Production Note Cornell University Library produced this volume to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. It was scanned using Xerox software and equipment at 600 dots per inch resolution and compressed prior to storage using CCITT Group 4 compression. The digital data were used to create Cornell's replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1984. The production of this volume was supported in part by the New York State Program for the Conservation and Preservation of Library Research Materials and the Xerox Corporation. Digital file copyright by Cornell University Library 1994.THE POSITION, DUTY, AND PROSPECTS OF UNIVERSALISTS. A FAREWELL SERMON, DELIVERED IN THE ORCHARD STREET CHURCH, NEW YORK, SUNDAY MORNING, FEBRUARY 4th, 1849. BY REV. OTIS A. SKINNER. PUBLISHED BY REQUEST OF THE TRUSTEES. » NEW YORK: S. 0. BULKELEY SERMON. “ For though I be absent in the flesh, yet am I with you in the spirit, joying and beholding your order, and the steadfastness of your faith in Christ. As ye have therefore received Christ Jesus the Lord, so walk ye in him : rooted and built up in him, and stablished in the faith, as ye have been taught, abounding therein with thanksgiving. Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ. For in him dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead bodily. And ye are complete in him, which is the head of all principality and power.”—Col. ii. 5—10. The attachment which a minister forms for a people with whom he is settled, is of no ordinary character. It is holier and far more enduring, than that which is formed from mingling in the mere social enjoyments of life. That depends in a great degree upon congeniality of tastes, man- ners and habits, upon the pleasures of an hour, upon an interchange of civilities and kindnesses. The cheerful social circles of to-day, may be broken to-morrow, and those who compose them form other circles equally as cheerful. Those now delighted with each other’s company, may be separated without feeling any deep regrets, if they can form other acquaintances with manners equally agreeable. The reason is, their attachments spring from a love of amuse- ment and society; and any who satisfy that love, are pleas- ant to them, and make them happy. In a minister’s attach- ment for his people, there is something far more sacred and binding. His interest in them is not that awakened by agreeable manners, cultivated tastes, and social powers. He is, it is true, not indifferent to those qualities which make persons attractive companions. His heart is not unlike other3 hearts; and he is as gratified as any are, to have acquaint- ances who are refined and courteous. But his attachment to his people springs not mainly from causes of this nature. He is placed over them as their spiritual teacher and guardian. They are those for whom he is appointed to break the bread of life ; for whose religious culture he is clothed with sacred vestments; and in his mind, they are associated with the high and holy aims of his min- istry. His interest in them therefore, is created by that fer- vent, earnest and devoted feeling which induced him to assume his office. His relation is not a commercial one, not a literary one, not a mere social one, but a divine one. Paul referred to this, when he said, tc Who is weak, and I am not weak ? who is offended, and I burn not ? To the weak, became I as weak, that I might gain the weak. I am made all things to all men, that I might by all means save some.5’ He was their spiritual instructor and protec- tor; their minister in the Lord; and this made their happiness his happiness, and their sorrow his sorrow. Every true minister feels as Paul felt. He looks beyond the personal exterior of those he serves, and studies for ways to reach their hearts, that he may awaken into life their higher and nobler energies. He may study perhaps more than any others their peculiarities; but it is not for the purpose of making their faults the themes of idle talk, of proclaiming them to every lover of rumor; but it is, that he may be the better able to suit his ministrations to their characters, and be the more instrumental in doing them good. But the nature of his office is not the minister’s only tie to his people. They cherish the same hopes by which his heart is blessed. His faith is their faith, and his God their God. Around the same altar they bow in worship, and in one spirit their prayers and thanksgivings ascend to heaven. Their union is cemented by mutual counsel, mutual labor, mutual devotion. It is cemented also, by mutual sympathy in seasons of sorrow and of joy. What minister who has a kind and faithful people, with hearts all alive for his success4 and the success of religion, can fail to love them? If they are punctual in their attendance at church; if they listen with fixed attention to his preaching; if they second wil- lingly, heartily and faithfully his exertions for the advance- ment of the Gospel; if they regard him with those feelings of kindness and affection which should ever be cherished for a minister ; if they are generous in contributing for those purposes which are intimately connected with the suc- cess of the cause which he advocates; if they treat him with courtesy and ever greet him with cordiality, he cannot but love them with an enduring affection; and though circum- stances may call him to another field of labor, he will never forget them, but in spirit be always in their midst; and the recollection of their attentions, and favors, and sympathy will be ever fresh in his heart, to stimulate him to unwearied exertions in behalf of his Master. Such, brethren are the feelings with which I close my labors with you. I have formed for you a strong attachment, an attachment created by the high ends for which I have labored among you; by your love of religion and this altar of prayer, and by your many, many expressions of kindness and sympathy. Gladly would I remain with you, for I have been happy here; I have felt that the lines had fallen to me in a pleasant place, and that I had a goodly heritage. I leave for one reason, and only one. The interests of the cause in the field where I was settled, before I became your minister, appear imperiously to demand my return. I do not expect to be happier there than I have been here; I do not expect kinder treatment then I have received here; I do not calculate on a better support than you have given me, and guaranteed to continue. I go simply in obedience to what seems to be the call of duty. I may have mistaken the call. I may regret the step. You know with what re- luctance it is taken. I go back to old and tried friends; and though I have full confidence in their integrity and friend- ship, I have not more in theirs than I have in yours. I have not a distrustful heart. I never look with a suspicious eye5 upon those around me. If such had ever been one of my failings, it would long since have been cured by a happy experience. I have been in the ministry for about twenty years; and I have ever found the people among whom I have labored, kind, honest, faithful and true. And if there is any people on earth that I would trust, and trust with un- reserved confidence, it is the people who believe in God as the infinite Father and Savior of the world. They are not perfect; but there is something so noble, so kind, so excel- lent in their religion, that they seldom descend to anything like treachery or baseness. I frequently meet with clergy- men who seem to have no confidence in human nature, whose experience has destroyed every confiding feeling of their souls, and who say that they would sooner trust the world than the church. But they have been associated with those of a different faith from ours; and would they attribute their misfortunes to their creed, rather than to human nature, they might learn from them, lessons that would render them wise, and lead them to the truth. Universalists, though perpetually assailed as a graceless and faithless people, have many of the noblest qualities that ever adorned and dignified a Christian sect. They are the best fitted for the mighty work which the Father has committed to their hands, of any class with which I am acquainted. They are not of the white gloved class who are afraid of work. They are not of the purse proud class who think labor a disgrace, and who are spoiled by their im- mense possessions. Neither are they of that poor class who have been so crushed by poverty, so discouraged by ad- verse circumstances, that they have no heart to engage in a great enterprise; no courage to battle with mammoth evils; and no confidence in a regenerating power which can rectify all disorders and make all things new. They are the very people fitted by their natural endowments, by their position, by their earnest zeal and manly firmness, for the work of evangelizing the world. I use the phrase evangel- izing the world, in its true import, and not in its common6 one; far I am far from thinking those evangelized, whose religion consists in believing a human creed; in being gov- erned by a proselyting zeal; in cherishing sectarian hatred and bitterness, and in opposing every great movement in behalf of freedom, love and humanity. I shall call the world evangelized, when the Gospel takes the place of human creeds, freedom of bondage, peace of war, justice of injus- tice, plenty of want, equality of inequality, love of hatred. I look for this chiefly through the instrumentality of our people. I do not expect that they are to do it all, but they have the doctrines by which it is to be done; and they are imparting the light which shall ultimately warm, enliven, and guide all hearts. The position therefore, which is occupied by us is one of the most important of any ever occupied by a Christian sect. The position of Luther and his co-laborers was impor- tant. It was for them to lead men out from the darkness and thraldom of a corrupt church, and awaken the human mind to freedom of thought and of speech. But they saw through a glass darkly,—they did not comprehend the whole truth; they did not see all that was necessary in order to make the Gospel triumphant; they made creeds and fettered the minds which they had freed ; and they claimed infallibility, just as much as the church which they had left. They were not willing to trust religion without throwing around it the strong bulwark of human creeds. They must set a limit to free thought, and to free speech. On this point, and on the doctrines of the Bible, we are radicals. Our radicalism however, is not of that destruct- ive character which distinguishes the radicalism of some. There are those whose radicalism leads them to reject every thing that men have believed and supported. They are uni- versal destructionists; and think that the greatest evidence which they can have, that they are right, is differing as widely as possible from every popular opinion. According to them, the world is all wrong, and has gone wrong, ever since the birth of time. Turn it directly around, inside out, and up-7 side down, and then it will be exactly right. They would destroy the Scriptures, destroy the ministry, destroy the church, destroy the Sabbath, destroy all jails and prisons, and destroy all human governments. They think that if all light, and all help, and all restraint, and all control were taken away, the millennium would burst in an instant upon the world in all its splendor and glory. Thank Heaven, we have no such radicalism as this. So far as it relates to supporting the Bible, the ministry, the church, the Sabbath, penal laws and human governments, we are as conservative as any man who ever resisted the destruction of anything that he knew to be sacred and good. We are radicals, because we go for that which is primitive, original, and not because we would destroy every thing. Hence by some we are denounced as cold conservatives. But those who thus denounce us, cannot see the difference between change and reform, between the Bible and its false expositions; the min- istry and its prostitution to pride and wealth; the church, and a pslam-singing, canting body of men, leagued for the support of antiquated errors ! But while we would preserve the Bible as containing God’s word, his revealed will to man, without which, the world would be in the darkness of heathenism, we are radical in our views of its office. We will not allow with the Cath- olic, that it is useless, unless we have an infallible church to explain it; nor with creed-makers, that it is not sufficient, unless accompanied by a human creed. We say, that the Bible should be the only guide, the only rule of faith and prac- tice, and that it should be the only test of Christian faith. We are also radical in our views of the teachings of the Bible. We do not believe, that it is more possible to prove by it, that three are one, and that one is three, than it is to prove these by mathematics. Neither do we believe, that it is any more possible to prove by it the eternity of misery, than it is to prove that justice can be unjust, love regardless of human good, and mercy be cruel. In regard to the ministry we are equally radical. We have no sympathy with those,8 who think that a minister is a mere priest, whose chief office is to prevent God from injuring his people. We think that he should be a man who can work as well as pray, battle error as well as sing pslams, and help the needy and down-trodden, as well as preach the Gos- pel. In regard to penal laws and human governments, we are just as radical. We would have no penalty cruel or vindictive; we would not allow the good of the criminal ever to be overlooked ; and we would have all governments, so paternal in their character, that they will look after the poor and unfortunate, just as a father looks after his defenceless children. Thus, it will be seen, that though radical, we are conser- vative. But ours is not a dead conservatism. We are the movement party of the church. We have no favor for those who are chained to the past, and who dare not step for fear of stepping wrong or too far ; we know that the world is but just in its infancy; that on many subjects day begins only to dawn; and that if we will move forward, we shall find light increasing in the moral world the same as in the world of science and art. Because we cannot find God out to perfection, we do not suppose that we have comprehended all that can be learned of him, his government, his plan of mercy, the riches of his grace and love. We are the reform party. As the church moves on, and obtains new light, and looks at the Bible from new stand points, it will see not only existing evils, but the way to remove those evils, so that war and slavery and intemperance and extreme poverty, may be done away. Accordingly we sympathise with those revolutions by which the people overthrow kings, demolish thrones, break down oppressive institutions, and secure to themselves freedom and independence. And we are the only religious sect that can fully do this. Cath. dies cannot; for these revolutions show the people their rights and their strength, and break away those mighty bul- warks by which the church has been made the strong hold of injustice, and the state the citadel of unholy power. The9 believers in an arbitrary God, one who governs with tyranny and punishes with cruelty, cannot fully sympathise with these revolutions, for they sweep away all those despotisms which are the product of a false Theology, and without which such a Theology cannot long retain its sway. We say, let rev- olutions go on, till every obstruction is removed that blocks the path of progress, till every chain is sundered that fetters the nations, till every oppressive government is broken down, and till all church establishments which are the allies of des- potism and bigotry and superstition, shall crumble to ruin. Here then is our position. Standing upon the Bible, which we receive as containing a revelation from God, and which represents him as the infinite Father, the just Judge, and the righteous Governor and Savior of all men, we would have our excellent and glorious religion, the guide of states; the counsellor of rulers and judges; the instructor of teach- ers; the guardian of the weak and the poor and the wronged, that the world may realize the infinite paternity of God, the brotherhood of the race, and the blessedness of having all men live together in love. This is a position of fearful responsibility. We stand at the head of all who are in favor of movement and reform. We are in the front rank of the army by which the battles of freedom are to be fought, and the kingdom of the Savior is to be established from sea to sea. Out of our position grow great and important duties. It is our duty to keep our radical views always prominent in our preaching, our writings and our measures. There is a growing neglect of this duty among some of our clergy. You may hear them preach for months, without listening to a clear and full defence of one of those great truths on which hangs the fate of civil and religious freedom, and which are never enforced without weakening some oppressive chain. I would not be understood to convey the idea, that a minister must devote every sermon to prove the salvation of all men. I have no patience with him who pursues such a course. He is a mere treadmill preacher; a one idea 210 man, who rides his hobby till it is jaded to death, and his people are sick of his eternal sameness. But while I have no favor for such preaching, I have as little for that which studiously avoids those great questions on which we differ from the advocates of error, which never speaks out fully upon those questions, and which if it had the ear of all nations would never fully indoctrinate them in the great truths of the Gospel. They are called practical preachers; but you might hear them till time ends, without having one clear idea of what it is to be like God, like Christ, or how to build up a government like God’s government. Much of what is called practical preaching, is the flattest and most insipid and unpractical of all the poor preaching with which the church is afflicted. There is but one way to preach practical sermons; and that is to apply the doctrines of Chris- tianity to the hearts and lives of the people. It,is our duty then, to keep our prominent doctrines, those which are to regenerate the world, always distinctly before the world. We should inscribe them upon our banner in such bold letters, that those in the lowest rank of the vast army shall be inspired by them, and be nerved to duty by their mighty power; that they shall be read by every soldier marshaled for God, and make him strong and valiant in bat- tle. Every doctrine of Christianity is so connected with some great practical question, that one cannot be enforced without the other. In what way can the duty of equity in a judge be so efficiently enforced, as by setting forth the infi- nite equity of the Supreme Judge? In what way can men be made so effectually to realize the worth of equal laws and mild punishments, as by setting forth the administration of the infinite Governor of the world ? In what way can the duty of loving enemies and forgiving injuries be rendered so binding, as by unfolding God’s free and full and impar- tial love for the world ? Doctrine is the power of God unto salvation. Doctrine is the omnipotent agent by which the world is to be carried forward to its glorious destiny, and by which every reform is to be effected. As we have re-11 ceived Christ then, we must walk in him, and be rooted and built up in him. We want no philosophy but the philoso- phy of Christ; no doctrines but the doctrines of Christ; no precepts but the precepts of Christ; for in him dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead; and in him we are complete, for he is the head of all principality and power. The immortal Adams when breathing out his life on the fiftieth anniversa- ry of our freedom, said, “ Liberty now and liberty forever.” What liberty was to this patriot and statesman, the religion of Christ should be to the Christian; and in the field of battle and on the day of triumph; in the race for victory and in the struggles of death he should cry, “ Christianity now and Christianity forever /” For it is by Christianity, that all tyranny shall be destroyed, all oppressions be brought to an end, all the wicked reformed, and the kingdoms of this world be made the kingdoms of Christ. It is the Christian revolu- tionist’s battering power by which old thrones are to be bro- ken down; it is the soldier’s weapon by which the enemies of God are to be conquered; it is the spiritual husbandman’s ploughshare by which desolated lands are to be converted into blooming fields; it is that divine genius by which all civil, social and religious evils are to be removed, society reconstructed, and the world saved. As a denomination we have been singularly true to our fundamental principles. Here and there a few have dealt too much in abstractions, and failed to be sufficiently practi- caL And here and there a few in seeking to be especially practical, have forgotten the fundamental principles, and la- bored in vain. But the mass have been true and consistent. And hence the mighty work which we have accomplished. We have toiled with such determined zeal, and with such sin- gleness of purpose, that the sun of universal love is already reaching the mid-day heavens, giving light and life and hope to all nations. Our prospects are of the most encouraging character. The victory is just as surely ours, as light will dispel dark- ness, and as truth is mightier than error. Some may per-12 haps have felt a little disheartened, because here and there one has departed from the faith, and been spoiled by philos- ophy and vain deceit. But this should have been expected. There are some men, who have not logic enough, to see the difference, between liberty and anarchy, between human creeds and a divine creed. Then again, there are some who are so inflated by one idea, which in some mysterious manner finds its way into their minds, that they cease to belong to the solids, and float about in mist and vapor like gossamer. They are airy creations, and we should expect that they would float off into the regions of empty space. The loss of such is a gain to us; for it is an evil to have those in our ranks who are capable of being thus inflated. The past two or three years have been a kind of harvest time, in which the chaff has blown away, and the wheat made more visible. We shall grow the faster for it, and be the stronger. Our triumphant car may have been jostled upon its track, and its speed momentarily checked; but its propelling force has not been diminished; and it will still go on, moved by the omnipotence of love, justice and mercy. It is not thrown from its course, and though our enemies may raise the shout that it is carrying us on to ruin, and that our defections are but the presages of our final destruction, they will soon see that our foundations are untouched, our course unchanged, our strength unweakened, and the day of our victory not carried one hour into the future. For what can they hope ? Our doctrines are spreading through all Christendom, and theirs are every where on the wane. Why, if Calvin were to rise from the dead with the faith which he advocated, he would denounce all his professed followers as heretics. So would Arminius. The truth is, the doctrine of endless misery is fast losing its power. Ministers preach it as though they do not believe it; and the people hear it, as though it were a legend of superstition. It has no longer power over the mass—its days are numbered. But it is not alone in this country that changes are going on of the most signal character. What glorious prospects13 does all Europe present! So fully have men there imbibed the idea of fraternity, equality and liberty, that republics are born in a day, and a throne is a frail thing which an unarmed man can demolish in an hour. Look at France. In its for- mer revolution it was infidel, and therefore, brutal and treach- erous. Hence it failed. In its recent revolution, it was guided chiefly by men of a liberal faith; and it has triumphed gloriously. Germany, Spain, and Italy are struggling to be free; and though their success may not be complete, they will gain much, and prepare the way for an ultimate triumph. In all the revolutions that have succeeded each other in such quick succession, the leaders have inscribed upon their banners, mottos borrowed from the cardinal points of our glorious religion. By these they have been inspired, and by these made strong. Their cry as in the dark ages, the ages of revenge and cruelty, has not been blood ! blood! but fraternity} equality, and liberty! They were mighty, not through carnal weapons—not through well organized and disciplined forces of vast numbers, but mighty through the power of truth—truth that made kings weak even though surrounded by institutions and armies that had defended thrones for centuries on centuries. How full of encourage- ment are these changes. It is the movement of the people, not to make them other kings, but to obtain their rights and be free ! The days of despotism are hastening to a close. Liberty will soon be freed from its chains, and come up out of its dungeons. The clanking of fetters and the groans of the oppressed will soon cease, and the song of freedom be heard from sea to sea. The true church, like liberty, has been in bondage for ages on ages. Tyrants have oppressed it, the ambitious ruled it, the haughty trampled upon it. But it is rising in its majesty, and coming up from its iron servitude, terrible as an army with banners, and glorious as the sun in his meridian. There are many other encouraging prospects. The piety of the church is assuming anew character. Once piety was austerity, gloom, sadness. It smiled not, and indulged in no14 pleasures. With distorted visage and measured pace, the pious man walked forth in society, condemning cheerfulness, and dooming to perpetual woe all who were gay and happy. Though all nature was lighted up with joy; though the sun rose in glory and set in beauty, and though the flocks sported in the fields, and the woods were vocal with songs, the pious mourned and moped and looked sad ! The ministers of those days were men of powdered wigs and austere dignity. They spake in sepulchral tones, with commanding airs, and threatening frowns ! Their piety had no connection with kindness, humanity, or love ! It was something foreign from regard to each other, from dealing justly and loving mercy. If you can conceive of a man without heart, with- out feeling—a kind of living, moving, breathing being with- out soul—a man in shape, but a statue in coldness and hardness, you can have some faint idea of what a pious man was. Against this piety, we have contended—we have fought it as the relic of a barbarous age—a monkish superstition. And we have labored to show that true piety has dignity without austerity, sobriety without sadness, devotion with- out gloom, pleasure without licentiousness, and amusement without excess. Thank God our labor has not been in vain. The powdered wigs have been thrown away; and the man of piety is no longer regarded as a ghost which haunts the social circle, which sighs over our joys, and laments over our gladness. It is cheerful in health, quick in the discharge of duty, and free in the performance of all friendly offices; but it is solemn in prayer, reverential in worship, and resigned in adversity. It guides parents in training their children, and renders neighbors obliging and kind. It visits the widow and the orphan in their affliction, watches at the door of poverty, lingers at the couch of the dying, and goes about doing good. This is the piety which is glad- dening the earth. Her hospitals are multiplying, and her means of mercy are increasing. You will find her in the temple of praise, in the homes of the Christian, in the gath- erings of friends, in the shop of the artizan, and the store of the merchant.15 Thus, brethren, we have not toiled in vain. Success, glo- rious success has attended our efforts. In this great work brethren, you have performed a noble part. When error has assailed you, and poured upon you its abuse, you have stood unmoved. And from you has gone out a light which has had a vast influence upon all the churches of this great city. From you too, have sprung, in a great measure, all our sister societies in this city and vicinity. You are the parent of them all. And I feel that I ought to thank you in the name of the denomination and of all liberal minds, for your noble firmness, courage and zeal. And now I would say—Go on as you have done for years past. If opposing sects assail you, be not dismayed, for you know the strength of truth and the weakness of error. Be zealous. Let nothing cause you to grow cold. Be firm. Let nothing turn you aside from your religion. Be honest. If men come to you, ana say, other religions are more pop- ular, tell them that the day will come, when they will wish that they could be like you, pillars in the vast temple of re- ligious freedom and love. Never suffer divisions to weaken you. Be united. Love your own altar. Let your hearts be bound to it by all the memories of the past and the hopes of the future. Neglect none of your means of growth. Nurse the Sabbath school. The Superintendent is faithful, and well fitted for his office. The other officers and the teachers are zealous and worthy of their station. The schol- ars are your children, and you will encourage them. Neg- lect not the conference meeting. We have had in it happy seasons of worship, and when I think that I am to enjoy it no more with you, my heart is sad indeed. Neglect not the Communion table, but love it as one of the holiest privi- leges of life. Neglect not the regular service of your sanc- tuary. Whenever its doors are unfolded, be present here, to encourage your minister, and be guided to higher attain- ments in holiness. Brethren—accept my thanks for all your efforts to aid mein my work. Accept them, also, for your attendance16 at church, and for all that you have done to make my labors pleasant. To the choir and the Sabbath school teachers I tender my thanks. Accept my thanks also, brethren, for your many kind attentions to me and mine. We are grateful for all your favors, and we shall not forget you. We re- gret to leave, for we have been happy with you. But duty seems to call me back to my former field of labor. Though absent in body, I shall be with you in spirit. I will not say farewell, for I shall see you often. I shall speak to many of you every week through the press. But I will say—Be perfect—live in peace, and the God of love and peace be with you. Nearly three years ago my Brother, your former Pastor who is here to-day, delivered this Society up into my hands. How faithfully I have served it, I will not say. I would gladly now deliver back into his hands; and could I know that he would accept it, my heart would be relieved of much of its sadness, and I should go back to my former devoted people, happy in the remembrance of all your kindnesses, and give myself with all my energy and heart to the promo- tion of the cause of truth in their midst. Should he feel that duty demands him to remain in the important position he now occupies, may you obtain a minister who will faithfully preach to you the Gospel of divine grace, and be a bright example to you in all things.