3 1924 073 872 743 Production Note Cornell University Library produced this volume to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. It was scanned using Xerox software and equipment at 600 dots per inch resolution and compressed prior to storage using CCITT Group 4 compression. The digital data were used to create Cornell's replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard 239.48-1992. The production of this volume was supported in part by the National Endowment for the Humanities. Digital file copyright by Cornell University Library 1994. Scanned as part of the A.R. Mann Library project to preserve and enhance access to the Core Historical Literature of the Agricultural Sciences. Titles included in this collection are listed in the volumes published by the Cornell University Press in the series THE LITERATURE OF THE AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, 1991-1995, Wallace C. Olsen, series editor. New York State College of Agriculture At Cornell University Ithaca, N. Y. Library lapis se 8 = aT ee s Farm Shop Work Bench and Farm Woodworking Tool Farm Woodwork by Louis M. Roehl Supervisor of Farm Shop Work, New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y." With an Introduction by George A. Works, Head of the Department of Rural Education, New York State College of Agriculture. The Bruce Publishing Company Milwaukee, Wis. Copyright, 1919 The Bruce Publishing Company Milwaukee, Wis. (oe rae 4! Introduction This book is designed primarily for use as a text or reference book in connection with farm shop courses in agricultural schools or in the agricultural departments of rural high schools. The problems that this work presents are many and their seriousness is accentuated by the fact that commonly the farm shop instruction is offered by the teacher of agriculture. This arrangement has an advantage in the fact, that it makes possible a more intimate relationship between the shop work and the various phases of the agricultural work, but it presents serious teach- ing difficulties and makes necessary such assistance for the teacher as is to be found in this book. This book and Agricultural Woodworking by the same author are in marked contrast with the early efforts that were made to organize courses in farm shop work. For the most part they consisted mainly of a bodily transposition of manual training and drawing courses from city schools to the schools of the rural community. Commonly there was little or no relationship between the drawing and construction work. Usually the drawing consisted of a segment of a drafting course and the wood work centered around ‘‘exercises,’’ necktie holders, and Morris chairs. The authors of these attempts lost sight of the fact that the farmer is neither a draftsman nor a cabinet maker. His skill in the use of the hammer, saw, plane, and pencil should be developed in connection with problems of rough carpentry. He must be a ‘‘jack of all trades’’ in repair and simple construction work. The error of this procedure has been realized by many who are now endeavoring to select construction problems adapted to farm conditions. As a result there has been a decided improvement in the character of the work done in the farm shop course but the movement has not gone far enough. The content of the high school course in farm crops is deter- mined in a large measure by the crops raised in the immediate vicinity of the school. In a similar manner there should be a recognition of the influence of local farming conditions in the determination of the content of the farm shop course. The woodworking problems that are presented to the truck farmer are quite different from those that are presented to the dairyman, poultryman, or general farmer. The instruction offered in the farm shop course should reflect this difference to a much greater extent than is usually the case. Since the farm shop course is quite commonly taught by the teacher of agriculture, it is especially desirable that he should have a large num- ber of carefully prepared shop problems from which selections may be made so that the work will be adapted to local conditions. In the prep- aration of this book the author has borne this fact in mind. It is not offered as a course adapted to any community but rather as a book, which with the preceding volume, will form the basis of many courses for 6 FARM WOODWORK schools situated in widely divergent farming conditions. It is expected that the teacher will supplement the problems he selects by repair work brought in by the pupils from their home farms. The author’s extensive farm experience, technical training, several years of experience as a teacher of shop work to farm boys and more recently his efforts in instructing prospective teachers of vocational agri- culture in farm shop work have made an excellent background for such an undertaking as is represented by this volume. As a result he has prepared a book that contains practical problems, carefully analyzed and skillfully presented. Wise use of this volume is certain to result in a marked advance in the character of work done in farm shop courses in agricultural departments and schools. GEORGE A. WORKS. FARM WOODWORK 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Adjustable Wagon Jack....... 40-41 Apple Box Press............. 106-107 Bag Holder ................ 65 Berry Stand for Six Boxes....116-117 Bird Houses ............... 63-64 Carpentry Apron ........... 30-31 Contents of a Course in Farm Woodwork ............... 8 Dog House ................. 56-57 Double Deck Berry Stand for Twelve Boxes ........... 116-117 Farm Carpentry Tools........ 9 Farm Shop Equipment for SCHOOIS. 5 sued cbse veneie eceantdi suse 11 Wood Working Tools....... 11-12 Blacksmiths’ Tools......... 12-13 Pipe Fitting Tools......... 13 Tinning Tools.............. 13 Harness Repair Tools and Equipment ............. 13-14 Farm Shopwork Bench....... 16-19 Farm Tool Box.............. 48-49 Folding Bench .............- 34-35 Fruit Can Rack.............. 52 Fruit Step Ladder........... 110-112 Handy Ladder ............... val Harness Hook .............. 105 Hay Racks. csc 4 wie niin ane lakers 80-83 Introduction ................. 5 Jointing, Setting and Filing a Cross Cut Saw............ 129 Kitchen Table .............. 54-55 List of Builders’ Hardware... . 138 Lumber Measurement Table... 134 Lumber Rack ............... 28-29 Milking Stool .............. 58-61 Milk Test Bottle Holder....... 19 Miter Box .c:seieszeens.aes 36-37 Nail and Staple Box......... 82-33 Nails and Screws............. 135 Orchard Ladder ............. 108-109 Orchard Ladder ............. 113-115 Packing Table for Barrel of Apples’ sscisccsgre ines wencene ws 120-121 Packing Table for Box Apples.118-119 Page Plane Table and Leveling Rod. 127 Playground Swing .......... 66-67 Poultry Carrying Crate....... 78 Poultry Catching Hook....... 719 Poultry Feed Box............ 74 Poultry Feed Box............ 716-77 Poultry Feed Hopper for 25 Birds sx s25 sesced neva see 15-77 Poultry Feed Hopper for 50 BIBS: oa okedicge sais Zilia tole 17 Poultry Feeding Trough..... 72-73 Poultry Show Crate.......... 78 Poultry Sticking Knife....... 719 Rafter Framing ........... eee 128 Root Study Case............. 125 Rural School Work Bench..... 20-24 Saw Filing Clamp........... 46-47 Saw FOrse: 0. n6 sae ar eeeas 44-45 Saws and Saw Fitting........ 180-131 Seed Corn Rack............. 38-39 Seed Corn Testing Box....... 38-39 Self Feeder for Hogs......... 90-91 Sheep and Hog Shipping Crate 96-97 Sheep Feeding Rack.......... 93 Sled) oseces-cac.e eed an ese ee 70 Soil Steve .0260... 4248s. hea 125 Stitching Horse ............. 98-104 Stock Rack for Wagon Box... 88-89 Support Racks for Soil Tubes. 124 Table of Bit Sizes for Wood SGEOWS> ig scsiccdedaedsiared aan ois 136 Take-Down Horse ........... 42-43 PeetersTotter: saw va asm oy ane 68-69 Tool Cabinet for Wood Shop... 25 Top, Wagon Box............. 86-87 Vise and Bench Stop......... 22-24 Vise Handle 2. si.0uxsee vistas 122-123 Wagon Box ...............-. 84-85 Wall Sheep Feeding Rack.... 94 Waste Basket -wotce ce unease 86-37 Water Trough ............... 126 Wire Tightener ............. 71 Wood Basket ............... 53 Wood Box ..............45. 50-51 Wood Working Tool Rack.... 26-27 10. 11. 12. 18. 14. SP AB eo Noe A COURSE IN FARM WOODWORK It should fulfill the following conditions: a. Each project must be useful on the farm when completed. b. The course must give practice in all of the carpentry tool operations. Carpentry Tool Operations Rip sawing Cross grain sawing Leveling Plumbing Erecting Tool sharpening a. Saw filing b. Grinding Measuring Squaring a line at right angles Planing Laying out chamfer Laying out and cutting bevel. Boring Doweling Mitering 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24, 25. 26. 27. Chiseling a. With grain b. Cross grain Nailing Nail setting Nail pulling Screw driving Screw drawing Counter sinking Tapering Scraping Sanding Round surface edging Mortising Wood filing FARM CARPENTRY TOOLS The following is a complete list of farm carpentry tools. With these tools at hand it is possible to do the ordinary construction and repair work which require wood working tools on the farm. As a means to aid in preventing the loss of tools and to conserve time ofttimes wasted in looking for tools which have been mislaid it is advis- able to have a definite place for the tools in the farm shop, granary, implement shed or other convenient place and also to have a definite place on the wall for each tool. This place for each tool may be indicated by a silhouette of the tool being painted on the wall where the tool is to hang. The picture of the tool on the wall serves as a reminder that the tool is out. It is far better to have the tools hang on the wall over the work bench where they may be placed and removed instantly than to have them thrown into a tool box where time is consumed and patience taxed digging around for what is desired. Woodworking tools to work efficiently must be free from rust. This may be accomplished by having handy a dry rag or handful of waste and wiping the tools as they are brought in and then covering them with a coat of oil. The oiling may be accomplished quickly by wiping the saws and other tools with a rag or handful of waste soaked in oil. | ery le , 5 t NS : ‘ a ' Ea 4-4 RK ‘a og uf 1 or tt NY Ah AT Ale Fi WORK BENGH DETAILS OF DOUBLE =e 21 foes ' t 1 \ pes — Fin 3 Py aad oO Gein -ar-s-3]c FARM WOODWORK 21 A SIX-STUDENT WORKBENCH FOR THE RURAL HIGH SCHOOL A demand for a woodworking bench, at which a number of boys can work, caused the bench illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4 and described here to be designed’and built. The bench has been made and used successfully in a number of rural high schools where space and funds will not allow the purchase and use of the familiar individual type of bench. Bench Stop—Bill of Material Pieces Dimensions Use Material 1 34°x1"x8" Left side Soft wood 1 4° x414"x8” Wedge Soft wood 1 34.”x4//x8” Right side Soft wood 5 flat head, bright wood screws 114%” No. 8 or 9. Vise—Bill of Material Pieces Dimensions Use Material 1%4"x7T%"x24" Jaw Oak, maple or hard pine 2 48°x2"x17” ; Horizontal brace Oak or maple 2 48° x2"x2' 7%” Diagonal brace Oak or maple 1 iron bench screw %”, 1’ or 144”. 4 flat head, bright wood screws 1%”, No. 12, for fastening vise to jaw. 8 flat head, bright wood screws 2”, No. 12, for fastening braces to jaw. 8 flat head, bright wood screws %4”, No. 8, for fastening braces at joint. Workbench—Bill of Materia} Pieces Dimensions Use Material 4 1%4”x10’x16"x10"” Top Hard wood 8 194°x5 34.2! 7” Legs Soft wood 4 134."x5%4"'x3! 238” Sills Soft wood 2 43°x4"'x3' 236” End cross braces at bottom Soft wood 2 13"x4"x2' 10%” Cross braces at bottom Soft wood 2 13"x4"x4! 11%.” Middle horizontal braces at bottom Soft wood 2, 13''x4" x5! 172” Horizontal braces at bottom Soft wood 2 48"x11”"x16' 0” Aprons 82 carriage bolts 38”x7” with washers for bolting top to sills. 16 carriage bolts 38”x6442” with washers for bolting sills to legs. 4% dozen flat head, bright wood screws 1%”, No. 8 or 9, for fastening braces and aprons to legs. 16 8d finishing nails for toenailing the two middle cross braces to the legs. Fig. 3. Rural School Work Bench (Top Removeée to Show Framing and Vises.) dOLS HONHd GNY ASIA dO STIV.Lad FARM WOODWORK . p> o kd dO1S HONIG ONY {ISIA_JOVW-3IWOH i Hl BSI > B “tT fe e Ei ee |S = Se ny ' pe be : - fo o a do7 40H ah Daa = aoe (TORE -4 et 4 [ a L Peres Eze Vo Ee ae 22 FARM WOODWORK 23 Directions All lumber for the bench should be thoroly dry. The top can best be made of hard pine planks which should be planed on both sides and jointed. If they are gotten out at a mill it is well to have them dressed to exactly ten inches in width and matched at the mill so that they will draw up to tight joints and make a top of exactly forty inches. Pieces narrower than ten inches cannot be used for the top of a double bench where this kind of vise is used as the upper ends of the horizontal braces interfere with each other. It may be noted in the illustration that the points have been sawed off so as to prevent inter- ference when opposite vises are closed at the same time. Fig. 5. Rural School Work Bench with Six Vises. 1. Cut the eight legs to exactly the same length, 2’ 7” and lay out the mortises 134” x 534” on one edge at one end of each piece and cut the mortises with the cross-cut saw and rip saw. (Do not split out the wood for the mortises. ) 2. Cut the four sills to exactly the same length, 3’ 23”, and fasten to the legs with two 34” x 614” carriage bolts at each joint. It is well to measure the exact width of the four planks and the thickness of the two aprons and regulate the length of the sills accordingly. Any devia- tion from the widths called for in the drawing must be corrected here. 3. Measure and cut the two lower end cross braces to the same length as the sills, 3’ 284”, and fasten with two 114” No. 8 or 9 flat head wood serews at each end of each piece. 4. Meéasure and cut the horizontal braces to the lengths called for in the above bill of material and fasten to the legs with three 114” No. 8 or 9 flat head wood screws at each end of each piece. The two middle lower cross braces should be cut to their length, 4’ 11,4”, and placed in position at the same time as the lower horizontal braces as they butt against the legs between the horizontal braces. They should be fastened by toenailing with two 8d finishing nails from each side. 24 FARM WOODWORK 5. Fasten the aprons in the positions with three 114” No. 8 or 9 flat head wood screws. Avoid placing a screw in the center where it will interfere with the bench screw. 6. Lay out the mortises in the apron for the horizontal braces of the vise so that the top of the mortises are 7” from the top of the bench or 514” from the top of the apron and so that the inside of the mortises falls flush with the sides of the legs. The mortises should be made slight- ly larger than the braces so that the braces will work thru them freely. 7. Locate and bore a hole for the bench screws with a bit 1/16” larger than the bench screw thru the aprons and legs on a center line of the leg, 714” from the top of the bench, or 534” from the top of the apron. Fig. 6. Inside View of Vise. 8. Place the bench screw thru the hole and fasten the screw washer in place on the inside of the leg with two 134” No. 12 flat h2ad wood screws. 9. The braces for the vise are assembled at the half-lap joint and placed thru the apron from the inside and fastened to the jaw of the vise with two 2” No. 12 flat head wood serews at each brace. 10. Lay the top planks in place, clamp tightly, and draw lines across over the center of the cross sills. 11. Locate points on lines just drawn, 1144” from each edge of each plank, excepting the outside edge of the outside planks which are 314”. 12. Bore holes 34” deep on points just located with 7%” bit. 13. Continue holes thru planks and into sills with 3” bit. 14. Remove planks and continue holes thru sills. 15. Place planks in position and fasten with bolts, using one washer for each bolt. 16. Plug the holes in the ton of the bench. 25 FARM WOODWORK doyg peom eerie AO} JOUIQDD JOO] ee es Se Se eet ee eee fe , ! ; GOP MON! i fe SUH Pd ! | f s l | il ! ! : ! ! |-y907 papogding |: by 4 4 ‘ e ly ® ' al i sonjaug i oS i i L 4 | ! } r ! HS S| - Gl Ol I &I G4 It pec | ony T | i : —— if--F -~---— ---—--|-—-—----+---—-}f--l4 --[--~ ~~ ~~ fe ee Lee 4y puy “- FINS Of qibusy ao 9-4 iS N And N Si @A00JD PUD BNbuo, q FARM WOODWORK 26 S¥OVE TOOL disje ugpoom ¥ o uo ONIMYOMCOOM | buijsas esou au) uyim s194s 0 UO P9d0|d 99 how souDig Qu0nbs |sa{¢ ayluy buimcouq smos buido5 [JOM SUL YO joo} jos mog | puaul aha mauos iyyine varied YO09 jO SyanouUjIs O jUIDq UYDUS4/\A soopig Saad WOH sjaaaq 1 sj10u uo buny aq gq |:syooy Maude UO HuNY aq o; juvs} DuojD {jo uray F jayoD4g a4onbe hay S}IQ 40) doy $O pasonbs sajoy # 64! yO saquunu Aq poullusajap Yyybue 4 BINY Pyojanos ‘JOOJ-OM| 4Oy HOODY Sjig 40) YODY [JOM UO 4j9| 9Q OJ aSDD Syoou Ma419G S09 114d HSM, gjasiud CABALAPMIINS abio| pud sjasiy- v "l,l iNet ! ne GIBAAPMIADS ||OLUG PUD Saj!} POOM 40} sajoy F we oo we 2 YUISABJUNOD PUD S}IQ ADALADMAIOS Q F, AO} doy 40 pauonbs sajoy 2 oh" puly Yoda jo Se G|0O, JO aequunu uo Cx Spusdap aj0y jo puly Yd0a SBC [JON %Sd|Iy POOAA'YUISUaJUNDD ‘SUdALUPMAIIG ‘ejasiyD 404 HOODY SMDE }O Ubud} au, fig pauiusatep si fuosy Ou0j}o jo buid0y ? SMOG yO saquunu hq PSUIWDJ9P yOD4 JO Y;OUd yOO4 MOS FARM WOODWORK 27 It is recommended that the tool racks which are dimensioned on p. 26 be made of oak, maple or other hardwood. These racks are in use in the author’s shop and not only hold the tools but hold them in such a way that they may be removed quickly and without loss of motion. It may be noted that the saw rack, Fig. 7, holds the saws in such a way that the workman may take a saw from the rack and use it without change of position of the hand. As indicated by the silhouette of the draw shave on p. 26, it is very desirable to paint a silhouette of all tools where they are to hang. It encourages having a place for each tool and keeping it in that place when not in use. Fig. 7. Detail of Rack for Woodworking Tools. FARM WOODWORK 28 MOVY YAGWN 2pxQ SOQ ab! 4109 Z S}IOU UOUIOD pal Sq] & 7 SmaI0S DO] .@-% ND Fu x¥exd ‘x oI x de xt “op wl xdexh “ @ al x€exz “ 2 wore X£exh n 8 Soomug-UXPexEr a 2 \ Z 2 uu ¢. bel ie i a ,0-8 XZeX EI “ WOrLXDX. “ O-€ X~X¥4s909Id JDUBZOW) 40 1G SjIDu p aI FARM WOODWORK 29 LUMBER RACK In school shops and on the farms it is highly desirable that a place bé provided for the storage of lumber and that this place be such as may be gotten at easily and so arranged that any piece of lumber may be taken from the stock on hand without moving large quantities. The particular arrangement of a shop makes a situation peculiar to that shop, due to space, light, windows, stairs, doors, benches, ete. and each farm presents a problem of its own. One farm may have space for lumber in the attic of the farm shop, while on another it may be required to store it in the implement shed, granary or elsewhere. The drawing is one of a simple, yet serviceable, rack which may be placed in any of the above places. It is seldom that a large quantity of one kind of lumber need be kept on hand, but a variety is desirable. This rack, as may be noted, is provided with ten shelves to make this provision. In some instances on farms, the 4”-x 4” posts may be extended up and fastened to a joist, rafter or collar beam above and thus dispense with the long horizontal members. It is difficult and often impossible to make a desirable finished article in farm wood work either in the school shop or home farm shop out of warped, weatherbeaten, knotty lumber or dry goods boxes. If it is de- sired in the school shop or home farm shops to make farm devices or appliances which will promote the mechanical end of farming it seems advisable to first obtain a quantity of such lumber, as a first-class car- penter would need to construct the desired articles and store it in a dry place on a lumber rack. 30 FARM WOODWORK J Carpentry Apron 'x24' Neck Band 3" Ki { 1 L—_\ Pocket sy : ae gee o—-| e a al 2 eis 8 | 3 ana rae a | Mp a] ft <2 ® — Lew UU by = 2x16" Bands 4/\\ \ FARM WOODWORK 31 CARPENTRY APRON Denim or ticking is the material most commonly used. An apron of this size requires about 114 yards. No. 40 thread may be used, and the sewing machine should be set so as to make ten or twelve stitches to the inch. Cut the apron to the measurements called for in the drawing. The measurements given in the drawing are for the finished apron and there- fore 3%” must be allowed on all edges to make a 14” hem. " When dividing the apron at the bottom do not take a piece out, simply cut the slash the given length. Turn and baste a 14” hem around the apron. As the hem is basted, slip the unfinished end of a strap under the hem at the correct place so that, when the hem is stitched, the strap is also stitched into place. Reinforce the corner of the slash at the bottom by facing it in a slight curve with a bias piece of material or by facing it with a shaped piece. Stitch the hem in place. Bring the straps up at right angles to the edge of the apron and fasten them to the outer edge. Press the apron. Cut: and hem the pockets. Crease a 14” turn around the unfinished edges. Press them and sew them in place. FARM WOODWORK 82 XO@ AldVLS PUO TIYN J ‘2 i -=-=> A 2 =n Sy ie boot 1 ot ei i! Poe pan lo} sods it Ee e Alo x t 7 \ SUV ba cl fe Ce = — = = ee ee ee Pawn 7 > Shag a eee ‘ FARM WOODWORK 33 NAIL AND STAPLE BOX Material Required 1 piece of any soft wood 1”x94"x14%”, 1 piece of any soft wood %”x10"x26”. 1 piece hard wood %”x%e”x11%”. Hardware 2 flat head bright wood screws 1%” No. 10. 82 5d finishing nails. 21” No. 16 brads. ; Stock Bill Pieces Dimensions Use 2 34”x9"xT” Ends 2 "x 4-15 /82”x10%" Sides 1 ¥e"x5 rex10%” Bottom 1 Ye"x342"x10%” Partition 2 Wy"x81"x8-25 /32” Cross Partitions 1 34” round x11” Handle Directions 1. Reduce all pieces to finished dimensions. 2. Lay out an end piece by drawing a line across each edge 4” from the bottom end and two lines across the bottom end 114” from edge. Connect lines across edges with lines across ends. Draw a center line lengthwise of stock on each side. At a point on center line on one side, 34” from the top, bore a 34” hole 14” deep to receive handle. At a point on the centerline on the opposite side of the stock 34” from end, swing an are with a 34” radius. Draw lines on both sides of the stock from the lines across the edges tangent to the are. Remove stock to lines with the saw and smooth with the plane. Smooth the rounding end of the stock with the chisel. 3. With the T bevel set at 12” on the beam and 414” on the blade of the steel square lay out the bevels at the bottom edges of the sides, and both edges of the bottom and remove stock to line with plane. 4. With the T bevel set as above, lay off the slant for the cross partitions and remove the stock with the saw. 5. Take the 34” square piece of hardwood and at each end lay out an octagon as shown in the detail drawing, mark off the octagonal lines on the sides of the stock and remove the stock to lines with the plane. Continue rounding the stock by planing the corners. 6. Assemble the box by placing the handle in position and seeuring it with one 134” No. 10 fiat head wood screw at each end and then fasten- ing the sides to the ends by using three 5d finishing nails at each end of each piece spaced as shown in the drawing. 7. Place the box on the bench and lay the bottom in place, securing it with two 5d, finishing nails at each end. 8. On the centerlines which are at the ends of the end pieces, drive two 5d nails to hold the partition in place. Fasten the partition to the bottom by driving four nails into the partition from the bottom of the box. FARM WOODWORK -FOLDING BENCH FARM WOODWORK 35 9. The cross partitions are fastened by use of three nails thru the side of the box and one from the bottom. A 1” brad is used to toenail it to the long partition. 10. Finish by applying two coats of paint, allowing the first coat several days to dry before the second coat is applied. FOLDING BENCH Stock Bill Pieces Dimensions Use 4 94°x2%4"x4' 0” Platform 2 34°x2%4"x14" Ends 4 34°x2%4"x20%4” Legs 2 34° x21%Y4"x12%4” Braces for legs IL 4” x2%"x9 36” Center brace Hardware: 28 flat head wood screws 212” No. 10. 4 machine bolts %”x8” with two washers for each bolt. Directions Cypress lumber is desirable as it is not affected as much as most other soft woods by the constant drying and wetting which the bench is subjected to. Fig. 8A. Folding Bench. Fig. 8B. Bench Partly Folded. 36 FARM WOODWORK MITER BOX 3 c— CN WASTE BASKET FARM WOODWORK 387 MITER BOX In farm woodwork it is in most instances unnecessary to plane the side of a board merely to remove the planer marks when the board is already of the required thickness. It is also unnecessary to plane the ends of a board if a good cut has been made with the saw. Much end planing indicates poor sawing, and it is suggested that one who cannot make an end cut on a board so that the end will be square with the side and edge, had better take a piece of scrap lumber and practice sawing until he can produce the desired result with the saw and not be required to fix it up with the plane. The result of each saw cut should be care- fully analyzed and the error traced to its cause and overcome by direc- tion thru the muscles of hand and arm. To do this requires skill, care and time. The miter box is a means of accomplishing the same result in less time, without skill or care. For the sake of time and convenience it is recommended that it be used only after one has acquired the skill to saw an end square at every attempt. If he does not acquire the skill but depends on the mitre box entirely, he will need to take the box with him wherever skill is required. It is easier to carry the skill. WASTE BASKET A waste basket with solid sides is to be preferred to one made of slats, as it is more likely to fulfill the purpose of the basket which is to hold waste. The bottom should project enough to reduce to a minimum the possibility of the basket tipping over. Stock 3%” thick, if it is avail- able, is heavy enough for the sides. Cypress, basswood or other soft wood free from knots, being lighter than the hardwood, is to be pre- ferred. Both sides of the stock should be planed smooth and lightly sanded, drawing the sandpaper lengthwise of the grain of the wood only. The basket may be finished by applying two coats of shellac. Allow the first coat at least 24 hours to dry before the second coat is applied. Fig. 9. Waste Basket of Wood. FARM WOODWORK 388 YyODY UuOD paasg 91 xog Bbuljea, Us0Dd pees ge He gS £ FARM WOODWORK 389 SEED CORN TESTING BOX Lumber Required Any softwood lumber may bé used, though cypress is preferable as it is affected least by change of moisture content. Matched flooring is desirable for the bottom as it will hold the moisture better than un- matched lumber, but any lumber will do if the edges are jointed smooth. Hardware Required 81%” No. 9 flat head bright wood screws for corners. 241%” No. 8 flat head bright wood screws for floor. 3 doz. 8d. finishing nails for assembling box. Stock Bill Pieces Dimensions Use 4 48”x9"x3' 0” Floor 2 13x8"x8' 152” Sills 2 43°x4" x8! 154” Sides 2 43x4" x8" 33” Ends Directions It is not necessary that boards exactly 9” wide be used for the floor. Any width of boards at hand will do just as well. A cheaper method of fastening the floor to the sills is that of using 6d. common nails instead of the screws. These nails will need to be clinched as they are 2” long, which is 34” longer than the thickness of the sill and floor. SEED CORN RACK Stock Bill Pieces Dimensions Use 2. 18x 4”x8' 554” Uprights 1 48°x4"x38' 36” Top aI 43x 4”x3' 0” Bottom 43"x4"x16" Feet Hardware: 50 yds. No. 18 annealed wire (3 coils of stove pipe wire). 8 1%” No. 9 flat head bright wood screws. 10 1144” No. 8 flat head bright wood screws. 68 3d fine shingle nails. Directions It should be noted that the top is set into the upright at top 3/16” This makes a shoulder for the top to rest on instead of being supported entirely by screws. In fastening the wire, begin by fastening the wire securely to the nail at the lower corner and then draw the wire as indicated by the arrow points. Use the pliers and draw the wire tight. In placing the wire the opposite way it should be woven above and below the first wires, this will hold all wires more rigid. Use of Rack and Testing Box The rows are numbered at the top and lettered at the left so that any ear of corn in the rack may be specified as 1A, 1B, 2C, 3D, 8F, 12A ete. Mark a cloth checkerboard fashion into 3” squares and number and letter the squares as on the rack. Place about 2” of sawdust in the testing box, moisten it and cover it with the checkered cloth. Place six seeds from space 1A on the rack FARM WOODWORK 40 Wovre NOOWM JIEGWLSNrav vl | ' or : 0 ) ! \ O ae <— 7 —> =a 2 yools [IV = Ol, a abpa Wwod 2 aj04 g Jo 494U9D o pos vos! punol g I pS 2 21 ———+| / ae i i } a—| re 4— i ebpa wou g S9/OY g jo 404U9D Boal, z Oe FARM WOODWORK 41 in square 1A in the box. Place six seeds from each ear in the correspond- ing square on the cloth in the box. Cover the seeds with another cloth and spread 1” of damp sawdust over the top. This top covering is easier to handle if made into a saw- dust pad 1” thick. Poor ears may be located by this method and discarded. ADJUSTABLE WAGON JACK Stock Bill Lumber: Oak, maple or other hardwood. Pieces Dimensions Use 3 %”x6"x14” Base 2 ey” x4"x26" Posts 1 1” x4"x3' 6” Lever 2; Vo"x 7e"x10" Guides for lever bolt 2 carriage bolts %s’’x5/’ with washers to bolt posts to base. 1 machine bolt 34”x3%” with two washers, fulcrum for lever. 1 machine bolt %%x414” with two washers for holding rod to posts. 1 piece of iron 4/’x%”"x8" to place on top of lever at axle end. 1 piece of iron rod 34”x3' 4”. 4 flat head wood screws %4” No. 7 to fasten iron at top of lever. 6 flat head wood screws 11%” No. 9 to fasten guides for lever bolt to posts. A machine bolt %4”x3%” may be used as a fulcrum for the lever. In that event 4%” holes must be made instead of 38”. Fig. 10. Wagon Jack. FARM WOODWORK 42 943'SFIVYO 'SITEVL 40 ISHOH NMOG-3FHVL pr 2 > GE FARM WOODWORK’ 43 TAKE-DOWN HORSE FOR TABLES, CRATES, ETC. Stock Bill Pieces Dimensions Use 4 48" x4"x2! x73." Legs al 48°x4"x3' 0” Top 2 48’x6"x8 36” Aprons 20 flat head screws 114” No. 8. Directions This take-down horse is planned to be used where supports are needed only temporarily, e. g., tables for picnics, church suppers, bazaars, fairs, etc. Its advantage over a solidly assembled horse is that it may be taken apart and stored in small space when not in use. For laying off the slant at the ends of the legs the T bevel is set at 12” on the blade and 354” on the tongue of the steel square. It may be noted in the detail drawings that notches are cut on both sides of the top member at points 5” from the ends so as to leave the top 44” thick at those points. After the legs are fastened together with the aprons, a slot is cut 44” wide and 4” deep at top of legs. This per- mits the top to slip into the slot and holds the horse rigid. Fig. 11. Take Down Horse. *“FARM WOODWORK 44 JISYOH MVS w0-€ al i ees FARM WOODWORK 45 SAW HORSE Stock Bill Lumber: Pieces Dimensions Use 2 8x5 4x3" 0” Sides 4 48°x8 %"x24” Legs 2 14 °x5 t5"x54d” Braces 2 T87x4"x11%” Aprons Hardware: 24 flat head bright wood screws 134” No. 10. 20 flat head bright wood screws 112” No. 9. Directions 1. Reduce all pieces to-dimensions as called for in the stock bill. 2. For laying out the bevel at ends of the legs, set the T bevel at 6” on the blade and 1-1/16” on the tongue of the steel square and draw lines across the sides of the legs. 3. To lay out the slant at the ends of the legs set the T bevel at 6” on the blade and 1-9/16” on the tongue of the steel square and draw lines across the edges of the legs. 4. To make the aprons fit tight against the legs, bevel the outside edges of the legs with the T bevel set at 9” on the blade and 1,” on the tongue of the steel square. 5. Fasten the sides to the braces with three 134” No. 10 flat head serews at each end of each piece. 6. Fasten the legs to the sides with five 1144” No. 9 flat head screws in each leg. 7. Fasten the aprons by using three 1144” No. 9 flat head screws at each end of each piece. Fig. 12. Saw Horse. FARM WOODWORK 46 doj 1p {sod 40 |loOjaq dW¥19 ONITIS MVS ee. | dasp % jusy “BIE i mF re i] 7 MOS SDIM ree 49019 pooMpuo} ae oS FARM WOODWORK 47 SAW FILING CLAMP Stock Bill 2 1%4"x3%4"x4' 0” Posts 3 48°38 2"x22” Braces 2 $8"x4"x2' 8” Clamps 1 1%6"x1%"x1 4” Hardwood block for tapping clamps in slot to hold saw. 18 6d common nails to fasten braces. 2 carriage bolts 4”x4” to strengthen posts at top. 24” of a heavy cord to attach hardwood block. 2 poultry netting staples to fasten cord to block and top brace. Directions The height of the posts, which is four feet, is a convenient size for a person of average size. It may be varied to suit the individual. The clamps as called for in the drawing and stock bill are 32” long. This is a size suitable for the average handsaws. Longer clamps and deeper cuts at top of posts will be found more satisfactory for big cross- cut saws. The hardwood block is a convenience for tapping the clamps in the notches when the saw is in place between the clamps. It is placed over the saw and clamps directly over the posts and tapped firmly with a hammer. By its use the saw is not hit with or the clamps marred by the hammer. FARM WCODWORK 48 XOG JOO, UOJ Ol art ay FARM WOODWORK 49 FARM TOOL BOX Bill of Material Use hardwood for handle and any soft wood for rest of box. Pieces Dimensions Use 2 34°x10"x12” Ends at ¥o"x69g"x20%e" Bottom of box 2 Vo"x853"x20%e” Sides of box 1 VoX238"x2042” Bottom of nail tray 2 4o"x240"x201%%” Sides of nail tray 3 Ye"x1%4"x4'e” Partitions in nail tray al J” round x21” long Handle Hardware: 2 flat head bright wood screws 2” No. 10 for handle. 2 doz. 6d. finishing nails. 4 doz. 4d. finishing nails. Directions For fastening handle see direction on ‘‘Berry Stand.’’ For construction of handle see ‘‘ Vise Handle.’’ The purpose of this tool box is to furnish a means of carrying a quantity of tools, nails, screws, staples, ete, to any point about the farm where work is to be done. For example, a repair and construction job may require the following: cross-cut saw, pinch bar, hand ax, claw ham- mer, staple puller, wire stretcher, nails and staples. These tools may all be placed in the box and carried conveniently as well as kept together. Fig. 18. Farm Tool Box. FARM WOODWORK 50 XO GOOM hx —_-______- -_----—- 9 -€ = | Be as ZG a1 /- >| _— ‘ ale ebb A Fer oe gr es ae a eee ates a t Bog ala ey sl \ f 4 : et 4 4 IM sii = rot 1 4 td 1 ; i en 1 | ' KN ' ' ' { 1 2c ia : Ve tl ' N ha ical os ; i q wy ! ! ) . i tod | q| 4 feck as BS a | H 1 ; 1 =| ‘ i : ' | | | | f ( fc M \ . a ' 1 ' 4 1 1 f) 1 rl \ Lt ro a Ht aE ' mya ty 1 en) 1 tod Me aR Tay Jal LJu 1 as FARM WOODWORK 51 WOOD BOX Lumber Stock Bill Lumber: (6” matched flooring). Pieces Dimensions Use 2 48” x2”x18 36” Sills 4 38°x5%4"x2' 1036” Floor 6 48°x5 4x8’ 0” Front 7 48"x544/"x8' 0” Back 13 38°xX54"x18 38” Ends 2 $8°x2"x2' 23%” Front posts 2 48"x2"x2' 11%” Back posts 4 38°x5%4"x3' 2” Door 2 48" xK2”"x1714” Door straps 2 48° x2/7x20” Cleats for ends at top a 48x 4x8" 2” Top Hardware: 16 6d common nails for nailing floor to sills. 1 % |b. 8d finishing nails for assembling box. 28 flat head bright wood screws 112” No. 8 for fastening straps to door and cleats to ends. 2 light T hinges. Directions In assembling the box the floor boards are nailed to the sills with 6d common nails and the nails are clinched. The bottom end boards are fastened to the floor with three 8d finish- ing nails into the end of each floor board. The end boards are fastened to the posts with three 8d finishing nails at each end of each board. The cleats at the top are fastened to the top end boards with three 114” No. 8 flat head bright screws placed from the inside. The front and back boards are secured by placing two 8d finishing nails at each end of each board into the ends of the end pieces and two into the post. Those in the post are clinched on the inside. The top board is fastened in place with 8d finishing nails. In assembling the door the boards should be drawn tightly together with clamps. The straps are then placed in position and fastened by placing two 114” No. 8 flat head wood screws into each board at each strap, placing the screws from the inside of the door. Bevel the top edge of the door and fasten the door in place. Set the nails with a nail set; putty the holes, and paint the box a color suitable for the room where it is to be placed. 52 FARM WOODWORK oroeck Bill Pieces Dimensions Use 4 3x23x5+0" Posts 6 Bx2"x 10° Cleats 6 Bxio'x 310g, Shelves 2 Ib. 6d common nails S . D:- N Fruit Can Rack FARM WOODWORK Laysvg GOOomM SjIOU DUIYSIUIL PS-+ SMAAIS POOM POSY fDi} Ol ON .2-97 Q]PUDY- 1X puNnod,I “| gjsod- wiyexk « 2 spus- $O01X + 12 ie F SOpIS- OIX.b X¥ nn wio}joq- FZoexZoix£ a9da!d | JOlafOL) JO [1!G ae Ht i 4 daap ¥ ajoy | FARM WOODWORK 54 2/QD] U@YO4Iy B a il ni OF Mei Y LFe+| yor ci cc Sore e@pind 4amoig % = @ a he RSS “eF lu = ic FARM WOODWORK 55 KITCHEN TABLE The frames of kitchen tables are usually made of hard wood, maple, birch or oak. Maple or birch make a very desirable top though bass- wood is used for this purpose extensively and is very satisfactory. The legs of kitchen tables are frequently 214” or 214” square at top and tapered at bottom. The drawing calls for legs which are 134” x 214” at top and tapered on the two edges only so as to be 134” square at the bottom. This has been done to make it possible to saw the legs out of an ordinary 2” plank. The sides and ends are fastened to the legs with mortise and tenon joints, Fig. A. The joints should be glued with hot glue. The corners are further stiffened with braces as shown in the detail drawing, Fig. A. These braces should be fastened to the side and end pieces with at least three flat head wood screws at each end of each brace. A piece 16” long is cut out of the front side piece for a drawer front. This piece is then shaped at the ends as shown in Fig. B. The drawer sides are 14” x 4” x 16” and are provided with two, 16” x 1” x 16” cleats fastened to the outside as shown in Fig. C. Quarter inch stock is used for the drawer bottom. If means are at hand for plowing a groove on the insides of the side pieces 14” wide and 14” from the bottom edge of the side pieces it is desirable to do so. Other- wise the bottom is merely nailed in place. Two pieces of stock %” x 4” are extended between sides at right and left of the drawer respectively. They are fastened to the sides of the table by use of blocks and screws as shown in Fig. D. A cleat 4” x 1” x 16” is fastened to the inside of the two guides. This cleat fits between the two cleats which are on the outside of the drawer and holds the drawer in place. The drawer need not be provided with a draw pull as it is as easily opened by clasping it at the bottom. The top may be constructed of three or more boards. These boards are carefully jointed, held even with dowel pins and glued. The top is held to the table by use of blocks as indicated in Fig. E. At least ten such blocks should be used—two at each end and three at each side. When the table is assembled the legs, sides and ends should be scraped clean with a cabinet scraper and then sanded. The top should also be cleaned with sandpaper. The top of the table is left white. The rest of the table may be finished with two coats of shellac, or one coat of shellac and a coat of varnish. WOODWORK FARM 56 \K EL nnd eS ae Garber oc Soa asSnoH cl ; 2, {ND {OaC¢ 7 ETNA TESTE Ie IIE Tela TTTTTT TA TT BET E ET IEDT {NO GUINid osld (REE Sed 4O},@ PUD UNA JOJ 21 BSN “YOIAE FARM WOODWORK 57° DOG HOUSE Material Required Pieces Dimensions Use 2 Ya" x4"x2' 6” Sills 6 Ya" x5%4"x2!' 6” Floor 4 2”x4”x18” Corner posts 4 2”x4"x24” Rafters 9 Te” x5 %"x2' 734" Sides 10 Te”x5Y%4"x2' 6” Ends %e"x5%"x10" Ends at front 2 Va" x8"x23” Door posts 10 Ta" x5 4x8! 6” Roof boards 2 pieces of prepared roofing 3’ 8” long or % bundle of shingles. If shingles are used two pieces of wood %”x4”x3' 6” are required for a saddle board and also % lb. of shingle nails. 1 lb. 6d common nails. A quantity of outside paint. Directions Before starting the construction of the framework of the dog house it is suggested that the subject of rafter framing be studied. Obtain a piece of 2” x 4” or 2” x 6” x10, 12, 14 or 16 ft. long. Select a building with any span of roof and decide on a pitch of roof. Lay out the rafter as shown in the plate on rafter framing. Do not cut the rafter unless you are actually going to use the piece in a building. In like manner lay off the rafter on the same piece for other pitches and spans. When thoroly familiar with the use of the steel square for laying out rafters, lay out the rafter for the dog house as indicated on the drawing of the dog house. Matched lumber is preferable for the construction of a dog house. It may be noted that not all matched lumber is of the same width. If the lumber which is being used is other than 7%” thick and 514” face, as ealled for in the stock bill, it is suggested that a new stock bill be made out. If shingles are used, a double layer is used for the first row at the eaves. They may project over the roof boards one inch at the bottom and also at the ends. They are laid 4” or 41%” to the weather and should break: joints at least 1”. The points projecting over the peak are sawed off and the peak finished with a saddle board. If roofing paper is used it should be bent over the ends and edges of the roof and nailed with roofing nails spaced not more than 2” apart. Finish the house by applying at least two coats of paint. FARM WOODWORK 58 TOOLS SONIA TIW FARM WOODWORK 59 MILKING STOOL Stock Bill Lumber: Any soft wood. Pieces Dimensions Use 2 34”x7T¥%)"x10” Sides 1 4° xT" XA Ye” Front 1 34°x7"x19%” Platform 1 3%4”x9"x10" Seat 1 %”x1e"x7” Cleat at top 1, 94°K1%4"x7" Cleat underneath at front. Hardware: 2 doz. 1%” No. 9 flat head bright wood screws. Directions In getting out the sides get out a piece 34” x 714” x 20”; draw a centerline lengthwise of the stock and at a point on the centerline equi- distant from ends swing a circle with the compass set at 214” radius. Draw a line across the stock thru the center of the circle. Cut the board in two on line just drawn. Saw ares with turning saw, keyhole saw or coping saw. In getting out the front piece be sure and cut it so that the grain of the wood runs vertically in the finished stool, i. e., 7” across the grain and 4144” lengthwise of the grain. The ends of the platform are beveled. The T bevel is set at 1914” on the blade and 1” on the tongue of the steel square. In assembling, three screws are placed thru the seat into the top of each side piece; three screws secure the sides to the platform and three are used to fasten the front to the front end of the platform. Five screws are used to fasten the top cleat at the front end—three into the front and two into the platform. Four screws are used to fasten the 114” cleat to the front on the inside. FARM WOODWORK — 10" a e e ) Prov MILKING STOOL FARM WOODWORK 61 A MILKING STOOL Material 1 piece of any soft wood, preferably white pine, %4”x10"x5' 1”. 12 flat head bright wood screws 154” No. 10. 8 flat head bright wood screws 1%” No. 8. Tools Plane, try square. cross cut and rip saws, chisel, 5/32” drill, brace, countersink, screwdriver, T bevel. Stock Pieces Dimensions Use 1 34°x9%4"x20%” Main brace 1 34”x9%4"x10" Back end 1 34°x3825"x10" Front cross brace 1 34”x10"x10” Pail platform 1 34°x10"x10" Seat 2 4°x1%4"x9” Braces Directions 1. Reduce all pieces to finished dimensions. 2. Draw a line across the front end of the main brace 3” from the bottom edge; locate a point on each side 4” from the lower edge and 10” from the line across the end and connect the points just located with the line across the end. 3. Draw a line across the upper edge 91/4,” from the back end and connect the line with the points on the side of the board. Remove the stock to line with the rip and crosscut saws. 4. Lay out a cross half-lap joint in the upper edge of the front part of the main brace and the lower edge of the front cross brace as wide as the thickness of the stock and one-half the width of the stock as shown in the detail drawing and remove the stock with the cross-cut saw and chisel as shown in the detail drawing. 5. Set the T bevel at the angle which is made by the top and lant edge of the main brace, and lay out the ends of the braces. Remove the stock to line with the saw. 6. Bore holes for the screws with the #5” drill at positions shown in the drawings, countersink the holes and fasten al! members in position. a Fig. 14. Milking Stool. FARM WOODWORK 62 4INOIdCOOM 4° YIMOIN a - 1 Psa | Golo a Q4HS ONILSSN NIGOY a eee “JSNOH NSYM Lv +-— jod 49Moy 4 i 2 OUIM hADOH auim jYyoIq —* FARM WOODWORK 63 BIRD HOUSES Robin Nesting Shed Material Required 1 piece of any soft wood %”x5”x12”, 1 piece of any soft wood 14”x5%4"x2' 6”. 2 flat head bright wood screws 11%” No. 7. 2 doz. brads 1%” No. 18. 1 pound head blued wood screw, 1%” No. 10, for fastening to a tree or shed. Small quantity of outside paint. Stock, Bill Pieces Dimensions Use 1 34'71”x10" Back 2 ¥6°x658"x10%” Roof 1 4° xT7"x10" Floor 2 34 K2" x4” Brackets 2 Ve"xX%"xT” Sides 1 ¥"x%4"x6” Front 1 Ye”x2”"x7”" Roof brace WREN HOUSE Material Required 1 piece of any soft wood 12”x5”x2' 6”. 1 piece of any soft wood %4”x1"x16”. 2 %” brads for fastening perch. 8 doz. 1%” No. 18 brads. Twig for perch (optional). Small quantity paint. Stock Bill Pieces Dimensions Use 1 W"x5"xT” Roof 1 Ye"x4Uex7” Roof 1 ¥o"x8 "x4" Side 1 o"x8"x4” Side 2 ¥n"x8"x8” Ends 1 34° x1"x14” Post Directions The opening for a wren should be the size of a twenty-five cent piece. If made larger, the house is apt to be used by English sparrows. A perch is not necessary, its value is only in adding to the ornamental appearance of the house. The house may be fastened to a tree or to the house or other buildings, preferably not too high from the ground. WREN HOUSE Material Required 15%” flower pot. 1 piece of any kind of wood %”x6’x7%”. _1 piece heavy wire 18” long. 4 pieces light wire 4” long. 4 poultry netting staples. A small quantity of paint. Directions A house which wrens like especially well may be made by fastening a flower pot to a board and placing it in a secluded place. The pot need not be exactly the same size as called for in this draw- ing. The hole in the bottom of the pot must be made the size of a twenty- five cent piece which is 15/16 of an inch. This may be done with a 64 FARM WOODWORK cw 14” chisel and a mallet or hammer. The pot is fastened to the board by placing and clinching a heavy wire as shown in the side view of the drawing and drawing the pot tight against the board with the four pieces of light wire. Holes may be made thru the board with a 6d nail for wire to pass thru. The wire is drawn tightly so as to bring tie pot snugly against the board and fastened with poultry netting staples as shown in the illustration. FLICKER OR WOODPECKER HOUSE Material Required 1 piece of any soft wood %4”x6”x2’ 10”. 1 piece of any soft wood %”"x7%"x6' 6’. 4 doz. %” No. 18 brads. A small quantity paint. Stock Bill 1 34.°x6" x2’ 84%” Back 2 Yo"x6 94"x23%4” Sides 1 1"x7"x19 4a” Front 1 "x9"x12” Roof Directions This house may be made for the flicker, red-headed, golden-fronted, hairy or downy woodpeckers, chickadees, nuthatches or titmice. The diameter of entrance for the various birds shall be as follows: Ficker—214”; Red-headed woodpecker—2” Golden fronted wood- pecker—2” ; Hairy woodpecker—114” ; Downy woodpecker—114” ; Chick- adee—114”; Nuthatech—114”; Titmouse—1”. A color of paint should be used which closely resembles the color of the bark of a tree, so as to make the house as inconspicuous as possible. Lumber: : Fig. 15. Bag Holder. 65 FARM WOODWORK é s} bg = Fie, BAG HOLDER Stock Bill Pieces. Dimensions 2 xvxus | 1X HBX 16" 2 "1X Cs | oe Xe ee | igh gk So 4 screw hooks Use Sills Platform Braces Cross bar Arms Post 4 flat head screws e2"No.10 16 vy ry % 12" 45 & FARM WOODWORK 66 PLAYGROUND SWING FARM WOODWORK 67 PLAYGROUND SWING Bill of Material Pieces Dimensions Use 2 2”x6”x6' 0” Base 2 4”x4"x12' 0” Posts 1 4”x4”x6' 0” Beam 4 2”x4”"x38' 0” Lower braces 2 2”x4"x16” Upper braces 1 1”x8"x20” Swing board 52 16d common nails (refer to table on nails). 2 carriage bolts %”x41%4” with washers. 2 rings and eye bolts as shown in drawing. 1 piece of %” rope 24 ft. long. Directions 1. Reduce all pieecs to finished dimensions called for in bill of material. 2. Lay out and cut a tenon at each end of the beam to the dimensions called for in the detail drawing. 3. Lay out an open mortise in the upper end of each post to receive the tenons at the ends of the beam as indicated in the detail drawing. 4. Fasten the posts to the sills by driving four 16d common nails thru the base at the center from bottom and up into the lower end of each post; also toenail the posts to the bases by using one 16d common nail on each side of each post. : 5.. Miter both ends of the lower braces and fasten the posts and bases by using two 16d common nails at each end of each brace. 6. Bore two 14” holes thru the beam from the upper edge 18” from ends and 3’ apart. 7. Place the beam on the posts; bore 3g” holes through the mortise and tenon joint, and fasten with one 34” x 414” carriage bolt at each joint. 8. Miter the ends of the upper braces and fasten to posts and beam by using two 16d common nails at each end of each piece. 9. Draw a centerline lengthwise of the swing board and bore 7%” holes 114” from each end. 10. Fasten the eye bolts in place. 11. Tie one end of the rope to one ring; draw the rope down thru one hole in the board and up thru the other; then draw it up thru the second ring so as to bring the rope at a suitable distance from the ground, and tie it to the ring. 12. Bore 1” holes thru the base members so that the swing may be staked firmly to the ground by use of the iron pins as suggested in the drawing. FARM WOODWORK 68 vaLIOL eataal odid sv6.! pou uodl (J, x sjulod yo odid spb {ng Zax¥sjjoq oboIUDI+ o w2exXix uaa! sooaidy 4a}— ee ob >a ee | | 4.008 No _| he: = ne a _ 10-O fw _ it | \ ce Ee ty Handy Ladder (Oak,ash, maple or other hardwood) Wire Tightener (Hickory or other tough wood) FARM WOODWORK Zt yOols IV Yybnou, buipasss Aut|nog Pieces 4 2 2 4 1 1 2 2 Hardware: FARM WOODWORK TO POULTRY FEEDING TROUGH Stock Bill Dimensions 18°x246"x20” 4"x6"x2! 6” 48"x6"x22 39” 18°x2%"x2' 6” 18"x71o"x2' 6” 4% "x643"x2’ 6” 18"x3"x2' 6” 18"X5 7e/X5 7a!” Ye lb. 8d finishing nails. 56 poultry netting staples. 12 feet heavy wire. Directions The length of legs may be varied to suit the breed of hens. Braces for the legs near the bottom have purposely been omitted Use Legs Sides Ends Platform Box Box Box Ends of box so that the space under the stand may be used for scratching and also to facilitate the use of tools under and around the stand. Strips of wood may be nailed to the outside of the end members of the stand to prevent the trough from sliding lengthwise and off the platform. It may be noted that the trough is not nailed to the platform but only set into the notches in the end pieces of the frame. This permits the removal of the trough for cleaning and filling. Fig. 16. Poultry Feeding Trough. FARM WOODWORK 74 XO@ C334 AYLINOd dial el ae o om ale, | % | fue. : a le [94 {|NOUJIM MIA [UO | | —-]jou Joy SON JebuoH |] 0+€ [4 T, rt 1 1 Y ' ' Saw 14 E if o, | pou JNOULIM Maia do, | ! L FARM WOODWORK 75 POULTRY FEED HOPPER (FOR 25 BIRDS) Bill of Material Pieces Dimensions Use 2 18"x8"x14 59” Sills 13"x6"x2' 10%” Back 1 18”x6"x2’ 103%” Front 1 48"x8"x2' 1036” Bottom 2 8°x9 56x12” Ends 1 TE"x2”"x2' 103%” Hanger 1 38"x8”"x8' 0” Landing board 2 38x44” Ends of reel 4 V"x1 "x2 10%” Slats for reel. Hardware: 4 doz. 8d finishing nails for assembling box. 2 doz. 4d finishing nails for fastening slats of reel. 1 doz. 144” No. 9 flat head wood screws for fastening landing board to sills and sills to box. 2 8d common nails for reel pivots. I piece 1” mesh wire, or %” mesh hardware cloth, 6”x2’ 10” to lay on feed. Directions 1. Reduce all pieces to length, width and thickness. 2. To lay out the slant on the end pieces, draw a line across the top end 13/16” from the back edge and a line across the front edge 6” from the bottom end; connect lines on edge and end with lines on the sides of the stock and remove stock to line with saw and plane. 38. Using a 14” bit and a cross-cut saw, bore a hole and cut notches in the end pieces for the reel nails as shown in the drawing, 4” from back edge and 914” from the bottom end. 4. Assemble the box and hanger by using the 8d finishing nails. 5. Fasten the sills to the bottom with 114” No. 9 flat head screws. 6. Fasten the landing board to the sills at front by using two 114” No. 9 flat head wood screws for each sill. 7. Fasten the slats to the end pieces of the reel, using three 4d finishing nails at each end of each slat. 8. Bore a hole with the 1%” bit thru each end piece at its center and drive an 8d common nail thru from the inside for the reel to turn on the ends of the box. 9. Cut notches for nails in the lower edge of the hanger. This may be done by boring a hole of the same diameter as the nails or spikes which are to be used for the box to hang on and sawing tangent to the holes from the bottom edge of the board. The purpose of the reel is to keep the fowl from the top of the box or feed. The purpose of the 1” mesh wire is to prevent the fowl from wasting feed. By use of it they can get all that is in the box but cannot flip it out as is the habit of fowl. By the suggested arrangement the reel may be lifted off when filling or cleaning the box. The box is suspended on the wall by hanging it over two nails or spikes. . FARM WOODWORK 76 XO@ G344 AYLINGd tt a DR Of eo 0 2 ae > 5 = a > @ ate 5 «6 o Q ‘|e a G 5 to aes Oo 5 a U Oo Cc Kc w = } 5 = 4 a 5 een o | Ze r Hands . a — { eas, wh ott Suh LP (J Measuring Standard for Horses Inches oe AEP WOVd AVH — 400 ex? po Of P4ppunjs jUo4} Jo pue samo} jo |!0j9q DWUDADI|D = j2ayUM 40j UdlLON4LSUOD HuIMoYs '|j/0j9g WUD jo Pieces HNN N DOT ONNDh H NH FARM WOODWORK 81 HAY RACK Material Required Dimensions 2”x4”x16' 0” 2’x4”x11' 10” 2/'x4"x38!' 2” 1%”x4’x8' 2” 13%4"x6"’x3' 2” Ye" x6" x38! 2” Ye"x9"x16' 0” 1%4”x4”"x6' 2” %y"x6"x16' 0” 1%4"x4’x6' 4” 1%4°x4"x5' 4” Vey" x8"x2' 11” "x3" x2! 2" Ve x3°x20 Ya" Ty" x8"x16 42” 1%4"x4"x6” Hardware Use Upper stringers Lower stringers Lower stringers at front Cross ties : Floor sill at rear Floor sills Floor Arms Top boards Front standard Rear standards Rear standard cross bars Front standard cross bar bottom Front standard cross bar middle Front standard cross bar top Furring 2 pieces of iron 3s”x1%4”x33%” trusses (old wagon tire). 2 carriage bolts 9s”x13” front. 2 carriage bolts %”x13%2” rear. 4 carriage bolts 3s”x11” cross ties. 4 carriage bolts %”x11%” cross ties and truss. 4 carriage bolts %”x5” truss. 24 carriage bolts 4”x5%” boards to arms. 14 carriage bolts 4”x4%” standards. 2 %”x8' 3” rods for standards at bottom. 72 6d common nails for floor. Directions In making the iron truss for the wheel, clearance space measure- ments should be made of the combined thickness of the floor sill and eross tie and width of stringers. Any deviation from the dimensions given on the drawing must be made in dimensions of the truss. If an old wagon tire is available it will serve as well as new iron. Quarter inch bolts are placed thru the upright members of the standards at the lower ends to prevent their splitting. Flat head wood screws may be used to fasten the floor boards to the floor sills instead of the 6d common nails. FARM WOODWORK 82 Wowd AVH » 0S aie 3 PA oes Siac aria We ea he ei Toe sma 6-91 sume exes sca sats ii Pieces PRE HNDEN OwOOR ED FARM WOODWORK 83 HAY RACK Bill of Material Dimensions 2”x8”x16' 0” 2”x8”"x8' 4” 2”x4”x5' 6” 1”x115¢”x16' 0” 1”x6’x16' 0” 2”x4"x2!' 6” "xd" x2! 10% ” 2”x4"x6' 0” 1”’x8"xl' 11” 1x3" x1! 7” 1”’x8"x1' 3” Hardware Use Stringers Sills Arms Floor Top boards Front posts Cross bar at front posts Front standards Cross bar at front standard Cross bar at front standard Cross bar at front standard 16 carriage bolts %”x5” to fasten inside boards on arms. 12 carriage bolts %”x4%” to fasten outside boards on arms, posts to stringers and standards to posts. 4 carriage bolts %”x6” to fasten cross bar to front standard. 6 8d common nails to fasten cross bars into front standard. 4 U bolts as shown in the detail drawing. 16 40d spikes to fasten sills to stringers. xOgd NOSVM FARM WOODWORK 84 ayob pua juoy 10J 9DO4Q JO |10Jaq $]0q dpsjs jO jIbjJaQG a = 9201Q JO jIDJaq re ane : | ah a a Shhtshr Th he 5 arr F * ‘fre x mf Mh po By, mt | 5 — Ht i i - era a -¢—- t/ i ie a trae eee erg ell ay cal ype Fe! a 1 1 BYP eyo9/9 IIy <3 bala % ae | Bi ee Lo! hoa eS to ! rin ‘a rey ry rs t ‘fli . Aa if Pee ce ne & | es es le bol ed La m at t ee ha Pe aca mit i ve Pa peed o-|--b | ih — | 1.4 teil of Lo , - wd & | el Peas ° es a5 ee Le Sg ! S a ts, if a ee iy peg tet FARM WOODWORK 85 WAGON BOX Lumber: Poplar or basswood are desirable woods. Stock Bill Pieces Dimensions Use 3 2° XAMxA! OY Cross sills 1 Qed oe Front cross sill 2 Tal 208 Sides 2} Use x lalex SA End gates 4 EXO te 207 Floor 12 Vali RIA Cleats al %y"x6"x2' 10%” Foot board 1 1”x10”x3' 2” oak or other Axle support 2 1’x8"x8' 2” hardwood Axle guides Hardware 32 wagon box rivets 4”x315” for floor boards. 12 wagon box rivets 4”x2” for rear end gate and side cleats. 16 wagon box rivets %4”x1%” for rub irons, braces and foot boards. 2 wagon box rivets 4"x2%%” for rear end braces. 8 wagon box rivets 4”x244” braces for front end gate and front side cleats. 6 braces as shown in detail drawing. 2 rub irons shown in detail drawing. 4 rectangular washers as shown in detail drawing. 8 wagon box strap irons as shown in detail drawing. 2 front end gate braces as shown in detail drawing. 2 wagon box rods. 4 doz. flat head wood screws for fastening axle support to box and axle guides to axle support. 31 ft. of beveled or half oval wagon box strap iron with screws. Wagon boxes usually wear out at the part over the rear axle. This may be prevented by fastening a 10” board beneath the box where it rests on the axle. To hold the box in place cleats are fastened beneath the 10” board so that one will be in front of and the other back of the axle. The distance between cleats is 3%”, 354” or 4” as determined by the width of the axle. Fig. 18. Wagon Box. Fiy. 19. Bottom of Wagon Box. 86 FARM WOODWORK mg ay : ! i = feu. * | ea SB Fe LS ‘st * 1 qb §a-i— oct sm ; 2 ~ 5 8 4h a ee ¥ “ 4 . _fi ‘ef OF WAGON BOX FARM WOODWORK 87 TOP WAGON BOX Stock Bill Pieces Dimensions Use 2 & %"x10"x12' 0” Sides 2 %s"x10"x3' 4” Ena gates 8 a "'x2”x18" Braces 8 Te" x2”"x10" Cleats at ends outside and end gates 4 7g”"x4"x18” Cleats at ends inside Hardware 24 wagon box rivets 4”x2”. 8 wagon box rivets 4"x2%4”. 4 rectangular washers as for wagon box. 2 wagon box rods with winged nuts. 31 feet of half oval or beveled wagon box strap iron with screws for fastening. Fig. 20. Wagon Box with Top Box in Place. Fig. 21. Top, Wagon Box. FARM WOODWORK 88 XOE NOOVM 40} HOVY WOOLS eb | | T] [ ia o, ot: a Jot is ° e Tl % | fey 5 Tl vt t aie ° ° ° ® erte lt tl oad: “fe pod. ne Z, eelh ‘Tl il a Fi e ° ° ‘ oh sat aL ut r= 0521 be ON os eA 01.2 Gei(ex: say es eee = FARM WOODWORK 89 STOCK RACK FOR WAGON BOX Stock Bill Tieces Dimensions Use 8 TeX Ox Sides 8 Ta'x6"x3' WY" End gates 16 Te" x4"! 2” Uprights for sides 4 Ys USAEX 8 6. Uprights for end gates 8 Wa XOXO. Ze Cleats at ends of sides Hardware 5a 32 carriage bolts 1”x3” for fastening uprights to sides. 48 carriage bolts is”x2%” for fastening end uprights and cleats at ends of sides. 4 rectangular washers as for wagon box. 2 wagon box rods with winged nuts. Fig. 24. Stock Rack for Wagon Box Assembled. FARM WOODWORK 90 SOOH 49) yJ0RI4 sTaS 0-9 Peter t I t ° b t aed 0 WO Ee eo SEO GO! Gl Ue 2. ce | Sy90/q 40jNbuDi 4p = ut Apl|s 405 apinb.2| a ee ? on oy i#— 9pis paix 64 ho me \ sigojsn {poy epyis aqojen(py ose cone Lay 204 PND \ a Lee! i i Buijoos pasodasg 1 | eee LA iad i chet easter ee Sat ee {80g 49U40D FARM WOODWORK 91 SELF FEEDER FOR HOGS Many farmers claim distinct advantages in the self feeder for hogs. Among others the following points are raised: (a) Less labor is required than by the hand-feeding system. (b) A smaller amount of feed is used in making pork. (c) It allows the pigs to eat as. often as they choose and gives them free choice regarding the proportions and amounts of the different feeds, consequently they are never hungry or gorged with feed. The size of a self feeder can only be determined by the needs of the individual farmer. Material Required 2 pieces 2”x10”x12’ 0” matched flooring. 1 piece 2”x4”x12' 0” skids. 2 pieces 2”x4”x10' 0” rafters and studs. 1 piece 2”x4”x12' 0” for triangular strips in corners of troughs. 15 pices 1”x6”"x12' 0” matched flooring (actual measurements 12”x5%4"x 1 t a 5 pieces 1”x6”x14' 0” matched flooring for roof. 2 pieces 1”x6”x12' 0” unmatched lumber, ridge board, sides and ends. 2 pieces 1”x10”x12’ 0” unmatched lumber for slides, triangular blocks, guides for slides, cleats fer door. Lumber for desired cross partitions. 68 square feet of roofing paper. 6 heavy strap hinges. 1 lb. 10d. common nails. 2% lb. 6d. common nails. 4 2%” bolts with thumb nuts. Directions If it is so desired the skids may be cut from a piece of 2” x 4” x 14’ 0” and allowed to project out at the ends of the feeder. By boring holes thru the skids near the ends means are provided for hitching a team of horses and dragging the feeder to any desired location. Matched lumber which is designated 1” x 6” varies in width of face. Some manufacturers make it 514” face, others 514”. The size, 514” appears most frequently the dimension used and is the measure- ment used in the drawing. Cross partitions have purposely been omitted from the drawing as the variety and amounts of the various feeds rest with the farmer. A method of constructing a cross partition is shown in the detail drawing. The roofing should be placed over the hinges. A separate piece should be placed over each door and the piece at top should lap down onto the door from 114” to 2”. The size of opening may be varied for different feeds from 14” to 3” by use of the adjustable slides. 92 FARM WOODWORK Section at AB 12+0- SHEEP FEEDING RACK FARM WOODWORK 95 SHEEP FEEDING RACK Bill of Material Lumber: Pieces Dimensions Use 6 1%4"x154"x3' 7” Posts 3 7e""x6"x8' 6” Bases 2 %e"x10"x3' 6” Ends 2 7"x38"x8' 0” Ends 2 1"x8"x2' 10” Ends 2 W"x8"x2' 8” Ends 2 a" x6" x2! 6” Ends of trcugh 3 Yaltx2”x2' 3” Ends below trough 2 Ye" xT" x11' 10%” Sides of tri ugh 1 %e"x6"x11' 10%” Trough partition 2 %e"x10%4"x12' 0” Trough bottom 2 %e"X10"x11' 10%” Top boards 46 Yg"x8"x2' 2Ye” Slats 6 1%4”x3%” tapered toa point x 10” Furring tc nail top boards Hardware: 1 lb. 6d. common nails. 2 lbs. 8d common nails. Directions Sheep respond more readily to good feed and care than any other livestock, and it is necessary that the flock be fed consistently and regu- larly to insure a wool clip of good weight and quality. Good feeding is difficult without the use of a feeding rack for both hay and grains. The hopper design of rack for feeding hay has the advantage over others by keeping the heads of the sheep out of the hay and thus pre- venting chaff, seeds, etc., from getting into the wool. The trough has the additional advantage of catching the leaves of alfalfa, clover or other hay so they may be consumed. Without a trough underneath the hay the leaves would drop onto the bedding and hence would be lost. The length of rack may be made longer or shorter to suit the needs of any size of flock. If made eight feet or less in length, the two middle posts and their cross ties may be omitted. In assembling the 8d nails are used at places where nails aie driven into the 134” pieces. The 6d nails are used at all other points. The lower ends of the slats are beveled as shown in the detail drawing and nailed to the top edge of the trough partition. Those teachers of agricultural woodworking who are using the home project method may find the wall sheep feeding rack a suits ble home project. It is understood that the length of rack and some of the details are in that case determined by the number of sheep, the place where the rack has to be placed, kind of wall to be fastened to, the thickness of wall, ete. The drawing can only serve to give general cimensions which, if followed, will make a serviceable rack. It is felt that when a boy in the agricultural high school has ob- tained a general notion of how to go at the building of a rack of the FARM WOODWORK 94 ~ 40% well» JOM 21 MOV ONIOIIS d33HS T1vM A eg sou | en “y oN Ue: aS a Ss pie no ee Oe (a Ss A al 0) wll | ! ! Le : 4 i 5. aw T { he it | ee i r | ! ! orb coertue je { + Cte C mee ee > Epler of | ' _ 4 | ! : * 2g ! ( : ~~ a] ' | \ At { ' 1! | ' ' 1 vy NN ' ' ca | ' | | Vy i eyed uy Ld Lid Lee Ly | | t \ 1 ' | | rare ti ' Bess “SS “O, Te Pe EE FARM WOODWORK 95 kinds shown and thru his school farm shop work has acquired the knowl- edge of tool manipulation to make it and thru his study of animal husbandry in the classroom has acquired a desire to build it, the agricul- tural high school has done much toward adding one valuable young farmer to the community’s general worth. FARM WOODWORK 96 3IWED ONIddIHS 9SOH PUP d43H$" Sa, irae ieee ere ra SiS eri Se tr ee a = 4 = ae a, yet a el aS WO}JOq JO juoddns 9405 2yoO soy doy ui buiuado ino _ I I Lumber: Pieces 1 7 4 4 2 6 1 1 i Hardware: FARM WOODWORK 97 SHEEP AND HOG SHIPPING CRATE Bill of Material Dimensions 38°x9% "x4! 0” 48/"x6”x23” $8 "x4" x28” 48x 4x21 %” 48’x4’x2' 4” 48"x6"x4' 0” 48"x4"x4' 0” 48"x4"x19%4” +2 "x6" x2! 635” %” round x4” 1 pound of 6d common nails. Use Bottom Front end at bottom Ends and top at ends Top Corner posts Sides at bottom Sides Gate support at bottom Gate Pin to lock gate FARM WOODWORK 98 {Res ayy Yonosuy os|O PUD UO SpuNje {sod . shay ee ae Paola renee eee 3uy yorum jo sajbup dul 40) eeliea ae | PUDb 40 € PUD zi SouNbIy auj E et buisn yo F 40 janaq 1 ay 49g \ ——*F ; é oe ‘Ha a 1 . pe sae ee 7 a Peaxuxe a gee Xe Xe f a eke MOjaQ, SO [PAL Hof 2 Aeareadee b2-e-ee- SLING J9aIC FIX 1-2 FARM WOODWORK 99 STITCHING HORSE Bill of Materials Lumber: Oak, maple, beech, birch or other hardwood. Pieces Dimensions 1 194"x1044"x26” 1%4"x1\4"x24%” 14"x1%4"x213%” 94° x94" x23 4” 34° % 54x13 4” 34”°KX1Y%4"x22” 1%6/'x5”x20%” 146”x5"x16%4” 1’x1%4"x5" PREP NRee Hardware Use Seat Legs Brace (left side) Brace (right side) Braces (end) Lever Post Clamp Key 6 flat head bright wood screws 244” No. 12 for fastening legs to seat and brace to legs at left side. 6 flat head bright wood screws 1%” No. 9 for fastening braces at ends and right side. 7 round head blued wood screws 1” No. 9 to fasten lock on leg and catch to lever. 2 machine bolts ys5"x31%4” to fasten clamp to post. 2 fast joint steel butts 144”x1l4”. 1 coil spring 1”x3”. 1 leather strap 1”x44”. 1-1” harness buckle. 3 lining nails to fasten end of strap to clamp. 1 piece of heavy wire 2%” long to hold strap in place on lever. 1 piece of metal 4”x1%”"x5” for the lock. 1 piece of metal %4”x1%2"x2%” for the catch. 1 piece of metal %4”x1"x5%” for the U iron. 2 machine bolts %”x2” to hold the U iron to brace and lever in U 1ron. Directions 1. Reduce all pieces to finished di- mensions. 2. Draw a centerline lengthwise of the seat piece and also lines aeross the stock 514” from each end, and at the intersection of lines swing ares with a 514” radius. 3. With the compass set at 934”, swing an are at each side tangent to the ares at each end. 4. Remove stock to lne with a turn- ing saw, keyhole saw, or by making saw kerfs to the line and removing the stock with the draw shave. The edge may be smoothed with a wood file. 5. The stock on the upper side of the seat where the worker’s legs rest on ine seat may be further removed with the draw shave and smosthed with the wood file. Fig. 23. Front View of Stitching Horse. FARM WOODWORK 100 buo| Pre pa q Apijs vsuypoar | aapnbs | v JS OU} UO Fb puv?ez / buen jaaeq | eu} Jeo bo5/ So Tor. ai jOjetu jaous faooH FARM WOODWORK 101 6. To lay out the mortise for the post on the seat locate a point on the line across the front end of the seat 14” from the centerline as shown in the detail drawing. Set the T bevel at 4g pitch using the figures 12 and 3 or 4 and 1 on the steel square and draw lines for the sides of the mortise. The end lines of the mortise are at right angles to the sides. The mortise extends thru the seat at the above angle and the T bevel may be used as a guide in boring out the stock. 7. Remove the stock for the mortise with bit, chisel and mallet. It may be noted in the detail drawing that the mortise is 154” x 314”. 8. Set the T bevel at 2214” and 4%,” on the steel square and lay out the cuts at both ends of the legs and left side brace. A shoulder is cut at the upper end of the legs 1” from the end so that the end will go into the 34” holes which are bored in the lower side of the seat. 9. At a point 6” from the lower end of the left legs and on the inside lay out gains 14” deep and 114” wide across the stock +o receive the ends of the left side brace. The stock may be removed with the saw and chisel, making the saw kerfs close together. Use the T bevel as set for the ends of the legs. This will place the top and bottom edge of the brace parallel to the floor when the horse is assembled. 10. Assemble the brace and left legs by the use of one 2'4” No. 12 flat head bright wood screw at each joint. The holes for all flat head screws should be countersunk so as to place the screws sligl tly below the surface of the wood. In placing screws it is well to use two wood twist drills; one the diameter of the wire of the screw to bore a hole as deep as the screw up to the thread on the screw and another ;” smaller to bore the hole slightly deeper. 11. Locate points on the inside of all four legs on a centerline and 8” from the bottom end of the legs and bore 34” holes 34” deep for the ends of the end braces. The holes are bored at the same angle as is used for the ends of the legs. The ends of the braces are row:ded so as to draw snugly into the 34” holes. 12. Locate points on the two right legs 314” from the bottom ends and bore 34” holes for the right side brace. 13. Fasten the braces to the legs by using one 134” No. 9 flat head bright wood screw at each joint. 14. Lay the seat on the bench with the bottom side up. Draw a centerline lengthwise of the stock and lines across the stock 544” from each end. Locate two points on each line across the stock 4” from the centerline. At these points bore 34” holes 1” deep, using the T bevel set as for the ends of the legs for a guide. 15. With a twist drill of the size of 214” No. 12 screws continue the holes thru the seat from the same side. Countersink the holes from the upper side of the seat. 16. Place the legs in position and with a twist drill 4” smaller than the above bore a hole into the top end of each leg for the screws. 102 FARM WOODWORK 17. Fasten the seat to the legs using one 2144” No. 12 flat head screw at each joint. 18. By use of the T bevel as set for the mortise thru the seat lay out the lower end of the clamp and post and remove the stock with saws as shown in the detail drawing of clamp. 19. Lay out the mortise for the key thru the post at the dimensions shown in the detail drawing of the clamp. Remove the stock with bit, chisel and mallet. Fig. 24. Side View of Stitching Horse. 20. To lay out the clearance space on the clamp and post, draw seven lines across the inside and both edges of each as shown in the detail drawing; the first 34” from the end and the others 2” apart. Locate points on the lines across the edges as shown in the detail drawing and lay out the curves free hand. The stock may be removed by making saw kerfs close together acrcss the stock and removing the wood with the chisel and draw shave. The surface may be smoothed with a wood file. 21. Draw lines across the upper ends of the post and clamp 1,” from the inside edge and a line across the outside of each 234” from the end. FARM WOODWORK 163 Lay out a curve free hand for rounding the corners and remove the stock with the draw shave. The surface may be smoothed with the wood file. _ 22. Draw a line across the outside of the clamp, 10” from the lower end, and on this line make an opening for the strap thru both clamp and post, using the 34” bit as shown in the detail drawing. 23. Bolt the clamp and post together with two 0/16” x 316” machine boits piaced as indicated in the detail drawing. 24. Place the two steel butts as shown in the detail drawing 4” from the lower end of the clamp. 25. Remove the hinges and saw the clamps in two below the center of the hinges; then replace the hinges. If it were sawed first and then the hinges piaced in position the clamp would drop down the thickness of the saw kerf and not match at the top with the post. 26. Shape the key as shown in the detail drawing of the key. 27. On a line drawn parallel to the side of the mortise and 234" from the side of the. seat and 6” from the front end of the seat, make a slot through the seat 5/16” wide and 114” long for the strap to pass thru. 28. The coil spring is placed directly below the strap between the clamp and post. It may be held in place by bending about 34” of one end of a wire at a right angle to the length of the sp*ing and forcing this bent end into a hole in the post. 29. Cut a piece of galvanized iron or other heavy sheet metal 1” x 1144” and bend to a right angle as shown in the detail drawing; place it in the strap opening in the post and fasten with two small flat head screws. 30. With the hack saw cut a piece of metal for the lock 14” x 114” x 5”. The notches are 44” deep and shaped as indicated in the detail drawing. They are cut with the hack saw and the corners are rounded with an iron file. Centerpunch for holes for the screws as shown and drill 3/16” holes, using the drill press or breast drill. Fasten the clamp to the right front leg with four 1” No. 9 round head blued screws so that the lower end is 514” from the bottom of the leg. 31. By use of the hack saw cut a piece of metal for the catch WY” x 144” x 216”, heat to a cherry red heat and forge to the form shown in the detail drawing. If a forge is not available it mav be filed or ground to the form and bent slightly with hammer and vise. Center- punch for three holes and drill #;” holes. Fasten to the top edge of the lever with three 1” No. 9 round head blued screws. 32. Cut a piece of metal with the hack saw 14” x 114” x 514” Cen- terpunch for the holes and bore three 14” holes as indicated. Heat the metal to a cherry red heat and bent to a U form to the dimensions shown in the detail drawing. 33. Bore a 44” hole thru the left horizontal brace at a point 2” from the front end and fasten the U iron in place with a 14” x 2” machine bolt. 104 FARM WOODWORK 34. Bore a 14” hole thru the left end of the lever and fasten into the U iron with a 14” x 2” machine bolt. 35. File both ends of the 214” heavy steel wire to a point; bend Y%” of each end at a right angle. Drill holes and fasten to the lower edge of the lever so as to hold the strap at 7” from the lower end of the lever. 36. Fasten the buckle to the end of the strap; strip a leather loop on the strap; draw the strap around the lever thru the bent wire guide and again thru tle leather loop and thru the buckle. Draw it up thru the slots in the seat, post and clamp and fasten to the outside cf the clamp with three lining nails. 37. With the belt punch make holes in the strap 1” apart and draw the strap up so that the lever works the clamp and locks it. 38. Wood deteriorates in value and strength as it constantly in- creases and decreases in moisture content. This may be largely pre- vented by covering with a coat of paint or shellac. It is suggested that the stitching horse be finished with two coats of shellac. FARM WOODWORK 105 16) “tahoe i Le ai Bill of Material | piece 12x39x18' Softwood | 2 pieces _!2x45x14 hardwood | 1 plece 7g 24x3R hardwood 10-17 No.12 flat head screws 4 2-4 lag screws for fasten- 4 ing to post or wall HARNESS HOOK FARM WOODWORK 106 2-2 02. WOO MES GEA ssai4 xog addy eo IK 8 | $8) SP400Q 40} $}9YS FARM WOODWORK 107 APPLE BOX PRESS Bill of Material Pieces . Dimensions Use 1 1%4”x12”x5' 0” Sill 4 Te" x4"x2' 69%” Legs 2 7p”x3"x23%4” End leg braces at bottom 1 Ye” x8" x2! 4” Leg brace, bottom at back 2 Ya" X2"x2!' 4” Leg braces at front 2 1%4"x4"x15%" Upper cross braces 1 1%4°x1%4"x24” Lever 1 15%4"x554"x2' 4” Upper lever 4 15%4"x8 4x54” Cross pieces at top 2 34 °x2”"x12”" Box rests at top 2 Ve"x1"x8” Nail tray 1 Ye"'x1"x11” Nail tray Hardware 8 ft. Ys” round iron for draw rod, eyebolt, staple and hook. 6 ft. 4 in. rectangular iron 4”x1%4”" for draw bars, clamps, locks and plate. 3 *s” nuts and washers for draw rod and eye bolt. 2 ca: riage bolts %4"x6” to fasten lower end of draw bar to ends of upper ever 2 machine bolts 4"x2%” to fasten hook to foot lever. 4 machine bolts %”"x1%” to fasten lock to front cross bars and staple to back leg brace. 4 iron rivets with counter sunk head to assemble draw bars and clamps. 3 %” No. 7 round head blued wood screws-to fasten plate to top of foot lever at lock. 2 doz. flat head wood screws 2” No. 10 to fasten legs to sill and upper cross braces. 26 flat head wood screws 14%” No. 9 for fastening all leg braces. 1% doz. 1%” No. 16 brads to fasten pieces of the nail tray. 8 8d common nails to fasten cross pieces at top. 4 6d common nails to fasten box rests. 2 coil bed springs or heavy coil push springs. Directions After the box has been packed it is placed on the box press. The box rests set the box up 34” from the sill and as the pressure is applied on the clamps the bulge in ‘aie box is distributed evenly between top and bottom of the box. If 20” boxes are used pieces narrower than 2” may be used for the rests. The draw bar should be provided with several holes at the bottom end so as to provide for different sizes of boxes. Oblong openings are cut thru the sill for the draw bar. These openings must be long enough to permit the clamps to fall away from the box when the pressure is removed. The sill is purposely made long so as to provide a shelf where boards and cleats for the top may be convenizntly placed. 108 FARM WOODWORK 1 La = oe -_—=— i ont \ : A 7 4Chamfer— ° oat | Cae tO} _f t Aq 6 = ¢ Bl r 1 t 8 f 4 ; es ar a 6 = ae hg z = lh, et ‘ Ll _, End of step / + 14-4 7 Ct =ts itp r3 ; cia = ak j ? v las fe By 4 ~Gkt \ « a Q ai al nav-=-= |_| UU ee a= sei Orchard Ladder FARM WOODWORK 109 ORCHARD LADDER Material Required Oak, ash, maple or other hardwood is recommended. Pieces Dimensions Use 2 "x4" tapered to 2”x9’ 4” Main standards 1 Ya"X2!1x2' 2” Point of ladder 2 1” x4"x2' 8%” Bottom braces 1 Ye" x2"x21%” Bottom step 7 Te" X2Y5"x14” Steps 1 %"x3”" tapered to 2”x8' 10” Back standard 1 Te”x2"x5! 6” Top member’ of back standard 3 carriage bolts 4”x3” to bolt point between main standard and to pivot top of back standard. 1 carriage bolt 4”x3%” to fasten chain to main standards. 1 large screw hook. 40 flat head wood screws 2%” No. 12 for fastening steps and top member of back standard. 6 flat head wood screws 1142” No. 9 for fastening upper ends of bottom braces to main standards. 4’ 6” of a substantial chain. Directions 1. Reduce all pieces to the required dimensions. 2. Lay out and cut gains 14” deep and 2” wide for the steps in the upper edges of the main standards. 3. Shape the upper edge of all steps except the bottom one as shown in the detail drawing. This is a means of preventing the feet from slipping from the ends of the steps. 4. Place the point between the main standards at the upper end and fasten in place with two 14” x 38” carriage bolts. 5. Fasten all steps in place using two 214” No. 12 flat head screws at each joint. The two main standards are left 1” apart at the bottom so that the back standard will drop between them freely. 6. Place the bottom braces in position and mark off the places for the gains for the first and second steps. Cut the gains for the steps and fasten the braces to the main standards with three 114” No. 9 screws at the top and two 214” No. 12 screws for the bottom step. 7. Place the top member of the back standard on the top edge of the back standard and fasten by using five 214” No. 12 flat head wood screws. 8. Fold the back standard in between the main standards and bore « 44” hole at top for pivot. It will be noted that the hole for the bolt does not go thru the center. Fasten back standard in place. 9. With the back standard folded in bore a hole for the 14” bolt which is to hold the chain at a point half way between the fourth and fifth steps and 5g” from the front edge of the standards. Fasten one end of the chain in place. 10. Fasten the large screw hook into the bottom edge of the back standard so that when the ladder is folded the hook will come between the fourth step and the chain bolt. 11. Finish the ladder by applying at least two coats of paint. FARM WOODWORK 110 y3qqv1 dais Lind FARM WOODWORK 11k FRUIT STEP LADDER Stock Bill Pieces Dimensions Use 2 aR a xD A" Standards 1 487 x2"x2' TA” Brace Hl 32" x8 14"x18” Top i 48°x5"x20%” ‘ Bottom step 1 48"x5"x18 56” Middle step 1 t8°x5"x16 45” Top step 2 a" x2" x8 U2” Braces Hardware 1 iron rod %8”x15%4” with two nuts. 2 metal braces %”x1"x10” bent as shown in drawing. 1 stove bolt 4x1" to fasten metal braces. 1 piece of light chain 20” long. 2 carriage bolts 4”x1%” with washers larger than link of chain. 20 flat head wood screws 2” No. 10 for fastening steps and top. 6 flat head wood screws 14” No. 8 for fastening braces to standards. Directions The bevel across the sides of stock at ends of standards and in standards for steps is marked off with the T bevel, set at 6” on the blade and 38” on the tongue of the steel square. The bevel at ends of standards and steps across the edge of stock is marked off with the T bevel set at 6” on the blade and 15/16” on the tongue of the steel square. cag Vet The steps are gained into the stand- ards 14”. Four 2” No. 10 wood screws are i al placed thru the top at each end, two into the brace and two into the stand- Fig. 25. Fruit Step Ladder. ard. The braces are held to the standards with three 144 No. 8 wood SCrews. The rods may be threaded and held with a nut at each end. AY,” x 114” carriage bolt is used to fasten the chain to the bottom of the middle step. The chain may pass around the brace and be fastened with staples or by placing a 14” bolt thru a link and thru the brace. FARM WOODWORK 112 Y300V1 GYVHOYO | OF : | eee auv- 6BAUDD 40 494.0?) ~6 ob por tn oe i ws ~ eae ge al? FARM WOODWORK 113 ORCHARD LADDER Many ladders of diversified de- sign, are used for orchard purposes. For orchard purposes the common step-ladder has the disadvantage of four supports and narrow spread of standards which make it unstable on uneven ground. The painters’ lad- der needs to be supported at the up- per end by leaning against the limbs of the tree which is often harmful to the tree and usually rather unstable. The three-legged ladder with wide spread of standards has the advant- age of stability on wneven ground as well as on the flat surface. It is also light and tall enough for most orchard purposes. Fig. 26. Orchard Ladder. Bill of Material Pieces Dimensions Use Material 2 18/7x4”"x4! 2” Standards White pine, 2 18°x4"x2' 8” Bottom standards cypress, bass- al 48/7x8 16"x15” Top wood, or 1 t8/7x4 94x24 Yo" Bottom step other soft 4 t§"x494”x10 58” Steps wood. 2 18”x3"x8” Upper rod brace 2 18"x216"x844" Cleats 1 42”x3” tapered to 2”x5’ 2” Brace Hardware 1 iron rod %”x14%” with two nuts and two washers. 88 flat head bright wood screws 1%” No. 9 or 10. 18 flat head bright wood screws 1%” No. 8 or 9, for cleats and upper rod brace. 2 pieces flat iron 4”x1”x8” for braces. 1 machine or stove bolt 4/’x1%4”. 2 flat head stove bolts 1%”. ; 1 piece substantial chain 114”, 20” long, or 1 piece canvas strap 142’, 20” long. Directions 1. Reduce all pieces to finished dimensions. 2. Set the T bevel at 1” on the blade and 314” on the tongue of the steel square and lay out both ends of all standards, and remove the stock to line with the cross-cut saw. 3. With the T bevel set at the same angle as for the standards, lay out a dado 3/16” deep for each end of each step on the inside of each 114 FARM WOODWORK main standard at the measurements shown on the drawing and remove the stock with a 5g” or 34” chisel. 4. Using the T bevel as set for the above lay out the ends of the cleats and remove the stock to line with the saw. 5. Lay off the upper end of the upper rod braces with the T bevel set as for the standards and remove stock to line with the saw. 5. Cut a slant to the lower euds of the upper rod braces as shown on the drawing so that they may be fastened to the standards with screws. Remove stock with saw and smooth with plane. 7. Round the upper end of the brace. To do this, draw a center line lengthwise of the stock on both sides and on this center line swing an are with a 114” radius 114” from the end. Remove stock with saw and smooth with chisel. 8. Set the T bevel at 2” on the blade and 414” on the tongue of the steel square and Jay out the lower end of the brace. Remove the stock to line with the saw. 9. The cheek cut on the inside of the bottom standards at top is laid out by use of the steel square. Lay the square on an edge of the stock, using the figures 12” and 414”. Place the figures 12” on the outside edge at the end and the figure 414” on the same edge down on the stock and draw the line. Lay out on both edges. Remove the stock with the saw. 10. Bend the irons for the braces as shown in the drawing. They may be bent cold if securely held in a metal vise. 11. Centerpunch for the holes and bore 3g” holes at upper ends and 14” holes at the lower ends of the braces, using the drill press or breast drill. 12. Bore a 3%” hole thru the upper end of the brace at center to receive the rod. 13. The first parts to be assembled are the steps and main standards. Use two 134” No. 9 or 10 flat head wood screws at each joint. Bore holes for the screws, using a twist drill, thru the standards and countersink the holes. Clamp the parts firmly in place and force the screws into the ends of the steps. 14. Fasten the bottom step to the lower ends of the front standards by use of two 134” No. 9 or 10 wood screws. 15. Fasten the bottom standards to the ends of the bottom step by using two 134” No. 9 or 10 wood screws for each joint and three similar screws to secure the upper ends of the bottom standards to the sides of the upper standard. 16. The top is fastened by using eight screws, four at each end, two thru the top and into the top end of the standards and two into the upper rod brace. 17. Fasten the cleats to the upper rod brace and standards by use of eight 114” No. 8 or 9 wood screws as shown in the drawing. FARM WOODWORK 115 18. Bore a %%” hole thru the cleat and upper rod brace at each side at point shown in the drawing and assemble brace, iron braces and rod. Jt may be noted that the rod is threaded at both ends. This is easier to make than to forge a head cn a rod and is quite as satisfactory. 19. Bore a 14” hole thru the brace and fasten the iron braces to brace with 14” x 15%” bolt. 20. Stand the ladder in upright position with the top level, measure length of chain required for position indicated in the drawing and fasten to step and back standard with stove bolts. 21. Finish the ladder ly applying two coats of exterior paint, allow- ing the first coat several days to become thoroly dry. 116 FARM WOODWORK Double Deck Berry Stand (for twelve boxes) Berry Stand Io : (for six boxes) 1 he =! =e i Qt ho ; 195 ae Ir 4jke af Hee ; © ° lo ol lo op-—-—-—~ ~—-~ ~— ~~ —~——~— —---4° FARM WOODWORK ANG, Fig. 27. Double Deck Berry Stand. DOUBLE DECK BERRY STAND (For Twelve Boxes) Bill of Material Pieces Dimensions Use 2 34°x12"x15” Ends 4 3g°x2%4"x191%6” Sides 8 36°x2%4"x18” Bottom 1 34” round 1814” long Handle An old broom handle makes an excellent handle. Hardware: 2 flat head bright wood screws 2” No. 10 for fastening handle. 6 doz. 6d finishing nails. Slats 14” instead of \9s"' may be used for sides and bottom. BERRY STAND (For Six Boxes) Bill of Material Pieces Dimensions Use 2 34.7°x12"x8”" Ends 2 36”x2%4"x191%5" Sides 4 36°x2%4 "x18" Bottom 1 %” round x18%” long Handle Hardware: 2 flat head bright wood screws 2” No. 10 for fastening handle. 8 doz. 6d finishing nails. Slats 4” instead of 9s” may be used sides and bottom. To fasten the handle, bore 34” holes 14” deep on a centerline on the inside of the end pieces at a point 1” from the top; bore a hole for the screw from the same side of the stock using a twist drill as large as the screw; counter- sink for the head of the screw on the outside of the stock and fasten Fig. 28. Berry Stand. handle in place. FARM WOODWORK 118 sa|ddy xog so} a31qD, buUIYyoDY ah He - SONUOD AGO \\\ ¥ oe ee ee ee Q me l | AA) FF 7 a iz Wo o. A iY 40AV0A 40f SAM/AYS / Lil 4 ori oe! = 1 i ue rr) Vcd tates = [2g { Pe PF eee pi [ee ee ‘ “4 Jodod buiddoum Dulpjoy yO} poy Go ae =e rar : ee FARM WOODWORK 119 APPLE PACKING TABLE FOR BOX APPLES Material Required Lumber: Any soft wood. Pieces Dimensions Use 4 2”x4”"x8' 0” Legs 6 "x8" x4! 3” Braces 2 %”x6"x4' 0” Ends 2 %e”x6"x3' 10%” Sides 2 7" x6"x4' 0” Rests for box 4 Ye"x2"x10” Shelf brackets 2 %"x10"x3' 654” Shelves 2 pieces of canvas or ticking 3’ 2”x4’' 2”. Ye lb. 6d. common nails. 1 package tacks. Directions This apple packing table is one which has been found quite satis- factory where box packing of apples is done. It is designed for two packers; one at each side, with a box before him which rests in a tilting position on the two boards provided for that purpose. Shelves are placed underneath at one end of the table where sup- plies of lining paper, layer paper and wrapping paper may be kept. More and wider shelves may be provided if desired. The inside corners of the legs at the top are sawed off to prevent their bruising the apples. The first layer of canvas is tacked securely all round the top edge of the table. The upper piece is tacked at one end only. This enables the packer to shake off quickly any dirt which may accumulate on the table. The sizes of boxes are usually used: a. Standard, 1014” x 114%” x 18” inside measurement. b. Special, 10” x 11” x 20” inside measurement. The detail drawing shows a hod for holding the wrapping paper. The angle irons at the open end hook over the edge of the box and hold it in place. The hod may be made of 14” or 3%” material so as to make it light and facilitate its placing on and removal from the box. This makes it convenient for the packer to pick up a sheet of wrap- ping paper with one hand while the other hand picks up an apple. FARM WOODWORK FARM WOODWORK 121 PACKING TABLE FOR BARREL APPLES Bill of Material Lumber: Any soft wood. Pieces Dimensions Use 2 2”x4”"x8' 8” Legs at front 2 2”x4”"x8' 9” Legs at back 2 7" x8"x6' 0” Sides 1 7a"x8"x8' 10%” Back end 2 Ig" x8"x19%" Front end 2 7"x8"x2!' 3” Chute boards 22 7%" x1"x6' 0” Slats 2 %"x1"x4' 0” Cleats 2 7e"x8"x4' 8” Braces 5 doz. 6d. common nails. 6 doz. 10d. finishing nails. Directions The size of the standard apple barrel has been regulated by Con- gress. The specifications are as follows: Length of stave 281% inches. Diameter of head 171g inches. Distance between heads 26 inches. Circumference of the bulge 64 inches outside measure. All barrels not coming up to this standard shall be so marked. The table shown in the drawing admits a standard berrel to be placed under it at the front end. A piece of canvas, denim or ticking is fastened betwee. the slats and cleat at the front end. A barrel is placed in position and the apron is placed over the top of the barrel. The table is 6” higher at the rear end, causing the apples to roll to- ward the barrel. The chute boards guide them toward the opening where they can easily be inspected as they roll onto the apron. When a quantity of apples is on the apron it may be slowly lowered into the bar- rel without bruising the fruit. In constructing the table it is suggested that the legs be cut at top as shown in the detail drawing so as to provide a resting surface for the box. The finishing nails are used in fastening the corners and cleats and slats. One 10d nail is used for each slat. The 6d common nails are used to fasten the legs, braevs and chute boards. 122 FARM WOODWORK Fig.6 % ee Fig. | 12" eo NO 1 Fige gy EXT ENN Fig. 3 Fig 4 Fig.5 A Vise Handle FARM WOODWORK 123 A VISE HANDLE Material Required 1 piece of oak, maple, ash or other hardwood %”x%"x12”. 1 piece of oak, maple, ash or other hardwood 14%4”x1%4"x4”. 2 flat head bright wood screws %” No. 7. Directions for the Knobs 1. Reduce a piece of stock to the dimensions called for in Fig. 1. 2. Lay out an octagon at an end of the stock as shown in Fig. 6. 3. Draw lines on the sides of the stock as indicated in Fig. 2. 4. Remove the corners as shown in Fig. 3 using the plane; when the four corners are removed thus making an octagonal stick, plane off the new edges until the stick is round as shown in Fig. 4. The plane should be set fine for the last cuts. Directions for Handle Reduce a piece of hardwood to the dimensions called for in Fig. 7. Lay out octagons at both ends as indicated in Fig. 8. Draw lines on sides of stock as shown in Fig. 9. 4. Bore a 7%” hole 34” deep in each end of the piece of stock as indicated in Fig. 9. 5. Plane the corners so as to make the stock octagonal in shape Fig. 10 and continue planing the corners until the stock is round, Fig. 11. 6. Saw the block in two in the center as shown in Fig. 11 and round the ends as indicated in Fig. 12. 7. Place one knob on the stick and fasten with a 34” No. 7 flat head serew. Fig. 5. 8. Place the handle on the vise and fasten the other knob in place. Since vises vary in diameter of handle required it is suggested that measurement be taken before starting the handle and the diameter of stick regulated accordingly. It is also suggested that this method be used wherever it is required to make a round stick of any size. Sth 124 FARM WOODWORK Support Racks for Soil Tubes FARM WOODWORK 125 126 FARM WOODWORK o € © oO U5 Oa oOo f° mH x xX aw =.<_é&x< DB esting o 0 . ae IS 3 O-= a u des as o 2 — Oo ( — Pr am cp) © Oo oO « QO. a — Water Trough 127 x103x 19" Ends 2"x4'xi6" Legs » 2"X4"X19"CrOSs pcs. > 2" x4'x4-2"Braces 13 tbs. 16d. and 1 Ib tod. Common nails Small quantity white lead and paint 5 oes . a FARM WOODWORK 127 ~~ Peer _Table 3 zx 18" X24 EE] Cleat 2 EK IO" Washer — : & a Thumb nut 7, pA “Tripod table 7x8"x10" 5° Metal target ‘ oO Lip tr pt tisser tis a9 fot erale Be ege ei g 9 ‘ PAO ™ a as » larget and Clamp qu O qu Y Draw 5S % 4 Wire a i FWeeanen Plane Table and Leveling Rod FARM WOODWORK 128 (= ‘abpiu uy oy ayojd ouy jo do BU} Ody DOUD{SIP |ODI{IOA BUY SI SGU OUL uDds auy Jo j/DY 9uO SI UNA JY ‘aypjd jjom a4190ddo ayy jo abpa apisyno OU Of B40/d (JOM apis aU yo BHps apisjno au; LUO4, BOUDSIP BUYS! HuIpyINg O jo upods au, oe uodg#2 ~ fF - UNY, et Dullubsy Jajjoy updg,0-9 Ss ae Fe! - 2914.06 — -—- - UNY.O-E— - -—-- #nD409C J TTT TITTTTTTTY EST rs F vel TTTTTITTITYT- ot PITTTTT TTT 2 2l TTTTTTTY AT AER ITTTTTTTT uns au, Ul joaj au0 B4a4} GD Satu hud so s4DNbs aut ace, ¥ Dis i i ore 24 TTTTTT TTA TTT TTT TTT] ib ro. tl Q +v2-4 ‘ a « “ clo. ¥ “2-9 ‘ 2 wow @ow § =¥2-@ "G4 «yl + Gevs-6 shee aos G = t2-2l a¢sl4 JO} .c1 PUD UNA JO} .2! asn UA Id F-#2-61 dl fl “* dayJOA Out {NO hoy Puo ,gx.2 4O #x.2 JO 20910 0 Oyo} 01 940 F'B ‘eZ ‘E'so ‘pauisap Bo joou JO YOFIA SUL PUD 4JGI 40 '91'b1 ‘21 'Ol'S ell enae $0 ‘bulpling © Jo uDdS su} UAaAId BY ‘WU2|QQid - ‘yOOu JO YO}Id uo sa{jou - BUL JO UO!ZISOd Su, MOUS Soul] POLJOP JUL FARM WOODWORK 129 SAW FITTING There are many cross cut saws of varying designs in use in the lum- bering industry, but for general farm use selection may be made from the four illustrated in the drawing. Figures A, B, and C are of saws suited for general use. Fig. D shows a shape of tooth better suited for knotty lumber. The tools required for cross-cut-saw fitting are as follows: 1 cross-cut-saw tool which consists of a jointer, a raker-tooth gauge and a tooth set gauge. 1 saw set. Several fiat files. The essential features of a well fitted saw are: 1. Ati teeth must be of the same length and all points come to the same plane so that each tooth will do the same work as each other tooth. 2. All rakers must be not less.than 1-100 nor more than 1-32 of an inch shorter than the cutting teeth and must be filed to sharp chisel- shaped edges. 3. All teeth must be filed to a sharp point. 4. All teeth must be uniformly set so that the saw draws freely thru the wood. JOINTING, SETTING AND FILING A CROSS CUT SAW There are four operations in bringing a cross cut saw to a good cut- ting condition: (1) jointing; (2) filmg down the rakers; (3) setting the cutting teeth; (4) filing the rakers and cutting teeth. A saw is jointed by holding the file in the saw tool as shown in Fig. 29 and, holding the file on the teeth and the saw tool tightly against the side of the saw, drawing the file lengthwise over the saw until all teeth and rakers have been touched. To file down the rakers the saw tool is placed on the teeth so that a pair of rakers projects up thru the slot in the tool. Fig. 30. All that part of the rakers which projects up thru the slot is filed off so that the points of the rakers will be below the points of the cutting teeth. The distance which the rakers are below the points of the cutting teeth may be varied according to the kind of wood which the saw is to be used for. The rak- ers should be not less than 1-100 of an inch nor more than 1-32 of an inch shorter than the teeth. Soft woods may have a greater. distance than hard woods. If the saw has a tendency to jump when in use the rakers are too long and need to be filed down and sharpened. About 14” of the point of each tooth is set. This consists of placing the saw set on a tooth and pressing the tooth out so as to make the saw kerf wider than the blade of the saw. Begin at one end and set every other tooth to one side, then reverse the saw and set the other teeth in the opposite direction. The amount of set to give a saw is determined by the use that the saw is to have. Green and wet lumber require more set than dry lumber. The set of the saw is regulated by the set screw at the bottom of the saw set. FARM WOODWORK 130 ONILLIS MVS PUoEoSMYS gu $e andud}',2app | q-.9¢ Q4DNbs |92}S UO jOA9qQ | J9S SajbUD po1lsap 40 + 29 Te i. ee ee = R01 sc ‘2 e 2er 22 onouol',219P0 | q -.2! é ob YD 66 oe Hel be oGl FO! 46 2 ; “ce 20o9 Zo anbuo} 21 9p0/q oF Tape Pal Yjsa, MOG Aly a VAIN UjJad} MOG {noSssa’D apojgq mos yong 3 by 4aquun| hyyouy ui Buimoe yyoous AO} J[UIOd punoy “UDLJ-oML abs ‘\S0| Yyjsa} Bul,{N9 J 0 0 D614 ‘y4om jO49UBH 40} JOADG “UDLJ-OML "YAOM |049U90 JO] ‘guipd ul) pabupwd Ujsa} bulyjnd gby {ND -ssosy ‘UDL,J-OM, {NDQ-SSOAD ‘UD -2UO Vv bi4 FARM WOODWORK 131 ‘The rakers are filed to a chisel point. Effort should be made to keep all of the rakers the same shape and size and the filing regulated with this in mind. Since the purpose of the rakers is not to eut but to draw the cut particles of wood lengthwise of the saw kerf and out, they should be kept true and straight and may be filed from one side of the saw. The file is held straight across the saw. Great care must be taken not to bring either the rakers or the cutting teeth below the surface to which they have been jointed as that will render them out of eutting or raking service. Fig. 30. To file the teeth, the saw is placed low in the clamp so as to hold it firmly and minimize the vibration. All the teeth projecting away from the filer are filed from one side. Both edges of the tooth are filed the same because the saw is to cut both ways. The file is held at an angle as shown by the points of the cutting teeth in Fig. C, and by forward strokes of the file the tooth is brought to a point. When all the teeth projecting to one side have been filed the saw is reversed and the teeth projecting in the opposite direction are filed in the same way. If a saw has been used extensively and filed so that the teeth are short it should be gummed. This consists of grinding a slot down into the blade between the teeth with a thin emery grinder. When not in use, the blade of the saw should be covered with a coat of oil to prevent:rusting. If a saw has become rusty it should not be cleaned with coarse emery cloth or coarse sand paper or other substance or preparation that will scratch the surface of the metal. No. 0 or 00 sand paper or 00 emery cloth or kerosene oil may be used. FITTING HAND SAWS The tools required for fitting hand saws are: 1 flat file. Several slim taper triangular files—size determined by the fine- ness of saw. 1 saw set. The first point to observe in fitting a saw is to make sure that the points of all teeth are in the same plane, so that no tooth projects out farther than any other. This is accomplished by running the side of a flat file lengthwise over the teeth and is ealled jointing the saw. The file is 182 FARM WOODWORK run over the teeth enough times to file all teeth down to the same plane as that of the point of the lowest tooth. The file is held so that the side of the file stands at right angles to the side of the saw. The file is held in both hands with the thumbs and balls of the thumbs resting on the file and the index fingers closed and under the file. The saw fits up between the index fingers. By holding the saw in this way it is under the control of the operator. The second point in fitting a hand saw is setting the saw. This should be done before filing it. All teeth must have an equal amount of set to make all do the same amount of work. The set should not go be- low half the length of the tooth. Soft and wet woods require more set than dry or hard woods. Setting a saw consists of bending the teeth outward, every alternate tooth to the same side. In cross cut saws the teeth are bent away from the bevel side of the teeth. The third operation in fitting a hand saw is that of filing the teeth. Care should be taken when filing to keep the teeth of a uniform size and shape. This is accomplished by bringing the pressure of the file to bear on the large tooth and not on the small ones. In sharpening a cross cut saw the point of the file should point toward the handle of the saw and be held at an angle of about 45 degrees. The filer works against the front or cutting edge of the teeth. Every alternate tooth is filed the whole length of the saw, then the saw is reversed in the clamp and the alter- nate teeth are filed. Only forward strokes of the file are used. The angle or pitch at which the teeth of a cross cut saw are filed depends on the use which is to be made of the saw. Fig. F in the draw- ing shows the angle best adapted for general work. Hardwoods require less pitch than softwoods. The bevel of the teeth of a saw is determined by the use to he made of the saw. Hardwoods require less bevel than softwoods. The bevel is regulated by the position or angle at which the file is held across the saw. For a general purpose crosscut saw the file is held at an angle of about 45 degrees. This will result in a bevel as shown in Fig. F in the drawing. Buck saws may be filed with the file at 80 degrees to the side of the blade. The angles of the teeth which are 56 and 62 degrees are illus- trated in Fig. E in the drawing. These angles vary in different makes of saws. As illustrated in Fig. G in the drawing the angles of the teeth of rip saws are 90 and 60 degrees. In filing, the file is held straight across the saw which makes a series of chisels of the saw points. The thrust of the saw in ripping should be at an angle of about 45 degrees. Saws are designated by the length of blade and the number of teeth to the inch. Rip saws are to be had in 3, 314, 4, 4%, 5 and 514 points to the inch. For hardwoods, medium hardwoods, and for fine work the 5 or 514 point rip saw is to be preferred. It may be noted that the saws shown in Figs. F and G in the drawing are 5 point saws. Cross cut saws are to be had in 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 points to the inch. For general use a 7 or 8 point is to be preferred. For fine work a 10, 11 or 12 point gives better service. FARM WOODWORK 133 LIST OF BUILDERS’ HARDWARE EVERY BOY SHOULD KNOW Lock: rim lock pad lock mortise lock rim door latch cupboard lock drawer lock screen door catches barn door latch gate latch thumb latch screen door latch screen hangers door button Hasps and staples Safety gate hooks Barn door pulls Eye bolt Hitching ring Barn door bolt Barn door catch Barn door track Barn door rollers Barn door stay rollers Steel hay carrier track Hay carrier Rafter bracket for hanging hav car- rier track Hay carrier track hanging tool Floor hook Swivel rope hitch Wood frame pulley Floor pulley Cast frame plain pulley Cast frame knot-passing pulley Windows, common sizes of glass and number of panes to window. Cellar window set, i. e., one pair butts; one hook and eye Sash cord Sash pulley Sash lifts Sash weights Wrought barrel bolts Carriage bolts Machine bolts Stove bolts Plow bolts Expansion shields Common nails Casing nails Finishing nails Round head blue wood screws Flat head bright wood screws Washers Lock washers Wagon box rivets Oval head rivets Set screws Spiral door spring with screen door set hook and eye Door pull Hinges: loose pin butts riveted pin butts heavy T hinges light T hinges heavy strap hinges light strap hinges strap hinges hook and eye hinges 134 FARM WOODWORK LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE ANG a 8 | 10]12/ 14] 16] 18] 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32] 34] 36 | 38 | 40 5| 7 8] 9 11] 12] 13] 15] 16] 17) 19} 20) 21) 23] 24) 25) 27 6| 8 10] 12) 14] 16] 18] 20] 22] 24] 26] 28] 30/ 32] 34] 36] 38] 40 8} 11) 13) 16) 19} 21] 24] 27} 29] 32) 35} 37) 40) 43) 45) 48) 51) 53 10} 13) 17) 20) 23} 27; 30} 33] 37} 40] 43! 47) 50) 53) 57; 60) 63) 67 12) 16] 20] 24] 28} 32] 36] 40} 44] 48] 52) 56] 60) 64) 68] 72) 76) 80 14} 19} 23] 28] 33) 37; 42) 47) 51) 56) 61| 65] 70/ 75) 79) 84) 89) 93 16} 21| 27} 32] 37] 43) 48] 53) 59] 64! 69] 75] 80] 85) 91] 96/101/107 6| 8] 10] 12) 14) 16) 18] 20; 22) 24] 26/ 28) 30| 32) 34] 36] 38) 40 9} 12) 15; 18] 21) 24] 27] 30] 33] 36] 39] 42) 45) 48] 51] 54] 57] 60 12] 16] 20) 24] 28] 32] 36) 40} 44) 48] 52/ 56) 60) 64) 68/ 72) 76] 80 15| 20; 25] 30) 35] 40| 45] 50); 55] 60} 65) 70] 75} 80} 85) 90] 95/100 18} 24] 30] 36] 42) 48] 54] 60| 66) 72] 78) 84) 90] 96/102/108/114/120 28| 35] 42| 49/ 56] 63) 70| 77} 84) 91) 98/105/112,119)126)133/140 24| 32] 40] 48] 56] 64] 72] 80] 88) 96/104]112)120)128)136/144)152/160 8| 11/ 13] 16] 19) 21; 24| 27) 29) 32! 35] 37| 40/ 43) 45) 48) 51] 58 6 12] 16| 20] 24| 28] 32; 36) 40] 44] 48] 52] 56] 60) 64| 68] 72) 76} 80 8 16] 21) 27| 32) 37| 48] 48) 53) 59) 64] 69] 75] 80] 85] 91] 96]101|107 6| 12) 18) 24; 30| 36) 42) 48) 54) 60} 66) 72) 78] 84) 90) 96)102}108/114)120 8 0 PRWWWWWWWNMNNNNN bd bd bd Pd LA Bd bd Pd Dd Bd Dd Bd dP Pod Pt bd dD dd Pd dd be be DD a bp OD me e WOARH OONOH OO _ a BRE ONBDANS nw ee H H 16] 24} 32] 40] 48) 56) 64/ 72] 80) 88) 96/104)112)120/128/136/144/152/160 20) 30] 40} 50; 60| 70] 80) 90/100/110|120)130|140/150/160]170)180)190|200 8} 21) 32) 43] 53) 64} 75) 85) 96/107/117,128)139|149|160/171)181/192/203/213 10} 27| 40) 53] 67| 80] 93/107/120/133/147|160/173)187|200|213|227|240|253|267 12] 32] 48] 64] 80] 96|/112]128|144]/160/176/192/208/224/240|256|272|288/304/320 10} 33] 50| 67| 83/100/117/133|150/167|183|200|217/233/250|267|283|300/317/333 12} 40] 60} 80]100/120/140,160]180|200|220/240/260|280/300|320|340|360/380/400 12} 48) 72! 96)120|144|168/192/216/240|/264/288/312|336|360/384]408|432/456)/480 14) 56] 84)112)140|168/196|224|252:280|308/336/364/392|420/448|476|5041532/560 14] 65] 98/181:163|196]229|261|294|327/859|3921425/457/490|523/555|588/6211653 PNNWOTOWONDAAMALA RHR The rules for finding the number of board feet in a piece of lumber is as follows: Multiply the thickness in inches by the width in inches by the length in feet and divide by twelve. Example: How many board feet in a piece of lumber 2 in. thick, 6 in. wide and 12 ft. long? ee 12 te, Ans: All the numbers in the above table are derived in this way. The table is a rapid way of figuring up bills of lumber and should be used as soon as the above rule is understood. FARM WOODWORK 185 NAILS AND SCREWS Wire nails is an ordinary name applied to common nails, casing nails, and brads, or finishing nails. They are made from steel wire. Common nails have flat heads and are used where the heads are to be left flush with the surface of the wood. Casing and finishing nails are used when it is desirable to have them as inconspicuous as possible, as for inside finish. They are sunk, or ‘‘set,’’ into the wood and the holes are later filled with putty. The size of a nail is specified by the term penny (d), prefixed by a number; as, 6d, 10d. This term had its origin in England, where it for- merly represented the price per pound in terms of pence. Number of Nails to the Pound Number per pound Size Length Common Finishing Casing 2d Lin. 860 1,558 1,140 8d com. 1% in. 594 884 675 4d 1% in. 339 167 567 5d 1% in. 230 491 396 6d 2in. 205 359 260 Td 2% in. 135 317 239 8d 2% in. 96 214 160 9d 2% in. 92 195 148 10d 3 in. 63 134 108 12d 3% in. 52 120 99 16d 3% in. 88 91 69 20d 4in. 30 61 50 30d 4% in. 23 45 40d 5 in. 17 35 50d 5% in. 13 60d 6 in. 10 Quantity of Nails per M Feet of Lumber Sheathing, per M, 8d com...........:e ee ee eee eee e eee ee nett e es VQ AGO MD 25 .teee Gdns acest Raa es Baa FRE eae eects Flooring, per M, 8d com..........eeeeee eee etter ete eet e ee enes 1 OG COT sss Sy eceh te eeGeh See BS. SS ob LA adie anc and ars ne Studding, per M, 10d com...........- sees eee eee e ete eet nett es D0). COM ise esciic dasstaee cs anend o HE ONG BERS BRE RS LF Bree a Furring, per M, 10dcom........-...++eseseeeeeeee Wien ee adn Tee Finish Flooring, per M, %” 8d fin......-- eee e ee eee eee eee e eee ees Finishing, %” per M, 8d fin..........- eee e eee e erent net e teens Finishing, 1%” per M, 10d fin............ eee eee eee eee e teen ee Beveled siding, per M, 6d com.......--.--- seer etter etree teense Lath, per M, 8d com....... 20. e cece e eee etree erent teen e ne eees Shingles, per M, 4d com.......... 00. eee e cece eee e eee etter ene e tenes Sizes of Nails for Given Purposes Balusters: oxcvnadietcad cca teas oda ate allies tae tela ss 4d finishing BASE DOATA: aise, scat he cavcere cs aye d 8 hace WE eeen eraser es tg tye ee She ee Minne reaeaera BARTS 8d finishing Braces: acc¢ ded Gee neal icin ee ae ee os Hoes Bad ee eS Hoa 16d common BYiGGiNn® oss egs ioe dine Sacstileundg dies ea EAR EATER ROSS eS 8d common CODES. soe she: aa serach osaug. 6 eden ade an asd ead eo cncd Tecan A Ud olde ee NE OT 8h 6d casing BOS) | 8d casing DOOr Frame ices wee eaacied s tke sew soe oe ea ed ones 8 isk se eed 8d common Drawers) sich mes tes ete deeded aaa eee Ee Ree 6 and 4d casing PV O ORS 6 sca aN ee TN Se ra Be aceans Guard Scouse vous b Globe Sybbd ud Gays Vatiwanetatess) onsale 6d common 136 FARM WOODWORK BasCiaye's.t us by dons vs wamisees Goan oan vee sees oe Res AS: See 8d casing SAV U F Gee cara teas slat A eed ean nee nb ida taahin taasecn ieee GN SAA 10d, 16d and 20d common HPIEZO os ocs reeset aa tin ated Soh bias Pb ales RIA ORIN Ow ee St EA Daw wa ee wa 10d casing BInish Moors. bei ed oa tae Mean chee wea saa eS salute eetys $beeee senses 8d casing Handrail .2262 sed ca degiesesi ae od Hideo BAS RG ie eee EI eee 4d and 6d casing TWSIGE CAST Be el eon 3 a vakince Bia a isaiice AC Bad sad, Gales edsranena aS grins Bnivi ues Gomtnts 6d and 8d finishing Inside: mouldings! «24 osc0secsrsel Ace Sadie Dae eee aw eis eee am eee 6d finishing Lath saeco in weet She oe ee areata Mecitun eit eyo hams eal 4 bates dicted Gee 8d fine ap Siding! tees sexoscice isan ssw Fite’ s Hew ae wide Sia Rae wes SE 6d casing and common INGWEl: POSE oc cuea cstih HAE AL IGG Seah assed s:auersitsces Bsa seuS eae daspeedval avcrotaiie eagvouiee: ey aunyal 8d casing Outside moulding sacosaw Janko td Bae eas hooked eae ee 8d and 6d casing Outside casing: asi25 3s ass ke pein ca eeloaad Be nes Ree es Se es 8d and 10d casing Planche?: scs.ccn esis sates Hee be WES REA Wh ee ea hee ae Re ele See 8d casing FOOE: (DOALGS. | cncainnae co dicpeunitae/lendre eicadans iene aia nasereebaoresa hare aed taenS coual os romesess aid 8d common RRAFCENS: 5 ae coe sucet eee yen doe yiee € Mar ds wlgeaiie Meet cape elena e-aedle Ausra eee ree 10d and 16d spikes Ridge: board: ses kyecsa sie wuae etree boo hoses oe Ris SSS A Dg aed mans: SoeeCe a RR 8d common Rough, flooring?» : ss 2.4 esse ay peeve tos bas ee en sededc pee Pho es 8d common FRIAS CNS 250 sor ah gis cal eis Bsa aheg dois Sean sed oO eats HENS au decrayy Subvanb acaneieyee a eaete pledee ace 8d common Saddle board ...................-- seine ha hah oes toaene epee Ns cling hte 8d and 10d common SAN G1 OS! oid se dee arg neg eedine teased cena aye Bou aude mera aresd aeand nae 3d coarse galvanized Sheathing iyscscs Gan ausite eave yeaa sala sad alien aie eee ae SAY eee eles 8d common Stair StrinPers! ease Aus ewe we: ba ee ees eg eis anes Ke area reese ahacineictons 16d common EV OAGS se. ohcie ards ote dupe dane de cshe a: sbnecd'iss805s a leeds Sate nce w) Hed Guana Skene avd seuhl a: Aphid. Shaw aca 8d casing "WiainScotine ...eecieu)e tials 6 ein ogi) navel baa oe eee wland Gow’ S Gunhe tnay'eie ae anon eoes 6d common Window frame iscsi weg wetisg oo hae care eies Queer cae sais alae vasre cade 8d common Water table eos, oe cs ee casera nae gees Mae ees el soe es seen eciaeey 8d common Other fastenings which are most extensively used in carpentry work are dowels and flat and round-head screws. In timber framing, the joints are usually fastened with dowels nade of hardwood, preferably maple. Flat-head bright screws are most commonly used. Hinges are usually fastened with screws of this kind, as the head of the serew sets flush with the surface. Round-head blued screws are used where it is not necessary to have the heads flush with the surface, and when the screws become a part of the decorative scheme. TABLE OF BIT SIZES FOR WOOD SCREWS Size of Twist Bit Size of Twist Bit Screw Diam.in Hole for or Gimlet Hole for or Gimlet Gauge Decims. Wire No. Thread No. 5 .1236 iy” 4 5/64” 6 .1368 9/64” 3/382” 3 7 1500 5/32” 5 14%" hardwood 4 3/32” softwood 3 10 1894 - 3/16” 6 532” hardwood 5 ¥%” softwood 4 12, .2158 7/32” 7 8/16” hardwood 6 5/32” softwood 5 14 2421 4” 8 3/16” hardwood 6 5/32” softwood 5 16 -2684 9/32” 9 7/32” hardwood 7 3/16” softwood 6 18 2947 5/16” 10 44.” hardwood 8 7/32” softwood 7