him. If he is duly interested in his study, he will not fail to seize and analyze each new specimen, and even extend his walk in ‘search of more. In this manner, he may in a few seasons become acquainted with every species in his locality. 267. But we do not expect tNat all this will be accomplished by our young friends while using as their only text-book this little work. We only aim now to furnish them with the means of making a fair beginning, so that they may be able, in future sedsons, to advance rapidly with the “Class Book,” or other works of that rank. . . 268. In the following pages we present the pupil with numerous tables, desigaed to conduct our inquiries in every process of botanical analysis; also accompanied by a plain, miniature Flora, or.a partial description of all the flowering plants in the United States. 264, What is its signification in botany ? 124 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY 269. Specimens gathered for analysis should have flowers in full bloom, full-grown leaves,’ and also, if possible, the mature fruit. If it be an herb, it is well to have the whole of it, as the root and lower leaves often afford characters by which the species is known. Suppose you now have’ good specimens of some one unknown-plant, gathered for analysis, —how will you proceed with them? ~~ - 270. We first examine the several parts of the plant, begin- ning with the root and ending with the pistil or ovary, deter- mining the character of each according to the definitions given in the former lessons. After this, we refer to the table commencing on page 121, entitled, “ Review of the Natural System,” and read, compare, and decide according to the directions contained in Lesson XX XIIL., in order to determine the Natural Order.to which the specimen belongs. Having determined the Order, we next turn to that Order, and deter- mine the Genus and Species by means of other similar tables. 71. In examining the specimen, previous to the use of the tables, the first inquiries may be somewhat as follows: As to the plant—whether it be an herb, shrub, or tree. As to the root—whether tuberous, fibrous, or fibro-tuberous. As to the stem—whether a scale-stem or leaf-stem; bul- bous, rhizome, or erect; &c. As to the leaves—whether alternate or opposite; parallel- veined or net-veined; whether the figure be ovate, lanceo- late, oblong, &e. 269. What kinds of specimens are to be preferred for analysis? 270. Please state the first thing to be done with them. After you have found the Order, what then? 271. What special care should be taken? .As to character, what do we inquire concerning plants? What concerning the root? the stem? the leaves? the stipules? What concerning the flowers? the calyx? the corol la? stamens? What concerning the pistil or fruit? USE OF THE ANALYTICAL TABLES. 125 As to stipules—whether present or absent. As to the flowers—whether symmetrical or unsymmetrical ; regular or irregular; whether the calyx be free or adherent; the petals, whether distinct or united; the stamens, whether hypogynous or perigynous, whether apposite to the petals or alternate with them. As to the pistil and fruit,—whether the carpels be more ‘than oné, and whether distinct or united. (See Lesson XVIIL) LESSON XXXIII. HOW TO ANALYZE A PLANT BY THE TABLES. 272. Our readers are already informed that the Flora which accompanies these instructions is not intended to make them acquainted with the plants of the country, but simply to teach the pupil how to analyze. Hence they will not expect to find in it any thing like a full account of all our flora; but a few plain exercises by which they may trace every, flowering plant in the country to its Natural Order, about one in every two to its Genus, and about one in every five to its Species. In conducting an exercise in this Flora with a class of pupils who have well studied the-former part of the work, some method like the following would be inter- esting and profitable. 278. Suppose the class present, and each furnished witha se: cimen of some one unknown species, both in flower and fruit. Teacher. Are you all ready? Turn to the Flora and let us find out to- gether the family relations and the names of this fine plant. We will commence at the “ Analysis of the Natural Orders” (page 132), and read the first pair of lines, which we will call a couplet. 126 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY John (reads). “Plants bearing flowers (Pheenogamia), “Plants not bearing flowers (Cryptogamia).” Teacher. To which of these sub-kingdoms does your specimen belong? John. To the flowering plants, for it has both flowers and fruit. Teacher. Now tell us to which couplet we shall next pass. John. To the second. : a Teacher. Very well. Edward, you may read and determine the second couplet in the same manner. Edward. “Leaves net-veined. Flowers never completely three-parted. “Leaves parallel-veined (rarely net-veined). Flowers three-parted.” This specimen seems to answer to the first line, having net-veined leaves and five-parted flowers. It is, then, an Bxopen: Pass to No. 3. Teacher. Now let it pass along and if a wrong decision is made, let the observer signify it by raising his hand. Sarah. “Stigmas present. Seeds inclosed in seed-vessels, .‘Stigmas none. Seeds naked.” These flowers have pistils and atig- mas. I think it isan Angiosperm. Pass to No. 5. Eliza. “Oorolla with distinct petals. “Corolla with united petals. “Corolla none; sepals sometimes none.” My specimen has five distinct petals, and five sepals. It is therefore Polypetalous. Pass over to A. Jane. “ Herbs. a “Shrubs, trees, or undershrubs.” This plant is an herb. Pass on to No. 2. ‘ Mary. “Leaves alternate or all radical. “Leaves opposite, on the stem.” . The leaves of the stem are alternate, but many are radical. Pass to No. 15. : Louisa. “Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume. “Flowers irregular,” &c. I do not remember the legume. (Several hands are raised.) Teacher. Edward will define ‘a legume. Edward. A legume, sir, is a fruit like a pea-pod. Teacher. Can Mary improve this definition ? Mary. The legume is a simple, or one-carpeled fruit, with two valves and one cell. Louisa. But this plant has regular flowers, in any case. See No. 17. Nancy. “Stamens numerous.” &. I count more than twenty stamens here. Turn to No. 21, HOW TO ANALYZE. 127 Lucy. “Stamens on the torus,” &. I think they’ are on the torus, and not on the calyx. Next to No. 22. , Emily. “ Pistils few or many, distinct (at-least as to the styles). ‘Pistils (styles, also, if any), completely united.” I see many little green pistils, quite distinct; in the centre ofthe flower. Goto No. 28. Caroline. “Petals five or more, deciduous. Leaves not peltate,” &. This, flower has five petals, but,I do not know whether they are deciduows or not. . Teacher. Will some of you relieve Caroline’s doubts? Emily. I think they are deciduous, for they have already fallen off from several of my flowers. Teacher. True. Then what is Caroline’s decision? * Caroline. I suppose, then, that the plant belongs to the “ Order of the Crowfoots,” which is the first natural order. Teacher, Well done. This brings us to the order of which our plant seems to be a member. Let us now turn to that order and learn the genus of the plant. But before we look into the ‘ Analysis of the Gen- era,” we should carefully compare our plant with the characters of the order, so that we may be sure that we have not erred, in our conclusion, John will read aloud these characters, and-the class will consider whether their specimens answer to each. : John (reads). ‘Herbs, rarely shrubs, with a colorless, acrid juice” (&e., to the end). Teacher. Since we are now confident that we have a plant belonging to the order of the Crowfoots, let us commence the ‘Analysis of the Genera.” Edward, the first couplet- Edward. “Sepals four, valvate in the bud. Achenia tailed. “Sepals imbricate in the bud.” The sepals are imbricate. No. 2. Sarah. *“ Ovaries one-seeded, achenia in fruit. é “Ovaries with two or more seeds.” I find one seed in each ovary,— indeed, the ovary is itself like a little seed... Pass to No. 8. Eliza (after reading the couplet). The greenish sepals are quite differ- ent from the yellow petals. Go to the triplet marked d. Jane (after reading the three lines). As this plant has leaves on the stem, and a little scale with honey’at the base of each petal, I must pro- nounce it a Crowfoot, genus No. 4. . ‘Teacher. We now turn to that genus (page 141), and read its character for the sake of confirmation and a better knowledre. 128 OBJEUT LESSONS IN BOTANY Mary (reads the character of the genus Ranunculus aloyd). Teacher, We are now ready for the analysis of the species. Mary is-next. Mary. “ Petals yellow. Seeds (carpels) rough with prickles. Flowers small. South..... ’ “Petals yellow, seeds smooth and even...... “Petals white (claws yellow). Seeds wrinkled crosswise.” This spe cimen. has smooth seeds and yellow petals, Pass to a. Louisa. “ Leaves more or less divided,” &c. This second line of the triplet describes the plant. Pass on to 6. ; Nancy. “ Root leaves neither divided nor cleft, merely crenate. “Lower leaves three-cleft, but not divided to the base. “Leaves all terttately divided and much cleft.” Pass to ¢. Lucy. “Sepals reflexed in flower. Plants erect. “Sepals spreading in flower, shorter than the petals.” The sepals are reflexed. Read Nos. 14, 15. ‘ Emily, after reading both descriptions, finally concludes that she holds in her hand a specimen of the Bulbous Crowfoot, or Ranunculus bulbosus, in which conclusion all concur. , 0 _ LESSON XXXILV VARIOUS SUGGESTIONS AND CAUTIONS. 974. Taw work ot analysis is often attended with difticul ties which severely try the skill and perseverance of the young botanist. So it often is in the study of Algebra, or of Logic; indeed, in nearly every valuable branch of learning His decisions may be wrong through a want of a thorough acquaintance with botanical terms, or through his ignorance of the real characters of his specimens. Of course his success will always be in proportion to the accuracy of his knowl -edge,—here, as well as in all other pursuits. 274, Mention two sourdes of error in the analysis of plants DIFFICULTIES IN ANALYSIS. 129 275. But the minuteness of the organs or parts to be studied is often discouraging even to the accurate student, much more to the careless one. To overcome this, skill in dissection and a dauntless courage in observation are indis- pensable. Moreover, there is often much ambiguity in the nature of the subject. For example, whether the Geraniums are herbs or shrubs; whetlier the flowers of Petunia are reg- ular or irregular ; whollies the Pear leaf is ovate or seal &e. Experience wall at length diminish this difficulty. 276. The exact limits between the classes, the cohorts, &c., are not always easily defined. For example, is Trillium an Exogen or an Endogen? Its netted leaves indicate the for- er, but its flowers being three-parted throughout, and its seeds with one cotyledon, prove it to be an Endogen. Again, is Spring Beauty an Exogen er an Endogen? Its leaves seem, at first, parallel-veined, but as its flowers are five-parted it is an Bieopen: 277. Angiosperms will be readily distinguished from Gym- nosperms, if we remember that almost all the latter are ever- green trees, like the Pines, Cedars, Larches, &e. 278. The industrious student will very soon find himself so well acquainted ‘with the different characters of the cohorts that he will in analysis refer his plant at once to its right cohort, without consulting the previous parts of the table.. This is desirable; and a thorough acquaintance with the ‘ we: ao 275. What of the minuteness of the organs of some plants? What of the ambiguity of the plants themselves? What will soon diminish this diffi- culty? Mention examples of this ambiguity. « 276. Are the limits of the classes, cohorts, genera, &c., always clear? How do we know that the Trillium is an Endogen? that Spring Beauty. is an Exogen? 277. How may the @ymnosperms be quickly distinguished ? 6% 130 ‘OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY characters of the five great orders following will prove a great saving of time and trouble. 279. The Crucirers are herbs with alternate leaves, cruci- form flowers (§ 87), two stamens shorter than the other four, and two-celled pods. Example, Mustard. , 280. The Peaworts are plants with one-celled pods, mostly papilionaceous flowers and compound leaves. Examples, Pea, Bean. : 281. The Umpettirers have alternate leaves, small, regular, five-parted flowers, in umbels, and two-seeded fruit. Cara- way. . 282. The AstErworrs are herbs with compound flowers, that is, with heads composed of many little five-parted flow- ers appearing together like a single flower. Asters, Sun- flower. 983. The Lastares are herbs with squaze stems, opposite leaves, labiate flowers, and fruit deeply cleft into four parts. Peppermint. Among Endogens we select two or three orders. 284. The Orcuips. Herbs with very irregular and gro- tesque flowers, and stamens united to the style. Orchis. .285. The Severs. Herbs with solid, stems; linear, grass- like leaves (if any), on entire sheaths; and with green glumes _and flowers. 286. The Grasses. Herbs with hollow stems, linear leaves on split sheaths, and with green glumes ¢ and flowers. 279. Define the Crucifers 280. The Peaworts 281. The Umbellifers, 282. The Asterworts. 283. The Labiates. 284. Define also the Orchids, 285. The Sedges. 286 The Grasses. ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS, ach., achema. est., estivation. .alter., alternate. anth,, anther. acill., axillary. ° Jil., filament. Ji., flower ; fis., flowers. Jt, fruit., | 4d., head; Ads., heads. hyp., hypogynous. Often used in Descriptive Botany. pet., petals, r., rare, uncommon, recp., receptacle, reg., regular. rhiz., rhizome ¢., common, cal., calyx. caps., capsule. cor,, corolla. 7t., TOOt. sds., seeds. seg.,-segments. sep., sepals. ambr., imbricate. inf., inferior. © “éinvol., involuere. trreg., irregular. decid., deciduous. leg., legume. st., stem. diam., diameter. te th leaf';.dvs., leaves, sta., stamens. is emary., emarginate, bfts., leaflets. stig., stigmas. 7 Ff. or ft., feet. ova., ovary. sty., styles. Apr, Afril, Aug., August. Dec., December. Feb., February. Jan., January. - July. Jn, June. Mar., March. Nov., Novembér. Oct., October. Sept., * September. 7 N., Northern, that is, fhe northern portions of the United States. N.-E., New England, or the Northeastern States. N.- W., the Northwestern States. £., the Eastern, or the Atlantic States. : © W., the Western, or the States he a a the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, MW, the Middle States or portions of the United States. S., the Southern States. S.-E., the Southeastern States, and S.- W., the Southwestern States. X. x, New York. Mass., Massachusetts. Pa., Pennsylvania, &c. f. (with or withont the period), a foot. ¢ ’ (a single accent) denotes dn inch (a twelfth of 1 foot). ‘’ (a double accent) a second, a dine (a twelfth of an inch). @® An annual plant. ©® A biennial plant. 2f A perennial plant. : A b A plant with a woody stem. oo Indefinite or numerous, g A pistillate flower or plant. 6 A staminate flower or plant. 3 A perfect flower, ora plant bearing perfect flowers. § Monecious, or a plant bearing staminate and pistillate flowers. 9% Dicecious; pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants. 9 8 4 Polygamous; the same species, with pistillate, perfect, and staminate fis. 0 (a ciphér) signifies wanting or none, as, “ Petals 0.” § (placed after), a naturalized plant, + (placed after), cultivated for ornament, t (placed after), cultivated for use. - 182 LESSONS IN BOTANY ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS, Bang a Key for the ready determination of any plant, native or cultivated, growing within any State east of the Mississippi river, or bordering on its western shore. : Note.—A star (*) prefixed to the name of the Order, denotes that that Order, with its genera and ‘species, is described in its place in the Flora, The Orders not thus marked are nut noticed in the Flora beyond this Table. ‘The Orders are here numbered to correspond with the “Class Book of Botany.” - CLASSES AND COHORTS T Flowering Plants... 3. Sub-kongdom, PH ANOGAMIA. 1 Flowerless Plants....Ferns, Mosses, Lichens, Mushrooms, Sea-weeds, &. (not further noticed here). Sub-kingdom, CRYPTOGAMIA, 2, Leaves net-veined. [lowers never completely 3-parted ...3. EXOG ENS. 2. Leaves parallel-veined (rarely nét veined). Flowers 8-parted....4. EVDOGENS. 8. Stigmas present. Seeds inclosed in ua seéd-vessel....5. Angiosperms, 3. Stigmas none. “Seeds naked (Pines, Spruces, &¢.).. .6. Gymnosperms, 4 Flowers without glumes, colored.or green... .7. Petalifere 4. Flowers with green, alternate glumes, no perianth....8. Glumifere 5. Corolla with distinct petals... .A. : Cohort 1. PoLyprraous. 5. Corolla with united petals....B. Cohort 2, (GAMOPETALOUS. 5. Corolla none. Sepals sometimes none. .C. Cohort 8. APETALOUS, 6. The cone-fruited plants (same as Gymnospernis)..D. Cohort 4. Conorps. 7. Fis. on a spadix, apetalous or incomplete....E. Cohort 5. SPavicirLor&. 7. Fis. complete, perianth double. No spadix..E*. Cohort 6. FLoripEz. 8. The grass-like plants (same as Glumifere). G. Cohort 7. GRAMINOIDS. A Orpers or tHe Portyreratous Exocens ° 1, Herbs....2. 1. Shrubs, trees, or undershrubs. .3. 2. Leaves alternate or all radical... .15. 2. Leaves opposite on the stem....11. 8. Flowers regular or nearly so....4. 8, Flowers irregular (or fruit a legume, § 180) ..57 4, Stamens 8 times as many as the petals, or more.. 5. 4, Stamens 1 or 2 times as many as the petals, or fewer . 7. 5s Leaves opposite....60. , . 5. Leaves alternate. . .6. ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS 133 6. Stamens on the torus or on the hypogynous (§ 88) petals... 68. . 6. Stamens and petals on the calyx tube (perigynous, § 83).. .68, 7. Ovaries simple, distinct or one only. Vines or erect shrupbs....69. 7. Ovary compound....8. 8. Ovary inferior, —wholly adherent to the calyx....70.@ 8. Ovary superior,—tfree from the calyx, or nearly free. aude : 9. Stamens opposite to the petals, and of the same number....72. 9. Stamens alternate with the petals, or of a different number....10° 10. Leaves opposite on the stem....73. 10. Leaves alternate, compound....76. 10. Leaves alternate, simple... .78. 11. Stamens 8 times as many as the petals, or more....47. 11. Stamens 1 or 2 times as many as the petals, or fewer....12 12. Pistils distinct and simple, few or one only....48. 12. Pistils united into a compound ovary....18. 18. Ovary free from the calyx. ..14. 18. Ovary adherent to the calyx. ..49. 14. Stamens opposite to the petals, and of the same number....51. 14, Stamens alternate with the petals, or of a greater number... .52. 15. Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume....17. 15. Flowers irregular (rarely regular), and the fruit alegume.. 16 16, Stamens 3 or more times as many as the petals... .42. 16. Stamens few and definite, 5-12....48. 17. Stamens numerous, 3 or more times as many as the petals....21.. 17, Stamens few and definite....18. y 18. Ovary free from the calyx,—superior... 19. 18. Ovary adherent to the calyx,—inferior....39. 19. Pistils one or indefinite (1-15), distinct, simple.. .80. 19. Pistils definite in number, as follows, viz..... 20. 20. Carpels (or pistils) 2, united, the short styles | into.1....31 20. Carpels 8 or 4, waited, the efile or stigmas 3, or 4, or 6....82. 20. Carpels 5, distinct or seme, with 5 distinct aigilea. waveBly 20. Carpels 5, united, and the styles combined intol. .88. 21, Stamens on the torus (hypogynous)....22. 21. Stamens situated on the corolla at’ base... .27. 91. Stamens situated on the calyx at the base....28. 22. Pistils few or many, distinct (at least as to the styies)... 28, 22. Pistils (and styles also, if any) completely united... .24, 23. Petals 5 orimore, deciduous. Leaves not peltate. Order of the * Crow/oots, 98. Petals 8, persistent and withering. Floating leaves peltate. Water-shidlds. 93. Petals many, deciduous. Leaves all peltate. * \Vater-beans. 24, Sepals 2 only... .26. ‘ 24, Sepals 4, 5, or 6, mostly 5 ...26 134 LESSONS IN BOTANY 25. Petals numerous, imbricate in the bud. * Water Libies. 9 25. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Leaves tubular. * Water-pitchers. 10 25. Petals 5, convolute in bud. Flowers of 2 sorts. « ock-roses. 17 26. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. * Purselanes.* 22 26. Petals 4, usually crumpled in bud, * Poppyworts. 11 27. Filaments united into a tube. Anthers 1-celled. : * Maliows. 24 98. Sepals 2, persistent. Fruit a pyxis (§ 178). * Purselanes. 22 28. Sepals 3 to 5....29. 29. Petals imbricate in bud. Fruitalong pod. South. Lendenblooms. 26 29. Petals imbricate in bud. Fruit not a pod. * Roseworts, 47 29. Petals convolute in bud. Fruit compound. Loasads. 58 80. Stamens opposite to the imbricated petals. Pistil one. * Berberids. 6 80. Stamens alternate with the petals, or more numerous, * Crowfoots.e 1 81. Stamens 6 (tetradynamous, § 108). Pods 2-celled. * Crucifers. 18 31. Stamens 4, or 8-12. Pod 1-celled, Capparids. 14 82. Sepals and petals in 3’s. Stamens 6. Small herbs. Limnanths. 36 82. Sepals and petals in 4’s. Stamens 8, Climbing. * Indian Soapworts. 41 82. Sepals and petals in 5’s..-.88. 88. Stamens definitely'5....84. 88. Stamens indefinite, 8-80....36 84. Stamens monadelphous, Stems climbing. Passionworts. 57 84, Stamens distinct....35. S 85, Stem climbing. | Flowera,greenish. (Mewican.vine.) Order 104 35. Stem erect. Flowers yellow. Turnerworts. 56 85. Stem erect. Flowers cyanic. . * Sundews. 19 86. Flowers perfect, very many and small, Rock-roses, 17 86. Fis. moneecious. Plants woolly, seurty, or downy. Order 112 87. Stamens 5, alternate with the 5 petals. Seeds many. * Flaxworts, 30 87. Stamens 5, opposite to the 5 petals, Seed 1. (Leadworts.) Order 80 87. Stamens 10 (twice as many as the petals), united at base. * Wood-sorrels. 32 87, Stamens 6-24 (twice as many as the petals), distinct. . * Houselecks. 60 48. Ovary 1-celled. Leaves radical; spinous. 8. * Sundews. 19 88. Ovary 8-5-celled. -Leaves mostly radical, dotless. * Order 78 88. Ovary 8-5-celled. Leaves cauline, dotted, pinnate. Rueworts. 87 89. Style 1, but the carpels (§124)as many as the petals (2-6). * Onagrads. 52 389. Styles 2, carpels 2, fewer than the (5) petals....40. 89. Styles 8-5....41. 40. Seeds several. * Saxifrages. 61 40. Seeds two only. * Umbelworts. 68 41, Sepals 2, with 5 petals. * Purselanes. 22 41. Sepals as many as the petals, Araliads. 64 42. Ovaries many or few, rarety 1, always simple. * Orowfoots. 1 42. Ovary compound, 8-carpeled, open before ripe. Mignonettes. 15 ' ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS 135 43. Sepals fewer or more in number than the petals... .44. 48, Sepals and petals each of-the same number....45. 44. Sepals 2 (or vanished) ; petals 4 (2 pairs), with 1 or spurs. —— - 44, Sepals 4, petals 2; the Jargest sepal spurred behind, * Jewelweeds. 44 Sepals 5, petals 3. No spur. * Milkworts, 45. Flowers 4-parted, not very irregular. No spur. Capparide. 45. Flowers 5-parted....46. ' : 46, Stamens 8. Spur slender. Trophyworts. ‘46. Stamens 5. Spur blunt, or none. * Violets. _46, Stamens 10 (or more). Fruitalegume. Nospur. * Peaworts. 47. Pistils many, entirely distinct, simple. * Crowfoot. 47. Pistils 3 to 5, united more or less completely. * St. Johnsworts, 47.-Pistils 5 to 10, united, with sessile stigmas‘and many petals. dee-plants. 48. Pistil only 1, simple. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-18. * Berberids. 48. Pistils 3 or more, distinct, simple. Flowers all symmetrical. * Houseleeks. 48. Pistils 2, covered up by the stamens Juice milky. * Order 49. Carpels as many as the sepals... .49? 49. Carpels fewer than the sepals. ..50. : 49° Anthers opening at the top. Melastomes. 49) Anthers opening along the side. * Onagrads. 50. Seeds numerous. Styles 2. * Saxifrages. 50. Seed 1 in each cell. Styles 2 or 3. z Araliads. » 50. Seediineach cell. Style 1 (double). * Cornels. 51. Style 3-cleft at the suramit. ~* Purselanes. 51 Style and stigma 1, undivided. * Order ~ 52, Leaves pinnate, with stipules ae the petioles. Bean-capers. 52. Leaves simple, toothed or lobed....58 .52. Leaves simple, entire... .54. 53. Flowers cruciform, with 6 stamens. * Orucifers, 63. Flowers 5-parted, with 10 stamens. * Geraniums. 54. Petals and stamens on the throat of the calyx. Loosestrifes. 54. Petals on the torus (hypogynous)....55. 55. Flowers irregular, unsymmetrical (§ 110). * Milkworts, 55. Flowers regular, 2 (or 3)-parted throughout. Water-peppers. 55. Rlowers regular, 5-parted....56. 56. Leaves dotted with pellucid or black dots. *S¢. Johnsworts, 56. Leaves not dotted. * Pinkworts. 57. Pistil a simple carpel, becoming a legume. Stamens 10-100. * Peaworts. 57. Pistilecompound, 3-carpeled....58 67 Pisti] compound, 5-carpeled....59 : 58. Flowers perfect. Leaves digitate. . * Buckeyes. 58 #lowers moneecious (§ 109). Leaves l-sided. Cultivated. Begoniads. 59. Stipules present. Plants half-shrubby. Cultivated. * Geraniumes. _ 59. Stipules none. Shrubs or half-shrubs, Native. * Order 12 34 45 14 85 16 46 18 28 60 97 41 59 81 73 136 LESSONS IN BOTANY 60. Stamens on the torus, in’several sets. Leaves dotted. * St. Johnsworts. 18 60. Stamens on the calyx (perigynous, § 83)....61. 61. Ovaries many, free, but inclosed. Calycanths. 48 61. Ovary compound, free in the bell-shaped calyx. Loose-strifes, 51 61. Ovary compound, adherent to the calyx....62. ° # 62. Leaves with a marginal vein. Myrtleblooms. 49 62. Leaves with no marginal vein. - * Saxifrages. 61 63. Petals imbricate or va.vate in the bud....65. ‘ 63. Petas convolute in the bud....64, 64. Anthers 1-celled, turned inwards, . * Mallows, 24 64. Anthers 2-celled, turned outwards. South. Silk-cottons, 25 65. Ovaries distinct, many or few....66. 65. Ovary compound....67. : 66. Petals 6, valvate (§ 129). Erect shrubs. Papaws. 8 66. Petals 8-9, imbricate. Trees or erect shrubs. * Magnoliads. 2 66. Petals 6-9, imbricate. Climbing shrubs. Moonseeds. 5 67. Leaves dotted with pellucid dots. Orangeworts, 28 67. Leaves dotless. Sepals valvate. Fls. small. Lindenblooms. 26 d 67. Leaves dotless. Sepals imbricate, Fls. large. Teaworts. 27 68. Style 1, with many stigmas. Green, fleshy shrubs, acti), Indian Figs. 54 68. Styles several, or 1 with 1 stigma, Woody trees orshrubs. * Roseworts. 47 69. Pistigs many, spicate on the slender torus. Climbers. Schizands. 4 + 69. Pistils 2-6, capitate on the short torus. Climbers. Moonseeds. 5 69. Pistil 1 only. Stamens opposite the potals. . *Berberids. 6 70. Flowers 4-parted, with 8 stamens. * Onagrads. 52 70. Flowers 4-parted, with 4 stamens. : * Cornels. 65 70. Flowers 5-parted, with 5, 10, or many stamens....71. J 71. Ovary 5-carpeled, 5-styled. Araliads. 64 71. Ovary 2-carpeled. Leaves palmate-veined. * Currants. 55 71. Ovary 2-carpeled. Leaves pinnate-veined. * Sanifrages. 6) 72. Leaves opposite. Stem climbing by tendrils. Vineworts. 44 72, Leaves alternate. Erect, or vine without tendrils. Buckthorns. 43 78. Carpels 3-5....74. 0 73. Carpels 1 or 2....75. 74. Styles short. Leaves simple. - Staff-trees, 42 74, Styles long and slender, Leaves pinnate, serrate. * Soqpworts. 41 75. Styles 2, slender. Samara double. * Mapleworts. 40 75. Style 1, short. (Drupe, or single samara.) * Order 99 76, Filaments 10, united into a tube. Leaves bi-pinnate. Préde-of-Judia.. 29 76. Filaments 5, distinet....77. 77, Leaves pellucid-puncetate. Rueworts. 87 77. Leaves not dotted. Ovary 3-carpeled, 1-seeded. Sumacs. 88 77. Leaves not dotted. Ovary 8-carpeled, 3 seeded. * Soapworts. 41 ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS 187 78. Petals 4, yellow. Witch-hazels 78. Petals 4-7, cyanic....79. : 79. Fruit becoming fleshy drupes....80. 79. Fruit becoming dry capsules....81. 80. Stigmas 8, but the drupe is 1-seeded. Sumacs. 80. Stigmas 4-6, and the drupe 4-6-seeded. (Hollyworts.) Order 81. Capsule 8-seeded. Seed with a scarlet aril. Staff-trees . 81. Capsule 2 or 8-seeded, seed not ariled. § 8. * Order 81. Capsule many-seeded. § 2. * Ord. 78, and Pittospores. B. Gamoprrauaz, or Monoprtatous ExocEens 1 Stamens (6-100) more numerous than the lobes of the corolla....8. 1, Stamens (2-12) fewer than the corolla lobes, or of the same number....2 2. Ovary adherent to the calyx tube, that is, inferior....3, 2. Ovary free from the calyx tube, that is, superior....4 8. Stamens cohering by their anthers....11. 8. Stamens entirely distinct....12. 4, Flowers regular....5. 4, Flowers irregular... .28. 54 5. Stamens as many as the petals....6. 5. Stamens 2, fewer than the petais....26. 6.-Stamens opposite to the lobes of the corolla (and free).. .14. 6. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the, corolla (rarely connate)....7. 7. Shrubs, trees, with the stigmas or carpels 8 to6... 15. 7. Herbs 1-10-carpeled, ‘or shrubs 2-carpeled.... IF 8. Stamens 6, united below into 2 equal sets. Herbs. * Order 8. Stamens 10, united into a split tube around the 1 stfle. ** Order 8. Stamens many, united into an entire tube around the styles. * Order 8. Stamens many, united only at the base into 1 or,5 sets....9. 8. Stamens entirely distinct... .10. . 9. Calyx of 5 leafy, imbricated sepals. Shrubs, trees. (Zeaworts.) Order 9.- Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, or truncate. Shrubs, trees. Styracacee. 10. Stamens 8 or 10. Flowers all perfect. * Heathworts. 10. Stafnens 8 or 16. Fis. not all perfect (diecious). Persimmons. 11, Flowers in a compact head surrounded by aninvolucre. * Asterworts, 11. Flowers separate, irregular, perfect. Plants erect. * Lobeliads, 11. Flowers separate, regular, imperfect. Weak vines. (Cucurbits.) Order 12, Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-parted, regular, separate. * Bellworts. 12, Leaves opposite, with stipules between, or verticillate. * Madderworts, 12, Leaves opposite. Stipules none....13 18. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary 2-5-celled. * Honeysuckles. 18. Stamens 2 or 8. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Valerians. 13. Stamens 4. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Teazelworts. 62 38 42 73 39 12 46 24 75 73 76 70 58 72 67 66 68 138 LESSONS IN BOTANY. 14, Herbs. Ovary-with 5 styles and but 1 seed. Leadworts. 80 14. Herbs. Ovary with 1 style and many seeds. . © * Primworts. 78 14, Shrubs, trees. Ovary 1-styled, 5-celled, 1-seeded. Soapworts. 17 15. Style none. Drupe 4-6-seeded. Alollyworts. 4 15. Style one. Drupe 4-seeded. Vervains. 88 15. Style one. Capsule 8-5-celled, many-seeded. * Heathworts. 78 16, Ovary, 1, deeply 4-parted or 4-partible, forming 4 achenia. * Borrageworts. 90 16. Ovaries 2, distinct, often covered by the stamens....18. 16, Ovary 1, canpounatl seel' he 17. Ovary 1-celled....20 17. Ovary 2-6-celled....22 18. §tigmas united or connate. ..19. . 18. Stigmas distinct. Flowers minute, yellow * Bindweeds. 98 * 19: Flower-bud with convolute pieces. * Dogbanes. 96 19. Flower-bud with valvate pieces. * Asclepiads. 97 20. Seeds several....21 20. Seed one. Corolla limb entire. * Order 101 21. Leaves cleft and lobed. * Hydrophylls, 91 21. Leaves or leaflets entire. * Gentianworts. 95 22, Leaves opposite....24 22. Leaves alternate... .24. 23. Ovary 2-celled. ¥ * Loganiads, 85 28. Ovary 8-celled. Plants not twining. .... 24. Ovary 8-celled. ¢ Plants not twining. *Dplenionns, Oe 24. Ovary 2-celled, 2-6-seeded. Twining * Bindweeds. 98 24. Ovary 2-celled, 4-seeded. Stem erect. * Borrageworts.: 90 24. Ovary 2-celled, many-seeded....25 "25. Styles 2. * Hydrophylis. 91 25. Style one. * Nightshades. 94 26. Herbs. Corolla 4-parted, dry, scarious. Ribworts. 79 26. Shrubs... .27. 27. Corolla 5-parted, imbricate in bud. . Jasmineworts. 98 27. Corolla 4-parted, valvate or none. * Oliweworts, 99 28. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming 4 (or fewer) achenia.. aa 2% . 28. Ovary entire, of one piece....80. - 29. Leaves opposite. Stars square. “* Tabiates. 89 29. Leaves alternate. Stems round. * Borrageworts, 0 80. Ovary with 4 or fewer seeds. Leaves opposite. Vervains. 87 30, Ovary with many seeds, or more than 4....81. 81. Trees or climbing shrubs. Seeds winged. * Bignoniads. 83 81. Trees. Seeds wingless. * Paulownia, in Order 86 81, Erect shrubs. Seeds wingless. * Heathworts. 13 81. Herbs....32 ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS 139 82. Leatless and without verdure. Broomrapes. 82 82. Leaves only at base. Fls. spurred. Butterworts. 81 82. Leafy....88. Fruit 4 or 5-celled. Pedaliads. 84 : 38. Fruit 2-celled....84. ; 84, Corolla convolute in bud. Acanths. 87 84, Corolla imbricate in bud. , , *Figworts. 86 84. Corolla plicate in bud. * Nightshades. 94 C. Orpers: or tHe APETALOUS Exoens. 1. Plants herbaceous, the flowers not in aments (except in the Hop, 115)....2. 1. Plants woody,—shrubs or trees... .22, 2. Flowers.with a regular ‘salam or calyx-like involucre....8. 2. Flowers naked, having neither calyx nor corolla... .20. 8. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb lobed, toothed, or entire....8. - 3. Calyx free from the ovary, sometimes inclosing it....4. 4. Ovaries several, entirely distinct, each 1-styled, 1-seeded. *Order 1 4, Ovary one only, simple or compound....5. 5. Style or stigma one only... .6. 5. Styles or stigmas 2-12....7. 6. Ovary 1-ovuled, bearing but one segs 6. Ovary many-ovuled,*bearing many betty 12, 7. Ovary 1-8-ovuled, 1-3-seeded....18 7. Ovary 4--ovuled, 4 o-seeded....17. 8. Stamens 1-12, as many or twice as many as the stigmas....9. 8. Stamens 2-10, not symmetrical with the l-or 2 stigmas....10. - 9, Stigmas and cells of the ovary 14. * Order 52 9. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 6. * Birthworts, 100 10. Ovary many-seeded. Styles 2. * Order 61 10. Ovary 1 or 2-seededs Style 1. Sandalworts. 108 11. Flowers perfect: Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens 1-4, “* Order AT 11. Flowers perfect. Calyx entire, funnel-shaped, colored. * Marvelworts. 101 11. Flowers imperfect. Calyx lobed, green. @ Nettleworts. 115 ‘ 12. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals. ° (Loosesirifes.) Order 51 12.. Stamens 5, alternate with the sepals. * Order %8 18. Fruit 3-6-seeded, with 3 (often cleft) stigmas. Spurgeworts. 112 18. Fruit 1-seeded....14 , 14, Stipules sheathing the stems. ‘ * Knot-grasses, 102 14, Stipules none....15. 15. Calyx with scarious bracts outside. Amaranths. 106 15. Calyx double. Climbing. Mexican Vine, 104 15. Calyx naked....16. x 16. Leaves alternate. Goosefoots. 105. 16. Leaves opposite. $8. * Order 21 140 ° LESSONS IN BOTANY a 17, Leaves opposite....15. 17, Leaves alternate....19. 5 18, Fruit a pyxis, opening by a lid. * Order 18. Fruit a capsule, opening by 4 or 5 valves. * Order 19. Fruit a capsule, 5-celled, 5-horned. * Order 19. Fruit a fleshy, 4- »-seeded berry. = Pokeweeds. : 19. Fruit dry, 1-seeded, opening by a lid. Amaranths, %. Flowers on a spadix with a spathe. * Order 20. Flowers in a long, naked spike. Stamens 6 or 7. Lizard-tails. 20. Flowers selitary, axillary, minute. Water-plants....21. 21. Stamen 1. Leaves opposite. Starworts. 21. Stamens 2, Leaves alternate, dissected. Threadfoots, 21, Stamens 12-24. Leaves whorled, dissected. « Hornworts. 22. Flowers, none of them in aments:...23. 22. Flowers (imperfect), the sterile only in aments....34. 22, Flowers (imperfect), both the sterile and the fertile in aments. ..85. * 23. Leaves opposite... .24. $ 23. Leaves alternate....27. 24. Stamens 2, * Order 24. Stamens 8. Parasites. Mistletoe—Loranths. 24, Stamens 4-9....25, 25. Fruit a double, 2-winged samara. * Order 25. Fruit not winged....26. 26. Seeds 6. Lowshrubs. Boz. Spurgeworts. 26. Seed 1. Shrubs. Oleasters. 27. Style or stigmal. Seed1!...28. ° 27. Styles or stigmas 2....81. 27. Styles or stigmas 8-9... .32. 28. Calyx free from the ovary®....29. 28. Calyx adherent to the ovary....80 . 29. Anthers opening by valves. * Laurels. 29, Anthers opening by slits, Daphnads. 80, Seeds 24. Shrubs. Sandalworts. 80. Seed 1. Trees. * Order 81. Stamens numerous. . .* Order 81, Stamens as many as the calyx lobes, Elmworts, 82, Leaves pinnate. Pistils 5. (Prickty Ash.) Order - 82. Leaves simple, linear, evergreen. Crowberries. 82. Leaves simple, not linear....83. 88. Flowers 8-parted, Fruit dry. , (Stillingia.) Spurgeworts. 83. Flowers 4 or 5-parted. Fruit fleshy. (Buckthorns.) Order 84, Nut or nuts in a cup or involucre. Leaves simple. * Mastworts. 84, Nut naked, a tryma (§ 172). Leaves pinnate. Hickoryworts. 22 21 60 103 106 181 123 124 125 126 99 108 40 112 1 107 110 109 65 62 118 387 116 2 43 119 118 ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS 141 ———_— A 85. Fruit fleshy, compound. Juice (sap) milky. Artocarps 114 85. Fruit-dry (except in Myrica, 121). Sap watery....36. . 86. Aments globular, racemed. Nutlets 2-celled. (Liguidambar.) Order 86. Aments globular, solitary. Nutlets 1-celled. Sycamores 86. Aments cylindrical or oblong... .87. 87. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fruit dry or fleshy. Galeworts. 87. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled; 1-seeded. * Birchworts. 87. Ovary many-ovuled, many-seeded. * Willowworts. D. Orvers or THE Conorps. Leaves simple. The fertile flowers in cones. Stems branched. Pineworts. Leaves simple. The fertile flowers solitary. Stems branched. Yews. Leaves pinnate. Stems not branched, palm-léke. ‘ -Cycads. E. Orvers oF THE SpaDICIFLORE. 1. Trees or shrttbs with palmately-cleft leaves all from one terminal bud, and a branching spadix arising from a spathe. Palms. 1. Herbs with simple (rarely ternate) leaves. Spadix simple....2. i 2, Plants minute, floating loose on the water. Duckmeats. 2. Plants with stem and leaves rooting in the soil....3. 8. Spadix evident, in a spathe or on a scape. * Aroids. 8. Spadix obscure or spike-like. Stems leafy....4, 4. Flowers with no perianth, densely packed. Cat-tails. 4, Flowers with a perianth or not. In water. Naiads. F Orpers oF THE FLORIDER. 1, Flowers (not on a spadix) in a small, dense, involucrate head. ..17 1, Flowers (not on a spadix) solit&ry, racemed, spicate, &c....2. 2. Perianth tube adherent to the ovary... .4. 2. Perianth free from the ovary....8 8. Petals and sepals differently colored (except in Medeola, 147)....9 8. Petals and-sepals similarly colored....12 4, Flowers imperfect."..5. 4, Flowers perfect.. .6 5. Low herbs, in water Frogbiis. 5, Woody climbers. * Yamroots. 6. Stamens 1 or 2, growing to the pistil (gynandrous). * Orchids. 6. Stamen only 1, with half an anther. Arrowworts. 6. Stamens 8 to 6, distinct....7. . 7. Perianth woolly or mealy outside. Ovary half-free. Bldoaworts. 4. Perianth glabrous outside... .8. 62 117 421 120. 122 127 128 129 180 182 181 188 184 186 144 188 139 142 LESSONS IN BOTANY. 8. Stamens 8. Anthers turned inwards. Burmaniads. 8. Stamens 8. Anthers turned outwards. * Irids, 8. Stamens 6. * Amaryllids. 9. Pistils many, distinct, achenia in fruit. * Water-plantains. 9, Pistils 83, more or less united....10. 10. Leaves verticillate, in l-or 2 whorls. Stigmas 8. * Zrilliads. 10. Leaves alternate....11. 11. Stigmas 8. Plants growing on other plants. Bromeliads. 11. Stigmas united into one. * Spiderworts, 12, Leaves net-veined, broad....13. B 12, Leaves parallel-veined....14. : 13. Flowers perfect, 4-parted. Croomia—Roxburgs. 18: Flowers diccious, 6-parted. . Greenbriers, 14, Styles, and often the stigmas also, united into 1....15. 14, Styles and stigmas 8, distinct....16. 15, Flowers colored, regular. Stamens 6 (4 in one species). *Zilyworts. 15. Flowers colored, irregular, or else 8-stamened. Pontederiads, 15. Flowers greenish, glume-like, or scarious. * Rushes. 16. Leaves rush-like. Ovary of three 1-seeded carpels, * Arrow-grasses. 16. Leaves linear, lanceolate, &c. Ovary 6-w-seeded, * Melanths. 17. Petals yellow, small, but showy. Leaves radical. . Ayrids, 17. Petals white, minute, fringed. Leaves radical. Pipeworts. G. Orpers or THE GRaMINOIDS. Flower with a singie oract (giume). Stem solid. Sheaths entire, Sedges. Flower with several bracts (glumes and pales). Stem hollow. Sheaths split on one side. Grasses. 187 143 140 135 147 141 152 146 145 150 151 135 149 153 154 156 THE FLORA: "OR, SELECTIONS FROM THE NATIVE AND CULTIVATED >LANTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Designed as first exercises in Analytical Botany.@ - ExpLanations.—The Tables in this work are designed to be complete, that is, each Ordinal Table includes all the genera belonging 1o that order known within the limits of the Flora (2.6, the States east of the Rocky Mountains); and each Generic Table includgs, in like manner, adi its known species. The numbers annexed to the genera in the Ordinal Tables, refer to the descrip- tions immediately following. If no number be annexed; ; the pupil will understand that that genus is not further noticed. “ HORT I. THE POLYPETALOUS BEXOGENS. Lissentiat Character. —Flowering Plants (PuaNnocaMIA), with their stems growing by additions to their outside in “ayers (Exocens), their seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel or peri- carp (AverosPERMs), their flowers with a double perianth and their petals distinct (PoLyPeraL2). (Ent to this last condition thete & are many exceptions.) Orver I. RANUN CULACE. The Crowfoots, ovis, rarely shrubs, with a colorless, acrid juice, with leaves mostly alternate and much divided, without stipules; sepals 8-15, deciduous, distinct, and dolorad when apetalous; petals 8-15, distinct, often deformed or contracted or wanting ; stamens o, distinct, hypogynous ; pistils w (rarely 1 or few), distinct, becoming in fruit either achenia, follicles, or berries. 144 THE FLORA. 861 tf iy, Fig. 361. Bulbous Crowfoot; 2, a petal, showing the honey-scale at base; 3, a single ovary 4, section of it, showing the ovule. ° Fig. 365. Wild Columbine; 6, one of the bollow petals attached to the receptacle with the stamens and styles; 7, a ripe follicle; 8, a seed ; 9, section of it, showing the embryo. Fig. 370. Plan of the flower. Analysis of the Genera. § Sepals 4, valvate in the bud. Achenia tailed....a § Sepals imbricate in the bud....2 2 Ovaries 1-seeded, achenia in fruit....8 2 Ovaries with 2 or more seeds....4 8 Corolla 0, or undistinguishable from the colored calyx....5 8 Corolla and calyx distinct either in color or form....d 4 Sepals as permunent as the stamens. Fruit dry....6 4 Sepals falling off sooner than the stamens....k 4 Sepals persistent with the fruit. Petals very large....m 6 Sepals persistent with the stamens....D 5 Sepals caducouns (falling) sooner than the stamena....¢ ORDER 1—THE CROWFOOTS. 145 6 Flowers regular... .7 6 Flowers irregular....h 7 Petals none....¢ 7 Petals smaller than the sepals... .f 7 Petals larger than the sepals... .g a Petals none or stamen-like. Leaves all opposite. Virgin's Bower. Ouem’ arta, b Stem leaves opposite, remote from the flower. Anem/one. ANEMONE. b Leaves all radical. 8 bracts close to the flower. | Liverleaf. Hepat’toa. ¢ Flowers mostly imperfect. Leaves compound. Meadow Rue, THaxio’rRum. > Flws. perfect. Lvs. simple, palmately lobed. Prairie Rue, TRAUTVITTE’RIA. d Leaves all radical, linear. Torus linear. Small plant. Mousetail. Myosvu’rvs. 4 Lvs. cauline. Petals with a honey-scale at base. Crowfoot. RaNun’cuLus. d Leaves cauline. No honey-scale. Petals red or yellow. Pheasant’s-eye. ADO/NIS. e Sepals white, 5in number. Leaves compound. False Rue. Isopy/RuM. e Sepals yellow, 6-9. Marsh Marigold. Cax/tua. f Petals tubular at apex. Roots yellow. . Gojd-thread. Cop’tis. f Petals tubular at base, 1-lipped. Globe-flower. Trot’zivs. f Petals tubular, 2-lipped. Sepals persistent. Hellebore. HELLEB’/oRUS, f Petals concave, 2-lobed. Flowers racemed. Yellow-root, ZANTHoRHI’zA. g Petals larger than the colored sepals, 3-lobed. Fennel-flower. Niau./ia. g Petals larger than the colored sepals, spurred alike. Columbine, Aquite/ata. h Upper sepal spurred, inclosing spurred petals. Larkspur. Detpur’rum. h Upper sepal hooded, covering 2 deformed petals. Monk’s-hood, Acont’rum. x Flowers numerons, in long, slender racemes. Bugbane. Crmicrr’uea. k Flowers many, in’short racemes. Berries simple. Baneberry, Aovz’a, k Flower one only. Leaves 2. Berry compound. TZurmeric-root. Hypras/ts. m Disk sheathing the ovaries. Very Showy. Peony. Pxo’/n1a. 1. CLEM’ATIS. , Virgin’s Bower. pw 9 10 il Calyx of 4 colored sepals, valvate-induplicate in the bud. Petals none, or small and stamen-like. Stamens many, shorter than the sepals. Ova- ries many, styles becoming long and feathery upon the seed-like achenia. —2x Mostly climbing vines, with twisted petioles for tendrils, and with opposite, compound leaves. § Leaves verticillate. Outer stamens petal-like. . Vine.....No. 1 § Leaves opposite. Petals none. Calyx colored....a a Erect herbs near 1 foot high. Flowers solitary....10, 11, 12 a Vines climbing....b q 146 THE FLORA. b Flowers clustered in panicles....2, 8, 4, 5 b Flowers solitary, large, showy....6, 7, 8, 9 1 Clem/atis verticilla’ris. Purple Virgin's Bower. Leaves ternate, 4 at each node. Flowers purple, 2 at each node. Hills. N. W. 2 C Virginia’na, Virginian V. Leaves ternate. Leaflets smooth, lobed, and toothed. 8 C.holoseric’ea. Silky V.° Leaves ternate, leaflets downy or silky, entire. 8S. 4 ©. Catesbya/na, Cutesby’s V. Lvs, bi-ternate, lfts. 8-lobed. Clusters axillary. 8. } C,Flam/mula, Sweet V. Lvs. pinnate. Lifts. entire, pointed. Fls. terminal. + 6 C.cylin’drica, Crisped V. Lfts. acute, thin, 8-15. Sepals wavy at edge, b-p. 8. 7 C.reticula’ta, VeinyV. Lfts. obtuse at each end, thickish. Sep. wavy. b-p. 8. 8 C.Vior’na. Leather-flower. Lfts. ovate, acute, pinnate. Sep. not wavy. P. 9 GC. Viticella, Vine-Bower. Lifts. oval, 8-15. Sepals not wavy, obovate. P. + 10 ©. ochroleu’ca. Ground V. Lvs. undivided, ovate, entiré, silky beneath. p-y. ll G.ova’ta, Lyg-leaved V. Lvs. undivided, broad-ovate, smooth, glaucous. p. 8. 12 C. Baldwin/ii. Baldwin's V. Lvs. 8-cleft, the upper lance-ovate, entire: p. 8S. 2, ANEMO‘NE. Anem’one, or Wind-Flower. Calyx regular, of 5-15 colored sepals resembling petals. Petals prop- erly none. Stamens many, much shorter than the sepals. Pistils many, collected into an oblong or roundish head. Achenia generally without tails. Leaves mostly radical, palmately lobed, those of the stem opposite, forming a sort of involucre. § Carpels with long, feathery tails in fruit. Flower large....1 § Carpels without tails....a . a Stem leaves (involucre) sessile....2, 8 a Stem leaves petiolate....b b Flower-stalk 1 or several, all leatiess....4, 5, 6 b Flower-stalks 2-5, all but the first 2-leaved in the middle....7, 8 1 A, Wuttal/lii, Pasgue-flower. Lvs. cleft into lincar lobes, very hairy. Apr. N.-W. 2 A. Carolinia’na. Carolina A. Flower only one, with 15 sepals. 8. W. 8A. Pennsylvan’ica, Pennsylvanian A. Flowers 1-5, with 5 obovate, pure white sepals. Height 12-20’. N. W. 4 A, nemoro’sa, Wood A, Flower 1, stalk 2 or 8’ long. Sepalsrose-white. Apr. 5 A. cylin’drica, Gray’s A. Flowers mostly several, whitish, stalks 6-12 long. Fruit heads oblong or cylindrical, May. N. W. 6 A. thalictroi’des, . ue A. Flowers several or many, rosy or white, on short (1-2’) stalks. Leaves of the invol. 2, twice ternate. .4pr. Common. 7 A, Virginia’na, Virginia A. Leaf-lobes, lance-ovate. Flowers greenish- white. Height 2-8 feet. Common. 8 A. multif‘ida, Red A, Leaf-lobes linear. Flowers red, Height 6-12’. r. N. fi ' ORDER 1—THE CROWFOOTS. 147 38. HEPATICA. Noble Liverwort. Calyx (generally called an involucre) of 8 entire, ovate, green sepals (or bracts), situated a very little below the corolla. Corolla of 5-9 petals, arranged in 2 or three rows. Achenia without tails.—2£ Pretty little plants blossoming in early spring. Leaves all radical, thick, 3-lobed, -green - through the winter. Blowers numerous, one on each scape, blue, roseate, or white. ‘ Fig. 371, Flower and leaf of H. triloba. 1 H.tril’oba. Leaf-lobes and sepals obtuse. Scapes hairy, several inches high. 2 H. acutil’oba. Leaf-lobes and sepals acute. Fls. and scapes like the other. ® 4. RANUN’CULUS. Crowfoot. Buttercups. Calyx of 5 ovate sepals. -Corolla of 5 roundish, shining petals, each with a hdneyed scale or pore at the base inside. Stamens 00. Achenia numerous, flattened, crowded in a roundish’ or oblong head.—A large’ genus of herbs mostly perennial (2¢) and with yellow flowers. Leaves di- vided or entire. Juice very acrid. . § Petals yellow. Seeds (carpels) rough with prickles. Fls. small. §....1,2 § Petals yellow. Seeds smooth and even ............... 000s } 4 . § Petals white (claws yellow). Seeds wrinkled crosswise .... a Leaves all undivided. Plants growing in wet places....5-8 a Leaves more or less divided, not growing under water....b. a Leaves in fine, thread-like divisions, growing under water....3, 4 b Root leaves neither divided nor cleft, merely crenate....9, 10 “ b Lower leaves 8-cleft but not divided tothe base. Height 1-2f....11-18 b Leaves all ternately divided and much cleft....¢ c Sepals reflexed in flower. Plants erect....14, 15 c Sepals spreading in flower, shorter than the petals....16-18 1R murica’tus, Rough: Srutted C. Plant smooth. Seeds with large, stout, hooked beaks. Sepals spreading. Leaves 8-lobed and cleft. South. Q R. parviflo’rus, Smail-flowered C. Plant hairy. ° Seeds with a very short: beak. Sepals finally réflexed. Leaves 3-lobed and cleft. South. 8 R.aquat‘ilis, Water Cr owfoot. In ponds and rivers. The white petals with a cavity at base. Only the flowers above water. Summer. 4 R.Pursh’ii. Pursh’s Crowfoot.’ In stagnant water.’ The yellow petals with aseale at base. Floating leaves, 8-S-parted. Spring. 148 THE FLORA. ‘5 R.Flam/mula. Spear-leaved C. Stems ascending (1-2f). Leaves all lanceolate, narrow, entire, on sheathing stalks. Sum. 6 R. pusil/lus. Ziny C. Stems nearly erect. Leaves ovate and lanceolate. Petals mostly but 8, with about 10 stamens. May. “ 7 ~R. rep’tans, Creepiny OC. Stems creeping and rooting (4-8’). Leaves Jance-lin- ear, and linear. Fhower latanode. July. 8 R. Cymbala’ria. Boat C. Stems creeping and rooting ql foot). Leaves all round- cordate, crenate. Salt-marshes. June. 9 R. aborti’vus. Adortive C. Plant glabrous, 1-2f. high. Root leaves, round- cordate. Petals smaller than the sepals. Spring. ¢. 10 R. rhomboi/deus. &hombic C. Plant hairy, bushy, 4-10’ high. Root leaves rhombic-ovate, Sepals spreading. N. W.— 11 R. palma’tus. Palm C. Stem hairy. Seeds with a straight beak in a round head. Leaves palntately 3-5-qdeft, with sinus closed. South. 12 R. recurva’tus. Hook-seed C. Stemhairy. Seeds with a recurved beak in around head. Leaves all similarly 8-parted.. Flowers small. Spring. 18 R. scelera’tus. Villainous C. Stem glabrous. Seeds not beaked, in an oblong: head. Flowers small. Leaves palmately 8-5-parted. June, July. 14 RB. bulbo’sus. Bulbous C. Erect (6-12’) from a solid bulb. Petals large. Head of fruit round. Root leaves ternate. Spring. 15 R. Pennsylvan‘icus. Bristly C. Erect (1-8f.), very hairy. Head of fruit ob- long. Leaves ternate. Summer. ; 16 R. repens. Large creeping @. Stems first ascending, then creeping. Flower- stalks furrowed. Petals obovate, large. Wet places. June. 17 R. fascicula/ris. Early C. Stem erect. Root fibres thickened. Flower-stalks terete. Petals narrow. Leaves appear pinnate. May. 18 R.acris. Tall Buttercup. Stem erect (2-8f.). Leaves palmately divided, and _ cleft. Petals roundish. Flower-stalk terete, calyx spreading. Summer. c. ” In the gardens, it becomes double-flowered. 5. ADO’NIS. Pheasant’s-eye. Sepals 5, colored. Petals 5-15, with no scale on the claws. Achenia in a spike, egg-shaped, and pointed with the hardened, persistent style. Leaves numerously cleft into linear and very narrow segments. Flowers terminal, solitary, red or yellow. 1 A, autumna/lis. Late Ph. A fine, hurd annual, from Europe, cultivated in gardens, and naturalized in some places, Stem rather thick for its height, branched. Leaves pinnately parted, with very numerous segments. Petals 5-8, of a bright crimson color, 14’ across. i 2 A.verna’lis. Larly Ph. Petals 10-12, oblong, yellow, dentate, Upper leaves sessile, all much divided. Flowers large. Spring. OrvER 1.—THE CROWFOOTS. 149 6. CAL'THA. Marsh Marigold. Calyx colored, of 5 roundish sepals resembling petals. Corolla 0. Sta- mens 00. Follicles 5-10, oblong, compressed, erect, many-seeded.— 2¢ Smooth marsh plants. C. palus’tris. Cowslips. Marsh Marigold. Jn wet meadows. Root large, thick. Stem about 1f. high, hollow, round, branched. Leaves large (4-6’ wide), roundish, cordate, crenate—lower on sini, half-round petioles, upper sessilo— + allofa dank, shining green, and very smooth. Flowers of a golden yellow in all their parts, 13’ broad. Outer row of stamens club-shaped, long. Spring. 4%. COP’TIS. Gold-thread. -Calyx of 5 or 6 oblong, colored sepals. Corolla of 5 or 6 small club- shaped sepals, hollow and j-lipped at top. Stamens 20-25. Follicles 5- 10, stalked, beaked, spreading, 4—6-seeded.— 24 Herbs with radical leaves, and long, creeping root-stocks. C. trifo’lia. Gold-thread. Leaves 8-foliate, all radical, the divisions broad, 4-8’’ long, crenate, smooth shining, sessile. Petiole 1-2’ long. Stems underground, creeping extensively, bright yellow, and very bitter. Peduncles 3-4’ high, each 1-flowered. Calyx white. Petals yellow, much smaller thar! the sepals, barely distinguishable among the stamens by their color. May. 8. TROL'LIUS. Globe-flower. Calyx of 5, 10, or 15 concave sepals colored like petals. Corolla of 5-25 small, linear petals, which are tubular at base. Stamens many, much shorter than the sepals. Peds many, each many-seeded.— 2 smooth, with palmately-parted leaves. 1 T.laxus. American G. Sepals 5. Petals 15-25, shorter than the stamens. Grows in swamps, M. vr. Calyx yellow, greenish outside. June. 2 T. Hurope’us. European G. Sepals 10-15. Petals 5-10, as long as the stamens, Flowers globular, bright yellow. t 3 T. Asiat’icus. Asiatic G. Sepals 10, orange-colored. Petals 10, longer than sta- mens. + 9. AQUILE’GIA. Columbine. Sepals 5, ovate, colored, spreading. Petals 5, tubular with a wide mouth, the outer margin erect, the inner attached to the receptacle, and behind extended into a long, spurred nectary. Stamens 30-40, the inner 150 THE FLORA. ones longer and sterile. Styles 5. Follicles 5, many-seeded.—2f Leaves twice and thrice ternate. Flowers nodding. 1 A, Canaden’sis. American C. Spurs straight, longer than limb, Stamens exserted. ' Flowers scarlet. 2 A.vulga‘ris. Huropean C. Spurs incurred, shorter than limb. Stamens ineluded, Flowers purple. + Fig. 372. Flower of Larkspur, displayed: 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, the five petalsg a, the spurred sepal ; ¢, the two pefals, spurred, which spur was sheathed in the spurred sepal., Fig. 813. Flower of Garden Aconite, displayed: 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, the five sepals; p, p, D, D, p, the five petals. 10. DELPHIN’IUM. Larkspur. Sepals 5, colored, the upper one spurred. Petals very irregular, the two upper ones extended behind into a tubular, honeyed spur, sheathed in the spur of the calyx. Styles 1-5. Follicles 1-5.—Showy herbs with the leaves much divided. Flowers blue, red, or purple, never yellow. § Petals united into 1 piece. Pistil and pod1....1, 2 § Petals 4, distinct.. Pistils and pods 2-5....(a) a Leaves many-parted into linear segments....8 i a Leaves divided into 8-7 wedge-shaped lobes....(b) b Tall (2-5f.), with slender, many-flowered racemes....4, 5 b Low (6-18’), with few (6-12) flowered racemes....6-8 1 D.consol/ida. Field L. Fis. loosely scattered. Ovary smooth. Lvs. fipely cut. © t 2D, Aja’cis. Rocket L. Flowers covering the branches. Ovary gs Leaves © finely cut? @ + 8 D.azu’/reum. Azure L. Fils. in strict, slender racemes. Ovaries 3-5. o WwW. t 4D, exalta’tum. Tall Wild L. Leaf-lobes 3-5, curvate. Spur straight. Af Summer. + 5 D.elatum. Dee LZ. Leaf-lobes 8-7, curvate. Spur curyed downwards. t+ OrvER 2.—THE MAGNOLIADS, 151 6 D. tric’orne. Low Wild L. Leaf-lobes linear. Pods recurved. Height 6-12’. M.W. 7 Dz. vires’cens. Green-flowered I. Leaf-lobes lanceolate. Fis. greenish- white. §. W. : 8 D. grandifloram. Great-flowered L. Leaf-lobes 5-7, linear. Fils. large, b-p. t 11. ACONI'TUM. Monk’s-hood. A’conite. Sepals 5, irregular, colored, upper one vaulted or-hooded. Petals 5 or 6, the two upper on long claws, concealed beneath the upper sepal, re- curved and honeyed at top; the other 8 or 4 very small. Styles 3-5. Follicles 3-5.—2 Leaves palmately cleft or divided. Flowers odd and showy, in terminal spikes. 1 A.uncina’tpm. Wild M. Stem reclining, widely branched. Helmet conical. M. 8. 2A. Napel’/lus. Garden A. Stem erect, nearly simple. Helmet semicircular. + ‘ Orver II. MAGNOLIA’CEA. The Magnoliads. Trees and shrubs with membranous stipules sheathing the buds, with leaves alternate, leathery, simple entire, or lobed, never serrate ; flowers solitary, large and showy, mostly odorous and perfect; sepals 8-6, colored like the 6-12 hypogynous imbricated petals ; stamens numerous, hypogynous, distinct, and many ovaries ; Jruit compound,composed of the united carpels. Analysis of the Genera. § Pistils arranged in a cone....2 § Pistils whorled in asingle row. Shrub. South. Star Anise, Iuu10’10m. 2 Anthers opening inwards. » Maeno/’t1m. 1 2 Anthers opening outwards. Liri0opEN’DRON, 2 1. MAGNOLIA. Sepals 3. “Petals 6-9. Anthers longer than the filaments, opening in- wards. Carpels 2-valved, 1-2-seeded, imbricated into a hard, cone-like fruit, Seeds berry-like, suspended when ripe by a long seed-stalk—A noble genus of trees or shrubs, with large, fragrant flowers. § Native Magnolias, flowering with the leaves....a § Exotic Magnolias, flowering before the leaves expand....8 152 ; THE FLORA. a Leaves acute at the base (not cordate)....b a Leaves cordate or auriculate at the base. Trees 80-40f. high... .5-7 b Leaves shining above, white or rust-colored beneath. Petals 9-12....1, 2 b Leaves dull green both sides, thin, deciduous. Petals 6-9....3, 4 1 M. grandifio'ra. Big Luurel. Tree evergreen, 60-70f. high. Leaves thick, rust- downy beneath. Flowers 8 or 9’ broad, white. S. 2M. glauca. White Bay. Shrub deciduous, 6-25f. high. Leaves very smooth, glaucous beneath. Flowers 2-8’ broad, cream-color. Swamps. t+ 8 M. acumina’ta. Cucumber-tree. Tree lange, Leaves oval, acuminate, scat- tered. Flowers small (8-4’ broad), petals obovate. M.S. 4M. umbrel/la. Umbrella-tree. Tree smaM (20-80f.). Leaves wedge-lanceo- late, whorled, very large, as well as the flowers. M.S. 5 M. corda’ta. Yellow Cucumber-tree, Petals 6-9, yellow, with reddish lines. Lvs. broad-ovate, slightly cordate. Flowers 4’ broad. S.° fe 6 M. Fra’seri. Har-leaved VM. Petals 6, pure white. Leaves ear-shaped at base, . obovate-spatulate, near 1f. long. Spring. S. 7 M. macrophyl/la. Great-leaved UM. Petals 6, white, each 6-8’ in length. Leaves 2-8f. long, obovate-spatulate, cordate. Tree 30-50f. high. S, W. + 8 M. conspic’ua. Yulan. Flowers in Spring, large, rose-colored or white, with 6-9 petals or sepals, nearly erect. Japan. 2. LIRIODEN’DRON. Tulip-tree. Sepals3. Petals 6, in two rows. Anthers opening outwards. Car- pels 1-2-seeded, imbricated into a cone, indehiscent, separating from each other in fruit.—Trees with large and fragrant flowers. L, tulipif’era. Tulip-tree. Whitewood. Poplar, This is one of the finest and largest trees of our forests. The trunk is generally straight and cylindric, dividing at the top rather abruptly in a few coarse and crooked branches. Leaves dark green, smooth, square at the end, with 2 lobes each side, 8-5’ in length and breadth, Flowers large and eles greenish-yellow, orange within, 4-6’ broad. May, June. Fig. 374, Young branch of Tulip-tree, unfold- ing from the bud: 8, 8, stipules. Oxprn 6.—THE BERBERIDS. 153 Orver VI—BERBERIDACEH. The Berberids. . Herbs and shrubs, with alternate leaves and perfect flowers, with sepals imbricated in the bud in 2 or more rows; petals opposite the sepals, also imbricated in two or more rows;. stamens opposite to the petals, the anthers usually opening by two lids; ovary 1-celled, solitary and simple, forming a capsule or berry. Fig. 875. Section of the flower of Jeffersonia. Fig. 376, A leaf of the same. ‘Analysis of the Genera. § Herbs, anthers opening by two valves hinged at top....4 § Herbs, anthers opening by 2 slits tengthwise....b § Shrubs, with yellow flowers and acid berries. Ber’Beris, 1 a Stamens 6. Fruit 2, drupe-like, soon-naked seeds. * Cohosh, Lron’ticx. a Stamens 6. Fruit a 2-4-seeded berry. *Umbrella-leaf. Drpuyuuer’a, a Stamens 8 Fruit 4 capsule opening by a lid. Twin-leaf. Ju¥FERSO’NIA, 2 b Stamens 9-18. Flower 1, with 2 leaves. May Apple. Povopuyy’/Lum. 8 1. BER’BERIS. Barberry. Sepals 6, obovate, colored, the 3 outer ones smaller. Petals 6, round- ish, with two glands at the base of each, inside. Stamens6. Stigmases- sile, disk-like, on the top of the ovary. Berry oblong, sour, 1-celled, 2-3-seed- ed.—Fine, hardy shrubs, with the wood, inner bark, and flowers yellow. Fig. 817. a, Flower of Berberis vulgaris; 6, the pistil (magnified), with the ovary cut open; c, c, petals with stamens opposite; 9, a berry; 880, a seed cut open, showing the embryo, 154 “THE FLORA. 1 B. vulga’ris. Common Barberry-bush. A well-known, bushy, handsome shrub, in hard soils. Grows 8-8f. high. Leaves oval, near 2’ long, rounded-obtuse at apex, tapering to a petiole, with bristly serratures on the margin. Flowers yellow, a dozen or more in each hanging raceme, with entire petals. Stamens irritable, springing against the stigma when touched. Berries red, very sour. June. . 2 B. Aquifo/lium. Holly-leaved B. Leaves pinnate, ‘of 7-18 thick, spiny-toothed ‘leaflets. Shrub 8-5f. high. Cal. + 2. JEFFERSO’NIA.: Twin-leaf. Sepals 4, colored, .caducous. Petals 8, spreading. Stamens 8, with linear anthers. Pod on a short stipe, opening by a lid—2 Flowers and lgaves from the root. Scape 1-flowered. (Figs. 375, 876.) J. diphyl/la. Twin-leaf. A very curious plant, acaulescent. Leaves each with two blades, about 1f. high. Flowers same height, white. Root-stock black, with a thick mass of fibres, supposed good in rheumatism. M. W. 8. PODOPHYL'LUM. Mandrake. Sepals caducous. Petals 6-9, obovate, concave. Stamens 12-18, with. linear anthers, the lids scarcely opening. Berry large, egg-shaped, 1-celled, crowned with the solitary stigma.—Low, somewhat poisonous herbs, with one or two leaves and one flower. P. pelta’tum. Muy Apple. Wild Mandrake. A singular and interesting plant, in woods and fields. Height about 1f. The barren plants bear but a single leaf, which is 5-8’ broad, 5-7-lobed, and centrally peltate. The flowering plants have a pair of leaves, with the flowerat the fork of the two petioles—the leaves not peltate, but with a deeply-hollowed base, about 7-lobed. Flower droop- ing, white, about 2’ across. Fruit yellowish, with the flavor of the Strawberry. May. ‘ . Oger VIII.—NELUMBIACE®. The Water-beans. Herbs aquatic, prostrate root-stock, and radical, peltate leaves, with flowers large, solitary, on long, upright scapes, 4 or 5-sepaled ; petals numerous, arranged in many rows, as are also the many stamens; ovaries. separate, each with a simple style and stigma, becoming in Jruit 1-seeded nuts, half sunk in the hollows of the very large” torus, | the seeds with a ‘very lange embryo and no albumen. OrpER 9—THE WATER LILIES, 155 NELUM'BIUM. Nelumbo. The character of the genus the same as that of the order. N. luteum. Yellow Nelumbo. A magnificent flowering plant, frequent in the stag- nant waters of the South and West, rare in N. Y. and Conn, The leaves are * 1-2f. broad, round, entire, peltate in the centre, which is concave, and elevated above the water more or less on the long petioles. Flowers several times larger than the White Water Lily, but without fragrance. Petals concave, of a brilliant white at edge, becoming yellow towards the base. Nuts (called Water-beans) about as large as acorns, eatable. June, July. - Orpen IX.—NYMPHH ACEH. The Water Lilies. _ Herbs aquatic, with roundish leaves from a prostrate rhizoma; ‘flowers large and showy, the sepals, petals, and stamens gradually passing into each other, imbricated and arranged in many rows; a sepals few, colored inside, persistent ; stigmas radiating and crowning the ovary, which in fruit becomes a capsule compound and 5-celled ; seeds minute, numerous, with the embryo at the end of the albumen. Analysis of the Genera. Petals large as the sepals, white, red, or blue. Nyirua‘s. 1 Petals smaller than the sepals, stamen=* like, yellow. Frog Lily. Nupuar. 833 Pr Fig. 381, Nymphea odorata: a, the leaf; ¢, the flower; 0, the bud; d, ef, g, stamens grad- ‘ually changing into petals; 2, a seed cut open, showing the embryo ina little sac. Fig. 888, the many-rayed stigma; 884, cross-section of the many-celled ovary. 156 THE FLORA. NYMPHZ’A. Water Lily. ’ Sepals 4 or 5, green outside. Petals in many rows inserted on the re- ceptacle beneath the ovary. Stamens inserted above the petals. Anthers - slender, opening inwards, the outer filaments gradually widening and pass- ing into petals. Capsule ripening under water. 7 N. odora’ta. White Water Lily. One of the loveliest of flowers, frequent in ponds and sluggish streams. The root-stock is long and thick, running in the mud where the water is from 8-10f. deep, sending up leaves and flowers to the surface. Leaves 5-6’ long, roundish, cleft at the base to the centre, where the long petiole is inserted, margin entire. Petals Janceolate, 13-2’ long, of the most delicate texture and whiteness, often tinged with purple. Filaments yel- low. July. : Orvrr X. SARRACENIACEA The Water-pitchers. 886 piss Fig. 885. Sarracenia purpurea, with bud, flower, and fruit. Fig. 386. Section of the 5-celled ovary. Fig. 3887. A seed (magnified), with small embryo and large albumen, OrvER 11—THE POPPYWORTS. 157 Herbs aquatic, in bogs, with fibrous roots, and with the leaves all radical, urn-shaped, hollow, and large flowers of scapes; sepals 5, with 8 little bracts at base; petals 5, clawed, incurved; stamens hypogynous; ovary 5-celled, with a single style, the stigma very broad, peltate, and 5- -angled, cr owning, in fruit, the capsule, which is 5-celled and full of minute, albuminous seeds. SARRACE'NIA. Pitcher-plant. Trumpet-leaf. Character essentially as expressed in the order. Nos. 4, 5, 7, 8, are probably varieties, not species, | Leaf-blade inflected over the-throat of the tube....7, 8 I Leaf-blade erect, or nearly erect; throat of the tube open....a a Leaf-tube pitcher-shaped, with a broad wing....1-3 a Leaf-tube trumpet-shaped, with a narrow wing....4-6 18. purpu’rea. Purple Pitcher-plant. Flowers purple. Leaves all inflated alike, dark green with purple veins, 6-9’ long. Scapes 1-flowered, 1-2f. high. June. 2 S, heterophylla. Yellow Pitcher-plant. Fls. yellow. Lvs. pale, the outer slender. Jn. 7. 3S, ala’ta. Narrow-winged P. Fis. yellow. Lvs. all more slender than in No.1. S.-W. 4 8. (Grono’vii) flava. Yellow Trumpet-leaf. Flowers yellow. Leaves 18-36” high, all yellowish green, veins not purple. 5 S. rubra. Red Trumpet-leaf. Fis. reddish purple. Lvs. (1-2f.) purple-veined. S. 6 S. Drummondii. Drummond's T. F ls. purple. Lvs.(18-86/) mottled with colors. 8, 7 S.psittacina, Parrot’s Pitcher-plant. Fis. purple. Lvs. (8-5’) spotless, hooded. S. 8 S. variolaris. Mottled P. Flowers yellow. Lvs. (12-18’) spotted with white. 8S. Orpen XI. PAPAVERACEA.. The Poppyworts. Herbs, generally with a eolored juice, with alternate leaves ; flowers ov long peduncles, solitary, never blue ; sepals 2 or 3, falling off when the flower expands ; - petals generally 4, sometimes 8; stamens 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20, &e. ; stigmas 2, or if moré, star-like Gi the flat apex of the pene ovary ; fruit a pod-shaped or roundish capsule ; seeds numerous and minute. Analysis of the Genera. { Plants with a yellow juice. Petals yellow, crumpled in bud....a a Stigmas and placente 3, 4, or 6. Capsule ovoid....¢ a Stigmas and placent 2 only. Capsule long, pod-shaped....b 158 THE FLORA. 4] Plants with an orange-red juice. Bloodroot. Sanevurna/nta, 1 { Plants witha milk-white juice. Poppy. Para’ver. 2 J Plants with a colorless juice. Calyx a cap, falling off, whole. Petals 4, orange-yellow. Lvs. dissected. California Poppy. EsouscHoLt’zia, b Pod 1-celled, smooth. Leaves pinnately divided. Fls. yellow. Stamens 24-32, shorter than the 4 petals. Celandine. CuELIDo/NIUM. b Pod 2-celled, rough. Leaves palmate. Stig. 2-horned. Horn Poppy. Giav’civm. c Style present, stigmas 8 or4. Stem lvs. 2, opposite. Yellow Poppy. Mzconor’sis, c Style none, stigmas 4 or 6. Stem lvs. alternate. Prickly Poppy. ARGEMO’NE. 1. SANGUINA'RIA. Bloodroot. Sepals 2, caducous.- Petals 8-12, the outer longer. Stamens about -24, Stigma sessile, 1 or 2-lobed. Cap- sule pod-like, oblong, 1-celled, 2-valved, acute at each end, and many-seeded.—2f A low, acaulescent plant, with white flowers, and full of a red .or orange-colored juice. S. Canadensis. Bloodroot. An interesting plant, in shady, rich soils, flowering in éarly spring. Rhizoma thick, fleshy, and when broken or wounded exudes a blood-coloréd juice, as does every other part. From each joint of the root-stock springs a single large glaucous leaf, and a’scape about 6’ high, bearing a single flower. Leaf kidney-shaped, with lobes separated by rounded sinuses between. Flower of a square outline, white, scentless, and of short duration. Fig. 888. Sanguinaria Canadensis: 0, the pod; ¢, cross-section of it; d, seed cut open, showing the embryo. . . 2. PAPA’VER. Poppy. Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4. Stamens 00. Stigmas many, united into a star-like crown, sessile upon the thick ovary. Capsule 1-celled, opening by pores beneath the edges of the stigma. Exotic herbs, mostly ©, with a milk-white juice abounding in opium. * Bristly or hairy. Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers scarlet... 2, 8 * Smooth, glaucous, Leaves‘cut-toothed, clasping. Flowers white....1 ORDER 12.—_THE FUMEWORTS. 159 1 P.somnif’erum. Opium P. Fis. large, often double. + Summer. 2P.dubium. Small Red P. Pod club-shaped, smooth. Leaves coarsely divided. Flowers light red, smaller than in No.1. -M. 8. Summer. 2 P. Rheas. Corn P. Pod globular, smooth. Leaves more finely divided. Flowers large and brilliant, deep scarlet, often double. + Sum. Orper XII.. FUMARIACEH. The Fumeworts. Herbs smooth and delicate, with brittle stems and watery juice ; leaves usually alternate, many cleft or compound ; Jlowers irregular, purple, white or yellow; sepals 2, very small; petals 4, more or less cohering, one or both of the outer saccate, the two _ inner inclosing the anthers in their coherent tips; stamens 6, in 2 sets of 8 in each; pistil 1; pod 1-celled. Analysis of the Genera. * Corolla equally 2-spurred or 2-saccate at base. * Corolla unequal, only 1 of the petals spurred....b a Petals slightly united or distinct, deciduous. Not ‘climbing. Dicen’tra. 1 a Petals firmly united, persistent. Plants climbing. Mountain Fringe. Apiv/Mia. b Ovary with several seeds, forming a slender pod. Corydal. Coryp’auis. 2 b Ovary with 1 seed, becoming a globular nut. Fumitory, Fuma’ria. 1. DICEN’TRA. Har- drop. ar . Sepals 2, very small, sometimes disappearing. The 2 outer petals alike, saccate at base, with spreading tips; the 2 inner alike, spoon-shaped, meeting face to face over the stamens and pistils. Filaments flat, separate or not. Middle anther of each set 2- celled, the outer I-celled. Pod many-seeded. — 2 § Low herbs.(6’), with white flowers in simple racemes....1, 2 § Taller (1-2f.), with purple flowers racemed or panicled....8, 4 1 D, cuculla’ria. White Har-drop.- Root bulb-like. Spurs of the flowers divergent, acute, straight. Flower nearly as broad as long. Spring. 2D. Canaden’sis. Sguérrel-corn. Root bearing yellow tubers as large as peas. Fis, much longer than broad, spurs rounded, ineurved. May, Jn. 8 D.exim’ia, Wild Purple Har-drop. Racemes panicled. Flowers oblong, with very short blunt spurs. Sepals manifest. M.S. t 8 D, spectab/ilis, Chinese FE. Raceme simple. Flowers nearly as broad as long (1’), very fine-and showy ; sepals obsolete. + : 160 THE FLORA. 2. CORYD’ALIS. Corydal. Sepals 2, very small. Petals 4, one of which is spurred at base. Fila- ments with broad bases united into 2 sets, sheathing the ovary. ‘ Pod 2- valved, slender, many-seeded. Leaves twice ternate, on the stem. In rocky places. Spring. : 1 C,glau’ca, Pink @. Erect. Fis. pink-yellow, panicled. Leaf-lobes obtuse. @ 4 C.au’rea, Golden C. Diffuse. Fis. yellow, racemed. Leaf-lobes acute. @ Fig. 389. Dicentra cucullaria, entire plant. Fig. 390. Enlarged view of a flower. Fig. 391. A section of the same. Fig. 892, A flower (enlarged) of D. Canadensis. Orver XIII. CRUCIFERH. The Crucifers, or Mustardworts. Herbs with alternate Jeaves and no stipules, and regular flowers, with sepals 4, and petals 4, spreading in the form of a cross; ORDER 13—THE C' .UCIEERS. 161 e stamens 6, 2 of them on opposite sides shorter than the rest; an ovary of 2 united carpels, forming in fruit a silique or silicle, with 2 cells and few or many seeds; - seeds without albumen, the large embryo variously bent and folded. Nore.—Under this large Order, as: under others, we present to our young readers a complete analysis, by which they may trace to its genus any Mustardwort growing in the United Btates. But as the genera are so nearly alike, great care and close observation will be needful in avoiding mistakes. The plants for examination must be in fruit as well as in flower. Fig. 393, Flower of White Mustard. Fig. 394. Same, with its parts separated. Fig. 895. A silique, ripe and open. Fig. 896. Draba verna. Fig. 897. A pod open. Analysis of the Genera. * Garden plants cultivated - ornament or art, 1 Fruita | silique or long pod (§ 863).. 1 Fruit a silicle or short pod (§ 864).. 2 Silicle 2-celled, with 2 or more seeds... - 2 Silicle 1-celled, with seed. only. Woad, Isa/t1s, _8 Petals all cael. "3 Petals unequal, the r outside ones larger. Candy-tuft. [px/nis. 1 4 Some of the stamens toothed. Gardens. Madwort, Auys’sum. 4 Stamens all toothless. Silicles very large and thin. Satin-flower. Luna/Ria. 2 5 Seeds flat. Stigma rounded or head-shaped. Wall-flower. Cueman’ruvs. 5 Seeds flat. Stigmas 2-horned, spreading. Stock. Marrur’oua. 5 Sceds egg-shaped. Stigma with 2 converging lobes. Hocket. Hus’Pzria, 162 THE FLORA. ~* “ ** Plants growing wild, or cultivated for food. meee 3 flowers yellow....8 1 Fruit a silique, 2-celled lengthwise, { flowers white, purple, é&e..... 6 flowers yellow....5 flowers white, purple, &.....2 1 Fruit a jointed pod, with the partitions crosswise.,..11 2 Silicle flattened or turgid, with a broad partition....4 2 Silicle flattened contrary to the narrow partition....3 1 Fruit a silicle, 2-celled lengthwise, { Dm Oo. 8 Silicle triang., seeds several in each cell. Shepherd’ s-purse, CAPSEL’LA. °8 Silicle roundish, with one seed in each cell. Pepper-grass, Lepw’suM. 8 Silicle double, with one seed in each lobe. 8. Swine Cress. SENEBIN’RA. 4 Silicle flattened. Leaves cauline or radical. Whitlow-grass. DRABA. 4 Silicle turgid. ‘Leaves cauline. Horse Radish. Armora/ota. 4 Silicle turgid. Leaves all radical. vr. Awhoort, SuBuLa’RIA. 5 Silicle obovoid, ¢.¢., inversely egg-shaped, turgid. Fulse Flaw. Cameni’na. 5 Sil. globose, turgid, membranous. Style long. Bladder-pod. Vusioa/RIa. 5 Silicle oblong, turgid, and somewhat terete. Cress, Nastur/t1uM. 6 Sceds arranged in two rows in each cell, not winged. Gress, Nastor/T1uM. 6 Seeds in two rows in each cell, wing margin. Tower-nmustard. Tor’Rir1s, 6 Seeds arranged in a single row in each cell....7 7 Sil. linear, flattish, cach valve with 1 central vein. Rock Cress. Ar’azis. 7 7 Silique lanceolate, flat, the valves veinless. Tooth-root. Denva/nia. & 7 Siliques linear, veinless, terete. Flws. purple. False Rocket. Iopan’ravs. 7 Siliques linear, veinless, flat. Fls. whitish. Cuckoo-flower. Carpami/NE. 9 8 Seeds ovate or oblong....9 8 Seeds globose....10 . an: 8 Seeds flat, with a broad, winged margin. 8. LEAvVENWORTH’IA. 9 Calyx 4-open. Lvs. runcinate, or finely dissect. Hedge-musturd. Sisym’BRIuM. 9 Calyx closed. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid. Winter Cress. Barpa’rKa, 10 9 Calyx closed. Leaves lanceolate. False Wall-flower. Enys’navu. 11 10 Calyx spreading. Valves of the pod 1-8-veined. Mustard. S1na/rrs. 12 10 Calyx mostly erect. Valves of the pod 1-veined. Cabbage, dc. Bras’sica. #1 Pods short, 2-jointed, with 1 seed in each joint. Sea-rocket, CAK1/LE. , 11 Pods with several transverse joints and cells. Radish. Rapy’ anus. 1. IBE'RIS, Candy-tuft. The two outside petals larger than the two inside ones. Pods flattened, truncate, emarginate, the cells one-seeded.—Foreign, ornamental plants. ‘1 Flowers white. . Plain abont 1f. high....2-4 1 L umbella’ta. Purple G. Fis. purple, in umbels. Lvs. serrate, upper entire, 2Lama‘ra, Bitter C. Corymbs lengthening into racemes. Lvs. slightly toothed. 8 I pinna’ta. Wing-leaved C. Corymbs scarcely lengthening. Leaves pinnatifid. 4 I saxat/ilis. Jock C. Corymbs not lengthening. Shrubby, Lvs, linear, entire. ORDER 13.—THE CRUCIFERS. . 168 2. LUNA/RIA. Satin-flower. Sepals somewhat 2-lobed at base of the flower. Petals nearly entire. Stamens without teeth. Silicle oval or lanceolate, flat, usually very large, with a stalk. Seed-stalk adhering to the partition Foreign, ornamental plants. L, redivi’va, Perennial S. Pods lanceolate, narrowed to each end. Lys. sharp- e toothed. 2. L, bien’nis, Biennial S. Pods broad-oval, rounded at each end. Lvs. blunt- toothed. @ 8. CAPSEL'LA. Shepherd’s-purse. Calyx equal at base. Silicles triangular, wedge-shaped at base, notched at top, compressed laterally, that is, ‘contrary- to the narrow partition. Valves boat-shaped. Style short. Seeds 00, oblong, small.—A common weed, with white flowers. - C. Bursa-Pasto’ris, ° Shepher@ 6- “purse. Found everywhere; in fields, "pastiires, and road-sides, “ Stem growing to a foot in height, hairy below, branching. Root leaves many (when the plant has room), half a foot long, deeply-lobed and toothed. Stem leaves much shorter, with two ear-shaped stem-clasping lobes at base. Flowers very small, in racemes which become very long, and are suc- ceeded by the'little purse-shaped pods. Apr.—Sept. (See Fig. 381.) ‘4, LEPIDIUM. ~ Pepper-grass. Sepals ovate. Petals ovate, entire. Silicles roundish or oval, notched at the end, flattened contrary to the very narrow partition., Cells 1-seed- ed. Valves boat-shaped, dehiscent.’ Flowers white, racemed, numerous. 1 Stem deaves undivided. Flowers from June to Sept... .2 1 Lsativum,’ Leaves all divided and lobed. Podsround. Gardens. July. 2 L Virginicum. Tongue-grass. Pods round, wingless. Stem leaves toothed. 8 Lrudera/le. Pods roundish-oval, wingless. Petals 0, Stem leaves entire. W. 4 Lecampes’tre. ,Pods ovate, winged, rough-scaly. Leaves arrow-shaped. W. 5. SENEBIE'RA. Swine Cress. Silicle 2-lobed, appearing double. Valve somewhat turgid and inde- hiscent. Cells each with 1 roundish and 38-cornered seed. Flowers white, in short racemes which stand opposite to the leaves. 164 THE FLORA. S. pinnatif’ida. A prostrate, weed-like plant, common at the South, in fields and on river-banks._. Leaves divided in a pinnate manner, into oblong, toothed lobes. Flowers obscure, with scarcely any petals. Silicles flattened, notched at apex, wrinkled on the surface.. Feb.-—July. 6. DRA’BA. Whitlow-grass. Calyx equal at base. Petals equal. Filaments without teeth. Silicle oval-oblong, entire, flattened parallel to the broad partition. Cells 2, many-seeded. Seeds not margined.—Low herbs, with small white or yellow flowers in racemes. (See Fig. 396.) § Petals 2-cleft, white. Leaves all radical....1 » § Petals entire or merely notched. Stems more or less leafy....a a Style present. Plants perennial....2,8 a Style none. Plants annual or biennial....b b Pedicels as long or longer than the pod....4, 5 b Pedicels shorter than their pods.... 1 D.verna, Spring W. Leaves oblong, hairy. Scape 1-5’ high. @ (See Fig. 396.) 2 D.arabi’sans. Aock W. Leaves minutely toothed. Silicle twisted, longer than the pedicel, oblong-lanceolate, 4-6’’ long. Lake shores. (Figs. 155-159.) 8 D.ramosis’sima, Bushy W. Leaves with remote and slender teeth. Silicle as long as its pedicel, style half as long. Flowers white. Rocks. 4D. nemora’lis. Wood W. Petals notched at end. Pod half as long as ita pedicel. Seeds near 80. Flowers yellowish-white. N-W. 4 D. brachycar’pa. Short-fruited W. Petals entire. Pod as long as pedicel, 10-12-seeded. Leaves round-ovate. 8. W. March, April. 5 D, Carolinia’na, Leaves round-ovate, entire. Pods linear, in a sort of corymb. Flowers white. Plant hispid, 1-8’ high. E.8. to the base. Flowers small (7’’ broad). Sepals mucronate. June. 3G. pusil/lum. Dwarf G. Diffuse. Sepals veinless. Leaves parted into 5-7 linear lobes, lobes 3-cleft. Fields and hills. Jzly. 4 G. Carolinia/num. Stems diffuse. Se- pals with an awn. Lys. parted into 5 wedge-oblong, many-cleft lobes. Fields. July. Fig. 421. Herb Robert, leaves, flowers, and fruit; 3, fruit enlarged, showing one carpel on its elastic style; 4, cross-section of a seed, showing the large embryo filling the whole space; 2, the 10 stamens. Observation.—The pupil will perceive by the table above, that the parlor ‘‘ gera- niums” belong to the genus Pelurgo’nium. ; Orver XXXII. OXALIDACE®. Wood Sorrels. Low herbs with a sour juice, and alternate, compound leaves; with flowers regular and symmetrical, 5-sepaled and 5-petaled ; ORDER 34.—THE JEWEL-WEEDS. 181 stamens 10, monadelphous, hypogynous, the alternate ones longest ; carpels 8, united and forming in fruit a 5-celled pod; seeds albuminous. OX’ALIS. Wood Sorrel. Sepals 5, distinct or united at base, persistent. Petals much longer than the sepals. Stamens united at the base. Styles 5. Capsule roundish or pod-shaped, cells several-seed- ed. Herbs mostly 2, with trifoliate leaves, 1 O, Acetosel’la. Wood Sorrel, Fis. white, with purple veins. Plant acaulescent, arising from a creeping root-stock. ¢. N. Ju. 2 O. viola’cea, Violet W. Flowers violet-purple. Plant acaules- cent, arising from a scaly bulb. Scape with an umbel. May. 8 O. stricta, Yellow W., Flowers yellow. Plant with leafy stems, weak, branched. Flowers um- belled. Grows everywhere. Fig. 425. Oxalis Acetosella. In the plan of the flower, v, the 5 carpels in the centre} 8, the 10 stamens in two rows; 7, the 5 petals; ¢, the 5 sepals, Mig. 426. The ripe pod. Orpen XXXIV. BALSAMINACEA. The Jewel-weeds. Herbs annual, with a fleshy stem, watery juice, and simple leaves; flowers very irregular and unsymmetrical; calyx spurred ; stamens 5, on the torus; pod bursting by 5 elastic valves. IMPA’TIENS. Touch-me-not. Sepals colored, apparently but 4 (the 2 upper being united), the lowest (y) enlarged into asac tipped with a bent spur. Petals 4, united into 2 double ones (p, p). Stamens 5, short, the anthers united over the pistil. 182 THE FLORA. Fruit a pod of 5 strong elastic valves which break and coil at the slightest touch when ripe, scatter- ing the seeds. Stem ten- der, thickened at the nodes. Leaves alternate. 1 I pal’lida. Pale Jewel-weed, Lvs. oblong-ovate. Fis. pale yellow, sparingly dotted, with a very short, : tecurved:spur. Fig. 428, Flower of the Pale Jewel-woed. Fig, 429, Its 21, fulva. Tawny Jewel-weed. parts displayed: 8, 8, #, y, the four sepals, the latter spur- Leaves rhombic-ovate. red; p, p, the 2 petals, each double. Flowers deep orange, thickly spotted, with a long close-reflexed spur. 8 I, Balsami’na, ‘ Balsamine. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers very large and showy, white, crimson, scarlet, flesh-colored, &. + . Orver XL, ACHERACEA. The Maples. Trees or shrubs with opposite, usually simple palmate-veined leaves; the flowers often imperfect, with the 5 sepals imbricated in the bud, and the petals 5, hypogynous, sometimes 0; the stamens mostly 8, and the JSruit a double samara, with two opposite wings, 2-seeded. 7 Analysis of the Genera. Leaves simple, palmate-veined. Very common. Maple. Aorr. 1 Leaves compound, odd-pinnate. Leaflets 8-5, toothed. Box-Hlder, Neaunpo. 1. ACER. Maple. Calyx of 5 united sepals, 5-lobed. Petals.5 or 0. Styles 2. Stamens 6-8. Leaves simple, palmate-lobed. Flowers mostly polygamous. § Pedicels short, in side clusters, flowering before the leaves. Trees....1, 2 § Pedicels long, slender, drooping, flowering with the lvs. Large trees....8, 4 § Pedicels in racemes, flowering after the leaves... .5-7 1 A.dasycar’pum. White M. Leaves deeply lobed, square at base, silver-white beneath. Ovaries downy. Fruit very large, Petals 0. Tree 50f. OrvER 40.—THE MAPLES, 183 Fig. 480..Red Maple (Acer rubrum), a leaf and several samara, Fig. 481. Sugar Maple (Acer saccharinum), leaf, flowers, and fruit. 2 A.mbrum” Red UM. Swamp M. Leaves lobed, cordate at base, paler beneath, Petals linear-oblong. Ovaries and fruit smooth. 40 to 100f. Flowers red. 8 A.sacchari/num, Rock M. Sugar M. Leaves cordate, 5-lobed, with deep, rounded openings between. Bark light gray. g-y. 4 A.ni’grum. Black M. Sugar-tree. Leaves cordate, with the sinus closed, roundish, with 8 broad, shallow lobes. Bark dark gray. y. 5 A. spicatum. Mountain-Bush M. Racemes erect, thyrse-like, Shrub 10-15f, high, in clumps. Bark gray. Leaves 3-5-lobed. g. _ 6 A. Pennsylvan’icum. Striped M. Whistle-wood. Racemes drooping. Treesmall, with striped bark (green and black). Leaves 8-lobed. g. 7 A, Pseudo-Plat’anus. Sycamore M. Racemes long, drooping. A large treo, in parks. Leaves 5-lobed, broad, rounded. Flowers green. 184 THE FLORA. Orver XLI. SAPINDACEA. Indian Soapworts. Plants of various habit, mostly with unsymmetrical flowers ; sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud ; stamens 5 to 10, inserted on a thick disk under the ovary ; Jruit usually colored and showy, lobed, 1 or few-seeded. The Order includes the following three Tribes. Analysis of the Genera. § 1. Tue Buckerr Trex. Leaves opposite, carpels 2-ovaled....a a Petals unequal. Stamens7. Leaves digitate. Buckeye, As’curvs. 1 § 2. Toe Soarserry Trips. Leaves alternate. Carpels 1-ovuled....b b Trees, with pinnate-leaves and fruit with soapy pulp, covering a large seed. Stamens 8-10. South. Soapwort. Sarin’pus. b Herbs climbing with tendrils. Leaves biternate. Fruit a large, inflated, 8-carpeled pod. Balloon-vine, CaRDIOSPER/MUM. § 8. Toe Brapper-nur Tries. Leaves opposite, pinnate. SrapHyLe’a. 2 Fig. 434. Branchlet of Bladder-nut, with 2 ternate leaves and a hanging cyme. 435. The stamens and pistil enlarged. 436. A flower of Ohio Buckeye. 1. ZS‘CULUS. Buckeye. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla of 4 or 5 unequal petals. Stamens 7, distinct, unequal. Style filiform. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, but only 1 of the 6 ovules grows, becoming a large seed. Flowers in terminal panicles. ORDER 45.—THE MILKWORTS. 185 & Fruit covered with prickles, Petals 4 or 5, spreading....1, 2 § Fruit smooth. Petals 4, erect, 2 of them clawed -...3-5 1 Z. Hippocasta’neum. Hor’e Chestnut. Leaves of 7, obovate leaflets. Petals 5. Fruit prickly. Panicles large, handsome. + 2 Z. glabra. Ohio Buckeye. Leaflets 5, oval or oblong. Petals 4. Tree ill- scented. Flowers yellowish. Seed mahogany-color. W. 8 &. fla’va. Big Buckeye. Leaflets serrate. Pods 2-seeded. x Leaflets entire. Stamens add united. Stamens 9 united. q Leaves pinnately 8-foliate. Pod slender at base. Pod gibbous at base. Style grooved outside, hairy inside. Zor/NIaA. AESCHYNOM’ENE, SrYLosan’THES, Peanut. Ar’acuis. Chick Pea. Corr. Pea, Pisum. 8 z Leaflets entire. Style flattened, hairy most inside. Sweet Pea. Laru’yrvs. r Leaflets entire. Style filiform, hairy most outside. Vetch, Vior’a. s Pod legume flat and thin, short-stiped. Lvs. pinnate. Tree. S.W. Crapas‘rris. s Pod inflated, stipitate (stalked at base). Lvs. 1-3-foliate, Bapris’1a. 9 t Fls. perfect, purple, papilionaceous. Tree. Lvs. simple. Judas-tree. Cercis. t Fils, perfect, yellow. Lys. equally pinnate. Senna. Cassia. 10 t Fis. imperfect, green. Sta. 5, Treesthorny. Honey Locust. Giepits’ou1A. t Fis. imp., greenish. St. 10. Trees unarmed. Ky. Coffee-tree. GyMNoo’LaDUs. u Pods flat, jointed between the seeds. Shrubby. u Pods prickly, 4-sided, 4-valved. u Pods smooth, turgid, filled with pulp. Tree. §. u Pods smooth, flat, dry. Petals distinct. Sensitive Plant. Mimo/sa. Sensitive Brier, ScuRAN’EIA. Sponge-tree, VACHEL/LIA. Stam. 5-10. Herbs. Drsman’ruus. u Pods smooth, flat, dry. Petals united. Stam. 8-200. 8S. Julibrassin. Aca’ota. 1. PHASE’/OLUS. Bean, &c. Calyx 5-toothed or cleft, the 2 upper teeth half united. Keel in- cluding the stamens and style, and with them spirally coiled or twisted. Legume straight or curved, many- seeded. Seeds oblong, kidney-« shaped.—Herbs twining or trailing. Leaves pinnately trifoliate, stipellate. June—Oct. * Native species, growing in fields and woods....a s * Exotic species, growing only by culti- vation....b a Flowers racemed. Pods eurved.... Fig. 446. Section of flower of the Bean, showing the spirally coiled stamens and style, the simple ovary, &c. 1 a Flowers 1 or few inahead. Pods straight....2-4 b Stems climbing. ...5-7 b Stems erect, bushy....8 190 THE FLORA. 1 P. peren’nis, Perennial Wild-bean. Leaflets ovate, pointed. Racemes in pairs. 4-7f. p, 2P. diversifo/lius. Trailing W. Leaflets angular, 2-8-lobed. Peduncle longer than leaf. ¢. 8 P. hel’volus. Long-stalked W. Leaflets lance-ovate, not lobed. Peduncle 8-4 times longer than the leaf. M. 8. 4 P. pauciflo’rus. Few-flowered W. Leaflets linear-oblong, hairy. Peduncle longer than the leaf. W. ‘5 P. vulgaris. Common Garden-bean. Leailets ovate, pointed. Racemes solitary, shorter than leaves. : 6 P. multifo’rus, Scarlet Pole-bean. Fis. scarlet, showy. Root tuberous. Pedicels opp. t 7 P.luna’tus. Lima B. Flowers white. Lfts. ovate-deltoid, acute. Pods broad, large. 8P.na/nus, Bush-bean. Erect, bushy. Leaves broad-ovate, acute. + 2. A’PIOS. Ground-nut. Calyx bell-shaped, somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 side teeth nearly obsolete, the lower tooth longest. Keel incurved and at length coiled against the very broad, reflexed banner. Ovary sheathed at base.—T wining, smooth herbs. 2 Root bearing eatable tubers. Leaves pinnately 5-7-foliate. A, tubero’sa. Stem round, twining about other plants, 2-4f. in length." Lesflets mostly 7, narrow-ovate, more or less acuminate, on short stalks. Racemes axillary, solitary, dense-flowered, shorter than the leaves. Flowers dark pur- ple. The tubers on the root are oval, thick, and very nutritious. In thickets and shady woods. July, Aug. 3. ROBIN'TA. Locust. Calyx short, bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the 2 upper divisions more or less united. Banner large, wings obtuse. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Style bearded inside. Legume flattened, long, many-seeded.—Trees and shrubs with stipular spines. Leaves tnequally pinnate. Flowers showy, in axillary racemes. April, May. 1 R, visco’sa.” Clammy Locust-tree. Racemes rather compact, rose-white, erect. Branchlets and stalks sticky. Leaflets ovate. In parks. Native South. 2 R. Pseudaca’cia, Common Locust-tree. Racemes rather loose, drooping, white, fragrant. Leaflets oblong-ovate, smooth, as well as the branchlets. 8 R. his’pida, ose Acacia, Shrub 4-9f, high, hispid, with clusters of large, purple flowers. Leaflets 5 or 6 pairs, broadly oval. 4. MELILO'TUS. Melilot. Sweet Clover. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Keel petals completely united, shorter than the others. Of the 10 stamens 9 are united, one separate. Pod 1 or few- OrvER 46,—LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 191 seeded, longer than the permanent calyx. Leaves pinnately trifoliate. Flowers in racemes. 1M. officina’lis. Yellow M. Leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, dentate. Calyx half as long as the yellow corolla. Pod 2-seeded. Stem 8f. 2M.alba, White M. Leaflets ovate-oblong, square at end. Calyx not half as long as the white corolla, Pod 2-seeded. Height 4-6f Very fragrant. 5. TRIFO’LIUM. Clover. Trefoil. Calyx 5-cleft, with bristly teeth, persist- ent. Petals more or less united at the base, persistent and withering. Banner longer than the wings, which are also longer than thekeel. Stamens 10, diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume short, membranous, often included in the calyx, 1-6-seeded, mostly indehis- cent. — Herbs with palmately trifoliate leaves. Leaflets straight-veined. Flowers in heads or spikes. Apr.—Sept. * Flowers yellow, in small, dense, oval heads, Pod 1-seeded....1, 2 * Flowers cyanic (not yellow)....a Fig, 447. Red Clover,—a head of ‘ a 5 “flowers, Fig. 448. A single flower. a Flowers on little stalks (pedicels) and Fig. 449. A pod, with a part of the finally deflexed....b calyx. Fig. 450, A seed, cut open. « Flowers nearly or quite sessile, never de~ geo also Fig. 87. flexed....¢ b Heads small, on stalks some ten times longer....8, 4 b Heads large, on stalks two or three times longer....5, 6 c Calyx teeth feathery, longer than the whitish corolla....7 ‘ c Calyx teeth shorter than the purple or roseate corolla. ...8-10. 1 T.procum’bens. Yellow (. Stipules much shorter than the petioles. Style 8 or 4times shorterthanthepod. Headsovate, 4in. thick. Stems prostrate. May. 2 T. agra’rium, Lurger Yellow C. Stipules longer than the petiole. Style about - as long asthe pod. Heads oblong, 4in. thick. Stems ascending. June, July. 8 T. Carolinia’num. Southern C. Stipules leaf-like. Calyx teeth thrice longer than its tube. Legume 4-seeded. Scarcely forms a turf. W.S. 4 T. repens. White C. Shamrock. Stipules narrow, scale-like. Calyx teeth shorter than its tube. Pod 4-seeded. Forms a dense turf. Fis. white. ¢. 5 T.reflexum. Buffalo C. Lflts. obovate. Calyx nearly as long as the red corolla. 6 T. stoloni/ferum. Prairie C. Leaflets obcordate. Calyx not half as long as the white corolla. W. : c : 192 THE FLORA. 7 T.arven’se. Rabbit-foot C. Heads cylindrical, very hairy. Lfts. narrow obovate, 8 T. praten’se. Red C, Leaflets spotted, oval. Heads roundish, sessile. Flowers rose-red, or white. c. + (Figs. 447-456.) 9 T.me’dium. Zigzag C. Lfts. oblong. Heads roundish, stalked. Fis. deep purple, 7. 10 T.incarna’tum. Rose Trefoil. Lfts. round-ovate. Heads oblong. Fis, rose-red. + 6. LUPI’'NUS. Lupine. Oalyx deeply 2-lipped, upper lip 2-cleft, lower entire or 3-toothed. Wings united towards the top, keel acuminate. Stamens monadelphous, the filaments forming an entire sheath. Anthers alternately oblong and globose. Pod leathery and knotted.—Herbs, with leaves palmately 5-15- foliate, rarely simple. 11, peren’nis. Common L. Root creeping, perennial. Stem erect, 1-2f. high, hairy. - Leaflets soft-downy, 7-11, oblanceolate, 14-2’ long, broadest above the middle. Flowers alternate, in an erect, terminal raceme, blue, varying to white. It is often called Sun-dial, from the fact of its leaves turning to face the sun from morning till night.—Several other species are cultivated in gardens. May, June. (Fig. 66.) 2 L, villo’sus. Mullein LZ. Stem erect, 1-2f., terminating in a showy raceme. Leaves simple, clothed in a dense coat of silky wool as well as the stem. 8. 7. LESPEDE’ZA. Bush Clover. Calyx 5-parted, with 2 bractlets at base, the sepals nearly equal. Keel very obtuse, on slender claws. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume lens-shaped,-small, flattened, unarmed, one-seeded, not opening.—2 Leaves pinnately trifoliate. Flowering in Aug., Sept. { Flowers in dense spikes, whitish, with a purple spot on the banner....1, 2 ] Fis. racemed, &c., violet or purple. Some of the fis. with no corolla....a a Stem prostrate, trailing, diffuse. Leaflets oval....8 a Stem erect and mostly branched, 1-8f. high....4, 5 1 L. capita’ta. Head B. Leaflets elliptical, silky. Spikes shorter than leaves. Stem nearly simple, 2-4f. 2L, hirta. Hairy B. Leaflets roundish-oval. Spikes longer than leaves. Stem branching, very hairy. 8 L. repens. Creeping B. Downy more or less, except the upper side of the leaves, which is always smooth. Stems slender, many. 4 L.viola’cea. Violet.B. Smoothish. Leaflets oval, varying to oblong and linear, obtuse, mucronate. Corolla 8-4/’ long, Varies greatly. 5 L. Steu’vi. Plant velvety or downy. Lfts. roundish-obovate. Variable. . OrvER 46.—LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 193 8. PI‘SUM. Pea. Calyx divisions leaf-like, 2 upper shortest. Banner large, reflexed. Stamens 10, diadelphous (9 & 1). Style flattened, keel-shaped, bearded on the upper side. Legume oblong, tumid. Seeds globose.—Climbing herbs. Leaves pinnate, end- ing with a branching tendril. P. sativum, Conumon Garden Pea. Leaflets usually 4, ovate, entire. Stipules rather larger than the leaf- | lets (2-8’ long), ovate, half-cordate at base. Flow- ers 2 or more on axillary peduncles, large, white. Pods 2 or-8/ long, 5-9-seeded. A very valuable leguminous plant, all over smooth and glaucous. There are many varieties. June. (Also, Fig. 448.) 9. BAPTIS‘IA. Wild Indigo. Calyx 4-5-cleft half way. Petals of about | equal length, somewhat united. Banner roundish, Fig, 451. Peis: Pea: notched at the end. Stamens 10, distinct, decid- ¢, the large stipules; p, the uous. Pod inflated, many-seeded, raised on a pod; f the flower; ¢, the stalk in the persistent calyx.—2t Large herbg ‘ilson the end of the leaf with leaves palmately 3-foliate or simple. Flowers in racemes, Leaflets mostly oblong, broadest above. Apr.—Sept. *§ Leaves simple. Flowers yellow. (8 species far South, omitted.) § Leaves 8-foliate....a Flowers blue, in a few long racemés....1 a Flowers white, in a few long racemes....b @ ® Flowers yellow, solitary, or in short racemes....¢ b Stipules leaf-like, longer than the petioles....2, 8 b Stipules much shorter, or not longer than the petioles....4, 5 e Flower-stalks not longer than the calyx....6, 7 c Flower-stalks much longer than the calyx. 8. Omitted. 1 B. austra/lis. Austral W. Smooth. Lfts. obovate or oblong. Fis. large. W. 8, t 2 B.leucophe’a. Whitish W. Stipules large, ovate. Racemes nodding, W. 8 B. villo’sa. Woolly W., Stipules small, lance-linear. Racemes erect. 8. 4 B, leucantha. Stipules lance-linear, about as long as petioles, W.8. + 5 B. alba, Stipules and bracts minute, early falling off. 8. 6 B. lanceola’ta. Leaflets narrow-elliptic. Flowers axillary. 8. ] B.tincto’ria, Leaflets small, round-obovate. Racemes terminal. Common. 9 194 THE FLORA. 10. CAS/SIA. Senna. Sepals 5, scarcely united at base, nearly equal. Petals 5, unequal, but not papilionaceous. Stamens 10, distinct, 3 upper anthers often sterile, 3 lower ones beaked. Legume long, many-seeded.—Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate, mostly with a gland on the petiole. Flowers yellow. July, Aug. J Racemes axillary.. 3 of the anthers imperfect, 7 of them perfect....1, 8 | Racemes above the axils. Anthers all perfect. Stem 1-2f. high....4,5 1 ©, obtusifo’lia. Blunt S. Leaflets 4-6, obtuse. Stem 1-8f. high. 8. 2 CG. occidenta’lis, Western S. Leaflets 6-12, acute. Stem 4-6f. high. 8. 8 ©, Marilan’dica. American S. Leaflets 12-18, mucronate, Stems df. high. 4 C, Chamecris’ta. Sensitive Pea. Anthers 10, unlike. Fils. large. Lifts. 16-24, 5 C, nic’titans. Sensitive S. Anthers 5, alike. Fis. small. Leaflets 12-80. Orver XLVIT. ROSACEA. Roseworts. Trees, shrubs, or herds with stipules mostly, and alternate leaves; with flowers regular, commonly showy, perfect, and polyandrous; with 5 sepals united at base, often supported by as many bractlets outside ; 5 petals (rarely 0), which are perigynous as well as the stamens ; 1-o pistils, which are distinct, or sometimes united and adhering to the calyx tube; frutt various; seeds with no albumen. ORDER 47—ROSEWORTS. 195 Fig. 452. Flowers of the Great Red Cherry: 0, section, showing the perigynous stamens, the single ovary, &c. fig. 453, Section of the cherry, showing the seed lying in the stoné and pulp. Fig. 454. Section of the flower of Lady’s-mantle (Class Book, p. 325), with the simple ovary, lateral style, &c. Fig. 455, A flower of Strawberry. Jig. 456. A section of the same, showing the perigynous stamens, the many simple pistils on theJarge torus. Fig. 457. Section of a Rose, showing the many simple pistils sunk in the hollow torus, &e. @ e Analysis of the Genera. § Flowers with 1 pistil and no petals. Herbs....a § Flowers with 1 pistil and 5 petals. Shrubs or trees....2 § Flowers with 2—o pistils....3 2 Style lateral, 2. ¢., arising from the side of the ovary....0 2 Style terminal, ¢. ¢., arising from the top of the ovary....¢ 8 Pistils (carpels) 2-5, all consolidated with the calyx. Fruit a pome....d 8 Pistils (carpels) 2-50, free, in an open or closed calyx... .4 4 Carpels 1-seeded, achenia inclosed in the calyx tube....e 4 Carpels 1-seeded, achenia dry or pulpy in an open calyx....5 4 Carpels several-seeded, pods in an open calyx....K 5 Styles persistent on the dry achenia....f 5 Styles falling off with the rest of the flower....6 6 Calyx entirely bractless: Flowers never yellow....g 6 Calyx with bractlets beneath it.as if donble. ..h ray a Stamens 1-4. Style lateral. Fls. scattered. Lady's-mantle, ALCHEMIL’LA, a Stamens 4, Style terminal. Fils. in dense spikes. Burnet. Sanauisonr’Ba, _a Stamens o. Style terminal. Flowers in spikes. Burnet. Pors’r1um, b Stamens about 20. Drupe l-seeded. 8. Cocoa Plum. Curysopara’nus. ¢ Stone globular, smooth. Fruit not glaucous. Cherry, CER’asus. c Stone flattened, smooth. Fruit glaucous or downy. _ Plum. Prv’nvs, c Stone roughened with pits and furrows. Fruit. pulpy. Peach, Prr’sioa. c Stone roughened with pits and furrows. Fruit dry. Almond. Amye’patus. d Petals spat.-oblong. Pome with 5 dble.-cells. Shad-bush. AmEvan/outer. 2 d Petals roundish. Pome with bony, 1-seeded cells. Thorn. Crara’eus, d Petals roundish. Pome with thin, 2-seeded cells. 4 Apple Prrus. 8 d Petals roundish. Pome with 5, many-seeded cells. Quince, Crpo’xta, 4 196 THE FLORA. e Carpels many, in the fleshy calyx. Flowers often double. Fiose. Rosa. 5 e Carpels 2 only, in the dry, fluted, prickly calyx. Agrimony. AGRDMO’/NIA. f Petals and sepals 8 or 9. A small, rare plant on mountains Dryas. f Petals and sepals 5. Achenia numerous. Avens. Geum. g Sepals equal. Fruit a heap of pulpy achenia. Fls, cyanic. Bramble. Rusus. g Sepals unequal. Stems creeping. Flowers white. False Violet. DALIBAR’DA. h Torus small, dry. Flowers yellow. Bractlets minute or 0. Wa pstzi’N1A. h Torus small, dry. Fls. mostly yellow. Bractlets large. Cinguefoil, PorentiL’La. 10 oar h Torus becoming very large and juicy in fruit. Strawberry. Fra@a’ria. 11 h Torfis becoming large and spongy. Fls. purple. Lvs. pinnate. Com’arum. k Petals obovate, not yellow. ,Stamens very long. Steeple-bush, Shrrw’s, 12 k Petals lance-linear, not yellow. Stamens very short. Indian Physic. GILLE/NIA. k Petals multiplied, orange-yellow. Pods 1-seeded. Shrubs. . Gelder Rose. Ker’rta. 1. CER’ASUS. Cherry. Calyx 5-cleft, regular, deciduous. Petals 5, much spreading. Stamens 15-30. Ovary with 2 ovules. Drupe globular, very smooth, destitute of a glaucous bloom. Stone also globular and smooth.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves folded in the bud. Flowers early, white. May. (Fig. 452.) § Leaves evergreen, leathery, entire....1 § Leaves deciduous, thin....@ a Flowers in umbel-like clusters from side buds. Drupes red....b = Flowers in racemes leafy at base. Cherries black or blackish....2, 3 b Shrubs or trees growing wild, native....4, 5 b Trees cultivated, not native....6, 7 1 C, Oarolinia’na. Cherry Laurel. Flowers in dense, short racemes, Fruit black, poisonous. Splendid in cultivation. 2 C.sero’tina, Wild Black GC. Trees with lance-oblong, blunt-toothed leaves. 8 C. Virginia’na. Choke C. Shrubs with oval-obovate, slender-toothed leaves, 4 0. pum’ila, Sand C. Shrubs trailing, with lance-obovate, acute lvs. Fr. egg-shaped. 5 O, Pennsylvan’ica, Wild Red C. Trees, Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate. Fr. roundish. 6 0, A’vium. Oxheart 0. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, hairy beneath. 7 C. vulga’ris. Great Red C. Leaves lance-ovate, acute, narrowed to base. 2. AMELAN’OHIER. June-berry. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong-ovate and oblanceolate. Stamens short. Styles 5, somewhat united at base. Pome 5-celled, cells cartilaginous, each nearly divided into two 1-seeded divisions,—Small trees or shrubs with simple, serrate leaves, and white early flowers in racemes. ORDER 47.—ROSEWORTS. 197 A. Canaden’sis. Shad-berry. June-berry. A small tree or shrub found in woods, with a dark-grayish bark. Flowers large white, in racemes at the ends of the branches, appearing in April and May, while the forests are yet naked. Fruit round, purplish, well-flavored, ripe in June. The plant is very variable in size, and in the leaves, &c. : 8. PY’RUS. Pear. Apple. Calyx urn-shaped, limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens 00. Styles 2-5. Pome fleshy or berry-like, containing 2-5 cartilaginous (thin and elastic) carpels, each with 2 seeds.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple or pinnate. Flowers showy, white or rose-colored, in cyme-like umbels. May, June. § Leaves pinnate. Fruit as large as peas, scarlet when ripe....6, 7 § Leaves simple... -a a Wild shrubs, 5-8f. high. Flowers small, in compound clusters....5 a Trees wild or cultivated. Flowers large, in simple clusters... .b b Flowers white. Pome bell-shaped, acute at base....1 b Flowers rose-white. Pome with a pit at base....2-4 1 P.commu’nis. Pear. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Styles 5, distinct. + (Fig. 280.) 2 P.malus. Apple. Leaves ovate, not lobed, the veinlets incurved. (Fig. 183.) 8 P. corona’ria. American Crab. Leaves ovate, often lobed, cut-serrate, straight- veined, (Fig. 454.) 4 P, angustifo/lia. Narrow-leaved C. Leaves lanceolate, scarcely veiny. 5 P. arbutifo’lia. Choke-berry. Leaves obovate or oval, with glands on mid-vein. 6 P, America’na. Mountain-Ash. Leaflets 18-15, lanceolate, pointed. 7 P. Aucupa’ria, English M. Leatlets lance-ovate, acute. Fruit larger. 4. CYDO'NIA. Quince. Calyx urn-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Styles 5. Stamensmany. Pome with 5 parchment-like cells, each with several seeds.—Shrubs. Leaves simple. Flowers solitary or few in a cluster. 1 C. vulga’ris. Common Quince. Leaves downy beneath, broadly ovate, acute, en- tire, with small, half-ovate stipules. Flowers roseate, solitary terminal. Fruit large, obovate, highly esteemed in preserves, &e. (Fig. 1 ) 2 C. Japon/ica, Japan Quince. Leaves glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end, serrulate. Stipules reniform. Flowers red, side clusters, opening early. 5. RO’/SA. Rose. , Galyx tube urn-shaped, fleshy, contracted at the throat, limb 5-cleft, the sepals generally with a little leaf at tip. Petals 5 (greatly multiplied 198 THE FLORA. by culture); achenia 00, bony, hispid, included in and attached to the in- side of the fleshy calyx-tube.—Shrubby and prickly plants. Leaves un- equally pinnate. Stipules attached to the petiole, or often free. In the table, the first ten species are found growing wild in this country, and sometimes also cultivated. The other species never grow wild here. § Styles growing together into an inserted column. Climbers....h § Styles not cohering into a column....a a Stipules nearly free from the petiole and falling off....g a Stipules adhering to the petiole....b pb Plant armed with curved or hooked prickles, erect....d p Plant armed with straight prickles....¢ c Wild, native Roses, 1-8 f., erect... .5-7 ¢ Cultivated exotics climbing (No. 20) or erect....21-28 d Leaflets glandular and fragrant beneath....f d Leaficts not at all glandular. Shrubs erect....¢ e Wild, native Rose, flowers single....8 e Cultivated exotics, mostly double-flowered....18, 14 f Flowers single. Wild....9, 10 f Flowers double. Exotic, cultivated....15-17 g Leaflets 5-9. Flower-stalk enveloped in bracts....4 g- Leaflets 8-5. Flower-stalk bractless, very smooth....2, 19 h Leaflets 3-5, mostly 8. Native and cultivated....1 h Leaflets 5-9....k Stipules and sepals mostly entire....11,12 k Stipules fringed, sepals entire....3 k Stipules entire, sepals pinnatifid....18 18. setig’era, Michigan R. Flowers in corymbs, rose-colored, changeable. W. + QR. leviga’ta. Cherokee R. Lifts. very smooth, ellip. Fls. solit., white. 8. t 3 R. multifio’ra. Japun 2. Lfts. soft, wrinkled. Fils. corymbed, double. 8. t¢ 4 R. bractea’ta. Macartney &. Fis. solitary, with large bracts beneath it. S.-W. t 5 R.lu’cida. Shining R. Lfts. 5-9, elliptic, shining. Pricklesfew. Calyx hispid. 6 R.nit‘ida. Wild R. Leaflets 5-9, narrow-lance, shining. Prickles numerous. 7 R.blanda. Bland R. Lfts 5-7, oblong, dull. Prickles verytew. Calyx smooth. 8 R. Caroli’na. Swamp k. Stems 4-7f. high. Flowers in corymbs. Dull green. 9 R. rubigino’sa, Sweet Brier. Sepals persistent. Some of the prickles awl-shaped. 10 R.micran’tha. Zglantine. Sepalsdeciduous. Allthe prickles hooked alike. Fils. small. 11 R. sempervi/rens. Evergreen &. Prickles alike. Lfts. evergreen, leathery. + 12 R.arven/sis. Ayrshire &. Prickles unlike. Lfts. soft, deciduous. + 18 R,cinnamo’mea. Cinnamon &. Stipules broad, pointed, involute, wavy. + 14 R, cani’‘na. Dog &. Stipules broad, serrulate. Sepals fall off after flowering. + 15 R. centifo/lia. Cabbage R. Moss &. Sepals spread in flower, often very glandular. + ORDER 47—ROSEWORTS. 199 16 R.damasce’na. Damask R. Monthly R. Sepals reflexed in flower. Flowers very double. + 17 R. alba. White R. Sepals pinnatifid, spreading. Fls. corymbed, large. + 18 R. moscha’ta. Musk R. Leaflets lanceolate, pointed. Fls. panicled, large, white. + 19 R. In’dica. Chinese Monthly. Bengal R. Tea Rose, dc. Lifts. ovate, pointed. t 20 R. Alpina. Boursault &. Lifts. 5-11, obovate, sharp-serrate. Stipules narrow. t+ 21 R. eglante’ria. Yellow Rose. Lfts. broad-oval. Petals obcordate, fugacious. t 22 R. Gal’lica. French R. Leaflets elliptical. Petals large, spreadiug. t+ 23 R, Pimpinellifo’lia, Burnet R. Lifts. small, roundish. Flowers small. f 6. GE'UM. Avens. Calyx 5-cleft, usually with 5 alternate bractlets outside. Petals 5. Stamens many, collected on a dry receptacle, and bearing the long, per- sistent style—2, Leaves pinnate or lyrate. § Style bent and jointed near the middle....a § Style straight and not jointed, wholly persistent. Rare plants....6, 7 a Head of fruits quite sessile, with the styles finally hooked....b, 1 ; a Head of fruits stalked in the calyx more or less....4, 5 b Petals yellow, longer than the calyx....2, 3 1 G. Virginia’num. Petals white, as long as the calyx. Receptacle hairy. 2G. macrophyl’‘lum. Mountain A. Lvs. ending with a very large roundish leaflet. 8 G. stric’tum. Yellow A. The end leatiet but little larger than the rest. Height 3-5f, 4.G.vernum, Sead-stalk A. Petals yellow, small. Stalk as long as head. W. 5 G.riva’le. Water 4. Whole flower dark purple, large; nodding. 6 G. triflo’rum. Bractlets longer than the calyx or purplish petals. Fls. 8. W. 7 G. Peck’ii. Peck’s A. Bractlets minute. Pet. yellow. Stem almost leafless. Mts. 7. RU’BUS. Bramble. Blackberries and Raspberries. Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens o. Ovaries many, becoming many pulpy, drupe-like achenia (grains) united _into a compound fruit.—Half-shrubby plants with 2 roots and ® stems, armed with prickles. Flowers mostly white. In the Blackberries the pulpy receptacle constitutes a part of the fruit, but in the Raspberries it does not. *® Leaves simple, 8-5-lobed. Flowers large....1-3 * Leaves compound, of 8-7 leaflets....a a Stems stout, upright, often recurved at top....b a Stems weak, trailing or prostrate....7 b The side leaflets stalked. Prickles strong, recurved....8 b The side leaflets sessile. Prickles weak, nearly straight....4 200 THE FLORA. Raspberries. 1 R. odora’tus. Rose Flowering. Petals round, purple. Stalks hairy-clammy. 2 R. Nutka’nus. White-flowering. Petals broad-oval, white. Fils. several. N.-W. 8 R. Chamemo/rus. Cloud-berry. Petals obovate, white. Flower only one. Mts. 4 Petals as long or longer than the calyx....5, 6 4 R.Ideus. Garden Raspberry. Petals shorter than the calyx. 5 R. strigo’sus. Wild Red Raspberry. Corolla cup-shaped, single. 6 R. rosefo’lius. Bridal Rose. Corolla spreading, double. Cultivated. 47 Stems prickly, shrubby, biennial. Fruit of many grains....11 7 R. triflo’rus. Stems entirely unarmed, green, © Fruit of few grains. 8 R. occidenta’lis. Thimble-berry. Pl. glaucous. Petals shorter than sepals. Fr. dark. 8 Plants not glaucous. Petals much longer than the sepals....9, 10 Blackberries. . 9 R. villo’sus. High Blackberry. Flowers in racemes. Leaflets ovate. 10 R. cuneifo/lius. Sand Bl. Fis. 1-8 together. Lfts. wedge-obovate, M.S. 11 Prickles many. Flower-stalks without leaves or bracts....12, 18 11 R. Canaden’sis. Dewberry. Prickles few. Flower-stalks with leafy bracts. 12 R. his’pidus, Hispid, Running*Bl. Flowers small, with spreading sepals. 18 R. trivia/lis. Zow Bush Bl. Flowers large, with reflexed sepals. 8. 8. DALIBAR’DA. False Violet. Calyx deeply 5 or 6-parted, 8 of the segments larger. Petals 5. Sta- mens many. Styles 5-8, long, deciduous. Fruit 5-8 dryish, drupe-like achenia.—2 Low herbs with creeping stems, simple leaves and 1-2 white flowers on each stalk. North. D.re’pens. Creeping F. Found in damp woods. Creeping stems a few inches toa foot in length. Leaves roundish-cordate, crenate. Stipules very narrow-linear. Petioles 1-3’ long. Scapes 1-flowered, about as long as the petioles, June. 9. WALDSTEI'NIA. Dry Strawberry. Calyx 5-cleft, with 5 alternate, sometimes minute and deciduous bract- lets. Petals 5 or more, sessile. Stamens many. Styles 2-6. Achenia few, dry, on a dry receptacle.—2 Acaulescent herbs with lobed or divid- ed radical leaves and yellow flowers on scapes. Ww. + * /des. A pretty plant, in hilly woods, bearing some resemblance to the strawberry. Root-stock thick, scaly, blackish, Leaves trifoliate, on petioles 8-6’ long; leaflets broad-wedge-shaped, cut-toothed, of a shining green above. Scapes about as high as the leaves, bearing 2-6 flowers, which are 3’ across, June. W. loba’ta, Lobed D. Along rivers, &c. Leaves simple, roundish-cordate, gener- ally 8-5-lobed, &e. April, June. 8. ; ORDER 47.—ROSEWORTS. 201 10. POTENTIL'LA. Cinquefoil. Calyx deeply 4-5-cleft, with an equal number of alternate bractlets outside. Petals 4-5, obcordate. Stamens o. Achenia o, collected in a head on a small, airy receptacle,—Herbs or shrubs with compound leaves and (mostly) yellow flowers. (Figs. 76, 77.) * Leaves palmately compound....a * Leaves pinnately compound....6-8 a Leaflets 8 only in cach leaf....1 a Leaflets 5. Stems prostrate or inclining....4, 5 1 Flowers yellow. Stems herbaceous....2, 8 1 P. tridenta’ta. Trident C. Fis. white. Lfts. wedge-obov., 3-toothed at end. N. 2 P. Norve’gica. Norway C. Erect, many-flowered. Petals short. N. M. 3 P.min/ima. Ziny C. Low. Stems 1-flowered. Pet. longer than sepals. Mts. 4 P,Canaden’sis. Canada C. Leaflets green both sides, serrate, oblong. 5 P, argen’tea. Silver C. Léaflets silvery-white beneath, pinnatifid. 6 P. frutico’sa. Shrubby C. Erect, shrubs with yellow flowers. Height 1-2f. N. 7 P, Anseri/na. Goose-grass. Stemless herbs. Leaves and peduncles radical. 8 Herbs with leafy stems. (8 rare species opitted.) 11. FRAGA'RIA. Strawberry. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, with an equal number of alternate bractlets out- side. Petals 5, obcordate. Stamens o. Achenia maay, fixed to the surface of the large, conical, pulpy, scarlet or white receptacle.—Low 2f plants with trifoliate leaves, (Figs. 265, 455, 456.) 1 F, Virginia’na. Common S. Bractlets under the calyx entire. Flowers white, on scapes. Root-stock sending out rynners which take root and form new plants. 2 F.In’dica. Indian Strawberry. Bractlets under the calyx 8-lobed, Petals yellow. Stems trailing on the ground. Fruit roundish, bright red, tasteless. 8. ¢ (272.) 12. SPIRAL'A. Meadow-sweet. Hard-hack. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, roundish, Stamens 10-50, exserted. Carpels distinct, 3-12, forming little 1-celled, several-seeded pods. Styles terminal.— 24 Beautiful, unarmed herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves and branches, and small white or rose-colored flowers. May, Aug. * Shrubs 4-9 f. high....a * Herbs with the leaves once or thrice pinnate....7 a Stipules present....1, 2 a Stipules none. Leaves simple and undivided.. 9* 202 THE FLORA. b Flowers in panicles. Leaves lance-ovate....3, 4 b Flowers in corymbs or little umbels. Leaves oval or ovate....5, 6 1 S. opulifo’lia. Mine-bark, Leaves simple, 8-lobed. Corymbs umbellate. N. 2 S. sorbifo’lia, Sorb-leaved M. Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers in panicles. 8S. tomento’sa. Hard-hack. Lvs. with a rusty white dense wool beneath. 4 8, salicifo/lia, Willow-leaved. Lys. nearly smooth. Shrub 8 or 4f. high. 5 S, corymbo’sa, Corymb very large, terminal, flat-topped. Height 1-2f. 8S. 6 8. hypericefo’lia. St. Peter’s Wreath. Little umbels many, lateral. Cultivated. 7 Leaves once-pinnate. Inflorescence terminal, on a long stalk....8, 9, 10 7S. Arun’cus. Goat’s Beard. Lvs. thrice-pinnate. Fls. in slender spikes. M. 8 S. loba’ta. Qucen of the Prairie. Flowers purple. Side leaflets 3-lobed. W. 9 8, filipen’dula. Dropwort. Fls. white. Lfts. pinnatifid-serrate. Gardens. 10 S. Ulma’ria. Meadow-sweet. Flowers white. Lfts. doubly-serrate. Gardens. Oxper LIT. ONAGRA’CHA. Evening Primroses. Herbs with alternate or opposite Jeaves ; and with the parts of the Jlowers generally in 4’s, sometimes in 3's, 2’s, or 1’s; with the sepals united below into a tube, valvate in the bud; the petals and stamens inserted into the throat of the calyx; ovary coherent with the tube of the calyx; becoming in the Fruit a 2-4-celled capsule or berry with many seeds. 1 8 , Fig. 458. Flower of Gnothera fruticosa, 9. Planof the flower. ig. 460. Section of the 4-celled ‘capsule of GE. biennis. 1. Hippuris vulgaris. 2, Its flower, with 1 stamen, J ovary, ‘2style. 8. Vertical section of its 1-seeded fruit. 4. Circa Lutetiana. 5. The flower en- larged. 6. Plan of the flower. 7. Vertical section of the 2-celled and 2-seeded fruit, Analysis of the Genera. * Flowers 4 or 5-parted (that is, with 4 or 5 petals, sepais, &c.)....2 * Flowers 8-parted, i. ¢., with 8 sepals, 3 stamens, &c. (no petals)....g ORDER 52.-EVENING PRIMROSES. 2038 * Flowers 2-purted, with 2 sepals, 2 petals, d&e..... f * Flowers 1-parted, with 1 stamen, 1 pistil, 1 seed (no petal)....h 2 Flowers perfect (that is, having both stamens and pistils)....3 2 Flowers monescious (some with stamens, some with pistils)....e 8 Stamens 8, twice as many as the sepals....4 8 Stamens 4, same number as the sepals....d 4 Calyx tube much prolonged above the ovary....5 4 Calyx tube not prolonged above the ovary....a 5 Garden exotics, with showy purple flowers....c¢ 5 Wild, native herbs, rarely cultivateg....b a Seed comons with a tuft of silky hairs. Fls. purplish. Wéllow Herb. Errto’srovm. 1 a Seed not comous, &e. Fis. large, yellow. Southern. Yellow Jessie, Jusstm/a, b Petals equal, not clawed, yellow. Pods w-seeded. Evening Primrose. CENovHE’RA. 2 b Petals hardly equal, clawed, red. Pods 1-4-seeded. Gaura. Gaur. c Herbs from California. Calyx tube short. Petals clawed. Clarkia. Cuar’/Era. e Shrubs from Chili. Cal. tube long, enlarged. Fls. hanging. Zur-drop. Fucu’sta. a Petals yellow, sometimes minute on0. Lvs. entire. Seed Box. Lupwie’1s e Petals greenish or none. Leaves many-cleft. Water-plants. Water Milfoil. Myriopnyy’tom. f Delicate herbs with small, pale flowers. nchanter’s Nightshade. Circa’. 8 g Small herbs in wet places, with pinnatifidlvs. Mermaid Weed, Proserrina’ca. h In water, rare. Leaves linear, whorled. Mares Tail. Hierv’ris. 1. EPILO’BIUM. Willow-herb. Calyx tube not prolonged above the ovary. Limb deeply 4-parted, de- ciduous. Petals 4, Stamens 8. Stigma often with 4 spreading lobes. Ovary and capsule linear, 4-cornered, 4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds crowned with a tuft of long hairs.—2{ Flowers purplish or white. E. angustifo/lium. WVarrow-leaved WVillow-herb. Rose-bay. A tall, showy herb (4- : 6f. high), common atthe North. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, nearly entire, with a vein running along the margin. * Flowers large, all parts pale purple or white, in along, terminal spike. Style and stamens declined. Stigma with 4. long lobes. July, Aug. Our four other species, with small flowers, and a club- shaped, undivided pistil, we omit. 2. (ENOTHE’RA. Evening Primrose. Calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous: segments 4, re- flexed. Petals 4, equal, obcordate or obovate, inserted into the top of the calyx tube... Stamens 8. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved. Stigma 4-lobed. Seeds not tufted—Herbs with alternate leaves, and yellow flowers (in all the following species). May, Aug. 204 THE FLORA. § Flowers opening by night. Pods rounded at the corners, sessile....1, 2 § Flowers opening by day. Pods club-shaped, sharply 4-cornered....a a Stems erect, 1-3 feet high. Flowers large (1-2/ across)....8 a Stems half-erect, 6-16’ long. Flowers small (5-8’’ across)....6, 7 1 G. bien’nis, Lvs. slightly toothed. Pods oblong. Fils. 1’ or more wide, 2 @.sinua’ta. Leaves sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers #’ wide. 8. 8 Pods scarcely winged on the 4 sharp angles. Leaves narrow....4, 5 8 GB. frutico’sa. Pods with the 4 angles distinctly winged. Leaves lanceolate. 4 C. ripa’ria. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Flowers finally racemed. 8. M. 5 CE, linea’ris, Leaves linear. Flowers on the ends of the branches. 8S. M. 6 G. pum‘ila, Flowers straw-yellow. Pods almost sessile. Common. N, M. 7 Ci. chrysan’tha, Fis. orange-yellow. Pods distinctly stalked. Rare. N.-W. 8. CIRCA'A. Enchanter’s Nightshade. Calyx: tube a little prolonged above the ovary, lobes 2. Petals 2, ob- cordate. Stamens 2, opposite the sepals. Fruit reflexed, inversely egg- shaped, with hooked hairs, 2-celled¢ 2-seeded.—2 Small, tender herbs, with opposite leaves and terminal racemes of small, reddish-white flowers. C, Lutetia’‘na. (See the figure.) Stem 1-2f. high, sparingly branched, pubescent. Leaves dark green, ovate, subcordate, acuminate, coarsely toothed. Pedicels without bracts, bent down after flowering. Fruit clothed with bristly hooks. June, July. C. alpi’na. Stem 5-10’ high, very smooth. Leaves pale green, broad cordate, thin, slightly dentate. Common in rocky woods at the North. July. Orpen LV.—GROSSULACAH. Currants. Small shrubs, often prickly, with alternate, lobed, plaited leaves ; Jlowers in axillary racemes, regular, 4 or 5- ‘ parted, small; petals inserted into the throat of the calyx, small, distinct, and the Jruit a 1-celled, many-seeded, 2-carpeled berry. Fig. 468. A flower of the Red Currant eut open; 0, the ovary and ovules; sé, the style; ¢, the calyx tube; p, the petals; 8, the stamens, ig. 469. A berry cut open, showing the two Placenta and seeds. Fig. 470, A seed cut open, showing the little embryo. ORDER 60.—THE HOUSELEEKS. 205 RI'BES. Currants and Gooseberries. ; The character of the genus is about the same as of the Order, § Currants. Stems without prickles or thorns....a § Gooseberries. Stems armed with prickles or spines....¢ a. Leaves rolled in the bud (convolute). Fls. bright yel....1 a Lvs. plaited (plicate) in the bud. Fls. not yellow....b b Fruit hairy....2, 3 b Fruit smooth....4-6, ce Fruit hispid....7, 8 c Fruit smooth....d d Stalks of the flower or fruit long....11, 12 d Stalks very short....9, 10 1 R. av/reum. Missouri Currant. Shrub 6-8f., with smooth, Fig. 471. Missourt 8-lobed léaves (Fig. 471). W. + Currant,—flower di- 2R.sanguin’eum. Oregon C. Flowers bright red, showy. vided. Leaves 8-5-lobed. + 8 R, prostra’‘tum. Skunk C. Fils. striped with red. Lvs. 5-7-lobed. Mts. N. M. 4 R.ru’brum. Common Red C. Leaves not dotted, downy beneath. Berries glob- ular, red or white, in pendulous racemes as well as the fls. (Figs. 243, 261.) 5 R, flor‘idum. Flowering C. Leaves yellow-dotted. Berries obovate, black. 6 R. nigrum. Black C. Leaves yellow-dotted. Berries roundish, black. Petiole shorter than the blade. Racemes loose, partly nodding, Gardens. 7 R. Cynos’bati. Prickly Gooseberry. Racemes 2 or 8-flowered. Styles united. (Fig. 281.) 8 R. lacus’tre. Swamp G. Racemes 5-8-flowered. Style 2-cleft. Berry small. 9 R. hirtil/lum. Smoothish G. Stems not prickly. Calyx tube bell-shaped. North. 10 R. oxycanthoi’des. Hawthorn G. Stems very prickly. Calyx tube cylindric. North. 11 R. rotundifo/lium. Round-leaved G. Calyx cylindric. Stalk 1-8-flowered. 12 R. Uva Cais'pa, Garden G. Calyx bell-shaped. Stalk hairy, 1-flowered. + Orpen LX. CRASSULACEH. The Houseleelzs. Thick, juicy plants, with simple, mostly entire leaves ; with Jlowers perfectly symmetrical and regular; the petals, sepals, and pistils being of the same number (8-20); and the stamens either the same or twice as many; the follicles (as many as the ovaries) distinct or somewhat united. 206 THE FLORA. Analysis of the Genera. § Pistils (follicles) entirely distinct and separate... .2 § Distils 4 or 5, united into a 4 or 5-celled capsule....4 2 Stamens twice as many as the pistils, petals, or sepals....8 2 Stamens as many (3 or 4) as the pistils, &c. Herb 1-3’ high. +. Tmi#’a. 8 Flowers 5 (rarely 4)-parted. Stamens 10 or 8. Stone-crop. Sr’pum. 1 8 Flowers 12 (or 6-20)-parted. Stamens 12-40. HAlouseleek, SrmprRyi/vuM. 4 © Herb 2-4’ high, fleshy, with 4-parted flowers. 8S. Diawor’PHA, 4 2% Herb 10-16’ high, not fleshy, with 5-parted flowers. c. Pxuntuo’Ruw. Fig. 472. A flowering branch of Sedum acre. ig. 473. A flower of S. acre, ; natural size. Jig. 474. A flower (12-parted, symmetrical, regular) of Semper- a vioum (Houseleek), 1. SE’DUM. Stone-crop. Orpine. Sepals and petals 5, sometimes 4, distinct. Stamens 10 or 8. Pods 5, sometimes 4, distinct, many-seeded, with an entire scale at the base of each.—Mostly 2 herbs, with 5-parted flowers in cymes, or in one-sided clusters. 1 Flowers white, or purplish, or rose-colored....2 1 S.a’cre. Irish Moss. Fils. yellow. Plant in low tufts. “Gardens. 2 Leaves scattered, 1-3’ long....8-5. (Figs. 472, 473.) j 28. terna’tum. Stone-crop. Leaves in whorls of 3’s. Flowers .~ © white, in a 8-spiked cyme. 3 S.telephioi’des. False O. Leaves lanceolate or obovate, nearly entire. M.S. 48. Tele’/phium. Common O. Leaves oval, serrate, obtuse. Flowers purplish. 5S. pulchel’lum. Handsome O. Lys. linear. Fils. in an umbel of spikes, purp. 8. Orver LXI. SAXIFRAGACEA. Saxifrages. Herbs or shrubs with the pistils fewer than the sepals of the flower ; the petals as many as the calyx sepals (4 or 5), and together with the ORDER 61.—SAXIFRAGES. 207 5-10 stamens inserted on the calyx; the styles 2, distinct, with their 2 ovaries more or less united below, and either free or adhering to calyx; pods capsular, many-seeded ; embryo slender, in albumen. 476 Fig. 475. Section of flower of Early Saxifrage (Class Book, page 371). Fig.476, Ovary and pistils, cut across to show the two cells. ig. 477. Mitella dipbylla; 8, a flower, magnified; 9, the fruit pods open, showing the black seeds. Fig. 480, Cross-sec- dion of the ovary; 1, seed cut open, showing the long embryo. Analysis of the Genera. § Herbs. Petals imbricated in the bud....a § Shrubs. Petals valvate or convolute (twisted) in bud....e a Flowers with 10 stamens....b a Flowers with 5 stamens....d b Petals 4-6, usually 5, entire....¢ b Petals 5, all pinnatifid. Stamens 10. Mitrewort. Mrret’/ta, 1 b Petals 0. Low, prostrate, in wet places. Water Carpet. CaRyYsosPLE/NIUM. ce Pods 2-celled. Leaves simple, mostly radical. Saxifrage, SAXIF/RAGA. c Pods 2-celled. Leayes bi-ternately compound, cauline. S. ASTIL/BE. c Pods 1-celled. Leaves palmately lobed. False Mitrewort. T1aREL/La. 2 a Styles 2, pod 2-celled. Scape reclined, 8-12’ long. W. SULLIVAN’TIA, d Styles 2, pod 1-celled. Scape erect, a foot or more. M. W. Hev’/curra. d Styles 3, pod 1-celled. Herb in tufts i?’ high. S. LEPUROPET’ ALON, e Leaves opposite, simple... .f e Leaves alternate. Shrub 4-8f. erect. Racemes white. M.S. Irn’a. f Shrub climbing trees, &. Flowers white, fragrant. 8. DeEcUMA’RIA. f Shrubs erect. Cymes not radiate—all the flowers perfect. PurtapeL’Puvs. 8 f Shrubs erect. Cymes radiate. Stamens 8-10. Hypran’eua. 4 1. MITEL’LA. Mitrewort. Calyx 5-cleft, bell-shaped. Petals 5,. pinnatifid with linear divisions, 208 THE FLORA. inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5 or 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Capsule short, 2-beaked, 1-celled, 2-valved.—2 Small, slender herbs, with roundish, lobed, and cordate leaves, mostly from the root. Flowers small, in a slender raceme. N. 1™M. diphyl/Ia. Scape 12-20’ high, with 2 opposite leaves nearly sessile, and many white flowers above with curiously cleft petals. May, June. (See Fig. 477.) 2M. nu’da. Scape.leafless, thread-like, 5-7’ high, few-flowered. May, June. Both species send out runners from the base. 2. TIAREL’LA. False Mitrewort. Gem-fruit. Calyx 5-parted, lobes obtuse- ’ Petals 5, entire, the claws in- serted on the calyx. Stamens 10, exserted. Styles 2. Cap- sule 1-celled, 2-valved, 1 valve much larger.—2 Fls, white. N. M. : T. cordifo’lia, Scape about 10’ high, sometimes bearing a leaf, the flowers white in all their parts, forming a cylindrical ra- ceme. In rocky woods, with the Mitrewort, very common at the North. May, June. 8. PHILADEL’PHUS. False Syringa. Calyx 4-5-parted, ‘tube ad- herent to the ovary, persistent. Corolla 4-5-petaled. Styles 4, more or less united. Stamens 20-40, shorter than the petals. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. — Handsome flowering shrubs, with opposite leaves. Petals convolute in the bud. gea; the larger flowers neutral. ORDER 63.—THE UMBELWORTS. 209 P. grandiflo’rus, Large-flowered Syringa. A very showy shrub, 6f. high. Leaves ovate, acuminate, 8-veined. Stigmas 4, styles united into 1. Flowers large, in umbels of 2-7, white nearly invdorous. Cultivated, but wild at the South. June. P.corona’rius. Mock Orange. Stems 5-8f. thigh, Leaves oval and ovate, short- pointed, feather-veined. Styles and stigmas 4, distinct. Flowers numerous, white, handsome, very fragrant. Cultivated. June. 4, HYDRAN’GEA. Hydrangea. Flowers in cymes, the marginal ones generally barren, with the sepals much enlarged (that is, the cymes are radiant). The fertile flowers are small, calyx about 4-toothed, petals 4, stamens 8 or 10; capsule 2-beaked, many-seeded, 1 H,arbores’cens. Big Wild H. Leaves ovate, obtuse or cordate at base, nearly smooth. Cymes flat. Shrub 4 to 6 feethigh. M.W. Cultivated. 2 H. quercifo’lia. Oak-leaved H. Leaves deeply sinnate-lobed. Cymes in the form ofa panicle. South. ~ Cultivated. (See Mig. 482.) 8 H, radia’ta. Silver-leaved H. Leaves ovate, clothed with a silvery-white down beneath. Cymes flat. Shrub 6-8f. high. 8. t+ 4 H.horten’sis. Changeable H. Leaves elliptical, narrowed at each end, smooth. Cymes mostly all barren, changing from green to white, pink, blue, &c. Orpen LX. UMBELLIFERA. The Umbelworts. Herbs with hollow, furrowed stems, simple or compound Jeaves ; no stipules, but with a broad sheathing base to the petioles ; the small flowers in umbels, and the calyx wholly adherent to the ovary; the petals and stamens 5, standing on the top of the ovary; the styles 2, and the fruit dry, its 2 carpels seed-like and separating, marked outside by ribs and furrows running lengthwise. Analysis of the Genera. * Plants growing wild, some of them cultivated for the eatable root....2 * Plants never wild, but cultivated for their fruit, &e..... a 2 Flowers white, rarely rose-colored or cream-colored....8 2 Flowers yellow, or (in one instance) dark purple....4 8 Umbels simple, leaves simple. Little creeping wet plants....a 8 Umbels regularly compound, the flowers not sessile...<¢ 8 Umbels irregular, flowers in crowded heads, sessile... .b 4 Fruit decidedly flattened on the back....p “4 Fruit flattened on the sides or not at all....0 210 THE FLORA. a Fruit flattened. Leaves roundish. Pennywort. Hyproco’rr1e, a Fruit globular. Lvs. linear. Fis. pedicelled. Height 1-2’. 7, Oranr’zra. b Fruit clothed with hooked prickles. Heads small, 24. ¢, Santele. Santc/uta, 1 b Fruit clothed with scales. Heads offen near 1’ thick. W.S. ¢ Eryn’eium. c Umbels not radiate (§ 255, a, outer flowers not larger than the rest)....d ce Umb.rad., very large. Huge herbs, 4-8f. high. ¢. Cow Parsnip. Hurao’Levum. d Leaves simple Ifnear petioles without blades. 8S. TI£DMAN’NIA. d Leaves only once divided, pinnately or ternately....e d Leaves twice or thrice compounded....g é Fruit flattened or contracted, more or less, on the sides....f e Fruit much flattened on the back. M.S. Archemore, ARCHEMO’RA. f Leaflets 8, ovate, doubly serrate. Stem 1-2f. high. Honewort. Cryproram’Nia, 2 f Leaflets 8, long, linear, grass-like. Rare. 8. Nerveleaf. Nevrornyy’Lum. f Leaflets 5-11, lanceolate or lance-linear. 2-6f- Water Parsnip. S1’um. f Leaflets 5-9, oblong. Stem procumbent. 8. Marsh Umbel. Wexoscrap’10m, ¢ Bracts of the involucre (not involucel) entire.... g Bracts of the involucre cleft and divided....k e g Bracts of the involucre none or almost none.,..m bh Fruits bristly, club-shaped, few. Stem 1-2f. high. Cicely. Osmtorat’za, 8 h Fruits smooth, flattened’on the sides, ribs wavy. Poison Hemlock. Cony’um. 4 h Fruits smooth, flattened on the back, ribs winged, straight. r. ContosELi/NuM. h Fruit smooth, terete, not flattened, ribs straight. Lovage. Lieus’tteum. k Fruits bristly, short, numerous. Often cultivated. Carrot. Dav’cus. k Fruits smooth. Stems and leaflets thread-like. Rare. DIscoPLev’Ra. k Fruits smooth. Stem 3-6/ erect, bulbous. W. Pepper-and-Salt, Ertennt’a. 5 m Fruit flattened on the back. Stems large. c. Angelica. ARCHANGEL’IOA. m Fruit flattened on the sides....n m Fruit terete, not flattened. Poison. N. Rare. Fool’s Parsley, Aitnv’sa. n Calyx 5-toothed. Stems diffuse, slender. W. Chervil. Cumrornyy’Lum, u Cal. 5-toothed. Umbels stalked. Sts. erect, very slender. S. Leprocav’tis. u Calyx teeth none, fruit strongly ribbed. Poison. Water Hemlock. Cicu’ta. 6 u Calyx teeth none, fruit searcely ribbed. W. Rare. Crest Umbel. Ev’/Lopavs. = Involucels leafy. Leaves perfoliate, simple, entire. * Modesty. Buriev’Rum. = Involucels minute. Seed with 5 winged ribs. Golden Alexanders. Tuas/Prum. 7 < Involucels minute. Seed with 5 ribs not winged. Alexanders. Zrz/1a. 8 p Involucels minute. Fruit corky. Leaves bi-pinnatifid. PoLyTz’/NIA, p Involucels none. Fruit thin. Leaves pinnate. Parsnip. Pasrona’oa, q Flowers white. Involucre 0 or of 1 entire bract....r q Flowers white. Involucre of a few cleft bracts. Farsley. Perroseii’Num. q Flowers yellow. Leaf segments very narrowand many. Fennel. Foto/uLum. r Umbellets radiate. Fruit round. Lvs. finely cut. Coriander. Cortan/pRuM. r Umbellets not radiate (the flowers all similur)....s s Fruit flattened on the sides, roundish. Lf. segm.wedge-form. Celery. A/pivo. s Fruit flattened on the sides, oval. Leaf segments linear. Curaway. Ca’RuUM. s Fruit egg-shaped, not flattened. Leaf segments linear, Anise. Pumprnt./ta. ORDER 67:—THE UMBELWORTS. 211 Fig. 483. Golden Alexanders, with its compound, naked umbel, &c, 4. A flower enlarged. 5. The fruit with its thread-shaped ribs and two persistent styles. 6. Cross-section, showing the two carpels with the oil-tubes and flat inner face. 7. Umbel of Sweet Cicely, in fruit. 8.-A flower enlarged. 9. The fruit with the two carpels separating from the base and supported by a two-cleft stalk. Fig. 490. Summit of the fruit of Bitter Cicely. 1. Fruit of Poison Hemlock, with the undulate-crenulate ribs. 2. Cross-section, showing the grooved inner face and involute albumen. 8. Radiate flower of Coriandrum. 4. Vertical section of the globose fruit, showing the minute embryo. 1. SANIC’ULA. Sanicle. f Flowers polygamous. Calyx teeth leafy, tube bristly. Petals obovate, erect, with the point inflected. Fruit roundish, armed with hooked prickles. Carpels without ribs—v2 Plants 1-2f high. Umbel with a few capitate umbellets. Involucre of few cleft bracts, involucel of several, entire. June—Aug. ; 1 S. Marylan’dica. Long-styled S. Sterile flowers many, pedicellate; fertile flowers sessile. Styles slender, conspicuous, recurved. Leaves 5-7-parted. Common. 2 8. Canaden’sis. Short-styled S. Sterile flowers few, much shorter than the fertile. Styles shorter than the prickles. Leaves 5-parted, upper 8-parted. Umbels (or heads) small. Woods. Common. 212 THE FLORA. 2. CRYPTOT’AENIA. Hone-wort. Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals with an inflexed point. Fruit linear-ob- long or ovate-oblong. Seeds with 5 obtuse ribs, contracted at the sides. —2 A smooth herb with 3-parted leaves. Umbels compound, with very unequal rays, white flowers, no involucre, and few-leaved involucels. C. Canaden’sis. St, 1-2f high, erect. Leaflets large, the side ones often 2-parted or lobed. Common in moist woods. July. 8. OSMORHI'ZA. Cicely. Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, club-shaped, tapering to the base, crowned with the conical styles; carpels each with 5 equal, acute, bristly ribs, and a deep groove on the face.—2 Leaves bi-ternately divid- ed, with the umbels opposite. Involucre few-leaved; involucel 4~7- leaved. Flowers white. Fruit an inch in length. Height about 2f. May, June. (Figs. 244, 487-9.) O. longis’tylis. Sweet C. Styles thread-like, nearly as long as ovary. Plant downy. The root has an agreeable spicy flavor. O. brevis’tylis. Bitter C. Styles conical, 5 times shorter than ovary. Plant hairy. Less interesting than No. 1. (See Fig. 490.) 4, CONI'UM. Poison Hemlock. Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, flattened on the sides, each carpel with 5 wavy-crenulate ribs on the back, and a deep narrow groove on the inner face.—@® Herbs with large, decompound leaves, with very many leaflets. Involucre and involucels of 3-5 leaves, the latter one-sided. Flowers white. (Figs. 65, 491, 492.) C, macula’tum, Stem spotted with purple, glaucous, about 4f. high. Leaves bright green, leaflets small, lanceolate, pinnatifid. Umbels terminal, the involucels with the inner half wanting. June, July. 5. ERIGENI’A. -Pepper-and-salt. Calyx limb wanting. Petals flat, entire. Oarpels (half-fruits), 8-ribbed, contracted on the face, forming together a fruit much broader than long. —2x Root tuberous, See Fig. 333. ORDER 63.—THE UMBELWORTS. 2138 B, bulbo’sa, A small, early-flowering herb, Western N. Y.to Mo. Stem arises from a roundish tuber deep in the ground. The root leaf is thrice ternate. The involucrate leaf twice ternate. The dark-brown stamens with the little white petals suggest its common name. 6. CICU’TA. Water Hemlock. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals with the point inflected. Fruit roundish, a little contracted on the sides so as to appear somewhat double. Seeds with 5, flattish, equal ribs, 2 of them on the margin.—2f Poisonous herbs with compound leaves and perfect umbels of white flowers. Invotucre few-leaved or 1. Involucels many-leaved. 1 CG. macula’ta. Spotted Water-Hemlock. Stem streaked with purple, 3-6f. high, smooth, striate, hollow. Lower leaves triternate and tripinnate, segments lan- ceolate, serrate. Umbels 2-4’ broad. Fruit 10-ribbed. Involucels of 5 or 6 short, slender, acute bracts. Common in wet meadows. July, Aug. 20. bulbi/fera. Narrow-leaved Water-Hemlock. Stem green, striate, slender, with little bulblets in the axils of the branches, Leaves bi-ternately divided. Leaf- lets linear or lance-linear, 2-4’ long, with distant teeth. In wet meadows and swamps. Aug. ". THAS‘PIUM. Alexanders. Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Fruit elliptical, roundish across, not flat- tened either way, seeds each with 5 winged ribs.—2f Leaves divided. Involucre none, involucels few-leaved. The species resemble the Zizias except in their fruit. May, June. (Figs. 483-6.) 1 Boot leaves simple, cordate, stem leaves once-ternately divided....2 1 T. barbino’de. Leaves bi- or tri-ternate, lfts. cut-serrate. St. hairy at joints. 2 T.au/reum, Golden A. Fruit oval. Flowers yellow. Stem 2-8f. high. 2 T. atropurpu’reum. Purple A. Fruit roundish. Flowers dark purple. Stem 2-8f. high. S. M. 8. ZIZTIA. Alexanders. Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Fruit oval or ovate, flattened at the sides so as to appear somewhat double. Seeds each with 5 ribs which are not winged, but thread-like—2{ Smooth, with divided leaves and yellow flowers. Umbels compound, with no involucre or involucels, Z. integer’rima. Lntire-leaved A. Root and stem leaves bi- and tri-ternate, leaflets entire. Plant 1-2f. high, in rocky woods. May-July. ; 914 THE FLORA. + Orpen LXV. CORNACEZ. Cornels. Trees and shrubs, seldom herbs, with sim- ple, mostly opposite leaves ; with flowers 4-parted, arranged in cymes; the 4 petals valvate in the bud; and with the 4 stamens standing on the top of the 2- celled ovary, which is adherent to the calyx- . tube; styles united ; fruit a1 or 2-seeded drupe. Fig. 495. Low Cornel; 0, the 4-leaved involucre surrounding the head of flowers. Analysis of the Genera. § Flowers perfect, 4-parted. Petals4. Drupe 2-celled. Corneil. Cornus. 1 § Flowers imperfect, 5-parted. Petals often 0. Drupe 1-celled. Trees with small, green flowers in side clusters. Fruit plum-like. Tupelo. Nyssa. CORNUS. Cornel. Dogwood. Trees, shrubs, or perennial herbs. Flowers in cymes. Sepals, petals, and stamens each 4, with a double pistil. 1 C.Canaden/sis. Low Cornel. A small herb, with a creeping, woody root-stock sending up annually its stems 4-6’ high. Some stems bear only 4 whorled leaves, others bear 6 leaves at top and an umbellate cyme of small white flowers supported by a large, white, 4-leaved involuere. The whole resembles a single white flower. May, June. (Fig. 495.) 2 C. florida. Flowering Dogwood. A small tree, 20-80f. high, with opposite, ovate, pointed, entire leaves. The cyme of small greenish flowers is supported by a very large, white, 4-leaved involucre in May. Six other species, without involucres, grow in the country. OrvER 66,—HONEYSUCKLES. 215 COHORT IL THE GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS. Essential Character. — Flowering plants (PHaNo¢amta) with their stems growing by additions to the outside in lay- ers (Exogens), their seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel or pericarp (Anatosrerms), their flowers with a double perianth and their petals united (Monoreras). Orver LX VI. CAPRIFOLIACEZA. Honeysuckles. Shrubs and herbs, often twining, with opposite leaves ; with flowers clustered and often fragrant, 5-parted and often irregular; corolla monopetalous, tubular or rotate ; stamens on the tube of the corolla, often one less than its lobes; ovary adherent to the calyx; style 1; fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule ; embryo small, in fleshy albumen. Analysis of the Genera. 1 Corolla tubular. Stigma capitate, on a slender style....2 1 Corolla rotate, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas 8, rarely 5, sessile. Shrubs.... 2 Herbs....a 2 Shrubs....b a Stamens 4, capsule 8-celled. A trailing evergreen. Twin-flower, Linnz’a. 1 a Sta. 5, drupe-bony, 8-5-celled. Erect, unbranched. Fever-root. TRi0s’TEUM. - b Cor. bell-shaped, reg’r. Berry glob., 4-celled, 2-seeded. Sympuorivan’Pvs, -b Cor. tubular, lobes unequal. Berry 2-8-celled, few seeded. c. Lonicu’ra. b Corolla funnel-shaped. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. ¢. Duiervit/La. = Leaves pinnate. Berry globose, pulpy, 3-seeded. Elder. Samsv’cus. c Leaves simple. Drupe flattish, 1-seeded. Handsome shrubs. VipuR’NUM. . 1. LINNA’A. Twin-flower. Calyx tube ovate, limb 5-parted, deciduous, with 2 bractlets at base. Corolla bell-shaped, limb a little irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, 2 longer than the other 2. Capsule 8-celled, but only 1-seeded, 2 of the cells being empty.—A trailing evergreen herb, dedicated to Linnzus, the first and greatest of botanists. orm © bo 216 THE FLORA. L. borea/lis, The only species, a fine little plant, found in moist woods in cool cli- mates. It has long, thread-like, creeping stems, rooting at the joints, the up- right branches about 8’ high. Leavessmall, roundish. Flowers in pairs, rose- colored, nodding, at the top of the slender stalk. June. 2. SYMPHORICAR’PUS. Snow-berry. _ Calyx tube globose, limb 4~5-toothed. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed, regular. Stamens 4-5, short. Fruit a globose berry, 4-celled but only 2-seeded, 2 cells being empty.—Small erect shrubs with oval, entire leaves, rose-white flowers in short clusters. * Stamens and style included (d.¢., not longer than the corolla)....1, 2 * Stamens and bearded style exserted (extending out of the corolla)....8 1S. racemo’sus. Cult, Fils. in loose, leafy racemes. Berries snow-white, large. 2 8, occidenta/lis. Wolf-berry. Fls. in dense, nodding spikes. Berries white, N.-W. 8 S. vulga/ris. Coral-berry. Fils. in axillary heads. Berries red, M.8. W. 8. LONICE’RA. Honeysuckle. Calyx tube globular, limb 5-toothed, very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, limb 5-cleft, irregular or almost regular, Stamens 5. Ovary 2 or 8-celled. Berry few-seeded.—Climbing or erect shrubs, with opposite and often connate leaves (that is, their bases growing together around the stem), entire-on the margins. § Stem climbing, flowers sessile, whorled (in pairs in one species)....a § Stem mostly erect, leaves never connate, flowers in pairs....2 a Upper pair or pairs of leaves united (con- nate) at base....b a Leaves all distinct, corolla ringent, (In gardens only.)....7, 8 b Corolla tube gibbous-(swelled out on one side) ; at base, limb ringent....5, 6 Fig. 496. Trumpet Honeysuckle. b Corolla tube equal and slender (not gibbous) Flowers and the connate leaves. — at the base....1 c 1 Corolla ringent, lower lip linear, upper 4-lobed....2—4 1 L. sempervi/rens. Trumpet H. Cor. trumpet-shaped, nearly regular, scarlet. ORDER 71—HONEYSUCKLES. 217 2 L, flava, Wild-yellow H. Flowers in a terminal, 2 (or more)-whorled spike, pale _ yellow. Leaves glaucous. W. S. 8 L. grata. Wild-sweet H. Fis. in terminal and axillary whorls, reddish white. 4 L, Caprifo/lium. Italian H. Fis. in a single, terminal whorl, red, yel., and white. 5 L. parviflo’ra. Small-fl. H. Leaves oblong, smooth and glaucous beneath. Flowers 1’ long, yellowish and purplish, or crimson. 6 L.hirsu’ta. Hairy H. Leaves broad-oval, hairy and downy, green (not glaucous). Flowers sulphur-yellow. N. 7 L, Periclym’enum. Woodbine H. Fs. whorled, capitate, red and yellow, sweet- scented. Leaves deciduous. Berries red. t 8 L.Japon’icum. Japan H. Flowers in pairs, axillary, sweet-scented, deeply two-lipped, reddish. Leaves evergreen. + 9 Corolla gibbous at base, lobes more or less irregular. Wild....10-12 9 L, Tartar’icum. Zartarian H. Corolla scarcely gibbons, lobes spreading, equal, rose-color, handsome. Leaves cordate, obtuse. t+ 10 L. cilia’ta. Fly H. Corolla lobes short, erect, nearly equal. Berries red. 11 L. oblongifo’lia. Swamp Fly H. Corolla deeply ringent. Pedicels long. Berries ‘double, purple. Shrub 8-4f. high, swamps. N. 12 L.ceru/lea. Blueberried H. Corolla lobes short, subequal, yellow. Pedicels very short. Berries double, blue. N. 4, DIERVIL’LA. Bush Honeysuckle. Calyx tube oblong, limb 5-cleft. Oorolla twice as long, limb 5-cleft and nearly regular. Stamens 5. Capsular fruit 2-celled, many-seeded.— Small erect shrubs with opposite leaves and axillary flowers. D. triffida. Stem about 2f. high, branching. Leaves ovate, serrate, ending in a long, narrow point. Peduncles 1-3-flowered, the ovaries slender, about half as long as the greenish-yellow corolla. Hedges and woods. June. 5. SAMBU’OUS, Elder. Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla regular, rotate, 5-cleft into obtuse lobes. Stamens 5. Stigmas sessile. Berry globose, pulpy, 3-seeded.—Shrubs - (5-6f. high) or perennial herbs with pinnate or bi-pinnate leaves, Flowers (white) in cymes. S. Canaden’sis. Sweet H. Leaflets 7-11. Cymes flat. Berries dark-purple. June. S. pu’bens, Fed Z. Leaflets 5-7. Cymes oblong, panicled. Berries red. May. 10 | 218 THE FLORA. Orver LXVII. RUBIACEH. The Madderworts. Plants with opposite, sometimes whorled, entire leaves ; the stipules between the petioles; the calyx adherent to the ovary; corolla regular, inserted on the calyx tube; stamens inserted on the corolla and as many as its lobes; ovaries 2, united ; with the 2 styles more or less united. Analysis of the Genera, § Leaves whorled. Herbs with square stems....a § Leaves opposite, with small stipules between the petioles... .2 2 Herbs, with the flowers habitually 4-parted,...3. 2 Shrubs or trees....d 8 Fis. twin (always in pairs)....b 8 Flowers single (not twin)....¢ a Flowers 5-parted. Fruit twin, fleshy, berry-like. Madder, Ru’sia. a Flowers 4-parted. Fruit twin, dry, separable nuts. Bedstraw. GaA’LIuM. b Two fls. on one ovary. Creeping stems. Partridge-berry. MrrowxL’La. 1 c Carpels 2, 1-seeded, both never open- ing. Fils. axillary, solitary. Du1o’p1a, c Carp. 2, 1-seeded, one never opening, Fis. axillary, clustered. Spermaco/’cr, ec Carpels 2, few-seeded. Corolla much exserted. Blwets. Housro’nta. 2 c Carpels 2, many-seeded. Cor. scarce exserted. Greenhead, OLDENLAN’DIA, d Flowers 4-parted, in globular hds. Button-bush. CerHALAN’THUS. d Fils. 5-parted, cymes radiant with scarlet sepals. S. Pincene/ya. 1. MITCHEL’LA. Partridge-berry. Flowers 2 on each double ovary. Ca- : = lyx 4-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped, al ; hairy within. Stamens 4, short, insert- 7g. 497. Mitchella repene, whole ed on the corolla. Sti ; . plant, with flowers and fruit. a, cross- igmas 4. Berries section of the double fruit, showing the composed of the 2 united ovaries. Jn. — two ovaries, ORDER 70,—ASTERWORTS. 219 M. re’pens. Common in woods. Leaves round-ovate. Flowers white or pinkish, Berries red, remaining through the winter. 2. HOUSTO'NIA. Bluets. Oalyx tube round egg-shaped, 4-cleft, persistent. Oorolla tubular, much exceeding the calyx, limb 4-lobed, spreading, filaments 4, on the corolla., Style 1. Capsule 2-lobed, half-free——Herbs. Stipules connected to the petiole. Flowers never yellow. § Corolla salver-form, glabrous. Peduncles 1-flowered....a § Corolla funnel-form. Peduncles many-flowered, cymous....b a Flowers terminal. Small, delicate herbs....1, 2 a Flowers axillary. Small, delicate herbs....3, 4 . b Leaves lance-ovate. Cymes terminal....5 . b Leaves lance-linear. Cymes terminal....6, 7. 1 H.cerv’lea, Dwarf Pink. Stems very numerous, upright, 3-6’. Root leaves ovate-spatulate. Flowers pale blue. May, June. 2 H. serpyllifo’lia. Thyme-leaved B. Stems thread-form, decumbent, 6-12’, Leaves round-ovate, petiolate, fringed. Flowers on long stalks, pale. 8. 8 H.min‘ima. Tiny B. Leaves linear-spatulate. Stems 1-8’ high. Prairies. 4 H. rotundifo/lia, Round-leaved B. Lys. roundish. Stems 2-5’. S. Mts. 5 H. purpu’rea. Prairie Innocence. Stems upright, much branched, 1f., with numer- ous clusters of roseate or white, very delicate flowers. W.S. 6 H. longifo’lia. Long-leaved J. Stems 4-10’, erect. Leaves oval-elliptic, narrowed to end. 7 H. angustifo’lia. Narrow-leaved 7. Stems 1-2f. erect. Lvs. linear. Flowers numerous. W.S. Orpen LXX.—COMPOS'ITA. Asterworts. An immense family of herbs or shrubby plants, with compound flowers, that is, the flowers (or florets) collected into close heads upon a common receptacle, and surrounded by an involucre of many bracts (called scales), with 5 stamens which have their anthers united into a tube around the style, with the calyz tube closely adhering to the 1-celled ovary (an ache- nium in fruit), and the calyz limb crowning the ovary ‘in the form of a “pappts consisting of scales, awns, bristles, or hairs, or else entirely want- ing; the corolla consisting of 5 united petals, either strap-shaped (ligulate) or tubular, and the style 2-cleft at the top. In this Order the pupil will remember that the heads are called radiate, when the outer florets only have rays or are ligulate (see Fig. 498); radi- 220 THE FLORA. ant, when all the florets are ligulate (Fig. 504) ; déscoid, when all the florets are tubular, there being no rays (Fig. 509). The receptacle is the broad top of the stalk on which the florets sit (Fig: 499). Itis chagfy when there are scales or bracts growing among the florets, and naked when none. The tubular florets constitute the disk, and the ligulate, if any, the ray ; the disk is generally yellow, while the ray is about as often cyanic (that is, blue, red, white, or any color except yellow) as yellow. Fig 498. A Sunflower,—head radiate. 9. Vertical secition of the head, showing the scales of the involucre, and a single disk-flower remaining upon the convex receptacle. Fig. 500. A per- fect disk-flower magnified, showing the acheninm, the 2 awns of the pappus, the 5-toothed tu-, bular corolla, the 5 stamens united around the branched style, and the chaff-scale at base. a Head (radigte) of Solidago cexsia, 2 A pistillate, ligulate flower of the ray. 3. A perfectsdisk-flower. 4 A (radiant) head of Dandelion. 5. A perfect, ligulate flower. 6. Acheniam, with its long beak and feathery pappus. 7. A (radiant) head of Nabalus altissimus. 8. A flower. 9. Lappa (Burd ck), head discoid. 10. A flower. 11. One of the hooked scales. 12. A (discoid) head of Eupatorium purpureum. 13. A flower. 14. Ambrosia (Pigweed). 15. Staminate head enlarged. 16, Pistillate involucre enlarged. 17. The fertile flower. ORDER 70.—TUBULIFLORA. 221 Analysis of the Genera, Sub-order First, TUBULIFLORA, having all the perfect flowers tubular (§ 95), the ligulate flowers, if any, imperfect. § Heads of flowers radiate, with yellowerays....2 § Heads of flowers radiate, the rays not yellow....8 § Heads of flowers discoid (no rays). These genera, about 50 in number, such as the Tansy, Wormwood, Boneset, Ironweed (Figs. 248-250), Hverlasting, Burdock (Fig. 509), Thistle, Hogweed (Fig. 514), and even Bachelor’s-button, are all, for want of room, omitted. (See Class Book of Botany, p. 410, &c.) 2 Leaves alternate or scattered on the leafy stems... .4 2 Leaves opposite or whorled on the steins, or all radical....6 8 Leaves alternate or scattered on the leafy stem....7 8 Leaves opposite or whorled on the leafy stem....x 8 Leaves all radical and the flowers on a scape....y 4 Receptacle chaffy (with bracts growing among the florets)....5 4 Receptacle with deep, horny cells, like a honeycomb....¢ 4 Receptacle not chaffy, flat or merely convex....a 4 Receptacle not chaffy, conical or globular... .f 5 Rays sterile, disk fertile. Receptacle conical or columnar....g 5 Rays sterile, disk fertile. Receptacle flattish. Fruit flattened on the sides....h 5 Rays fertile, disk sterile. Receptacle flat. Fruit flattened same way as scales....k 6 Receptacle chaffy. Rays stérile, disk fertile....0 6 Receptacle chatfy. Rays fertile, disk sterile....p 6 Receptacle chaffy. Rays fertile, disk perfect....q 6 Receptacle naked or destitute of chaffy scales....m 7 Receptacle not chaffy, naked of scales....8 7 Receptacle chaffy with scales among the florets. Lvs. finely divided....v 7 Receptacle chaffy with scales, &c. Lvs. undivided, merely toothed....w 8 Pappus of numerous bristly hairs....9 8 -Pappus of 2 or 8 awns and minute hairs. Glabrous plants....t 8 Pappus wholly wanting, or only a membranous margin....u 9 Involucre of unequal scales, imbricated in several rows....10 9 Involuere scales nearly equal, narrow, and almost in one row....t 10 Pappus simple, the bristly hairs abundant and about equal....r 10 Pappus double, the outer row of hairs extremely short....s a Involucre scales imbricated in several rows....d a Involucre not imbrigated, the outer scales very short or none SEnz/oI0, a Invgl. not imbr., outer scales equal to the inner. Marigold. Catun’puLa. a Involuere not imbricated, outer scales longer than inner. 8. Gamar/p1a. b Pappus simple, the bristles all equal and of one kind....v : b Pappus double, the outer very short and chaffty. Lvs. entire. W.8, Curysop’sis, b Pappus double in the disk, none in the rays. Lvs. toothed. 8, HmreroTHE’oa. “ 229 THE FLORA. c Heads small, rays few (2-15)....4 c Heads quite large, rays narrow, about 80. Tall. co. Elecampane. In’vLa. d Pappus scaly, very short. Root lvs. cordate. Rays 4 or 5. 8. Bracnycua’ra. d Pappus abundant bristly hairs. Root lvs. not cordate. Goldenrod. Souwa’ao. d Pap. of a single row of equal bristly hairs. Ped. long, slender. S. Isopap’pus. e Involucre about 4-rowed. Rays 20-88. Head solitary. 8. Banpwin’1a. e Involucre about 2-rowed. Rays 8-10. Heads corymbed. S. ActinosrER’MUM. f Ray florets pistillate. Leaves decurrent. Sneezewort, HELE/NIUM. f Ray florets neutral. False Sneezewort. LEPToP’oDA. g Fruit (achenia) 4-angled. - Heads large, showy. Cone-flower. RupBEOK’Ia. g Fruit flattened, winged. Headsshowy. Rays droop, W.S. Ler/acuys. h Achenia wingless. Pappus of 2 deciduous scales. Sunflower. HEiran’ruvs. h Achenia winged. Pappus of 2 persistent awns. Lvs. often decurrent. W. Rag-Sunflower. AcTiINoM’ERIS. k Achenia wingless, in more than 1 row. Coarse herbs with large heads. M. W. Leaf-cup. Si1L’/Puiom. k Ach. winged, in only 1 row. Small, with middling hds. 8. Bertanpie’Ra. m Stems leafy, erect, about 2f. (or 1-8f.) high....n m Stemless plants, leaves radical, appearing after heads. Colé’s-foot. TussLa’a0. n Scales 5, united inl row. Leaves pinnate. French Marigold. Tace’tss, u Scal. in 2 rows, the out. united. Lvs. pinn. W.S. False Deg-fennel. Dyso’p1a. un Scales in 1 or 2 rows, all distinct. W.8. Arnica. AR’/NICA. o Involucre imbricated in 8 or more rows of scales. Sunflower. WELIAN’ THUS. o Invol. 2-rowed. Pappus of downwardly hispid awns. Burr Marigold, Br’ pens. = Invol. 2-rowed. Pappus upwardly hispid if at all. - Zick Sunflower. Corxopr’sis, p Achenia wingless. Rays 5-12. Herbs viscid, 2-10f. high. S. Potym’nra. p Achenia wingless. Rays 5. Herbs 2-10’ high, at first stemless. Flowers early in Spring. W. 8. Curyso@/onuM. p Achenia broadly winged. Rays 12-25. Coarse, tall herbs. M.S. W. fresin Weed, Polar Plant. S1.’pui0m. q Herbs 8-6f. high. Rays 1-5. Recept. flat. S.-W. Crown Beard. VERBEsI/NA. q Herbs 2-8f. high. Rays 6-9. Receptacle‘convex. §8.-W. Trrraconorun’ca, q Herbs 2-6f. high. Rays 10-15. Recept. conical. ulse Sunflower. Hexior’sts. q Shrubs 3-10f. high, with solitary heads. §. Borricn’1a, r Ach. very silky, biggest at top. Rays about 5. False Aster. Szricocar’Pvus. r Achénia smooth or smoothish, flattened. Rays 6-100. Starwort. Aster. s Wild plants 1-4f. high, with middle-sized heads (about 1’ broad). DipLopar/rus, s Garden plants 1-2f. high, with very large heads. China Aster, Cavuis’TEPHUS. t Herbs 2-83f. high, very smooth. Leaves lanceolate, entire. W. Boxro’nra. t Herbs 2-9f. high, hairy or rough. Rays 20-200. Whte-weed. Egia’ERon. u Involucre broad and flattish. Pappus 0. Rays white. Ox-eye. Levoan’raemuM. u Involucre hemispherical. Pappus a membranous margin. Cult. Pyru/rurum. u Involuere hemispherical. Pappus 0. Lvs. lobed. Cultivated. Curysan/ruemuM. u Inv, bell-shaped. Pappus 0. Lvs. entire. Rays violet-purp. W. + Daisy. Betis. He 09 bo o ORDER 70.—LIGULIFLOR&. 223 v Disk florets yellow, perfect. Rays pistillate. + Cumomile, AnruzM’is. v Disk florets yellow, perfect. Rays neutral. May-weed. Marv’ta. v Disk florets white, perfect. Rays pistillate. Yarrow, Acuit/LEA. 7 w Rays short, white, 8 or 4. W.S. Crown-beard.. VERBESI/NA. w Rays very short, white, 5, ear-shaped. W. M. Parrue/NIuM. w Rays very large, purple, pendulous. Purple Cone-flower. Eouta’cza. x Leaves pinnately divided. Inner involucre of 8 united scales. + Dan/zia. x Leaves simple. Receptacle conical with large chaff. + ZIn’NIA. x Leaves simple. Receptacle flat. Rays rose-color. Tick-seed. Corzop’sis. 4 x Leaves simple. Receptacle flat. Rays white, short. W. Ecuie’ta. y Heads in corymbs. Disk florets regularly 5-toothed. +. Narpos/Mt1a. y Heads solitary. Disk florets regularly 5-toothed. S. Daisy. Brx’us. y Hds, solitary. Disk fits.-2-lipped, outer lip 8-toothed, inner 2. 8. Caapra/x1a. Sub-order Second, LIGULIFLORA, having ald the florets ligulate (§ 96) and perfect, ¢. ¢., the heads radiant. 2 Flowers bright yellow....3 2 Flowers cream-color or purplish....5 2 Flowers blue. Stems leafy, erect....e 8 Pappus yone. Involucre of about 8 equal scales....a 8 Pappus double, the outer of scales, inner of bristles....b 8 Pappus wholly of feathery bristles... .f 8 Pappus wholly of hair-like bristles, generally abundant....4 4 Fruit bearing the pappus on its slender beak....¢ 4 Fruit not lengthened into a beak, pappus sessile... .d 5 Pappus consisting of equal, feather-like bristles....f 5 Pappus of simple, hair-like bristles, abundant....g a Leaves all alternate. Heads panicled. 7. Nipplewort. Lamrsa’na. a Leaves partly opposite. Heads solitary or umbeled. Pappus 0. 8. Avo’eon. b Leaves all radical, pinnatifid-toothed. Pappus scales 5, with 5 bristles. ¢. Dwarf Dandelion. Krie’ta, b Lvs. all or mostly rad., seldom pinn. Pap. scal.and brist. many. Cyn/ruta. ce Stemless leaves runcinate. Pappus white. Dandelion. Tarax’acum. 8 ce Stems leafy or not. Pappus reddish or tawny. 8S. PYrruopaP’Pus, ce Stems leafy, leaves runcinate. Pappus silky-white. ¢. Lettuce. Lacru’ca, a Pappus brownish. Stems mostly leafy, with many heads. «. * Hawkweed, Hirra’cirum. 9 a Pap. silky white. Stemless; scapes each with one head. W. Trox’mown. a Pappus silky white. Stems bear prickly leaves. ¢. Sow Thistle. Son’cuvs. e Pappus of many small scales. Branched stems 2f. high. Heads axillary, large. Common. Eastward. Succory, CicHo/RIuM. e Pappus of many hair-like bristles. 3-8f. Blue Lettuce. Muier’pium. f Leaves on the stem linear, entire. Purpl. + Vegetable Oyster. TRAGoPo’GoN, f£ Leaves all radical, toothed. Flowers yellow. Fruit taper-beaked. Hawkbit. Leon’topon. 224 THE FLORA. g Ach. with along beak, pap. silk-white. Heads erect. o. Wild Lettuce. Lactvu’ca. g Achenia not beaked, pappus dull-white. Hds. nod. c. Drop-flower. Nax’atus. 10 g Achenia not beaked, pap. dull-white. Hds. erect, purple. 8. +. LLyeonpes’stta. 523 519 518 522 Achenia of Asterworts, showing the varying pappus. Fig. 518. Achenium of Eclipta, no pappus. Fig. 519. Horseweed (Ambrosia trifida). Fig. 520. Sunflower; pappus 2 teeth. Fig. 521. Ageratum,—bd scales. Fig. 522. Blue Lettuce,—many hair-like bristles. Fig. 528. Wild Lettuce, pappus raised on a beak. yf 1. SOLIDA'GO. Goldenrod. Heads few-flowered, the rays 1-15, pistillate, disk florets perfect. In- volucre oblong, imbricate, with close-pressed scales. Receptacle alveo- late, narrow. Pappus simple, of equal, hair-like, rough bristles.—Herbs, very abundant in the United States. Stem erect, branching near the top. Leaves alternate. Heads small, florets all yellow (in S. bicolor, whitish), opening from August to October. (See Figs. 501-503.) { Shrub woody, 1-3f. high. Heads with 1-3 rays. S....1 | Herbs. Heads without rays (discoid), S....2, 8 | Herbs. Heads with rays (1-15, generally small)....4 a Scales of the involucre with recurved, leafy, green tips....4, 5 a Scales of the involucre erect, tips scarcely at all green....b b Herbs (white or yellow) in axillary, close clusters or short racemes... .6-9 b Heads in terminal racemes forming a close or a spreading panicle... .« b Heads in terminal compound corymbs... .1 ce Racemes erect, not one-sided. Leaves feather-veined....d c Racemes spreading or recurved, the flowers all on one side....f d Alpine species (growing only on mountains). Heads quite large....10-12 ad Not alpine—growing in plains or low grounds. Heads not large....e = Plants very smooth, at least the stem and leaves. Rays 4-7....18-15 e Plants downy or hoary with very close soft hairs. Rays 9-12....16, 17 f Leaves 3 or 1-veined. Very smooth salt-marsh herbs....18, 19 f Leaves evidently 3-veined. Herbs inland, &c....g f Leaves not veiny, thick, subcutive....27-29 f Leaves evidently feather-veined, mostly serrate....k ORDER 70.—ASTERWORTS. 225 g Leaves entire or very nearly so....20, 21 g Leaves serrate. Stem smooth and glabrous... .22-24 g Leaves serrate. Stem roughish-pubescent....25, 26 k Stem downy or hairy. Leaves rough or not... .30-32 k Stem smooth and glabrous. Leaves smooth or rough....m m Rays 6-12. Racemes close, forming a compact panicle... .88-40 m Rays 6-12. Racemes distant, loosely or scarcely panicled....86, 87 m Rays 2-5. Racemes, or the panicle, long and slender....88-35 n Leaves lanceolate, large. Stem smooth....4446 n Leaves lanceolate, large, Stem rough-downy.,..41-48 n Leaves linear, entire. -Stems much branched, smoothish....47, 48 1S, paucifioSculo’sa. Shrubby Goldenrod. Bush 2f. high, very smooth, with lanceolate leaves and the 5-flowered heads in erect, panicled racgmes. S. 2.8, discoi’dea. Rayless G. Disk florets 10-15. Racemes erect, panicle slender. S. 8 S. brachyphyl’/la. Chapman’s G. Florets 5-7. Racemes spreading, one-sided. S. 4 S.squarro’sa. Ragged S. Rays 10-15. Scales stiff, with spreading, green tips. Heads large. N. 5S. squarrulo’sa. Hough S. Rays 6-10. Scales awl-shaped, with slender, loose tips. S. 6 S. bi’color. Creamy S. Rays about 8, creamy-white. Plant hairy. Luvs. elliptic. 7 S. Buck/lyi. Buckly’s 8S. Rays 4-6, yellow. Plant woolly. Leaves oblong. S. 8 S. latifo/lia. Broad-leaved S. Rays yellow. Plant smoothish. Leaves broad lanceolate, coarse-toothed. Seed downy. « 9 S.ce’sia, Polished S. Rays yellow. Rjlant smooth and glaucous. Lvs. lin.-lance- olate. Stem flexuous, tall, slender. A beautiful Goldenrod. Woods. ¢. 10 S, thyrsoi’dea. TZhyrse G. Leaves ovate, long-stalked.. Tall, 1-8f. high. Heads large. Coarse, showy. In mountain woods. 11 S.Virgau’rea, True G. Leavesoval, short-stalked. Low, 2-3’high. Heads about 30-flowered, few, often only one. 12 S.hum‘ilis, Mountain G@. Lvs. oblanceolate. High 6-12’. Heads about 12-flwad. 13 S, virga’ta. Vérgate G. Heads all in one raceme at top. 14 §. stric’ta. Upright G. Heads in a panicle, which is narrow and erect. 15 S. specio’sa. Showy G. ,Heads in a thyrse-like panicle, large and very showy. Pedicels shorter than the involucre, pubescent. Leaves very broad. 16 S,verna, Early 8S. Whitish-downy. Lower leaves ovate. May, June. 8. 17 8. puber’ula. Dusty S. Dusty-puberulent. Lower leaves oblanceolate. Panicle long, compound, dense. Scalesucute. Aug. N. 18 S. sempervi’rens, Zvergreen S. Luvs. lanceolate, thick, obseurely 8-veined. E. 19 S. angustifo/lia! Warrow-lv. 8, Lvs. lance-lin. 1-veined, thick. .Hds. small. 8. 20 S.nemora/lis. Wood S. Plant dusty,roughish. Lvs. acute. Raysshowy. ¢. 21 S.rupes’tris. Rock.S. Plant smooth. Lvs. acuminate. Rays very short. W. 22 S. Missourien’sis. Missourie G. St.1-2f. All glabrous. Panicle dense. W. 98 8. sero’tina, Late @ Stem 3-6f. Leaf yeins hairy beneath. Panicle loose. 94 S. gigan’tea. Giant G. Stem8-8f. Branchlets hairy. Leaves lanceolate. . 10* 226 THE FLORA. 25 S. Canaden’sis, Canada G. Leaves pointed, rough. Panicle broad. «. 26 S. Short’ii, Short’s G. Leaves acute, very smooth. Panicle long, narrow. W. 27'S.pilo’sa, Hairy S. Hairy, 4-7f. high. Leaves remotely serrulate. N.-J. 8. 28 S. odo’ra, Sweet S. Stem downy in lines, slender, 2-8f. high. ‘Leaves very en- tire, smooth, punctate with pellucid dots. Fragrant. ¢. 29 S.tortifo/lia. Twist-lv.S. Stemrough. Lvs. often twisted, not punctate. 8. 80 S. altis’sima, TZall S. Stem hairy, 4-6f. Lvs. veiny, rough. Scales acute. ¢. 81 S. Drummon’dii. Drummond's 8. Stem 1-2f. Lvs. velvety. Scales obtuse. W. 82 S.rad/ula, asp-lv. 8. Stemrough-downy. Lvs. oblong-spatulate. W. 88 S, ulmifo/lia. Him S. Branchlets hairy. Scales acnte. Rays 3 or 4, disk flow- ers 8or4, N. W. 84 S. Boot’ii. Boott’s S. Branchlets hairy. Scales obtuse. Rays 2-5, disk flowers 8-12, ®. 85 8. linoi’des. Flax §. Smoothallover. Scales obtuse. Rays14. 12-20’, N. 86 S. Muhlenber’gii. Muhlenberg’s S. Lvs. large, thin, notched, smooth both sides. Heads 15-flowered. N. 87 S. pat/ula. Spreading S. Lvs. large, thick, very rough on the upper side. Stem 2-4f, brauches leafy. Heads 20-flowered. N. 88 S, ellip’tica, Marsh S. Very leafy. Lvs. elliptic. Panicle dense, pyramidal. 89 S.argu’ta. Saw-lw.S. Leaves few, elliptic, sharply serrate. Panicle spreading. 40 S. neglec’ta. Neglected 8. Leaves few, serrate, lin.-lanceolate. Panicle narrow. 41 S, Ohien’sis, Ohio S. Smooth all over. Lvs. obtuse, flat. Corymbed. W. 42 8, Riddel/lii, Middell’s 8S. Branches, &c., dust-downy. Lvs. acute, concave. Heads corymbed. W. 43 S. corymbo’sa, Corymbed 8. Branches corymbed, hirsute. Outer secund. 44S, Houghto’nii. Houghton’s S. Hds. few, very large. Otherwise like No. 41. N.-W. 45 S.rig’ida, Stiff S. Jivs.rigid. Heads verylarge. Scalesobtuse. Height 8~5f. 46 S. Spithame’a. Dwarf §. Leaves thin, sharp-serrate. Scales acute. Height 6-12’. Mountains. 8S. 47 S, lanceola/ta. Lance-lv. S. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-5-veined. Rays minute, about 17. Corymbs crowded, fragrant. c¢. 48 8, tenuifo/lia, Linear-lv. S. Leaves narrow-linear, one-veined. Rays short, about 10. More slender, with thinner clusters. ¢. 2. HELIAN’THUS. Sunflower. Heads many-flowered, rays neutral, disk-florets perfect. Scales of the involucre in several rows, more or less imbricated. Torus flat or convex, the chaff persistent, embracing the 4-sided, flattened achenia. Pappus of 2 chaffy awns, deciduous.—Herbs, mostly 2, rough. Leaves opposite, the upper often alternate, mostly 3-veined. Heads mostly large, the disk from half an inch to If. broad. Rays yellow, disk yellow or purple. July- Oct. (Figs. 498, &c.) ORDER 70.—ASTERWORTS. 227 § Disk with its corollas and pales dark purple....2 § Disk with its corollas and pales yellow....¢ a Herbs annual. Leaves chiefly alternate....1, 2 a Herbs perennial. Leaves opposite. :..b b Scales of the involucre acuminate... .8-5 b Seales of the involucre obtuse... .6, 7 c Leaves chiefly alternate and feather-veined....8-11 = Leaves chiefly opposite and 8-veined or triple-veined....d d Scales of involucre erect, closely imbricated....¢ d Scales loosely spreading. Heads large, 9-15-rayed....f a Scales loosely spreading. Heads small, 5-8-rayed....22-25 e Plants green, rough....12, 18 < Plants whitish, downy....14, 15 f Scales lance-linear, longer than disk. Leaves thin....16, 17 f Scales lance-ovate, as long as the disk. Leaves thick... .18-21 1 H.an’nuus, Common S. Stout and tall (8-10f.). Heads large 6-10 across, nodding. Achenia (seeds) glabrous. A variety has all the flowers ligulate. 2H. deb’ilis. Slender S. Slender, decumbent. Headssmall. Seedsdowny. 8. 8 H. Rad/ula. Rasp-lv. S. Leaves roundish, rough, obtuse. Rays 7-10 ornone. 8. 4H. heterophyl/lus. Leaves oval, lanceolate, &c. Rays 12-18. Pales acute. 8. 5 H., angustifo’lius. Leaves lance-linear, pointed. Pales 3-foothed. N.-J. S. 6 H.rigidus. Rigid S. Lvs. lanceolate, pointed. Scales ovate, acute. Rs. 12-20. W. 7 H.atrorubens, Livid S. Leaves ovate, obtusish. Scales oblong, obtuse. S. 8 H. gigan’teus. Tall S. Hairy,rough. Lvs. lanceolate, pointed, serrate. ¢. 9 H. tomento’sus. Velvet S. Very downy. Lower lvs. ovate, nearly entire. W.S. 10 H. grosse-serra’tus. Coarse-toothed S. Stem smooth. Leaves lance-pointed, sharp-serrate. Rays 15-20. W. 11 H, tubero’sus. Artichoke. Cultiv. Lvs. 8-veined, lower cordate-ovate. 12 H. letiflo’rus. Laughing S. Branched. Leaves lance-oval, short petioled. 18 H. occidenta’lis. Western S. Stem slender, simple, nearly leafless above. 14 H. mollis. Soft S. Leaves ovate, cordate, sessile. Plant woolly. W. 15 H, cine’reus. Ashy S. Lvs. ovate-oblong, tapering to base. Ashy-downy. O. 16 H. decapet’alous. Zen-rayed S. Rays9-12. Leaves all opposite. Stem 8-4f. N. M. 17 H, tracheliifo’lius, Trach-leaved S. Rays 12-15. Branch lvs, alternate. 4-8f. W. 18 H. doronicoi’des. alse Tiger-bane. Leaves petiolate, ovate, and lance- ovate, upper alternate. Scales longer than disk. Rays 12-15. W.S. 19 H.strumo’sus. Warty S. Leaves short-petioled, lance-ovate, all alike. Scales equalling the disk. ¢, A double-flowered variety is cultivated. 20 H. hirsu’tus. Hairy S. Leaves petiolate, hairy beneath. Scales hairy. W. 21 H, divarica’tus. Forked S. Leaves sessile, very rough, opposite or ternate. e¢. 22 H. microceph’alus. Small §. Stem smooth, much branched. Lvs. narrow. W. 23 H. Schweinit’zii, Schweinita’s S. Stem downy, rough. Leaves white, downy. Car. 24 H. leviga’tus. Polished S. Stem,and leaves very smooth. Not branched. 8. Mts. 25 H. longifo’lius, Long-lud, S. Leaves lance-linear, acute, smooth. Rays 8-10. Ga. 228 THE FLORA. 8. BI'DENS. Burr-Marigold. Involucre scales nearly equal, double, the outer generally large and leafy. Rays few (3-8, or sometimes none), neutral, disk perfect. Recep- tacle chaffy, flat. Achenia flattened or 4-sided, crowned with 2-4 awns which are hispid backwards.—Leaves opposite. July—Oct, * Rays inconspicuous or none....a * Rays quite showy, yellow....4, 5 : a Achenia flattened, broadest at top....1-3 a Achenia slender, 4-sided....6, 7 1 B. frondo’sa. Leafy B. Leaves pinnately 3-5-fol., divisions distinct. Rays 0. 2 B,conna’ta. Leaves simple, lower ones sometimes 8-parted. Rays 0. 83 B.cer’nua. Nodding B. Leaves simple, scarcely connate. Rays few or 0. 4 B. chrysanthemoi’des, Mud B. Lvs. narrow-lance., equally serrate, connate. 5 B. Beck’ii. Beck's B. Lvs. mostly under water and very finely divided, M. 6 B. leucan‘tha. White B. Heads small, with white rays. Lvs. pinnate. 8. 7 B, bipinna’ta. Spanish Needles. Rays very short, yellow. Lvs. bi-pinnate. 4, COREOP'SIS, Tick-seed. Involucre many-flowered, double, each of 8-13 scales, the outer leafy, the inner membranous. Receptacle flat, the chaff falling with the fruit. Achenia Hlattened, often winged, emarginate, each commonly with 2 teeth or awns which are not hispid downwardly as in Bipznws.—Leaves gener- ally opposite. Heads showy (rarely without rays). * Heads discoid (without rays)....1, 2 * Heads radiate, rays showy....2 a Disk yellow, rays also yellow, mostly entire....b a Disk yellow, rays rose-colored, 3-5-toothed at the end....20, 21 a Disk purple, rays yellow with a purple base, toothed....18, 19 a Disk purple, rays wholly yellow, toothed at the end....14-17 b Leaves petiolate, compound, with lanceolate, toothed divisions... .38-5 b Leaves petiolate, compound, with linear, entire divisions... -6,7 b Leaves petiolate, simple, or soine of them eared at base....8-10 b Leaves sessile, 8-parted, divisions entire or not often, seeming whorled....11-18 1 C. discoi’dea. Rayless T. Leaves on long petioles, ternately divided. W. 2 ©. bidentoi’des, Leaves on short petioles, toothed, lance-linear. Pefin. 7. 3 0, au/rea. Golden T. Leaflets 8-5. Outer scales about 8. Achenia 2-4-toothed. S. 4 0. trichosper’ma. Leaflets 5-7. Outer scales about 8. Ach. slender, 2-toothed. 5 C. aristo’sa. Leaflets 5-7. Outer scales 10-18. Achenia 2 or 4-awned. W. 6 C. trip’teris. Stem 4-8f. high. Hds. on short stalks. Rays 3’ long, entire. W.S. 7 C. grandiflo’ra. St. 1-2f. high. Heads on long stalks. Rays 1/ long, 4-5-cleft. 8. ORDER 70.—ASTERWORTS. 229 8 C. latifo’lia, Stem 4-6f. high. Rays entire. Leaves ovate, serrate. S. 9 ©. auricula’ta. Stem 1-8f. high. Rays 2-5-toothed. Lvs. often eared at base. S. 10 ©. lanceola’ta, Stem 2-8f high. Rays 4-5-toothed. Lvs. lanceolate, entire. S. 11 C, senifo’lia. Leaf divisions all entire, appearing in 6-leaved whorls. S. , 12 ©. verticilla’ta. Leaf divisions all again divided into narrow-linear lobes. W. 13 C, palma’ta. Lvs. deeply 8-cleft, wedge-shaped, lobes linear, not whorled. W. 14 ©. delphinifo’lia, Leaves sessile, 3-parted, the divisions often lobed. S. 15 ©. gladia’ta. Sword-lv. C. Leaves petioled, lance- olate, sometimes divided. Stem round. 8. 16 ©, angustifo’lia. Warrow-lv. C. Leaves petioled, narrow-spatulate, entire. Stemsquare. S. 17 C. im/’leri. Gimiler's C. Leaves petioled, lance- ovate, entire. Stem round below. 8S. 18 OC. Drummon’dii. Drummond's C. Lys. pin- nately 8-5-foliate, divisions oblong-oval, entire. + : 19 ©, tincto’ria. Dyers C. Leaves pinnately much divided, divisions linear, entire. t+ 20 ©. ro’sea. Hose 0, Stem leafy, leaves narrow- linear, entire. Rays rose-white. E. 21 O.nuda’ta. Leafless C. Stem few-leaved, leaves awl-shaped, entire. Rays rose-red, 8. 5, ASTER. Starwort. Heads many-flowered. Scales of the invo- lucre generally imbricated in two or more rows, and with green tips. Disk florets tubu- lar, perfect, rays fertile, in one row, oblong, revolute when old. Receptacle flat, marked with pits. Pappus simple, hair-like, rough. Achenium usually flattened. —A large genus of 2¢ herbs, very abundant in the United States, flower- ing in late summer and autumn. Leaves alternate; disk florets yellow, changing to purple; rays blue, purple, or white, never yellow.—The spe- cies are very variable, and many of them are hard to distinguish. * Radical and lower leaves cordate and petiolate....a * Radical leaves never cordate.... a Heads in loose corymbs. Rays white or whitish....1, 2 a Heads in racemes or panicles, blue or bluish....b * b Leaves evidently serrate; rays light blue, about 12, spreading / ...8, 4 b Leaves entire or nearly so; rays bright blue, spreading near 1’....5-7 = Involucre scales tipped with green, or the outer ones wholly green....d ce Involuere scales with scarious margins or wholly scarious....f Fig. 524. Aster patens, 230 THE FLORA. d Stem leaves clasping, with a cordate or auricled base....¢ d Stem leaves sessile, rarely clasping, never cordate or auricled....19 < Involuere scales close, in several rows, outer ones gradually shorter....8, 9 = Involuere scales loose, nearly equal, outer ones often wholly green....10-12 f Leaves lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, more or less rough... .18-15 f Leaves linear, fleshy, very smooth, entire. Salt-marsh herbs....16-18 1 A. corymbo’sus. Corymbed S. Slender, with thin, serrate leaves. 2 A. macrophyl’lus. Big-lud. §. Stout, with large, thick, ser., rough lvs. 18-rayed. 8 A. cordifo/lius. Heart-leaved S. Involucre scales close, obtuse. Lys. sharp-serrate. 4 A, sagittifo/lius. Arrow-leaved S. Scales awl-shaped, long, loose. Lvs. blunt-serrate. 5 A.azu’/reus, Azure S. Stem leaves sessile, rough, lanceolate, and linear. 6 A. undula’tus. Stem lvs. on winged stalks, with rounded clasping bases, wavy. 7 A, Shor’tii. Short’s S. Stem leaves on naked stalks, all cordate, pointed, entire. 8 A.patens. Patent S. Plant rough-downy. Leaves entire. Scales pointed. 9 A. levis. Polished S. Plant smooth and glaucous. Scales broad, acute. 10 A.prenankOi’des. Lvs, sharply cut-serrate, with a long, slender, entire base. 11 A. punic’eus. Fed-st. S. Lvs. sparingly serrate, lance. Stem hairy, often red. 12 A. Nove-Anglie. New-England S. Leaves entire, rough, numerous, Rays nearly 100, 3 long. Stems 4-6f. high. A fine species, often cultivated. 18 A, acumina’tus, Dell S. Leaves coarsely-toothed, broad-lanceolate, long-pointed, often clustered. Rays white. In dark woods. N. 14 A. nemora/lis. Wood 8. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, nearly entire, acute, with edges revolute. Heads 1-3. In damp woods. N. M. 15 A, ptarmicoi’des. Sneezewort S. Leaves entire, stiff, acute. Heads corymbed. 16 A. flexuo’sus, Zigzag S. Heads large, with showy rays. Stem flexuous. 17 A, linifo/lius, Flax S. Heads numerous, with very short rays in 2 rows. 18 A. subula’tus, Heads with showy blue rays. Scales in 2 or8 rows. S. 19 Many species, very variable, here omitted. (See p. 420, Class Book.) 6. ERIG'ERON, Fleabane. .Whiteweed. Heads many-flowered, mostly hemispherical, rays very numerous (20-200), narrow, linear, pistillate ; disk flowers perfect. Receptacle flat, naked (no chaff or pits): Scales of the involucre nearly equal and in one row. Pappus generally simple.—Herbs with alternate leaves. Rays white, blue, or reddish. Flowering from May to September. * Rays showy, longer than the involucre. Heads large (4-1/ broad)....a * Rays obscure, shorter than the involucre, whitish. Heads very small....1, 2 a Rays purple, very numerous. Heads loosely corymbed....8-5 a Rays white or whitish. Heads loosely panicled....6-8 1 E, Canaden’se, Canadu F. Erect, hairy. Leaves lanceolate. Heads panicled. 2 E. divarica’tum, Prostrate F. Low, diffuse. Lvs. linear. Heads corymbed. W. ORDER 70.—ASTERWORTS. 231 * 8 E. bellidifo’lium. Daisy F. Leaves nearly entire. Rays 50-80, bluish-p. 4 E, Philadel’phicum. Leaves nearly entire. Rays 150-200, reddish-purple. 5 E. quercifo’lium. Oak-lv. F. Lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid-toothed. Rays 100-200. 8. 6 E.an’nuum. Annual F. Stem leafy, 3-5f. high. Leaves coarse-toothed. 7 E, strigo’sum. ough F. Stem leafy, 2-3f. high. Leaves nearly entire. 8 E.nudicau/le. Naked F. Stem leafless, 1-2f. high. Rays about 30. 8. Y, ACHILLE’A. Yarrow. Millfoil. : Heads many-flowered, rays few, fertile; receptacle flat, chaffy ; achenia flattened, margined, without a pappus.—2f European herbs with small, 4-12-rayed heads in corymbs. June—Sept. 1 A, millefo/lium. Leaves twice pinnatifid with fine segments. Rays4or5. ¢. 2A, Ptar’mica, Sneezewort. Leaves undivided, lance-linear, serrate. Rays 8-12. r. 8. TARAX’ACUM. Dan’delion. Involucre many-flowered, double, the outer of small scales much shorter than the close, erect row of the inner. Receptacle naked. Achenia pro- duced into a long beak crowned with copious white, hair-like bristles of the pappus.—Acaulescent herbs with runcinate leaves. (Figs. 504-506.) T. Dens-leo’nis, Dan’delion. Outer scales of the involucre reflexed. Leaves run- cinate, smooth, dentate——In all open situations, blossoming at all seasons ex- cept winter. Scape round, hollow, lengthening after flowering, and bearing a globular head of seeds and seed-down, whose light and airy form is 4 very famil- iar sight to all. 9. HIERA’CIUM. Hawkweed. ‘Involucre more or less imbricated, egg-shaped, many-flowered. Ache- nia not prolonged into a beak, striate. Pappus of rough, brittle, numerous tawny bristles in a single row.—2{ Leaves alternate, entire, or toothed. Florets yellow. July—Sept. * Involucre and stalks smooth or nearly so....a- * Involucre, stalks, &., rough with glandular hairs....b a Heads with 50 to 60 florets....1 a Heads with 10 to 20 florets....2, 8 * b Heads with 20 to 80 florets....5, 6 . 1 H. Canaden’se. Canada H. Stem leafy, corymbed at top. Leaves sharp- toothed. N. 232 THE FLORA. 2 H. panicula’tum. Panicled H. Stem leafy, widely panicled. Leaves fine-toothed. 8 H. veno’sum. Robin's Plantain. Stem almost leafless, corymbed. Lvs. entire. 4 H.scabrum. Rough H. Headscorymbed. Plant stiff, rough-hairy. 5 H. longip’ilum. Long-haired H.* Plant clothed with straight bristles 1’ long. W. 6H, Grono’vii, Gronovius’ H. Plant slender, quite hairy below. 10. NAB’ALUS. Lion’s-foot. Involucre cylindrical, double, the inner of many linear scales in one row, the outer of a few short scales at base. Receptacle naked. Achenia smooth, striate, not beaked, crowned with a copious, straw-colored or brownish hair-like pappus.—Erect herbs, with a thick, tuberous, bit- ter root. Heads 5-18-flowered, white or straw-colored, often purplish. Aug.—Oct. * Heads glabrous, pendulous. Leaves multiform in the same plant....a + Heads hairy, erect or nodding. Leaves reniform, undivided....7-9 a Tall (2-4f. high). Heads (8-12-flowered) in a corymb-like panicle....1, 2 a Tall (2-6f. high). Heads in a long, raceme-like panicle... .3, 4 Low (5-10’ high). Heads racemed. Found only on high mountains....5, 6 1N. alba. Waite Z. Pappus cinnamon-color. Leaves hastate, often lobed. 2 NN, Fra/seri. Frases L. Pappus atraw-color. Leaves deltoid, often cleft. 3 WN. altis’simus, Zul] Z. Heads 5-flowered. Leaves divided, or cleft, or entire. 4 NN. virga’tus. od LZ. Heads 8-12-flowered. Lowest'leaves pinnatifid. 5 N.na/nus. Dwarf LZ. Outer involucre of short-ovate, close scales. 6 N. Boot’tii, Boott’s Z Outer involucre of linear, loose scales. : 7 N. racemo’sus, acemed L. Heads nodding, 9-12-flowered. W. M. 8 N. crepidin’eus, Crepis Z. Heads nodding, 25-35-flowered. W.S. 9 N.as’per. Rough L. Heads erect, 11-14-flowered. Panicle racemed. . W. Orper LXXJ. LOBELIACEZX. Lobeliads. Herbs with alternate leaves, scattered flowers, and often milky juice ; calyx superior ; corolla irregular, 5-lobed, tube split down to the base ; stamens 5, united into a tube both by the filaments and anthers; ovary adherent to the calyx tube ; styles united into one; stigma fringed ; fruit a 2-3-celled, many-seeded capsule. LOBE'LIA. Cardinal-flower. Indian Tobacco. The two upper lobes of the irregular corolla are smaller than the three ORDER 72.—BELLWORTS. 233 lower. Stamens united into a curved tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule opening at top. Seeds very small—Flowers axillary, generally forming leafy or bracted racemes. ‘July—Sept. § Stems leafy....a § Stems leafless, leaves nearly all crowded at the root, under water....11, 12 a Flowers bright red or scarlet, large and showy....1, 2 a Flowers blue, varying to bluish-white....b b Stem stout, 2-3 or 4f. high. Flowers large, about 1’ long....3;5 b Stem slender, 6’-2f, high. Flowers small (3-}’ long)....¢ ce Stem branched, racemes several, loose, or flowers scattered... .6, 7 ¢ Stem generally simple, bearing a single raceme... .8-10 1 L. cardina’lis. Cardinal-flwr. Stem smooth. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute. 2 L.ful’gens, Mexican. Stem downy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, long-pointed. + 3 L, puber’ula. Leaves obtuse, denticulate. Raceme one-sided. Plant downy. 4 L. syphilit’‘ica. Blue C. Lvs. acute, slightly toothed. Racemes equal, hairy. 5 L.ame’na, Pretty C. Leaves acuminate, toothed. Racemes one-sided, smoothish. 8. 6 L, infla’ta. Indian Tobacco. Hairy. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, toothed. Pod inflated. 7 L. Kal’mii. Kalm’s C. Smooth. Leaves linear-spatulate, entire. Fls, blue-white. 8 L. Nuttal/lii. Muttall’s Z. + Pedicels twice as long as the flowers, Leaves linear, extremely slender. S. M. 9 L.spica’ta. Spiked L. Pedicels as long as the flowers, Racemes dense. Leaves oblong. 10 L. leptostach’ya. Slender-spiked ZL. Pedi. none. Lvs. lance-oval, smooth. W. 11 L. Dortman’na. Water Z. Root leaves linear, terete, hollow, fleshy. Scape long. 12 L. paludo’sa. Marsh L. Root leaves linear-oblong, flat. Stem tall. 8. Orper LXXITI. CAMPANULACEA. Bellworts. Herbs with a milky juice, alternate leaves ; Jlowers mostly blue and showy, with a superior calyx; a regular and mostly campanulate 5-lobed corolla ; with the 5 stamens usually separate, and ovary adherent to the calyx tube; and with the 2-5-celled pod crowned with the remains of the calyx. Analysis of the Genera, Calyx tube very short (below the flower). CaMPaN’uLa. 1 Calyx tube long and three-angled. SPEoULA’RIA. 284 THE FLORA. CAMPANULA. Bell-flower. Harebell. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or wheel-shaped, its 5 lobes valvate in the bud, closed at the base inside by the valve-like bases of the 5 stamens. Pod open- ing on the sides—2¢ Herbs with axillary or terminal flowers. June- October. Fig. 526. The Harebell, the whole plant. 7. Ovary of Canterbury Bells, with f,a broad 3 filament, s, an anther, and p, the hairy style. 8. A cross-section of the curious 5-celled seed- vessel, 2 placente in each cell. 9. Seed cut open, showing the large embryo. Fig. 530. Flower of American Bellwort. 2¥g. 531. Flower of Patent Bellwort. § Corolla wheel-shaped, flat, in leafy spikes....1, 2 § Corolla bell-shaped, &c., broadly or narrowly....a a Flowers on slender pedicels, solitary or panicled....b a Flowers sessile or nearly so. Stem erect. Gardens....7-9 b Flowers large (6-12’” broad). Root leaves unlike the stem leaves....3, 4 b Flowers small (2-5’’ broad). Leaves all similar in form....5, 6 1 C. America’na. American B. Stem tall (2-4f.). Leaves pointed at ends, smooth. 2 ©, planifio’ra. Stem low (7-12’), simple. Lvs. thick, shining, obtuse, or acute. + 8 CG. rotundifo/lia. Harebell. Stem weak. Root lvs. roundish, stem lvs. linear. 4 C. persicifo’lia, Peach B. Stem erect. Leaves lance-linear. Flowers very broad. + 5 C.aparinoi’des. Bedstraw B. Stem reclining, rough backwards. Flowers white. 6 ©. divarica’ta. Patent B. Erect. Panicle wide. Leaves toothed. Fis. blue. §. 7 ©. glomera’ta. Flowers crowded above, funnel-shaped. Plant smooth. t+ 8 CG. me’dium, Canterbury B. Flowers distant, very large, obtuse at base. + 9 O.lanugino’sa. Woolly B. Flowers scattered, rather large, acute at base. + ORDER 73.—HEATHWORTS. 985 -* Orper LXXIII. ERICACEH. Heathworts. Herbs, or more generally shrubs, with simple, often evergreen leaves ; flowers regular or nearly so, 4 or 5-parted; petals rarely almost distinct; stamens as many or twice as many as the lobes of the corella, and the anthers oddly appendaged and generally opening by two terminal pores; the style 1, and the ovary 4-10-celled, with albuminous seeds. Fig. 532. Azalea procumbens. 8, A flower enlarged. 4, A stamen, much enlarged, showing the lengthwise opening of each of the cells. 5. Cross-section of a 5-celled capsule of Rhododen- dron, showing the inflexed margins of the valves. 6. Pyrola secunda. 7. A flower enlarged. 8. A stamen enlarged, showing the terminal tubes and pores. 9. Cross-section of a 5-celled, many-seeded capsule. Fg. 549, Checkerberry (Gaultheria). 1, A flower enlarged. 2. A berry, 3. Vertical section of the ovary, showing the free, fleshy calyx. 4 Anther of the Vaccinium Vitis-[dex. 5. Stamen of Bearberry (Arctostaphylos). 6. Awned stamen ofa Blueberry ( Vuc- cinium). 286 THE FLORA. Analysis of the Genera. § Shrubs or trees, or shrublets....2 : § Herbs evergreen, with green herbage and leaves....m § Herbs leafless, without verdure. Bracts scale-like....n 2 Calyx adherent, crowning the berry in fruit....a 2 Calyx free from the ovary, or inferior....38 | 8 Petals united into a gamopetalous corolla....4 8 Petals entirely or very nearly separate and distinct....5 4 Flowers 4-parted. Stamens 8....b 4 Flowers 5-parted. Stamens 5 or 10.... 5 Pods 2 or 8-celled, cells only 1-seeded. Southern....k 5 Pods 8-celled, cells many-seeded....g 5 Pods 5 or 7-celled, cells many-seeded....h 6 Corolla urn-shaped (oval or globular), lobes small....¢ 6 Corolla not, urn-shaped, open or spreading....¢e a Erect shrubs with 5-parted flowers and 10-seeded berries. Huckleberries. GaYLUssa’CIA. a Erect shrubs with 5-parted flowers and co-seeded berries. Blueberries. Vacorn’1um. a Trailing shrublets. Corolla 4-cleft, reflexed. Fr. red. Cranberry. Oxxooce’ous. a Trailing shrublets. Corolla 4-cleft, spreading. Fruit white. ‘ Boxberry. Cutoe’Enes. 2 b Leaves linear-acerose, whorled or crowded. Cultivated. Heath. Er’toa, ‘b Leaves oval-lanceolate. Shrub, 4f. high. Penn. 8. \ Mountain Heath. Menava’sta. ce Pod dry, opening bet. the cells. Lvs. lin, N. ¢ Pod dry, opening into the cells....d4 ce Drupe fleshy, 5-seeded. Shrubs trailing. Bearberry. ArctostaPH’YLos. c Berry fleshy, many-seeded. Little shrublets. Checkerberry. GAuLTHE’RIA. 8 d Shrublet moss-like, on high Mts. Leaves linear. Moss Andromede. Cassi’orz. d Shrubs with ample leaves. Pod-valves entire. Andromede. ANDROM’/EDA. d Tree with ample leaves and slender racemes. Sorvel-tree. OXYDEN’DRUM, e Corolla saucer-form, holding the anthers in 10 pits. Laurel, Kav’uta. e Corolla salver-form, very fragrant. Trailing. May-flower, Kvien’s. e Corolla funnel or bell-form, with spreading lobes....f f Stamens 5, included. Plant and leaves very small. Mts. N.H. Letosenev/nria. f Stamens 5 (rarely more), long-exserted. Corolla funnel-form. Aza’LEA. 6 f Stamens 10 (rarely fewWer), exserted. Corolla bell-form. Bay. RuopopEN’pRon. g Leaves alternaté, deciduous, serrate. Flowers racemed. Cun/THRA, g Leaves mostly opposite, evergreen, entire. Flowers umbeled. Sand Myrtle. Lriopayy’/ium. h Flowers 5-parted. Corolla regular. Labrador Tea. Le’pum. h Flowers 5-parted. Corolla irregular. Ruopo/Ra. h Flowers 7-parted, regular. Stamens14. 8. Brra’R1a. e Oe a ORDER 73.—HEATHWORTS. 29387 _k Flowers 4-parted, with 8 stamens and a 8-seeded pod. 8. Exxior’t1a. k Flowers 5-parted, with 5 stamens. Leaves lanceolate, entire. 8. Cyryi’a. k Flowers 5-parted, with 10 stamens. Lvs. lanceol., entire. 8. Myiooa’Ryum. m Flowers racemed, many. Perennial, low, smooth, erect. Prr/oxa. 8 m Flower solitary, one only. Perennial, small. N. 7. Monr’szs. m Flowers corymbed, few. Leaves evergreen, thick. Pipsissiwa. CuIMAPH’ILA. 9 n Corolla polypetalous. Plant white, reddish, &c. Indian Pipe. Monor’ropa.10 n Corolla gamopetalous, bell-shaped, in a short spike. -S. ScHowEmir’z1a. n Corolla gamop., egg-shaped, in a loose rac. Albany Beechdrops. Pruros’pora. 1. OXYCOC’CUS. Cranberry. Calyx superior, 3-cleft. Corolla 4-parted, with lance-linear, reflexed segments. Stamens 8, anthers tubular, 2-parted, opening ‘by oblique pores. Berry globular, 4-celled, many-seeded.—Trailing and very slen- der, with woody stems, alternate, thick, narrow, entire leaves, and acid, eatable fruit, Flowers purplish. June. 1 O, palus’tris. Bog C. Stems thread-form, trailing. Leaves ovate, 2-4’’ long. Pedicels terminal, 1-flowered. 2 O, macrocar’pus. Market C. Stems thread-form, trailing. Leaves oblong, 4-6/” long. Pedicels axillary, 1-flowered. 8 O, erythocar’pus. Bush C. Stems 1-8f. high, erect. Leaves oval, pointed, ser- rulate. Petals not refiexed at first. S. Mountains. 2. CHIOG'ENES. Boxberry. 1 CO, hispid/ula. Running B. A little’ woody creeper, 4 to 6’ long, in old woods, northward. Leaves many, small, oval. Flowers white, 4-parted. Berry white. Plant tastes like Checkerberry. (Fig. 547.) Fig. 547. Boxberry, the entire plant. 8. GAULTHE’/RIA. Checkerberry. Calyx 5-cleft, with 2 bractlets at base. Corolla urn-shaped, the limb of 5 short, revolute lobes. Stamens 10. Capsule 5-celled, invested by the calyx, which becomes a pulpy berry.—Little shrubby or half-shrubby plants, with alternate, evergreen leaves. (Figs. 540-543.) 2388 THE FLORA. G, procum’/bens. Common Checkerberry, or Wintergreen. Branches ascending 3’ from the prostrate, slender root-stock, which is usually concealed. ‘Leaves obovate, and few nodding flowers, all clustered at top of the stem, and spicy in flavor. Berries scarlet. Flowers in Summer, white. 4, KAL'MIA. Calico-bush. Mountain Laurel. Calyx 5-parted. Oorolla with 10 prominences beneath, and 10 corre- sponding pits within, holding the 10 anthers. Filaments recurved. Bor- der with 5 shallow lobes. Capsule 5-celled, many-seeded.—Beautiful shrubs, with entire, evergreen, leathery leaves. Flowers white and red, in racemed corymbs, May—June. 1 Flowers in terminal corymbs. Leaves smooth, thick....2, 8 1 Flowers in lateral corymbs. Leaves rusty or downy beneath....4, 5 1K. hirsu’ta. Hairy Z. Flowers axillary, solitary, stalked, red. Plant hairy. Leaves mostly scattered, acute, sessile. 1-2f. 8. 2K. latifo’lia. Great L. Leaves scattered, green both sides. Corymbs large, rose- white, numerous and very showy. 8-20f. 3K. glau’ca, Polished L. Leaves opposite, glaucous-white beneath, tevolute on the margin. Corymbs small, lilac, 2-8f. 4K. cunea’ta, Wedge-leaved LZ. Leaves scattered, wedge-oblong. Corymbs small, roseate, each of 4-6 flowers. Plant 8-5f. S. 5 K. angustifo’lia. Sheep-poison. Leaves opposite and in 8’s, blunt at each end. Corymbs small, deep purple. 3-4f. 5. EPIG’A. May-flower. Calyx large, 5-parted, with 8 bracts at base. Corolla salver-form, tube hairy within, limb of 5 spreading lobes. Stamens 10. Anthers open by slits. Oapsule 5-celled, 5-valved.—Little trailing shrubs. E. repens, Trailing Arbutus. Leaves cordate-ovate, entire. Corolla tube cylin- drical. Stems slender, flit on the ground, 10-15’ long. Leaves’ evergreen, rounded at the end, 2’ or more long. Flowers tinged with red, very fragrant. April, May. 6. AZA'LEA, Azalea. Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, somewhat irregular, with 5 spreading lobes, Stamens 5, and, with the 1 style, long exserted, curved toward the lower side, Anthers open by pores. Oapsule 5-celled, 5-valved.—Erect shrubs. Leaves alternate, déciduous, entire. Flowers large, showy, fragrant, clustered. April—July. ORDER 73.—HEATHWORTS. 239 § Lobes of the calyx all (rarely 1 excepted) very short or Span ..1,2 § Lobes of' the calyx all oblong, and of conspicuous length... .8-5 1 A. visco’sa, Clammy Swamp Pink. Flowers very mec: appearing with the full-grown leaves, the tube much longer than the segments. Shrub 4-7f. White or roseate. 2 A. nudiflo’ra. Pinater Bloom. Clusters naked, appearing with or before the young leaves. Corolla tube downy, scarcely longer than the segments. Branches often whorled. Colors pink, purple, white, buff, &e. t 8 A.calendula’cea. Flaming Pinster. Young branchlets downy, corymbs nearly or quite leafless. Tube of the corolla hairy, shorter than the ample lobes. Common. Penn. 8. & W. Flowers very many, flame-color, bright red, saffron- yellow, &. + ‘ 4 A. arbores’cens. Tyee Azalea. Branches smooth. ‘Leaves glaucous beneath. Corymbs leafy with full-grown leaves. Corolla tube longer than the lobes, not viscid. Height 10-20f. Mountains. S. 5 A. Pon’tica. Asiatic A. Flowers viscid, with full-grown leaves. Tube wide- mouthed, as long assegments. All colors. + 7. RHODODEN’DRON. Rose Bay. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broad, campanulate, regular or slightly irreg- ular, 5-lobed. Staniens 10, mostly declined, anthers opening by pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved—Shrubs with ‘alternate, entire, evergreen leaves. Flowers umbeled, splendid. - § Calyx lobes large, leaf-like. Exotic....7 § Calyx lobes small, scale-like....a a Leaves small, obtuse at each end. Mountains....1, 2 a Leaves large, acute, rusty or silvery beneath... .5, 6 a Leaves large, acute, glabrous beneath....3, 4 1 R.Lappon’icum. Lapland R. Shrub 5-10’ high. Lvs. scaly, elliptic. N. 2 R. Catawbien’se. Catawba R. Shrub 8-5f. high. Leaves smooth, oval. 8. 3 R.max‘imum., Great. Leaves oblanceolate, acute, paler beneath. Flowers in large umbels, white, with yellow dots. Rocky woods. 4. Pon’ticum. Asiatic R. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, not paler beneath. Flowers large, purple, variegated. 5 R. puncta’‘tum. Dotied-if. &. Lvs. with rusty, resinous dots beneath. Mts. 8. 6 R.arbo’reum, Tree R. Leaves with silvery spots. beneath. Asia. f 7 R.In/dicum, Indian R. Leaves rough, wedge-lance. Fis. few together. + 8. PYR‘/OLA. False Wintergreen. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 10, anthers large, turned outwards, opening by 2 pores at the obtuse top. Style thick, long; stig- 240 THE FLORA. b mas 5, often projecting like rays. Pod 5-celled, 5-valved, opening into he cells, many-seeded.— 2f Low, evergreen herbs, almost woody, with the leaves generally radical, and the scape bearing a raceme of nOddding flow- ers. Mostly northern. June, July. § Stamens ascending, style declined and curved....a § Stamens and style straight and erect....5, 6 a Leaves thick and shining. Flowers white or rose-colored....1, 2 a Leaves green, not shining. Flowers greenish-white....3, 4 1 P. rotundifo/lia. Round-leaved P. Lvs. orbicular. Mostly white petals. (Fig. 14.) 2 P. asarifo’lia. ‘Heart-leaved P. Leaves round-cordate. Rose-colored petals. 8 P.ellip’tica. Pear-leaved P. Leaves large, thin, elliptical, on short petioles. 4 P. chloran’tha. Green-fl. P. Lys. small, thick, roundish, shorter than petioles. 5 P.secun’da. One-sided P. Raceme with the green-white flowers all on one side, 6 P. minor. Lesser P. Raceme spike-form, with small, globular, white fis. Mts. r 9. CHIMAPHTILA. Pipsissiwa. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, spreading, round. Stamens 10. Anther cells lengthened above into tubes. Style very short, thick. Capsule 5-celled.—Small evergreens, with oblong, ser- rate, clustered leaves, and terminal flowers. June, July. Pe 1 GC, umbella’ta. Prince’s Pine. Leaves wedge-lance- olate, in 4’s-6’s. Umbel 4-7-flowered, on an erect stalk. July. 2 C. macula’ta. Spotted P. Leaves lanceolate, acumi- nate, marked with whitish streaks along the midvein. Flowers 2or8. (See Fig. 548.) 10. MONOT’ROPA. Pine Sap. Calyx of 1-5 bract-like sepals. Petals 4 or 5, | connivent in a bell-shaped corolla. Stamens’ — 8-10. Capsule 4-5-celled, 4-5-valved.—Low | herbs growing on the juices of other plants, all *' * white or tawny, with scales instead of leaves. 1 M. uniflo’ra. Indian Pipe. Sepals 1-8. Flower solitary, scentless. Stem 6’ high, common in woods. Whole plant white. Swmmer. 2 M. Hypop’itis. Pine Sap. Downy, tawny. Sepals 4,5. Flowers racemed, fra- grant. Stem 6-3’ high. Root a tangled ball of fibres. Aug. OrpER 78.—PRIMWORTS. 241 Orpen LXXVIII. PRIMULACEA. Primworts. Fig. 649. Primula Mistassinica, the whole plant. Fig. 560. The corolla cut open, showing the stamens on the tube.;. 1. The plan of the flower, showing the stamens opposite the petals, 2, The calyx and ovary. 8. The fruit cut open, showing the seeds on the central placenta. Fig. 554. Dodecatheon Meadia, whole plant, 5. A single flower, natural size. Fig. 556, Fruit (pyxis) of Anagallis, with its lid open, showing the seeds. : Herbs low, with the ‘leaves either radical or mostly opposite; with the flowers & (rarely 4 or 6)-parted; the corolla monopetalous, regular; the stamens inserted on the corolla-tube and opposite to its lobes; the ovary 1-celled, with a free, central placenta; style 1; stigma 1; the capsule 1-celled, many-seeded ; seeds with fleshy albumen. 11 249 THE FLORA. Analysis of the Genera. * Stemless. Leaves all radical, scape bearing an umbel....a * Stems leafy. Flowers yellow, corolla wheel-form (tube none)....b * Stems leafy. Flowers white, red, &c., never yellow....2 2 Leaves whorled, at least those near the flowers. Corolla white....¢ 2 Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers axillary, solitary....d 2 Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers white....¢ a Cor. tube egg-shaped, lobes short, spread. Dwarf Primrose. ANDROSA’CE. a Corolla tube cylindrical, lobes spreading. , Primrose. Prrm’vra. 1 a Corolla tube cylindrical, lobes reflexed. American Cowslip. Dopecatn’EoN. 2 b Corolla 5-parted, without intermediate teeth. Loose-strife. Lysmacn’ta, 8 b Corolla 6-patted, with 6 intermediate teeth. Racemes axillary. Navumprr’eta. ce Fis. 7-part. Lvs. entire, in a single whorl. Chick Wintergreen. TRIENTA’LIS. 4 ce Fis. 5-parted. Leaves finely pinnatifid, in water. Feather.foil. Horro’nta. a Plant prostrate, with scarlet corollas. Pimpernel, Anacav’us. 5 d Plant erect, with no corolla, but white calyxes. Black Saltwort. Guavx. e Fils. 5-parted, panicled. Plant 8-15’ high. Water Pimpernel, Sam’oivs. < Fis. 4-parted, axillary. Plant 1-2’ high. Dwarf Pimpernel. CuntTun’outvs. . ‘ 1. PRIM’ULA. Primrose. Auricula. Calyx angular, 5-cleft, Corolla salver-shaped, or often rather funnel- shaped, with 5 entire, or notched, or bifid lobes. Stamens 5, included. Pod opening at the top, many-seeded.— 2, Herbs with the leaves all rad- ical, and the flowers showy, in an umbel on a scape. * Corolla salver-form, limb abruptly spreading. Plants wild, rare....1, 2 * Corolla salver-form, limb abruptly spreading. Plants cultivated....8, 4 * Corolla funnel-form, limb gradually spreading. Cultivated....a a Leaves hairy, rugose, toothed, or crenate, or wavy at edge....5, 6- a Leaves smooth, plane, entire, or sometimes crenate....7, 8 1 P, Mistassin’ica. MMistassins P. Smooth, green, 3-8’ high. Flowers 1-8, flesh-colored. Onlake shores. N. First seen on L. Mistassins. 2 P.farino’sa. Bird's-eye P. Mealy, 8-10’ high. Flowers 3-20, lilac-yellow. Shores of the great lakes. N. 3 P. grandifio’ra. Common P. Petals obcordate, notched, yellow, purple, &c. + 4 P.purpu’rea, Purple P. Petals obtuse, entire, dark-violet, never yellow. + if 5 P, officina’lis. Cowslip P. Lvs. hairy. Outer fls. nodding, border concave. t- 6 P.ela’tior. Oxlip P. Leaves smooth above. All fis. nodding, border flat. + 7 P. Auric/ula, Auricula. Lys. and calyx mealy-glaucous. Bracts very short. + 2 P. calyci’na, Cup P. Lvs. white-edged, calyx inflated. Bracts long. Purpl. t ORDER 78.—PRIMWORTS. 243 2. DODECATH’EON. American Cowslip. Calyx 5-parted, reflexed. Corolla tube very short, limb rotate, 5-parted, with the limb reflexed. Stamens 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla, filaments short, anthers long, acute connivent at apex, but shorter than the style.—2 Leaves all radical, oblong, scape erect, bearing an umbel of nodding rose or white flowers. May, June. (Fig. 554.) D.Mea’dia. Pride of Ohio. A striking and elegant plant, in prairies throughout the Western States. Scape 1-2f. high. Petals white or pink. Stamens yellow. t 8. LYSIMACH’IA. loose-strife. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tube very short, limb 5-parted, spreading. Stamens 5, on the base of the corolla, filaments often united. Pods 5-10- valved. Seeds several or many.—2{ Leaves opposite or whorled, entire. Flowers mostly yellow. June, July. § Erect Peduncles several-flowered, or flowers panicled....a § Erect. Pedicels 1-flowered, flowers racemed....8, 9 § Erect. Pedicels 1-flowered, flowers axillary....1 § Prostrate, creeping. Pedicels (or umbels) axillary....10, 11 a Leaves thick, rather obtuse, with the edges rolled back....4, 5 = Leaves thin, acuminate, with the edges not rolled....6, 7 1 Leaves mostly opposite, on petioles fringed with hairs....2, 8 1 L. quadrifo’lia. Whorled ZL. Leaves whorled in 8’s, 4’s, and 5’s, sessile. 2L. ciliata. Fringe-If. L. Leaves ovate, often cordate. Stems mostly branched. 8 L.hib/rida. Hybrid L. Lys. lance-oblong, opposite or whorled. Stems branched. 4 L, asperifo/lia, Rough-lf. L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate. Panicle bracted. 8S. 5 L.longifo/lia. Long-if. Z. Lvs. lance-linear. Fls. large, scarcely pan. W. 6 L. lanceola’ta. Lance-lf. Z. Lys. whorled in 4’s, lance. Upper fis. racemed. 8S. ” L. Fra’seri. Fraser's L. Leaves opposite, ovate, often cordate. Panicle large. S. 8 L.stric’ia. Strict Z. Leaves nearly opposite, narrow-lance., with bulblets. 9 L.Herbemon’ti. Herbemont’s L. Lvs. whorled, in 4’s or 5’s, lance., acuminate, 8. 10 L.rad‘icans. Rooting L. Branches rooting at the end. Leaves lanceolate. 11 L. Nummula’ria. Moneywort. Stem simple. Leaves roundish, very obtuse 4, TRIENTA‘LIS. Chick-wintergreen. Calyx and corolla 7-parted. Stamens 7. Pod many-seeded.—2 Stem low, simple. Pedicels 1-flowered. T. America/‘na, American C. A pretty little plant, common in woods northward. Stem 3-5’ high, bearing several lanceolate leaves in a sort of whorl at top, and from their midst, 1 or more white. starlike flowers. May, June. 244 THE FLORA. 5. ANAGAL’LIS. Pimpernel. Calyx and corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. Stamens 5. Pod globular, opening by a lid all around (i. ¢., a pyxis)—Herbs with square stems and opposite leaves. (Fig. 556.) A, arven’sis. Scarlet P. Poor-man’s-weather-glass. A small, trailing plant, in fields, roadsides, &c. Leaves sessile, broad-ovate. Pedicels 1-flowered, axillary. Flower red, rarely blue. Opening at 8 a. m., closing at 2 Pp. m., and in damp weather not opening at all. (See the figure, 557.) Orpen LXXXIJII. BIGNONIACEA. Trumpets. Plants with opposite leaves, destitute of stipules, often climbing ; flowers gamopetalous, irregular, 5-parted, showy; stamens 5, but only 2 or 4 of them perfect, and didynamous ; ovary 2-celled, with 1 style, forming a dry pod with winged seeds. Analysis of the Genera. Stamens 4. Pod valves and partition contrary. Leaves pinnate. Troo’m1a. 1 Stamens 4. Pod valves and partition parallel. Leaves binate. Bieno’nua. Stamens 2. Pod straight, cylindric. Trees. Leaves simple. CataL’Pa. 2 1. TECOMA. Trumpet-flower. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla trumpet-shaped, with a 5-lobed, nearly regular limb. Stamens didynamous, 4, with the 5th a small rudi- ment. Pod with the partition contrary to the valves.—Trees or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves digitate or pinnate. Flowers red. ORDER 83.—TRUMPETS. 245 Fig. 558. Flower of Catalpa. 4 Fig. 559. The Corolla cut open, showing the 2 perfect stamens and the 8 rudiments of stamens, Fig. 560. A 2-winged seed of Catalpa. Fig. 561. Flower of the Trumpet Creeper. 1 T.rad/icans, Trumpet Creeper. Climbing by radicating tendrils, Leaflets 9-11, ovate, acuminate, toothed. Corollatube thrice longer than the calyx. Stamens included. A well-known, splendid climbing vine. Summer. 2 T. Capen’sis. Cape T. Climbing. Leaflets 7-9, round-ovate, serrate. Stamens and style exerted. Corolla tube curved. + S. Africa. 8 T. grandiflo’ra. Chinese T. Climbing. Leaflets 9-11, pointed, ovate, toothed. Two glands on the nodding pedicels. Corolla tube scarce longerthan calyx. t+, 2. CATAL’PA. Catalpa. Corolla unequally bell-shaped, 4 or 5-lobed. Stamens 2 perfect, with 3 rudiments. Capsule long, cylindric, with a thick partition. ©. bignonioi’des, Trees with large, broad- ovate, cordate, velvety leaves, and ter- minal panicles of showy, white, varie- gated flowers. Common. Fig. 562, A panicle (size much diminished) of Catalpa, 246 THE FLORA. Orpen LXXXV. LOGANIACEA. Herbs or shrubs with opposite leaves, with the stipules small or mere ridges connecting the base of the petioles ; lowers 4 or 5-parted, gamopetalous, regular ; ovary free ; fruit 2-celled, many-seeded, or few-seeded. . Analysis of the Genera. § Corolla tubular, lobes 5, valvate in the bud....a § Corolla bell-shaped, lobes 4 or 5, imbricate in the bud....b a Styles wholly united into 1. Corollatube long. W.S. Spien’L1a. 1 a Styles distinct, with the stigmas united. Fls. small, white. S. Mrrrn’oza. b Flowers 4-parted. Diffuse, low herbs. M.S. Polyprenum, PoLypre/Mum. b Flowers 5-parted. Slender climbing shrubs. S. GELSEM’INUM. 2 1. SPIGE’LIA. Pink-root. Calyx segments linear-subulate. Corolla narrowly funnel-form. Stamens 5. Capsule 2-celled, few seeded.—Herbs with the flowers sessile in a terminal one-sided coiled spike. - S. Maryland’ica. Maryland P. Stem square, erect. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceo- late. Corolla 4 or 5 times longer than the calyx, scarlet. June. Fig. 563, Spigelia; the spike uncoils as the flowers open. Fig. 564. A flower, natural size. ORDER 86.—FIGWORTS. 247 2. GELSEMI'N UM. Yellow Jessamine. a Calyx lobes oblong. Corolla funnel-bell-form, with 5 short, roundish lobes. Filaments 5, on the corolla, Stvle thread-form with 2 double stigmas. G. sempervi‘rens. A shrub very common, South; with long, wiry, twining stems, ascending bushes and hedges. Leaves evergreen, shining, lanceolate. Corolla tube 1 inch long, golden-yellow. Orper LXXXVI. SCROPHULARIACEA. Figworts. ae 570 { ! e by Fig. 565. The Yellow Foxglove (Dasystoma pubescens). 6. Mature fruit. 7. Cross-section of the 2-celled capsule. & A stamen enlarged. 9. Monkey-flower (Afimulus ringens). - Fig. 570. . Calyx with the corolla partly removed, showing the didynamous stamens in pairs, withthe stigma above the highest pair. 1. Sections of the 2-celled, many-seeded capsule. 2. Plan of the flower, showing the position of the fifth rudimentary filament. "8. Linaria vulgaris, leaf, and personate, pi-labiate, spurred flower. 4. A winged seed. 248 THE FLORA. Plants mostly herbaceous, with unsymmetrical flowers, without fragrance ; calyx mostly 5-parted, free from the ovary, persistent; corolla bi-labiate or otherwise irregular, lobes imbricated in the bud; stamens on the corolla tube, 1 or 8 of the 5 usually imperfect or minute ; ovary 2-celled; style 1; stigma 2-lobed; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. Analysis of the Genera. * Herbs with the leaves alternate or all radical....2 * Herbs with the leaves opposite or sometimes whorled.. * Trees with large cordate leaves and large blue panicles... 2 Flowers diandrous, having but 2-perfect stamens....u 2 Flowers didynamous, having 4 stamens, 2 of them longer....8 2 Flowers pentandrous, having the 5 stamens all perfect....b 8 Corolla bi-labiate, with the throat closed ach weed 8 Corolla bi-labiate, throat open, upper lip arched... 8 Corolla rather bell-shaped, with 5 nearly equal lobes. 4 Flowers with only 2 perfect stamens....g 4 Flowers with 4 perfect stamens, the sth scarcely appearing....5 4 Flowers with 4 perfect stamens and a Sth sterile distinct filament....n 5 Corolla 2-lipped, the limb quite irregular....6 5 Corolla limb nearly regular, with 4 or 5 plain, spreading lobes....0 6 Stamens included in the tube of corolla, generally in pairs....k 6 Stamens ascending beneath the arched upper lip....m 6 Stamens descending into the sack-shaped lower lip....h a Corolla trumpet-shaped, stamens arched downwards. Fragrant. t PavLow’nta. b Corolla wheel-shaped, stamens declinate. Scentless. Mullein.Versas’oum. 1 ce Corolla 4-lobed, minute, white. Plant small. Lvs. radical. 8. AmpHrIaN’rHUS. ce Corolla 4-lobed. Fis. spiked. Lvs. mostly radical. Scape 1f. N.-W. Synrui’nis. v Corolla deeply many-cleft, variously colored. Lvs. cleft. + Scnizan’THvs. d Corolla protracted into a spur behind. Racemes leafy. Zoad-jlax. Lina/ria. 2 d Cor. swollen intoa sack behind. Rae. leafy. + Snap-dragon. ANTIRRHI’NUM. e Bracts lobed, generally colored. Anth.-cells unequal. Painted-cup, CasTILLE’sa. e Bracts and leaves entire, green. Flowers purplish. Chaff-seed. Souwa.’/Bea. e Bracts and leaves serrate, green. Flowers yellow. Lousewort. PepicuLa/Ris, f Tall, erect, with large, nodding flowers. Gardens. Foxglove. Dierra’iis. f Low and minute. Corolla equally 5-cleft. In mud. Mudwort. Limosrn/ia. f Climbing, slender, Corolla large, gibbous at base. + Mexico. Mauran’p1a, f Climbing, slender, Corolla large, equal at base. + Mexico. Lopnosprr’mum. g Corolla labiate, Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filaments minute or 0. Grati’oLa. 8 g Corolla labiate. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filam. forked. Mud-flower. Inysan’ruvs, g Corolla labiate. Calyx 4-parted, Flowers very small. Semé-flvwer. Humran’tn0s. g Corolla rotate, with 4 nearly equal lobes, lower smallest. Speedwell. Vunon/1oa. 4 a ORDER 86.—FIGWORTS. 249 h Handsome herbs, 1-2f. high, with flowers blue and white. ‘ Innocence. Couurn’sta. 5 - k Leaves serr, Sts. square. Palate of lower lip prominent. Monkey-fl. Mrm’vts. 6 k Leaves many-cleft into fine divisions. W. ; Conobea. Cono’/BEA, k Leaves entire. Corolla protracted into a spur behind. Toad-flax. Lina’ria. 2 k Leaves entire. Cor. not spurred. Small, obscure weeds. W. M.S. Henrres’r1s. m Fis. yellow, in a terminal, one-sided spike. Yellow-rattle, Rurnaw/Tuvs. m Fils. white, small, in a term. one-sided spike. Mts. Zye-bright. Evrnra’sta. m Fis. yellowish, ail, or in a leafy, equal spike. Cow-wheat, Mevam’pyrum. 4 Sterile filament shorter chan the rest, smooth. Snake-head, CuELo’NE. 7 a Sterile filament long, projecting, bearded, Beard-tongue. PENTSTE’/MON. a Sterile tilament a scale on the brown corolla. Figwort, ScROPHULA/RIA. © Corolla purple, in along, slender spike. ‘Leaves lance-ovate. Blue-hearts. Bucune’Ra. o Cor. purp. or rose-white, axillary. Lvs. narrow-lin., entire. Grrar’pia. 8 o Corolla yellow, and 5-lobed as well as the calyx....p : p Stamens scarcely longer than the tube of the corolla....q p Stamens long-projecting, with very large anthers. S. Macran’/THERA. q Stamens quite unequal in length. Sepals very short. Dasys’roma. 9 q Stamens about equal in length, anths. all perfect. Sep. long. W. SzyMeE’R1a. 1. VERBAS’CUM. Mullein. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, slightly irregular. Stamens 5, all perfect, filaments woolly, at least the three upper ones. Pod round- ish egg-shaped, 2-valved, many-seeded.—Mostly @ herbs. Flowers in spikes, or panicles, or racemes. Leaves alternate. June-August. 1 V. Thap’sus. Common M. Tall, woolly. Leaves decurrent. Flowers spiked, 2 filaments smooth. x 2 V. Blatta’ria. Moth M. Branched, smooth. Leaves serrate. Flowers rucemed. Filaments violet-woolly. 8 V. Lych/nitis. White M. |White-downy, branched. Leaves crenate. Flowers panicled. Filaments white-woolly. 9, LINA'RIA. Toaé-flax. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate with the throat closed by the prom- inent palate, upper lip reflexed, lower 3-cleft, tube inflated and spurred behind. Pod 2-celled, bursting below the top.—Herbs with the lower leaves generally opposite, the upper alternate. Flowers solitary, axillary, often forming leafy racemes. June—September. 1 L. vulga’ris, Butter and Eggs. Leaves lance-linear. Flowers large, yellow and orange, ina close raceme. Erect. 11* 950 THE FLORA. 2 L. Canaden’se, Canada 7. Leaves linear, obtuse. Flowers small, blue, loosely racemed. Stem erect. 8 L. Blat/ine. Pointed T. Leaves ovate-hastate. Flowers small, yellow, and pur- ple. Stem prostrate. 3. GRATI'OLA. Hedge-hyssop. Calyx nearly equally 5-parted. Oorolla upper lip entire or slightly 2-cleft, lower 8-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, mostly with 8 sterile filaments. Pod 2-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded.—Low herbs with opposite leaves. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, usually with 2 bracts near the calyx. June-August. § Flowers on peduncles. Plants weak, smooth, or viscid....a § Flowers sessile or nearly so. Plants rigid, bristly-hairy. S....8, 9 a Sterile filaments thread-like, tipped with a small head....b a Sterile filaments none, or very minute and pointed....5-7 b Leaves entire or nearly so. Plants smooth....1, 2 b Leaves toothed. Plants generally viscid-downy. Flowers white....8, 4 1 G, officina’lis, Oficinal H. Stem erect. Leaves clasping. Fls. whitish. 8S. 2G, au’rea, Golden H. Stem ascending, branched. Leaves sessile. Flowers yellow, showy. 8 G. visco’sa. Viscid H. Leaves ovate-lanccolate. Sepals and bracts lanceolate. S. 4 G,ramo’sa. Branching H. Lvs. linear-lance. Bracts minute. Sepals linear. 8. 5 G. spherocar’pa. Nound-fruited H. Peduncles not longer than calyx. Pod globular. W. [ealyx. 8. 6 G. Florida’na, Florida H. Peduneles long. Corolla four times longer than the 7 G, Virginia’na. Virginian H. Peduncles long. Cor. twice longer than calyx. 8 G, pilo’sa. Hairy H. Leaves ovate, toothed. Corolla scarce longer than calyx. S. 9 G. subula’ta. Awl-lv. H, Leaves narrow, entire. Cor. thrice longer than calyx. S. 4, VERONICA. Speedwell. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla with a wheel-shaped, spreading, 4-cleft bor- der, the lower segment smallest. Stamens 2, inserted into the tube, pro- jecting. Sterile filaments 0. Pod flattened, mostly obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few or many-seeded.—Mostly herbs, with opposite leaves. Flowers small, solitary, axillary, or racemed, blue, flesh-color, or white. March—September. § Erect, tall (13-4f.), Flowers in dense terminal spikes....1, 2 § Low, weak (3-12). Leaves opposite. Corolla tube very short....a a Racemes mostly opposite, from the axils of the leaves, sky-blue....3, 4 a Racemes mostly alternate, from the axils of the leaves, light-colored....5, 6 a Racemes terminal, or the flowers axillary and not racemed....b ORDER 86.—FIGWORTS. 251 b Floral leaves like the rest, not longer than the recurved peduncles... .7-9 b Floral leaves bract-like, longer than the erect flower-stalks....¢ ce Perennial. Flower-stalks equalling or exceeding the calyx....10, 11. ~ e Annual. Flower-stalks shorter than the calyx, or none....12, 18 1 V. Virginia’na. Culver’s Physic. Leaves whorled. Corolla tube longer than limb. 2 V. spica’ta. Spike-flowered S. Leaves op- posite. Corolla limb longer than tube. + 8 V. Anagal’lis, Water S. Leaves ses- sile, cordate-clasping, ovate-lance. 4 V. America’na. Brooklime. Leaves petiolate, oblong-ovate, base round- ish or cordate. . 5 V. scutella’ta. Marsh S. Leaves linear. Racemes very slender, few-flowered. . 6 V. officina’lis. Common S. Lvs. obovate- elliptical, finely serrate. Racemes dense. ay aS é i . Lli- 7 V. Buxbaum’ii, Buxbaum’s S. Lvs. cfs ec etna Sig hse Auge 5 . > Jolia), whole plant. Fig. 576, Plan of the roundish-ovate. Pod triangular-ob- ‘fower: v, is the 2-celled ovary; 6, the 2 cordate. Fields. TE. stamens; p, the 4 petals; sp, the 4 sepals. 8 V. agres’tis. Neckweed. Lvs. cordate- Fig, 577. Cross-section of the pod, show- ovate. Pod roundish, acutely notch- ing its 2 cells, &e. ed, Fields. E. 9 V. hederefo’lia. Ivy-leaved S. Leaves cordate, roundish, 3-5-lobed. Capsule * 4-seeded. M. Rare. [than long. ¢. 10 V. serpyllifo’lia. Thyme-leaved S. Flower-stalks longer than calyx. Pod broader 11 V. alpi’na. Alpine S. F).-stalks as long as the calyx. Pod obov. Hairy. White Mts. | 12 V. peregrina. Purslane S. Smoothish. Leaves petiolate, oblong, few- toothed, fléshy. . ¢. 18 V.arven/sis. Corn S. Hairy. Lower leaves ovate, crenate, petiolate; upper lanceolate, sessile, entire. Stem 2-6’ high. In fields. Common. 5. COLLIN’SIA. Innocence. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped, throat closed, upper lip bifid, lower lip ~ trifid, with the middle segment keel-like, holding the style and 4 stamens in a kind of sack. Capsule roundish.—Annual herbs. 1 C.verna. Karly Collinsia, or Innocence. Corolla 2 or 8 times longer than the calyx. Plant 8 to 18’ high, tender and delicate. Leaves lance-ovate, dentate, opposite. Flowers variegated with blue and white, singular and pretty. M. W. 252 THE FLORA. 2 C. parvifio’ra. Small-flowered I. Corolla scarcely longer, than the calyx, blue. Plant small. N.-W. 2 6. MIM’ULUS. Monkey-flower. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled and 5-toothed. Oo- rolla tubular, upper lip reflexed or erect, 2-lobed, lower lip spreading, with a prominent palate,{& 8-lobed. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded.— Herbs prostrate or erect, with square stems, opposite leaves, and axillary solitary flowers. July. * Species from California, cultivated in gardens....8, 4 * Species growing wild, in fields, road-sides, &c. Fis, blues. ..1, 2 1 M.rin’gens, Ringent M. Stem notatall winged. Fég. 578. Collinsia verna. Leaves sessile. Peduncles longer than the Fég-579. Section ofa flower, flower. ¢. full size. 2M. ala’tus. Wing-stem M. Stem slightly winged. Leaves petiolate. Pedun- cles shorter than the ealyx. 8 M.lu’tea. Yellow M.° Flowers yellow, often spotted. Leaves round-ovate. t 4 M. cardina’lis. Cardinal M. Fis. scarlet, large and brilliant. Leaves ovate. t 7. CHELO’/NE. Turtle-head. Calyx deeply 5-parted, or the sepals distinct. Corolla inflated, upper lip broad, concave, lower 8-lobed, bearded ia the throat. Stamens 4, woolly, with a 5th sterile filament shorter than the others. Seeds many, broadly wing-margined.— 9 Plants about 2f. erect, with opposite serrate leaves. Aug.—Sept. 1 ©. purpu’rea. Purple T. Leaves lanceolate, petiolate. Flowers purple. Probably a variety of the next. W. M. . 2 O.gla’bra. White T. Leaves lanceolate, sessile or nearly so. Flowers white or purplish. By brooks and wet places. 8 C, Lyo’ni. Lyon’s T. Lvs. ovate, petiolate, rarely cordate. Fls. purple or white. S. 8. GERAR'DIA.. Purple Gerardia. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, valvate in the bud. Corolla tubular, swelling above, with 5 unequal, spreading lobes, which are shorter than the tube. Stamens 4, quite unequal by pairs, included, hairy. Pod ovate, pointed, many-seeded.—® Erect and branching herbs, with opposite, slender leaves, and large, showy, purple or rose-colored flowers. July—Sept. ORDER 86.—FIGWORTS. 253 § Calyx segments longer than its tube. Two anthers very small. W. (Omitted.) § Calyx segments short, equal. Anthers all equal....a a Corolla bi-labiate, upper lip very short, erect. S. (Omitted. M a Corolla lobes subequal, all spreading ; ‘throat usually hairy.. “b Leaves almost none; opposite scales instead. 8. eo ) b Leaves all alternate, filiform. S. (Omitted.) b Leaves opposite....c = Peduncles not longer than the calyx. Leaves linear....1, 2 ¢ Peduncles much longer than the calyx. Leaves linear, long....d d Flowers large, about 9’ long....8, 4 d Flowers small, about 6’ long....5, 6 1G. mariti’ma. Sea-side G. Leaves linear, fleshy. Fis. small, their stalks scarce as long as the truncate calyx. Cor. upper lobes fringed. Salt marshes. E. 2G. purpu’rea. Purple G. Leaves linear. Peduncles shorter than the calyx, which is a truncate tube with setaceously acute teeth. Flowers 1’ long. Common. 8 G. as’pera. Rough-lv. G. Pedune. twice longer than calyx, which has teeth. W. 4 G. Mnifo’lia. Flax G. Peduncles many times longer than the toothless calyx. S. 5 G. tenuifo’lia. Slender G. ‘Leaves linear, 1’long. Peduncle 1’, longer than the corolla, which is purple, with spots inside. Slendey, branched, 6-12’ high. c. 6 G. seta’cea. Rristle-lv. G. Leaves linear-setaceous, the floral ones much shorter than the very long peduncles. Plant 12-18’ high. Flowers rose-color. W. 9. DASYS’TOMA. Woolmouth. The characters are the same as in Gzrarpra, except that the calyx is 5-cleft, and imbricated in the early bud; the corolla yellow, with tube longer than the lobes, and woolly inside; the leaves rather large, and mostly pinnatifid, and the root 2f. Flowers very showy. Plants 2—4f. high. July—Sept. (Figs. 565-568.) § Sepals finely toothed. Leaves all pinnatifid, with toothed lobes....4, 5 § Sepals entire. Leaves entire or mostly once pinnatifid-toothed....1 1 Glabrous. Leaves acute at apex, lanceolate in outline....2, 3 1D. flava. Downy W. Downy. Leaves obtuse, entire, except the lower. Sepals obtuse. Common in woods. 2 D. quercifo’lia. Oak-leaved W. Glaucous. Leaves mostly pinnatifid. Corolla 2” in length. Calyx segments lance-acuminate, longer than its tube. 8 D. integrifo/liat Entire-leaved W. Green. Leaves lanceolate, entire. Stalks shorter than calyx. Flowers 1’/long. In woods. Ohio, W. 4D. pedicula’ria. Lousewort W. Smoothish or downy, branched. Flower- stalks longer than calyx. Leaves Jance-ovate, twice pinnatifid. 5 D. pectina’ta. Combed W. Very hairy. Leaves lanceolate, pectinate-pinnat- ifid. Stalks shorter than calyx. 254 THE FLORA. Orpen LXXXIX. LABIATH. Labiate Plants. Herbs with square stems, and opposite, aromatic leaves ; flowers axillary, in verticils, sometimes as if in spikes or heads; corolla labiate (rarely regular), the upper lip 2-cleft or entire, overlapping _ in the bud the lower 8-cleft lip; stamens 4, didynamous, or 2; ovary deeply 4-lobed, forming in fruéé 4 hard nuts or achenia. Fig. 580. Monarda didyma, 1. An anther enlarged. 2. Flower of Hemp Nettle (Galeop- sis). 8. One of its stamens much enlarged. 4. The calyx opened, showing the 4 achenia, 5. Flower of Sage (Salvia). 6. Flower of Ocimum basilicum. 7. Flower of Nepeta Glechoma, 8. A pair of the anthers forming a cross. 9. Flower of Physostegia Virginica seen from beneath. Fig. 590, One of its stamens. 1. Its ovaries with the rudimentary filament. 2. Flower of Teu- cerium Canadense. 8. Flower of Catnep (Nepeta Cataria). 4. One of its anthers. 5. Dittany (Cunila Mariana). 6. A calyx and style. ORDER 89.—LABIATE PLANTS. 255 Analysis of the Genera. § Flowers with only 2 perfect stamens... .7 § Flowers with the 4 perfect stamens all declining to the lower lip....a § Flowers with the 4 perfect stamens erect or ascending to the upper lip....2 2 Stamens of equal length. Corolla almost regular, 4 or 5-lobed....¢ 2 Sta., the upper pair longer than the lower (outer). Calyx 18-15-veined....k 2 Stamens, the lower pair longer than the upper (interior) pair....8 8 Stamens diverging apart, mostly straight and exserted....6 8 Stamens parallel, ascending and long-exserted from the upper side... .b 8 Stamens parallel, ascending in pairs beneath the upper lip....4 4 Calyx 18-veined, 5-toothed, and somewhat 2-lipped....g 4 Calyx 5-10-veined or irregularly netted....5 5 Calyx strongly 2-lipped, upper lip truncate, closed in fruit....m 5 Calyx not labiate, 3 or 4-lobed, open in fruit... .u 5 Calyx subequally 5-toothed, teeth not spinescent....0 5 Calyx subequally 5-toothed, teeth ending in sharp spines....q . 5 Calyx unequally 8-10-toothed....s 6 Calyx hairy in the throat, mostly labiate....f 6 Calyx naked in the throat, mostly equal, 5-toothed....e ' Stamens ascending beneath the galea (upper, lip). Amnthers 1-celled....h 7 Stamens exserted, distant. Anthers 2-celled....d . a Corolla upper lip 4-lobed, lower entire, flattish. + Sweet Basil. O’cymum. a Corolla upper lip 4-lobed, lower saccate, deflexed. 8. Hyptis. Hyptis, a Corolla upper lip 2-lobed, lower 8-lobed, long, lilac. + Lavender. Lavan’puna. b Stamens exserted through a fissure in the tube. Blue Curls. Tricnos’TEMa. b Stamens very long, involute, arching the corolla. Germander. Trv’orrum. c Corolla limb equally 5-lobed. Stamens short. Blue-false-Gentian. Isan’ruus. ce Corolla limb 4-lobed, the broadest lobe notched. Peppermint, &c. Mentua. 1 d Cor. nearly reg., 4-cleft. Calyxnakedinthroat. Water Hoarhound. Lyc’orus. 2 d Corolla labiate, cyanic, throat naked. Stam. straight. Diétiany. Cunt’za. 8 d Cor. labiate, cyanic, throat naked. Stam. ascend. Peanyroyal. Hepx’oma. d Corolla labiate, yellow, throathairy. Stamens long-exserted. Horse-balm. CoLuinso’nta, e Fis. yel. Coarse herbs not fragrant, with large lvs. e Fis. bright blue. Handsome herbs. Calyx 15-veined. + Hyssop. Hys’sorus, e Fis. pale blue, in dense hds. Calyx 10 or 18-striate. Weld Basil. Pronan’tuemum. e Fs. pink-colored, axillary. Lvs, linear, small. + Swammer Savory. Savure’sa. f Corolla exserted, pink-color, racemed. Leaves linear, smooth. Stem If. 8. D1cERAN’DRA. f Corolla short as calyx, pale-purple. Bracts roundish, colored. : Marjoram, Orie’ anum, f Corolla short as calyx, blue-purp. Bracts minute, green.’ Thyme. Taymos. 256 THE FLORA. g Cor. tube straight. Lvs. small, subcrenate or entire. Calaminth. CaLamin’THA. 4 g Corolla tube curved upwards. Leaves large, coarse-crenate. Balm. MELIS’sa. h Anthers halved, the halves widely separated, each 1-celled. . Sage. Sau/via. 5 h Anthers halved, one half present, 1-celled. Filaments toothed. Shrub. +¢ . Rosemary. Rosmari’nus. h Anthers whole, 2-celled. Calyx subsequally 5-toothed. Mountain Mint. Monar’pa. 6 h Anthers whole, 2-celled. Calyx labiate, teeth bristle-shaped. Brepnri’ra. k Leaves serrate. Stamens diverging. Fls. spiked. Zulli Hyssop. Lopuan’ruvs. k Lvs. serrate. Stam. all ascend@ Fils. capitate. Dragonhead. DracocrPH’aLuM. k Lvs. crenate, cordate or reniform., Corolla smooth inside. Catmint. Nep’zta. 7 k Leaves crenate, cordate. Corolla tube very broad, hairy inside. CepRroneL’La. m Calyx lips toothed. Filam. forked. Fils. spiked. Self-heal. Brunxt’a. 8 m Calyx lips entire, the upper appendaged on back. . Skullcap. SourEia’R1iA. 9 n Calyx 8-lobed. Anthers all distinct. Corolla large, purplish. S. Macsri’pEa. n Calyx 4-lobed. Anthers, upper pair, connate. White. W. Synan’pra.10 o Cor. tube inflated in the midst, whitish. Tall. Zion’s-heart. Puysoste’e1a.11 o Cor. tube inflated at the throat, purple. Lvs. roundish. Aenbit, Lami’um. © Corolla inflated in the broad concave upper lip. Jerusalem Sage. Pxtomis, © Corolla not inflated, short....p p Calyx salver-form, 10-veined. Black Hoarhound., Batuo’ta. p Calyx broad-campanulate, netted. Molucea Balm. Motxvccer’ta. q Lvs. serrate. Anth. open crosswise. Nuts truncate. Hemp Nettle, Gauxor’sis. a Leaves serrate. Anth. open lengthwise. Nuts obtuse. Hedge Nettle. Stacuys. qa Leaves lobed. Nuts truncate at top, 3-angled. Motherwort. Leonv’rus, s Cor. white, upper lip flattish. Style equally bifid. Aoarhound. Marrv’srum. s Corolla white, upper lip concave. Style unequally bifid. 8. Levoas. s Corolla scarlet, exserted. Calyx upper tooth longest. Zion’s-ears. Lrono’r1s, 1. MEN’THA. Mint. Calyx equally 5-toothed. Corolla nearly regular, tube included in the calyx, border 6-cleft, the upper lobe mostly notched. Stamens 4, equal, straight, erect, distant.— Aromatic herbs, with the pale purple or white flowers in close axillary clusters, or forming spikes. * Whorls of flowers remote, axillary, not in spikes. Leaves petiolate....1, 2 * Whorls of flowers approximate, forming terminal spikes....3, 4 1 M. Canaden’sis, Wild Mint. Plant grayish, fragrant. Lvs. acute at each end. 2M. arven’sis. Field M. Plant green, ill-scented. Lvs, frequently obtuse at base. 3 M. piperi/ta. Peppermint. Leaves petiolate, ovate, serrate, smooth. Spikes few, thick, short. Stems 2-3f. high. 4 M. vir‘idis. Spearmint. Leaves sessile, lance-oblong, acute, serrate. Spikes many, slender, long. Stems 1-2f. high. ORDER 89.—LABIATE PLANTS. 257 2, LYO’'OPUS. Water Hoarhound. Oalyx tubular, 4-5-cleft. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft, tube as long as the calyx, stamens 2, distant, diverging the length of the straight style. —2 Low herbs, with deeply toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and remote axillary whorls of small, whitish flowers. July, Aug. L, Virgin’icus. Stem obtuse-angled. Leaves sharp-toothed. Calyx 4-cleft, blunt. L. Burope’us. Stem sharp-angled. Leaves sinuate-toothed. Calyx 5-cleft, spiny. 8. CUNI'LA. Dittany. (Figs. 595, 596.) 0. Maria’na, Maryland D. Stem branched, 1-2f. high. Leaves ovate, serrate, nearly sessile. Cymes axillary and terminal, corymbous, stalked. Corolla nearly twice as long as the calyx, pale-red. In rocky woods. N. Y. to Ga. Summer. 4, CALAMIN’THA. Calaminth. Calyx 13-veined, tubular, throat mostly hairy, upper lip 3-cleft, lower 2-cleft. Corolla tube straight, exserted, throat enlarged, upper lip erect, subcutive, lower lip spreading, its middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, lower pair longer.—2 1 C. Clinopo’dium, Wild Basil. Herb hairy, 1-2f. high. Leaves ovate, subserrate. Flowers many, in dense, axillary whorls, with subulate bracts. Calyx bent. 2 0, Nep’eta. False Catmint. Herb hairy, 2f., much branched below. Lvs. broad- ovate, petiolate. Whorls few-flowered above. Calyx straight. Hills. Va. 8 O,glabel’la, False Pennyroyal. Herb smooth, halt’ erect, 6-12’, branched. Lvs. oblong, those of the runners ovate. Cor. pale-violet. Fragrant. June. M. 4 G.canes’cens, Hoary 0. Shrub10’high. Lvs. linear. Fls. opposite, roseate, 8. 5 C.coccin’ea, Scarlet-C. Shrub with narrow obovate leaves, large scarlet fis. 8. 6 O, Carolinia’na. Carolina C. Shrub if. Leaves ovate, serrate-crenate. Flowers rose-purple. 8. 5, SAL'VIA. Sage. Calyx striate, labiate, throat not hairy. Corolla ringent, upper lip straight or falcate, lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 2. The connectile is placed transversely on the filament like the letter T, bearing at each end 1 lobe of the halyed anther. (See Figs. 585, 176.) § Herbs native, in woods, &c....a § Herbs or shrubs in gardens, with blue flowers....7, 8 # § Shrubs from Mexioo, cultivated, with large scarlet flowers....9, 10 258 THE FLORA. 4 a Calyx slightly 2-lipped, obscurely 3-toothed, equal. South....1-3 a Calyx deeply 2-lipped, 5-toothed, lower lip longer... .4-6 1 S.azu’rea. Azure S. Leaves linear-oblong. Fils. downy, azure-blue. Swmmer. 2S. urticifo/lia. Wettle-lv. S. Lvs. rhombic-ovate. Corolla smooth, blue. May. 8 S.coccin’ea. Scarlet S. Lvs. ovate, cordate, hoary. Corolla red, smooth. July. 4.8, Clayto’ni, Clayton's S. Lvs. lanceolate, pinnatifid, cauline. Fis. small. 8. 5 S. obova’ta. ' Obovate 8. Lvs. broadly obovate, entire. Flowers blue. 8. 6 S.lyra’ta. Lyrate 8. Leaves all radical, oblong, lyrate, erose-dentate, 1 or 2 on the seape, bract-like. Fls. 1/ long, violet-purple. M.S. Spring. 7 S.Scla‘rea. Clarry S.- Lvs. ample, broad-ovate. Corolla upper lip large, high- arched. + (Fig. 585.) : 8 S. officina’lis. Common S. Luvs. not large, lance-oblong, rugous. Corolla upper lip scarce longer than the lower, some vaulted. Shrubby. 9 S.ful’gens. Stem weak. Lvs. lance-ovate, long-stalked. Calyx scarcely colored. 10 S.splen’dens. Stem erect. Leaves broad-ovate, stalked. Calyx scarlet also. 6. MONAR'DA. Mountain-mint. Calyx tubular, lengthened, 15-ribbed, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, long, the lips linear or oblong, lower reflexed, 3-lobed, upper erect, entire, involving the filaments, Stamens 2, with rudiments of more. —Erect, fragrant herbs, with rather large flowers in bracted whorls or heads, the bracts generally tinged with the color of the flowers. July- Sept. (Figs. 580, 581.) § Calyx densely hairy in the throat. Corolla purple or whitish....1, 2 § Calyx naked in the throat. Corolla scarlet or yellow....8, 4 1M. fistulo’sa. Wild Bergamot. Stem acutely angular, 2-4f. Leaves lance- ovate, petiolate. Heads of flowers large, dense, terminal. 0. p.w. M. W. 2M. Bradburia’na. Bradbury's M. Stem simple, 8f. Leaves lance-oblong, subsessile, hairy both sides. Heads few, large, purple. W. 8 M. puncta’ta. Horsemint. Stem branched, 2-3f. high. Leaves lance-oblong, tapering to a petiole. Bracts longer than the pale yellow flowers. M. W.S. 4M. did’yma. Mountain Balm. Stem branched, 2-3f. Leaves broad-ovate, acu- minate. Heads large, with long crimson flowers and bracts. + 7. NEPETA. Catmint. Calyx striate, obliquely 5-toothed. - Upper lip of the corolla notched or 2-cleft, lower 3-lobed, middle lobe largest, throat naked and widened. Stamens ascending beneath the upper lip.—2f Lvs. crenate. (Figs. 587, 588.) 1 N. Cata’ria. Catnep. Tall. Cymes dense, terminal spikes. Leaves cordate. 2.N.Glecho’ma. (Gill, Trailing. Cymes loose, axillary. Leaves round-reniform, ( ORDER 89.—LARIATE PLANTS. 259 * 8. BRUNEL'LA. Blue-curls, B. vulga’ris, Common B. Stem simple, ascending 8-18’. Leaves oblong-ovate, stalked, toothed. Whorls close together, forming an oblong, dense spike. Corolla blue, upper lip truncate, with 3 awns. 9, SCUTELLA’RIA. Skullcap. Calyx campanulate, lips entire, with an appendage on the back and closed after flowering. Corolla with a long, ascending tube, the upper lip vaulted, nearly entire, middle lobe of the lower lip wide, spreading. Sta- mens approximate in pairs, ascending beneath upper lip.—Bitter herbs, not aromatic. Flowers generally blue. May—August. § Flowers large (7-18’” long), racemed above, with bracts....a § Flowers large or small, opposite, solitary in the axils of the leaves....8-10 § Flowers small (3’’ long), in slender, axillary, 1-sided racemes....11 a Bracts ovate, abrupt at base. Lips of the corolla short....1, 2 a Bracts lance-oblong, acute at base. Leaves notched, petiolate....b a Bracts leaf-like, longer than the calyx? ‘Leaves entire, subsessile....7 b Helmet (upper lip) of the corolla longer than the lower....3, 4 b Helmet of the corolla not longer than the lip....5, 6 1S. versicolor. Varieguted S. Floral leaves sessile, broad-ovate, not cordate. Corolla lower lip scarcely longer than the upper, blue above. M. W. 2S. saxati’lis. Rock S. Weak, branched, ascending. Upper leaves oval, obtuse. Corolla lower lip twice longer than the upper, blue above, tube pale. Rocks, W.S. 8S. canes’cens. Hoary S. Tall, downy. Leaves petiolate, oblong or ovate. Flowers canescent, tube gradually enlarged. M. W. o. 4S. villo’sa. Woolly 8. Stem woolly. Corolla tube slender, enlarged only at : the throat. Helmet much larger than thelip. 58. 5 S.serra’ta, Saw-If. 8. Nearly smooth. Leaves acuminate, both ends. W.S. 6S. pilo’sa. Hairy S, Plant hairy. Leaves rhomb.-ovate, obtuse. M.S. ; YS. integrifo’lia. Entire-leaved S. Erect. Leaves ovate-lance., entire, sub- sessile, M. \ 8 S.nervo’sa, Werve-lf. S. Lvs, broad-ovate, 8-5-veined. Stem 8-15’, M. W 3 S.par’vula. Pigmy S. Lvs. oblong, ovate, obtuse, entire, sessile. Stem 3-6’. M. W. 10 S. galericula’ta. Common S, Leaves lance-cordate, crenate-serrate. Flowers 1’ long. ¢ 11s. laterifio’ra, Mad-dog S. Branching, smoothish. Lys. ovate-lanceo late, acuminate, serrate, petiolate. Racemes lateral, leafy. ¢. 260 THE FLORA. 10. SYNAN’DRA. Synandrag Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lips of corolla entire, vaulted, the lower in 8 unequal, obtuse lobes. Throat widened. Stamens ascending beneath the upper lip, the two up- per anthers cohering. (Figs. 597, 90.) 1 S. grandiflo’ra, Great-flowered S. Grows in woods, West. 6-8’ high. Leaves opposite, ovate, cordate, toothed. Fis. few, 1’ long, upper lip very large. June, 11. PHYSOSTE’GIA. Lion’s-heart. P, Virginia’nii. Virginian ZL. Stem square, erect 2-8f., with very smooth, sessile leaves in four rows, and a terminal, 4rowed spike of large, showy, purplish-white flowers. Aug., Sept. (Figs. 589-591.) Orver XC. BORRAGINACEZ. Borrageworts. U WZ Fig. 598. Borrage (Borrago officinalis). 9. The four nuts with the style end calyx. 'g. 600. One of the nuts cut open, showing the seed, embryo, &c. 1. Pnecoon (Lithospermum canes- cena), 2. Corolla laid open, showing the stamens. 8. Pistil of Comfrey, consisting of the deeply 4-lobed ovary with the slender style arising from between the lobes and near their base. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with round stems and branches ; leaves alternate, generally rough with stiff hairs; stipules none ; ORDER 90.—BORRAGEWORTS. 261 Jlowers seldom yellow, generally in a coiled (circinate) inflorescence - sepals 5; petals 6, united below, almost always regular ; stamens 5; ovary deeply 4-lobed, forming in fruit 4 separate, 1-seeded nuts or nutlets, generally without albumen. Analysis of the Genera, § Ovary not 4-lobed, but separating when ripe into several achenia....a § Ovary 4-lobed or parted, becoming 4 achenia around the style....2 2 Corolla irregular, with unequal lobes or a bent tube....b 2 Corolla perfectly regular... .3 8 Achenia or ovary prickly. Corolla throat closed with 5 scales... .f 8 Achenia and ovary not prickly....4 4 Corolla throat closed by 5 scales....¢ 4 Corolla throat open, no scales, sometimes 5 ridges....d a Corolla tube with open throat. Achenia4. Heliotrope. Turnsol. Hetiorro’Prum. 1 a Corolla tube with constricted throat. Achenia 2. False Helio, HetiornoPH’rTun. b Corolla irregularly 5-lobed. Throat open. Blue. Viper's Bugloss. Eou’1um, b Corolla with the slender tube bent, closed. Blue. Bugloss. Lyoor’sis. ¢ Corolla wheel-form, anthers exserted. Blue. Borrage. Borra’ao. ¢ Corolla tubular bell-form. Style exserted. White. Comfrey. SYM’ PHYTUM. a Cor. tubular, with erect, acute lobes. White. False Gromwell. ONosmo’p10UM. a Corolla Jobes rounded, spreading,....¢ e and imbricated in the bud. White or yellow. Gromwell. LiraosPer’MuM. 2 e and imbricated in the bud. Purple or blue, large. Merrtew’sta. 8 e and convolute in the bud. Blue or white, small. Myroso’t1s. 4 f Corolla salver-form. Ach. prickly on the edge, Burr-seed. Ecuinosper/MuM. f Corolla funnel-form. Achenia prickly all over. Hound’s-tongue. Cynoeios’sumM. 5 1. HELIOTRO’PIUM. Turnsol. Heliotrope. Corolla salver-form, lobes shorter than the tube. Anthers sessile. Style short, terminal. Ovary entire, splitting at length into 4 achenia.—Herbs or shrubs. Flowers in one-sided, coiled spikes. 1 H. Europe’um. Wild H. Herb downy. Leaves oval, obtuse. Spikes single or forked. White. 8S. [obtuse. Blue. W. 2 H.curassav’icum. Glaucous H. Herb smooth, glaucous. Luvs. linear-lanceolate, 8 H. Peruvia‘num. Common H. Shrubby, whitish-downy. Spikes many, clus- aR tered. wp. t+ , 2. LITHOSPER’MUM. Gromwell or Grammell. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, the limb 5-lobed, throat open, naked or with 5 projections. Stamens included. Achenia 262 THE FLORA. bony, ovate, smooth or wrinkled, fixed by a flat base —Herbs generally with thick, reddish roots. Flowers spiked or racemed, with leafy bracts. May-July. § Flowers white, small....a § Flowers yellow, showy. Achenia smooth, polished....5-7 a Achenia roughened with wrinkles....1 * a Achenia smooth and polished... .2-4 1 L.arven’se. Wheat-thief. Root ©, red. Leaves lance-linear. Plant 12-18’ high, hairy. c. [tube. N. M. 2 L, officina’le. Gromwell. Root u. Lys. lanceolate. Calyx equal to corolla 8 L. latifo’/lium. Broad-leaved G. Root 2. Leaves lance-ovate, sharply acumi- nate. Sepals longer than the corolla, spreading in fruit. Stem 1-2f. 4 L, angustifo/lium. Varrow-lv. G. 2 Lvs. linear, stiff, edges some revolute, M.W. 5 L. canes’cens. Puccoon. Soft-velvety, canescent. Lvs. oblong-linear. Tube of the corolla thrice as long as the very short calyx. Plant 8-12/ erect. W. &c. 6 L.hirtum. Hairy P. Rough-hairy. Lvs. lance-linear. Cor. long as calyx. W.S. 7 L. longifio’rum, Long-flowered P. Rough-ashy. Luvs. lance-linear. Corolla tube four times as long as the calyx, lobes crenulate, wavy. W.S. : 8. MERTEN'SIA. Lungwort. A short, 5-cleft calyx; a tubular corolla, slender below, suddenly en- larged above, limb 5-cleft; the 5 stamens inserted at top of the tube, and with smooth achenia.— 2 Plants usually smooth, with terminal racemes. _1 M. Virgin’ica. Virginian LZ. Very smooth,-12-18’ high. Root lvs. large, stalked ; stem lvs. sessile. Fls. somewhat trumpet-shaped, blue-lilac, very fine. May. W. 2 M. marit/ima. Sea ZL. Smooth, diffuse. Leaves ovute, fleshy. Corolla limb longer than the tube,-which shows 5 folds in throat, blue-purple. E. 8 M. panicula’ta. Panicled Z. Rough. Leaves cordate, acuminate, veiny. Calyx hispid, thrice shorter than the tube, bell-form, blue-white corolla. N.-W. 4. MYOSO’'TIS. Forget-me-not. Scorpion-grass. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form, the 5 lobes slightly notched at the end, throat closed with 5 short, concave scales. Nuts smooth, ovate, with a small cavity at base.—Little herbs slightly wool- ly. Racemes finally becoming long. May—Aug. 1 M. patus‘tris. True / Flowers in one-sided racemes. Plant smoothish, 6-12’ high. Leaves linear-oblong, Fig, 604, Forget-me-not,— obtuse. Flowers blue with a yellow centre. a pair of scorpoid cymes, a ORDER 91—THE HYDROPHYLLS. 263 2,M. arven’sis, Field F. Fis. in 2-sided, leafless racemes. Plant hairy. Pedicels twice as long as the open, equal calyx. Lvs. oblong-lance., acute. Rare. 2. 3 M. stric’ta. ough F, Flowers in 2-sided racemes, which are leafy at their base. Pedicels as long as the closed, 2-lipped calyx. Leaves oblong, w. 5. CYNOGLOS'SUM. Hound's-tongue. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, funnel-form, the throat closed with 5 obtuse scales, lobes rounded. Nuts depressed, covered with short, hooked prickles, fixed laterally to the base of the style—Coarse herbs, strong- scented, with the flowers in leafless, panicled racemes, June, July, C, officina’le. Common H. Velvety. Stem leafy (1-2f.). Flowers reddish purple. C. virgin’icum. Stalked H. Hairy. Stem leafless above (2f.). Flowers pale blue. ©. Morriso’ni. Morrison's H. Hairy, leafy (2-8f.), wide-spread. Flowers whitish. Orvrr XCI. HYDROPHYLLACE#. The Hydrophylls. Mostly herbs with alternate lobed leaves, and regular bluish flowers ; calyx 5-cleft, usually with appendages at the clefts, persistent; corolla 5-lobed, often with 10 honey scales or furrows near the base-; stamens 5, inserted into the corolla, with a single bifid style ; ovary simple, free; 1-celled, with 2 usually projecting several-seeded placenta. “Analysis of the Genera. 1 Corolla with 10 honey scales inside, extending lengthwise....2 1 Corolla destitute of honey scales. Stamens equalling corolla. Cosman’rHus. 2 2 Fis, in coiled cymes, without bracts. Placente large, fleshy. HypropHyi’/Lum. 1 2 Flawers in one-sided racemes, bractless. Placentee linear. PHACE/LIA. 2 Flowers (mostly) solitary. Calyx very large. Leaves pinnatifid. Eiis’1A. 1. HYDROPHYL'LUM. Water-leaf. Sepals slightly united at base. Corolla campanulate, with 10 linear honey scales running lengthwise, folded inward so as to form 5 grooves, Stamens exserted. Pod globular, 2-celled, 14-seeded, with large, fleshy placentes.—Handsome herbs, with the root leaves on long petioles, and the flowers in clustered cymes, bluish or white. § Calyx not appendaged. Stamens much exserted....1-8 § H. appendicula’tum. Appendaged W. Calyx appendaged at the clefts. Stamens not exserted. W.S, 264 THE FLORA. 1 H. macrophyl/lum. Great-leaved W. Lvs. pinnately-veined and lobed, rough- hairy. Peduncles long. W.S8. 2 H.Virgin‘icum. Virginia W. Leaves pinnately-veined and lobed, smooth. Peduncles long. c¢. 8 H.Canaden’se. Canada W. Leaves palmately-veined and lobed, smooth, Peduncles shorter than petals, 7. Fig. 605. A flower of Virginian Water-leaf. ig. 606. The Ovary and Style. fig. 607. Corolla eut open, showing the honey grooves. Fig. 608. A seed, cut, showing the embryo. 2. COSMAN’THUS. Miami Mist. Corolla broad-campanulate, soon falling off, throat not appendaged, limb of 5-fringed lobes. Ovary 1-celled, the two projecting placents each 2-seeded.—@ Delicate herbs with alternate leaves, long, bractless racemes, and small, white or pale-blue flowers. 1 C. Pur’shii. Pursh’s M. Nearly smooth. Leaves pectinately pinnatifid, lobes oblong-acute. Sepals Jance-linear. Height 8-12’. Penn., 8, and W. Pale blue. 2 O, fimbria’tus. Fringed C. Downy. . Leaves pinnate, segments rounded or ob- long, obtuse. Sepals obtuse, oblong-spatulate. Mts. Tenn. 8. Orver XCII. POLEMONIACEA. Phloxworts. Herbs with alternate or opposite deaves, and regular, showy, 5-parted flowers ; calyx free from the ovary ; corolla of 5 united petals, twisted and -imbricate in the bud; stamens 5, inserted into the midst of the corolla tube and alternate with its lobes ; ovary 8-celled ; styles united into 1; stigma 3-cleft ; capsule 8-celled, 8-valved, with few or many albuminous seeds, ORDER 92.—PHLOXWORTS. * 265 Analysis of the Genera. Corolla salver-form. Filaments unequal. Leaves simple. Phiow, Purox. 1° Corolla funnel-form. Filaments equal. Leaves dissected. Gilia, Gr’Lt1a. Corolla bell-form. Filaments equal. Leaves pinnate. Polemony. Potnmo’nium. 2 1. PHLOX. Lychnidea. Calyx angular, deeply 5-cleft, corolla salver-form, the tube more or less curved. Stamens quite unequal, inserted in the tube of the corolla above the middle. Capsule 8-celled, cells 1-seeded. — Very beautiful North American herbs. Leaves generally cpposite, sessile, simple, entire. Flowers varying from pur- ple to white. a>. 1. ALISMA. Water Plantain. Flowers perfect. Stamens 6. Ova- ries and styles numerous, collected into a whorl, becoming in fruit many dis- tinct, flattened achenia.—2 Stemless herbs, the leaves all radical, Flowers in a panicle. See > Fig. 643. Sagittaria sagittifolia (com- Pe ae eee mon form), leaf and flowers. 4, One P g on, smooth, handsome —o¢ the pistils enlarged. 5. The pistil of inhabitant of ponds and ditches. Leaves Alisma eut open, showing the seed and oval or ovate, abruptly acuminate, 7-9- curved embryo. ORDER 138.—THE ORCHIDS. 285 veined, entire, on long petioles. Scape 1-2f. high, branching in whorls, bearing nu~ merous purplish-white flowers, in July. - a 3 2. SAGITTA’RIA. Arrow-head. Flowers moneecious, rarely dicecious, the 6 with about 24 stamens, the 2 with numerous ovaries crowded in a head, and becoming in fruit as many compressed, margined achenia.—2 Stemless plants, leaves radical, generally arrow-shaped. Flowers in whorls of 3’s, the sterile ones above the fertile. 8. variaB/ilis. A curious plant, conspicuous with its large white flowers among the rushes and sedges of sluggish waters. The petals are wholly white, and the scape simple, with the stalks 1-flowered. The leaves are generally arrow- shaped (as seen in the figure), but exceedingly variable, sometimes lanceolate, and sometimes even consisting of a petiole only. Aboutilf. high. July. Orpen CKXXVIII. ORCHIDACEH, The Orchids. Herbs perennial, with thick, fleshy roots; entire, parallel-veined leaves ; flowers very irregular, but the perianth consisting always of 6 parts, viz., of 3 sepals and 8 petals, all usually colored, the lower petal called the lip differing in form from the others, and frequently spurred at base ; stamens 8, but only 1 or rarely 2 of them perfect, united with the style and forming what is called the column; anthers 2, 4 or 8-celled; pollen powdery, or waxy, or granulated ; ovary 1-celled, many-seeded. Analysis of the Genera. * Stems green, furnished with one or more leaves....2 * Stems green, furnished with sheaths instead of leaves.... * Stems brownish, furnished with sheaths and 1io leaves, or a late one....¢ 2 Corolla lip very large, inflated and sack-like....a 2 Corolla lip of various forms, but neither very large nor sack-like....8 8 Corolla produced into a spur behind....b 8 Corolla destitute of a spur....4 4 Flowers small, many, in a loose raceme, beardless....e 4 Flowers small, many, in a close, twisted spike, beardless....f 4 Flowers showy, purple or yellow, few or 1 only....g a Root fibrous. Lip obtuse, spurless. Anthers2. Lady’s-slipper. Cypripr’pIuM. 1 a Rootacorm. Lip 8-lobed, 2-spurred. Anther 1. Calypso, Catyp’s0, 286° THE FLORA. Ra Ne Fig. 646. Lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium acaule), whole plant, with its 2 leaves, scape, and curious flower. 7. Plan of the flower; 8, sepals (outer circle), the 2 lower united; p, the petals; 1,lip (lower petal); ¢, the anthers, upper one sterile; 0, the 3-celled ovary. 8. The column seen from beneath, with the pistil, two stamens, and the leaf-like sterile one. 9. Flower and bract of Orchis spectabilis. ‘Fig. 650. Its 2 pollen masses exhibited (enlarged). 1, Arethusa bulbosa; f, the flower. 2”Its column enlarged, with its lid-like anther opening, showing its pollen-masses beneath. b Fis. in the axils of bracts. Pollen masses 2. Lvs. 1-0. Orchis. ORcunis. b Flowers bractless. Pollen masses 4. Leaflonly. TZipula. Treuta’Ria. = Rootcoraline. Spur growing to the ovary. Lvs. none. Coral-root. CoRALLORHI’zA. < Root2 corms. Spurnone. Leaf 1, late, radical. Putty-root. APLECTRUM. a Flowers 1 only, rose-purple. Lip bearded. Arethusa. ARETHU’SA. d Fis. racemed, dark-purple, beardless. (Lvs. 0 orfew.) Bletia. BLetia. e Leaf1. Lip sagittate. Column minute. Micros’tylis. Micros’TY 11s. e Leaves 2, radical. Lip flat, ascending. Column winged. Liparis. Lip’arIs. e Leaves 2, cauline. Lip pendulous, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Tway-blade. ListERA 2 3 4 OrpER 138.—THE ORCHIDS. 287 f Leaves all green. Lip obtuse, erect. Ladies’ Tresses. SPrRaN’TuES, 5 f Leaves netted with white. Lip pointed, reflexed, Rattlesnake Plantain, Goopyn’ra, f Lvs. all green. Lip 3-lobed, recurved. South. Cranichis, CRAN’IcHIS. g Lip on the upper side of the fl., bearded. Leaflinear. Grass Pink. Canopo’aon. 6 g Lip on the lower side (ovary twisted as in the other genera)....h bh Column free from the lip. Flowers purplish. Beard Pink, Poao’nta. 7 h Column growing tothelip. Yellow. Ontrees. 8. Zyree Orchis, EPIDEN’DRUM. 1. CYPRIPE'DIUM. Lady’s-slipper. The 2 lower sepals united into one piece or rarely distinct. Lip very large, inflated, sack or slipper form, obtuse. Oolumn terminated by a petal-like lobe (which is the sterile stamen). Fertile stamens 2.—Root fibrous. Leaves large, plaited. Flowers large and showy, one or few. May-July. * Flowers yellow, one or more. Stems leafy....5, 6 * Flowers white or rose-purple....1 1 Stem leafy. Flower one or more....2-4 1 C.acau’le. Stemless L. (Figs. 642-644.) Scape naked, with 2 leaves at the base, and 1 large flower at top. . 2 0, can’didum. White ZL. Two lower sepals united. Flowers 1 only, smaller, white. W.S. 7. 8 O. spectab/ile. Showy Z, Two lower sepals united. Flowers few, very large, purplish. «¢ 4 C, Arieti/num. Ham’s-Head L. Two lower sepals separate. Flower 1 only, small, purplish." 7. ; 5 C.pubes’cens. Large yellow L. Moccasin Fl. Sepals narrow-lanceolate. Lip flattened at sides, pale yellow. ¢. (Fig. 89.) 6 C. parviflo’rum. Smadller yellow LZ. Sepals ovate-lanceolate. Lip flat above and below, bright yellow. c. 2. ORCHIS. Orchis. Flower ringent, sepals and petals similar ; all, or all but two, ascendin and arching over the column. Lip turned downward, entire or lobed, produced at base into a spur beneath, which is distinct from the ovary. Stamen 1, anther 2-celled, pollen-masses 2, consisting of numerous waxy grains.—Flowers generally showy, in spikes or racemes, June-Aug. mostly. Note.—Under this genus we include two others, viz.:-Gymnadenia and Platanthera, The beginner would find it difficult to separate them. See Class Book of Botany, p. 682, &c. No.1, is the true Orchis, Nos. 8, 9, 10, are Gymnadenia, and all the others belong to Platanthera. 288 THE FLORA. § Leaves radical and only 2 (rarely 8). Flowers on a scape....1-8 § Leaf radical and only 1. Flowers small, on a scape....4, 5 § Leaves on the stem, several, upper ones reduced to bracts....a a Corolla lip entire, neither lobed, fringed, nor toothed... .6-9 a Corolla lip 2 or 8-toothed, not fringed nor divided. Flowers greenish....10-12 a Corolla lip cleft into a fringe at the edge, but not divided....18-15 a Corolla lip divided into 8 parts, which are fringed or not....b b Flowers white or yellowish, with 5 iong bristles, the 2 side petals 2-parted. S....16, 17. . b Flowers white, the 2 side petals entire or toothed ; lip clawed....18, 19 b Flowers purple, numerous, showy ; lip raised on a claw....20-22 1 O, spectab’ilis. Showy Orchis. True Orchis. Fils. few, pink-purple, handsome, Leaves oblong-ovate. Height 4-7’. (Figs. 649, 650.) : 2 O. orbicula’ta. ound-lv. O. Fils. whitish, racemed. Spur very long. Leaves round. Scape bracted. 8 O. Hook’eri. Hooker's O. Flowers green, spiked: Spur long as ovary. Leaves round. Scape naked. : < 4 O, obtusa’ta. Blunt-lv. O. Leaf obovate, obtuse. Lip linear, entire. 5-8’. 7. 5 O,rotundifo’lia. Small Round-lf. O. Lf. round. Lip, mid. lobe obeord. 6-9’. 7. 6 O.hyperbo/rea. Northern O. Flowers greenish. . Lip, petals, leaves, and bracts, lanceolate. 7 O, dilata’ta. Broad-lip O. Flowers whitish. Lip lance-linear, rhombic at base. 8 O.niv’ea. Snowy O. Flowers white. Lip oblong-linear. Leaves linear. S. 9 O.nigra. Black O. Flowers yellow, close. Lip ovate. Leaves lance-oblong. 10 0, tridenta’ta. Trident O. Lip 3-toothed at end. Spur longer than ovary. 11 O, bractea’ta. Bxacted O. Lip 2-3-toothed at end, spur half as long. 12 O. fla’va. Small yellow O. Lip obtuse, with a tooth each side, spur long. 18 O. crista’ta. Crested yellow O. Flowers yellow, small, lip as long as the spur. 14 O.cilia’ris. Large yellow O. Flowers yellow, large, lip half as long as the spur. 15 O, Blephariglot’tis. Ox-tongue O. Fils. white, large; 2 aide petals eut-toothed. 16 O. Michauxii, MMichaua’s O. Leaves oval. Spur twice as long as ovary. 17 O.re’pens, Five-bristled O. Leaves lance-linear. Spur shorter than ovary. 18 O, leucophe’a. White Prairie O. Bracts shorter than the ovaries. Lip fan- shaped, 8-parted, fringed. Spur club-shaped, twice longer than ovary. 19 O.lac’era, tagged O. Bracts longer than the flowers. Petals notched at end. Lip segments wedge-shaped, fringed. Spur filiform, long as ovary. 20 O.amena. Prairie O, Flowers dark-purple., Lip broad, lobes toothed, not fringed. M. W.S. ¢ 21 0. Psyo’odes. Fringed O. Flowers light-purple. Lip wedge-shaped, the 2 petals merely toothed. . 22 O. grandiflo’ra. Great-fl. O. Flowers light-purple. Lip semicircular, large. 2 petals fringed. 7, ORDER 1388.—THE ORCHIDS. 289 8. CORALLORHI’ZA. Coral-root. Dragon’s-claw. Flower ringent. Sepals and petals similar, ascending, the upper arch- ing. Lip produced behind into a short spur, which grows closely to the ovary. Pollen-masses 4, oblique.—Herbs without green herbage, leafless,” with coraline roots, and spikes of dull-colored flowers. May-Sept. 1 Spur imperceptible. Lip not lobed, often with 2 teeth at base....2, 8 1 C, multifio’ra. Many-jflowered C. Spur manifest. Lip 8-lobed (the side lobes small), spotted. Flowers 10-20, purple. Height 10-15’. 2 C, odontorhi’za, Dragon’s-claw. Flowers 9-18, purple. Lip orenulate, spotted. Ovary and pod nearly globular. Scape 9-14’. 8 O.inna’ta, Lesser O. Flowers 5-10, purplish. Lip obscurely 2-toothed near the* base, spotless. Ovary and pod club-shaped. 5-67. 4, ARETHU'SA. Sepals and petals cohering at base, similar, ascending, arching. Lip spurless, deflexed at the end, bearded inside, cohering to the petal-like column at base. Anther terminal, closing the 2 pollen cells like a lid. Pollen-masses 2 in each cell.—Small plants, 1-flowered, in wet places. Leaves none, or hidden in the sheaths. A. bulbo’sa. 275 Agapanthus 295 | Apios..... sts 190 Agave........ 292) Apium.. 210 Ageratum, jig. Aplectram. o . 286 Aglumace®........ Apocynacer. . 272 Agrimonia, jig. 61 196 | Apocynum, jig. 285 . 42 Agrimony, jig. 61.. 196 | Apogon ..... 223, Albany Beechdrops 237| Apple......... 197 Alehemilla, fig. 215 .. 195 | Apple of Sodom. 269 Alder, fig. 68........ 280 | Apple Peru.. 268 Alexanders, jig. 483-6 218 | Aquilegia ... 149 AVIS ree siciacerosiece’s 284 | Arabis, jig. 29 . 164 Alismacese . . 284) Araces ..... 282 Allium..... . 297-| Arachis ..... 189 All-seed .. 173 | Archangelica 210 Almond...... 195 | Archemora.... 210 Alnus, jig. 280 | Arctostaphylos ... . 236 NOOR araccieseiaies™ 292 | Arendria, jig. 410 ........ 1738 i 277) Arethusa, jig. 651-2. 259 Alsine 173 | Argemone..... Althea 177 | Arisema.. Alyssum ..... 161 | Aristolochia . Amaryllidacee . 291 | Aristolochiacese Amaryllids .............- 291 | Armoracia... Ambrosia, jig. 514-17 .... Arnica .... Amelanchier ......-.-+++ 196 | Aroids ........ American Aloe . 292 | Arrow Dragon American Centaury 271 | Arrow-head, jig. 47 American Cowslip 243 ‘Arrow-wood, Jig. 51. American Crab 197 | Artichoke American Olive. 274| Arum..... Amianthium .......... .. 8001 Asarum Asclepiadace® .......... 278 Asclepiads.. 2738 Asclepias, SO. “983° 274 Ascyrum....... 168 ae Jig. 187... an sparagus Aapen “a eee asi 281 pen Asphodel, Asphodelus Aster, jig. 524, Asterworts . Astilbe..... Astragalus Atamacco ea Ji. Atropa.. Auricula . Avens.. Awlwort 1 Azalea, jig. 205, 589-4." 288 Baldwinia Balloon Vine . Ballota..... 256 Balm 256 Balm-of-Gilead, jig. 636-T. 284 Balsaminacese . 181 Balsamine.. 182 Bane-berry .. 145 Baptisia...... 192 Barbarea ... 166 Barberry ... . 158 Bartonia ... 270 Batatas... 267 Bay-galls.. 278 Bean, fig. 446, 311, 189 Bear-berry, fa. 545 - 236 Beard-flower . : - 291 Beard-tongue. 249 Bedstraw..... 218 Beech, jig. 275.. 279 Beet, jig. 836 . Befaria......... 286 eae Jig. 185... ladonna..... 268 al sONer e oe Penne: Berberids 310 Berberis, fig. 171-2, 877-SO 153 Berlandiera... . 222 Bignonia ... Biba en iie. = 244 Bilberry, jig. ne Bindweeds ....... 266 Bindweed, jig. 144 .. Birch, fig. 18, 632-8. Birehworts ....... - 280 Birthworts . «» 275 Bitter Cress ...... -. 165 Bitter-sweet, jig. 611-' 98.. 269 Blackberry, jig. 268...... Black Currant .... Black Haw, jig. 16.. Black Hoarhound. Black Saltwort ... Bladder-nut, jig. 434 . Bladder-pod.... Bladder Senna Blazing Star .. « 800 Blephilia..... - 256 Bletia...... . 286 Blood-root ... . 158 Blue-banner . . 185 Blueberries, Jo. 546 ..... 236 Blue-curls ... ....... 255, 259 Blue-eyed Grass, jig. 48.. Blue-flag Bojerhaavia Boltonia.. 222 Borraye ....°. 261 Borragewo ts. 260 Borraginacese+ 260 Borrago, jig. 5! 261 Borrichia.......... oe Boxberry, jig. 547 237 Box ee 182 Br achychata . 222 Bramble ... Brassica .... Bridal Rose. Brooklime.. Brunella ... Buchnera .. Buek- ore ea Buckeye. fig. 188 Buckwheat . Bugbane . Bugloss 261 Bulrush . 801 Bupleurum. . Burdock, Fig. BUrnel wrcrsicaianscos sii Burr Marigold . Burr-seed .... Bush Clover....... Butter and Eggs ......... 249 Buttercups, jig. 168, 334.. 147 Butterfly Pea ..........- 18S Button-bush............. 218 Cabbage. 162 Cakile.. 162 Calainin 257 Caiamintha.. 257 Calendula ... 221 Calico-bush.......... 238 Calla. 7ig. 289, 688-41. 283 Callistephus ....... 222 Calopogon, jig. 665. 290 Calth a accu. saeiage 149 Calynyction . 266 Calypso ..... 285 Calystegia . 267 Camelina.. 162 Camomile ......... 223, Cainpanula, fig. 142.. Campanulacere .. Campion .. Candytuft .... 20... Canterbury Bells, jig. Caprifoliacer............ Capsella, jig. 881. Capsicum ....... Caraway, jig. 271 Cardamine, ig. 182 wrdinal-tlower . Cardivspermum . r Carnation ....... Carpet-weed. Carpinus .... Carrot.... Carnm 2.2.6.6. Caryophyllacee,. Cassia, jig. 60 Cassiope... Castanea .. Castilleja. cccjcnaiesiesnje oes Catalpa, 7ig. 196-7, 236.... 245 Catehtly, 72g. 136......... 174 Caimint, 7g. 52, 693-4.. 258 Gedronelia .......0. 0005. 256 Celandine, jig. 40 158 Celery ........ 210 Celtis, jig. 72 Centroxema ... - 188 Centunculus. .. - 242 Century Plant . - 292 Cephalanthus.... . 218 Cerastium, jig. 114 . 175 Cerasus ......- - 196 Cercis, jig. - 189 Cherophyllum . 210 Chaff-seed ..... « 248 Chameelirium.. . 800 Chaptalia +. 223 Checkerberry, fig. Bal-8.. 287 Cheiranthus «+ 161 Chelidonium .. 158 Chelone......... wee 252 Cherry, jig. 452-8........ 196 INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. QUEEN scsi ninja sieiwincssidieceie 210 Chestnut, jig. 49 249 Chick-pea ........ 189 Chickweed, jig. 257 . 15 Chick-wintergreen 243 Chimaphila. 240 China Aster ...... 222 -Chiogenes. jig, 848.. 237 Chionanthus........ 274 Chokeberry ............. 197 Cliryenntlionay Jig. 55... 222 Chrysobalanus........... 195 Chrysogonum .. 222 Chrysopsis ahaa 221 Chrysosplenium . 207 Cicely, jig. 487-' 90. 212 Cicer:! A 189 Cichorium. 223 Cicuta, fig. 65. 218 Cimicifuga ... 145 Cinquefoil ............65 201 Circea, fig. 58, 73, 198, 464 2 CIV C8: ie cecisimmnneciaserpesiete 298 Cladastris . 189 Clarkia. . 208 Claytonia . 176 Cleth racer cue ees 236 Clematis, jig 219 ... 145 Climbing Fern, fo. 6 Clintonia, Jeg. 663. . 299 Oliteria asc caseees 188 Clon d berry’ 5. sc asceecs ce, 200 eloser al, 63, 385, 447-50 191 COCR Geis ass'seteisissexe sess oe 174 Cocoa-plum .. 195 Eee ee 189 Cohosh... 158 Colehicum 800 Collinsia, Fg. 78 | . 21 Collinsonia ....... « 255 Colt’s-foot .. 222 CONBMID Os sccersearesereemaeure 270 Columbine, jig. 867-70 149 COlnten: ccenigeenccmene 188 Comarum ....... - 196 Comfrey. jig. 608 . 261 Commelyna .... 6. 301 Commelynaceze . 801 Composite ..... 219 Cone-flower ...... 222 Conioselinum, ee 85 210 Conium, jig. 65.. 211 Conobea’,.. 249 Convallaria..... 206 Convolvulacee ..... +» 266 Convolvulus, Jig. 144...., 267 Coptisis. wrt son cates Coral-berry.. Ea Ene Coral-root . Coreopsis... ss Coriander «+ 24 Coriandrum, jig. 493-4 ... 210 Cornacess 2 INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. 3ll Corn Wage. siacsis wees igrerstsiei 292 | Diod ida. cscsies aewezccienss 218 | Everlasting Ret IO. 96.. Cornus, Fig. 495. .. 214] Dionwa ... . 171 | Eyebright.. ) 249 Coronilla ....... «- 188} Diphylleia. . 153 Corydal .. 160 | Diplopappus. . 222! Fabiana. - 269 Corydalis. 160 | Discopleura . » 210 | Fagopyru 276 Corylus . .279 | Dittany. zig. 5 . 257 | Fagus....... 279 Cosmanthus .. 264] Dock, 72g. 253 - 276 | False Aster....... 292 Cotton, fig. 302.227 - 177 + Dodecatheon, J. 151, 554-5 243 | False Bindweed .. 267 Cotton-tree, fig. 308...... Dogbanes, fig. ee 620-6., 272] False Catmint . Q5T Cow-parsnip........ - 210 Dogtooth’ Violet . - 296) False Dog-fennel. . 222 Cowslip bisa > 149 | Dogwood........ ‘ False Flax ....... -» 162 Cow-wheat . . 249 | Dolichos ............ . It} False Gentian .... 2+ 255 Cranberry .. .. 287 | Draba, jig. 296, 396-7..... 164 | False Gromwell . - 26) Cranichis -- 287} Draba arabizans, 7 155-159 False Heliotrope . 261 Crantaia...... .. 210} Dracocephalun . 256 | Fulse Mitrewort . 218 Crassulace ...... -. 205 | Dragon-root..... . 283} False Pennyroyal. oni DBT Crategus, fig. 99.. -. 195 Dragon’s-head a . 256 | False Rocket ....... --. 162 Cress ...........- .. 162 | Dragon’s-claw ... . 289 | False Sneezewort . wag: 228 oe 210 | Drop-flower ... . 232 | False Sunflower Crocus . 292 | Dropwort . . 202] False Syringa. ~ 28 Crotalaria _. sib 188 | Drosera . 170 | False Tamarisk . - 269 Crowfoot, fg. 1-4...... Droserace: . 170 | False Violet / « 200 Crowfoots, 7g. 200-1..... DIAS nccore ws ves 196 | False Wall-flower. . 166 Crow: nbeard ec Si a Dry Strawberry ... . 200 | False Wintergreen... . 2B Crown Imperial . . 295 | Dwarf Dandelion .. 223 | Featherfoil ....... + 242 Crucifere ........ .. 160| Dwarf Pimpernel.. 242 | Fennel Crucifers . . 160 | Dwarf Pink ....... 219 | Fennel-flow nie 41 Cryptotania nests 59212) TOV SOUL rs sacri a serie dnc 222 | Fern, jig. 226, 350 . Cuckoo-tlower .. « 162 Fever-root .... . Cucumber-tree ... < 152 | Eardrop ...... oi a....159, 202] Fig, fig. 293 . s Culver’s Physic... . 251 | Echinacea. +. 223) F igwort.. - 249 Cunila, jig. 595-6 . . 257 | Echinodorus.:... . 284 Figwor ts. - IAT Cupulifera ...........60. 979 | Echinospermum. .. 261 | Flax. Jig. 418-490: - 179 Currant, jig. 243, 261, 829. 205| Echium......... 261 | Flaxworts ..... -» 178 Cuscutiner..... . 2 Eclipta. jig. 815 .. 223 | Fleabane.... . 280 Cydonia...... Egg-plant 269 | Floating Heart . 270 Cynoglossum . : Egyptian 253 | Florider .. 284 Cynthia ........ “ Elder .... 217 | Flower-of-a . 178 Cypress-vine et a .« 222) Plower-de-lnce .....7.... 293 Cypripedium, jig. 89, 64 Elliottia.. .. 237 | Flowering Almond, |, Jig. 11 Gyvillaics wisn cocad eno wis PlliSiaeecsapscen sesesats .. 263} Fly-poison .............. Elm, jig. 5), 274, 859.2... Feniculum.. Liat Daffodil) cccaaaelcsasinases 292 | Elodea... Fool's Par: sley . Dablia .. ats. . 223} Enchanter’s Nightshade, Forestiera QW Daisy . 222] fig. 53, 73. 204 | Forget-me-not, jig. 604... 262 Dalea . . 188; Enslenia ... . 274) Porsteronia.............. 272 Dalibarda Deere - 200 | Ephedra, jig. 17: on Forsythia ....... . 24 Dandelion, 7 147, Le 504-6 281 Epidendrum.. .. 287} Four-o'clock, jig. 318..... 276 Taiystoen Jig. 565-8... 253) Epigea .... -. 288 | Foxglove...............5 248 Datura. 269 | Epilobinm . «. 208 Fragaria, jig. 202, 265 .... 201 Daucus... . 210; Erica ...... . 286 | Frankenia, jig. 160 a Day Lily . , 298 | Ericacer . 235 | Frasera ......... - 270 Deowmaria cossss eae sexe 207 | Er igenia, ig. 211) Fraxinus, 87 274 Delphininm, jig. 168, 208. 150} Eneron’. «+ 230) French Mari igold. 222 Doritaria ..c.0< os see ceae 165 | Erodium . .- 179] Fringe-tree...... . 274 Desmanthus............. 189 Eryngium... 6 -» 210] Fritillaria ....... » 205 Desmodium, jig. 62, 287... 189) Erysimum . -. 166) Fuchsia, jig. 180 . ~ 208 Dewberry 200; Erythrea . .. 270) Fumaria ........ . 149 Diamorpha.. coer BOG ETythrinay, sco Suances v 188 | Fumariacee . 159 Dianthus............... . 173 | Erythronium, jig. 657 .... 296 | Fumeworts. 159 Dicentra, fig. 889, 892 .... 159) Kscholtzia Fumitory .. « 1oo Dicerandra .. 255 | Eulophus PUD J ocacecowmieicaansrcee Dichondra. ... 266 | Eupatorium, 7g. 512-13 .. Diervilla . 217 | Buphrasia............... 249 | Gaillardia Digitalis. ... 248| Evening Primrose ....... 203 | Galactia............. 312 INDEX TO THE NAMES. OF PLANTS. Galanthus,......... Hedge Mustard . +. 162] Tberis........+.... as BS 162 Galeopsis, jig. 582-4. Hedge Nettle. . 256} Iicium..... ai GANTRY, io ceictciscstorepacorassyaies’ Hedysarum 188 | Ilysanthus .. Gamopetalous Exogens... 215 | Helenum....... -, 222 | Impatiens, fg. 71, 428.... 181 Gran te sc sscajerciciaiescvoseioisier= . 297} Helianthus, jig. .. 226 | Ingian Corn, jig. 360 ..... 118 Gaultheria . 237 | Heliopsis....... .. 222] Indian eee FG. 92, 294 Gaura...... . 203} Heliotrope ..... .. 261 | Indian Physié .. ae. 196 Gaylussacia . 236} Heliotrophytum .. 261] Indian Pipes . 240 Gelsemium, . 247 | Heliotropium.. .. 261 | Indian Soapworts.. . 184 Gem-fruit . ... 208 } Hellebore .... . 145 | Indian Tobacco. . . 238 Genista . ... 188] Helleborus . .. 145 | Indian Turnip... - 283 Gentian ..........+ . 270 | Helonias ..... .. 800 | Indigo ........ . 188 Gentiana, fig. 615-9 . . 271 | Helosciadium .. 210] Indigofera... 188 Gentianacer........ . 270 | Hemerocallis . . 295 | Innocence.. . 251 Gentianworts. . 270 | Hemianthus... Inula ....... . 222 Gerania .... . 179 | Hemp Nettle, , fig. §82-4.. 256 | Iodantbus. 162 Geraniace®............44 179 | Henbane, jig. 2! 268 | Ipomea... 267 Geranium, fi 179 | Henbit....... ay Iridacee 292 Gerardia .. 252 | Hepatica, jig. .| Irids. 292 Germander. 255 | Heracleum Tris, Fo. 229, 29. . 298 Geum... . 199 | Herb Robert, jig. sfatece Irish Tce ie. 190. . 206 Gilia.. . 265 | Herspestis...... o. Iron-weed, jig. 248-50... 81 Gill FG. T ; pets . 258 | Hesperus. . ae Tron-wood ........ - 280 Gillenia ........ 11. 196 | Heterotheca Isanthus .... Gladiolus. . ... 292] Heuchera........ Isatis ..... Glaucium . «. 158] Hibiscus, fg. 411-14. Isopappus... laux..... ... 242| Hieracium ....... Isopyrum ... Gleditschia . ... 189] Hippuris, 7g. 461-3 ...... Itea Globe-flower ... . 149 | Hoarhound....... . 256 | Ixia.. Gloriosa, jig. 9T . cess Hog Peanut ...... «. 188 Glotidium...... «+. 188 | Hollyhock, fig. 218....... 177 | Jack-in-the-pulpit Goat's-beard +++ 202} Honewort ........2000e05 212| Jacobea Lily ...... Goat's Rue... ... 188} Honey Locust, 7ig. 64, 100 189 | Japan Quince... 19 Golden Chain ..........5 188 | Honeysuckle, jig. 82, 146, Jeffersonia, Fg. ‘284, 818-6 154 Golden-club, jig. 642 . 283 BOGS sccdvharncioiere sseee 216 | Jerusalem Cherry,. . 26! 173 | Jerusalem Sage.. TIl 994 Honkenya 111 | Jewel-weed Goldenrod, fig. 75 x 149 | Hop, ag. 8 Gold-thread Gonolobus . . 274} Hornbeam ..... -... 280] Jonquil ......... Good-night.. ... 266} Horn Pondweed, jig. 98.. 88] Judas-tree, fig. 4. Goodyera .......+.. -.. 287 | Horn Poppy............5 158 | Julibrassin ...... Goocelerce: Jig. 231. - 205 | Horse Balnr.... - 255 | Juncacer .. 185| Juncus... . 269} Juneberry....... Gossypium......... Sp 177 | Horse Chestnut. cs ". 162 Juniper, 7ig.7... . Grape Hyacinth... llorse Nettle ... Grass Parnassus .. Horse Radish. Grass Pink....... Hottonia ....... ay BAD | IMSL cos cise wesw Gratiola.. eae Hound's tongue... -. 2638 Greenbrier. Fg. 05. keene Honseleek, jig. 474. ve 206 | Ralmidicce cect oecewetes 238 Green Dragon ...... -.. 283 | Houseleeks, 7g. 191 .. 205] Kerria . Green Head .... ... 218 | Houstonia...... «. 219} Knawell Gromwell..... 3 «+» 261 | Hoya ........ .. 274) Knot Bindweed 277 Grossulacee ...... «+. 204 | Iuckleberry ............ 239 | Knot-weeds, jig. 69 .. 276 Ground Cherry . «+. 268 | Hyacinth, Hyacinthus.... 295 | Kosteletzkya ....... 177 Ground-nut .... . 190 | Hydrangea, fig. 482 -» 209) Krigia ........ « 223 Hydrastis, fig. 154 145 Halenia . . 270 | Hydrocotyle. . .. 210} Labiate ....... ale shahesafe 254 Hardhac 201 Hydrophyllace = .. 263) Labiate Plants. seeee 254 HeresDell Jig. 526. . 234| Hydrophylls...........- - 263| Labrador Tea. . « 236 Hawkbit ......... - 228 Hydrophytium, ji 605-8. 263| Laburnum ...... . 188 Hawkweed. . 231! Hyoscyamus . . 268} Lactuca, jig. 36 . 224 Hazel sicssccussorets . 279 | Hypericacer . -» 168 | Ladies’-tresses, 7g. 240... 289 Heart’s-ease ...... - 168} Hypericum .. +» 169) Lady’s-mantle, jig. 454..,. 195 Heath, ig, 814-5... . 236 | Hypoxis ..... -» 291] Lady’s-slipper, jig. 89 .... 287 -Heathworts ...... . 235] Hyptis... +. 255 Lady’s-thumb ~ 27T Hedeoma ...... . 255 | Hyssop .... .. 255) Lamium ...... « 256 Hedge Hyssop........... 250 | Hyssopus ..........ee eee 255 | Lampsana. ....-.1..660. 223 INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. 313 Lappa, jig. el Lonicera, 72g. 82 .......5. 216 | Melanthium ............ 800 Larch, 7ig. 91 . Loosestrife ....... 2-00... 243 | Melanths.... 299 Larkspur, jig. Lophanthus ............. 256 | Melissa... 256 Lathyrus . Lophospermum, jig. 181.. 248 | Mentha ..... 256 Lauracesa . Leusewbrt .............. 244 | Menyanthes . . 270 Laurel ..... it Lovage.......... seeeeees 210 | Menziesia ..... - 236 Laurels .. Love-flower ........ -+» 295 | Mermaid-weed 203 Lavatera ... Ludwigia........... . 208 | Mertensia ..... 262 Lavandula . GLunariaiys ces cnesecc - 163 | Miami-mist.. 264 Lavender . Lungwort.......... oe. 262 rene 286 Lead-plant . ee Lupine, Jig. 66.. . 192 pone Ag. 118. 44 Leaf-cup . ae Lupinus, . 66... . 192 Mikey Vetch 188 Leather-flower. — Luzala. fig. 665 ... 801 Milk-viee ees 188 Leavenworthia . ».+» 162 | Lychnidea........ . 265 | Milkweed, jig. 283 QT4 Ledum ...... wee 228 pLyehnis, Jig. 408-9 - 114 Millevontg 185 Leguminose ....... ssee. 196 | Lycium + 269 | Milfoil . Leguminous Plants ..... . 186 | Lycopsis .. : 261 | Mimosa ... Leiophyllum ............ 286 | Lycopus - 257 | Mimulus, 7g. 569-72 Leioseleuria ... 236 | Lycospersicum .. . 268} Mint... Lemon, jig. 79. Lygodesmia ...... . 224 Mirabilis .... Leonotis ... Lysimachia.............. 248 | Missouri Currant, . Leontice ... Mitchella, jig. 497......... Leontodon . Macbrides. :............. Mitella, fig. 477-81 nai Leonurus .. Macranthera........ 5 Mitreola ......... 246 Lepachys .. Madder ............ 3 Mitrewort, 7g. 115 207 Lepidium .. Madderworts ....... 7 Modesty .... 210 Leptocaulis ....... ‘ Madwort........... Modiola. ae Leptopoda ... .. 222 | Magnolia, jig. 28.. Mollugo... 1% Lepuropetalon. . .. 207 | Magnoliacee ..... Molucca Balm . 256 Lespedeza.. . 192 Magnoliads siete % Molucella ....... . 256 Lettuce ...... .. 228 | Majanthemum........ . 2 Monarda, jig. 580-1 . 258 see. 222 | Mallows, fig. 177, 217..... 177 | Moneses..... . 237 ... 256 | Malva, jig. 415-17........ V7 | Moneywort. . wa. 2483 Leucojum.. . 291 | Malvacee .......... one LTO Monkey-flower, a2 a 72, 252 Leverwood,... 280 | Malvaviscus........ -.. 177] Monk’s-hood, eeeee 151 ee Jig. 356-8 . : a Monee e 365, nigra a ees iiataleieiche ite stots 240 igusticum.. as aples, fig. -1 orning-glo: 22, 161, Tieden, .< 2A ++. 214 | Mare’s fail. 1.00... > 208 te ee _ | 967 Lilac, ig. 281...........- 274 | Marigold . 221 | Moss Androm: . 236 Liliacee.. i, ~. 295 Marjorum <. S 255 | Moss Pink . 265 Lilium, jig. 297 | Marrubium. 256 | Motherwor . 256 Lily, fig. 346. 297 | Marsh Mallow 177 | Mountain As! . 197 Lily worts .. 295 | Marsh Marigol 149 | Mountain Frin . 159 Lily-of-the-v: 295 | Marsh Umbel 210 | Mountain Heath. . 236 Limnanthemum 270 | Maruta....... 223 | Mountain Laurel . 238 Limosella 248 | Marvel-of-Per' 276 | Mountain Mint .. . 258 Linacee. . 178 | Marvelworts . 275 | Mountain Sorrel ... . 276 Linaria, fg. . 249 | Mastworts . 279 | Mouse-ear . Linnea .... . 215 | Matrimony.............. 269 | Mouse-tail . Linum... . 179 | Matthiola ............... 161 | Mud-flower.. Lion’s-ears . ... 256 | Maurandia . 248 | Mudwort...... Lion’s-foot . a- 282 | Mayaca .........-.0 sees Mulberry, jig. 2! 91 Lion’s-heart .. 260 | May Apple 54 | Mulgedium, jig. 35, « 223 Liparis 286 | May-flower cee DEON racerericsisinscniers 249 Eeae ees Jig.4a. 18 | May-weed............... 223 | Mullen Pink 174 Liriodendron ............ : 152 | Meadow Lily, 7ig. 107-9.. 41) Muscari 295 Listera . 286 | Meadow Rue ............ 145 | Mustard, 7ig. 291, 898-5... 166 Lithospermum, av: 601-2: 261 | Meadow-sweet........... 201 | Mustardworts. 166 Liverwort, jig. 30....... . 14T | Meconopsis............-+ 158 piecey unt a6 Lizard-tail, ig. 188, -. 61] Medeola, jig. 92.......... 294 | Myogotis . Lobelia ...... o. 2. 932 Medicago..........-+0006 188 | MyoSfirus ... Lobeliacess . . 282 | Medic...............+... 188 | Myriophyllum... 208 Lobeliads .. .. 282 | Melampyrum............ 249 Locust .......+. .. 190 | Melilotus............--.. 196 | Nabalus, yég. 507-8....... 232 Loganiacee ..... biniaeeisieieie 246 | Melanthaces ........ see. 299 | Nailwort .........cee000- 178 14 314 NBD OO isscisiccsrcciasesiciciniaareore Narcissus. Nardosmium . Narthecium .. Nasturtium . Naumber, is a Neckwee Negundo.. Neirembergia. - Nelumbiacee . Ni ees Nelumbo....... ta, ee 74, 587-8 | N Seen We ettle, Neuro) ngllany Nepeta Neri Nicandra. Nicotiana . Nigella..... Nightshade Nightshades . Ninebark . Nip lewort.... Noble Liverwort Nolina........ Nuphar...... Nyctaginaceer . Nymphea agTace: On 8 Onion, Jig. 816-17 Onosmodium Orchidacee@ ...........65 Orchids, fig. 45 Orchis, Fg. 649-50 Oregon Currant Origanum Ornithogalum . Orontium. Jig. 64! Osmorhiza Ostryn .. Oxalidace: Partridge-berry.. ere 14 Passion-flower, jig. 42, 851 Pastinaca......-+.eeeeeee 21 Pea, fo Poe 451.. Pp 18! Pear, jig. 10, 88, 183, 280.. e cee 155 | Pennywort, fig. 24, 25.... Rocishan Jig. 198-9, 881-4 156 20 NY888 sc:eeeeviceas aastrena, BLE Oak, jig. 32-4, 54, 818-21.. tn Peppe Odolaria secs ccaeeses vous Ocymum, jig. 586 355 Cnothera, fig. 458-9. .... 208 ORT as crict Seciian aus 17 Oldenlandia . Olea ...... Oleacew .......... Oleander, fig. ee 189 Pheasant's- eye, 406-7 .148, Ate Phlox, oo 126, 607 ; 8 Phytolacea, jig. 627-31 Pigweed, jig. 31, 277 INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. Pinkworts. -172 Pinxter ..... 239 Pipsissewa, jig. 44! . 240 out Jig. 138-9, 994.2... 192 itcher-plant ...........4 157 Plum, jig. 115 ........... 195 Podophyllum.. . 154 Podostigma ............. 173 Pogonia, jig. 658-4....... 291 Poison Hemlock, fig.491-2 212 Poke....... gieralareiginisiae 278, 300 Pokeweeds. cetdeainng, 218 Polar-plant . . pedon One « 222 ae -» 264 Boece? -... 266 Polyanthus. . -291, 292 Polyearpon io: s.0:setextai3 173 Polygala, fig. 487-8 ...... 185 Polygalacer........ “Sis.siegs ASD: Polygonaces. seize Bianca 276 Polygonatum............ 295 Polygonella ............. 276 Polygonum, ig. 69, 86 ... 276 Polymnia . is suites lolejesitca te 22! Polypremum .. Polyteonia.............. Pondweed, fig. 46........ Poplar 15: POpUlUss iswiswiaseiaoeae scr 281 Portulaca sscccierecinwrees 176 Portulacacer ............ 175 POtatO sasonnnnccminsatemet 269 Potentilla, fy. 76-7 ...... 201 Poterium ... ....---.066 19. Prairie Rue 26. seesaceen Primula. jig. 549, 558. Primulacere ....... Primworts ...... Prince's Feather... bi Prince’s Pine, fg. 841.... 240 IPTV Ot scccrcceevsieveresasiaress : Prosartes...... Proserpinaca .. PEUMUS 5 scccvsiereie Psoralea. . Pterospora, Puccoon . Purselane ... Putty-root, jig. Pyenanthenum Pyrethrum...... Hila Jig. 14, 16! 'yrrhopappus Pyrus, jig. sired INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. Rue Anemone, Fo. 27.. Seymeria. 249 Rumex 1) 276 Shad-berry 197 Rushes... 300 | Shamrock 191 Rutland Beauty 267 | Sheep-poiso 238 Shepherd’s-p pene * 5 see F a Sage, jig. ickle-po s Bus Bees 2 Sagittari: , 643- Sie ilene, jig. = cio ereysen sraratetitely Silkweed... . 274 Salix, fig. 19..........005 Silphium . - 222 Salvia, jig. 585..........6 Sinapis... . 166 Hani UCUs ross. ocseesces Sisymbrium . . 162 Samolus............- = Sisyrinchium . 292 Sand Myrtle......... 5 | Sium...... - 210 Sandwort ........... Skulleap ... . 259 Sangninaria, fig. 388.. Skunk Cabbage. 288 Sanguisorba ......... sis Skunk Currant . 205 Sanicle ...........eeeeeee Smilacina ........... - 298 Saniculas-cccn. ss wanedaces Smoke-tree, jig. 18 ...... Sapindacee .. waise Snake-head... Sapindus .........ee eens 184 | Snap-dragon. ws. 248 Saponaria, fig. 125 ....... 173 | Sneezewort. 222, 230 Sarracenia, 7ig. 885-7..... 157 | Snowberry . «.. 216 Sarraceniacer ........ «.. 156 | Snowdrop.. «» 291 Savsafras ........+eee sees 279 sore e oe. 291 Satin-flower .........-05 163 | Soapwort. . an 184 Satureja.......eeeeee ener 255 | Solanaceae . . 26S Saururus, 7g. 186... .... Solanum, Fig. ‘611-18 | . 269 Radish ..... .. 162 | Saxifraga................ Blea sieieiciacicaiaraxienisiciencia 167 Ragged Rob -- 115 | Saxifragacess ... 6 | Solidago, jig. 75, 501-3 ... 224 Havaoltacees .. 148 | Saxifrage, fig. T6- Solomon’s Seal, fig. 848 vee 298 Ranunculus . - 147 | Schenocaulon.. Sonchus, ..... Perey 223 Raphanus ..... -.. 162 | Scheuchzeria . Sorrel o2.c. scascsiiiesaeletis 276 Raspberry. . .-». 200 | Schizanthus .. s Sorrel-tree ....... eae Se 236 Rattle-pod............... 188 | Schrankia .... % Sow-thistle ...........005 223 Rattlesnake Plantain...., 287 | Schwalbea.. 4 Spadiciflore ............. 282 Red Bean ............4. . 188 | Schweinitzia. . é Spanish Needles......... 228 Resin-weeds........00005 222 | Scilla....... a Specularia.............4. 233 RDGUM.. ssrsteceraisie.creisicseraseiars 276 | Scleranthus. . : Speedwell, jig. 575-7..... 250 Rhinanthus.............. 249 | Scorpion- -grass . Spergulas < cine siasessies sien’ 173 roe Jig. 152,535 fd Scotch Broom . ‘ Spergularia.............. 173 , Bhodora Scratch-grass, Fo. 9612121 et7 Spermacoce ..........045 218 Bhubarb . Serew-stém..... . 270 | Spice-bush ...........065 279 Rhyncosia. Scrophularia., . 249 | Spiderwort .............. 301 Ribes .... Scrophulariacer . 247 | Spiderworts ............. 801 Richardia Scutellaria.. . 259 | Spigelia, fig. oe nefarerecee 246 Rivina ... Sea-rocket.. . 162 | Spiranthes, fig. 240 ...... 289 ROD IMIG 5 aisaiesaidveccinad oee'stb Sea Sandwor a 178 | Spirea........ a aranateatore seats 201 Robin's Plantain... Sedge, jig. 227..... Sponge-tree .. Rock Cress........ Sedum; FO. 0 472-8.... 206 | Sprekelia....... Rocket .........0.. Seed-box....eeeseese cee 203 | Spring Beauty.... Rosa, jig. 221, 299 Self-heal . toy 256" | Spurry cece anissoee Rosace®.... 0... cece ene 194 | Semiflower - DAS | SQA 205 oie 05s ieiw's Rose, ig. 39, 58, 83, 101, 203 in Sempervivum 206 | Squfirrel-corn Rose Acacia.....1...-... Senebiera .. 163 | Stachys .............0005 Rose Bay, fig. 67 ........ 239 Senecio .. 221 | Staphylea, jig. 285 . Ruse Campion........... 174 | Senna...... 194 | Star use eesie acccaiegmieia Rosemary Sensitive Brier . 189 | Star-grass .......... Roseworts. .. Sensitive Pea .. « 194 | Star-of- Bethlehem 95 Rosmarina Sensitive Plant . 189 | Starwort. ..........-. 178, 229 Rubia....... Sentera...... 274 | Stellaria, fig. 251. ts Rubiacex . Sericocarpus. 222 | Stipulicida .............. RUD UB. cei cersvnsecesinis ntecoicinre Sesbania ... 188 | St. Johnswort, ia. 400-2 | 169 Rudbeckia Sesuvium 175 | St. Johnsworts, fig. 210-1 11 ae BtOCk s2sscsececce Stonecrop . St. Peterswort.... a Eee reat; 8, 202 trawberry, jig. 111, 2’ 455- o be . 201° smear 296 Stylisma ........... 266 Stylosanthes........ . 189 Subularia........... 162 ae shes Oyen 223 ugar-berry, jig. 72 ...... Sullivantia .............. 207 Summer Savory ......... 255 Sundews, jig. 20, 21 ...... 170 Sunflower, jig. 498-500. ., 226 Swamp Pink ............ 289 Sweet Basil.............. 155 Sweet Clover..........6+ 190 Sweet Flag.............. 283 Sweet Pea..........-.00- 189 Sweet Potato............ 267 Sweet William. ......173, 174 Swine Cress. ............ 163 Symphitum........... e- 261 Symphoricarpus......... 216 Symplocarpus........... 283 Synandra, jig. $0, 148, 597. 260 Synthiris..........2..05 . 248 316 Syphonychia ............ 173 SYN Sd ce sassitiarsinrsicisseietsth 274 FP AS OLES Sars Sos scosayehensieaiausiel 222 Talinum . «. 175 Tall Hyssop 256 Taraxicum ..... 231 Tecoma, jig. 124... Tephrosia, Jig. 59. Tetragonotheca. Tetranthera. 279 Teucrium, Jig. 592 255 Thalictrum..... 145 Thaspium...... . 213 Thimble-berry . Thistle, 7g. 273. Thorns ..0< 05 Thorn Apple . 269 Thyme....... « 255 Thymus. . + 255 Thysanella . . 276 Tiarella’.. 208 Tick-seed 228 Tiedmann 210 Tiger-flower.. a ees Pa. Thee ist as Tipularia....... Toad-flax, fig. 149 . Tobacco, fig. 204... Tomato ........ Tongue-grass . Tooth-root . Touch-me- -not, f. 71, 121-2 ist Tower Mustard 162 Tradescantia . Tragopogon..... Trailing Arbutus Trautvetteria Trichostema. . Trienfalis. Trifolium. Triglochin.. Trilliacea.. Trilliags, Hg. ‘to, 206, 349 303 . 294 2 Trillium, jig. 108, 656. Triosteum Trollius.... Troximon.... 223 ‘Trumpet-flower, jig. 561.. 244 Trumpet-leaf..........5. 157 Trumpets. Ba aleieitaie ceiteant Tuberose Tulip, Tulipa Tulip- ies, 225, 330, 34 Tupelo............ Turk’s-cap . Turmeric-roo' Turnip, jig. 337... Turnsol,...... Turritis...... Turtle-head . Tussilago. Tway-blade. . Tway-leaf.. Twin-flower . Twin-leaf... . Twist-foot.....cccccesces Umbelifera.............5 Umbelworts... Umbrella-leaf. . Umbrella-tree.. Uvularia, jig. 81.. Vaccinium, 1g. 170, sine Vachellia - Vegetable Oyster .. Venus’ Flytrap, jig. Veratrum. Verbascum.. Verbesina,......... Veronica, jig. 575-7 Vesicaria.......... Vetch....... Vieia.....-.. Viol Jig. 898-9. . Violacee . Violet, jig. “96 Q Violets fig. 132, 1 Viper's ‘Bugloss. % Virgin’s Bower Visiana 244 Wake Robin ............ 294 Waldsteinia 200 Wall-flower, jig. 135, 223. 161 Water-beans............. 154 Water-carpet .. . 20T Water Hemlock . «» 218 Water Hoarhound vee 2ST Waterleaf, jig. 605-8 ..... 263 | Whitlow-grass Bore Zinnia INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. Water Lily ........ diaisiorhe 156 Water Pepper .. sco OUT Water Pimpernel . ~. 242 Water-pitchers ... . 156 Water Plantain . 284 Wax-plant . 24 Wheat, jig. ‘879, 312. Wheat-thief ...... Whistle-wood .. White Bay ..... White-weed .. White-wood ... Wild Apple Jig. 184 Wild Basil Mines go ild Ginger, fig. Wild Indigo pe eee ild Lettuce, 36, 310. 24 Wild Oats sree ashes Wild Potato: cscs: ere screiinss Willow, £9. 3, 17, 38, 634-5 a1 Willow-herb Willoworts . “Ter Wind-flower 146 Winter'Cress ....... 166 Wintergreen, jig. 14. 237 Wistaria ........... 188 ated grees Jig. 350. coun iouaiiapatelesipeieiven . 161 Walt -berry . « 216 ‘Wood-rush ... + 801 ‘Wood-sorrel.. « 181 Woolmouth ..... visisiavaisints 253 Xerophyllum............ 800 Xyris, fig@ 194........... Varro ssiwsecwsieisw ieee Yellow Birch 281 Yellow-eyed-grass, jig. 194 Yellow Jessamine 247 Yellow Jessie. 203 Yellow Rattle... 249 Yellow-root .... 145 Yew, jig. 301. USCA) aie psn «. 295 VL UWGD yeasts nines sitios 152 Zanthorhiza ............. Zephyranthus, jig. 166 Zigudenus Zizien...... Zornia .... APPENDIX. . THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. ‘“¢Then gather a wreath from the garden bowers, And tell of the wish of thy heart in flowers.’’ 5 PERoIval, Acatia, Rose (Robinia hispida, 319*). Friendship. Adonis, Floss (Adonis autumnalis, 205). Sad remembranees. Almond, Flowering (Amygdalus pumila, 329). Hope. Aloe (Agave, 694, or Yucca, 709). Superstition: Alyssum, Sweet (Alyssum maritinum, 236). Merit before beauty. Amaranth, Globe (Gomphrena globosa, 619). I change not. Amaryllis (Zephyranthus, 695). Affectation, Coquetry. Andromeda (Andromeda, 487). A cruel fate has fixed me here. Anemone (Anemone nemorosa, 203). Anticipation. Angelica (Archangelica, 881). These are idle dreams. Arbor-vite (Thuja, 662). Thy friend till death. Arethusa (A. bulbosa, 691). I could weep for. thee. Aspen (Populus tremuloides, 655). Excessive sensibility. Asphodel (Asphodelus, 713). My thoughts will follow thee beyond the grave, ; Aster (420). Cheerfulness in age. F * Refers to the page in the Class-Book of Botany, where may be found a more full and complete account of the species or genus than could be consistent with the limits of an elementary treatise. Reference to page and place in this work may be made through the Index. 318 THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. Auricula (Primula auricula, 502). You are proud. Bachelor’s Button (Centaurea Cyanus, 465). Single blessedness. Balm (Melissa, 548; Monarda didyma, 550). Sympathy. f Balm-of-Gilead (Populus candicans, 656). You have cured, my pain. Balsamine (Impatiens balsamina, 280). Approach not. Barberry (Berberis, 217). A sour temper is no slight evil. Basil, Sweet (Ocymum basilicum, 541). Good wishes. Beech (Fagus, 646). There let us meet.’ Bluets (Houstonia ceerulea, 402). Unaspiring beauty. Box (Bixus, 632). Constancy. I change not. Broom (Genista, 310). Humility. Broom Corn (Sorghum sacchéTatum, 709). Industry. Bulrush (Scirpus, 7 decision. Burdock (Lappa major, 468). Don’t come near me. Buttercups (Ranunculus, 205). I cannot trust thee. Cactus (the Cactacez, 359). You terrify me. tle Canterbury Bells (Campanula Medium, 479). Gratitude. * Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus, 254), A haughty spirit before a fall. Catchfly (Silene, 256). -I am a willing prisoner. Cedar (Juniper Virginiana, 664). I live for thee. Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis, 457). Fortitude. China Aster (Callistephus Chinensis, 429). I'll think of it. Chrysanthemum (458). I love. Clover, Red (Trifolium repens, 312). Industry. Clover, White( “ = ). Truth needs no flowers of speech. Clover, Yellow( “ i ). Slightéd love. Columbim (Aquilegia Canadensis, 210). I cannot give thee up. Columbine (A. vulgaris, 110). Hopes and fears. Corn Cockle(Agrostemma Githago, 257). Thou hast more beauty than worth. Coxcomb (Celosia, 616). You are a fop. Crocus (700). What an enigma thou art. Cypress (Cupressus thyoides, 663). Bereavement. ” Despair. Daffodil (Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, 693). Self-esteem. THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. 319 Dahlia (429). Forever thine. Dandelion (Taraxacum Dens-leonis, 478). You intrude. Dogbane (Apocynum, 588). Falsehood. Dogwood, Flowering (Cornus florida, 890). False pretensions. Eglantine Rose (Rosa rubiginosa, 335). I wound to heal. Egyptian Calla (Richardia Athiopica, 669). Modesty. Enchanter’s Nightshade (Circeea, 856). I shall-beware of your enchantments. Fennel-flower Wigella damascena, 209). Love ina mist. Perplexity. Fig (Ficus Carica, 635). It is a secret. Fir Balsam (Abies Balsamea, 661). Time will cure. Flax (Linum usitatissimum, 275). Domestic industry. Fleur-delis (ris, 697). I bring you a message. Four-o-clock (Mirabilis Jalapa, 603). Timidity. Foxglove (Digitalis, 526). My heart acknowledges your influence. Geranium, Ivy (P. peltatum, 278). ,A bridal decoration., Geranium maculatam (277). You burn with envy, Geranium, Oak-leaf (Pelargonium quercifolium, 279). There is‘nothing in a Geranium Robertianum (277). Aversion. [mame. Geranium, Rose (P. graveotens, 278). Thou art my choice. Goldenrod (Solidago, 430). Encouragement. Hazel-nut (Corylus, 647). Reconciliation. Heart’s-ease or Pansy (Viola tricolor, 244). Forget me not. Hibiscus Syriacus (270). Thy beauty soon will fade. Hibiscus Trionum (269). I would not be unreasonable. Heliotrope (Heliotropium Peruvianum, 559). Devotion. Hellebore (Helleborus, 209). It is a scandal. Holly (Mex opaca, &c., 496). Am I forgotten? Hollyhock (Althea rosea, 266). Ambitious only of show. Honeysuckle (Lonicera, 394). Seek not a hasty answer. Hop (Humilus lupulus, 688). You do me injustige. Hyacinth (Hyacinthus, 712). Jealousy. ,”. Hydrangea hortensis (373). Vain boasting. Iée-plant (Mesembryanth, 265). Your very looks are freezing. ~ 820 THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. Indian Tobacco (Lobelia inflata, 477). Away with your quackery, Ivy (Hedera Helix, 390). Nothing can part us. Japonica, Red (Camellia Jap., 273). Pity may change to love. Japonica, White (C. Japonica, 273). Perfected loveliness. Jessamine (J asminum, 596). Thy gentle grace hath won me. Jonquil (Narcissus Jonquilla, 693). Requited love. Judas-tree (Cercis Canadensis, 801). Unbelief. Treachery. Juniper (Juniperus communis, 663). I will protect thee. : Lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium, 581). Caprice. F Larkspur (Delphinium, 210). Fickleness. Laurel, Sheep (Kalmia angustifolia, &e., 485). Falsehood. Lavender (Lavandula, 541). Owning her love shesent him Lavender. Shake> Lemon (Citrus Limonum, 274). Discretion. Lilac (Syringa, 598). My first love. Lily, White ( Lilium candidum, 709). Purity and swéetness. Locust, green leaves (Robinia Pseudacacia, 319). My heart is buried. Lupine (Lupinus, 311). Indignation. Magnolia glauca (214). He lives in fame who dies in virtue’s cause. Magnolia grandiflora (214). Thou hast magnanimity. Marigold (Tagetes, or Calendula, 465). Cruelty. Mignonette (Reseda odorata, 241), Moral worth superior to beauty. Milkweed (Asclepias, 597). Conquer your love. Mistletoe (Phorodendron, 621). Meanness. Indolence. Mock Orange (Philadelphus coronarius, 374). Deceit. I cannot trust thee. . Monk’s-hood (Aconitum, 211).- Deceit. Your words are poison. Morning-glory (Pharbitis purpurea, 571). You love darkness. Myrtte (Myrica ceriera, 650). Thine is the beauty of holiness. Myrtle (Myrtus communis, 346). Love’s offering. . Narcissus, Poet’s (Narcissus poeticus, 693). LEgotists are agreeable only to Nasturtion (Tropeolum majus, 281). Honor to the brave. [themselves. Nettle (Urtica dioica, 636). Thou art a slanderer. Nightshade (Atropa Belladonna, 588). Death. Nightshade (Solanum nigrum, 577). Skepticism. THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. 321 Oak (Quercus, 642). Thou art honored above all. Oat (Avena sativa, 790). Thy music charms.me. Oleander (Nerium Oleander, 590). The better part of valor is discretion. A Olive (Olea, 599). Emblem of peace. Orange Flowers (Citrus Aurantium, 274). Bridal festivity. Ox-eye Daisy, or Whiteweed (Leucanthemum, 458). Be patient. Parsley (Apium petroselinum, 388). Thy presence is desired. Passion-flower (Passiflora, 363). Let love to God precede all other love. Pea (Pisum sativum, 303). Grant me an interview. Peach blossom (Persica vulgaris, 328). Preference. Pennyroyal (Hedeoma pulegioides, 544). Flee temptation. *Pedny (Peonia, 212). A frown. Pepper (Capsicum, 578). Your wit is too keen for friendship. Periwinkle (Vinca, 589). Remember the past. Phtox (567). Our souls are one. Pine, Pitch (Pinus rigida, 660). Time and philosophy. Pihe, ‘White (Pinus strobus, 660). High-souled patriotism. Pink, Single Red (254). A token of pure and ardent love. Pink, Single White (Dianthus caryophyllus, 254). Artlessness . Pink, Variegated (254). Frank refusal. Poppy, Red (Papaver Rheas, 224). Oblivion is the cure. Poppy, White (Papaver somniferum, 224). *T'wixt life and ‘death, Primrose (Primula grandiflora, 502). Confidence. Primrose, Evening ((nothera, 352). Inconstancy,, Quince (Cydonia, 333). Beware of temptation. Rocket (Hesperus, 234). Thou vain coquette | Rose Bud. Thou hast stolen my affections. Rose, Burnet (Rosa pimpinellifolia, 387). Gentle and innocent. ———— Rose, Cinnamon (R. cinnamomia, 335). Without pretension. Such as I am receive me. Would I were more for your sake. 2 Rose, Damask (R. damascena, 336). Blushes augment thy beauty. Rosemary (Rosmarinus, 550). Remember me. . Rose, Moss (R. centifolia, B., 836). Thou art one of a thousand. 322 THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. Rose, White (R. alba, 336). My heart is free. Rose, White, withered (336). Transient impressions. [you. Rose, Wild (R. nitida, 835). Simplicity. Let not this false world deceive Rue (Ruta, 282). Disdain. [virtues. Sage (Salvia, 548). There is nothing lovelier in woman than the domestic Snap-dragon (Antirrhinum, 519). Thou hast deceived me. Snow-ball (Viburnum Opulus, 397). Thou livest a useless life. Snow-drop (Galanthus, 694). I summer friend.. [friend. © Sorrel (Polygonum acetosella, 606). Ill-timed wit. A jester is a dangerous Speedwell (Veronica, 526). My best wishes. Spiderwort (Tradescantia, 727). You have my esteem ; are you content ?e & Star-of:Bethlehem (Ornithogalum, 710}. Look heavenward. Stock (Matthiola, 229). Too lavish of smiles. Sumac (Rhus; 283). Splendid misery. Sweet Pea (Lathyrus odoratus, 304). ; Must you go? Sweet-scented Shrub (Calycanthus, 345), Benevolence. [villain too. Sweet William (Lychnis chalcedonica, 257). A man may smile and be BS Thistle (Cirsium, 467). Misanthropy. Thorn Apple (Datura, 581). Thou scarcely hidest thy guilt. Thyme (Thymus, 547). The prize of virtue. Tulip, Variegated (Tulipa, 707). Thy spell is broken. Tulip, Yellow (707). ‘I dare not aspire so high. Venus’ Looking-glass (Specularia, 479). Flattery hath spoiled thee. Vervain (Verbena hastata, 5387). I see thy arts, and despise them. Violet, Blue (Viola cucullata, 243). Faithfulness. I shall never forget. Violet, White (V. blanda, 242). Retirement. I must be sought to be found,. Virgin’s Bower (Clematis, 200). Filial affection. Wallflower (Cheiranthus, 232). A friend in need is a friend indeed. Water Lily (Nymphea odorata, 220). Be silent. Weeping Willow%(Salix Babylonica, 655). Mourning for friends departed. Zinnia (444). To the prude. Bry A ih a a ol oS od a Mt ol lle 5 Sapa ty Bt 1 Mo Iie A