EVEL Somes tied ae ese tga sl to|z i... Cornell Aniversity Library FROM THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT THROUGH THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS use. 2 506 Rev. Stat. prohibits the withdrawal of this book for hi 4905 Cornell University Library UC32 .A4 1917 ON 3 1924 032 644 522 olin WAR DEPARTMENT OFFICE OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION QUARTERMASTER CORPS BY MR. H. W. DALY Chief Packer UNDER DIRECTION OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL U. S. ARMY WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 4 A341 WAR DEPARTMENT, Document No. 565. OFFICE OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL. War DEPARTMENT, OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF, Washington, December 21, 1916. The following Manual of Pack Transportion, revised 1916, is pub- lished for the information and guidance of all concerned. By order of the Secretary of War: H. i. Scorr, Major General, Chief of Staff. 3 CONTENTS. Section. Page. MOL ACE jacd 5 Sataka Sig Sa ayer voce wee SS SINS gta aS. © ie wis la foes ew wed aks 11 General MIStOr yicsr are sisters aeeeactec olan sc a east wise m= aged a Mee rae Et i 15 Evolution of the aparejo...... 22.2.2... 0222 eee eee eee eee 18 Evolution of the diamond hitch............2..2000002000 0200200 e ee eeeee cee 25 CHAPTER I. Pack saddles, description and uses: APNG Dane Ose Soi hed ct Acie aca weet pe a ean aimed Say a ad 1 26 Accessories of the aparejo............0.00 0.002 e eee eee eee eee eee ee 1 28 Crosstree or sawbuck.....-...-2-.--002 00002 e cee eee ee cece eee 2 29 Moore packesadd lees cise eee ne BAGS dnighshetnck eo 8 hesceaeanipaleleanenes 3 29 CuaptTer IT, Assembling and care of the aparejo: Selection of sticks suitable for ribbing aparejos..............2.....-- 4 33 Selection of hay suitable as padding fi APATe]OSie aves waeeeeaese ves 5 33 Setting up the aparejo.-_..--..-..2. 0.00.00. 0 eee eee 6 33 Setting up the Daly aparejo for use.......--.-..---..----2-2.----2------ 7 37 Care: of theraparejO.c2 .2 25.0 yacweddeeettst ens ednd oa24 5 anurans 8 40 Causes of body and belly ‘‘bunches” and sore tails, sore withers and loins or kidney sores on pack mules and directions for their preven- HOM aNd eCULC aay ¢ == 55d wemeeeewaw 5143 wee EEG aes vs te eeeeE eee eee 9 40 CuHapTer III. Instruction of the individual packer in preparation for his duties in the pack train: 1. Securing and coiling ropes— How to prepare lash, sling, and lair ropes.........-..--...---- 10 44 How to do up a lash rope...........--.2-----20-22202 2-2 e eee 11 45 How to do up a sling rope...........2...-2---22------2-02---+- 12 45 How to do up a lair rope...........-...22.2..2-22--2-220-2-- 13 45 2. Lairing up the packs— How to square ends of packs and tie before lairing up.......-.. 14 45 How to lair up side packs.............---2--- 22-2 ee ee eee eee 15 46 How to lair up side pack of ropes without the aid of pack cover OP IMG DA, 2. occas ae. Bei bcisteinaus aye 205 4 22s Gocpane ede ee eee sedgoanue ae 16 47 How to lair up an aparejo and riding saddle for storage or BIPM CN tee sacs oacdeenese ee ce welaed etal sreeeeneees 17 47 3. Putting the aparejo on the mule— How to fold an aparejo blanket..............2..222-.-20---2-.- 18 48 How to place blanket on aparejo preparatory to putting on the APALC] 0) 52 sinasoee clans noes oa also: teiemehe SESS leet Ye 19 48 How to blind a pack mule..............-22-2---22-2------+-- 20 48 How to place corona, blanket, and aparejo on the mule.....-..- 21 48 Howto turn the cruppe?c.ccssesoseescceccde it cces macaw ee se 22 51 How to cinch an aparejo.....-------.2--- 22-22 - eee eee ee eee 23 51 Forming the load preparatory to loading the mule.........-.- 2454 6 CONTENTS. Instruction of the individual packer in preparation for his duties in the pack train—Continued. 4. Slinging the load— Section. How to place the sling rope on the aparejo.......------------- How to lift side packs and place them on the aparejo.....-.-- How to sling the load and tie the square knot.....-.-.------- How to brake a side pack...........-.------------2-+- eee eee How to double sling the side packs when length of packs POQUITES Ltr acts decte isi sos tenant hehe Qem oes «S29 sigearines How to cross sling side packs when top packs are necessary ---. How to double cross sling side packs when length of packs POGUES AL nc wwicce bec cadeune see = shunosede es ¢ PBST = sere 5. Lashing the load— How to form the diamond hitch..........-...---.---+-+----+- How to form the double diamond...........-...------------- How to form the double hitch........-.......-------+-+------- How to form the diamond hitch when the cinch hook is lost or ITO KCB zx. 4 acy iciarne sein Sb vieeNedeemsausie d-sfap ners ed saree Se How one packer can sling the load and form the diamond Ditches wie ae aleitieis jade ats oeahs oo eae ceeecaameseesees How to form the pole hitch....................------------- How to form the Oregon diamond hitch.............---..---- 6. How to sling the load and form the crosstree hitch on crosstree or sawbuck— How to sling the load on crosstree.........-....-..---------- How to form the crosstree hitch...........-..--------------- How to form the stirrup hitch..............-..-.------------- 7. Taking off the load and aparejo— How to take off the lash rope and the load............-....-- How to uncinch an aparejo and turn the crupper.........---- How to take off an aparejo...........--------------------05- 8. Miscellaneous— How to form two half hitches, the pole (clove) hitch How to form a bowline knot............22-22.------ How to form a bowline and bight..................2---..----- How to form a short splice on rope........--------------+-+-- How to form a long splice on rope How to constructia travois......52.....s00s es see eeeeee ee eee How to improvise a stretcher CHaptTer IV. Instruction in the service of a pack train: 1. Summary of duties in loading and unloading a train 2. Loading a pack train— How to form cargo preparatory to loading the mules How to place the figping). sci... ccc see. se Senne disk ed pas nig acisiee How to teach animals to come properly to rigging How to tie animals at rigging.........2.2.2222.202.2.2222-2--.--. How to do up halter shank before tying animal to his load How to tie an animal to his load........2.2..22.-..22-2-2-.-- How to load a pack train for the day’s march in the most ex- Pedi tOWS MANN eH ewes see wc erst! oiseoe sheds cies’s sla ARREST Putting on the aparejos Putting on. thecareo.<. sxsecses cee vos ecenec caus settee este Leaving the park or camp ground 3. Duties of packers on the march— Ip OPenoCOuntry: xcccc2 34 paenses dios yeetecaeed Poems = Onvbad and Narrow trailsic22.2.0:6 csccoeiteue eels caeecehe seeeesememenarame eee ee oe 88 148 3. Articles of equipment in use in pack trains— Mess or kitchen boxes.........2.. 2.020222 202 ces eee eee eee ee 89 149 Packer’s field stove, with kit..............2.....0...2-22---. 90 149 Cooking outfit, without stove......,..........-.--2..---22---- 91 149 Pack-train mess Kit... scicece cece tess oes ssueauemnion $4 20 sls euneve 92 149 Clothes or Wat DagBi. 2c senenoesedes saasoneenecw vee deen meme 93 149 Packer's wardrobe. e:ccccissecccdaec pees nemeneeee eee eet 94 150 Packer's wall tenths tanosascend orca Gamaaaeres awa annul 95 150 MEO) BACK 5, x leysucgtioe ss cele tte Ge cys wht ete lara Toler alata 96 150 Grass‘or hay pads. oss +aseseeenes osceeeaeedee cases st eees 97 150 Pach: Coversies.ss.-e cso ssid Goawtae guess Pewee ses ieee 98 150 RIGGING COVERS: ses heeeo bak tescuineate fhe kaid’s Gaspigideeuinn bw hscue, ayavenen 99 150 CANE O CONCIB: pncantiiasd eeu aNatlenasesei eee EASE hans Ae esnie 100 «151 Feed covers.......-22---.-0-0-2-202220e0ee- Pct desde Seas aR 101 «151 Cargador's box: the flattened surface of the boot stick, then bring the stick to place under the collar at the forward edge of the aparejo. Under no circumstances permit a stick to take position that is too long or too short, throughout the operation. Having placed the first two sticks in position, one on either side of the aparejo, under the collar, select two more in similar manner as the first two, but be careful that they are not of greater diameter or toughness; this rule must positwely be adhered to in the taper and toughness of each corresponding pair of sticks throughout the opera- tion from front to rear. Any departure from this rule will mark 2A flat surface provided on butt end of sticks will prevent their rolling from position at the front corner of the boot; these sticks, being of larger diameter, are apt to be pressed out of position during the process of ribbing. b This occurs in the process of ribbing. The aparejo is spread out its full length the belly or body piece upward. When the aparejo stands on its boots, the sticks show they are against and under the boot stick. MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 35 the mule by “‘bunching;”’ taking out the hay, as in fixing for a bunch will not remove the trouble. Having ribbed up as far as slit at center of stitch line, commence at rear, using the smallest stick, increasing the diameter of stick until the center is again reached, and the aparejo is properly ribbed. The a arejo having thus been “ribbed up,” in order to fill the sides or panels with hay, proceed as follows: tand the aparejo up on its boots, the hand-holes facing out, and procure a tamping stick; an old broom handle is good for the pur- ose. . Take a pocketknife or drawing knife and shave end of stick so as to leave two sides flattened, tapering toward end of stick; thickness at end, one-quarter inch. Concave or hollow the end on flat side, so that it may grip the hay in tamping. In tamping manipulate this stick with the hands; do not use a hammer. Introduce the hay through the hand-hole, a little at a time, and press into the corners of boots. It is well to commence at front cor- ners always. Tamp down with stick. In tamping do not hold the hands well out from the aparejo, but rather lean the stick against the top of aparejo; the point or end of stick is then not so apt to pass between the ribs in tamping. Be careful in tamping corners that you do not use too much hay at one time, or in each course. You will thus be enabled all the better to get the corners solid. This tamping should extend back about 6 inches from the corners on either side, and should be thoroughly done. Be careful to get the four corners equal. Tamp lightly along center of boot. Three or four courses of hay will fill the lengths of boots 4 inches in depth and thickness or nearly so. Now, spread out the aparejo to its full length on the ground, or place on bench, hand-hole upward, and introduce the hand to ascer- tain if the ribs have been misplaced at top or bottom. Ribs being in place, proceed to fill along top or center. Use the stick in pressing the hay into the corners under collar, and at the rear of the a aero. bub only far enough back or toward you to enable the hand to be used in filling the rest. Lay two courses through the body of the aparejo, spreading each course evenly. Do not allow the hay to lay in lumps, as it will ‘‘bunch” or wound the animal. After the aparejo has been used a while, and the hay has been well settled in its place and made compact, the thickness of the filling through the body should be about 2 inches. The aparejo should have a thin appearance through the body; it should not appear stuffed and swollen. The thickness of the filling decreases gradually from the boots to the hand-hole of the aparejo, being about twice as great in the boots as in the center of panel or hand-hole. At the top or center the normal thickness extends to within about 4 inches of the center stitch line, the thickness gradually decreasing from there to the middle seam, where it is practically nothing. The packer now proceeds to put in additional filling, so as to adjust the aparejo more accurately to the mule’s shape, i. e., he proceeds to ‘“‘dress’”’ or to face up the aparejo, as it is called. First, dress or face each front boot, the dressing to extend inward each way from the front corner toward the hand-hole, say 7 inches, and must be of oval shape. In introducing the hay hold the palm 36 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. of the hand upward, so as not to disturb the bed of hay underneath the hand, increasing the width and depth of dressing as you recede from the front corner, and the inward edge of dressing to be of semi- circular form; for the next 4 inches decrease the thickness rapidly as the hand-hole is approached. This will leave the filling of the front boot obviously greater than the rear boot. The difference should be about 1 inch for mules of ordinary girth in barrel; mules of larger girth will necessarily require more hay in the front boot to make the aparejo sit on the animal with the boot sticks parallel. ; Next, make a dressing under the collar of aparejo for the withers of the animal. For this purpose keep the palm of the hand up and carry the hay well into the corners at front, using as little of the hay at each time as_possible, so as not to disturb the bed formed beneath the hand; carry this dressing back from the corner, increasing the width and depth of dressing as you recede from the corners, the outer edge of dressing to be of semicircular form. The upper point of the semicircle should not approach the center line within a space of 4 inches. The whole line of semicircle should gradually decrease in thickness as the hand-hole is approached to within 4 inches of hole. The depth of this dressing all e governed by the height of the animal’s withers. The aparejo when cinched on the mule should be level from front to rear. In similar manner the boots must be parallel and horizontal. : The front edge, between boot and collar, may now have an addi- tional dressing 3 inches wide and about 1 inch in thickness, tapering each way toward the center, so as to give opportunity for the aparejo to brake or conform to the body of the animal, in the act of cinching; and the aparejo is properly ‘‘set up.” Now stand the aparejo up; that is, cause it to stand on its boots. Next, procure a crupper (standard size), and two lace thongs each about 7 feet long and one-half of an inch wide; at heavy end of each lace thong, and three-fourths of an inch from each end cut a slit 14 inches long, introduce the light end of each thong through the upper hole on each end of crupper and pass the end through the slit on opposite end of thong and draw down snug; next procure two lace thongs, length of thongs, say 12 inches, and attach the crupper to the “carrier” pieces, and tie down; this helps to hold the crupper in the operation of lacing. Now pass the end of crupper lacing through the second hole on front facing (counting from the collar), from above down or, as may be said, from outside toward inside, and draw thong snug. Next, in similar manner, pass the thong through the second hole on crupper, then through the fourth hole on front facing, again through the fourth hole on crupper, and, lastly, through the bottom or end hole on front facing and crupper, and tie down. Always finish the tie on the last hole of the crupper; never on the front facing, as action of the crupper, which sould bind or steady the aparejo is lost by such action. It must be remembered that the lacing must positively pass through holes on front facing and crupper from above down, in order that lacing may not render or slip etek the aparejo is fitted to the mule. Next, punch two holes, one-half inch apart, at each extremity of the center line of the aparejo, and between the two outside stitch MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION, 37 lines. Procure thongs and fit aparejo cover. Punch two holes cor- respondingly in the cover and tie down. rocure cincha; place the latigo along center of its length and double the cincha, causing the upper surface of cincha carrying finger piece to be inside. Place cincha on aparejo in center, leaving the ends on the “off” side with ends of finger loop on top. Turn crupper and rest dock on center of aparejo. Procure a corona; double it and place it on aparejo, its ends facing to the front, numbered side up. The aparejo is now set up and ready for use. SETTING UP THE ‘‘DALY’’ APAREJO FOR USE. Src. 7. Owing to the heavy loads necessitated by the carrying of mountain guns (Vicker’s, Maxim, etc.), the principal parts of which are carried as ‘‘top”’ loads, it has been found advantageous to supply boot and saddle bars of suitable wood, each bar being shaped so as to conform to that particular part of the aparejo coming least in con- tact with the body of the animal, i. e., that portion of the aparejo that should not rest on the animal’s backbone, and be clear of the mule’s belly. Slots are provided on bars to receive the ribs and hold them securely in position. Nine ribs are provided on each side, serially numbered with the corresponding number of the aparejo for which intended, the ribs being graduated in length of taper from front to rear, following the lines of the willow-stick method. The boot bars conform to the shape of the boots, as formed by the padding of hay, with the provision of adding a sufficiency of hay over the upper portion of the Bars where that portion of the boot comes into contact with the body of the mule. The saddle bars, in similar manner, with the provision of adding a sufficiency of hay over the lower portion of the bars, where the weight of load is carried by the animal. To rib up the aparejo with boot, saddle bars, and ribs a slit 12 inches long is provided on the back piece at rear, with holes punched on either side to receive lace thongs, and a “‘hand-hole” is provided, cut around to within a space of 2 inches at top, so as not to meet the ‘“‘hand-hole” on opposite or belly side of aparejo. A hole is unched on lower edge of lid, with hole to correspond on back piece for lace thong, to secure lid of back piece. The ‘‘hand-hole”’ is pro- vided as a help to guide the ribs to proper position in setting up the aparejo. 1. To rib up.—Unlace the slits and hand-holes; soak the aparejo in tepid water for about fifteen minutes; drain it and lay flat, back pieces up; insert the boot stick and the saddle bar through the slit in rear and press them to their places at the boot and the center stitch line, slotted sides up; insert the numbered set of nine ribs through the slit in rear in their numerical order, and seat them in that order from collar to rear in the slots of the boot stick and saddle bar, butts at the boot; secure the top of each rib as it is seated by inserting the key bar at the front edge below the collar and passing it over the rib in place; fasten the key bar to the collar by the thong. Norre.—Aparejos are issued to the service with ribs in place. Ribs are furnished in sets of nine. Each rib is numbered at its butt to 38 ‘MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. correspond to its proper numerical position in the panel, counting from the collar to the rear. Each rib is also stamped with the size of the aparejo for which it is made. The aparejos are furnished in 58, 60, and 62 inch sizes. The ribs for a 60-inch aparejo are there- fore marked 1-60, 2-60, 3-60, etc. Should repairs or alterations make it necessary to rib up, the butt of the fifth rib is seated in its slot, the overlap at its slot in the saddle bar is marked and cut away, and the other ribs are cut to the exact resulting length. 2. To fill or pad—Turn the aparejo over, belly pieces up; procure about 6 pounds of fine, soft, elastic hay; taking a little at a time, tease or “mix’’ it carefully; insert it through the hand-hole, and thus gradually fill the body of the aparejo with a smooth and even layer not more than 2 inches thick. Norr.—Other filling may be used in necessity, such as moss, ex- celsior, curled hair, sea grass, but these substitutes are difficult of manipulation in alteration necessary to accommodate the rigging to injuries of the mule. By teasing or ‘‘mixing”’ is meant the arrange- ment of the straws so that they will cross one another. The body of the aparejo is that part which comes in contact with the body of the mule. As 3 inches of the lower portion of each boot stick and 3 inches of the upper portion of each saddle bar must not come into contact with the mule, no filling should be pressed within 3 inches of the end of the boot or within 3 inches of the center stitch line. The body course tapers, however, so as to overlap the boot stick and saddle bar, and also tapers toward front and rear. 3. To face or dress.—To adjust the aparejo more accurately to the shape of the mule introduce filling and press it well into the corner of the front boot; working toward the hand-hole, continue the fa- cing along the boot stick and front edge, gradually increasing its thickness to about an inch at 7 inches from the corner and forming its inner edge into the arc of a circle concentric with the hand-hole, the thickness tapering to the ends of the arc; continue this for 3 inches more toward the hand-hole, rapidly decreasing the thickness to nothing; proceed in exactly the same way at the collar; under no circumstances should the collar facing reach within 7 inches of the center of the hand-hole. Connect the front boot and collar facings by a dressing along the front edge about 3 inches wide and an inch thick, decreasing in thickness toward the hand-hole and toward the middle of the edge. Nots.—In facing up introduce the filling with the hand, palm up, so as not to disturb the body course. In case the leather will not yield enough to permit the filling to be introduced well into the cor- ners, the tamping stick may be used to raise it. This stick, used with the commercial aparejo, is 4 or 5 feet long, 14 inches in diameter, wedge shaped for 4 inches from one end, the edge of the wedge being about one-fourth inch thick and grooved. The object of the boot facing is to cause the boot stick to carry horizontally and parallel to the center of the mule and give free action to the mule’s elbow. Mules of large barrel will require a thicker facing than described. The object of the collar facing is to cause the saddle bar to carry horizon- tally and parallel with the center of the mule and to protect the mule’s withers. Mules with high withers will require a thicker fa- cing than that described. In setting to the shape of the mule the MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 39 aparele bends at the middle of the front edge. It is important that the body course remain undisturbed during dressing, and that the instructions given be carefully followed to avoid sore withers and tails and body and belly bunches. 4. To attach the crupper—Stand the aparejo on its boots in its normal position; secure a lace thong to the front hole on the upper facing of the crupper on each side and fasten the crupper with short thongs to the center holes of the carrier pieces on the rear of the epee ; pass the crupper lace thong through the second hole from the top of the front facing of the aparejo, through the second hole of the en pDer through the fourth hole of the aparejo facing, through the fourth hole of the crupper, and so on, Baichine through the bottom holes of the facing and crupper and tying to the crupper hole. Norr.—In lacing the crupper to the aparejo, the thong must be passed through the holes from the outside and must not be twisted, the lacing must not cross, and it is important that the tie be made on the last hole of the crupper instead of the aparejo. Norr.—Guayava, willow, dogwood, hickory or any other wood combining the qualities of permanent elasticity and strength may be used to replace broken ribs. When the set up aparejo is to be filled, no soaking is necessary; in- stead make the belly pieces pliable by rubbing with a wet sponge. Mules weighing 850 to 900 pounds require a 58-inch aparejo; 1,000 pounds, 60-inch; 1,100 pounds, 62-inch; for heavier mules requisition should be made for larger sizes. When the mule is loaded the cincha, in travel, should free the elbow by about 1 inch; more than this will prevent a proper grip on the belly. If the boots ride high on the body of the mule, or if they reach under the belly, even though they ride horizontally and parallel to the center of the mule, the aparejo will be likely to turn easily. This fault encourages injuriously tight cinching and sore tails, If one or both boots flare out or turn in toward the mule, cinch sores and sore tails result, or belly bunches are caused. The width of the collar arch clearance should be at least 6 inches. If it is too narrow or too wide, or if the saddle bars slope downward toward the front, there will be sores on the withers; if they slope to the rear there will be injuries over the loins, called kidney sores. If the lacing of the crupper is drawn too tight at the bottom the lower edge of the crupper will rub the buttocks and cause abrasions. The object to be attained is the uniform distribution of the weight of a load over the portion of the mule’s body anatomically suited to carrying a burden; so that the saddle will ride with little motion and without friction of the bearing surface on the body. The con- tact of the bearing surface of the saddle must be close at all points. As the mule’s body swells from front to rear, the more or less cylin- drically shaped aparejo after the body course is laid must be modified by facing up so as to provide a concave surface to fit over a convex surface. But, as the barrel of the properly conformed mule is nearly cylindrical through the rear half or more of the contact surface, no facing is necessary, as a rule, in the rear pe of the aparejo, although conformation may require it exceptionally. 40 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. CARE OF THE APAREJO. Src. 8. Care of the aparejo.—Packmasters should attend to the cleanliness of the rigging (aparejo proper) at least once a week. The following directions for cleaning and preserving the leather equipment should be carefully followed: To preserve the life of leather equipments they should be cleaned whenever dirt, grit, or dust has collected on them or when they have become saturated with the sweat of the animal. In cleaning each part do not separate the crupper from the body of the aparejo, except where attached to the carrier pieces, using a lather of castile soap and warm water. If the equipment is cared for frequently this method is sufficient, but if the leather has become hard and dry a little neat’s-foot oil should be applied after washing with castile soap. When the oil is dry the equipment should be sponged lightly with soap and water, which will remove the surplus remaining on the surface. If a polish is desired a thin coat of russet leather polish issued by the alee rei Department should be applied and rubbed briskly with a dry cloth. articular care should be taken not to use too much oil on the body piece, as the result will cause the belly piece to become baggy, as the more firm the leather of the belly or body piece is, the better it will hold the padding of hay to its place. In no case should leather be dipped in water or be placed in the sun to dry. All accessories of the aparejo and other equipment of the train will likewise be kept clean. CAUSES OF BODY AND BELLY BUNCHES, SORE TAILS, SORE WITHERS AND LOINS, OR KIDNEY SORES, ON PACK MULES, AND DIRECTIONS FOR THEIR PREVENTION AND CURE. Sec. 9. The term ‘‘bunch” is applied to a swelling or ‘‘puffing up” of the skin, caused by the stopping of the circulation of the blood at that part of the body; it shows unevenness in the ribbing, or placing of the padding (hay), causing undue bearing or pressure on that part of the body. Use as little hay through the body of the aparejo as possible. When the a has become packed the thickness should not be greater than 2 inches. If through unevenness of the filling a ‘‘bunch”’ is caused on the body of the animal, mark this ‘‘bunch”’ by wetting it with water; wet the face of the ‘‘bunch”’ only, as its shape on the animal’s body is what must be indicated on the aparejo. Nowplace the aparejo on the animal, without corona or blanket, where it rests when cinched on; do not turn crupper. Place a hand on each side and rock the aparejo so that the wet surface on the body of the animal will leave its imprints on the aparejo. Raise the aparejo clear of the animal and extend it on the ground, inside facing up, and it will show the location where the ‘‘bunch”’ has been caused. Remove the hay under the wet surface, and nowhere else, and take it out down to the ribs. The better this can be done without disturbing the bed, but only where it has been marked, the more confident one can be that the ‘‘bunch”’ will disappear on the next travel. If not traveling, a ‘‘bunched”’ animal should be loaded with MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 41 pack and exercised sufficiently to reduce the ‘‘bunch;” otherwise the ‘‘bunch”’ will develop into a ‘‘steadfast.” Do not overlook any ‘‘bunches,” no matter how small; reduce them at once and animals can always be kept sound, and sound animals will always carry their load and do so with comfort. Should the animal be ‘‘bunched” under the belly, take out the hay on both sides for a space of about 4 inches above the boot, clear to ribs, and across width of aparejo, leaving a little at both edges. The aparejo, when cinched on the animal, will now shape itself to the animal’s body and relieve the pressure on the belly. The ‘‘bunch” will disappear when the animal is loaded; one or two hour’s travel is sufficient to bring it down. Where hay has been removed, replace a little from day to day, until its proper filling is regained. The evidence of a ‘‘belly bunch,” plainly indicates there has been too much padding (hay) used in the boots of the aparejo, as also from the boots to the ‘‘hand hole;” this undue filling of hay causes the boots of the aparejo to stand or flare out from the body of the mule, and prevents the shaping or bending of the aparejo to the conformation of the mule’s body, the result is too much pressure brought on the belly in cinching the aparejo to the conformation of the body of the animal, the circulation being stopped by the cinch, and on its removal the skin ‘‘puffs up,” and we have what is termed a ‘‘belly bunch.” Therefore to prevent a ‘‘belly bunch” the cause must not be provided, and if provided, must be removed; what is wanted is an even pressure bearing surface covered by the cinch and aparejo. As the cinch binds the aparejo to the body of the animal, the body of the aparejo and its boots or ends must bend and shape itself without undue compression of the ribs and belly of the animal; otherwise ‘‘body”’ and ‘‘belly bunches” will be sure to occur. Sore docks or tails.—This trouble is not clearly understood by the average packmaster and cargador; therefore, to clearly understand the description here given, it will be necessary to remember the meaning of the following terms in reference to the aparejo: First. It is said the aparejo is too long or too short. The obvious meaning is, that in fitting the aparejo we attach the crupper and determine by the lacing une how far forward or rearward the aparejo shall work. When the aparejo is too far forward, or long, the cinch of the aparejo causes an abrasion of the elbow, and interferes with the travel of the animal; if too far rearward, or short, the aparejo will not hold its place; it works itself off to the rear in mountainous country, and will do so even on level ground. Second. It is said the aparejo is too deep or too shallow. The obvious meaning is, that in selecting an aparejo to fit the mule, an aparejo is provided that is either too deep or too shallow to properly fit the pack animal; right here is where packmasters and cargadors are apt to provide conditions or the fundamental cause for sore tails. An aparejo that is too deep laps around the belly and has not sufficient erip on the body of the mule to hold the aparejo in its oroper place; that is, the aparejo not having sufficient grip on the body of the mule, it slips forward and the dock of the crupper cuts the tail by the impact given, due to the weight of the load in the travel of the animal. 42 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. For similar reason, the aparejo when too shallow, the boots stand too high on the body of the animal, and consequently the aparejo, having no grip on the body of the mule, slips forward and the dock of the crupper cuts the tail. Therefore the object to be attained is to aes an aparejo that will properly fit the animal, and take sufficient grip on the body of the animal so that the aparejo will hold its place when ‘‘set up” and cinched on the pack mule. Third. Next in importance is to ‘‘set up” the aparejo by a grad- ual tapering in diameter of the sticks from front to rear, and a gradual tapering in the filling of hay from front to rear, in such manner so that when the aparejo is cinched on the animal the ends or boots of the aparejo will carry horizontally and parallel to the center of the mule and give free action to the mule’s elbows. In similar manner in form- ing the saddle on each side of the center stitch line, the center or top of the aparejo will carry horizontally and parallel with the center of the mule. As a further aid to avoid sore tails, all aparejos should be not less than 24 inches wide, as the greater the width of surface of the animal’s body that is covered by the aparejo, the better retaining grip it has on the barrel of the mule. Mules supplied with newly ‘‘set up rigging” should be loaded (250 pounds) and exercised each day until the aparejos show they have assumed the shape, or as may be termed, a plaster cast of the animal’s body, and for this reason changing of aparejos is positively forbidden. When in such condition the aparejos are fit for satisfactory service. Should the aparejo cause the dock of the crupper to cut the animal’s tail, it is evident there is too much filling of bay at the rear corners of the aparejo, as well as too much filling above the boots at rear, thus preventing a suitable grip of the aparejo over the swell of the animal’s ribs (to hold the aparejo to its place), always bearing in mind that the aparejo is sufficiently deep to grip the body of the mule properly. This latter feature is the fundamental cause of sore tails, that is, the first and necessary requisite to avoid sore tails is to pro- vide an aparejo that is deep enough to grip the body of the pack mule. A shallow rigging will always cause sore tails, from the fact that it has no gTip on the animal’s body and consequently works itself ahead by travel action of the animal, the weight of the load giving the dock of the crupper impact against the animal’s dock or tail; continued action, or a day’s travel, develops a sore tail. First. Sore withers: There are two causes for this trouble; the first is in setting up the aparejo too weak; that is, in providing sticks that are too small in diameter to hold up a 250-pound load; the second is in not having sufficient hay or padding under or below the collar to hold the aparejo away from the withers of the pack mule. Second. Sore loins or kidney sores: The same causes operate for this trouble as for sore withers. Third. It should be remembered that aparejos ‘‘set up” with sticks of too large diameter are injurious to the pack animal; they are too hard to ‘‘break in,” that is, they will not compress or shape to the body of the pack mule. They are apt to cause chafes along the shoul- der blades, body bunches, and belly bunches; however, such rigging, to properly break them in, should be loaded with not less than 300 or 350 pounds on the pack mule, and exercised each day for at least ten days, average distance 10 miles per day. MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 43 Steadfasts.—There is but one cause for steadfasts, that is in neglect- ing to fix for ‘‘bunches,” a neglect of twenty-four hours after the bunch has been caused and the bunch will become difficult to reduce; a neg- lect of thirty-six hours and the bunch will result in the flesh becoming hard and callous, and assume the condition and appearance of dried beef; this condition is termed a ‘‘steadfast.”” To remove the stead- fast the knife has to be used and all appearance of the steadfast must be cut out; the animal experiences no pain until the sound flesh is touched. Apply a slice of fat bacon after the steadfast has been re- moved and the sore will heal in a few days; this will not interfere with the working of the pack animal. If packmasters will exercise care as above outlined when setting up and fitting the aparejo, they can follow a troop of cavalry at any gait desired, or aap any mountain where an animal can find footing, without the least danger of losing load or aparejo. / In the case of aparejos ribbed with willow or other sticks, the main secret is ‘‘ribbing”’ properly, that is, the gradual lessening in the diam- eter of each stick from front to rear. To keep animals sound requires the time and experience of experts at the business. CHAPTER III. INSTRUCTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL PACKER IN PREPARATION FOR HIS DUTIES IN THE PACK TRAIN. SECURING AND COILING ROPES. Src. 10. How to prepare lash, sling, and law ropes for use—Take a rope, standard size and length (see table of sizes of rope and can- vas, sec. 88), and form an eye or loop on one end and wrap or seize the opposite end in this manner: To form the eye unravel about 6 or 7 inches of end selected and double this portion back so as to form a loop about 4 inches long; divide the strands in the order of their twist, placing the second or middle strand against the strand on rope selected. For this purpose do not keep the rope at a twist as held by the left hand, as pie sce or eye when toned will be at a twist, i.e., not in proper alignment. Now untwist the strand selected sufficiently to pass the end of second or middle strand through opening thus made and draw snug. (See fig.100.) Next untwist the strand at the left and pass the first strand through opening thus made and draw snug. (Fig. 101.) Now turn the rope over and untwist the remaining strand of rope and pass this third or last strand through opening thus made from right to left and drawsnug. (Fig.102.) By this operation each raveled strand passes between its mates on the twist of rope. Now draw the strands more snugly against the free end or twist of rope, and commencing with either one of the three strands pass each one from right to left between its mates, following the twist of rope until the operation is performed twice; cut off the remaining portion of each strand, allowing about one-half inch extending. Now place the rope on something solid; place the foot over the splice thus made and roll rope under foot to smooth splice and the eye or loop is properly formed. (Fig. 103.) On the opposite end a wrapping of canvas twine may be formed about three-fourths of an inch long; use a needle to pass the end of cord between each strand of rope, embracing the wrapping in doing so and draw snug each time. The cord may be waxed—beeswax is good for the purpose—or when a cord is not available untwist the strands for about 7 inches and hold the rope in the left hand close to strands. Now take a single cord of each strand and untwist close to the fingers of the left hand, bringing each cord to the front in the order of the strands. Now hold the strands between the first and second fingers of the left hand, and with the right hand take the first cord and loop it over toward the second or middle cord, and place this second cord 44 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 45 over the first, holding the end of this cord between the points of the second and third fingers; next take the third or last cord and bring it under the first, if not already there, then over the second and around the strands from right to left, its end passing into the eye or loop of first cord, and draw each cord down separately until the strands are firmly engaged by the cords. This operation leaves the strands standing upward and the cords downward, the strands thus being held in the center; now pass each cord from right to left as before, as in the operation of finishing the splice for eye of lash rope. This latter method is preferred by packers as more durable, as it will not become undone, and in similar manner is employed for the free ends of the sling rope. The operation of preparing the lair rope is entirely similar to that of the lash rope. Sec. 11. How to do up a lash rope-—Take hold of rope in the left hand near the cincha or by the lacings; coil with right, receiving coils in left hand; length of coils 24 inches. This operation is best performed by keeping the left hand extended downward (this per- mits of the cincha resting partly on the ground); now allow the right hand to slip down the running rope at arm’s length from left to right. This operation will gauge the size or length of each coil (length of coil 24 inches) and permit of rapid formation in coiling the rope as well as a guide in giving an exact resulting length to each coil. The action of the right hand in this operation is similar to that of a pen- dulum of a clock, the left hand receiving the coils and the ground partly supporting the cinch and coils as rendered. Take cincha in right hand, make one turn with it around the coils, and pass the hook through the loop formed by the coils. Draw Cae well up, causing the cincha to tighten snugly on the coils (t, fig. 1). Sia: 12. How to do up a sling rope-—Take a sling rope and bring the ends together, grasp both parts in left hand about 20 inches from ends; coil as in the case of lash rope. Take three turns of the loop around coils and pass the loop through the coils, as in case of annie hook; draw coils up snugly against end. This should leave the loop out, not exceeding 4 inches; length of coils 24 inches (vit, fig. 1). Sec. 13. How to do up a law rope.—Take a lair rope by its eye, in left hand; pass the end through the eye and draw through until a coil of 24 inches is formed; hold and coil as in case of lash rope, taking three turns of the end around coils. Pass the end through, as in the case of cincha hook; draw coils snugly up, leaving not more than 6 inches of end out (v2, fig. 1). LAIRING UP THE PACKS. Sec. 14. How to square ends of packs and tre before lairing up.— By “airing up” a pack, we mean epee it up in a manta, or pack a to en damage to the pack during transportation. (See . 6, etc. “When cargo is composed of sacks of flour, coffee, beans, rice, corn, or oats, etc., it is necessary that the ends of packs be squared and tied before “‘lairing up.” 46 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. The more compact the packs and the better the ends are kept square, the better the load will ride and the less danger there will be of the sacks bursting when dropped on the ground, through acci- dent or negligence. : For this purpose old or unserviceable sling, lair, or lash ropes may be used. Cut a length, say, 20 inches and untwist; take one of the strands and forma bowline knot at one of its ends. (Sec. 46, fig. 79.) Always commence at bottom or seamless end of sack. Procure a marline spike; cause pack to rest on its end; face one of the narrower sides; squeeze the sack about 4 inches below the farther corner with both hands, so as to bring the hands toward one another. Through the portion of the sack thus included ce the spike, and form hole large enough for strand to pass through. Pass the end of strand through hole formed, and draw it through until bowline knot meets hole; hold strand taut; tap lightly on knot with heel of right foot, drawing slack as rendered by tapping. Should not sufficient slack be gained, tap lower down, 4 or 5 inches from knot, gradually raising until knot is reached. Hold the rope taut; move around so as to face the other end of the sack; make a hole with the marline spike as before, and pass the free end of the strand through; tap with the heel, as described in the former case, and draw taut. Now introduce end of strand through loop or eye of bowline knot, (see fig. 80), draw down snug, and secure. Turn up the other end and do likewise, and pack is in condition to “lair up.” Sacks needing it should be doubly sacked. HOW TO LAIR UP SIDE PACKS. Src. 15. Secure a lair rope and spread out manta; place pack diag- onally in center of manta; i. e., with ends facing opposite corners. Face a side of the pack; pick up the near corner of manta and bring it tightly over pack, lapping corner under sufficiently to make it just cover the pack. Place knees on this part; grasp the opposite corner and, turning it under also, bring it tightly over pack, its edge flush with near edge of pack. Place right knee to hold this part in place and face one end; smooth canvas squarely down, and turn in corners; reach out and grasp the end, aid bene it tightly over pack, spreading canvas out, if necessary, to cover corners. Place left knee thereon, face opposite end, and do likewise. In bringing this last corner across length of pack turn corner under when necessary to square with end of pack. Place left knee on pack and reach for lair rope; bring the rope lengthwise under pack, leaving the eye near the upper edge. Place end of rope through eye, if not already there, and Ae it through; grasp the running rope in both hands; place both knees on end of pack, and draw well taut. This should bring the eye about 6 inches over end. Hold slack with left hand; grasp the rope with right about 2 feet in advance of the left; form a loop outward and inward, so that the right hand will come under the left, and the running part of the rope will ride under the standing part. Pass this loop under the pack about 6 inches from the end and draw taut. Face the other end, placing the knee on the intersection of the ropes; form a similar loop, MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 47 and place it around this end; holding taut with left hand, turn the pack over, passing rope over middle of end. Place foot on pack and draw taut. Now pass the end of rope over and under the middle of cross rope at nearer end of pack; then over and under cross rope at farther end and draw taut. Pass rope over middle of end of pack, turning the pack over, and securing the rope to the cross part at the intersection of the ropes. If length of rope permits, take a turn around the center also. The parts of the lair rope are designated as J, figs. 13 and 14. In making up side packs keep the sides and ends square. Never make up a side pack in ball shape, or get it any longer than the width of the aparejo, when possible to avoid doing so. HOW TO LAIR UP A SIDE PACK OF ROPES WITHOUT THE AID OF PACK COVER OR MANTA. Sec. 16. Take a lair or sling rope, hold an end in each hand, and spread out the loop. Place the end held in left hand on the ground; draw sufficiently on the end in right hand, so that when this end is folded to the front the rope will lie in three equal lengths. This leaves an end of the rope and a loop at either extremity. Make the three ropes equally distant from one another at the center. Place length- wise across the center as many coiled ropes as it is determined to form into a side pack. When ready, another packer will assist to ‘‘lair.”” The two packers face one another on opposite sides of the pack, each draws on his end of the rope until opposite loop is close to side of pack; then passes his end of rope through opposite loop and draws slack. Each then places both knees on side ao pack and draws taut, causing the loops to come near center of pack. Each packer holding rope taut with left hand, with right hand passes rope over middle of end of pack to his left; assisting one an- other, they turn the pack over. Each now passes his rope to the other; then causing the ropes to cross at the center of the pack, each brings his rope to the middle of his side of the pack. Resting their knees on the pack, the packers now draw the rope taut; then holding the slack, they turn the pack over and fasten the ropes together by a square knot on top of the pack. HOW TO LAIR UP AN APAREJO AND RIDING SADDLE FOR STORAGE OR SHIPMENT. Sec. 17. Without turning the crupper, extend the aparejo on the ground, inside facing up. Place the corona on it, full length, sweat- cloth facing up. Now procure a lair rope; bring the loop over one end of aparejo and place so as to lie along center of corona and aparejo. Cause the aparejo to stand on its boots; draw slack on rope so as to leave eye or bight of rope on top and in center of aparejo. Proceed and finish as in lairing side pack and secure dock of crup- per at top. ; Ropes, canvas, and blankets should be made into packs of con- venient size and laired; each pack to have a tag indicating its con- tents. 48 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. Each riding saddle should have its blanket folded; the bridle and blind are placed therein and rolled up and the roll tied to cantle of saddle. The stirrups should be wrapped ‘around saddle in convenient man- ner and the whole placed in a ‘‘gunny”’ sack, secured at top, and tagged to show its contents. PUTTING THE APAREJO ON THE MULE—HOW TO FOLD AN APAREJO BLANKET. Src. 18. Hold the blanket by the corners, the short way up and down; fold across the longer edges, right hand holding corners, left holding folded edge at corner. Shake the blanket and spread it out on the ground, the hands still holding up the corners. Carry the upper edge to the front, so as to leave a portion of the blanket, 22 inches wide, on the ground. Then fold back, so as to leave the blanket in three equal folds, 22 inches wide and 42 inches long. Fold once more, bringing the ends together. It is now in condition to be placed on the aparejo before putting the aparejo on the mule. HOW TO PLACE BLANKET ON APAREJO PREPARATORY TO PUTTING ON THE APAREJO. Src. 19. Place so that the ends will rest on front of aparejo. Its proper place, before putting the aparejo on the mule, is under the corona. HOW TO BLIND A PACK MULE. Src. 20. Take hold of one of the sides of blind near end; hold animal by halter or halter shank; bring blind fully over animal’s neck to ‘‘off side,” allowing half of blind with tail to hang down; bring the crown of blind well to front and pass it over animal’s ears with right hand, from right to left. Do not raise the hand in passing over, as the animal may duck from it. ; HOW TO PLACE CORONA, BLANKET, AND APAREJO ON THE MULE. Src. 21. It is assumed that two packers, called, respectively, the ‘‘near’’ and ‘‘off”’ packers, work together in placing tie aparejo on the animal and see that the aparejo is properly equipped—i. e., that the cincha is folded and placed on top of it; that the crupper is turned so as to rest on top of the cincha, and that the blanket and corona are on top of the aparejo. A corona is placed in position on aparejo, as explained for the blanket (sec. 18), numeral or design on top. With right hand take hold of the upper half of corona at the middle of the nearest side, fingers resting on top, thumb under; raise, and with the left hand grasp lower half in similar manner; raise, extend corona, and pass it over animal’s body with right hand, the left guiding, to come in line over cross or birthmark on animal’s withers, center of corona along center of back. A blanket is handled and placed on corona in similar manner. The ‘‘off’’? packer, in both cases, receives the ‘‘off”’ end of the corona and blanket as each comes over, and assists in adjusting them in place. 49 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 17——4 75927° MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION, MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 51 To place the aparejo on the animal, stand in front of aparejo and take hold near its center, in rear, with right hand; place the alm of the left hand against the front of the belly piece of the ‘‘off’’ side of poses fingers downward and near to the boot of aparejo. ow lean the aparejo well toward the body, thus raising the ‘‘off”’ side of the aparejo well off the ground, then, both hands assisting, raise and swing the aparejo over animal. Allow it to rest on animal’s back slightly in rear of its proper position. In the operation do not slap the aparejo on the animal’s back, as the animal may jump from under. HOW TO TURN THE CRUPPER. Src. 22. The “near” packer takes hold with left hand on lower edge of crupper, fingers under, the right palm down, near the dock; the ‘ off” pees takes hold similarly, hands reversed; both raise crupper well up, press forward with palms, bringing edge of crupper toward them with the hand, and crupper is turned. The quicker the action the easier turned. HOW TO CINCH AN APAREJO. Sec. 23. When crupper is turned, the ‘‘off’”’ packer, with right hand, holds the upper edge of crupper well up and out from the animal’s buttocks, and with left hand passes the tail up between the crupper and the mule’s hips, and receives it with right hand; holds tail well up on animal’s hips; presses crupper down under dock with left hand, and lets go of tail; raises tail partly with left hand and places dock of crupper well under animal’s tail. He then places his left breast against crupper to hold it in place; frees the animal’s tail, observing that no hair rests on dock; places the palm of left hand on center of aparejo, the right hand on corner of boot, and pushes the aparejo forward to its place; steps to animal’s shoulder, faces to rear, and aleoes right hand on collar of aparejo. While the ‘‘oft”’ packer is thus engaged, the ‘‘near” packer draws the upper fold of cincha quickly toward him; allows the other end to ass over to ‘‘off’”’ packer, guiding it to center of aparejo at top with eft hand; retaining the leather facing of cincha on the near side of the aparejo; grasps latigo well down with right hand and calls out “Cinch!” At the word “cinch” the ‘off’ packer passes the end of cincha well under with palm of left hand, holding it in position until he feels it has been received by the near packer; he observes that cincha is over the center of boot of aparejo, places left hand on rear corner of boot and holds the aparejo forward to its place. Do not raise the aparejo in front. The “near” packer takes hold of cincha with left hand on corner (never at its center or eye, as the hand will thus interfere), passes the double of latigo through eye of cincha from above, brings it up in front and passes it through rendering ring from above, grasps the double of latigo with left hand well under, and with the et hand passes the end through eye of cincha in rear of the other part, places the palm of left hand against the front corner of boot as a MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. o2 “9 Dlg MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 53 Fic. 9. 54 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. brace and pulls taut with right hand. (This is termed a “primary cinch.’’) Holding latigo in right hand, he takes hold of rear corner of boot, the left holding front, brings aparejo well forward to place, and calls out “Cinch!” At this signal the ‘‘off”’ packer passing in rear observes that the aparejo is straight on the animal, takes hold of latigo in between the near packer and the mule, the palm of right hand up and of the left down, and places right knee on boot of aparejo. ead The near packer holds latigo far enough back to permit him to raise his left foot to boot of aparejo, his left hand in front of his right, both palms up. The two packers then pull together, reach forward, taking a second and similar pull, and, if necessary, an additional pull to bring the eye or hole of cincha to edge of boot. The cincha must be in center both at top and at boots of aparejo. The ‘‘off”’ packer, holding slack of latigo with right hand, takes hold with the left below the right, palm down, the thumb grasping latigo underneath. He brings the latigo up, resting the butt of palm of left hand near top of aparejo, the fingers gripping the top thereof; with the right hand passes the end of latigo from above through finger loop and receives it with the two first fingers of the left hand; holds slack below left with right hand and pulls the end with left, taking slack well in. The latigo being drawn taut by this action, the end is engaged between the standing part. of the latigo and the top of the aparejo and is thus caught in place. (See figs. 10, 11.) FORMING THE LOAD PREPARATORY TO LOADING THE MULE. Src. 24. Take a coiled lash rope and unwrap cincha (sec. 11); hold coils and cincha at point of lacing in left hand; release as many coils of rope as will leave, say, from 10 to 15 feet extended. Swing the coils held in left hand toward the right and place on the ground, cincha underneath. Now take the side packs, which make up a load, and place them lengthwise on lash rope, the heavier pack underneath. Take a coiled sling rope, unwrap and place crosswise on load. Then pick up the end of lash rope, extended on ground, coil and place on load. In preparation for loading the mules the cargo is thus formed in a loads according to the number of mules available. (See g. 109.) SLINGING THE LOAD-——_HOW TO PLACE THE SLING ROPE ON THE APAREJO. Src. 25. Take hold of the sling rope, about 5 feet from one end, with the left hand, the two last fingers gripping the rope; with the right form as many coils as may be necessary, according to the size of the load, and receive the coils between the thumb and two first fingers of the left hand, at the same time retaining the grip on the rope beyond the coils with the two last fingers of the right hand. Now receive the coils from the left hand, between the thumb and two first fingers of the right hand, and, retaining the grip on the free ends of the rope by the two last fingers of each hand, ee the coils over the aparejo to the off side, separating the ropes at the same time, as the length of the packs may determine. A loop of the rope s MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 55 is thus made to hang down on the ‘‘off”’ side of the aparejo, while the two ends called, respectively, the ‘‘front’’ and ‘‘rear’’ ropes, hang down on the near side. (See fig. 11.) If, due to the size of the load, it is necessary to lengthen or shorten the loop on the ‘‘off”’ side, do so by taking or giving slack on the rear rope, never on the front rope; the latter should be allowed to hang nearly to the ground. HOW TO LIFT SIDE PACKS AND PLACE THEM ON THE APAREJO. Src. 26. The ‘‘off”’ packer stands facing the sides of the packs; takes hold of the uppermost pack at each end, hands well under, and raises it to his knees; raises it from knees quickly to breast and car- Ties it to ‘‘off”’ side. If heavy, incline the body forward and raise quickly, throwing the head and shoulders back. Rest lower edge of pack on aparejo and allow flat side of pack to come down on aparejo. The upper edge should ride flush with the center or top of aparejo. The ‘‘near” packer lifts in similar manner and places his pack so as to lap about four inches on top of ‘‘off” pack. Weight of packs being equal, this will permit the ‘‘near”’ pack, after ‘‘braking,’’ to ride level with the Sof ’ pack. HOW TO SLING THE LOAD AND TIE THE SQUARE KNOT. Src. 27. The ‘‘off” packer, standing somewhat away from the mule, as a brace, supports his pack in place with left hand, palm against the center of the pack and slightly underneath it, so as to balance the weight of the pack. With the right he picks up the front and then the rear parts of the loop of the sling rope and brings them up to center, the left hand re- ceiving them between thumb and forefinger and holding them taut against the pack. He then passes the loop of the rope over his right shoulder, and when ‘‘near’”’ packer calls out ‘‘Rope,”’ he throws the loop lightly over with his right hand. If thrown hard it will bound back. Should there not be sufficient rope to pass to ‘‘near”’ packer, he pulls on the rear rope sufficiently to do so. The ‘‘near” packer takes a similar position to that above described for the ‘‘off” packer and supports his pack with the left hand in the same manner. With the right hand he picks up the front rope and brings it to the center of the pack, the left receiving it between the thumb and forefinger and holds it taut against the pack. Now take the end of this rope in the right hand, call out ‘‘Rope,” to ‘‘off” packer, and quickly place the rope on top of the loop as it comes over. Pass the end through the loop from above and draw down taut, letting the right hand slip down on rope to near the edge of pack. he load is now held in place by the rope as though caught in a bight. The loop of the sling rope should never be placed above or below the swell of the pack, as the rope then loses its retaining hold onload. This does not apply to box loads. Now place the left-hand edge of palm resting on top of rope below its engagement on the swell of pack, raise the rope with the right hand so as to give opportunity for the last two fingers of the left MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 56 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 57 Fie. 11. 58 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. hand to grip it, and keep the rope compressed against the palm, the free end hanging down. : Now reach down with right hand and pick up the rear rope, bring- ing it up saug against pack in rear of the front rope. leceive it between the points of thumb and first two fingers of the left hand, allowing the free end, or pon. to hang to rear—never allow this portion to cross over the front rope, to avoid confusing them. You will learn this. The fingers of the left hand now hold the front and rear ropes, the free ends of each rope hanging down. Now take the front rope in the right hand, pass it over and under the rear rope from right to left, and pull taut, allowing the last two fingers of the left hand to escape from under the rope as it comes down taut, and allow them to fall in front of the rear rope (not in rear or behind it). Now, again, bring the ‘“‘front’’ rope over the outer or free end of ‘‘rear” rope from right to left and up toward the thumb of the left hand, receive the rope by allowing the thumb of the left hand to fall down on the crown or loop of the front rope formed by this operation, and bring the thumb-holding rope toward the palm of the hand, and hold it there. Now take or grip the ‘‘rear” rope, and pull down taut, and the square knot is tied. (K, fig. 14; see also fig. 63.) Coil up the extra rope, pass the coils from rear to front between the rope antl the top of the pack, and draw snug. (The parts of the sling rope are designated as ‘‘s”’ in figs. 13 and 14). Norre.—In forming a granny knot in distinction from the square knot the loop at top and bottom divides the running ropes. In the thief knot in distinction from the square knot one end-of the rope is on the left and the opposite end on the right, whereas in the square knot both ends are on the right. (See figs. 63, 64, 65.) ‘ HOW TO “BRAKE” A SIDE PACK. Src. 28. The “off” packer does not “brake” his pack; if put up pecpeny it is already in position. The ‘‘near’’ packer ‘‘brakes”’ the. oad. The “near” packer, the square knot being tied, calls ‘‘ Hold,” indicating that the ‘‘off”’ packer must hold his pack in position. To do so, he will place a hand on each corner of pack, stand well out, and brace against load. The “near” packer places a hand on each lower corner of pack, raises the lower edge well out and up, causing the front edge to work down and in, even with the off pack. If found difficult, when the pack is well up alternate the hands down and up until the pack is flush with off pack; then allow or cause it to settle on aparejo. “Near” pack having been epee four inches, packs of equal weight should “‘brake’” flush. en the weight of the two packs varies, lap accordingly, and brake until rope becomes taut, and settle. Do not try to brake a box load, as it wall stand out from aparejo; ‘“‘hold”’ and settle. Always remember the more equal the weights of the two packs the less trouble they are when traveling, and the closer they are slung together the better they will ride. 59 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. = 60 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION, HOW TO DOUBLE SLING SIDE PACKS WHEN LENGTH OF PACKS REQUIRES IT. Sec. 29. Place the sling rope on the aparejo, with the loop on the “off” side, leaving only enough of the ends on the ‘‘near’’ side to tie with. The packs being in place, the off packer proceeds and passes loop to near packer, as in single slinging, separating ropes as much as possible. The ‘‘near” packer supports his pack with left arm, and Be the rear part of the loop on top of pack with left hand, with right reaches down, picks up the rear rope on aparejo, and ties the two ropes together by a square knot, getting the packs well together in doing so; then throws the front of pack well up, to come even with rear end, picks up ropes in similar manner as at rear, and ties square knot. ‘“‘Brake”’ and settle packs in usual manner. HOW TO CROSS SLING SIDE PACKS WHEN TOP PACKS ARE NECESSARY. Sec. 30. The “near” packer takes a sling rope by its middle and passes the ends over to “off” side, retaining sufficient of the loop so that when ‘foff” pack is in place the loop can be passed up to its ate edge. = he ‘‘off”” packer then puts his pack in position and supports the pack with has left hand, at center of pack. With the right hand he picks up the front and rear rope and brings them up to center of pack; receives them in left between thumb and forefinger, ropes pressed taut against side of pack. With right hand he coils the ropes hanging down, coiling on left thumb, and throws coils over center of pack to ‘‘near”’ side. He then separates the front and rear ropes. The right hand now supports the pack, and the left receives the loop when passed up by ‘‘near”’ packer. The ‘‘near”’ packer, after the off pack is in position and the ends of ropes have been thrown over, passes the loop to the ‘‘off” packer; he then separates the ropes on “‘near’’ side. Placing ‘‘near’”’ pack on, he calls out ‘‘Rope,”’ and proceeds to tie as in single slinging. (Sec. 27.) The top pack is now put in place between the two side packs and above the sling rope.2 Just before tying the sling rope it is sometimes found necessary to get packs closer together. In such a case the “‘off”’ packer takes hold of the rear rope and pulls toward him from below, the ‘‘near” packer giving slack on front rope, as held in bight of sling, and pulling down on rear rope to take in the slack as rendered by the “ off”’ packer. When enough has been taken the ‘‘near” packer calls out ‘Good.” If the “near” packer desires more rope to enable him to tie, the “off”? packer will pull on the rear rope from above with the left hand until the ‘‘near” packer takes slack by drawing on the front rope, thus pulling the bight or loop of the sling farther over to his side. If packs are high the ‘‘off” packer passes sling to rear with left hand, the ‘‘near” packer reaching from behind to receive it. In passing loop to ‘‘near” packer over load, or from behind, it is well for the “‘off” packer to hold the loop with the thumb, the fingers extended, as he can thus more readily indicate position of rope to @In the operation the side packs should be carried high enough to support the weight of the top pack to bind the load. MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 61 “near”? packer. Always pias the packs lengthwise. Top packs should never be carried when possible to avoid them. They cause delay and are troublesome. HOW TO DOUBLE CROSS SLING SIDE PACKS WHEN LENGTH OF PACKS REQUIRES IT. Sec. 31. The near packer takes a sling rope by its middle and passes the ends over to the “‘off”’ side in similar manner as in single cross sling with the exception that the rope is evenly divided—that is, by retaining as much of the loop on the near side as the ends indicate on the ‘‘off”’ side; proceeds and ties as in double slinging, i. e., at rear and front. LASHING THE LOAD—HOW TO FORM THE DIAMOND HITCH. Src. 32. In the formation of the diamond hitch and tightening of the load, two packers are employed. One, termed the ‘‘near’’ packer, stands on the “near’’ side of the animal, looking toward rear; his mate, termed the “off” packer, stands on the “ off” side, facing toward the front. The side packs being slung on the animal (secs. 26-27-28) the ‘‘near’’ packer throws the end of the lash rope in rear of animal, and the cincha portion under the animal’s belly, convenient to the “off” packer, who picks them up and holds them in the left hand, as indicated in fig. 19, and stands erect. (1) The near packer now picks up the rope, about 5 or 6 feet from cincha, and holding about 2 feet of rope between the hands, stands close to the animal’s neck; now with both hands extended downward, he draws the right hand backward, to give impetus to the motion, and with one motion he swings the rope fore and aft between the side acks, clearing the animal’s haunch in the action, allowing the rope held by the left hand to drop. (See fig. 13.) 62 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. Now, holding on to the rope held in the right hand, he draws on the running portion between the packs, bringing the right hand down by the side, arm’s length, and reaches up with the left hand and grips the rope, so as to have the back of the hand upward. This brings the thumb under the rope (do not get the fingers under). He then draws on the running portion between the packs, in similar manner as done by the right hand, bringing the left hand down by the side, arm’s length; do not let go of the rope held in each hand. Now, with an outward and circular motion, bring the left hand holding the rope to the elbow of the right arm—this ans the rope, or loop, on the outside of the right arm—and raise both hands to the position as seen in fig. 14. Next bring the right hand to the center of the pack, and with one motion, both hands assisting, throw the ‘‘standing”’ rope, held-in the 2 : 3 b ain; wo ZA Sa y Ady SSE my Bei Hie Fig. 14. right hand, over the center of the load, to the “off” packer; the “run- ning”’ rope, held in the left hand, over the mule’sneck.* (Inthisaction the back of the left hand rests on the mule’s neck as seen in fig. 15.) Now, draw sufficient slack on the ‘‘running”’ portion between the packs, about 6 or more feet, to form the rear half of the diamond, and throw this rope to the rear of the “near” pack, allowing the rope to go free from the hands. (This rope now becomes the ‘‘rear”’ rope.) Next take hold of the running rope on the mule’s neck, the left hand forward of the right, and with the assistance of the ‘‘off”’ packer, bring this running rope to the center of the load (fig. 16), by a The separating of the standing from the running rope is done purposely, to avoid confusing the “‘ off’’ packer; both ropes should never be thrown together. Further when throwing the standing rope over the load, do not give the rope a wild outward and circular swing, else the standing portion below the hand will become engaged around the rear corner of the aparejo and cause delay, with perhaps a strenuous expression from the ‘‘off’’ packer. et i < a ant © a n a < a=] H 4 o < AY fo ° Pp G < x Fia. 15. MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION, 64 “OT ‘SIT Lod 65 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 5 75927°—17 66 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION, the side of the standing rope; both packers should perform this action together, never singly; it causes confusion and delay. — The right hand now slips down the rope to a point about midway between the pack and the ‘‘boot;” reach for this rope by passing the left hand between the standing rope and the aparejo, and grip the rope above the right hand; now, both hands assisting, slip down the rope and parting from each other, on each side of the standing rope, hold the rope in a horizontal position, with a space of about 10 inches between each hand; jam this portion down between the two cinchas under the aparejo, and the hitch is “formed” on the “‘near side,” ready to tighten. (See figs. 17 and 18.) S Mane, Fig. 18. To avoid confusion, I have explained the formation of the hitch by “near” packer, in the first instance, as is customary in the practice of instruction. Now, we will take up that portion in the formation of the hitch devolving on the “off” packer. (2) The off packer, having picked up the end of the rope and cincha, holds them in left hand, mouth of hook to the front, stands erect and waits for the standing rope to be thrown over the center of the load. (Fig. 19.) As the rope comes over he grips it as high as the arm will convenjently reach (fig. 20) and immediately places the ‘cincha hook in position under the aparejo, about 6 or 8 inches, and draws down the slack on the standing rope, by one or two quick pulls, and lowering the hook for convenience, he engages the standing rope ' MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 68 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION, Fie. 20. MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 69 on the hook from in, out; or from above, down. This leaves the standing rope next to the aparejo and the running rope on the outside of the hook. (Fig. 21.) (After engaging the rope, do not hold the rope taut on hook.) Now, place the left hand, holding the end of the rope on top of the running rope, between the right hand and hook, and grip both ropes, the thumb under the running rope; now allow the right hand to slip upward on the running rope, and with the assistance of the “‘near”’ packer, bring this rope to the center of the load. (Fig. 22.) In this ee the left hand will immediately follow the right to the center of the load; this will bring both hands together. (Fig. 23.) Now, with the right hand draw the end of the rope forward, held by the left hand, so that about 12 inches will fall on the “‘near”’ side of the animal’s neck and the hitch is formed on the “‘off”’ side, ready to tighten the load. (Fig. 18 for the ‘‘near”’ side and fig. 24 for the “ off” side.) It will be seen that the hitch is now laid ready to tighten. This tightening is a progressive action, beginning on the near side and going by the rear all around the animal, assisted greatly by the taking of the ropes out of their line of direction. (3) The near packer, to tighten the load, places the left hand, palm down, on the side and center of pack; with the right hand he grips the running rope in the rear of he standing rope on the side of the ack (fig. 25) and brings it between the thumb and index finger of the lett hand; now bearing against the pack with the left hand as a brace, he holds the running rope taut and calls out ‘“‘Go!’ indicating he is ready to receive the slack from the “off’’ packer. (4) The off pan at the word “Go,” takes hold of the running rope as near the hook as possible, and placing the left knee against the end of boot of the aparejo as a brace, he pulls all the slack pos- sible by bending the body well over, as seen in fig. 26, and gives this slack to the ‘‘near” packer quickly, in such manner as if trying to hit the aparejo with both fists; do not let go of the rope. Now take a second and similar pull and call ‘‘Tie,” indicating no more slack can be taken on the standing rope; then step quickly to the rear and throw the “end’’ rope forward of the pack (this rope now becomes the “front rope’’) and grasp the rear rope between the packs, ready to receive the slack from the near packer. (5) The near packer, at the call “Tie,” brings the right hand holding the slack down toward the aparejo in the rear of the stand- ing rope; the left hand receives this rope and slack by bringing the hand under the standing rope, gripping the rope above the right hand, so as not to loosen the slack, and brings it forward. Now, with both hands, jam the rope upward, between the standing rope and ack; the running rope is thus held firmly, as if caught in a bight. n this operation pull the rope quickly toward the breast. oe) 27.) Now bring the free portion of the running rope below the bight, around the front boot of aparejo with the left hand, and step to rear of aparejo and with the right hand grasp the rope in rear of the cincha and receive the slack from the Teft and; now bring this rope up in the rear of the boot and place the left hand below the right, both hands bringing the rope up quickly to the upper corner of side pack, and hold the slack taut, the i of the left hand compressed against the pack, the right hand indicating how much slack has to be 70 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. Fie. 21. 71 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. & “OL a ° a g a pc °o om nn Zz < [a= a i oO = Q Fy o 4 < Dp a < S MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 73 taken in by the “‘off”’ packer (fig. 28) who then receives it, hand over hand, quckly, and prepares to pull on the rope. To do so take hold of this rope, termed the ‘‘rear’’ rope, with.both hands, and pull the rope taut (fig. 29); do not let go of this rope until you see ite body of the ‘‘off” packer “setting’’ on the rope, then let go of the rope quickly; learn to turn the rope loose at the proper time; the difference will be noted. Now step forward of the load and face to the rear, aud grasp the end of rope, and wait for slack from the “‘off”’ packer. (Fig. 30. (6) The off packer having taken in the slack from the ‘“‘near”’ packer, hand over hand, takes a wrap of the rope around either hand, and leans the body forward, toward the animal’s haunch, takes a forward step with the right foot and in line with the animal’s body, uAlas_\ Fia. 24. never outward, and sets back on the rope with all his weight. (Figs. 31-32.) He now holds the slack with the left hand, and with the right brings the free or running portion under and around the boot of the aparejo to the front; steps forward and faces toward rear; now grips the rope with the left hand below the right, and brings both hands quickly to the upper corner of pues the left holding the rope compressed against the pack, the right indicating how much slack has to be taken by the ‘‘near” packer. (Figs. 33-34.) This is termed the ‘front’ rope. (7) The near packer having gripped the end of the es (fig. 30) roceeds to take in slack, hand over hand, until he has about 6 or 8 feet ; this portion, or end of rope is thrown over the center of the load to the “off” packer; he then continues to take in the remainder MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 74 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 75 of the slack. Now, likewise, he takes a wrap of the rope around either hand and leans the body forward eee the load (fig. 35) and “sets”? back on the rope (fig. 36), giving the slack in similar manner as described for the “off”’ packer; the ‘‘near”’ packer now holding the slack with the left hand brings the free or running portion with the right hand under and around the boot of the aparejo and partly toward the center of the load, and calls out, “Rope.” (Fig. 37.) (8) The off packer, having given the slack to the ‘“‘near” packer, steps to the center of the load and grasps the end of the rope, and at the call ‘‘ Rope,” takes in all slack, hand over hand, coiling the rope in the operation, and holds coils in the right hand. At the call, “‘Take slack” (fig. 38) from the ‘‘near’”’ packer, he places the left hand palm down against center of pack, as a brace, i A ; -% Z r ZA uy hy i) AM iis Wace fi Zo \ A fawn, ; a“ / Funrniie — Pravwd = EE es Fic. 26. and receives the slack from the ‘‘near” packer. (Fig. 39.) He now grasps the standing portion of the rope above the coils and raises this portion high enough above the load to permit placing the coils on top of the load; in this action swing the coils from rear to front and bring the standing portion of the rope down on top of the coils, to hold them there, and secure the end of the rope; to do so take a wrap of the standing portion of the rope from right to left between the standing and running ropes and pack; holding the end of loop in both hands jam the double of the rope well up, so as to be caught in a bight, and take a similar turn between the standing and running ropes and jam this portion up likewise, and the load is tightened. (Figs. 40 and 41, showing completion of the hitch.) ; Notr.—The act of tightening, taking the standing and running ropes out of their line of direction, forms the “diamond” on top of 76 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. Fic. 27. MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION, 17 Fig. 28. “68 “DIT Zi oO = e a fon o Ay nN A <4 ina} a Na Oo a Ay fom °o Dp A 3 ; ., SERED $ Zr 2 >: CSessmebssss yh Ct Ay 8 a etter a 2 ronments 4 SJ &? Sheet Bend, ingle PY SST ye Kee ee 120 MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION, 121 aS fc Q e EIQ), A A 1 See yt oe a Le RISES W A EY