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NEW YORK ALBANY.
The well known and favorite Steamers
“DANIEL DREW,”
AND THE
“CHAUJV'CEY YIBBARD”
Leave New York and Albany, alternately, at 9 A. M., arriving at 6 P. M. (Sundays excepted.)
BREAKFAST AND DINNER
IBOARD.
For further information apply at the Ticket Office of
CHARLES H. LAITHE, Agent,
No. 8 Union Street, TBOY. Or J. ELMENDORF, Agent,
No. 80 Quay Street, ALBANY.FROM
NEW YORK
TO
MONTREAL.
By B. C. BUTLER,
Author of “Lake George and Lake Champlain.”
NEW YORK:
American News Company.
1873.
H- $WEED, PARSONS k CO., PRINTERS AND STEREOTYPERS, ALBANY, N. Y.INDEX
PAGE.
Annandale................. 11
Athens.................... 13
Albany.................... 13
American Hotel............ 29
Amherst, Lord............. 92
Adirondack region........ 117
Bemis Heights............. 68
Ballston ... ............. 19
Bemis Heights (battle of)... 69 Bloody Pond (battle of)..... 89
Bolton..................... 94
Burlington............... 110
Cornwall.................   7
Clermont.................. 11
Catskill.................. 11
Cohoes .................   16
Clarendon Hotel..........	23
Columbian Spring. ......... 34
Congress Hall............. 26
Corinth..................  52
Chester................... 62
Clinton, Port............. 74
Champlain, Lake........... 97
Caldwell.................. 93
Crown Point...............102
Dobb’s Perry............... 4
De La Place...............100
Port Washington............ 3
Fort Miller............... 75
Port Edward............... 76
Port William Henry....... 88
Port Clinton.............. 74
Port Carrillon............ 88
PAGE.
Garrison.................. 6
Grand Central Hotel..... 24
Grand Union Hotel........ 25
Glen Station............. 64
Glens Palls.............. 81
George, Lake............. 86
Harlem Bridge............. 2
Hyde Park..............   10
Hudson................... 13
Hadley Station........... 52
Irvington................. 4
Jessup’s Landing......... 57
Kayaderosseras..........  50
Luzerne ................. 53
Lydius................... 77
Mechanicville............ 17
Monroe, Col.............. 90
Missisquoi Springs.......115
Montreal..............   125
Montgomery...............129
Newburg................... 8
New Hamburg............... 9
North Creek.............. 64
Piermont.................. 4
Peekskill................. 5
Poughkeepsie.............. 9
Potash Mountain.......... 54
Port Henry...............104
Port Kent................Ill
Plattsburgh (battle of).113
Quebec.................  128
Bound Lake............... 17
Saratoga................. 214
IHDEX.
PAGE.
Springs at Saratoga....... 38
Stony Creek............... 60
Schroon Lake.............. 65
Schuylerville............. 74
Sandy Hill..............   81
St. Lawrence River........ 87
Split Rock............... 106
Sing Sing.................. 5
PAGE.
Stony Point............. 5
Starbuckville........... 67
Troy.................... 14
Thurman................. 61V
West Point................. 6'
Waring Hill................' 48
W arrensburgh........... 61
Whitehall.................. 79CHAPTER L
PROM NEW YORK TO SARATOGA. t
I ROM New York to Saratoga is 184 miles. Three routes present themselves to the tourist: The first, by the day boat to Albany, on the Daniel Drew or the Chauncey Vibbard, which leaves foot of Vestry street at 8.30 a. m., or 34th street at 8.45 a. M., alternately, each day, except Sunday.
An excellent dinner can always be obtained on board, and this route affords an opportunity of witnessing the rich scenery and numerous towns and country seats between the two cities.
Second, the night line composed of the Drew and the St. John. These leave, alternately, at 6 p. m., the foot of Canal street, and there is really nothing more exquisite than of a long summer’s evening to watch the setting sun, the rising moon, the stars—the passing steamers, tugs, and all that makes up life in the harbor of New York, the bright shores and hear occasionally the welcome boom of a cannon and the shrill reply of the2
PROM NEW YORK TO
steam whistle. These bring you into Albany in time for the morning train — for north or east.
Also the Citizens’ Steamboat Co., who possess those favorite and fast steamers the Sunnyside and Thomas Powell, which leave New York daily, Saturdays excepted, from the foot of Spring street.
Third, by the Hudson River Railroad in Wagner’s drawing room cars, which make the trip to Saratoga in five and a-half hours. Speed, elegance and comfort are at once combined, and no one, who can afford it, will really think of traveling in any other than a drawing room car. The extra charge, one dollar, over the regular car fare is usually sufficient to render the company unexceptionable and generally first-class.
Leaving the new and elegant depot at the corner of 42d street and Fourth avenue, we soon reach Harlem and pass in sight of the high bridge. This, as is well known, is a magnificent viaduct, 1,450 feet long and 114 feet high, which supports the great mains of the Croton water aqueduct over the Harlem or Mus-coo-tu river.
The house, upon the cliff, is the late residence of the celebrated Madame Jumel. It was built in 1755 by Roger Morris, the successful rival of Gen. George Washington, for the hand of Mary Philipse.
On the Kingsbridge road, a mile inland, is theSARATOGA SPRINGS.
3
house of General Alexander Hamilton. The general, it is said, planted a group of thirteen trees which he named after the original States, one of which, named South Carolina, grew up crooked.
Winding along the Spuyten Duyvel creek (spite the devil), the cars enter upon the main trunk of the road and we are in sight of the palli-sades. These are a range of rocks, from 20 to 550 feet high, on the west side of the river, extending for a distance of twenty miles to Piermont. On their brow was Port Lee, 300 feet above the river, nearly opposite to which, on a high hill, stood Port Washington.
In October, 1776, after the evacuation of New York by the American troops, followed the battle of White Plains.
Port Washington was then taken by the Hessians and British, and the garrison, composed of 2,600 militia and regulars, surrendered prisoners, while Washington retreated to Peekskill.
The surrender of Fort Lee followed soon after, and the Americans retreated across the Hudson over into the Delaware.
Yonkers, seventeen miles out, is a favorite suburban town for New Yorkers. Port Hill was the noted castellated residence of Edwin Forrest. It is now the location of an imposing structure4
FROM NEW YORK TO
known as the convent and academy of St. Vincent.1
Piermont, on the west bank of the river, is the freight terminus of the Erie Railway.
Tapp an Village is three miles inland, Andre was tried here. The spot where he was buried is pointed out near the village, although his remains were removed many years since to England by order of the British government.
Dobb’s Eerry, five miles above Yonkers, was called “ Weec-gues-grick;” place of tHe Baric Kettle. In 1783, at the Livingston mansion, Washington met Sir Guy Carleton, the British commander, to concoct measures for the evacuation, by the latter, of the city of New York.
Irvington is two miles north from Dobbs’ Eerry and Sunnyside is near the railroad. The next station is
Tarrytown. The vicinity possesses much of historic interest, being on the debatable ground of the Revolution, whence arose the two orders of border chivalry known as Cow Boys and Skinners.
l The name Yonkers signifies, according to Bishop Kip, nobly born. Mr. Philipse lived there lord of all he surveyed, and was always spoken of by his tenantry as “the Yonkeror the gentleman par excellence. The town which grew up about the manor-house, subsequently took the name of Yonkers.SARATOGA SPRINGS.
5
Andre was here captured by Paulding, Van Wurt and Williams, the American militia men. A monument has been erected to commemorate the spot. Sleepy Hollow, where Ichabod lost his wits, is above the old brick and stone Dutch church.
Hyack is a charming village on the west side, whence a short drive brings the traveler to Rockland lake. At
Sing Sing is the State prison, which usually contains about one thousand boarders. A few miles further on we see
Stony Point which mad Anthony Wayne captured in 1779. Haverstaio bay is here six miles in length and from two to four miles.wide. Bunder-burg, or Thunder Mountain, is behind the village. Anthony’s Nose is a rocky promontory which rises to a height of 1,128 feet. The railway passes it by a tunnel 200 feet in length.
Peekskill (or Peeks-Kill) is a pleasant town. It was the birthplace of Paulding, who died in 1818. Henry Ward Beecher has his thirty-acre farm here, which his neighbors say nets him, on vegetables alone, $5,000 per annum. Lake Mohegan is four miles distant, and Lake Maho-jpac is about fourteen miles away. Owing to the sea breeze, the season here is two weeks earlier6
FROM NEW YORK TO
than at Hewburg, only fourteen miles north, above the Highlands.
Garrison’s is the next station, 51 miles from Hew York. Opposite is Cozzen’s hotel, on a commanding position, and affording beautiful views of the country about. Just below was Fort Montgomery, where was stretched across the river the celebrated chain, to prevent the passage of vessels beyond. Links of this are now exhibited at the State library at Albany.
West Point is a bold promontory of great natural attractions. It projects into the river, which here takes a short bend to the north-east. This was one of the most impregnable posts of the Revolutionary war, and the consequence attached to it, in a military point of view, was evinced by the repeated but unsuccessful efforts of the enemy to obtain it. It was here that Arnold matured his plan of selling his country for gold; but the conspiracy, which aimed a death blow to liberty, only resulted in the ignominy and contempt of Arnold, and the lamented death of Andre. Arnold resided at the house of Beverly Robinson, which was situated just above Garrison’s. Beverly dock, where Arnold escaped to the “ Vultureis just below, at the foot of Sugarloaf mountain.SARATOGA SPRINGS.
7
The Military Academy is on a plateau 200 feet above the river. It was established, by act of congress, in 1802, and has usually about three hundred cadets. Roe’s hotel is at the north end. The buildings — many of them, are elegant. Near the abrupt northern level of the river is a monument, erected by the students of 1828, inscribed “Kosciusko.” A bronze statue of General John Sedgwick is erected on the parade ground. He was buried in Cornwall, Connecticut, and the statue and tablet to his memory stand in the town of Cornwall, New York.
In the rear, and at an elevation of 600 feet above tide, are the ruins of Fort Putnam. Silence and decay now mark the spot of this once formidable work. But its mouldering ruins convey a pretty correct idea of the impregnable barrier its ramparts once presented to the enemies of freedom. As we continue our voyage above West Point, Crow Nest, which is 1,428 feet high, casts its broad shadow upon us. Here is laid the scene of that exquisite poem of Rodman Drake, “ The Culprit Fay.”
Cornwall is a favorite summer resort. The Linden Park hotel is nicely kept and well patronized. Idlewild, well known as the residence of the late N. P. Willis, is a little north of the village.8
FROM NEW YORK TO
Opposite, at Undercliff, was the home of George P. Morris. The railway station is Cold Spring. Above this is Bull hill, now called Mount Taurus, 1,586 feet high. Beacon hill, 1,685 feet high, is the last of the Highlands, and when we consider the points of history, poetry and beauty blended together, we can assume that this fifty miles of scenery is unequaled by any in the world. Willis, Morris, Hoffman, Drake, Bryant—all but the last —have laid down their pen to rest, but not until
“ With, a poet's hand, and a prophet's fire,"
they struck the chords to which the common pulse of man keeps time, and rendered this the classic ground of American history.
Newburgh. Across from the Fishkill station, and on the declivity of a hill, is Newburgh. It has a population of 16,000. During the Involution, Newburgh was for some time the encampment of the American army. The Hasbrouck stone house and farm, known as Washington’s head-quarters, were a few years ago purchased by the State of New York, and are now its property. The scene of Cooper’s “Spy” is laid here. The town is a terminus of the Newburgh branch of the Erie railway. A beautiful back country is takenSARATOGA SPRINGS.
9
up with handsome villas and summer residences. The town was settled by the Palatines, in 1708.
Two miles north-east of Fishkill is the Verplank house, once the head-quarters of Baron Steuben, and the place where was organized, in 1783, the farmer’s “ Society of the Cincinnati.”
Hew Hamburgh, the next station, is on Wap-pinger’s creek. Here is an interesting tunnel 800 feet long. A mile and a half from here was the residence of Governor George Clinton. Further on is Milton Landing, which is famous for its shipments of raspberries to Hew York, employing during the season a steamboat exclusively for that purpose.
Poughkeepsie has a population of 18,000. It derives its name from the Indian word Apo-keep-sing, which signifies “ safe harbor.” The Winna-kie creek runs through the place. An elegant restaurant affords entertainment during the “ ten minutes for refreshments.” The city is built partly on the hill side, but chiefly on an elevated plateau, in the rear of which is College Hill, 500 feet above tide-water. Beautiful residences and country villas adorn the city and suburbs. Eastman’s Business University is patronized by young men from every section of the country. Vassar Col-10
PROM NEW YORK TO
lege is a very complete institution for the education of young ladies, the munificent gift of Mr. Mathew Vassar. The River view military academy, Poughkeepsie military institute, the Poughkeepsie female academy, Cottage Hill ladies* seminary, collegiate institute for young ladies, are among the other noted institutions in this “ city of schools.” A hospital for the insane is a State institution which, when completed, will accommodate four hundred patients. It is open for the admission of acute cases of both sexes. The streets are numerous, well paved and well lighted. Main street is a mile and a half in length. The drive to Hyde Park, five miles north, is one of the finest on the Hudson. Benson J. Lossing, the historian and artist, claims a residence here.
Hyde Park. This was named after Lady Anne Hyde, the daughter of the brewer and afterward Queen of England.
Rhinebeok is the next station, but the village is two miles inland.
Rondout is across the river, and
Kingston, the county seat of Ulster, is two miles up the creek. The place was burnt by the British in October, 1777.
The Delaware and Hudson canal terminatesSARATOGA SPRINGS.
11
here. Its coal business makes of this one of the most active business places on the Hudson. The canal is one hundred and three miles long and extends to the Laxawaxin river in Pennsylvania. Passing through Barrytowk, we come to Tivoli. St. Stephen’s College is at Ae-^a^dale, five miles from here. It is a training school for divinity students of the Protestant Episcopal Church and was founded by ¥m. Bard at an expense of $60,000. Rokeby, the house of General Armstrong of the Revolution, now occupied by Wm. B. Astor, is near here.
Clermokt, the former residence of Chancellor Livingston, is on the west side of the river at Malden. Besides his eminent legal services, the chancellor’s fame is connected with that of Robert Pulton, in the introduction of steam navigation. The first successful steam voyage was made by the “Clermont” in 1807. She reached Albany in thirty-two hours from New York and thus, what had been pronounced “ wild, chimerical, visionary,” became an established fact.
Saugerties and Esopus are ancient settlements and afford a location for some elegant villas.
Catskill is ten miles north. It takes its name from the large creek which flows through it. The12
PROM NEW YORK TO
Indian name for this was Kish-ha-ta-me-ma-hooh. The first object which attracts attention is
The Prospect Park Hotel. This is situated on a plateau, some two hundred feet above the river, which comprises seventeen acres. The main building is two hundred and fifty feet front, with wing ninety feet. Guests can find here quiet, pleasure, shade and sunshine. The fresh bracing air of the mountains make Catskill one of the pleasantest places to spend the noontide of the summer.
The Mountain House or Pine Orchard, as it was formerly called, is traditionally attractive. Its elevation above the Hudson is 2,200 feet. It is built upon a cliff which forms a circular, uneven platform, and includes about six acres. The sunrise and a thunder storm are the especial attractions for the Mountain House.
Two miles from the summit is Sleepy Hollow, famous as the reported site of Rip Yan Winkle’s long nap.
Through years of mighty waves —
To wake to science grown to more To find the sign of another George Swinging above the tavern door.
Thomas Cole, the painter, has transcribed some of the beauties of this wonderful region in theSARATOGA SPRINGS.
13
scenes of his "Voyage of Life.” Two miles from the hotel are the Kaaterskill Falls. The. waters fall, perpendicularly, 175 feet and afterward 85 feet more. The highest summits of the mountains are Round Top and High Peak, 3,800 feet above tide. The Indian names of these are: " Wccw-can-te-jpa-heah and Rish-ta-ta-man-ea-cho.
Hudson is six miles north of Catskill station. It was founded in 1781 by thirty persons from Providence, R. I. It is the terminus of the Hudson and Berkshire Railway. The furnaces for the smelting of iron, from the ore, are a prominent feature of the landscape, exhibiting to the passing steamboat traveler, a cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night.
Atheists is on the opposite side of the river. It is the terminus of a branch of the Hew York Central Railroad running to Schenectady. Passing Coxsackie, noted for its shad fishing, Kinder-hook (Kinders-hoeck — Children’s Point) because its first settler had a numerous progeny, Castle-ton, the site of the Overslaugh, and we reach the city of Albany.
Albany, the State capital, was settled by the Dutch in 1612. It took its name from King
James II, then Duke of York and Albany. Great 2u
EROM NEW YORK TO
taste has been displayed in the construction of its public and private buildings. Prominent among these are the Capitol, Cathedral, St. Joseph’s (Catholic) church, St. Peter’s (Episcopal) church, the First Lutheran church, City Hall, State Hall, Geological Hall, Martin’s (Young Men's Association) Hall, State Library; to which will soon be added the New Capitol, the Post Office and St. Agnes’ School.
The Delavan, Charles E. Leland proprietor, is the finest hotel in the city. The new and substantial iron railroad bridge enables passengers to land directly in rear of this hotel.
We cannot forbear to again speak of the elegant lines of steamers that ply between Albany and New York. The Day Line commences the first of June, and makes a pleasant, cheap and expeditious route, connecting with all the evening trains which leave this city.
The Evening lines make regular connections with the morning trains that run out from Albany, on the Susquehanna and the railroads north and west, to all the watering places in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire and Canada.
Troy, five miles above Albany, is at the head of tide-water. It attained its present name in 1789,SARATOGA SPRINGS.
15
and the adjoining hills took the names of Mount Ida and Mount Olympus. The polytechnic school and the female seminary take high rank among the educational institutions of the country. Immense iron manufactories are located in the south part of the city, and the fame of her steel works, stoves and rolling-mills are too well established to require a description here. Among the new public buildings are the sayings bank, city hall and the new Times building. This last is of four stories, with an iron front and Mansard roof, and cost $150,000. The streets are laid out, generally, at right angles, are well shaded and kept clean. The cemetery is an exquisite spot, adorned with stately monuments and works of art, among these is a bridge of elegant design, by J. Wrey Mould, of New York city. The Griswold and Wool monument, by the same architect, is to be of white marble, and will cost at least $100,000. The United States arsenal is across the river, and contains many cannon and other relics from Saratoga, Yorktown, Stony Point, two old French four pounders, all of brass, and most of them highly ornamented, with a name and the inscription, “ ultima ratio regium.”
The Eensselaer and Saratoga Railroad Company16
FROM NEW YORK TO
has the ownership or control of about 200 miles of railroad, comprising the various roads that reach from Albany and Troy to Whitehall and Rutland. It is under the supervision of I. Y Baker, superintendent, to whose successful management and skill the stockholders are indebted for possessing one of the finest properties in the State. Commencing at the Union depot, it crosses the main channel of the Hudson on a bridge 1,512 feet long, to Green Island. From thence it proceeds to Van Schaick’s island, by a bridge 482 feet long, and from here across to Waterford. The tourist can well afford to spend a few hours here, and visit the Cohoes falls and factories. In the early colonial times Waterford was known as Half-moon, from the shape of the river bend at this point. In 1759 Lord Amherst made this a depot of supplies. Four hundred batteaux were collected here and used on the river, to Fort Edward, for the transportation of supplies and ordnance.
Cohoes. This has become one of the most important manufacturing cities of the State. An immense water power is here on the Mohawk river, making a total descent of 100 feet. The branch railroad from Albany to the Junction is in full view at the railroad bridge. The Cohoes falls,SARATOGA SPRINGS.
17
about a balf mile above the railroad bridge, has a perpendicular descent of 40 feet. There are knitting and cotton mills here; axe and edge tools. The principal are the Harmony Mills Co. In making excavations for the foundation of their new mill, and some thirty feet below the surface of the ground, the bones of a Mastodon were discovered, which are now deposited in the State collection at Albany.
The Junction is the point of connection of the railroad with the branch which runs to Albany.
Mechanicville, eight miles from Waterford, is a smart manufacturing town. The country about is highly cultivated and the place boasts of a mile track for the improvement of the breed of horses.
A fort was on the elevated ground at the north end of the village, and a few rods below this, were two long store-houses which did good service in General Gates’ campaign of 1777, which resulted in the capture of General Bur-goyne.
Round Lake is a station of modern origin. An association of gentlemen connected with the Methodist Church purchased a large plot of18
FROM NEW YORK TO
ground here, mostly woods, on which they have established a permanent camp ground. The grounds are handsomely laid out and some fifty cottages have already been built. The camp meetings that are yearly held here have been attended by 12,000 people at one time. Eound Lake was frequented in early times by the Iroquois Indians, who gave it the name of “ Che-wan-go-wa-ha.”
Ballston Spa lies in the town of Milton, Saratoga county. The Kayaderosseras creek, which flows through the village, furnishes a fine water power for various manufactories. Among these are three cotton mills, four woolen mills, an oil-cloth factory, hoop-skirt factory, paper collar factory, paper box factory, and Barber’s foundry and sash and blind works.
At Bloodville are the celebrated axe, edge tool and scythe factory of the late Isaiah Blood. These were partially consumed by fire in April last, but are now being rebuilt. Above this, on the Kayaderosseras creek, are McLean’s straw paper mill, the “Milton” mill for the manufacture of manilla paper, Odell’s paper and collar mill, and the tannery at Milton Center. Farther up, at Rock City, is a manilla paper mill, Kilmer’s strawSARATOGA SPRINGS.
19
paper mill and the two paper mills of Parks & West. Still above, at Jamesville, are two paper mills, the whole of which finds their depot at Ball ston Spa.
Ballston Spa derives its celebrity from the min* eral springs, which flow here in great abundance. The artesian springs flow, from a depth of six hundred feet, through solid rock. The Sans Souci hotel was built many years ago by Nicholas Low, and, in its plan and surroundings, does much credit to the taste and liberality of the proprietor. It is 160 feet long, with two wings, extending back 153 feet, and is calculated for the accommodation of one hundred and fifty boarders. The Sans Souci spring, which is within the grounds of the hotel, is seven hundred feet deep. The Washington and the Franklin have, also, some reputation. They are all about the same depth, and have a five-inch bore in the calciferous sandstone rock.CHAPTER II.
SARATOGA SPRINGS: HOTELS, SPRINGS.
H E word Saratoga is of Indian origin, and, in the language of the Iroquois, means “the place of herring,” which refers to the portion of Eish creek between the falls at Vic-toryville and the Hudson river. This formerly was a noted runway for herring, shad and salmon. It was subsequently applied to the patent of land granted to Philip Schuyler, on which is situated the village of Schuylerville.
Saratoga Springs is thirty-six miles from Albany. Its elevation above tide-water is 306 feet, being 46 feet higher than Lake George. The population is about 9,000. Its streets are adorned with elegant buildings and shade trees. Extensive additions are yearly made to them. Its hotels, in their size, keeping and decoration, are something wonderful. The springs are the most remarkable in the world. The waters have becomeSAKATOGA SPBIHGS.
21
an article of commerce, and all nations are its customers. Thousands of people bear annual testimony to their happy medicinal effects, and its fountains, as they have been for many generations past, will continue to the latest time, to be one of the greatest boons which the Creator ever gave, as a remedy for the ills which flesh is heir to.
There is an inner and an outer life in Saratoga. The inner life is made up of the resident population, whose homes are the abode of refinement, taste and elegance, which are not surpassed by any inland town in the State. The outer life is the summer fashionable life, which centers around the great hotels, where the wealth, beauty, fashion, wit, wisdom and aristocracy of the continent assemble, with such additions as may drift from foreign parts to our republican shores. General Sir William Johnson, who resided at Johnson Hall, in Fulton county, is said to have visited the High Rock spring more than one hundred years ago. In 1777, after the surrender of Burgoyne, while our troops lay at Palmertown, the springs were visited by some of the officers. Alexander Bryan was the first permanent settler at the springs after the war of the Revolution. Gideon Putnam came to Saratoga in 1789. He leased a farm of three22
EBOM NEW YOEK TO
hundred acres, made staves and shingles, built a saw-mill, shipped his lumber to New York, and brought home, among other things, a peck measure of silver coin, with which he paid for his land. In the year 1802 he built seventy feet of what was until lately known as Union Hall, and on the site of the Grand Union Hotel. From such small beginning, and within the recollection of many now living, this magnificent town has been built. The village is located on the great Kayaderosseras patent, which covers nearly the whole of Saratoga county. In 1770 this was divided, and allottment xvi, which covers the springs and village, fell to the share of Rip Yan Dam. Lot No. twelve., which takes in a considerable portion of the village, was purchased by Isaac Low, Jacob Walton and Anthony Yan Dam. Low being a royalist, his property was confiscated and sold by the Commissioners of Forfeiture, in 1786, to Henry Livingston. The descendants of these parties occupy a considerable portion of these lands to this day.SABATOGA SPBIiTGS.
23
Hotels.
Clarendon. One of the most agreeable, “ nobby ” bouses in Saratoga is the Clarendon. It was built in 1860 and is owned by Charles E. Leland, who is, and has been for a number of years, the lessee of the Delavan House in the city of Albany. The House has always been patronized by a choice, wealthy and aristocratic class of visitors, many of whom, with the regularity of the summer swallows, return, year after year, to the same quarters, under its ample verandahs. Magnificent elms surround the building which faces Broadway. The Washington Spring is within its ground. Extensive Ten Pin alleys are attached to the house. At night the brilliant gaslights and the sweet music of the band, renders the gay scene very attractive.
The office of the Clarendon is under the supervision of Mr. Albert Polk Pond, who, to a manly, pleasing presence, joins an aflability and bon homme that is very taking with guests. They are made to feel perfectly at home by the delicate though modest attentions which are paid to them by every employee of this well-ordered establishment.24	FROM MEW YORK TO
The Grand Hotel. One of the marvels of Saratoga is its wonderful powers of recuperation. A misfortune that, in any other place, would only prove its ruin, seems here to simply prove a benefit.
A fire, which occurred in October, 1871, destroyed the Park Place Hotel and other buildings, extending from the Columbian to the Grand Union Hotel. Upon their site has been erected one of the handsomest buildings in Saratoga. It is of brick, five stories in height and is set back fifteen feet from the street. A piazza, three hundred and seventy feet in length, extends along Broadway. Beneath are twenty-seven stores. Above are five hundred rooms for guests, with running water, baths, gas, bells, etc. The location of the House is opposite the Congress Spring Park, on Broadway, with a wing on Congress street, opposite the Grand Union Hqjbel, two hundred feet in length and another on the north end 220 feet long, which last comprises the dining room.
These three great hotels, the Congress, Grand Union and Grand Central, are a combination which are unequaled in any watering place.
Columbian. The Columbian is a new structure, pleasantly located on south Broadway, betweenSARATOGA SPRINGS.
25
the Grand Central and the Clarendon, and will comfortably accommodate about one hundred guests.
Grand Union. This Hotel is on the site of the first summer hotel ever erected at Saratoga, and which, as before stated, was built by Gideon Putnam, and opened in 1802. Putnam died in 1812, and was succeeded by his two sons, Rockwell and Washington Putnam, who kept the hotel until 1849. Mr. Henry H. Hathorn, during that year, bought out Rockwell’s interest, and Seymour Ainsworth succeeded to the interest of Washington, and built the elegant building known as Ainsworth block, extending up to Washington street. George Putnam, son of Rockwell, and Hr. Payne, of Schuylerville, followed the above in the proprietorship, until 1864, when the whole property was purchased by the Leland brothers.
As years rolled on, Montgomery Hall, Snyder’s Hotel and various other properties were added to, absorbed by and built upon, until, with its additions and improvements, its wings, elegant ball-room—late opera house, stores and cottages, it occupies nearly the entire block bounded by Broadway, Congress, Washington and Hamilton streets, comprising about seven26
FROM NEW YORK TO
acres. The length of the building on Broad-way, including the Ainsworth block, is 650 feet. Within is a court, which is beautifully shaded, and where the band plays every morning and evening. A vertical railway, built by Atwood, renders the six stories of easy access to guests. The public rooms are of prodigious size, and the office exhibits a series of colonnades, in white and colors, that rise from the floor to the dome. The capacity of the House is said to be greater than that of any other hotel in the world. It has of piazzas, in length, one mile; halls, two miles; carpets, ten acres; number of rooms, eight hundred; and can accommodate 1,200 guests. But while it has, for the comfort of its guests, every convenience within, it is to be regretted that outside, the architect should not have planned a more graceful building. It evidently belongs to the order known as modern renaissance.
Interpreters are always at hand to receive the orders of those foreign guests who prefer to express themselves in their native tongue.
Congress Hall. This Hotel is situated on Broadway, extending from Spring to Congress, and is bounded, in rear, by Putnam street. The first Congress Hall was commenced by Gideon PutnamSARATOGA SPRINGS.
27
in 1812, and finished and opened for guests by Grandus Van Schoonhoven who kept the lease till 1822. It afterward gained a great reputation under James R. and Joseph Westcott. The property was purchased by Mr. Henry H. Hathorn and Harry P. Hall, in 1855, who greatly extended and improved it. Hall’s interest passed through various hands until May 29, 1866, when the building was wholly consumed by fire. This, at the time, was considered the most serious blow which Saratoga had ever experienced.
A fire in June, the year previous, had destroyed the United States Hotel, then the most elegant hotel in Saratoga, and capable of accommodating 800 guests. The same fire also burned the Marvin House.
July 4, 1864, Hr. Bedortha’s celebrated water cure establishment, with a capacity for two hundred guests, w^as burned. August, 1866, the Columbian Hotel was burned, valued at $50,000. Under these appalling losses amounting, with the loss of business, to over a million dollars, meetings were held to consider the subject of rebuilding Congress Hall. The result was, a plan of raising the sinews of war by the issuing of bonds, similar to a railroad company, to the extent23
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of $400,000, in sums of $100 to $5,000 each, secured by mortgage upon the premises. Subscriptions were taken, as well by citizens of all grades, as by capitalists of New York, Boston, St. Louis, Chicago and elsewhere.
The foundations of the new building, resting on solid rock, were laid October, 1867. It is entirely of brick and has seven fire proof brick walls with iron doors, extending through the whole structure to the roof, so that if a fire should break out in any one part, it would not, by any means follow, that the rest of the building would be burned. The front of the building is five stories high. It has a French roof with observatories at the center and the two ends. The two wings, owing to the shape of the ground, are seven stories in height; the rooms are spacious'; the halls ten feet wide and 400 feet long on each floor. An Otis elevator conveys guests to the various stories and to the observatory in the tower.
Architecturally it is not all that so grand a building should be. An additional story and the piazza extended along the entire front, would probably have made the Congress one of the handsomest buildings in the country. Within,SARATOGA SPRINGS.
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however, is every modern appliance for convenience, comfort or luxury—spacious parlors, elegant dining hall, baths, offices and all minor appointments. The inner space between the wings, and looking out into a court and across Putnam street to Temple grove, is all that can be desired. A photograph of the rear of the hotel reminds one of a grand old palace of the mediaeval ages. The two wings extend back to Spring street, and are each 230 feet long by 46 feet in width, giving an abundance of private parlors and lodging rooms. One thousand guests can be comfortably lodged and fed under its spacious roof. Across Spring street, and connected with the hotel by a flying bridge, is an elegant ballroom. It is 120 feet long by 50 wide. The ceilings are frescoed in artistic style, and it is brilliantly lighted by expensive chandeliers.
American Hotel. The American Hotel, which was built about thirty years ago, is on the corner of Broadway and Washington street. It is owned and kept by Bennett & McCaffrey, and consists of the old American and Adelphi combined. These two afford accommodations for three hundred guests. The house has an excellent reputation. It has a frontage of 200 feet on Broadway, with30
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spacious piazzas, and is within easy access to the springs, post-office and places of resort. It is open the year round, and invalids and visitants to Saratoga in the winter season will find themselves well cared for.
Marvin House. The Marvin House, kept by the Messrs. Snyder, corner of Division street and Broadway, has a central location, and can give good accommodations for two hundred guests. It is built of brick and has a fine wide piazza in front. It is open the year round.
The Holden House. This Hotel is on Broadway and has been recently opened. The great merit of this House is, that every thing is new, neat and clean. It has a central location and is accessible to all points. Winter as well as summer guests will find this a very enjoyable house.
Waverly. This is a very tasteful and nicely furnished House situated up Broadway. It has a double piazza which affords a splendid promenade or place for a quiet flirtation.
Washington Hall. The visitor, at this House, will find a variety of home comforts in the shape of quiet and ease. It is in the neighborhood of the High Bock, Empire and Bed Spring.SARATOGA SPRINGS.
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Everett House. On South Broadway, below the Clarendon, are very pleasant hoarding-houses which are patronized by a cultivated class of guests, first among which is the Everett. A piazza surrounds the House, a well kept lawn, and homelike appearance, are among the attractions of this House. It is kept by Mr. B. V. Frazer and can accommodate about one hundred people.
Aussafesta. Glen Mitchell is situated at the terminus of North Broadway and about a mile and a half from Congress Spring. The Hotel is famous for its wide piazzas, its half mile driving park, and its pretty walks and woods, forming a very desirable place for pic-nic parties. Game breakfasts and dinner are a specialty. The drive from the village to Glen Mitchell, and thence around by the Excelsior Spring, is one of the most delightful in Saratoga.
Dr. Strong's Remedial Institute. Next to Broadway, Circular street is the finest avenue in Saratoga. Dr. Strong’s Institute is on this avenue, between Spring and Phila streets one block from Temple Grove. It has elegant parlors, dining room and other appointments belonging to a strictly first-class hotel. The baths and remedial appliances are not surpassed by any establishment32
PROM KEW YORK TO SARATOGA.
in this country or in Europe. The Turkish and Eussian baths are especially luxuriant. The buildings are heated by steam so that the temperature of the house is brought to a healthful uniformity. The Hotel can accommodate about two hundred guests; many clergymen pass their vacations at this house.
Temple Grom. This Hotel occupies a block on Circular street, bounded by Spring and Eegent streets. Willis E. Dowd is the manager and it possesses very good accommodations for families for the summer. During the remainder of the year it is occupied as a Young Ladies* Seminary.
There are many smaller hotels and boarding houses which are kept in excellent style. Among these are the Pavilion, Whites, Mrs. Wilburs, Dr. Bedorthas, Empire, Commercial, Broadway, Mount Pleasant. On Franklin street are: Mrs. Wicks, Mrs. Spooner’s, N. B. Morey’s, and on West Congress is Pitney’s. Numerous others are in various parts of the town — more quiet than the Hotels, with shaded grounds and piazzas, and very attractive lawns for croquet and other out-door amusements.CHAPTER III.
THE SPKINGS.
HE Springs in the Saratoga valley are among the remarkable natural curiosities of the world. The constituent particles are chloride of sodium, carbonate of lime, carbonate of magnesia, carbonate of soda, hydriodate of soda, carbonate of iron, silicia and alumina, carbonic acid gas, atmospheric air. Traces of iodine and potassa are found in some of the Springs, but the above, in greater or less proportions, are common to all. According to these proportions, they have been divided into chalybeate and acidulous, saline waters.
Each Spring has its local history, which is interesting in its discovery and the subsequent efforts of the owners to preserve and utilize. The tubing of a spring is an expensive affair, which costs thousands of dollars. This arises in part from the difficulty of securing the carbonic acid34
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gas. Materials which would answer well in cases of an ordinary spring prove to be entirely useless with the acidulous mineral water. Ordinary cement, which answers perfectly well with fresh water, proves no barrier to the escape of carbonic acid gas, and in time it will be taken into combination with it.* In fact, if a common earthen dish is filled with mineral water, and evaporated by artificial heat, the salts will be precipitated on the outside of the dish, as high as the water stood within, having passed through the pores of the dish and the glazing. In the limits of a work like this we can only very briefly refer to these details, except in two or three prominent instances.
Congress Spring. Congress Spring stands at the head of the numerous Springs which abound in Saratoga. Its discovery is thus related by Dr. Steel: “ During the summer of 1792 three gentlemen were boarding at Risley’s who frequently amused themselves in hunting for small game in the neighboring woods. One of them, John Taylor, a member of Congress from Hew Hampshire, accidentally discovered a small stream of water issuing from an aperture in a rock, the face of
♦Allen’s Hand-book of Saratoga.SARATOGA SPRINGS.
35
which formed the side of the brook. On examining it attentively, he found it to be a strong mineral water. He communicated this discovery to his associates, and in the afternoon of the same day he conducted his landlord, with a number of other persons, to the spot.” It was situated a few feet farther west, and on the opposite side of the brook from where the Spring now is. The water issued from a worn hole in a large mass of silicious lime rock. The discovery was deemed an important one, and out of respect to the discoverer, and as a compliment to the superior strength of the waters, the same was, by the consent of all parties present, dignified by the name of “ Congress Spring.” It was tubed by Gideon Putnam, and was first bottled, as an article of merchandise, in - 1823. It is situated in the Congress Spring Park, which is tastefully laid out with trees and walks, and is adorned with statuary.
The Columbian is in the same grounds, and but a few rods south-west of the Congress. It contains much more iron than the latter. While it has the same ingredients as the Congress, it differs in the quantity of the articles held in solution.36
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It occupies a distinguished rank among the tonic waters of the place.
Washington Spring. The Washington Spring is in the grounds of the Clarendon Hotel. It was tubed by Gideon Putnam in 1806. It has the singular history of being the first Spring tubed in Saratoga, and among the last that have been reclaimed and prepared for commercial use. In the year 1856 the ground passed into the possession of John H. White, and in 1858 he sunk a shaft eleven feet square, to the depth of thirty feet, through clay and hardpan, to the calciferous sand rock underneath. The water was found to enter from the south-west side, and accordingly, a tunnel was excavated in that direction. At this point, while exploring with an iron rod, the earth suddenly gave way and the water and gas flowed into the shaft with such force that the workmen had barely time to escape, leaving their tools behind them at the bottom of the pit. A second shaft was now excavated at the extreme end of the tunnel, and protected by a coffer dam built with heavy timbers and plank; but on reaching a depth of twenty-eight feet, the accumulated water and gas burst in the coping and again drove off the workmen.SARATOGA SPRINGS.
37
A third shaft was now commenced, still further to the south-east, but instead of the tubing which had been before used, a curb was formed from ten-incli plank cut into beveled segments. These were laid, one above another, so as, effectually, to break joints and then spiked firmly together, which formed, when completed, a strong tube of wood ten inches thick and twenty feet in diameter. This was continued with the excavation to the sand-rock, where two fountains were discovered issuing from the same fissure within the distance of twenty feet. The more south-western was selected as presenting the finest appearance, and as the loose ground was removed a full, gushing volume of water, one inch wide and six inches long, came rolling and boiling out of the rock, bubbling and sparkling with gas. Near this spring Mr. Munger had a celebrated fish pond which, at one time, contained thousands of speckled trout.
The Crystal Spring is on south Broadway, in the New Grand Hotel. It was opened and tubed by C. B. Brown, the proprietor, in 1870.
Geyser. One of the curiosities of Saratoga is the Geyser or Spouting Spring, about a mile and a
half below the village. This curious phenomena 438
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was discovered in February, 1870. Appearances of a Spring having been observed here for several years, preparations were made by Messrs. Yail and Seary, the owners of the bolt factory, to bore for a Spring. After sinking a shaft through the solid rock a hundred and forty feet deep, they struck the mineral vein, when the water burst forth and spouted several feet above the surface. The tubing is a block tin pipe, two inches in diameter, encased with iron. The temperature of the Spring is only fourteen degrees above the freezing point. The water is the most strongly impregnated with mineral and medicinal substances of any known. The height of the spout is about twenty feet above the surface.
Glacier. The Glacier Spring was discovered in September last, by boring through the rock, in a manner similar to the Geyser. It is situated about fifty rods east of the Geyser and spouts in a similar manner. Gibbs and Button are the owners. Near the Geyser is another Spring that has been bored to the depth of one hundred and sixty-five feet and excellent mineral water has been found.
The Ellis Spring, named after Bobert Ellis, Esq., a highly respected citizen and late owner, is near the Geyser. It is a Chalybeate Spring.SARATOGA SPRINGS.
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About thirty rods to the north of the Congress, and hy the side of the brook along which all of the springs seem to he located, is the Hamilton Spring.
A few rods further north is the —
Hathorn Spring. This was accidentally discovered while workmen were clearing away the ground for the foundation of the Congress Hall block, which contains the ball-room. It was discovered in 1869. The waters are bottled. It is a powerful cathartic, and is very conveniently located on Spring street next to Congress Hall. It is named after Mr. Henry H. Hathorn, the owner. The Spring was re-excavated and re-tubed the past winter at an expense of $15,000. It now rises for a distance of forty feet below the surface from a fissure in the rock of one by three inches. This fissure was drilled out two and half feet deep and a hopper placed over the cavity. The water gushes from this at the rate of ninety gallons per hour. The amount now put up in bottles is 300 dozen per day, which is sold for $3 per dozen.
Next in order and following the course of the stfeam is the —
Putnam Spring. The alley-way, which lately connected this Spring with Broadway, is now40
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expanded into a fine avenue, known as Phila street. The Spring is a fine chalybeate water and has a large bathing establishment connected with it.
The Pavilion Spring is located in the Pavilion Park, between Caroline street and Lake Avenue. It was situated in a deep morass, whence it rose through an alluvial deposit of over forty feet in depth. It was tubed by Daniel McLaren in 1839. A crib, fifteen feet square, made of logs firmly locked together at the corners, was placed around the spring and the excavation then followed until the hardpan was reached. After placing the tube it was packed in the usual manner with clay. In 1869 the spring was re-tubed and the tube was carried down ten feet to the solid rock — Sulphate of Potassa and Bicarbonate of Lithia, in large quantities, are only found at this spring. Great improvements were made about the grounds by Mr. William Walton, who filled them in, straightened the channel of the creek, laid out walks, planted shade trees and constructed suitable buildings for bottling the wTater. While re-tubing the Pavilion, a new Spring was discovered flowing from the east, it has been secured and its waters analyzed. It is known as the United States.SARATOGA SPRINGS.
41
The Flat Rock is near the Pavilion, and receives its name from being surrounded by a bed of calcareous tuba, the sediment of the water which long exposure had hardened into a solid rock.
High Rock. The High Rock Spring is considered one of the most interesting among the natural curiosities of the country.
Dr. Valentine Seaman, in his description of the Spring, observes: “ The more we reflect upon it the more we must be convinced of the important place this rock ought to hold among the wonderful works of nature. Had it stood on the borders of the Logo d’Agnaus, the noted Grotto del Cani, which, since the peculiar properties of carbonic acid have been known, burdens almost every book which treats upon the gas, would never have been heard of beyond the environs of Naples, while this fountain, in its place, would have been deservedly celebrated in story and spread upon canvass to the admiration of the world as one of the greatest curiosities.”
The following measurement of High Rock
Spring was made in 1856:
#	FT. INCH.
At the surface of the ground the circumference is. 24	4
Diameter of aperture four inches below the top..	12
Height of the rock above the ground______ ...	8	642
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FT. INCH
Water m the rock above the ground.............. 1	4
Depth of the spring from the top of the rock.... 10 00 From the top of the rock to the water within...	2	2
The walls of the rock are of nearly uniform thickness throughout. This celebrated Spring was visited by Sir William Johnson, then residing at Johnson hall, in Fulton county, about thirty miles from Saratoga, in 1767. He, it is said, was the first white man who ever visited the Springs, and is the first civilized person who ever used them as a remedial agent. He was borne here by the Indians on a litter, and, after a stay of a few weeks, left his bed and returned to his home, via Schenectady, on foot. In 1783 General Phil. Schuyler visited the Spring and remained some weeks, camping out. An aged chief of the St. Eegis tribe of Indians told the late Chancellor Walworth that he visited this spring when a boy, and that he was told by the Indians that the water once ran over the top, but owing, as they supposed, to some of their women bathing in it, when they ought not to have done so, the water went back into the rock, and never showed itself again at the top. This may or may not be the true solution, but there is no record of any women ever having since bathed in the HighSABAT0GA SPKINGS.
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Rock Spring. In 1866 Seymour Ainsworth, to whom Saratoga is indebted for many of her most tasteful buildings, and William McCaffrey, then the owners of the Spring, removed the rock and found below it a chamber two feet in diameter and ten feet deep. Immediately beneath the rock lay the body of a tree eighteen inches in diameter, which still retained its form, and was sufficiently firm to be sawed into sections and taken out. Several feet further down the body of an oak eight inches in diameter was found, which had suffered but little decay. How many hundreds or thousands of years these trees must have lain there, we leave to the imagination to tell. They must certainly have fallen before the surface rock commenced to be formed.
Star. The Star, formerly called the Iodine, has been known for about half a century. It has a fine reputation. The Spring has been recently re-tubed. It contains twenty grains of iodine to a gallon of water. It is in the charge of A. Putnam, Jr. These waters are now utilized by being placed in casks lined with porcelain, and provided with a patent faucet, which consists of several chambers closely fitted together, and44
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connected with a block tin pipe, which prevents the escape of the gas.
Seltzer. The Seltzer Spring is about two rods distant from the High Rock. But although in such close proximity, its waters are entirely different. An ingenious contrivance here exhibits the flow of the water and its gas. It consists of a glass tube three feet in height and fifteen inches in diameter, which is placed over the Spring, and through which the clear, bubbling water gushes in a steady volume, while, faster than the water, flows the glittering globules of carbonic acid gas. This flow is abundant and constant; but every few minutes, as the watchful visitor will observe, there is a momentary ebullition of an extraordinary quantity, which causes the water in the tube to boil over the rim. In sunshine the liquid presents a beautiful appearance.
Empire Spring. This celebrated and popular Spring was taken in charge in 1846. The tube is scribed down to the surface of the rock, and is about eleven feet in length. The fountain discharges about seventy-five gallons per hour. This spring belongs to the Congress and Empire Spring Company, who last year sold 30,000 dozen bottles of the water. This Spring was for someSARATOGA SPRINGS.
45
years under the superintendence of George Weston, who, in that time, reduced the unwholesome swamp, opened new drive-ways, graded the hills, laid out village lots and cultivated large numbers of shade trees. He has probably done more than any other one man to convert the upper village into a beautiful town.
Red Spring. The Eed Spring is a few rods beyond the Empire, and is located on Spring avenue. Quantities of ferruginous deposits are found about it, which give the water, when agitated, a red appearance,, from which circumstance it derives its name. John A. Carpenter & Co., the proprietors, have had the Spring re-tubed, and a neat pavilion and bottling house has been erected.
A Spring. This fountain is located a few rods from the Eed Spring, and is rapidly growing in favor. It is quite extensively bottled for sale.
Excelsior. The Excelsior is reached by passing up Spring avenue, which has lately been graded and handsomely laid out. It is owned by A. E. Lawrence & Co. The scenery here is most romantic. The Water Works and Loughberry Lake are in this vicinity. The tubing of this Spring is 56 feet in depth.46
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Eureka. The Eureka is on Lake avenue, about a mile east of Broadway. The grounds embrace a beautiful park of some twenty-five acres. A few rods from the Eureka is the
White Sulphur. A large and commodious bath house, containing about fifty rooms, is located adjoining the Spring.
Ten Springs. These Springs were discovered about the year 1814 on land belonging to Messrs. John and Ziba Taylor. Some of them are considerably saline, and, being saturated with carbonic acid gas, they constitute a very pleasant beverage.
Waxes and Drives.
One of the pleasantest walks about Saratoga is that through the Congress Spring Park, and thence around by the Indian encampment to the cemetery. This last was laid out about twenty-five years ago, and contains many beautiful monuments. Willow Walk extends from the Pavilion grounds, in the Valley of the Springs, to the Empire. It is pleasantly shaded. Beyond is a beautiful path, through the grove, to the Excelsior Spring.
There are many drives about Saratoga, but, by far the prettiest is, that extending throughSARATOGA SPRINGS.
4?
the magnificent Broadway, from Highland Hall for two miles to Glen Mitchell. The most fashionable drive is to the lake. Immense sums have been expended to straighten and widen the road, which is now a hundred feet wide and is divided in the center by a row of shade trees — carriages go up one side and down the other. In the summer it is kept sprinkled to allay the dust and is lined with the carriages of the fashionable.
Saratoga Lake was called by the Indians Kay-aderoga. It is eight miles long and two and a half miles broad. It is an expansion of Kay-aderosseras creek which enters from its western shore. Passing out of the lake the water takes the name of Fish Creek, which, after supplying a water power to Victory Mills, unites with the Hudson at Schuylerville. On an eminence, on the western shore, is Carey B. Moon’s celebrated Lake House. Game breakfasts and dinners are here served up in most approved style. Persons fond of boating, fishing or sailing, can here enjoy their favorite pastime, as the bait-fish and boats are always in waiting at the wharf.
Chapman’s Hill. By extending the drive across the bridge and along the lake shore, for48
FROM NEW YORK TO SARATOGA.
a mile, we come to Chapman’s Hill, from the top of which and a hundred and eighty-eight feet above the line of the lake, a beautiful western landscape may he seen.
Wagman’s Hill. Continuing the drive about three miles further, we arrive at Wagman’s Hill. This point is fifty-seven feet higher than Chapman’s, and commands a more extended panoramic view.
Waring Hill. On the road to Mount Pleasant and in the Kayaderosseras Range, sixteen miles from Saratoga, is Waring Hill. This is about two thousand feet high and presents one of the finest landscapes to be found in this country.CHAPTER IV.
ADIRONDACK RAILWAY — THE KAYADEROSSERAS YALLEY — LUZERNE — SCHROON.
HE Adirondack Railway commences at Saratoga Springs, and taking a north-westerly course, extends for fifty-six miles up into the interior of the northern wilderness, terminating, for the present, at North Creek in the county of Warren.
Many years ago a project was formed to build a road through the North Woods from Saratoga Springs to Sackett’s Harbor.
In 1854 a number of enterprising gentlemen, owning the Brown Tract, conceived the plan of uniting their landed property and the Railroad Company into one concern. This was subsequently accomplished; a large quantity of State lands were also purchased at the nominal price of five cents per acre, other lands were donated, and still others were bought, until the Company50
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were possessed of about 500,000 acres, which an act of the legislature exempted from taxation on the condition that a certain* number of miles of road should be constructed by the year 1870. This condition has been duly performed at a cost of about $2,000,000. The public and the country are indebted, almost solely, to Dr. Thomas O. Durant, for the successful accomplishment of this great work. In due time the railroad will be constructed to the Adirondack Mines, in the County of Essex, and will develop one of the largest deposits of iron ore in the known world. The Superintendent is Mr. C. H. Ballard, whose management of the road, with his kind, affable manners, give general satisfaction.
The Kayaderosseras Yalley. Leaving Saratoga by the Adirondack railway the traveler passes through a highly picturesque country, comprising the Kayaderosseras valley. Four miles out is Greenfield Station. It is in this vicinity that the first recorded battle in the county of Saratoga, between civilized troops, took place. It was in 1693, two years after the massacre of Schenectada, that a French expedition was organized in Quebec to go down, in the depth of winter, to the Mohawk valley, and breakLUZERNE.
51
up the Iroquois villages in that quarter. The force consisted of six hundred and twenty-five men, including two hundred Indians. They left
through Lake Champlain and Lake George. Their provisions were packed in sledges drawn by dogs. Bear skins were their couch and their protection the dense pines which lined the shores of the lakes. Passing near Schenectada, a prisoner named Yan Epps, who had been captured two years before, escaped, and gave the information to his friends in town. They at once sent an express to Major Peter Schuyler (grandfather of General Philip Schuyler of the Revolution), at Albany, who, with a strong force, came up to the rescue and support of their dusky allies. Meanwhile the French passed on to the Mohawk castles, at Tribe’s Hill, and Fort Hunter, which, with other places, they destroyed, and then took up their return march with some 300 prisoners. But Schuyler pursued, and, near the east, line of Greenfield, fought with them a battle in which, on the French side, were 25 killed and 35 wounded. The French escaped the next day by crossing the Hudson river at the little bay above Glens Falls, upon a cake of ice, when the
Montreal
January, and came52
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water was open above and below. On reaching Lake George fresh misfortunes awaited them. A rain storm had rendered the lake impassable and spoiled their cachet of provisions, and they were reduced to such straits that the prisoners escaped, and they, their late captors, boiled their extra moccasins for food. Finally they reached Montreal, having thrown away their arms, and so wasted by disease and privation as to be scarcely recognized.
Corinth lies norfti of and adjoining Greenfield. Here we enter the valley of the upper Hudson. Approaching Luzerne the road de-. bouches from a narrow and uninteresting cut in the sand hills into a broad and variegated landscape, bounded by the mountains. To this opening the name, not inaptly, has been given of “ The Gateway of the Adirondacks.” Winding now along the banks of the Hudson at the base of Antonio mountain, thence over the Sacandaga river by a bridge 100 feet high,
Hadley Station is reached, twenty-two miles from Saratoga. This is situate at the confluence of the Hudson and Sacandaga rivers. In a space of six miles the last-named stream has a fall of 164 feet. Five miles up the Sacandaga valley is Conklingville, a thriving hamlet of thirty orLUZERNE.
53
forty dwellings, a very pretty Episcopal and a Presbyterian church, a large tannery, several stores, a saw-mill, a wooden-ware factory and the New Jersey Patent Packing Co. A slack water navigation extends thence for eighteen miles to Eish House. This was formerly called Sach-en-dago, or “Stillwaters” derived from an immense marsh, comprising about ten thousand acres of drowned lands, which make up toward Mayfield Corners, and are now known as Cranberry Marsh. The creek which runs through it is known as Ken-ny-ett-o. The creek empties into the river at Fish House, where, near the brick mansion of Hr. Marvin, a hundred years ago, stood a fishing lodge of Sir William Johnson. After the Revolution, the place, comprising one hundred acres, was bought by Major Nicholas Fish, adjutant-general, for £100. Gradually the name extended to the river from its source, at Lakes Pleasant and Piseco, to its junction with the Hudson.
Luzerne. Across the Hudson river, and opposite its confluence with the Sacandaga, is the lovely village of Luzerne. The place is inclosed by lofty hills and mountains. On the west is the Kayaderosseras range, which reaches to the Adi-54
FROM HEW YORK TO
rondacks. On the east is the Luzerne or Palmer-town range, extending from Saratoga Springs to the western shore of Lake George.
Conspicuous among the hills is “ The Potash/’ in the form of a hemisphere, one thousand feet high, rocky and hold. The view from the summit of the Potash is something wonderful. On all sides the eternal hills sweep, and spread, and broaden like a dream. Far to the southward, through the haze, peak piled upon peak, folds upward to the sky. Grander than the ocean, there is nothing more majestic than where God sweeps his horizon with his glorious pencil of mountain blue.
Many feet above the village, and 700 feet above tide-water, lies Luzerne lake. It has a single island. Every day, in the summer season, parties of pleasure traverse the beautiful and shaded walks upon its shores, or in boats skim over its waters gathering lilies, floating up the inlet and meandering in and out of its various bays and points. A fall of 35 feet furnishes a water-power for a pulp mill, a grist-mill and tannery at the outlet.
On the western shore, near the chateau of Hon H. B. La Bau, was an ancient gathering placeLUZERSTE.
55
and fishing lodge of the Iroquois Indians. Probably a bushel of flint arrow-heads, stone hammers and other savage implements have been found. Here the savages were wont to assemble, catching fish and, occasionally, roasting a hostile Indian or a Frenchman, as the fortunes of war might throw them into their hands.
King Hendrick, with his three hundred dusky braves, encamped here on his way from Johnson Hall to the terrible disaster of Bloody Pond, where he lost his life.
Sir John Johnson, coming down from Canada in 1781 to recover the plate buried at Johnson Hall, took this route with his tory allies. After digging up the treasure, he gazed for the last time upon the home and lands of his family, and returned by the route he came.
The Hudson rushing through a narrow gorge between high and rocky cliffs, forms here what are styled Jessup’s little Falls. A bridge spans the chasm fifty feet in height. The views are especially bold, romantic and impressive. The waters below have been measured and found sixty feet and more in depth.
A few years since, an appropriation was made by the State Legislature for clearing out the56
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channels of the rivers for log navigation. Under this act, the salient points of the rocks were broken off. Indeed, at one spot the passage was but twelve feet wide. It is related that, in 1777, a British scout was endeavoring to find his way down the Sacandaga to communicate to Burgoyne the circumstance of the defeat of his friend St. Leger, who had been driven back from Fort Schuyler on the Upper Mohawk. As he approached this spot he was waylaid by a party of patriots who had gotten upon his trail, when, to save his life, he rushed down the rocky bank, leaped the river at a bound, and, clambering up the opposite bank, escaped. His baffled pursuers sent after him a few shots, but without effect.
Phelp’s Bay, or “ Ti-se-ran-do,” “ the meeting of the waters,” is formed by the confluence of the two rivers. It is famous for its pickerel and bass, and the water, for six miles, or down to Jessup’s Landing, is deep enough to float a steamboat.
Luzerne has long been noted as one of the finest fishing places in the country. The region is sandy and piney and entirely free from miasma, and for this reason it is highly recommended by physicians for all who are liable to pulmonary complaints. In the purity of its atmosphere it isLUZEBNE.
57
unsurpassed. The difference in the moisture between this and the sea shore is shown by the hydrometer to be twenty degrees.
The theory of Malte Brun, in his Universal Geography, shows that the elevated region, where the wind blows over living timber, with soft water and pure air, is productive of long life and health.
The town was formed from Queensbury, in 1808, and was formerly known as Fairfield. Some doubt exists as to the history of the present name, hut it probably originated from the Count de Luzerne, who was an aid to Gen. Washington during the last years of the Revolutionary war. Mention of the name is made in the history of James II. It appears that to Antoine, Count of Lauzun, was intrusted the heir apparent of the English crown, and the Queen, his mother, to convey hastily to France, at the time of the accession of William and Mary, in 1688.
Jessup’s Landing is five miles south of Luzerne. The drive on either side of the river is exquisite, and affords a series of views that for picturesque beauty are unsurpassed. The village is so named from Ebenezer Jessup who, about one hundred years ago, with his brother Edward, were large58
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«
and successful operators in wild lands. It was called tlie Landing, from the fact that the lumber rafts from the Sacandaga, Hudson and Schroon rivers, on their way to market, were landed here, drawn by teams around the Great Falls, and then reshipped for Glens Falls.
These Great falls (sometimes called “Palmer’s”) here are the finest on the Hudson river. At and above the village the river is broad and deep; at this point, however, it contracts, and for the space of a mile it is confined between high and precipitous rocks. Through this jagged rift on one side lime rock, on the other, the Potsdam sand stone, the waters rush—-wild, sullen, headstrong, furious, twisting and turning around sharp angles until the cataract is approached. Driven through a narrow channel one hundred feet in width, the river is precipitated a depth of about fifty feet, appearing at a distance like a bank of snow.
The drive from Luzerne to Lake George, ten miles distant, is romantic and interesting — varied by glimpses of lakes, mountains, wilds and forests.
A superb view is to be had on the route to Glens Falls, thirteen miles distant, from the crest of Luzerne range looking eastward, not soon forgotten.LUZERNE.
59
Hotels.
Through its hotels and boarding-houses Luzerne entertains three to four hundred strangers in the summer, attracted thither in the pursuit of health and pleasure.
Situated on the bank of the river just above the Jessup’s Falls is Rockwell’s favorite Hotel. It has been a well kept hostelry for forty years, and from small beginning it has grown up into an extensive establishment, capable of accommodating one hundred and fifty guests. A short distance below on the main street, and overlooking the Falls, Wilcox has a famous boarding-house. In this, and the cottages about, accommodations are afforded for about seventy-five people; sundry smaller houses about the town furnish board at very reasonable rates.
Wayside Hotel. Last year a large and commodious hotel was built on the shore of Luzerne lake, known as the Wayside. It is well furnished, has all the modern conveniences, and was, with its cottages, filled to overflowing with refined people. Its quiet, its superb views, its safe and accessible boating and pleasant walks on the shore, especially commend it to those veterans of society who desire complete rest from the fatigues and cares of city life.CHAPTER V.
Wolf Creek—Stony Creek—Thurman—War-
RENSBURGH — CHESTER — THE GlEN — JOHNS-BURGH — SCHROON.
1 OUR miles above Hadley is Wolf Creek . station. Here extensive beds of granite have been opened and are successfully worked. The varieties are gray, red and green. A large quantity has been sent to Albany for the use of the new Capitol, and the market is extending throughout the central and southern portions of the State. It receives a fine polish, and is adapted to monumental work.
Stony Creek is the first town in Warren county, on the railroad, and the station is thirty miles from Saratoga. Creek Center, two miles west of the station, is a thriving village, containing several stores, two hotels, and one of the best conducted tanneries in the State. The population in 1865 was 935. An effort is being made to push a roadSCHROON.
61
across to Wellstown, a distance of twenty miles, which will, when done, bring considerable travel to the place.
Thurman is so named from the family of John Thurman, who were among the early settlers in this part of the country. A mile from the station is the Athol post-office, and six miles beyond is Kenyontown. At this last-named place are newly opened marble quarries, of verd antique, and other valuable varieties. The beds extend a distance of 3,200 feet, and the depth is probably 200 feet. The marble consists of lime, magnesia and silex in a metamorphic condition.
The deposit is made up almost entirely of organic remains being the Eozoon Canadense, the oldest known fossil on the globe. The Eozoon Canadense foraminiferous marble company have expensive machinery to saw the marble, both at the quarries and at Saratoga. A splendid line of post coaches connect the Thurman station with Lake George, nine miles distant.
Warrensburgh is a village of about 800 inhabitants, four miles east of Thurman station, on the road to Lake George. It is handsomely situated on a level plain of about three
miles in length by two in breadth, and sur-
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rounded by hills from three hundred to eight hundred feet in diameter.
The village consists of the upper and lower boroughs, on the main road to Plattsburgh. At the upper dam on the Schroon river is the extensive tannery of Messrs. Burhans. There are also grist and saw-mills, clothing works and planing mills on the river. An extensive water power equal to sixty-five feet fall, extends from this place for two miles down the river. The place has about a dozen stores; an academy and a handsome Episcopal church, built of stone; a Methodist and a Presbyterian church. Above the tannery, and on the hill which commands extensive views of the country, is the handsome stone villa of Fred 0. Burhans.
Chester is a thriving agricultural town, having a population, in 1865, of 2,274. The village is about five miles from the railroad station, at the Glen; near it is Friend’s Lake, a handsome sheet of water, about three miles long. On its western border is the villa of the late John R. Thurman, overlooking an extensive panoramic view; also the mansion of George Leavitt, Esq., which is situated in a modest location upon the lake shore. Pottersville is also a thriving hamletSCHKOOtf.
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in the north part of the town. Stages pass here on their way to Schroon or Minerva.
Near this place, upon Stone Bridge creek, is a natural bridge. The stream, after falling into a basin, enters a passage in two branches, nnder a natural arch forty feet high and about eighty feet broad, and emerges in a single stream from under a precipice fifty-four feet high, and two hundred and forty-seven feet from its entrance. This bridge is described in Chase’s Geography 1796, as follows: “In the county of Montgomery is a small, .rapid stream, emptying into Schroon lake west of Lake George. It runs under a hill the base of which is sixty or seventy yards in diameter, forming a most curious and beautiful arch in the rock, as white as snow. The fury of the water and the roughness of the bottom, added to the terrific noise within, have hitherto prevented any person from passing through the chasm.”
The Chester Hotel, N. M. Downes proprietor, is a nice, clean, well-kept house, and has accommodations for about seventy-five boarders.
Johnsburgh is one of the largest towns in the county. It possesses fine agricultural land, which is particularly adapted to dairy purposes. Popula tion in 1865 was 2,286.64
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The Glen station is located at the point of intersection of the four towns of Chester, Johns-burgh, Thurman and Warrensburgh.
On the eastern bank of the river are the remains of the first road ever built to Plattsburgh. It was laid out by John Thurman and Platt Eogers in 1804.
Here was the residence of the late Eobert Gilchrist one of the most important, energetic and wealthy citizens of Johnsburgh. His nephew, Eobert S. Gilchrist, who inherits his fortune and energy, has built a suspension bridge at Washburn’s Eddy, two miles above this, with a view of developing an immense water power at that point.
Eiverside, two miles "further up, is the location of another suspension bridge, which has been built at great expense by the towns interested therein.
North Creek, is the present terminus of the road, fifty-six miles from Saratoga. It has a very nice new hotel, with accommodations for about sixty people, kept by M. F. Coleman. Dr. Durant has built here extensive mills, which afford permanent employment to a large resident population. Beyond, and surrounding this, isSCHROON.
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the great and almost unexplored forest of Northern New York. The Totten and Crossfield tract, comprising 800,000 acres, is a portion of this, and was purchased from the Mohawk Indians in 1772,
Schroon. Passengers for Schroon Lake leave the cars at Riverside for Chester and Pottersville, six miles distant, in coaches, thence one mile to the Schroon river, where a new steamer awaits them to carry them through the lake to their destination.
Schroon Lake is about ten miles long by two miles wide. It was so named, it is said, after Madame Searron, wife of Louis XIY, by a party of French officers before the conquest of Canada. The village is prettily situated on the western shore of the lake, and contains about four hundred people. At the east, across the lake, is Pharaoh mountain, said to be four thousand feet high, at the base of which, and six miles from Schroon, is Pharaoh lake, which is seven miles long. Two miles north is Severn mountain, three thousand feet high, of easy access to the tourist, as a wagon road leads nearly to the top. Looking north from the village are sundry peaks of the Adirondack range, including McComb, Dix, Camers Back, Dial, Spirit, Boreas and Keene66
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mountains. Tahawas, or Mt. Marcy, can be seen from the lake. This mountain is twenty-five miles distant, by the way of Clear pond. Ladies have started from Schroon in the morning and slept at Marcy Camp at night. You can pass through the Ausable lakes, around the base of Haystack and through the Panther Gorge; or, you can cross Ausable river and Marcy Brook, around the base of Sky-light mountain, to the top of Tahawas; or go one way and back the other. Ladies can make the round trip in four days.
There are several very good summer hotels at Schroon. The Ondowa House can accommodate seventy-five guests, and the Taylor House has conveniences for forty people. A new hotel, called the Leland House, has just been built on a beautifully chosen site on the borders of the lake. It has a frontage of one hundred and ten feet, looking down the lake for five miles, with a front and side piazza, and an observatory upon the top. There are sixty-six sleeping rooms, which are large and high. Its capacity is ample for a hundred guests. Other accommodations, in the way of private boarding and cottages, are to be had in the village. Good hunting and fishing aboundschrook.	6?
here. A fair livery and carriages and good row boats are at command of guests.
Mill Creek, across the lake, has also a new hotel with accommodations for fifty people. Among the attractions of Schroon lake is Isola Bella, the late residence of Col. Ireland, and latterly fitted up by Hon. Bayard Clark of Hew York. A handsome drive extends from Schroon northerly, through North Hudson and Pleasant Valley to Elizabethtown.CHAPTER VI.
Bemis Heights—Schuylerville— Fort Miller — Fort Edward — Whitehall—Sandy Hill'—Glens Falls.
This spot is memorable as the scene of two engagements in the Revolutionary war, between the British army under Burgoyne, and the Americans under General Gates. The battle ground is two miles west of the Hudson river, and although as tame in point of scenery as that of Waterloo, yet it will always prove interesting from its associa-. tion with those great events which contributed to the establishment of American independence. General Burgoyne being disappointed in his attempt on Bennington, applied himself to procure
EMIS HEIGHTS. About fifteen miles from Saratoga, and in a south-easterly direction toward Stillwater, are Bemis Heights.LAKE GEORGE.
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provisions by the way of Lake George, and having amassed sufficient to last for a month, he threw a bridge of boats across the Hudson, and encamped on the hills below Schuylerville. On the 19th of September, having formed his troops in order of battle, he advanced toward the Americans. General Frazer and Colonel Breymen had command on the hills to the right, and Generals Beidesdol and Phillips on the left, which rested on the river. Parallel to this, and stretching in the same manner, were the American forces, Gates commanding the right wing, on the river, and Arnold the left, on the heights.
As the whole British line swept forward, Morgan advanced with his riflemen, and the battle opened. The two wings of the armies on the river were separated by a deep ravine, and hence came to no engagement. The entire battle was fought by Arnold, on Freeman’s farm. As he was leading his division into action, Burgoyne stretched his right up the hills in the endeavor to outflank him. When the lines met, the battle became furious. At this moment General Phillips approached with reinforcements. With rapid steps he advanced from the meadow up the heights, as Arnold was driving every thing70
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before him, and threatening to cut the right wing asunder. The latter struggled desperately, but spite of all his efforts was pushed back to his lines.
It was now about three o’clock and a sudden cessation of arms took place as the opposing armies prepared for the final encounter. An oblong clearing separated the troops as they stood out of musket shot of each other, a deep wood sheltering each. Nought broke the silence that wrapped the heights save the hurried orders as regiment after regiment, massed for the British attack, wheeled into its place, while the sun shone silently down on the springing grass, gently waving in the September breeze. At length the word “fire” rang through the lines, and the next moment across that quiet clearing the balls came crashing through the trees. Following this, and in perfect order and close array, the infantry emerged from the woods. With drums beating and standards streaming in the wind, they swept at the double quick over the open space, and steadily moved up the further margin. As they approached the American lines, they suddenly halted, poured in a volley, then, with deafening shouts and gleaming bayonets, rushed to the charge.LAKE GEORGE.
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A single order from the lips of Arnold echoed along the concealed ranks, and in an instant the si'lent wood was a mass of flame rolling on the
charged and poured in one wild torrent. Over the dead and dying, across the clearing, up to the very British lines, they rushed in one black, resistless mass. The artillery were captured, but the pieces were too heavy to be carried away. One only is secured, which Colonel Cilley mounted and administered the oath of allegiance with his sword.
The British, rallying in the woods, made a desperate charge to recover their guns, and finally drove the brave militia men back to their covert. They remained masters of the field, while Gates retired behind his intrenchments. The losses on both sides were about four hundred men.
Burgoyne threw up intrenchments on the battle field, and the armies watched each other at cannon shot, for sixteen days.
Second Battle of Bemis Heights.—On the 7th of October, moving his troops in three columns, Burgoyne advanced to the American left, and deployed his line in an open wheat field. The alarm was sounded in the American camp, and
foe. Into
the Americans now72
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Gates at once sent out Morgan, with his riflemen, to open the battle. General Poor followed, with orders to march straight up the hill, and, if possible, to separate the enemy’s right wing from the main army. Moving resolutely forward, his columns were met by the British grenadiers supporting the artillery, by whom they were driven back. Meanwhile Morgan had outflanked the enemy, and, with his deadly riflemen, had carried every thing before him.
Burgoyne now formed a second line with his right wing, when Arnold, mad with excitement, burst into a headlong gallop on the field, and plunged into the thickest of the fight. Placing himself at the head of Larned’s brigade, he led them fiercely on. The Hessian troops threw themselves in his path, and, for a moment, stopped his career; but the next moment he burst through their midst, and, by the fury of his charge, shook the whole British line. Burgoyne, alarmed, put forth his utmost efforts to regain his ground, but in vain. Nothing could stop that astonishing infantry; their rapid tread shook the field — their dreadful volleys swept away the head of every formation. As pressing hard after their intrepid leader the patriot troopsLAKE GEORGE.
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closed steadily on the shrinking line, Morgan, Dearborn and Ten Broeck, coming close up, compelled the whole British army to take refuge behind their intrenchments.
Arnold, following up his advantage, broke with a clatter and a crash into the sally-port of the enemy, where horse and rider sank together — the good steed dead and Arnold beneath him, with his leg shattered to pieces. He was borne back by his brave comrades, and the fight was ended. General Frazier, who had died early in the morning after the battle from wounds received in the action, was buried in the chief redoubt.
The British army retreated to Schuylerville, and, on the 17th of October, surrendered to the provincial forces. The ceremony took place at Fort Hardy, which was near the present bridge. Five thousand troops, seven thousand stand of arms and forty-two pieces of cannon were the trophies of the Americans.
The battle of Saratoga is signalized by historians as one of the fifteen decisive battles of the world. It was the turning point of our revolution. It decided the fate of our American Independence, changed the ideal dream of freedom for the form 7n
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of freedom itself, and placed under the trembling arm of hope, the anchor of confidence.
Schuylerville. This village is pleasantly situated on the west bank of the Hudson river. One of the principal points of interest is the mansion of Gen. Schuyler, near the residence of Dr. Payne. The place boasts of an elegant Episcopal chapel and school-house attached, the gift of Dr. Payne.
Victoryville is on Fish creek, about a mile from the village.
Fort Schuyler was situated at the mouth of Fish creek.
Fort Hardy was built by Gen. Lyman, in 1755, on the expedition of Col. Wm. Johnson for the occupation of Lake George.
Fort Clinton was a hill on the east side of the river, directly south of the Battenkill creek.
In June, 1747, the fort was captured by the French and Indians, using the following stratagem: Six scouts laid in ambush near the fort with orders to fire upon the first who the next morning should come out of the fort, and then retreat. At the break of day two soldiers came outside of the gate, when they were fired upon and the scouts withdrew. At this the alarm was sounded;LAKE GEORGE.
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a hundred and twenty of the English, headed by their officers, came out, and having been formed in order, marched toward the supposed enemy. Halting at the spot which the scouts had abandoned, at a given signal, the French, who were in ambush and in rear, rose and fired, and interposed between them and the fort. The Indians rushed on, tomahawk in hand, pursuing the flying English, who sought to shut the gate. Some threw themselves into the river ; others were killed by the blows of the hatchet. Scarcely any escaped and the fort was burned.
Schuylerville can now boast of a fine hotel, the Goldsmith House, which has been lately built and is furnished with all sorts of modern appliances. A railroad from Mechanicville to Fort Edward is constructing, to be opened the present summer.
Fort Miller. Fort Miller is five miles above Schuylerville, and is situated on the Falls of that name. It was known in the early history of the country as the Second Carrying Place. The fort was built in 1755, under the direction of Sir William Johnson, for the protection of the stores which were placed therein for the use of his army on their way to Lake George. It was built upon76
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the flat at the head of the Falls on the west side of the stream. It is related that Putnam, while lying in his canoe above this place, found himself suddenly surrounded by a party of Indians. There was no outlet of escape except by shooting his bark through the rapids. To attempt this seemed certain death. Yet he boldly turned, and, to the amazement of the savages, who thought he bore a charmed life, he steered his frail craft safely through the rocks and foaming eddies, and escaped.
Fort Edward. The first mention of Fort Edward in history appears in 1690. In July of this year Gen. Fitz John Winthrop, in command of 700 troops, set forward from Albany for the conquest of Canada. They reached this, the Great Carrying Place, on the 5th of August, the soldiers having marched up with their provisions and horses, the Dutch militia coming up the river in their canoes. The next day they marched twelve miles through a continuous swamp, abounding in white pine, to the Falls on Wood Creek (Fort Ann), carrying their provisions and canoes upon their backs. On the 7th, the general passed down the creek with the soldiers in bark canoes, flanked by the Indians, to the HautTcill (WhiterLAKE GEORGE.
77
hall)* where he encamped. On this expedition the general noticed that the nations of the Algonquin family made their canoes of birch, while the Iroquois, or Six Nations, made theirs of elm.
In 1709, Col. Schuyler, as commander of the pioneers in the expedition under Gen. Nicholson, established here a post which he called Fort Nicholson, and then proceeded up to the fork of Wood Creek, and there constructed a redoubt which he named Fort Schuyler. It afterward received the name of Fort Anne. The army retired in November, having first burnt the forts and canoes.
In 1711 occurred Gen. Nicholson’s second expedition, when he prepared a way or tram road, which was three feet four inches wide, between Fort Nicholson and Fort Anne, for the purpose of transporting his boats and batteaux from the Hudson river to Lake Champlain.
In 1744, John Henry Lydius, a merchant and Indian trader, a man of extensive acquirements and. prominence, built him a house, which he fortified, and which was known as Fort Lydius. His wife was Genevieve Masse. Catherine, their daughter, was the first child born in the town. She died in Greenbush in 1818. In November, 1745, Lydius’ house was plundered and burned by78
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M. Marin and the Indians on their way to the capture of Saraghtoga, and his son was taken prisoner. In 1755, Gen. Lyman, commanding the vanguard of the great expedition of Sir William Johnson, caused to be laid out on the site of Lydiais' house an extensive fort, at the mouth of Fort Edward creek. It was built under the direction of Capt. Eyre, the engineer-in-chief of the expedition.
The fort was fifteen hundred and sixty feet in circumference and was of an irregular quadrangular form. Two of its sides were protected by Fort Edward creek and the river. Its ramparts were sixteen feet high and twenty-two feet thick, and were guarded by six cannon. The fort contained magazine, store-house, barracks and hospital. In addition to this, barracks and store-houses were built on the island in the river opposite. Several years were occupied in completing the fort, which was named Fort Edward, in honor of the Duke of York, brother of George the Third.
In 1757, Gen. Webb was in command of the northern frontier headquarters at Fort Edward, with 4,000 men. He refused to assist Col. Munroe at Lake George, who, in consequence, was compelled to surrender to Montcalm. He was succeededLAKE GEORGE.
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by Gen. Lyman, who held the fort during Abercrombie’s campaign of the following year. In 1759, Lord Amherst rendezvoued at this place, with an army of 11,000 troops, on their way to the attack and final conquest of Canada.
All these records of the great past are now obliterated, the fort being leveled and even the creek being turned from its channel by the construction of the Champlain canal. A beautiful and enterprising town occupies the ground. Canal, railroad, telegraph and water power have made of Fort Edward one of the most prosperous towns in northern New York. Among the objects of interest are the Fort Edward Institute, the blast furnaces, the paper mills and the lumbering establishments.
Whitehall. This is a thriving village of 5,000 people, situated at the head of the Champlain canal. The place was first known as Hautkill and was visited by Gen. Winthrop in 1690. In March, 1765, Capt. Phillip Skeene, who had served with credit in the Enniskillen regiment in the old French war, obtained a patent for the township of Skeenesborough. In 1770, he established his residence at Whitehall, built mills and forges and opened the road to Bennington. His house, situate80
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on William street, was of stone, thirty by forty feet and two and a half stories high. His barn was also of stone, one hundred and thirty feet long. The doorway was arched, and the keystone bearing the letters P. K. S. and the date 1770 is preserved in the wall of the Baptist church.
About a mile below Whitehall is FidlePs Elbow, where high rocks jut into the stream, and compressing it into narrow limits, make a short and sudden curve.
In 1758, Putnam, having been sent out with a party of fifty rangers to scout along Wood creek and South Bay, caused to be erected at this spot, a stone breastwork, and concealed its front by planting pine trees, so as to present the appearance of a forest. A body of French and Indians, commanded by M. Main, approached the spot in boats. Putnam saw them by the light of the full moon, and allowed them to approach within pistol shot. As they were collected together in a mass beneath him, he gave the command to fire, and a shower of balls sent death and confusion into their midst. All was confusion until the enemy effected a landing, charged upon and routed the provincials.
Ten miles from Whitehall are the Two RocksLAKE GEORGE.	81
which were known in the early times as Canagh-sione.
Sa^dy Hill. Two miles from Fort Edward, on the route to Lake George, is Sandy Hill. This is a village of about 2,500 inhabitants. It is situated on elevated ground, and has a handsome public square filled with shade trees. Bakers Falls present beautiful scenery and a fine water power for various mills and manufactories. Above the Falls is a dam twelve hundred feet long, across the Hudson, which gives additional power for mills and machinery. The town was the scene of numerous adventures during the French and Revolutionary wars.
The Middleworth House, William H. Ely, proprietor, is located on the park, and has light, airy and commodious rooms for the accommodation of summer visitants.
Gleks Falls. This beautiful town contains a population of between 7,000 and 8,000. It is at the termination of a branch of the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad. Passengers for Lake George here take coaches, and traverse a fine plank-road, nine miles in length, to Caldwell. The place is situated upon the celebrated falls of the same name, which have been largely utilized to the82	FROM NEW YORK
service of man. The descent has been ascertained by measurement to be sixty-three feet. The water of the Hudson flows in one sheet over a single dam at the brink of the precipice, but is immediately divided into three channels. Here it takes a succession of leaps over the ragged rocks, amid which it boils and foams and spurts and thunders, till, passing under the bridge and through an angular length of seven hundred or eight hundred feet, it emerges into smooth water. On the island, which is formed of black marble, is a long cave, extending from one channel to the other. This is known as Cooper’s Cave, from the fact that a thrilling scene in Feni-more Cooper’s “ Last of the Mohicans ” is laid here. On the walls are inscribed the names of former visitors. The rocks at some seasons are entirely bare, and at others are covered with water. They are checkered with small indentations, and in many places considerable chasms are formed by pebbles kept in motion by the falling water.
Along the sides of the river is heard the hum of busy industry. The celebrated Glens Falls black marble is here quarried, sawed and polished for market. Numerous gangs of workmen are constantly engaged in quarrying out building stone and ashlar,LAKE GEORGE.
88
to be shipped to market. Enormous quantities of the limestone are excavated for the purpose of being converted into jointa lime, which has the reputation of being the best in the world, and which is shipped by the hundred thousand of barrels per annum. Along the banks on each side are the mills of Finch and Pruyn and of Morgan, McEchron, Ordway and Underwood, the finest saw-mills on the continent — whose hundreds of saws are under a single roof — which run by night and by day, converting a steady stream of logs into lumber, laying the whole north woods under contribution, and affording employment to hundreds of operatives, besides being a gold mine to the proprietors. Below are huge paper mills, equally profitable. Two miles above the Falls is the State dam, a new and costly structure, which is also the head of the Glens Falls feeder. At this place are the extensive saw-mills of Augustus Sherman and Zenas Yan Dusen. Beyond and above this is the big boom, built and maintained at a cost of thousands of dollars, and which is capable of holding, as with an iron grasp, a million of logs.
From here to Fort Edward, a distance of six miles, is a succession of waterfalls, equal in the aggre-84
FROM NEW YORK
gate to one hundred and thirty feet, which afford an amount of power that is incalculable. A population of fifteen thousand dwell upon its banks ; a canal, railroads and telegraph furnish the modern appliances for ready business; schools, academies and churches abound; sumptuous private residences attest the wealth of the people, and the skill of the modern architect is displayed in the various and pleasing forms of cottage, mansion and villa. A rate of progress like the past twenty years will show by the close of the present century a population of 50,000 people, living within the bounds herein described.
In 1864, Glens Ealls was the scene of a devastating fire, which wiped out the business portion of the town and for a time seemed to paralyze the energies of its people. But the elasticity of its citizens, joined to their natural resources and great wealth, have produced a town entirely rebuilt, and one that is universally admired as being one of the most elegant in the State. Its academy and the Elmwood female seminary furnish competent instruction for the youth; costly and spacious churches attest their love of religion, which is Heaven’s first law; two banks and one private banking institution are on a substantial basis; spacious storesLAKE GEORGE.
85
invite custom for an area of many miles; the village is lit by gas, and water is, at great expense, being brought for five miles from the Luzerne mountain. It has the strength of a young giant. Marvellous as has been its progress, it is just now preparing great strides for the future. While its citizens are liberal in their public expenditures they are frugal in their private living, and their sterling sense revolts at the idea of chicanery or jobbery among their public officials.
Not the least of the clever works performed is the Opera House built by Messrs. Coffins & Lasher. The architecture is Romanesque; the front stores and offices; the rear an auditorium, 95x63 feet, with gallery, stage and scenery, and seats for fifteen hundred people.
More important, however, is the new G-lens Falls Hotel of the Messrs. Rockwell, which has just been rebuilt on the site of the former hotel of the same name, and has thus filled an ugly gap which has been vacant since the great fire. Its accommodations are ample for one hundred and fifty people, and it will afford a grateful summer retreat to those tired denizens of the city who desire to bask in the charms of a country village.
8CHAPTER VII.
Lake George.
AKE GEORGE. The route from Glen’s Falls to Lake George is by stage and plank road. At Half Way Brook is the site of “ Fort Amherst/’ built by Col. Paysen in 1759; known also as the seven mile post. Below Brown’s Half Way House was a stockade fort, built by Major West, with two moats and a bastion. A mile beyond was an intrenchment built by Col. Foster in the same campaign. These were intended to protect the passage of supplies from the incursions of the Indians and French.
July 30, 1758, a train of fifty-four wagons, loaded with commissary stores and guarded by a lieutenant and forty men, was leisurely proceeding to Lake George, accompanied by settlers, traders, women and children. They were attacked by La Corne, commanding a body of four hundred FrenchTO MONTREAL.
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and Indians, who pillaged and burnt the wagons, secured a hundred and ten scalps, and took eighty-four prisoners.
Just beyond the toll gate is the monument erected to the memory of Col. Ephraim Williams, by the graduates of Williams College, of which institution he was the founder. Col. Williams was killed at the battle of Lake George, which occurred in 1755. Farther on we come to Bloody Pond, so named because the waters of Rocky Brook, its outlet, were, at the above-named time, crimsoned with the blood of the wounded and dead upon its banks. A mile beyond this we obtain a surpassingly beautiful view of the lake, and, descending the hill, we soon arrive at the village of Caldwell.
Lake George, called by the French Lac St. Sacrament, was discovered by Father Joques, who passed through it in 1646, on his way to the Iroquois nation, by whom he was afterward tortured and burnt. It is thirty-six miles long by three miles broad. Its elevation is two hundred and forty-three feet above the sea. The waters are of remarkable transparency; romantic islands dot its surface and elegant villas are erected upon its shores.
But not the unrivaled scenery, nor the pellucid88
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water, nor the ceaseless play of light and shade upon the rock-bound islands and mountains, can for a moment equal the intense absorbing interest excited by the historic legends of this memorable locality. They are interwoven with the early history of our beloved country, and reach back to the time when truth vanishes into tradition.
Tort William Henry and Tort Carillon, or Ticonderoga, situated at either end of the lake, were the salients respectively of the two most powerful nations upon the globe. Trance and England sent great armies, who crossed each other’s track upon the ocean, the one entering the river St. Lawrence, the other finding the harbor of New York. Their respective colonies sent their thousands to swell the number of trained troops, while tribes of Red men from the far south and the far north were marshalled by civilized genius to meet in hostile array upon these waters, around the walls of the forts, and at the base of the hills.
In 1755, General William Johnson reached Lake St. Sacrament, to which he gave the name of Lake George, “ not only in honor of his Majesty, but to assert his undoubted dominion here.”
The Trench, under Baron Dieskau, passed upTO MONTREAL.
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South Bay, the southern limit of Lake Champlain, and across the rocky spur of French Mountain to the rear of the English army. Having ambuscaded Colonel Williams and King Hendrick, who, with one thousand troops and two hundred Indians, had been sent out to meet them, they made an attack upon the English intrenchments near the lake shore, but, after a sanguinary battle, they were defeated, Dieskau being taken prisoner. The French, retreating, made a halt for rest and refreshment at Bocky Brook, where they were surprised by Captain McGinness, of Fort Edward, who, with three hundred men, was hastening to the relief of Johnson. The French were completely routed, and fell back to their boats; and this encounter, as before stated, gave to the head of the stream the name of Bloody Pond.
In March, 1789, an expedition of fifteen hundred men moved out to the capture of Fort William Henry, under the command of Yaudreuil, brother of the Governor-General of Canada. They traveled sixty leagues with snow shoes on their feet, their provisions on sledges drawn by dogs, sleeping in the snow upon a bearskin, and breaking off the rude evening winds with a rail. On St. Patrick’s night a man in front tried the strength of the ice90
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with an axe, and the ice spurs rang as the party advanced over the crystal highway with scaling ladders to surprise the English fort. But the garrison were on the watch, and the enemy could only burn what there was outside of the ramparts* consisting of three hundred batteaux, four sloops, a saw-mill, the hospital, and two magazines stocked with provisions.
On the twenty-fifth of July, Lieutenant Cor-bierre, near Sabbath Day Point, ambushed Colonel John Parker, who, with three hundred English in twenty-two barges, had left Fort William Henry the night before. Of these only twelve escaped.
August first, Montcalm, with an army of seven thousand men, embarked in four hundred boats, which covered the water from shore to shore, and swept majestically up the lake to the attack and capture of Fort William Henry. D’Levi marched by land, with the Canadians and a part of the Indians,
The two armies united at Ganouski Bay, now Bolton, for breakfast, and then proceeded to Great Sandy Bay, about two miles from the fort, where they formed in order of battle.
Col. Monroe was in command of the fort, with twenty-two hundred men. Gen. Webb was en-TO MOOTKEAL.
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camped with a formidable army at Fort Edward, but made no effort to support or relieve the troops at Lake George. The siege was pressed by Montcalm with great vigor, and on the sixth day Monroe capitulated. By its terms the garrison were permitted to march out of the works with their arms, and were to have had an escort. But they moved before the escort was ready, and had scarcely passed from the protection of their works when the Indians assaulted them, first with insults and menaces, but soon with the tomahawk and scalping knife. Before this sanguinary drama was ended, some thirty-six men, women and children were killed, by the ruthless savages. Their remains were exhumed a few years ago while digging an excavation near the house of Dr. Cromwell.
In 1757, Gen. Abercrombie and Lord Howe were encamped on the shore of the lake with thirteen thousand troops. On the 5th of July, they embarked on twelve hundred boats, which for six and a half miles covered the surface, and passed down the lake in two parallel columns to the attack on Fort Ticonderoga.
Nature reigned upon the tranquil waters, upon the silent shores, and the rock-bound islands. The army rested at Sabbath Day Point, and at mid-92
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night proceeded to its destination. The next day a bloody skirmish ensued, at which the French were repulsed, hut Howe fell at the first fire, and with him expired the hope and spirit of the English army.
The French lines were constructed about half a mile in front of Fort Carillon, along a position of peculiar strength, and were defended by Montcalm with a force of about three thousand men. Two days after, the English made a violent attack on these breastworks, but were repulsed with a loss of two thousand men killed and wounded. Having failed of their purpose, they returned, shattered and broken, to Fort William Henry.
In 1759, Lord Amherst arrived at the lake with eleven thousand men and fifty-four pieces of cannon. Having partly built the stone fortress known as Fort George, and the redoubt on the back hill called Fort Gage, he moved down the lake, and landed at the spot which Lord Howe had occupied the year before. After some skirmishing, Bourlemaque, who had command of the French troops, withdrew down the lake, and the British forces took possession of the long-coveted battlements of Ticonderoga.
The village of Caldwell is pleasantly situated atTO MONTREAL.
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the head of the lake. It contains two churches, a court-house and a number of pretty residences. Just behind the court-house is the bay where Montcalm landed his cannon, and where his intrenchment commenced. It ran across the street near Brown’s Hotel to the rising ground beyond the Episcopal church.
The French encampment was north of the ravine. During the summer season, Caldwell is crowded with visitors in search of health and recreation. Here are several fine hotels, which are open for the reception of summer guests. The Lake House, and the Fort William Henry, are both capacious and well appointed houses. The latter is of spacious dimensions, and can accommodate six hundred guests. It is situated in what was, one hundred and fifteen years ago, the garden of the fort of the same name.
The Crosbyside is built in a grove, at the east side of the lake, and furnishes good accommodations at a very reasonable price.
The Lake House has been known for forty years as a house of most excellent reputation.
Capt. Harris has also an excellent boardinghouse, which commands a fine view of the lake and surroundings.94
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Three steamers, the Minnehaha, the GanousMe and the Lillie M. Price, run on the lake as pleasure and excursion boats. The two first are owned by the Champlain Transportation Co., and make daily through trips to and from Ticon-deroga.
Boltok, at the entrance to the north-west or Ganouskie bay, has two very commodious hotels, and is a noted resort for families and excursion parties. It is situated on the west side of the lake, nine miles from Caldwell. Nearly the whole distance on the highway is taken up with elegant villas. Conspicuous among them are the residence of Col. Price, of New York, Mr. George H. Cramer, of Troy; Kev. Dr. Tuttle and Mr. Kanz, hanker, and Mr. Havens, of New York.
The Episcopal church at Bolton is a beautiful edifice. The funds for building it were mainly provided through the exertions of Miss Theriot, of Jersey City, whose summer residence with her father is in a charming villa on the shore of the lake.
Trout pavilion, Eourteen-mile island, and the hotels at Hague and Sheldons, give good accommodations to fishing parties and the summer guests who are fond of quiet.TO MONTREAL.
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Tea Island, two miles north of Caldwell, is a charming spot, behind which Montcalm moved his boats after his troops landed at Great Sandy bay.
At Diamond Island erystalized quartz has been obtained, and was a depot for Burgoyne’s army in 1777.
Long Island is often mistaken for the main land, which it shuts out.
Dome Island, twelve miles from Caldwell, was an outpost of the Provincials from 1755 to 1759.
Recluse Island, west of this, is owned by Mr. Wattles of New York.
Tongue Mountain projects out between North-west bay and the lake. Here De Levi had his triangular fires to announce to Montcalm that “all was well” with his division of the French army.
Shelving Rock is on the eastern shore, famous for its good fishing. Behind this rises
Black Mountain, a prominent point of interest in the scenery of the lake, and is twenty-two hundred feet in height.
Fourteen Mile Island is in front of the mountain.96
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The Narrows are celebrated for their striking and romantic beauties. The shores here approach each other, and beyond, and in view, numerous islands cluster together and crowd the lake. Some have fanciful names, like the “Hen and Chickens,” “ Half way Island,” etc., and some await a christening.
Passing out of the Narrows we reach Buck Mountain, eight hundred feet high, then Sabbath Day Point and the Scotch Bonnet, west of which is Bluff Point and Odell Island. Two miles farther on is Anthony’s Nose on the east and Boger’s Slide on the west. Further on is Prisoner’s Isle. Passing this, the steamer reaches her dock near the same spot where, a century ago, Abercrombie landed his army.
Coaches here are always ready to carry the traveler across to Lake Champlain, along the picturesque course of the river, abounding with traditions and events the most exciting in American history.CHAPTER VIII.
LAKE CHAMPLAIN-.
HIS lake was known to the early French as “mere les Iroquois” or Iracoisia. By the Indians it was called Canalise Quarante — “ the lake that is the gate of the country.” The part between Whitehall and Ticonderoga was known as Tsinondrosa, or “the tail of the lake.” It was first explored by Samuel Champlain, who, in 1609, entered upon its waters. This was nine years previous to the landing of the Pilgrims, and within a few weeks of the time when Hendrick Hudson ascended the Hudson river to Albany. From him the lake took the name by which it is now known. It is one hundred and twenty miles in length from Whitehall to St. Johns, and about thirteen miles wide at Burlington bay. It is a sheet of water of exceeding
beauty, and lies about eighty feet above tide-water.
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On the eastern shore is a highly-cultivated country, bounded in the horizon by the Green mountains.
On the west are the peaks of the Adirondacks, sometimes projected into the lake, but generally spread into the interior, covered with dense forests. Intermediate, are ranges of table-land, in which lie pleasant villages and highly cultivated farms.
It is a great highway of commercial intercourse and pleasure travel. Four steamers form a day and a night line, two of which, the Adirondack and the Vermont, are models of elegance, convenience and tasteful furnishing. This line has been in existence for fifty years, and during that time has transported over a million passengers, with but one accident by fire, and without the loss of a life.
The steamboat wharf is about a mile from Whitehall station, just below “the elbow.” Near this place may be seen the hulks of the fleets which contended for the mastery at Plattsburgh in 1815.
Just below is Puts’ Eock, the scene of Putnam’s midnight ambuscade and battle with Marin. Beyond is South Bay, through which Dreiskau made his disastrous expedition to the head of Lake George. The lake through to Ti, winds amongTO MONTREAL.
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steep hills, and has the appearance of a river. Bank aquatic grasses grow upon the low lands each side of it, for which reason the French named it La grand Marias.
Benson, thirteen miles from Whitehall, and Orwell, seven miles further on, are the two first landings.
Ticonderoga is twenty-four miles from Whitehall.
The village of Ticonderoga is situated at the lower fall about half way between the two lakes. Considerable additions are being made to the manufacturing facilities upon the water power, which is a very fine one. The bridge and sawmill, which were burnt by the French on the approach of Lord Howe and the British army, were located here.
Fort Ticonderoga or Carillon is on a peninsula one hundred feet high, which contains about five hundred acres. Water lies upon three sides, and a deep swamp extends partly across the fourth.
Between the swamp and lake, the French built in 1756 this stately fort, Carillon, a name signifying chiming water.
This celebrated fortification has been held in the military possession of three distinct nations,100
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and is the common theater of their glories and triumphs, and of their defeats and disasters. Most of the ramparts, the gate way, the walls of the barracks, the battery, the glacis, and the redoubt known as the water battery remain, and will attract and reward the attention of the tourist.
In the spring of 1775, the fort was occupied by Capt. De La Place with a garrison of forty soldiers. On the 7th of May were assembled a force of two hundred and seventy men under command of Allen, Arnold, and Oapt. Warner at Hand’s Cave, about a mile north of Larra-bees Point. They crossed the lake on the morning of the eighth, and Allen advanced with eighty men, guided by Nathan Bemin, a lad who lived to narrate to the present generation the story of the exploit. By a rapid march they reached, in the gray of the morning, the court way unnoticed. Here the sentinel snapped his gun at the party, and retreated into the inclosure, followed by the Americans, who, forming upon the parade ground within the fort, awoke the garrison by their cheers. Allen rushed up the balcony, to the apartment of the commander who, startled by the unwonted sounds,TO MONTREAL.
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rushed to the door in his night dress, while oyer his shoulder appeared the pretty face of his young and frightened wife. Allen immediately ordered his surrender. “ By what authority do you demand it.” “In the name of the Great Jehovah, and the Continental Congress” replied Allen. De La Place bowed to his fate, and ordered his troops to parade without arms. They were sent with the woman and children to Connecticut. The spoils were one hundred and twenty cannon, fifty swivels, two ten inch mortars, one howitzer, ten tons of musket balls, three cart loads of flint, and a quantity of commissary stores.
In 1777, Gen. St. Clair held the fortress with a large but ineffective garrison, and also Mount Defiance opposite. On the 1st of July, Bur-goyne, having occupied the abandoned works at Crown Point, advanced in three columns against Ticonderoga. On the morning of the 5th, the top of Mount Defiance was occupied by the British troops. The night previously Burgoyne had, with great labor, scaled the steep acclivities which had hitherto been deemed impracticable, and planted a battery of heavy guns. This rendered the fort untenable, and it was promptly decided to abandon the position. In the silence102
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and darkness of the following night, St. Clair embarked his sick, stores, and munitions on a flotilla of two hundred boats, which proceeded to Skeensborough, now Whitehall. At the same time, his army was silently crossing the bridge which, at great expense, he had constructed across the lake. The flame from a burning house, which accidentally became fired, shed a bright illumination upon the scene, and exposed the movement. The British army were alarmed, and went in pursuit. Burgoyne burst through the bridge and boom, and, following after the flotilla, captured and burned it at Skeensborough. An engagement ensued between the Americans and British at Hubbardton, which resulted in the defeat of the former, with a loss of three hundred and twenty-four in killed, wounded and missing. The place was last occupied as a point of importance by Gen. Haldiman with a company of British soldiers in 1780.
LarrAbee’s Poiot, or Shoreham, is on the Vermont side, two miles beyond Ticonderoga.
Crowh Poikt. In 1731, in the midst of profound peace, the French conceived the plan of fortifying a span of land known as Point au Cheve-lure, or Cruyn Point. It was described as “ beingTO MOOTEEAL.
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about half way from Ohamblay to Orange (Albany). It is a small strait, separating the lake from the Grand Maraiz, at the head of which is a place called the Little Fall of the river du Chicot (Whitehall).”
The fort, as originally built, was a small wooden inclosure, which was garrisoned by twenty men. It was gradually enlarged till, in 1755, it was capable of holding five or six hundred soldiers, and was known as Fort St. Frederick. It was so named after Frederick Maurepas, the French secretary of admiralty.
Kalm’s travels of 1748 describes the fort as nearly quadrangular, with thick walls of limestone, and a high tower in the eastern part of the fort where the governor lived, which is proof against bomb shells. There was also a church and houses of stone for the soldiers. Gradually the forest was beaten back. Verdant turf and wheat fields extended from the water’s edge to the base of the mountains, and a population of fifteen hundred people found shelter around the fort. They had their fruit trees, gardens and vineyards. A narrow avenue swept in a wide curvature around the lake. Several stores furnished the convenient mart for commerce, and ambitious men dreamed of the day104
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when a new province was to be formed, extending from the St. Lawrence and the Connecticut to the mountains, with Crown Point as its capital. Close to the fort was Grenadines Battery. Chimney Point is on the opposite shore. Here, at one time, was a stone windmill, where was ground the grain raised in the neighborhood.
On the approach of Lord Amherst, August 4, 1759, the French abandoned Crown Point forever. The British commander, on taking possession, commenced the erection of a new fort, about two hundred yards to the south-west of this, and upon more solid ground. This fort was about a half a mile in circumference. Its walls were of solid masonry and twenty-five feet thick. A covered way ran down to the lake, and a well was sunk one hundred feet deep. The army built this fort while waiting for the construction of vessels which should give them the command of the lake. The barracks were also built of solid stone, some of which are now standing.
Port Henry. This is one of the most thriving villages on the shore of the lake and is situated in the town of Moriah. It is in the midst of a great iron district. Immense quantities of ore have been dug from the hills, which, instead ofTO MONTREAL.
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affording any evidence of appreciable diminution of the remaining supply, seem to prove the boundless magnitude of this source of wealth. As the excavations widen and deepen, the quantity and the quality of the mineral appears to increase and improve. The ores in this district are magnetic, and yield about 60 per cent of iron. The exportation is about 300,000 tons per annum. The two principal firms are Wetherbees, Sherman & Co. and the Port Henry Iron Company. The Bay State Iron Company, whose furnaces are at Port Henry, manufacture about 18,000 tons of iron per annum. The first mine opened in this town was the Cheever ore bed from which the yield is 60,000 tons per annum. The Barton Bed and the New Bed are also important mines.
The ore is divided into three kinds, the price of which is $7, $6 and $4.50 per ton. It is sent by the cargo to all the furnaces down the Hudson river, and as far west as Pittsburgh and Cleveland, where it is mixed with other ores.
Experience has shown that to make iron of a given quality requires that different kinds of ores should be used. For instance, one kind of ore will make an iron known as “ red short,” being ductile when cold, and brittle when hot. Another ore will106
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make “ cold short,” that is brittle when cold, and ductile when under the influence of heat. One kind is suitable for castings, another kind for railroad bars, another kind still for car wheels and mill gearing. Some ores have sulphur, others phosphorus and titanium. Then there are hematite and magnetic ores. All these are combined in various proportions according to the kind of iron required. Spectrum analysis is called in, by the aid of which, exhibiting the color of the flame, it is determined whether the sulphur or phosphorus or earths are burning out, and the kind of flux, whether of clay or lime, which is required.
Split Rock. This is the most remarkable natural curiosity on the lake. It is an enormous mass of rock about half an acre in extent and thirty feet above the level of the water, which has been detached from the neighboring cliff, and is separated from it twelve feet. It is put down on Tryon’s colonial map, as Regiochfte, but by/the Iroquois it was known as Regeo Rock. It derived this name from the fact that, long before the whites ever came to this country, a celebrated Indian chief by the name of Rogeo, while on an excursion, was acidentally drowned off this rock, and ever after, the Indians asTO MONTREAL.
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they passed, were accustomed to throw a stone toward it for good luck. It was further noted as being the recognized boundary between the Mohawk hunting grounds and those conceded to the Northern Indians residing on the St. Lawrence. These various nations conceded their rights of sovereignty to the French and English crowns. These rights were confirmed to each other by the respective governments, by the treaty of Utrecht in 1710, and commissioners were appointed to ascertain and fix upon such boundaries, who, however, never took action in the premises. Time rolled on, and the French built and occupied Crown Point and Ticonder-oga. Seignories were laid out under the name and style of Hocquart and Allienna, which covered the above territory, also a portion across the lake, including the valley of Otter creek, and extensive settlements were made. After the conquest of the country by Lord Amherst, the English officers, seeing these fair lands, applied for patents from the colonial authorities, which were met by a protest from the French proprietors and late occupants. The whole matter was referred to a commission of crown lawyers, who, after hearing the testimony on both sides,108
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decided that, Begio Bock was the true boundary between New York and Canada, and that Crown Point and Ticonderoga, being confessedly within the hounds occupied by the Mohawk Indians as their hunting ground, the claim of the French was without title and void.
What a difference it would have made had the line between New York and Canada been established fifty years sooner ? In that case Burlington, Yergennes, Essex, Plattsburgh and Ogdensburgh would have been Canadian soil, and the boundary line drawn east and west though Begiochne, would have extended to Kingston and the Thousand Islands on Lake Ontario. In 1774, when the Mohawk Indians made their last deed to Edward and Ebenezer Jessup of the 800,000 acres known as the Totten and Crossfield purchase, the northern boundary is described as a line running westerly from a point ten miles north of Crown Point. The intention was, no doubt, to make of this the Northern boundary. In 1696, Godfrey Dellius obtained an Indian deed for all the land from “ Saratoga Patent up to Bogeo Bock.” This was abrogated by the Colonial Legislature, on account of its excessive amount, but it showed that even atTO MONTREAL.
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that early day the provincials recognized this rock as an Indian boundary.
Westport. This is ten miles from Port Henry, and lies at the head of North-West bay. Nearly opposite is Otter creek, which is navigable for eight miles, to Yergennes. At this last place, in 1812, McDonough’s flat was constructed. A British flotilla attempted to burn the vessels while on the stocks, but were prevented by Lieutenant Cassin, who beat them off. The fort which was subsequently constructed received its name of Fort Cassin from this circumstance.
Twelve miles beyond is the charming village of Essex. The hospitable brick mansion of the late General Henry H. Boss is now a pleasant summer hotel. A few miles north of Essex, on the Boquet river, were the first English settlements made in Essex county. Here, in May, 1765, the celebrated pioneer, William Guildiland, of New York, with his colony, cattle and horses, erected dwelling-houses, and at the falls, two miles above, built mills and made clearings.
In 1777 Burgoyne occupied the ground, and held high carnival with the Indian tribes.
Beyond this point we approach the islands
representing the cardinal points of the compass.
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and known as the Eour Brothers. Near these occurred a naval encounter between the flotilla of Arnold, and the British under Governor Carlton in 1777. Opposite, upon one of the highest peaks of the Green Mountains, apparently carved on the imperishable rock, is Camel's Hump.
Rock Dunder, a few miles further north, a dark naked cliff, rises in a cone thirty feet above the lake. On the left of this is Juniper Island, and to the right is Shelburn Bay, a narrow sheet of water extending four miles inland. Here is the harbor and ship yard of the Champlain Transportation Company, where their gallant steamers are built and moored during the winter.
Burlington. The city of Burlington has a population of fifteen thousand. Its streets are broad, and lined with beautiful shade trees. It has many elegant private residences, and the eminence in its rear is crowned by the buildings of the Vermont University, and Agricultural College. The corner stone of the central edifice was laid by General Lafayette in 1825.
The tomb of Ethan Allen lies in the cemetery. The late Bishop Hopkins had his elegant and picturesque residence and seminary at Sharp-Shins Point, two miles down the shore of the lake.TO MOOTBEAL.
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The lumber mart of Burlington is hardly second to any in the world, and has very extensive planing mills connected with it.
Col. Le Grand B. Cannon has a delightful residence here, and his large and spacious grounds are continually open to visitors.
The best hotels are the American, Yan Ness and Lawrence House, which are spacious and superior.
The views from Burlington are superb. Ten miles width of lake makes a capital foreground for the famous wilderness of northern New York, above whose unbroken forests rise the peaks of Whiteface, McIntyre and Tahawas; the latter being six thousand feet high. Sixty peaks are visible from the cupola of the University.
Passengers desiring to go to the celebrated Mt. Mansfield House at Stowe, can take the cars of the Vermont Central Railroad for Waterbury station, thence by stage for ten miles through the finest scenery of the glen mountains.
Poet Kent. Nearly opposite to Burlington is Port Kent. The stone mansion of the late Elkanah Watson is on the hill. Col. Watson originated the first Agricultural Society in the State of New York, and his narrative of a112
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journey made at the age of 19, in the year 1777, is the best record we now have of the principal towns and Tillages of the revolutionary period. He died in 1842, and the place is occupied by his descendants.
Four miles in the interior is Keeseville, Midway between the two villages is the celebrated Au Sable chasm, sketches of which are beginning to be seen in the ^National Academy of Design.
About a mile and a half from Keeseville, the Au Sable river makes a leap of twenty feet into a semi-circular basin of natural beauty. A mile further on another precipice sends the water down a hundred and fifty feet amid the wildest scenery. Following the stream now rapidly narrowing and deepening and foaming we shortly come to the chasm.
The river here is encased in a channel five feet wide, whose walls are from ninety to a hundred and twenty feet high. Lower down, toward the lake, the walls are fifty feet apart, descending perpendicularly and extending in a lateral canal, with occasional widenings, for more than half a mile. The entire scenery is wild beyond description.
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the main ravine at nearly right angles. Through one of these crevices the abyss is reached by a stairway of two hundred and twelve steps.
Keeseville. This is a fine manufacturing town, situate on both sides of the Au Sable river, with nail factories, twine and wire works and a rolling mill, an examination of which will well repay the tourist. A chalybeate spring gushes forth on the premises of Mr. John E. Wills. There are several pleasant drives about the town, among which is one to a defile known as Poke O’Moon-shine. The Au Sable and the Adirondack House are pleasant places for the wayfarer.
Plattsburgh is a village of some 8,000 people, one hundred and five miles from Whitehall. The place is distinguished as the scene of the victory of McDonough and Macomb over the British naval and land forces under Commodore Downie and Sir George Provost, and familiarly known as the battle of Plattsburg. The American fleet was moored in a line stretching across Cumberland . bay to Crab Island.
The British fleet passed Cumberland Head about 8 o’clock in the morning of September 11, 1814. As the first gun was fired from the fleet, Gen. Provost with 14,000 troops furiously assaulted the de-114
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fenses of the town. Gen. Macomb had about three thousand men, mostly undisciplined. With him was Major, afterward General, Wool.
The battle raged for two hours, when the capture of their fleet obliged the British force to retire with a loss of about two thousand five hundred men and a large amount of baggage and ammunition.
The Saranac river affords a fine water power at this place, which is chiefly occupied by lumber mills. Those owned or worked by 0. F. Norton & Co. contain ten gates, and average eighteen thousand pieces per day. The logs are floated down from the interior, for a distance of eighty or ninety miles. The village contains a number of fine public and private institutions, prominent among which is the Catholic convent or nunnery. Foquet’s Hotel has for seventy years been a prominent institution of its kind. The present edifice was built in 1864, on the site of the one which was the year previous consumed by fire.
Leaving Plattsburgh, we first pass between Cumberland Head and Grand Isle, and reach Isle La Motte, twelve miles from the first-named place. A fort was built on this, in 1665, by Colonel La Motte, a French officer, and it continued toTO MONTREAL.
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be ail important military and naval station through the French and revolutionary wars. Beyond is the entrance to the beautiful Missisquoi bay. Eight miles beyond is Bouse’s Point.
This last is the junction of three railroads, to wit, the Vermont and Canada, Ogdensburgh and Champlain, and Montreal and Lake Champlain. The first named road has a stupendous bridge across the lake, a mile in length, which contains a draw or floating track, three hundred and fifty feet long.
The Alburgh Springs (sulphur and lithia) are two miles east from Bouse’s Point. The hotel is near Missisquoi bay. A steamer makes excursion trips among the islands and to Plattsburgh twice a week.
The Missisquoi Springs are situated on the beautiful winding river of the same name. The nearest point of railway communication is St. Albans. The springs are thirteen in number, all within the space of an acre of land, and all possessed, apparently, of different qualities, one spring being cathartic and another diuretic; one is offensive to the taste and smell, another, the principal one, is free from all odor. This spring is from four to five feet deep, and the water rises in small jets116 FROM NEW YORK TO MONTREAL.
through the minute apertures of a white, marble like, hardpan. Stages run regularly from St. Albans to Sheldon, in connection with the hotels situated among the springs.
The Weldon House at St. Albans is in every way first-class, and contains about two hundred
rooms.CHAPTER IX.
THE ADIRONDACK REGION.
H E Adirondack region comprises about ten thousand square miles of forest. Nature here reigns in all her mild and primeval simplicity. An extraordinary series of lakes, generally connected, or with short carries between them, render traveling unique and easy. They are said to extend for three hundred miles in various directions. Mountains abound, in some cases being five and six thousand feet in height. From, the summit of Tahawas, two hundred peaks have been counted.
Tourists will find it to their advantage to take either of the following routes:
1.	By the Adirondack railroad to North creek, thence to Indian Lake by stage; or to Schroon, thence by stage to Long Lake. Or,
2.	By Keeseville or Plattsburg to the Saranacs, forty-six miles.118
FROM NEW YORK
Taking the stage from Keeseville, we first pass the works of the Peru steel and iron company, and then reach, at a distance of twelve miles, the extensive forges of Hon. John Rogers, ex-member of Congress from this section. Continuing on, we pass Keene Flats, one of the loveliest places in the Au Sable. The Rainbow Falls, formed by a cascade of one hundred and twenty-five feet, are in this vicinity. A few miles farther we reach The Au Sable Ponds, sources of the south branch of the Au Sable river. They lie on the same elevated plateau with the Boreas pond which empties into the Hudson, and it is said that during high water, canoes will navigate between the two places. Following up the North branch of the Au Sable, we reach Wilmington Notch. Here the stream dashes along the base of Whiteface Mountain, which towers above it in nearly a vertical ascent several thousand feet high.
Passing this, Lake Placid, with its deep transparent waters, and the bold headlands of the surrounding mountains, claim the attention of the tourist. Five miles beyond is Scott’s Hotel. Here, in the town of North Elba,
“ John Brown’s body lies mouldering in the grave While his soul is marching along.”TO MONTREAL.
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The late home of the great Patriot was a few years ago purchased by a company which was organized by Miss Kate Fields for that purpose. This is in the immediate vicinity of Tahawas or Mount Marcy and the Indian Pass.
A railroad from Plattsburgh crosses the Au Sable at Point of Rocks, whence a daily line of post coaches will take the traveler into Paul Smith’s on the St. Regis lake. Smith’s Hotel can accommodate a hundred guests. A telegraph line is established to this place.
Bartletts is situate twelve miles farther, on the portage between Round lake and the upper Saranac, and is on the regular route to Raquette, Long and Tupper’s lake.
Martin’s Hotel is on the lower Saranac, and has accommodations for a hundred guests.
Hough’s is on the upper Saranac, and can entertain seventy-five.
Moody’s is on Big Tupper lake, and can take care, of forty or fifty guests.
A modern telegraph line is established to these hotels. Guides and boats are always at hand, and parties who wish to penetrate into the recesses of the forest, can always be supplied with camp equipage, blankets, stores, etc, with which120
FROM NEW YORK TO MONTREAL.
they can traverse the series of in various directions a distance dred miles.
lakes extending of three hun-CHAPTER X.
THE RIVER ST. LAWREHCE.
H E St. Lawrence river was so named by tbe celebrated Navigator Jacques Cartier who, in 1535, partly explored it, and called it after the famous saint, and martyr of the above name. It is the outlet of Ontario and the other great lakes, and commences properly at Cape Vincent, at which point also commences that Mecca of all piscatorial sportsmen known as the Thousand Islands. For forty miles, there is a continuous succession of islands, isles and islets of all sizes, and of every imaginable shape and appearance, some of them barely visible and others covering many acres, some only a few yards long, others several miles in length, some presenting but little or nothing but masses of rock, while others are so thickly wooded over that nothing but the most gorgeous green foliage in summer is to be seen, while in autumn they 11122
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present colors of different and brilliant hues. The passage is generally made by steamers early in the morning. Close to and near enough often to cast a pebble from the deck of the steamer on to them cluster after cluster of circular little islands appear, whose trees, perpetually moistened by the water, have a most luxuriant leaf, their branches overhanging the current. Again you pass little winding passages and bays between the islands, the trees on their margin interlacing above them and forming here and there natural bowers; yet the water of these bays is so deep that a steamer may pass under their shade. Then opens up a magnificent sheet of water many miles wide with a large island apparently dividing it into two great rivers; but as you approach, you discover that it is but a group of small islands, the water being divided into many parts looking like silver threads.
Again the river seems to come to an abrupt termination, four or five hundred yards in advance. Approaching the threatening rocks, a channel suddenly appears on the right, and you are whirled into a magnificent amphitheater of lake. This is, to all appearance, bounded by an immense green bank. At your approach the massTO MONTREAL.
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is moved as if in a kaleidescope, and a hundred beautiful little isles appear in its place. Such, for upward of forty miles, is the scenery which charms the traveler.
Good accommodations may be obtained at Clayton and at Alexandria Bay.
Ogdensburgh and Prescott, forty miles from Cape Vincent, are opposite to each other. The first named is a city of 12,000 inhabitants. It is situated on the Oswegatchie river. At an early day the ground was occupied by a French fort and Catholic mission. The fort was captured by Gen. Sir Wm, Johnson in 1758. The city has many elegant public and private buildings. It is the future northern terminus of the Adirondack railway.
Prescott, on the Canadian shore, has a population of about 3,000 people, and is the termination of a railroad to Ottawa.
A mile or two below Ogdensburgh, past Windmill point, is the commencement of the celebrated rapids of the St. Lawrence.
The channel through the chief of these was discovered some thirty years ago, by observing the course taken by some lost rafts. Steamboats, piloted by the Indian Teronhiah6r6, began to shoot124
FROM NEW YORK
the rapids in 1840. The passage is very exciting; that of Lachine near Montreal being the culmination of the whole.
In the course of this rapid the vessel passes between rocks not three feet from its side, one of which rises grimly several feet above the water. There is also a very perceptible pitch. and plunge as the vessel passes this point, but the passage is perfectly safe, and no instance is recorded of any accident having occurred with loss of life, since one hundred and twelve years ago
Sir Wm. Johnson lost a hundred of his men by reason of his batteaux having taken the wrong course.
The commencement of the Long Sault is twenty-eight miles from Ogdensburgh. This rapid is nine miles long and runs at the rate of twenty miles to the hour. Opposite to this is Louisville, from which place stages run to Mes-sena Springs, seven miles distant. These springs belong to the sulphur class. The United States Hotel furnishes good accommodations to visitors.
Caughnawauga is a curious Indian settlement, the inhabitants whereof are wretchedly poor and degraded.
After passing the Ottawa and the LachineTO MONTREAL.
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rapids the traveler will land at the splendid granite wharf in the great commercial capital of the Canadas, the city of
Montreal. A direct route from Lake Champlain is by the railroad from Rouse’s Point, via the Victoria bridge, which is considered by many the eighth wonder of the world. It is a link of the Grand Trunk Railway, which connects the ancient Hochelaga with the mainland to the south. The length of the bridge is nine thousand one hundred and ninety-four feet, or nearly two miles. It rests upon twenty-four piers and two stone abutments of solid masonry, the central span being three hundred and thirty feet in length. The great tube is twenty-two feet high and sixteen feet wide. The total cost of the bridge was $6,300,000. It was opened with great pomp by Albert, Prince of Wales, in the summer of 1860.
The settlement of Montreal dates from 1535, when the French navigator, Jacques Cartier, reached the Indian settlement of Hochelaga. The splendid mountain1 to the rear he called Mont Royal, and the European colony which gradually supplanted the aborigines grew into the city which took the same name. Its population is about 100,000.126
FROM NEW YORK
The island is thirty miles long by seven miles wide. The city extends along the St. Lawrence about three miles, by one mile in width. The buildings are mostly constructed of stone, and arranged generally on narrow streets. The environs are thickly dotted with handsome residences and spacious and elegant grounds.
The city is divided into the upper and the lower town. The latter is fashioned after the medieval times, and contains the great buildings of the Hudson Bay Company, also the Hotel Dieu, a hospital, which was founded in 1644, under a superior and thirty nuns. The city is essentially Catholic and is the see of a bishop of the Bomish church, as it is also the see of an Anglican archbishop, who is the metropolitan of Canada.
The cathedral of Notre Dame stands near the quays and the Bonsecours market. It is of Gothic architecture, two hundred and sixty-five feet long, one hundred and thirty-four feet wide, with two principal towers, two hundred and twenty feet high. The great bell, weighing fourteen tons, whose ringing is an event, occupies the south tower, while the other is occupied by a chime of bells.
Christ Cathedral of the English church, St.TO MONTREAL.
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Patrick’s, and the church of the Scotch “ Kirk,” are each worthy of a visit. So also the monument to Nelson on Trafalgar square, erected in 1801, and the Molson Bank, the McGill College, the Bank of Montreal and the Champ de Mars.
The city is well found in hotels, among which are the St. James, the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence Hall.
The distance to Quebec is one hundred and eighty miles. Passing down the river on the steamboat, forty-five miles, we reach the Sorel. This is at the mouth of a river of the same name, which discharges the waters of Lake Champlain into the great river. It is eighty miles to Rouse’s Point, at the head of Lake Champlain. A fort was built here by De Tracey, in 1665, and it was, for many years, the summer residence of the successive governors of Canada.
Three Rivers, ninety miles from Montreal, is so called because the St. Maurice river, on which it is situated, is divided by two small islands into three branches. The Roman Catholic cathedral at this place is said to be one of the finest in Canada. The St. Maurice is four hundred miles in length, and rises in the fine lake country at the north.128
FROM NEW YORK
This is also the head of tide water, two hundred and ninety miles from the ocean. Seven miles below Three Bivers, the Kichelieu Bapids commence. The river is compressed within half a mile in width, and the water moves with great velocity for three or four miles. Passing Cape Bouge, and the little village of St. Nicholas, the towers and citadels of the famous city of Quebec open to view, situated on a rock three hundred and forty-five feet in height, called Cape Diamond, from the gem-like quality of the crystals which are intermingled with the granite. Tadoussac, on the Saguenay river, about a hundred miles below Quebec, is a favorite summer resort for the inhabitants of the Dominion.
The city of Quebec is divided into the Upper and the Lower Town. It is surrounded by a wall, which is two and three-quarter miles in circumference. The entrances are known as Prescott, Hope, Palace, St. John’s and St. Louis gates.
The lower town is given up to commercial warehouses and heavy business. Quebec has been described as a queer city, and as crooked as a ram’s horn. The streets comprise lanes, alleys, gulfs, ditches, isosceles triangles and parallelopipedons. They are ill built, steep, narrow and badly paved.TO MONTBEAL.
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The Wolfe and Montcalm monument is just back of the town, upon the illustrious plains of Abraham. Its base is about five by six feet, and the entire height is sixty-five feet. The Citadel is upon the highest point of the promontory, and holds in range the entire town, and a wide sweep of the river, both above and below.
The Cathedral, near the market, is a massive and unornamented stone building with lofty galleries.
The Seminary is a capacious structure, encircled by a walled garden, containing seven acres. It was established in 1663.
The Ursuline Nunnery and Church was founded in 1639. It is devoted to the education of girls.
About a hundred yards from the lower terminus of the railway, General Montgomery and his aides, with other men, were killed on the morning of the 31st of December, 1775. At that period, a narrow path only existed between the foot of the hill and the river, so that vessels were fastened to the rock by large iron bolts.
As General Montgomery led on the attack, the British retreated before him, but, being obliged to wait till his men could come up, one or two of the enemy returned, and, seizing a match stand-130
FROM MEW YORK TO MONTREAL.
ing by one of the loaded guns, discharged the piece. The advancing Americans received the contents at forty paces distance, and the gallant Montgomery fell. His remains were removed, in 1818, to New York city, where they repose beneath a monument in front of St. Paul's Church.CHAPTER XL
FROM PHILADELPHIA TO SARATOGA.
ITH the awakening of spring comes the desire to flee to the country. The red brick walls, the close air, the hum and whir of busy wheels are sought to be exchanged for the soft green of the mountains, the babbling brooks, and the quiet and repose of nature. Naturally as the birds migrate, so is the tendency of civilized men and women northward. The uplands and rugged mountains of Pennsylvania furnish the finest scenery on the continent, and the traveler, as he or she follow their aim to the northward, can find no route so attractive as From Philadelphia to Saratoga via the Delaware & Hudson Canal Co/s railroad.
Taking the commodious drawing-room cars at the Northern Pennsylvania Depot, the passenger is soon whirled across the classic Schuylkill and leaving behind him his cares and depressed132
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spirits, with the smoking factories and turmoil of the busy city, he breathes more freely, as, inhaling the incense of the morning, his eye rests upon the golden meadow grass; and he feels, that with his household gods, he is off for
THE SPRINGS.
The distance from Philadelphia to Saratoga is about twenty-five miles farther by this route, than via New York. But when we consider the expense and inconvenience of the transfer between the depots, the distance may be fairly stated to be about equal. Passing Landsdale, Sanders, Perkasin and Coopershing we reach
Bethlehem, fifty-four miles out from Philadelphia and one of the most charming towns in the Lehigh Valley. The place was founded by Count Zinzendorf and Brainard in 1741. It is the head-center of the Moravians or “ United Brethren, ” whose gothic church, one hundred and forty-two feet long, will seat two thousand persons. From its steeple extended views may be obtained. In one direction the scene stretches for upward of twenty miles along the course of the Lehigh Water Gap, until the delighted eye rests upon the Blue Mountain range. But the dusky congregations to whom these mission-TO SAEATOGA.
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aries devoted their lives, and preached the Everlasting Gospel — where are they? and echo answers “where?”
It is related that a sachem, whose solemn attention was called to the great comet which appeared in 1680, when asked the meaning of that wonderful phenomenon, replied:
“It signifies that we Indians shall melt away like the snow in spring, and this country be inhabited by another people.”
The forest king was a true prophet as well as a hunter.
The Lehigh University located here, was inaugurated September 1, 1866. Its existence is due to the public spirit of Gov. Asa Packard, who contributed the site—fifty-six acres, on the declivity of the mountain and an endowment of $500,000. Gen. La Fayette, after his severe wound at the battle of the Brandywine, found rest and quiet among the patriots of the past century. The single sisters of the Moravians, gave also a banner to Count Pulaski of the revolution, which is now in the Historical Society at Baltimore.
Allentown, five miles beyond, is a town of 14,000 people, and is on what is known as the Pan-Handle route connecting Yew York with the 12134
FROM PHILADELPHIA
direct route to Pittsburgh and the west. The canal of the Lehigh Coal Co. passes through the town which contains fifteen flourishing mills and ten anthracite furnaces.
Lehigh Water Cap. — The river is here confined within very narrow limits, being bounded on either side with the bold and precipitous Kittatinney Mountains. The scenery is wild, picturesque, and frequently sublime. Below the mountains, the features of nature are less bold, but present, as you wind up the valley, a succession of strongly contrasted and elegant landscapes.
Mauch Chuhk. — This romantic and picturesque town is well known as the site of the discovery of anthracite coal, which has added many hundreds of millions of dollars to the wealth of the Keystone State. Philip Ginter, a hunter, is the hero on whom the title of first discoverer must fall. In 1791, returning across an unfrequented part of the mountain from a day’s otherwise unsuccessful excursion, he stumbled upon a black and shining stone, which, attracted by its polished surface, he picked up and carried home with him.
It was finally forwarded to Philadelphia, andTO SARATOGA.
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there pronounced to be anthracite coal, and from this apparently trivial incident has arisen that enormous trade and business -which forms not only the commerce of Pennsylvania, hut makes a most significant feature in the civilization of the present century. In contemplating the mighty results that have flown from this tiny rivulet, the Christian mind naturally recurs to the devout words,
“ Deep in unfathomable mines,
With never failing skill,
He treasures up His great designs,
And works His gracious will.”
Mauch Chunk is the capital of Carbon county, which is well named from its leading production.
The town derives its name from the Indian word Machk-tschunk or Bear Mountain. It is located on the west bank of the Lehigh river in a deep and romantic ravine between rocky mountains that rise in some parts precipitously from eight hundred to a thousand feet above the stream. The jagged spurs jut down to the water’s edge, and the space is so contracted that no room is afforded for gardens to the houses. Ground for dwellings was procured by breaking136
FROM PHILADELPHIA
down the adjacent rocks, and by filling up a part of the ravine of Mauch Chunk creek. The products of the mines in the vicinity are sent down to the Lehigh canal on cars, which run by gravity the entire distance to Mauch Chunk. The return or celebrated switch back track is laid out along a narrow shelf upon which the cars descend from the chutes, at the canal, to the foot of Mt. Pisgah, the high point of Sharp’s Mountain next the river, and are then raised to its summit up an inclined plane by a stationary steam engine. From this point they then run six miles by gravity to the foot of another inclined plane up which they are raised as before, and from its summit descend to the different mines. The precipices on each side are from three to six hundred feet high. The abrupt turns of the river are closely followed by the railroad, which give a succession of dissolving views, in which grandeur and beauty are combined to a marvelous extent. In fact the uppermost idea of the traveler is, that “ the landscape is in tumultuous bombast.” We believe the switch back is now used as a passenger route alone. All travelers should stop at Mauch Chunk and take a ride over thisTO SARATOGA.
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extraordinary road. The Mauch Chunk Hotel, and also a fine new hotel, are open for summer tourists. Twenty-five miles up the stream is
Whitehaven.— A slack water navigation is provided upon the river by means of a series of dams and locks which present an exceedingly bold and massive appearance; some of the dams are fifty feet high and the lift of the water in the locks thirty-three feet.
The Wyoming Valley. Passing for twenty miles along the summit of Pokano, the tourist is upon a wild and desolate table-land, extending for upwards of a hundred miles between the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers. The Wind Gap is distinctly and beautifully in sight, but facing westwardly the prospect is as dreary as naked rocks, shrub oaks and stunted pines can make it. The first glance into the far famed Valley of the Wyoming is from the brow of the Pokano range, below which it lies embosomed at the depth of a thousand feet, distinctly defined by the double row of mountains on either side of the Susquehanna.138
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“ Sweet land, may I thy lost delights recall,
And paint thy Gertrude in her bowers of yore,
Whose beauty was the love of Pennsylvania’s shore. Delightful Wyoming, beneath thy skies The happy shepherd swains had nought to do But feed their flocks on green declivities,
Or skim perchance thy lake with light canoe.”
The original proprietors of this fair land, so far as known, were the Lenelenoppes or Delawares. The valley was called Maugh-wau-wa-we or The Large Meadow. The Moravian missionaries catching the sound as nearly as they could, wrote it Wyomink, and lastly Wyoming.
The name “ Delaware,” was given them by the English, after the name they had given to the river, from which they had emigrated, in honor of Lord De-lu- War.
In 1742, the Delawares had for their chief the brave and eloquent Teedyuscung who, in the great councils held between the Indians and the whites, maintained his cause with the energy of a warrior and the ability of a statesman. When asked by Governor Denny, at the council of 1761, to name the causes of distrust and hostilities, Teedyuscung stated that they were unjustly deprived of their lands by forged deeds, which covered lands that were never sold. “This,” said he, “ is fraud ; ” also by buying of one chief whatTO SARATOGA.
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belongs to another chief. This, also, is frand. Again, that although the land sold was to have gone only “ as far as a man could go in a day and a half from Nashomong creek,” yet the person who measured the ground did not walk but ran. He, moreover, was to follow the winding bank of the river, but instead he went in a straight line, and then, when the Six Nations had come down to settle the matter, the English made them so many presents that their ears were stopped, and Canassateego, the Onondaga chief, had moreover abused them, and called them women. Still they were glad to meet their old friends, the English, and smoke the pipe of peace with them. A conviction occasionally flashed upon these poor Indians that it was only a question of time when the whites would possess the whole country after their extermination.
In 1758, Wyoming was settled by a colony from Connecticut, under protest from the governor of Pennsylvania, who claimed the pre-emption right, on behalf of the proprietaries which led to disturbances and wars, that were not settled till long subsequent to the revolution.
In July, 1778, the valley was invaded by a force of British and Indians, commanded by Col. John140
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Butler and a Seneca Chief named Gi-en-gnat-ton, or He who goes in the smoke. The Americans were commanded* by Col. Zebulon Butler, who had served in the French war. A terrible slaughter of the Americans ensued, which was followed by the plunder and destruction of the settlement. This bloody tragedy is now commemorated by a granite obelisk, sixty-two feet high, with appropriate inscriptions, which occupies the site of Fort Forty in the town of Kingston.
Scranton, formerly called Lackawanna, is an important manufacturing town. It has an enormous coal trade and immense iron works. The city was incorporated in 1866. The streets are handsome and broad. It has twenty-four churches and four academies, with fine stores and residences. It is also the junction of several railroads.
Wilkesbarre is on the opposite side of the Susquehanna from Kingston, with which it is connected by a bridge. The population is 5,000. Eight or ten large coal mines find here their place of shipment. Several railroads connect this fair town with the sea-board. The leading hotels are the Wyoming and the Phoenix.
Delaware and Hudson Canal Company. — This company was formed for the purposeTO SARATOGA.
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of constructing and operating the canal of the same name which runs from Kingston Landing on the Hudson river, to the forks of the Dye-berry, and the Laxawaxen river, Pennsylvania, a distance of one hundred and three miles. A railroad was also built from this place, forty-five miles to Scranton, into the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania.
The capital stock is $15,000,000, on which for a long series of years semi-annual dividends of five per cent cash have been paid. Statistics show that the number of boats used upon the canal is nearly eleven hundred, carrying, in 1871, 1,000,000 tons of anthracite coal and 397,000 tons of other freight.
For the past generation, this company has maintained the highest character in the financial world, for fair dealing and strict integrity. Ho questionable legislation has stained their fair escutcheon, nor has ever a legislative committee found it necessary to examine the amount of excessive legal fees or sums paid to lobbyists for corrupt action.
The lease of the Albany & Susquehanna railroad by this company took effect February 24, 1870.142
FROM PHILADELPHIA
The road extends from Binghamton to Albany, a distance of one hundred and forty-two miles. Its construction is due entirely to the indomitable will and perseverance of Hon. J. H. Ram-sey who has devoted the best years of his life to its service. The first thirty-six miles, from Albany to Central Bridge, was opened in September, 1863. It was completed to Binghamton in 1869. A branch from Duanesburg to Schenectady enables the company to run its cars direct to Saratoga. A branch also extends from Cobleskill to Sharon and Cherry Yalley.
At Sidney the road crosses the New York & Oswego Midland Railroad, which traverses the rich charming valley of the Chenango.
At Nineveh a connection is made with the Jefferson Railroad, which runs to Scranton and Wilkesbarre.
At Binghamton connections are made to all points. By the Erie Road east and west, by the Syracuse & Binghamton road to points on the New York Central, by the Delaware & Lackawanna north, through the Chenango and Oris-kany valleys to Utica, and south down the vale of the Susquehanna to the Wyoming valley, andTO SARATOGA.
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its rich coal fields and to Philadelphia, Baltimore and all other places, south.
Thus it will be seen that the Albany & Susquehanna road is one of the most important in the State. It is leased in perpetuity to the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, enabling them to distribute their coal from the Pennsylvania coal fields to and through New England, New York and the Canadas, and in return, to send the valuable iron ores of Lake Champlain to* all points south.
City or Binghamton. — This city is very beautifully laid out on both sides of the Chenango river, and on the north side of the Susquehanna. It was settled in 1784, and was originally called Chenango Point. Its present name was derived from Hon. William Bingham, who was the original owner of the land forming the site of the city.
The construction of the Erie and other railroads has made of this a great commercial inland center — and the growth and manufacturing interests of* the city are increasing. The population is 15,000. The court-house is a handsome building in the Ionic style, 58 by 98 feet, and cost, in 1857, $32,000.144
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The State Inebriate Asylum is located a little east of the city on a beautiful and elevated site, 82 feet broad by 365 feet long. It is built of stone and brick in the Tudor style of architecture. It owes its origin to the persevering efforts of Dr. J. Edwin Turner. The citizens donated the farm of 250 acres on which the building is erected. Leaving Binghamton, and passing through Port Crane and Osborn Hollow we reach, at a distance of fifteen miles, the great tunnel, which is twenty-three hundred feet in length. Passing Harpersville and Afton the cars stop at
Baihbridge. — This is a handsome town in the broad valley of the Susquehanna, and was founded in 1791 by the name of Jericho. The county of Chenango is noted for its fine butter and cheese.
Sidhey, was so named from Sir Sidney Smith.
TJhadilla is situated at the junction of the Susquehanna and Unadilla rivers, and contains several churches and a population of about 1,000. Passing Otego, a pretty village, we reach
Oheohta, a flourishing town, sixty miles from Binghamton, where all trains stop fifteen min-TO SARATOGA.
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utes for refreshments. Beyond Colliers, is the junction of the Cooperstown railroad, seventy-five miles from Albany.
Cooperstown is a charming village, the capital of Otsego county, and is situate upon the southern borders of Otsego lake. It is about one thousand feet above the level of the sea, and is surrounded by a pleasing and picturesque landscape. It was first settled in 1786, by Judge William Cooper, and contains a population of 2,000 inhabitants. It was the residence of James Fennimore Cooper, who in the “ Deer-slayer,” “ Pioneer” and “ Home as Found,” has peopled the ravines, inlets, cliffs and hills, with romantic heroes and heroines. To read the Leatherstocking Tales, one should go to Cooperstown. A fine steamer, known as the Hatty Bumpo, runs upon the lake, connecting at the upper end with stages for Richfield Springs.
The Cooper House is on high ground in the village, and is surrounded by a park of seven acres, with croquet, ball, and archery grounds. The internal arrangements of the house are very complete, including bells, gas, hot and cold baths, etc. The proprietors, Messrs. Coleman & Maxwell, can accommodate three hundred guests. 13146
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The Central House, W. C. Keyes & Son, is a fine hotel, open the year ’round.
Sharost Springs. — At Cobleskill, forty-five miles from Albany, is the junction of the Cherry Valley & Sharon Kailroad, whence the distance to Sharon Springs is fourteen miles. This is one of the oldest summer resorts in the country. The village is beautifully located and the streets well shaded.
From the piazza of the Pavilion, an extended view is had of broad and cultivated fields for near fifty miles, until the eye rests upon the ranges on the north side of the Mohawk. The Pavilion has been long and favorably known, as the great fashionable hotel of the place, which it will doubtless continue to be, so long as the helm is controlled by the strong hands of the popular Gardeners. The new cottages attached to the hotel are a valuable addition.
The waters issue from a steep wooded hill on the margin of Brimstone brook.
The springs are five in number, to wit: White Sulphur, Blue Sulphur, Red Sulphur, Chalybeate Magnesia and Gardener’s Magnesia.
They are recommended by the medical facultyTO SARATOGA.
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for rheumatism, gout, neuralgia, diseases of the blood and skin, and complaints occasioned by derangement of the liver. Their virtues have been known for half a century, but it is only for the last thirty years that Sharon has been known as a place of popular resort.
The baths are one hundred and sixty in number. The Hotels can accommodate two thousand people, and about ten thousand persons annually visit the place.
One of the most popular Hotels at Sharon is
Congress Hotel.	This House is situated on
Union street, on which it has a frontage of 170 feet. A fine addition has just been built, on the south side, which includes a dining room 34 by 100 feet, and fifty new rooms. On the north side is Congress Park, within the bounds of which is the Magnesia Spring. This is reached by a very tasteful and romantic bridge erected across the stream, beyond which the wooded hill rises very abruptly; summer houses, walks and terraces abound.
Union Hall is located on Main street, and is owned by Philip Gilman, of Hew York. It has 120 sleeping rooms. In front is a lawn which is shaded by several beautiful Norway spruce trees which,148
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besides affording shade to the piazza, are an indication of the agreeable qualities of the house within. Noon is announced by a band of music. In the rear are fourteen acres of woods, and a fine Chalybeate spring.
United States, J. J. Anthony, proprietor.— This house is three stories high, with a basement, wherein are twenty-one fresh water baths. Irs guests, about 150 in number, are mostly American. It has seventy double rooms en suite, with all the appliances of a family hotel. This building is new, having been built in 1870, and the furniture is modern.
In addition to the above are eighteen other hotels and boarding-houses where, in the summer season, may be found people of every grade and nationality.
Cherry Valley.— This town was so named, in 1740, by Rev. Samuel Dunlap, who pointing to some fine wild cherry trees, “ Come,” said he, “ let us give our place an appropriate name, and call it Cherry Valley.”
No country is more inviting or picturesque. The views command a circuit of 300 miles; the railroad is to extend up to Richfield Springs, a distance of sixteen miles. There it will connect withTO SAEATOGA.
149
the roads in the Chenango Valley, and the round trip will unite the principal watering places in the central part of the State. The massacre took place November 11, 1778.
The Cherry Valley Springs, six or seven in number, are located one and a half miles north of the village, and about six miles from Sharon, and are said to contain all the ingredients of the cele-' brated Teplitz Springs of Hungary. The property, being 220 acres, has passed into the hands of a company, who contemplate building a first-class summer hotel and otherwise developing the property.
A summer house, known as The Grand Hotel, opens about June 1, J. A. Robinson, proprietor. The building is lighted with gas, and around it are a good supply of shade trees.
Howe’s Cave, thirty-nine miles from Albany. This is one of the most remarkable curiosities in the United States.
For beauty, variety and extent it is only equaled by the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, with the advantage of being more convenient of access, and without danger. To increase the novelty, means have recently been taken to have it lighted with gas.150
FROM PHILADELPHIA
This wonderful cavern, extending for miles and not yet fully explored, has been visited by thousands of persons without accident, many of whom have repeated their visits with increased interest at each time.
Among the prominent points of interest in the cave are the following, as named by Mr. Howe, viz.:	“ Eeception or Lecture Room,”
“ Washington Hall,” “ Bridal Chamber,” “ The Chapel,” “ Harlequin Tunnel,” “ Cataract Hall,” “ Ghost Room, or Haunted Castle,” “ Music Hall,” “ Stygian or Crystal Lake.” At the foot of the lake, there are several gas-burners, giving the visitor a beautiful view of that portion of the cave and lake, and the side grotto near by. From thence visitors proceed by boats across the lake to “Plymouth Rock,” and from there continue the journey to the “ Devil’s Gateway,” “ The Museum,” “ Geological Rooms,” “ Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” “ Giant’s Study,” “ Pirates’ Cave,” “ Rocky Mountains,” “ Valley of Jehosophat,” “ Winding Way,” and “Rotunda.”
There are the usual formations, known as “ stalagmites ” and “ stalactites,” many of them singular in form and variety. In Washington Hall there are two, named “ Lady Washington’sTO SARATOGA.
151
Hood/* “Washington’s Epaulet/’ “The Harp/’ and there are numberless others throughout the cave. At the head and foot of the lake, there are two large stalagmites, bhe former large enough to fill the entire body of the cave, which has made it necessary to excavate an artificial passage around it. These are among the most wonderful formations in the cave, and of particular interest to the geological and scientific student, presenting the problem, as to the length of time they have been forming, and many other questions of equal interest for investigation.
The average temperature of the cave is about sixty degrees during the entire year, seeming warm in winter and cool in summer. During the extremes of hot and cold weather, it is a luxury to visit it. The air is pure and invigorating, visitors scarcely feel fatigue in traveling miles through it. High medical authority has pronounced it decidedly beneficial to those afflicted with pulmonary or lung difficulties, and in several cases, immediate relief has been experienced by those laboring under temporary colds and depression of the lungs — no case is known, where any person has taken cold in being inside the cave.152
FROM PHILADELPHIA
The whole is a wonderful creation and an interesting study, as well for those who admire the beauties and curiosities of nature, as for those who adore the Great Author of the Universe, and delight in contemplating His wondrous works.
For the accommodation of visitors, there has recently been erected at the mouth of the cave, a first-class hotel, known as the Cave House, H. Francisco, proprietor, where every comfort and convenience will be provided to make it pleasant for visitors. Suitable apparel will also be furnished for ladies and gentlemen entering the cave, although there is less necessity for it now than formerly, as excavations have been, and are being made, rendering the passage of that portion usually visited, easy of access, and extra clothing unnecessary.
Experienced guides will accompany visitors, either by day or night.
Duanesburg.— At this station the route diverges to and through Schenectady, thus avoiding the detour by Albany, and enabling passengers to go straight to Saratoga and all points northward.
Schenectady, distant from Albany fifteen miles, is one of the oldest towns in the State. It isTO SARATOGA.
153
situated on the Mohawk, a broad and beautiful river which forms its northern boundary. It contains twelve churches and a population of 10,000. A trading post was established by the Dutch, in 1620. In the winter of 1690, the place was visited by a party of French and Indians, under the command of Lieut. Moyne de St. Helene, who burned the settlement, which consisted of eighty well-built houses and a fort, and killed and captured the inhabitants. The council fires of the Iroquois were at Johnstown Hall, about twenty-five miles west of here. Schenectady is distinguished as the seat of Union College, which is built on high ground that commands a view of the Mohawk Valley for many miles. The college consists of several brick edifices, including a fine chapel in process of construction. Its president is Rev. Eliphalet Hott Potter, D. D., who brings zeal, energy and commanding talents to the post. In numbers and respectability, Union College has always ranked among the most favored educational institutions in America. From Schenectady to Saratoga, twenty-two miles, the railroad, one of the oldest in the United States, pursuing the valley of the Eelplace creek,154
FROM PHILADELPHIA
passes along the banks of Ballston Lake, called by the Mohawks Wa-can-te-pa-hah, and enters Ballston Spa on a curvature of considerable extent. From thence it continues across the Kayaderos-seras creek in nearly a straight line to Saratoga Springs.
The cars have rounded the last curve and speed on a home stretch for three miles, past the Geyser, whose crystal spray, thrown up forty or fifty feet, glistens in the sunlight, as though Undine and her troupe of fairies were showering out a welcome to the coming guests, past the glass works, where imps frantically toss and turn the red hot rods and blow them into comely shapes, past the stately grove and stone mansion of the late Finley Beekman; and now come the streets and houses, and from the car windows we read in succession, Clarendon, Grand Hotel, Grand Union, Congress Hall.
There is an universal bustle - the whistle shrieks, the bell rings, and the train slows up to the beautiful depot. The new United States gives promise of what it will be in another year, when its great gates shall open, and Marvin & Tompkins, as of old, stand in its hospitable doors to greet theTO SARATOGA.
155
stranger. May their expectations he realized, and its towering domes crown with success the young city which, in its specialities, has no rival on this continent.tSARATOGA SPRINGS.

Is built on the site of the
Old Congress Hall, Adjoining Congress Spring,
AT A COST OF
FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS,
And Covers over Three Acres of Ground! f
The front is 400x48 feet, five stories high, with French roof. The building is divided into seven fire-proof compartments, and has been erected in the most thorough and substantial manner.
THE WINGS ARE 230 BIT 50 FEET.
It contains 600 Rooms, each furnished with Bells, Gas, and Water.
OlSTEl HUNDRED PRIVATE PARLORS.
The Diking Room is 212x50 Feet.
The Ball Room has been handsomely frescoed, and the Public Parlors, Reading and Reception Rooms and Offices, are on a scale unsurpassed, it is believed, in this country.
The Hathorn Congress Spring is upon the grounds of the Hotel.
HATHORN & SOUTHGATE.
Proprietors.SARATOGA SPRINGS.
BRESLIN, GARDNER &.C0.,
PEOPRIETOBS.
This Hotel, on the site of the first Hotel erected in Saratoga, is on a scale unsurpassed. It comfortably entertains
TWJEIjVM BUWJDMJEJD VISXTOMSl!
And can embrace fifteen hundred on an emergency.
ATWOOD’S IMPROVED ELEVATOR
Renders access easy to each story.
TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION,
Extensive Piazzas, Spacious and Elegantly Furnished Parlors, Large and Airy Dining Rooms, the Lawn, the Bath, the
CONOIBHE&T	IBA^XHL, BOOM,
Leave nothing to be desired in the way of Ease and Comfort for the most Luxurious.Broadway, cor. 29th Street.
OK THE EUROPEAN PLAN!
BBESLIN, GARDNER & CO.
Elegant in its proportions, and complete in its internal arrangements.
ITS SITUATION ON
Broadway and 29th Street,
Is central, and its appointment leave nothing
TO BE DESIRED.ALBANY, N Y.
THIS WELL-KNOWN HOTEL
OPEN ALL THE TEAR ROUND!!
HAS 350 ROOKS,
INCLUDING TWENTY PRIVATE PARLORS.
Families or Parties traveling for pleasure will always find here the conveniences and comforts of a
FIRST-CLASS HOTEL,
Meals at all h.ou.rs on arrival of the Trains or Boats.
CHAS. E. LELAND,
Proprietor.• SARATOGA/ SPRINGS. •	’
THE
IS NOW
OPEN FOB TEE SEASON.
ITo pains have been spared to make this well-known Hotel perfect in every respect.
CHARLES E. LELAND,
Proprietor.
—:o:------
The “Washington Spring,” situated in the grounds •of the “ Clarendon Hotel,” has for more than sixty (60) years occupied a prominent place among the celebrated waters of Saratoga.
It can be used at all hours of the day, by all classes of invalids, while to those who are in perfect health it is a delightful and invigorating beverage.
Put up in Pint Bottles only, and carefully packed in cases of four dozen each for shipping.
. CHARLES E. LELAND, Proprietor*SAJEfcATOOA SPRINGS!!
CONGRESS, EMPIRE, AND COLUMBIAN.
These Waters being purely Natural, are highly recommended by the best Medical authorities.
Every genuine bottle of Congress Water has a large
raised on the Glass.
FOR SALE BY DRUGGISTS AND HOTELS GENERALLY.
Address,
CONGRESS & EMPIRE SPRING CO
SARATOGA SPRINGS.
Or No. 94 Chamber St., New York City.SARATOGA SPRINGS.
spRiira.
THE BEST CATHARTIC SPRING
IN THE WORLD !!
TRY IT.
FOR SALE IN PINTS AND QUARTS, By the 2 or 4 Dozen.
Address,
HATHORN SPRING,
SARATOGA SPRINGS.jm of	s.
FLOATING PALACES
BETWEEN
NEW TOMK AND ALBANY,.
THE MOST ELEGANT STEAMERS IN THE WORLD!
Leave Pier, foot of Canal Street, New York, Daily, except Sundays, at 0 o’clock P. M.
©TIEAJMriKLL BB3BW,
Captain S. R. ROE,
Leaves Albany, Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. ©TEAMEB	^OLLTsTc,
Captain W. H. CHRISTOPHER,
Leaves Albany, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, at 8£ o’clock P. M.
THROUGH TICKETS TO ALL PRINCIPAL POINTS !
II®33 Close connections made with the Susquehanna, Renselaer and Saratoga Railroad at Albany, to and from Saratoga, Lake George, Luzerne, White Mountains and Adirondacks.
Baggage Checked Through and Carried to and from Boats Free.
J, W, HARCOURT, Agent.THIS
AND ^PACIOUS ||OTEE
Is now open.
IT CONTAINS me 1ROOMS JFOM GUESTS.
It fronts on Congress Spring Park, and has a lofty piazza extending three hundred and seventy feet.
No efforts have been spared to make this one of the finest Hotels in the World. The house is supplied with
Running Water, Baths, Gas, Telegraph, Annunciator, &c.
THE CELEBRATED
gPBINGS-
is under its roof, and little is wanting under the management for the most particular to desire.ADIRONDACK RAILWAY
NOW OPEN TO
NORTH CREEK.
Strangers should not leave Saratoga before they have taken a trip on the Adirondack Railway
TO WOKTM CMJEMKo
A DISTANCE OP FIFTY-SEVEN MILES!
The Adirondack Excursion Trains leave Saratoga every day at 9.15 A. M., and 3.40 P. M.
Be careful to stop over one train at Luzerne. Where the picturesque Scenery will well repay the visitor.
This includes
Kayaderosseras Mountain, the “ Potash,” Constitution Hill, Phelps Bay, the Sacandaga Rapids, the High Bridge, 100 feet above the water, Jessup’s Little Falls.
AND THE ROMANTIC LAKE OF LUZERNE,
jlw JUifx.jRL.jai mmw-mwJZ}
At Thurman take the Adirondack Stage Line, splendid Scenery, Quick Time, Cheap Fare.
13= TO SCHEOON AND THE ADIEONDACKS.
At Riverside take New Adirondack Coaches for Potters-ville, and New Steamer Effingham for Schroon Village,
TO THE NORTH WOODS.
At North Creek take Stage for Indian Lake and the hunting and fishing grounds.
C. H. BALLARD, Supt.
€. E. Durkee, Gen’l Ticket Agent.SCHROOM LAKE.
This Hotel, recently built on the borders of SCHROON LAKE, has a frontage of 110 feet looking down the Lake, for five miles, with a front and side Piazza, and Observatory.
The Chambers are Large and Comfortable,
and the table is daily served with the LUXURIES OE THE LA3STD.
The fishing is excellent, and the Trout and Venison in the Season abundant.
Travelers will meet with every attention.
W. G. LELAND, Propr.SCHROON LAKE.
Visitors to SCHROON LAKE will always find at the well-known
Comfortable and well Ventilated Rooms, and every attention.
CHOICE WINES and LIQUORS at the BAR.
BILLIARD ROOM,
EXPRESS OFFICE,
AND TELEGRAPH. PICTURESQUE DRIVES, GOOD HUNTING AND FISHING.
Guides, Boats and ourselves always at command.
JOHN D. BUEWELL, Proprietor.LAKE GEORGE.
CROSBY-SIDE.
This well-known
SUMMER HOTEL,
(Formerly the United States,) has been improved by very extensive additions, including a
SPACIOUS DINING ROOM.
It is situated in a grove on the east side of
LAKE GEORGE,
And commands extended views of
MOUNTAIN AND WATER SCENERY.
A Number of Delightful Cottages,
Are attached to the house. Prices for board are from $14 TO $25 IPIEie, WDE3EIC.BALLSTON SPA.
GEO. E. McOMBER, Proprietor.
----:o:---
This long-established and well-known Hotel, having been lately purchased and refitted by the proprietor, will be carried on under the superintendence of
EGBERT HARRIS, Supt.
The house has a capacity for 250 guests. The celebrated
SANS SOUCI SPRING,
Which was lost for a number of years,
HAS BEEN RECOVERED,
By boring to a depth of several hundred feet. It retains all of its subtile and
REMARKABLE MEDICINAL PROPERTIES.
TJHItJUS, from $17 to $25 per Week,SARATOGA SPRINGS.
meruttn ]§oteh
BENNETT k McCAFFREY, Prop’s.
The Proprietors of this popular Hotel call attention to the
EXTENSIVE & IMPORTANT ADDITIONS
Which have been made to the nouse since last season. They comprise
ONE HUNDRED
ADDITIONAL ROOMS,
A New and Spacious Dining Hall,
Mato aittr <§>as 011 m\i Jftorr.
The whole House has been re-furnished, and the accommodations are equal to
tzhurtIeie lEiuiisriDieaazD attests.
PRICE, $3.SO PER DAT.SARATOGA SPRINGS.
HOLDEN HOUSE.
W. J. RIGGS, Proprietor.
BEOADWAY.
This Family Hotel is located about five doors north of the new United States Hotel, and is convenient to all the Springs.
PRICES VERY MODERATE.
J. D. STEVENS & VAUGHAN,
UNITED STATES HOTEL,
GRAND HOTEL, #c.,
PREPARE
PUNS AND SPECIFICATIONS
FOR CHURCHES, HOTELS, SCHOOLS, STORES, PRIVATE RESIDENCES and COTTAGES.
DETAILS IFTTIRCISriSIHIIEID
In their true Geometrical Proportions, full size, for all Buildings designed by them.
HILL'S BUILDING, 162 BROADWAY.SARATOGA SPRINGS.
THE SARATOGA GEYSER,
-OR-
SPOUTING SPRING.
--o--
The attention of Physicians, Druggists and the Public is called to the fact that this water is the most strongly impregnated with
MINERAL & MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES
of any known. It never varies in flavor, nor are its properties subjected to change.
AS A MEDICINAL AGENCY,
ITS EFFECTS ARE MARVELOUS.
The Geyser Water is put up in pint and quart bottles, and packed for shipment to any part of the Globe. Also sold in metallic lined barrels, upon special application.
Address,
GEYSER SPRING,
Saratoga Springs, N. Y.SARATOGA SPRINGS,
Peculiarly adapted to
ERUPTIVE AND SKIN DISEASES,
SALT RHEUM,
KIDNEY DIFFICULTIES,
SCROFULA,
DYSPEPSIA.
Its general effect is to
TONE UJP THE SYSTEM,
REGULATE THE SECRETIONS,
AND
VITALIZE THE BLOOD,
Put up for sale in bottles by the
RED SPRING CO.,
SPBING AVENUE.LUZERNE, N. Y.
GEO. T. ROCKWELL & SON, Prop’rs.
This well known and long established Hotel has been further improved by the
ADDITION OF 30 ROOMS.
It has now
.A-CCOiMIIlVEOID-ATIOIfcTS FOR 150 PEOPLE.
Families will find at Rockwell’s, all the luxuries of a first-class Hotel.
FISH AND GAME DINNERS
May be relied upon at all times.
FISHING AND BOATING,
On the Hudson and Sacandaga Rivers, and on the celebrated
LAKE OF LUZERNE.
A GOOD LIVERY ATTACHED TO THE HOTEL
TERMS, $3 per day, and $14 to $21 per week.LUZERNE, N. Y.
WIMX JfJMS!.
--G--
The House has
TWO COTTAGES
Connected with it, and is calculated for
SBVEUTY-FIVE BOASDEBS.
Situate on the bank of the River, of which it commands a fine view.
The garden overlooks the
JESSUPS LITTLE FALLS
PBICES, FOB SUMMEB BOABX),
$14 to $18 PER WEEK.
J. P. WILCOX, Prop’r.HADLEY, N, Y.
CASCADE HOUSE
THE NEW FAMILY HOTEL,
AT JESSUP'S LITTLE FALLS,
ON THE HUDSON,
HADLEY, SARATOGA CO., N. Y.,
Under the Shadow of the Kayaderosseras Mountain.
The Proprietors will give their personal attention to the comfort of the Guests of the House, and trust that its attractive location, comfortable furniture and bountiful table, will make it a home-like place in which to spend the summer.
HUNTING AND FISHING
Is found in the vicinity of the Hotel,
Under the Falls, in the Chasm, upon Phelps’ Bay,
On the SACANDAGA, and the HUDSON RIVER,
All of which are within five minutes walk of the house.
TERMS, $12 AND UPWARD PER WEEK,
According to location of Rooms and length of sojourn.
BEAUT & GAILEY Brop’s,SANDY HILL, N. Y.
This Hotel is particularly desirable for a
SUMMER RESORT.
It contains 60 Rooms for Guests, including a number of PRIVATE PARLORS. It fronts the Park in the beautiful Village of Sandy Hill, on the Hudson River, and is conveniently near to the site of
Ft. Edward,	Ft. Anne,	Ft. Miller,
Ft. Hardy,	Baker’s Falls,	Ft. Amherst,
Glens Falls,
And other places of renown, which have made of this the
CLASSIC GROUND OF AMERICA.
Three daily trains each way between
Saratoga Springs and Lake George,
Stop here. A few families taken for the entire Summer at
$12 TO $18 PER WEEK.
Apply to
WILLIAM H. ELY, Prop.,
saudy bUjL,, n. r.SCHROON LAKE.
WELLS HOUSE,
MILL BROOK,
THOMAS WELLS, Proprietor.
This new Hotel has one of the finest locations on
SCHROON LAKE,
The rooms are spacious and airy, and the table is bountifully supplied with
FISH AND GAME,
From the surrounding streams and hills. The Steamer “ ZEIF'IFXIISrOIEXA.IlUC ”
Makes regular landings at the dock in front of the Hotel.
The house contains
FORTY ROOMS.
FJRICES, FROM $10 TO $16 FEE WEEK.CHESTER.
Ufoestertowu Stjlirtel,
N. W. DOWNS, Proprietor.
---:o:---
This well-known
SUMMER HOTEL
Is situate in the
VILLAGE OF CHESTER, WAEREN CO., N. 7.,
In the vicinity of the
ADIRONDACK REGION.
GOOD FISHING
Abounds, in Friends* Lake, Schroon Lake, Loon Lake, and the various streams in the vicinity. The house has been thoroughly renovated, and has a capacity to accommodate
SE'VIEIErTir-IFI'VIE G-TJBSTS.
TEKMS, $10 to $17 pet* Week*SHARON SPRINGS.
UNION HALL.
This well-known and
ZPOIFTTIEjALR, hotel.
Has 120 rooms, and, with outside lodging,
GAN ACCOMMODATE 250 PEOPLE.
THE GRASS LAWN,
THE GROVE IN REAR,
THE CHALYBEATE SPRING. AND THE BROAD VERANDAHS.
Make of this house all that can be desired for a
SUMMER SOJOURN.SHARON SPRINGS.
J. J. ANTHONY, Proprietor.
--------()-------
This house was re-built in 1870. The rooms are large,
THOROUGHLY VENTILATED,
And connected in suites. The furniture, beds and bedding are of the best quality.
A BAND OF MUSIC
Is in attendance for the EVENING HOPS.
TWENTY-ONE EOT, COLD AND SHOWER, FRESH WATER BATHS
In the basement, the only ones of this kind in the place.
PRICES, $18 to $20 per Week.SHARON SPRINGS.
Congress Hall,
FRED. J. BANG, Proprietor.
---o---
This well-known House, having a frontage of one hundred and seventy feet on Main Street, with wings one hundred and thirty feet each, has just added to its accoim-modations a
NEW AND SPACIOUS DINING ROOM,
35 x ioo feet, and about fifty new rooms. GAS has also been introduced.
THE HOUSE WILL ACCOMMODATE 300 GUESTS.
IOO BATHS
Are attached to the house, and the celebrated
MAGNESIA SPRING,
Is adjoining.
-A. ZBAJSTD ODF NdIXJSZa
Furnishes additional entertainment for the guests. „CHERRY VALLEY.
OTSEGO MINERAL SPRINGS.
J. A. ROBINSON, Proo’r.
The second season of my management of the New Grand Hotel will open for the reception of guests on the ist of June, 1872.
EXTENSIVE IMPROVEMENTS
Have been made, that now render it second in accommodations to no other summer resort in this vicinity. The rooms are large, with abundant closet room, and the hotel is lighted with gas. The grounds are tastefully laid out, and have a copious supply of shade trees. The table will be the best that the markets afford. Every attention will be given to the comfort and pleasure of guests.
Terms. — Transient guests, $3.00 per day. Liberal arrangements made with families for the season.
HOWE’S CAVE.
CAVE HOUSE,
H. FRANCISCO, Proprietor.
This House will be open for the reception of visitors,
JUNE 1st.Rockwell House,
GLENS FALLS, N. Y.
H. J. & C. L. ROCKWELL, Prop’rs.
The Rockwell House is a new Hotel, thoroughly furnished, large and well ventilated rooms; situate near the Falls of the Hudson, and the Cave made classic hy the pen of Cooper, and within an hour’s drive of Lake George, passing Williams’ Monument, Bloody Pond, Old Fort Gage, and other historical points.
Reaching Glens Falls by the morning train, you have time for dinner, and an afternoon’s drive to the Lake.
Arriving by the evening train, you secure a good night’s rest, and take a daylight ride to Lake George.
Those intending to leave Lake George for the early morning train at Glens Falls, will add to their pleasure by reaching the Rockwell House the evening before—thus securing a good night’s rest and a seasonable breakfast.
Hoard, $3 JPer Hay / $14 to $21 Her Week.
Free Omnibus to and from all trains.NEW YORK.
BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
---o---
This House having been
]%WEY I^E-FITTED
yVJND I^E-FURNIjSHJED, In the Most Thorough Manner,
Makes it especially desirable for
SUMMER TOURISTS
Passing through the city.NEW ROUTE BETWEEN
PHILADELPHIA
AND
SARATOGA SPRINGS,
VIA BETHLEHEM, MAUCH CHUNCK, SCRANTON, WILKESBARRE, BINGHAMTON, SCHENECTADY,
TO THE MOST
FAVORITE SUMMER RESORTS
On the Continent,
SHARON SPRINGS, COOPERSTOWN, HOWE’S CAVE, SARATOGA SPRINGS, LUZERNE, SCHROON LAKE,	THE ADIRONDACKS,
LAKE GEORGE, LAKE CHAMPLAIN,
THE WHITE MOUNTAINS, MONTREAL & QUEBEC. WAGNERS PALACE CARS
Will accompany each Train.
Tickets for sale at the Offices of Northern Penn’a, Lehigh Valley, Albany & Susquehanna, Rensselaer & Saratoga R. R. Co’s, and Lake Champlain Steamboat Company.
S. E. MAYO, Oen. Pass’r Agt.
ALBANY, N. Y.JLNJD
AllBOIlAfK
Telegraph Company.
ACROSS THE CONTINENT. AROUND THE WORLD.
MESSAGES SENT AT
- ZR^TIEJ,
DURING THE NIGHT.
OFFICE 7	113 BBOADWAY,
SARATOGA SPRINGS.
E. n. L. SWEET,
Executive Manager.
CHAS. C. HENRY, Operator.DRAWING ROOM
AND
SLEEPING CARS.
WAGNER’S THROUGH LINES,
Between
NEW YORK
-A.3STD .AXiIj PLACES WEST.
PALACE CARS BETWEEN
NEW YORK AND SHARON, COOPERSTOWN AND RICHFIELD SPRINGS.
NEW YORK AND SARATOGA, LUZERNE, LAKE GEORGE, WHITEHALL, WHITE MOUNTAINS, LAKE CHAMPLAIN, MONTREAL, OGDENS-BURGH, AND THE THOUSAND ISLANDS.
SPEED, ELEGANCE AND COMFORT,
COMBINED ON THE
SPECIAL DRAWING ROOM TRAINS.CITIZENS’ LINE
STEAMBOATS,
BETWEEN
NEW YORK & TROY. FARE $1.50.
The well-known, fast and elegant steamers,
SUNNYSIDE
AND
THOMAS POWELL,
LEAVE HEW 70BE F80H PIES 49 HOSTS 2I7EB, FOOT OF LEB07 ST.,
At 6 o’clock, P. M., connecting with
N. Y. CENTRAL, RENSSELAER k SARATOGA AND TROY k BOSTON R. R’s.
LEAVE TS07, STEAMBOAT LAHDIH8, OH ABBIVAL OF TBAZHS,
Daily, except Saturdays.
R. R. TICKETS TAKEN FOR PASSAGE.
FREIGHT DELIVERED EVERYWHERE.
G. W. HORTON, Gen. Agt.ALBANY, N. Y.
"HAINES,"
.ARTIST
PHOTOGRAPHER,
No. lj-5 North Pearl Street.
LUZERNE LAKE,
AND WAYSIDE VIEWS,
OTSEGO LAKE,
AND COOPERSTOWN VIEWS,
$3.00 PER DOZEN. Full Set of 25 for $5.00.
VIEWS OF ALBANY AND ENVIRONS,
$2.00 PER DOZEN.
HURST’S STEREOGRAPHS
OF NATURAL HISTORY,
PATHOLOGICAL SPECIMENS, PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE NEW CAPITOLLAKE OF LUZERNE.
t
LUZERNE, WARREN CO., N. Y.
----:o:---
Families contemplating rest and recreation for the Summer months, will find at the
WAY-SIDE HOTEL,
All the conveniences and luxuries of a first-class Hotel.
BOATS OW TMJE JLAKM9
For the exclusive use of the Guests.
BUCKJBOAMBS AND) GAMBIAGJES
attached to the House.
ZEZXLOTTIE^SlEOItT PARTIES
will meet with every attention.
TROUT, VENISON AND BIRDS,
in their season, are daily served.
Baths, Saratoga Water, Fine Wines, &c., had on application.
TEEMS, $3.50 PBBLA-ZEIIE GEOEGE!
BROWN’S
mwwam
VISITORS AT
LAKE GEORGE,
By driving down to
BROWNS,
FOUR MILES ON THE PLANKROAD,
Will pass the battle ground of
Gen’s Johnson and Dieskau, Bloody Pond, and Rocky Brook.
The place of the ambuscade and death of
COL. WILLIAMS AND KING HEINDRICK, IN SEPT. 1775.
They can also visit the place of the STOCKADE AT THE FOUR MILE POST,
Built by Abercrombie, in 1758,
And the scene of an Engagement and Capture, by the French and Indians, in the same year.
Refreshments of all kinds at the Hotel, and Dinners for Parties gotten up at very short notice.
GEORGE BROWN, Proprietor