Production Note Cornell University Library produced this volume to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. It was scanned using Xerox software and equipment at 600 dots per inch resolution and compressed prior to storage using CCITT Group 4 compression. The digital data were used to create Cornell's replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1984. The production of this volume was supported in part by the New York State Program for the Conservation and Preservation of Library Research Materials and the Xerox Corporation. Digital file copyright by Cornell University Library 1994.Qkmtell lltuivTFrBtttj IGtltranj BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF iHeurts 19. Sage 1891 .....;.............OLIVER HAZARD PERRY Statue erected at the Front, Buffalo, by the Perry Centennial Commission, 1915. Chas. H. Niehaus, Sculptor.BUFFALO HISTORICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS VOLUME NINETEEN Edited by Frank H. SeverancePUBLICATIONS OF THE BUFFALO Historical Society VOLUME XIX EDITED BY FRANK H. SEVERANCE SECRETARY OF THE SOCIETY BUFFALO, NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY THE BUFFALO HISTORICAL SOCIETY 1915Jambs D. Warrbn’s Sons Company- Publishtrs and Printtrs Buffalo, N. Y.OFFICERS OF THE BUFFALO HISTORICAL SOCIETY 1915 Honorary President,...............ANDREW LANGDON President,........................Hon. HENRY W. HILL Vice-President,................. . CHARLES R. WILSON Secretary-Treasurer,..............PRANK H. SEVERANCE BOARD OF MANAGERS Term expiring January, 1916 Albert H. Briggs, M. D., Lee H. Smith, M. D., John G. Wiokser, Willis O. Chapin, William A. Galpin. Term expiring January, 1917 Howard H. Baker, Dr. G. Hunter Bartlett, G. Barrett Rich, Henry W. Sprague, William Y. Warren. Term expiring January, 1918 Hon. Henry W. Hill, Henry R. Howland, George R. Howard, Charles R. Wilson, William G. Justice. Term expiring January, 1919 Andrew Langdon, Loran L. Lewis, Jr., Frank H. Severance, George A. Stringer, Prank M. Hollister.* Prior to the adoption of the Commission Charter, the Mayor of Buffalo, the Corporation Counsel, the Comptroller, Superintendent of Education, President of the Board of Park Commissioners, and President of the Common Council, were ex-officio members of the Board of Managers of the Buffalo Historical Society. So far as accords with the new organization, a corresponding representation of the city government will continue to be made in the Board of Managers. * Died January 23,1916.LIST OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE SOCIETY FROM ITS ORGANIZATION TO THE PRESENT TIME *Millard Fillmore,........................... 1862 to 1867 *Henry W. Rogers,.......................................1868 *Rev. Albert T. Chester, D. D.,........................ 1869 *Orsamus H. Marshall,...................................1870 *Hon. Nathan K. Hall,................................. 1871 *William H. Greene, . ..................................1872 *Orlando Allen,....................................... 1873 *Oliver G. Steele,...............,....................1874 *Hon. James Sheldon,......................... 1875 and 1886 ^William C. Bryant, .................................. 1876 *Capt. E. P. Dorr,.................................... , 1877 *Hon. William P. Letchworti-i,..........................1878 *William H. H. Newman,....................... 1879 and 1885 *Hon. Elias S. Hawley, .................................1880 *Hon. James M. Smite:,..................................1881 ^William Hodge,....................................., 1882 *William Dana Fobes,...................... 1883 and 1884 *Emmor Haines,........................................ 1887 *James Tillinghast,.................................... 1888 * William K. Allen,................................... 1889 *George S. Hazard,........................... 1890 and 1892 * Joseph C. Greene, M. D.,.............................1891 *Julius H. Dawes,.......................................1893 Andrew Langdon,.............................. 1894 to 1909 Hon. Henry W. Hill,..........................1910— * Deceased riPREFACE IN devoting a portion of this volume to tributes to the late J. N. Larned, with some examples of his addresses and essays, the editor is confident of the approbation of that portion of the community into whose hands the book will come. Mr. Larned held an ample and secure place in the hearts of his fellow citizens, not more because of what he did than because of what he was. The Historical Society is gratified to be able to give even this evidence of apprecia- tion of what Mr. Larned was, and what he stood for. The sketch here printed, by the Hon. John B. Olmsted, most happily recalls a personality the memory and influence of which should long be potent. It is fitting, too, that Mr. Howland’s fine tribute to the memory of Henry A. Richmond should have place here. Larned and Richmond were long-time friends, they cherished the same ideals, and in more than one good cause labored for the same end. As they were much associated in life, so now they continue their kindly, helpful presence in the fond memory of their friends. Much of this volume is devoted to a bibliography of Buffalo periodicals, and to reminiscences and other data relating to the press of this city, from its first establish- ment in 1811, to 1915. The compiler makes no claim for infallibility in this field; in fact, he would be much sur- prised if omissions are not pointed out, and errors dis- covered—after the work is issued, and beyond the possibility of correction. Care has been exercised in its compilation, and a reasonable amount of time devoted to it. Much more might readily have been set down; but the object was not to write a history, or yet to tell tales. The main purpose was purely bibliographical. In its essentials, he is confident that the list offers the best epitome of the subject that hasviii PREFACE been prepared; and hopes that the labor he has given to it will be justified—as it will be, if it prove useful. New ventures are frequently being made of one form or another, in local journalism. The list soon becomes incom- plete; but so far as it is a record of the past, it becomes, perhaps, of increasing value as the years go by. That it touches many interesting personalities, recalls men and women who in their day played a large part in the life of the community, and records many an episode in local his- tory perhaps not elsewhere readily got at, will be conceded, it is believed, by those who examine it. Since the compilation of our list of Buffalo periodicals, there has been added to the library of the Historical Society a file of For Everybody, “an illustrated family paper,’7 handsomely printed, folio in size, which Henry H. Sage started in February, 1871. As the title implied, it sought to please everybody, and devoted departments to women, to children, to art, farm and garden, stockyard and markets, etc. It was illustrated with wood cuts, the art department being in charge of John It. Chapin, a veteran artist em- ployed in later years by the Matthews-Northrup Company. The office was at No. 26 Allen street, and the publisher sought to build up a circulation by giving prizes—organs and melodeons, sewing machines, and even mowing machines —for subscriptions. Yol. I, 1871, contained nine numbers. In 1871 the printing and lithographing house of Sage, Sons & Co., which had printed For Everybody, passed into the hands of White & Brayley, who appear to have discontinued the magazine during 1872. It was one of the most ambi- tious undertakings in all the history of Buffalo periodical literature. A brief entry of it is in our list. Another entry, Everybod/y for Buffalo, was taken from an old record and probably refers to For Everybody. A few other slips have been noted: Page 161: For ‘(James 77 Stringham, read 11 Joseph7 7 Stringham. Page 167; line 4: For ‘ ‘ Hurlburt,7 7 read 11 Hurlbert.7 7PREFACE ix Page 205: Under Black Bock Gazette, for “S. M. Salisbury/7 read “S. H. Salisbury.77 Among periodicals in the Buffalo Public Library should be in- cluded the Bethel Magazine, and the Cyclopedic Beview of Current History. The Independent Practitioner was issued monthly, Jan., 1880 to 1888. The Modern Age ceased with the issue for June, 1884. The latest Buffalo periodical noted is Harris Mining Outlook, Jan, 8, 1916; every other Saturday, by Mark Harris, Mutual Life Buiiding. Bears imprint: ‘ ‘ Buffalo-Toronto-Boston.7 7 The inclusion in these volumes of views of Buffalo build- ings which are removed has proved so popular a feature that a few more, mostly of recent disappearance, are here given. The pictorial record of the vanished city, as was shown by our “Picture Book of Earlier Buffalo,” has proved popular and of value. From year to year a similar record will be continued in our publications. The brief notes on page 343 might readily be much extended. Of the builder of the Wilkeson homestead on Niagara Square, and of the family that gave to it interest and significance in the town, some record is to be found in our earlier volumes. In a distant part of the city, the old Yandeventer farm, as it was known early in the last century, has undergone marked changes in the last year or so. At one time it was owned by Bronson 0. Bumsey and Dexter P. Bumsey, passing from them to Dr. Charles P. Howard, who for 34 years resided in the pleasant home shown in our picture. A more recent owner was Mr. S. M. Flickinger, who has razed the house and put the grounds to business uses. A spot dear to many a Buffalonian, but of some years ago, is recalled by our little picture of the old-time fisherman’s resort on Bird Island pier, off the foot of Porter avenue. It was variously known as “Hassler’s,” or “Crimmings’,” Johnny Hassler and “Billy” Crimmings being the cheerful and obliging proprietors. Their resort stood on the pier not far from the famous place known as “Dutch Bill’s, ” and was removed some years since by the Government, in con- nection with harbor-deepening. Unpretentious as the place was, it had its pleasant associations for many a Buffalonian;PREFACE among others, Mayor Philip Becker, an ardent fisher- man; and, on occasion, Mrs. Becker, as ardent and some- times a most successful angler. Mr. Wm. II. Maloney, to whose courtesy we are indebted for this picture, writing of the “old-time crowd/7 says: “They knew where the big. fellows (yellow pike) were to be found, and the good- natured rivalry brought to the shanty about sun-down a happy, boisterous crowd, particularly so when Mrs. Becker had caught the biggest fish.7 7 The annals of sportsmanship on the Niagara are yet in large part to be written. The Historical Society would welcome such a chapter from any competent hand. The frontispiece of this volume shows the bronze statue of Oliver Hazard Perry, erected late in 1915 at the Front,, by the Perry Centennial Commission of New York State. Celebrations, no matter how elaborate, or how great the occasion they commemorate, often pass, and leave no visible or enduring reminder. Buffalo is fortunate in having ac- quired so fine a memorial at the hands of the State—and,, as we understand, largely through the forethought and en- deavor of Hon. John F. Malone. The statue, by the very capable sculptor, Chas. H. Niehaus, is most happily placed: the hero of the Battle of Lake Erie looks out over the lake towards the scene of his exploit, facing the wind and the sunset, and seemingly touched with something of the life and spirit of the Perry who knew this site, and built a part of his fleet close by, in the gallant days of old. As one contemplates this statue, the conclusion is reached that Buffalo is also fortunate in not having built the monu- ment to Perry which it undertook to erect in 1836. If the reader has doubts, let him revert to the “Picture Book of Earlier Buffalo,77 page 490. As the final pages of this volume are being printed, the sudden death of Mr. Frank M. Hollister (January 23, 1916,) removes from this community a man of fine life,,PREFACE xi who held a warm place in the hearts of very many of his fellow-citizens. His life work was largely in Buffalo journalism. The record of that phase of the city’s history, as presented in pages following, is intended to take note only of those who have passed away. When it was com- piled and printed, Mr. Hollister was with us; otherwise adequate record would appear of his long and capable connection with the Commercial Advertiser. He was also, for some years prior to his death, a member of the Board of Managers of the Buffalo Historical Society. A suitable record of action taken in his memory, will appear in a subsequent volume of these Publications. F. H. S. Historical Building, January, 1916.CONTENTS PAGE Officers of the Society, ................................ v Presidents of the Society from its Foundation,........... vi Preface,.................................................vii JOSEPHUS NELSON LARNED, .... John B. Olmsted 1 SELECTED ESSAYS AND ADDRESSES, . . J. N. Lamed 35 On the erection of a monument to Brig. Gen. Daniel D. Bidwell,....................................... 37 (Address at Forest Lawn Cemetery, Buffalo, Oct. 20, 1871) Abraham Lincoln,......................................49- (Address at St. James Ball, Buffalo, Feb. 12, 1874) The Influence of a Public Library,................... 55 (Address at a meeting April 18, 1883, which resulted in the erection of the Buffalo Public Library Building) Washington and Lincoln,...............................59* (Remarks before the Saturn Club, Buffalo, Feb. 22, 1897) Patriotism, ...........................................65 (Address before the Liberal Club, Buffalo, March 15, 1900) The University Extension Movement,....................83* (Address at the University Club, Buffalo, May 27, 1905) The Peace-Teaching of History,.........................91 (Atlantic Monthly, Jan., 1908) Prepare for Socialism,................................107 (A.tlant%c Monthly, ^Jay, 1911) Evil: A Discussion for the Times,....................115’ (Hibbert Journal, July, 1913) Inscription on the Death of Lincoln,..................131 (Buffalo Express, April 17, 1865) BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE WRITINGS OF J. N. LARNED, . 13& HENRY A. RICHMOND: A Tribute, . . Henry B. Howland 139 THE PERIODICAL PRESS OF BUFFALO: When our Press was Young,............J. C. Brayman 155 Early Days of the “Buffalo Courier,’’.............. Joseph Stringham 161 The “Courier” in the Early Eighties,............... Frederick J. Shepard 167 BIBLIOGRAPHY: THE PERIODICAL PRESS OF BUF- FALO, 1811-1915, . . . Compiled by Frank H. Severance 177 EDITORIAL NOTES,..........................................318 xiiixiv CONTENTS APPENDIX PAGE PROCEEDINGS OF THE BUFFALO HISTORICAL SOCIETY: Fifty-third Annual Meeting,................345 BUFFALO HISTORICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS, . . . 367 BUFFALO HISTORICAL SOCIETY MEMBERSHIP, ... 379 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Statue of Oliver Hazard Perry, .......................Frontispiece Portrait, J. N. Larned, ........................... Op. page 3 Portrait, Henry A. Richmond,......................Op. page 139 Facsimile, Stock Certificate, Buffalonian Free Press Ass’n, 1839,........................... Op. page 207 Facsimile, The “Buffalo Gazette,”...................Op. page 230 Facsimile, Three Early Periodicals,.................Op. page 238 Facsimile, The “Mental Elevator,”...................Op. page 247 Facsimile, The “Western Star,” ...... Op. page 278 Old Buffalo Buildings that are Gone,..................Page 385JOSEPHUS N. LARNED By Hon. JOHN B. OLMSTEDJOSEPHUS NELSON LARNEDJOSEPHUS NELSON LARNED Read at a Meeting op the Buffalo Historical Society, Tuesday Evening, March 30, 1915 BY JOHN B. OLMSTED Historians, like poets, I am persuaded, must be born and not made. They must lisp in date®, if not in numbers, and be filled with, the fervor of research if thjeir productions are to be found worthy of a place in a historical volume. I must confess little aptitude for that kind of labor, and I have accepted the honor that has fallen to me at this time in writing of Mr. Lamed more in the hope that I may be able to picture him in his habit as he lived and appeared to me, than in the expectation of presenting an exhaustive study of his life-work. From some points of view this has its advantages. What Mr. Larned accomplished in fifty years of painstaking industry he left behind him in the tangible form of editorials, addresses and books—a monument to his memory to be seen and known of all men. What he was himself is the precious heritage of a few, for he was not a man who sought wide acquaintance, nor one who mingled much with others, except in cases where his public duty as he saw it called him to take a personal part in the affairs of the community. His inclinations were to his study and to the 34 JOSEPHUS NELSON LABNED society of his intimates; nor was this from any feeling of aloofness, for a truer democrat never walked our streets; but rather from a fine sense of modesty amounting at times almost to shyness, and a disinclination to small talk when there were so many things worth while which might be the subject of conversation or contemplation. Of his boyhood and youth I have not been able to learn much. He talked little about them, and although members of his family often importuned him to write out some reminis- cences of his early days, the historian of so many others quite characteristically demurred to writing of himself. He was born May 11, 1836, in Chatham, Canada West (now Ontario), the son of Henry Sherwood and Mary Ann Nelson Larned—whence his surname, Josephus Nelson. His parents at the time of his birth were citizens of the United States temporarily resident in Canada, so that at no time was he alien to this country, though many have thought so from the fact that his birthplace was on British soil. He came of a long line of New England ancestry, going back to William Learned, who came over from England a short time prior to the year 1632, :aind became the founder of the family in this country In the line of Lameds who preceded Josephus Nelson we find the New England loyalty to biblical names in Benjamin, Isaac and Samuel; and his paternal grandmother, who was bom Cynthia Holmes, traced her line back to Roger Williams through the second mar- riage of the latter’s daughter, Mary Williams. Of William Learned, the founder, we read that at the time of the con- troversy which originated with Mrs. Anne Hutchinson when the General Court condemned and banished Rev. John Wheelwright, William Learned was one of the signers of the remonstrance against that proceeding; and in this, if the banishment were unjust, we recognize the Larned characteristic. In the minutes of the court, however, it is further recorded that “Willi. Larnet acknowledged hisJOSEPHUS NELSON LABNED 5 fault in subscribing the seditious writing and desiring his name to be crossed out, it was yelded to him and crossed.” Now, if the writing were really seditious iand the original William had come through a process of reasoning to recog- nize it as such, his action would be quite in line with the temper of the Larned whom we knew; but if the recantation was not the outgrowth of a conviction, then I am inclined to think that Josephus Nelson may have taken more from his great maternal ancestor Goodrth than he did from William, her husband. It is certain that our Lamed would never have asked that his name be crossed unless self-con- vinced of the error of his ways. The family name seems originally to have been spelled L-e-a-r-n-e-d, but pronounced Lamed, and the genealogists have not been able to trace it much farther back than the year 1600. It has been surmised that it may have been a French name and originally written L ’ Amed, but as there seems to have been no French name in England at the date of the Bermondsey records (the earliest English account of the family) which could be translated into Learned, the surmise is doubtful. The Learned genealogical book pub- lished in 1882 stated that the name is not found in the directories of the present day, ✓ either of London or of the counties in England or in the poll lists or indexes to county histories—a curious fact in the case of a name which seems so purely English in its character. We have Wises, Goods and Nobles in great profusion. Just why the learned should not have transmuted their adjectival appellation into a patronymic does not clearly appear, and one English genealogist writing to the compiler of the Learned book calls it a mystery. Mr. Lamed *s father was a contractor and in the course of his business engagements moved from place to place. In 1848 he came from Canada to Buffalo; and Josephus, then twelve years old, came with him. The family lived on6 JOSEPHUS NELSON LAENED 4 Oak street—afterwards on Seventh street—and the boy often went pigeon-shooting in the woods near Hudson street. Ephraim P. Cook, principiai at School No. 10 on Delaware avenue, took him in hand. He left school when sixteen years old. All the wealth of learning, command of language and grace of style of which he died possessed were the fruits of his own unwearied efforts in self-education. At seventeen he began his business life as a bookkeeper in a ship chandlery establishment then located at the foot of Main street, and slept in a room over a mass of combustibles whose lurking possibilities of danger often filled his nights with nervous anxiety. In 1854 and ’55 he was a clerk in the transportation house of P. L. Sternberg & Co., and later with the Western Transportation Company. In the spring of 1857 he set out for Iowia to improve his fortunes, and the young men of his set, says Mr. James Johnston, were mightily sorry to have him go. His stay in the West was not long and the autumn of that year, saw him again in Buffalo. Newspaper work of one kind or another then attracted his attention, and the spring of 1859 found him a member of the staff of the Buffalo Express. A happy day both for Buffalo and for him wias that upon which he made this connection. It was a calling which he loved, and of it laind its somewhat allied profes- sion of librarian and magazine writer he never wearied. To one whose dull brain can only be cudgeled by repeated thwacking into writing out his thoughts, it seems a marvel that another should deliberately adopt an occupation which requires him every morning to formulate his half-con- sidered opinions upon current affairs and to commit them to cold type; but it was Mr. Lamed’s joy. In doing it he Spent some of his best years. I shall come to them presently, but as a preliminary thereto some little account is due of his associates in these early days.JOSEPHUS NELSON LAENED 7 There was Guy H. Salisbury, in whose praise we have heard Mr. Lamed speak many times and of whom he has something to say in most of his local historical sketches. Salis- bury was a rough diamond and in his Iiajber years something of a derelict, but in the period just preceding and during the War he appears to have made a deep impression upon Mir. Lamed. A budding newspaper man is more apt perhaps than youngsters in other professions to admire a certain unconventiomaility in his chief when it is accom- panied by a recognized good heart and manifests itself in a bluntness of expression near akin to truth-telling. Salis- bury was his friend, and whatever others in liater years might say about him—and some have not been wholly com- plimentary—Mr. Lamed remained ever a loyal defender. Then there were David Gray, William P. Letchworth and James N. Johnston, not to mention others who were mem- bers of the Nameless Club—a prototype of the Thursday and Pundit Clubs of our own day. This circle was (accus- tomed to meet in the library room of the Young Men’s Christian Union, of which David Gray was the librarian and the genius of the place. Debates, poetry and essays were the order of the evening. Once a year there was an anniversary and the proceedings attendant thereon were transcribed and printed in pamphlet form. Later these pamphlets were gathered up and 'bound into a volume by individual members of -the Club. There lie embalmed ora- tions by William C. Bryant, poems by Charles D. Marshall, William P. Letchworth, George H. Selkirk, James N. Johnston, John Harrison Mills, Amanda T. Jones, Mary *A. Ripley and David Gray. Youth is forever young, but I doubt if sophisticated literary aspirants of these days are ever so exuberant as the record of the meeting of October 27, 1859, shows their progenitors to have been. As appears from the record, the Club went into session at eight o’clock in the evening. Two or three songs, an8 JOSEPHUS NELSON EARNED address by the president, a long poem by David Gray and an oration by Mr. Lamed began the proceedings. The secretary then records that “an adjournment was taken to supper where a bountiful spread was discussed.” Then he adds: “At 11% P. M. the Club again convened at the hall and took seats around a table which was covered with a profusion of toothsome viands and flanked by decanters of sparkling Catawba and bowls of steaming punch. ’ ’ The following regular toasts were then “drank.” (I am using the words of the secretary.) There follows a list of nine regular toasts, Mr. Larned responding to “Our Future Wives,” and R. R. McCready to “Our Spoony Loves.” The last toast, No. 9, was “Lager Beer as a Civilizer,” responded to by Otto Besser. When this Gar- gantuan programme was concluded, the secretary adds: “After the regular toasts a number of volunteer sentiments were proposed and duly responded to, and the residue of the evening was spent in a feast of reason and flow of soul that knew no cloud or check till the wee sma’ hours came on. ’ ’ It is fortunate indeed that some of these gentlemen at least were accustomed to the hours of a morning news- paper. With such devotion as this to the fortunes of the Club it is surprising to read in a later president’s address some gentle chastening of members for delinquency in attendance. “On one occasion,” says this chronicle, “dur- ing the last year there was but a solitary member in attend- ance and yet the meeting was held, under difficulties it is true, for he had to call himself to the Chair and at the same time officiate as secretary. The Club song was sung, the minutes read and approved, reports of committees made and acted upon, ‘A Foolscap’ was read, and only the debate omitted for the salutary reason that there was no one to debate with.” It would have saved time, it seems to me, to have had the secretary enter in the minutes thatJOSEPHUS NELSON LAENEV 9 by a unanimous vote of the Club east by the secretary the meeting had been declared duly held. At one of the meetings of the Nameless Club there was read a poem big with fate for the future city of Buffalo. Mr. Johnston is my authority for the story. It was some- time in 1857, while Sir. Lamed was in Iowa. David Cray was there bubbling with enthusiasm over a new poem of Tennyson's called “Maud," from which he read some passages. Thereupon a member produced from his pocket some verses composed by Mr. Lamed on the eve of his departure from Buffalo in the previous spring. These he volunteered, much to the dumfounded Gray's amazement, to put in competition with the latest English contribution to literature. No copy of the poem is now extant, nor could Mr. Johnston ever obtain one from the author, but he has remembered all these years the first few lines and . here they are: It is midnight in the city and the melancholy chimes Have heralded twelve times The middle hour of night. They have done their duty well, They have ceased their noisy clamor, And the last stroke of the hammer Has been heard upon the bell. The reading of this poem aroused the interest of Guy H. Salisbury, then the editor or owner of the Republic. He watched for the author's return from his western pilgrim- age and upon his arrival in Buffalo persuaded him to take ia/ place on his paper. Up to that time Mr. Lamed's ambitions had led him towards business employment, so it is quite possible that to the strokes of that midnight bell we owe all the grace, efficiency and usefulness of his literary career. In 1859, he took up his work upon the Buffalo Express, and for thirteen years, until 1872, he was a large factor in building up the success of that paper. He gave to his10 JOSEPHUS NELSON EARNED duties all the freshness of his young enthusiasm, and his editorials in war-time often set the town talking. It is difficult to speak definitely of the work of a newspaper man whose identity is concealed behind the editorial “we.” Working for the most part while others sleep, journalists fashion, as it were, in secret and behind the scenes those shafts of good or evil which so powerfully affect our daily life. I have looked through the leaders of the Express during some of the years in the sixties and ialthough it is impossible to say which are Mr. Larned’s, the high, loyal spirit of the Union cause is everywhere apparent. From the first the paper was for the war, and its columns of April, 1861, ring with stirring appeals to arms. In an editorial of May 9, 1861, occurs this passage, which has its significance when read in connection with modern events: General Butler expressed the right idea briefly when he said that the Federal troops must pass peaceably over the pavements of Baltimore where the blood of Massachusetts had been shed, and that if fired upon from the houses, the houses would be blown up. There is nothing murderous or revengeful in this. Strange words, if Mr. Larned wrote them, and greatly in contrast with his later and wiser views of war, but they show that we Americans too have our shortcomings and they only go to prove that war is what Sherman said it was. Mark Twain was for some time a co-editor on the Express, having purchased a share in it. Mr. Lamed was the political editor and often tried to persuade Clemens to try his hand at that kind of writing. To protect himself, Mark nailed together what he called his journalistic plat- form of which this was one plank : “I shall not often meddle with politics because we have a political editor who is already excellent and who only needs a term in the penitentiary to be perfect.”JOSEPHUS NELSON LABNED 11 There came a day, however, when he was obliged to act. The story is told by F. A. Crandall, once managing editor of the Express. He says: “It was about this time that Mark ran into the editorial page one joke that everybody under- stood. It was understood, however, to be a joke on Mark rather than one by him. It was at the time of the annual Republican State Convention and the Express was then as now a leading Republican paper. Mark’s associate had gone to Syracuse to attend the convention, leaving Mark in sole control. The proceedings were telegraphed to the Express, including the names of the nominees, Which Mark, who never knew anything about polities, had never before heard. But he must have an editorial on the convention, and he wrote a few lines of general remark, concluding with the statement that ‘ comment on the ticket will have to be postponed till the other young man gets home.’ This probably stands to this day as the most peculiar editorial comment on a State ticket ever printed in a Buffalo paper. It furnished useful ammunition to the rival political journals for a long time, and they never tired of ringing the changes on it. The ‘other young man’ was J. N. Lamed.” In the early days of his editorial career and on April 29, 1861, Mr. Lamed was married to Frances A. K. McCrea, the gentle lady who survives him. A long and happy married life, reaching a golden wedding anniversary, was blessed with three children, Sherwood J., Mary and Anne M. While on the Express, in the fall of 1871, Mr. Lamed was elected to the only public place he ever held, that of Superintendent of Education. On one other occasion only was he a candidate for office. That was in the fall of 1876, when he stood for the Republican nomination to the Assembly in what was then the Third District. He was beaten for the nomination by a small plurality at the caucus through what appears to have been a combination of the12 JOSEPHUS NELSON LAENED Old Guard. The better element protested, but the rolling mills in the old Eleventh Ward turned out for Ed. Gallagher and did the trick. While Superintendent of Education, Mr. Lamed filed two reports. The first one, made in 1872, is filled with enthu- siasm, crowded with suggestions, and a model of what such a report ought to be. He was preceded in office by Dr. Thomas Lothrop, in whose report for the year 1870 I find this paragraph: If the people of Buffalo desire to establish a system of education which shall prove a boon to rich and poor alike and become in the future a lasting monument of their zeal and earnestness in educational matters, let them separate their free schools from political influences by establishing a Board of Education appointed by the judges of the Superior Court, or some other responsible power equally removed from party control, with full power and authority to manage and direct them for the benefit of all. This is the first allusion in a superintendent’s report (and I have examined all that preceded Dr. Lothrop’s) to the burning question which still confronts us. How Dr. Lothrop fared with it is best expressed by an extract from his report of the next year: Any work of practical reform at the present day in which long-established customs ta/re disregarded and fossilized ideas ignored will meet with disfavor and opposition until its utility is demonstrated. By many the management of the schools during the last two years is regarded as too radical to merit approval. With a sigh of relief Dr. Lothrop turned over his office to his successor, expressing the hope that he would have much better success in bringing about the needed reforms. Mr. Larned after one year’s experience plunged boldly into the fight. His year’s work had given him knowledge and he speaks with authority:JOSEPHUS NELSON LAENED 13 The schools [he says, in his first report for the year 1872] are good, but they might be so much better, and if we want the best in anything, it is in this. . . The chief fault in our plan of organization and government is that it exposes the schools to political influences more directly and with less protection than any other system of public education that exists in the United States within my knowledge. He then goes on through six pages of his report with a discussion of the theoretical power of the superintendent as contrasted with his actual power, and shows how very little time practically the school committee of the Common Coun- cil can give to the subject. I again quote his words: I do not mean that our citizens are indifferent to the well-being of the public schools, but I (attribute the trouble to the want in our city of some representative body of men distinctly and specially charged with those duties of over- sight and legislation with reference to the schools which are now mixed in the Common Council with fifty other duties, all onerous and exacting. I know of no other important city in the country in which the government of the schools is not separated from the general organization of municipal government and committed to a board of education. Then follow four pages of carefully considered argument in favor of the plan, with many suggestions as to how such a board should be made up. He also states and reviews the practice in other cities. “The system,’’ he says, re- ferring to a board of education, “does unquestionably pro- duce a better informed and more enlightened public policy. It does unquestionably induce a wider public interest in the schools and a better acquaintance with them. It does unquestionably bring stimulating influences and searching criticism to bear upon the schools and make them more efficient. ’ ’ Further on in his report he discusses a com- pulsory system of education and urges the adoption of one.14 JOSEPHUS NELSON LAENED “If every citizen in a free state of society,’’ he says, “has a right and voice in the affairs of government, so on the other hand society has the right to require that each one of its members shall be qualified for an intelligent expres- sion on these affairs. The rights of the miass in a demo- cratic community are just as positive as the rights of indi- viduals, and democratic institutions are in danger from nothing except the failure to preserve a due balance in the exercise of these counter rights which check one another.” So, also, a school of correction is advocated for truants, to which the contumacious and incorrigibly vicious may be committed. He undertook to reform the teaching of German in the schools, so that the itinerant teachers of German should be superseded by regulafr teachers attached to the several schools; and although apparently he had the assistance in his efforts of a committee of very representative Ger- mans, he came to grief in the Common Council next year. The opposition was so strong that he gave up the idea. In discussing this incident in his second report he says: "When my estimate of expenditures in the school depart- ment for the year 1873 was prepared, by some accident for which I cannot account, the item of salaries for the four itinerant male teachers of German was omitted. This gave rise to iaj memorable controversy in which more passion than reason manifested itself. I was freely charged with having intentionally omitted the item, . . . but I knew nothing of it until it had been discovered by others. . . . If I had intended to bring the question before the Common Council, I should have done so openly and with avowed reasons, for I think I may properly assert for myself that the mean dishonesty of resorting to surreptitious devices and petty tricks for accomplishing an object is not in my character. In 1873, Mr. Lamed, too, sung his swan song in a per- functory report 'and retired, worsted by the insidious15 JOSEPHUS NELSON EARNED influences of the City Hall, hoping that his successor might do better. Th^t was over forty years ago and still we dawdle and are blocked by captious and interested critics. The one most valuable contribution which Mr. Larned made to the intellectual life of Buffalo was undoubtedly his twenty years in the library. He obtained the position of librarian of the Young Men’s Association in 1877, largely, it is said, through the influence of David Gray. He left it in 1897. When he began, the circulation of the Library was 76,591 books, with an annual expenditure for new books and binding for that year of $2,519.00. In 1896 (the last one under his charge), the circulation was 142,659 and the annual expense for books and binding $6,375.00. If these figures seem small compared with 1,641,000, the circulation for 1914, it must be remembered that the change to a free public library in 1897 increased the circulation from 142,000 to 768,000 in one year. During Mr. Lamed’s incumbency he doubled the effi- ciency of the institution, working under the handicap of a very limited budget. His first task consisted in making a complete catalogue, which he did largely with his own hands, assisted by Mr. Walter L. Brown, the present super- intendent, who remembers as a boy in 1877 spending one or two years in the old steel vault pasting labels in books, while Mr. Lamed catalogued them. There was an early type of librarian such as good old Mr. Sibley of Harvard, who used, as I remember him, to take the freshmen through the stacks of books, pointing to them with an honest pride, but with an air which seemed to say: “Aren’t they beauti- ful, but of course you must never touch them.” Mr. Sib- ley, with all his kind heart, never let a student take out a book without giving him the feeling that if it were lost the student’s bond would be estreated. Mr. Lamed was far from being that sort, but he differed from the modern superintendent much as Dr. McC'osh and Mark Hopkins16 JOSEPHUS NELSON LABNED differ from the hustling college presidents of this day and generation. He gave a scholastic air to the library. He raised a standard there to which all the wise and good might repair. And go there they did whenever anything was afoot in the city which concerned the general welfare, for everyone felt the value of his counsel and encourage- ment. He did far more than that, however. He met at a meet- ing of the Library Association a certain Mr. Dewey and brought home with him a system of cataloguing which he proceeded to put into operation. He prevailed upon his directors to issue free cards to the school children, a marked innovation in a library largely supported by membership fees. The open shelf plan, while not original with him, was heartily endorsed, prepared for and ready to put into operation with the increased force which the taking over of the library by the city made possible in 1897. When the Board of Trustees in that year made its contract with the city and threw open the library doors to all comers, Mr. Lamed was offered the superintendency, but declined it through a misunderstanding which seemed at that time unfortunate, but perhaps may have been a blessing in dis- guise. Working under the increased pressure which such a jump in circulation as I have mentioned necessitated, it is hardly likely that we should have had from him those books and articles which I have enumerated and which really are the harvest fruits of his career. Just after his retirement and in May, 1897, over 200 leading lawyers, doctors, ministers 'and business men, desiring, as the invi- tation phrased it, 4‘to realize to you our appreciation, not only of your official services, but of your high character as a man and citizen,9 9 tendered him a banquet, but he modestly declined in a grateful and characteristic letter. It was during his career las a librarian that the idea of his magnum opus, the “History for Heady Reference,” wasJOSEPHUS NELSON LAENED 17 conceived. The scheme originated in what might be termed a Ready Reference for History. So many calls were made upon him from time to time for historical references that he began keeping for the next occasion the data from original sources collected for the current caller. These excerpts were originally written out laboriously in long hand by himself and were classified and arranged in accordance with subject and date. They soon began to grow volum- inous, and old employes of the library recall the filing case which finally was made to contain them. The need else- where of such a compilation was soon seen, and the present compendium is the result. In the library, as in all other places through which he passed, Mr. Lamed’s memory is fragrant; his rule was so gentle and his companionship so helpful and inspiring. In 1894 he was president of the American Library Association, and his address at the annual meeting of the society, September 17, 1894, so clearly sets forth his notion of what ia library ought to do that I quote from it here. He describes the contented, semi-bucolic state of the earlier citizens of our Republic and says: But that simpler state is gone. We who are beyond middle age may say that we have seen it disappear. We have witnessed a miraculous transformation of the earth and of the people who dwell on it. We have seen the passing of Aladdin, who rubbed his magical electric lamp as he went, calling Afreets from the air to be the common servants of man. A change has been wrought within fifty yeiars that is measureless, not only in itself, but in its effects on the human race. The people who whisper in each other’s ears across a continent; who know at noon- time in Nebraska what happened in the morning at Samar- cand; the people to whom a hundred leagues are neighbor- hood, and tai thousand but easy distance; for whom there is little mystery left on the face of the earth, nor anything hidden from their eyes; these people of our day are not in the likeness of the men and women who ambled horseback18 JOSEPHUS NELSON LABNED or rode in coaches from town to town, and who were content with a weekly mail. The fitting and furniture of mind that would make a safe member of society 'and a good citizen out of the man of small horizons, who lived the narrower life of a generation or two ago, are perilously scant for these times. . . . I can remember a state of things in which it was difficult for a man in common life to join himself with other men, much beyond his own neighborhood, in any effectual way, excepting as he did it on the lines of an old political party or an older church. But, today, leagues, unions, federa- tions, associations, orders, rings, form themselves among the restless, unstable elements of the time as easily as clouds are formed in the atmosphere, amd with kindred lightning flashes and mutterings of thunder. Any boldly ignorant inventor of a new economical theory or a new political doctrine, or a new corner-stone for the fabric of society, can set on foot a movement from Maine to California, be- tween two equinoxes, if he handles his invention with dexterity. This is what invests popular ignorance with terrors which never appeared in it before, and it is this which has brought the real, responsible test of democracy, social and political, on our time, and on us. What is the remedy ? The wisest minds of other days saw at once that democracy to be successful must be edu- cated, but how? The schools have too brief a chance. He turns to the newspiapers, and his arraignment of the press is a fine sample of his style when his righteous indignation was aroused. Some may say, the newspaper press: and I would rejoice if we could accept that reply. For the press is an educating power that might transform the civilization of the world as swiftly in mind and morals as steam and electricity have transformed its material aspects. There is nothing conceivable in the way of light and leading for mankind which a conscientious and cultivated newspaper press might not do within a single generation. But a press of that character and that effect seems possible only under circumstances of disinterestedness which are notJOSEPHUS NELSON L ABN ED „ 19 likely to exist. The publication of a newspaper may some- times be undertaken ais a duty, but not often. As a rule, it is a business, like any other, with the mercenary objects of business; and as a rule, too, the gain sought is more readily and more certainly found by pandering to popular ignorance than by striving against it. A few newspapers can secure a clientage which they please best by dignity, by cleanness, by sober truthfulness, and by thoughtful intelligence, in their columns; but the many are tempted always, not merely to stoop to low tastes and vulgar senti- ments, but to cultivate them; because there is gravitation in the moral as well as the physical world, and culture in the downward way is easier than in the upward. The vulgarizing of the news press has been a late and rapid process, nearly coincident in cause and event with the evolution of this modern democracy which it makes more problematical. We need not be very old to have seen the beginnings: the first skimming of the rich daily news of the world for the scum and the froth of it; the first invention of that disgusting brew, from public sewers and private drains, with which the popular newspapers of the day feed morbid appetites. We can recall the very routes by which it was carried from city to city, and taken up by journal after journal, as they discovered a latent, un- developed taste for such ferments of literature in the communities around them. The taste wiais latent, potential; it did not exist as a fact; it was not conscious of itself; it made no demands. The newspapers deliberately sought it out, delved for it, brought it to the surface; fed it, stim- ulated it, made it what it is today, an appetite as diseased and as shamefully pandered to as the appetite for intoxicat- ing drams. So comes the mission of the library, “Our tools are not books, but good booksand he ends his address with an eloquent presentation of the Mission of the Book. Of Mr. Lamed’s connection with this, the Buffalo Historical Society, it is not necessary to speak in this presence. His national reputation a® a historian lent an honor to our local association. But he was more to it than \20 JOSEPHUS NELSON EARNED a distinguished name. Long a member of the Board of Councillors land Managers, he served the Society faithfully, and the papers and addresses which he prepared for it attest his loyalty to its aims and its successes. No associa- tion with which he was connected will miss him more. With the cares and responsibilities of the library lifted from his shoulders Mr. Larned became, in 1897, for the first time in many years, master of himself land of his time. An ocean voyage and a stay of five months in England with Ms family gave him a richly earned vacation. Upon his return he plunged at once into the literary and Mstorioal work which had long been in his thoughts, and in the ful- fillment of these plans he took a genuine delight. The “History for Beady Reference’’ had already appeared in 1895, and “Talks about Labor” much earlier. Other books appeared in the order given: two supplementary volumes of the “History for Ready Reference,” 1901 and 1910; “Talks about Books,” 1897; “History of England for Schools,” 1900'; “A Multitude of Couniselloris,” 1901; “Primer of Right and Wrong,” 1902; “History of the United States for Secondary Schools,” 1903; “Seventy Centuries—A Survey,” 1905; “Books, Culture and Char- acter,” 1906; “A Study of Greatness in Men,” 1911; and “A History of Buffalo,” published in the same year. I shall not attempt a summary or even an estimate of these solid contributions to American historical and ethical literature. I have not the time on this occasion, nor have I the ability to do them justice. Besides that, they speak for themselves—a monument to their author more endur- ing than brass—which the future student of Mr. Larned’s career may find in any library. A compilation of the count- less letters land notices of commendation which he received when the “History for Ready Reference” first came out would read like a publisher’s catalogue. The laudatory notices (not a whit overstated) put out in the BuffaloJOSEPHUS NELSON LABNEJD 21 papers last year in connection with the new edition of ‘‘Seventy Centuries” would have driven Mr. Larned blush- ing to his summer home in Orchard Park. One latest authority, however, may be quoted. I asked Prof. Roland G. Usher when here in February his opinion of the 1 ‘ History for Ready Reference.” 4‘Standard,77 he replied, “and used everywhere by everybody.” The “Study of Great- ness in Men” is perhaps the most popular book, due no doubt to the fact that the studies were originally written as lectures for the high school pupils of Buffalo. These lectures grew out of a Thursday Club paper written by Mr. Lamed with the title, “What Constitutes Greatness in ’ Men,” which he was persuaded by some members of the Club to elaborate into a series, taking different historical personages for his illustrations. Mention should be made of the charming Life of Dlatvdd Gray, undertaken as a pure labor of love in 1893 when he was right in the midst of his preparation for the “History for Ready Reference.” He laid aside all his historical work for a year and without emolument gave his loyal pen to a service in remembrance of his life-long friend. I pass over the books with lai mere reference in order that some account may be given of remarkable occasional addresses and fugitive speeches and essays which are not collected and will not be found so easily hereafter. The stirring address on “Patriotism,” delivered March 15, 1900, before the liberal Club of Buffalo and afterwards printed by that Club, advances views which in these days of moral upheaval iare finding lodgment and expression in most thinking minds. He asserts that patriotism has a higher mission than an excuse for international tamtagonism and war. He deplores the fact that “when war drums are silent the word ‘patriotism’ is rarely on our lips or in our ears. A warm appeal to love of country is rarely heard, except as an appeal to arms. If patriotism is not identified22 JOSEPHUS NELSON LABNED with the conflicts of nations, we are doing what we can to make it seem to be so.’ ’ This he calls a miscarriage of civili- zation and Christianity which forbodes disaster. Pride of country we should have, but pride not in bigness or wealth or in battle history, but “in our declaration of the rights of men to be consecrated by that declaration to the faithful guardianship of life and liberty and a fair and free pursuit of happiness for all who come within its sphere. Write anywhere on any wall in any continent of the globe, ‘ Governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed/ and ask where it came from. There is only one answer that will be made. It represents the Ameri- can Republic to men’s minds as the flag of stars represents it in their eyes.” In the 4‘City of our Desire,” given at the University Day exercises at the Teck Theatre, February 22, 1907, and printed as Pamphlet No. 5, University Extension Move- ment, Mr. Lamed makes a plea for iat Greater University which leaves nothing more to be said. It is an argument which will be used again, I am sure, in the coming cam- paign for this noble object—a scholar’s appeal to the intelligent generosity of the man of substance. Then there is the vignette picture of Washington and Lincoln, spoken at the Saturn Club February 22, 1897, following the address on that occasion of the Hon. Sherman Hoar and printed in pamphlet form with Mr. Hoar’s ora- tion—-so vivid, so filled with historical knowledge and insight and so eloquent thlaJt it challenged the admiration of Mr. Hoar. “Why,” said he, to a member of the Club, “do you go out of town for your orators when you have a man at home who can talk like that?” The Atlantic Monthly of July, 1898, contains his article on “Gladstone”; of May, 1911, “Prepare for Socialism”; of March, 1911, “A Criticism of Two Party Polities”; and the Hibbert Journal of July, 1913, a paper something inJOSEPHUS NELSON L ABN EH 23 the form of a symposium, which is a discussion of Evil. In 1906, 1907 and 1908, Mr. Larned wrote for the Sunday Express a column appearing in succeeding issues which he modestly termed “Some Comment.’’ These papers have been collected in a scrap-book and they should be edited and re-published. I do not think we appreciated them in the hasty reading which we give to a Sunday newspaper. They cover a wide range of topics, handled with the wisdom of a ripe experience, and have all the breadth of treatment, accuracy of statement and grace of style which mark the Spectator’s leaders, with none of the cynicism and. acidity which sometimes mar the English pages. After leaving the exacting duties of his library work behind him Mr. Lamed seemed to take a new interest in our civic and social affairs. For some years he had, so to speak, buried himself among his books, and his re- appearance was hailed with delight. He became more active in the Civil Service Reform Association, of which he had always been a vice-president. He served faithfully on the executive committee of the Municipal League. He and Henry A. Richmond ivere the School Association, although some of the rest of us may have helped a little now and then. Richmond wtais the dynamo and Larned the punch, which gave the machine ills operating efficiency. He was made an honorary member of the Saturn Club in 1897, an honor which at that time had been held by only one man before him. The Thursday Club, on learning that he would accept a membership, hastened in 1899 to welcome him to its circle, and it was there that we younger men had our best acquaintance with him. In the writing of papers, we were all tyros when compared with him, but the kindli- ness of his criticism and his judicious praise lent an added enthusiasm to all our meetings. For him the experience must have been in ,ai way a reincarnation of the Nameless24 JOSEPHUS NELSON EARNED Club of earlier years and lie always showed genuine delight in coming to our gatherings. I have already referred to several movements for better things in which Mr. Darned’s voice and pen were actively enlisted, but there were none of them, I think, so near to his heart as the cause of International Peace. During the last twenty years of his life he made use of every occasion where the subject could be appropriately brought in to point out the uselessness and the barbarity of war. His views were the more convincing because they were the outcome of his careful and extended historical research. It hiad long been assumed that the student of history must necessarily look on war as an unescapable and inevitable calamity. In “The Peace-Teaching of History,” a paper printed in the January, 1908, Atlantic, Mr. Darned combats this idea. “We often say of the Civil War,” he writes, “that it was inevitable; and that is true if we mean what Christ meant when He said, ‘It must needs be that offences come.’ In His thought He reckoned the inevitableness of wrong-doing among men, and was pointing to no necessity which they do not themselves create; for He added, ‘Buf woe to that man by whom the offence cometh. ’ ” Mr. Darned continues: Of all offences to God and man, that of war is assuredly the blackest we know or can conceive; and if ever we find reason to say of any war that ‘ ‘ it must needs be,7 ’ let us take care to remember that men have made the need; that the woe and the crime of it are on their heads; and that we must not look for the whole guilt on one side. History, written with truth and read with candor, carries this teach- ing always; and my plea is for graver attention to it than our tradition-colored habits of mind incline us to give. Especially in the introduction of the young to his- torical reading, it seems to me of great importance that we train them to a justly abhorrent attitude of mind toward war; to such an attitude of thought and feeling as will check the easy excitement of interest in armies and com *JOSEPHUS NELSON LAENEH 25 manders and incidents of battle, awakening a moral and rational interest instead. If they read a story of war with the feeling that it is the story of somebody’s or some nation’s crime, they are sure to be moved to a judicial action of mind, and find their liveliest interest in searching out and apportioning the guilt. By this leading they can be car- ried into more or less critical studies of the moral, the political, and the economic antecedents of a war, scrutiniz- ing the right and wrong, the practical wisdom or the unwisdom, the true or the false reasoning, in public policy, in popular feeling, in the aims and measures of statesmen, that are discoverable to them in the doings and disputes that brought it about. ... Yet war has not only its tolerant apologists, who look upon it as a necessary evil, but its admiring upholders, who commend it ias an exercise of energies and virtues in man which his best development requires. In their view he could not be manly if he did not sometimes fight like a wild beast. Courage, resolution, independence, love of liberty, would suffer decay. Rights no longer to be con- tended for and defended would be valued no more. Peace, in a word, would emasculate the race. Does history sustain such a view ? Not at all. The peoples which have exercised their self-iajsserting energies most in war are the peoples in whom those energies went soonest and most surely to decay. Among the strong nations of the ancient East, the Assyrian pursued the busiest, most constant career of war; and its end was the most absolute extinction, leaving the least mark of itself behind. What has value in the rains of its buried cities is what it took from the more ancient Babylonia. Among the Greeks, it was the Spartans who illustrated the fruits of the culture of wiar; and how much of Greek influence in history came from them? The Romans were a great people, doing a great work in the world—for how long? Till they had exhausted the forces of genius and character that were native in them by per- sisting in war; and the exhaustion had begun before the Republic went down land the Empire took its place. The Romans had then organized and given their name to a great incorporation of the energies of many other peoples— Latin, Greek, Gallic, Germanic; but the freshening absorp-26 JOSEPHUS NELSON LAENEB tion only retarded and did not arrest the decay. If war could ever invigorate land better a people we should surely have seen the effect in the history of Rome, and, surely, we do not. At a Liberal Club dinner in 1900 he followed the speaker of the evening with an arraignment of human nature which sounds like inspired prophecy as we read it in this year of barbarism, 1915: Gentlemen, [he said] we do not easily realize how short a distance we have traveled in moral civilization, and how little behind us we have left those old Teutonic ancestors of ours who fished (and fought iaind plundered on the Baltic and the North Sea, 1500 years ago. We have learned to weave and wear some thin clothing of knowledge and arts and etiquette which we call civilization, and we wrap our- selves in it and behave very decorously for considerable periods, sitting, for example, in quiet companies like this, tasting now and then a little science, a little philosophy, a little sentiment, a little well-sugared religion—until sud- denly, on some excitement, we shriek a wild war-whoop and dash away into the woods, swinging Tomahawks, beat- ing tom-toms, dancing war-dances—and we tear off the flimsy vesture of our civilization, look around us for red paint, and are naked savages again. What a sickening spectacle we must offer at such a time to the angels, if they trouble themselves to watch the antics of the human creature with any interest! In 1907 he made lan address before the American Social Science Association at its meeting in Buffalo. I did not hear it, but I was told by one of the out-of-town delegates who did that it was the most convincing argument for peace which he had. ever heard. It was afterwards printed in the Atlmtic under the title, “The Peace Teaching of History, ’ ’ from which I have already quoted. On October 23, 1898, the Saturn Club presented to the Thirteenth United States Infantry a loving cup. By some irony of fate Mr. Lamed was chosen to make the principalJOSEPHUS NELSON LARNED 27 speech of the evening. One portion of his address ought to be set out in Selections for School Declamations, so fervid is its eloquence and so clearly reasoned is the unique presen- tation of its theme, ‘ ‘ The Soldier in a Peace-Loving Republic.’ 9 He said: We, in the civic ranks, are apt to think well of ourselves when we perform the safe and easy duties of citizenship in civil life with decent faithfulness. If we give some thought to public questions, some scrutiny to the conduct of public affairs, take some care in the forming of our political opinions, and in the casting of our votes—give a few evenings in the year to public, business—we are quite disposed, I think, to feel a thorough pride in ourselves as “good citizens.’’ But put a lifetime of such duty as that, scarcely costing a night’s sleep or a dinner, into comparison with one hour in the storm of Mauser bullets on San Juan Hill, and then we see how high above our power to pay is the tribute of honor we owe to the bearers of the nation’s sword. But, we see, too, something more than that. We see ourselves commanded to remember that, in the order of the duties of our democratic citizenship, the duty of the civilian goes before that of the soldier and makes his tasks for him. It is the ballot that gives the mandate to the sword. It is the unarmed citizen who carries in his hand the gauntlet of war, and he flings it down, if it is flung at all. It is the million-voting army in which we march that opens battles, and then leaves them to be fought by the braver army which has taken that hard duty to itself. Is there a crime, then, in God’s statute-book that is fouler than ours if we suffer any shallow and frothy vanity, any bullying pride in our national bigness, any flash of a thoughtless temper, or anything that is less than a solemn and deep conviction of inevitable need to Carry us into political courses that have their issue in war. Mr. Larned was the first President of the Buffalo Peace and Arbitration Society, whose origin, since it may never be recorded elsewhere, is given here. One evening in the early part of 1909 I was a caller at the house of Mrs. Frank28 JOSEPHUS NELSON LABNED F. Williams, 54 Irving Place, and clhaneed to express to Mr. ^and Mrs. Williams my surprise that in so large a city as Buffalo there was no organized group of people working for peace. “Do you feel that way?” said Mrs. Williams. “Mr. Williams and I were talking to Mr. Lamed just the other day and he feels that way too. Let uis get up one. ’ ’ From that beginning came an organization which has thus far given as good an account of itself as any branch of the American Peace Society, and Mr. Larned was our chief guide and inspiration. In January, 1913, we heard with alarm that Mr. Lamed was suffering from a malady which would probably require an operation. Later, we heard with joy that it had been performed and that he was mending rapidly. Those of us who went to see him at the hospital remember his cheer- fulness and the gratitude he expressed towards his sur- geons and his nurses who had received and treated him as if he were their most cherished friend. But our hopes were not to find fruition. His age was against him in the struggle and he gradually grew weaker. In June of that year he was taken to his beloved home in Orchard Park where, on August 15,1913, he died. I have thus far quite inadequately recounted some of the things which Mr. Larned accomplished during his long life in this community; but he left us a much more precious legacy than these. Wthait he did is surpassed by what he was. There 'are some puzzling things about Buffalo’s repu- tation in parts beyond her own borders. Our surroundings