Production Note Cornell University Library pro- duced this volume to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. It was scanned using Xerox soft- ware and equipment at 600 dots per inch resolution and com- pressed prior to storage using CCITT Group 4 compression. The digital data were used to create Cornell's replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Stand- ard Z39.48-1984. The production of this volume was supported in part by the Commission on Pres- ervation and Access and the Xerox Corporation. Digital file copy- right by Cornell University Library 1991.tftonwH ^tiifftsitjr % tetj; BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME PROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henrg QL Sage 1891 A..^.0ib€>..9 */M T CICERONIS ORATIO PRO L MURENAEonDon: C. J. CLAY and SONS, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, AYE MARIA LANE. ©amfrrtofl*: DEIGHTON, BELL AND CO. lUtpjtfl: F. A. BROCKHAUS. fgatfe: MACMILLAN AND CO.M T CICERONIS ORATIO PRO L MURENA WITH ENGLISH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY W E HEITLAND MA FELLOW AND CLASSICAL LECTURER OF ST JOHN’S COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE hinc rapti fasces pretio, sectorque favoris ipse sui populus, letalisque ambitus urbi annua venali referens certatnina campo. Lucan Phars i 178—180 EDITED FOR THE SYNDICS OF THE UNIVERSITY PRESS ©ambrfoge: AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 1886 e [All Rights reserved.}Camfcrfoffe: PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AND SONS, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.i TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Preface.......................................................7 Introduction:— A. The text .... 11 B. (i.) Murena 12 (ii.) The Prosecution . 14 (iii.) The Defence 17 (iv.) The Trial *9 C. Remarks on the Speech l9 Abstract of the Speech . n List of Abbreviations 28 Text and Notes .... 29 Varietas lectionis Halmianae (1868) . Appendix:— 113 A. On the spirit of Roman trials n6 B. Leges iudiciariae . 117 C. On § 62 dixisti: quippe, iam n8 D. On § 75 lectuli Punicani up E. Gellius, Noct Att xx 10 121 F. On § 47 122 Index 127PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION HAVING been requested by the Syndics of the Press to prepare a new edition of the Speech as soon after Christmas as possible, I have revised the whole book, adding correcting and rewriting, as necessity suggested and time would allow. Of the many shortcomings of the edition no one can be more deeply conscious than myself: but while I claim the reader’s indulgence I may add a hope that this second issue will be found more full and far more clear than the former one. W E HEITLAND. Cambridge, Feb i, 1876.PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. This book is sent forth as the best attempt at an Edi- tion of the Pro Murena that with short time and pressing College engagements I can make. Being familiar with the speech from frequent reading, and having collected matter upon many passages myself, I have taken the best authorities as guides in the writing of notes, and striven to give brief but full acknowledgment for what I have borrowed from them. At the same time I have done more than borrow; the Introduction, with the exception of B § i, is all my own work; and in the notes, where a passage seemed to me to require fuller explanation than had been already offered, I have tried to supply the needful matter, while on the other hand I have freely rejected such notes of former Editors as appeared superfluous. It is to be understood that I address myself to University students and to the head forms of Schools.PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 9 The speech though fully commented on in Germany has been so neglected in England that I venture to hope for much indulgence from any critical scholar who may glance into my notes. If I have in any degree fulfilled the duty of a rough pioneer, it is as much as I can look for. The works principally used in preparing the notes have been— A. Editions of the Speech. 1. Matthiae, 1831. 4. Halm, ed 2, 1872. 2. AW Zumpt 1859. 5. Freund’s praparationen zu 3. Tischer, 1861. Cicero’s werken (pt 5). B. Grammars, Lexicons, 6r*c. 6. Madvig’s Latin grammar, English translation, ed 4. 7. Nizolii lexicon Ciceronianum. 8. Emesti’s clavis Ciceroniana. C. Reference Books. 9. Madvig’s de finibus, new edition. 10. Mayor’s Second Philippic and Juvenal. 11. Halm and Wilkins’ Catilinarian speeches. 12. Ramsay’s pro Cluentio. 13. C G Zumpt’s Annales veterum regnorum et populorum. 14. Mommsen’s History of Rome, English translation. 15. Huschke’s iurisprudentiae anteiustinianae quae supersunt. 16. Lord Mackenzie’s Roman Law. 17. Forsyth’s Life of Cicero. 18. Cicero, ed Klotz. 19. Gellius, ed Hertz. 20. Plutarch’s Lives, ed Sintenis. One source of help must be noticed apart; namely a valuable set of MS notes (the first beginnings of a once contemplated edition), kindly lent me by theIO PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION Rev John E B Mayor, Professor of Latin in the University of Cambridge. These I have laid under contribution for such extra matter as suited the preten- sions of my book. To Mr J E Sandys, Fellow and Tutor of St John’s College, Cambridge, my thanks are due for much friendly assistance in various ways. The Index has been made by my good friends and pupils, T E Raven of Gonville and Caius College, H W Simpkinson and R F Winch of St John’s, whom I thank heartily for their help. W E HEITLAND. Isle of Man, Aug 13, 1874.INTRODUCTION. A. The Text. None of the existing MSS of the speech for Murena are of earlier date than the 15th century of our era. In fact at the beginning of that century no copy of it was known to have sur- vived. About the year 1414 the great scholar Poggio found some- where in southern France a manuscript containing it, but in a tattered state, and with the writing much defaced by ill keeping and the effect of time. This he either took into Italy or copied on the spot: certain it is that, while the speech was at once circulated among the learned, the old MS found by Poggio has perished. The existing MSS are universally admitted to be of little value; and a careful examination of the various readings which they present (in the full collation of A W Zumpt) has convinced me that the comparative method is alone safe in decid- ing textual questions. It is true that A W Zumpt is devoted to one MS (Lag 9) and relies almost wholly upon it for the formation of a text; but he stands alone in this opinion and—I now think— deservedly. Since my first edition I have read Halm’s paper ‘iiber die handschriften zu Cicero’s rede pro Murena’ (Munchen 1861), kindly sent me by Professor Halm himself. I have managed also to wade through nearly all the furious controversy between that eminent scholar and A W Zumpt in the zeitschrift fur das gymnasialwesen (15th and 16th years), and to read a valuable article by Dr G Sorof {ib 15th year) on Tischer’s edition. The last paper together with a small Latin pamphlet by the same author (1861), forms a valuable contribution to the criticism of the speech, which as Halm says has given birth to ‘eine kleine literatur’ of its own. Starting then as before from Halm’s text of 1868 I have revised the whole speech : in a few cases strong reasons have led me to accept12 INTRODUCTION emendations which from want of the necessary information and time I had been previously compelled to ignore: but I have on the whole returned still more to the MSS readings than in the former edition. In one case (§ 62) I have ventured to restore the MSS reading on my own responsibility: on all much contested points I have given my full reasons for the view I have taken. B. i. Murena and his family [adapted from Halm]. Our knowledge of L Licinius Murena rests almost entirely upon the notices of his life preserved to us by his defender Cicero. The plebeian family of which he was a member came from Lanu- vium and belonged to the new Nobility (§§ 15, 90); as yet it counted no consulars in its ranks ; the first member of it who gained the praetorship was our Murena’s great-grandfather (§§15, 86). The town too had never as yet produced a consul (§ 86). The most celebrated of the family was the father, who after having held the praetorship served with distinction as Sulla’s legatus in Greece and Asia. After the treaty with Mithridates in BC 84 that general entrusted him with the command of the two legions left behind in Asia. In this position Murena got into fresh complications with Mithridates; his successes were not conspicuous, and were more than reversed by a marked defeat which he suffered in the passage of the Halys (§ 32, where the affair is grossly misrepresented, see Appian Mithr 64). Sulla put an end to the quarrel by the recall of Murena, granting him however the honour of a triumph as though he had won notable victories (§§ 11, 15, App Mithr 66). In this, usually called the Second Mithridatic war, the son served his military apprentice- ship under the command of his father (§ 11). According to the assertions of his accusers, the young officer gave himself up wholly to a life of Asiatic luxury and lowered the dignity of Rome so far as to dance like a harlequin in the company of his dissolute young companions,—charges which it is true his defender repels as utterly unfounded (§§ 11, 12, 13). On his return from Asia, L Murena became, along with his sub- sequent accuser Servius Sulpicius, a candidate for the quaestorship; but in the tenure of this office found no chance of specially dis- tinguishing himself (§ 18). The fresh outbreak of the war withINTRODUCTION *3 Mithridates took Murena again to Asia to join the army of L Lucullus. The official dispatches of his commander gave testi- mony to the great services rendered by him as legatus in those victorious campaigns (§ 20). Without having held the aedileship (§ 37), Murena obtained in 65 BC the praetorship, again with Sulpicius for a colleague ; but had been more fortunate than the latter in the duties given him by the lot: for while he had got the iuris dictio urbana, the irksome task of conducting the enquiries de peculatu had fallen to Sul- picius (§§ 35—42). Already at that time animated by the wish to bring the consulship into his family, Murena celebrated the Apollinarian games, the conduct of which belonged to the praetor urbanus, with splendour all the greater that by reason of his having missed the aedileship he had found no opportunity of winning popularity by magnificent shows. After the Praetorship, he received in 64 B c as propraetor the government of Transalpine Gaul (§§ 42, 89). Before the expiration of his second year, leaving his brother and legatus C Murena behind as his deputy, he re- lumed to Rome to accompany the triumph of Lucullus, and stand for the consulship (§ 89, Sallust Cat 42). It having become no- torious that Catiline’s band of conspirators had decided to carry through this election with violence, and to kill the presiding consul and the rivals of their leader, the election appointed for the 22nd of September was put off, and the consul employed the time thus gained in forming for himself a strong escort of young men, under whose guard the election was held without disturbance (about the middle of October) and resulted in favour of D Silanus and Murena. For the sequel of this, see below on the trial and the pleaders for the prosecution and defence. One thing more remains to be said of the accused ; he was clearly a man of good temper and judgement, if we may trust the account in Plutarch Cato 28 of his rescuing and protecting Cato in a riot, or 21 dirovy Cic ad Att 11 4 § 2) as the wealthiest man of his day. He fell B C 53 in an ambuscade during an expedition against the Parthians (Lucan 1 104), and is placed by Plutarch alongside of the Athenian Nikias as an instance of an awful end following upon a moderate and circumspect life. iv. The Trial. Murena was tried in the latter half of November, B c 63. Catiline had left Rome (§§ 78, 83), and this was on Nov 7th, (Mr Wilkins* ed of Catil speeches, intr §§ 18, 19); again, Cato had not yet entered on his office of tribune (§§ 58, 81), and this took place on Dec 10th. Cases of ambitus were dealt with by one of the quaestiones perpetuae (first established bc 149 in cases of repetundae, Cic Brutus § 106), the jury being presided over by one of the praetors. For the state of the laws concerning bribery, see notes on § 46, and for the composition of tlie jury, Appendix B. The names of the pleaders on both sides and a short notice of each are given above. Murena was also supported by the ap- pearance in court of several men of mark, the most prominent being Lucius Licinius Lucullus (§ 20). Whether the accused was guilty of the charges brought against him is not certain ; but from the stress laid by Cicero on the political exigencies of the time (§§ 4, 79), and the orator’s own boast (pro Flacco § 98, cf Quintil VI 1 § 35), we naturally infer that he was. At any rate he was acquitted, for he held the consulship in the following year. C. Remarks on the Speech. Mr Forsyth well says ‘it is a striking proof of the elastic energy of Cicero’s mind that, at the very moment of the explosion of the conspiracy, and in the midst of the most awful danger, he was able to deliver in defence of one of his friends a speech distinguished by its light wit and good-humoured raillery.1 If we 2—220 INTRODUCTION put ourselves for a moment at that point of the case where the consul rises to speak we see that (1) He had been charged with inconsistency and with con- doning illegal acts by undertaking the defence. (2) Murena’s life had been painted in glaring colours as profligate and unworthy of the consulship. (3) Murena had been charged with corrupt practices at the election. (4) Sulpicius had been held up as a model candidate, who would have been elected but for these practices; and Cicero himself had supported his candidature. It was clear that the first three of these points would only bear very gentle handling, and (3) had been dealt with in detail by the juniors. The case was otherwise with regard to (4). Sulpicius had taken a false step when he made light of Murena’s services in the field: it was easy to retort on him with double force by attacking the ‘nice sharp quillets’ of the jurists in a tone of bantering raillery. There was also an opening for retort in (3); for Cato had put forward the specific charges not merely as open violations of the written law, but as opposed to the moral prin- ciples of the Stoic school. It was self-evident that a playful exposure of the unpractical nature of the Stoic paradoxes would seriously weaken the force of those charges which were formidable chiefly from the reputation of Cato. But no one knew better than Cicero that the real key to the defence lay in the political situation of the moment. Catiline’s conspiracy was discovered but not crushed: the ringleader was still in arms, the capital was thought to be full of his accomplices. There were then three lines of defence to be employed. (1) The commonwealth needs all its officers at this crisis : but the meeting of the centuries for the election of a new consul before Jan 1 may be prevented by dozens of things (e g religious scruples about an omen): therefore, keep the consuls you have. (2) The man for the time must be a man of action, not of forms and quibbles: Murena is the former : Sulpicius the latter :INTROD UCTION 21 therefore, do not condemn a Murena, to make room for a Sulpicius. (3) The needs of the moment are more pressing than the dangers of ambitus: granting that Murena may have been guilty to some extent of the latter, he is the very man to meet the former: therefore, look to the more patriotic side, and acquit Murena. Such were the arguments which procured an acquittal; and, for aught I can see, they are very good ones. It mattered little that they were irrelevant to the charge (see Appendix A): they were such as Roman jurors could not resist; and the object was to persuade these. As to the style of the speech, it displays a decided archness and humour, as in the treatment of jurisprudence (§§ l9—3°)> in that of the paradoxical dogmas of the Porch (§§ 61—65), in the description of Sulpicius’ want of electioneering tact (§§ 43—47, cf Quintil XI 1 § 69), and of Cato’s perverse refusall to recognize ordinary practices (§§ 68—77, cf Quintil XI 1 § 70). | It is also remarkable for its moderation. This is without doubt due to the circumstances in which the speaker was placed. He was pleading on the opposite side to Cato and Sulpicius, two intimate friends ; and it would not only have been distasteful, but have weakened his case, had he given the rein to oratorical vehemence. It is not to be wondered at that when Cicero fell upon the Stoics Cato smiled, and turning to the bystanders said ‘ sirs, how witty our consul is ’ (Plut Cato 21). If we turn to the scornful attack on the Epicureans in pro Sestio § 23 foil, we see how different a tone the orator could take when it suited him : and we know well that neither Cato nor Sulpicius made any difference in their feelings or behaviour towards Cicero after the delivery of this speech. To give some idea of the opinion entertained of the speech by a great critic, it may be well to mention that it is alluded to by Quintilian no less than sixteen times, most of these taking the form of quotations in illustration of some rhetorical figure or device. It supplies also a first-rate instance of varied expression, for jurisprudence and its practice are spoken of by seventeen different names (§§ 9, 19, 22—25, 28—30). The humorous appli-22 INTROD UCTION cation of the phraseology of the Porch (§§ 3, 60, 77) is also worthy of notice, while the artful introduction of the argument from state- expediency (§§ 78—80) is beyond all praise. The inaccuracies as to matters of fact, which are commented on in the notes, do not detract from the merit of the speech : as instances of oratorical intensification (drfvoHns, Quintil V 2 § 24) we may refer to the pic- tures of Mithridates (§§ 32—34) and of the dangers to be dreaded from the accomplices of Catiline (§§ 78—85). It is always to be remembered that we have the speech not as it was delivered (see on § 57), but as it was prepared for publica- tion ; and it is not unlikely that some of the more finished passages (such as §§ 62—65) received their last touch after the trial. [Sed in his quidem, in quibus vel iudici vel etiam astantibus ratio nostrae moderationis probari debet, minor est labor; illic plus difficultatis, ubi ipsos, contra quos dicimus, veremur offendere. duae simul huiusmodi personae Ciceroni pro Murena dicenti obsti- terunt, M Catonis Serviique Sulpicii. quam decenter tamen Sul- picio, cum omnes concessisset virtutes, scientiam petendi consulatus ademit! quid enim aliud esset, quo se victum homo nobilis et iuris antistes magis ferret ? ut vero rationem defensionis suae red- didit, cum se studuisse petitioni Sulpicii contra honorem Murenae, non idem debere actioni contra caput, diceret! quam molli autem articulo tractavit Catonem! cuius naturam summe admiratus non ipsius vitio sed Stoicae sectae quibusdam in rebus factam duriorem videri volebat; ut inter eos non forensem contentionem sed stu- diosam disputationem crederes incidisse. haec est profecto ratio, et certissimum praeceptorum genus illius viri observatio, ut, cum aliquid detrahere salva gratia velis, concedas alia omnia; in hoc solo vel minus peritum quam in ceteris, adiecta, si potent fieri, etiam causa, cur id ita sit, vel paulo pertinaciorem vel credulum vel iratum, vel impulsum ab aliis. hoc illis commune remedium est, nisi in tota actione aequaliter appareat non honor modo sed etiam caritas. praeterea causa sit nobis iusta sic dicendi, neque id mode- rate tantum faciamus sed etiam necessario. Quintil xi 1 §§ 68—72.]ABSTRACT OF THE SPEECH. I Exordium, (a) §§ i, 2 to tueatur. The solemn prayers I uttered as presiding officer at the late election bind me to wish well to the candidates whose names I then published as elected consuls. You, gentlemen, are now the representatives of Heaven; I would claim your protection for Murena. (b) §§2 et quoniam to 10. I have been reproached for undertaking this case : let me then begin by justifying myself, that my words may have weight. First I must protest against Cato’s Stoic severity, and maintain, that as presiding consul I am the very man to plead for Murena. He has a claim upon me for defence of his title to office. I have just coped with Catiline; is it not human nature to feel anxious for one who is to meet the dangers I have faced ? again, we must have our two consuls to open this next critical year. What if I did pass a law for the prevention of corrupt practices ? May I not plead for the guiltless? I dealt severely with Catiline, it is true, but I acted perforce an uncongenial part: I do but follow my natural bent in pleading for Murena. As for you, Sulpicius, it is too bad of you to say that I act unfriendly by you; but I will calmly defend myself. Did I not support you as a candidate? yes, but to expect me to help in crushing Murena is really going too far. He is an old friend and even you shall not make me desert him. Besides, neither my professional standing, my feelings, nor my conscience would suffer me to decline the work of his defence. Look at your- self : who but Servius gives advice to everybody ? How otherwise would most men get advocates ? I will not listen to such charges: I will be gentle with you, but I will plead for my friend Murena.24 ABSTRACT OF THE SPEECH II confutation §§ 11—83 ad quod velis negotium (1) de vita Muretiae §§ 11—14. How weak are the charges on this score! the prosecution felt bound to say something. As to his career in Asia, it was one of hard campaigning: it was his duty to go; and why should he not adorn his father’s triumph ? Asia is Asia, I grant; but whether is the better, to avoid temptation, or to withstand it ? the whole affair is a credit to him. As for his being a mountebank, you ought to know better, Cato, than to talk in that vein. The charge is un- substantiated and quite out of character. You can bring nothing against my client under this head; out of the mouths of the pro- secution I shew that he is without reproach. (2) contentio dignitatis, §§15—53. Your claims to the consulship are very strong, Sulpicius; but so are those of Murena: you are just a match. Your depreciation of his family and puffing-up of your own is partial and not based on fact. Your family is better known to book-worms than to the people. I count you as a self-raised man, and all credit to you for it. I did hope that my exertions had gone some way towards stopping the mouths of the proud old families. I got the consul- ship against two patricians. Why not ? You were above Murena on the roll of quaestors, you say. A mere piece of luck; and as quaestors neither of you distinguished himself much. Here you widely diverge from one another. While you went through all the labour and annoyance of a jurist’s life at Rome, Murena was in the East, displaying all the most soldierly qualities as lieutenant of Lucullus. Now I for my part had rather not have brought out this contrast so strongly ; but you have driven me to it. The fact is, Sulpicius, men were tired of you. I have felt the same thing myself. And clearly the soldier has far higher claims to office than the jurist. Rome and all in or under it are protected by soldiers. They are our guardians. You must not think too highly of your learning as a jurist: your other merits give you far more claim to distinction than jurisprudence ever will The three great avenues to honour must rank thus, 1 military skill, 2 the eloquence of the statesman and pleader, 3 jurisprudence. The last cannot compare with the other two; it is paltry, and your hidden lore has long since been made public property. You now take your stand uponABSTRACT OF THE SPEECH 25 words and forms which are easier to ridicule than to explain. The proceedings before the praetor in cases of disputed title to pro- perty are foolish and absurd: the dependence of women, and the maintenance of sacred rites, ordinances of our ancestors, have alike been tampered with by these men of wordy wisdom. Yet they often cannot tell which of two words is the right one, and so use both. As I said before, this study has not the making of a consul in it: it is too paltry, it does not confer obligations: it is tied down to a certain time of the year, and is worthless beyond the walls of Rome. It is a small, easy matter; give me two clear days, and I will come out as a jurist. Again, oratory too is a pursuit far better adapted for a public career than jurisprudence. Many a jurist has begun life as a public speaker and failed; jurisprudence was but his second string. Think of the exertions the orator must make, and the power he wields when he has made them. A man, I say, can rise to the top of the political tree in two ways,—either as a soldier or as a public speaker. I set aside your undoubted personal merits, Servius; we are talking of rising to office. In times of war and civil strife, when confusion reigns and all peace- ful pursuits are at a standstill, who form the bulwark of the state ? The army, to be sure. Then yield the palm to the soldier, for such as he have made Rome what she is. As for Cato’s depreciation of Murena’s military services and his contempt for Orientals, I can only say that it is not justified by history. If, Cato, you con- sider the great resources and ability of Mithridates, the resistance he offered to our arms, his vast schemes, the investment of Kyzikus and the sea-fight off Tenedos, the anxiety of the Senate and people, the glory won by Lucullus and Pompeius, you will change your tone in reference to Eastern warfare. And I maintain that in it Murena displayed the greatest firmness generalship and energy, and that this gave him as good a claim to the consulship as all our civil business-duties. Oh, but when you both were elected praetors, you were returned before him on the rolL Well, but you have no agreement to that effect with the people. And who does not know the uncertainty of the tide of popular favour, and the strange results of elections ? Their whole working defies calculation. But we know of two things that went against Murena in the prae- torian election, (1) his having never given any public shows, (2) the abseiice of those who had known his merits as a general or26 ABSTRACT OF THE SPEECH governor of a province. All this was reversed when he stood for the consulship. You do not appreciate the force of the army vote and the splendid games of Murena in gaining him the consulship. This is not all: look at the difference of your luck and his in the allotment of praetorial functions. He had all the openings for winning popularity, you of giving offence. Then he took a pro- vince, and earned the affections of many; you were doing your duty at Rome. Do not forget that a provincial governor can give his friends a lift now and then ; yours were no doubt disappointed in you. But to be plain with you, it was all your own fault that you lost the consular election. You gave yourself up to prepara- tions for this trial; and, as I told you, the consequence was that your friends held back then, in order to support you in court, the people would not waste votes on a man who gave up all for lost, and your own time was taken up with matters which in- terrupted your canvass. You are fitter to conduct a trial than to canvass for office. Again, your threats and denunciations in the Senate in the debate on the new bribery law, the extreme measures you advocated, and some of which you carried, all went against you with the people. Above all, you made us afraid that Catiline would be elected while you wasted your time on other things. Of course people voted for Murena, as the only way to save the state. Catiline was exultant, you were depressed : remember the troubles we had had with that ruffian already; think of my breastplate on the election day, of all the qualifications of Murena for the office, and the tact he shewed in his canvass; and you will not wonder at the result. (3) de ambitus criminibus, §§ 54—83. I must now deal with the specific charges: but first 1 will remark that Murena is hardly used. The time and the accusers are such as one would scarcely have looked for. Now for Cato, the prop and stay of the case for the prosecution. I fear the weight he may carry with the jury more than the charges he can bring. As for the weight of his character, I say that it ought rather to incline the jury favourably towards the accused, than to tell against him. Romans are not wont to be the slaves of a great name and reputation. The accuser cannot be jury as well. Besides, you push things too far, Cato: naturally uprightABSTRACT OF THE SPEECH 2; and strict, you have been trained into a sort of perverseness and bitterness by the Stoic principles which you have imbibed. The stiff morality of the Porch is utterly unpractical; their paradoxical dogmas break down when applied to real life. Had you been an Academic or a Peripatetic you had been, not perhaps a better, but a gentler man : you would never have shewn such animosity against Murena. Yet I think that with age you will come round; you are now still a young man, and fresh from the study of Stoic ethics. Even your masters do not expect people to act fully up to their high-pitched theories. We have often seen that Stoicism is consistent with courtesy and good feeling. Think of your great- grandfather. The name ‘ Cato/ then, must be set aside : let us to the charges. You say with truth that a decree of the Senate defines certain practices as bringing candidates under the Cal- purnian law. But when you come to apply this to the case of Murena you fail in each separate charge to prove what is the real point. You take popularity to be a proof of bribery, and hospitality of treating. You are impugning, not the acts of Murena, but the usages of political life. Your criticisms on the morality of entertaining citizens at election-time are carried too far, and are diametrically opposed to Roman habits and ways of thinking. You confound public munificence with personal luxury. Remember how ridiculous Tubero made himself by crossgrained application of dogmas out of season. Besides, if you must be very nice as to the moral bearing of every little thing, how about your own canvass ? Fie, fie, Cato, on your affectation deceitfulness and time-serving. What would the Stoics say? You took up this prosecution, you say, for the public weal. No doubt you mean well, but you are mistaken. Mine is the side of true patriotism. Think, gentlemen of the jury, of Catiline’s accomplices in the city. Do not play their game: we shall want our two consuls for the new year. This is a critical time: frightful plans are formed against Rome by her own degenerate children. My magistracy is drawing to its close; leave me my successor. Think, Cato, on all this; remember that the plots of years are coming to a head now: see the danger in which I stand, and give heed to your own. It is your manifest duty to help in securing for this crisis the services of such a man as Murena in the consulship.28 ABSTRACT OF THE SPEECH III peroratio, §§ 83 quamquam to end. Gentlemen, all rests on you. Surely you will not play Catiline’s game for him: the hour is come; take away our next year’s consul, and the State is lost. In the name of our country, on behalf of Murena, I appeal alike to your patriotism and your mercy for an acquittal. Do this, and I can assure you that in so doing you will have done what is for the best. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES. Mommsen = Mommsen’s History of Rome, English translation. Madvig = Madvig’s Latin Grammar, English translation, 4th ed. Madvig de fin=Madvig’s edition of the de ftnibus, 2nd ed 1869. Ritter and Preller=Ritter and Preller’s Historia Philosophiae Graecae et Romanae, 4th ed 1869. Zeller=Zeller’s ‘Stoics Epicureans and Sceptics* translated by Reichel. 1870. Festus is referred to by the page of Muller’s edition, auct ad Herenn=author of the treatise ad Herenniutn. auct petit cons=author of the treatise de petitione consulates.M TULLI CICERONIS ORATIO PRO L MURENA AD IUDICES. i. Quod precatus a dis immortalibus sum, iudices, more 1 institutoque maiorum illo die, quo auspicato comitiis cen- turiatis L Murenam consulem renuntiavi, ut ea res mihi, fidei magistratuique meo, populo plebique Romanae bene atque i. I. quod precatus....] the open- ing words of the speech post reditum ad Quirites closely resemble these. The mss here give deprecatus which will not make sense. The reading indicated by precor and precatus sum following is established by Quint ix 4 § 107, where this opening is quoted with the remark creticus iititiis optimus. The presiding ma- gistrate offered up a formal prayer after the election. Compare Liv XXXIX 15, sollemne carmen precatio- nis. auspicato] the ablative of the per- fect participle often stands singly thus. Compare Madvig § 429 obs 1, Liv v 38. renuntiavi] ‘declared duly elect- ed.* The consuls settled by lot or agreement which should act as re- turning officer at the elections for the following year. fidtt] a correction of Lambinus from the Jides of some mss. My ‘honour,* ‘trustiness.* Sorof well points out that the words are part of a traditional formula, and Halm compares the old form of words quoted by Varro L L VI § 86, quod bonum fortunatum felixque saluta- reque siet populo Romano Quiritium reique publicae populi Rotnani Qui- ritium mihique collegaeque meo fidei magistratuique nostro. magistratuique] que as often only with the last of the series. Two more instances of this occur in this very section. populo plebique\ this phrase is a survival from a time when the plebs were a mass of dependent aliens outside the populus — patricii, the latter alone being burgesses and engrossing all political power. We find it elsewhere, as in the title of ad fam X 35, II in Verrem V § 36 and in the latter of the carmina Marciana quoted in Liv xxv 12. Cicero is here no doubt giving the exact words of the old prayer. See Mommsen, bk I cc 5, o, Dyer, Hist of Kings of Rome, p 301. bene atque feliciter\ also formal. Compare Plin Paneg 72 nam quod precatus es, ut ilia ipsa ordinatio comitiorum bene ac feliciter evmiret, nobis, rei publicae^ tibi.PRO L MURENA 3° [la feliciter eveniret, idem precor ab isdem dis immortalibus ob eiusdem hominis consulatum una cum salute obtinendum, et ut vestrae mentes atque sententiae cum populi Romani volun- tatibus suffiagiisque consentiant eaque res vobis populoque Romano pacem, tranquillitatem, otium concordiamque adferat quodsi ilia sollemnis comitiorum precatio consularibus auspiciis consecrata tantam habet in se vim et religionem, quantam rei publicae dignitas postulat, idem ego sum precatus, ut eis quo- que hominibus, quibus hie consulatus me rogante datus esset, 2 ea res fauste, feliciter prospereque eveniret. quae cum ita sint, iudices, et cum omnis deorum immortalium potestas aut translata sit ad vos aut certe communicata vobiscum, idem consulem vestrae fidei commendat, qui antea dis immortalibus commendavit, ut eiusdem hominis voce et declaratus consul et defensus beneficium populi Romani cum vestra atque omnium civium salute tueatur. et quoniam in hoc officio studium meae defensionis ab accusatoribus atque etiam ipsa susceptio causae reprehensa est, ob obtinendum] ‘for the purpose of making good.’ Sorof. salus— acquittal. et ut] refer closely to idem (neut), then it = precor ut ea res feliciter eveniat et ut...Halm. comitiorum] prayer ‘at’ elections. Genitive of possession or relation. Compare § 31 victoriae eorum bello- rum, § 73 officium necessitudinis, § 56 odio inimicitiarum, § 63 adiumenta doctrinae, also § 64 rei publicae vin- culo, § 71 fructum officii, div in Caecil § 14 officium necessitudinis, I in Verrem § 54 oblivionem diutur- nitatis. See Nagelsb Stil § 100, p *75- religionem] ‘sanctity.’ Halm com- pares pro Rose Am § 66, magnam mm magnam necessitatem magnam possidet religionem patemus mater- nusque sanguis. idem ego.....] ie so solemn is the orayer, that my use of it implies a prayer for the weal of those elect- ed. Zumpt. me rogante]—me comitia habente. The full phrase is consulpopulum con- sulem rogat, compare Liv ill 65 qui plebem Romanam tribunos plebi roga- ret and vi 42 end of book. Halm. 2. potestas...] Matthiae com- pares pro Rabirio § 5 voS, quirites, quorum potestas proxime ad deorum immortalium numen accedit. qui] on consideration of the MSS authority (Lag 9 alone having quern), I now read thus and accept Halm’s consulem above as the best emen- dation of the corrupt consul ei. beneficium] the distinction jnst granted him. Compare §§ 3, 86, 90. Halm. cum] ‘to the preservation of’... compare pro Plane § 102 Madvig § 257 obs 5. et quoniam....antequam___dicam] See Madvig § 476 b.PRO L MURENA II 3] 3i ante quam pro L Murena dicere instituo, pro me ipso pauca dicam, non quo mihi potior hoc quidem in tempore sit officii mei quam huiusce salutis defensio, sed ut meo facto vobis probato maiore auctoritate ab huius honore, fama fortunisque omnibus inimicorum impetus propulsare possim. 11. et primum M Catoni vitam ad certam rationis normam 3 derigenti et diligentissime perpendenti momenta officiorum om- nium de officio meo respondebo, negat fuisse rectum [Cato] me et consulem et legis ambitus latorem et tarn severe gesto consulatu causam L Murenae attingere. cuius reprehensio me vehementer movet, non solum ut vobis, iudices, quibus maxime debeo, verum etiam ut ipsi Catoni, gravissimo atque integerrimo viro, rationem facti mei probem. a quo tandem, M Cato, est aequius consulem defendi quam a consule? quis mihi in re publica potest aut debet esse coniunctior, quam is, cui res publica a me uno traditur sustinenda, magnis meis laboribus et periculis sustentata? quodsi in his rebus re- pro me ipso] Cicero is here seek- ing to secure benevolentia by self- justification. Halm compares de Inventione 1 § 22. instituo] for indicative see Mad- vig § 339, obs 2 c. non quo...sed ut] Madvig § 357 b obs. hoc in tempore] Sorof well com- pares pro Sulla §§ 1—2 as generally parallel to this passage. ii. 3. rationis] a system of phi- losophy, namely the Stoic. Halm. Compare de off in § 20 erit autem haec formula Stoicorum rationi dis- ciplinaeque maxime consentanea, Acad I § 34 qui primi Platonis ra- tionem auctoritatemque susceperant. Seneca dial XII 9 § 3 says omnium officiorum recte dispensandorum ratio. ad normam] wpos Kaviva. deri- genti. See on § 77. ' momenta] ‘the relative weight, claims of*...compare § 18 pari mo- mento sortis. Orator § 47 argu- mentorum momenta, and so ratio- num, verborum, &c. perpendenti] see on § 77. officio] ‘service,* i.e. the defence of Murena. So § 2 in hoc officio. rectum] a Stoic word, purposely used here = KardpOojfia, compare de off I § 8, de fin in § 24. See on §§ 60, 77- legis] sc Tulliae de ambitu, passed in this very year. Seeon§§ 46, 47,67. uno] Lambinus* correction of mss una. Cicero had held the election himself, and his colleague C An- tonius Hybrida was away from Rome at this time, fighting Catilina. Hence too we see that the oratorical prolepsis in traditur is not unna- tural. Zumpt. Sorof however ob- jects that the renuntiatio and hand- ing over the office to a successor are two very different things. Halm conjectures una cum consulatu. sustentata] sustenta is not used. his] vdth Zumpt and all mss ‘ these every-day things.* See on § 24. repetendis] that is when B hasPRO L MURENA 32 [II 3 petendis, quae mancipi sunt, is periculum iudicii praestare debet, qui se nexu obligavit, profecto etiam rectius in iudicio consulis designati is potissimum, qui consulem declaravit, auctor beneficii populi Romani defensorque periculi esse de* 4 bebit. ac si, ut nonnullis in civitatibus fieri solet, patronus huic causae publice constitueretur, is potissimum summo honore adfecto defensor daretur, qui eodem honore praeditus non minus adferret ad dicendum auctoritatis quam facultatis. quodsi e portu solventibus ii, qui iam in portum ex alto invehuntur, praecipere summo studio solent et tempestatum rationem et praedonum et locorum, quod natura fert, ut eis faveamus, qui eadem pericula, quibus nos perfuncti sumus, ingrediantur: sold a thing to C, and A claims it as his own, maintaining that B never owned it, and therefore had no right to sell it. B is bound either to prove the soundness of his own (and therefore of C’s) title to the property, or to make up to C the loss which ensues upon A’s making good his claim. The process is technically called evictio rei venditae. Compare Jul Paullus sentent 11 17 § 1 venditor si eius rei quam ven- diderit dominus non sit,pretio accepto auctoritatis manebit obnoxius etc. quae mancipi sunt] res mancipi are things the transfer of which could only be accomplished by mancipatio or in iure cessio. See on § 26. man- ciputio was a form of transfer by a symbolic sham-sale: the price was not paid by number but by weight. A man with a pair of scales (lifoi- pens), who must be of full age (im- putes libripens esse non potest\ Ael Gallus, fragm 6) and a small piece of money (negotium per aes et libram) were necessary, and 5 witnesses, Roman citizens of full age. res man- cipi are enumerated by Ulpian xix 1, as praedia in Italico solo, iura praediorum rusticorum, and servi et quadrupedes quae dorse collove do- mantur. All other things are nec mancipi. As according to Aelius GalliiS, fragm 9 nexum est quodcun- que per aes et libram geritur, mancipa- tio must have been a kind of nexum. Compare Gaius 11 27, M’ Manilius, fragm 5, Q Mucius Scaevola, fragm 5. (For mancipatio see Maine’s Ancient Law ed iv Lecture 6 p 204 foil, for res mancipi lect 8 p 277 foil, for nexum and the early confusion of the notions of contract and conveyance lect 9 p 314 foil). is...qui] the venditor who had to guarantee the title to the property sold. praestare] emptori. Here Cicero is bound to make good the title to the consulship for Murena, to be in fact the auctor secundus. Compare pro Caec § 27 Caesennius auctor fundi, II in Verr V § 56. 4. nonnullis] Matthiae refers to the Athenian oMucot, or evrtjryopou Hermann Pol Ant § 133. praecipere] * give warning.* So pro Plane § 59, Plautus mil glor 247 et Philocomasio id praecipiundumst ut sciat. praedonum] compare Thuc I 5, Odyss ill 71 foil. qui ingrediantur] = quos ingredi scimus. Matthiae. The passage quodsi......subeundasPRO L MURENA III 6] 33 quo tandem me esse animo oportet, prope iam ex magna iactatione terram videntem, in hunc, cui video maximas tempes- tates rei publicae esse subeundas ? quare, si est boni consulis non solum videre quid agatur, verum etiam providere quid futurum sit, ostendam alio loco, quantum communis salutis intersit duos consules in re publica Kalendis Ianuariis esse, quod si ita est, non tarn me officium debuit ad hominis amici 5 fortunas quam res publica consulem ad communem salutem defendendam vocare. in. nam quod legem de ambitu tuli, certe ita tuli, ut earn, quam mihimet ipsi iam pridem tuleram de civium periculis defendendis, non abrogarem. etenim si largitionem factam esse confiterer idque recte factum esse defenderem, facerem improbe, etiam si alius legem tulisset: cum vero nihil commissum contra legem esse defendam, quid est quod meam defensionem latio legis impediat ? negat 6 esse eiusdem severitatis, Catilinam exitium rei publicae intra moenia molientem verbis et paene imperio ex urbe expulisse et nunc pro L Murena dicere. ego autem has partes lenitatis et misericordiae, quas me natura ipsa docuit, semper egi libenter, illam vero gravitatis severitatisque personam non adpetivi, sed is quoted by Quintil v n § 23. Tischer compares for rationem §§ 35, 76, where it occurs with comiti- orum and officiorum. It=the system of...‘how it is with* the weather. rei publicae] ‘political* storms. Halm. providere] so de fin I § 47 nee quid eventurum sit provident, II in Verr v § 'll, alio loco] §§ 79 foil. 5. me] sc as a friend, in a private capacity, ‘friendship.’ res publica] ‘ my country’s in- terests,’ ‘patriotism.* iii. earn] legem=habit grown in- to a rule. Compare § 11 lex ac- cusatoria, abrogarem] looking back, as Halm says, to the time of passing the law. ‘ When I passed.........I did not Cic pro L Mur. mean to......’. For the change of tense Sorof compares pro Sulla § 58 qui ita Romae debuit ut in provinciis et in regnis ei maximae pecuniae deberentur, Zumpt adopts abrogarim, the plausible conjecture of Wesenberg. defenderem] ‘maintain,’ as often. Compare § 34. defensionem] strictly ‘defence* of Murena. 6 negat] oratorical repetition from § 3. Zumpt. imperio] exercise of official power. Wendt renders ‘machtspruch.’ ego autem] * I reply that ’... partes] metaphor from the stage, so docuit, egi, personam, and impo~ sitam sustinui, Matthiae compares pro Sulla § 8. oPRO L MURENA 34 [III 6 ab re publica mihi impositam sustinui, sicut huius imperii dignitas in summo periculo civium postulabat quodsi turn, cum res publica vim et severitatem desiderabat, vici naturam et tarn vehemens fui quam cogebar, non quam volebam, nunc, cum omnes me causae ad misericordiam atque humanitatem vocent, quanto tandem studio debeo naturae meae consuetu- dinique servire! ac de officio defensionis meae ac de ratione accusationis tuae fortasse etiam alia in parte orationis dicendum nobis erit. 7 sed me, iudices, non minus hominis sapientissimi atque omatissimi, Ser Sulpicii, conquestio quam Catonis accusatio commovebat, qui gravissime et acerbissime se ferre dixit me familiaritatis necessitudinisque oblitum causam L Murenae contra se defendere. huic ego, iudices, satis facere cupio vosque adhibere arbitros: nam cum grave est vere accusari in amicitia, turn, etiam si falso accuseris, non est neglegendum. ego, Servi Sulpici, me in petitione tua tibi omnia studia atque officia pro nostra necessitudine et debuisse confiteor et praesti- tisse arbitror. nihil tibi consulatum petenti a me defuit, quod esset aut ab amico aut a gratioso aut a consule postulandum. abiit illud tempus, mutata ratio est. sic existimo, sic mihi imperii] i e consularis. Compare in Catil I § 12. Halm. Perhaps the decree of the Senate (Oct 25), vide- ant consules ne quid detriments res- publica capiat, is also alluded to. nunc cum vocent] ‘ now feeling as I do that every reason calls me to *... cum = ‘ since’ denoting the occasion, compare cum sint § 8 and see Madvig § 35»- servire] a strong word weakened by usage. Stronger is inservire, and strongest of all deservire. Zumpt. alia in parte] § 67 foil. 7 sapientissimi] here as often of a learned jurist. Compare Laelius § 6- conquestio] not in the technical sense of de invent I § 106, but as again in Cicero (§ 72, ad Q fratrem 11 § 22) simply ‘complaint* Zumpt. familiaritatis necessitudinisque] pro- bably a hendiadys, as Sorof thinks. satis facere] to justify myself in his eyes. This, as well as adhibere arbi- tros, is a legal expression. Compare § 27, iudicem an arbitrum. accuseris] Zumpt remarks that this is one of the few instances of the second person singular passive in ris found in Cicero. Compare Madvig § 114 b. a me] ‘ on my part.’ Halm com- pares pro Milone § 100 tibi nullum a me amoris nullum studii nullum pietatis officium defuit. gratioso] a. substantive. See Nagelsb stil § 25 b page 81. abiit] i e frustra. Compare proPRO L MURENA IV 8J 35 persuadeo, me tibi contra honorem L Murenae, quantum tu a me postulare ausus es, tantum debuisse, contra salutem nihil debere. neque enim, si tibi turn, cum peteres consulatum, favi, 8 nunc, cum Murenam ipsum petis, adiutor eodem pacto esse debeo. atque hoc non modo non laudari, sed ne concedi quidem potest, ut, amicis nostris accusantibus, non etiam alienissimos defendamus. iv. mihi autem cum Murena, iudices, et magna et vetus amicitia est, quae in capitis dimicatione a Ser Sulpicio non idcirco obruetur, quod ab eodem in honoris contentione superata est. quae si causa non esset hominis, tamen honoris eius, quern adeptus est, amplitudo summae mihi superbiae crudelitatisque famam inussisset, si hominis et Sest § 72 abiit ille annus. Zumpt. 4 that season is past; circumstances have changed.* postulare ausus es] ‘had the face to claim from me.* In Greek a£iovv €T6\fivi post it up 17 days at least before it was to be voted upon (in trinum nundinum). * When warning of battle is given.* simulatio prudentiae] ‘your long- winded put-on learning.* The ab- stract for concrete, compare an- nalium velustas § 16. sapientia] generally explained as= eloquence, but without quotations adequate to prove the meaning. In Quintilian’s prooemium § 13 I find fueruntque haec (moral philosophy and eloquence) quemadmodum iuncta natura sic officio quoque copulata, ut iidem sapientes atque eloquentes haberentur. But so far as he is alluding to words he must be think- ing of the Greek cotpicrrijs and farup, and anyone who will read §§ 9—20 will see that he is drawing an ideal character, very like Virgil’s vir pietate gravis ac meritis who in the sedition (Aen 1 148 foil) regit dictis animos et pectora mulcet. So Laelius was called sapiens, see § 66 note. I believe then that the generalPRO L MURENA XIV 31] 59 spernitur orator, non solum odiosus in dicendo ac loquax, verum etiam bonus : horridus miles amatur, vestrum vero studium totum iacet. non ex iure manum conser- tum, sed ferro, inquit, rem repetunt quod si ita est, cedat, opinor, Sulpici, forum castris, otium militiae, stilus gladio, umbra soli: sit denique in civitate ea prima ars, prop- ter quam ipsa est civitas omnium princeps. verum haec Cato nimium nos nostris verbis magna facere 31 demonstrat et oblitos esse bellum illud omne Mithridaticum cum mulierculis esse gestum. quod ego longe secus existimo, iudices, deque eo pauca disseram; neque enim causa in hoc continetur. nam si omnia bella, quae cum Graecis gessimus, contemnenda sunt, derideatur de rege Pyrrho triumphus M’ Curii, de Philippo T Flaminini, de Aetolis M Fulvii, de rege Perse L Pauli, de Pseudophilippo Q Metelli, de Corinthiis L word ‘wisdom* comes nearer the true sense here. It is often used for ‘philosophy.* See Tac Agr 2,4. res publica\ the latter word is in all the mss save one; Cicero throws it in, just as non solum......verum etiam, to give his own turn of mean- ing to the quotation. odiosus"] ‘tiresome.* Compare div in Caecil § 36 omnis adrogantia odiosa est, Mart vm 6 archetypis vetuli nihil est odiosius Eucti> Plaut mil glor 652, 742. bonus\ Cicero seems to make this mean ‘ good * = successful. But I fancy it was meant by Ennius as ‘ the honest pleader,* or, in Scotch phrase, ‘ the pleader, honest man,* merely a general term of ap- proval, in opposition to horridus. vero\ ‘as for your profession, it is utterly prostrated;’ iacett compare §§ 17, 45. ex iure] see on § 26; here it is opposed to ferro, manum conserere being used in a double sense of (a) legal claiming of property, (b) fight- ing. consertum9 the supine, i e vo- cant or eunt. These lines from Ennius Annal vii are quoted in full by Gellius xx 10 § 4. See Appendix E. forum castris] Not so in his poem de suis temporibus9 fragm I, cedant arma togae. umbra soli] i e a sedentary life to an active one. In Italy to bear heat was of course the test of hardihood. See Hor carm 1 8, Juv vii 105, and compare the contrast of dvrjp ijXuofitvos and avrjp Iokicl- TporjK(os in Plato Rep 556 d. 31 mulierculis] 4 weak women,* opposed to viri in Lael § 46. Tischer. neque enim] refers to pauca. Pyrrho] battle of Beneventum B c 275 or 276, triumph in same year. Mommsen, bk II c 7. Philippo] Kynoskephalae 197, tri- umph 194. Mommsen bk 111 c 8. Aetolis] 189, triumph 187. Momm- sen bk III c 9. Perse] Pydna 168, triumph 167 Mommsen bk ill c 10. Pseudophilippo] 148, triumph 146. Mommsen, bk iv c 1. Corinthiis] 146, triumph 145. Mommsen bk IV c 1.6o PRO L MURENA [XIV 31 Mummii: sin haec bella gravissima victonaeque eorum bello- rum gratissimae fuerunt, cur Asiaticae nationes atque ille a te hostis contemnitur ? atqui ex veterum rerum monumentis vel maximum bellum populum Romanum cum rege Antiocho gessisse video: cuius belli victor L Scipio aequa parta cum Publio fratre gloria, quam laudem ille Africa oppressa cogno- mine ipso prae se ferebat, eandem hie sibi ex Asiae nomine 32 adsumpsit. quo quidem in bello virtus enituit egregia M Catonis, proavi tui; quo ille, cum esset, ut ego mihi statuam, talis, qualem te 'esse video, numquam cum Scipione esset profectus, si cum mulierculis bellandum arbitraretur. neque vero cum P Africano senatus egisset, ut legatus fratri profi- cisceretur, cum ipse paulo ante Hannibale ex Italia expulso, ex Africa eiecto, Karthagine oppressa, maximis periculis rem gratissimae] only in one MS but gravissimae is clearly wrong. ‘ A great relief.* Even in § 40 one ms has gravissima. victoriae bellorum] compare § 1 comitiorum precatio. Asiaticae] Halm well remarks that this refers to what we call Asia Minor, where Greek was ge- nerally spoken; hence it agrees well with cum Graecis above. For nationes see on § 69. contemnitur] singular as fuit § 15. Antiocho] B c 192—190. Momm- sen bk III c 9. belli victor] so Stat Theb ix 624 da visere belli vie lorem. aequa parta ] of the various resto- rations of this passage, this of Kay- ser and Sorof seems to me the best. MSS mostly si qua parta. The state- ment is grossly exaggerated. ille] because Publius was the elder and greater of the two; hie then answers it, otherwise it would be superfluous. Compare de legib 11 § 5. Zumpt nomine] Asiaticus. 32 M Catonis] in 191 BC at the battle of Thermopylae. Liv XXXVI 18, Plut Cato 13. statuam] either (a) subjunctive ‘ to set him in my mind’s eye,* or {b) future indicative ‘as I shall set him........* For the latter com- pare § 58 deprecabory § 63 fatebor, where the future almost coincides in sense with a present. Halm would emend all three. cum Scipione] these words are to be kept, as (a) if he went with M* Acilius Glabrio, the inaccuracy is one into which Cicero might well have fallen, and (b) Zumpt has shewn that he is very possibly right. arbitraretur and below putaretur] for the tense compare Madvig § 347 b obs 2. ‘had he thought (=been thinking) that*.... neque vero] ‘ nor yet again. * egisset] for all the ingenuity of Zumpt, I still think that this state- ment and those in Phil XI § 17, .and Liv xxxvii 1, are quite at variance. The two latter seem to be different versions, the present one an oratori- cal misrepresentation, of the same story. fratri] dative after legatus.PRO L MURENA 61 XV 33] publicam liberasset, nisi illud grave bellem et vehemens puta- retur. xv. atqui si diligenter, quid Mithridates potuerit et quid effecerit et qui vir fuerit, consideraris, omnibus regibus, quibuscum populus Romanus bellum gessit, hunc regem nimi- rum antepones : quem L Sulla, maximo et fortissimo exercitu, pugnae certe non rudis imperator, ut aliud nihil dicam, cum bello invectum totam in Asiam, cum pace dimisit: quem L Murena, pater huiusce, vehementissime vigilantissimeque vexa- tum, repressum magna ex parte, non oppressum reliquit: qui rex, sibi aliquot annis sumptis ad confirmandas rationes et copias belli, tantum spe conatuque valuit, ut se Oceanum cum Ponto, Sertorii copias cum suis coniuncturum putaret. ad 33 quod bellum duobus consulibus ita missis ut alter Mithri- datem persequeretur, alter Bithyniam tueretur, alterius res, et terra et mari calamitosae, vehementer opes regis et nomen xv nimirum] in apodosis, as in de off II § 71. Zumpt. Halm looks upon nimirum as proving that both words are a gloss, but this I greatly doubt pugnae certe etc] here the MSS present a hopeless muddle. I give the emended reading of Zumpt, which I prefer, and which is ac- cepted by Kayser and Tischer. Halm and Sorof urge that pugnarum non rudis would be the correct Latin to express the sense. Zumpt in reply refers to II in Verrem n § 17 provinciae rudisy and Quint IX 3 § 10 where the sciens pugnae of Hor carm 1 15 is explained as —scitus pugnandi. cum pace] opposed to cum bello. He merely gave up what he had seized : tins was in 85 b c, the first Mithridatic war. L Murena] left behind in com- mand by Sulla in 84 B c and ordered not to provoke Mithridates; he did not obey this and in the second Mithridatic war fared ill (83—81 BC) at the king’s hands; here Cicero speaks with great oratorical license. repressum] so in Catil I § 30. aliquot] seven, 81—75 B C. rationes] his ‘position,* both as to plans and material of war, in re- lation to his enemy. Compare § 4 tempestaium rationem. Or ‘plans.’ Compare §§ 46, 83. spe conatuque] I now accept this slight emendation of Klotz, as Halm has shewn that the mss ipse is not to be explained in accordance with either the facts of the case or the context of this particular passage. Oceanum] the Atlantic. Pontum, the Euxine. i e, rule the land from sea to sea. Sertorii] for this see Mommsen, book vex. 33 consulibus] L Licinius Lu- cullus and M Aurelius Cotta; for the full history of this war, called the third Mithridatic, see Mommsen, book VC2. ita] ‘ with instructions that while the one (Lucullus) was to pursue Mithridates, the other (Cotta) was to cover Bithynia.’ calamitosae] The disaster of Chal-62 PRO L MURENA [XVI 33 auxerunt; L Luculli vero res tantae exstiterunt, ut neque maius bellum commemorari possit neque maiore consilio et virtute gestum. nam cum totius impetus belli ad Cyzicenorum moenia constitisset eamque urbem sibi Mithridates Asiae ianuam fore putasset, qua effracta et revulsa tota pateret pro- vincia, ita perfecta ab Lucullo haec sunt omnia, ut et urbs fidelissimorum sociorum defenderetur et omnes copiae regis diutumitate obsessionis consumerentur. quid ? illam pugnam navalem ad Tenedum, cum contento cursu, acerrimis ducibus, hostium classis Italiam spe atque animis inflata peteret, me- diocri certamine et parva dimicatione commissam arbitraris ? mitto proelia, praetereo oppugnationes oppidorum: expulsus regno tandem aliquando tantum tamen consilio atque auctoritate valuit, ut se rege Armeniorum adiuncto novis opibus copiisque renovarit. xvi. ac si mihi nunc de rebus gestis esset nostri exercitus imperatorisque dicendum, plurima et maxima proelia 34 commemorare possem, sed non id agimus. hoc dico : si bel- lum hoc, si hie hostis, si ille rex contemnendus fuisset, neque tanta cura senatus et populus Romanus suscipiendum putasset, neque tot annos gessisset tanta gloria L Lucullus, neque vero kedon, before the arrival of Lucullus, in B c 74. constitisset] I can see no alterna- tive but to accept this correction for extitisset of the mss, which seems inexplicable with impetus. We must not however compare Liv xxi 49, xxii 32, for, as Halm remarks, the meaning there is ‘had come to a standstillhere, * had come to a head.’ The ruin of Mithridates’ grand army before Kyzikus 74—73 B c is alluded to. ‘ When the full shock of the war had fallen at one swoop upon the fortress-town of Kyzikus/ Sorof also takes this view. defenderetur etc] compare pro Ar- chia § 21, de imp Cn Pomp §§ 20 —21 obsessionis] generally = ‘occupa- tion,’here ‘siege.* Compare Caes Bell Civ ill 24, obsessionem nostro- rum omisit. acerrimis] sent by Sertorius. Com- pare de imp Cn Pomp § 21. Italiam] to renew the civil war, it was thought. Spartacus was at this time roving about Italy unchecked. rege Arm] Tigranes, his son-in- law. xvi proelia] as Tigranocerta, BC 69. 34 hoc...hie] Pompeius was still fighting in Asia, ille, Mithridates had died this very year. L Lucullus] I here accept with most editors Kayser’s emendation of the mss Luculli. Sorof well argues that had senatus et populus Romanus been the subject of ges- sisset, Cicero would have put neque tanta cura before suscipiendum.PRO L MURENA XVII 35] 63 eius belli conficiendi negotium tanto studio populus Romanus ad Cn Pompeium detulisset cuius ex omnibus pugnis, quae sunt innumerabiles, vel acerrima mihi videtur ilia, quae cum rege commissa est et summa contentione pugnata. qua ex pugna cum se ille eripuisset et Bosporum confugisset, quo exercitus adire non posset, etiam in extrema fortuna et fuga animum tamen retinuit regium. itaque ipse Pompeius, regno possesso, ex omnibus oris ac notis sedibus hoste pulso, [tamen] tantum in unius anima posuit, ut, cum omnia, quae ille tenue- rat, adierat, sperarat, victoria possideret, tamen non ante, quam ilium vita expulisset, bellum confectum iudicarit. hunc tu hostem, Cato, contemnis, quocum per tot annos tot proeliis tot imperatores bella gesserant? cuius expulsi et eiecti vita tanti a Pompeio existimata est, ut morte eius nuntiata denique bellum confectum arbitraretur. hoc igitur in bello L Mure- nam legatum fortissimi animi, summi consilii, maximi laboris cognitum esse defendimus, et hanc eius operam non minus ad consulatum adipiscendum quam hanc nostram forensem in- dustriam dignitatis habuisse. xvii. ‘at enim in praeturae petitione prior renuntiatus est 35 Servius.’ pergitisne vos tamquam ex syngrapha agere cum populo, ut, quern locum semel honoris cuipiam dederit, eun- dem in reliquis honoribus debeat ? quod enim fretum, quern cum rege] i e the night-battle or surprise by the Euphrates, BC 66. A good conjecture is the insertion of node here before commissa (F. Richter). tenuerat] his kingdom, adierat, the Roman possessions in Asia. sperarat,, the rule of the Caucasian districts. Halm. a Pompeid\ this is inserted by Kayser, and seems the best con- jecture. Halm and Sorof accept it. defendimus] see on § 5. xvii 35 at enim] compare Mad- vig § 437 c. pergitisne] The thought goes back, as Halm says, to § 18. locum honoris] place on the roll of office, ‘precedence.’ quod enim etc.] loosely quoted by Quint VIII 6 § 49, with the remark illud vero longe speciosissimum genus orationis, in quo trium permixta est gratia,, similitudinis, allegoriaet trans- lationis. fretum] especially the Sicilian. Euripnim, especially that between Euboea and the mainland, said to ebb and flow 7 times a day: see Mr Tozer’s Geography of Greece, Lecture vii, for the wonderful tides of this channel. ‘ What strait, what sound, think you, has its waves lashed by such violent storms or turned byPRO L MURENA 64 [XVII 35 euripum tot motus, tantas, tam varias habere putatis agita- tiones commutationesque fluctuum, quantas perturbationes et quantos aestus habet ratio comitiorum ? dies intermissus unus aut nox interposita saepe perturbat omnia et totam opinionem parva nonnumquam commutat aura rumoris. saepe etiam sine ulla aperta causa fit aliud atque existimaris, ut nonnumquam ita factum esse etiam populus admiretur, quasi vero non ipse fecerit. nihil est incertius vulgo, nihil obscurius voluntate 36 hominum, nihil fallacius ratione tota comitiorum. quis L Philippum, summo ingenio, opera, gratia, nobilitate, a M Herennio superari posse arbitratus est? quis Q Catulum, humanitate, sapientia, integritate antecellentem, a Cn Mallio ? quis M Scaurum, hominem gravissimum, civem egregium, fortissimum senatorem, a Q Maximo ? non modo horum nihil ita fore putatum est, sed ne cum esset factum quidem, qua re ita factum esset, intellegi potuit. nam ut tempestates saepe certo aliquo caeli signo commoventur, saepe improviso nulla ex certa ratione obscura aliqua ex causa concitantur, sic in hac comitiorum tempestate populari saepe intellegas, quo signo commota sit, saepe ita obscura est, ut casu excitata esse vi- 37 deatur. xvm. sed tamen si est reddenda ratio, duae res vehe- menter in praetura desideratae sunt, quae ambae in consulatu such shifting tides as are the squalls and surges in the working of our elections T ratio] so § 36, and in § 4 with tempestatum. co?nitiorum] for the comparison to a stormy sea compare pro Plane §§ 11, 15, Demosth F L § 136 p 383. aura] the ablative, according to Halm. For the word he compares Virg Aen VII 646 ad nos vix tenuis rerum perlabitur aura. quasi vero] so § 75, de off in § 39. 36 opera] activity in the forum, as Halm says. See on § 22. M Herennio] consul in B c 93. Cn Mallio] consul 105. Q Fabio Maximo Eburno] in 116. pututum est] very rare, but found in de divin 1 § 84. Zumpt. nam ut etc] quoted loosely by Quint VIII 3 § 80. obscura est] commota tempestas. esse videatur] compare Quint X 2, §18, Tac Dial 23. xviii 37 ratio] if one must ac- count for Murena’s having been re- turned as praetor later than Sulpi- cius. For sed tamen see on § ♦8. desideratae] the want of which was felt when he was standing for the praetorship.PRO L MURENA XVIII 38] 65 multum Murenae profuerunt: una, exspectatio muneris, quae et rumore non nullo et studiis sermonibusque competitorum creverat, altera, quod ii, quos in provincia ac legatione omnis et liberalitatis et virtutis suae testis habuerat, nondum deces- serant. horum utrumque ei fortuna ad consulatus petitionem reservavit. nam et L Luculli exercitus, qui ad triumphum convenerat, idem comitiis L Murenae praesto fuit, et munus amplissimum, quod petitio praeturae desiderarat, praetura restituit. num tibi haec parva videntur adiumenta et subsidia 38 consulatus ? voluntas militum ? quae cum per se valet multi- tudine, cum apud suos gratia, turn vero in consule declarando multum etiam apud universum populum Romanum auctoritatis habet suffragatio militaris; imperatores enim comitiis consulari- bus, non verborum interpretes deliguntur. quare gravis est ilia oratio : ‘ me saucium recreavit, me praeda donavit: hoc duce castra cepimus, signa contulimus: numquam iste plus militi laboris imposuit quam sibi sumpsit; ipse cum fortis, turn etiam muneris] he had not been aedile, and had had no chance of giving any great show. The other candi- dates (and their agents) had made the most of this defect in Murena’s qualifications for office. creverat] ‘had reached a great height, owing to a general report, and the remarks of rivals coloured with party-spirit. * provincia] Tischer refers this to his service in Asia under his father. legatione] as legatus to Lucullus, decesserant] regular word for quit- ting a province, § 68 etc, the tri- umph of Lucullus was deferred by intrigues from the year 66 B c to 63. comitiis] ‘at the election/ so gla- diatoribus in § 67. I here with Halm and Sorof follow the emen- dation of Hotomann. Zumpt, Kay- ser and Tischer keep the mss reading comes. But see pro Plane § 11. L Murenae] dative after praesto fuit. Halm. Cic. pro L Mur. restituit] as praetor urbanus he celebrated the ludi Apollinares with great splendour, thus the chance of winning popular favour, lost before, was ‘given back’ to him as his due. 38 cum...cum...turn] compare pro Rose Am § 62, pro Rabir § 2, de leg agr I § 9. Here I have abandoned the emendation of Zumpt, who throws out quae. valet multitudine] Plut Lucull 36, as Halm well remarks, throws some light on Cicero’s high-flown statements. Pompeius left him but 1600 soldiers to share his triumph, and even these shewed little eager- ness in attending him. Compare § 69* suffragatio] ‘canvassing,’ as also I believe in pro Plane §§ 15, 44. See on § 16. verborum interpretes] in which case the soldiers would be the worst of critics: the phrase is a hit at Sulpicius. ipse] personally. For the recep- 566 PRO L MURENA [XIX 40 felix.* hoc quanti putas esse ad famam hominum ac volunta- tem ? etenim si tanta illis comitiis religio est, ut adhuc sem- per omen valuerit praerogativae, quid mirum est in hoc felici- tatis famam sermonemque valuisse ? xix. sed si haec leviora ducis, quae sunt gravissima, et hanc urbanam suffragationem militari anteponis, noli ludorum huius elegantiam et scaenae magnificentiam valde contemnere, quae huic admodum profuerunt. nam quid ego dicam populum ac vulgus imperitorum ludis magno opere delectari? minus est mirandum, quamquam huic causae id satis est; sunt enim populi ac multitudinis comitia. quare, si populo ludorum magnificentia voluptati est, non est mirandum earn L Murenae 39 apud populum profuisse. sed si nosmet ipsi, qui et ab delec- tatione communi negotiis impedimur et in ipsa occupatione delectationes alias multas habere possumus, ludis tamen oblec- tamur et ducimur, quid tu admirere de multitudine indocta? 40 L Otho, [vir fortisj meus necessarius, equestri ordini restituit tion of a popular general compare Velleius 11 104 § 5 at vero milttum conspectu eius elicitae gaudio lacri- mae.....videmus te, imperator, sal- vum recepimus.....ego tecum, impe• rotor, in Armenia, ego in Rhaetia fui, etc. quanti putas esse} =• ‘don’t you think this has great weight?’ So § 48 quam securim etc. Halm re- fers to Madvig § 492 b. ad famam] compare on §29 ad honorem. • omen praerogativae] the order of voting being determined by lot, the vote of the first century was taken as an omen or indication of the vote to follow, compare de divin 1 § 103, pro Plane § 49, and the bold me- taphor in I in Verrem § 26 dedit praerogatwam (Metellus) suae vo- luntatis. xix urbanam] ‘ civilian,’ com- pare §§ 19, 41. vulgus imperitorum]=vulgus im- peritum as in de orat III § 195. huic causae] for the matter in hand the fact is sufficient, id, the fact that the shows please the mob. Cicero argues, how then can one be surprised at Murena’s defeating you? populi] possessive genitive, com- pare Madvig § 281. 39 admirere de...] i e wonder, not at the common herd, but at some fact in connexion with them; here, at their fondness for the shows. Madvig de fin I § 4, who compares ad Att x 17 § 4 de diplomate ad- miraris. indocta] Zumpt on vulgus § 38 well remarks that this is not at all the same as multitudo indoctorum. 40 L Otho] the equites seem to have had some precedence of the plebs in the theatre (though they did not sit all together), as they had had in the circus from very early times. C Gracchus had probably given themPRO L MURENA XX 41] 67 non solum dignitatem, sed etiam voluptatem. itaque lex haec, quae ad ludos pertinet, est omnium gratissima, quod honestis- simo ordini cum splendore fructus quoque iucunditatis est restitutus. quare delectant homines, mihi crede, ludi, etiam illos, qui dissimulant, non solum eos, qui fatentur. quod ego in mea petitione sensi; nam nos quoque habuimus scaenam competitricem. quodsi ego, qui trinos ludos aedilis feceram, tamen Antonii ludis commovebar, tibi, qui casu nullos feceras, nihil huius istam ipsam, quam irrides, argenteam scaenam adversatam putas ? sed haec sane sint paria omnia: sit par 41 forensis opera militari, militaris suffragatio urbanae, sit idem magnificentissimos et nullos umquam fecisse ludos : quid ? in ipsa praetura nihilne existimas inter tuam et huius sortem interfuisse ? xx. huius sors ea fiiit, quam omnes tui necessarii tibi this distinction (Mommsen, bk iv ch 3), Sulla deprived them of it. When then Roscius Otho, tribune BC 67, carried his law which gave them 14 rows of seats in the theatre all together immediately behind the orchestra (where the Senators sat), he did what may fairly be spoken of as restituit, so also Velleius, 11 32 § 3, compare Hor E 4 15, Epp I 1 62, Prof Mayor on Cic Phil 11 § 44, Juv in 153. ad ludos] in ad Att 11 19 § 3 we have mention of a lex Roscia fru- mentaria. gratissima] it was a most unpopu- lar measure. Cicero himself had in 64 B c sought to lessen the general dislike to it in the speech de L Othone, now lost, compare ad Att II 1 § 3- trinos] not tres, as ludi denotes a compound object, which can be re- peated and counted, so bina castra, quinae litterae. Madvig § 76 c. Compare Liv I 10 bina spolia, Hor Sat I 6 75 octonis Idibtis. aedilis] in B c 69. The three ludi were Cereales, Morales, Romani, as he tells us II in Verr v § 36; he had not however indulged in any great extravagance, de off II § 59, and he claims that he did not owe his later distinctions to these shows. Antonii] as praetor in BC 66. Their splendour made Cicero feel very anxious, as Antonius was in league with Catiline at the elections for 63. casu] as praetor he did not get the urbana iurisdictio, and he had never been aedile. argenteam] probably some part of the stage was really covered with silver: the testimony of Plin H N xxxin § 53 depends on the punc- tuation of the passage, and cannot be urged strongly. Even if (as I think) it does say literally what Cicero says here, we may doubt whether the present high-flown pas- sage be not the only authority for Plmy’s statement. 41 sed haec......interfuisse ?] re- capitulates from § 19. Zumpt. sane] ‘ for all I care,’ ‘for the sake of argument/ So Sorof, who ren- ders ‘ immerhin/ 5—268 PRO L MURENA [XX 42 optabamus, iuris dicundi: in qua gloriam conciliat magnitudo negotii, gratiam aequitatis largitio: qua in sorte sapiens prae- tor, qualis hie fuit, offensionem vitat aequabilitate decemendi, benevolentiam adiungit lenitate audiendi: egregia et ad con- sulatum apta provincia, in qua laus aequitatis, integritatis, 42 facilitatis ad extremum ludorum voluptate concluditur. quid tua sors ? tristis, atrox : quaestio peculatus, ex altera parte lacrimarum et squaloris, ex altera plena tabularum atque indicum. cogendi iudices inviti, retinendi contra volun- tatem; scriba damnatus, ordo totus alienatus; Sullana gra- tificatio reprehensa, multi viri xx iuris dicundi] since Sulla there had been eight praetors, two for the Civil Courts, the urbanus and the so-called peregrinus; the other six were for the Criminal Courts. Murena was lucky in draw- ing the lot for the praetura urbana. aequitatis] ‘justice according to the spirit of the law,* opposed to the letter, as in § 27. adiungit] i e sibi, * wins,* com- pare § 42, pro Rose Am § 116, pro Cluent § 3. provincia] ‘charge,’ ‘duty’ are about the nearest words in English. A very good instance of the word used in its true meaning is Lucan I 338 ultima Pompeto dabitur pro- vincia Caesar. See below on § 43. ad extremum] * to crown all, it is finished off with’... not of time, for the ludi Apollinares fall on a d in Non Iul (5th July). But I can find no parallel. 42 tristis, atrox] * one of gloom and severity.’ peculatus] one of the quaestiones perpetuae, dealing with misappro- priation or theft of the public pro- perty. pecus originally = moveable property. Freund well compares Gell xi 18 § 18, auct ad Herenn I § 22. squaloris] the reus would appear in a squalida vestis. See Appendix A. fortes et prope pars civitatis tabularum] account-books put in as evidence. Compare pro Fonteio § 12 unae tabulae proferantur. I in Verrem § 33 nunc hominem tabu- lis, testibus, privatis publicisque litte- ris auctoritatibusque accusemus. indicum] much the same as the later delatores, ‘informers.* index =an accuser who is himself partner in crime with the accused; compare div in Caecil § 34 si tibi indicium postulas dari quod tecum una fecerit. We have the word below § 49, and in § 51 non se purgavit sed indi- cavit, ‘ informed against himself.’ scriba] the secretaries to the ma- gistrates were called scribae; the scribae quaestorii and aedilicii were held in highest repute. They were citizens and had votes in elections. Freund. Their influence was great (de legib ill § 48 probably refers to them in particular), and also their duties, compare II in Verr hi § 183, where they are as here strangely spoken of as ordo (so ordo aratorum II in Verr II § 17). Cicero seems to be thinking of a case in which a scriba had by his power over the State ledgers been guHty of peculatus either as principal or ac- cessory. For form of sentence com- pare Madvig § 442 a, obs 2. gratificatio] the free allotments of land by Sulla to his soldiers. Com*XX 42] PRO L MURENA 69 offensa; lites severe aestimatae; cui placet obliviscitur, cui dolet meminit postremo tu in provinciam ire noluisti. non possum id in te reprehendere, quod in me ipso et praetore et consule probavi, sed tamen L Murenae provincia multas bonas gratias cum optima existimatione attulit. habuit pro- ficiscens dilectum in Umbria: dedit ei facultatem res publica liberalitatis, qua usus multas sibi tribus, quae municipiis Um- briae conficiuntur, adiunxit: ipse autem in Gallia, ut nostri homines desperatas iam pecunias exigerent, aequitate diligen- tiaque perfecit tu interea Romae scilicet amicis praesto fuisti. pare de leg agr in § 6 eoniungitur impudetts gratificatio cum acerba in- iuria. reprenensa, called in ques- tion by some decision. viri fortes] i e Sullani milites. pars] * a considerable part, * as often. Compare Liv I 10 Caeninenses Crus- tuminique et Antemnates erant ad quos eius iniuriae pars pertinebat. lites etc] if you have assessed the amount of the restitution to be made, taking a hard view of the case. [In the times of the empire the amount was fixed at four times the value of what was taken; in quadrupturn, Tul Pauli v 27.] This seems to have been confined to State cases, and was quite a separate matter from the verdict {judicium). See in par- ticular pro Cluent §§ 115—116 and Ramsay's note. In Gellius IV 4 § 2 we have a case of breach of promise of marriage, where litem pecunia aestimabat—used to assess the da- mages at such-and-such a sum. See also 1 in Verrem § 38. cui placet] he who approves of it. Nobody ‘gets anything by it.* Zumpt. cui dolet] compare Plautus Epid 1 2 44 mihi dolet quum ego vapulo. meminit] and so the presiding magistrate gradually becomes un- popular. oonas gratias] a regular combina- tion, compare aliquam bonam gra- tiam, pro imp Cn Pomp § 71. For the plural =gratias apud multos, com- pare § 24. liberalitatis] generous help in equipment-money etc. Zumpt, and I do not see how the word will bear any other interpretation. Compare §§ 72, 17- tribus] the election of consuls took place at the comitia centuriata. It is certain that long before Cicero’s time the centuries had been brought into some direct connexion with the tribes. Probably the same people now voted in both assemblies, and in bodies the organization of which did not essentially differ. But this is not the place to discuss what is perhaps the most difficult question in Roman history. conficiuntur] are made up out of borough-towns in Umbria. These municipia are the old Latin colonies, planted as garrisons when Rome was gradually conquering all Italy. By the Julian law of BC 90 they received the Roman franchise. ipse] he ‘made a chance,* opposed to dedit res publica. So Zumpt takes it; but I admit that this is rather forced; and perhaps Emesti*s con- jecture ipsa, adopted by Halm and Sorof, is better. Gallia] Transalpina, in 64 BC nostri homines] Roman capitalists, publican*, etc.PRO L MURENA 70 [XXI 44 fateor, sed tamen illud cogita, non nullorum amicorum studia minui solere in eos, a quibus provincias contemni intellegunt 43 xxi. et quoniam ostendi, iudices, parem dignitatem ad con- sulatus petitionem, disparem fortunam provincialium negotio- rum in Murena atque in Sulpicio fuisse, dicam iam apertius, in quo meus necessarius fuerit inferior Servius, et ea dicam vobis audientibus, amisso iam tempore, quae ipsi soli re integra saepe dixi. petere consulatum nescire te, Servi, persaepe tibi dixi, et in his rebus ipsis, quas te magno et forti animo et agere et dicere videbam, tibi solitus sum dicere, magis te fortem accusatorem mihi videri quam sapientem candidatum. primum accusandi terrores et minae, quibus tu cotidie uti solebas, sunt fortis viri, sed et populi opinionem a spe adi- piscendi avertunt et amicorum studia debilitant. nescio quo pacto semper hoc fit—neque in uno aut altero animadversum est, sed iam in pluribus—, simul atque candidatus accusationem 44 meditari visus est, ut honorem desperasse videatur. ‘quid non nullorum] i e place-hunters. xxi 43 provincialium] ‘official.* So provincta, ‘an official charge,* § 41 etc. amisso] ‘though the time for ap- plying them is now past and gone.* Compare de prov cons § 17 tempore amisso annus est integer vobis ex- pec tandus. re integra] ‘ while it was yet time.* Compare on est integrum §8. consulatum] I do not think this an interpolation, though Halm would throw it out as such both here and in § 46. At the same time Zumpt*s defence of its genuineness is too weak to be worth reproducing. The facts {a) that it is in all the MSS, and (b) that Quintilian XI 1 § 69 speaking of this passage says quam decenter tamen Sulpicio, cum omnes concessisset vir- tutes, scientiam petendi consulatus ad- emit ? seem to me quite enough to call for some far stronger proof of its spuriousness than has been given by Halm. To myself the passage seems hardly complete without it; see §§ 15, 44. There is of course no implied opposition, such as 4 though you do know how to stand for the Quaestorship and Praetorship.* his rebus ipsis] his denunciations in the Senate, and his preparations for prosecuting a successful rival. fortis] ‘resolute.* a spe adipiscendi] i e they make people think that he has given up all hope of success. debilitant] compare § 45 and see on § 79- ft...ut]tis the connexion. desperasse] to have given up for lost For the acc after despero, com- pare de rep Vi § 25, in Catil 11 § 19, ad fam xii 14 § 3, Lucan I 543. It is also constructed (a) with acc and inf, (b) with de and abl, (c) absolutely like ‘ to be in despair,* (a) with the dat e g saluti etc.PRO L MURENA XXI 44] 7i ergo ? acceptam iniuriam persequi non placet ?’ immo vehe- menter placet, sed aliud tempus est petendi, aliud persequendi. petitorem ego, praesertim consulatus, magna spe, magno animo, magnis copiis et in forum et in campum deduci volo: non placet mihi inquisitio candidati, praenuntia repulsae, non testium potius quam suffragatorum comparatio, non minae magis quam blanditiae, non declamatio potius quam persalu- tatio, praesertim cum iam hoc novo more omnes fere domos omnium concursent et ex vultu candidatorum coniecturam 44 magnis copiis] a company of friends or clients usually escorted a candidate to the Forum, where he canvassed (prensabat), and on the day of election to the Campus Mar- tius, where the voting went on. It was an object to secure as many Senators and equites as possible. The larger a man’s company, the more likely he was thought to succeed. Compare auct petit cons §§ 16—18. deduct] the regular word for es- corting a candidate. Compare § 69 foil. inquisitio] the hunting up of evi- dence by a candidate. Here it is of an unofficial proceeding for the pur- pose of having the materials ready to hand. See § 45. Usually of the official search for evidence after the charge had been formally made and received by the praetor. Compare II in Verr 11 § n. suffragatorum] see on § 16. declamatio] ‘ranting’ against what displeases you. persaiutatio] ‘general greeting’ to all you meet. Compare persalutare in pro Flacco § 42. praesertim cum] Madvig on de fin II § 25 explains these particles as = ‘ idque cum tamen,* ‘quamvis,’ ‘and that though.’ If so here, we must take them closely with declamation which must =‘stopping at home to practise a speech against Murena,’ as Zumpt explains it. But it seems to me that Cicero was here Madvigi securus and meant ‘ I do not prefer the voice of sulky indignation to that of general greeting, particularly as people notice it and feel inclined to vote against such a candidate.’ See §§ 24, 53, 11 in Verrem in § 127. Madvig adv II p 208 says that declamatio is out of place here, since it caxmot=commentatio causae. Who- ever reads Phil 11 § 42 with Prof Mayor’s note will I think agree with me that it can. He then remarks that even if it could it would not take place in publico ubipersalutan- tur homines. I greatly doubt whether it is a necessary inference from Cicero’s words that he meant it so, even if we acquiesce in the interpretation of praesertim cum. Still less, he adds, can the word in Latin = indignantis clamor. Cicero however in ad fam in 11 § 2 speaking of the crimen maiestatis says etsi Sulla voluit ne in quemvis impune declamari (or declamari) liceret, which comes too near this sense to render such an assertion safe. Madvig agrees with Bake in reading denun- tiatio. I need hardly now add that this seems to me unnecessary. iam] since it has got to this now- adays, that... omnium] sc candidatorum. coniecturam faciant] so § 9. ‘infer.’PRO L MURENA 72 [XXII 46 faciant, quantum quisque animi et facultatis habere videatur. 45 ‘videsne tu ilium tristem, demissum? iacet, diffidit, abiecit hastas/ serpit hie rumor: * scis tu ilium accusationem cogi- tare, inquirere in competitores, testes quaerere ? alium faciam, quoniam sibi hie ipse desperate eius modi de candidato rumore amici intimi debilitantur, studia deponunt, aut de- sertam rem abiciunt, aut suam operam et gratiam iudicio et accusationi reservant, xxn. accedit eodem, ut etiam ipse can- didate totum animum atque omnem curam, operam diligenti- amque suam in petitione non possit ponere; adiungitur enim accusationis cogitatio, non parva res, sed nimirum omnium maxima, magnum est enim te comparare ea, quibus possis hominem e civitate, praesertim non inopem neque infirmum, exturbare, qui et per se et per suos et vero etiam per alienos defendatur. omnes enim ad pericula propulsanda concurri- mus, et qui non aperte inimici sumus, etiam alienissimis in capitis periculis amicissimorum officia et studia praestamus. 46 quare ego expertus et petendi et defendendi et accusandi mo- lestiam sic intellexi: in petendo studium esse acerrimum, in defendendo officium, in accusando laborem. itaque sic statuo: fieri nullo modo posse, ut idem accusationem et petitionem [consulate] diligenter adomet atque instruat: unum sustinere pauci possunt, utrumque nemo, tu, cum te de curriculo peti- animi et facultatis] confidence and support. 45 hastas] weapon of offence. ‘ He has given up the contest/ iacet. Compare § 30. faciam] ‘I shall vote for another candidate/ Compare pro Plane § 9 facit eos, a quibus est maxime ambitus, § 18 quin omnes, qui... ...te aedilem fecerint. See on § 18 above. xxii accedit uf\ Madvig § 373, obs 3. e civitate] the lex Tullia inflicted a penalty of ten years* exile. non inopem etc] or he would never have come forward as a can- dfdate. te and hominem are quite general. alienissimis] compare § 8, de orat 11 § 200. 46 esse in] belongs to, is required by. Compare pro Plane § 10. consulatus] not interpolated, I think. See on § 43. adornet] ‘ equip/ ‘prepare/ in- struat. ‘marshal,’ ‘array,* ‘organ- ize.* Compare pro Cluent §§ 18, 191. The metaphor seems to be a military one. Compare on § 22. sustinere] ‘ carry out,* ‘ act.* Com- pare de orat II § 102 ires personas unus sustineo. This seems to be a stage metaphor.XXIII46] PRO L MURENA 73 tionis deflexisses animumque ad accusandum transtulisses, existimasti te utrique negotio satis facere posse: vehementer errasti. quis enim dies fuit, postea quam in istam accusandi denuntiationem ingressus es, quem tu non totum in ista ratione consumpseris ? xxiii. legem ambitus flagitasti, quae tibi non deerat; erat enim severissime scripta Calpumia. gestus est mos et voluntati et dignitati tuae. sed tota ilia lex accusatio- deflexisses] here we pass to a race. The change of metaphors here is very rapid, and does not appear to me happy, te is in the mss, and, though against Cicero’s usage, seems defensible. I believe that he is thinking of the circus. ‘After turn- ing yourself (like a chariot) out of the course,* i e you were like a driver who gives his attention during a race to some thing off his course, and divided attention was fatal to your success as it would be to his. quis dies] quis adjectival. Com- pare Madvig § 88, obs 1. in ista ratione] ‘in carrying out that plan.* Compare § 83, I in Verr § 34 tua ratio est ut secundum binos hubs mihi respondere incipias, mea ut ante primus tudos comperendinem, II in Verrem V § 173 non est alienum meis rationibus. xxiii erat] ‘there was the Cal- puraian law, with its provisions of the strictest. * Calpurnia] passed in BC 67 by C Calpumius Piso consul that year, at the desire of the Senate. It was strict, and quite superseded all the earlier enactments on the subject. It inflicted a heavy fine on the can- didate who (whether successful or not) had employed bribery; it also deprived him for ever of the right of holding office or sitting in the Senate, but allowed him to stay at Rome. From a fragment of the speech pro Corndw and the comment of Asconius thereon (quoted in Orelli and Baiter’s onomasticon) it appears that the dwisores were greatly op- posed to it Probably it contained a clause inflicting a fine upon these bribery-agents, perhaps also upon other agents of different names. Moreover one who had been con- demned for ambitus might regain his former position (in integrum resti- tuebatur) by procuring the conviction of another on the same charge: a principle of reward well-established in Roman criminal legislation. See pro Balbo § 57, pro Cluent § 98, Quintil XI 1 § 79. He would not however recover the fine. gestus est mos] this was in the meeting of the Senate at which the senatusconsultum was carried lead- ing to the lex Tullia in this very year. tota ilia lex] the lex Tullia. It probably followed the terms of the senatusconsultum, given in § 67. Another provision is quoted by Cicero himself, in Vatin § 37 quum mea lex dilucide vetet biennio quo quis petet petiturusve sit gladiatores dare nisi ex testamento praestituta die, also pro Sest § 133. It was a supple- ment to the Calpumian law, defining the proofs of guilt more closely, and adding to the penalties, (1) of Sena- tors, i e candidates, ten years* exile, (2) of the agents, an increase of the previous fine. Moreover, any juror or witness who pleaded illness as an excuse for non-attendance, thus im- peding the trial, was to be liable to some penalty not now known. Halm however refers this penalty to thePRO L MVRENA 74 [XXIII 47 nem tuam, si haberes nocentem reum, fortasse armasset, peti- 47 tioni vero refragata est. poena gravior in plebem tua voce efflagitata est; commoti animi tenuiorum: exilium in nostrum ordinem; concessit senatus postulationi tuae, sed non libenter duriorem fortunae communi condicionem te auctore constituit. morbi excusationi poena addita est: voluntas offensa multo- rum, quibus aut contra valetudinis commodum laborandum est aut incommodo morbi etiam ceteri vitae fructus relin- accused. For the whole of this diffi- cult and disputed passage see Ap- pendix F. 47 plebeni] I agree with Zumpt in referring this to the agents, especially the divisores. See on the last section. efflagitata est] was called for and carried. commoti] a feeling of ‘ our occu- pation ’s gone.1 nostrum ordinem] since Sulla had made the quaestorship a passport to the Senate, candidates had practi- cally come only from the senatorial order. Halm. concessit] ‘ gave way to,* with no object. Compare § 57. Halm. Sorof adds de fin ill § 1, ad fam IV 3§ 4- fortunae communi] a strange way of stating it. They had the option of abstaining from bribery. But they did not generally do so, and in B c 67 it was the Senators who had opposed the hard provisions of the proposed lex Cornelia of C Cor- nelius the tribune, and had procured the passing of the lex Calpumia in its stead. excusatio] often employed to defer the hearing of such a charge till the accused entered on his office, and was out of the law’s reach. If this be meant here of the accused, the penalty was doubtless, as Halm says, directed against die candidates. But it may equally well (and with more likelihood, it seems to me) be referred to cases of witnesses or jurors falling ill. See below, qui- bus.....laborandum est, and note. They often fell ill when a friend was on his trial, and hindered proceedings. We know from Phil v § 14 that the president of the court was not obliged to allow the exemption claimed by one summoned to act on a jury, unless he approved of the ground alleged. addita est] that is, on the top of their illness. So Zumpt takes it. See Phil II § 31 cur quaestores additit and Prof Mayor’s note. But I am rather inclined to take morbi excusationi as abstract for concrete (see on §§ 10, 16), and for addita est to compare Virg Aen VI 90 Teucris addita Juno, Hor carm ill 4 78 nequitiae additus custos, on which Orelli well cites Plat apol 30 e olov dy not 5o#c« d debt ifie Tfl TroXet Trpooredeucivai. If we take it thus, ‘inflicted ’ will almost express all that is meant laborandum] i e stand the wear and tear of a trial in court fructus] what the allusion here is we do not know. Halm has a note in which he refers to the punishment of exile. But Zumpt rightly urges that multorum cannot be the accused, candidates, and his conjecture, that jurors or witnesses who stayed away because of illness were to lose some privileges (e g the right of sitting on a jury or giving evidence) for the future, seems to me far more pro- bable.PRO L MURENA XXIII 47] 75 quendi. quid ergo ? haec quis tulit ? is, qui auctoritati senatus, voluntati tuae paruit, denique is tulit, cui minime proderant. quid? ilia, quae mea summa voluntate senatus frequens re- pudiavit, mediocriter adversata tibi esse existimas? confusio- nem suffragiorum flagitasti, prorogationem legis Maniliae, aequationem gratiae, dignitatis, suffragiorum. graviter homines honesti atque in suis vicinitatibus et municipiis gratiosi tule- runt, a tali viro esse pugnatum, ut omnes et dignitatis et gratiae gradus tollerentur. idem editicios iudices esse voluisti, ut haec] these provisions, i e this law. *r] Cicero. proderant] Cicero’s own course was run. He is making out that Sulpicius was the real author of the severity of the Tullian law. He was known to have advocated even stronger measures, and this, says Cicero, was a bad thing for his can- didature. confusionem suffragiorum] some plan by which votes were to have equal weight. ( Mass-voting ’ as opposed to the nice gradations of the comitia centuriata, but whether on the plan of the comitia tributai as Zumpt conjectures, is not so clear. Halm well says, ‘as the proposal of Sulpicius came out in the course of a debate on a new lex de ambitu, there is great probability in the conjecture that it was not meant to refer to elections generally but only to fresh elections held when a magistrate elect had been convicted of ambitus. * Zumpt comments on the extreme difficulty of ensuring a formal meet- ing of the centuries within a given time, which strengthens this view. prorogationem] the extension of the penod of its application. Com- pare ad Att XIII 43 prorogate diei, in a slightly different sense. Here it is like prorogare imperium Phil II § 24, etc. The conjecture perro- gationem seems more strange than clear. Maniliae] All we know is that C Manilius the tribune carried in 67 bc a law concerning the liber- tini, which was at once annulled. But I doubt whether this is meant in any way here. vicinitatibus] this correction seems necessary. It is in two mss and Halm adopts it. Compare pro Plane §§ 22, 23, pro Cluent §11, pro Rose Am § 15, auct petit cons § 24. Vulg civitatibus% which Zumpt refers to the coloniae Romanae. editicios iudices] named by the ac- cuser, with power to the accused of rejecting by challenge a certain number: the most probable expla- nation of this difficult passage is that proposed by Zumpt on compar- ison of pro Plane § 41; there were to be 125 jurors, equites and tribuni aerarii, nominated by the accuser from the register (album iudicum), of these the reus might reject 75, leaving 50, also 25 Senators were to be appointed, but by some other means, and. none of these could be rejected: there would thus be a jury of 75 in all left for the trial. [These are distinct from the editi iudices, of whom any number might be re- jected, according to Wunder on pro Plane proleg ill iii 3, (though he is not free from error in that article); and there is no connexion with the editicii iudices from particular tribes who were by the lex Licinia of bc 55 appointed to try cases of soda- licia.JPRO L MURENA 76 [XXIV 49 odia occulta civium, quae tacitis nunc discordiis continentur, in fortunas optimi cuiusque erumperent haec omnia tibi ac- cusandi viam muniebant, adipiscendi obsaepiebant. 48 atque ex omnibus ilia plaga est iniecta petitioni tuae, non tacente me, maxima, de qua ab homine ingeniosissimo et copiosissimo, Q Hortensio, multa gravissime dicta sunt, quo etiam mihi durior locus est dicendi datus, ut, cum ante me et ille dixisset et vir summa dignitate et diligentia et facultate dicendi, M Crassus, ego in extremo non partem aliquam agerem causae, sed de tota re dicerem, quod mihi videretur. itaque in isdem rebus fere versor, et, quoad possum, iudices, occurro vestrae sapientiae. xxiv. sed tamen, Servi, quam te securim putas iniecisse petitioni tuae, cum populum Romanum in eum metum adduxisti, ut pertimesceret ne consul Catilina fieret dum tu accusationem comparares deposita atque abiecta 49 petitione? etenim te inquirere videbant, tristem ipsum, maestos amicos; observationes, testificationes, seductiones tes- odid\ as the accuser would take care to name men who had a grudge against the accused, while the power of rejection was limited. adipiscendi] absolutely, as in § 43. 48 ilia plaga] the ‘blow’ is ex- plained below, cum pop Rom in eum metum adduxisti. ut] ‘ namely, the task of’... diligentia] the great merit of Cras- sus, compare Brutus § 233. occurro] in a friendly sense, * I am trying to help you to a wise verdict,* ‘meeting your wisdom half- way,* compare pro Cluent § 63, pro Deiot § 40 misericordia oc- currere sold ipsa supplicibus et cala- mitosis. sapientiae] this reading has all the weight of mss authority. One gives sacietati, and from this and in- dications in another most Editors emend into satietati, I prefer with Zumpt and Tischer the quite intelli- gible reading of the mss. xxiv sed tamen] resumes from ilia plaga etc above, after the re- marks de qua.......sapientiae put in parenthetically. Compare pro Plane § 18. putas] see on § 38. cum adduxisti] ‘ at the time when you brought *......see Madvig § 358. 49 inquirere] compare § 45. observationes] i e of your rivals, by agents of your own, to see that nothing is done in violation of the law, compare pro Rose Am § 22, auct petit cons § 55 fac se ut abs te custodiri atque observari sciant. Zumpt. testificationes] the getting together of depositions in proof of illegal practices, compare 11 in Verr V §§ 101—103. seductiones] taking them aside and talking anxiously to them, ‘ whisper- ings to witnesses,* compare Persius, 11 4, v 143, vi 42 paullum a turba seductior audi.PRO L MURENA XXIV 49] 77 tium, secessiones subscriptoram animadvertebant, quibus rebus certe spes candidatorum obscuriores videri solent Calilinam interea alacrem atque laetum, stipatum choro iuventutis, valla- tum indicibus atque sicariis, inflatum cum spe consulatus turn collegae mei, quemadmodum dicebat ipse, promissis, circum- fluente colonorum Arretinorum et Faesulanorum exercitu, quam turbam dissimillimo ex genere distinguebant homines perculsi Sullani temporis calamitate. vultus ipsius erat plenus furoris, oculi sceleris, sermo adrogantiae, sic ut ei iam explo- ratus et domi conditus consulatus videretur. Murenam con- secessiones] going aside together to talk over something, compare Ovid met II 465 deque suo iussit secedere coetu. subscriptorum] those whom the principal counsel has 4 with him in the case,*4 juniors.’ Compare div in Caecil § 51 non esse hos tales viros commissuros, ut ad causatn tantam9 a me susceptam, mihi creditam9 quis- quam subscriptor me invito aspirare possit. The word originally denoted all accusatores. subscripts was the signing of names of prosecutors in the presence of the Praetor, by which they pledged themselves to prose- cute. obscuriores] Halm in ed 1872 gives the above reading of this corrupt passage, and it seems the best. But for this use of obscuriores I can find no parallel. § 16 seems nearest. indicibus] see above on § 42 and compare pro Sestio § 95. consulatus] Halm’s emendation, which I accept provisionally, as I am sure that the mss militum collegae will not stand. circumfluente] this reading from MS Lag 9 and two others, is, I believe rightly, followed by Zumpt. Sorof prefers exercitum to ablative. If the vulgate circumfluentem ex- ercitu be kept, compare Lael § 52. colonorum] Sulla’s veterans, set- tled by him at Arretium and Fae- sulae; their extravagance had re- duced them to poverty and debt. Compare in CatU II § 20, Sallust Catil 28. dissimillimo ex genere] epithet of quam turbam. ‘ A most motley crowd.’ turbam refers to all his previously mentioned comrades. distinguebant] gave a further va- riety to. As we say ‘picked out with white* of a carriage, etc. So distinguere orationem9 de orat II § 36. retia maculis distincta, * where die empty mesh sets off the rope,’ Ovidheroidv 19. ‘ Throwninto relief as a whole by the presence of men stricken with the general ruin of Sulla’s Reign of Terror.* homines} relics of the Marian party, having nothing in common with the rest of Catiline’s supporters save impoverishment and readiness for violence. calamitate] compare pro Caec § 95 ut nihil de illo tempore9 nihil de cala- mitate reipublicae querar. exploratus] ‘assured,’ as usual in Cicero. domi conditus] a strong figure. ‘ In safe keeping at his house,’ ‘under lock and key.’ Zumpt compares 11 in Verr 11 § 5.78 PRO L MURENA [XXV 51 temnebat, Sulpicium accusatorem suum numerabat, non com- petitorem: ei vim denuntiabat, rei publicae minabatur. xxv. 50 quibus rebus qui timor bonis omnibus iniectus sit quantaque desperatio rei publicae, si ille factus esset, nolite a me com- moneri velle: vosmet ipsi vobiscum recordamini. meministis enim, cum illius nefarii gladiatoris voces percrebruissent, quas habuisse in contione domestica dicebatur, cum miserorum fidelem defensorem negasset inveniri posse, nisi eum qui ipse miser esset; integrorum et fortunatorum promissis saucios et miseros credere non oportere: quare qui consumpta replere, erepta recuperare vellent, spectarent, quid ipse deberet, quid possideret, quid auderet: minime timidum et valde calamito- sum esse oportere eum, qui esset futurus dux et signifer calami- 51 tosorum:—turn igitur, his rebus auditis, meministis fieri senatus consultum referente me, ne postero die comitia haberentur, ut de his rebus in senatu agere possemus. itaque postridie fre- quenti senatu Catilinam excitavi atque eum de his rebus iussi, si quid vellet, quae ad me adlatae essent, dicere. atque ille, ut semper fuit apertissimus, non se purgavit, sed indicavit atque induit. turn enim dixit duo corpora esse rei publicae, unum numerabat] so ad Att vn 1 § 3 me uterque numerat suum. . ei] Sulpicio. xxv 50 factus] so factus and fiant, § 18. nolite velle] not rare, but remark- able, compare pro Caelio § 79, pro Balbo § 64, Phil vn §25. Halm well points out that ne volueritis seems to be avoided. vosmet ipsi etc] compare PhU 11 § 1, pro Caelio § 43. meministis] it is caught up and the object expressed {fieri s c) in the next section. contione] in 63 BC. That given by Sail Cat 20 was in 64. Zumpt. integrorum] opposed to saucios. replere] Sulla’s veterans, recupe- rare, the Marian party. Halm. quid ipse deberet] ‘the debts of himself, their ringleader.* 51 senatus consultum] on a d XII Kal Nov (Oct 20), in Catil I § 7. apertissimus] in bad sense, ‘una- bashed as ever,* compare Phil 11 § in disertissimum cognovi ovum tuum, at te etiam apertiorem in di- cendo. indicavit] turned evidence against himself. See above on § 42. induit] sc in laqueos. Zumpt compares II in Verr v § 73 at quemadmodum ipse se induit priore actione! § 166 sua confessions in- duatur ac iuguletur necesse est, II § 106 videte ut, dum expedire sese vult, induat. unum] the senatorial party, in- firmo capite, sc the consuls, and in particular Cicero. alterum, the ‘ people’s party,’ or ‘opposition.*PRO L MURENA XXVI 52] 79 debile, infirmo capite, alterum firmum, sine capite : huic, si ita de se meritum esset, caput se vivo non defuturum. congemuit senatus frequens neque tamen satis severe pro rei indignitate decrevit; nam partim ideo fortes in decemendo non erant, quia nihil timebant, partim, quia timebant turn erupit e senatu triumphans gaudio, quem omnino vivum illinc exire non opor- tuerat, praesertim cum idem ille in eodem ordine paucis diebus ante Catoni, fortissimo viro, iudicium minitanti ac denuntianti respondisset, si quod esset in suas fortunas incendium excita- tum, id se non aqua, sed ruina restincturum. xxvi. his turn 52 rebus commotus, et quod homines iam turn coniuratos cum gladiis in campum deduci a Catilina sciebam, descendi cum firmissimo praesidio fortissimorum virorum et cum ilia lata insignique lorica, non quae me tegeret—etenim sciebam Cati- linam non latus aut ventrem, sed caput et collum solere petere—, verum ut omnes boni animadverterent, et, cum in ita] so as to make it worth his while to put himself at their head. decrevit] what, we know not. Cicero seems to have desired the early bestowal of the power of life and death by the decree videant consoles etc, see on § 6. This was not done until Manlius had raised the standard of revolt in Etruria, Sail Cat 29. nihil timebant] ie they thought the danger exaggerated, timebant, were nervous, and hence irresolute. turn] Sorof urges that as this conjunction has been used twice just above, we want something more forcible here. He also points out that the MSS indicate a reading of cum in the archetype. He would read ille vcro. I would rather con- sider that a vero has fallen out after turn through contusion with eru following. eruptt] compare in Catil II § 1 abut, excessit \ evasit , erupit. in eodem ordine] in the Senate. restincturum] so Sail Cat 31 fin incendium meum ruina restinguam. xxvi 52 homines iam turn con- iuratos]j I have restored these words from the mss, as Halm’s reasons for throwing them out do not seem to me conclusive. cum gladiis] ‘sword in hand.’ Compare Phil 11 § 112 cur homines omnium gentium maxirne barbarosy Ityraeosj cum sagittis deducts in forum? descendi] for fact compare in Catil I § ii. ittsigni] ‘conspicuous.’ lorica] for Cicero’s breastplate on this occasion compare Plut Cic 14, Dion Cassius xxxvu 29. caput et collum] he has already called him gladiator, § 50. petere] the proper word for the cuts and thrusts in gladiatorial com- bats. So we find petendo vehementer in orator § 228, and the substantive petitio ‘a lunge ’ in Catil 1 § 15. animadverterent] Plutarch says8o , PRO L MURENA [XXVI 54 metu et periculo consulem viderent, id quod est factum, ad opem praesidiumque concurrerent itaque cum te, Servi, re- missiorem in petendo putarent, Catilinam et spe et cupiditate inflammatum viderent, omnes, qui illam ab re publica pestem 53 depellere cupiebant, ad Murenam se statim contulerunt magna est autem comitiis consularibus repentina voluntatum inclinatio, praesertim cum incubuit ad virum bonum et multis aliis adiu- mentis petitionis omatum. qui cum honestissimo patre atque maioribus, modestissima adulescentia, clarissima legatiorie, prae- tura probata in iure, grata in munere, omata in provincia, petisset diligenter et ita petisset, ut neque minanti cederet neque cuiquam minaretur, huic mirandum est magno adiumento Catilinae subitam spem consulatus adipiscendi fuisse ? 54 nunc mihi tertius ille locus est reliquus orationis, de ambi- tus criminibus, perpurgatus ab his, qui ante me dixerunt, a me, quoniam ita Murena voluit, retractandus: quo in loco C Postumo, familiari meo, omatissimo viro, de divisorum indiciis et de deprehensis pecuniis, adulescenti ingenioso et bono, Ser Sulpicio, de equitum centuriis, M Catoni, homini in omni virtu te excellenti, de ipsius accusatione, de senatus consulto, de re publica respondebo. that he shifted his tunic, so as to shew the breastplate, row 5Z OwpaKos iTTLTrjdts VTT&ffCUvb Tl. 53 magna est] has great weight =multum valet, praesertim cum] see on § 44. incubuit ad] has lent its force to. Compare § 59 incumbenti ad eius pemiciem, ad Att I 19 § 4 ad volun- tatem perferendae legis incubuerat. aliis] besides his being good. The adiumenta are set forth shortly in the next sentence. in iure] § 41. in munere, §§ 37, 38. in provincia, § 42. et ita petisset] compare de imp Cn Pomp § 10 dicam alio loco et ita dicam. minanti] a hit at Sulpicius* threats of prosecuting him. minaretur] as Sulpicius did, and lost himself many votes. Halm. Catilinae—consulatus] so Brutus § 163 Scaevolae dicendi elegantia, etc. 54 locus] the third head. Com- pare § 11. perpurgatus] ‘cleared up,* with a side allusion to exculpating Mu- rena. Tischer well compares de divin II § 2 perpurgatus est is locus a nobis quinque libris. a me, not mihi, for uniformity, as in pro Plane § 8. de equitum centuriis] see on § 73. de senatus consulto] § 67. de re publica] concerning our coun- try’s interests, in §§ 74 foil, or with Halm ‘ the political situation.’PRO L MURENA 81 XXVII 56] xxvii. sed pauca, quae meum animum repente moverunt, 55 prius de L Murenae fortuna conquerar. nam cum saepe antea, iudices, et ex aliorum miseriis et ex meis curis labori- busque cotidianis fortunatos eos homines iudicarem, qui remoti a studiis ambitionis otium ac tranquillitatem vitae secuti sunt, turn vero in his L Murenae tantis tamque improvisis periculis ita sum animo adfectus, ut non queam satis neque communem omnium nostrum condicionem neque huius eventum fortunam- que miserari: qui primum, dum ex honoribus continuis fami- liae maiorumque suorum unum ascendere gradum dignitatis conatus est, venit in periculum, ne et ea, quae relicta, et haec, quae ab ipso parta sunt, amittat, deinde propter studium novae laudis etiam in veteris fortunae discrimen adducitur. quae 56 cum sunt gravia, iudices, turn illud acerbissimum est, quod habet eos accusatores non qui odio inimicitiarum ad accusan- dum, sed qui studio accusandi ad inimicitias descenderint nam ut omittam Servium Sulpicium, quem intellego non iniuria L Murenae, sed honoris contentione permotum, accusat patemus amicus, C Postumus, vetus, ut ait ipse, vicinus ac necessarius, qui necessitudinis causas complures protulit, simul- ' xxvii 55 cum iudicarem^...turn sum adfectus] the former verb in the subjunctive to express a comparison between the general and particular case. Madvig § 358, obs 3. Com- pare de nat deor 1 § 1. iudicarem] discussed later in de off I §§ 70, 71. non queam] the regular form of the first person in Cicero. Freund compares II in Verr iv § 89, pro Mil § 77. So in third person plural Tusc disp II § 65. | nostrum] *us statesmen. * I eventum] the outcome of his public * life. Compare de divin n § 22 quae J enim vita juisset Priamo, si ad ado- lescentia scisset quos eventus seneotutis asset habiturusr primum...deinde] the two things Cic. pro L Mur, are the same. Zumpt well com- pares auct ad Herenn iv § 54 ex- politio est, quum in eodem loco ma- nemus et aliud atque aliud dicere videmur. continuis] compare § 15. relicta] before this word Halm inserts ei. 56 odio inimicitiarum] genitive of possession or relation. See on § 1, and compare pro Mil § 78. The sing inimicitia seems only used in good prose as an abstract philo- sophical term. honoris contentione] see on § 11. necessitudinis causas] reasons for intimacy. So div in Caecil § 59 ridiculum est putare causam neces- situdinis ad vnferendum periculum iustam videri oportere. 682 PRO L MURENA [XXVII 56 tatis nullam commemorare potuit; accusat Ser Sulpicius, sodalis filius, cuius ingenio patemi omnes necessarii munitiores esse debebant; accusat M Cato, qui quamquam a Murena nulla re umquam alienus fuit, tamen ea condicione erat in hac civitate ‘ natus, ut eius opes et ingenium praesidio multis etiam alienissimis, exitio vix cuiquam inimico esse deberent 57 respondebo igitur Postumo primum, qui nescio quo pacto mihi videtur praetorius candidatus in consularem quasi desulto- rius in quadrigarum curriculum incurrere. cuius competitores si nihil deliquerunt, dignitati eorum concessit, cum petere destitit: sin autem eorum aliquis largitus est, expetendus amicis est, qui alienam potius iniuriam quam suam perse- quatur. DE POSTUMI CRIMINIBUS. DE SeRVII ADULESCENTIS. 58 xxviii. venio nunc ad M Catonem, quod est firmamentum ac robur totius accusationis, qui tamen ita gravis est accusator et sodalis flius] his father had be- longed to some sodalitas or collegium with Murena, and such sodales were ordinarily expected to support each other. Also the son was expected to take the same course as his father. Sorof would keep the mss reading filiL accusat] this repetition is called avcuftopd^ compare that of negat § 74, nolite § 80, Verres n in Verr II § 26. munitiores] sc rather than attacked. praesidio...exitio] Roby Lat Gr II xxv—lvi. etiam alienissimis] compare §§ 8, 45* 57 desultorius] sc equus, a horse trained for the performance of the desuitor in the circus. This person usually had two horses under com- mand, Propert v (iv) 2 35 eius traicit alterno qui leve pondus equot compare Liv xxm 29. These per- formances rank below the quadrigae, so that what Cicero means is, that Postumus, a candidate for an office inferior to the consulship, had bet- ter have left candidates for the latter to settle their own affairs. Compare also Suet Julius 3p, Liv xliv 9. dignitati etc] either they did not bribe, in which case Postumus has confessed their superiority; or they did, and then what a hearty friend is he who avenges the wrongs done to a friend rather than those done to himself; the point of the banter is that Postumus had better have taken his late defeat good-humour- edly. Compare II in Verrem in § 169 honestius est alienis iniuriis quam (re) sua commoveri. amicis] i e he must be a very useful friend; irony, as he was hard on Murena, compare § 56. So Zumpt after MS Lag 9, better than amicus. Halm after O Heine now reads amicus ei, i e, Postumus needs another Postumus. Servii] sc criminibus. These titles are added by Cicero himself, likePRO L MURENA XXVIII 58] 83 vehemens, ut multo magis eius auctoritatem quam crimina- tionem pertimescam. in quo ego accusatore, iudices, primum illud deprecabor, ne quid L Murenae dignitas illius, ne quid exspectatio tribunatus, ne quid totius vitae splendor et gravitas noceat, denique ne ea soli huic obsint bona M Catonis, quae ille adeptus est, ut multis prodesse possit bis consul fuerat P Africanus et duos terrores huius imperii, Karthaginem Nu- mantiamque, deleverat, cum accusavit L Cottam. erat in eo summa eloquentia, summa fides, summa integritas, auctoritas tanta quanta in imperio populi Romani, quod illius opera tenebatur. saepe hoc maiores natu dicere audivi hanc accu- satoris eximiam vim plurimum L Cottae profuisse. noluerunt sapientissimi homines, qui turn rem illam iudicabant, ita quem- quam cadere in iudicio, ut nimiis adversarii viribus abiectus those in pro Fonteio § 20. Pliny the younger, Epp 1 20 § 7, says testes suntmultae multorum orationes et Ciceronis pro Murena, pro Vareno, in quibus brevis et nuda quasi sub- scriptio quorundam criminum satis titulis indicatur; ex his apparet ilium permulta dixisse, cum ederet, omisisse. xxviii 58 quod] when an obser- vation is appended to an idea already sufficiently defined, the relative is accommodated to the substantive which follows, compare Madvig § 316: add Phil V § 39, 11 § 54 and Prof Mayor’s note. firmamentum ac robur] so de imp Cn Pomp § 10. tamen] die editors leave this un- noticed ; I believe that it requires some such explanation as the follow- ing: auctoritatem refers to gravis, and criminationem to vehemens: ita ...ut, as often, = ‘though’... ‘ yet,’ compare ad Att v 9 § 2 hoc tibi ita mando ut dubitem an etiam te rogem ut..., ‘while giving you this com- mission, I still am in doubt whether to go further and ask you to...’ also div in Caecil § 44. The sense of this passage will then be ‘while as a prosecutor he is both weighty and energetic, still I feel far more afraid of the weight he may carry than of the charges he brings,’ com- pare on abrogarem § 5. tribunatus] he was tribune-elect, a fact which might lend more weight to his charges. bis consul] BC 147 and 134. P Com Scipio Aemilianus Africanus minor. See Mommsen, bk iv c 1. duos terrdres] so called also in de republ I § 71,'Velleius 11 4 § 5. L Aurel Cotta] consul in BC 144, in the Brutus § 82 we are told that he was thought a veterator, probably in reference to his oratory ; but he is said to have bought his acquittal We have the case men- tioned from a different point of view in div in Caecil § 69. tenebatur] was maintained, up- held, compare § 83 totam rempub- licam vos in hoc causa tenetis, de nat deor 11 § 31. dicere audivi] compare Madvig § 395, obs s- cadere] should lose his case, com- pare causa cadere in § 9. 6—284 PRO L MURENA [XXVIII 59 59 videretur. quid ? Ser Galbam—nam traditum memoriae est —nonne proavo tuo, fortissimo atque florentissimo viro, M Catoni incumbenti ad eius pemiciem populus Romanus eri- puit ? semper in hac civitate nimis magnis accusatorum opibus et populus universus et sapientes ac multum in posterum prospicientes iudices restiterunt. nolo accusator in iudicium potentiam adferat, non vim maiorem aliquam, non auctorita- tem excellentem, non nimiam gratiam : valeant haec omnia ad salutem innocentium, ad opem impotentium, ad auxilium calamitosorum, in periculo vero et in pemicie civium repudi- 60 entur. nam si quis hoc forte dicet, Catonem descensurum ad accusandum non fuisse, nisi prius de causa iudicasset, iniquam legem, iudices, et miseram condicionem instituet periculis hominum, si existimabitur iudicium accusatoris in reum pro aliquo praeiudicio valere oportere. xxix. ego tuum consilium, Cato, propter singulare animi mei de tua virtute iudicium, vituperare nolo: nonnulla forsitan conformare et leviter emendare possim. non multa peccas, abiectus] overthrown, struck down, compare in Catil II § 1 se perculsum atque abiedum esse sentit. 59 quid?} so § 33. Compare Madvig § 479 d, obs 1. Ser Sulpicius Galba] who as prae- tor in Spain bc 151 had treacher- ously massacred 30,000 Lusitanians. Suet Galba 3. For his oratorical power, his trial and acquittal, com- pare Brutus § 89, de orat 1 § 227. incumbenti ad] compare on § 53, and add in Catil IV § 4 incumbite qd salutem reipublicae. potentiam] with inferiors, gratiam, with superiors in rank, standing, etc. Compare pro Caec § 73 quod tieque inflecti gratia neque perfringi poten- tia neque adulterari pecunia possit, I in Verrem § 15, pro Plane § 24. 60 de causa] ‘on the merits of the case.* legem...condicionem] ‘rule*...‘prin- ciple.’ So pro Catec § 40 videteper deos immortales, quod ius nobis quam condicionem vobismet ipsis quam de- nique civitati legem constvtuere ve- liiis. Compare also pro Flacco § 24, pro Cluent § 150. Yet Cicero employs this very line of argument in pro Sulla § 85, as Halm well points out. pro aliquo praeiudicio] ‘as a sort of recorded verdict.’ See div in Caecil § 12 de quo non praeiudicium sed plane iudicium iam factum pu- tatur, where the meaning of the word comes out forcibly. xxix nolo] Boot’s brilliant con- jecture. The mss have a lacuna here, except one inferior one, which reads non audeo, and Lag 9 which has non possum. conformare] * bring into the right shape.’ So Halm and Freund.: more precisely Madvig on de fin iv § 5 qua mores conformari putantur, says Ethica mores constituit e quotes essePRO L MURENA XXIX 61] 85 inquit ille fortissimo viro senior magister, sed peccas; te regere possum, at ego verissime dixerim peccare te nihil neque ulla in re te esse huius modi, ut corrigendus potius quam leviter inflectendus esse videare. finxit enim te ipsa natura ad honestatem, gravitatem, temperantiam, magnitude nem animi, iustitiam, ad omnes denique virtutes [magnum hominem et excelsum]. accessit his doctrina non moderata nec mitis, sed, ut mihi videtur, paulo asperior et durior, quam veritas aut natura patitur. et quoniam non est nobis haec 61 oratio habenda apud imperitam multitudinem aut in aliquo debeant quaerit et praecipit, hoc est, conformed. ‘Give you some rule to fashion yourself by.* inquit] ‘ says in the play.* A quo- tation from some old drama. magister] Phoenix to Achilles. Quint VIII 6 §§ 29, 30 in speaking of antonomasia, quae aliquidpro nomine ponit, quotes this passage, adding neutrum enim nomen est positum et utrumque inteUigitur. peccas...regere] the quotation is wittily chosen, embodying some cant terms of the Stoics, rectum = KardpOufia, see on § 3. peccatum = hfjidpTTifxa, see on § 62. With the passage in -general compare n in Verrem III § 2 qui sibi hoc sump sit, ut corrigat mores aliorum ac peccata reprehended. corrigendus] to require ‘setting straight.1 A strong word, compare de fin I § 17. [In Phil 11 § 43, pro Balbo § 20, Hor Epp 1 15 37, corrector is particularly invidious.] inflectendus] a much milder word. Zumpt well compares de divin 1 § 30, leviter a summo inflexum ba- cillum, ‘with a slight bend.* finxit] so de orat 11 § 219 na- tura enim fingit homines et creed imitatores. ad] ‘for,* ‘ with a view to/ moral worth etc. It goes with magnum etc, compare § 66. I see no reason for thinking magnum hominem et excelsum spurious. doctrina] the teaching of a school. ‘A set of tenets.* ‘The creed of a sect* veritas] the ‘ realities of life.* Compare II in Verrem v § 172 civium Romanorum omnium sanguis coniunctus existimandus est, quoniam et salutis omnium ratio et veritas postuled. aut] not et, as the comparison durior...quam has the force of a negative. Tischer. Compare § 78, where quisquam is used for the same reason. Halm. natura] ‘the feelings innate in us.* The passage in de fin iv § 55 should be compared with this, com- pare also § 65 below. 61 apud imperitam multitudinem] this is merely a flourish ad benevolent tiam captandam, he says just the op- posite in de fin IV § 74 omnia pec- cata paria dicitis. non ego tecum (addressed to Cato) iam ita iocabor, ut isdem his de rebus, cum• L Mu- renam teaccusante defenderem: apud imperitos turn ilia dicta sunt. Plut Cat min 21 tells us that when Cicero delivered this volley of ridi- cule against the Stoics and in par- ticular against their paradoxes, Cato smiled and said ‘ what a witty consul we have.* Cicero afterwards wrote his six papers called irapddo£a by way of commending the morality of the86 PRO L MURENA [XXIX 61 conventu agrestium, audacius paulo de studiis humanitatis, quae et mihi et vobis nota et iucunda sunt, disputabo. in M Catone, iudices, haec bona, quae videmus divina et egregia, ipsius scitote esse propria: quae nonnumquam requirimus, ea sunt omnia non a natura, verum a magistro. fuit enim quidam summo ingenio vir, Zeno, cuius inventorum aemuli Stoici nominantur. huius sententiae sunt et praecepta huius modi: sapientem gratia numquam moveri, numquam cuiusquam de- licto ignoscere; neminem misericordem esse nisi stultum et levem; viri non esse neque exorari neque placari; solos sa- Stoics to his countrymen. For the phrase imperita multitude? see on § 39- humanitatis] education, especially of a higher kind, ‘ cultivation,* = iraiSeia. In Cicero’s time it is often used thus, compare de orat I §§ 35, 71, II §§ 40, 72, pro Arch §§ 2, 3, etc ; but Gellius xm 17 (16) notices the disuse of this sense in his time and illustrates it from Varro. We have still the phrase ‘professor of Humanity* in Scotland, and a school of Litterae Humaniores at Oxford. For studiis with genitive compare §2. requirimus] —desideramus, ‘ miss.* The use here is strange, and the true explanation is this. We miss com- passion as an element in his charac- ter, i e we think him hard-hearted: but he is not so by nature, it is his master’s teaching that has made him so. Halm paraphrases ‘we would fain see otherwise.* Compare Quint xi 1 § 70. Zeno of Kition in the isle of Cy- prus, a Greek station with some admixture of Phoenician blood in the population. He taught at Athens during the 4th century BC in the frescoed Porch (ttoikIXtj otoo.), from which his school as well as himself got the name of 'ZrmKol or ol dvb rijs pcw, epavXos. See Zeller, c x. sapientem. placari] iXey/xovas re elveu ovyypibfAiqv re £x€iv pwfievL Compare Tusc disp iv § 18. viri] a true man. A man worth the name. Compare § 63. solos...dicunt] pJbvov re \rbv ods or alii. Freund adds Lucian’s words, ubvos ovros (To6s7 pAvos KaXds, pbvos dhccuos, dvSpetos, fiaaCXevs, ptfruip, ttXovoios, vopodirijs teal rdXXa oT&aa early. Compare Cic de fin IV § 74 nam ex eisdem verborum prae- stigiis et regna nata voids sunt et imperia et divitiae, et tantae quidern, ut omnia quae ubique sint sapientis esse dicatis. solum praeterea for- mosum, solum liberum, solum civem ; stultos omnia contraria, quos etiam insanos esse vultis, Acad 11 §§ 136, 144. The titles of the Paradoxa, 5 on pbvos d pu)v palvercu, shew how Cicero coquetted with Stoicism. [See also the banter of Horace Epp I 1 106—108, Sat I 3 124—142, n 3 40—46.] servitutem serviant] compare Gel- lius II 18 § 9 Diogenes etiam Cynicus servitutem servwit, the phrase is archaic, says Quint VII 3 § 26. See Prof Mayor’s note on Cic Phil n § 42 dicta dicere. omnia...suffocaverit] aploKei re avrdis taa iiyeiedcu rd apapriipara' ...el ydp dXrjdds dXijOovs paXXov ovk iartv, ovSi ypevdos xpevdovs, ovrias ovdt aTdrrj amlri)*, ovdi afidprij/ia dfAaprljfutTos. Compare de fin IV § 74, Parad 3 on tea rd dpjapri\paro. K(d rd Karopdiopara. Hor Sat I 3 76—124. opinari] emphatic. Never 'fancies* or ' supposes * anything. £rt re prj Soj-daeiv rov v i'nr* ifiov ergo ita senatus nisi iudicat, contra legem facta haec videri, si facta sint, decemit quod nihil opus est, dum candidatis morem gerit; nam factum sit necne, vehementer quaeritur : si factum sit, quin contra legem sit, dubitare nemo potest est igitur ridiculum, quod est 68 dubium, id relinquere incertum: quod nemini dubium potest esse, id indicare, atque id decemitur omnibus postulantibus candidatis, ut ex senatus consulto neque cuius intersit neque contra quem sit intellegi possit. quare doce, a L Murena ilia esse commissa; turn egomet tibi contra legem commissa esse concedam. senatus consultum] the sequel of which was the lex Tullia. See on §§ 4<>> 47» gladiatoribus] at the gladiatorial shows. Compare Phil ix § 16 {Ser Sulpicio statuam statui) circumque earn statuam locum ludis gladiatori- busque liberos posterosque eius quoquo versus pedes quinque habere. Madvig § 176, obs 2. locus] sc essetdatus, supplied from foil. vulgo] compare § 73. Calpurniam] see on § 46. nisi] so Zumpt from MS Lag 9, and this reading alone seems to me to convey sense. Either (a) they de- cide that certain practices are to be held illegal, or (b) its resolution is purposely void of meaning, a piece of weak concession to the wealthy class (chiefly senators, see on § 47) who stand for office. Halm reads candidatus, which to me seems weak. See also § 47 concessit postulationi tuae. The same editor reads si in- stead of nisi; the passage is muti- lated in the mss. si factum sit] the subj hints that the charge against Murena is not true. Zumpt. See Madvig § 347, and compare § 68 si non possim. 68 indicare] ‘make known,* ‘publish.* Zumpt’s simple correc- tion of MSS iudicare. Compare Ti- maeus c ii invenire difficile et, quum iam tnveneris, indicare in vulgus nefas. omnibus] and hence, by simply quoting it, there is no presumption raised that Murena did any of those things. doce....turn concedam] so de imp Cn Pomp § 38 recordamini........... turn statuetis. Compare doce....... concedam in § 70.94 PRO L MURENA [XXXIII 68 xxmi. ‘ multi obviam prodierunt de provincia decedenti. eccui autem non proditur revertenti? ‘quae fuit ista multi- tude?’ primum, si tibi istam rationem non possim reddere, quid habet admirationis, tali viro advenienti, candidato con- sulari, obviam prodisse multos ? quod nisi esset factum, magis 69 mirandum videretur. quid ? si etiam illud addam, quod a consuetudine non abhorret, rogatos esse multos, num aut criminosum est aut mirandum, qua in civitate rogati infimorum hominum filios prope de nocte ex ultima saepe urbe deductum venire soleamus, in ea non esse gravatos homines prodire hora tertia in campum Martium, praesertim talis viri nomine roga- tos ? quid ? si omnes societates venerunt, quarum ex numero multi sedent iudices? quid? si multi homines nostri ordinis honestissimi? quid? si ilia officiosissima, quae neminem patitur non honeste in urbem introire, tota natio candidatorum ? si denique ipse accusator noster Postumus obviam cum bene magna caterva sua venit, quid habet ista multitudo admira- xxxiii. decedenti.......revertenti] ‘when he quitted his province*...... ‘ when he came back to Rome. * In these cases the present (or imperf) participle seems to lose its force. Compare pro Plane § 6$ cum dece- dens eprovincia (Sicily) Puteolos forte venissem, Tac Agr 9 revertentem, 18 ingredient^ Ann II 69 remeans. The reason, no doubt, is that Rome was regarded as the centre of the world, as we say, the ‘metropolis.* At this time, and for more than a year afterwards (till the lex Iulia of BC 61), the provincial governors rendered account of their administra- tion at Rome. Thus a man would, strictly speaking, be decedens or re- vertens until he had rendered ac- count. istam rationem]=istius rei ratio- nem. Compare Madvig § 314. habet] ‘involves,* * causes.* Com- pare §§ 12, 69, 87, 89. 69 deductum"] sc in forum, as was the custom when youths first put on the toga virilis. This visit was called tirocinium fori, and was performed at early morning (prope de nocte). prodire] to go out of the city to meet him beyond the walls in the campus Martins, which seems to have been the ordinary place for meeting a friend revertentem.—nomi- ne. Compare § 82. societates] the companies of revenue farmers (publicani) who belonged to the equestrian order. At this time two of the three panels (decuriae) of jurors were composed of equates. See Appendix B. natio] Zumpt compares in Pis § 55 nede officiosissima quidem natione candidatorum. The word is depre- ciatory, compare pro Sest §§ 96, 97, de nat deor 11 § 74. Add Phaedrus II 5 est ardelionum quaedam Romae natio. bene magna] as we say, * a goodPRO L MURENA XXXIV 71] 95 tionis? omitto dientes, vicinos, tributes, exerdtum totum Luculli, qui ad triumphum per eos dies venerat: hoc dico, frequentiam in isto officio gratuitam non modo dignitati ullius umquam, sed ne voluptati quidem defuisse. ‘ at sectabantur 70 multi.’ doce mercede: concedam esse crimen, hoc quidem remoto, quid reprehendis ? ‘ quid opus est,’ inquit, ‘ sectatori- bus?’ xxxiv. a me tu id quaeris, quid opus sit eo, quo semper usi sumus ? homines tenues unum habent in nostrum ordinem aut promerendi aut referendi beneficii locum, hanc in nostris petitionibus operam atque adsectationem. neque enim fieri po- test neque postulandum est a nobis aut ab equitibus Romanis, ut suos necessarios candidates adsectentur totos dies, a quibus si domus nostra celebratur, si interdum ad forum deducimur, si uno basilicae spatio honestamur, diligenter observari videmur et coli: tenuiorum amicorum et non occupatorum est ista assiduitas, quorum copia bonis viris et beneficis deesse non solet. noli igitur eripere hunc inferiori generi hominum fruc- 71 turn officii, Cato : sine eos, qui omnia a nobis sperant, habere ipsos quoque aliquid, quod nobis tribuere possint si nihil erit praeter ipsorum suffragium, tenue est, si, ut suffragentur, large’ throng. Compare de orat n § 361 sermonem bene longum hominis. exerdtum] compare § 37. hoc dico] ‘but this much I will say.* non modo. ‘I do not say to enhance a man’s personal credit, but simply to give him satisfaction.' Compare de imp Cn Pomp § 66. gratuitam] voluntary, opposed to mercede. 70 at] the second clause is now dealt with. Compare § 67. secta- bantur. i e during the canvass, xxxiv nobis] ‘ us senators. * candidatos] when they have on their toga Candida, i e are openly engaged in canvassing. a quibus si......] so auct petit cons § 34 gives the three kinds of adsectatio, viz salutatorum, de- ductorum, adsectatorum. spatio1 with a single turn in a public hall. The basilicae were used (a) as courts of justice, (b) as pro- menades. 71 fructum] the enjoyment or profit which their service brings, namely the games, banquets etc pro- vided for them by the holders of offices. For the genitive see on § 1. In § 77 we have a different construc- tion and hence a different shade of meaning. si, ut suffragentur] sc erit, to be supplied from above. ‘If it is to be their support in canvassing— why, their influence is nothing.* We find suffragari continually used in this sense, de off I § 138 domus suffragata domino, pro Plane § 1, etc, but the best instance is auct petit cons § 28 in eo quern hominesPRO L MURENA 96 [XXXIV 71 nihil valent gratia, ipsi denique ut solent loqui non dicere pro nobis, non spondere, non vocare domum suam possunt atque haec a nobis petunt omnia neque ulla re alia, quae a nobis consequuntur, nisi opera sua compensari putant posse, itaque et legi Fabiae, quae est de numero sectatorum, et senatus consulto, quod est L Caesare consule factum,, resti- terunt; nulla est enim poena, quae possit observantiam tenui- 72 orum ab hoc vetere institute officiorum excludere. ‘ at spec- tacula sunt tributim data et ad prandium vulgo vocati., etsi hoc factum a Murena omnino, iudices, non est, ab eius amicis autem fnore et modo factum est, tamen admonitus re ipsa recordor, quantum hae conquestiones in senatu habitae punc- torum nobis, Servi, detraxerint. quod enim tempus fuit aut nostra aut patrum nostrorum memoria, quo haec, sive ambitio est sive liberalitas, non fuerit, ut locus et in circo et in foro ignotiy nullis suffragantibus, honore adficiant; i e without the interven- tion of sujfragatores. Compare §§ 16, 44. Sorof takes si=si quidem and ut either concessively or after valent (he is not clear on this point); he denies also that erit can be sup- plied. But I still think the above explanation best, and Zumpt agrees with it. spondere] become security for us. pro Plane § 47 quod multis betngne fecerity pro multis spoponderit. legi Fabiae] nothing more is known about this. Probably it was passed about BC 66 or 65 as a supplement to the lex Calpurnia. Zumpt L Caesare consule] bc 64. The definition of the time by the name of one consul only is strange but compare de prov cons § 45 Julias le- ges et ceteras illo consule rogatas. Pro- bably only the consul who presided at the debate is mentioned. Halm. Nothing is known of the matter. restiterunt] paid no attention to it, made it a dead letter. 72 spectacula] seats for seeing the games from. Compare pro Sest § 124, Liv I 35 ubi spectacula sibi quisque facerent...spectavere furcis spectacula alta sustinentibus, XLV 1, Ovid met x 668 resonant spectacula plausu, etsi...tamen] though this is really not to the point, yet the mention of it serves to remind me that.... more et modo] so nihil more> nihil modo, in pro Scauro § 37. Tischer. hae conquestiones] ‘complaints of this sort/ See on § 7. punctoruni]—suffragiorum. Com- pare pro Plane § 53, Hor A P 343. nobis] ‘us^our side. Compare § 20 nostrum. Cicero had supported Servius; see § 7. ambitio] lawful adfectatio honoris, opposed to ambitus, unlawful. Com- pare pro Plane § 45 cum ambitionis nostrae tempora postulabant. liberalitas] compare § 77. in ford] where the gladiators were exhibited, before the days of amphi- theatres. See Liv xxm 30, xxxi 50 etc.PRO L MURENA XXXV 73] 97 daretur amicis et tribulibus? haec homines tenuiores a suis tribulibus vetere instituto adsequebantur. xxxv...praefectum fabrum semel locum tribulibus suis de-73 disse: quid statuent in viros primarios, qui in circo totas tabemas tribulium causa compararunt? haec omnia secta- torum, spectaculorum, prandiorum crimina a multitudine in tuam nimiam diligentiam, Servi, coniecta sunt, in quibus tamen Murena senatus auctoritate defenditur. quid enim? senatus num obviam prodire crimen putat? ‘non, sed mercede:’ convince, num sectari multos? ‘non, sed conductos:* doce. num locum ad spectandum dare aut ad prandium invi tare? ‘minime, sed vulgo/ quid est vulgo? ‘universos/ non igitur, si L Natta, summo loco adulescens, qui et quo animo iam sit et qualis vir futurus sit videmus, in equitum tribulibus] the fellow-tribesmen of the candidates. But the charge brought against Murena was specta- cula tributim data, i e to whole tribes at a time. Halm. adsequebantur] here there is a la- cuna in the mss. xxxv 73 Mommsen supplies sense thus \quodsi criminosum vide- tur amicum quendam Murenae,] praefectum.....Halm. praefectum fabrum] an officer of engineers who had probably served under Murena in Asia. See Caes bell civ 1 24 N Magius Cremona praefectus fcibrum Cn Pompeii, Vel- leius 11 76 § 1. tabernas] either ‘boxes,’ i e booths with seats (Halm) or ‘blocks of seats/ i e strictly the entrance-ar- cades which gave access to the seve- ral blocks (Zumpt), compare Tac Ann XV 38, Dionys Hal ill 68. compararunt] have ‘taken,’ as we say, i e hired. diligentiam] compare pro Ligar § 1 quoniam diligentia inimici inves- tigatum est quod latebat. coniecta] flung upon, ‘ laid to the Cic. pro L Mur. door of your over-activity in hunting up charges against your rivals.’ Com- pare 11 in Verrem II § 18 o praeclare coniectum a vulgo in Ulam provinciam omen communis famae atque sermo- nis, pro Plane § 31 coniecta maledicta in eius vitam. in quibus tamen.....] the sense is ‘(and though your activity was so great, it was futile) for Murena has the resolution of the Senate to back him.’ auctoritate] the ‘ expressed will * of the Senate=consultum, as in de leg 11 § 37 senatus vetus auctoritas de Bacchanalibus, ad fam 1 2 § 4 de his rebus senatus auctoritas gra- vissima intercessit. Compare above § 67. num locum...dare] Campe suspects that the answer to this {non, sed tri- butim. Compare § 67) has dropped out. Halm. universos] this question and an- swer is quoted by Quint VII 3 § 16. L Pinarius Natta] as pontiff in bc 58 he joined in the destruction of Cicero’<= house. See de domo sua § 118. 798 PRO L MURENA [XXXV 73 centuriis voluit esse et ad hoc officium necessitudinis et ad reliquum tempus gratiosus, id erit eius vitrico fraudi aut cri- mini, nec, si virgo Vestalis, huius propinqua et necessaria, locum suum gladiatorium concessit huic, non et ilia pie fecit et hie a culpa est remotus. omnia haec sunt officia neces- sariorum, commoda tenuiorum, munia candidatorum. 74 at enhn agit mecum austere et stoice Cato: negat verum esse adlici benevolentiam cibo, negat iudicium hominum in magistratibus mandandis corrumpi voluptatibus oportere. ergo, ad cenam petitionis causa si quis vocat, condemnetur ? ‘quippe’ inquit; ‘ tu mihi summum imperium. tu summam auctoritatem, tu gubemacula rei publicae petas fovendis homi- num sensibus et deleniendis animis et adhibendis voluptatibus? utrum lenocinium, inquit, a grege delicatae iuventutis an orbis terrarum imperium a populo Romano petebas?' horribilis centuriis] there were 18 of equites. necessitudinis] the service which his close connexion demanded. Com- pare div in Caec § 14, pro Plane § 25, pro Sest § 10 officium vicinitatis. For genitive see on § 1. ad reliquum tempus] sc petitionis Murenae. Zumpt, which seems non- sense, but it is hard to see what it does mean. Perhaps simply ‘for the future,* i e with an eye to need- ing their support one day himself. Compare div in Caecil § 71 qui neque uti reliqui temporis spem conjirmet labored. propinqua] perhaps a Licinia. Halm. gladiatorium] compare pro Sest § 124 consessu gladiatorio. Zumpt, who thinks that the places were those kept for all the six Vestals. The conjecture gladiatoribus is un- necessary. Add pro Sest § 115. [See Snet Aug 44 feminis negladto- tores quidem, quos protmscue spectari soUetnne olim erat, nisi ex superiors loco spectare concessit. solis virgini- bus Vestalibus locum in theatro, separatim et contra praetoris tribunal, dedit.] munia] ‘services/ ‘functions,’ a rare word in Cicero, but found pro Sest § 138. Halm. 74 verum] * right,’ ‘fair,’ as often. Compare Tusc disp ill § 73, Virg Aen xii 694, Hor Epp 1 7 98. quippe] in answers=* what then ?* i e ‘certainly,* ‘to be sure.* Com- pare pro Caec § 55, de fin v § 84, IV § 7. Festus p 257 says that it = quidni. See Appendix C. tu......tu] for the dvaopb com- pare Tusc disp v § 5. mihi] dat ethicus. Compare §13. petas] ‘are you to be allowed to seek?*.....Madvig § 353 quotes Ter Hec iv 2 13 ex urbe rus tu habita- turn migres? delicatae] compare ad Att I 19 § 8 libidinosae et delicate\e iuventutis. horribilis] ‘ awful,* with sarcastic horror. Compare Catull xiv 12 di magni, horribilem et sacrum libd- lum.PRO L MURENA XXXVI 75] 99 oratio, sed earn usus, vita, mores, civitas ipsa respuit. neque tamen Lacedaemonii, auctores istius vitae atque orationis, qui cotidianis epulis in robore accumbunt, neque vero Cretes, quorum nemo gustavit umquam Cubans, melius quam Romani homines, qui tempora voluptatis laborisque dispertiunt, res publicas suas retinuerunt: quorum alteri uno adventu nostri exercitus deleti sunt, alteri nostri imperii praesidio disciplinam suam legesque conservant xxxvi. quare noli, Cato, maiorum 75 instituta, quae res ipsa, quae diutumitas imperii comprobat, nimium severa oratione reprehendere. fuit eodem ex studio vir eruditus apud patres nostros et honestus homo et nobilis, Q Tubero. is, cum epulum Q Maximus P Africani patruii sui nomine populo Romano daret, rogatus est a Maximo, ut triclinium stemeret, cum esset Tubero eiusdem Africani sororis filius. atque ille, homo eruditissimus ac Stoicus, stravit pelli- civitas] the spirit of our institu- tions. See on § 77. tamen] the mss authority is de- cidedly in favour of this reading, and l have therefore restored it. Halm looks upon it as introducing a limiting remark referring to the whole discussion. Zumpt reads enim with Lag 9 only. cotidianis] the ovoolna or acre top ooov, Slp p.rj ri kwXv#. Kal yhp Kadav iqd&iv, teal iif aperty 'irapopp.'/iativ, Plin Epp I 10 §§ 9, 10, the Epicurean view in ad Att XIV 20 § 5. See Lecky’s History of European Morals, vol I p 212. 77 nomenclatorem] these must have been at this time allowed by law, for in bc 72 when Cato was candidate for the military tribune- ship, vofiov ypa, as often, especially, as Zumpt remarks, in perorations. Compare § 90, pro Cluent § 200, pro Rose Am § 153, pro Balbo § 64. neminem ... nullius ... nemini] a good instance of Latin usage. levissime] so in Catil ill § 17, pro Sest § 145. ‘ To make the least of it.no PRO L MURENA [XL 87 domi nec militiae fuit, sit apud vos modestiae locus, sit demissis perfugium, sit auxilium pudori. misericordiam spo- liatio consulatus magnam habere debet, iudices: una enim eripiuntur cum consulatu omnia, invidiam vero his tempori- bus habere consulatus ipse nullam potest; obicitur enim contionibus seditiosorum, insidiis coniuratorum, telis Catilinae, ad omne denique periculum atque ad omnem invidiam solus 88 opponitur. quare qui invidendum Murenae aut cuiquam nostrum sit in hoc praeclaro consulatu, non video, iudices: quae vero miseranda sunt, ea et mihi ante oculos ver- santur et vos videre et perspicere potestis. xli. si—quod Iuppiter omen avertat!—hunc vestris sententiis adflixeritis, quo se miser vertet? domumne? ut earn imaginem clarissimi viri, parentis sui, quam paucis ante diebus laureatam in sua gratulatione conspexit, eandem deformatam ignominia lugen- temque videat ? an ad matrem ? quae misera> modo consulem osculata filiuni suum, nunc cruciatur et sollicita est, ne eundem 89 paulo post spoliatum omni dignitate conspiciat ? sed quid demissis] so with Zumpt and ms Lag 9 I prefer to read, leaving out the hominibus which follows in most MSS. The conjecture demissioni animi seems to me clever but super- fluous. pudori] compare §§ 30, 64, 90. spoliation the verbal in io as a passive; so § 86 gratulationem. See Nagelsbach § 59. habere] compare on § 68. obicitur] ‘ is exposed to’..., ‘at the mercy of’... compare § 82. opponitur] ‘is set to meet.* Com- pare the play on this word in Catull 26. 88 praeclaro] ‘this glorious’... ironical, compare § 22. miseranda sunt] sc in hoc con- sulatu. xli omen] contained in the un- lucky word adflixeritis. quo...conspiciat7\ Matthiae well remarks that this is probably imi- tated from the words of C Gracchus, quoted in de orat ill § 214 quo me miser conferam ? quo vertam ? in Capitoliumnef at Jratris sanguine madet. an domum l matremne ut miseram lamentantem videam et abiectam ? also loosely quoted in Quint xi 3 § 115. Compare also Eur Med 502—5 and the translation in de orat ill § 217. laureatam] his father was a znr triumphalisy and the wreath on his bust would be renewed in order to receive the newly-elected consul home with rejoicing. i°nominia] properly of punishment affecting civil or military position, particularly of the nota censoria. Here of the effect of condemnation under the lex Tullia (compare on § 46), and rhetorically made to ex- tend to the father’s bust.PRO L MURENA iii XLI 90J ego matrem eius aut domum appello, quem nova poena legis et domo et parente et omnium suorum consuetudine con- spectuque privat? ibit igitur in exilium miser, quo? ad orientisne partes, in quibus annos multos legatus fuit, exercitus duxit, res maximas gessit ? at habet magnum dolorem, unde cum honore decesseris, eodem cum ignominia reverti. an se in contrariam partem terrarum abdet, ut Gallia transalpina, quem nuper summo cum imperio libentissime viderit, eundem lugentem, maerentem, exulem videat ? in ea porro provincia quo animo C Murenam fratrem suum aspiciet! qui huius dolor! qui illius maeror erit! quae utriusque lamentatio ! quanta autem perturbatio fortunae atque sermonis, cum, qui- bus in locis paucis ante diebus factum esse consulem Murenam nuntii litteraeque celebrarint et unde hospites atque amici gratulatum Romam concurrerint, repente existet ipse nuntius suae calamitatis ! quae si acerba, si misera, si luctuosa sunt, 90 si alienissima a mansuetudine et misericordia vestra, iudices, conservate populi Romani beneficium, reddite rei publicae consulem: date hoc ipsius pudori, date patri mortuo, date generi et familiae, date etiam Lanuvio, municipio honestissimo, quod in hac tota causa frequens maestumque vidistis. nolite a sacris patriis Iunonis Sospitae, cui omnes consules facere necesse est, domesticum et suum consulem potissimum avel- 89 appello] ‘name/ ‘speak of.* Compare pro Sest § 108. nova poena] of the lex Tullia. Compare on § 46. habet] compare on § 68. summo cum imperio] as proprae- tor. Compare § 42. He had left his brother Gaius there in charge as legatus when he came to Rome to seek the consulship. Sail Cat 42. perturbatio] turning topsy-turvy. A strong term, like many in this peroration. sermonis] people will not know what to call him, and will doubt whether they know anyone’s correct style after so sudden a change. 90 pudori] compare on §§ 30, 64. quod ...frequens] i e crowds of supporters from Lanuvium. totay i e all the while this trial has been going on. sacris] compare Liv vui 14 La- nuvinis civitas data sacraque sua reddita cum eo ut aedes lucusque Sospitae Iunonis communis Lanu- vinis municipibus cum populo Ro- mano esset. facere] ‘ sacrifice,, as in ad Att 1 *3 § 3* Compare Viig Eel ill 77. suum] as a native of the town to which the worship properly be- longed.112 PRO L MURENA [XLI 90 lere. quem ego vobis, si quid habet aut momenti commen- datio aut auctoritatis confirmatio mea, consul consulem, iudices, ita commendo, ut cupidissimum otii, studiosissimum bonorum, acerrimum contra seditionem, fortissimum in bello, inimicissimum huic coniurationi, quae nunc rem publicam labefactat, futurum esse promittara et spondeam. momenti] if it can turn the scale Compare in Vatin §9 id est maximi so as to get a favourable verdict. momenti et ponderis.Variations from Hahns Text, 1868, una. mss. una cum consulate. H (ex coni.). § 3. a me uno. his. iis. H. § 4. communis salutis. salutis communis. H. § 6. negat. at negat. H. § 8. favi. adfui. H. petis. petas. H. quae si causa non esset hominis, tamen honoris eius... nemini, sic existimo, quibus ce- peris, ea, cum adeptus sis, deponere, ...esset, tamen vel dignitas hominis vel honoris eius.....H. nemini, quibus laboribus ea cepe- ris, eos, cum adeptus sis, deponere, esset...H. § 13. aliquo convicio. aliquod convicium. H. § 14. in vita, om H. § 16. generis sui. generis sua. H (ex coni.). § 19. vocatur, ab utroque dis- simillima. ratione tractatum. vocatur, ab utroque dissimillima ratione transactum est. H (ex coni.). § 20. loquar. loquor. H. tantum laudis. tantum huic laudis. H (ex coni). impertit. impertiit. H (ex coni.). § 21. pari, parem. H (ex coni.), eadem in. in eadem H. apud exercitum mihi fiieris, inquit, I apud exercitum mihi fueris ? inquit, tot annos, forum non attigeris ? | tot annis forum non attigeris ? H. tarn diu, ut. tarn diu, et. H (ex coni.). expedit. expediit. H (ex coni.). idem. item. H (ex coni.). § 22. qui potes dubitare. qui potest dubitari. H. rei militaris [quam iuris civilis] glo- I rei militaris quam iuris civilis gloria ? ria? I H. § 23. didicisti. dilexisti. H. conciliant. concilient. H. § 24. in his. in iis. H. dicendi facultas. facultas. H. § 25. petebatur. petebantur. H. ediscendis. discendis. H. causis. capsis. H. Cic. pro L Mur. 8114 VARIATIONS FROM HALMS TEXT 1868 § 27. corrupta et. corrupta ac. H. putarent. putarunt. H. § 28. aliquando. aliquamdiu. H. § 29. nonnullos. apud nos. H. § 30. aliquis motu. aliquo motu. H. geritur res [publica]. geritur res. H. § 31. gratissimae. clarissimae. H. § 32. mihi statuam. mihi statuo. H. numquam cum Scipione es- set. nunquam esset. H. hunc regem nimirum antepones. hunc antepones. H. pugnae certe non rudis. pugnax et acer et non rudis. H. bello invectum. bellum invexisset H. § 38. sumpsit; ipse cum... sumpsit ipse, cum... H. praerogativae. (sic et H ed,. 1872). praerogativum. H. § 40. L Otho, [vir fortis,]. L Otho, vir fortis. H. § 42. ipse autem. ipsa autem. H (ex coni.), interea Romae scilicet amicis—(sic I interea amicis. H. et H ed 1872). | § 43. Servius. [Servius]. H. consulatum. [consulatum]. H. his rebus, in iis rebus. H. § 45. aut desertam. ut desertam. H. § 46. existimasti. si existimasti. H. facere posse: vehementer. facere posse, vehementer. H. § 47. proderant. proderat. H. prorogationem. perrogationem. H. § 48. sapientiae. satietati. H. § 49. quibus rebus certe spes quibus rebus candor ipse Candida- candidatorum obscuriores videri so- torum obscurior videri solet. H. lent. (H 1872). circumfluente. circumfluentem. H. § 51. quia timebant quia omnia timebant. H. § 52. homines iam turn coniuratos. om H. a Catilina. Catilinam. H. § 55. quae relicta. quae ei relicta. H. § 57. amicis. amicus. H. § 58. possit. posset. H. § 62. dixisti: quippe, iam. dixisti quippiam. H. § 63. esse moderatas (sic et H ed 1872). esse moderandas. H (ex coni.). § 64. seposuisses. si dixisses. H. (si posuisses. H 1872). § 65. isti ipsi mihi. isti mihi. H. nihil omnino gratiae concesseris. nihil gratiae causa feceris. H. etiam, in dissolvenda severitate; sed I etiam, sed tamen. H. tamen. | § 66 sententiam sententia alia, sententia alia. H.VARIATIONS FROM HALMS TEXT 1868 115 § 67. qui lege punierim. quod lege punierim. H. nisi iudicat. si iudicat. H. candidatis. candidatus H. si factum sit. sin fac- tum esL H. § 68. id indicare, id vindicare. H. necessarios candidatos adsectentur. necessarios adsectentur. H. gratia, ipsi denique. gratia ipsi. denique. H. adsequebantur. adsequi. H. $ 7°- § 7i* § 72- § 73- a multitudine in tuam nimiam diligentiam, Servi, coniecta sunt. gladiatorium. gladiatoribus. H. § 76. rationem officiorum ac temporum, vicissitudinem.....(sic et H ed 1872.) § 77. sin etiamcum noristamen per monitorem appellandi sunt, cur nomen petis quasi incertum sit? quid, quod, cum admoneris, tamen quasi tute Boris, ita salutas? quod posteaquam... § 79. speculis atque insidiis. speculis atque in insidiis. H. § 80. usitatis vitiis aut...; non. usitatis viis aut... ; non. H. § 83. hoc tempus. tempus hoc. H. § 85. immanis, importuna. immanis, manus importuna. H. quae * * * minatur. I quae pemiciem iam diu bonis omni- I bus minatur. H. § 86. squalore et sordibus * * * * in squalore et sordibus * * * * H. § 87. hac eum re. hac eum cum re. H. ita vos si Murena. ita vos L Murena. H. fuit, sit............ fuit, ut sit.... H, demissis. demissioni animi. H. tua nimia diligentia, Servi, coniecta sunt H. ratione officiorum ac temporum vi- cissitudinem.... H (ex coni.). sin etiam, cum noris, tamen per monitorem appellandi sunt, cur ante petis, quam nomen citavit ? aut quid admoneris, si tamen, quasi tute noris, ita salutas ? quid, quod, posteaquam ... H. 8—2APPENDIX A. On the spirit of Roman trials. Prof. Ramsay well remarks, ‘ the moral feeling which prevailed in a Roman court of justice was entirely at variance with the prin- ciples which rule our own.’ It may be well to draw out shortly some of the main differences. 1. There was no class of professional advocates, taking fees and living by their profession. Any citizen could come forward to accuse or defend any other: and, as a high reputation for able pleading helped a man in rising to official distinction, many did so (pro Mur §§ 8, 24). It was also a great advantage to have the power of addressing assemblies with effect (pro Mur § 24). This naturally led to the introduction of irrelevant matter into speeches in court (see the partitio §11, where the irrelevance of two of the heads is manifest), particularly allusions to the situation of affairs at the moment, and the probable effect on them of the condemna- tion or acquittal of the accused (see Introduction C and 1 in Verrem §§ 10, 15, 17, 20). 2. It not unfrequently happened that a corrupt collusion existed between the accuser and accused. For a sum of money or some other consideration the former would play into the hands of the latter, suppressing evidence and making only a feeble attack upon him. This was called praevaricatio (pro Cluent §§ 58, 87, div in Caecil § 58, etc), and was properly applied only to the accuser in a public—that is, a criminal—trial. Hence the chief security for an honest prosecution lay in the personal hostility of the accusator to the reus (see div in Caecil § 64, Tacitus dial 36, 40, Merivale’s History of the Romans, c 44). Numberless allusions shew this. In div in Caecil §12 C Verres9 cut te inimicum esse simulas (saidAPPENDIX 117 to the would-be praevaricator Caecilius), pro Cluent § 29 auditis non ab inimico opposed to audiebant ab accusatoribus, § 42 erat huic inimicus Oppianicus: erat: sed tamen erat vitrtcus (i e he would have shewn mercy even to an inimicus, on the ground of family connexion); and generally the relations of counsel to clients rested on grounds of personal feeling, div in Caecil § 23 magnus ille defetisor et amicus eius (see pro Mur §§ 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 86), pro Mur § 2 inimicorum impetus (see the remarkable plea in § 56). 3. Great weight was attached to the personal influence of the pleaders (pro Mur §§ 58, 59, I in Verrem §§ 9, 15). This naturally followed from what has been stated above. 4. There was no professionally trained judge to sift the evi- dence in a summing-up. The praetors were changed from year to year, and merely acted as chairmen of the Courts. With such presidents, no wonder that irrelevant considerations often were the most powerful in determining a verdict. 5. It was customary for the reus to wear old and filthy gar- ments in sign of mourning to excite pity (pro Mur §§ 42, 86, pro Cluent §§ 18, 192, etc). Passionate appeals to the jury, either without allusion to the charge or assuming a clients innocence, were also common in speeches (see the perorations of the two just cited, the story told in pro Cluent §§ 58, 59, and Quintil vi 1 §36). 6. Bribery (corrumpere iudicium) was common (see for instance pro Cluent §§ 64 foil). In truth it was not guarded against with proper care. The jury were accessible during the trial to the agents of either party, instead of being kept away by themselves. It will thus be seen how differently from our English trials a criminal prosecution was conducted at Rome. We are not dealing with the Athenian courts; but one quotation will perhaps be in- teresting. In Dem de Cor p 230 § 15 we read rod pep dy&vos o\ov rfjp irpos €p,€ irpoioTarai, § 16 rfjs rjperepas e^Opas rjpds € ijpav avT&v dUaiov %v rbv e^eraapop TroitiarOcu. B. Leges iudiciariae. Up to the year 123 BC the indices, whether single jurymen or a number empanelled to serve on the permanent or extraordinary commissions (guaestiones perpetuae or exfraordinariae\ were takenn8 APPENDIX exclusively from the Senate. In that year the tribune Gaius Grac- chus transferred the indicia to the equites. This lex Sempronia was confirmed and strengthened by the lex Servilia repetundarum of Gaius Servilius Glaucia, probably in B c 104 or 100, intended, it seems, to reverse a lex Servilia of Quintus Servilius Caepio passed in B C 106, of which we know very little. But the lex Cornelia of Sulla in bc 81 again installed the senators as iudices, an arrange- ment which lasted until B C 70. In that year the lex Aurelia of Lucius Aurelius Cotta introduced a new system. The juries were for the future to consist of three decuriae, one of senators and two of men of equestrian rating; one of these two to be formed of men who had served as tribuni aerarii. This last arrangement was in force at the time of Murena’s trial. [See Mommsen, book iv cc 3, 6, 10, book V c 3.] C. On § 62, dixisti: quippe, iam. Here the MSS have dixisti quippe iam, the only variant being Lag 9 which has quicpe iam. All editors accept the correction of Manutius, quippiam. What I wish to point out is that this resto- ration of the passage, though plausible, is not necessary. In § 74 we find ergo ad cenam petitionis causa si quis vocat, condemnetur. 1quippe/ inquit; 1 tu mihi\.., de fin IV § 7 ista ipsa quae tu breviter, regem dictatorem divitem solum esse sapientem, a te quidem apte ac rottmde; quippe; habes enim a rhetoribus, V § 84 quern hunc appellas, Zeno f ‘beatum,' inquit. etiam beatissimum t ‘ quippe/ inquiet, de orat II § 218 leve nomen habet utraque res. quippe; leve enim est totum hoc risum mo vere, see also pro Rose Am § 52, pro Plane § 53, pro Caec § 55, on which Jordan adds de republ I §61, ad Att V 15 § 1. Madvig on de fin V § 84 says ‘ quippe is not used ironically by Zeno, as though he were making fun of himself; it gives a strong affirmative answer, with a sort of wonder at any doubt having been possible/ I believe then that in the present passage we might retain the mss reading, which it must be granted is a strange corruption for quippiam, had that been in the original. dixisti: quippe, iam fixum etstatutum est, ‘you have said / ‘to be sure I have ; henceforth ’tis fastened and established for ever/APPENDIX 119 D. On §75, lectuli Punicani. The received interpretation of this passage is, that part of Tubero’s bad taste was shewn in providing mean couches for the guests to recline upon at the banquet. I wish to trace up the authorities for this view and against it. 1. Valerius Maximus VI1 5 tells the same story, almost word for word after Cicero; but in pointing out the offence given to the Roman people, he says not a word about the lecttili as mean, or as having been in any way improper; on the contrary, he says that the people punished the public scandal of such an entertainment by voting against Tubero at the praetorian election, because it thought non unius convivii numerum fed totam se in illis pelliculis iacuisse, thus laying the whole stress on the skins. 2. Seneca Ep 96 (95) § 72 says proderit dicere Tuberonis ligneos lectos, cum in publicum sternerent, haedinasque pro stragulis pelles, et ante ipsius Iovis cellam adposita conviviis vasa fictilia. He evidently uses the term ligneos in contempt. 3. Isidorus Orig xx 11 § 3 says lectuli Punicani, parvi et humiles et lignei; nam huiusmodi lecti ex Carthagine primum advecti sunt Humiles seems=not raised high above the ground, perhaps even ‘unpretending.’ 4. Pliny Nat Hist xxxm § 144 tells us that these couches were inlaid with precious metals. One Carvilius Pollio was the first to put silver upon dinner-couches; he, however, did not go so far as to overlay them or make them look as splendid as Delian furniture ; he only did them in the Punic style; he applied gold also in the same style ; and shortly afterwards the silvered couches were made on the Delian plan. All this ostentation, he adds, was expiated by the Sullan civil war. The ‘ Punic style ’ must mean inlaid work. We see also that the date of Carvilius Pollio falls before B C 88 ; how much, cannot be inferred. 5. Livy XXXIX 6 in speaking of the triumph of Cn Manlius Vulso (bc 187) over the Galatians, goes oh to remark that it was the Asiatic army that first brought foreign luxury to Rome. As an instance of this he adduces the introduction of couches, with bronze feet (lecti aerati). Cicero also, II in Verr IV § 60, speaks of the same articles as having been extorted from people in Sicily by120 APPENDIX Verres; and the context makes it certain that he means them for a mark of luxury. 6. sternere does not imply the providing of the couches them- selves. Compare II in Verr iv § 58 lectos optime stratos, Tusc disp v § 61 in aureo lecto strato pulcherrimo textili stragulo, and many passages in Plautus. Of course it may do so; thus Metellus (chief Pontiff 243—221 bc) ap Macrob ill 13 § 11 says triclinia lectis eburnis strata fuerunt. Now, whatever the passage of Isidorus may mean, it is of little or no weight. The passage of Seneca proves that in the opinion of the writer these couches were common and coarse, as being made of wood. But Seneca, though a Stoic in theory, was notoriously luxurious, and would naturally think lightly of couches which might for all that have been magnificent in the days of Tubero (who was a contemporary of the Gracchi). Pliny shews that the Punic couches were of considerable value, though not extravagantly rich if compared with others used in his own day. In fact at the date of the story (b c 129) any metallic ornamentation of a couch was rare and costly. It is not, moreover, clear that Tubero provided the couches: and from the language used it is more likely that he did not, for (a) stravit pelliculis haedinis lectulos Punicanos savours strongly of a purposed juxtaposition for the sake of contrast, and (b) he did not provide the tables, or they would have been coarse and rough also, and must have been mentioned; again (c) stravit requires an accusative case, exposuit leaves the ‘tables1 to be implied; unless then it can be shewn that the tables were rough and provided by Tubero, I maintain that the presumption is that he did not pro- vide the couches. Fabius provided the tables and couches (a great many would be wanted, and no doubt some had to be hired or borrowed), not splendid, but elegant; Tubero put dirty skins on the couches and common Samian ware on the tables, and so I think the story is understood by Valerius Maximus. Lastly, what says Cicero himself? his haedinis pelliculis praetura deiectus est. The diminutive lectulos seems not to imply contempt, but the employment of ordinary sofas (see pictures in Rich, Diet Ant) to make up the large number of couches wanted on this occasion.APPENDIX 121 E. Gellius xx. io (ed Hertz). Ex iure manum consertum uerba sunt ex antiquis acti- on ibus, quae, cum lege agitur et uindiciae contenduntur, dici nunc quoque apud praetorem solent. rogaui ego Romae grammaticum, celebri hominem fama et multo nomine, quid haec uerba essent ? turn ille me despiciens : ‘ aut erras/ inquit, 4 adulescens, aut ludis; rem enim doceo grammaticam, non ius respondeo: si quid igitur ex Vergilio, Plauto, Ennio quaerere habes, quaeras licet., ‘ex Ennio ergo/ inquam, ‘ est, magister, quod quaero. En- nius enim uerbis hisce usus est.’ cumque ille demiratus aliena haec esse a poetis et haud usquam inueniri in carminibus Ennii diceret, turn ego hos uersus ex octauo annali absentes*dixi, nam forte eos tamquam insigniter praeter alios factos memineram: pellitur e medio sapientia, ui geritur res; spernitur orator bonus, horridus miles amatur. haut doctis dictis certantes nec maledictis, miscent inter sese inimicitias agitantes. non ex iure manu[m] consertum, sed magis ferro rem repetunt regnumque petunt, uadunt solida ui. cum hos ego uersus Ennianos dixissem: ‘credo/ inquit gram- maticus, ‘iam tibi/ sed tu uelim credas mihi, Quintum En- nium didicisse hoc non ex poeticae literis, set ex iuris aliquo perito. eas igitur tu quoque/ inquit, ‘et discas, unde Ennius didicit.’ usus consilio sum magistri, quod docere ipse debuerat, a quo discerem, praetermonstrantis. itaque id, quod ex iureconsultis quodque ex libris eorum didici, inferendum his commentariis exis- timaui, quoniam in medio rerum et hominum uitam qui colunt, ignorare non oportet uerba actionum ciuilium celebriora. (‘ma- num conserere/) nam de qua re disceptatur in iure [in re] prae- senti, siue ager siue quid aliud est, cum aduersario simul manu prendere et in ea re [solljemnibus uerbis uindicare, id est ‘ uindi- cia/ correptio manus in re atque in loco praesenti apud praeto- rem ex duodecim tabulis fiebat, in quibus ita scriptum est: si qui in iure manum conserunt. sed postquam praetores propaga- tis Italiae finibus, datis iurisdictioni(bu)s negotiis occupati, p[rof ]i- * In line 11 absentes— * from memory/ * without book.*122 APPENDIX cisci uindiciarum dicendarum causa [ad] longinquas res grauaban- tur, institutum est contra duodecim tabulas tatito [con]sensu, ut litigantes non in iure apud praetorem manum consererent, sed € ex iure manum consertum* uocarent, id est alter alterum ex iure ad conserendam manum in rem, de qua ageretur, uocaret atque pro- fecti simul in agrum, de quo litigabatur, terrae aliquid ex eo, uti unam glebam, in ius in urbem ad praetorem deferrent et in ea gleba, tamquam in toto agro, uindicarent. idcirco Ennius signi- ficare uolens (bellum), non, ut ad praetorem solitum est, legitimis actionibus neque ex iure manum consertum, sed bello ferroque et uera ui atque solida [.....] ; quod uidetur dixisse, conferens uim illam ciuilem et festucariam, quae uerbo diceretur, non quae manu fieret, cum ui bellica et cruenta. F. On § 47. Feeling as I do that the explanation of this passage given in the notes is far from being wholly satisfactory, I here add an abstract of that given by Sorof in his able review* of Tischer’s edition, with which Halm agrees in many points. My own comments are in brackets. (1.) He thinks that the plebs are any persons of that order (as opposed to the ordo senatorius) concerned in any way. Why not, he asks, the bribed voters ? may they not have lost for a time the right of voting ? [This needs some parallel to render it plausible.] (2.) He refers the morbi excusatio to the party or parties ac- cused. ceteri vitae fructus relinquendi cannot, he urges, refer to any penalty inflicted on jurors, witnesses, and such like: it must have been the infamia or exile. The accused often employed the pretence of ill-health as a ruse for protracting a trial till they had entered on their office and were beyond reach of prosecution. Fer- ratius well notes the reference to Murena’s illness in § 86, in spite of which the trial took place. The Twelve Tables+ ordered an adjournment in such cases. [The former part of this consists of assumptions which our ignorance of the necessary details leaves us unable either to maintain or refute. Why may there not have * Zeitschrift fur das gymnasialwesen, 15th year, pp 758 foil, t I cannot find this in the fragments.APPENDIX 123 been some penalty aimed at the jurors or witnesses offending, which in the highly-coloured language of Cicero might appear as in the text? As for Murena’s illness, it supplies no such proof as the above argument assumes. Even if it was open to him to plead ill- ness in bar of further proceedings, he may not have done so. As Cicero does not mention his sickness until the peroration of the speech, and then does so only in an incidental allusion by way of adding pathos to his appeal, I am inclined to think that the more probable inference is the reverse of that drawn by Ferratius.] (3.) multorum:, he continues, is opposed to fortunae communi above: if that refers to all senators concerned, multorum may very well refer to the candidates. [I believe Cicero to mean in the former passage, ‘any senator may become a candidate any day, and may—whether guilty or not—be put on his trial.’ Hence for- tuna communis is used. Why multorum should be necessarily opposed to this I cannot see: and it comes in much better as applied to jurors or witnesses than if taken of the candidates, for which it is an astoundingly loose expression.] (4.) He urges that addita est can only mean ‘ on the top of the general penalty an additional one for morbi excusatio was imposed.’ [This dogma I wholly reject. If the putting in such a plea involved a conviction with sentence to follow, the man who pleaded illness would be in a worse case than if he had allowed judgment to go against him by default, which is to me incredible: if it did not, the whole statement is nonsense. This difficulty arises from referring the words to the candidates.] (5.) He concludes by pointing out that if we keep the reading prorogationem we cannot, from the meaning of the word, refer to the Manilian law about the votes of the freedmen. Yet had there been another lex Manilia on so important a subject, we must have heard of it. He would then accept Mommsen’s conjecture perroga- tionem, and look upon this passage as giving the contents of the Manilian law. As the freedmen had in B c 304 been banished to the four City Tribes (or, as Mommsen and Huschke more pro- bably assume, wholly deprived of their right of voting) by the censor Q Fabius Rullianus, those tribes to which on the ground of residence they belonged, might in a certain sense be rightly regarded as incomplete until Manilius carried a law admitting them to their proper tribes. After this it could be said that the124 APPENDIX separate tribe-classes [see note on tribus, § 42 of the speech] voted in full, or were perrogati. The new technical word needs not offend the reader. [We are, it seems, to render * the voting- in-full as provided in the Manilian lawlegis being a sort of pos- sessive genitive.] Now such a perrogatio would really introduce aequatio gratiae; so would the confusio suffragiorum, which Dru- mann (Gesch R V 446) well explains as meaning that Sulpicius sought also to have the centuries vote not according to the property- classes, but according to the decision of the lot \entscheidung der looses, by which I suppose is meant that the order of voting was to be absolutely settled by lot, the first class having no necessary pre- ference]. He adds that confundere is not found elsewhere in this sense, and sums up to the effect that Sulpicius wanted two things which tended one way, viz to aequatio gratiae etc. [We have only to examine our authorities (given in Orelli and Baiter’s onomas- ticon, Vol ill p 217) to see that our knowledge of the lex Manilla de libertinorum suffragiis is far too scanty to afford a safe founda- tion for any theories. Our only scrap of detail is preserved by Dion, who says that Manilius ra> Z6vci ra> tG>v mrcXevtep&p. acurOai pera twp egcXeyfopaodvrcw ads cS&kc, but adds that the law was at once repealed. If then we resolve on identifying this with the law spoken of in the text, we shall be more likely to weave cob- webs than to produce any sound conclusion. Next we are driven to explain the confusio suffragiorum in a way which sets at nought the meaning of confusio, and rests on an airy hypothesis which itself rests on nothing. Lastly, we have to coin a new word, and then to go hunting for a meaning to attach to it. The word perro- gatio is found, according to Forcellini, only in a fragmentary in- scription on a broken stone (in veteri curto lapide), too doubtful an authority to establish anything with regard to the meaning, if it even proves the existence of the substantive. No doubt the verb perrogo means ‘ ask in full.’ We find thus in Livy XXIX 19 per- rogari eo die sententiae non potuere. But to coin perrogatio and then treat legis as a possessive genitive is a proceeding I cannot approve. We also find perrogo used of passing or carrying a law ; but only in Valerius Maximus, 1 2 ext § 1 Minos tamquam ab love traditas leges perrogabat, Vlil 6 § 4 Varius tribunus plebis legem adversus intercessionem collegarumperrogavit, and the former of these passages is not in the author’s own words, but in those ofAPPENDIX l25 his epitomizer Julius Paris. On this meaning is apparently based the interpretation of our passage by Halm, who says, ‘ The words from perrogationem to suffragiorum introduce nothing new, but are only a rhetorical addition explaining confusionem suffragiorum. When Cicero speaks of a perrogatio legis Maniliae, he means that, in desiring the votes to be taken by heads [mass-voting] instead of by centuries, Sulpicius aimed at nothing short of carrying the Mani- lian law indirectly; for in a confusio suffragiorum the freedmen were in fact placed as regards voting on a level with the rest of the citizens/ By this method the difficulty connected with the genitive legis is got over, but no more. I am therefore still driven to the conclusion that it is best to keep prorogationem, a word we know well, and which with no very great stretch of its ordinary meaning may be used of a law which we cannot claim certainly to identify, so obscure is the speaker’s allusion to it. The manuscripts here pre- sent three forms, prerogationum, prerogationem, prorogationem. Zumpt’s remark on the last is, ‘ omni codicum auctoritate com- mendaturj which is far too strong. From his valuable list of the various readings I will however extract a few instances which shew how unsafe it is to rest solely on the MSS authority on such points. § 28. prolatis. one MS has perlatis. §30. promulgatis. one has permulgatis. § 85. prorumpet. 3 have per{f)umperet. § 26. pervulgata. one has promulgata. § 25. pervulgata. 3 have promulgata. § 4. perfuncti. one has profundi. § 4. providere. 3 have previdere. §19. profutura. one has prefectura. § 42. perfecit. one has praefecit. § 44. praenuntia. 12 have pronuntia. I fear that this Appendix is longer than suits the scale of the book in general; but I felt bound to give my reasons for not accepting views backed by the authority of Mommsen, Halm and Sorof.]INDEX TO THE NOTES. [The numbers refer to sections.] a me, 7 a Platone, 63 abiit, 7 ablative of cause, 23 ablative of means, 62 abstract for concrete, 10 accipio, 66 accuso, 8 actio, 22, 29 actio rei vindicandae, 26 actio sacramenti, 26 ad honorem adpositus, 30 ad reliquum tempus, 73 ad ultimum, 65 adclamo, 18 addo, 47 adhibere arbitrum, 7 adiungo, 41 admirari de, 39 adomo, 46 adsectatio, 70 adverb with adjective, 26 advocatus, 9, 20 aemulus, 61 aequitas, 27, 41 Aetoli, 31 agito, 21 ago.....molior, 82 ago lege, 25 alternation, 12 ambitio, 72 ambitiosus, 20 ambitus, n Antiochus of Askalon, 63 Antiochus rex, 31 Antonius, C Hybrida, 3, 40, 79 apertus, 51 aquae pluviae, 22 arbiter, 26, 27 arbitrium, 19 arripio, 62 artes, 23, 30 artifex, 29 artificium, 24 Asia, 11, 12 Asiaticae nationes, 31 aspergo, 66 asyndeton, 19 at, 62 at enim, 35 Athenodorus, 66 auctor, 26, 30 auctore te, 9 auctor secundus, 3 auctoribus, 62 Aventinus, 15 aura, 35 auspicato, 1 autem, 6 basilica, 70 beards, 26 belli victor, 31 bellissime, 26 bene with adj., 69 beneficium, 2 benevolentia, 2 bonae gratiae, 42 bonus, 30 cado, 58 Caelius, C Caldus, 17 Caesar, L, 71 calamitas, 49 calles, 18 campus Martius, 69 candidates, 70 capior, 22128 INDEX TO THE NOTES capitis dimicatio, 8 Catilina, L Sergius, 3, 17, 81 Cato, M Porcius, censor, 17,32,66 caveo, 19, 22 causa cado, 9, 26 causa necessitudinis, 56 cena, 13 cervices, 79 cessio in iure, 3, 26 Chaldaei, 25 civitas, 74, 77 coemptio, 27 coemptionator, 27 coloniae Latinae, 86 comissatio, 13 comitiis, 37 comitiorum precatio, 1 communis, 66 comparo, 73 comparo=instituo, 77 compilo, 25 comprimo, 79 concedo, 47 concitatus, 65 condicio, 60 condio, 66 conformo, 60 confiisio suffragiorum, 47 congredior, 67 coniectura, 9, 44 coniectus, 73 conquestio, 7 consido.....excurro, 18 consilium, 83 consultor, 22 contentio dignitatis, honoris, etc., 8, 11, 14, 56 controversium ius, 28 convicium, 13 copia, 78 Corinth, 31, 74 Cornelius, C, 79 comicum oculi, 25 corrigo, 60 Cotta, L Aurelius, 58 crimina, 6 7 cui dolet, 42 cum (prep), 2 cum.....cum......turn, 38 cum petis, 8 cum vocent, 6 cupidus, 83 Curius, M’ Dentatus, 17 custodia, 64, 79 dativus ethicus, 13, 21, 62, debilito, 43, 45, 79 decedens, 68 decedo, 37 declamatio, 44 deduco, 44, 69, 70 defendo, 5, 34 defensio, 5 defero, 64 deflecto, 46 deicio, 79 deiectus, 76 delator, 42 derigo ad, 3, 77 deservio, 6 desidero, 61 despero with acc etc, 43 desultorius, 57 dicere in, 14 dictum, 14 Didius, T, 17 dies fasti and nefasti, 2 difhcultas, 19 diffisus, 63 Diogenes Cynicus, 75 Diogenes Laertius, 61 disputo, 62 dissolvo, 65 distinguo, 49, 76 doctrina, 60, 63 ediscendis diebus, 25 editicii iudices, 47 elaborare in re, 19 Ennius poeta, 30 epulum, 75 equester locus, 16 erumpo, 51 esse videatur, 36 etut, 1 etiam (in replies), 65 evenire bene ac feliciter, 1 eventus, 55 evictio rei venditae, 3 Euripus, 35 ex iure, 26, 30, App E ex iure Quiritium, 26 ex praetura, 15 excusatio morbi, 47129 INDEX TO excussus, 2 6 expolitio, 12, 55 exsorbeo, 19 Fabius, Q Maximus Ebumus, 36 facio = ‘ elect,’ 18, 45 fama, 8 faveo, 8 faxint, 84 festuca, 26 fidei, 1 fides, 65 fines, 65 fines regere, propagare, 22 Flavius, Cn, 25 formulae, 29 fortuna......natura, 79, 83 fretum, 35 fructus, 71, 77 fugio with infinitive, 11 Galba, P Sulpicius, 17 G alius, C Sulpicius, 66 genitive of possession or relation, ij 3L 56, 63, 73 genitive of specific definition, 13, *3> 67 gens Sulpicia, 16 gladiatoribus=‘at the shows,’ 67 gladiatorius locus, 73 gratificatio, 42 gratiae (pi), 24, 42 gratiosus, 7 gratuitus....mercede, 69 habet= ‘involves,’ 12, 68, 87, 89 hasta, 26 Herennius, M, 36 his or iis (?), 3, 24 historicus, 16 honestas, honores, 21, 87 honestum 77 honoris contentio, 8 horribilis, 74 humanitas, 61, 66 iaceo, 17 iam, 27, 65 ignominia, 88 imperium, 6 impetus, 65 importunus, 83 Cic pro L Mur THE NOTES in bonis esse, 26 in campo, 79 in equis, 11 in iudicio....in iure, 26 in robore, 74 in vita, 14 increpuit, 22 incumbo ad, 53, 59 inde, * for that reason/ 26 index, 42, 49 indico, 51, 68 inductus, 62 induo, 51 infirmitas consilii, 27 inflecto, 60 inhumanitas, 76 inimicitia, 56 inita sunt consilia (constr), 80 inquisitio, 44 inservio, deservio, servio, 6 insisto, 65 instituo, instruo, 22 instruo, 46 integra re, 43 integrum est ut, 8 interpunctiones verborum, 25 inventum, 61 inuro, 8 ipse, 42 iste, is, 78 iste or ille? 23 isto in loco, 10 ita, 51 ita....ut, 5, 58 iudex, 27 iudicio....in vita, 14 iuris dicundi sors, 41 iurisdictio urbana, 40 ius controversum, 28 ius privatum, 28 iustitium edictum, 28 laberis, 78 Lae 1 ius, C, 66 Lanuvium, 86, 90 largitio=bribery, 11 -------=a ‘bounty,’ 24, 80 lateo, 22 Latinus tibicen, 26 latrocinium, 84 laudo, 75 laureatus, 88 9130 INDEX TO laus=merit, 19 lectuli Punicani, 75, App D lex=rule of habit, 5, 11 lex, condicio, 60 lex agraria, 24 lex Calpumia, 46, 67 lex Fab'ia, 71 lex frumentaria, 24, 40 lex Iulia, 68 lex Iulia de sociis, 86 lex Manilia, 47 lex Roscia, 40 lex Titia, 18 lex Tullia, 3, 8, 46, 47, 67, 88, 89 liberalitas, 42 libripens, 3 licet consulere? 28 lis vindiciarum, 26 litem aestimare, 42 litteratus...litterator, 16 locationem inducere, 62 locus, 54 locus honoris, 35 Lucullus, L, 33, 34 ludi Apollinares, 37, 41 magna pars, 62 maledico, 11 maledicus, 13 Mallius, Cn, 36 mancipatio, 3 manum conserere, 26, 30, App E Marius,- C, 17 mediocritas, 63 mereo stipendia, 11 Metellus, C Caecilius, 74. Q Ne- pos, 81 moderatus, 63 momentum, 3, 18, 90 moneo, hortor, obtestor, 86 motu novo, 30 munia, 73 municipium, 42, 86 Murena, L Licinius, father of the accused, 32 natio, 69 natura, 60, 64, 65, 79 natura.....fortuna, 79 naturae similitudo, 66 Natta, L Pinarius, 73 negotium per aes et libram, 3 THE NOTES nemo (declension of), 8*, nexum, 3 nimirum, 32 nolite velle, 50 nomenclator, 77 nomine, 69, 75, 82 non, nonne, 81 non queo, 55 non quo.....sed ut, 2 non secus ac, non secus quam, #io non nemo, 84 nota censoria, 88 novitas generis, 17 numerare=to reckon as, 40 nunc cum (with subj), 0. (with indie) 8 ob, 1 obruo, 8 obscurus, 49 observatio, 49 obsessio, 33 occupo, 12 occurro, 48, 80 Oceanus, 32 odiosus, 30 officium, 3 omen praerogativae, 38 operae, opera, 21, 36 opinio, 62, 78 opinor, 61 osculari, 20 Otho, L Roscius, 40 pars, 42 partes, 6 patriotism, 83 peccatum, 60, 61 peculatus, 42 pecus, 42 peritus, 16 perpendeo, 3, 77 perpurgatus, 54 persalutatio, 44 Perses rex, 31 personae ficticiae, 37 perturbatio, 89 peto, 52 petulans, 14 Philippus rex, 31 Philus, L Furius, 66 plebs, populus, 1INDEX TO THE NOTES 131 Pompeius, Q Rufus, 16 pontifices, 25 Pontus, 32 populus, plebs, 1 postulo, 7 potentia.....gratia, 59 potissimum, n praecepta, 61 praecipere, 4 praefectus fabrum, 73 praeiudicium, 60 praenomen, 9, 13 praerogativa centuria 38 praesens, 20, 26 praesertim cum, 44, 53 praesto, 3 praetextatus, 11 praetor, 26, 41 precatio, 1 privatus.....publicus, 76 promptus, 28 promulgare legem, 30 promulgatis praeliis, 30 prorogatio legis, 47 providere, 4 provincia, 41 provincialis, 43 prudentia, 28, 30 publicani, 62 pudens, 64 pudor, 30, 87, 90 pulcher, 26 puncta=suffragia, 72 pupillus, 22 putatum est, 36 Pyrrhus rex, 31 qua de re agitur, 28 quaestiones perpetuae, 42 quaestores, 18 quamquam (with ellipsis), 83 quamquam with subj (?), 20 quando te in iure conspicio, 26 quanti putas esse, 38 quasi vero, 35 que with last member of a series, 1 qui adversative, n qui confixerit, 25 quis adjectival, 46 quid? 59 quid tandem ? 76 quidam apologetic, 63 quidem, 12, 23, 66 quippe, 74, Apj. C quod nesdat, 63 ratio=reason, account, 37 -----=state, working, 4, 35 -----=plan, position, 32, 46, 83 -----= system, 3 rectum, 3, 60, 77 redundo, 85 refertus, delicatus, 20 regere fines, 22 reicio, 79 religio, 1 remissio mercedum, 62 renuntio, r repressus, 32 requiro, 61 res mancipi, 3, 26 res prolatae, 28 res publica, 4, 5 res repetere, 3 resisto, 84 respondeo, 9, 19 restipulatio, 26 revoco, 26 rogare (to hold an election), 1 Rufus, Q Pompeius, 16 sacra privata, 27 sacramenti actio, 26 saltator, 13 salubritas, 29 salus, 1 sane, 41 sapiens, 7, 61, 66 sapientia, 30, 66, 75 satisfacio, 7 Scaevola, Q Mucius, 28 Scaurus, M Aemilius, 16 Scipio, P Com Africanus minor, 31, 58, 66 scriba, 42 scribo, scriptum (legal), 19, 28 scurra, 13 secessio, 49 sed tamen, 37, 48, 66 seductio, 49 senatus auctoritas, 73 sententia, 61 Sertorius, Q, 32 servio, inservio, deservio, 6INDEX TO THE NOTES 132 servitutem servio, 61 severitas, 65 si = etirep, 87 Silanus, D Junius, 12 sin autem.....et, 15 societates, 69 sodalicia, 11 sodalis, 56 spectacula, 72 spondeo, 71 sponsio, 26 squalor, sordes, 86, App. A. statuam, 32 status civitatis, 24 stemo, 75 stillicidium, 22 Stoics, 3, 60—66, 76 studium, 9, 66, 75 stultus, 61 subscriptor, 49 suffragatio, 38 suffragator, 16, 44, 71 suffragor, 71 superstes, 26 supplex, 86 supremus dies, 75 sustentatus, not sustentus, 3 sustineo, 46 tabemae, 73 tabulae, 42 tamen (with ellipse), 20, 73 tametsi....tamen, 16 temperans = pu))', 64 tempestas-comitiorum, 36 tempestivus, 13 teneo (keep in mind), 22, 26 -----(sustain), 58, 83 tenuis, 25 termination in -ris (2nd pers sing pass), 7 testificatio, 49 tirocinium fori, 69 togatus.....armatus, 84 tracto, 18, 28 transeo, 26 tribus, 42 trini ludi (not tres), 40 triumph, 15 tu quidem, 64 Tubero, Q Aelius, 75 tumultus, 22 tutela, 22 tutor, 22 tutor fiduciarius, 27 tutor optivus, 27 twelve Tables, 26, 27 Vargunteius, L, 79 vasa Sarnia, 75 vastitas, 85 Vatia, P Servilius, 81 venditor, 3 veritas, 60 vero, 9, 12, 65 verum, ‘right/ 74 verum tamen, 21 vindictam imponere, 26 vir, homo, 14 umbra, ‘attendant,’ 13 umbra.......sol, 30 unde, 26 urbanus...militaris, 19, 38 ut = ita ut, 11, 21 CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY C. 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